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COLBUBN'S 


UNITED    SERVICE 


MAGAZINE, 


AHP 


Ha  fa  a  I  »nfr  JRilitftY's  3ottvnal. 


1859.    PART  IL 


LONDON : 

HUBST  AND  BLACKETT,  PUBLISHERS, 

(SUCCBSSOES  TO  HENET  COLBUBN,) 
13,  GREAT  MARLBOROUGH  STREET. 

\  MJ  BI  ALL  B00K8KLLJMH. 

V 


\ 


LONDON : 

eoDrair  AND  delactt,  8,  batot  stbeet,  btbanb. 


COLBDEN'S 

UNITED   SERVICE  MAGAZINE. 


MANNING  THE  NAVY. 


Ik  the  analysis  of  the  Keport  of  the  Commissioners  for  Manning 
the  Navy  which  we  gave  last  month,  we  promised  to  review  the 
evidence  upon  which  that  Beport  was  supposed  to  have  been  based; 
The  "  Blue  Book"  is  now  before  us,  and,  as  a  critique  upon  the  Naval 
Service,  it  possesses  an  interest  seldom  attaching  to  those  expensive, 
dry,  Parliamentary  publications.  The  evidence,  with  the  appendices, 
runs  to  469  pages,  printed  in  double  columns,  containing  matter 
enough  to  fill  three  closely  printed  octavo  volumes.  And  this  mass 
must  be  gone  through,  page  by  page,  by  he  who  would  arrive  at  the 
gist  of  the  argument.  This  task  we  have  performed.  To  us  it  is  a 
labour  of  love,  and  it  is  "  our  vocation." 

The  Commission,  it  should  be  stated,  was  the  result  of  a  motion 
made  by  Admiral  1§ir  Charles  Napier  in  the  House  of  Commons ; 
and  accordingly  that  officer  was  the  first  called  up  for  examination. 
His  voluminous  evidence  fills  the  first  twelve  pages.  He  was  fol- 
lowed by  Rear- Admiral  Milne,  whose  examination  occupied  the 
Commission  two  entire  days.  Rear- Admiral  Lord  Clarence  Paget 
was  next  examined  at  some  length  ;  and  on  the  succeeding  meeting 
Sir  James  Graham.  Rear-Admiral  Elliot's  evidence  concluded  the 
summer  sittings,  and  the  Commission  adjourned  ori  the  16th  July 
until  November  12th. 

During  the  recess  the  Commissioners  seem  to  have  decided  upon 
the  line  of  evidence  to  be  pursued  at  their  future  meetings,  and 
accordingly,  when  they  reassembled,  with  the  exception  of  the  exami- 
nation of  Admiral  Sir  George  Seymour,  the  inquiry  was  chiefly 
directed  to  the  question  of  a  Naval  Reserve.  Commodore  Eden,  the 
Controller- General,  and  seven  captains  of  the  coast  gu  ird  ships,  were 
questioned  relative  to  the  coast  guard  reserve.  These  were  Captains 
Carnegie,  Leopold  G.  Heath,  W.  R.  Mends,  J.  M'Neill  Boyd,  George 
Randolph,  E.  P.  Charlewood,  and  Commander  Thomas  Heard.  Vice- 
Admiral  Sir  Richard  S.  Dundas  was  also  examined  relative  to  the 
force  in  commission,  and  Captains  B.  J.  Sulivan,  the  Naval  Com- 
missioner at  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  the  Hon.  Joseph  Denman  of 
the  Queen's  yacht,  both  of  whom  have  given  yeare  of  study  to  the 
subject,  were  heard  in  much  detail. 

Greenwich  Hospital  was  then  brought  on  the  carpet,  it  having 

been  stated  by  several  witnesses  that  that  institution  exercised  no 

'-beneficial  influence  upon  the  sea  service.     The  witnesses  summoned 

o  give  evidence  with  respect  to  this  time-honoured  institution,  were 

V.  S.  Mag.,  No.  366,  Max,  1839.  b 


MJJnrDTa  the  hayt,  [Mat, 

Sir  John  Liddell,  the  Medical  Director- General  of  the  Navy,  who 
was  for  many  years  connected  with  Greenwich  as  Medical  Inspector, 
Mr*  Joseph  Allen,  superintendent  of  the  halls,  who  gave  the  result 
of  twenty-eight  years*  experience,  Mr.  John  \\\  Nichalla,  the  m 
tary,  find  Mr,  John  L,  Jay,  the  assistant  -secretary. 

The  scene  again  changed,  and  the  internal  discipline  of  the  Bttr 
was  enquired  into,  the  witnesses  being  six  warrant  officers,  Messrs, 
T.  Howels,  H/Hall,  J.  Wen,  J,  Garden  (of  Portsmouth  Dockyard), 
G.  Lumb,  and  W.  Smith,  and  six  petty  officers  and  seamen.    The 
Commission  then  turned  to  the  merchant  service,  examining  the 
[Registrar- Gene  nil  of  Seamen,  Commander  Brown,  and  thirteen  ship- 
ping masters,  as  well  as  several  collectors  of  customs,  and  < 
officials,  supposed  to  be  competent   to   speak   to   the   feulingg   of 
merchant  seamen.     The  boy-question  also  received  patient  invest i. 
Ration.    Lastly,  the  attention  of  the  Commission  was  occupied  jn 
hearing  evidence  relative  to  the  victualling,  and  whether  it 
desirable  to  increase  the  quantity  of  the  seaman's  rations. 

Wo  should  require  space  almost  equal  to  the  "  Blue  Boole**  itself 

we  to  analyse  the  details  of  the  evidence,  and  think,  therefore, 

wo  shall  best  consult  the  time  and  taste  of  our  readers  by  taking  op 

the  leading  points  and  features.    He  versing  the  order  of  the  iE  Blue 

Book  3  n  we  are  disposed  first  to  advert  to 

victualling. 

Nothing  tends  so  much  to  make  a  man  contented  with  small  po 
and  hard  work  as  good  food  and  plenty  of  it.     The  weight  of  c1 
dence,  however,  against  the  Navy  diet  made  the  Admiralty  sr 
fairly  kick   the  beam.      The  warrant  officers  anil   petty  ofll 
examined,  all  gave  it  as  their  opinion  that  the  bread  was  not  ' 
eient  in  quantity,  and  the  beef  and  pork  of  bad  quality,  whir 
to  its  shrinking  so  much  in  the  cooking  as  to  make  very  * 
commons  indeed,*1 

In  order  to  unravel  the  mystery,  for  such  it  would  see 
when  it  is  known  that  for  many  years,  until  1S40,  the  or 
salt  meat  was  one-fourth  less,  and  yet  was  made  suffic; 
further,  that  the  ship's  company  are  in  tho  habit  of  being  ] 
surplus,  we  must  look  into  the  examination  of  BeoivAdinb 
lor  the  last  ten  or  twelve  years  that  inflsfhtieablc  officer 
sided  over  the  victualling  department  of  the  Navy,    It  ? 
in  his  zeal  to  give  '*  Jack"  preserved  fresh  meat,  supplier 
the  celebrated  "  Goldner's  preserves,"    The  collection 
tion  contained  in  the  tin  cans  of  the  distinguished  Gen 
tractor  defied  description ;  and  our  readers  will  have 
rccal  the  "  sweet  smells"  which  greeted  the  nostrils  a 
to  examine  the  cases  prior  to  condemnation.     Ecpiall 
purveyance  of  other  articles  of  food,  the  Kear-Admr 
of  economy,  probably,  has  preferred  Hamburg,  Ber) 
beef,  and  swine's  flesh,  to  that  once  supplied  by  e 
menlimiK     Hut  it  would  be  unfair  to  ruit  the 
tractors  with  unmitigated  censure.      It  is  just  p 
Commodities  had  fair  play  they  would  not  be 


1859.]  MAraixa  ini  itayy.  3 

generally  found  to  be.  The  salt  meat  is  warranted  for  one  year,  and 
if  not  found  fault  with  within  that  period,  it  would  be  unjust  to  con- 
demn it  afterwards. 

But  what  is  the  plan  pursued  by  the  economical  Lord  of  the  Ad? 
miralty  ?  In  reply  to  question  325,  Eear- Admiral  Milne  said,  "  In 
regard  to  salt  meat  it  is  generally  somewhat  over  two  years  old 
before  it  is  issued." 

326.  "  Do  you  mean  (asked  Sir  James  Elphinstone)  before  the 
meat  is  issued  ?"  i{  Yes ;  we  can  get  no  salt  meat  abroad.  "Wo 
have  a  return  every  year,  in  the  month  of  October,  from  every 
foreign  station  as  to  what  supplies  can  be  obtained  upon  that  station, 
for  the  use  of  her  Majesty's  ships,  in  order  to  save  the  unnecessary 
expense  of  sending  out  provisions  from  England  to  those  stations ;  but 
we  have  never  been  able  to  obtain  any  from  abroad." 

Question  327.  "  Have  you  any  brand  upon  your  casks  by  which 
you  may  know  exactly  the  age  of  the  provision  ?"  "  Yes ;  the  oldest 
is  bound  to  be  used  first." 

328.  "  Do  you  condemn  your  provisions  at  a  certain  age  ?"  "  No, 
certainly  not ;  the  salt  meat  is  warranted  to  keep  one  year,  but  no 
provisions  are  condemned  by  the  Naval  Department  until  found  unfit 
for  use." 

329.  "  Under  these  circumstances  is  there  not  a  good  deal  of  pro- 
visions condemned  on  foreign  stations  P"  "  No,  very  little,  as  the 
supply  is  regulated  by  the  expenditure." 

Further  light  was  thrown  upon  this  by  Sir  George  Seymour, 
Question  1045   "  Is  there  any  age  at  which  the  beef  and  pork  are 

condemned  ?"     "  They  are  warranted  only  for  a  certain  time  from 

the  victualling  office." 

1046.  "At  the  end  of  that  period  are  they  condemned?"  "No; 
they  are  then  re-surveyed  and  repacked" 

1047.  ''And  they  continue  to  bo  issued  after  that  period?" 
"  Yes,  if  perfectly  good." 

1048.  "  Do  you  approve  of  that  practice  ?"     "  Yes." 

1049.  "  Do  you  think  that  the  beef  and  pork,  after  the  expiration 
of  the  period  for  which  they  are  warranted,  are  equally  nutritious 
for  the  sustenanco  of  tho  men  ?"  (The  gallant  Admiral  fenced  with 
this  home  question.)  "  I  think,"  said  he,  "  it  is  desirable  that  the 
Comptroller  of  Victualling  should  see  to  that,  and  prevent  any  quan- 
tity of  old  provisions  remaining  upon  any  station ;  but  that  is  very 
much  checked  by  periodical  returns." 

Now  let  us  see  to  "  the  proof  of  the  pudding."  Mr.  Howels,  a 
gunner,  declared  that  he  had  known  "  a  four-pound  piece  of  beef  to 
weigh  only  eighteen  ounces  when  boiled."  Mr.  llowels  believed 
that  it  was  meat  cured  in  India  which  thus  shrivelled  up  into  a  mass 
of  red  wood ;  but  we  are  more  than  half  inclined  to  think  it  some  of 
the  "re-packed"  meat  which  Sir  George  Sevmour  appeared  to  think 
nutritious  enough  to  give  men  to  eat.  A  seaman  rigger,  named 
Donelly,  who  has  served  very  recently,  said :  "  He  had  seen  a  four- 
pound  piece  boil  down  to  two  pounds  (no  uncommon  thing,  by  the 
way),  and  one  pound  three  quarters,  bone  included." 

Mad  the  Commissioners  sought  for  information  upon  this  head,  they 

b  2 


r 


tf  AVH1HG  THE  BAVT.  [MaY, 


would  have  had  enough  to  convince  them  that  the  quality  of  the  beef 
and  pork  was  moat  faulty.  And  yet  the  inquiry  was  scarcely  needed. 
The  fact  that  a  shrinkage  of  49  per  cent,  is  tolerated,  and  lb  Dot  pro- 
vided for  by  Admiralty  circular,  and  that  the  shrinkage  is  frequently 
over  50  per  cent.,  is  enough  to  show  that  the  quality  must  be  indeed 
inferior. 

And  who  is  to  blame  for  this  ?  There  are  those  who  will  point  to 
the  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  who  for  the  last  ten  or  twelve  years  has 
occupied  a  seat  at  the  board,  simply  for  the  reason  that  this  impor- 
tant branch  of  the  service  should  be  well  looked  to.  To  call  it  mis- 
management is  to  use  a  mild  term.  The  mischief  it  has  occasional 
W  the  Royal  Navy  is  inconceivably  great.  Thousands  of  men  have 
left  the  service  in  the  meanwhile,  carrying  with  them  talcs  of  Gold- 
ner's  filth,  fishy  pork,  and  beef  *\x  or  seven  years  in  salt,  to  eat  which 
they  found  to  be  impossible. 

Compare  the  provisions  of  the  navy,  both  in  quality  and  quantity, 
with  the  scales  adopted  on  board  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental,  and 
Royal  West  India  Mail  Companies,  and  with  the  ships  belonging  to 
Mr.  Green,  and  you  have  the  following  results.  In  the  Royal  Navy 
the  allowance  is,  per  week  ;  biscuit,  7  lbs*;  beef  or  pork,  7  lbs, ;  flour, 
2  lbs,;  peaa,  1-J  lbs.;  tea,  1 J  oz.;  coffee  or  chocolate,  7  oz.;  sugar,  12 J  oz.\ 
vinegar,  1  gill;  raisins,  5-J  n/..:  iplrita,  I  gill  per  diem,  or  j  pint  wine. 
In  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Ounpaiiy,  the  "  sea"  scale  of  diet  is, 
per  week,  7  lbs.  biscuit,  6  lbs*  beef,  U  lbs.  pork,  S  lbs.  flour,  1  pint 
peas,  I  <iz«  tea,  12  ok.  sugar,  £  lb,  suet;  and  in  harbour,  on  the  In- 
dian stations,  10  J  lbs.  soft  bread,  0  lbs,  fresh  meat,  14  lbs,  vegetable- 

1  lb.  Bout,  4  oz.  tea,  12  ok,  sugar,  }  lb,  suet*     Lime  juice  aecordi7 
to  Government  regulations,     No  spirits,  but  5s.  per  month  in  li 
to  men  who  conduct  them  selves  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  eomn 
ders.     In  the  Royal  West  India  Mail  Company  the  allowance  is 
weekT  7  lbs.  bread,  0  lb*,  beef,  4£  lbs.  pork,  Lj  pints  peas,  3£ 
tea,  14  ok.  sugar,  8  ok.  suet,  and  a  gill   of  rum  per  diem.      \ 
pint  of  lime  juice,  sugar,  and  vinegar,  while  on  salt  provision? 
week.     In  harbour,  1$  lbs*  of  fresh  meat  per  diem,  with  bark 
vegetables,  and  1  lb.  potatoes  or  yams*      Oatmeal,  1  pint  p© 
weekly,  and  extra  to  engine  men  when the  steam  is  up,  atwfr 

Hie  firemen  and  trimmers  are  allowed  half  a  gill  of  rum  ad 
Mr.  Green  divides  his  men  into  meases  of  five,  to  whom  tl 
in;:  is  apportioned  for  eight  days:     Bread  unlimited,  floi 

2  lbs.  riuwin*t  I  lb.  suet,  tt2  lbs*  beef,  21   lbs.  pork,  4  pin 
ok.  tea,  2  J  lbs.  sugar,  4  oz.  mustard,  per  week,  and  spirit* 
by  lln'    lmiMiT.      Vinegar  2\   pints   per  messT  per  week 

after  and  during  the  supply  of  salt  meat,  and  half 
of  lime  juice. 

The  last  mentioned  scale  gives  very  nearly  two 
meat  per  diem  to  each  man,  and  upon  the  presunr 
Qn  not  gi  l  ^  i  the  f or ci  m  pi  w  i  s  i  o  n  mer cba  n 

or,  if  he  does,  that  the  meat  is  not   kept  in  A^n 
bold,  for  ^  tv  before  it  is  issued,  we  ehoi 

Mi\  Green's  ration  is  quite  worth  two  of  that  »upi 
the  Soyal  Navy !    The  Peninsular  and  Oriental  C 


1869.]  MATTltlKG  THE  NAYT.  0 

also  very  liberal,  and  so,  likewise,  is  that  of  the  Eoval  Mail  Com- 
pany. The  former,  we  observe,  supplies  the  men  in  harbour  with  a 
pound  and  a  half  of  soft  bread.  In  the  navy  the  men  are  nominally 
entitled  to  a  pound  and  a  quarter ;  but  we  never  recollect  an  instance 
of  its  being  issued  to  them.  Convicts  can  have  soft  bread,  but  sailors 
of  the  Eoyal  Navy  never,  unless  they  buy  it. 

Notwithstanding  all  these  startling  facts,  the  Eoyal  Commissioners 
could  see  nothing  very  wrong  in  the  victualling.  The  meat  and  the 
bread,  in  their  judgment,  were  not  sufficient  in  quantity — it  never 
occurred  to  them,  apparently,  to  [inquire  into  the  quality — so  they 
recommended  an  additional  quarter  of  a  pound  of  each  of  those 
articles  of  provisions,  but  coupled  with  a  reduction  in  the  price  for 
savings,  which  if  acceded  to  would  be  tantamount  to  a  positive  loss. 

An  Englishman  has  the  character  of  paying  very  great  respect  to 
his  gastronomic  organs ;  but  to  what  straits  must  he  not  put  them 
if  he  goes  into  the  navy  ?  Beef  and  pork,  two,  three,  or  four  years 
old,  hard  as  a  fehot,  or  woolly  as  a  sheep's  back,  a  southerly  wind  in 
the  bread  bag,  and,  if  in  port,  a  pound  of  fresh  beef,  which  there  is 
reason  to  fear,  in  many  instances,  never  grew  on  an  ox,  or  at  least 
not  uDon  a  well-fed  beast.  Pork,  mutton,  and  "  soft  tack"  may  be 
plentiful  and  cheap  on  shore,  but  the  sailor  must  be  content  with 
boiled  beef,  vegetable  soup,  and  biscuit.  Is  it  surprising,  when  this 
main  question  is  so  much  neglected,  that  the  Eoyal  Navy  should  be 
unpopular,  while  the  shipping  offices  of  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental 
Company,  and  "West  India  Mail  Company,  and  the  establishments  of 
Green,  Wigram,  Smith,  and  other  great  and  liberal  shipowners,  are 
besieged  by  candidates  for  employment  ? 

There  are  three  things  necessary  to  render  the  Eoyal  Navy  desi- 
rable— good  feeding,  good  wages, and  good  usage,  we  have  treated 
of  the  first,  let  us  now  turn  to  the  second  condition. 

WAGES. 

In  the  Navy  there  are  two  rates  of  wages,  one  for  continuous 
service  seamen,  the  other  for  the  limited  or  five  year  term.  As  the 
continuous  service  seamen  labour  under  what  they  consider  a  dis- 
advantage, and  as  few  merchant  seamen  will  ever  be  found  engaging 
for  ten  years'  service,  we  shall  take  as  a  naval  seaman's  wages  the 
short  or  limited  scale.  Under  the  term  "Seamen"  must  be  in- 
cluded petty  officers,  since  petty  officers  in  the  Eoyal  Navy  are  of 
an  hour's  creation,  and  may  be  of  an  hour's  duration.  Chief  petty 
officers — it  is  not  necessary  to  particularise  the  several  ratings — 
receive  £3  9s.  9d.  per  calendar  month ;  first  class,  £2  14s.  3d. ; 
second  class,  £2  9s.  Id.  Leading  seaman,  £2  6s.  6d. ;  able  seaman, 
£2  Is.  4d. ;  ordinary,  £1 13s.  7d. ;  second  class  ordinary,  £1  8s.  5d. 
To  institute  a  fair  comparison  we  must  suppose  a  chief  petty  officer 
in  the  navy  to  be  equal  to  a  third  mate,  or  boatswain,  in  the  merchant 
service.  The  wages  of  these  vary  according  to  the  different  trades, 
ranging  from  £3  3s.  to  £4  8s.  per  month.  The  lower  rate  only  ap- 
plies to  small  vessels  engaged  in  the  West  Indian,  South  American, 
and  African  trades.  In  large  ships  the  rate  is  from  £4  to  £4  8s. 
First  and  second  class  petty  officers  have  no  corresponding  position 


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1869.]  MAtflttKG  THE  KAYT.  7 

In  the  year  1853,  5,069  men  and  1,155  boys  accepted  the  terms 
of  continuous  service.  In  1854,  6,565  men  and  4,852  boys  joined; 
4,206  men  and  4,012  boys  took  the  shilling  in  1855 ;  3,378  men 
and  3,377  boys  in  1856,  and  in  1857,  1,237  men  and  1,898  boys. 
Of  these,  however,  534  purchased  tlwir  discharge,  and  13,827  welre 
discharged  by  Admiralty  order  in  the  course  of  the  five  years.  The 
latter  hgures  include  2,994  who  accepted  their  discharge,  in  conse- 
quence of  Sir  Charles  "Wood's  gracious  circular  of  May  13,  1857. 
It  was  the  general  remark  at  the  time  that  these  latter  were  the  very 
pink  of  the  class — the  bone  and  muscle  of  the  continuous  service 
system. 

Before  adducing  the  objections  to  the  system  brought  under  the 
consideration  of  the  commissioners  by  some  of  the  most  enlightened 
among  our  naval  captains,  we  will  hear  what  "  Jack  "  had  to  say 
about  it.  As  "  Jack's"  type,  we  accept  John  Donnelly,  now  a  seaman 
rigger  in  Plymouth  dockyard.  Donnelly  served  his  time  in  mer- 
chants' employ,  and  afterwards  successively  joined  the  Constance, 
Phaeton,  Blenheim,  and,  lastly,  the  Urgent  trooper.  He  was  closely 
interrogated  by  Admiral  Shepherd. 

3550.  "  You  have  stated  that  the  men  dislike  continuous  service 
because  they  may  get  with  a  set  of  officers  who  are  not  agreeable  , 
to  them,  and  that  then  they  are  obliged  to  remain  with  them  P  " 
"  Yes,  you  are  obb'ged  to  remain  for  the  commission." 

3551.  "  Is  it  not  the  case,  that  whether  a  man  be  for  continuous, 
or  non-continuous  service,  he  goes  into  his  first  ship  for  from  three 
to  five  years,  and  that  he  is  with  the  same  officers,  whether  he  is 
for  continuous  service  or  not  ?  "  "  He  might  be  shipped  with  them 
again." 

3553.  "  Then  where  is  the  advantage  ?  For  instance  :  There  is 
a  continuous  service  man  paid  off  in  a  ship  as  an  able  seaman,  and 
he  states,  before  he  is  paid  off,  what  guard  ship  he  intends  to  return 
to.  When  he  goes  back  to  that  ship  he  goes  as  an  able  seaman ; 
and  the  first  draft  that  is  required  he  is  sent  to  the  ship,  as  an 
able  seaman.    So  that  he  might  continue  on  like  that  for  years. 

3554. "  True,  but  both  continuous  and  non  continuous  service  men 
change  their  officers,  who  might  be  agreeable  or  disagreeable  to  them 
alike.  Are  you  aware  that  a  continuous  service  man  can  purchase 
his  discharge?"    "Yes." 

3555.  "  And  that  a  non-continuous  service  man  cannot  purchase 
his  discharge  ?  "  il  I  believe  that  there  is  an  instruction  for  the 
non-continuous  service  man,  that  he  can  obtain  his  discharge  by 
application." 

3556.  "Suppose  that  a  continuous  service  man  enters  for  ten 
years,  and  a  non-continuous  service  man  for  five,  if  the  continuous 
service  man  dislikes  his  ship  at  the  end  of  one  year,  or  five  years, 
he  can  get  his  discharge,  whereas  the  non-continuous  service  man 
must  serve  on  his  five  years,  if  the  Government  choose  to  exact 
that  service  from  him  ?  "  "  Yes :  but  that  non-continuous  service 
man  can  obtain  his  discharge  by  application,  if  the  Captain  sanc- 
tions it." 

3557.  "  Are  you  aware  that  at  the  expiration  of  three  years,  the 


1889.]  MANTTIKG  THE  ITAVT.  9 

service  man  is  always  at  liberty  to  purchase  his  discharge,  and  as 
Admiral  Shepherd  tried  to  make  Donelly  believe,  possesses  an  ad- 
vantage over  the  five  years'  man  in  that  respect,  why  in  the  name 
of  common  sense  are  we  expending  so  much  money  and  exciting  dis- 
content and  disgust,  in  order  to  bolster  up  so  rotten  a  system  ? 

If  we  turn  from  the  argwnentv/m  ad  hominem  to  the  theory,  we  find 
Captain  Denman  laying  it  down  very  correctly.  He  says  in  answer 
to  2691 :  "  I  believe  one  great  object  towards  obtaining  seamen  is  to 
make  the  service  agreeable  to  their  tastes  and  feelings,  to  which  the 
continuous  service  runs  counter.  This  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  a 
great  increase  of  wages,  and  a  pension  to  be  obtained  three  years 
sooner  than  by  men  entered  for  shorter  service,  are  necessary  to 
induce  men  to  accept  it.  I  know  that  when  the  Monarch  was  paid 
off  at  Sheerness  a  large  number  of  men  paid  the  forfeit  of  £12  each 
to  iree  themselves  from  this  obligation  of  continuous  service,  and 
such  cases  and  desertions  are  of  frequent  occurrence.  The  con- 
tinuous service  does  not  the  least  assist  the  object  of  attracting 
merchant  seamen  to  the  fleet  in  time  of  war,  which  has  always  been 
the  great  difficulty  ;  on  the  contrary,  its  operation  is  certainly  not 
favourable  to  this  important  object.  An  A.B.  entering  not  for  con- 
tinuous service,  would  receive  £4  lis.  per  annum  less  than  a  con- 
tinuous service  man.  Government  could  not  promise  to  keep  the 
50,000  or  60,000  additional  seamen  suddenly  required  by  war  for  ten 
years.  Thut,  just  the  moment  that  the  country  imperatively  re- 
quired the  services  of  merchant  seamen,  and  just  as  wages  in  the 
merchant  service  would  probably  increase  greatly,  the  country  would 
offer  to  these  men  not  only  much  lower  wages  than  in  merchant 
ships,  but  less  by  nearly  £5  a  year  than  the  other  men  in  the 
navy,  entered  during  peace,  would  be  in  the  actual  receipt  of. 

"  Two  rates  of  wages,"  he  adds,  "  are  at  all  times  dangerous,  and 
the  continuous  service  men  entering  in  peace,  receiving  much  higher 
wages,  with  a  pension  at  thirty-eight  years  of  age,  would  be  regarded 
with  a  jealous  eye  by  men  who,  in  the  hour  of  peril,  whether 
voluntarily  or  under  compulsion,  came  to  fight  the  battles  of  their 
country." 

The  honourable  Captain's  argument  is  very  complete,  but  it  failed 
to  be  convincing.    As  Hudibras  says, 

The  man  convinced  against  his  will, 
Holds  to  the  same  opinion  still » 

The  prominent  naval  members  of  the  commission  were  the  great 
progenitors  of  the  scheme,  and  stuck  to  their  bantling  with  paternal 
fondness.  In  their  Keport  they  say :  "  The  Bystem  has  been  in 
practical  operation  between  five  and  six  years,  and  although  it  has 
not  been  carried  out  to  the  full  extent  contemplated  by  the  com- 
mittee (of  1852),  it  has  already  been  attended  with  very  beneficial 
results,  and  has  secured  to  the  country  a  body  of  well  trained  and 
efficient  seamen,  whose  attachment  to  the  service  is  the  best  security 
for  the  faithful  performance  of  their  duties. 

Beneficial  results !  Attachment  to  the  service !  when,  where,  and 
how  have  they  been  manifested  ?     From  the  feivent  imagination 


of  the.  founders  these  platitudes  could  alone  him  proceeded  5  r<». 
there  is  hardly  a  tittle  of  evidence  in  the  Blue  Book  to  warrant  th 
assumption* 

"Whoa  treating  of  the  proposed  reserve  we  may  again  allude 
this  topic :  but  upon  this  point  all  must  he  united — that   continual 
service  will  never  be  acceptable  to  the  reserved  merchant  itf&men 
even  if  double  wages  and  permanent  service  were  guaranteed* 

The  third  essential  towards  rendering  the  naw  popular  is  go 
usage.     Under  tins  head  discipline  should  be  included:  bu1 
much  as  the  subject  is  a  very  broad  one,  and  one  upon  which  lev 
o Ulcers  see,  or  ever  will  be,  agreed,  we  shall  defer  that  question,  i 
confine  ourselves  to  the  oiler  of 

rnoiiDTio^r. 

The  Boyal  Commission  have  recommended  as  a  strong  induceme 
to  continued  good  service  in  the  Eoyal  Navy,  the  promotion  of  war- 
rant officers  and  petty  officers  to  commissioned  rank.  Nothing  can 
sound  more  liberal  than  the  recommendation  of  the  Commissioners. 
Afhr  quoting  the  circular  121,  which  sets  forth  the  promise  of  pro- 
motion to  warrant  officers  who  distinguished  themselves,  together 
with  a  gratuity  of  £100,  to  enable  them  to  provide  a  suitable  outfit, 
the  report  goes  on  to  say,  "¥e  anticipate  the  best  results  from  the 
i»nal  promotion  of  a  warrant  officer  to  the  quarter  deck,"  and 
then  adds,  *'and  it  should  not  be  limited  to  the  warrant  officers,  but 
sliiuiid  be  open  in  the  case  of  very  original  and  extraordinary  services 
to  any  seaman  in  your  majesty's  navy/' 

People,  however,  are  accustomed  to  look  more  to  performance 
than  promises.      It  is  one  thing  to  say  such  a  man  is  eligible  f 
promotion,  and  ought  to  be  promoted;  and  another  to  give  him  tl 
Ear  which  he  is  eligible,  and  which  lie  ought  to  have,    Mr.  W.  Hm 
a  boatswain,  wTaa  questioned  upon  this  point.     lie  had  signed 
warrant  officers'  memorial,  which  complained  that  there  wei 
rewards  to  his  class  for  war  service.      The  chairman  then  re 
him  to  the  extract  from  the  circular,  authorizing  promotion, 
him  if  he  had  seen  it.      Mr  Smith  replied  in  the  affirmati1 
said  that  it  had  never  been  acted  upon,  although  warrant  offi 
been  recommended  by  their  captains.    He  quoted  one  cast 
Mr*  Spry. 

Mr,  Green  very  pertinently  asked  would  he  accept  it  if  c> 
him  ?  and  the  reply  was  dubious,     *  He,"  (Mr.  Smith)  ■ 
know."     The  naked  truth  is  that  the  word  H  promotion" 
biguously  employed,  that  no  one  knows  how  to  take  it. 
rank  is  the  promotion  to  raise  the  distinguished  Warrant 
seaman  ?     It  is  hardly  to  b*i  supposed  that  a  "Warrant  0 
be  found  competent  to  undertake  the  multifarious  an 
duties  of  a  Master,  and  the  rank  of  Mate  or  Second  J 
place  him  in  a  worse  position,  in  a  pecuniary  point  of 
a  first  or  second  class  Warrant  Officer.     To  make  hir 
wuuld  be  to  place  him  in  a  position  on  active  servie 
was  not  qualified  by  previous  training,  and,  upon  t' 
promise  remains  in  its  present  indefinite  conditio* 
unfulfilled  to  the  end  of  the  century, 


18S9.] 


HAimnro  ttii  watt. 


11 


There  is  one  class  which  must  heritably  be  swept  away  before  tlic 
road  of  promotion  can  be  fairly  open  to  the  gallant  young  seaman — 
it  is  that  r,      That  rank  was  formed  when  the  Navy  was  in 

I  infancy.  When  there  was  no  education,  professional  or 
otherwise,  required  from  the  Captain,  or  any  other  executive  offieer, 
Hot  even  the  simplest  rudiments  of  nautical  knowledge,  a Master  was 
tial — nay,  indispensable.  The  Master  had  to  make  up  for  the 
Bhortconiinga'of  the  Captain  and  other  officers,  and  it  was  his  pro- 
vince to  navigate  and  work  the  ship,  while  others  were  engaged  at 
the  guns.     Ti  .-changed.     The  acquisitions  once  monopolised 

by  the  Master  an*  patent,  or  should  be,  to  every  passed  Midshipman, 
and  it  is  probable  that  if  there  were  no  Master,  every  Lieutenant 
would,  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  be  found  as  competent  to  pilot 
car  navigate  as  the  most  skilful* Master  is  now.  But  while  that  bar- 
rier remains  tins  proficiency  can  hardly  ever  be  expected.  More- 
over, until  the  intermediate  grade  of  Master  ia  swept  away,  the  Naval 
apprentice  will  find  his  upward  progress  impossible*  lie  can  never 
hope  to  become  a  Mate  so  long  as  the  gTade  of  Second  Master  has  any^ 
existence,  and  never  to  attain  the  rank  of  Lieutenant  while  that  of 
Master  remains  on  the  Kavy  list,  Ambition  must  be  fed  with  noble 
food*  If  we  expect  to  draw  from  the  humble  individual  bright 
sparks  of  heroism,  and  hope  to  stimulate  him  to  deeds  of  daring,  wo 
must  not  be  content  with  olferinghim  a  rank  which  is  no  better  than 
a  citl  do  m,  He  must  see  his  way,  in  imagination,  to  the  Admirals 
flag,  as  he  did  during  the  long  war.  The  recruiting  sergeant  can 
truth  tell  the  energetic  lad  who  ia  about  to  take  the  shilling, 
i  ve  to  be  a  colonel,  or  a  general  t  and  may  quote  hundreds 
of  examples  of  young  soldiers  rising  to  high  rank  m  the  arniv*  In 
that  service,  although  of  course  extremely  difficult  of  access,  there  ia 
a  mad  to  the  Marshal's  baton,  and  the  path  to  the  highest  Naval 
rank  might  also  be  opened  If  the  anomalous  and  obsolete  rank  of 
I  e  v ' '  were  swe  p  t  aw  ay . 
Wo  have  now  touched  upon  the  victualling,  wages,  and  prospects 
notion  of  seamen,  glancing  at  the  objections  to  continuous 
We  now  come  to  a  very  important  consideration  which  has 
at  deal  to  do  with  the  comforts  of  men  engaged  in  fitting  out 
ur  in  port,  while  their  ships  are  under  repair,  we  mean 

3* AYAL  BABEACK8, 

It  is  not  necessary  to  do  more  than  briefly  allude  to  the  mis< 
at  the  bulk  system*     Let  our  naval  readers  recal  to  mind  their  first 
taction  to  a  hulk  I    The  black  dirty  decks,  pitched  aides,  foul 

ella,  slovenly  aspect,  which  presented  themselves  on  first  entering. 
_}i©  neatness  and  regularity  of  a  sea  going  ship  strikes  everyone  with 
admiration ;  while  the  hulk  l>r i  ngs  to  t  he  recollect  ion  e  v  i  r y  t  bin  g 
which  is  sickening  and  disgusting.  It"  this  be  so  to  the  officer, 
what  must  it  be  to  the  man  ?  Bat  it  is  not  In  this  point  of 
view  that  we  would  present  the  hulk  system.  The  hulk  Is  the 
lodging  house  of  officers  and  ship'e  company,  while  the  ship  ia  gel  tang 
re  them.    The  ship  is  probably  in  the  fitting  basin  iu 


1LOTNTTG   TTIfc   *AYT. 

the  dockyard,  while  the  hulk  lies  moored  at  some  distance  in  the 
harbour,  a  mile,  more  or  less.  In  summer  the  men  have  a  very 
early  breakfast  in  order  to  enable  them  to  get  on  shore  to  the 
dock  yard  to  draw  stores,  fit  rigging,  and  do  the  needful  work.  At 
t  quarter  to  twelve  Hut  must  knock  off,  and  go  down  to  the  boats, 
which  are  to  convey  them  to  the  hulk  to  dine.  Again  at  three  bells 
the  working  party  is  mustered  to  return  to  the  dockyard.  It  is 
perhaps  blowing,  and  raisings  but  there  is  something  which  parti- 
cularly requires  them  onshore,  and  go  they  must*  Wet  or  dry, 
cold  or  heat3  makes  no  difference.  Time  is  necessarily  lost,  and  so  U 
labour, 

The  day*B  work  over  f<  Jack5*  would  like  to  go  onshore  for  a  run. 
He  puts  his  name  down  for  liberty,  and  a  boat  is  provided  to  take 
the  liberty  men  on  shore  \  but  in  too  many  instances  coming  off  is 
another  matter.  For  this  he  must  pay  his  fare  to  the  waterman,  or 
break  bifi  leave*     1  le  h as  no  m oney ,  and  the  c onsequ enc  com- 

mission of  an  offence  against  discipline.  Under  the  most  favorable 
run nn stances  of  wind  and  tide,  time  is  lost,  money  expended,  and 
enjoyment  abridged  ;  and  all  because  the  men  are  berthed  on  board 
a  bulk,  moored  out  in  the  middle  of  the  harbour. 

We  have  searched  the  evidence  in  vain  ibr  one  solid  argument   in 
support  of  the  system.     Three  officers  were  especially  summoned 
from  IVirtsinoutli  to  give  evidence  in  support  ol  the  hulks,     These 
Captain  Hewlett,  of  the  Excellent,  a  gunnery  hulk,  but  with 
man-of-war  arrangements.     Commander  Bickfrrd.  ,,f  the   Victory, 
hulk,  and  Captain  Precdy.   The  fii-st  said,"  I  am  entirely  in  favor  of 
hulks  for  seamen.     I  think  they  would  get  into  long  shore  habits  in 
barracks,  and  be,  perhaps,  less"  willing  to  go  to  sea,  from  a  barrack 
than  from  a  hulk/'  but  Captain  Hewlett  could  not  deny  the  loss  of 
time  in  jjoing  to  and  iro3  and  that  days  sometimes  elapsed  withou' 
communication  from  the  shore  being  possible.    He  thought  "  saikr 
in  a  barrack  would  acquire  long  shore  habits,  and  that  they  shoi 
be  habituated  io  wet  and  dry"      He  had  better  have  carried 
argument  a  step  further,  and  have  said  that  men  should  be  n 
targets  of,  to  habituate  them  to  stand  Jtre. 

Captain  Preedy Ts   reasons  were  no  less   illogical,      He  do* 
whether  men  on  leave  would  return  to  the  barrack  if  allowed 
for  a  run  outside  the  yard,  and  seemed  to  think  a  hulk  the  or 
place  for  a  seaman  to  live  in.     Commander  I  lick  ford  considered 
a  sailor  u  shook  down"  better  into  bia  place  in  a  bulk  than  he  wo- 
rn a  barrack.     By  such  fallacies,  for  they  deserve  no  better 
did  these  three  officers  attempt  to  bolster  up  a  most  injurious  r 
J  low  long  does  it  take  a  marine  or  a  soldier  to  "  shake  dowr 
embarked  on  board  a  man-of-war,  we  would  ask  Commander  F 
What  greater  inducement  we  would  ask  Captain  Preedy, 
man  have  for  breaking  his  leave,  if  he  knew  that   he  b 
fort  able  bed  ready  for  him  in  a  barrack  on  shore,  and 
minutes*  walk,  than  a  less  comfortable  one  in  a  hulk,  to  f 
which,  on  a  dark  rainy  night,  would  coat  him  sixpence  > 
advantage  is  gaiued  by  subjecting  a  seaman  to  the  vi 
climate  and  wealh?r  we  drrmnd  of  Captain  Hewlett ' 


186ft] 


MASSIKO  Till!  KATT. 


13 


Fortunately  there  is  a  faet  which  cannot  be  gainsaid  by  the 
advocates  for  the  hulk  system.  At  Sheerness  naval  barracks  have 
been  some  years  in  successful  operation*  Rear  Admiral  Elliot,  who 
was  examined  before  the  commissioners,  said — "  I  have  had  a  crew 
living  In  a  barrack,  and  I  know  the  advantage  of  it.  There  is  daily 
one  in  the  service,  and  that  is  at  Sheerness,"  The  Rear  Admiral 
anticipated  from  the  establishment  of  barracks  the  greatest  possible 
advantages.  He  thought  that  the  discipline  of  the  service  would 
undergo  a  considerable  improvement,  if  the  men  could  he  allowed 
liberty  for  a  few  hours  when  the  work  was  done.  And  one  would 
think  that  there  could  be  no  difference  of  opinion  on  this  head. 

Generally  speaking,  men  do  not  join  a  dup  until  they  have  spent 
all,  or  very  nearly  all  their  money  ;  yet  even  im  empty  pocket  is  not 
etKmgh  to  keep  them  on  board.  They  will  borrow,  sell  their  clothes, 
or  do  anything  to  get  on  shore  for  a  run ;  hut  it  is  argued  that  if 
these  men  were  lodged  on  shore  in  a  comfortable  barrack,  they  would 
be  content  to  go  out  for  an  hour  or  two,  to  smoke  their  pipes,  and, 
havbg  no  waterman  to  pay,  would  return  in  good  time  to  their 
il  home,1'  satistied  and  pleased.  To  the  married  man  the  boon  would 
be  even  yet  greater.  After  working  houra  he  has  to  repair  on  board 
the  hulk>  and  then  again  to  the  shore  ;  and  if  he  has  leave  tiH  the  fol- 
lowing morning,  be  must  turn  out  at  3  or  4  oYloek,  to  go  down  to 
the  liberty-boat,  or  pay  a  waterman.  Now  if  he  had  only  to  go  into 
the  dockyard,  he  could  riso  with  the  workmen,  and  be  at* his  post  in 
lime  to  commence  work,  and  ready  for  his  comfortable  breakfast  at 
the  barrack. 

Sir  Charles  Napier,  who  expatiated  at  great  length  upon  the 
advantages  of  naval  barracks,  went  so  far  aa  to  soy  that  the  hulks 
"  ought  to  be  burnt" — that  they  were  an  incumbrance  to  the  har- 
bours, am!  a  source  of  mischief  and  misery..  In  the  event  of  a  lire 
in  the  yani.  the  advantage  of  having  a  body  of  men  immediately 
available  would  lie  beyond  calculation.  It  was  stated  by  Captain 
Johnstone,  the  ^Superintendent  of  the  8ailor's  Hume,  at  Portsmouth, 
that  during  the  Russian  war  hundreds  of  men  slept  on  the  lloore, 
for  want  of  other  accommodation.  The  men  had  not  money  to  pay 
ds  and  not  being  able  to  get  off  to  the  hulks,  were  obliged  fco 
Bleep  in  boats,  or  wherever  they  OOttld  find  th^  least  shelter.  AN 
there  evils  would  be  obviated  by  Wracks  cm  aboi 

Main  M  Null  Boyd     nil, u  the  hulk  ay  stem  involved  load  of  time, 

and  labour.     Ther  E  tune  in  getting  the  working  parti*. 

into  ibe  hoata,  in  reaching  their  destination,  in  leaving  off  work 

he lure  the  dockyard  hoi  ie  it,  in  order  that  the  parties  ithould 

a  board  by  the  dinner  hour*     There  m  u  loss  of  labour  hi  having 

t;un  a  cert  niu   number  of  ihip  Keepers,  boatfi1  crews  loan 

aia,  vuw  guard,  &c.  In  barracks,  with  the  ship  in  the  basin  (where 

if  need  be  she  might   be  completed   with  guns  ami  everything  but 

powder  on  board),  the  officer  employed  in  raising  men  eao  have 

ready  communication.     The  economy  of  time,  and  the  command  of 

\T  power  arr-  obi  lOUfl  :    I  lhsenee  can  be  granted 

nut  detriment  to  the  comfort  of  thuse  who  du  m>1  unnl  any, 
without  the  haterjfereuee  of  beditioua  watermen  *   ami  iu  suub  p 


14  UAJTimf  G  TB3  HiTY,  [MAT, 

manner  as  to  be  acceptable  to  the  men,  and  enable  the  office*  to 
restrain  the  undeserving,  and  prevent  fraud*  The  unnecessary 
antique  forms  that  still  obtain  in  the  making,  presenting,  and  hunt- 
ing about  after  demands  for  stores,  are  considerably  divested  of  their 
tediousness.  The  dreadful  exposure  consequent  on  the  passage  from 
hulk  and  dockyard,  in  blowy,  rainy  weather,  is  entirely  obviated ; 
and  even  where  the  men  are  unavoidably  exposed,  the  barracks 
afford  warmth  and  means  of  drying  clothing." 

The  hardships  to  which  men  are  exposed  in  this  way  are,  Captain 
Boyd  thinks,  "  sufficient  to  drive  men  out  of  the  service.  The 
fatigue  and  exposure,"  says  he,  "  in  making  the  passage  in  wintry 
weather,  especially  where  the  wind  and  tide  are  adverse,  are  of  th® 
most  trying  description :  never  encountered  in  the  general  course  o£ 
service,  except  under  most  urgent  and  important  circumstances.  On 
the  ultimate  arrival  of  the  working  party,  their  dinners  are  frequently 
cold,  or  overdone,  and  there  is  no  substantial  evening  meal  to 
anticipate."  The  latter  very  important  consideration  gave  rise  to 
further  question.  Captain  Boyd  was  asked  why  the  officer  in  com- 
mand on  board  the  hulk  could  not  take  care  of  the  dinners  of  the 
men  on  shore.  Captain  Boyd  replied  that  "  it  was  a  very  difficult 
duty,  even  for  an  experienced  and  considerate  commanding  officer." 
He  said :  "  It  is  by  no  means  certain  that  in  a  newly-commissioned 
ship  there  is  a  professed  ship's  cook,  indeed  very  frequently  the  post 
is  filled  by  a  volunteer.  In  no  case  can  the  dinner  undergo  division 
by  the  cook."  In  a  word,  if  men  are  not  off  to  their  time,  their 
chance  of  having  a  comfortable  dinner  is  very  small  indeed. 

Now  all  theso  and  a  score  more  evils  might  be  enumerated  in 
support  of  barracks,  without  any  countervailing  drawback  worth 
noticing.  .According  to  the  estimate  of  Mr.  Moody,  the  assistant 
master  shipwright  at  Portsmouth,  the  cost  of  litting  up  the  four 
hulks  at  Portsmouth  harbour  would  amount  to  dC2,500.  They  com- 
prise three  old  frigates,  and  aline  of  battle  ship,  and  therefore  could 
not  accommodate,  with  any  degree  of  comfort,  more  than  1,500  men. 
But  this  number  could  not  be  accommodated  unless  the  ships  hap- 
pened to  be  of  the  proper  size  ;  but  as  two  small  ships'  company's 
cannot  conveniently  be  berthed  on  board  one  hulk,  it  takes  a  frigate 
to  accommodate  the  crew  of  a  sloop  of  war,  &c.  But  all  these  points 
were  lost  sight  of,  and  the  report  recommends  the  adoption  of  the 
Bellerophon  plan. 

WAnnANT-orriCEBs'  widows'  tensions. 

The  recommendation  of  tho  Commissioners  with  regard  to  the 
restoration  of  pensions  to  tho  widows  of  warrant  officers,  suggests 
not  only  a  just  act,  but  one  of  the  most  politic  that  could  have  been 
offered.  "We  find,  however,  with  deep  regret,  that  the  enemies  by 
whom  this  oft- rei  seated  request  has  been  resisted  hitherto,  have 
been  the  well-paid  clerks  at  Whitehall. 

For  many  years  the  late  Sir  George  Cockburn  had  to  boar  the 
onus  of  resisting  this  claim  ;  it  now  turns  out  that  one  of  tho  great 
obstacles  was  an  Admiralty  clork.  Mr.  Pennell,  chiof  clerk  of  the 
Admiralty,  being  asked  to  give  an  opinion  a*  to  the  claim  for  pen- 


OVH  MILITARY  ADMiyiBTBATIOJT. 


15 


sions  for  the  widows  of  warrant-officers,  objected  to  it  on  two 
grounds,  first  for  financial  reason!,  and  second  for  *'  moral  consider* 
fions"  Being  requested  to  explain  his  "moral  considerations,1'  be 
s:mU — "The  fact  of  a  man  being  married,  led  him  naturally  to 
ebrink  from  sea  service,  and  lie  was  not  so  ready  to  accept  it  as  be- 
fore- It  was  ascertained,  moreover,  that  a  considerable  number  of 
ws  were  living  with  other  men,  without  declaring  their  mar- 
riages—the result  being  that  those  who  were  conscientious  lost  j 
pensions,  in  consequence  of  re-marriage,  and  those  who  were  not 
it-nl  ions,  lived  in  a  state  of  concubinage  with  other  BU 

11  ic  same  argument  might  apply  to  other  widows;  and  wo  nro 
that  Mr.  PennelPs  statement  will  be  received  as  a  gross  libel 
unon  a  body  of  respectable  women.  So  this  Admiralty  gentleman 
with  his  £1200  a  year,  who  never  had  hie  feet  wet  with  salt  v. 
considers  that  a  warrant  officer  is  no  longer  fit  for  sea  if  he  marries, 
and  that  if  he  dies,  the  pension  which  his  widow  will  receive  will 
only  be  an  ci^ouragement  to  concubinage  ! 

We  are  ashamed  of  such  logic,  and  right  glad  to  think  that  such 
an  assertion  was  treated  with  the  disdain  it  merited.  But  we  hmr 
arrived  at  the  end  of  our  tether,  and  must  therefore  leavo  the  consi- 
deration of  the  proposed  reserve  for  a  future  number. 


OUR  MILITARY  ADMINISTRATION,  AND  TILE  RECRUIT- 
ING OF  TILE  ARMY. 

Consid"Eeiitg  the  great  magnitude  of  the  interest  we  have  at 
etake,  and  how  much  depends  upon  our  always  being  prepared  with 
at  h  ast  a  good  system  of  organization,  by  which  the  full  pow> 
our  enormous  resources  might  if  necessary  be  developed,  it  is  re- 
markable the  little  attention  wo  pay,  under  ordinary  circumstances, 
tu  the  RTiooth  and  eilieient  working  of  everything  connected  with 
our  military  establishments.  It  may  emphatically  he  said  that  we 
live  from  hand  to  mouth  in  these  matters,  that  we  are  eontent  with 
tever  serves  us  ;tl  the  moment,  without  caring  bo  cr  insider 
icr  it  will  meet  the  exigent  ie*  of  more  critical  times,  When  the 
political  atmosphere  is  clear,  and  peaee  mlikely  to  he  dia* 

fnrbed,  anything  satisfies  us.  We  may  know  that  the  organisation 
of  our  departments  is  extravagant  and  defective,  that  our  navy 
cannot  be  manned,  or  our  army  recruited*  under  any  pressure,  hut 
we  still  drag  oil  with  what*  uy  have  in  these  respects,  never 

looking  to  the  future,  nor  adapting  anything  to  the  capability  of 

neies  for  which    an  army  ana  navy  are 

recurreno  ids  almost  alone  render 

In  quiet  times  we  are  content  to  JO  CD  with  our 

Clever  they  may  be,  They  maj  ome  antiqua- 

i  and  obi  I  to  their  proper  working  of 

kind  and  description  may  have  accumulated  around  them,  but 

!t  is  seldom,  except  when  actual  war  threatens,  and  when  duo  and 


16  OUB  MIHTABY  AMCIfflflTB^XIOir,  [MlY, 

careful  deliberation  are  almost  altogether  out  of  the  question,  that 
we  set  about  amending  them. 

In  the  threatening  appearance  just  now  existing  on  the  continent 
of  Europe,  when  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  for  the  preservation 
of  peace  that  the  power  and  influence  of  England  should  have  its 
greatest  weight,  and  when  we  might  really  hold  the  balance  which 
would  decide  it,  it  is  rather  unfortunate  that,  in  addition  to  the 
unsettled  state  of  our  domestic  politics,  we  are  in  the  usual  condi- 
tion with  regard  to  our  military  affairs,  almost  everything  con- 
nected with  them  being  as  confused  and  unsatisfactory  as  our 
greatest  enemy  could  wish  them  to  be.  The  manning  of  the  navy, 
the  recruiting  of  the  army,  the  dockyards,  the  militia,  the  wy 
weapons  our  soldiers  and  sailors  are  to  use,  are  at  this  moment  the 
subject  of  discussion  and  enquiry  for  the  purpose,  if  they  serve  any 
purpose  at  all,  of  the  most  radical  changes  and  reforms.  The 
Enfield  rifle  has  been  already  discredited  in  India,  and  was  equally 
so  in  the  Crimea,  but  no  one  would  listen  to  it ;  and  as  for  the 
artillery  we  are  to  use  in  the  next  war,  no  one  knows  anything 
about  it.  The  race  just  now  is  in  preparation,  and  in  this  contest 
we  are  altogether  behind  hand ;  we  have  only  got  so  far  as  to  throw 
doubt  upon  everything  we  have  without  much  idea,  as  yet,  of  what 
we  are  to  substitute  in  lieu  of  it.  The  very  foundation  of  what  is 
required  has  to  be  laid,  and  just  as  an  army  and  navy  are  most 
wanted,  we  are  awakening  to  the  difficulty,  if  not  impossibility,  of 
recruiting  the  one  or  manning  the  other,  and  to  the  best  weapons 
for  arming  both.  In  addition  to  this,  we  are  engaged,  wc  are 
told,  in  reconstructing  our  fleet,  and  wc  are  certainly  question- 
ing with  no  little  dear  bought  experience  to  justify  it,  whether 
the  changes  we  have  so  recently  adopted  in  the  creation  of  the 
office  of  a  Secretary  for  "War,  from  which  so  much  was  at  one 
time  expected,  has  not  placed  us  in  a  much  worse  position  than  we 
were  in  before.  "With  abundance  of  time  to  have  thoroughly  re- 
organized our  military  system  during  the  long  interval  of  peace, 
from  1815  until  1854,  we  neglected  the  subject  then.  "We  delayed 
to  act,  as  is  our  wont,  until  we  were  in  the  midst  of  the  excitement 
and  turmoil  of  actual  war ;  and,  as  might  reasonably  be  expected 
under  such  circumstances,  most  of  the  changes  then  made  have,  in 
the  opinions  of  most  of  those  best  competent  to  judge,  done  us 
more  harm  than  good.  There  is  very  little  doubt  now  but  that  the 
old  and  much  decried  Board  of  Ordnance  did  the  public  work  better, 
at  a  less  cost,  and  with  more  despatch  and  regularity,  than  anything 
we  have  constructed  between  the  Horse  Guards  and  the  War  Office 
to  serve  instead  of  it. 

A  few  judicious  alterations  would  have  done  all  that  was  wanted, 
but,  iii  the  excitement  of  the  moment,  we  perpetrated  a  revolution, 
and  we  have  been  reaping  the  consequences  ever  since  in  an  extra- 
vagant outlay,  and  the  perpetrations  of  incessant  blunders.  The 
consolidation  of  our  departments,  as  it  was  called,  though,  in  point 
of  fact,  the  consolidation  was  altogether  a  myth,  has  ended  in  more 
officials  having  been  created,  and  a  greater  difficulty  in  carrying  on 
the  service  than  before  existed.    We  have  created  a  Btate  of  things 


1859.] 


A2H)  THE  EECEUrmTG  OF  THE  AE3IY. 


17 


in  which  the  highest  of  our  military  authorities  are  as  likely  as  not 
to  be  engaged  at  any  moment,  however  critical,  in  a  struggle  for 
superiority  the  one  over  the  other,  without  any  limits  being  laid 
down  by  which  the  powers  of  either  can  he  described.  We  have 
created  two  rival  powers  who*-  time  and  attention  will  be  sore  to 
be  M  much  absorbed  by  their  own  antagonism  to  each  other,  and 
the  provocation  to  encroachment  which  their  relative  pusi  t  ions  aiibrd, 
as  by  anything  connected  with  their  public  duties.  There  may  be  a 
lull  in  this  feeling  every  now  and  then,  as  there  is  just  now,  but 
while  the  cause  ox  an  evil  exists,  the  evil  itself  may  at  any  time  be 
looked  for.  Lord  llardiuge,  as  the  Commander-in-Chief,  was  a 
cipher,  and  acknowledged  himself  to  be  so.  The  Secretory  for 
Wflr,aa  he  described  it  before  a  Parti&tuen&ary  Committee,  overrode 
him  in  everything,  Our  army,  and  everything  connected  with  if, 
was  ruled  during  hia  time,  ana  for  s  afterwards  by  Lord 

Fanmure,  a  civilian  with  the  thinnest  lacquer  of  soldiership — and 
with  what  results  the  country  who  paid  E  beet  tell.     \i  the 

present  moment  we  have  a  less  arrogant  and  leas  presumptuous  head 
of  the  War  Office,  but  in  practical  knowledge  he  is  little,  if  at  all, 
superior  to  his  predecessor,  ami  matters  are  only  a  shade  better.  We 
do  not  do  so  many  fooHah  thiugs7  but  our  wise  ones  are  just  as  few 
and  far  between  as  they  ever  were.  This  must  always  he  the  case  in 
the  manner  in  which  we  act,  for  where  responsibility  is  so  undefined 
as  it  k,  and  where  authority  tfl  dependent  as  much!  or  rather  n 
upon  courtesy;  or  the  deference  due  to  a  high  social  position,  as  iu 
the  case  of  the  Commander-in- Chief,  rather  than  to  the  possession 
of  any  real  power  or  control  on  his  part,  the  conduct  of  our  affairs 
must  needs  be  defective.  Where  we  have  two  officials  of  the  highest 
rank  in  the  same  department,  or  hi  what  ought  to  be  considered 
as  the  Bsmti  department,  with  their  respective  powers  tndhTer- 
ently  defined,  or  not  laid  down  at  all,  we  must  espect  that  the 
adniini-tniljifi  of  the  army  will  fail  iutu  unvar;  or,  a*  \vu  see  is  the 
ease  from  the  committees  of  enquiry  now  going  on,  that  it  will,  more 
Jikely  stillt  he  altogether  neglected.  The  necessity  to  think  and  act 
under  Ittch  circumstances  devolves  upon  no  one,  the  consequences 
of  iRi'leel  cannot  he  made  to  fall  anywhere.  There  will  be  no  dis^ 
i  approach,  op  consider  great  administrative  questions,  for 
*  v  on    these    questions    that   diiferenees  of   opinion 

md  that    the   antagonism  of  our  military  chiefs,  or 
v  the  chiefecf  our  military  depart  men  ta£  would  bo  most  liable 
d.     It  is  to  the  divided  nature  of  the  administration 
my,  the  independence,  real  or  usurped,  of  every  one  of  our 
departments,  and  the  jealousy  of  each  other  created  and 
red  by  it  between  them,  that  we  may  trace  by  tar  the  greater 
portion,  and  by  far  the  worst  and  moat  prominent  of  the  defects 
of  which  we  are  so  continually  complaining,     instead  of  alterations 
Oj  made  from  time  bo  time  a*  circumstances   point   theui   out  to 
(try,  every  del'n-i  is  muttered  to  go  on  and  increase  in  inten- 
until  in  some  moment  of  trial  the  whole  thing  fails  us,  and 
there  is  nothing  but  indignation  and  surprise  on  the  part  of 
the  country  at  what  it  was  previously  quite  indinerent  to>  and  about 


18 


OVn    MILITARY   ADMDTTflTlUTlOK, 


[Mat, 


k 

ne 
th 
or 


which  no  one  in  authority  had  in  the  least  troubled  him&e**;  Bat*1 
we  can  bring  our  military  departments,  one  and  all,  in  the  closest 
connection  with  each  other,  under  one  responsible  head,  capable  of 
looking  at  them  and  treating  them  with  the  same  impartial  con- 
eld  oration  in  all  that  concerns  them,  wo  may  depend  upon  it  that 
mil 'tary  reform  and  improvement  will  make  but  very  halting  and 
unsatisfactory  progress.  It  is  not  the  efficiency  of  the  army,  or  the 
beet  measures  to  maintain  its  efficiency  as  it  ought  to  be,  that  occu- 
pies so  much  of  the  time  of  the-  officials  at  the  Horse  Guards,  it  is 
the  comparatively  paltry  interests  of  this  or  that  individual  on  some 
favoured  branch  ot  the  service.  The  merest  trifle  connected  with 
the  G  uardi,  or  the  maintenance  of  purchase,  the  cot  of  a  coat,  or 
the  shape  of  a  spur,  attracts  far  more  attention  and  discuss  >on  in 
official  quarters  than  the  most  important  marten  relating  to  the 
recruiting  or  organization  or  anything  else  of  the  army.  It*  we  had 
men  at  the  head  of  affairs  capable  ot  taking  one  half  the  pains  to 
promote  any  important  improvement  in  our  military  legislation  Unit 
jb,  in  many  instances,  frequently  taken  by  them  to  obstruct  and  im- 
pede it,  matters  would  never  have  arrived  at  the  state  in  which  we 
now  find  them,  no  one  thing  relating  to  our  army  beuog  exactly  as 
it  should  be.  It  is  some  comfort  as  things  are  that  the  question  of 
manning  the  navy  bas  reached  a  more  advanced  stage  than  most  of 
our  other  enquiries,  and  that,  at  least,  in  this  instance,  those  in 
authority  have  been  tarnished  with  some  clear  notions  as  to  what 
ought  to  be  done.  A  portion  only  of  the  suggestions  made  by  the 
committee  on  the  subject  are,  it  would  seem  to  be?  carried  out  3 
but  even  a  portion  is  better  than  nothing. 

The  worst  of  it  is,  that  it  must  be  some  time,  do  what  we  will, 
before  what  is  proposed  to  be  done  can  be  got  into  proper  working 
order.     Knowing  how  miserably  deficient  we  were  in  this  most  im- 
portant point,  we  have  bo  foolishly  delayed  the  necessary  measures  with 
regard  to  it,  that  it  is  in  vain  to  expect  much  from  them  for  present 
purposes.    It  is  a  doubtful  point  on  the  continent  whether  even  in 
u  uavy  we  are  as  strong  as  some  of  our  neighbours ;  and  it  is  impos- 
sible but  that  out  influence  must  suner  by  even  an  approach  to  thr 
impression,  especially  when  so  many  of  our  other  departments  a 
in  a  transition  state.     We  have  been  going  on  year  aiter  year,  Unr 
ing  that  a  great  deal  connected  with  our  armaments  was  not  o§ 
should  be,  but  it  is  only  at  the  moment  when  the  pressure  comes  fc 
we  commence  the  process  of  making  them  so.     When  the  mateT 
ihould  be  forged  and  ready  almost  every  thing  is  in  the  furnace- 
is  absurd  to  suppose  that  the  condition  we  are  in  is  not  well  kr 
,both  to  friends  and  enemies  abroad  ;  and  from  the  absence  of 
nization — that  organization  which  we  ought  to  have,  independ 
what  may  be  the  aspect  of  affairs  at  the  moment — and  the  ^ 
administrative  ability  to  give  It  to  us,  the  power  of  England, 
it  would  be  so  desirable  to  have  felt  in  its  fullest  force  at  the  p 
moment,  is  in  no  slight  degree  lost.     The  dissolution  of  Pari) 
dependent  as  wo  are  on  committees  of  the  latter,  rather  t 
our  paid  officials,  for  getting  us  out  of  our  difficulties,  must  » 
a  considerable  lime  the  changes  which  have  been  pronouno 

HI 


188ft] 


AJTD  TTTB  nECSfTTHTO  OF  TUB  ABMT. 


» 


sary ;  and  the  probabilities  are  that  war  will  overtake  us  before  even 
the  preliminaries  of  getting  our  affairs  in  order  to  meet  it  are  settled* 
It  is  a  most  extraordinary  and  unaccountable  way  of  doing  the  work 
to  be  always  calling  in  Parliamentary  assistance,  and  to  invoke  com- 
mittees of  inquiry  about  facts  which  arc  well  known  to  every  one, 
Surely  neither  the  Horse  Guards  nor  the  War  Office  could  plead  the 
slightest  denial  or  ignorance  of  the  perfect    absurdity  of  everything 

ing  to  the  militia ;  of  the  extravagance  and  blundering  going  on 
since  the  abolition  of  the  Board  of  Urchuiiu-e:  or  fl£  the  fraud  and 
abominations,  to  say  nothing  of  the  absolute  failure  attached  to  our 
recruiting  system  ;  and  yet,  before  we  can  obtain  the  alterations  re- 
quired, or  get  things  on  a  better  footing,  there  are  long  and  tedious 
imlfuiui.tric*  to  be  gone  through,  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the 
deficiencies  and  neglect  of  those  who,  if  they  fairly  earned  the  pay 
they  receive,  ought  to  do  the  work  without  any  assistance.  What 
an  instance  of  delay,  in  a  matter  of  the  utmost  importance,  is  that 
of  the  Committee  obtained  by  Capt.  Vivian,  and  which  has  now, 
until  the  assembling  of  the  new  Parliament,  necessarily  suspended 
its  operations.  T.t  will  be  a  year  at  least  from  the  titoeV  its  being 
ordered  before  it  will  have  tinauy  closed  its  labours,  and  it  will  pro- 
bably be  some  time  longer  before  its  recommendations  obtain  any 
practical  result.  In  the  meanwhile  we  are  to  get  on  how  we  can,  no 
matter  what  happens,  with  a  divided  and  irwaponeiMi  !»e, 

n  the  War  Office  and  the  Horse  Guards,  which  every  impart  iul 
authority  condemns,  but  which  somehow  or  other  we  have  no  6906 
sufficiently  capable  to  change  for  us  into  something  belter.     !'• 
thing  relating  to  the  defects  of  the  present  state  of  things  is  as  well 
known  as  it  is  ever  likely  to  bo,  gna  it  is  rather  inexplicable,  if  wo 

such  able  people  at  the  head  of  our  military  affairs  as  we  aro 
constantly  bem^  told  we  have,  why  we  should  waste  a  year  or  per- 
haps two  in  a  Parliamentary  Committee  to  inquire  into  what  almost 
one  admits,  with  another  discussion  over  again  before  the  ncces* 
rms  are  instituted.     It  surely  is  not  beyond  Hie  power  of 
rnment  on  ita  own  responsibility  to  direct   wfeftterer  is 
ncecswin  fur  1 1'*1  improvement  and  greater  efficiency  of  our  mil 
departments.     If  our  authorities  cannot  high  and  Well 

ts  very  difficult  to  understand  of  what  036  fljey  are  at 
gli     It  ia  hardly  possible  that  so  practical  a  people  as  we  are  coil- 
ally  taking' credit  to  ourselves  for  being,  will  be  content  to  go 
on  for  ever,  with  such  disastrous  results  every  now  and  then  ;  having 
its  army  and  navy  so  ruled  that  lliose  who  arc  paid  for  administering 
who  ought,  in  common  fairness,  to  be  held  responsible  for 

proper  working  of  all  the  machinery  connected  with  thru, 

Ipfess  as  children  calling  out,  when  they  get  into  difficulties 

which  their  own  neglect  and  incapacity  have  accumulated,  for  some 

hem  out  of  i  licm,  and  to  enable  them  to  take  a 

fresh  start.     We  have  had  experience  enough,  without  farther  in- 

w  how  the  present  organisation  of  our  departments 

rt  us  during  peace,  and  what  we  may  reasonably  esjteot  from  it 

f  war.    We  know  that  it  haa  brought  discredit  upon  us  in 

ordinary  times*  and  most  people  havo  arrived  at  a  logical  conclusion 

o  2 


20 


Oril  MTUTABT   ADMTNIBTHATIOK, 


[Mat, 


that  it  will  do  still  worse  when  the  pressure  is  greater  ;  and  jet  such 
i«  the  uae  to  us  of  those  we  have  in  office,  that  we  are  virtually  told 
we  must  be  content  to  go  on  as  we  are,  under  circuns stances  so  criti- 
cal as  to  the  preservation  of  peace,  although  we  have  a  military  staff 
alone -i i  tin  Eoree  ii wards  costing  upwards  of  £15,000  per  annum, 
and  a  band  of  official*  at  the  War  Office  set  down  in  the  estimates 
at  double  that  amount, 

1 1  is  rather  hard  upon  the  country,  as  any  reasonable  person  will 
admit,  that  for  all  this  outlay  we  are  to  have  little  or  nothing  done 


but  such  routine  work  as  any  commonly  stupid  set  of  persons  might 
easily  get  through  for  half  the  money.  Improvements  of  adminis- 
trative importance  ar©  almost  entirely  neglected;    or,  as  is  about  to 


take  place  in  the  artillery,  they  are  entered  upon  without  consulting 
those  most  competent  to  giTG  advice.  There  is  nothing  but  con- 
fusion and  mismanagement  everywhere  at  the  present  moment, 
and  swamped  n«  we  are  by  committees  and  enquiries,  by  and  bye  we 
shall  have  more  of  them.  It  will  be  many  a  day  before  things  settle 
down  into  anything  like  order,  and  if  war  is  to  come  within  the  next 
vear  or  two  then'  is  no  period  in  our  history  when  we  shall  have 
been  lew  prepared  to  meet  it-  No  ono  doubts  for  a  moment  the 
Strength  or  resources  of  the  country ;  if  those  resources  had  not  been 
what  they  are  we  could  never  have  got  on  at  all.  What  we  want  is 
the  organization  to  make  our  enormous  means  available.  Without 
this,  ami  without  a  particle  of  administrative  talent  in  the  conduct  of 
our  affairs  to  give  it,  we  must  fall  short  of  what  we  might  and  ought  to 
attain.  Our  deficiency  is  not  in  men  or  material,  or  in  the  ttoodnem  of 
either,  bat  in  the  want  of  knowledge  of  those  who  rule,  m  knowing 
how  to  get  at  them,  or  to  put  them  into  shape  and  order.  It  fa  to 
the  means  of  getting  those  who  have  this  capability  that  all  our 
attention  and  energies  should  be  directed.  TV  e  are  working  now 
by  sheer  dint  of  money,  and  a  very  miserable  exhibition  we  are 
miking  of  it.  There  is  nothing  whatever  to  inspire  confidence. 
Every  enemy  we  have  on  the  continent  exults  in  seeing  at  go  lower 
and  lower,  and  the  moral  greatness  of  our  position  has,  by  our  own 
folly  and  stupidity,  been  more  than  half  lost  to  us.  We  turned  out 
oue  of  the  most  pugnacious  of  our  ministers  for  his  subserviency  to 
France,  but  those  who  have  succeeded  have  been  equally  humble. 
With  strong  hearts  and  arms,  and  abundant  means,  they  all  know 
our  real  weakness,  and,  until  we  have  some  decided  reform ,  wc 
may  rest  a^nred  that  the  aggressive  policy  going  on  across  the 
channel  will  never  be  restrained.  It  is  not  more  money  that  m 
wanted  t<»  set  us  right;  we  spend  enough,  and  more  than  enough 
already,  but  we  want  some  well  arranged  system,  to  be  maintained 
on  no  extravagant  scale  during  peace,  but  which  can  be  expanded  to 
any  extent  when  circumstances  require  it;  we  want  this,  and  we 
want  the  neeessarv  administrative  ability  that  will  make  our  institu- 
tions keep  pace  with  the  times,  and  keep  up  in  them  a  sustained 
and  continued  efficiency.  Committees  of  enquiry,  parliamentary  or 
otherwise,  are  only  stop  gaps  for  a  time ;  the  shortcomings  and 
defects  which  we  are  always  complaining  of  are  sure  to  recur  otct 
and  over  again,  so  long  as  we  depend  on  this  mode  of  doing  the 


1859.]  AND  TfiE  BECtfTTITItfG  OF  tiie  abmt.  21 

work.  It  would  be  better,  instead  of  relying  upon  it,  at  once  to 
recognize  the  officials  we  have  as  being  only  intended  for  mere  mat- 
ters of  detail,  and  to  have  a  second  set  who  will  make  it  their 
business  to  analyse  and  study  the  information  pouring  in  daily  into 
our  public  departments,  and  who  would,  by  timely  legislative 
measures,  prevent  our  getting  into  those  difficulties  which  we  are 
now  so  very  frequently  involved  in.  A  sum  of  money  set  apart  in  the 
estimates  for  this  purpose,  even  though  it  might  be  of  no  incon- 
siderable amount,  would  be  well  bestowed. 

How,  it  may  be  asked,  are  we  to  expect  efficiency,  if  we  continue 
to  go  on  from  year  to  year,  however  time  or  circumstances  may  alter, 
interminably  working  upon  the  same  system  until  we  can  work  it  no 
longer,  and  it  utterly  fails  us.  The  strongest  instance,  perhaps,  of 
our  perseverance  in  this  respect  is  to  be  found  in  our  rigid  adherence 
to  the  same  inducements  and  mode  of  recruiting  that  were  instituted 
almost  with  the  earliest  establishment  of  our  army,  until  at  last  we 
have  arrived  at  a  state  of  things  that,  out  of  the  number  of  men  en- 
listed, nearly,  if  not  quite,  one  half  of  them  desert,  and  accepting  men 
of  the  smallest  stature,  and  the  most  moderate  possession  of  physical 
capabilities,  we  fail  to  fill  our  muster  rolls  to  the  extent  voted  by 
parliament.  The  desertion  that  has  been  going  on  for  some  years, 
and  which  is  going  on  now  under  the  very  eyes  of  the  authorities, 
without  the  slightest  effort  to  check  it,  is  something  incredible.  If 
a  faithful  return  of  it  was  presented  to-morrow,  it  would  show  the 
utter  demoralization  it  has  caused  in  our  population,  and  the  period 
of  its  continuance  would  do  more  we  believe  than  anything  else 
that  could  bethought  of,  to  exhibit  the  incapacity  or  neglect  of  those 
who  have  the  control  of  these  matters.  Knowing  the  fraud  and  the 
unsatisfactory  results  in  every  way  which  attached  to  our  manner 
of  getting  recruits,  it  was  the  joint  duty  of  the  War  Office  and  the 
Horse  G-oards  to  have  established  some  other  and  better  means  of 
doing  so,  but  up  to  this  moment  nothing  of  the  kind  has  ap- 
peared, and  at  the  eleventh  hour  the  recruiting  of  the  army,  like 
all  the  other  questions  relating  to  making  it  what  it  ought  to  be,  is 
the  subject  of  investigation  before  a  committee.  This  committee 
consists  of  six  persons,  of  whom  the  name  of  one  only,  that  of 
Colonel  Tulloch,  can  give  much  of  a  confident  hope  that  a  sound 
practical  measure  will  result  from  their  labours.  There  seems  very- 
little  disposition,  moreover,  to  proceed  energetically  in  the  matter. 
It  is  not  one  which,  if  taken  up  at  all  as  it  ought  to  be,  is  likely  to 
present  any  unsurmountable  difficulty  to  being  properly  arranged. 
It  requires,  however,  the  most  careful  consideration ;  and  as  it  is 
secondary  only  to  that  most  important  one,  the  manning  of  the  navy, 
we  purpose  to  conclude  this  article  by  a  few  remarks  regarding  it. 
We  suggested  last  month  that  one  of  the  greatest  boons  to  the 
recruit  would  be  to  have  some  receiving  depot,  where  he  would  be 
housed  and  fed  until  he  joins  his  regiment,  apart  from  the  tramps 
and  vagabonds  with  whom  he  is  obliged  to  associate  in  billets.  It 
would  be  a  further  great  improvement,  as  we  conceive,  if  the  bounty 
was  reduced  simply  to  the  recruit  receiving  a  free  kit  and  double 
pay,  say  for  a  fortnight  or  three  weeks  after  bis  enlistment,  so  that 


OUB  WT1ITAHT   AJ)MI7IT8TUATIOX. 


[Mat, 


he  might  commoner  his  career  with  fin  impression  as  javoumblc  as  it 
is  now  quite  the  contrary  of  the  service,  and  to  enable  him  properly  1  o 
meet  the  greater  expenses  he  must  be  put  to  for  Ins  living  as  a  recruit 
than  it  will  coot  him  as  a  soldier  in  bis  regular  mere,  as  well  as  to 
permit  his  partaking  more  freely  in  such  amusements  as  he  may  like  to 
enjoy,  or  to  treat  in  mod*  ration  the  friends  he  may  bo  about  to  part 
with*  Every  recruit,  we  maintain,  ought  to  have  fourteen  shillings 
a  week  for  the  first  three  v,  muting  from  the  day  of  bis  en- 

listment, to  he  paid  in  daily  payments ;  and  this  sum  and  a  free  kit 
should  be  substituted  instead  ot  the  present  bounty  of  three  pounds, 
£2  10s,  of  which  is  given  to  the  recruit  in  one  payment,  and  v, 
answers  no  other  purpose  but  to  demoralize  him  and  a  good  many 
of  his  comrades  as  long  as  it  lasts.  It  is  notorious  that  men  are 
given  leave  to  fur  the  sole  purpose  of  getting  rid  of  this  moi 
bow  and  where  they  pass  their  time  may  be  easily  guessed.  Not 
one  man  in  a  1  is  one  whit  the  better  of  the  bounty  as  it  is 

now  given  ;  and  for  one  man  made  better  ten  are  made  a  great  deal 
tin  wutm'.  h  is  a  m&t&ke  feo  suppose  that  this  bounty  is  much  in- 
ducement to  good  recruits  really  intending  to  serve*  It  may  entice 
a  few  such,  bub  not  many.  The  men  who  are  tempted  by  it  are 
who  intend  to  receive  it  and  desert,  who  hi  fact  make  desertion 
a  trade  by  means  of  the  bounty.  Nothing  is  more  clear  than  that 
wn  ought  to  abolish' this  part  of  our  recruil  tag  system  ;  the  talked  of 
rnlightenuu-iit  of  I  lie  :imv  must  be  altogether  a  myth,  if  it  can  be 
thought  necessary  any  longer  to  continue  it. 

There  is  a  view  of  another  part  of  the  subject  which  might, 
|h  rliapsT  well  be  considered  at  the  present  moment,  and  that  is, 
whether  it  might  not  be  better  somewhat  largely  to  increase  the 
si  >h]  kVs  payT  and  to  leave  it  to  himself  to  lay  by  the  means  of  support 
when  he  comes  to  be  di  ^charged ,  than  to  continue  the  present  system 
of  giving  him  a  i  tension  which,  acceptable  as  it  may  be,  is  not  ftftag 
all  sufficient  to  keep  him  in  anything  like  respectability,  far  more 
good  would  accrue  to  the  service  if  men  were  ene< mroged  to  save  and 
given  higher  pay,  so  as  to  enable  them,  by  means  of  the  savings'  bank, 
to  take  care  of  themselves.  The  Government  is  bound  to  Steep  one 
object  mainly  in  view,  and  that  is  how  best  to  get  recruits;  and  the 
point  to  be  decided  is,  and  we  should  think  there  would  he  found 
statistics  which  would  help  to  a  decision,  whether  men  would  he 
most  induced  to  enlist  by  high  pay  and  no  pension  iu  case  of  dis- 
charge for  mere  length  of  service  (of  course  in  the  case  of  wounds 
the  matter  would  be  altogether  different),  or  whether  thev-  would  bo 
more  inclined  to  come  forward  for  low  pay  while  ■effing,  and  |i 
pension  on  discharge  as  is  now  given,  varying  as  it  does  from  eight- 
pence  to  a  shilling  a  day,  the  latter  sum  being  only  obtainable 
under  circumstances  of  particular  good  conduct.  At*  the  present 
rate  of  pay  few  men  have  on  an  average  much  more  than  twopence  a 
day  to  spend  in  indulgence  and  amusement,  and  it  does  seem  rather 
unreasonable  and  absurd  to  expect  a  man  to  save  out  of  this  sum, 
but  it  would  be  far  otherwise  if  the  pay  of  the  soldier  was  higher, 
Three  fourths,  and  more,  of  the  money  "that  is  now  put  in  the  sav- 
ings* bank  is  deposited  in  the  colonies,  where  the  soldier  has  often 


'•] 


ABTj  Tini  BEdnHTTlfO  OF  TH"E   AE5TT. 


some  pecuniary  advantages.    Very  little  indeed  of  it  is  contributed 

11  at  home,  who  have  nothing  bat  tbe».r  ordinary  military  pay. 

ill  very  well  to  talk  of  teaching  a  ma  a  thrift,  bnt  to  carry  it 

out  in  practice  we  should  give  bini  the  wherewithal  to  be  thrifty 

with,  without  expecting  that  he  ia  to  cot  \  mipletely  off 

thoae  eujovments  and  amusements  of  which,  in  fair  right  and 

reason,  he  ought  to  partake,  and  to  be  wholly  deprived  of  which  :"s 

to  make  l*fe  hardly  worth  having.     We  are  inclined  to  thiik  that 

the  time  rasy  have  arrived,  when  it  would  be  desirable  to  consider 

whether  it  would  not  answer  recruiting  purposes,  and  the  good  of 

the  service  best  to  be  more  liberal  in  pay  ;  and,  except  in  the  case 

ni'  wounds,  to  he  less  so  in  pensions.     It  would  ho  a  great  gain  in 

every  way  if  we  could  contrive  some  system  by  which  the  soldier 

would  be  tanght  to  think, and  act,  and  he  responsible  for  himself. 

A  great  dcoi  of  care  and  caution  would  require  to  be  used  in  the 

opt  to  effect  this  object,  but  if  only  a  reasonable  portion  of 

what  is  so  frequently  told  us  of  the  great  advance  in  society  in  every 

grade  is  true,  the  risV,  in  judicious  hands,  ought  not  to  give  us 

much  uneasiness, 

The  working  man  at  this  moment  is  held  up  as  a  model  of  good 
sense  and  moderation;  and,  if  from  what  is  known  of  the  habits 
of  our  labouring  population  generally ,  we  are  enabled  to  say  that 
they  have  made  mat  progress  which  is  asserted  for  them,  it  is  surely 
reMODaWeto  thmi  and  to  argue,  that  a  very  different  mode 
of  legislation  to  what  we  have  practised  hitherto,  might  be  initiated 
for  the  recruiting  of  the  army,  and  the  Wduccmenls  held  out  to 
men  to  join  it.  The  more  instructed  and  educated  a  man  is,  tho 
more  impatient  he  is  to  have  the  entire  control  of  himself  in  h±3 
own  hands,  and  he  will  not  in  th;s  state  be  so  much  attracted  to  the 
military  profession,  which  denies  him  this  sel  r -responsibility,  as  to 
other  callings  in  which  he  possesses  it.  We  know  of  do  drawback 
to  the  life  of  the  English  soldier  hot  the  constant  meddling 
with  him,  He  is  a  victim  to  the  very  best  intentions,  Every  regu- 
lation is  drawn  out  with  the  evident  impression,  that  those  it  is  inten- 
ded for  are  inherently  had,  and  it  is  sure  to  be  clogged  with  a  host 
of  devices,  intended 'to  meet  this  state  of  things* 

Tt  is  not  possible,  with  due  regard  to  discipline,  to  make  the 
soldier  as  free  as  the  same  man  in  civil  life,  but  the  nearer  we  can 
do  this  the  more  popular,  we  may  depend  upon  it,  will  the  soldier's 
calling  become,  We  are  now  literally  taking  the  very  dregs  and 
sweepings  of  the  country,  both  morallv  and  physically,  lor  our 
soldiers.  The  greatest  tramp  and  vagabond  who  offers 'himself  is 
accepted,  and  while  we  are  enormously  increasing  our  estimates  in 
improving  the  condition  of  the  army,  we  do  not  seem  to  make  the 
slightest  advance  in  attracting  to  its  ranks,  in  any  hut  exceptional 
cases,  the  classes  above  the  lowest,  which,  to  keep  up  its  number?, 
wo  ought  to  have.  If  there  would  be  too  much  risk*  which  might 
be  the  case,  in  running  at  once  from  one  system  to  another,  in 
throwing  off  altogether  what  we  have  been  accustomed  to  for  years 
and  adopting  something  new,  might  we  not,  in  a  new  recruiting 
code,  leave  it  optional  to  the  recruit  to  enlist  under  the  present 


OUR  VTXTT  A BY    All  M  TST  ST  RATION, 


[MAV, 


I 


of  things — small  pay  ami  n  smaller  pension  on  discharge  after 
u-ntv-oue  yew  <■ — or  to  do  bo  under  a  new  code,  in  wh 

,lv  would  be  considerably  increa^ d  while  serving  but  with  the 
distinct  understanding  that  bis  mesne  of  subsistence  on  disci 
would  depend  entirely  upon  himself.     Wp  are  convinced  that  if  al' 
the  rubbish,  for  it  is  tittle  better,  of  good-conduct  pay  was  aboli 
and  If  bounties  and  pensions  were  withheld,  that  the  soldier's  pay 
might  nearly  be  doubled  without  any  addition,  after  a  very  short 
time,  to  the  estimate*;  and  we  think  that  with  ihLn  increased  \ 
better  and  more  respectable  class  would  enter  the     n  Lei  ;  and  that. 
hv  means  of  the  savings*  hank,  which  is  almost  the  only  institul 

rould  keep  up  of  those  now  existing,  verj  few,  if  any.  men  would 
go  back  to  civil  life  a  bit  worse  oft'  than  the  mass  of  tfee  pensioners 
do  at  present.  H 

We  may  think  what  we  like,  but  no  mere  pittance  of  pen* 
such  as  we  give  OUT  soldiers,  and  which  we  can  hardly  exceed  to  any 
amount  without  an  enormous  expenditure,  cannot  be  an  inducement 
to  many  men  to  enlist.    The  ignorant  ilun't  appreciate  it,  and  the 
better  classes  would  prefer  high  pay,  ami  to  be  left  to  themselves. 

With  voluntary  enlistment  there  is  nothing  binding  on  the 
Government  to  give  pensions,  except  for  wounds.  It  does  all  that 
is  necessary  in  giving  &ir wages  during  the  working  years  of  a  mans 
life,  and  affording  Sim,  by  the  institution  of  a  bank,  the 

means  of  providing  for  the  future.  This  course  is  attractive  enough, 
and  not  proved  to  be,  generally  speaking,  attended  hy  any  bad  con 
sequences  in  other  callings,  What  reason,  therefore,  can  there  be 
for  not  thinking  it  would  Be  conducive  to  the  public  interests,  and  as 
beneficial  for  the  soldier,  to  try  it  in  the  army  ?  The  adoption  of  it 
would  enable  us  to  sweep  away  a  mass  of  complex  regulations  which 
entail  far  more  trouble  and  ^correspondence  than  they  are  worth,  and 
Which  are  dependant  in  their  Working  an  much  upon  chance  and  the 
temper  of  a  commanding  officer,  as  upon  anything  else,  The  good- 
Gpnniiet  warranty  as  it  is  called,  ia  as  much  a  boon  to  men  who  are 
conning  enough  not  to  be  found  out,  as  to  tfaoae  who  really  dv 
the  provisions  made  by  it.  A  hard-headrd  fellow  who  can  bear  ■ 
good  deal  of  drink,  ov  who  becomes  merely  drowsy  and  stupid  in  his 

,  gets  a  badge,  while  his  more  lively  and  excitable  comrade  is 
Lodged  in  tie  guard-room.  Many  men  nave  at  times  been  detected 
in  the  receipt  of  good-conduct  pay  who  have  never  been  legally  en- 

d  to  it.  It  is  bestowed  upon  officers1  servants  :oid  others,  who 
from  not  being  regularly  at  their  duty,  have  a  far  better  chance  of  it 
than  their  comrades  who  arc.  A  man  by  means  of  it,  who  has  been 
a  scandal  and  a  disgrace  to  the  service  for  many  years  at  the  com* 
mencemenf  of  his  service,  by  keeping  out  of  trouble  at  the  end  of  it, 
gets  a  higher  pension  than  another  who  has  not  perhaps  been  guilty 

ne  half  so  much  crime.    Any  one  who  will  go  into  the  ' 
and  history  of  men  discharged,  will  soon  he  convinced  what  a  de- 

□  it  is.    Many  on  excellent  soldier  never  gets  it,  while  n 
of  the  moat  virions  and  dissipated,  who  get  cunning  as  they  get  old, 
have  it  added  on  to  their  pent  ions, 
It  is  difficult  to  understand  the  justice  of  giving  different  pay  to 


1859.]  AND   THE  BECBUITIKO  OF  THE  ABMY.  25 

men  while  performing  the  same  duty  in  the  same  grade ;  the  one 
who  perhaps  knows  his  work  best,  and  doing  it  best  while  he  is  at  it, 
as  likely  as  not  getting  the  least.  This  is,  however,  what  our  regu- 
lations go  to  establish.  The  whole  practice  of  our  good-conduct 
warrants  opens  a  wide  door  to  the  admission  of  as  much  misconduct 
as  otherwise  to  its  benefits. 

The  large  sum  of  money  voted  in  the  estimates  for  this  purpose, 
and  which  serves  no  useful  end  whatever,  might  be  turned  to  far  more 
profitable  and  beneficial  uses.  Before  we  are  justified  in  continuing 
the  expenditures  of  £43,000  a-year  on  this  item,  we  ought  to  ascer- 
tain- whether  the  results  it  yields  are  at  all  worth  it— whether  it 
does  not  give  the  appearance  rather  than  the  reality  of  making  men 
better.  The  system  we  would  like  to  see  established  would  be  that 
of  good  and  comfortable  barracks,  with  schools,  libraries,  reading- 
rooms,  gymnasiums,  and,  in  moderation,  space  for  other  amusements ; 
conveniences  in  connection  with  the  canteen,  which  would  make  the 
soldier's  barrack  his  home,  and  a  very  comfortable  home  too ;  these, 
with  as  good  pay  as  the  country  could  afford,  and  a  savings'  bank, 
are  the  whole  of  what  is  necessary ;  and  to  help  towards  attaining 
them  we  would  Bweep  away  the  somewhat  sentimental  theories  as  to 
the  advantages  of  good  conduct-pay,  which  are  of  a  very  costly  na- 
ture. Few  soldiers  are  much  influenced  by  them  at  any  time,  and 
as  to  recruits,  they  are  of  no  benefit  with  regard  to  them  at  all ;  all 
the  latter  inquire  about  is  the  pay  they  are  to  get,  and  what  imme- 
diate good  they  will  do  themselves  by  enlisting.  The  giving  of  boun- 
ties should  also  be  abolished.  A  recruit  should  have  a  free  kit,  and 
nothing  more,  on  joining  his  regiment ;  the  bounty,  as  now  given,  only 
furnishes  the  means  of  initiating  him,  by  the  aid  of  others,  m  vice  and 
intemperance.  There  should  be  a  higher  rate  of  pay  than  the  ordi- 
nary one  until  men  get  into  mess  ;  a  recruit,  on  a  shilling  a  day,  until 
he  is  subsisted  with  a  number  of  others  in  the  ordinary  manner,  is  in 
a  state  of  abject  poverty.  What  man  will  give  up  ten,  twelve,  four- 
teen, or  more  shillings  a  week  to  become  a  soldier  on  seven  ?  He 
has  no  time  to  go  into  the  intricacies  by  which  it  is  made  up  to  him 
in  other  ways.  It  is  here  the  hitch  exists.  The  code  we  would 
recommend  should  be  as  clear  and  simple  as  possible — immediately, 
and  until  arrival  at  his  regiment,  twelve  or  fourteen  shillings  a  week 
to  the  recruit ;  then  a  free  kit,  and  a  start  clear  of  all  debt  or  deduc- 
tions. He  should  then  commence  on  the  present  rate  of  pay ;  or, 
doing  away  with  the  good  conduct  warrant,  a  trifle  higher,  and  the 
claim  to  existing  pensions  on  discharge.  On  this  he  should  continue 
for  six  months,  at  the  end  of  which  period  he  would  have  the  option 
of  going  on  in  the  same  manner,  or  of  claiming  the  higher  rate  of 
pay  and  no  prospective  advantages.  If  he  selected  the  latter,  there 
would  be  six  months  difference  of  pay  coming  to  him,  and  this  sum, 
with  or  without  his  assent,  should  be  lodged  in  the  savings'  bank, 
partly  as  a  security,  but  principally  as  an  encouragement  to  him, 
having  that  sum  lodged,  to  go  on  and  add  to  it.  By  this  plan  there 
would  always  be  more  or  less  a  hold  on  the  soldier,  and  the  disgrace- 
ful desertion  which  we  have  seen  of  late  in  the  British  army,  both 
to  the  enemy  and  otherwise,  would  be  effectually  checked  without 


OTTTt  nOMB   T>EFEWCT5** 


[Mat. 

to  be 
Duri 
*eEog- 


to  thai  severity  of  punishment  which  seems  likely  to 
adopted,  and  which  wflt  ou'ynddtoour  criminal  population.    Duri 

^(ho  hfc  war  the  s*reat  mass  of  i  to  the  Fomuuti  were  En 

Ibhiaeu,  and  here  at  liume  we  may  count  them  not  merely  by  thou- 
sands, but  by  ten*  of  thousands.     It  i*  fety  certain  from  all  we 
that  if  the  bounty  now  given  entices  recruits*  the  small  rate  of  pay, 
ritfe  the  distant  prospect  of  a  smaller  pension  on  discharge,  fa!1a  to 
Keep  them,  and  iu  some  way  or  other  we  mufet  depart  from  this  «vs- 
em.     There  is  the  great  comfort  in  npp roach mg  the  question  that  it 
utterly  impossible,  by  any  alteration,  to  make  thiols  worse  than 
they  ao\     Wliritevci'  we  do,  if  it  has  any  effect  at  al|t  must  make  us 

['tier  oif     Hitherto  we  have  contrived  mainly  to  recruit  our  a 
fron  tbose  men  who  enlist  soMy  out  of  necessity.     It  is  surely  not 
impossible  to  devise  some  plan  by  which  we  might  get  men  who 
would  enlist  from  cho'ce.     We  are  inclined  to  think  that  an  entirely 

I  different  system  from  tbe  present  mode  of  recruiting,  in  which  the 
bringers  01  recruits  could  be  made  to  play  a  more  prominent  part, 
and  iu  which  a  single  government  offic-al  or  two  might  alone  be 
would  be  the  best  to  establish.  It  is  ruinous  to  the  disci- 
pline and  efficiency  of  soldiers,  and  not  a  little  degrading  to  the 
in' J tary  pro -'essoin,  the  way  in  which  they  are  employed  in  obtaining 
recruits.  The  whole  affair,  seen  under  any  of  its  aspects,  in 
large  to*  ),  has  (we  can  use  no  other  expression  about  it)  a  black- 
guard look.  The  prostitute  and  the  public  house  go  band  ia  hand 
with  it.     The  sooner  it  is  demofamed  in  its  very  foundation  the  hei> 

We  hope  that  the  committee  appointed  to  examine   in  I 
matter  W'1!  jsparc  nothing,  for  there  is  nothing  in  it  that  deserves  t 
i  spared,  or  that  can  benefit  us  in  the  least  by  being  retained* 


be  i 


OUR  HOME  DEFENCES. 


UN    THE   FQEMATIOK 


OF    A   STEAM 
MARITIME 


FLOTILLA 
MILITIA. 


TO    BE   MANNED 


In  various  remarks  which  have  been  published  from  time  to  time 
on  the  organization  of  our  navy,  the  public  have  been  made 
Mqwated  with  some  of  the  most  prominent  defects  of  the  existing 
system,  and  whilst  some  writers,  regarding  it  as  a  whole,  have  en- 
sured to  prove  the  necessity  of  reducing  the  various  discordant 
elements  of  which  it  is  composed  to  something  like  harmony,  others 
have  contented  themselves  with  directing  their  attacks  against  some 
individual  portion  of  it,  and  by  not  extending  their  views  in  any 
other  direction,  have  retarded  rather  than  advanced  the  reformatory 
proem  they  would  wish  to  set  in  motion*  The  writer*  in  each  caso 
may  be  equally  correct  in  what  they  describe,  but  it  seems  natural  that 
we  should  be  inost  favorably  inclined  towards  the  opinions  of  those 


1859.]  off*  eoxb  mfbkojw.  29 

who  occupy  the  highest  ground,  for  the  same  reason  that  we  should 
set  the  greatest  value  upon  the  description  of  the  physical  features 
of  a  country  given  by  a  traveller,  who,  standing  on  a  lofty  mountain, 
had  studied  them  as  they  lay  mapped  out  at  his  feet,  rather  than 
upon  the  report  of  one  who  with  even  greater  powers  of  observation, 
had,  by  remaining  at  a  lower  level,  necessarily  confined  his  attention 
to  the  narrow  limits  of  some  part:cular  locality. 

We  do  not  now  intend  to  enter  upon  the  much  vexed  question  of 
naval  reform,  or  to  advocate  or  combat  any  particular  opinions  con- 
nected with  the  subject,  but  taking  the  re-organ  Nation  of  the  "per* 
soDnel"  of  the  navy  on  the  beat  possible  basis,  as  "  unfait  accompli," 
to  proceed  briefly  to  consider  how — in  the  event  of  certain  contingen- 
cies occurring — Great  Britain  would  have  to  act,  so  as  to  boable  at 
one  and  the  same  time,  to  defend  her  shores,  protect  her  commerce, 
and  preserve  her  colonies. 

This  question  is  very  often  answered  by  the  simple  suggestion  of 
an  overwhelming  fleet,  but  here  we  are  met  by  a  difficulty  at  the 
very  outset,  for  there  is,  and  must  be,  a  limit  beyond  which  it  is 
impossible  to  pass,  and  this  limit  may  be  one  which  will  not  do  more 
than  give  us  a  decided  superiority  at  sea  over  any  single  maritime 
power.  How  then  would  it  be  possible  in  the  event  of  two  or  more  of 
these  powers  combiaiug  against  us  to  operate  successfully  by  such  a 
disposition  of  our  fleets  as  would  enable  us  to  attack  them  in  detail, 
(the  method  in  which  an  inferior  force  has  the  best  chance  of  com- 
batting successfully  an  inferior  one)  when  the  greatest  portion  of 
our  fleet  would  be  necessarily  confined  to  the  cbarnel  for  the  pro- 
tection of  our  own  shores. 

It  is  the  release  of  this  portion  of  our  fleet  by  the  adoption  of 
some  plan  that  will  enable  us  to  defend  our  Bhores,  without  inter- 
fering with  the  free  action  of  or*  naval  forces,  that  we  are  now 
about  to  consider. 

Of  all  the  difficulties  connected  with  the  sudden  increase  of  our 
navy  from  a  peace  to  a  war  establishment,  the  difficulty  which  would 
be  found  in  procuring  a  sufficient  supply  of  seamen  is  said  to  be  the 
greatest ;  if  this  be  true,  as  it  undoubtedly  is,  it  becomes  evident  that 
the  services  of  each  individual  seaman  should  be  made  the  most  of, 
and  we  should  not  allow  him  to  be  employed  in  the  performance  of 
duties  which  might  be  as  efficiently  performed  by  others. 

Naval  operations  of  war  may  be  divided  into  two  classes : — 

1.  Operations  not  limited  to  any  particular  scene  of  action,  and 
which  may  involve  d'stant  voyages  and  long  periods  of  service  on 
foreign  stations. 

2.  OperatioDS  confined  within  fixed  and  narrow  limits,  and  not 
entailing  any  lengthened  absence  from  a  home  port. 

For  the  first  class  of  operations,  it  is  desirable  that  we  should 
have  ships  propelled  by  both  sails  and  steam,  and  manned  by  a  large 
proportion  of  experienced  sailors. 

Eor  the  second  class  it  is  contended  that  we  require  ships  pro- 
pelled by  steam  only,  manned  by  able-bodied  men,  with  sea-legs,  well- 
trained  in  gunnery,  and  a  very  small  number  of  able  seamen  for  the 
performance  of  a  tew  special  duties. 


28  OtJB  HOME  DEFENCES.  [Mat, 

Now  let  it  be  supposed  that  from  some  unforeseen  entanglement 
Great  Britain  suddenly  finds  herself  called  upon  to  resist  the  united 
attack  of  any  two  first-rate  maritime  powers,  over  either  of  whom, 
singly,  she  possesses  a  considerable  naval  superiority.  She  has  to 
provide  for  the  safety  of  her  shores,  her  colonies,  her  commerce,  and 
the  enemy  must  be  met  at  sea,  for  the  arguments  used  by  Sir  "Walter 
Raleigh  in  the  days  of  Elizabeth,  in  opposition  to  those  who  ad- 
vocated military  rather  than  naval  preparations  against  the  expected 
invasion  of  the  Spaniards,  apply  with  even  greater  force  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  present  day  than  they  did  to  those  of  the 
period  in  which  he  lived. 

A  large  fleet  is  hurriedly  equipped  and  assembled  in  the  Channel; 
to  some  of  our  widely-separated  foreign  stations  reinforcements 
have  to  be  distributed ;  whilst  from  others  to  which  we  are  unable  to 
afford  sufficient  support,  our  squadrons  are  withdrawn;  we  have 
been  unable  to  effect  aril  this  without  drawing  largely  upon  our  re- 
serves, and  our  seamen  have  been  distributed  without  much  discrimi- 
nation (for  there  has  been  no  time  for  it)  throughout  every 
description  of  ships,  from  the  smallest  gun  vessel  to  the  three- 
decker. 

When  all  this  has  been  done,  the  following  becomes  our  position : — 
Our  Channel  Fleet,  composed,  let  us  say  by  way  of  argument,  of  our 
whole  naval  force, — minus  the  squadrons  we  are  obliged  to  retain  on 
foreign  stations, — iB  now  only  barely  equal  to  the  navy  of  either  one  of 
the  attacking  powers  ;  and  though  whilst  their  fleets  remain  separate 
we  have  no  difficulty  in  keeping  command  of  the  Channel,  yet  in 
the  event  of  their  detaching  a  strong  force  to  act  against  our 
colonies  or  commerce,  we  dare  not  follow  it  for  fear  of  permitting 
them  to  become  masters  of  the  Channel,  for  even  a  few  days. 

From  such  a  position  we  might,  perhaps,  be  extricated  by  the 
skilful  combinations  of  our  Naval  Commanders,  and  the  bull-dog 
courage  of  our  men ;  but  where  the  odds  are  greatly  against  us 
we  cannot  calculate  upon  victory,  we  can  only  hope  to  obtain  it. 

Now  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  such  a  state  of  things  taking 
place,  it  is  proposed,  in  accordance  with  the  rules  previously  laid 
down,  that  wre  should  base  our  defence  of  the  Channel  on  a  separate 
and  distinct  system,  so  that  the  fleets  and  ships  of  war  comprising  . 
our  lioyal  Navy,  might  be  left  free  to  undertake  offensive  opera- 
tions in  whatever  direction,  or  at  whatever  distance,  might  be 
deemed  most  advisable. 

It  is  proposed  to  effect  this  by  means  of  a  flotilla,composed  of  vessels 
of  a  peculiar  construction,  propelled  by  steam  only,  and  manned  by 
a  force  which,  'for  want  of  a  better  name,  might  be  called  the 
<:  Maritime  Militia." 

Let  us  first  briefly  investigate  the  principles  upon  which  the 
vessels  comprising  the  steam  flotilla  should  be  constructed  ;  then 
haying  shewn  how  they  might  be  distributed  so  as  to  allow  of  their 
being  rapidly  concentrated  upon  any  given  point,  we  will  proceed 
to  inquire  into  the  beat  mode  of  organizing  the  force  by  which  they 
are  to  b.*  manned. 


1859.]  OUR  HOME  DEFENCES.  29 

ON  THE    CONSTRUCTION  OF    THE  VESSELS    OF    WHICH    THE    STEAM 
FLOTILLA   IS   TO   BE    COMPOSED. 

A  very  valuable  authority  on  naval  matters,  Captain  Moorsom, 
C.B.,  in  a  small  pamphlet  on  the  construction  of  Ships  of  "War, 
observes : — "  The  value  of  a  ship,  as  an  engine  of  war,  depends  on 
two  qualities :  the  first  is  the  power  of  destroying  the  enemy  to 
which  the  ships  may  be  opposed,  which  may  be  called  the  *  Power  of 
Destruction.'  The  second  is  the  power  ot  resisting  the  destructive 
effect  of  that  enemy's  armament,  which  may  be  called  the  *  Power 
of  [Resistance.' " 

Taking  then,  these  two  qualities  for  our  guide,  we  must,  in  order  to 
ensure  the  first,  combine  a  very  great  degree  of  speed  with  the  capa- 
bility of  carrying  a  very  powerful  armament ;  and,  in  order  to 
ensure  the  second,  we  must,  as  far  as  possible,  render  our  vessels 
shot-proof. 

A 8  it  is  intended  that  the  flotilla  should  be  composed  of  two  classes 
of  vessels,  let  us  first  take  into  consideration  the  construction  of  the 
largest. 

We  know  that  in  our  steam  three-deckers,  however  unsuited  they 
may  be  for  modern  warfare,  we  have  vessels  possessing  immense 
power  and  great  speed ;  let  us  see  if  it  be  not  possible  to  construct 
vessels  which  shall  be  superior  to  them  in  both  particulars. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  the  description  of  duties  which  the 
vessels  composing  our  flotilla  will  be  called  upon  to  perform,  will 
permit  of  our  dispensing  with  the  aid  of  sails,  and  to  our  trusting 
entirely  to  steam  for  our  motive  power ;  the  advantages  we  gain  by 
this  are  manifold;  we  get  rid  of  a  heavy  weight  aloft, — a  vast 
amount  of  combustible  stores  below ;  there  is  less  resistance  to  pro- 
gress under  steam,  and  our  progress  is  proportionably  increased, — 
there  are  no  tell-tale  masts  to  betray  our  whereabouts  in  action 
when  our  position  would  be  otherwise  concealed  by  smoke ;  and 
there  is  no  danger  of  our  screw  being  rendered  useless  by  entangle- 
ment in  the  wreck  of  our  rigging  and  fallen  spars.  We  have  next 
to  convert  a  huge  top-heavy  mass  of  combustible  material  carrying 
an  enormous  number  of  guns,  out  of  which,  except  at  short  ranges, 
a  very  few  can  be  worked  with  advantage  at  the  same  time,  and 
whose  wooden  sides  endanger  rather  than  protect  the  lives  of  those 
on  board, — into  an  engine  of  war  possessing  greater  speed  and  sta- 
bility ;  presenting  a  smaller  mark  for  the  enemy's  aim ;  retaining 
the  same  amount  of  momentum ;  affording  a  reasonable  degree  of 
security  to  the  persons  serving  on  board ;  and  carrying  an  armament 
of  such  a  nature,  that  the  reduction  in  the  numbeV  of  guns  would 
be  amply  compensated  for  by  their  individual  superiority. 

A  screw  three-decker  cut  down  to  the  lower  deck,  fitted  with  shot 
proof  iron  sides,  and  armed  with  breech  loading  rifled  cannon 
on  the  non-recoil  principle,  would  fulfil  all  these  conditions,  and  the 
"expense  of  conversion  would  in  a  short  time  be  more  than  covered 
by  the  saving  which  would  be  effected  in  masts,  yards,  rigging,  and 
sails ;  and  in  the  greatly  reduced  crews  which  would  be  required  to 
man  it. 


nice. 


: 


Tire  mechanical  construction  of  such  a  vessel  might  probably  bo 
greatly  improved  upon,  and  curvilinear  fetdes  might  be  substituted 
with  good  ei-eefc  for  nit  ill  near  ones  ;  but  these  may  be  considered  as 
pattern  of  nvnor  detail,  rather  than  points  affecting  the  general 
principles  at  issue. 

The  two  great  objections  which  are  most  likely  to  be  advanced 
■gainst  this  plan  are  these  : — 

1-  That  we  shall  have  a  number  of  large  vessels  confined  in 
application  to  special  purposes*  and  unfit  for  general  service. 

2*    That   being  without   sails,   any  accident  happening  to 
machinery  would  render  them  perfectly  helpless, 

The  protection  of  our  shores  is  an  object  of  such  vital  import- 

that  it  is  hardly  reasonable  to  object  to  any  system  which  professes  to 

have  that  for  its  end,  because  it  can  do  no  more  ;    but  these:  iron-Bided 

steam  vessels  could  do  much  more,  for  when  circumstances  would 

admit  of  their  being  so  employed,  they  might  he  advanced  from  their 

rope?  line  of  defence  and  take  their  share  in  the  offensive  operations 

g&TOflft  the  enemy's  ar^nals  and  fleets:  can  as  much  be  said  in 

vor  of  the  land  batteries,  upon  which  such  large' sums  arc  annually 

nt,  and  which  can  only  be  made  useful  on  the  occurrence  of  one 

ngle  eventuality, — the  enemy 's  choosing  to  place  himself  within 

age  of  their  guns  ? 

The  second  objection  is  easily  disposed  of,  for  a  vessel  so  eireu 
tauced  would  be  no  wane  off  than  the  old  sailing  ship  was  when 
iinasted  or  becalmed,  or  even  than  a  masted  screw-ship  with  a 
aged  engine  when  in  the  latter  predicament ;  besides,  these 
elsj  always  acting  in  squadrous,  would  never  be  without  assis- 
ce,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  they  should  not  be  fitted  with  small 
)\\ry  masts  capable  of  being  raised  :>r  lowered  at  pleasure,  upon  which 
n  extreme  cases  just  sufficient  sad  might  be  set  to  give  them  a  small 
progressive  movement. 

The  smaller  vessels,  intended  to  carry  one  gun  of  the  largest  size, 

would  have  to  be  constructed  on  a  somewhat  different  plan  ;    their 

88 would  not  permit  of  their  being  rendered  shot  proof  in  the  samo 

annerT  bv  built  up  iron  sides  protecting  the  who] e  deck  ;  but  having 

rovided  for  the  salety  of  the  hull,  the  gun  and  guns'  crew  might  be 

rotected  by  a  circular  shot  proof  screen  on  the  plan  of  those  pro- 

osed  by  Captain   Cowper  Coles,  It.  N. ;    a  method  of  protecting 

rT  ins  which  will  probably  ere  long  have  a  very  extensive  application, 

now  that  we  have  succeeded  in  obtaining  an  effective  breech  loading 

rilled  cannon, 

Iu  the  construction  of  these  smaller  vessels  it  mnst  not  be  forgot- 
ten that  they  ought  to  possess  in  a  large  degree  both  stability  and 
Bpeed* 


tin 
m- 


nJER    AtfD    DieTBIBUTiON    OF    THIS   VESSELS 
STEAM    FLOTILLA. 


coMPaisrsa  the 


have  decided 
hi  ul-^ed 


one 


■ 


Let  us  suppose  that  we 
vessels    of  the  first*  and 
class : — 

That  in  order  to  man  them  easily  in 


on   constructing  twenty 
vessels    of   the    second 


the  way  I  shall  hereafter 


■ 


1809.]  OTO  HOME  MIE5CE8.  81 

describe;  we  have  distributed  tbem  oyer  a  considerable  line  of 
coast,  at  twenty  different  stations,  in  sub-diyisions  of  one  vessel  of 
the  first  and  five  vessels  of  the  second  class.  .And  that  we  have 
made  our  arrangements  so  that  in  the  event  of  a  war  suddenly 
breaking  out  they  may  be  manned  and  sent  to  sea  with  the  smallest 
possible  delay. 

We  might  then  arrange  for  the  defence  of  the  Channel  by  dividing 
our  whole  force  into  three  separate  divisions,  one,  of  four  firat  and 
twenty  second  class  vessels  at  Dover  or  in  the  Downs ;  another  of 
the  same  strength  at  Plymouth  or  Falmouth  ;  and  the  third  of  eight 
first  and  forty  second  class  vessels  in  Portland  Boads.  A  portion  of 
our  sea-going  fleet  would  watch  the  movements  of  the  enemy,  while 
the  main  body  would  be  held  in  readiness  to  follow  him,  in  the  event 
of  his  leaving  port,  in  whatever  direction  he  might  sail. 

The  construction  or  conversion  of  so  many  vessels  would  require 
time ;  but  in  the  first  instance  we  might  make  up  the  number  by 
dismasting  our  block  ships,  and  applying  them,  together  with  as   • 
many  gun  boats  as  could  be  spared,  to  this  service. 

OBOAFIZATIOK  OP  THE  POBCE  BY  WHICH  THE  FLOTILLA 
SHOULD  BE    MANKED 

It  is  proposed  to  man  the  flot^la  with  a  volunteer  force  bear'ng 
somewhat  the  same  relation  to  our  navy,  as  is  borne  by  the  militia 
to  their  brother  soldiers  of  the  line ;  because,  as  has  been  already 
stated,  in  the  event  of  a  war,  every  man  of  the  regular  force,  in- 
cluding the  reserves  (whether  of  seamen  or  mariees),  would  be 
required  for  our  sea-going  fleets,  and  we  should  be  sadly  wasting 
their  services  were  we  to  apply  tbem  in  any  other  way. 
T  The  idea  of  a  maritime  militia  is  not  a  new  one,  and  it  has  within  the 
last  year  been  most  ably  advocated  in  an  article  which  appeared  in  the 
pages  of  the  Nautical  Ifugazine,  by  Capteln  Sheringham,  E.N.    It  is 
an  idea  which  might  be  elucidated  by  ancient  practices,  for  if  we  were 
to  go  back  to  the  middle  ages,  we  should  find  that  the  duties  now  per- 
formed by  our  navy  were  carried  on  by  private  ships,  which  were  either 
contributed  by  various  sea-port  towns  towards  carryiDg  out  some 
particular  object,  or  were  fitted  oot  for  the  service  of  the  State  at 
the  expence  of  wealthy  and  patriotic  individuals.     In  the  natural 
course  of  events,  permanently  established  navies  as  well  as  standing 
armies,  began  to  be  looked  upon  as  part  of  the  machinery  by  which 
Governments  could  alone  preserve  the  existence  and  protect  the 
interests  of  their  respective  states  ;  it  was,  however,  found  imprac- 
ticable to  keep  up  these  establishments  in  periods  of  peace  on  a 
footing  that  would  enable  them  to  meet  the  exigencies  called  into 
being  by  a  state  of  war ;  hence  it  became  necessary  at  such  times  to 
fall  back  upon  a  widely  extended  system  of    nrolment  for  the  tem- 
porary reinforcement  of  the  military  force  of  the  state ;  whilst,  in 
order  to  increase  the  navy  to  the  necessary  limits,  forced  levies  of 
seamen  were  made,  who  from  the  first  moment  of  their  service 
became,  not  a  distinctive,  but  an  integral  part  of  the  regular  sea- 
forces. 
A  time  came  when  the  compulsory  system  of  manning  our  fleets 


could  no  longer  bo  enforced,  and  a  voluntary  system  had  to  be  sub 
stituted  tor  it,  yet,  strange  to  say,  no  steps  were  taken  toward:* 
rapidly  increasing  our  naval  strength  in  the  event  of  war  by  raising 
men  (or  the  special  duty  of  home  defence  in  a  manner  correspond ing 
to  tli:it  which  enables  us  to  add  so  considerably  to  our  mil 
resources,  by  the  establishment  of  militia  regiments.  Of  late  yi 
however,  public  attiiiii  mil  liavnig  been  particularly  directed  to  tbe 
subject  of  OUT  navy,  this  very  prominent  defect  could  not  well  re- 
main unnoticed,  and  we  have  had  in  consequence  various  projects  (cat 
its  rectification;  of  these,  one  of  the  latest  put  into  practical 
operation  has  been  the  enrolment  of  a  force  called  the  Coast  Volnu- 
beera,  but  however  ingenious  the  theory  upon  which  this  force 
baa  been  constructed,  it  has,  when  brought  into  practice,  been 
pronounced  "a  failure,"  and  for  this  very  plain  and  simple  reu 
that  these  voluuteers — notwithstanding  that  their  services  can  only 
be  made  use  of  within  a  certain  distance  of  our  shores — have 
no  distinct  and  special  organization  like  their  military  brethren,  but 
arc  made  use  of  by  being  distributed  throughout  the  fleet,  constitu- 
ting from  that  moment  part  and  parcel  of  a  body,  with  a  large 
majority  of  which  they  have  no  community  of  interests,  and  from 
whom  they  must  naturally  be  separated  by  all  those  petty  jealousies 
which  the  peculiar  circumstances  of  their  position  would  be  sure 
engender. 

To  succeed  in  the  formation  of  a  volunteer  fuivc,  h  must  be 
based  on  sounder  and  more  attractive  principle*  than  these, — it  must 
be  permitted  to  participate  in  the  higher  as  well  as  the  lower  duties 
connected  with  what  may  be  termed  "  military  service  ailoat" — and 
commanded  by  their  own  officers  the  men  must  be  made  to  fed  that 
it  is  as  necessary  to  maintain  a  good  individual  character,  as  it  is  to 
uphold  their  general  reputation  as  a  corps. 

Eleven  thousand  men  would  be  more  than  sufficient  to  man  a 
flotilla  such  as  has  been  described,  and  this  number  would  include  the 
Offix  crs,  Permanent  8  taffT  and  E  ng  i  nee  rs  t  am  o  un  t i  u  g  per h  a ps  to  a 
thousand,  laaYing  iu  to  provide  for  the  enrolment  of  the  remaining 
ten  thousand,  and  these  distributed  over  the  twenty  difterent  stations 
into  which  the  whole  force  would  be  sub-divided,  gives  us  an  average 
of  five  hundred  for  each  district,  a  number  that  we 
might  reasonably  expect  to  obtain  from  the  yachtsmen,  boatmen, 
'shermen,  and  sailors  employed  iu  the  coasting  trade;  though  thefts 
is  no  absolute  necessity  for  our  not,  in  many  iuslain  .  ^  availing 
ourselves  of  the  services  of  men  not  belonging  to  either  of  I 
par!  1 1  1 1 1  •  i r   ehe 

The  Permanent  Staff  would  be  composed  of  officers,  petty  officers, 

and  men  of  approved  character,  appointed  at  their  own  request  from 

regular  navv  ftp  which  they  would  cease  to  belong),  and  Hie 

raj  corps  of  officers  would  include  retired  and  half-pay  Naval 

Officers  (under  a  certain  age),  and  private  gentlemen  with  nau 
tastes  and  habits  ;  it  being  required  from  each  officer  on  appointment 

at  he  should  go  through  a  regular  course  of  instruction  in  a 
gunnery  ship. 

The  whole  force  might  be  under  the  command  of  a  Flag-officer, 


lea 


1859.]  FOBTIFIOATION   OP  ANTWERP.  33 

assisted  by  three  Captains  (one  for  each  division),  appointed  for  a 
term  and  still  retaining  their  position  in  the  regular  service ;  once  a 
year,  the  whole  force  would  be  embodied  for  a  month's  training, 
during  a  certain  portion  of  which  time  the  different  vessels  of  the 
flotilla  would  be  assembled  in  their  respective  divisions  for  the 
purpose  of  manoeuvring  under  steam. 

The  minor  details  of  such  a  scheme  can  be  easily  worked  out,  but 
they  must  be  considered  with  reference  to  our  whole  plan  of  action, 
and  not  solely  on  their  own  merits,  or  when  brought  together  they 
will  present  us  with  an  apparent  refutation  of  the  truth  of  the 
time-honored  maxim,  that  "  union  is  strength." 

There  is  one  great  objection  to  which  I  have  not  yet  alluded : — 
"the  expense!" — true,  nothing  can  be  done  without  money,  and 
vast  sums  are  yearly  spent  in  carrying  out  complicated  systems  of 
defence,  which  seem  tacitly  to  admit  that  the  time  will  soon  arrive 
when  we  shall  be  unable  to  protect  our  soil  from  the  polluting  foot- 
prints of  an  invading  foe.  !Let  us  rather  trust  in  our  wooden  walls 
even  if  we  have  to  face  them  with  iron,  let  us  build  batteries  on 
the  sea  rather  than  on  the  shore,  and  let  it  be  remembered  that  the 
creation  of  a  steam  flotilla,  manned  by  a  Maritime  Militia,  would 
afford  us  the  best  means  of  developing  those  vast  naval  resources 
which  have  made  England  what  she  is,  and  without  which  it  would 
be  impossible  for  her  to  preserve  her  greatness. 


FORTIFICATION  OF  ANTWERP  * 

Since  the  discussions  which  took  place  some  years  ago,  regard- 
ing the  fortification  of  Paris,  no  question  of  the  same  character 
has  excited  so  much  attention  on  the  Continent  as  that  now  pending, 
with  reference  to  the  fortification  of  Antwerp  ;  and  although,  the  scale 
is  smaller,  the  question  is  the  same,  and  the  additional  experience 
gained  during  the  last  fifteen  years  renders  the  new  controversy  so 
important,  that  a  brief  account  of  it  can  hardly  fail  to  be  interesting 
to  military  men,  and  to  all  those  who  pay  any  attention  to  such 
subjects. 

In  order  to  understand  the  real  bearings  of  the  question  it  is 
necessary  to  go  back  to  the  year  1814,  when  any  one  acquainted 
with  the  military  history  of  the  period  will  recollect  a  dispatch  of 
the  Duke  of  Wellington,  dated  22nd  September,  wherein  he,  acting 
on  the  advice  of  Col.  Chapman,  Sir  Chas.  Pasley,  and  Sir  F.  Smith, 
recommended  the  re-establishment  of  the  old  barrier  fortresses  of  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.  The  Dutch,  who  were  the  parties  who  ought 
to  have  been  the  most  interested  in  the  question,  seem  to  have  treated 
it  with  the  greatest  indifference.     They  seem  to  have  made  up  their 

*  Projet  d'Agrandissemeut  general  D'Anvers.  Lettre  de  M.  M .  Keller  et  coinpie  a 
M.  le  Ministre  de  la  Guerre,  1855.  Second©  lettre  avec  atlas,  1858.  Atlas 
Complementaire,  1858. 

V.  S.  Mag.,  No.  366,  Mat,  1859.  n 


minds  that  the  existence  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  tho  Netherlands 
depended  wholly  on  the  support  of  its  allies,  and  consequently 
cared  little  in  what  manner  their  frontier  was  to  be  defended,  The 
Germans,  on  the  other  hand,  who  really  felt  a  deep  inimst  in  having 
a  Btrong  barrier  against  the  ambition  of  France  on  this  side,  protested 
loudly,  and  with  a  strong  show  of  reason,  against  so  antiquated  ft 
system  of  defence.  But  the  Duke  was  then  supreme  in  the  councils 
of  the  allied  monarchy  and  as  the  English  were  the  parties  who 
bore  the  largest  share  of  the  expense,  and  were  also  supposed  to  bo 
those  most  interested  in  the  question,  they  were  allowed  to  have 
own  way,  and  the  work  proceeded  uninterniptoiUy  during  the 
ne\t  twelve  or  fifteen  years,  and  more  than  8,000,1)00/,  sterling  were 
spent  on  a  line  of  defence  which,  on  the  continent  at  hast,  every  mili- 
tary man  knew  to  be  utterly  useless  and  untenable.  Things  remained 
m  this  state  till  after  the  revolution  which  separated  Belgium  from 
Holland,  When  the  former  became  a  separate  and  independent 
kingdom,  and  felt  the  necessity  of  maintaining  its  own  posit  ion  ,  the 
authorities  naturally  turned  their  attention  to  their  means  of  defence, 
and  one  of  the  first  discoveries  they  made  was,  that  it  re  to 

garrison  all  the  strong  places  they  possessed,  the  whole  of  their 
available  forces  would  be  absorbed  in  the  process,  and  they  would 
have  no  army  to  keep  the  field.  It  was  also  painfully  evident  that  if 
their  troops  were  thus  shut  up  in  the  fortresses,  an  enemy  might 
march  unmolested  on  the  capital,  or  any  pointj  and  conquer  the 
country  without  striking  a  blow.  They  consequently  set  to  work  to 
remedy  this  state  of  affairs,  first  by  dismantling  Ath,  Ypres,  Menin, 
FhillippevillOj  and  other  places,  and  have  gone  on  steadily  razing 
fortification  after  fortification,  till  about  one  half  of  those  which 
were  erected  at  such  expense  have  disappeared,  aud  the  process  is 
going  steadily  on.  Even  Mons,  the  most  extensive  and  the  meet 
expensive  of  all  their  fortified  place  a }  is  condemned,  and  in  the  ooutbd 
few  years  it  is  understood  that  JXamur,  and  liny,  and  the 
citadels  01  Ghent,  Tournay,  and  Liege,  will  he  all  that  will  remain 
of  this  great  line  of  works,  and  if  It  is  expected  that  the  Belgian 
army  is  also  to  keep  the  field,  even  these  works  may  be  considered 
as  more  extensive  than  such  a  country  ought  to  possess, 

"While  this  work  of  destruction  was  going  on  on  the  one  hand,  it  was 
felt  on  the  other  that  without  some  class  of  fortification  so  small  a 
state  ad  that  of  Belgium,  surrounded  by  such  powerful  neighbour*, 
would  be  at  the  mercy  of  airy  one  of  them.  Even  those  who  felt  most 
strongly  that  a  line  of  frontier  fortresses,  without  some  strong  places 
in  their  rear,  was  a  atrategetical  absurdity,  at iil  indited  that  some- 
thing must  be  done  to  secure  to  the  army  a  u point  d'apnui"  in  the 
event  of  an  invasion.  Tho  most  natural  and  obvious  m 
was  to  imitate  what  had  been  done  in  France,  and  fortify  the 
capital. 

Unfortunately,  Brussels  affords  few  facilities  for  such  an  opera 
It  k  equally  open,  and  equally  commanded  by  heights  all  round,  and 
aline  of  detached  forts,  or  of  works  in  advance  of  an  enceinte  nt  such 
a  distance  as  to  secure  the  town  from  bombardment,  mudfc  have  been 
so  extensive  that  it  would  be  aa  much  beyond  the  means  of  the  3eU 


1859.]  FORTIFICATION  Of  AHTWttP.  86 

gian  army  to  defend  it  as  even  the  barrier  fortresses  themselves.  The 
only  other  place  that  appeared  at  all  suitable  for  the  purposes  of  an 
entrenched  camp  was  Antwerp,  which  seemed  to  afford  all  the  de- 
sired advantages.  In  the  first  place  it  was  as  far  in  the  rear  as  al- 
most any  town  in  the  kingdom,  and  an  army  unable  to  keep  the  field 
could  retire  and  concentrate  upon  it,  either  along  the  right  or  left 
bank  of  the  Scheldt,  and  it  could  be  succoured  and  provisioned  either 
from  the  sea  or  from  the  rear,  through  Holland  or  from  Germany, 
with  more  facility  than  any  other  town  in  the  kingdom.  But,  besides 
these  strategetical  advantages,  its  local  position  afforded  extraordinary 
facilities  for  defence.  On  the  west  it  was  defended  by  the  Scheldt 
with  the  polders  of  Zwyndrecht  beyond,  on  the  north  and  east  by 
inundations,  so  that  there  only  remained  a  front  of  about  five  or  six 
miles  in  extent  on  the  south  side  to  be  defended.  This  being  so  it 
was  easy  for  the  government  to  determine,  which  they  did  at  a  very 
early  period,  that  Antwerp  should  be  the  great  strategetical  pivot 
for  the  defence  of  Belgium  ;  but  the  mode  in  which  the  intention 
should  be  carried  out  was  by  no  means  so  clear,  and  the  question 
has  given  rise  to  an  almost  endless  series  of  polemics,  of  which  we 
can  only  now  indicate  the  results. 

After  a  long  series  of  discussions  among  themselves  the  govern- 
ment determined  on  retaining  the  present  fortifications  of  the  town 
as  the  enciente,  and  to  defend  the  southern  front  by  seven  detached 
forts,  extending  from  the  river  on  the  right  to  the  inundations  on  the 
left ;  they  also  resolved  on  enlarging  the  town  on  the  north,  so  as  to  in- 
clude the  new  docks  now  being  constructed  there,  and  eventually  also 
to  erect  a  fortress  on  that  side  to  serve  as  a  citadel  of  retreat  in  the 
event  of  the  town  being  lost.  As  soon  as  the  determination  of 
the  government  was  known,  it  was  pointed  out  that  the  present  de- 
fences of  the  town  were  totally  useless,  that  they  were  so  encum- 
bered by  houses,  both  in  front  and  rear,  as  to  be  untenable ;  and  be- 
sides this,  that  an  enemy  could  at  any  time,  under  cover  of  the 
suburbs,  advance  to  within  200  or  300  yards  of  these  works,  and 
bombard  and  burn  the  town.  It  was  also  urged  that  the  proposed 
forts  were  too  far  advanced  to  receive  any  effectual  support  from  the 
old  enciente,  and  not  far  enough  to  protect  the  town  from  incen- 
diary fire.  All  this  was  only  too  true ;  but  any  alternative  that 
would  obviate  these  objections  seemed  to  involve  so  enormous  an 
outlay,  and  likewise  also  to  be  productive  of  so  long  a  delay,  that 
the  government,  in  the  year  1852,  determined  to  proceed  at  once  with 
the  scheme  of  fortification  indicated  above,  and  during  the  next  two 
years  expended  £260,000  in  carrying  it  into  effect.  No  sooner  were 
the  works  completed  than  it  was  seen  what  a  mistake  had  been  com- 
mitted, as  Captain  Brialmont  well  expresses  it  in  his  introduction 
when  speaking  on  this  subject — "  There  is  a  very  great  advantage  in 
making  the  public  the  judge  in  such  matters  as  these,  for  although 
they  may  not  be  able  to  discuss  them  scientifically,  any  man  of  com- 
mon sense  and  intelligence  can  understand  them,  and  arrive  at  cor- 
rect conclusions  if  he  enters  into  the  controversy  without  prejudice 
or  passion.  No  error  or  false  system  can  long  be  hidden  from  the 
knowledge  of  the  multitude,  and  whenever  a  question  is  badly  staled 

d  2 


AiUTiriC'ATiOV   OF  ASTWEU'. 


or  ft  problem  wrongly  solved,  it  is  sure  to  bo  one  that  has  only  been 
discussed  in  a  clique  of  the  initiated,  who  judge  without  appeal  in 
conformity  with  traditions  which,  though  old,  are  not  always  respect- 
able.'1 (page  v.)  So  it  turned  out  here.  The  detached  forte  were 
either  squares  or  pentagons  of  only  150  metres  each  front,  and  con- 
Bequently  the  ramparts  were  so  twisted  and  broken  as  to  afford  no 
real  power  of  defence,  the  masonry  redoubts  which  closed  the  gorges 
were  weak  and  insignificant,  and  the  forts  so  far  detached  from  one 
another,  and  from  the  enciente  which  was  to  support  them,  that  they 
could  all  be  attacked  by  the  rear  and  easily  taken.  The  consequence 
was  that  every  one  was  dissatisfied.  The  citizens  demanded  that 
either  the  fortifications  should  be  of  such  a  character  as  to  save  them 
from  the  probability  of  an  attack,  or  that  they  should  be  freed  from 
the  inconvenience  and  risk  inherent  on  their  commercial  city  being 
considered  as  a  place  of  war.  Those  most  capable  of  judging  were 
loud  in  their  condemnation  of  this  imperfect  scheme  ;  while,  on  the 
other  hand,  government  felt  them  selves  hound  in  honour  to  defend 
what  they  had  done,  and  retorted  on  their  assailants  with  a  bitter- 
ness that  was  scarcely  justified. 

Among  those  who  took  part  in  this  controversy,  none  have  been 
more  distinguished  or  taken  a  more  prominent  part  than  Captain 
Brialmont,  who  is  so  well  known  in  this  country  from  his  w  Life  of 
Wellington,1*  which  is,  perhaps,  the  best  and  fairest  book  that  has 
been  produced  on  the  subject  on  the  continent  of  Europe.  Me?  in 
conjunction  with  Messrs.  Keller  aud  Co.,  one  of  the  largest  con- 
tracting firms  in  Antwerp,  submitted  to  the  government  in  1855  a 
scheme  for  fortifying  Antwerp  on  a  more  extensive  scale  than  had 
hitherto  been  proposed. 

Their  project  is  to  surround  the  town  with  an  entirely  new  enciente^ 
concentric,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  present  fortifications,  but  at  a 
distance  of  about  2000  metres  in  advance.  This  would  enclose  one, 
and  in  its  most  improved  form  two,  of  the  new  government  forts  ; 
four  others  would  be  used  as  bastions  or  horn  works  to  the  new  wall, 
and  one  only  is  left:  sufficiently  advanced  to  be  used  as  a  detached  work- 
After  various  ameliorations  at  particular  points,  this  is  the  scheme 
that  seems  to  be  definitively  agreed  upon  by  all  parties.  The 
government  indeed  have  proposed  several  less  extensive  plans  ;  their 
favourite  one  being  merely  to  draw  a  straight  line  of  bastioned  wall 
from  the  inundations  to  the  river  at  the  old  citadel,  so  as  to  form  a 
base  for  the  detached  forts  already  existing,  and  thus  to  utilize 
them.  To  this  it  is  very  justly  objected  that  it  would  leave  the 
whole  of  the  important  suburb  of  Berehem  outside  the  walls,  and  in 
the  event  of  any  one  of  the  detached  forts  falling  into  the  hands  of 
the  enemy,  would  admit  of  their  approaching  sufficiently  near  to 
bombard  the  town  with  facility* 

Saying  thus,  after  ten  years'  disc ussion,  arrived  at  something  like 
a  definite  conclusion  aa  to  the  manner  in  which  the  town  ought  to 
be  fortified,  with  regard  to  the  position  of  the  enciente,  and  of  the 
detached  forts,  it  is  amusing  to  observe  the  changes  that  have  taken 
place  in  that  time  with  reference  to  the  form  and  details  of  the 
works  which  it  is  proposed  to  erect,    Aa  the  Belgian  School  of  En- 


1859  j 


roimrrcATiox  of  a^twehp, 


37 


r*  is  ail  onset  of  that  of  France,  the  corp*,  or  at  leant  all  tin- 
older  members  of  it  are,  as  a  matter  of  course*  partizana  of  tlie 
bastion  system,  and  alt  the  workfl  proposed  by  government  or 
hitherto  sanctioned,  are  carried  out  in  conformity  wlik  the  principles 
of  that  school* 

Even  Biialmont's  scheme,  when  first  proposed,  consisted  of  a 
bastioned  enciente  with  lunettes — they  can  scarcely  be  called 
ravelins — in  advance  of  each  front,  and  pentagonal,  basfcioned  de- 
tached fronts. 

The  outworks  first  disappeared,  and  gradually  the  bastions  them- 
selves have  been  eliminated;  and  if  we  may  take  Plate  VIII,  of  the 
"Atlas  Com  piemen  tai  re  "  as  representing  tlie  present  state  of  the 
question,  it  is  evident  that  the  progress  that  has  been  made  towards 
anew  state  of  aft  airs  is  somewhat  startling.  In  this  elaborate  de- 
sign the  northern  citadel  is  a  large  circular  work  of  earth,  "tracee 
d'apres  les  idees  que  M.  Fergusson  eherche  a  faire  prevaloir  en  Angle- 
terre  depuis  plusieurs  anness,"  with  double  ramparts  of  earth  on  the 
sides  liable  to  be  attacked,  aud  with  a  broad  ditch  in  front  flanked 
by  caponieres*  some  of  them  with  Haxo  casemates.  The  enciente  of 
the  town  is  an  extended  flat-fronted  earthwork,  with  detached  semi- 
circular works  beyond  the  ditch f  covering  caponieres  with  Haxo 
mates  at  distances  of  about  2000  yards  from  one  another;  and 
the  detached  forts  also  are  semicircular  earthworks,  with  ditches 
flanked  by  casemated  caponieres ;  the  whole  being  designed,  as  its 
author  himself  expresses  it,  more  according  to  the  ideas  of  Mon- 
talemhert  and  Air*  Fergusson  than  to  the  more  fashionable  princi- 
ples of  the  V m limn  school*  Such  a  form  of  works  is  simpler  and 
much  lees  expensive  than  any  bastioned  trace  could  be,  and  much 
more  capable  of  a  protracted  defence ;  but  whether  the  authorities 
are  prepared  to  accept  such  radical  innovations  remains  to  be  seen. 
In  Germany  there  is  little  doubt  but  that  such  a  system  would  be 
very  much  preferred  to  any  of  the  earlier  designs,  but  it  is  very 
questionable  whether  it  will'  be  equally  appreciated  in  Belgium,  or  in 
any  country  where  the  influence  of  the  French  school  of  engineering 
prevails. 

The  point  in  these  designs  which  has  given  rise  to  the  greatest 
amount  of  controversy  is  the  question,  whether  or  not  certain  por- 
tions of  the  enciente  ought  or  ought  not  to  be  reveted  with  masonry. 
The  disciples  of  Vauban  have  contended  throughout  that  the  eleven 
front*  forming  t  lie  southern  portion  of  the  enciente,  being  those  most 
liable  to  attack*  ought  to  be  so  protected.  They  maintain  that  unless 
this  were  done*  the  place  could  not  be  secure  against  a  "  coup  de 
main  ; "  that  if  the  ditches  were  not  dry  it  would  be  impossible  to 
maintain  the  communications  with  the  country  during  a  state  of 
sicsje*  or  to  take  advantage  of  the  larger  class  of  sorties,  which  are 
the  true  mode  of  defending  a  large  sfcrategetic  fortress*  covering  au 
army  j  and  that  is  assumed  to  be  the  normal  state  of  such  a  place 
as  Antwerp. 

The  partisans  of  the  more  advanced  school  contend*  on  the  other 

hand,  that  it  must  cause  an  mum  n<e  and  useless  additional  expense 

instruct  such  revetments  of  masonry,  and  entail  o  continual 


FOBTTYTCArtOtf  OF  AKTWEltl*. 

outlay  to  maintain  item*  that  a  wet  ditch,  50  metres  wide,  an 
with  two  or  three  metres  of  water,  is  a  Sufficient  protection  again 
a  "coup  da  main"  and  that  by  bfi&GI  either  permanent  or  t. 

ere  is  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  the  requisite  access  to  th 
crantry  at  all  times.  Owing  however  to  the  rise  in  the  level  of  th 
country  at  the  centre  of  the  Line  opposite  to  Berchem,  it  is  admit  J' oil 
that  the  level  of  the  water  could  only  be  maintained  in  the  ditch 
by  means  of  batardeaux,  and  these  it  is  contended  could  be  des- 
troyed, if  not  by  direct  fire,  at  least  by  mines.  The  question  of 
direct  Bra  seems  to  be  practically  abandoned,  and  it  is  evident,  from 
the  position  of  the  works,  that  tnis  objection  is  really  untenable;  and 
it  is  contended  by  those  who  advocate  wet  ditches  that  mines  could 
only  be  employed  when  the  attacking  party  are  in  possession  of  the 
counterscarp,  thatit  would  then  be  easy  to  breach  and  destroy  any  ma* 
sonry  revetment,  and  that  even  if  oneot  the  bartardranx  were  destroyed 
it  would  not  lower  the  water  in  the  upper  levels  to  a  sufficient  extent 
to  allow  the  ditch  to  be  passed  without  the  construction  of  bridges 
and  other  works,  which  would  be  impossible  while  any  ftankin 
fence  remained.  But  besides  these  local  arguments,  they  appeal  to 
tin'  experience  of  almost  all  engineers,  from  Cohorn  down  to  Tod- 
lebeo,  to  shew  that  wherever  wet  ditches  can  be  obtained,  and  i 
sometimes,  as  at  Sebaatopol,  where  no  such  advantage  existed,  that 
r>  \vtments  are  not  Indispensable,  and  indeed  have  been  more  preju- 
dicial to  the  defence  than  otherwise,  and  certainly  when  the  para  pels 
are  supported  by  the  masonry,  they  inevitably  ensure  their  des- 
truction at  a  very  early  period  of  the  siege* 

In  a  complicated  question  of  this  sort,  it  is  not  of  course  i 
expected  that  one  party  should  be  entirely  right  and  the  other 
entirely  wrong,  but  on  the  whole  the  superiority  of  reasoning  seems  to 
be  immensely  on  the  tide  of  those  who  contend  for  simple  un- 
revetted  earthworks  for  the  defence  of  Antwerp,  as  against  those 
who  could  revete  the  faces  of  the  bastions  and  curtains  according 
to  the  usual  form.  Whether  or  not  the  flanks  of  the  bastions 
ought  not  to  be  of  masonry  and  casemated  is  another  question,  but 
this  is  prejudged  in  this  case,  if  we  are  to  accept  Brialmont's  last 
design;  for  as  he  entirely  abandons  the  bastion  tbrm  in  this  plan, 
and  hidea  the  flanks  behind  circular  earthworks,  so  that  this  question 
does  not  arise  at  all  if  his  proposals  are  adopted. 

There  are  other  points  of  detail  which  have  come  up,  and  been 
discussed  in  the  course  of  this  controversy,  which  are  of  great  in- 
terest to  military  men,  but  which  it  would  be  very  wearisome  to 
attempt  to  describe  here,  and  almost  impossible  to  render  interest- 
ing without  going  into  the  whole  question  of  attack  and  defence, 
-h  it  is  of  course  impossible  to  do  in  the  limited  space  at  our 
command ;  but  they  are  of  such  importance  in  themselves  that  we 
would  strongly  recommend  to  military  meu  to  follow  the  progress 
of  the  discussion,  as  it  cannot  fail  to  prove  both  interesting  and  in- 
truetive  to  any  one  who  may  master  it  in  all  its  details. 

Of  course  it  cannot  be  expected  that  such  a  controversy  could  be 

carried  on  without  a  great  deal  of  angry  feeling,  and  of  exaggerated 

iiiente  being  introduced  on  one  side  as  well  as  on  the  other. 


1850.1 


FOBTmCATIOl*   OT  ANTW1BP, 


Throughout  the  discussion  there  were  ranged  in  opposition  to  one 
another  the  old  men  of  the  service*  full  of  years  and  honours,  M  lauda- 

temporifl  acti/' and  clinging  with  pertinacity  to  the  traditions  of 
the  school  iu  which  they  wr.  ted,  and  to  the  system  through 

>  they  gained  their  rank  and  position  :  and  on  the  other  hand, 
the  young  men  of  fcl  •,  anxious  to  distinguish  themselves  and  to 

bringthe  science  of  war  more  into  harmony  with  the  progress  of  the  age 
to  which  they  belong,  by  the  introduction  of  improvedmethods  through 
which  they  hope  to  attain  to  the  same  distinction  of  their  prede- 
cessors. Notwithstanding  this,  the  controversy  is  on  the  whole 
most  creditable  to  the  officers  of  the  Belgian  army.  They  have 
shewn  throughout  a  knowledge  of  the  subject  in  all  its  details,  which 
cannot  be  surpassed  by  any  service  in  Europe,  and  a  willingness  to 
receive  information,  and  a  readiness  in  adapting  their  reasoning  and 
methods  to  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  which  reflects  the  highest 
credit  on  all  concerned.  To  us  as  Englishmen  the  most  curious 
phase  of  the  question  is  the  mode  in  which  it  was  discussed  in  the 
Belgian  Chambers  during  eight  days  in  August  last.  Not  only 
military  menf  but  burgomasters  and  civilians  took  part  in  t he  debate, 
and  reasoned  on  it  with  an  intelligence  and  with  a  moderation  which 
so  far  commanded  the  respect  and  attention  of  the  country,  that 

niment  were  forced  to  admit  the  mistake  they  had  made  in 

n  efficient  defences  which  had  been  carried  out  before 

the  public  discussion  of  the  matter  took  place,  and  to  promise  that 

whatever  was  done  in  future  would  be  more  in  conformity  with  the 

Iti  rf  the  unofficial  discussion,  the  principal  points  of  which  have 
been  detailed  above. 

any  evil  consequence  having  arisen  from  the  extensive 
publicity  which  has  been  given  to  tho  various  questions  arising  out 
of  tin  i  on  of  Antwerp,  it  is  now  admitted  on  all  hands  that  no* 

thing  hut  good  has  resulted  from  the  discussion.  Instead  of  being  con- 
fln*d  toa  few  over- worked  and  irresponsible  officials,  the  whole  Belgian 
army,  lodged  the  whole  people,  have  lent  their  aid  in  perfecting  the 
Ereay  point  of  enquiry  has  been  thoroughly  ventilated,  and 
turtt&d over  and  over,  and  looked  at  in  all  its  bearings.  Every  objection 

(  either  b  le  or  the  other  has  been  met  and  answered, 

Jy  is  it  admitted  that  a  far  better  design  is  now  before 

nublie  than  that  originally  proposed  by  government,  but  the 
people  themselves,  feeling  that  they  have  now  got  the  best  scheme 
that  can  be  obtained,  are  willing  to  submit  cheerfully  to  the  in- 
end  sacrifice  that  must  be  entailed  in  carrying  it  out ;  so 
that  this  public  discussion  must  now  be  regarded  as  having  been,  in 
every  respect,  productive  of  advantage  both  to  the  government  and 
to  the  people. 

ition,  however*  was  adjourned  sine  die,  because  the  autho- 
rities did  not  at  the  time  feel  justilied  in  incurring  the  expense 
involved  in  so  extensive  a  system  of  defence  as  it  was  now  apparent 
must  be  executed  if  the  place  were  to  be  fortified  at  all ;  and  it  m 

oato  for  them  that  this  delay  has  taken  place,  for  a  revolution 

>een  effected  in  the  art  of  war  since  August  last,  which,  when 
fully  ed^will  probably  induce  all  parties  to  pause  b< 

proceeding  further  in  this  matter,    At  that  time  it  wag  contended 


Ul 


mm  rnrATiov  or  axtwop. 


:id  enciente  2000  yards  in  advance  uf  the  old  walla,  and 
tached  forts  2O0O  to  3G00  yards  in  advance  of  tint,  gave  a  practical 
cover  to  the  town  of  from  5000  ro  G000  yards,  and  this  wafi 
the  range  of  any  artillery  then  known.  Since  that  time,  however, 
the  range  of  artillery  has  been  doubled  at  least,  and  long  before  the 
new  works  of  Antwerp  could  be  completed,  the  ordinary  range  of 
in eenrlmry  projectiles  will  certainly  not  be  le*s  than  from  9000  to 
1 U. UUO  vaVds. 

Besides  this,  the  invention  of  irou-phiied  steam  gun-bo«ts  mo 
it  very  uncertain  whether  a  flotilla  of  these  could  nol  pass  the  I 
in  the  Scheldt,  and  burn  the  town  and  shipping  in  spite  of  any  de 
ii  no  0  that  could  be  erected, 

V nder  theae  novel  circumstances  the  question  arises  whether  any 
national  government  would  be  justified  iu  exposing  the  one 

aercial  emporium  of  the  kingdom,  to  tin;  chance  of  such  a 
catastrophe,  and  it  tiny  did  whether  their  su  doing  would  not  in  fact 
be  the  means  of  defeating  the  object  they  had  in  view. 

As  the  question  \u>\\  stands  it  is  simply  this , — Supposing  Antwerp 
to  be  fortified  according  to  the"  Grand  projet  Keller,''  or  any  similar 
scheme,  could  any  commander  of  national  forces  allow  the  place  i 
bombarded  and  burnt ;  could  he  resist  the  influence  of  the  wealthiest 
and  most  industrious  of  his  fellow  countrymen,  or  withstand  the 
appeal  to  his  humanity,  when  the  lives  and  fortunes  of  100,000  of  the 
citizens  were  at  stake,  and   when  not  only  men,   but  women  and 
children  would  be  sacrificed  if  he  held  out.     On  the  other  hand,  an 
invader  knowing  all  this,  would  certainly  have  recourse  to  bombard- 
ment, instead  of  wasting  his  time  and  means  in  the  slow  process  of 
a  regular  siege,  and  the  stronger  the  works  were  made  the  more 
certain  he  would  be  to  adopt  this  expedient.  It  is  true  that  Sebastopol 
did  resist,  but  it  was  a  purely  military  town.     So  did  Saragossa,  but 
it  was  inhabited  by  fanatics,  and  it  would  require  men  of  sterner  stuff 
than  the  inhabitants  of  Antwerp  are  supposed  to  be,  or  the  plan- 
would  fall  in  four  and  twenty  hours,  and  the  government  would  tie 
have  the  misery  of  handing  over  to  an  invader  a  completely  fortified 
town,  with  its  stores  and  munitions  of  war,  and  although  a  patriotic 
general  could  not  dare  to  expose  his  compatriots  to  the  horrors  of  a 
bombardment,  a  stranger  would  have  no  such   qualms,   and  the 
possession  of  such  a  place  as  Antwerp,  fortified  as  proposed,  would 
enable  him  to  hold  Belgium  against  all  comers,  and  with  a  w^ry 
small  force.     This  reasoning,  however,  applies  to  ex^ry  important 
town  as  well  as  to  Antwerp,  and  indeed  it  seems  to  be  a  fact,  that 
since  the  introduction  on  the  one  hand  of  rifled  cannon  into  all  the 
services  of  Europe,  and  on  the  other  the  increase  of  wealth,  and  the 
decay  of  fanaticism,  it  is  impossible  to  defend  large  and  populous 
cities  by  any  class  of  fortification,  however  strong  or  extensive  they 
may  be,  To  be  defensive  places  must  be  erected  for  military  purposes 
only,  and  Such  a  question  as  this,  of  how  Antwerp  or  any 'such  place 
should  be  fortified,  must  be  abandoned  in  limine  in  parliamentary 
language  by  moving  the  previous  question,  or  at  all  events  must  be 
approached  in   a  very  different  spirit,  and   treated   upon   entirely 
different  principles  from  any  that  have  been  propounded  in  any  of 
the  works  that  have  yet  appeared  in  the  course  of  this  controversy. 


18r>9.]  41 


THE  SHOKES  OF  THE  CHANNEL  IN  A  MILITARY 
POINT   OF  VIEW. 

[The  following  article  is  translated  from  the  German  estimate  of  our  military 
position,  and  at  the  present  moment  will  command  interest,  as  showing  the  views 
entertained  in  Germany  respecting  the  practicability  of  an  invasion  of  England.] 

No.  I. 

The  events  of  former  wars  had  produced  an  impression  among 
nations  in  general,  and  especially  among  the  English,  that  only  under 
the  most  extraordinary  circumstances  could  fortresses  withstand 
successfully  the  attacks  of  fleets,  and  that,  in  order  to  be  able  to  do 
this,  they  must  be  of  the  strongest  possible  construction.  Proceed- 
ing on  this  idea,  England  fortified  to  the  uttermost  her  ports  in  the 
Mediterranean,  but  considered  that  no  marine  fortification,  subject 
to  the  other  nations,  could  possibly  hold  out  against  the  attack  of 
her  fleets— a  one-sided  and  over- weening  estimate  of  her  own 
strength,  which,  in  the  Eussian  war,  produced  for  her  bitter  fruit, 
before  Sweaborg,  Cronstadt,  and  Sevastopol.  Then  another  idea 
suggested  itself.  With  large  ships  of  heavy  draught  well-fortified 
harbours  were  not  to  be  taken,  in  consequence  of  the  difficulty  of 
finding  a  sufficient  depth  of  water,  and  the  easiness  with  which  a 
channel  may  be  rendered  impracticable.  There  was  built,  therefore, 
a  whole  flotilla  of  iron  gun-Doats,  which,  armed  with  a  few  heavy 
guns,  had  only  a  light  draught  of  water,  and  were  provided  with 
steam  engines.  From  these  were  expected  important  and  unprece- 
dented results;  when  unexpectedly,  before  opportunity  had  been 
afforded  of  bringing  them  in  a  body  into  the  presence  of  an  enemy, 
and  thus  of  proving  their  practical  serviceability,  the  peace  was 
concluded.  The  main  subject  to  which  the  English  directed  their 
attention  was  that  of  offensive\>perations  ;  tojdefensive  they  attended 
only  so  far  as  the  isolated  fortresses  on  the  coasts  of  the  mother 
country  were  concerned.  For  the  fortifying  of  their  own  soil  there 
was  the  least  possible  consideration :  they  confided  in  this  respect  as 
formerly  they  had  confided  in  the  invincibility  of  their  floating 
castles. 

The  coasts  of  England,  exposed  to  danger  are  those  which  lie 
nearest  to  the  Continent,  and  could  most  easily  be  invaded  from  it ; 
consequently,  those  on  the  channel.  Hitherto  the  prevailing  winds 
and  currents  have  been  an  altogether  different  protection  from 
what  they  are  now  that  they  have  lost  so  much  of  their  importance 
through  the  application  of  steam  power  to  ships.  Both  of  these 
(wind  and  current)  prevail  in  a  direction  from  east  and  west. 
England,  consequently,  has  been  forced  to  place  a  great  military  port 
in  the  East,  in  order  that,  by  availing  herself  of  these  powers  of 
nature,  she  might  remain  mistress  of  the  channel.  For  this  pur- 
pose the  estuary  of  the  Thames  appeared  to  be  most  suitable,  and 
Sheerness  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  grand  depot — a  place  in  all 
respects  favourably  situated  for  the  carrying  out  of  the  above  inti 
mated  object.    There  was  only  the  Foreland  to  double,  and  through 


42  tttk  gnoEiss  or  the  cnAtfrrEX, 

the  Straits  of  Calais  the  passage  was  direct  info  the  Channel  tttfe 
The  central  and  main  harbour,  however,  could  be  no  other  th; 
Port  the  sheltered  position  of  whirh,  brfund  th*   In!e 

Wight,  withdraws  it  from  the  attack  of  hostile  fleets,  a.^  well  a«  from 
the  force  of  wind  and  storm.  This  was  therefore  the  chief  depot 
\\>r  the  Channel  aud  Mediterranean  fleets,  and  hence  i  h  the 

squadrons  which  conquered  formerly  the  Spanish    krHiada,  mm 
eently  the  Dutch,  and  then  the  united  Spaniards  and  French. 

By  means  of  this  fortress  the  English  were  so  completely  masf 
of  the  Channel,  that  the  French,  in  the  last  war,  scarcely  ventured 
at  last  to  quit  their  fortified  harbours.  Napoleon,  in  1908,  threatened 
an  invasion  from  Boulogne*  To  be  sure  he  had  not  under  Ids  com- 
mand a  great  fleet;  nevertheless,  an  invasion  was  a  constantly  im- 
pending possibility,  whenever  wind  and  weather  might  permit  the 
transport  of  troops  in  flat  boats  ;  and  once  on  English  ground  with 
an  army  he  would  have  known  very  well  how  to  maintain  himself. 

At  this  juncture  the  English  Bought  to  protect  their  DOASts  with 
fortifications.  Time  pressed,  and  quickly  arose  that  system  of  marine 
works  which  exists  to  this  day,  of  the  eastern  wing  of  which  Dorefj 

»lhe  first  of  the  so-called  Cinque  Ports,  is  the  extreme  point. 
An  old  Bornan  castle,  situated  on  a  steep  hill,  was  newly  fortified, 
and  additional  closed  redoubts  were  placed  on  the  opposite  heights, 

I  the  two  systems  being  separated  from  each  other  by  a  road, 
through  a  cutting  lends  to  the  town,  which  lies  immediately  on  the 
shore.  Some  batteries  were  also  placed  on  the  sea-shore  itself,  and 
similar  works  erected  on  the  declivity  of  the  hill,  on  which  lies  the 
Castle,  with  range  to  the  east.  From  the  open  town  itself,  winch 
has  not  even  a  simple  wall,  a  small  winding  staircase  passes  to  the 
harbour,  of  which  said  staircase  the  entrance  in  guarded  by  a  small 
work.  This,  and  the  fore- mentioned  road,  are  the  only  communica* 
tions  between  the  town  and  the  fortifications. 

To  give  a  greater  extent  to  a  not  very  capacious  harbour,  a  lofty 

I  breakwater  has  been  built  out  on  the  west  of  the  town,  where  the 
rocks  abruptly  break  off  in  deep  water.     What  vitiates  this  pes 
is  that  it  entirely  cramps  the  range  of  the  strand-batteries  lying  to 
the  east,  and  even  the  view  from"  them.     Bloreover,  the  only  point 
in  which  a  battery  could  have  been  placed  with  advantage — : 

I  small  plateau  that  is  thrown  forward  like  a  natural  bastion — has  been 
taken  advantage  of,  not  for  any  such  adaptation,  but  appropriated  as 
the  site  of  the  first  hotel  of  the  town,  called  "The  Lord  Warden/* 
In  consequence  of  this  vice  of  position,  an  attacking  fleet  eo; 
from  the  west  has  nothing  to  fear  from  the  strand  batteries,  so  long 
as  it  remains  beyond  the  breakwater;  and  is,  for  thai  time,  exposed 
to  the  lire  of  only  the  castle  and  the  redoubts.      Considering,  how- 
that  this  can  be  but  a  plunging  fire,  bae&tm  the  redoubts  lie 
high  above  high- water  mark,  this  would  be  to  encounter  no  great 
danger.     The  road  which  leads  to  the  harbour  is  scarcely  anywhere 
commanded,  and  lies  almost  entirely  against  the  blank  angle.      The 
chief  communication  (the  railroad  from  London),  passes  from  Folkes< 
often  close  to  the  shore,  and  in  some  places  exposed  to  the  fire 
$  ships. 


1859.] 


imiTABT  POTTTT  OF  YTBW. 


This  extremity  then,  of  the  system  is,  according  to  what  we  have 

a  and   said,  too  weak  to  serve  as  a  base   of  operations; 

wn  is  without  walls,  and  might  therefore  be  at  once  taken  by 

pa  landed  in  boats.      These  would  then  endeavour  to  gain  the 

hjut  by  the  above  described  road  behind  the  redoubts,  which, 

nofru  ithstaadtng  that  they  command  the  rear  within  rifle  range,  have 

16  net-work  of  the  fortification*,  since  no  idea 

d  of  an  organised  attack  from  the  landwards. 

Coast  fortifications  alonefwithoafc appropriate  supports,  are  always 

■  ■live,  especially  on  important  spots,  the  loss  ot  which  may  entail 

serious  consequences*     The  ground  at  Dover  is  of  such  a  nature  that 

a  fortress  of  the  first  rank  could  easily  be  here  made,  and  this  its 

strategic  position,  in  close  proximity  to  the  French  coast,  seema 

imperatively  to  demand,  in  order  that  it  may  serve  as  main  point 

and  advanced  work  of  the  fortification  of  the  whole  wroth  of  England* 

No  fortress  h*es  between  this  and  London,     The  road  from  this  point 

is  entirely  open  to  a  hostile  army  landed  here.   Dover,  without  a  tor* 

titled   camp,  possesses  no  value ;  for  as  matters  are,  it   could  be 

observed  and  kept  in  cheek  by  a  few  troops,  directly  they  should 

be  landed,  and  should  have  established  themselves, 

From  Dover  begin  the  works  erected  in  1808,  consisting  of  a 
of  small  easemated  round  towers,  which  are  distributed' along  the 
whole  south-east  coast.  These  towers  lie  sometimes  immediate.ly 
on  the  shore,  sometimes  on  the  heights,  or  iivities  which 

immediately  skirt  the  shore;    and   in  the  two  latter  cases  are 
winded  by  trenches  with  revetted  escarps  and  counterscarps, 
over  which  communication  is  maintained  by  means  of  drawbn 
They  contain  at  most  sixty  or  one  hundred  men,  and  can  be  at 
only  with  few  guns*     In  time  of  peace  they  are  mostly  without  garri- 
son, and  only  tenanted  by  a  single  keeper, 

The  distance  at  which  they  stand  from  one  another  varies  j  but 
at  any  rate  it  is  too  considerable  to  allow  of  their  making  any  serious 
^ition  to  an  invasion.  They  are  simply  forlorn  hopes,  and  their 
garrisons  would  (should  the  enemy  press  forward),  become  at  once 
prisoners  of  war.  Works  of  this  kind  can  be  available  for  the 
<n  of  a  country  only  when  they  lie  at  points  where  resist- 
ance may  be  maintained,  and  which  cannot  be  turned;  or  when 
some  central  work  is  situated  behind  them,  whence  reinforce c 
may  be  able  to  reach  them-  8uch  a  work,  however,  is  entirely  wanting, 
BOO  they  are  left  isolated  Their  value  can  therefore  bo  estimated  us 
being  no  greater  than  what  may  attach  to  them  as  look-out  stations. 

Bel  ver  and  Ilytbe  (which  a  a  the  second  of  the 

Ports  mounts  some  batteries,  which  now  are  being  armed  with  heavy 
guns),  lies  th  .'.-  of  Folkestone.    This  is  protected  only  by 

some  of  those  towers,  although  it  has  Boulogne  just  opposite,  and 
drives  with  that  town  a  considerable  trade,  The  French  have  a 
permanent  camp  in  Boulogne.  The  English  have  placed  a  similar 
one  on  the  lull  between  thifl  and  Dover,  at  Shornclille  ;  but  since  it 
is  not  fortified,  its  only  value  as  a  coast  defence  is  that  the  point 
i  diately  threatened  by  the  enemy  might  be  strengthened  by 
drawn  from  it. 


I 


Ifilu*  English  think  with  this  eanip  to  provide  for  the  sa 

whirl  i  the  French,  in  case  of  war,  do  provide  for  with  their  camp  at 
Boulogne  they  ore  utterly  mistaken*  In  the  first  phee,  France 
has  not  to  trouble  herself  about  an  invasion  of  English  troops,  and 

•does  not  require  largo  cainps  for  the  protection  of  her  coasts.  These 
camps  have  with  her  not  a  defensive  but  an  offensive  object  ■  Although, 
being  for  strategic  reasons  const  meted  on  defensive  principles,  th> 
have  been  placed  in  immediate  proximity  to  fortresses  Let  us  cod- 
aider  the  above  mentioned  small  tract  of  country  from  Dunkirk  to  the 
embouchure  of  the  Somme,  which  lies  over  against  the  Kentish  coast, 

•and  so  on  as  far  as  the  fortress  of  Abbeville,  which  lies  on  this  river, 
We  shall  see  that  it  would  be  out  of  the  question  for  any  but  a  very 
numerous  enemy  to  advance  on  this  line,  even  if,  by  good  luck,  he 
should  have  effected  a  landing.  For  he  woidd  by  his  advance  be 
■ul angled  ma  net  work  of  l'oilresses,whieh  would  hold  him  in  check 
ong  enough  to  allow  time  for  the  drawing  of  considerable  reinforce- 
ments from  the  interior  of  France,  which  would  force  him  to  retreat. 
The  extreme  point  of  this  wing  of  the  system  is  the  strongly  fortified 
Dunkirk,  with  a  fort i lied  camp.  The  enemy  cannot  advance  from 
Calais,  since  he  is  outflanked  by  the  firsi  mentioned,  and  then 
would  have  to  hit  upon  the  strong  fortresses  of  St.  Omer,  Aire, 
Douai,  and  Arras,  which  again  have  the  mighty  Lille  on  the  right, 
and  Amiens  on  the  left  Hank,  From  all  this  is  manifest  the  impractt- 
eability  of  a  hostile  invasion  on  this  tract  of  coast,  consequently  sii> 
the  troops  in  the  camp  of  Boulogne  are  not  needed  for  its  own 
defcueej  they  must  have  an  offensive  object. 

Let  us  now  consider  in  the  same  point  of  view  the  coast  of  t 
eoufciy  of  Kent,  from  Dover  to  Hythe,  We  shall  see  that  the  last 
place  is  only  feebly  defended  by  strand  batteries.  As  for  the  camp 
of  Shornclihv  (which  can  have  only  a  defensive  intention)  it  is,  as 
we  have  observed,  altogether  unfortified.  In  front  of  it,  to  the  sea- 
ward, there  are  two  of  those  above  described  towers,  but  neither  to 
the  rear,  nor  on  the  flanks  has  it  any  fortified  work.  Thus  it 
assuredly  possesses  uo  higher  value  than  that  already  by  us  assigned 
to  it.  The  way  that  leads  hence  to  London  m  the  shortest  and  most 
secure  for  the  purpose  of  arriving  at  that  city,  the  metropolis  of  the 

■  kingdom^  and  acquiring  possession  of  it,  together  with  the  Thames. 
EJq  river.  jh<  mountain  otters  interruption  to  the  operations  of  an 
invading  army;  no  fortress,  no  fortified  eamp  blocks  the  way  [  and 
the  country  is  so  rich,  that  an  army  might  maintain  itself  by  requi- 
sitions, without  being  obliged  to  depend  for  its  existence  on  the  fleet, 
as  was  the  caae  with  the  Anglo- French  army  in  the  Crimea, 

The  eamp  of  Aldershot,  which  lies  not  far  off,  is  not  fortified,  and 
can  be  considered  only  as  a  central  cantonment,  which,  by  reason  of 
the  nature  of  its  structure,  may  with  very  great  ease  be  set  on  fire, 

•so  that  the  troops  would  be  compelled  to  'leave  it.  11"  now  we  pass 
over  and  along  the  coast,  we  come  to  the  marine  fortification  of 
Portsmouth.  The  distance  between  Portsmouth  and  Dover  amounts 
perhaps  to  200  miles,  and  all  this  tract  of  country,  since  it  is  not 
protected  by  fortresses,  lies  nearly  open  to  a  hostile  invasion,  sup- 
posing no  other  measure  of  protective  character  to  have  been  taken, 


: 


1859.]  IN  A  MILITARY  POINT  OF  VIEW.  45 

This  protection  is  afforded  in  a  high  degree  by  two  fleets,  of  which 
one  is  stationed  at  Sheerness,  the  other  at  Portsmouth ;  which  fleets 
would  enflank  a  hostile  squadron,  and  through  their  concentrated 
attack,  render  vain  every  hostile  attempt  to  land  in  this  direction. 
Having  an  eye  to  this,  the  French  concerted  measures  that  they 
might  contrive  a  marine  fortification,  with  a  harbour  sufficiently 
spacious  to  protect  a  fleet,  which,  in  point  of  numbers,  should  be 
able  to  contest  the  palm  with  both  the  above-mentioned  (English) 
fleets,  if  not  to  be  superior  to  them,  and  Cherbourg  was  chosen  to 
be  such  a  fortress.  This,  lying  in  the  retreating  angle  of  a  far 
projecting  promontory  of  Brittany,  has  lately  assumed  a  significance 
that  Sngland  ought  not  to  misapprehend.  For  although  the 
question  is  not  at  present  of  an  invasion  from  France,  it  most  cer- 
tainly is  of  the  disputing  of  the  naval  supremacy  in  the  Channel, 
and  the  neighbouring  seas. 

If  the  members  of  the  House  of  Commons,  who  on  the  occasion 
of  the  visit  of  Queen  Victoria  were  in  Cherbourg,  were  unable  to 
understand  the  danger  which  this  fortress  can  cause  to  England,  and 
the  entire  importance  of  the  place,  it  is  a  blindness  which  can  only 
be  lamented.  At  a  meeting,  Mr.  Lindsay  said  he  had  seen  a  con- 
siderable harbour,  a  large  fortress,  but  no  ships.  That  might  be 
true;  but  the  Emperor  probably  would  not  shew  more  to  the 
English.  He  would  have  them  see  only  the  fortifications  and  a 
show  ship.  The  fleets  which  really  had  significance  were  lying  in 
other  harbours.  They  might,  however,  when  necessary,  be  concen- 
trated very  soon,  since  they  are  not,  like  the  British,  scattered  over 
every  sea ;  and  those  of  the  Mediterranean  might,  through  the  ap- 

Elication  of  steam  power,  seeing  that  they  could  not  be  hindered 
•om  Gibraltar  (for  this  is  fortified  only  towards  the  harbour,  and 
not  towards  the  straits),  appear  in  the  Channel  within  five  days. 
The  memory  of  the  battle  of  Trafalgar  will  prove  no  obstacle  to  all 
this ;  and  the  consoling  conviction  that  the  French  are  not  so  good 
sailors  as  the  English  is  calculated  to  do  much  injury.  England 
has  no  longer  the  sailors  who  fought  Nelson's  battles.  It  is  very 
difficult  for  her  to  man  her  fleets,  since  the  sailors  prefer  the  mer- 
chant service.  This  may  be  learned  from  the  most  recent  parlia- 
mentary dealings  with  the  subject ;  and  the  events  on  the  coasts  of 
the  Crimea  are  enough  to  warn  a  government  possessed  of  the  least 
foresight.  At  Serpent's  Island  the  French  were  concentrated  sooner 
than  the  English,  at  Eupatoria  soon  debarked ;  and  at  the  attack  of 
Kinburn,  the  English  ships  of  war,  which  had  sailed  at  the  same 
time  with  them,  reached  their  station  nearly  two  hours  after  the 
bombardment  was  finished.  To  over-estimate  oneself,  and  to  de- 
preciate one's  adversary,  leads  always  to  deplorable  results. 

That  a  somewhat  different  opinion  has  been  formed  of  things  by 
the  military,  is  proved  by  the  hasty  arming  of  the  above-described 
English  batteries,  and  fortresses,  with  guns  of  the  heaviest  calibre,  of 
which  guns  fresh  batteries  are  being  sent  weekly  from  Woolwich. 
One  cannot  trust  implicitly  in  the  maxim,  "  TEmpire  c'est  la  Paix." 
Far  other  means  against  England  are  available  to  the  Emperor  than 
formerly  were  to  his  uncle.    The  perfecting  of  machinery  must  bring 


40 


THE  SHOBES  0*  THE  CHATTEL, 


hi  1h  ar  an  overwhelming  influence  on  the  power  of  making  warlike 
advances.  Steam -carriages  and  steam -ships  shorten  alt  distil 
the  latter  overmaster  contrary  winds  and  tides,  and  allbrd  the  means 
of  beginning  and  breaking  oil'  engagements  at  sea,  without  any  great 
dependence  on  the  weather ;  they  favour  a  rapid  confident  stvle  of 
manoeuvring;  and  a  battle,  such  as  was  that  when  the  Spanish 
A  rmada  was  destroyed  by  the  English,  is  by  no  means  likely  to  take 
place  again, 

No.  II. 

Portsmouth  akd  CiTHiiBOTriin. 

A  characteristic  distinction  between  the  plans  of  the  English  and 
French  marine  fortifications  may  be  found  in  the  fact,  that  Kn^laud 
so  builds  her  protective  works  as  that  they  may  command  with  their 
gnus  the  immediate  entrance  into  the  harbours,  and  the  harbours 
themselves  on  all  sides,  whilst  the  protection  of  the  roads  is  mainly 
left  to  ships,  and  that  the  shutting  up  in  harbour  of  the  ships 
themselves  is  contemplated  only  as  a  last  expedient ;  whilst  Fri 
endeavours  by  all  possiLde  means  to  protect  her  roads  by  detached 
forts,  and  provides  for  her  ships  timely  shelter  from  superior  fleets, 
T!m  English  scarcely  ever  place  batteries  at  the  end  of  their  moles 
and  breakwaters,  while  the  hYeneh  always  do  so.  The  English  re- 
gard the  fire  of  ships  as  superior  to  that  of  land- batteries ;  the 
French  assign  this  superiority  to  the  land*batteries ;  an  opinion 
which t  according  to  our  latest  experience,  we  may  consider  to  be 
well  founded.  This,  then,  is  the  point  of  view  from  which  we  must 
QOAsfder  Portsmouth  and  its  road,  &  pithead,  in  order  to  detect  the 
ft  eristic  difference  between  the  plan  of  this  fortification  and 
that  of  Cherbourg. 

Portsmouth,  the  chief  naval  harbour  of  the  English  in  the  Channel, 
is  by  nature  protected  against  the  attack  of  a  hostile  fleet,  yo  as  no 
other  could  easily  be,  and  this  mainly  through  the  relative  position 
of  the  I*le  of  Wight,  which  is  thrown  out  before  it,  and  covers  its 
entire  front,  Jienry  111.  gave  much  atteiihnn  to  this  harbour,  and 
since  his  time  it  has  gradually  grown  to  be  what  it  now  is,  and  wen 
quite  recently  much  haa  been  dune  to  strengthen  it,  Tim  entrance 
into  this  harbour  may  be  effected  from  the  east  or  west,  and  on  both 
courses  it  is  for  large  ships  practicable  only  at  the  Hood-tide,  and 
then  only  with  the  help  of  pilots  and  buoys.  It  is  protected  by  lic- 
it casemated  forte,  which  lie  both  on  the  Isle  ol  Wight  and  on 
the  mainland,  and  command  the  water  at  point-blank.  The  fortifi- 
cation itself  consists  of  three  independent  parts — 1-Wismuuth,  IVit- 
sea,  and  G-ospmt, — which  are  so  planned  that  they  reciprocally  pro- 
tect each  other.  The  woxka  to  the  Landward  are  partly  surrounded 
by  wet  ditches,  ami  command  with  their  guns  the  surrounding 
try.  Those  to  the  seaward  consist  of  solid  casemated  batteries, 
Which  so  support  each  other,  and  so  command  the  water,  that  an 
entrance  is  impossible  till  they  shall  have  been  demolished, — a  diffi- 
cult consummation,  considering  that  their  main  front  is  altogether 
withdrawn  from  the  direct  tire  of  the  enemy. 


1869.]  US  A  MILITARY  BOUT*  01  VIEW.  47 

The  harbour  and  the  road  of  Spithead  are  spacious  enough  to 
afford  room  for  the  largest  fleets ;  the  Arsenal  so  complete  that  ships 
may  thence  be  provided  with  all  requisites.  The  guns,  however, 
with  which  the  works  are  armed  are  somewhat  too  light,  considering 
that  during  the  last  year  all  the  naval  powers  have  been  taking 
measures  to  arm  their  ships  as  heavily  as  possible.  Availing  them* 
selves  of  their  experience  during  the  recent  Eusso-Turkish  war,  the 
English  have  placed  many  detached  batteries  on  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
of  which  one  of  the  largest  lies  near  the  Needles.  Should  a  hostile 
fleet  make  its  way  so  far  as  this,  the  difficulty  of  hitting  the  passage 
(which  scarcely  could  be  found  were  the  buoys  to  be  removed  and  no 
pilots  to  be  forthcoming),  would  obstruct  their  progress.  Nothing 
would  be  left  to  the  enemy  under  such  circumstances,  except  to  gain 
possession  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  thence,  after  taking  the  strand 
batteries,  to  annoy  the  road  and  harbour. 

The  only  method  by  which  Trance  could  paralyze  this  harbour 
was  by  fortifying  at  immense  expense  a  point  on  its  own  coast  in  this 
vicinity.  This  has  been  done.  Cherbourg,  which  has  long  been 
destined  to  become  a  French  Portsmouth,  has  even  surpassed  its  pat- 
tern and  model.  It  has  been  constituted  a  harbour  of  the  first  class, 
which  is  calculated  to  bring  into  dispute  with  England  the  command 
of  the  channel.  Cherbourg  can  be  used  as  the  rendezvous  for  fleets 
intended  to  act  offensively,  and  may  also  serve  as  a  retreat  for  de- 
feated fleets.  Its  naval  arsenals  also  are  so  complete  in  themselves 
that  they  may  not  only  make  good,  damages,  but  may  build  new 
ships,  without  needing  tor  this  purpose  in  any  material  respect  the 
help  of  other  docks. 

Wc  have  said  that  the  object  of  this  harbour  is  quite  as  much 
offensive  as  defensive.  Had  defence  only  been  proposed,  the  har- 
bour never  would  have  been  constructed  at  such  enormous  expense 
in  such  immediate  proximity  to  the  English  coast,  certainly  not  im- 
mediately over  against  the  greatest  naval  port  of  England,  certainly 
not  on  the  most  salient  point  of  the  coast  of  Brittany.  Most  as- 
suredly the  fusion  of  the  lines  of  railroad,  and  the  facilities  which 
have  openly  been  provided,  not  only  for  concentrating  troops  as 
quickly  as  possible  on  this  point,  but  also  of  embarking  them  with 
ease  and  convenience,  bear  the  aspect  of  an  offensive  fortification. 
Considering  the  strength  of  the  works,  no  such  conditions  were  re- 
quired for  their  simple  protection. 

The  works  completely  enclose  the  town,  which  lies  in  a  plain  on 
the  shore,  and  has  behind  it  a  circuit  of  heights.  To  the  westward 
of  the  town,  and  having  a  much  greater  extent,  lies  the  port,  with  its 
docks  and  arsenal ;  in  the  centre  is  the  road,  with  its  protecting 
moletf^  to  the  eastward  is  a  high  grey  rock,  La  Eoule,  with  its  citadel, 
which  commands  the  entire  of  the  fortification,  the  port,  and  the 
road.  A  bastioned  wall,  of  serai-circular  form,  surrounds  the  esta- 
blishments of  the  port  to  the  landward,  and  rests  its  flank  on  the 
sea,  having  to  the  landward  only  one  gate  most  strongly  fortified. 
The  large  seventy-foot  deep  basin,  which  has  been  artificially  formed 
by  blowing  away  the  rocks,  has  at  its  side  seven  docks.  These  are 
connected  with  it  by  mean^of  flood-gates*  and  are  available  as  well 


*a 


TUB   BUOBES  OB   Till'    C11J 


I 


tor  the  refitting  as  the  building  of  ttie  ships.  The  mole,  v. 
shuts  off  the  inner  road,  is  truly  a  gigantic  work  j  it  serves  not  only 
to  protect  from  bad  weather  the  ships  of  war  that  may  be  lying  at 
anchor  behind  it,  but  most  assuredly  also  to  prevent  the  approach 
of  a  hostile  fleet.  That  it  may  subserve  this  latter  purpose,  four 
strong  forts  have  been  placed  on  it,  of  which  three  are  armed  with 
sixty,  and  the  fourth  with  thirty-five  guns. 

Each  of  these  forts  has  two  tiers  of  casemates,  and  a  third  row  rf 
guns  range  outward  from  the  platform.  We  must  not  overlook  a 
great  advantage  which  they  secure  to  the  position.  So  long  as  they 
remain  untaken  by  the  enemy,  it  will  be  impossible  for  him  to  can- 
nonade and  destroy  the  port  itself  and  the  marine  establishments 

; Lined  within  it.  The  entrance  into  the  port  itself  is  proto 
by  other  heavily  armed  forts.  Their  guns  are  of  enormous  calibre, 
conformably  to  the  idea  of  the  Emperor,  which  he  announced  in  his 
work  on  Artillery,  and  which  he  has  brought  into  use  also  in  the 
ease  of  field-guns,  by  means  of  increasing  their  calibre.  The  arma- 
ment in  question  consists  entirely  of  64  pounders  and  10- inch 
mortars.  Such  heavy  guns  must  of  course  be  handled  with  difficulty, 
but  they  have  a  most  important  effect  against  shipping,  The  Ettg» 
Hah  coast  batteries  have  a  much  lighter  armament;  as  a  rule,  only 
or  sometimes  even  lighter  ordnance,  while  the  Englian 
ships  have  heavier  guns.  Batteries  are  to  be  found  at  Portsmouth, 
Dover,  and  Weymouth,  mounted  only  with  18-pounders,  or  shorl 
24*s.  The  mistake  of  the  original  conception  has  been  subsequently 
perceived,  and  as  many  68-poimders  have  been  already  sent  to  them 
from  Woolwich,  as  were  in  store  or  could  be  got  ready. 

All  the  forts  of  Cherbourg  are  so  arranged  that  they  flank  each 
other,  and  also  command  with  arrows  tire  the  inner  aud  the  outer 
road,  and  the  port  ;  while  the  citadel,  La  Koule,  can  direct  the  i 
of  its  tire  on  any  point  that  may  be  desired.  The  terminus  of  the 
mil  way  with  its  establishment  lies  at  the  foot  of  this  rock,  altogether 
under  the  tire  of  the  citadel  Just  as  Cherbourg  is  thus  united  with 
Paris,  so  is  Portsmouth  by  a  similar  railroad  writh  London,  and  can 
(especially  as  the  line  passes  near  Aldershot),  at  a  mom* 
notice  bring  together  troops  for  its  reinforcement.  Still  the  com- 
munication between  Loudon  and  Portsmouth  has  so  far  less  worth 
than  that  between  Cherbourg  and  Paris,  in  that  the  latter  l<  fortified 
and  constitutes  a  military  central  point ;  while  London,  an  open  city, 
requires  prohvt  ion  and  help  from  its  fortified  positions,  and  cotfcH 
mure  m>  help  to  them, 

1!<iv  we  are  brought  back  to  the  value  of  central  fortifications, 
without  which  marine  fortifications,  to  a  great  extent,  lose  their 
value.  Mnriue  fortifications,  however  strong  they  may  be,  are  always 
exposed  to  the  attacks  of  an  enemy,  if  ne  happen  to  be  in  superior 
force;  and  must  be  eventually  reduced  by  such  a  one,  unless  duly 
supported  from  flic  inland.  The  best  example  of  this  is  the  siege  of 
Si  3>astujml?  which  was  taken  in  spite  uf  this  kind  of  support  which  Was 
ci.utmualiy  being  afforded  from  the  north-east  aide.  Where  central 
fortifications  are  entirely  wanting  as  they  are  in  the  case  of  England, 
the  fall  of  a  marine  fortification  must  be  attended  by  the  most 


1859.]  IK  A  MILITABY   POINT  OF   VIEW.  49 

disastrous  consequences.  The  country  lies  thenceforward  open  to 
the  advance  of  the  enemy,  and  a  single  pitched  battle  lost  gives  it 
up  as  a  prize  to  the  enemy.  The  beaten  army  can  find  no  sheltered 
rendezvous,  nor  fortified  depots,  in  order  to  reir.ely  their  losses  in 
men  and  materiel,  and  under  such  circumstances  it  is  only  too  probable 
that  they  may  be  altogether  destroyed.  The  objection,  that  in  1801 
fortresses  did  not  by  any  means  protect  Prussia,  is  not  to  the  purpose; 
for  they  were,  for  the  most  part,  altogether  undefended,  or  very 
badly  so,  and  only  a  very  few  afforded  an  honorable  exception  to 
this  state  of  things.  Napoleon  I.  was  well  aware  of  this,  and  it  was 
on  account  of  this  that  Carnot  was  led  to  write  his  work  on  the 
defence  of  fortification. 

The  prominent  tongue  of  land  on  which  Cherbourg  lies,  forms 
the  east  boundary  of  the  bay  of  St.  Michael,  in  the  background  .of 
which  lies  the  strongly  fortified  St.  Malo,  which  is  required  for  the 
purpose  of  covering  the  bay  itself,  and  flanking  the  promontory  o£ 
ferittany.  Over  against  this  bay  lies  the  second  great  naval  harbour, 
Plymouth.  The  estuary  of  the  Plym  and  the  Tamar  forms  here  a 
wide  bay,  which  has  been  fortified  and  adapted  as  a  port.  Before 
this  lie  the  moles  5,100  feet  long  ;  wrhich,  since  no  forts  are  placed 
on  them,  have  only  the  object  of  protecting  the  road  from  the  force 
of  the  sea.  The  port,  which  is  more  than  a  mile  broad,  could  hardly 
offer  any  material  opposition  to  a  hostile  fleet,  unless  it  were  to  be 
supported  from  the  inland.  It  is  rather  a  station  for  a  fleet  than  a 
marine  fortress ;  and  its  arsenal  is  intended  simply  for  the  making 
good  of  damages,  and  not  for  the  building  of  men-of-war.  Beyond 
this  to  the  west  there  is  neither  English  nor  French  naval  port  on 
the  Channel. 

The  English  assume  that  they  could  operate  against  Cherbourg 
from  three  sides,  by  means  of  fleets  from  Plymouth,  Portsmouth, 
and  Sheerness  :  and  that  consequently  they  would  have  the  advantage 
of  advancing  in  converging  lines  of  operation.  The  French  (they 
assume)  would,  in  case  of  an  attempt  on  their  part  to  land  in  this 
quarter,  have  to  run  the-  gauntlet  of  these  fleets,  and  would  there- 
fore be  found  in  a  very  disagreeable  position.  The  idea  however  rests 
on  a  delusion ;  for  the  French  also  have  two  strong  external  points 
whence  they  might  sail — Dunkirk  and  Brest — and  so  throw  the 
English  back  on  an  inner  line  of  operation.  Hitherto  the  French 
marine  has  not,  on  the  whole,  attained  to  the  power  and  magnitude 
of  that  of  the  English ;  but  then  she  is  not  obliged  to  keep  ships 
of  war  in  so  many  seas,  and  consequently  so  to  fritter  away  her 
force  as  England  is.  No  one  can  question  the  fact  that  France  has 
lately  made  gigantic  progress  in  naval  matters.  It  is  impossible  to 
predict  when  she  will  cease  the  work  of  creating  a  new  force :  at 
present  there  is  not  the  slightest  appearance  of  such  an  intention. 

From  the  above-stated  conditions  it  follows  that  the  requirements 
of  England  are — 

1. — That  her  steam  navy  should  be  strengthened  as  much  as 
possible. 

2. — That  her  coast  defences  should  be  completed. 

3. — That  inland  fortifications  should  be  constructed. 

U.  S.  Mao.,  No.  366.  Mat,  1859.  e 


4.— That  her  standing  army  Bhould  be  reorganized  and  strength- 
ened. 

Should  the  English  Government  refuse  to  look  into  these  require 
ments,  there  will,  sooner  or  later,  be  reason  to  lament  their  care- 
lessness. It  is  well  known  that  the  alliance  between  the  cabinets 
of  London  and  Paris  has  not  taken  root  in  the  hearts  of  the  people  j 
and  that  the  old  national  antipathy  is  not  extinguished*  If* 
press  be  in  any  degree  the  exponent  of  the  sentiment  of  nation*, 
one  need  only  to  read  the  newspapers  of  the  two  countries  to  be 
convinced  of  the  truth  of  our  opinion.  The  visit  to  Cherbourg 
and  the  speeches  interchanged  on  the  occasion  are  no  proof  to  the 
contrary.  In  fact  we  might  almost  say  that  both  people  are  in  the* 
attitude  of  shewing  their  teeth,  since,  immediately  after  the  return 
of  the  Queen,  orders  were  given  at  the  Woolwicn  Arsenal  to  send 
off  as  quickly  as  possible  heavy  guns  to  the  works  and  forts  on  the 
pouth  coast. 

We  have  said,  in  the  first  place,  that  England  must  strengthen 
her  steam  fleet.  For  this  statement  we  have  the  following  grounds 
In  order  to  be  able  to  succour  the  coasts  at  the  points  where  they 
at  any  time  may  be  attacked,  and  to  reach  as  quickly  as  possible  the 
spot  against  which  hostile  operations  may  be  directed,  ships  are 
wanted  that  shall  combine  great  speed  with  the  least  dependanee 
on  the  wind;  Le.,  steam  ships.  There  must,  moreover,  be  the  power  of 
appearing  before  such  threatened  points  in  overwhelming  force,  if  the 
enemy  is  to  be  beaten,  and  a  landing  prevented.  Therefore  a  great- 
number  of  these  steam -ships  is  required.  It  has  been  proved  to  be  un* 
advisable  in  most  cases  to  alter  old  sailing  ships  into  steam-ship*. 
These  old  vessels  may  with  more  advantage  be  kept  together  at 
Portsmouth  as  a  reserve  fleet,  since  from  this  station,  pretty  nearly 
in  the  middle  of  the  line  of  Channel  coast,  they  can  take  the  shortest 
course  to  any  threatened  point.  Steam-ships  constitute  the  appro- 
priate manoeuvring  fleet.  Their  light  craft  must  be  like  look-out 
porta,  pushed  forward  against  the  French  ports.  In  order  that  they 
maybe  able  to  give  immediate  notice  of  every  movement  of  the  fleet 
at  those  ports  they  must  be  attended  by  despatch  boats.  The  main 
body  of  the  steam  fleet  would  have  to  advance  to  oppose  an  enemy 
immediately  on  his  sailing  out,  and  to  drive  him  back,  or  at  any  rat© 
to  hold  him  in  check  till,  by  the  junction  of  the  reserve  fleet,  they 
should  have  been  so  strengthened  as  to  be  able  to  beat  the  enemy  in 
a  general  action.  To  this  fleet  the  steam  gun-boats  would  be  added. 
They  must  be  kept  continually  near  the  shore,  since  in  a  battle  on 
the  open  sea  they  would  be  of  little  use ;  while  their  efficiency  for 
the  protection  of  the  coast  wheresoever  attacked,  is  a  much  more 
essential  requisite.  If  the  fleet  be  distributed  in  this  manner,  a  hoe- 
tile  invasion  would  be  rendered  very  difficult,  since  in  any  case  it 
won  1<1  have  to  be  preceded  by  an  engagement  at  sea. 

When,  secondly }  we  say  that  the  coast  defences  must  be 
strengthened,  it  must  be  understood  of  course  that  our  notion  is  not 
of  a  style  of  fortification  like  the  great  wall  of  China,  We  simply 
mean  that  Dover  and  Folkestone,  which  have  good  harbours,  and 
are  much  exposed  to  a  hostile  lauding,  should  be  better  fortified, 


1859.]  IN  A  MILITABT   POINT   OF  VIEW.  51 

especially  since  London  is  so  near,  and  they  are  threatened  from 
Boulogne  and  Dunkirk.  At  Dover  and  Folkestone  there  are  perma- 
nent camps,  consequently  there  are  there  always  troops  in  readiness 
fop  embarkation. 

To  trust  entirely  to  the  fleet  for  warding  off  an  invasion  we  con- 
sider to  be  unadvisable.  The  dominion  of  the  sea  has  often  changed 
hands,  and  small  navies  have  often  disputed  it  with  more  numerous 
navies.  A  single  very  able  admiral,  favoured  by  good  fortune,  may 
of  himself  give  a  great  superiority  to  a  very  weak  squadron ;  and  why 
should  not  such  an  one  appear  in  France  as  well  as  elsewhere  ? 
Genoese,  Portuguese,  Spaniards,  and  Dutch  have  in  their  turns  ruled 
the  seas.  Why  then,  in  a  world  where  everything  is  subject  to  change, 
should  not  this  command,  at  some  time,  be  lost  by  the  English  ? 
France  is  making  every  effort  to  improve  the  condition  of  her  navy, 
while  in  England  the  actual  state  of  things  is  maintained,  so  far  as 
the  main  purpose  is  concerned,  and  they  are  making  slow  progress, 
with  the  building  of  steam-ships. 

Thirdly. — The  weaker  an  army  is,  numerically,  the  more  necessary 
are  points  of  support.  In  a  country  where  there  are  no  natural  walls 
and  ditches,  i.e.,  large  rivers  and  impassable  mountains,  they  must 
be  artificially  supplied.   - 

To  have  numerous  fortresses  (on  account  of  their  requisite  garri- 
sons) would  weaken  the  forces  operating  in  the  field ;  besides,  they 
could  not  be  kept  up  to  the  necessary  strength,  without  too  heavily 
burdening  the  finances  of  the  country.  Under  existing  circumstances 
in  England,  a  few  central  fortifications,  serving  to  protect  the  camps, 
would  completely  answer  the  purpose  of  checking  an  advancing 
enemy,  until  the  army  should  have  been  reinforced.  The  strategic 
situations  of  these' fortifications  are  sufficiently  pointed  out  by  the  re- 
quirements they  would  have  to  fulfil — i.e.the  supporting  of  the  marine 
fortifications,  and  the  protecting  of  the  metropolis  and  the  country 
behind  them,  until  the  army  should  have  been  concentrated.  According 
to  this  rule  they  should  be  placed  before  the  line  between  Bristol  and 
London.  A  glance  at  the  map  will  show  that  in  the  east  of  the 
kingdom,  Chatham  might  serve  as  such  another,  if  the  land  side  were 
strengthened.  Another  should  be  placed  at  Farnham,  perhaps  where 
the  camp  of  Aldershot  now  is.  A  third  should  be  placed  on  the 
Kennet  and  Avon  Canal.  If  a  fourth  could  be  placed  in  the  district 
of  Taunton  it  would  be  highly  advantageous.  These  works  properly 
used,  would  render  immensely  difficult  the  advance  of  an  enemy, 
even  if  he  should  have  effected  a  landing.  The  condition  of  the 
English  army  urgently  demands  such  internal  works  of  defence,  in 
case  of  an  enemy  being  able  to  make  a  sudden  descent ;  and  that 
the  French  would  not  neglect  this  main  condition  of  success,  is 
proved  by  the  entire  of  the  dispositions  at  Cherbourg. 

Fourthly :  The  numerical  weakness  of  the  English  army,  and  their 
distribution  over  all  parts  of  the  world,  rendered  pressing,  even  of 
old,  the  necessity  for  the  organizing  of  other  forces,  wherewith  the 
protection  of  the  mother-country  might  be  undertaken.  These  forces 
eonsist  of  the  Militia,  and  Yeomanry  Cavalry  ;  which  since  the  late 
Russo-Turkish   war  have   been   called   out   more   frequently    than 

e  2 


I 


formerly,  arid  at  this  moment,  on  account  of  the  Indian  revolt, 
;irtly  kept  under  arms.     A  collateral  use  of  the  Militia  is  to  keep  Up 
y  volunteering  the  supply  for  the  royal  army,  which  on  ae 

reraiting  system  of  recruiting,  ta  often  in  want  of  men.  Their 
numerical  amount  is  very  considerable,  and  may  reach  to  the  number 
of  200,000 — men  however,  who  for  the  most  part  would  have  been 
called  out  for  the  first  time,  shortly  before  or  during  a  war,  when 
there  would  be  no  time  to  exercise  them  sufficiently,  and  make  them 
acquainted  with  the  specific  duties  of  the  soldier,  Ihey  would,  what  ■ 
f\rr  their  n umbers,  be  still  an  army  of  recruits,  commanded  by 
officers  of  leas  than  moderate  pretensions.  We  may  safely  assume 
that  it  would  be  impossible  in  less  than  four  weeks,  so  to  drill 
concentrate  these  Militia,  as  bo  allow  of  their  being  marched  against 
the  cue  my.  But  in  that  a  pace  of  time  might  not  everything  be  lost  ? 
The  enemy  would  have  gained  a  firm  footing,  and  would  have  I 
reinforced  j  he  would  attack  the  depots  and  rendezvous  of  Militia, 
which  since  they  are  not  fortified,  could  olier  no  considerable 
resistance,  and  would  rout  them  all  successively. 

I  lence  it  is  evident  that  England  urgently  requires  in  the  mother- 
country,  a  strong  body  of  men  to  be  kept  in  readiness  to  take  fchfl 
field,  The  times  are  passed  when  the  invincibility  of  her  Army  and 
Xruy  were  a  general  article  of  faith,  and  it  will  be  well  for  her,  in 
the  actual  state  of  these  forces,  not  to  trust  to  that  idea  too  absolutely. 
England  does  not  sufficiently  realize  the  possibility  of  an  inYOf 
though  ever  and  anon  there  has  been  a  faint  breathing  of  such  a 
thing. 

We  can  only  wish  that  she  may  be  brought  to  a  clear  understand- 
ing of  hei  position,  before  it  ia  too  late. 


OUB  SAILING  NAVY. 

(Cuntinncd  from  page  530.) 

By  Theseus.     Late  K.N. 


Sailing  Corvettes. — Each  of  these  vessels  carries  an  armament 
of  18  32-pounders  on  a  ilush  deck. 

Calypso,  18  guns,  734  tons,  120  feet  in  length,  37$  feet  beam,  and 
IS  llct  depth  of  hold.  Built  at  Chatham,  1845.  Dan,  Symonds. 
{Served  8  years  in  commission.  Complement  185  men.  Captain, 
Frederick  ByngHontressor,  Commissioned  November,  1857.  Station, 
Pacific. 

Daphne,  18  guns,  726  tons,  120  feet  in  length,  and  37  J  feet  beam, 
Built  at  Pembroke,  1838.  Plan,  Syinonda.  Served  11  years  in  com- 
mission,    W  ar  servi  ces,  Syr  ia*     Station,  Chatham. 

Dido,  18  guna,  7-U  tons,  120  feet  in  length,  and  37£  feet  beam. 
Built  at  Pembroke,  1836.  Plan,  Bymojub.  Served  15 years  in  com* 
mission.     War  services,  Syria  and 'Borneo.    Station,  Chatham, 

Bemarks. —These  three  corvettes  are  all  fast  sailing  vessels,  and 
yctv  comfortable  shipa  for  officers  aud  men  to  serve  in.     lu  ordi 


1859.]  OUB  SAILING  WAVT.  53 

explain  the  great  increase  of  expenditure  of  the  Eoyal  Navy,  it  is  only 
necessary  to  point  out  the  difference  in  cost  between  a  sailing  corvette 
and  a  screw  steam  corvette. 

Dido,  18  guns,  734  tons,  sailing  corvette.  Built  1836,  cost 
£15,000. 

Pearl,  21  guns,  1461  tons,  screw  corvette.  Built  1855,  cost 
£46,000.  The  Pearl  is  expected  to  perform  the  same  duties  for  a 
steam  fleet,  as  the  Dido  was  thought  capable  of  executing  for  a  sailing 
fleet.  Thus  twenty  years  have  more  than  trebled  the  cost  of 
corvettes,  and  this  comparison  will  generally  hold  good  as  regards  the 
other  small  ships  belonging  to  the  Navy. 

Another  corvette  of  this  class  called  the  Coquette,  building  at 
Chatham,  was  taken  to  pieces  a  few  years  ago,  before  being  finished, 
and  her  timbers  used  to  build  a  screw  corvette.  The  Dido,  when 
commanded  by  Captain  Hon.  Henry  Keppel,  was  the  smartest  cruiser 
on  the  China  station,  in  1843, 

Sailing  Sloops,  Bbigs,  akd  Brigawtines. — The  sloops  and 
many  of  the  brigs  are  commanded  by  Commanders,  and  the  other 
vessels  by  Lieutenants  or  Masters. 

In  Com.  for     In  Com.  for    In  Ordinary.       Total.      Non-effective 
Active  Ser.    Harbour  Ser.  Service. 

Sailing  Sloops...  8      ...      0      ...       28      ...      36      ...      14  ' 

Sailing  Brigs.  1      ...      4      ...         7      ...      12      ...      45 

Sailing  Brigantines.    *  1  0  1  2  3 

Total  10  4  36  SO  62 

Sailing  Sloops. — These  vessels  may  be  divided  into  four  classes. 

1st  Class. — Arachne,  18  guns,  601  tons.  Built  at  Devonport, 
1847.  Plan,  Symonds.  Served  about  3  years  in  commission. 
Complement  140  men.  Commander  John  Eglington  Montgomerie. 
Commissioned  October  1855.     Station,  West  Indies. 

Terpsichore,  18  guns,  600  tons,  113  feet  in  length,  35  J  feet  beam, 
and  16  feet  9  inches  depth  of  hold:  Built  at  Blackwall  by  Wigram, 
1847.  Plan,  Symonds.  Has  never  been  commissioned.  Station, 
Chatham. 

2nd  Class. — Atalanta,  16  guns,  551  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke, 
1847.  Plan,  Symonds.  Served  3  years  in  commission.  Comple- 
ment, 130  men.  Commander,  Thomas  Malcolm  Sabine  Pasley. 
Commissioned  May,  1856.  Station,  North  America  and  "West 
Indies. 

Camilla,  16  guns,  549  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke,  1847.  Plan, 
Symonds.  Served  3  years  in  commission.  War  services,  China. 
Complement,  130  men.  Commander,  George  Twisleton  Colville. 
Commissioned  July,  1856.     Station,  China. 

Frolic,  16  guns,  511  tons.  Built  at  Portsmouth,  1842.  Plan, 
Captain  Hendry.  Served  11  years  in  commission.  Station,  Chat- 
ham. 

Helena,  16  guns,  549  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke,  1843.  Plan, 
Symonds.     Served  7  years  in  commission.     Station,  Portsmouth. 

Jumna,  16  guns,  548  tons.     Built  of  teak,  at  Bombay,  1848. 


54  OtJE  SAILHTO  WA.VY.  [Mil 

Plan,  Symonds.    Was  formerly  called  the  Jamaica  and  the  Zebra. 
Una  never  been  commissioned.     Station,  Chatham. 

Musuuito,  10  guns,  5-19  tons.     Built  at  Pembroke,  1851.     Flan, 
Symonds.     lias  never  been  commissioned.     Station,  Devonpoit. 
'  Hover,   1(5   guns,   5 11)  tons.     Built  at  Pembroke,  1853.     Plan, 
Symonds.     lias  never  been  commissioned.     Station,  Devonport. 

Siren,  1G  guns,  549  tons.  Built  at  Woolwich,  1841.  Flan, 
Symonds.      Served   10  years  in  commission.     Armament,  16  82- 

i winders  of  25  cwt.  Complement,  130  men.  Commander,  George 
Macintosh  Balfour.  Commissioned  August,  1S55.  Station,  South 
East  Coast  of  America. 

3rd  Class.— Comus,  14  guns,  4G2  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke,  1828. 
Plan,  Inman.  Served  20  years  in  commission.  War  Services, 
Eivcr  Plate  and  China.  Was  formerly  called  the  Comet.  Station, 
Chatham. 

Elcctra,  14  guns,  461  tons.  Built  at  Portsmouth,  1837.  Flan, 
Inman.    Served  12  years  in  commission.     Station,  Chatham. 

Hazard,  14  guns,  429  tons.  Built  at  Portsmouth,  1837.  Plan, 
Eule,  after  Cruiser.  Served  8  years  in  commission.  War  services, 
Syria  and  New  Zealand.     Station,  Portsmouth. 

Hyacinth,  14  guns,  435  tons.  Built  at  Plymouth,  1829.  Flan, 
Eule,  after  Cruiser.  Served  10  years  in  commission.  War  services^ 
China.     Station,  Portsmouth. 

Larue,  14  guns,  4G3  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke,  1829.  Flan, 
Inman.  Served  13  years  in  commission.  War  services,  China* 
Station,  Sheerness. 

Eaceliorse,  14  guns,  438  tons.  Built  at  Plymouth,  1830.  Flan, 
Tucker.  JServed  15  years  in  commission.  War  services,  China, 
Station,  Devonport. 

4th  Class. — Acorn,  12  guns,  485  tons,  105  feet  in  length,  33  feet 
beam,  and  15  feet  depth  of  hold.  Built  at  Devonport,  1838.  Plan, 
Symonds.  Served  9  years  in  commission.  War  services,  China. 
Armament  consists  of:  12  32-pounders.  Carries  G  months  pro* 
visions.  Draught  of  water,  14 \  feet.  Complement,  125  men. 
Commander,  Richard  Bulkeley  Pearse.  Commissioned,  May,  185Q.  " 
Station,  China. 

Albatross,  12  guns,  48 i  tons.  Built  at  Portsmouth,  1812.  Flan, 
Symonds.     Served  7  years  in  commission.     Station,  Chatham. 

Arab,  12  guns,  4S1  tons.  Built  at  Chatham,  1847.  Plan,  Symonds. 
Served  7  years  in  commission.     Station,  Chatham. 

Childers,  12  guns,  385  tons.  Built  at  Chatham,  1827.  Plan,  Bute, 
after  Cruiser.  Served  17  years  in  commission.  War  services, 
China.     Station,  Chatham. 

Contest,  12  guns,  -159  tons.  Built  at  Covres,  1845.  Flan, 
White,  after  Daring.  Served  7  years  in  commission.  Station,  Ports- 
mouth. 

Darin*:,  12  guns.  42G  tons,  101  feet  in  length,  and  31 J  feet  beam. 
Built  at  Portsmouth.  1S11.  Plan,  White.  Served  7  years  in  com- 
mission.    Draught  of  water,  1(U  feet.     Station,  Chatham. 

Despatch,  12  guns.  483  tons.  Built  at  Chatham,  1851.  Plan, 
Symonds.     lias  never  been  commissioned.     Station,  Chatham. 


18590 


STAY*. 


55 


Elk,  12  gun*,  483  tons.  Built  at  Chatham,  1847.  Plan,  Sjmonds. 
Served  3  years  in  commission.  War  services,  China.  Comple- 
ment, 125  men.  Commander,  Hubert  Campion,  Commissioned 
May,  1856.     Station,  Australia. 

Espeigle,  12  guns,  442  tons,  104!  feet  in  length,  and  81 J  feet 
beam.  Built  at  Chatham,  1844,  Plan,  Messrs,  Chatfield,  Bead, 
and  Creufce.  Served  7  years  in  concussion.  Draught  of  water,  lti 
feet,     Station,  Chatham. 

Fantome,  12  guns,  484  tons.  Built  at  Chatham,  1&39,  Plan, 
Symonds.     Served  10  years  in  commission.     Station,  Chatham. 

Grecian,  12  guns,  484  tons.  Built  at  Pemhroke,  1838.  Plan, 
Symonds,  Served  10  years  in  commission,  War  services.  River 
Plate*    Station,  Devonport. 

Heron,  12  guns,  483  tons.  Built  at  Chatham,  1847,  Plan, 
Symonds.  Served  2  years  in  commission,  Complement,  125  men, 
Commander,  William  Henderson  Trueeott.  Commissioned  October, 
1857.     Station,  West  Coast  of  Africa* 

Kangaroo,  12  guns,  481  tons.  Built  at  Chatham,  1818.  Plan, 
Synionds.     Has  never  been  commissioned.     Station,  Chatham, 

Kingfisher,  12  guns,  445  tons,  103  feet  iu  length,  and  32  feet 
beam.  Draught  of  water,  14|  feet.  Built  at  Pembroke,  1815. 
Plan,  Symonds,  as  Hying  Fish.  Served  7  years  in  commission. 
Station,  Devonport. 

Liberty,  12  guns,  482  tons*  Built  at  Pembroke,  1850.  Plan, 
Symonds.     Has  never  been  commissioned.     Station,  Devonport, 

Mariner,  12  guns,  481  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke,  1840*  Plan, 
Symonds,     Served  8  years  in  commission.     Station,  Chatham* 

Martin,  12  guns,  481  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke,  1850.  Plan, 
Symonds.     Has  never  been  commissioned.     Station,  Devonport. 

Persian,  12  guns,  484  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke,  1S39,  Plan, 
Symonds.  Served  10  years  in  commission.  Complement,  125  men* 
Commander,  Edward  Hardinge,  Commissioned  October  1857. 
Station,  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Pilot,  12  sons,  4*1  tons,  105  feet  in  length,  32$  feet  beam,  and 
15  feet  depth  of  hold.  Draught  of  water,  14 J  feet.  Built  at  Devon* 
pur  I:,  1838,  Plan,  Symonds.  Served  11  years  in  commission.  Sta* 
fcion,  Devonport, 

Squirrel,  12  guns,  481  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke,  1853.  Plan, 
Symonds.     Has  never  been  commissioned.     Station,  Devonport. 

Remarks.— A  large  proportion  of  sailing  sloops  were  constructed 
on  the  plan  of  the  late  Sir  William  Symonds,  and  it  must  with  jus- 
tice be  allowed,  that  he  introduced  the  greatest  improvements  in  the 
building  of  these  small  vessels  of  war.  It  was  in  1825  that  Sir  W* 
Symonds,  then  only  a  Lieutenant  ur  the  Royal  Navy,  obtained  per- 
minion  to  construct  the  Columbine,  an  Is  gun  sloop,  which  was 
launched  in  December,  ltt2(>,at  Portsmouth.  Having  been  made  a 
Commander,  he  commanded  the  Columbine  in  her  numerous  trials 
with  the  old  fashioned  sloop*  and  brigs.  She  beat  her  opponents  on 
all  points,  and  Commander  Symondfl  was  made  a  Captain,  but  owing 
to  the  strenuous  opposition  of  the  \:n  y  Board,  and  the  professional 
naval  architects,  the  Admiralty  declined  for  a  time  to  allow  him  to 


build  any  more.  The  Duke  of  Portland  then  patronised  him,  and 
built  the  Pantaloon,  an  8  gun  brig,  at  his  own  expense.  This  email 
Teasel  was  found  so  superior  to  all  her  eom  pet  Iter?,  that  the  Admi- 
ralty purchased  her  into  the  Navy,  and,  otter  some  delay,  Captain 
Symonds  was  appointed  Surveyor  of  the  Navy,  and  shortly  afterwards 
was  knighted,  1 1  was  primi  pally  by  the  exploits  of  these  two  vessels, 
and  the  Vernon  frigate,  that  Sir  W.  JSynumds  attained  so  much  fame 
in  shipbuilding.  The  Columbine  is  now  a  coal  hulk  at  Sheerness, 
and  t  lie  Pantaloon  was  broken  up  some  years  I 

The  Serpent  and  the  Snake,  Hi  gun  sloops,  and  the  Hover,  18  gim 
sloop,  were  next  built  by  Sir  William  ttymonds,  and  were  fount \ 
successful-  The  Hover  after  serving  about  12  years  in  commission  was 
broken  up  in  1845,  but  the  Araehne  and  the  Terpsichore  have  since 
been  built  on  her  bnes+  About  thirty-eight  sailing  sloops  have  been 
constructed  by  Hir  W.  Symoudsj  but  only  twenty-five  now  remain 
upon  the  effective  list.  The  Snake  and  Wolverene  have  been  wrer 
whilst  the  Nerbuddah  and  Sappho  have  been  lost  at  sea  with  all  their 
trews. 

In  IS  14  a  squadron  of  experimental  sailing  sloops,  built  by  diflVt 
■  instructors,  assembled  at  Spithead,  under  the  command  of  the  late 
Admiral  A,  L.  Corry.  This  squadron  included  the  Flying  Fish,  12. 
and  Pantaloon,  S,  built  by  Sir  \Y\  Symonds,  the  Daring,  12,  and 
W&ierwitch,  8,  built  hy  Mr.  White,  the  Espeigle,  12,  built  by  Messrs* 
Chatfield,  Read,  and  Creuze,  the  Mutine,  12,  built  by  Mr.  Fincham, 
the  Osprey,  1%  built  by  Mr.  Blake,  and  the  Cruiser,  16,  built  by 
Bit  W.  llule.  After  numerous  trials  the  Daring  was  reported  to  be 
first,  and  the  Flying  Fish  second,  The  Daring,  however,  drew  two 
feet  more  water  than  the  Flying  Fifth.     This  latter  vessel  has  I 

hrokcu  up.  The  Mutine  and  Osprey  were  both  wrecked.  The 
Daring  and  the  Espeigle  are  still  among  the  "crack  brigs'1  on  the 
navy 

It  ought  to  be  stated  that  the  three  last  classes  of  sailing  sloops 
are  rigged  as  brigs,  but  as  it  is  generally  the  custom  to  style  them 
sloops,  they  have  been  classed  as  such  here* 

It  does  seem  a  very  great  pity  to  condemn  all  these  fine  sloops  to 
be*  broken  up,  but  unless  they  can  somehow  be  converted  into  bctoh 
ships,  it  would  he  better  to  get  rid  of  them  at  once,  than  allow  them 
gradually  to  rot  and  become  of  no  value. 

On  careful  consideration  it  might  be  found  advisable  to  attempt 
the  conversion  of  the  first  two  classes,  as  the  Terpsichore  and  the 
Mosquito.  If  these  sloops  were  cut  in  half  amidships  and  lengthened 
some  thirty  or  forty  feet,  they  might  be  found  capable  of  receiving 
engines  of  "eighty or  a  hundred  horsepower,  and  so  become  useful 
vessels,  Thm  might  be  found  cheaper  than  to  build  new  ships.  The 
i, pie  of  the  Cruizer,  of  only  lixty  horse  power,  which  ship  has 
lately  been  found  so  useful  in  Lord  Elgin's  exploring  expedition, 
will  at  once  point  out  the  utility  of  this  class  of  screw  steam  vessels. 
The  third  class  or  14  gun  sloops  are  now  quite  out  of  date,  though 
some  of  them  have  been  long  employed  in  commission.  The  Coinua 
Tvas  wrecked  nnd  sunk  on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  but  by  the  great  energy 
and  perseverance  of  her  Commander,  E,  Tennyson  D'Eyncourt,  she 


1859;]  0T7B   SAILING   KATT.  &! 

was  recovered,  and  has  since  served  a  long  commission  on  the  China 
station. 

Some  of  the  12-gun  sloops,  as  the  Daring,  Contest,  Mariner,  and 
Pilot,  might  be  usefully  employed  as  tenders  to  the  training  ships 
about  to  be  instituted,  and  it  these  vessels  were  occasionally  to  meet 
and  try  rate  of  sailing,  it  would  serve  as  a  stimulus  to  their  crews. 
Young  naval  officers  could  also  be  taught  more  of  seamanship  in  one 
of  these  sloops  than  in  any  of  the  screw  liners  forming  the  Channel 
fleet. 

Sailing  Bbigs. — These  vessels  will  be  separated  into  two  classes. 

First  class. — Crane,  6  guns,  359  tons,  95i  feet  in  length,  30  feet 
beam,  and  13  feet  depth  of  hold.  Built  at  Woolwich,  1839.  Plan, 
Symonds.  Served  thirteen  years  in  commission.  Station,  Devon- 
port. 

Express,  8  guns,  362  tons.  Built  at  Deptford,  1835.  Plan, 
Symonds.     Served  16  years  in  commission.     Station,  Chatham. 

Ferret,  8  guns,  358  tons.  Built  at  Devonport,  1840.  Plan, 
Symonds.  Served  8  years  in  commission.  Complement,  150  boys* 
lieutenant  and  Commander,  Alfred  P.  H.  Helby.  Commissioned 
April,  1859.  Station,  Instruction-brig  for  Naval  apprentices. 
Tender  to  the  Nile,  at  Queenstown. 

Heroine,  8  guns,  369  tons.  Built  at  Woolwich,  1841.  Plan, 
Symonds.     Served  10  years  in  commission.     Station,  Devonport. 

Hound,  8  guns,  358  tons.  Built  at  Deptford,  1846.  Plan, 
Symonds.     Served  8  years  in  commission.     Station,  Devonport. 

Sealark,  8  guns,  369  tons.  Built  at  Portsmouth,  1843.  Plan, 
Symonds.  Served  12  years  in  commission.  Complement,  80  men. 
Lieutenant  and  Commander,  Marcus  Lowther.  Commissioned 
January,  1859.  Station,  Instruction-brig  for  Novices.  Tender  to  Ihe 
Britannia,  at  Portsmouth. 

Swift,  6  guns,  360  tons.  Built  at  Deptford,  1835.  Plan,  Symonds- 
Served  17  years  in  commission.     Station,  Devonport. 

Waterwitch,  8  guns,  324  tons,  90  \  feet  in  length,  29£  feet  beam, 
and  12£  feet  depth  of  hold.  Built  at  Cowes,  1832.  Plan,  White. 
Purchased  for  the  Navy,  1834.  Served  20  years  in  commission. 
Station,  Sheerness. 

2nd  Class. — Nautilus,  6  guns,  233  tons.  Built  at  Woolwich, 
1830.  Plan,  Naval  School  of  Architecture.  Served  20  years  in 
commission.  Complement,  150  boys.  Lieutenant  and  Commander, 
William  B.  Grant.  Commissioned  January,  1857.  Station,  In- 
struction-brig for  Naval  Apprentices.  Tender  to  Impregnable,  at 
Devonport. 

Kolla,  6  guns,  231  tons.  Built  at  Plymouth,  1829.  Plan,  Peake. 
Served  20  years  in  commission.  Complement,  150  boys.  Lieutenant 
and  Commander,  Charles  Gudgeon  Nelson.  Commissioned  January, 
lb58.  Station,  Instruction-brig  for  Naval  Apprentices.  Tender  to 
Victory,  at  Portsmouth. 

Saracen,  4  guns,  228  tons.  Built  at  Plymouth,  1831.  Plan, 
Peake.  Served  16  years  in  commission.  Complement,  48  men. 
Master  and  Commander,  William  Stanton.  Commissioned  October, 
1858.     Station,  Surveying  Service  in  the  East  Indies. 


OVa   8AH.IJTO  NAYT, 

Scorpion,  4  guns,  228  tons.     Built  at  Plymouth,  1832, 
Feake.     Served  15  years  in  OCrtllTnilHffatL     Station,  Chatham* 

Brigantines,— Dolphin,  3  guns,  318  tons,  EH)£  feet  in  length,  29 
feet  beam,  and  14i  feet  depth  of  hold.  Built  at  Sheerness,  1830* 
Plan,  Symonds.  Served  15  years  in  commission.  Station, 
Chatham . 

►Spy,  3  guns,  310  tons.  Built  at  Sheerness,  1841.  Plan,  Symonds 
Served  12  years  in  commission.  Complement,  65  men.  Lieutenant 
and  Commander,  Tat  h  well  Benjamin  Collinson,  Commissioned 
December,  lK>s.      Station,  south-east  coast  of  America. 

Bemarks, — The  first  class  of  brigs  were  built  on  the  improved 
lines  of  the  Pantaloon,  and  are  all  very  fine  vessels  of  their  elaae. 
The  Crane,  Express,  and  the  Swift,  were  originally  employed  in  the 
Packet  Service,  between  Falmouth  and  Rio  Janeiro.  Many  of  these 
brigs  have  been  lately  fitted  up  as  watch  vessels  for  the  Coast  Guard 
Bertioo. 

The  second  class  of  brigs  have  been  termed  "  floating  coffins/* 
owing  to  many  of  them  having  foundered  at  sea,  The  sooner  they 
are  all  removed  from  the  Navy  List  the  better  for  the  good  of  the 
iee,  Hie  Brigan tines  are  very  fine  vessels,  &**d  sail  very  fast. 
The  Bonetta  and  Dart  are  similar  vessels  to  the  Dolphin,  but  are 
now  used  as  receiving  hnlks.  The  Wizard  brig,  similar  to  the 
Saracen,  was  lately  w  recked  in  Bantry  Bay. 

The  following  is  stated  to  have  been  the  cost  of  constructing  the 
umlrnm'jiti.MicJ  sailing  sloops,  brigs,  &c.  The  Siren,  16,  coat 
£  ln.900;  the  Comii*,  14,  cost  £12,960;  the  Grecian,  12,  cost 
£10,350  j  the  Daring,  12,  cost  £9}321  \  the  Espeigle,  12,  cost 
£9,723  ;  the  Childers,  12,  cost  £9,750  j  the  Heroine,  8,  cost  £6,900; 
the  Dolphin,  3,  cost  £6,500, 

The  following  sloops,  brigs,  &cM  belong  to  the  non -effective  ser- 
vice. Eeceiving  Mips, — The  Seafiower,  at  Portsmouth,  The 
Favourite,  Lapwing,  and  Spider,  at  Devon  port.  The  Modeste,  at 
will].  The  Bo&etta,  at  Deptford,  The  Koyalist,  police  vessel, 
off  Somerset  House.  The  Bittern,  at  Hong  Kong,  The  Doterel, 
at  Bermuda.  The  Bramble,  at  Australia-  The  Safety,  at  Tortola* 
The  Wo\£t  at  Dublin. 

Watch    Vessels,   Coast   Guard  Service. — The  Acute,  Bathurst, 

le,    Britomart,  Cadmus,   Chanticleer,  Clinker,   Cygnet,  Dart, 

Dwarf,  Eclipse,  Emulous,  Flamer,  Forester,  Griper,  Icarus,  Linnet, 

Etadora,    lVuguin,   Peiter,   Partridge,  Pelican,  Philomel,  Haven, 

SafegUfttd,  Shamrock,  Snapper,  and  Star, 

Uooring  Vessels. — The  Speedy,  at  Sheerness.  The  Badger, 
Pacific,  and  Progresso,  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  Despatch, 
and  Devon  port,  at  Bermuda.  The  Savage,  at  Malta.  The  Carron, 
at  Harwich, 

Quarrantine  Service. — The  Hope  and  Tyrian. 

Church  Ship, — The  Swan,  oft  Black  wall,  and  the  Banger  at 
Kingstown. 

Owl  Depots, — The  Champion,  Lily,  Orestes,  Serpent,  Feterel, 
and  Griffin,  at  Portsmouth.  The  Harlequin,  Kimrod,  and  Fly,  at 
Devonport.  The  Columbine,  at  Sheerness.  The  Enterprise,  at 
Chatham.    The  Columbia,  at  Halifax, 


In  Com.  for    In  Com.  for 

In 

Ordinary. 

Tot4 

Active  Ser.    Harbour  Ser. 

1         ...        8        ... 

6       ... 

15 

1       ...       4       ... 

0       ... 

5 

0      ...       6      ... 

0       ... 

6 

9       ...       8       ... 

2       ... 

19 

1869.]  m         OtJB  SAILING  NAYY.  69 

BAILING   STOEE   SHIPS,   HOSPITAL   SHIPS,   YACHTS,  AND    TENDEBS. — - 
THE   NON-COMBATANT   POBTION   OP   THE    SAILING   FLEET. 


Sailing  Store  Ships     ... 
Sailing  Hospital  Ships 

Sailing  Yachts      

Sailing  Tenders 

Total        11  26  8  45 

Sailing  Store  and  Depot  Ships. — JEolus,  2  guns,  1077  tons. 
Built  at  Deptford,  as  a  42-gun  irigate,  1825.  Plan,  after  French 
frigate  Leda.  Served  3  years  in  commission.  War  services,  Baltic. 
Station,  Portsmouth. 

Africa.     Purchased  1858.     Station,  Gibraltar. 

Atholl,  4  guns,  503  tons.  Built  of  larch,  at  "Woolwich,  as  a  28- 
gun  frigate,  18^0.  Plan,  Surveyor  of  the  Navy.  Served  many 
years  in  commission.  Complement,  35  men.  Lieutenant  and  Com- 
mander, George  S.  Boys.  Commissioned  November,  1854.  Station , 
Greenock. 

Crocodile,  8  guns,  500  tons.  Built  at  Chatham,  as  a  28-gun 
frigate,  1825,  Plan,  Surveyors  of  the  Navy.  Served  many  years 
in  commission.  Complement,  35  men.  Commander,  William 
Greet.  Commissioned  January,  1858.  Station,  off  the  Tower  of 
London. 

Hercules,  2  guns,  1750  tons.  Built  at  Chatham,  as  a  74-gun 
ship,  1815.  Plan,  Surveyors  of  the  Navy.  Served  18  years  in 
commission.     Station,  Hong  Kong. 

Madagascar,  4  guns,  1167  tons.  Built  of  teak,  at  Bombay,  as  a 
44-gun  Irigate.  Plan,  after  French  frigate  President.  Served 
many  years  in  commission.  Complement,  48  men.  Commander, 
Edmund  M.  Leycester.  Commissioned  September,  1853.  Station, 
Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Naiad,  4  guns,  1020  tons.  Built  in  a  Merchant's  Yard,  as  a  42- 
gun  frigate,  1797.  Plan,  Rule.  Served  many  years  in  commission. 
War  services,  Trafalgar,  &c,  &c.  Complement,  35  men.  Master 
and  Commander,  William  W.  Dillon.     Station,  Callao. 

Nereus,  4  guns,  1094  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke,  as  a  42-gun 
frigate,  1821.  Plan,  after  French  frigate  Leda.  Served  many 
years  in  commission.  Complement,  35  men.  Master  and  Com- 
mander, J.  C.  Barlow.     Station,  Valparaiso. 

North  Star,  2  guns,  501  tons.  Built  at  Woolwich,  as  a  28-gun 
frigate,  1824.  Plan,  Surveyors  of  the  Navy.  Served  15  years  in 
commission.     War  services,  China.     Station,  Chatham. 

Princess  Charlotte,  12  guns,  2443  tons.  Built  at  Plymouth,  as 
a  104-gun  Ship,  1825.  Plan,  after  Victory.  Served  5  years  in 
commission.  War  services,  Syrias  Complement,  48  men.  Master 
and  Commander,  Henry  G.  Thomsett.  Commissioned,  June,  1857. 
Station,  Hong  Kong. 

Resolute,  2  guns,  430  tons.  Purchased  1850.  Formerly  called  the 
Baboo.   Employed  in  two  expeditions  to  the  Arctic  regions.    Aban- 


50  OUB  SAILING  NAVY.  [MaY> 

doned  by  her  crew,  she  was  recovered  by  some  Americans,  and 
presented  by  the  United  States  Government  to  Her  Majesty  Queen 
.  Victoria  in  1856.     Station,  Chatham. 

Talbot,  2  guns,  500  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke  as  a  28-gun  frigate, 
1824.  Plan,  Surveyors  of  the  Navy.  Served  15  years  in  commis- 
sion.    "War  services,  Navarino  and  Syria.     Station,  Sheerness. 

Tortoise,  12  guns,  962  tons.  Purchased  1806.  Formerly  called 
the  Sir  Edward  Hughes.  Served  many  years  in  Commission.  Com- 
plement  65  men.  Captain  William  Fanshawe  Burnett,  C.  B.  Com- 
missioned January,  1858.     Station,  Ascension. 

Tyne,  4  guns,  600  tons.  Built  at  Woolwich  as  a  28-gun  frigate, 
1826.  Plan,  Sir  R.  Seppings.  Served  L6  years  in  commission. 
Station,  Chatham. 

Volage,  2  guns,  516  tons.  Built  at  Portsmouth,  as  a  28  gun  fri- 
gate, 1825.  Plan,  School  of  Naval  Architecture.  Served  13  years 
in  commission.     War  services,  Baltic.     Station,  Chatham. 

Sailing  Hospital  Ships. — Alligator,  2  guns,  500  tons.  Pur- 
chased 1821.  Served  many  years  in  commission  as  a  28-gun  frigate. 
War  services,  Burmah  and"  China.     Station,  Hong  Kong. 

Belleisle,  6  guns,  1709  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke  as  a  74  gun  ship, 
1819.  Plan,  Eule,  after  Repulse.  Served  many  years  in  commis- 
sion. War  services,  China  and  Baltic.  Complement  150  men* 
Commander,  Henry  M.  Bingham,  acting.  Commissioned  April, 
1857.     Station,  China. 

Inconstant,  2  guns,  1422  tons,  160  feet  in  length,  and  44£  feet 
beam.  Built  at  Portsmouth  as  a  36-gun  frigate,  3  836.  Plan,  Cap- 
tain Hayes.  Served  12  years  in  commission.  Station,  Emigration 
Hospital  ship,  at  Cork. 

Melville,  6  guns,  1768  tons.  Built  of  teak  at  Bombay,  as  a  74- 
gun  ship,  1817.  Plan,  after  Christian  VII.  Served  16  years  in 
commission.     War  services,  China.     Station,  Hong  Kong. 

Minden,  2  guns,  1720  tons.  Built  at  Deptford  as  a  74  gun  ship, 
1810.  Plan,  after  Culloden.  Served  many  years  in  commission. 
War  services,  Capture  of  Java  and  Algiers.     Station,  Hong  Kong. 

Remarks. — The  Princess  Charlotte,  old  three-decker,  and  Belle- 
isle,  old  two-decker,  have  been  ordered  home  from  China.  The 
Crocodile,  Alligator,  North  Star,  Talbot,  Tyne,  and  Volage,  were 
formerly  known  as  the  "donkey  frigates."  The  Resistance  and 
Rattlesnake  are  still  retained  on  the  Navy  List,  although  they  have 
been  broken  up  some  time.  The  Belleisle  is  the  fastest  sailing  ship 
of  the  old  74  gun  Bhips,  but  it  is  reported  that  she  is  very  rotten. 
The  Inconstant  was  a  fast  sailing  frigate,  and  the  opponent  of  Sir 
W.  Symond's  "  Pique"  frigate. 

Sailing  Yachts. — These  yachts  are  for  the  use  of  the  Port-Ad- 
mirnla,  or  Superintendents  of  the  Dockyards,  &c. 

Chatham.     Built  1765.     Station,  tender  to  Wellesley,  Chatham. 
Fanny,  75  tons.     Station,  tender  to  Victory,  at  Portsmouth. 
Plymouth.     Built  1814.     Station,  tender  to  Royal  Adelaide,  at 
Devonport. 

Portsmouth.  Built  180G.  Station,  tender  to  Illustrious,  at 
Portsmouth. 


1859.]  OUE  SAILING  IfAYT.  61 

Royal  George,  330  tons.     Built  at  Deptford,  1817.     Plan,  Peake. 
Station,  tender  to  Victoria  and  Albert,  Portsmouth. 

Sylph,  114  tons.     Built  1821.     Station,  tender  to  Impregnable, 
Devonport. 

Sailing  Teitdebs. — Adelaide,  schooner.     Station,  Sierra  Leone. 

Ceres,  cutter.     Station,  tender  to  Dasher,  Channel  Islands. 

Cerus,  cutter,  60  tons.     Station,  Portsmouth. 

Cuba,  schooner.     Station,  tender  to  Imaum,  Jamaica. 

Gossamer,  cutter,  70  tons.     Built  1836.     Station,  Sheerness. 

Gipsy,  cutter.  Built  1836.  Station,  tender  to  Nile,  at  Queens- 
town. 

Gulnare,  cutter.     Station,  Coast  of  Ireland. 

Hart,  cutter.     Station,  Sheerness. 

Hope,  cutter.     Station,  Sheerness. 

Indian,  cutter.     Station,  Surveying  Service. 

Kingston,  schooner.     Station,  tender  to  Imaum,  Jamaica. 

Mercury,  cutter,  105  tons.  Built  at  Chatham,  1837.  Plan,  Sy- 
monds.     Station,  tender  to  Dasher,  Channel  Islands. 

Netley,  8  guns,  122  tons.  Cutter.  Built  at  Devonport,  1823. 
Plan,  Seppings.     Station,  tender  to  Indus,  North  America. 

Hose,  Surveying  vessel. 

Snipe,  2  guns,  122  tons.  Built  at  Pembroke,  1828.  Station, 
Devonport. 

Sparrow,  2  guns,  160  tons.  Ketch.  Built  at  Pembroke,  1828. 
Plan,  Seppings.     Station,  Surveying  Service,  Devonport. 

Sylvia,  6  guns,  70  tons,  cutter.  Built  1827.  Plan,  Symonds. 
Station,  Devonport. 

Thames,  cutter,  65  tons.     Built  1805.     Station,  Sheerness. 

Woodlark,  2  guns,  cutter,  83  tons.  Built  at  Deptford,  1821. 
Plan,  Peake.  Lieutenant  and  Commander,  T.  W.  L.  Thomas. 
Station,  Surveying  Service,  Orkney  Islands. 

Remarks. — The  sailing  yachts  are  all  very  antique,  and  only  fit 
for  harbour  service. 

The  Cuba  and  Kingston  schooners  were  formerly  slave  vessels, 
which  have  been  purchased  by  the  Admiralty  from  their  captors. 
Small  steam  gun-boats,  as  the  Jasper  and  Jaseur,  are  much  more 
serviceable  craft  than  the  above  small  schooners.  In  purchasing 
the  Kingston,  Sir  John  Pakington  has  added  another  useless  sailing 
vessel  to  the  Navy.  The  Gipsy,  Mercury,  and  Sylvia,  are  all  built 
after  the  model  of  the  "  Nancy  Dawsou,"  Sir  W.  Symonds'  famous 
little  yacht. 

Concluding  Remarks. — All  the  sailing  vessels  of  the  Royal  Navy 
have  now  been  enumerated  ;  and  as  the  details  of  the  steam  ships 
of  war  have  been  previously  given,  it  only  remains  for  us  to  consider 
the  combined  strength  of  the  Navv.  There  has,  however,  been  so 
much  alteration  in  the  condition  of  many  ships  since  last  October, 
when  the  first  of  these  papers  appeared,  and  so  much  new  light  has 
been  thrown  upon  the  present  state  of  our  Navy  in  the  late  debates 
in  Parliament,  and  in  the  Admiralty  returns,  that  it  is  thought  best 
to  defer  the  summary  for  the  present. 

In  their  anxiety  to  clear  themselves  and  attack  each  other,  Sir 


62  OTJB    SAILING   NAVT.  [MAT, 

Charles  Wood  and  Sir  John  Pakington  managed  to  make  matters  so 
confused,  that  even  naval  men  have  been  quite  unable  to  find  out 
what  were  the  precise  opinions  of  each  regarding  our  naval  strength. 
As  not  even  these  two  magnates  can  agree  as  to  the  exact  number, 
of  screw  line  of  battle  ships  we  now  possess,  it  is  not  to  be  expected 
that  a  non-official  can  make  an  exactly  correct  statement. 

As  there  is  some  talk  of  a  naval  review  at  Spithead  this  summer, 
we  shall  doubtless  have  great  curiosity  excited  as  to  the  merits  of 
each  ship  belonging  to  the  steam  fleet,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the 
Admiralty  will  boldly  furnish  these  particulars  in  their  next  edition 
of  the  Navy  List. 

At  the  present  time  the  Navy  List  is  perfectly  unintelligible  to  a 
casual  reader  ;  and  it  is  only  a  naval  man  who  has  studied  the  subject 
for  some  years  that  can  form  any  opinion  as  to  the  state  and  capabili- 
ties of  each  ship. 

In  the  remarks  made  upon  the  different  classes  of  ships,  we  have 
given  our  own  opinion  as  to  the  sea-going  qualities  of  each  vessel ; 
but  our  knowledge  is,  of  course,  very  limited  and  imperfect.  There 
can  be  no  doubt,  however,  that  foreign  governments,  having  numerous 
agents  at  our  seaports,  are  well-informed  upon  these  matters,  and 
that  it  is  only  the  English  public  who  are  in  fact  unacquainted  with 
them. 

The  Admiralty  would  do  well  to  remove  all  the  Harbour  and 
Depot  ships  from  the  Effective  List  of  the  Navy,  give  the  particulars 
of  the  exact  number  of  guns  each  vessel  carries,  weight  of  broadside, 
tonnage,  length  and  beam  of  ship,  horse-power,  both  nominal  and 
indicated,  average  speed,  complement  of  men  and  boys,  whether  com- 
missioned, belonging  to  the  first  or  second  class  steam  reserve,  re- 
pairing, converting,  building,  or  ordered  to  be  built.  By  knowing  * 
these  particulars,  we  should  always  be  acquainted  with  the  exact 
strength  of  our  Navy,  and  first  LordB  of  the  Admiralty  would  not 
need  to  speak  mysteriously  in  order  to  hide  their  ignorance,  or  cover 
their  faults.  A  large  quantity  of  details  belonging  to  our  screw 
fleet  have  lately  been  published  in  a  weekly  journal,  by  the  sanction 
of  the  Admiralty,  but  the  information  is  so  collected  that  the  public 
can  scarcely  comprehend  them.  It  would  be  much  better  for  the 
Admiralty  to  publish  in  the  official  Navy  List  all  important  facts,  bo 
that  it  might  be  easy  to  understand  them  without  having  to  wade 
through  a  mass  of  engineering  detail. 

In  the  report  of  the  Committee  appointed  by  the  Treasury  to 
inquire  into  the  Navy  Estimates,  there  is  an  Appendix  giving  a  list 
of  the  Sailing  Ships  which  may  be  considered  as  effective,  on  the 
authority  of  Sir  13.  Walker-  The  effective  Sailing  Ships  are  stated 
to  comprise — 13  ships-of-the-line,  13  first-class  frigates,  14  second- 
class  frigates,  and  23  sloops  and  brigs.     Total,  03. 


1859.] 


NAVAL  STATISTICS  OF  ENGLAND  AND  FEANCE 
FEOM  1852  TO  1858. 

Thebe  is  perhaps  no  subject  that  addresses  itself  more  earnestly 
to  the  attention  of  the  English  nation  than  the  welfare  of  the  Navy. 
Almost  any  details  upon  the  commonplace  questions  of  docks,  facto- 
ries, victualling,  stores,  to  say  nothing  about  the  more  important 
matters  of  ship -building,  gunnery,  and  manning  the  fleet,  are  certain 
to  claim  public  consideration.  The  whole  matter  possesses  an  in- 
terest peculiarly  its  own,  and  the  reason  is  obvious  enough.  It  is  to 
this  national  arm  that  Great  Britain  is  chiefly  indebted  for  the  proud 
position  she  occupies  as  a  powerful  nation.  Her  fame  and  her  re- 
nown are  not  like  that  of  Continental  States,  confined  to  Europe. 
No ;  England's  grandeur  extends  over  the  entire  earth.  The  main- 
tenance of  her  colonies  and  commerce  is  dependant  upon  her  Navy. 
No  wonder,  then,  that  the  efficiency  of  her  maritime  power  is  a  sub- 
ject of  constant  solicitude  to  her  people. 

But  when  to  the  interest  which  naturally  belongs  to  this  favourite 
service,  is  appended  a  searching  investigation  of  the  growth  and 
threatening  power  of  the  rival  Navy  of  France,  the  topic  then  be- 
comes one  that  appeals  most  sensitively  to  every  man  interested  in 
the  stability  of  the  British  Empire.  Such  a  case  is  before  us.  We 
have  it  now  in  our  power  to  lay  before  our  readers  the  most  minute 
details  respecting  the  Naval  yards,  stores,  and  forces  of  the  two  great 
maritime  nations  of  the  earth.  The  whole  subject  is  laid  bare  in  a 
remarkable  State  paper,  presented  to  Parliament  by  her  Majesty's 
command,  for  reasons  which  we  will  now  proceed  to  state. 

In  introducing  this  document  it  is  necessary  to  refer  to  events  that 
are  now  become  historical.  Since  the  flash  of  the  coup  d'etat  pre- 
pared Europe  for  the  future  Empire  of  France,  the  Navy  of  our 
"  faithful  ally  v  has  more  than  doubled  itself.  So  important  an  event 
did  not  fail  to  awaken  in  the  minds  of  an  insular  community  like 
Great  Britain  «  serious  desire  to  know  why,  at  a  period  of  profound 
peace,  the  docks  and  arsenals  of  Louis  Napoleon  should  be  ringing 
with  Naval  effort.  And  it  must  be  in  the  recollection  of  the  readers 
of  the  United  Service  Magazine,  that  public  attention  has  been  drawn 
in  these  pages  to  the  ambitious  and  crafty  policy  of  the  present  ruler 
oi  France  on  various  occasions.  We  are  now  glad  to  know  that  our 
government  have,  although  tardily,  felt  the  necessity  of  instituting 
comparisons  between  the  force  and  efficiency  of  the  two  Navies,  that 
must,  in  all  human  probability,  be  again  soon  striving  for  the  sove- 
reignty of  the  seas.  The  comparison  is  not  over  flattering  to  the 
foresight  and  capacity  of  our  "  higher  powers,"  as  we  propose  to 
show  in  the  following  paper. 

Our  shortcomings  will,  of  course,  appear  more  apparent  when  placed 
in  juxtaposition  with  the  earnest  activity  that,  has  spurred  on  our 
"  faithful  ally"  to  increase  the  prqportions  of  his  Navy,  until  it  has 
passed  in  some  important  particulars  the  bulk  of  our  own.  While 
we  have  been  squabbling  about  petty  details,  Louis  Napoleon  has 
leaped  at  once  into  grand  results.     But,  as  it  is  not  our  purpose  to 


ffAVAL   STATISTICS   OF   ENULAND   AKD   FBASCE. 


burden  this  vexed  question  with  many  remarks  of  our  own,  we  wil 
at  onoe  proceed  to  investigate  the  print -ipjil  facts  connected  with  the 
introduction  of  steam,  and  its  affects  upon  the  growth  of  the  Navies 
of  both  England  and  France  for  the  hist  six  years. 

It  is  fa  nit  liar  knowledge  to  every  tax-payer  of  this  country,  that  a 
serious  increase  has  taken  place  in  our  Naval  Estimates  lately, 
while  at  the  same  time  public  attention  has  been  painfully  directed 
to  the  fact,  that  our  Naval  force  is  tar  inferior  to  what  it  ought  to  be 
This  feeling  remained  singularly  torpid,  tin  til  it  was  roused  into  act 
by  a  paper  that  appeared  in  the  Conversation*  Lexicon  ofLetpn^t  in 
which  a  German  critic  drew  comparisons  injurious  to  the  efficiency  of 
mil  Navy  as  compared  with  that  of  France,     "We  replied  to  that 
article  in  the  number  of  this  Magazine  for  February  last,  in  which 
paper  it  was  our  aim  to  prove  that  many  of  that  writer's  states 
were  unfounded.     Yet  there  was  in  it  this  important  truth,  that  the 
Naval  force  of  this  country  was  then,  and  is  now,  far  inferior  to  what 
it  ought  to  he  with  reference  to  that  of  other  powers,  and  especially 
erf  F ranee. 

It  would  appear  from  the  attention  those  papers  elicited  from 
all  quarters,  that  increased  efforts  are  needed  to  place  the  Nm 
England  on  a  proper  footing,  and,  with  a  view  to  this  object,  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  Navy  Estimates  from  1852 
to  1858,  and  also  into  the  comparative  state  of  the  Navies  of  both 
power*. 

The  statistics  which  we  are  now  about  to  introduce  to  the  reader 
are  dry  and  bald,  all  sentiment,  and  even  opinions,  being  excluded. 
Tet  hard  and  rigid  as  these  facts  are,  they  possess  such  a  paramount 
importance  at  the  present  threatening  aspect  of  politics,  that  wo 
make  no  apology  for  plunging  at  once  into  the  consideration  of  the 
hi  ire  totals  that  are  now  required  to  maintain  the  Navy  of  Great 
Britain  far  hi  advance  of  that  of  any  other  power  on  earth. 

The  sublet  naturally  divides  itself  into  three  branches,  viz., — the 
sums  voted  in  the  years  1S52  and-'SG  as  compared  with  the  sums 
voted  in  the  year  1858,  and  the  causes  of  the  increase  in  expi 
ture ;  2nd,  the  character  and  power  of  the  British  Navy,  and  its 
state  of  preparation  at  the  present  time  as  compared  with  1852,  in- 
volving the  important  questions  of  dockyards  and  stores  ;  and  3rd, 
the  progress  of  the  Navy  of  France  since  the  year  1852  as  compared 
that  of  England,  and  the  present  condition  of  the  French  Navy 
as  regards  the  construction  and  armament  of  ships  of  war. 

In  approaching  this  verv  important  subject,  the  commissioners 
felt  that  financial  considerations  could  not  be  overlooked,  A  few 
remarks  are  here  necessary.  In  instituting  a  comparison  of  suma 
I  for  naval  purposes  between  one  or  more  years,  it  is  necessary 
to  take  into  consideration  the  altered  condition* of  warfare  since  tho 
introduction  of  steam.  Who,  for  instance,  could  have  anticipated 
the  wonderful  progress  of  this  motor,  which  basin  a  few  years  super- 
seded the  use  of  sailing  vessels  in  the  British  Navy. 

We  shall  see  that  by  the  introduction  of  screw  steamers  of  immense 
size  and  power,  an  additional  expense  has  been  incurred,  which 
bears  with  significant  weight  upon  the  subject.     Thus  the  total 


1869.]        NAVAL  STATISTICS   OF  ENGLAND  AND  FRANCE. 


65 


amount  voted  for  tho  Navy  in  the  financial  year  1852,was  £5,835,588, 
and  for  the  financial  year  1858,  £8,851,371,  being  'an  increase  in 
the  estimates  of  1858,  as  compared  with  1852,  of  £8,015,783,  or  an 
increase  of  51  per  cent,  on  the  votes  of  1852. 

It  is  not  desirable  to  go  into  the  minute  and  perplexing  details  of 
the  increase  of  the  estimates  generally,  although  it  is  obvious  that 
the  various  items  of  sea  wages,  victuals,  artificers,  stores,  new  works, 
and  naval  transports,  represent  enormous  totals.  But  to  show  what 
expenses  naval  powers  must  be  prepared  to  bear,  we  will  examine  a 
few  of  the  increases  that  show  the  difference  of  expenditure  between 
sailing  and  steam  men  of  war. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  addition  to  the  expense  of  sea  wages, 
occasioned  by  the  substitution  of  steam  for  sailing  ships  of  war,  and 
by  the  augmented  rates  of  pay,  we  present  the  foUowing  comparison 
between  a  sailing  line  of  battle  ship  and  frigate,  and  steam  ships  of 
the  same  classes. 


SHIPS. 

GUNS 

131 
120 

1 
50 

MEN 

WAGES. 

1858 
1852 

"  Marlborough,"  Steam 
"Britannia,"  Sailing 

Increase  in  1858 

"  Shannon,"  Steam 
"Arethusa,"  Sailing 

Increase  in  1858 

1,100 

970 

560 
500 

35,248 
26,693 

£8,555 . 

1858 
1852 

19,341 
14,585 

£4,756  • 

It  will  be  observed  that  a  considerable  part  of  the  increase  in  the 
complement  of  men,  as  between  a  steam  ship  and  a  sailing  ship  of 
similar  armament,  results  from  the  establishment  of  engineers  and 
stokers,  which  is  an  addition  to  the  ordinary  complement  for  working 
the  ship  and  her  guns. 

With  respect  to  the  financial  aspect  of  the  years  of  1852-58,  it  is 
shown  in  the  inquiry  that  the  main  cause  of  the  increase  in  the  esti- 
mates of  1858,  as  compared  with  1852, was  due  to  the  increased  price 
of  provisions  and  the  wages  of  seamen,  which  depends  upon  the  nume- 
rical strength  of  the  navy  in  men.  Thus  in  1852  we  had  40,761 
officers,  seamen,  boys,  and  marines,  and  in  1858  we  had  55,500  of  all 
grades.  The  other  items  of  expenditure  are  classed  under  the  titles 
cf "  Establishments  at  home  and  abroad,19  lt Artificers  at  home  and 
abroad"  and  "Naval  stores" 

It  is  obvious  that  under  the  head  Naval  Stores,  and  the  establish- 
ments and  artificers  in  dockyards  and  factories  at  home  and  abroad, 
the  question  of  the  naval  strength  of  England  in  ships  of  war  is  in- 
volved, as  well  as  how  far  the  largo  expenditure  in  our  naval  yards 
has  been  productive  of  an  adequate  return. 

As  this  is  one  of  the  most  important  subjects  connected  with  the 
navy  estimates,  it  will  be  necessary  to  enter  into  some  details  expla- 
natory of  the  causes  of  increase,  and  having  reference  not  merely  to 
the  year  1852,  but  to  the  years  between  1852  and  1858. 

U.  S.  Mao.,  No.  366,  May,  1859.  f 


£171,735 

0 

0 

£ 

6,377 
3,748 
4,200 

0 

d 

0 

d. 
0 
0 
0 

£14,325 

e 

0 

GO  NATAL   STATISTICS   OF   ENGLAND   AND   FBANCE.  [MAT, 

It  should  also  be  noticed  that  the  number  of  men  voted  fop  the 
navy  affects  materially  almost  every  vote  in  the  estimates.   It  affects 
peculiarly  the  votes  for  stores  and  artificers'  wages,  as  the  entire  coat 
of  fitting  ships  for  sea,  and  of  wear  and  tear,  falls  on  the  estimates  of 
the  year ;  whereas  the  expense  of  building  new  ships,  however  costly, 
is  spread  over  a  number  of  years.    The  cost  of  a  new  ship  of  the  first 
class,  the  Duke  of  Wellinoton,  is  stated  to  be 

£  s.     d 

For  hull,  in  labour  and  materials    ...  ...  ...        106,291     0    0 

For  masts,  rigging,  sails,  stores        ...  ...  ...  19,224    0    0 

For  engines  and  gear        ...  ...  ...  ...  46,220    O    0 


But  the  maintaining  rate  annually  is  on 

Hull 

Masts,  riggings,  sails,  &c.  ... 

Engines  and  gear 


Being  more  than  eight  per  cent,  on  the  original  cost,  viz.  8  per 
cent,  on  hull  and  masts,  and  9  per  cent,  on  engines.  Thus  every 
additional  ship  put  into  commission  entails  an  annual  charge  fromS^ 
to  9  J  per  cent,  on  its  original  cost,  which  is  expended  in  stores  and 
wages  of  artificers.  A  n  iucreased  ratio  in  the  cost  of  maintenance 
appears  to  apply  to  smaller  vessels.  Thus  a  second  rate,  as  the 
"  Agamemnon  "=Sg  per  cent. ;  a  fourth  rate  as  "  Euryalus  "=8fper 
cent. ;  a  sixth  rate  as  "  Curaeoa"=9$  per  cent. ;  a  sloop,  as  "  Har- 
rier "=9J  per  cent. 

Another  item  of  expenditure  is  the  duration  of  ships.  It  seems 
that  at  the  end  of  every  fifteen  years,  on  an  average,  the  hull  of  a 
ship  requires  a  complete  and  expensive  repair.  That  the  duration  of 
a  ship  cannot  be  estimated  at  more  than  thirty  years.  That  during  the 
last  ton  years,  thirty-five  ships  of  the  line,  and  forty-six  frigatesnave 
been  removed  from  the  effective  list  of  the  navy,  and  Sat  on  an 
average  three  line  of  battle  ships  ought  to  be  produced  every  year, 
merely  to  maintain  the  navy  on  a  proper  footing  as  respects  liiyp  of 
battle"  ships. 

"With  reference  to  the  rate  at  which  new  ships  can  be  added  to  the 
navy,  the  Naval  Surveyor  states  that  the  present  force  in  the  dock- 
yards comprises  4,000  shipwrights  and  apprentices,  and  that  these 
are  not  more  than  is  requisite  to  build  three  line  of  battle  ships, 
three  frigates,  and  six  sloops  per  annum,  besides  executing  all  the 
necessary  repairs  to  all  the  ships  in  the  navy. 

If,  therefore,  the  naval  supremacy  of  Great  Britain  is  to  be  main- 
tained, it  is  impossible  to  deny  that  a  large  force  of  artificers,  stores, 
materials,  &e.,  must  be  kept  in  our  yards.  This  force  consists  of 
10,334  persons,  including  1,279  convicts,  employed  in  our  arsenals. 
dockyards,  and  factories  at  home.  The  number  of  persons  employed 
in  the  steam  factories  has  increased  from  1,010  in  1852,  to  2.361  in 
1858. 


1859.]       KAVAL  STATISTICS  OF  ENGLAND  AND  FRANCE. 


67 


Steam  Engines  have  also  wonderfully  increased  the  annual  expen- 
diture ;  thus  in  the  year  1851  the  expenditure  for  steam  engines  did 
not  amount  to  100,000*.,  in  1852  it  exceeded  200,000/.,  in  the  last 
six  years  3,423,021/.  has  been  expended,  giving  an  average  of  570,503/. 
a  year.  In  the  year  1852  the  navy  possessed  horse  power  to  the  ex- 
tent of  44,482,  in  the  last  six  years  it  has  more  than  doubled, 
amounting  now  to  99,512  horse.  The  number  of  steam  ships  and 
vessels  has  increased  from  177  in  1852,  to  464  in  1858.  The  tonnage 
from  182,562  to  457,881,  and  the  guns  from  3,045  to  8,246. 

The  Money  Votes  in  the  six  years  from  1852  to  1858  for  labour, 
timber,  and  stores  for  the  purposes  of  building  and  converting  ships, 
and  keeping  the  navy  in  repair,  exclusive  of  the  purchase  of  steam 
engines  and  coal,  and  building  vessels  by  contract,  amounted  to 
14,105,096/.  The  amount  provided  during  the  Bussian  war  for 
building  gun  boats,  floating  batteries,  and  other  vessels,  was 
1,633,147/.,  but  a  sum  exceeding  3,000,000/.  was  actually  expended. 
The  whole  sum  expended  between  1852  and  1858,  not  including 
ordnance,  amounts  to  24,000,000/. ! 

The  grand  result  of  this  enormous  outlay  we  lay  before  the  reader 
in  the  subjoined  tabular  statement,  which  exhibits  at  a  glance  the 
number  of  ships  afloat,  building,  and  converting  for  the  two  periods 
1852 — 58.  Thus  in  1852  England  possessed  the  following  steam- 
ships according  to  the  report  of  the  Surveyor  of  the  Navy : — 


Guns. 

Hrs.  Pwr 

Tonnage. 

Line  of  Battle  first  rates 

4 

484 

1600 

14,113 

„           second  rates  ... 

18 

1147 

5050 

38,164 

Blockships 

4 

240 

1800 

7.201 

Frigates  (including  seven  now  reduced) 

28 

620 

11497 

41,435 

Corvettes  and  Sloops 

60 

436 

16461 

55,281 

Gun  Vessels 

24 

95 

3306 

9,564 

Gun  Boats 

2 

5 

50 

599 

Floating  Batteries .. . 

... 

135  |  3027 

39,164 

166,357 

Total  135,  exclusive  of  42  troop  ships  and  other  steam  vessels,  making 
an  aggregate  of  177  steam  ships  and  vessels. 

In  1858  England  possessed,  according  to  the  report  of  the  Surveyor 
of  the  Navy  the  following  steamships : — 


Guns. 

Hrs.  Pwr 

Tonnage. 

Lino  of  Battle  Ships  completed     ... 

291 

„                 receiving  engines 

4 

„                 converting     ... 

ef 

4735 

29050 

155,885 

„                ordered  to  be  converted. . . 

i| 

„                building 

10  j 

Blockships 

50 

4735 

29050 

155,885 

r  Screw    25  ) 
Frigates  (afloat  and  building)    ^  p^le    9  \ 

9 
34 

540 
1239 

2800 
18690 

16,033 
75,308 

Mortar  Ships    ... 

4 

48 

850 

4,731 

Corvettes  and  Sloops 

82 

971 

23702 

84,766 

Small  Vessels  .., 

27 

100 

4766 

14,278 

Gun  Vessels     ... 

26 

116 

5350 

17,535 

Gun  Boats 

162 

333 

8820 

38,125 

Floating  Batteries 

8 

120 

1400 

13,998 

402 

8202 

95428 

420,159 

^^ 


I,   STATISTICS    01?   ENGLAND   ASD   KRATTCE. 


L- 


Exclusive  of  (52  troop  sltipa,   store  ships,  yachts,  tenders,  dispatel 
k  &c.3  making  an  aggregate  of  464  eteani  ships  and  vessels, 
6,2  tG  guns,     Horse  power,  105,9112,  and  457,881  tons. 

The  next  class  of  naval  expenditure  to  which  the  Commissioner* 
directed  their  attention  in  comprised  under  the  heads  of  Ifew  JVorkst 
Jmprwemmt»%  Iivpatr9}  Boek^  $e.  These  items  are,  of  eoums  m- 
presented  by  huge  totals,  but  as  they  represent  no  features  of  int. 
beyond  their  enormous  bulk,  we  refrain  from  burdening  the  reader 
with  their  recital. 

\Yv  now  approach  that  part  of  the  labours  of  the  Commissioners 
v  In  re  the  enquiry  is  directed  to  the  state  of  the  French  navy.  This, 
as  the  reader  may  well  imagine,  is  at  once  the  most  confidential  and 
difficult  part  of  the  commission.  However,  the  communications  re- 
specting the  tonnage,  guns,  and  horse  power  of  the  French  navy, 
which  We  shall  state  hereafter,  may  be  relied  on  for  accuracy,  but 
with  regard  to  titnesa  for  sea,  durability,  and  general  efficiency  a# 
whips  of  war,  the  information  is  imperfect.  So  is  the  critical  kiow- 
reapeeting  each  ship  in  the  French  navy,  which  the  responsible 
officers  of  France  can  alone  he  supposed  to  possess. 

In  entering  into  the  details  of  the  respective  pa  were  of  the  two 
navies,  we  shall  begin  with  the  outbreak  of  tin-  French  revolutionary 
war,  when  England  possessed  145  sail  of  the  line,  and  Fr 
These  comparative  numbers  were  reduced  in  1850  to  86  for  England, 
and  45  for  France.  "With  a  view  of  showing  how  gradually  the 
French  navy  has  been  approximating  to  the  English,  we  subjoin 
the  following  table,  containing  a  statement  of  the  following 
classes  of  sailing  British  and  French  ships  at  the  undermentioned 
periods ; — 


8HIFS  OF  LIME, 

FBJ  GATES. 

8UXJPS  A>"P  BRIGS. 

TOTAL. 

TtAB. 

British, 

French 

British. 

French 

British, 

French* 

BrftttfL 

Frcuc  1u 

1778 

126 

6S 

126 

54 

71 

D6 

328 

21S 

1794 

145 

77 

176 

72 

67 

388 

175 

50 

244 

32 

171 

51HI 

1812 

113 

272 

72 

ai4 

831 

1815 

213 

69 

309 

as 

261 

788 

1820 

146 

58 

1*4 

31 

I4;j 

38 

i&t 

135 

182.1 

120 

58 

156 

42 

173 

61 

449 

LSI 

1890 

106 

53 

144 

67 

102 

83 

ass 

1840 

6!» 

44 

108 

56 

87 

89 

104 

189 

1845 

se 

46 

104 

50 

88 

72 

275 

168 

1S50 

86 

j;i 

104 

56 

79 

87 

260 

188 

At  this  latter  period  (1850)  the  effective  strength  of  the  two 
sin  line  of  battle ships  exclusively,  and  almost  exclusively  in 
frigates,  consisted  of  Hailing  vessels,  hut  the  French  having  subse- 
quently decided  on,  and  nearly  carried  out,  the  conversion  of  all 
their  sailing  ships  that  were  fit  for  it  into  steam  ships,  ns  sailing 
skips  could  not  he  opposed  to  steam  ship*  with  any  chance  of  success, 
the  latter  must  nnu  be  considered  iih  the  only  '  j  really  elective 
fop  purposes  of  war,  and  the  following  is  at  present  tin 
strength  of  the  two  navies  in  steam  line  of  battle  ships  and  frigates, 
including  ships  building  and  converting;  — 


1859.] 


KAVAL  STATISTICS   OP  EKGLAJH)  AND  FBANCE. 


69 


December,  1858. 

Complete  Hull  and  Machinery 
Receiving  Engines 
Converting . 
Building     . 


LINE  OF  BATTLE 
8HIPS. 


English.    French, 


29 
4 
7 
10 


29 
2 

4 
5 


English. 


Serew  17 
Paddle  9 


26 
2 


French. 


Screw    15 
Paddle  19 


$" 


50  40  34  46 

Iron-plated  ships  building 

The  result  of  the  comparison  is  that  England  and  Prance  nave  at 
present  time  the  same  number  of  steam  line  of  battle  ships  complete, 
that  France  has  eight  more  steam  frigates  complete  than  England,  that 
on  the  completion  of  the  ships  now  in  progress,  England  will  have 
ten  steam  line  of  battle  ships  more  than  France,  and  France  twelve 
steam  frigates  more  than  England. 

It  is,  however,  necessary  to  observe  with  reference  to  the  line  of 
battle  ships  "  building,"  that  the  Jive  French  are  in  a  much  more 
forward  state,  and  represent  more  work  actually  executed  than  the 
ten  English.  The  quantity  of  work  executed  on  the  five  French 
ships  being  thirty-one  eighths,  whereas  on  the  ten  building  in  Eng- 
land it  is  only  a  fraction  more  than  twenty-seven  eighths.  But  this 
advantage  of  our  neighbours  is  in  a  certain  degree  qualified,  when  it 
is  stated  that  of  the  ten  English  ships  building  three  are  three  deckers, 
of  which  class  the  French  are  not  building  any. 

France  will  soon  have  four  iron-sided  ships,  with  engines  of  800 
and  900  horse -power.  It  is  stated  that  two  are  more  than  half  com- 
pleted, and  that  they  will  be  substituted  for  line-of-battle  ships. 
Their  timbers  are  of  the  scantling  of  a  three-decker ;  their  armament 
will  consist  of  36  heavy  guns,  most  of  them  rifled  50-pounders,  which 
will  throw  801b.  hollow  percussion  shot.  So  convinced  do  naval  men 
seem  to  be  in  France  of  the  irresistible  qualities  of  these  "  Iron- 
sides," that  they  are  of  opinion  that  no  more  ships-of-the-line  will  be 
laid  dozen,  and  that  in  ten  years  that  class  of  vessels  will  be  obsolete. 
In  corroboration  of  this  French  statement  it  must  be  mentioned, 
that  no  line-of-battle  ship  has  been  laid  down  in  France  since  1855, 
and  there  has  not  been  a  single  three-decker  on  the  stocks  in  that 
country  since  the  last  named  year. 

In  addition  to  the  fifty  steam  line-of-battle  ships  (English)  enu- 
merated in  the  foregoing  statement  as  "built,"  "building,"  and 
"  converting,"  there  are  six  sailing  line-of-battle  ships  proposed  to  be 
converted  into  steam  ships.  These  six  ships  woula  raise  the  number 
of  English  screw  ships  of  the  line  to  fifty-six,  and  if  the  estimates  for 
artificers  and  the  purchase  of  ship-building  materials,  as  proposed  by 
the  Surveyor  of  the  Navy,  be  assented  to,  the  whole  could  be  com- 
pleted by  the  year  1861.  This  number  is  only  conjectural,  as  at  the 
present  rate  and  mode  of  expenditure  in  the  naval  yards,  it  is  estimated 
that  forty -three  only  would  be  ready  in  1861,  and,  according  to  the 
present  scheme  of  work,  the  French  would  possess  forty  screw  line- 
of-battle  ships  and  four  iron-sided  ships.  With  the  existing  esta- 
blishment of  shipwrights  and  scheme  of  work,  the  number  of  our 


70 


NAY  AX    STATISTICS  OF   EtfGLAXD   AffD    FEAC  E. 


screw  line-of-battle  ships  could  not  be  raised  tu  Jlfh/sLr  before  the 

h  J  it  may  be  interred  tbat  in  the  interval  between  18GJ 

and  ist.>a   further  additions  will  have   been  made  to  the   1  r 

steam  mtvy. 

Indeed  the  prop-used  increase  in  the  French  is  no  secret,     hi 
dition  to  the  40  steamlin c -of -battle  ships  and  four  imnsideB  (French 
ft  built,"  "  building/*    and  converting  "  the  "  Rermfo"  and  "  Jc 
mappes"  are  supposed  to  be  in  a  fit  state  for  run  version,  but  it  b 
doubtful  whether  they  are  to  be  converted  as  line- of- battle  ships*  or 
to  be  cut  down  and  plated  with  iron. 

Two  more  iron-sides  (French)  are  to  be  built,  and  these  with  the 
two  line-ol-battle-sluutf,  Hercute  and  JmnoppeS)  if  converted,  would 
raise  the  French  ntw$  to  the  number  of  48  in  1861,  as  compared 
with  the  EuijlUh  50  before  referred  to, 

To  show  the  Va  tu  J  ah  reader  the  grand  proportions  to  which  the 
French  navy  has  expanded^  it  is  calculated  that  by  the  year  184JO, 
tin-  Emperor  (our faithful  ally)  will  hare  a  Steam  fleet,  and  trans- 
ports capable  of  carrying  an  army  of  60,000 men,  with  all  its  horses, 
provisions  and  materials  for  one  month ,  and  that  he  may  (if  his  am 
bitious  policy  requires  them)  have  ready  by  1800 — Forty  steam  lint 
of-hattl**  ships,  MS  iron-plated  frigates*  thirty  screw  frigates  t  ni 
paddle  j'riyti  fax,  and  twenty* six  &team  transports  of  huge  dimensions* 

Of  course  the  English  reader  will  put  what  conjectures  he  pleases 
upon  the  uses  to  which  this  enormous  naval  force  may  be  applied. 
But  considering  the  insignificance  of  French  commerce,  and  tf 
small  extent  other  colonial  possessions,  and  the  improbability,  nay, 
the  all  but  impossibility  of  invading  France  except  by  sea,  by  any 
naval  power,  except  England,  and  that  is  out  ot  the  question,  he 
will  have  but  little  difficulty  in  concluding  that  the  Emperor  Napo- 
leon will,  as  soon  as  it  suits  his  views,  try  conclusions  with  An 
HU lMi.il  ally/' 

"We  now  append  a  statement  showing  the  comparative  force  of 
English  and  French  steam  line- of- battle-ships  at  present  built, 
building  and  converting  in  respect  of  guns  and  horse  power  : 


Number     Total    i    Unas 


Line  of  battle  ships— 

Afloat  #i. 

Building,  &c. 
Frjprtn  ■ 

AjI 

Building,  &c. 
Total  Line  of  battle 
ahips  and  frigates 

Frk>ch, 
tine  of  battle  ships— 

Ah, 

Building,  &c. 

floart 

lin^r,  4c. 

battle 

snips  and  frigate* 


3a 

17 

28 
G 


32 

8 

37 


S4 


8,089 

1YG46 

m 

25t> 


i    86 


2,878 
758 

l,2lfi 


Tot  ni        Horse  powor: 


|  4,735  | 
}  1,239  { 


5,974 


J  3,636  J 
J  1,658  | 


17,550 
11,500 

15,090 
3,600 


20,790 
5,800 

17,000 
3,300 


5.294 


Tot*] 


I  29,050 

( i*,ouo 


47,740 


{2^590 
120,300 


4S.890 


1859.]  2JAVAL  STATISTICS    0*   ENGLAND   A*D   FKANCE.  71 

In  addition,  France  has  four  iron-sided  ships  building,  to  carry 
36  guns  each  with  800  or  900  horse  power. 
England  has  nine  block  ships  afloat,  each  carrying  60 
guns,  with  from  200  to  450  horse  power. 

It  is  necessary  to  observe  that  nine  of 'the  English  line-oj ^battle 
ships  carrying  collectively  720  guns,  and  engines  of  3,600  horse  power, 
are  80  gun  converted  ships,  and  reported  to  be  inferior  to  the  French 
ships  of  the  same  class.  On  the  other  hand,  England  has  fifteen  ships 
of  100  guns  and  upwards,  carrying  collectively  1,694  guns,  and 
engines  of  10,800  horse  power,  while  France  has  only  sue  ships  of  100 
guns  and  upwards,  and  3,590  horse  power. 

We  have  mentioned  previously  that  the  rapid  growth  of  the  French 
Navy  dates  from  the  period  of  the  coup  eTetat,  which  happened  in 
1852.  The  respective  forces  of  the  two  nations  were  then  as  fol- 
lows : — The  English  Navy  was  augmented  in  horse  power  by  44,482, 
and  the  French  by  27,240.  Since  that  period  the  dockyards  of  our 
"  faithful  ally"  have  been  working  equal  tides  with  that  of  England. 
Since  1852  the  increase  of  55,030  horse  power  has  been  added  to  the 
English  Navy,  and  54,804  to  the  French,  including,  in  both  cases, 
the  engines  in  course  of  construction,  and  which  may  be  ready  by 
the  end  of  this  year ;  showing  a  difference  of  only  226  horse  power 
increase  within  seven  years  in  favour  of  England.  The  increase  in 
horse  power  in  the  English  Navy  during  this  period  of  18,700  has 
been  on  account  of  Une-ofbattle  ships,  while  our  neighbours  have 
added  24,640  horse  power  to  their  steam  liners,  besides  3,600  horse 
power  for  their  iron-sided  frigates,  equal  to  28,240,  or  nearly  10,000. 
horse  power  more'thsax  the  increase  to  the  English  Navy  as  respects 
the  application  of  this  motor  to  ships  of  the  fine.  In  frigates  the 
English  have  added  7,793  horse  power,  and  the  French  13,100 
Total  addition  to  the  horse  power  of  engines  for  line-of-battle  ships 
and  frigates  since  the  flash  of  the  coup  d'etat  prepared  the  world  for 
the  Empire's  thunder — 

England 26,493 

France 41,340 

Difference  in  favour  of  France  in  the  period        14,847 
It  will  be  seen  that  since  1852  France  has  added  considerably 
more  than  England  to  the  horse-power  of  engines  of  her  line-of-battle 
and  heavy  frigates. 

On  the  other  hand  England  has  added  15,073  in  excess  of  France, 
to  the  horse  power  of  engines  for  vessels  below  the  rank  of  frigates. 
England  (including  8,690  for  gun-boats)      ....     28,537 
France  (including  2,240  for  gun-boats)        ....     13,464 

Difference  in  favour  of  England  in  the  periods  .    .    .     15,073 
The  aggregate  horse-power  of  the  English  Navy  at  the  end  of  this  year  will 
be  99,512.     Of  the  French,  82,044. 

We  will  now  proceed  to  state  the  result  as  regards  ships  of  all 
classes,  dockyards,  stores,  and  expenditure  in  the  French  Navy, 
comparing  the  state  of  that  Navy  m  1852  and  1858,  and  with  our 
own  at  the  same  periods.  In  the  year  1852  the  comparative  number 
of  British  and  French  ships  of  war  will  be  seen  from  the  subjoined 
Tables:— 


72  NAVAL  STATISTICS  OF  ENGLAND   AND  FBANCE. 

STEAM  VESSELS,  1852. 


[Mat, 


ENGLAND. 

FRANCE. 

CLAS8ES. 

Afloat 

Building. 

Total. 

Afloat. 

Building. 

Tot**- 

Ships  of  the  Line     ... 
Bloc\ship8 
Frigates    ... 
Corvette  Sloops 
Gun  Vessels,  Brigs,  &e. 

5 

4 
24 
56 
66 

12 

5 
3 

17 
4 
29 
59 
67 

2 

21 
28 
62 

4 

3 
2 

6 
••• 
tl 
31 
64 

L. 

155 

21 

176 

113 

9 

122 

Total 


176* 


122 


*  Royal  Frederick,  building  as  a  sailing  ship,  not  included. 


SAILING  VESSELS,  1852. 

ENGLAND. 

FRANCE. 

Classes. 

Afloat. 

Building. 

Total. 

Afloat. 

Building. 

Total. 

Ships  of  the  Line    ... 
Frigates     ... 
Corvettes  and  Sloops 
Brigs  and  smaller  vessels 

66 
88 
84 
45 

7 
7 
2 

73 
95 
86 
45 

25 
36 
28 
122 

20 

18 

5 

4 

45 
64 
88 

126 

-283 

16 

299 

211 

47 

268 

Total        299  258 

In  the  year  1858  the  comparative  numbers  and  condition  of  Britiih 
and  French  ships  of  war  will  also  be  seen  from  the  following  Tables: 
STEAM-VESSELS.— 1858. 


enuland. 

FHANCfc. 

i 

Is  :t 

» 

i 

t  it 

It 

■ 

e£ 

H 
11 

■ 

c 

S 

.id 
"3 

i 

i 

j 

*3 

i 

Lino&f-BaUlc  ships  (screw) 

29 

4 

i 

10 

50 

49 

2 

4 

5 

4a 

Frigate*  (iron-plate J) 

... 

... 

4 

4 

Block  ships  (screw) 

ft 

... 

... 

5 

..> 

■ts 

Frigates,  screw  ... 

17 

2 



i 

in 

15 

3 

I 

6 

37 

„        paddle... 

9 

,t# 

9 

113 

19 

Mortar  ships 

4 

■u 

4 

..* 

r  .. 

Corvettes  and  aloopa,  screw 

as 

1** 

... 

9 

47 

9 

i>* 

... 

4 

,,                   n     paddle 

35 

... 

-- 

... 

35 

9 

... 

... 

in 

Clnn,   despatch,   >    screw... 
anil  small  vessels  J    paddle  . 

141 

G 

7 

25 

17& 

11 

5 

5 

21 

112 

23 

... 

... 

29 

17 

... 

10 

127 

Floating  batteries,  screw  ... 

24 

... 

... 

24 

Ofi 

... 

06 

8 

... 

,.. 

... 

a 

5 

... 

... 

... 

5 

202 

6 

7 

25 

240 

1G9 

5 

5 

31 

910 

Gun-boati,  screw 

161 

... 

1 

132 

28 

28 

Troop  and  store-ships,  steam 

15 

..* 

... 

... 

1.1 

22 

... 

... 

4 

« 

YaeMs,  tenders,  tugs*,  &c<,st. 

47 

— 

... 

... 

47 

... 

... 

... 

... 

J425 

6 

7 

26 

4fi4 

J 19 

5 

5 

33 

264 

Total 


464 


264 


1859.]         3TATAL  STATISTICS  OF  ENGLAND  AND  FBANCB.  73 

SAILING-VESSELS.— 1858. 


ENGLAND. 

FRANCE. 

Afloat. 

Building. 

Total. 

Afloat 

Building. 

Total. 

Linc-of-battle  ships 

35 

1 

10 

Frigates 

70 

28 

4 

Corvettes  and  sloops 

43 

-248 

11 

2 

86 

Brigs  and  despatch  vessels... 

15 

26 

2 

Mortar  vessels     ... 

45 

3 

Mortar  floats  (towed) 

40 

J 

„ 

Schooners,  cutters,  &c     ... 

48 

48 

32 

32 

Transports 

26 

... 

26 

296 

296 

136 

8 

144 

It  is  notified  that  of  the  thirty-five  British  sailing  ships,  the  Sur- 
veyor of  the  Navy  proposes  to  convert  six  of  them  into  screw  line-of- 
battle  ships,  and  he  is  now  considering  whether  others  may  not  be 
converted  into  screw  frigates. 

Of  the  ten  French  line-of-battle  ships,  it  is  stated  that  all  but  two 
are  too  old  to  be  converted. 

To  recapitulate.  It  will  be  seen  that  France  since  1852  has  in- 
creased her  steam  line-of-battle  ships  from  two  to  forty,  of  which 
there  are  five  building  and  four  converting,  and  that  the  increase  has 
been  effected  by  the  conversion  of  twenty-six  sailing  ships  and  the 
building  of  fourteen  screw  ships. 

England  in  the  same  time  has  increased  her  line-of-battle  screw 
steamers  from  seventeen  to  fifty,  of  which  there  are  ten  building  and 
seven  converting.  This  has  been  effected  by  the  conversion  of  twenty- 
seven  sailing  ships  and  the  building  of  twenty-three  screw  ships. 

The  addition,  therefore,  to  the  French  'Navy  in  steam  line-of- 
battle  ships  complete,  building,  and  converting,  is  thirty-eight,  and  of 
England  thirty-three  since  1852.  But  it  must  be  remembered  that 
France  has  at  present  four  iron-sided  ships  (Fregates  Blinders)  in 
course  of  construction,  as  before  stated. 

The  steam  frigates  of  France,  screw  and  paddle,  have  been  increased 
from  twenty-one  to  forty-six ;  and  England  has  increased  her  steam 
frigates,  screw  and  paddle,  from  twenty-two  to  thirty-four,  and  her 
blockships  of  60-guns  each  from  four  to  nine. 

The  superiority  of  France  in  steam  frigates  deserves  notice,  as  in 
the  event  of  hostilities  these  vessels  might  occasion  serious  loss  to 
this  country,  by  the  interruption  of  commerce  on  the  high  seas. 

On  the  other  hand  the  French  steam  corvettes,  which  in  1852  were 
thirty-one,  are  now  only  twenty-two,  while  those  of  Great  Britain, 
which  in  1852  were  fifty-nine,  are  now  eighty-two.  Again,  our 
screw  floating  batteries  are  eight  as  against  five  French.  Our  screw 
gun- vessels,  and  other  small  craft,  are  fifty-three,  whereas  the  French 
have  ninety-three.  Our  screw  gun-boats  are  a  hundred  and  sixty- 
two,  and  those  of  France  twenty-eight.  And  the  whole  Steam  Navy 
of  Great  Britain  now  amounts  to  464  vessels,  while  that  of  France 
numbers  264. 

As  regards  sailing  vessels,  it  will  be  observed  that  England  still 


Ijossesaes  a  great  ntperiorite  over  France.  England  has  thirtv-five 
me-of- battle  ships,  of  which  six  are  proposed  to  be  converted  into 
sUatu-ships,     But  of  the  i  twenty- nine,  only  thirteen  are 

considered  as  effective;  and  if  it  is  deemed  advisable  to  convert 
theni,  they  can  only  be  converted  into  frigates.  France  has  only  ten 
Vtne-of-bahh  shij<*,  $f  which  two  only  fire  convertible,  England  hoa 
a1  J  frigates,  of  which  twenty-seven  are  reported  as  effective. 
France  baa  thirty 4wn,  of  which  it  is  supposed  that  nine  or  ten  may 
be  converted  into  steam  transports,  the  remainder  being  too  old  for 
conversion.  The  total  numbers  in  the  two  Sailing  Navies  is,  Eng- 
land, 20b";  France,  144. 

It  lias  been  remarked  that  when  we  speak  of  an  army  we  allude 
to  the  men  \  but  when  wo  speak  of  a  navy  we  mean  the  ships.  It 
would  seem  that  there  Is  soma  truth  in  the  saying — for  in  the  fore- 
going remarks,  we  have  chiefly  attended  to  the  material.  Bu 
Balancing  the  resources  the  two  nations  have  at  their  disposal  for 
the  formation  of  a  navy,  it  is  necessary  to  take  intu  consideration 
the  mercantile  marine  of  each  country.  For  it  is  evident  that  sue 
in  a  lengthened  struggle  upon  the  ocean  will  depend  upon  the 
maritime  population  each  nation  has  to  recruit  its  sailors  from.  No 
doubt  a  state  of  preparedness  for  sudden  war  may  be  achieved  by  a 
nation  not  possessing  a  seagoing  population;  but  it  is  certain  that 
when  the  war  is  prolonged,  the  vitality  and  energy  of  a  great  mari- 
time power  must  tell  in  the  long  run.  It  did  so  in  the  last  war 
with  France,  when  the  disparity  was  not  so  great  between  the 
mercial  marines  of  the  two  natidns  as  it  is  at  present.  We  now 
give  a  comparative  statement  of  shipping  and  seamen  in  the  mcr- 
enant  services  u£  England  and  France. 


Sailing 
Steam 

BWttAJDi 
Shipping  and  Seatt 
Number  of  V 

K  v.l.  AND. 

24,406 
1,813      i 

Total        26,219 

Am>  Feaxcb. 

ten  Mercfttmi  Service* 

?ssels  Registered, 

Frakck. 
Sailing 
Steam 

Total 

14,845 
330 

15,175 

Upon  analysing  these  totals,  some  remarkable  facts  present  them- 
selves, showing  i  he  petty  character  of  French  commerce  as  com- 
pared with  that  of  this  country.  Thus  England  possesses  882  ships 
of  800  tons  and  upwards — while  France  has  only  30 — and  it  is 
only  when  we  descend  to  vessels  under  100  tons  that  the  number 
of  French  vessels  exceeds  that  of  England,  this  country  having 
8,641  of  these  small  craft,  and  France  12,038.  The  superior!  t 
Etajlnnd  over  Franca  is  made  quite  evident  when  we  compute  the 
i  tonnage  of  the  two  commercial  navies — England  claiming 
1,  ©1,877  tons,  and  France  1,052,585. 

We  are  enabled  to  arrive  at  the  number  of  men  employed  in  the 
fulbi  wring  manner;— Thus,  in  the  860,406  tons  of  shipping  empL 
in  the  home  trade  (exclusive  of  river  steamers)  43,000  men  are  en- 


1859.]         KAVAt  ftTAflBTldS  O*  ENGLAND  A»D  FBAJ9C£.  75 

gaged  in  England.  This  does  not  include  masters,  so  that  one  man 
is  required  for  every  19f  tons,  which,  upon  the  4,491,377  tons  of 
shipping  registered,  gives  an  aggregate  crew  of  227,411  men  engaged 
in  English  ships 

In  the  360.664  tons  of  shipping  employed  in  the  French  fisheries 
and  in  vessels  trading  between  France  and  the  French  colonies, 
30,997  men  are  employed ;  this  gives  one  man  to  every  llf  tons, 
which,  upon  the  1,052,535  tons  of  shipping  registered,  gives  aii 
aggregate  crew  of  90,217  men. 

The  above  numbers  are  confined  exclusively  to  merchant  seamen. 

In  comparing  the  naval  expenditure  of  France  with  our  own  for  A 
series  of  years,  some  facts  are  developed  that  call  for  a  few  remarks ; 
thus  England  expended  in  the  last  seven  years  in  victualling,  pay, 
clothing,  new  works,  repairs,  and  labour  and  materials,  the  enormous 
sum  of  £53,179,586 ;  wnile  France  has  expended  in  the  same  perio:l 
for  the  same  purpose  only  £38,935,384 ;  and  it  must  be  remembered 
that  the  huge  amount  expended  upon  our  navy  does  not  include 
about  £4,000,000  for  ordnance,  which  has  of  course  to  be  added, 
making  altogether  £57,179,586,  or  £18,244,202  in  excess  of 
France. 

It  may  seem  strange  that  our  rival  should  have  achieved  such 
great  results  in  the  development  of  her  State  navy  for  a  smaller  sum 
than  our  own.  This  circumstance  is,  however,  more  apparent  than 
real.  The  chief  cause  in  the  increase  consists  in  fittings  and  repairs, 
France  also,  during  the  last  seven  years,  has  had  the  benefit  of  all 
our  experiments.  The  outlay  was  ours,  and  she  took  advantage  of 
it.  Again,  the  navy  of  France  is  more  compact  than  ours,  and  not 
scattered  abroad,  nor  has  she  so  many  ships  in  commission,  and, 
consequently,  not  so  many  ships  to  fit  out  and  repair,  and,  of  course, 
not  so  much  wear  and  tear  to  supply.  This  work  of  fitting  out, 
victualling,  sea  wages,  Ac.  Ac.  is  the  heaviest  drain  upon  the  resources 
of  a  dockyard.  Of  course,  the  more  ships  there  are  in  commission 
the  greater  the  expense  in  time  and  money,  and  reduces  the  amount 
available  for  the  building  of  new  vessels.  Now,  France  has  been 
expending  her  time  and  money  in  construction,  with  but  little  fitting 
out  and  repairs,  and,  consequently,  she  exhibits  a  visible  product  in 
new  ships.  While  in  England  our  expenses  have  been  spread  over 
docks,  factories,  experiments,  &c.  Ac.,  leaving  but  a  small  margin  to 
be  applied  for  building  or  conversion.  But  it  is  calculated  that  in 
France  only  about  one-fourth  of  the  money  applied  for  naval  pur- 
poses is  productive  of  increase  of  force.  In  England  it  is  much  less, 
and  thus  is  the  solution  to  the  puzzle  why  France,  with  less  means, 
has  approached  us  so  close  in  results. 

While  we  are  upon  the  subject  of  dockyards  we  may  as  well  here 
introduce  the  acreage  that  each  nation  possesses  for  fitting,  dock- 
ing, construction,  Ac.  The  importance  of  Cherbourg  will  at  once 
strike  the  most  casual  observer.  We  subjoin  a  comparative  state- 
ment of  the  dockyard  area  of  England  and  France,  with  available 
land  annexed,  together  with  the  number  of  building  slips  and 
docks:— » 


76 


NAVAL  STATISTICS  OF  ENGLAND  AND  7BAKC1. 


[Mat, 


ENGLAND. 


DOCKYARD 
ABBA. 

SUPS.      J  DOCKS. 

DOCKS, 
BUHJMDMb 

Acres. 

Number.  Number. 

Number* 

Deptford 

38 

5 

2 

— 

Woolwich    . 

56 

6 

3 

— 

Chatham. 

95 

8 

4 

—    • 

•St.  Mary's  Island,  frc. 

284 

— 

— 

—    ■ 

Sheerness    • 

57 

1 

5 

— 

Portsirouth 

115 

5 

9 

2 

Devonport 

71 

6 

5 

— 

Keyham       .            •            , 

73 

— 

3 

— 

Pembroke  . 

77 

13 

1 

— 

Total 

866 

44      |      32 

2 

*  This  land  adjoins  Chatham  dockyard,  bat  is  unappropriated. 

FBANCE. 

DOCKYABD 
AREA. 

8LIP8 

SUPS, 
BUILDING. 

DOCKS. 

DOCK*, 

BuiLDore. 

Acres. 

Number. 

Number. 

Number. 

Number. 

Cherbourg 

256 

12 

— 

7 

■— 

Brest 

131 

12 

— 

4 

— 

L'Orient 

106 

J6 

2 

1 

1 

Rochefort     . 

132 

13 

1 

2 

1 

Toulon 

240 

20 

— 

3 

5 

Total 

865 

73 

3 

17 

7 

The  general  result  that  appears  to  arise,  after  a  careful 
analysis  of  the  important  returns  contained  in  this  paper,  is  that 
France  contains  many  elements  necessary  for  a  great  naval  power* 
In  some  respects  she  can  bear  comparison  with  England.  However, 
the  chief  duty  that  devolves  upon  us  at  the  present  moment  is  to 
briefly  notice  the  rapid  conversion  of  sailing  ships  in  France  to 
steam  ships.  It  will  not  have  escaped  the  English  reader  that  the 
large  increase  in  the  navy  of  our  "  faithful  ally,,,  since  1852,  has  been 
mainly  effected  by  conversion.  She  has  converted  26  sailing  ship* 
and  built  14  screw  ships.  The  process  of  conversion  is  cheap  aod  • 
expeditious  compared  with  building  new  ships.  Thus,  the  number 
of  men  required  to  convert  a  three  decker  into  a  90  gun  steam  ship 
is  |ths  of  the  number  required  to  build  a  new  90  gun  steam  ship. 
The  chief  difference  in  the  cost  of  conversion  arising  from  the  saving 
in  materials.  The  cost  of  converting  a  line  of  battle  ship  of  90 
guns  is  estimated  at  £25,000,  and  the  cost  of  building  the  same  at 
£105,000,  but  the  latter  will  of  course  be  a  far  more  efficient  and 
durable  vessel. 

Another  important  fact  presents  itself  in  the  weakness  of  England 
in  steam  frigates,  as  the  importance  of  this  class  of  ships  in  the 
event  of  hostilities  cannot  be  doubted.  The  neglect  is  very  culpable 


1859.]      PBBP8  FROM  THE  LOOPHOLES  OP  RETREAT.        77 

on  the  part  of  our  Admiralty,  as  the  state  of  our  naval  store  of  timber 
is  reported  to  be  very  favorable  for  their  construction  or  conversion. 

And  further,  that  the  present  is  a  state  of  transition,  as  regards 
naval  architecture.  No  man  seems  certain  whether  gun  boats  or 
three  deckers  will  be  most  efficient  in  a  future  naval  war.  The 
French  government  are  evidently  of  this  opinion,  for  they  have 
suspended  laying  down  ships  of  the  line  altogether. 

The  present  is  not  more  a  period  of  transition  for  ships  than  for 
artillery.  The  invention  of  Armstrong's  gun  it  has  been  stated 
may  supersede  the  use  of  the  ordinary  ship's  guns,  and  possibly  affect 
even  the  size  and  structure  of  ships  of  war.  The  committee,  there- 
fore, suggests,  with  great  show  of  reason,  that  the  dockyard  force  for 
the  next  year  be  used  in  the  conversion  of  ships  of  the  line  and 
frigates,  as  far  as  the  available  accommodation  will  admit,  so  that  the 
most  useful  results  may  be  attained  at  the  least  possible  expense. 

And  lastly  we  must  notice  the  prospective  outlay  contemplated  by 
France  to  complete  her  steam  navy  and  her  naval  establishments. 
According  to  a  report  of  the  Minister  of  Marine  it  is  intended  to 
raise  the  French  steam  navy  to  150  vessels  of  war,  of  all  classes,  built 
after  the  best  models,  with  engines  of  full  power,  in  addition  to 
72  steam  transports.  And  also  that  it  is  contemplated  to  complete  the 
building  in  the  several  military  ports,  the  dry  docks  and  factories 
indispensable  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  new  steam  fleet.  The 
sum  which  France  intends  to  devote  to  these  purposes  up  to  1871, 
when  the  fleet  will  have  reached  the  limit  of  its  proposed  extension, 
will  be  £8,840,000. 

We  now  take  leave  of  this  very  important  subject  with  a  farewell 
notice,  that  the  progress  which  France  has  made  in  her  navjr  under 
Louis  Napoleon  has  been  remarkable,  and  her  prospective  increase 
cannot  fail  to  arrest  the  attention  of  every  Englishman,  if  for  no  other 
consideration  than  in  determining  the  amount  of  our  future  naval 
expenditure,  and  promoting  by  every  means  in  our  power,  the 
efficiency  of  that  service  upon  which  the  safety  and  honour  of  these 
islands  depend, 

Portsmouth. 


PEEPS   FEOM  THE   LOOPHOLES   OF  EETEEAT. 

By  Betibed  Major  Marksman. 

There  appear  to  be  few  matters  more  difficult  of  adjustment  than 
the  determination  of  the  age  at  which  men  shall  be  declared  incapa- 
ble of  fulfilling  certain  active  duties.  Proceeding  upon  the  principle 
in  force  in  the  French  army,  our  authorities  some  time  since  decreed 
that  officers  should  be  shelved  at  various  periods  of  life,  from  fifty- 
five  years  and  upwards,  forgetting,  apparently,  that  the  habits  of 
men  in  the  British  service  operate  rather  favourably  than  otherwise 
upon  longevity.    A  Frenchman  rapidly  ages  after  he  has  passed  his 


78 


PEEPS  FROM  THE  LOOPHOLES  OF  ESTREAT* 


fortieth  year*     Bad  and  scanty  food  in  early  life,  uncleanly  habit 
a  devotion  to  the  ci^ar,  and  ^10  want  of  nourishing  beverages,  dii 
quality  him  IW  severe  physical  exertion*  at  the  very  age  \- 
Englishmen   who  have,  not  been  worn  out  in  the  Tropics,  are  in  tb 
very    prime   o£  their  existence.     It   wad  a   mistake,   therefore, 
limit  the  service  of  our  officers  to  a  maximum  only  applicable 

vigorous  people,  and  while  it  has  deprived  the  State  of  the 
abilities  of  able  men,  it  has  been  prolific  of  great  injustice  to  highly 
deserving  persons*  In  the  line,  sixty  years  of  a^e  are  sufficient  to 
mark  the  limit  of  regimental  efficiency,  and  in  the  medical  sen 
surgeon  must  relinquish  employment  if  he  should  have  reached  his 
fifty-fifth  year,  without  attaining  the  grade  of  Deputy-Inspector* 
General, 

There  may  be  something  reasonable  in  the  restriction  of  a  comb 
taut  officer's  period  of  activity,  because  he  is  sometimes  railed  upc 
for  a  certain  amount  of  physical  effort  of  which  be  may  no  loi 
be  capable;  still,  sixty  is  too  young  in  very  many  cases,  and  m  the 
Medical  Department  it  is  preposterously  early  in  all  eases.  It  i 
until  a  man  has  practised  for  a  great  many  years  in  various  diiuat 
that  he  really  acquires  that  abundance  of  professional   kno 
and  that  superior  skill,  which  qualify  him  lor  the  higher  dm 
direction,  inspection,   and  super!  utendenee.     Few  of  the  able  me 
in  the  civil  lino  of  the  medical  profession,  attain   that  einii 
which  imparts  confidence  to  their  juniors,  and  causes  their  advice 
be  sought  alter  by  the  wealthy  and  the  titled,  in  dangerous  and  des- 
perate cases,   until  they  are  far  advanced  in  life*     It  is  only  when 
the  knife  has  to  be  dexterously  used  that  a  more  youthful  prac- 
titioner  is  preferable  to  a  venerable  leech,  whose  nerves  may  have 
become  so  unstrung  by  time  as  to  neutralize  all  the  advantage  of  ev- 
perience.     But  even  in  such  eases  the  supervising  presence  of  oc 
deeply  versed  in  the  mysteries  of  human  anatomy  is  often  desin 

Entertaining  this  view,  1  really  think,  that  the  "War  Minis 
would  do  no  harm  were  he  to  procure  a  reconsideration  of  "Warrants 
which  have  been  prolific  of  injustice  to  valuable  servants,  and.  mis- 
chief  to  the  State.  By  all  accounts,  several  of  the  medical  oil 
who  have  been  placed  on  the  shelf  because  they  had  exceeded  the 
fancied  age  of  ultra-efficiency,  are  yet  in  their  prime,  and  feel  most 
acutely  the  slur  of  impoteucy.  involved  in  the  operation  of  the  last 
Warrant.  As  for  the  regimental  combatant  officers,  they  are  not 
quite  in  so  bad  a  predicament,  for  it  ia  left  discretional  with  the 
Commander-in-Chief  to  continue  a  person  in  the  performance  of  his 
functions  if  the  interests  of  the  service  render  it  desirable.  It  may 
be  questioned*  however,  if  it  be  good  policy  to  allow  of  this  dis 
ti<m.  Commanders-in-Chief,  like  other  men,  have  their  prejudices 
and  partialities;  political  and  family  considerations  are  not  without 
their  weight  in  the  determination  of  comparatively  small  questions, 
and  if  it  should  happen  that  one  ease  of  favoritism  is  made  out,  every 
sexagenarian  will  have  a  good  right  to  protest  against  his  being  re- 
moved to  half-pay  or  non-effective  service  when  he  lias  attained  the 
grand  climactric. 

The  remedy,  hi  both  cases,  seems  to  me  to  lie  in  an  extension  of 


1859.]      PEBPS  FEOM  THE  LOOPHOLES  OP  BETBEAT.        79 

the  period  of  disqualification.  With  such  examples  before  us  of  hale 
and  vigorous  intellect  and  powerful  frames,  as  are  supplied  by  Sir 
Howard  Douglas,  Lord  Seaton,  Lord  Gough,  Lord  Cathcart,  Lord 
Beauchamp,  Lord  Downes,  Sir  Robert  Gardiner,  Sir  John  Burgoyne, 
Sir  George  Browne,  Lord  Clyde,  and  others  I  could  name,  who  must 
be  much  above  seventy  years  of  age,  and  who  have  seen  a  great  deal 
of  active  service,  we  need  not  fear  that  there  will  be  many  drivellers 
among  those  who  have  been  unfortunate  in  their  promotion.  Once 
fixed,  however,  let  the  maximum  age  be  adhered  to,  and  above  all 
things  let  it  be  the  care  of  the  authorities  that  no  man  is  superseded 
because  he  only  wants  two  or  three  months  of  the  stipulated  age.  If 
he  be  merely  one  day  short  of  the  period,  justice  and  the  importance 
of  adhering  scrupulously  to  the  Regulations,  would  require  that  he 
should  have  the  benefit  of  that  space.  It  is  known  that  a  most  able 
and  accomplished  medical  officer  was  deprived  of  the  promotion  to 
which  his  standing  and  peculiarly  active  career  had  entitled  him,  be- 
cause he  was  within  a  short  period  of  the  maximum  age. 

Much  has  been  said  of  late  of  the  relative  positions  of  the  Guards 
and  the  Line,  and  the  advocates  of  the  privileges  of  the  latter,  in 
trying  to  prove  too  much,  have  forced  impartial  writers  to  bring 
out  some  tacts,  which  establish  beyond  all  question  the  superiority  of 
the  advantages  possessed  by  the  Line  in  regard  to  the  tendency  of 
staff  appointments.  If  it  had  not  been  shewn  that  of  the  fifty  or 
sixty  staff  appointments  held  by  General  Officers,  fifty-two  of  these 
are  in  the  hands  of  Line  Officers,  and  all  of  them  exceeding  in  value 
those  held  by  Guards'  Officers,  people  would  have  continued  to  pro- 
test against  the  partiality  shown  to  the  latter.  Nevertheless,  it  can- 
not be  denied  that  certain  extraordinary  privileges  do  attach  to  the 
Guards  which  are  not  shared  by  their  fellow  soldiers  of  the  Line. 
The  possession  of  a  step  of  army  rank  in  advance  of  their  regimental 
position  has  great  influence  in  accelerating  progress  to  the  highest 
position  and  prizes.  Exemption  from  service  in  the  colonies  and 
India  is  another  extraordinary  favour.  But  who  will  say  that  this 
ought  not  to  be  ?  Immemorial  usage  has  given  to  every  Sovereign  in 
every  part  of  the  world  a  special  body  of  protectors,  and  there  is  no 
reason  why  our  gracious  Queen  should  not  equally  be  guarded  by  a 
corps  <F elite.  That  the  high  prerogative  of  defending  the  throne  has 
certain  ennobling  results  is  proved  by  the  conduct  of  the  Guards, 
whenever  they  nave  been  sent  abroad.  Holland,  Lincelles,  the 
Peninsula,  Waterloo,  and  the  Crimea,  severely  tested  the  courage 
and  discipline  of  the  Household  troops,  and  they  passed  the  ordeal 
triumphantly.  But  with  all  this  the  composition  of  the  Guards  is 
wholly  defective.  The  men  are  enlisted  because  they  are  tall ;  the 
officers  are  selected  because  they  have  certain  interests  with  the 
Colonels  of  the  several  regiments.  Herein  lies  the  grievance.  The 
privileges  of  the  Guards  should  he  earned  by  the  Line, .  The  officers 
should  be  those  who  had  passed  the  best  competitive  examinations ; 
the  men  ought  to  be  selected  by  reason  of  their  good  conduct  and 
their  stature.  In  was  in  this  way  that  Napoleon  I.  formed  his  Im- 
perial Guard — the  men  who  were  prepared  to  die  rather  than  sur- 


80 


peeps  rwoM  the  toornoLES  OF   RF/miUT* 


[Xfcrf, 


The  Emperor  required  that  every  member 


1  have  served* four  yeans  including  two  campaigns,  in  tin*  li 
he  men  who  fulfilled  these  conditions  were,  :r  >raet 

the  strongest  and  bravest  of  tln-ir  respective  cc  It  is  true, 

ith  even  these  grounds  of  preference  the  Imperials  did  not 
lousy  and  the  gibes  of  the  Lhjnc\  they  were  called 
**  immortals"  because  they  did  not  run  the  same  risks  of  mortality 
combat  with  their  less  fortunate  brethren — and  mules,  because  thi 
were  a  step  above  a*&?s.     "What  of  that  ?     Reserved  for  gn 
sions  they  turned  the  scale  of  battle  whenever  fchej  were  called  ttp 
excepting  on  the  memorable  day  when  Adams'  flank  moremen 
their  several  ranks  and  elicited  the  cry  of  k*  wave  qni  pent !' 
tiftn,  on  the  grounds  of  service,  stature,  nud  good  cond 
Dondtlfit  and  stature  only  when  there  has  been  m>  scope  for  war 

might  reasonably  form  the  qaalih" cations  of  the  privates  of  the 
tiolil  troops  ;  and  it  is  the  more  necessary  because  too  many 
stances  have  been  brought  before  the  public  of  the  disorderly  hab 
of  t  he  young  men  specially  enlisted  for  the  Guards.  L<  nid<  »n,  Winds. 
Win  ehester,  and  C  In  chester,com  prise  the  home  garrisons  of  the  Guai 
and  no  one  can  doubt  that  service,  in  at  least  the  first  named  pi 
lias  s  very  demoralising  tendency.     The  abominable  use  mad 
belt,  *&  ornamental  appendage  of  which  soldiers  should  be  pro 
proosods  lVnin  drink;  of  which  the  guardsman  easily  obtains  too  m 
in  the  great  metropolis,     His  superior  pay  admits  of  a  lit: 
indulgence,  and  the  kindly  feeling  of  the  men  and  women  with  whom 
he  forms  acquaintance  leads  to  "  treats*'  which  tell  upon  the  soldier's 
intellectual  faculties   as  the  night  gradually  folds  the  day  in  her 
sable  mantle.      There  have  been"  during  the  past  six  months  from 
forty  to  fifty  recorded  brawls,  in  each  of  which  the  waistbcll  with 
heavy  brass  clasp  has  been  employed  as  a  weapon  of  offence,  to  the 
serious  damage  of  many  a  poor  citizen's  sconce.     The  General  < 
mantling  in  chief,  would  consult  the  dignity  of  the  Queen  in  thin 
of  these  matters.  Ay  for  the  officers  of  the  Guards,  they  need  onl 
told  that  they  must  earn  advancement  by  occasional  scholastic  compe- 
titions with  others  of  corresponding  rank  in  the  Line,  and  my  life  on't 
ihoy  will  be  found  grinding  away  at  the  sciences  and  the  languages 
with  an  earnestness  worthy  of  collegiate  graduates  fighting  for  a 
fellowship.     If  we  but  glance  at  the  contents  of  the  model  room  of 
the  United  Service  Institution,  we  shall  see  that  the  Guards1  officers 
do  not  wholly  commit  themselves  to  the  pastimes  and  dissipations 
of  London  life. 

The  reference  abOTti   to  the   Imperial  Guard  reminds   me  of  a 
charming  military   work  called  (*  La  lie  Militaire  mux  T 
translated  by  the  late  Sir  Charies  Napier  in  his A*  Lights  an. 
of  Mtfitatf   Ltfi ■■:■     ,\    few   pages  of  the   work  are  d  I   to   a 

unburaiie'H  lmumi>  reply  i<  -  the  -amnions  to  swrrender  was  never  uttered,  Al 
officer  whom  thaw  met,  wasby  bieeide  when  he  answered,  aud  he  a^uml  uiu  that 

from  making  the  heroic  response.  Can  ibronne  simply  uttered  a  1*a>ilv  French 
expression  which  will  nut  bear  tnui^hitiun.—  M> 


1859.J 


THIS    UATTLE   OF   TUB    LINES   OF   BATTLE. 


SI 


suggestion,  that  a  special  corps  of  marchers  should  be  established  in 
order  to  train  the  men  to  make  long  marches  without  a  halt,  Thero 
axe  tales  on  record  of  marches  made  by  the  French  troops  during  the 
campaign  in  Germany  which  are  almost  fabulous.  Forty  leagues  in 
thirty-six  hours,  for  example,  would  be  a  strain  upon  human 
strength,  utterly  beyond  its  endurance.  That  practice  may  do  very 
much  we  all  know,  and  nothing  makes  a  good  marcher  more  than 
habitual  marching.  Pedestrians  who  walk  for  wagers,  train  for  matchea 
by  prolonged  perambulations ;  they  seldom  stake  their  coin  until  long 
continued  peripateticism  has  determined  their  capability,  Xow,  for 
the  military  application  of  this  truth ;  why  does  not  the  Commander 
in  Chief  require  the  "marching  out"  ordered  two  or  three  months 
ago,  to  be  continued  for  a  longer  period  than  the  three  hours  a  day 
or  so  which  comprise  the  period  usually  employed  in  that  opera- 
tion ?  Any  one  who  has  seen  a  regiment  engaged  in  the  marching 
out,  will  have  noticed  that  most  of  the  time  is  consumed  in  straggling 
and  halting.  To  be  effectual  as  a  means  of  preparation  for  marching 
in  an  enemy's  country,  every  corps  should  be  accustomed  to  march  in 
compact  order  for  at  least  five  or  sis:  hours ,  so  that  in  the  event  of  a 
sudden  attack  from  an  ambuscaded  enemy,  or  one  suddenly  appearing  in 
front,  there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  establishing  the  requisite  f*  ur- 
inations. By  the  system  of  long  marches  the  Lieut- Colonel  would 
even  get  to  know  which  of  the  men  were  incompetent  to  the  task,  from 
flat-foot,  constitutional  feebleness,  or  other  muscular  causes,  and  would 
thus  be  enabled  to  make  their  selections  from  the  depot  when  the  regi- 
ment is  ordered  on  active  service. 

I  Till  character  of  Englishmen,  as  drawn  hy  foreign  artists,  is  not 
very  flattering.  The  Erench  call  us  perfidious,  proud,  and  rich. 
Most  continental  people  think  of  us  as  the  French  do.  Brother 
Jonathan  says,  we  are  a  fusion  of  distant  and  opposing  elements, 
for  ever  doing  and  undoing,  as  though  discontent  is  our  normal  con- 
dition. 

Well,  perhaps  we  have  a  talent  for  grumbling,  and  grumbling 
and  discontent  are  separated  by  a  very  thin  partition — still  there  is 
a  partition,  This  eharaeterisftic  of  our  English  temperaments  must 
be,  however,  considered  in  an  English  sense.  And  we  don't  care  who 
knows  it,  as  Meagrim  said  in  the  play,  "  discontent  is  an  excellent 
quality/'  Are  not  dissatisfied  men  discontented  men,  and  have  not 
aissatisfied  men  been  our  great  discoverers  and  inventors  ?  "When  a 
man  is  dissatisfied  with  a  thing  he  sets  about  improving  it.  Your 
lazv  contented  men,  on  the  contrary,  have  an  easy  way  of  M  letting 
Well  alone.1'  Discontent  progresses — content  is  stationary — steam, 
railways,  and  electricity  :ue  the  sublime  efforts  of  dissatisfied  minds 
So,  perhaps,  after  all,  we  have  no  reason  to  be  angry  with  our  neigh- 
bours for  calling  us  a  grumbling  r: 

tT.  &  Mao.  No.  300,  Mat,  1859.  i> 


THE  BATTLE  OF  THE  LIKES  OF  BATTLE. 


However,  there  is  no  general  rule  Without   an  eia  rid  i 

leetAB  there  is  one  subject  upon  which  our  national  discontent 
not,  appear  to  work  out  corresponding  beneficial  results,     An d   no 
wishing  to  shock  the  reader,  promote  rebellion,  or  affect   the   f 
we  abstain  irom  mentioning  the  exact  number  of  weeks 
national  brain  was  in  a  state  of  torpidity  respecting  the  ^v 
of  the  navy.    Perhaps  the  public  temperament  had  been  over  ev 
with  Indian  mutinies,  the  aggressive  overbearing   policy  of  OUl 
li  faithful  ally,"  and  other  odd  notions,     But,  be  that  as  it 
there  were  but  few  that  bestowed  any  a3 arming  anxiety  about  the 
condition  of  the  navy.    W©  slumbered,  as  it  turned  out,  in  a  fool'* 
paradise.  H 

Nevertheless,  to  show  how  much  wit  and  folly  can  exist  in  the 
national  brain,  a  German  critic  took  it  into  his  head  to  rouse  us  out 
of  our  lethargv.  He  was  a  master,  and  knew  how  to  strike  us  in  a 
tender  part*  lie  drew  invidious  comparisons  between  the  maritime 
resource*  of  the  two  naval  powers  that  fought  for  the  mastery  of  tbe 
world  in  the  bay  of  Trafalgar.  In  the  Conversations  Lexicon,  of 
Leipsig,  this  writer  told  the  continent  of  Europe,  as  well  aa  the 
British  people,  that  the  navy  of  Prance  was  in  a  better  condition, 
both  in  men  and  material,  than  that  of  England*  There  was  some 
sediment  of  truth  at  the  bottom  of  his  froth,  and  the  touch 
John  Bull  was  electric.  From  that  hour  the  navy  has  been 
quotation.  Its  condition  is  upon  every  man's  lips.  We  now  I 
all  about  the  service— Jack,  neglected  Jack,  is  fondled  in  the  na* 
tibial  arms  Hke  a  doll.  Our  sensitive  nostrils  have  taken  quite  a 
fancy  to  tar.  We  have  been  counting  our  ships  too,  our  "  Luiea  of 
battle/' issuing  commissions  for  manning  the  navy  and  improving 
the  condition  of  our  seamen,  finding  out  all  sorts  of  grievances  and 
proposing  remedies,  and  doing  and  undoing  with  untiring  zeal  that 
promises  to  leave  nothing  undone  for  the  future. 

The  chief  drawback  that  now  disturbs  the  official  mind  is  that  we 
i  nun t*t  agree  as  to  the  number  of  ships  in  our  navy.  One  would 
imagine  that  nothing  was  easier  than  to  reckon  the  number  of  lines- 
of-b attic  by  which  a  fleet  had  been  increased  in  a  particular 
but  no  such  thing.  However  able  we  may  be  to  calculate  the  mil- 
lions spent  in  constructing  a  certain  class  of  ships ,  we  cannot  arrive 
at  a  correct  estimate  of  their  number  j  and,  like  dunces,  we  are  now 
standing  in  foolscap  for  the  edification  and  amusement  of  our  iv  faith- 
ful ally  "  on  the  other  side  of  the  channel.  He  must  be  diverted  at 
our  awkward  attempts  at  notation.  Is  dot-and-go-one  such  a  serious 
affair  P  One  would  think  so,  judging  from  what  happened  the  other 
night  between  a  late  and  the  present  '■  first  Lord,"  in  a  house  where 
the  collective  wisdom  of  the  nation  is  supposed  to  be  assembled. 

Not  wishing  to  draw  upon  our  imagination  for  facts,  we  will  refer 
tu  the  debate,  and  give  the  words  aa  near  aa  may  be,  as  they  fell 
from  official  lips,  on  that  occasion, 

u  1  understand  the  right  honorable  gentleman  to  say9"  said  Sir 
John  Takington,  4ttbat  eight  line-of-battle -ships  were  'launch, 
1858." 

11  No/'  replied  Sir  Charles  Wood,  "  I  said  that  eight  line-of~battle- 
ships  were  added  to  the  navy  in  1858*** 


I 


1859.  J  THE   BATTLE   OP   THE    LINES   OF    BATTLE.  83 

Sir  John  now  returns  to  his  slate  and  refreshes  his  memory.  "  I 
hold  in  my  hand  "  (not  in  his  teeth)  "  a  return  from  which  it  appears 
that  the  number  is  four." 

But  iSir  Charles  also  held  in  his  hand  a  return,  stating  "  that  the 
number  was  eight." 

"  "Well,"  retorted  Sir  John,  doggedly,  "  I  hold  in in  my  hand 

a  document  that  certifies  that  only  four  were  added." 

Now  what  in  the  name  of  sober  reasoning  is  the  meaning  of  all 
this  ?  Would  not  any  sensible  man  at  once  conclude,  that  each  of 
these  astute  arithmeticians  had  a  valve  in  his  brain  which  he  could 
close  at  pleasure,  to  shut  out  conviction  and  truth,  as  an  engineer 
shuts  off  his  steam.  In  the  other  portions  of  the  debate  they 
talked  logically  enough,  and  showed  the  "  house  "  the  magnificent 
results  of  their  respective  "  boards."  But  Sir  John  shut  down  his 
valve  and  looked  grave  when  he  approached  the  doings  of  Sir 
Charles's  "  board,"  and  Sir  Charles  imitated  Sir  John's  example. 

At  the  risk  of  being  thought  a  candidate  for  Bedlam,  we  will  en- 
deavour to  explain  the  explanations  of  the  last  and  present  Admiralties. 
But  we  fear  the  reader  will  give  us  a  certificate  of  qualification, 
when  we  admit  that  both  Sir  John  and  Sir  Charles  are  right.  That 
is  to  say,  that  each  "  First  Lord"  by  shutting  down  his  valve,  and 
closing  his  eyes  to  certain  facts,  makes  his  own  statement  appear 
true,  as  far  as  it  goes.  Any  examination  of  his  opponent's  facts  or 
figures  was  interdicted  with  screams  of  terror.  JSach  held  in  his 
hand  a  return  which  they  swore  by — any  reasoning  was  out  of  the 

Suiestion.     No,  down  goes  the  valve,  and  Sir  John  was  as  deaf  to  the 
ogic  of  Sir  Charles  as  Sir  Charles  was  to  the  logic  of  Sir  John. 

"We  will  now  make  an  attempt  to  escape  from  this  official  bewilder- 
ment, and  content  ourselves  with  a  very  simple  process  of  notation. 
But  before  attempting  to  regain  the  region  of  common  sense,  we  will 
endeavour  to  define  what  is  meant  by  a  line  of  battle  ship,  and  we 
have  no  doubt  about  our  being  able  to  arrive  at  the  sum  total  of 
these  costly  vessels  that  now  belong  to  our  navy. 

We  intend  to  proceed  slowly,  for  the  subject  requires  thought,  as 
matters  stand.  A  line  of  battle  ship  is  not  to  be  trifled  with,  par- 
ticularly as  there  seems  to  be  no  recognised  method  of  reckoning 
ships  of  war,  when  they  assume  certain  dimensions.  There  is  no 
mistake  about  a  frigate,  a  sloop,  a  corvette,  or  a  gun  boat.  But 
during  t  certain  processes  of  construction,  reconstruction  and  con- 
version, which  a  ship  has  now-a-days  to  pass  through,  there  is  no 
knowing  what  she  may  turn  out.  Then  in  addition  to  these  be- 
wildering elements,  there  is  the  doubt,  whether  a  block  ship  of  60 
guns  is  or  is  not  a  line  of  battle  ship. 

The  Jesuits'  motto  is,  "  when  in  doubt  abstain."  Now  we  are 
not  Jesuits,  so  we  shall  take  high  ground  at  once,  and  state  our 
opinion  boldly.  We  think,  therefore,  that  a  line  of  battle  ship  ought 
not  to  find  its  way  into  the  navy  list,  until  turned  out  of  the  ship- 
wright's hand,  and  fit  to  do  duty  afloat.  We  presume  that  taking  a 
common  sense  view  of  things  that  a  Bhip  ought  to  be  built  and 
launched  before  she  is  included  in  her  Majesty's  navy.  We  ought 
not  to  reckon  ships,  as  ships  before  they  are  kuncM^  *a*?j  \s*sre> 


84  FEOM   CAMP  TO   QUABTERB. 

than  we  ought  to  reckon  chickens,   as  chickens,  before  ^hey 
Hatched,     Neither  except  in  official  minds  can  the  present  iueffic 
block  ships  receive  Brevet  rank  as  ships  of  the  line  without  det 
ment  to  the  navy-    Nor  should  ships  undergoing  "  conversion" 
44  sailing  to  steam"  he  considered  as  ships  "constructing/* 

A  little  attention  to  these  simple  rules  would  have  assisted  ox 
late  u  First  Lord,"  and  out  present u  First  Lord"  in  this  control 
They  would  then  have  discovered  that  in  the  year  1S58,  four 
of  the  line  were  "built,"  and  four  **  converted/'     Any  boil  \ 
that  there  is  a  di  fibre  nee  between  adding  eight  ships  of  the  largest 
dimensions  to  the  navyT  and  building  eight  in  a  pnrticn  Th 

ships  may  all  be  line  of  battle  ships,  but  four  were  "  conversions,11 
four  were  il  built.11     The  expense  of  the  "conversions^  fell  on 

ates  of  the  navy  for  that  year,  while  the  expense  of  building 
the  new  ships,  however  costly,  was  spread  over  the  estimates  of  a 
number  of  preceding  years.  It  is  just  possible  therefore,  that  ooe 
of  the  naval  Lords  wished  to  make  out  a  better  ease  for  his  "  Board" 
than  he  was  entitled  to,  and  this  the  other  naval  Lord  objected 
And  this  we  believe  to  be  the  cause  of  the  controversy  between  tti 
J  ate  and  present  Admiralties,     But  it  is 

"  Strange  thn*  such  a  iliffrrcncc!  jriiottld  be 
Twixt  tweedledum  and  twecdludco." 

We  apologise  to  the  reader,  professional  or  otherwise,  for  intr 
dueing  so  rudimentary  a  subject  to  his  notice.     Our  excuse  is,  tha 
if  the  highest  officials  in  naval  affairs  cannot  come  to  an  m 
standing  as  to  the  exact  number  of  these  costly  structures  we  hav 
in  the  service,  some  such  simple  initiatory  statement  as  the  ab 
necessary  to  assist  the  general  public  in  its  attempt  to  glean  son 
knowledge  of  the  manner  the  public  money  is  expended. 

HP, 


FROM  CAMP  TO  QUARTERS. 

OB  1TFE   IK  Aff    rffIiIA.X   CASTGSTONT   A  IT  Kit    FIELD   SKRTH   v. 

CoHTEHts.— Our  Accept  km— Panrigunge — State  of  llic  Unoiv-Om-ih— Cir 
itanoBfl  of  the  Thnw    Otngea  of  tlic  Clump — The  Royals  and  "the  I 

ch  Sepoy* — Chuuh&tiuc  CorreKpoadenoc,  and  Sudden  Death— Jul  iabod-*-0ii 
Soldiers — Luxuries  of  a  Quiet  Life— The  Suldicr's  Bane. 

" The  sun  rose  bright  and  glorious," — No  he  didn't !  He  emcru 
lurid  and  fierce,  as  only  an  Indian  Midsummer  sun  knows  how    to 
du;  from  an  horizon  rendered  ob  sen  re  by  impalpable  dust,  sud 
during  the  hot  season  in  the  plains  of   Bengal  renders  still    mat 
stifling  an  atmosphere  already  too  stifling  from   its  heat,  and 
the  extreme  stillness  that  pervades  it. 

In  this  wav,  then,  this  luminary  did  actually  rise  on  the  twen; 
of  Juno,  in  the  year  of  grace  eighteen   hundred  and  iifty-eigh 
the  gallant  Onety-Oneth  approached   the  outskirts    of  the    well- 
known  and  hitherto  wry  favourite  station,  Dand gunge. 


1859.] 


FROM    CAMP   TO    QlMHTEltfl. 


Six  long  months  before,  W6  1 1 : t -•  1  marched  from  thta  very  station,  to 

take  a  part  in  the  operations  then  commencing  against  the  re  Wis  in 
Glutei  On  that  occasion  we  had  rather  flattered,  ourselves  that  our 
appearance  collectively,  aud  individually,  was  such  that  in  the  ele- 
gant jargon  now  so  fashionable,  MWB  were  not  to  he  sneezed  at,*' 
So  also  had  evidently  thought  not  a  few  of  the  fair  sex,  whose 
charms  had  brought  under  complete  subjection  some  of  the  dispo- 
sable young  men  among  both  officers  and  soldiers. 

But  six  months  of  an  Indian  campaign — particularly  when  a  great 
portion  of  it  is  included  in  the  hot  season,  and  when  a  regiment  is 
engaged,  even  against  a  Sepoy  enemy,  on  eighteen  different  occasions, 
as  the  Onety-Oneth  had  been,  cannot  pass  over  a  body  of  men 
without  leaving  a  few  traces  of  its  course  behind.  Not  only  had  a 
change  taken  place  in  our  evti  rnals,  but  our  very  persons  were  not 
what  they  had  been.  The  bright,  well-iitting  scarlet  uniform,  once 
the  source  of  conscious  pride  to  most  of  us,  had  now  given  phu 
loosely  fitting  habiliments  of  "  calky  "  cloth,  most  unsuitetf  by  its 
mud-like  hue  to  show  off  to  advantage  even  the  most  favoured  com- 
plexion, or  by  its  make,  the  most  elegant  figure,  albeit  it  possesses 
some  other  advantages,  such  as  extreme  comfort  in  wear,  and  extreme 
usefulness  on  service. 

Time,  too,  had  indeed  worked  wonders  in  respect  to  our  personal 
appearance.  Who  would  now  have  recognised  in  the  pale  and 
bearded  faced,  emaciated,  worn-like,  and  extremely  dirty  mortals  we 
unquestionably  were— the  fine-looking,  well  set  up,  and  dashing 
body  of  men  who  had  left  the  station  some  months  before. 

Yes !— I  say  it  myself,  although  perhaps  I  shouldn't  say  it,  seeing 
that  I,  the  writer  oi  this  account,  formed  one  portion  of  the  body 
corporate  of  the  Onety-Oneth  on  this  occasion.  AVc  did  flatter 
ourselves  that  before  the  campaign,  we  were  rather  a  fine-looking 
aet  of  fellows — and  what  is  more,  we  were  not  the  only  people  who 
did  so.  Self  satisfaction  may  be  all  very  well  in  its  way,  and  no 
doubt  is  a  mighty  fine  thing  in  that  same  particular  way,  but  it 
strikes  me  forcibly,  that  for  a  young  swell  to  make  a  favourable 
impression  upon  some  frail  fair  one,  who  by  acts,  if  not  wTords,  pro- 
claims  the  fact,  is  quite  as  flattering,  if  not  more  so,  to  the  vanity 
of  that  particular  "swell,11  than  the  mere  fact  of  bis  making  an 
impression  upon  himself  alone  can  possibly  be ;  and  if  there  be  any 
doubt  upon  the  subject,  1  leave  you,  most  courteous  reader,  to 
decide  the  point,  You  have,  I  presume,  paid  your  money,  and  am 
therefore  lawfully  entitled  to  take  your  choice. 

While  on  field  service  we  had  not  been  utterly  forgotten  by  the 
people  of  Dandgunge.  The  ehit-ehat  of  private  letters  told  us 
that  the  departure  of  the  regiment  was  regretted — our  return 
anxiously  looked  forward  to — and  that  some  of  the  more  enthusiastic 
among  the  unmarried  ladies,  never  spoke  of  us  except  as  B  the  dear 
Onety-Oneth," 

Knowing  these  little  facts  as  we  did,  a  smile  of  pleasant  an 
pation  brightened  up  our  service-worn  faces,  as  we  halted  for  a  few 
minutes  to  get  ourselves  a  little  in  shape  before  entering  the  sta- 
tion, where  we  were  led  to  think  a  cordial  and  nattwxv%  w*i%- 


SG 


FBOM    CAMP  TO   QUABTEEB, 


tion  awaited  us.     During  our  absence  another  regiment, — the  iuvi 
cible  aMgkty  tnt'fhfh   had  arrived;  and  occupied  a  portion  of  1 h 
tanmve  range  ci  barrack^  still  leaving  room  for  us  however.     Tl 
aificent  band  came  out  to  meet  and0 play  us  in,'*— striking 
as  we  returned  our  marcli,     "  See    the  conquering  hero  c 
although  in  our  numerous  engagements  with  the  rebels,  the 
pidity  of  their    retreat  rendered  it  a  matter  of  Borne  difficulty 
fairly  earn  the  appellation, — and  t lien f  as  equally  appropriate,  c 
progress  was  further  enlivened  by  the  merry  strains  of  "  Auld 
syne/*  although  the  two  regiments  baa  never, — not  :n  the  mi 
of  the  oldest  inhabitant  —  never  met. 

And  now  we  are  met  by  some  people  of  both  sexee— gentlemeo 
on  horseback,  ladle*  fair,  pale,  and  delicate,  lolling  hack  in 
cushioned  carriages,— private  soldiers  on  foot,  and  half  caste  boys 
on  wretched  bazaar  ponies,  all  intent  upon  one  purpose — to  aee  the 
Onetv-Oneth  march  into  the  station,  covered  as  they  were  v> 
very  small  quantity  of  glory,  but  by  a  disagreeable  amount  of  daft 
ana  perspiration. 

Hourly  recognitions  were  exchanged  by  former  acquaintancea— 
hearty  smiles  by  those  who  were  or  wished  to  become  more  th 
mere  acquaintances,  and  even  the  indifferent   gpeetatora  seemed 
express  a  paesive  pleasure  at  the  circumstance  ot  our  adv* 

Thus  excited  by  what  had  become  a  goodly  cavalcade,  we  en" 
the  large  and    dreary-looking  barrack  square  of  Dandgunge ; 
while  the  regiment  is  being  told  off  in  companies  previous  to 
more  getting  under  a  roof,  let  us,  if  you  please,  dear  reader,  take 
short  survey  of  what  are  to  become  our  hot  weather  quarters, 

On  a  slightly  elevated  narrow  strip  of  land  skirting  the  bank  of 
the  holy  Ganges,  Maud  in  the  shape  of  a  gigantic  oblong  square  the 
military  building  that  constitute  the  station  of  Dandgunge,  thi§ 
gigantic  square  being  converted  into  two  smaller  ones,  by  the  very 
simple  measure  of  building  a  range  of  quarters  directly* across,  for 
the  accommodation  of  officers. 

iM  far  as  the  general  appearance  of  the  place  was  coneenn 
there  was  little,  or  indeed  nothing  at  all  in  it  to  create  in  us 
favorable  impression.     Yet  we  looked  forward  with  pleasant  nntiei- 

n  to  being  allowed  for  some  months  at  least  to  enjoy  the 
and  quiet— nay,  even  the  monotony  of  cantonment  life,  after  t 
severe  and  arduous  service  we  had  "performed,  and  the  exposure 
Hi  mate  to  which  we  had  been  subjected. 

And,  were  enur  reception  indicative  at  ail  of  the  treatment  to 
expected  from  the  residents,  we  had  every  reason  to  look  form 
hopefully  to  the  enjoyment*  that  awaited  us  during  the  few  months 
that,  under  any  eircum stances .  we  should  he  permitted  to  remain  in 
quarters,  for  the  rainy  season  was  close  upon  us  ;  heavy  clouds  had 
for  some  days  been  darkening  more  and  more  the  eastern  sky,  thus 
indicating  the  near  approach  of  the  rains,  which  we  well  knew 
necessarily  terminate,  for  three  months  at  least,  all  militarv 
liona  upon  a  large  scale  against  the  mutinous  Sepoys, 

It  may  well  be  san}  that  no  body  of  men  ever  arrived  at  a  r:m 
ment  in  India  more  ready  to  appreciate  civility,  and  to  return  it 


10  ft 


1850.] 


iROM    CAMP   TO   QUARTERS. 


87 


compound  interest,   than  we  of  the  onety-oneth  were  when  we 
marched  into  Dandgungc, 

Hard  work  in  every  shape,  discomfort  in  every  conceivable  form, 
frequent  attacks,  and  scarcely  less  frequent  midnight  alarms,  had 
made  up  the  sum  of  our  existence  during  the  preceding  six  months. 
DeathT  wounds,  and  sickness  had  each  done  their  work  amongst  ua, 
and  the  u  shattered  remnant"  of  what  we  had  once  been  (to  quote 
an  expression  employed  afterwards  by  the  clergyman,  in  his  address 
to  the  corps),  conscious  as  it  was  of  having  wholly  done  its  duty, 
not  only  in  upholding  the  honour  of  beloved  England,  hut  in  dealing 
retribution  to  the  murderers  of  the  fair  and  the  helpless,  did  look 
for  some  definite  expression  of  welcome  from  people  whose  apparent 
enthusiasm  had  induced  a  considerable  number  of  them  to  come  out 
to  some  distance,  for  the  mere  pleasure  of  meeting  us. 

How  tar  our  anticipations  were  realized,  how  far  disappointed, 
shall  appear  in  the  sequeL  As,  however,  the  proceedings  about  to  bo 
related  form  but  a  mere  type  of  every-day  life  at  almost  every  mili- 
tary station  in  Bengal,  I  take  leave  to  chronicle  them  with  more 
minuteness  than  they  woidd  otherwise  deserve,  being  after  all  little 
more  than  happen  every  day  on  board  large  passenger  ships,  and 
little  Peildlingtons  every  where,  where  people  know  a  vast  deal  too 
much  of  each  other's  business,  and  take  a  little  too  much  interest  in 
what  does  not  in  any  manner  of  way  concern  them. 

It  must  be  mentioned,  as  one  of  the  peculiar  customs  of  Indian 
!  \ .  that  those  last  arriving  at  a  station  are  expected  to  call  upon 
the  residents.  This  custom  has  many  advantages f  and  is  upon  the 
whole,  perhaps,  better  adapted  for  the  particular  circumstances  of 
the  country  than  would  be  the  English  custom  of  the  residents  being 
the  first  to  call. 

With  us,  however,  we  could  not  be  said  to  be  about  to  form  new 
acquaintances,  Many  of  the  people  who  constituted  "society" 
were  old  friends,  and  a  still  larger  number  old  acquaintances ;  while 
some  few  only,  who  had  arrived  in  our  absence,  were  to  be  visited 
for  the  first  time, 

During  the  terrible  ordeal  through  which  our  fellow-countrymen 
— aye,  and  fellow-countrywomen — in  Bengal  had  but  recently 
passed,  we  need  not  wonder  that  a  settled  melancholy  was  for  a  time 
thrown  over  society*  How  could  it  have  been  otherwise,  when 
l-<  aively  a  family  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land  had 
not  to  mourn  the  cruel  and  untirnelv  death — if,  indeed,  no  worse 
fate — of  several  of  its  members  ?  Otner  families  were  completely 
broken  up  by  the  sad  circumstances  of  the  times.  In  some  in- 
stances the  wife  and  children  had,  on  the  first  outbreak  of  Sepoy 
fury  and  treachery,  been  hurried  away  to  England  to  escape  the  fate 
that  overtook  their  less  fortunate  brothers,  sisters,  and  cousins  at 
Bfoerut,  Delhi,  and  C&wnpore.  In  others  the  husbands  were  still 
on  field  service,  their  wives  clubbing  together  in  houses  or  barracks, 
endeavouring  by  this  means  to  mitigate  as  far  as  possible  the  anxiety 
and  the  painful  uncertainty  they  naturally  experienced  on  account 

iose  whose  fkees  they  were,  in  some  cases,  aks  !  doomed  e 
again  to  behold  on  this  side  the  grave, 


8B 


FEOM   CiMP  TO   QUARTERS. 


[May- 


There  was  thus  much,  very  much,  in  the  circumstances  of  the  resi- 
dents of  Dandgunge  to  pot  entertainments,  or  any  description  of 
gaiety,  far  from  their  thoughts.     So  also  there  was  during  all  i 
and  the  greater  part  of  1858,  to  break  un  the  demon strat ions  of 
society  over  all  this  side  of  India,     But  will  matters  in  this  n 
ever  recover  their  former  state  before  the  mutinies  ?    I  believe  they 
never  will.     Lute  events  have  changed,  and  will  still  more  chang 
the  whole  face  of  society  in  India ;  and  this  by  the  operation 
many  causes,  some  of  which  maj  be  noted  here — some  of  which  lumy 
be  left  untold. 

The  type  of  the  "  old  Indian"  ceased  to  exist  from  the  first  mo* 
ment  hi  a  adored  and  much  admired  high- caste  native  soldier  turne 
traitor  to  his  Government,  and  in  return  for  the  devoted  kinducp 
and  solicitous  attention  of  the  officer  who  had  grown  grey  in  minis 
tering  to  his  wants,  in  consulting  his  peculiar  feelings  and  prejmlu 
until  at  last  he  admired,  and  would  fain  have  himself  adopted  thflOL 
— slew  that  very  officer's  children,  put  to  a  cruel  death  his  wife  and 
daughters,  and  would  have  hacked  himself  to  pieces  had  the  fleetness 
of  his  steed  not  carried  him  beyond  their  reach, 

It  was  officers  of  this  description — and  bo  it  remarked  that  1  am 
not  applying  the  term  *'  old  Indian'  'to  the  class  as  an  epithet  of  dis- 
respect— who  in  India's  palmy  days  gave  society  the  character  for 
hospitality  and  friendliness  that  contrasted  so  favourably  with  the 
stillness,  the  coldness,  and  reserve  of  society  in  England;  but  with 
the  first  terrible  blast  of  mutiny  that,  sirocco-like,  swept  over  the 
country,  carrying  death  and  destruction  in  its  course,  the  old  state 
of  society  perished  in  an  instant;  and  even  yet  that  which  will  in  due 
time  be  reconstructed  from  its  ruins  has  scarcely  assumed  a  definite 
shape. 

Then,  with  the  suicide  of  the  native  army,  came  the  painful  con- 
viction to  the  minds  of  the  British  officers  attached  to  it,  that  their 
prospects  in  life  had  sustained  a  heavy  blow,  if  indeed  they  were  not, 
as  they  unquestionably  were,  in  many  instances  utterly  annihilated. 

Accustomed,  as  they  had  hitherto  been,  to  consider  the  Sepoys 
as  the  real  guardians  of  the  empire,  they  felt  themselves  not  unna- 
turally not  only  astonished,  but  utterly  overwhelmed  and  amassed, 
when  the  very  men  in  whom  they  had  trusted  with  a  confidence  that 
now  surprises  themselves,  threw  oft"  their  allegiance,  burst  into  open 
mutiny,  dealing  destruction  upon  lives  and  property  they  had  sworn 
to  protect  and  defend*  Still  more  overwhelming  than  even  this  cir- 
cumstance, unexpected  as  it  was,  was  the  influx  of  British  troops 
that  almost  immediately  set  in,  and  has  up  to  the  present  time  con- 
tinued, like  one  interminable  stream  T  to  pour  into  the  country,  car- 
rying with  it  home  feelings,  sympathies,  and  ideas,  that  must,  as  in- 
evitably as  cause  is  followed  by  etfect,  swamp,  drown,  and  utterly 
destroy  the  habits,  the  prejudices,  and  the  faith,  that  have  for  thou* 
sands  of  years  retarded  the  people  of  the  land  in  the  march  ot 
civilization,  and  given  to  our  own  countrymen  who  have  resided  long 
nmong  them  certain  characteristics  that  distinguish  them  as  a  body 
from  the  purely  English,  whose  nationality  has  not  been  destroyed* 

The  old  residents  iu  India  generally,  and  those  in  Dandgungp  f 


1859.]  THOif   CJlUV  TO   QUAHTfflfl. 

particular,  had  scarcely  begun  to  recover  from  the  feelings  of  disap- 
pointed confidence,  chagrin,  and  amazement,  produced  by  the  cir- 
cumstances just  related,  when  another  skeleton,  more  terrible  to 
look  upon,  perhaps,  than  any  of  these,  rose  before  their  already  more 
than  astonished  eyes.  Tho  Honourable  East  India  Company — that 
mysterious  power,  towards  which  from  early  infancy  they  had  been 
taught  to  look  with  reverence  and  respect,  and  In  comparison  to 
which  the  Queen's  Government  was  weak  and  helpless — the  East 
India  Company  was  about  to  be  extinguished,  in  as  far  as  its  poli- 
tical functions  were  concerned,  "  The  Royals  "  were  about  to  sweep 
over  India,  and  like  a  flight  of  locusts  eat  up  every  green  thing, 
Staff  appointments,  snug  situations,  patronage  in  various  shapes,  to 
say  nothing  of  the  old  and  well  beloved  pecuniary  £t  allowan 
AD,  all  these  were  about  to  be  swept  away  for  ever,  and  in  their 
stead  to  arise  a  state  of  affairs  uncertain  in  its  hideous  form,  and 
most  disastrous  to  existing  interests. 

Such  at  least  was  the  general  view  taken  of  the  transition  state 
through  which  India  has  been  gradually  advancing  since  IS*  7,  The 
residents  of  our  station  were  almost  to  a  man  servants  of  that  very 
Company  whose  existence  now  hung  not  only  upon  a  slender  thread, 
but  upon  a  thread  one  of  whose  strands  was  broken.  Is  it  then  to 
be  wondered  at  if  we  soon  discovered  a  certain  amount  of  reserve,  if 
not  positively  adverse  feeling  towards  us,  and  indeed  that  we 
looked  upon  as  being  a  necessary  evil,  rather  than  an  acquisition  ? 

But  before  proceeding  further  with  my  account  of  cantonment 
life,  I  must  say  a  few  words  regarding  the  remnants  of  the  Sepoy 
regiments  that  have  remained  at  Dandgunge  since  the  mutiny  of  the 
corps  to  which  they  belonged,  hi  July,  1857. 

It  is  said  that  these  men  have  remained  loyal,  or,  in  the  language 
of  the  time,  "staunch."  Let  u£  see  for  a  few  minutes  what  the 
latter  expression  means  as  applied  to  them  ;  but,  in  order  to  prose- 
cute the  inquiry*  we  must  go  back  to  a  time  eleveu  months  prior  to 
that  when  my  narrative,  properly  speaking,  begins. 

Ajs  we  marched  into  Dandgungc,  from  the  westward,  several 
ranges  of  temporary  barracks  for  European  troops,  built  upon  a 
ridge  of  land  that  separated  the  principal  ruad  from  the  river-bank, 
indicated  what  had  once  been  the  site  of  the  native  u  lines  "  or  huta 
in  which  the  Sepoys  had  been  allowed  to  live,  congregate,  di 
imaginary  grievances,  and  form  plana  for  what  jbrtunately  proved  to 
be  their  own  destruction. 

One  of  the  principal  civil  authorities  in  India  has  placed  upon 
record  his  opinion  that  the  mutiny  of  the  Sepoys  at  Dandgunge  was 
inconceivable  ;  the  result  was,  that,  acting  upon  this  conviction,  he 
refused  permission  to  the  local  authorities  to  adopt  such  preventive 
measures  as  their  less  clouded  judgment  enabled  them  to  see  were 
absolutely  necessary  if  mutiny,  and  perhaps  murder,  were  to  be 
averted  t 

But  even  the  local  authorities  gave  the  Sepoys  credit  for  possess- 
ing far  higher  courage  than  the  result  proved  them  to  possess. 

On  the  26th  July,  almost  three  entire  black  regiments  or oke  away. 
Artillery  guns  were  brought  up  against  them,  but  were  not  c^t^n^s* 


90 


FEOM    GAMP  TO   QTJARTEH8. 


[Mat, 


them  until  the  fleeing  masses  had  got  well  beyond  range.     This  very 
regiment,  the  Oneif-Qneti  had  been,  by  order  of  a  station  official, 
drawn   up  behind  their   own   barracks,   where  they  were  further 
ordered  to  load,  as  the   mutinous  Sepoy  a,  were  they  to  see  them, 
would    become    frightened.       While    the    general    officer,    either 
seized  with  a  terrible  conviction  that  the  brave  native  troops  wer 
about  to  amhilale  every  wThito  man,  woman,  and  child  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, or  with  a  powerful  desire  to  examine  the  mysteries  of  tl 
steam  engine,  proceeded  direct  on  hoard   a  steamer,  then  in 
river,  and  It  is  even  said  picked  himself  up  in  the  stoker's  room* 

Meantime,  while  the   General,  accompanied  by  bis  brilliant  et 
was  studying  the  steam  engine  in  action,  the  native  regiments  wer 
fleeing  across  the  half  submerged  rice  fields  that  skirt  the  sta 
but  there  were  a  few  of  their  numbers  who,  happening  to  have  be 
upon  various  duties  within  the  range  of  barracks  at  the  commeiic 
ment  of  the  outbreak,  had  not  an  opportunity  to  join  their  comrades, 
and  of  this  remnant  one  small  body  deserves  especial  notice. 

A  native  sergeant  and  twelve  privates  formed  a  guard  over  some 
mess  property  belonging  to  one  of  their  own  regiments,,  that,  for 
the  sake  of  greater  security,  was  kept  in  the  quarters  of  one  oJ 
officers.  This  officer  was  a  married  man  ;  but  lie  happening  to  have 
been  away  in  the  direction  of  the  Sepoy  lines  when  the  alarm  of 
mutiny  was  first  raised,  his  wife  was  thus  left  alone  with  men 
whom  she  well  knew  only  wanted  courage  and  opportunity  to  rer 
the  atrocities  that  had  been  committed  in  other  stations. 

Already  had  these  men  flown  to  their  arms,  when  the  lady,  know- 
ing that  iiesitation  or  indecision  would  inevitably  be  fatal  to  herself 
coolly  walked  up  to  them,  and  demanded  that  they  should  give  up 
their  amis. 

The  request  was  received  with  loud  muttering*  and  scowls,  the 
meaning  of  which  could  not  be  misunderstood.  **  Give  up  your  arma 
this  instant,"  she  reiterated  in  a  still  more  resolute  tone,  and  with 
more  determined  manner, 

tt  "What  if  we  do  not  give  up  our  arms  P" 

*  I  will  call  upon  the  soldiers,  and  they  will  kill  every  one 
you!" 

M  And  if  we  do 
lives?" 

"  I  will  do  my  best  to  keep  tbe  soldiers  from  you." 

(t  Mem  a- Sahib —you  are  our  father  and  our  mother,  and  we  are  your 
slaves  I"  So  saying,  the  whole  guard  gave  up  their  arms  to  this  one 
lady;  and  not  only  gave  up  their  arms,  but  some  of  them  insisted 
upon  concealing  themselves  from  the  dreaded  soldiers  by  taking 
refuge  under  her  bed,  and  in  other  somewhat  peculiar  places. 

Small  guards  elsewhere  throughout  the  station  were  only  too  glad 
to  be  allowed  to  throw  down  their  arms  to  any  body,  and  the  rem- 
nants thus  collected  form  what  is  now  called  the  loyal  Sepoys  of  the 
late  native  army  j  loyal  merely  because  they  could  not  help  them- 
selves. 

For  some  time  after  this  occurrence,  the  habitual  strut  of  the 
Sepoy  was,  to  use  a  very  vulgar  but  expressive  phrase,  completely 


give  them  up,  will  you  promise  to  spare  our 


1859.] 


QUABTEBS. 


91 


taken  out  of  the  sorry  reumant  that  remained  j  and  it  was  shortly 
afterwards  still  more  taken  out  of  the  in  by  a  trilling  occurrence  that 
may  be  mentioned  here. 

It  was  not  only  suspected,  but  absolutely  demonstrated  to  all  who 
were  not  wilfully  blinded  to  the  fact,  that  this  very  remnant,  who 
allowed  to  remain  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  barrack 
square,  were  in  the  habit  of  harbouring  emissaries  from  the  rebel 
camp,  and  holding  secret  correspondence  with  their  comrades  who 
had  mutinied. 

Spies  were  on  more  than  one  occwion  followed  into  the  small 
group  of  tents  in  which  the  Sepoys  were  accommodated,  but,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  not  found;  representations  were  made  of  the  cir- 
cumstance to  the  officers  of  the  mutinous  regiments,  but  they, 
blinded  and  infatuated  to  the  last,  could  not  or  would  not  believe  it. 
hi  last,  one  evening,  just  as  darkness  a  waa  dosing  in,  an  uncus- 
t  likeable  spy  w;is  Jol lowed  by  some  soldiers  to  the  Btepqr  camp,  but, 
as  usual,  with  no  further  suet  ess.  The  man  was  lost  in  the  crowd, 
but  before  the  following  morning  several  of  the  loyal  men  had  died 
suddenly  by  bayonet  wounds  through  the  chest,  and  several  more 
were  lying  in  "hospital,  suffering  from  severe  attacks  of  the  same 
description. 

lUn  erf  or  ward  the  Sepoys  doifed  the  unilbrm  they  had  disgraced; 
they  rammed  their  original  costume  as  tillers  of  the  ground;  and 
instead  of  their  hitherto  overhearing  manner,  now  walked  with 
stooping  gait  and  downcast  loota. 

But  towards  the  end  of  the  year  the  Onety-Oneth,  of  whicn  they 
evidently  had  stood  in  wholesome  awe,  took  the  field ;  and  now  the 
staunch  Sepoys,  relieved  of  an  incubus,  once  more  appeared  the  full- 
blown swells  they  wished  themselves  to  be  considered.  Uniform 
was  once  again  resumed,  albeit  the  wearers  felt  and  looked  more 
awkward  in  their  regimental  habiliments  than  they  had  ever  done 
before.  Ouce  more  the  head  was  borne  aloft,  the  chest  stuck  out 
until  the  jacket  buttons  snapped,  or  dragged  their  stems  half  of; 
and  the  ridiculous  salute  with  which  the  Sepoy  had  once  upon  a  time 
loved  to  greet  the  hated  Feringhee,  again  took  its  place  in  his  daily 
ritual. 

Alas !  alas  !  that  so  much  dory  must,  like  all  sublunary  things, 
have  an  end.  The  writer  of  this  paper  had  occasion  to  preeedY 
regiment  into  Dand^unge,  where  I  arrived  on  the  day  before  it  was 
expected,  and  beheld  the  gallant  remnant  of  the  native  regiments 
parading  in  various  directions,  as  I  have  just  related.  Having  tran- 
sacted the  business  that  brought  me  there,  1  ivjuined  the  corps,  but 
judge,  most  respected  reader,  wlu it  was  my  surprise  when,  as  we 
lied  in,  not  one  Sepoy  in  uniform  was  to  be  seen.  They  had 
ascertained  that  the  to  them  terrible  Onety-Oneth  was  about  to  enter 
the  station,  and  the  result  was  that  from  that  day  till  this  day,  some 
eight  months  afterwards,  when  we  again  left  the  place3  not  one  of 
the  native  "  details/*  as  the  remnants  were  called,  over  presumed  to 
appear  in  uniform. 

From  8epoys  let  us  turn  for  a  little  to  our  own  brave  soldiers — 
worn  and  weary  as  they  were  by  arduous  service  during  the  hat 


FROM   CAMP  TO  QUARTERS. 

period  of  an  unusually  hot  season.      u  How  dreadfully  sickly   they 
must   have   been,  poor    fellows/*    is    no    doubt    the  spontaneous 
exclamation  of  some  comfortable,  although  gouty  *'  old  English  gen 
Uem&n,"  who,  seated  in  his  easy  library  chair,  does  me  the  honour  to 
peruse  these  pages. 

My  very  dear  Sir,  they  were  less  sickly  than  the  soldiers  of  the 
Aughty-Aughth,  who  had  not  been  aclivly  employed,  and  who  now 
occupied  some  of  the  same  range  of  barracks  as  ourselves. 

It  had  been  the  custom  of  the  superior  officers,  with  the  force  of 
which  we  had  lately  formed  a  part,  to  send  to  the  nearest  station  any 
men  who  became  severely  iH  ;  the  result  was  that  those  who  remained 
with  us  throughout  the  operations  in  which  we  had  been  enga 
were  in  reality  the  very  strongest  and  naturally  the  most  healthy  in 
the  regiment ;  yet  we  scarcely  expected  to  have  contrasted  ao 
favourably  as  we  did  in  this  respect  with  a  corps  that  had  been  com* 
fortablc  in  quarters  throughout  the  previous  unhealthy  mouthy. 

"lint  were  the  men  not  delighted 'to  get  back  to  barracks?*' 

"  Yes,  my  good  sir,  very  much  delighted  indeed,  and  for  various 
reasons,  some  of  which,  I  will,  if  you  please,  do  myself  the  gratifica- 
tion to  tell  you" 

As  second  in  the  list  of  military  virtues,  obedience  being  the  first, 
so  also  second  among  social  virtues,  but  chief  among  personal  ne- 
cessities In  India,  stands  cleanliness  ;  we  all,  both  officers  and  mm, 
had  missed  this  extreme  luxury  for  months,  and  one  of  tho  principal 
enjoyments  to  which  we  looked  forward  in  quarters  was  the  luxury 
of  frequent  personal  ablution  and  clean  linciu  But  there  were  many- 
other  luxuries  to  which  we  had  looked  forward  in  hopeful  anticipation, 
and  which  we  most  thoroughly  did  enjoy. 

Our  meals — breakfast,  dinner,  tea,  coffee,  soup — in  fact  every 
article  or  description  of  food,  had  £>r  months  and  months  be- 
copiously  sprinkled  with  sand  and  dust,  from  having  to  be  cooked  in 
the  open  air,  that  the  ordinary  lite- long  allowance  of  a  peck  of  dust 
could  scarcely,  under  the  moat  favourable  circumstances  while  i 
paigning,  have  lasted  the  most  moderate  eater  among  us  a  month. 
What  an  extreme  luxury  then  it  was  to  obtain  nicely  cooked  meals, 
containing  neither  santi^  nor  duat,  nor  the  debris  of  still  more  objec- 
tionable matters. 

Then  we  had  the  luxury  of  clean  bedding — no  alarms  at  night, 
no  sudden  wakening  up  by  a  dust  storm,  half  smothering  us  as  we 
lay  in  bed,  and  momentarily  threatening  to  carry  our  flimsy  tent 
away  into  the  higher  regions  of  the  atmosphere,"  leaving  us  devoid 
of  extra  drapery,  to  do  battle  with  the  elements  on  mother  earth, 

For  some  time,  therefore,  all  went  smooth  and  pleasant ;  we  en- 
joyed our  change,  and  when  by  and  bye  the  heavy  rain  poured  down 
m  tor  rents  j  the  barrack  square  becoming  one  dismal  swamp,  tenanted 
only  by  frogs,  great  and  small,  and  adjutant  birds  standing  on  tam 
leg,  or  awkwardly  stalking  after  some  drowned  reptile,  %ve  even  b< 
to  congratulate  ourselves,  and  talk  in  tones  of  sympathy  of  less  for- 
tunate regiments  that  still  were  in  the  field.  Nor  must  I  omit  to 
mention  one  other  luxury  of  which  we  partook  on  coming  into  quar- 
ters,   Hitherto  we  had  scarcely  known  what  it  was  to  taste  fruit  or 


I 


18590 


rnou  camp  to  quabtebs. 


93 


vegetables,  neither  of  which  could  be  obtained  in  the  part  of  the 
country  through  which  our  route  lay.  It  may  certainly  appear 
strange  at  first  sight  that  a  body  of  men,  marching  as  we  were  from 
day  to  day,  through  some  of  the  richest  and  most  prolific  portions  of 
India*  wore  unable  to  procure  some  of  the  very  products  for  which 
the  country  is  famous .  Tet  so  it  was  \  probably  much  on  the  same 
principle  that,  during  long  voyages  at  sea,  fresh  sea  fish  becomes  one 
of  the  greatest  rarities  at  table. 

The  consequence  of  this  continued  want  of  vegetables  and  fruit 
was  a  state  of  loss  of  health,  that  would  unquestionably  have  obliged 
numbers  to  succumb  had  the  deprivation  continued  much  longer. 
As  it  was  we  were  all,  both  soldiers  and  officers,  seized  with  a  craving 
absolutely  painful  for  these  productions  of  the  garden  ;  and  when 
first  we  tinu  an  opportunity  of  indulging  our  appetite  in  this  respect, 
the  quantity  of  green  food  that  disappeared  was  only  less  marvellous 
than  the  fact  that,  instead  of  dying  of  cholera  as  we  ought,  according 
t  ■■  p  aU  rides,  to  have  done,  not  only  did  we  all  feel  much  better  after 
the  feast,  but  some  of  us  who  bad  been  Buffering  from  the  particular 
^es  in  which  fruits  and  vegetables  are  most  rigidly  prohibited 
by  u  the  faculty,"  underwent  so  immediate  and  so  definite  an  im- 
provement, that  in  the  height  of  their  enthusiasm  they  could  not 
resist  exclaiming  mentally,  it  not  actually,  Cl  Astringents  to  the  dogs* 
and  mangoes  for  ever!'*  a  sentiment  in  which  I  cordially  coincide. 

But  among  all  there  causes  of  self-gratulation  upon  our  return  to 
quarters,  there  was  one  horrid  phantom  that  haunted  us,  blasting 
by  its  pestiferous  breath  much  of  our  sources  of  happiness.  This 
was  that  terrible  and  irresistable  desire  for  spirituous  drinks,  that 
constitutes  the  bane  of  the  soldier  wherever  and  whenever  circum- 
stances permit  him  to  indulge  his  vicious  taste  in  this  reap- 

Not  that  the  men  of  the  Onety-Oneth  were  a  whit  worse  than  their 
comrades  in  other  regiments.  On  the  contrary,  they  were  perhaps 
better  than  the  majority.  And  yet  it  was  sad  to  think  of  the  amount 
of  injury,  in  many  respects,  that  they  brought  upon  themselves  from 
this  cause  during  the  first  few  weeks  they  were  in  barracks,  Loss 
of  character,  degradation  to  the  ranks,  wounds  and  bruises,  disease 
in  various  forms*  some  the  most  hideous  and  revolting,  were  among 
the  results  of  indulgence  in  this  vice.  And  yet  I  do  not  see  how 
such  things  can  be  altogether  prevented  under  circumstances  such 
as  ours  on  the  present  occasion. 

There  are  various  methods,  all  more  or  less  effectual t  for  meeting 

this  evil,  but  a  general  narrative,  such  as  this,  is  not  the  proper  place 

to  enter  at  length  into  a  consideration  of  their  comparative  advantages, 

I  may  observe,  however,  that  one  of  the  most  certain  methods  1  have 

witnessed  to  put  an  effectual  stop  to  drunkenness  in  a  regi 

rk  "  the  men  literally  so  hard  that  they  have  not  tame  to 
barracks  in  search  of  liquor,  the  crime  being  at  the  same  time 
punished  with  the  utmost  rigour  it  is  in  the  power  of  the  command- 
ing officer  to  exert.  This  seems  to  be  a  cruel  nroeeeding,  and  so  it 
UI..V  be  to  the  individuals  concerned,  while  the  fact  of  exacting  extra 
duty  from  the  men  brings  immediate  numahmcDt  upon  the  good,  as 
well  as  deserved  punishment  upon  the  irregular  characters. 


04 


MILITARY   POWEU  OF   THE   ENGLISH   Iff   IMIA. 


[Mat, 


This,  however,  must  necessarily  bo  the  case,  ami  wo  can  only 
deplore  the  necessity,  for  as  in  the  government  of  all  large  bodies, 
bo  in  that  of  a  regiment,  the  consideration  of  what  ia  most  conducive 
to  the  general  well  being  of  the  whole,  must  effectually  overweigh  the 
particular  circumstances  and  convenience  of  individuals. 

But  I  find  there  are  so  many  subjects  to  claim  attention  in  an 
account  of  "Soldiering*1  iu  India  at  the  present  time  that  the  dimen- 
sions of  my  paper  have  already  almost  reached  the  pcrmissable  limits. 
The  further  remarks  upon  manner  of  Hie  in  cantonment s  after  f 
service  must  therefore  be  reserved  till  next  month. 


I  units, 
r  field 


FRENrCII   VIEW   OF  THE   MILITAKY    POWER  OF  THB 
■  ENGLISH  IN  INDIA. 

It  was  the  poetic  prayer  of  a  well-known  writer  that  some  po, 
might  endow  us  with  the  faculty  of  seeing  ourselves  as  others  see  us. 
The  gratification  of  such  a  wish  may  not  always  produce  a  very 
pleasing  impression,  and  to  say  the  truth,  our  neighbour^  whether 
we  speak  as  individuals  or  as  a  nation ,  seldom  leave  us  in  doubt  as 
to  what  they  think  of  us.  As  a  nation,  no  people  are  so  self-fault* 
finding  as  the  English,  and,  perhaps,  no  nation  is  so  indifferent  I 
the  opinion  of  others.  There  is  a  strong  honesty  of  intention  in 
John  Bull  that  makes  him  sell-reliant,  and  a  stubborn  pride  that 
renders  him  defiant.  Still  we  are  not  wholly  regardless  of  opinion, 
but  the  value  we  attach  to  it,  must  be  commensurate  with  tin- 
estimate  we  form  of  the  judgment  and  good  faith  of  him  who  assumes 
the  task  of  pronouncing  on  our  conduct.  The  flippant  remarks  of 
a  superficial  thinker  we  pass  unheeded  by,  but  the  approval  of  an 
earnest  man  is  ever  a  welcome  tribute  to  our  honest  pride,  and  his 
reproof — if  he  reprove — is  sure  to  bespeak  our  attention. 

In  the  latter  class  we  must  place  the  distinguished  French  writ 
efOll  now  lies  before  us.     Le  Commandant-Ch.  Martin  has 
chosen  for  his  subject :— "  The  Military  Power  of  the  English  in 
India,  and  the  Insurrection  of  the  Sepoys." 

The  talented  author  describes  the  trying  phase  of  our  political 
existence  in  India  in  a  spirit  of  the  most  generous  admiration  fat 
the  valiant  who  fought  and  triumphed,  and  with  the  tenderest  sym- 
pathy for  the  doomed  who  fell  victims  in  that  terrible  struggle. 

To  do  justice  to  the  book  would  require  a  larger  space  than 
can  afford,  bat  we  shall  endeavour  to  lay  before  our  readers  in  a 
brief  view,  the  design  of  the  author  and  the  manner  in  which  his 
objects  are  carried  out. 

M.  Martin's  work  may  be  divided  into  two  parts.  The  first  gives 
a  brief  account  of  the  early  history  of  India,  beginning  at  a  period 
anterior  to  the  conquest  of  Alexander,  sketching  the  career  of  the 
various  Mogul  sovereigns,  to  the  time  when  Nadir  Schah  invaded 
Delhi,  We  have  then  an  account  of  the  discovery  of  the  passage 
round  the  Cape  by  the  Portuguese,  of  their  settlements  on  the  east 
coast  of  Africa,  and  in  Asia  ;  and  we  are  told  how  they  were  followed 


1859.]  MILTTABT  POWEB  OF  THE  EKGLISH  HT  UTDIA.  95 

by  other  Europeans,  the  Dutch,  the  English,  and  the  French.  "We 
then  learn  the  forty  years'  struggle  between  the  two  latter  powers, 
and  how  the  English  remained  masters  of  India.  From  this  time, 
the  history  of  India  is  only  a  record  of  wars  between  the  English 
and  the  native  princes,  until  by  force  of  arms,  by  treaties,  or  by 
annexation,  the  company  ruled  over  those  vast  tracts  as  they  were 
before  the  revolt  of  1857.    " 

The  second  part  of  the  work  is  devoted  exclusively  to  an  account 
of  the  Sepoy  insurrection.  The  author  has  found  materials  for  the 
first  part  in  the  works  of  writers  on  Indian  history,  but  for  the 
second  part  the  sources  of  his  information  were  very  different 

The  despatches  of  French  generals  are  sufficiently  minute  in  detail 
to  gratify  the  curiosity  of  every  individual  in  the  nation,  whilst  the 
despatch  of  an  English  general  is  for  the  most  part  limited  to  stating 
the  result  of  an  action,  rarely  entering  into  details.  English 
despatches  are,  as  our  author  remarks,  of  "  incomparable  dryness." 
In  this  dearth  of  information  from  head  quarters,  we  should  be  in 
pitiable  anxiety,  touching  our  absent  soldiers,  did  not  the  daily  press 
by  the  publication  of  private  letters  allay  our  inquietude  and 
satisfy  our  longings. 

The  sentiments  of  Le  Commandant  Martin  are  so  apropos  of  this 
Btate  of  things,  that  we  cannot  forbear  quoting  his  words  : — "  France 
and  England  do  not  differ  alone  in  their  mode  of  making  war,  each  has 
a  peculiar  manner  of  relating  its  events.  It  would  be  necessary  to 
study  as  we  have  done,  in  the  English  journals,  this  interesting 
nhase  of  cotemporary  history,  in  order  to  have  an  idea  of  the  con- 
tusion, the  disconnection,  the  chaos  that  prevailed  for  a  long  time  in 
all  the  accounts  relating  to  Indian  affairs.  Official  documents, 
private  letters,  interesting  details  are  furnished  in  abundance,  but 
considerable  embarrassment  arises  from  the  difficulty  of  discrimina- 
ting and  selecting  from  this  confused  heap ;  and  when  we  have 
chosen,  we  are  often  at  a  loss  how  to  arrange  them  with  a  due  regard 
to  place  and  chronological  order.  In  France,  the  official  reports  are, 
in  general,  full  of  interest,  and  depict  in  glowing  language  the 
military  deeds  recounted  for  the  information  of  the  home  authorities. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  correspondence  in  our  journals  is  singularly 
barren,  and  as  to  private  letters,  the  few  that  are  published  do  not 
excite  any  regret  for  those  that  are  suppressed.  In  short,  in  war, 
as  in  other  matters,  the  French  are  fond  of  delegating  to  one  the 
task  of  acting  as  mouthpiece  for  the  community.,, 

"  The  despatches  of  the  English  generals  are,  on  the  contrary,  of 
incomparable  brevity.  Military  literature  is  still  a  desideratum 
amongst  our  neighbours.  Officers  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest 
grade  generally  content  themselves,  in  their  reports,  with  narrating 
with  imperturbable  coolness,  the  movements  of  the  different  regi- 
ments, and  the  result  of  the  action.  The  most  terrible  engagements 
are  talked  of  as  calmly  as  if  they  were  only  reviews,  and  probably  a 
French  officer  would  describe  a  review  with  more  eloquence  and 
animation.  But  it  is  not  in  these  despatches  that  the  English  seek 
the  history  of  their  wars.  They  seek  and  they  find  it  in  books  and 
in  the  glowing  descriptions  of  their  journals,  and  ia  tha  q^rs^^brr^r^ 


06 


MIL1TABY   TOWJiB  OF   THE   E50LIS1I    IN   I5DU. 


LMVT 


letters  which  the  officers,  for  the  most  part  well-educated  men,  write 
to  their  families.  It  is  from  t^ese  sources  they  learn  the  truth,  and 
there  ttwy  see  it  depicted  in  the  most  glowing  colours.  Each  n 
his  adventures »  and  each  comments  upon  them  with  the  energy  and 
humour  characteristic  of  our  neighbours.  It  is  in  the  narrative  of  pri- 
vate individuals  that  the  English  public  learn  at  the  same  time  the 
events  that  occur  and  the  measures  that  ought  to  be  taken — these 
letters  satisfy,  at  once,  public  curiosity,  and  tend  to  form  public 
opinion. ,J 

Our  author  comes  to  the  review  of  the  Sepoy  insurrection  with 
sentiments  avowedly  favourable  to  England  ♦  he  will  not  ibr  a  mo- 
ment hear  of  any  but  a  triumphant  result  lor  the  arms  of  Great 
Britain,  and  he  founds  this  belief  upon  the  experience  of  past  events. 
The  natives  have  never  been  able  to  stand  against  the  Europeans, 
even  with  odds  often  to  one  in  their  favour  5  witness  the  battle  of 
Plassy,  where   Clive,  with  9,000  Europeans  and  2,000  Sepoys,  de- 
feated an  Indian  army  60,000  strong.     The  Duke  of  "Wellington  at 
the  battle  of  Assay,  at  the  head  of  5,000  men,  of  whom  only  2,000 
vi  ere  Europeans,  defeated  50,000  Mabrattas,  commanded  by  Hoikar. 
11  Ko,"  exclaims  our  author,  "  notwithstanding  the  numerous  imper- 
fections of  the  military  system  of  Great   Britain — imperfect 
which,  as  we  shall  see  hereafter,  arc  amongst  the  main  causes  of  the 
Indian    insurrection,   England   will    emerge    victorious  from   thii 
struggle,"     She  has  more  to  dread  from  the  climate  than  from  the 
Sepoys ,  who,  eveu  when  trained  to  the  art  of  war  by  the  English 
themselves,  proved  their  inefficiency  when  brought  iu  contact  with 
their  masters.     At  the  siege  of  Delhi,  if  indeed  the  presence  of  a 
handful  of  men  before  a  vast  city  could  be  called  a  siege,  the  Sepoys 
were  in  an  overwhelming  majority,  and  were  defeated.     Our  Con- 
tinental neighbours  err  in  estimating  our  real  strength  by  our  nu- 
merical force.     M.  Martin  bids  them  remember  the  small  number 
of  English  soldiers,  scattered  through  Bengal,  that  were  able  to  make 
head  against  the  first  outbreak. 

It  is  not  often  that  we  hear  ourselves  eulogized  by  a  stranger  in 
such  terms  as  these :  '*  Those  who  base  their  calculations  on  the 
presumed  exhaustion  of  the  military  strength  of  England,  appear  to 
JWget  that  England  is,  after  all,  a  nation  of  twenty-eight  millions, 
and  whatever  might  be  the  defects  of  her  military  organization,  she 
was  able  to  send  00,000  men  to  Sebastopoh  And  shall  we  not  take 
into  account  the  moral  strength  of  a  nation  that  has  always  propor- 
tioned her  eilurts  to  the  difficulties  to  be  overcome  ;  a  nation  that 
might  indeed  be  beaten,  and  that  generally  is  beaten  at  the  com- 
mencement of  her  wars,  but  that  rarely  allows  her  courago  to  sink, 
and  that,  <m  the  contrary,  seems  to  gain  strength  as  the  conflict  m 
prolonged." 

M.  Martin  further  assures  sceptics  that  even  were  all  the  troops 
stationed  in  India,  all  the  civil  officers,  all  the  resident  European*, 
all  the  reinforcements,  destroyed,  massacred,  annihilated,  still  Great 
Britain  would  not  abandon  India,  An  European  war  even  would 
not  induce  her  to  renounce  these  possessions,  and  twenty  years  hence, 
she  would  be  as  ready  to  sacrifice,  as  she  is  at  the  present  day,  ships 


1839.]  MILITABY  POWBB  OF  THE  ENGLISH  IN  INDIA.  97 

gold,  and  soldiers,  to  re-establish  her  sovereignty  in  these  lands. 
"  An  inflexible  firmness,  of  which  we  have  had  so  many  proofs,  is 
one  of  the  good  qualities  of  those  Anglo-Saxons  who  possess  so  many 
others  to  compensate  for  their  pride  and  egotism.  We  may  be  cer- 
tain that  the  Sepoy  revolt  will  be  suppressed,  if  not  in  six  months, 
in  a  year,  or  in  two,  or  in  twenty ;  but  appearances  lead  us  to  believe 
that  tranquillity  will  be  speedily  restored." 

M.  Martin  having  spoken  thus  confidently  of  the  restoration  of 
Anglo-Indian  power,  proceeds  to  consider  the  causes  that  led  to  the 
Sepoy  insurrection.  This  revolt,  he  believes,  to  be  military,  not 
national,  though  he  by  no  means  denies  that  the  mal-administration 
of  the  Company  aggravated  the  general  feeling  of  discontent  and 
hastened  the  development  of  the  outbreak.  He  altogether  refuses 
a  feeling  of  patriotism  or  a  sense  of  national  honour  to  the  Indian 
populations,  and  believes  their  moral  inferiority  to  be  so  great  that 
they  must  always  stand  awed  in  the  presence  01  Europeans  ;  besides, 
they  could  not  be  insensible  to  the  advantages  of  British  rule, 
which,  with  all  its  defects,  was  far  more  lenient  than  that  of  any 
of  their  former  masters.  Viewed  in  this  light,  the  Hindoo  is 
sensible  of  only  two  influences,  the  loss  of  caste,  or  the  diminution 
of  pay.  Caste  is  with  him  rather  a  social  than  a  religious  dis- 
tinction ;  it  is  caste  that  gives  him  the  strongest  hold  on  the 
affections  of  his  family  and  his  friends ;  it  is  to  caste  he  is  indebted 
for  his  social  rank.  It  was  under  the  influence  of  such  feelings  that 
the  suspicion  of  having  been  betrayed  into  tasting  the  fat  of  pork 
excited  his  utmost  indignation.  He  believes  it  to  be  the  result  of  a 
conspiracy  on  the  part  of  the  Government  to  deprive  him  of  caste. 
The  spirit  of  revolt  was  ripe  before  the  greased  cartridges  came  into 
existence ;  their  appearance  was  only  the  last  drop  that  makes  the 
bucket  overflow.  Besides,  there  had  been  defalcations  on  the  part 
of  the  Government  with  respect  to  pay.  On  one  occasion,  when 
the  Sepoy  army  was  ordered  to  cross  the  Sutledge,  the  men  refused, 
unless  their  pay  was  increased.  Their  demand  was  granted ;  but 
after  the  annexation  of  Oude,  when  the  Government  found  them- 
selves ^strong,  this  addition  was  withdrawn.  That  was  another 
cause  of  discontent  for  the  Sepoys.  Still  were  there  no  other 
causes  of  dissatisfaction,  or  were  the  Sepoys  the  sole  malcontents, 
the  insurrection  of  1857  might  have  been  suppressed  as  easily  as 
several  that  preceded. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  the  mal-administration  of  the  Company 
was  the  radical  cause  why  the  late  insurrection  was  so  widespread. 
When,  either  by  the  fortune  of  war  or  by  treaty,  a  native  prince 
was  obliged  to  yield  his  throne,  the  Company  was  very  glad  to 
settle  on  him  and  his  heirs  an  ample  income.  After  the  death  of 
the  first  annuitant,  it  too  often  happened  that  the  Company  sought 
a  pretext  to  disinherit  the  heirs.  Sometimes  they  were  females,  and 
not  cognizable  by  the  Mahommedan  law ;  sometimes  they  were  adopted 
sons,  and  not  legal  heirs,  according  to  English  law.  By  quibbles  of 
this  kind  a  great  number  of  queens  and  princes  had  been  deprived 
of  their  inheritance ;  and  we  may  suppose  with  what  feelings  tWj  ^ 
regarded  their  English  rulers.  The  terrible  Naaa.  ^k£&  ^^  «^^  ^ 
those  who  had  to  complain  of  an  estranged  \sta«xto»s\fifc  •,  «&&■  ^^^ 

U.  S.  Mag.,  No.  366,  May,  1859.  ^ 


M1MTAEX  POWIfl  OF  TliE  IKGLIBH    IK  INDIA. 


10  no  doubt  that  the  gold  of  these  dethroned  princes  was  one  o) 
groat  levers  of  ion, 

other  cause  (we  are  still  quoting  the  sentiments  of  M*  Martin) 
was  tlie  mistaken  philanthropy  of  the  missionaries,  who,  eondein 
the  proceedings  of  the  Company,  became  partisans  of  tin 
whose  good  qualities  they  extolled  to  the  skies  ;  and  the  freedom,  of 
rather,  license  of   the   press,  which   permitted  the  publi 

sentiments,  tended  to  lower  the  Executive  in  the  eyes  o 
natives,  and  to  lead  them  to  exaggerate  their  own  importance, 
the  other  hand,  the  conduct  of  those  officers  who  endeavoured 
induce  their  soldiers  to  embrace  Christianity,  excited  distrust  upon 

ground;  for  1  lie  Sepoys,  dreading  above  all  things  the 
of  caste,  wavered  in  their  fidelity  to  officers,  whose  friendship  & 
to  be  purrliitrii  :ili!  the  sacrifice  of  their  dearest  prejuc 

The  greased  cartridges  might  have  produced  on  minds  in  due 
by  these  feelings,  an  effect  which,  without  a  knowledge  of  previous 
eircum stances,  might  appear  disproportionate  io  the  cfl 

Considered  iu  this  point  of  view,  it  is  evident  that  the  l&J 
notion  was  a  military,  not  a  national,  movement.     Sepoy  t\ 
had  uot  been  mifrequent  during  the  previous  half  century,  and  il 
must  he  ad  mil  led  that  provocation  was  always  given  by  the.  gover 
menfc.     Fifty  years  a^o,  the  great  insurrection  of  VelWe,   th 
fomented  and  encouraged  by  the  family  of  Tippoo  Saib,  owe 
origin  to  some  attempted  alterations  in  the  distinctive  marks  of  the 
ftepoy  caates* 

Twenty-fire  years  later,  we  find  the  Sepoys  revolting  at  Ban 
pore.    It  happened  that  two  regiments,  the  one  European,  the  other 
native,  had  received  orders  to  march  to  Arraeam     '1  he  place  was 
kuown  to  be  pestilential,  and  every  precaution  was  taken  to  se 
the  well-being  of  the  European  soldier,  whilst  the  native  reg:: 
was  wholly  neglected.     The  Sepoys,  exasperated  by  such  treat i 
refused  to  march,  unless  they,  as  well  as  the  Europeans,  were  pro- 
vided with  the  means  of  transporting  their  baggage*     On  this  a  amah 
num.  of  money  was  granted  by  government,  which  the  men  re! 
because  it  was  neither  sufficient  for  the  purpose  required,  nor  could 
beasts  for  transport  he  procured  at  so  short  a  notice,     Tli 
obstinately  refused  to  move,  unless  the  government  supplied  all  tin 
requirements  tor  the  march,    This  was  decisive,    Th  refit- 

incut  was  passed  in  review  before  two  of  Europeans,  and  it  is  ea 
masked  battery  of  six  cannon.    The  refusal  of  the  tfepoya  to  lay 
(hum  their  arms,  was  followed  by  a  I  grape  and  «  disci 

of  musketry  from   the   two  European   regiments.      One   hm 
Sepoys  fell.     A  short  while  after,  the  government  issued 
importing  that  in  future  native  regiments  should  be  supplied  with 
beasts  for  the  transport  of  their  baggage. 

M.  Martin  finds  a  complete  analogy  between  these  early  revolts 
and  that  of  1857,  and  maintains  that  had  Sir  John  Lawrence 
present  on  the  occasion  of  the  disaffection  about  the  greased  car- 
tridges, lie  would  have  acted  with  as  much  firmness  as  Gillespey  did 
formerly  at  Vellore,  and  the  insurrection  might  have  been  nippc 
the  buol  L'jii'ortunately?  the  Generals,  tfearsay  and  Hewitt,  did  nut 
seem  to  comprehend  that  their  position  being  similar,  they  ought  to 


1859.]  MILITAET  POWM  Of  THE  ENGLISH  IK  INDIA.  99 

have  adopted  the  same  means  that  had  been  successfully  tried  by 
their  predecessors  a  quarter  of  a  century  before. 

Theoretically  speaking,  European  officers  trained  to  the  Indian 
service,  have  all  held  the  same  opinion,  both  as  to  the  ever-present 
peril  that  results  from  the  enormous  disparity  between  the  native 
and  European  troops,  and  the  means  of  suppressing  insubordination. 
And  the  procedures  of  the  English  in  India  during  the  last  year,  jus- 
tify the  theory.  The  circumstances  of  the  last  insurrection,  even 
the  mode  of  punishment, — the  disarming  of  the  Sepoys,  the  execu* 
tion  of  the  criminals, — all  correspond  exactly  with  the  events  of  fifty 
years  before.  Unfortunately,  weak  and  nerveless  imitators  are  not 
competent  to  play  the  part  of  those  stout  warriors,  who  conquered 
India  for  Britain.  The  burdens  they  bore  cannot  be  supported  by 
feeble  successors.  The  same  means  employed  too  late,  or  inoppor- 
tunely by  a  Hewitt  or  a  Lloyd,  might  produce  results  diametrically 
opposite  to  those  contemplated. 

The  disbanding  of  the  Sepoys  must  be  regarded  as  a  grave  error, 
because,  as  the  great  Wellington  remarked  on  a  former  occasion, 
when  the  armies  of  the  deposed  Indian  princes  were  broken  up,  by 
depriving  the  native  soldier  of  his  pay,  you  fling  him  upon  his  own 
resources,  and  he  becomes  a  highway  robber.  The  soldiers  thus  dis- 
missed took  refuge  under  the  standard  of  Nana  Sahib  and  the  leaders 
of  the  rebellion. 

If  the  conduct  of  the  commanders  at  Meerut  excites  the  ire  of 
Commandant  Martin,  he  is  loud  in  praise  of  the  brothers  Lawrence, 
"these  two  worth y  representatives  of  old  England,  who  by  their  valour 
and  devotedness  have  preserved  the  honour  of  her  flag  inviolate.*' 

Without  doubting  for  a  moment  the  final  result  of  the  struggle  in 
India,  M.  Martin  does  not  always  approve  the  tactics  of  the  British 
commanders.  He  thinks  the  campaign  of  March  against  Lucknow 
was  premature  ;  that  it  would  have  been  wiser  after  the  deliverance 
of  the  Residence,  to  defer  the  reduction  of  Oude  for  some  time,  to 
have  left  full  scope  to  the  insurgents,  amongst  whom  dissensions 
would  have  certainly  sprung  up,  and  to  have  employed  all  the  dis- 
posable strength  of  the  army  in  re-establishing  order  along  the  right 
bank  of  the  Ganges. 

The  army  of  Sir  Colin  Campbell  would  have  amply  sufficed  for 
this  purpose,  during  the  cold  weather,  and  before  the  warm  season 
set  in ;  all  the  important  frontier  points  might  have  been  strength- 
ened  by  military  posts,  which  would  have  secured  the  ultimate  suc- 
cess of  the  Commander-in-Chief  on  the  Goumty.  The  hot  season 
might  have  been  employed  in  re-establishing  the  civil  administration 
of  the  country  on  its  original  basis,  and  in  preparing  quietly  for  the 
campaign  in  Oude,  where  the  rebellion  might,  under  such  circum- 
stances, have  been  finally  suppressed. 

It  is  with  many  apologetic  expressions  that  M.  Martin  proceeds 
to  criticise  the  general  plans  of  the  later  military  operations  in  India. 
On  so  gigantic  a  battle-field  the  best  drawn  plans  on  paper  become 
useless,  so  much  must  be  allowed  for  the  exigencies  of  the  moment,* 
and  the  unexpected  turn  of  events.  Still  there  oxe>  ^t&ws^  ^iSXSsS^a 
mental  principles  in  war  whioh  belong  to  sXV  \raas*  wcA^^***^*  -\ 
toeglect  of  whi ch  will  infallibly  iaflLuca  &&&  c^B^jj^sas^^  ^ 


100 


MILITAKT   TOWEB  OF   THE   EKOL18H   IN  IKBtA. 


[Mat, 


i  at 

lift*! 


Judging  according  to  these  principles,  it  was  imprudent,  after  the 
check  given  by  the  Gvvalior  troops  to  General  Windham  in  J 
ber,  to  leave  this  important  contingent  on  the  right  flank,  and  i 
rear  of  the  army }  it  was  contrary  to  the  rules  of  war   (n  march 
Lueknow  before  having  destroyed  or  dispersed  a  focus  of  reaiatail 
ilic  more  dangerous,  as  it  would  necessarily  serve  as  a  rallying  poi 
to  the  stragglers,  who  would  drop  oil"  from  the  main  army  in  its  a* 
vanee  on  Oude. 

On  the  other  hand,  Hohilcund  might  be  looked  upon  as  one  oim  t 
principal  centres  of  the  rebellion  in  the  north.  Its  situation  wi 
regard  to  the  English  possessions  was  such  that  an  army  occupy; 
Bohileurnl  would  be  in  a  position  to  attack  simultaneously  oil  t 
important  posts  in  the  neighbourhood  ;  Kohileund,  in  fact,  oecupf 
on  the  left  Hank  of  the  main  army  of  Lneknow  a  position  similar 
that  which  Buudeleund  and  the  south-eastern  districts  of  Oude 
cupied  on  the  right  flank, 

It  is  to  be  lamented  that  the  original  projects  of  the  Commander 
in-Chief,  as  indicated  by  the  establishment  of  his  head-quart* 
Futtegbur  in  the  mouth  of  J  an  nary  T  were  not  carried  into  exceuti 
If,  on  the  one  side,  Sir  Colin  Campbell  had  continued  his  movent* 
northward ;  if,  on  the  other  hand,  the  Walpole  division,  which  h 
been  despatched  towards  Etawab,  had  marched  directly  south  wan 

to  support  the  operations  of  Roberts,  of  Sir  Hugh  Rose, 
of  Whitclock,  llohileund,  which  had  offered  so  little  resistant-  m 
May,  when  all  its  forts  were  filled  with  rebels  from  Lueknow,  could 
have  p resented  still  less  in  the  month  of  January,  and  the  Hugh's 
army  might  have  occupied  it  in  sufficient  strength  to  impede  i 
trance  of  the  rebels  alter  the  capture  of  the  capital  of  Oude, 

Supported  by  the  troops  of  Walpole,  Sir  Hugh  Hose  might  ha 
terminated  more  quickly  the  operations  against  J  ban  si  and  < 
Opposed  on  the  west  by  General  Roberts,  on  the  south  and  easi  h 
the  columns  of  Sir  Hugh  Kose  and  Whitclock,  and  on  the  north  l^ 
the  division  of  Walpole,  the  rebels  of  Bundelcund  might  have 
exterminated,  and  Gwalior  would  not  have  fallen  into  their  ban 
The  remnants  of  the  rebel  forces,  instead  of  taking  refuge  hi  cent 
btdia,  as  they  did  after  their  march  on  Jouk  and  Hitidown — a  p 
Deeding  that  threatens  to  prolong  if  not  to  eternalize  the  war — if, 
say,  the  Grwalior  contingent  had  had  no  other  resource  than  to 
the  Ganges,  and  to  throw  themselves  into  Oude  in  the  month 
January,  the  success  of  Sir  Colin  Campbell's  plan  would  have 
more  certain  than  ever- 

Another  important   consequence  which  would  have  resulted  fro 
the  possession  ofKohilcund  and  Bundelcund  previous  to  the  eaptu 
of  Lueknow,  would  be  tlie  impediments  opposed  to  the  circular  re 
treat  of  the  rebels,  as  they  withdrew  before  the  fan-like  movements 
of  the  main  army  of  Lueknow.     This  retreat,  or  this   flight,  w 
ever  it  might  be  called,  undeniably  lessened  the  hopes  that  migb 
have  been  legitimately  conceived,  had  Lueknow  been  taken  untie 
other  ei  re  urn  stances.     Had  Rohilcund  and  Bundelcund  been  firs 
reduced,  the  capture  of  Lueknow  would  haw  been  the  terminate 
(h-  war ;  but  conquering  Lueknow,  whilst  those  two  dist  r 
f>pea  to  the  fugitives,  was  only  transplanting  the  conflict,  thro1 


1859.]  MILITABY  *OWEB  OT  THE  ESGIISH  IK  INDIA.  101 

it  from  the  centre  to  the  circumference.  As  a  proof  of  the  truth  of 
this  assertion,  and  as  a  consequence  of  this  kind  of  circular  flight, 
we  need  only  remark  that  the  capture  of  Gwalior,  the  blockade  of 
Schahdjihanpore,  and  the  occupation  of  Judigspoor  by  the  rebels, 
were  contemporaneous  with  those  movements  of  Sir  Cohn  Campbell, 
Sir  Hugh  Kose,  and  Sir  Lugard,  which  seemed  to  strike  the  final  blow 
on  the  rebel  forces. 

The  defeots  of  our  military  system  are  largely  commented  on 
by  Le  Commandant  Martin,  but  no  one  ever  bore  nobler  testimony 
to  the  bravery  of  our  soldiers  and  to  the  inherent  courage  of  the 
English  people.  The  private  letters  of  our  officers,  often  young  lads 
of  only  sixteen  or  seventeen,  come  in  for  a  large  share  of  admiration. 
These  letters  recount  the  incidents  of  the  war  with  "  the  vivacity 
natural  to  the  age  of  the  writers,  and  with  the  energy  inherent  to 
the  English  character.  The  whole  European  population,  scattered 
over  an  immense  space  and  unexpectedly  attacked,  displayed  on  all 
occasions  a  heroic  contempt  for  death,  and  an  equally  great  con- 
tempt for  the  enemy." 

But  the  constitutional  courage  and  coolness  of  our  soldiers  are 
not  sufficient  to  remedy  the  defects  of  our  military  organization. 
M.  Martin  supports  his  opinion  on  that  of  a  German  general,  who 
declares  that  "  England  must  re-model  her  army  on  the  continental 
type,  if  she  do  not  wish  to  see  her  influence  in  the  world  decline." 

Those  statesmen,  who  through  a  mistaken  spirit  of  economy  have 
urged  the  reduction  of  our  military  establishment,  come  in  for  a 
considerable  share  of  censure.  They  say  that  England,  strong  in 
her  insular  position,  needs  not  to  keep  up  an  aggressive  army,  "  but," 
says  our  adviser,  "  it  is  with  nations  as  with  individuals,  when  two 
persons  stand  in  a  fighting  attitude  opposite  each  other,  a  disincli- 
nation on  the  part  of  one  to  strike  the  first  blow  does  not  afford 
sufficient  protection ;  even  the  moderation  exhibited,  if  not  sup- 
ported by  a  stout  army,  only  gives  an  advantage  to  the  opponent." 
In  short,  the  pith  of  these  counsels  is  contained  in  the  generally 
received  maxim,  that  the  best  way  to  preserve  peace  is  to  be  pre- 
pared for  war. 

M.  Martin  finds  England  placed  at  an  immense  disadvantage  by 
the  loss  of  Hanover,  and  the  drain  that  pestilence,  famine,  and  immi- 
gration have  made  on  the  population  of  Ireland.  These  sources  for 
replenishing  the  army  are  exhausted,  and  how  much  England  felt 
the  loss  was  proved  during  the  Crimean  war.  She  had,  at  that  time, 
in  her  pay,  six  foreign  legions.  The  Turkish  legion,  commanded  by 
General  Beatson ;  the  Turkish  foot,  commanded  by  General  Vivian ; 
the  Anglo-Polish,  commanded  by  Prince  Czartoryski ;  the  Anglo- 
German,  under  Colonel  Steimbach ;  the  Swiss  legion,  commanded  by 
Colonel  Dickson,  besides  which  many  attempts  were  made  to  enrol 
American  and  Scandinavian  regiments. 

The  Crimean  war  might  be  regarded  as  the  result  of  a  combination 
of  circumstances  such  as  might  never  occur  again,  whereas  the  danger 
of  an  Indian  revolt  is  an  ever-existing  possibility,  the  means  of 
meeting  which  should  be  always  ready.  The  revolt  of  the  native 
army  in  India  ought  to  be  less  a  matter  of  surprise,  than  t\\&  ^ab- 
jection in  which  it  was  so  long  Jheld.    "  Wtea."  *»»i*  ^&~  "\kss?*Q«^ 


102  PAI  OT  OITTCEHS   tN   UNITED   STATES  ffAYT*  [M 

we  reflect  ou  the  very  small  number  of  English  soldiers  in  India  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  iimurrection,  we  must  look  upon  it  aa  an  actual 
miracle,  that  this  small  handful  o£  Europeans  should  have  resisted, 
as  tbey  did,  the  first  shock  of  this  terrible  tempest," 

Our  system  of  voluntary  enlistment  does  not  seem  to  M.  Man 
sufficient  for  the  exigencies  of  the  tune,  The  problem  he  lays  do1 
to  be  solved  by  every  country  in  the  organisation  of  her  military 
establishment  is  this j— u  To  organise  her  army  bo  that  it  should  be 
always  strong,  well-disciplined,  and  well-ui&trueted3  always  fit  for 
service,  if  war  break  out,  but,  never  is  time  of  peace,  burdensome  to 
the  mass  of  the  people  Of  to  the  public  finam 

He  remarks  rather  drily  that  the  second  part  of  this  proposition 
receives  much  more  favour  in  England  than  the  first— retrench- 
ment of  our  peace  establishment  being  as  favourite  a  theory  as  if  the* 
actual  world  were  an  Utopia*  M.  Martin  brings  the  Duke  of  WeW 
lington  to  his  aid  as  a  testimony  against  the  efficiency  of  our  military 
system,  which,  iu  a  letter  to  the  Marquis  of  WeUeeley,  he  declared 
to  be  "irremediable  as  long  as  England  has  had  &  system  of  enlist- 
ment that  will  not  permit  her  to  lose  every  year  with  impunity,  in 
ease  of  war,  half  her  army  in  the  field,  from  the  eiiects  of  fatigue 
and  privation  alone/' 

However  efficient  the  system  of  conscription  may  he  in  keeping  up 
the  strength  of  the  continental  armies,  it  is  repugnant  to 
stitutional  freedom  which  is  an  Englishman's  boast.     Though  we 
cannot  on  this  point  agree  with  M.  Martin,  we  are,  perhaps, 
that  very  reason  more  touched  with  the  generous  praise  he  bestows 
on  "  the  handful  of  men"  that  did  such  good  battle  in  India. 

Our  prescribed  limits  forbid  us  to  dwell  longer  on  a  book,  the 
perusal  of  which  has  afforded  us  great  satisfaction.  We  have  no 
-doubt  that  this  delightful  volume  will  become  popular  in  England, 
for,  though  professing  to  treat  the  subject  exclusively  from  a  military 
point  uf  view,  the  order  in  the  arrangement  and  the  charm  of  style 
ore  such  as  to  recommend  it  to  the  general  reader,  who  will  find  in 
its  pages  a  compendium  of  the  history  of  India,  and  a  clear  and  in* 
itructive  history  of  the  late  Sepoy  Insurrection. 

rPAT  OF  OFFICERS  m  UNITED  STATES'  NAYY, 
It  is  desirable,  at  this  juncture,  when  the  consideration  of  tne 
First  Lord,  and  the  Board  of  Admiralty,  is  engaged  in  the  revision 
of  the  Navy  List,  to  shew  how  these  matters  are  managed  in 
America.  Accordingly  we  have  procured  the  present  scale  of  pay 
of  the  Sea  Officers  and  Marines  in  the  United  States'  Navy,  and 
converted  the  dollar  value,  four  shillings,  one  penny,  half-penny, 
and  one-third  of  a  farthing,  according  to  the  present  rate  of  exenange, 
English  sterling  money,  for  the  convenience  of  our  readers.  It 
will  be  seen  that  the  disparity  of  pay,  particularly  in  the  junior 
ranker  is  very  great,  to  the  disadvantage  of  our  officers,  who  meet 
American  Ships  of  War  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  who  are,  on 
such  occasions,  put  to  the  usual  expenses  of  hospitable  rites,  <fec,,  so 
aa  to  maintain  a  friendly  feeling. 


such 
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1869.] 


KEMISISCENCES  OF  A  YK1T  If  \ 

BETHCr  A  K  AMATIVE  OP  PERSONAL  ADTEKTUEE3  urKlKQ  A  PEJUOD 
OF  FQRTV-THKEE  TEAKS  US  FOETUGAL,  BTAIX,  FRANCE,  MALTA, 
HXW  SOUTH  WALES,  KQBFOLK  ISLAND,  iTEW  ZEALAND,  ANDAMAN 
ISLAND,   ATTD   INDIA. 

(Continued  from  page  51.) 

Prom  similar  status  1  have  heard  on  other  occasions,  I  am  inclined 
to  believe  that  the  unnatural  state  of  a  number  of  voting  women 
hutldled  together  ad  they  are  in  a  convent,  although  secluded  from 
the  world,  does  not  always  alter  their  temperament ;  rather  it  ia  like 
a  ship  on  tire,  with  the  hatches  battened  down  to  exclude  the  air. 
The  moment  the  hatches  are  opened  the  flame  bursts  forth  with 
nncontrolable  energy,  spreading  alike  its  inllmiuo  and  contagion. 

With  one  of  mv  Uacadorea  1  found  it  somewhat  difficult  to  main- 
tain my  authority.  Tbc  Colonel  was  absent,  and  on  one  occasion 
the  Cagsdore  was  exceedingly  insubordinate  and  insolent,  and  tm  1 
hud  no  means  of  pi  him,  1  could  not  resist  the  temptation  of 

"Hiring  him, 

following  rooming,  meeting  with  an  old  officer  of  the  regiment, 

lid,  *;I  hear  you  have  thraahed  — ■ — .     You  have  done  wrong, lie 

is  the  greatest  villain  in  the  battalion,  and  he  will  try  to  shoot  you 

irtunity."      He  did  BO  ;  but  in  the  sequel,  it 

will  appear,  that  be  was  t1  ing  won&dfed,  and  very 

rly  tak- 

ome  d  f  the  fortified 

►Aja^Ktl  to 

uther  had 
our  is. 


10S 


TtFMrsismrcES  of  a  yetxiluj. 


[Mat 


sec  the  men  merry  on  the  line  of  march.     tl  Yea;'  I  replied,  a  anil 
like  to  be  obeyed/'  giving  him,  at  the  same  time,  a  tap  be! 
eyes,  that  sent  him  reeling  to  the  opposite  Hide  of  the  roacL 
mend  was  a  pet  in  the  corps,  and  beiug  of  good  family,  waa 
cfeaeript  between  a  sergeant  and  a  caoVtte  :  he  was  also  a  - 

md  sergeant-major,     He  attempted  to  close  with  me,  and   1 
hurt  my  right  hand  in  the  first  rencontre;  so  pretending  to  hit  hi 

is  with  the  same  hand,  he  parried  it,  when  I  delivered  a 
with  my  left  on  his  temple,  which  to  my  horror  caused  him  I 
ferwftfQp  to  all  appearance  dead* 

There  was  plenty  of  water  on  the  rami,  and  by  opening  his  t*hir 
Collar  they  soon  got  him  round.     When  sufficiently  recovered, 
said,  "  I  think, sir,  you  might  have  placed  me  under  arrest,  instead 
treating  me  in  this  manner."     1  replied,  he  and  the  other  aorgflai 
had  better  look  after  their  men  and  regain  the  ground  they  had  lost, 
or  I  should  certainly  serve  him  again  in  the  same  manner. 

I  never  saw  men  conduct  themselves  better,  or  behave  mora 
spec t f u  1  ly  d ur i u g  t h e  re m ai nder  of  th a t  n i gh t *«  march .     It  is  &  cm nous 
circumstance,  which  1  have  also  heard  others  remark,  that  the  For* 
tuguese  soldiery  always  like  to  try  their  officers,  to  see  what  lengths 
tli-\  can  go  with  them.     With  me,  ever  afterwards,  1  received  the 

ready  and  prompt  obedience,  as  if  I  was  really  the  maj 
regiment* 

The  next  morning  we  were  under  arms,  a  little  before  day -break 
when  the  sergeant  made  his  appearance,  with  his  face  much  swollen 
and  covered  with  blood.  The  colonel,  observing  il.  asked  hitn  wha 
was  the  matter ;  when  he  told  him  he  had  been  thus  treated  by  the 
new  English  captain.  St.  Clair  was  \ery  angry  at  seeing  his  favourite 
thus  disfigured ;  but  I  told  him  I  had  been  dared,  and  the  men  were 
so  insolent,  I  had  no  other  alternative  but  to  be  firm,  and  shew  that 
I  would  be  obeyed  and  see  the  orders  he  had  given  me  executed. 

Our  Portuguese  soldiers  had  a  great  dislike  to  and  contempt  fo 
the  Spanish  troops,    I  witnessed,  some  time  before,  an  extraord 
instance  of  this.     There  had  been  some  skirmishing  with  the  enemy, 
and  our  Cacadores  had  been  halted  on  the  spur  of  a  mountain  in  tne 
Pyrenees,  with  a  battalion  of  Spanish  infantry  halted  In  a  similar 
manner  immediately  underneath.     Below  these  again,  in  a  vallev, 
through  which  a  stream  meandered,  there  was  a  considerable 
village  on  our  side  of  the  stream,  in  possession  of  some  Spanish  regi- 
ment of  Longa's  division.     For  the  enemy  to  approach  the  vilhi- 
was  necessary  for  them  to  pass  the  stream  by  a  wooden  briil 
admitted  only  one  person  at  a  time.     The  Spanish  troops  were  halted 
in  mi  open  space,  forming  two  sides  of  a  square,  the  village  being 
interposed  between  them,  and  the  enemy  and  the  Spaniards  app 
to  have  thrown  out  no  videttes  or  sentries,  but  were  reposing  in 
feet  security. 

A  marauding  party,  of  about  forty  men,  Iroin  the  French  si 
were  seen  to  pass  the  brook.  Both  the  Portuguese  and  Spanish  bat- 
talions sprang  on  their  feet,  in  breathless  anxiety  to  see  what  would 
be  the  result ;  for  it  was  evident,  that  should  the  French  be  vigor- 
ously pushed,  they  would  not  be  able  on  such  a  rteketty  bridge  to  re- 
cross  the  stream.  They  were  not  aware  of  the  vicinity  of  Long: 
division,  and  the  Freuefunen  therefore  dispersed  and  spread  through 


the 

ak, 
bat 

ere 
lat 

lor 
m-y 

the 
ar 

J 

aited 
being 

.per- 


1859.]  REMINISCENCES  OF   A   VETEBAK.  109 

the  village  in  search  of  plunder.  Six  of  these  marauders  came  sud- 
denly and  unexpectedly  on  the  Spanish  troops ;  but  instead  of  retir- 
ing before  so  large  a  force,  the  six  men  drew  up  deliberately  in  line, 
and  fired  right  into  them.  Such  of  the  Spaniards  as  were  not  asleep, 
took  to  their  heels  and  fled ;  and  the  marauders  lost  no  time  in  re- 

faining  the  bridge,  while  the  panic  they  had  caused  prevented  their 
eing  pursued.  The  Portuguese  Ca^adores  now  took  off  their  caps, 
and  commenced  a  grand  chorus,  singing  the  Spanish  patriotic  song, 
"  Vivanlos  Espanoles  valerosos  Companeros."  The  rage  of  the  Spanish 
battalion  below  knew  no  bounds,  and  amounted  almost  to  frenzy ; 
they  screeched  and  shook  their  fists  at  our  people,  which  produced  in 
return  a  roar  of  laughter,  followed  by  a  fresh  chorus  of  "  Vivan  los 
Espanoles  valerosos  Companeros,"  until  we  were  obliged  to  order 
them  to  desist  from  their  ironical  praises,  and  the  Spanish  battalion 
moved  away. 

Chaptee  VII. 

Affair  at  the  Major's  house,  10th  Nov.  1813 — Wounded  and  narrow  escape  of 
being  taken  prisoner — The  Ca^adores  suffer  further  loss — Visit  from  Major-General 
Sir  J.  Bradford — Promotion — Kindness  of  the  inhabitants — Wreck  of  gun-boats — 
Pontoons  -Rocket  practices — Investment  of  Bayonne — Brunswick  Oils  Riflemen — 
Post  of  5th  Cac,adores  during  the  siege — Removed  to  command  the  6th  Cacadores 
— Conduct  of  its  officers — Colonel  Hardinge  in  command  of  the  Brigade — Quarters 
and  deputy-quarter  general. 

On  the  morning  after  the  reconnaissance  of  the  French  camp 
before-mentioned  we  again  fell  in,  very  early,  and  I  was  ordered 
with  three  companies  (half  the  battalion)  to  march  beyond  the 
Mayor's  house,  on  the  St.  Jean  de  Luz  and  Bayonne  Koad,  to 
relieve  a  picquet  of  one  of  the  infantry  regiments  of  our  brigade. 
Arriving  at  the  ground,  after  a  little  search,  I  found  the  picquet, 
which  was  commanded  by  a  son  of  my  old  Portuguese  major's  wife 
(of  the  20th)  by  a  former  marriage. 

He  told  us  he  had  received  no  orders  during  the  whole  time  he 
had  been  there,  had  thrown  out  no  sentries,  nor  had  he  seen  any 
enemy;   neither  did  he  know  anything  of  the  ground;   but  he 
believed  none  of  our  troops  were  in  his  front,  and,  consequently^ 
that  his  was  the  advanced  party. 

Leaving  my  men  with  him,  I  rode  my  mule  to  take  a  survey  of 
the  ground,  and  to  select  a  place  where  I  might  post  my  picquet. 
I  never  met  with  ground  more  intricate  ;  continuity  of  the  line  of 
defence  was  nowhere  to  be  found,  and  the  position  could  be 
approached  by  an  enemy  unperceived  at  several  points.  I  ulti- 
mately selected  a  coppice  at  some  distance  in  front  of  the  Mayor's 
house*  connecting  this  post,  across  a  sunken  narrow  road  to  the 
right  (by  which  an  enemy  might  advance  unperceived),  with  an 
orchard.  The  trees  formed  but  indifferent  shelter  for  my  men,  yet 
the  coppice  I  could  have  held  against  any  force  ;  and  the  ground  in 
its  front  being  a  meadow,  lay  completely  exposed  to  the  fire  of  my 
men  from  the  coppice ;  to  the  left  of  which  ran  the  high  road  to 
Bayonne,  from  St.  Jean  de  Luz. 

I  could  not  inform  the  officer  I  had  relieved  where  his  regiment 
was ;  I  knew,  however,  that  it  had  marched  that  morning ;  so  he 
decided  upon  remaining  where  he  was  until  V*a  wrewa^^ss^^ 
orders. 


110 


A  TlTEIlAy. 


[Mai 


L  had  assigned  each  man  his  post,  and  explained  to  f  h< 
#H  to  bo  done.    About  half  an  hour  after* 

■msketry  to  our    lr. 'hi,  wbrri  -i  liumUrr  rf  our  tnen  WOT 
in;  a  perfect  nibble,  composed  of  almost  all  tin 
division — Portuguese  and   English.     Jt 

not  the  advance.    One  officer  wn  -,  and 

seeing  my  men  he  ooms  I  "  Wlvance,  adva 

Port  ui^..  ■<-.■.     I  sftsrw&rda  mud 

of  the  Cnradore  battalion,  and  wtabed  him  lit  the  devil*  for  I  ha 
HO  (U'Riro  to  mix  my  men  up  with  mk -h  a  rabble  for  no  * 
purpose.  I  tried  all  I  could  do  to  keep  my  men  where  they  were 
they  would  go  on;  aud,  Leaving  their  tttroug  pust  in  the  copp 
was  obliged  to  follow,  W«  drove  the  tritliog  force  o 
opposnl  to  na  bide )  but  my  men  had  straggled  a 
gut  to  those  who  were  moat  advanced  and  halted  them,  until  I 
collect  my  picquet  again,  My  attention  was  then  called  by  a 
the  party  to  a  held  in  out  immediate  front  where  the  enemy 
assembling  a  large  force  and  preparing  for  a  general  attack*  Our 
party  had  not  been  perceived  by  them,  and  I  was  preparing  to  draw 
off  my  men  back  to  their  old  position,  when  the  fellow  I  had 
tb mahed  some  days  before  with  a  stick  made  his  appearance,  and 
finding  the  party  halted,  said — "  What,  captain,  are  you  brought  to 
a  stand  still?11  I  put  my  finger  to  my  mouth  to  impose  silence,  and 
pointed  with  the  other  hand  over  the  embanked  hedge,  to  show  him 
the  cauae;  he  replied — "Oh!  that's  nothing;'*  and  scrambling  up 
the  bonk,  he  commenced  shouting  and  vociferating  so  much,  that  a 
force  was  immediately  sent  to  dislodge  us.  Before  the  enemy  could 
conveniently  get  at  us,  they  had  to  pass  by  our  right  through  some 
brushwood,  consequently  wo  could  only  eee  them  from  their  wi  * 
Upwards,  They  wore  grenadier  cap  a,  and  in  my  opinion 
grenadiers,  but  the  men  insisted  that  they  were  cavalry;  and  the 
Caeadores  having  a  particular  dread  of  this  arm  of  the  ther 

all  scampered  oil'  together-     I  wanted  to  get  myself  and  party  back 
into  the  coppice,  but  the  ditch  with  the  bank  was  so  slip; 
steep  that  it  was  quite  impossible. 

We  were  now  pent  up  in  a  corner  of  the  meadow  with  no  ou 
for  escape,  but  through  a  gap  bordering  the  high  road  at  the  conn 
of  the  coppice,  and  it  was  too  narrow  to  admit  the   number 
persons  collected.     Matters  were  made  worse  by  the  lieutenant 
my  company  coming  to  me   and  Raying   that  lie  could   not 
another  step,  m  he  had  been  attacked  with  a  severe  tit  of  asthma — 
a  disease  to  which  ho  was  subject.     1  pushed  him  through  the  c 
to  the  gap  into  the  high  road,  and  remained  myself  a  short  time 
see  if  1  could  get  off  any  more  of  my  men,  when  finding  thi 
part  of  the  crowd  had  thrown  down  their  arms  to   surrender 
prisoners  of  war,  I  made  another  dash  for  the  gap  and  got  througl 
n'JIara,  with  cloven  more  of  my  company,  were  taken  prisoner* 
Similar  disasters  took  place  on  our  right;  but  the  enemy  app< 
to  know  as  little  of  the  nature  of  the  country  iis  we  did,  and  made 
as  many  blunders.     A  body  of  live  hundred  of  their  men  advauci 
too  far,  and  getting  entangled  amongst  our  advanced  posts,   w> 
made  prisoners;  others  contrived  to  get  into  the  coppice,  and  "" 


1859.]  wamnjCEycua  or  4  ywibajt.  HI 

into  the  high  road.  Hey  fired  into  the  head  of  one  of  our  columns 
and  killed  five  officers— amongst  the  rest,  the  captain  I  had  relieved 
in  the  morning.  I  was  now  completely  cut  off  by  this  party,  which 
interposed  itself  on  the  high  road,  between  me  and  the  column.  My 
fellows  were  exceedingly  clever  in  securing  themselves  under  cover ; 
and  when  our  men  ceased  to  appear  at  the  gap,  every  Frenchman  who 
approached  was  sure  to  pay  for  his  temerity.  Here  we  kept  them  at 
bay  ;  but  the  question  was,  how  were  we  eventually  to  escape  ? 

I  was  senior  captain,  and  should  lose  my  promotion,  and  I  did 
not  like  the  idea  of  being  sent  a  prisoner  to  Verdun.  At  length  we 
observed  some  skirmishing  below  us,  and  I  told  one  of  the  men  to 
lead  on  and  skirt  the  road  under  the  brow  of  the  hill,  to  try  and 
rejoin  our  troops.  The  French  soldiers  at  the  gap  were  not  long  in 
following,  keeping  up  a  running  fire  upon  us.  I  was  nearest  to  them, 
from  being  the  last  of  our  party,  and  we  had  got  some  distance  when 
I  was  struck  in  the  thigh  by  what  at  the  moment  I  considered  to  be 
a  spent  shot,  for  it  gave  me  no  pain ;  however,  I  soon  found  my  boot 
full  of  blood,  and  my  leg  getting  very  stiff,  I  was  beginning  to  lag 
behind,  when  a  sergeant,  who  was  with  the  party,  observing  it  said : 
"The  captain's  wounded;  we  must  not  let  him  be  taken;"  and, 
although  there  was  little  chance  of  escape,  they  insisted  on  placing 
me  in  a  blanket,  and  carrying  me  with  them.  Strange  to  say  not 
a  shot  touched  any  of  us  afterwards,  although  the  same  party  con- 
tinued in  pursuit. 

Looking  up  towards  the  road,  the  first  regiment  I  saw  was  the 
47th,  and  I  was  just  in  time  to  see  them  face  about  and  retire.  My 
bearers  were  much  fatigued,  although  they  were  in  sufficient  num- 
bers to  relieve  each  other.  I  begged  to  be  put  down,  but  the 
sergeant  would  not  permit  it ;  so  on  we  went,  with  a  line  of  English 
skirmishers,  who  were  firing  upon  the  enemy  to  cover  the  retreat  of 
the  column,  we  could  not  keep  up  with  them,  and  it  seemed  folly 
to  attempt  to  carry  me  any  further. 

My  Cacadores  would  listen  to  no  remonstrance,  until  at  length  we 
came  up  with  a  subaltern's  party  of  the  14th  Light  Dragoons.  These 
at  first  put  about  also  ;  but  a  sergeant  of  the  party  called  the  officer's 
attention  to  the  Cacadores ;  when  he  ordered  the  dragoons  to  the  front, 
and  they  made  a  most  brilliant  charge  upon  the  enemy,  who  evidently 
were  not  prepared  for  it.  The  officer's  name  was  Beckwith,  of 
Bristol  riot  celebrity.  Great  numbers  of  the  French  were  sabred, 
and  that  part  of  their  line  ceased  to  advance  any  further.  I  was 
now  safe  in  the  meantime,  for  I  had  got  a  little  beyond  the  Mayor's 
house ;  but  here  found  another  misfortune  awaited  me.  A  wounded 
officer  had  taken  away  my  mule,  and  I  was  recommended  to  follow 
his  example,  by  taking  the  first  one  I  could  meet  with,  which  I 
did.  I  had  scarcely  gone  a  hundred  yards,  when  its  owner  was 
brought  to  the  rear  wounded  also,  and  he  was  obliged  to  do  as  I  had 
done. 

I  suffered  a  great  deal  of  pain  before  I  reached  my  quarters, 
arising,  I  suppose,  from  the  wound  rubbing  against  the  saddle  ;  but 
nothing  could  exceed  the  kindness  of  the  bricklayer's  family,  when  I 
was  once  more  amongst  them. 

The  action  continued  in  differcafe  igwteoS.  wa  >s»a  fcaxs>%Hfcs> 


: 


three  following  days,     1  was  told  that  Lord  Wellington  directed  in 
person  the  attack  mat  1*3  the  nc\t   day  on  some  works  which  the 
enemy  had  thrown  up  beyond  the  Mayor's  house.     That  on   t 
enemy's   right   (our   left)    I    was   told    had    been  carried    by 
portion  of  our  Caradotvs.     The   lieutenant  of  my   company 
behaved  very  gallantly,  and  whilst  standing  en  the  top  of  the  parapei 
cheering  on  his  men  to  follow  him,  he  was  killed;  a  French  soldi' 
amongst  those  who  had  been  driven  from  the  work  was  Bern. 
turn  round  and  fire  at  him. 

After  the  action  was  over,  the  body  was  examined,  but  no  wound 
WW  diseovered ;  it  was  in  consequence  more  generally  believed  that 
he  had  burst  a  blood  vessel,  or  that  he  had  dropped  down  dead  from 
exhaustion.  The  sergeant  who  had  instated  on  earning  me  off  the 
Held  was  also  killed  the  same  day.  He  was  a  townsman  of  the 
lieutenant's.,  and  his  loss  was  much  regretted  in  the  battalion,  I 
forget  the  amount  of  our  loss,  but  without  including  the  staff,  out 
of  eleven  officers  who  had  gone  into  the  action  of  the  Jfive,  with  the 
impanies  of  which  the  battalion  was  composed,  only  four  catni 
• 'tit  with  them,  the  others  having  been  all  cither  killed  or  wounded 

When  the  action  was  over,  and  the  5th   Cacadores  returned  to 
their  quarters,  the  grief  of  the  bricklayer's  family  when  they  found 
the  lieutenant  did  not  return  was  excessive,     Even  the  old  ladv, 
with  whom  during  his  lifetime  be  had  been  no  favourite,  in  co 
<iuence  of  making  her  husband  tipsy  so  often,  grieved  for  him 
much  as  the  rest  of  the  family,  and  the  house  after  his  death  seemi 
very  lonely  and  triste. 

Amongst  my  early  visitors,  wag  Major- General  Bradford,  com 
manding  the  brigade.  He  told  me  that  he  had  recommended  me  for 
promotion ;  but  that  the  Marshal  (Beresford)  had  anticipated  him,  by 
promoting  me  to  the  rank  of  major  in  the  General  Orders  of  the 
army,  for  good  conduct  in  the  field,  lie  alsn  asked  him  to  appoint 
rae  to  the  battalion,  as  the  majority  was  vacant ;  but  lie  would  not 
do  itj  telling  the  Major- General  he  had  other  intentions  towards  me, 
so  soon  as  I  should  be  sufficiently  recovered.  Two  subalterns  were 
sent  from  one  of  the  infantry  regiments  to  command  temporarily 
the  two  companies  that  had  no  officers  left.  The  young  man  who 
took  the  command  of  mine,  declared  that  he  never  before  had  to  deal 
with  such  a  set  of  scamps. 

The  battalion  was  subsequently  moved  some  miles  in  advance,  and 
as  I  could  not  be  removed,  I  was  left  behind*     My  wound  did  not 
get  cm  well,  and  as  it  would  Dot   heal  over,  1  was  kept  on  very  low 
dieL     1  lived  principally  on  roasted  apples,   which  the  daughter  of 
the  head  man  of  the  village  used  to  procure  for  me.  Indeed,  nothing 
could  exceed  the  kindness  of  this  poor  creature.  She  and  her  brother 
contrived  by  pacing  through  our  line  of  sentries,  and  those  of  tfo 
enemy,  to  get  into   Bayonne  ;  ami   when  I  hey  returned  she  alwa; 
brought  me  something  nice,   which  1  was  not,  however,  permitte 
to  eat. 

By  the  lime  \  flfflfl  recovered  and  able  to  move  I  had  quite  a  sto 
of  claret  and  brandy,  which  she  had  brought  from  Hayoune. 

The  people  in  the  neighbouring  houses  experienced  great  annoy 
mc&  from  the  number  of  camp  followers  and  marauders  who  vu 


1859.]  BEMIKISCEtfOES  OF  A  VETERA*.  118 

them,  now  that  there  were  no  troops  stationed  in  the  village.  A 
number  of  families,  principally  females,  came  in  consequence  to 
reside  at  my  quarters,  as  it  was  found  that  the  presence  of  even  a 
wounded  officer  was  a  check  upon  the  vagabonds.  Although  they 
never  visited  the  house  where  I  was,  yet  I  could  not  keep  a  couple 
of  young  pointers  of  a  particular  breed  which  I  had  from  them. 
They  were  taken  when  outside  the  house  by  some  English  soldiers 
passing  through  the  village,  and  my  Portuguese  servant  remonstrated 
with  them  to  no  purpose  when  they  learned  that  I  could  not  stir. 

I  afterwards  discovered  that  the  dogs  had  been  seen  with  the  87th 
regiment,  but  I  never  had  an  opportunity  of  meeting  with  the  corps, 

I  was  becoming  very  anxious  to  rejoin,  and  when  I  mentioned  my 
intention  the  Basque  girl  told  me  I  must  not  go  until  she  could  get 
me  a  horse  from  Bayonne,  and  to  my  surprise  she  made  her  appear- 
ance three  or  four  days  afterwards  with  a  very  creditable  five-year- 
old  steed.  I  forgot  the  sum  she  charged  for  it,  but  I  certainly  could 
not  have  purchased  it  myself  for  three  times  the  amount. 

When  I  rejoined  my  wound  was  still  open,  but  as  the  5th  Cagadores 
were  not  far  off,  my  journey  was  a  short  one.  Some  days  afterwards 
I  witnessed  a  fleet  of  gun-boats  enter  the  Adour.  The  weather  was 
very  boisterous,  and  a  number  of  them  grounded  and  were  wrecked, 
a  captain  of  the  navy  being  drowned.  I  dragged  out  of  the  water  a 
sailor  boy,  and  we  had  some  difficulty  in  restoring  him  from  his  state 
of  suspended  animation.  He  turned  out  to  be  a  Portuguese  lad, 
whose  father  was  serving  in  the  brigade.  He  told  me  the  youngster 
had  run  away  from  home,  and  he  would  feel  very  much  obliged  to  me 
if  I  would  find  some  employment  for  him,  candidly  telling  me  that 
his  son  was  a  sad  pickle,  but  that  if  ever  he  misbehaved,  if  I  would 
send  him  over  to  him  he  would  give  him  a  good  thrashing.  I  found 
him  a  smart,  active  lad,  yet,  like  most  boys  I  have  seen  as  servants, 
they  require  a  servant  to  look  after  them. 

We  had  afterwards  to  cross  the  Adour  ourselves  in  what  I  termed 
tin-kettles.  These  were  pontoons,  without  any  rudder  or  means  of 
steering  them,  aud  we  kept  our  feet  on  the  framework.  We  were 
pulled  across  with  oars,  but  were  obliged  to  take  the  opportunity  of 
the  top  of  the  tide,  or  slack  water,  otherwise  the  current  would  have 
taken  our  unmanageable  craft  either  out  to  sea  or  up  to  Bayonne. 

About  500  guardsmen  had  crossed  the  preceding  day,  and  had  for- 
tunately taken  over  some  intrenching  tools,  for  when  the  tide  turned 
all  communication  with  the  rest  of  the  division  was  cut  off.  In  this 
predicament  a  column  of  about  2,000  raw  conscripts  moved  out  of 
Bayonne  to  attack  them,  but  whilst  advancing  they  were  dispersed 
by  a  rocket  thrown  from  our  side  of  the  river.  It  went  right  through 
the  column,  doing  great  execution. 

The  French  having  never  heard  of  nor  seen  such  a  thing  before, 
they  broke  and  fled,  nor  could  they  be  again  rallied  until  they  reached 
Bayonne.  Another  rocket  struck  a  frigate  anchored  higher  up  the 
stream,  mortally  wounded  its  commander,  and  did  considerable 
damage.  Hence  they  termed  it  '*  the  infernal  machine."  Nor  were 
there  wanting  some  Frenchmen,  with  whom  I  spoke,  who,  sympa- 
thising with  their  brethren  in  the  town,  hinted  at  the  uiy&\^&k*r>  s& 
using  such  a  diabolical  invention. 

XL  &  Mia.,  No.  366,  May,  1&69. 


114 


BEMlJTXiCEireiB  OF  A  veteran. 


A  bridge  having  been  established  above  the  town,  the  left  wins*  i 
f  was  passed  over  and  the  town  invested.     1  do 
that  BradfOH  uesc  brigade  had  orders  to  take  any  part  I 

thin  last  operation  beyond  supporting  the  troopsengaged  in  tin 
ped  the  5th  Curndures  were  originally  posted  IS  Hrur 

wick  BfBeman ;  but  tho  major-general,  it  was  said,  wan  a  I 
tire-eater,  and  always  anxious  to  get  tin-   regiments  ©f  hSi  1 
ftDgiged,     On  tins  occasion  he  ordered  me  to  take  n 
battalion,  and  prolong  the  he  Brunswick  (Ed  ESkirmt^I, 

prevent  their  left  being  outf tanked  and  in nm I  by  the 
wag  a  fine  clear  space  to  my  front,  and  1  had  my  forebodin_ 
the  Brunswiekcrs  would  not  have  left  their  Hank  *k>  exposed  wit 
some  good  reason ;  hut  I  did  as  I  was  ordered,  and  soon  fuun 
with  the  exception  of  the  high  road,  tho  whole  country  was  a  " 
rintli  of  canals  and  ditches,  which  had  been  mad'  piiri; 

draining  the  marsh.    My  operations  must  then  •  *sui 

confined  to  the  high  road,  without  the  power  of  commimicatuu! 
the  troops  on  rn_v  right.     A  body  of  about  thirty  or  forty  of 
eOeftty  were  drawn  up  across  the  road,  as  if  to  oppose  us;   bu1 
losing  some  men  I  thought  it  high  time  to  make  a  rush  at  l! 
drive  them  back*     Tn  my  astonishment  they  stood  as  Jinn  as  a 
and  continued  firing  as  if  they  had  been  on  a  parade.     On  u< 
them  1  discovered  there  was  a  broad,  deep  canal  between  us, 
I,  of  course,  ordered  my  fellows  to  run  and  get  out  of  their 
and  from  that  of  the  fortresses,  as  quickly  Rs  possible.     The  won 
I  had  before  received  was  not  yet  healed,  and  my  knee  began 
pain  me  to  such  a  degree  that  I  thought  1  should  have    taint 
The  enemy  now  began  to  ply  us  with  grapeshot.    At  the  side  of  i. 
POftd  between  us  and  the  Brunswick  riflemen  there  was  a  br 
which  appeared  very  deep,  and  I  was  endeavouring  tde 

men  to  cross  it  and  join  them,  but  none  of  them  would  trv  it; 
suppose  they  could  not  swim.     At  length  I  determined  to 
mvHclf,  and  jumped  in,  when,  to  my  great  joy,  I  found  it  did  w 
take  me  up  much  higher  than  the  waist;  but  1  had  scarcely  gaine. 
the  other   Bide   when  I  observed  a  group  of  eight  or  ten  of  my 
men  standing  on  the   road,  and    amongst   these  was  the  quarter* 

i  the  battalion  (who  never  lost  an  opportunity  of  leu 
}uh  duties  to  join  in  a  skirmish),  the  master-tailor,  and  some 
rslaable  men.     A  discharge  of  grape  swept  round  the  party, 
killed  or  wounded  every  man  of  them,  with  the  exception  of  the 
quartermaster,     The  men  after  that  made  no  difficulty  in  following 
me,  and  opening  out  as  much  as  possible,  in  order'  fle  the 

enemy's  artillery,  passing  one  or  two  smaller  channels,  we  succeeded 
in  joining  the  troops  on  our  right, 

An  extraordinary  occurrence  had  taken  place.  Before  entering 
the  water  I  was  in  an  agony  of  pain,  but  the  moment  my  knee  touched 
the  cold  water  the  pain  ceased. 

The  Germans  seeing  this  reinforcement,  continued  to  advance  i 
little  further,  at  leogtn  they  posted  themselves  in  two  house 
close  to  the  fortifications,     Here  almost  every  man  who  attempt 
to  pass  across  the  road  to  the  other  building  was  shot* 


1850.]  LOCALITIES  IB"  KOBTKEBX  ITALY.  115 

Having  posted  my  men  further  to  the  rear,  I  went  up  to  the  Ger- 
mans to  see  what  tney  were  about.  The  captain  who  commanded 
the  Brunswickers  had  lost  three  officers,  attempting  to  carry  orders 
across  the  road  ;  and  now  that  he  was  in  this  predicament,  he  wished 
me  to  take  the  command  of  the  whole  as  senior  officer.  This,  I  told 
him,  I  had  no  authority  to  do ;  I  was  merely  ordered  to  support 
him.  He  then  asked  my  advice  whether  he  should  stay,  with  the 
danger  of  having  his  retreat  cut  off,  or  whether  it  would  be  better 
to  retire.  I  informed  him  I  had  some  time  before  sent  an  officer  to 
the  rear  for  instructions,  and  I  was  surprised  he  had  not  returned ; 
and  pointing  to  some  high  ground  on  his  right,  where  the  enemy 
were  advancing  in  force,  I  said,  "  If  you  remain  two  minutes  longer 
without  getting  your  men  out  of  the  opposite  building,  you  will  not 
be  able  to  fall  back  and  effect  your  retreat ;  besides,  I  see  no  ad- 
vantage in  your  present  position,  unless  you  have  positive  orders  to 
hold  it."  They  suffered  very  severely  afterwards,  the  captain  himself 
being  wounded,  and  my  own  party  did  not  get  away  without  some 
trifling  loss. 

I  was  in  a  great  rage  at  the  officer  I  had  sent  out,  not  returning. 
Col.  St.  Clair  told  me  he  had  not  sent  him  back,  because  it  was  clear  to 
every  body,  that  we  had  no  business  where  we  were,  and  that  we 
should  soon  be  forced  to  return.  There  is  however  a  great  difference 
between  retiring  at  your  leisure  and  retiring  in  the  face  of  an  enemy. 
That  night,  although  I  had  a  good  quarter,  and  a  good  bed,  I  passed 
in  great  agony,  the  pain  in  my  knee  having  returned. 

A  few  days  after  this,  the  Cagadore  Battalion,  was  removed  fur- 
ther in  advance,  and  we  occupied  a  sort  of  villa,  about  800  yards 
from  the  fortress.  I  did  not  much  like  the  way  the  men  were  put 
up ;  there  was  only  one  door- way  into  that  part  of  the  building 
wnere  the  men  were  quartered.  I  told  the  Lieutenant-Colonel  if  the 
enemy  attacked  or  made  a  sortie,  early  in  the  morning,  he  would 
not  be  able  to  get  his  men  out,  and  half  of  them  would  be  taken. 
It  was  then  decided  that  I  should  rouse  the  men  up,  half  an  hour 
before  day-break,  make  them  fold  up  their  blankets,  and  get  them 
out. 

(To  bo  continued.) 


ON    PIACENZA    AND    OTHEK  LOCALITIES  IN 
NOKTHEEN  ITALY. 

By  Lieut.-Gekebal  Macintosh. 

A  description  of  the  present  state  of  the  fortifications  of  Piacenza 
may  at  this  crisis  possess  some  interest ;  and  having  passed  through 
it  last  summer,  the  writer  is  enabled  to  give  a  hurried  sketch  of 
them. 
.The  Austrians  have  greatly  increased  the  capacity  of  t&&  W«s»fe 

*7k 


LOOAXTTISS  W  HOBTimUT  ITALY. 

by  fche  ( rection  of  detached  forts  around  the  old  wall 
enough  to  eaeb  other  to  afford  mutual  Bupport.    Their  dist 
the  centre  of  the  city  is  probably  three  quarters  of  a  mile  j 
Tie  fort  Brat  seen  from  tLe  cast,  which  the  road  '  passe 

5  marked  in  large  Soman  numerals  No.  VII  t 
road  to  Alessandria  and  Turin,  passed  on  quitting  the  town  ii 
direction,  is  marked  No.  XII 1,  I  imagine,  from  the  i  < 
t h«' .town,  their  total  number  is  sixteen*     Not   having  entered 
of  iIk-m'  work*,  the  writer  can  only  judge  uf  their  interior  ecu 
tion  from  their  general  appearance,  and  from  asurmi- 
the  following  circumstances. 

Some  Team  ago,  when  at.  Venice,  he  id  entered  the  who 

of  the  forts,  upwards  of  twenty  m  number,  in  the   Laguna,  1 
mission  of  Marshal  Uadetsky,  when  he  uied    by 

tain  of  Austrian  Engineers,  who  explained  to  him  the  must  riiinu 
particular*,  and  showed  him  1  he  plans.     lie  has  no  doubt,  fn 
he  could  see  trom  without,  that  the  forts  surrounding    Pi. 
although  not  exactly  of  the  same  external  form,  very  near  J 
in  their  interior  construction,  a  new  fort   lately  erected  with 
old  work  of  S.  Nieolo  del  Lido,  which  last  is  about   half  a  m 
length,  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  breadth,  and  is  the   chid 
which   closes   the    Lido   passage  into  Venice.      This    new    fort    b 
of   a   novel    construction,   which    was    carried    out     with 
ability    by    Colonel     Henningsen,    of   the     Austrian      1 
The  outer  metiiftfo  eonaiita  of  four  bastions,  connected  by  cur 
with  a  broad  dry  ditch,  strongly  revetted.     The  peculiarity   i 
work  is  comprised  in  a  bomb-proof  Red u it  of  solid  m 
occupies  its  centre,  commanding  the  interior  of  the  outerworl 
capable  of  defence,  even  after  the  bitter  might  fall  into  an   en\ 
hands.     In  order  to  prevent  the  enemy,  in  such  a  ease,   from    r 
shelter  in  the  ditch,  a  vaulted  passage,  like  a  small  tunnel,  is  pi 
through  each  curtain  of  the  outer  enceinte,  connecting  it  with  the 
corresponding  face  of  the  RHuit,  which  is  square.     Thes 
terminate  in  a  bomb-proof  stone  vault,  which  crosses  two-tin r 
the  ditch,  and  is  rounded  off  near  the  counterscarp   revetment,  but 
not  sufficiently  near  to  be  accessible  by  mining  from   the 
These  vaulted  constructions  are  called  Cqffret,  and  each  is  pj, 
with  two  embrasures  for  three-pounder  guns  pointing  through  theu>. 
to  iweep  the  ditch  in  both  directions.     There  is  a  twelve-pound 
each  face  of  the  bastions,  and  an  eighteen* pounder  en   oat  bet 
their  salient  angles  ;  and  the  stone  Beduit  has  also  small  C\ 
jecting  from  it,  to  bear  on  the  interior  of  the  outer  work,  *  T!> 
inclosure  of  Fort  Lido,  near  the  centre  of  which  this  work   is 
ated,  is — excepting  the  side  towards  Malamocco,  which  c 
two  strong  fronts  of  fortification,  inclosed  by  :i  net  ditch— a  mew 
parapet,  faced  with   brick  walls,  en   crimaiUrre.     The  orduar 
the  forts  of  1'  is  probably  heavier  than  that  just  descrft 

the  Lido,  the  place  being  surrounded  by  much  larger  open   r 
The  numerous  forts  around   Venice  arc  extremely  curious 
nearly  all  approached  by  water.    Their  examination,  in  coitsequ 
occupied  the  writer  three  days,  although  he  engaged  a  small  st , 


1859.]  LOCALITIES  Iff  KOHTHEEK  ITALY.  il7 

to  visit  the  most  distant,  where  the  channels  permitted  it.  They 
command  every  passage,  and,  by  sinking  vessels  in  the  channels, 
these  could  be  effectually  closed. 

The  writer  having  previously  passed  through  the  north  of  Italy  in 
1848,  in  rear  of  the  Sardinian  army,  during  the  campaign  between 
Carlo  Alberto  and  the  Austrians,  paid  a  visit  to  his  Majesty's 
head-quarters,  which  were  established  at  Somma  Campagna  before 
Veroua,  then  occupied  by  the  main  Austrian  army  under  Badetsky. 
At  that  period,  the  Sardinians  were  also  prosecuting  the  siege  of 
Peschiera ;  and  the  writer  having  on  his  subsequent  visit  stopped  a 
few  hours  at  that  fortress,  found  that  between  the  two  periods  the 
fortifications  there  had  been  very  greatly  extended,  as  he  remarked 
that  even  the  heights  which  the  King  of  Sardinia  and  his  staff*  used 
to  occupy  during  the  siege,  were  now  inclosed  within  formidable 
works.  The  writer's  impression  is,  that  not  only  Verona  and  every 
other  fortified  place  in  Lombardy,  Pavia  probably  included,  have 
been  enlarged  and  greatly  improved.  The  last-mentioned  place  is 
one  of  great  importance,  being  the  only  spot  at  which  the  Austrian 
territory  may  be  said  to  cross  the  Ticino,  as  the  small  island  of 
Gravelone,  a  mere  bank  of  gravel  in  the  river,  belongs  to  Austria, 
though  divided  from  the  Lombard  territory  by  the  main  channel  of 
the  Ticino,  while  it  is  only  separated  from  Sardinia  by  a  very  narrow 
channel,  easily  crossed,  and  it  was  for  this  reason  selected  by  Marshal 
Radetsky  as  his  route,  before  the  battle  of  Mortara,  thus  causing 
the  surprise  of  the  Piedmontese,  who  expected  him  to  cross  by  the 
bridge  of  Buffalora,  in  front  of  Novara. 

On  the  Sardinian  side,  Casali  may  be  looked  upon  as  the  first 
strong  place  that  'presents  itself ;  and,  as  such,  will  very  probably 
play  some  part  if  the  Austrians  advance.  The  country  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Po,  in  its  front  between  Mortara  and  the  Sessia,  is  much 
interspersed  with  marshy  land  and  rice  grounds,  making  it  almost 
impassable  for  troops,  except  on  the  highways.  It  is  said  that,  not- 
withstanding this,  it  presents  no  positions  of  strength,  which  it  is 
difficult  to  believe,  since  an  advance  could  be  much  obstructed  by 
merely  fortifying  the  roads.  The  river  Sessia,  where  it  is  crossed  by 
the  Mortara  road,  is  in  itself  a  great  obstruction,  its  left  bank  pre- 
senting a  scar  of  sand,  and  the  right  a  wide  extent  of  sand  and  gravel, 
through  which  the  post-horses  tug  the  carriage  for  several  hundred 
yards  with  great  difficulty,  before  again  reaching  a  solid  road.  This 
arises  from  the  shifting  of  the  banks  of  the  river  during  torrents, 
which  are  very  common  in  this  region.  The  Sessia  is  crossed  when 
not  flooded,  by  a  flying  bridge,  resting  on  two  large  barges,  the  cable 
being  supported  on  a  series  of  small  boats.  Soon  afterwards,  the 
Po  is  crossed  at  Casali  by  an  iron  suspension  bridge,  covered  by  a 
tete  de  pont  on  the  left  bank,  commanded  by  a  fort  on  the  right  bank, 
which  has  lately  been  constructed,  or,  at  least,  greatly  strengthened. 
It  has  brick  walls,  pierced  for  musketry,  at  the  base  of  its  earthen 
slopes  ;  the  parapet  above  is  mounted  with  guns  firing  over  them. 
The  ditches  are  wet.  The  town  itself  is  fortified,  but  not  very 
strongly  ;  and  a  new  stone  fort  on  the  heights  to  the  west  of  the 
town,which  it  commands,  was  nearly  finished  in  1852. 


1 

118  (Mil, 

EDITOR'S     PORTFOLIO; 

on, 

NAVAL    AND    MILITARY    REGJSTBB. 


The  War.— Probably  before  those  pages  appear,  the  Austria 
cannon  will  have  iircd  that  first  shot,  which  is  to  be  to  aD  Europe 
the  signal  of  brittle.  We  cannot  concur  with  those  who  think  this  a 
false  step  on  tho  part  of  the  great  German  power;  and)  as  regards 
the  character  of  the  struggle  about  to  commence,  the  mere  fiset  of 
Austria  stealing  a  march  on  France,  after  the  Emperor  NapoUMV 
has  been  so  long  preparing,  indicates  what  an  advance  she  has  mads 
in  the  art  of  war.  AVe  look,  then,  for  a  desperate  and  sanguinary 
contest.  At  the  same  time,  it  is  not  likely  that  the  prompt  aetka 
of  Austria  will  be  attended  with  those  signal  results  which  are 
generally  apprehended.  The  interesting  and  important  communica- 
tion of  General  Macintosh,  which  will  be  found  in  another  portion 
of  our  pages,  show*  that  it  is  in  the  power  of  Sardinia  to  oppose  COS> 
Biderable  obstacles  to  an  Austrian  advance  on  the  side  of  Casali,  SJfti 
though  the  approach  may  be  more*  accessible  by  way  of  Mortara*  wo 
do  not  believe  that  an  Austrian  army  could  reach  Turin  before  the 
arrival  of  French  succours.  The  Emperor  Napoleoit  himself  ii 
hurrying  to  the  scene  of  action,  and  it  is  more  than  probable  that 
the  advanced  columns  of  the  French  will  enter  tho  Sardinian  tent 
tory  simultaneously  with  the  passage  of  the  Ticino  by  the  AlS- 
trians.  We  may  fear  that  France  has  not  provoked  this  war, ' 
out  some  promise  of  support  from  Russia. 


The  Thanks  to  the  Indian  Army. — Her  Majesty's  troope  Ja 
India,  native  and  European,  have  received  from  Parliament  that 
vote  of  thanks  which  forms  the  national  recognition  of  their  dota- 
tion. This  solemn  act  was  not  needed  as  a  testimony  to  fMr 
deserts,  for  never  had  military  virtue  stood  before  the  world  with 
such  prominence  or  such  effect.  Senatorial  eloquence  failed  to 
magnify  deeds,  which  earned  on  their  face  their  own  history,  sjsd 
had  already  received  the  world's  applause.  Taken  by  surprise,  in 
the  midst  of  apparent  security,  when  they  were  actually  engaged  in 
the  public  worship  of  God,  a  few  scattered  bands  of  soldiers  Hero 
required  to  prove  to  India  that  Englishmen  were  still  the  man  of 
Arcot,  Plassey,  and  Assaye — still  able  to  hold  their  own  i 


1859.] 


EDITOll'S   POMTOLIO. 


119 


oddig  and  retain  the  brood  empire  they  l«rnl  received  from  their 
rs.  We  turn  from  the  laggard  movements  of  Lord  Clyde  to 
that  ■olftpn,  that  awful  hour,  when  England  and  the  civilised  world 
stood  breathless,  as  if  stunned,  while  the  words  Delhi  and  Lucknow 
were  in  every  mouth,  and  carried  a  panic  to  every  heart,  IV  hat 
assurance  was  then  brought  to  u&  by  the  very  first  tidings  received, 
announcing  the  men  were  there— few,  indeed,  in  number,  hut  how 
strong,  how  indomitable  in  character !  and  what  confidence  was 
awakened  by  the  names  of  IIavelock,  Nut,  lucflOLSOH,  Ouiraai, 
Ciiaxtuerlun,  Yab  i  oim l ax of  and  a  dozen  other*,  who  mii 
first  shock,  and  broke  it  into  fragments*  These  were  the  handful 
that  saved  India,  England  rose  in  tier  strength ;  regiment  on  regi- 
ment was  dispatched ;  and  India  was  occupied  by  a  mighty  armyi 
but,  meanwhile,  the  blow  had  been  struck.  The  rebelbon,  indeed, 
was  still  smouldering,  as  the  embers  of  a  conflagration ;  but  its  life 
and  soul  had  been  stamped  out.  Delhi  was  captured ;  Lucknow 
was  relieved ;  and  Sir  Colix  Campbell  had  but  to  march  on  0udet 
and  take  possession,  Instead  of  this,  he  resorted — and,  we  are  now 
told,  against  his  own  better  judgment— to  a  series  of  Faullk  move* 
ments  and  combinations,  which,  however  suited  to  European  warfare, 
were  wholly  out  of  place  in  India,  It  ia  notorious  that  the  whole 
rebel  army  might  have  been  dispersed,  and  Lucknow  captured,  when 
&ir  Colin  relieved  the  Eesidency ;  but  the  great  opportunity  was 
not  seize d.  The  retirement  of  such  a  powerful  English  force  before 
a  disorganised  native  army  gave  a  new  fillip  to  the  rebellion  ;  it  again 
assumed  a  formidable  appearance  ;  and  our  brave  troops,  who  might 
have  decided  all  in  a  single  battle,  were  called  upon  to  endure  un- 
heard-of fatigues!  in  endless  pursuit  of  a  living  foe*  Their  valour, 
endurance,  and  devotion  have  at  length  triumphed  over  every  diffi- 
culty, and  they  now  deservedly  receive  the  thanks  of  their  country 
for  a  redeemed  prestige  and  a  recovered  dominion.  Let  us  get  rid 
of  the  Sikh  levies,  and  India  is  oneo  more  our  own. 


The  Case  of  Captain  Cah^ote, — Captain  Carkeoie,  E.N. 
has  retired  into  private  life.  His  letter  to  Sir  JoHtf  PAKnroTOir,  in 
reply  to  the  exposition  in  Parliament,  sets  a  seal  on  the  transaction* 
Instead  of  refuting  the  statement  of  the  First  Lord,  it  confirms  it  in 
particular;  and  places  Capt.  Gae^egie's  conduct  even  ina  mom 
equivocal  light  than  it  appeared  before.  Everything  is  fair  in  love 
and  war  ;  everything  may  be  fair  in  party  warfare,  he  eve  of 

a  general  election  ;  but  still  there  are  manoeuvres  which,  though  we  * 
may  take  advantage  of  their  of  us  object  to  bear  part  in 

ourselves.  They  invariably  devolve  on  a  particular  class.  Captain 
Caenegte,  by  his  own  account,  has  nothing  to  complain  of.  He 
was  appointed  to  a  political  poet  with  an  express  understanding  that, 
on  the  tirst  opportunity,  he  would  endeavour  to  enter  Parliament ; 
two  openings  were  offered  to  him,  and,  on  one  pretence  or  another, 
he  shirked  both.  But  this  was  not  alL  Aware  that  ho  had  thus 
broken  a  positive  engagement,  and  consequently  that  lie  could  no 
longer  retain  office,  he  telegraphs  his  own  version  of  the  affair  ta  % 


120  editob's  POBTtfoiio;  ob  [Mat, 

prominent  member  of  the  Opposition  ;  and  this  at  a  moment  when, 
in  the  opinion  of  the  knowing  ones,  the  leaders  of  the  Opposition 
were  likely  very  soon  to  have  it  in  their  power  to  redress  his 
grievances.  Suppose  two  hostile  squadrons  on  the  point  of  action : 
the  Commander  of  a  ship  is  ordered  by  the  Admiral  to  lay  himself 
alongside  one,  of  the  enemy,  and  fight  it  out ;  but,  instead  of  comply- 
ing, he  signals  to  his  antagonist  the  order  he  has  received,  and  runs 
his  ship  aground.  Captain  Cabnegie,  in  pursuance  of  the  engage- 
ment he  had  made,  was  recommended  to  contest  Devonport,  but  he 
declared  he  had  no  chance  at  Devonport :  he  was  offered  the  choice 
of  Dover,  but  Dover  was  also  declined — for,  good,  scrupulous  man ! 
(O,  very  scrupulous !)  his  return  could  only  be  secured  "  by  a  course 
he  could  not  condescend  to  adopt."  People  are  not  generally  so  nice 
at  elections,  but  we  have  not  all  the  same  aversion  to  tar  on  our 
fingers  as  Captain  Cabnegie. 

The  gallant  Captain's  letter — no  doubt,  unintentionally — makes 
the  most  of  every  little  point  that  may  be  expected  to  tell,  in  the 
pending  elections,  against  the  Government  of  which  he  was  a  member, 
and  the  party  to  which  he  professed  to  belong.  In  this  spirit,  the 
Government  Beform  Bill  is  described  as  "a  millstone  round  his 
neck,"  and  the  dockyard  men  are  gently  reminded  that  they  should 
not  support  "  a  nominee  sent  down  hy  a  Government  that  had  deter- 
mined to  deprive  them  of  their  franchise."  There  is  also  an  extract 
from  a  letter,  which  appears  to  have  been  written  by  a  confiding 
friend.  Beyond  doubt,  the  writer  has  sanctioned  its  publication, 
although  we  may  doubt  whether,  after  such  a  revelation,  he  will 
remain  "high  in  the  confidence"  of  Sir  John  Pakington,  whose 
counsels  it  betrays.  The  extract,  the  rigmarole  explanation, — which 
leaves  every  fact  where  it  was  before — and  the  little  pellets  for  the 
electors,  make  up,  after  all,  a  very  lame  demonstration.  They  may 
afford  ground  for  a  little  buffoonery  to  Mr.  Osbobne,  at  Dover ;  but 
they  will  catch  no  votes ;  and  we  believe  the  good  ship  will  weather 
the  storm,  in  spite  of  the  flight  of — Captain  Cabnegie. 


The  Abmstbong  Gun. — "We  can  state  from  information  afforded 
by  persons  familiarly  conversant  with  this  gun,that  no  correct  drawing 
or  description  of  it  has  yet  appeared,  and  that  the  criticisms  made 
upon  it  have  in  most  cases  been  founded  upon  wholly  inaccurate 
a  assumptions.  The  same  observation  applies  to  the  projectiles,  re- 
flecting which  we  can  state  with  certainty  that  they  consist  of  two 
kinds,  the  one  adapted  for  field  service,  and  the  other  for  naval  and 
siege  purposes.  The  former  admits  of  being  used  indifferently  aa 
solid  shot,  shrapnel,  percussion  shell,  and  common  case,  and  possesses 
extraordinary  efficiency  in  all  these  capacities.  The  latter  is  a  shell 
differing  from  the  other  in  having  none  of  the  attributes  of  a  shrap- 
nel, but  containing  a  large  charge  of  powder,  by  which  great  explosive 
effects  are  produced.  Contrary  to  what  has  been  repeatedly  asserted, 
these  ^last-named  shells  contain  much  larger  charges  than  the  common 
spherical  shells  of  equal  weight,  and  they  are  caused  to  burst  either 
at  the  instant  of  penetration,  or  as  much  before  or  after  as  may  be 


1859.] 


JTAVAL  AST)  MTIITABT   RX0T8TEW. 


121 


desired*  The  great  range  and  accuracy  effected  by  this  gun,  as  well 
as  its  lightness  and  durability  are  now  matters  of  notoriety ;  but 
those  who  are  best  acquainted  with  its  performances,  declare  that  its 
chief  excellence  consists  in  the  efficacy  of  its  shell  firing. 


The    Allied   Traj  Commissions.— The    investigation 

at  Bow-street  police-court  has  dot  resulted  in  those  exposures  which 
were  so  confidently  expected.     It  lias  simply  developed  a  case  flf 
crooked  dealing,  in  which  the  actors  were  only  ordinary  sharpers, 
and  the  victims  extraordinary  flats  ;  and  we  doubt  much  whether  the 
transaction  can  be  made  to  appear  illegal,  or  the  persons  implicated 
be  punished.     The  mythical  firm  of  "  Aumstiioxo  &  Co,11  proceeded 
ill  such  a  manner  that,  so  far  as  now  appears,  they  [sight  claim  to  be 
aid  by  Mr.  Bhidbgk,  or  anyone  who  employed"  them,  without  in- 
retnent  of  the  law,  and  in  the  face  of  the'world.     They,  in  &ot, 
s  no  concealment,  but  announced  their  peculiar  operations  in 
public   advertisements,  offering  their  service*  to  all  comers,     Mr. 
Bmdsox  and  Sir.  CutfDfuitAM  feU  into  the  trap.     They  believed 
that  commissions  in  the  British  Army  could  be  obtained,  in  these 
of   Parliamentary  and  newspaper  supervision,  by  some  back- 
dour  influence,  which  might  be  audaciously  advertised  in  the  public 
journals ;  and,  acting  under  this  delusion,  they  paid  some  £100  for 
a  result,  which  they  might  have  achieved  by  the  same  course  of  pro- 
cedure, without  disbursing  a  farthing.     It   is,  indeed,  clearly  esta- 
blished that  no  part  of  the  money  was  expended  in  facilitating  the 
object ;  for  though  there  Is  a  suspicious  payment  of  d£50  to  Colonel 
BtuhbaCH,  the  interposition  of  that  officer  had  no  effect :  and  Mr, 
by   using  the  good  offices  of  Gto&firall  Vivian  and 
Steelk,  obtained  his  appointment  solely  through  hit  own  interest. 
The  Duke  of  Camiuudok  refused  his  application  in  the  first  instance, 
n.t  only  because  he  was  over  age,  but  because  it  rested  on  unsup- 
ported statements  ;  but  when  the  services  of  his  lather  were  attested 
1,\  two  officer!  of  eminence,  His  Koaal  Hioitxess,  with  character- 
istic  kindness  of  heart,  took  a  more  indulgent  view,  and  us  the 
regulation  respecting  age  had  been  relaxed,  appointed  the  young 
eman  to  a  regiment.      The  whole  aiftiir  was,  as  regards-  the 
appointment  itself,  highly  creditable  to  the  admin  i  strati  mi  of  the 
narda.     The  Duke  showed  a  prudent  shyness  of  Colonel 
nrach;    but  when   he  received    testimonials   from   a  reliable 
quarter,  he  admitted  the  claims  of  the  son  of  a  meritorious  officer. 
He  baa  now  announced,  in  the  most  public  manner,  that  the  army  is 
to  tin*  whole  country,  and  that  every  application  will  be  fairly 
acred.      An  anonymous  correspondent  of  a  morning  journal 
proposes  that  Mr.  Ci'mnoham  should  be  deprived  of  the  commis- 
sion he  has  obtained,  ami  Mr.  liinnsox  be  prosecuted,  under  the 
impression  that  the  transaction  with  "Askot&oitg  A  I  unta 

to  a  misdemeanour;  bu1  the  act  of  Qsobos  III.  evidently  doe*  not 
apply  to  a  ease  i»f  this   kind,  but   to  transactions  in  which  one  of 
the  parties  implicated,  either  in  his  own  rii*ht    or   through 
influence,  actually  has  the  disposal  of  a  ounuussiun,  which  ia  made 


122 


EDTTOB's   POBTOtlO  ;  OH 


the  subject  of  barter.     Li  this  instance  the  commission  was  obi 
gratuitously ;  Mr,  Buncos  and  Mr,  Clni^gham  retwued  ' 
stimjxg  &  OOi"  as  their  counsel ;  and  though  tiny  bid* 

*  uuUmplated  soma  dexterous  GOUpt  ujuter  the  guidance 
German  Colonel,  nothing  seems  to  have  been  done  out  o£  t : 
course.     It  would  have  been  just  as  well  to  hare  settled  the 
ill  the  police  court;  for  all  the  public  wanted  was  invest 
and  as  no  jury  will  find  the  prisoners  guilty  on  the  cviih 
we  five  not  what   object  is  to  be  gained  by  keeping  the 
adunt     The  letters  that  now  daily  appear  throw  no  new  li 
the  matter,  and  are  mere  personal  tirade*,  having  no  public  in 


by: 


rdinia, 
>cet  of 


Postscript, — Tele    Necessity   o*  Immediate    Wo. — 
tounding    revelation  which    has  broken  like  a    thunder-cloudev 
Europe,  announcing  the  existence  of  two  treaties  of  alliance, 
aire  and  defensive,  between  France  and  Kussia,  and  of  a  similar 
treaty  between  France  and  Denmark — thus,  if  we  include  Sardinia, 

arsh  ailing  four  powers  of  Europe  in  one  camp — must  bo  rega 
England  as  a  menace  to  herself,  and  a  warning  to  prepare 
hamrtfaJB  war.    This  qxiadruple  alliance  altera  entirely  the  aspect  i 
our  foreign  relations,  and  of  our  own  more    perilous  position*     It 
annuls  our  alliance  with  France,  and  it  fully  justifies  the  Austrian* 
in  taking    the    initiative   in  a  war   which  they  appear  to  have 
known    was    inevitable.      Indeed,    we    stated    last    month   that 
the  intervention   of    Russia   in    the  negotiations,    just    as    Lord 
Cowlet  was  bringing  them  to  a  successful  issue,  was  evidently 
suggested  by  France,  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  a  pacific  g. 
meat.    The  Austrians  have  made  the  first  move,  just  as  FuedehicK 
the  Second,  when  Eussia,  Austria,  and  France  were  leagued  against 
him,  took  the  initiative,  to  attack  and  capture  the  whole  Saion  army 
at  Pisna,  while  they  were  temporising  till  the  storm  had  fully 
gathered  against  Prussia* 

This  alliance  between  France  and  Buesia  unmasks  the  bad  faiti 
which  the  Emperor  of  the  French  was  covertly  pursuing  towar 
us,  It  carries  us  hack  to  the  raft  on  the  Niemen  and  the  treaty  of 
Tilsit  in  1807,  when  those  two  despotic  powers  leagued  together  in 
hostility  to  England,  and  assigned  to  each  other  their  several  mis- 
sions— to  overthrow  the  independence  of  nations  and  the  system  of 
Europe,  and  to  ruin  England,  It  left  Napoleon  L  at  liberty,  with 
the  consent  and  countenance  of  Eussia,  to  pursue  his  ambitious  de- 
signs—to dethrone  the  Bouebos  dynasty  in  Spain,  and  hand  orer 


.uiiy 
kith 


1859.]  KAYAL  AKD  MtLTTABY  BBGIStli.  1^8 

that  realm  to  one  of  his  own  family ;  and  it  pledged  that  crowned 
robber,  when  his  Spanish  project  should  be  consummated,  to  assist 
Alexasdbb  of  Russia  to  drive  the  Turks  out  of  Europe. 

The  part  for  England  to  take  at  this  grave  crisis  is  plain  and 
obvious.  Shall  we  wait  till  the  might  of  Austria  and  Prussia  has 
been  worsted,  and  then  meet  the  combined  enemy  single-handed,  or 
shall  we  at  once  announce  to  Russia,  that  the  first  battalion  she 
marches  over  her  frontier,  shall  bring  down  on  her  coasts,  north 
and  south,  the  blockading  squadrons  of  England  ?  With  this  war 
in  Italy  we  have  no  immediate  concern,  so  long  as  it  is  confined  to 
Sardinia,  France,  and  Austria.  The  moment  there  is  any  movement 
on  the  part  of  Russia,  any  way  to  support  the  French  aggression, 
then  we  become  directly  interested  in  the  conflict.  The  united 
squadrons  of  France,  Russia,  Sardinia  and  Denmark,  must  prepare  to 
meet  the  English  fleet.  The  Commander  in  Chief  has  declared  our 
army  to  be  ready,  and  Sir  Johit  Pakington  has  provided  squadrons 
for  the  Channel  and  the  Mediterranean ;  but  neither  of  these  high 
functionaries,  in  speaking  of  our  armaments,  had  any  suspicion  of 
the  potent  combination — we  may  even  say,  the  dark  conspiracy — 
which  the  last  few  hours  have  revealed.  We  have  no  hesitation  in 
saying  that  both  our  naval  and  military  forces  are  inadequate  to  our 
requirements.  Let  us  immediately  arm  for  this  awful,  this  inevi- 
table struggle.  As  regards  our  home  defences,  we  may  hope  that  the 
suggestion  for  volunteer  rifle  corps,  which  was  made  some  time  ago  in 
our  pages  by  a  distinguished  contributor,  and  has  just  been  brought 
forward  by  a  morning  journal  as  its  own  idea,  will  now  be  carried 
out.  Not  a  moment  should  be  lost  in  embodying  and  perfecting  the 
militia,  and  giving  a  war  strength  to  the  army.  But  above  all,  and 
before  all,  let  us  prepare,  with  the  whole  energy  and  the  whole  mate- 
rial power  of  the  country,  to  launch  such  a  fleet  as  shall,  despite  this 
formidable  combination  of  the  navies  of  Europe,  preserve  to  England 
the  absolute  command  and  undisputed  sovereignty  of  the  seas. 
While  we  retain  the  trident,  England — Europe  is  safe. 


124 


CRITICAL  NOTICES. 

A  <u)od  Time  Coming.    By  the  Author  of  "  Matthew  Paxton."  3  T 
The  iutiu'c  is  not  only  mysterious?,  hut,  unless  we  are  incorrigibly  j 


it  is  always  promising.  "Whatever  our  lot,  wc  may  look  to  time 
amelioration,  and  consider  we  may  yet  l>e  recompensed  by  destiny.  T< 
forward  is  an  instinct,  which  more  or  less  animates  us  all,  and  buoys 
under  difficulties  that  would  otherwise  be  unendurable.  This  is  espe 
the  case  in  the  humbler  walks  of  life,  among  those  whose  whole  caret 
struggle  ;  and,  accordingly,  it  is  oniony  such  characters  that  the  tale  I 
us,  which  takes  this  sentiment  for  its  theme,  runs  its  course.  The  a 
has  entered  a  fruitful  field,  but  one  which,  dealing  with  but  every  dj 
cidents,  can  only  be  grasped  by  a  dexterous  hand.  The  story  is  laid  c 
at  Liverpool,  and  turns  on  the  fortunes  of  a  young  artisan,  who  has  a  ] 
cousin  in  Cheshire ;  and,  of  course,  takes  advantage  of  a  holiday  to  pa 
a  visit.  But  if  the  reader  supposes  that  Oswald  has  any  de*i<rns  on  b 
Kate,  or  that  the  stars  have  fated  them  for  each  other,  he  will  prove 
taken;  for,  though  not  unimpressed  by  her  l>oarding-school  gracei 
Liverpool  lad  makes  no  sign.  Wc  soon  find  him  plunging  into  the  M< 
to  rescue  a  young  girl  from  drowning,  and  no  w  the  pimple  talc  beg 
expand,  and  takes  in  a  wider  sweep  of  characters.  Quinta,  as  the  l 
girl  is  named,  is  the  daughter  of  an  eccentric  old  gentleman,  fanz 
known  as  "  old  Cockoloruin,"  and  his  family  circle  is  very  happily  desc 
Herein  lies,  indeed,  the  author's  forte,  for  the  story  necessarily  de 
much  on  the  delineation  of  character,  and  the  manner  m  which  it  is  susti 
But  a  pervading  interest  is  created  by  the  manly  struggles  ot  the  hero 
his  battle  with  fortune,  which  ends,  at  last,  in  deserved  success. 
story  is  remarkable  for  its  simplicity  and  truthfulness,  and  withonl 
straining  after  effect,  retains  its  hold  on  the  mind,  and  leaves  beh 
pleasing  impression. 

Lifk's  Fobesiiadowixc.s.    3  vols. 

Is  these  days  everything  is  settled  by  statistics,  and  the  Rcgistrar-Ge 
announces  that  the  most  marrying  classes  of  her  Majesty's  subjeet 
widowers,  particularly  those  who  have  reached  a  resectable  age. 
experience,  however,  goes  to  attest  that  second  marriages  are  seldom  hi 
and  it  is  not  reasonable  to  expect  that  such  a  connection  can  be  formec 
late  period  of  life  without  great  hazard.  Poets  and  novelists  have  wi 
largely  on  this  text,  and  here  we  have  a  very  agreeable  story,  foundi 
the  same  theme.  The  author  aims  to  convey  a  practical  moral  lessoi 
dramatic  form,  and  through  the  medium  of  a  domestic  history.  If 
marriages  call  for  mutual  forbearance  in  the  two  principals,  the  marrii 
later  life  exacts  the  same  demeanour,  not  only  from  the  parties  them* 
but  from  all  around  and  near  them.  In  the  tale  before  us,  Mr.  P 
Henderson  is  left  a  widower,   with  a  pretty  daughter,  who,  of  come 

I  little  spoiled,  and  now  thinks  herself  her  own  mistress.     Jay — for  80  J 

named — has  a  friend,  Annie,  as  pretty  as  herself,  and  about  her  own 
In  due  course  she  attracts  the  attention  of  Mr.  Tierce  Henderson,  win 
comes  her  accepted  lover,  to  the  great  chagrin  of  Christie  Roach,  at 
.1!  known  rival.     Annie  is  intercepted  by  the  latter  in  a  lonely  spot,  and  1 

:'!  is  a  very  effective  scene,  ending  in  the  young  girl's  escape,  and  the  eonfl 

y'[  of  her  assailant.     She  next  appears  as  the  bride  of  Mr.  Henderson,  and 

h '  finds  herself  entangled  with  her  former  friend  Jay,  who  resists  all  over 

tol  of  peace,  and  keeps  up  continual  strife.     At  last,  Annie  breaks  down, 

when  too  late,  Jay  repents  of  her  harsh  conduct,  and  solicits  and  rec 


1859.]  OBKEBAL  CORBBSPOKDEKCE.  125 

forgiveness.  From  this  point,  the  interest  of  the  story  centres  on  Jay,  and 
there  is  a  spirited  sketch  of  conventual  life  in  France,  whither  she  is  sent  by 
her  father,  and  where  she  passes  some  time  under  the  charge  of  the  sis- 
terhood. The  whole  narrative  is  forcibly  written,  and  cleverly  worked  out, 
giving  promise  that  the  author,  by  following  up  his  success,  will  take  a  more 
than  average  pjace  as  a  novelist. 


GENERAL  COKKESPONDENCE. 

With  a  view  of  promoting  the  interests  of  the  Service,  this  deportment  of  the  Magazine  it  open 
to  all  authentic  communications,  and,  therefore,  the  Editor  cannot  hold  himself  responsible  for 
the  opinions  expressed. — Ed.  U.  S.  Mag.] 

MANNING  THE  NAVY. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  United  Serrice  Magazine, 

Reigate,  18th  April,  1859. 

Sir, — I  have  been  reading  with  great  interest  the  bulky  Blue  Book,  lately 
published,  containing  the  evidence  taken  before  the  Royal  Manning  Com- 
mission ;  with  many  valuable  suggestions  and  statistical  tables  in  the 
appendix. 

As  many  persons  of  different  degrees,  who  were  considered  worthy  of  a 
hearing,  were  examined  before  the  Commission,  and  appear  to  have  given 
their  evidence  without  reserve,  myself  and  others  have  now  the  opportunity 
of  forming  a  more  correct  judgment  of  the  real  state  of  matters,  and  the 
means  of  confirming,  qualifying,  or  abandoning  the  notions  we  have  hitherto 
entertained,  for  every  officer  has  formed  some  opinion  about  Manning  the 
Fleet. 

The  concurrent  evidence  of  the  Shipping  Masters,  the  Superintendents  of 
Steam  Companies,  and  others,  prove  that  impressment  can  no  longer  be 
depended  on  to  gather  sailors,  and  even  if  gathered  they  would  not  be 
available  until  they  had  undergone  a  training  in  gunnery,  for  things  are 
greatly  changed  since  the  introduction  of  steam,  and  the  perfection  to  which 
naval  gunnery  has  been  brought.  It  is,  therefore,  under  such  circumstances, 
a  happy  thing  that  the  Commissioners  have  pointed  out  and  recommended  a 
scheme  for  forming  a  reserve  of  merchant  seamen,  under  regulations  which 
will  benefit  all  parties.  The  scheme  appears  to  be  not  only  feasible  and 
admirable,  but  to  have  met  the  support  of  the  Coast  Guard  Officers,  the 
Shipping  Masters,  and  other  parties  who  are  to  carry  it  into  effect.  The 
title  of  these  last-named  officials  is  new  to  me,  and  1  last  week  took  the 
opportunity  of  visiting  a  shipping  office  in  a  principal  sea  port,  and  found 
the  system  established  tor  some  years  past — for  engaging  and  paying  of  crews, 
remitting  wages,  recording  character,  &c. — working  most  admirably.  If  the 
cordial  co-operation  of  these  agents — and  I  find  there  is  one  or  more  in 
every  port  in  the  kingdom,  and  also  the  colonies — can  be  secured,  anything 
can  be  done  with  our  merchant  seamen,  for  they  have,  evidently,  great  in- 
fluence over  them ;  and  from  what  I  have  seen  and  heard,  they  arc  very 
intelligent  men.  It  cannot  be  expected  that  they  will  lend  their  aid  to  pro- 
curing men  for  the  navy  in  ordinary  times,  particularly  when  crews  are  in 
demand  for  merchant  ships,  as  I  find  is  the  case  at  present.  I  should  as 
soon  expect  a  naval  rendezvous  to  enter  men  for  the  merchant  service  ; 
but  I  am  assured  that  for  selecting  fit  subjects  for  the  proposed  Royal  Naval 
Volunteers,  who  are  only  to  be  called  into  permanent  service  in  case  of  war, 
they  would  be  invaluable  agents,  as  in  many  ports,  every  individual  seaman  — 
his  character  and  connections,  is  known  to  them;  and,  moreover «>\k& <*«*.- 


126  onmuL  coBBiBPOirssiroi.  [1 

men  working  out  of  these  ports,  como  under  thoir  review  at  entry  i 
of  signing  articles  or  paying  wages.  I  leant  that  there  will  be  no  < 
in  establishing  an  admirable  reserve  force  of  reliable  men,  on  the  coodil 
set  forth  in  the  Report  of  the  Committee,  and  J  am  also  assured  that  ii 
regulation  tea*  now  in  force,  there  would  1k»  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  p 
men  for  the  navy,  formany  young  seamen  would,  when  training  for  Volim 
Corps,  enter  the  navy,  and  many  would,  by  association  with  the  crews  ol 
('oast  Guard  ships,  and  by  their  insight  into  naval  duties  when  on  board 
come  acquainted  with  the  advantages  of  the  naval  service,  which  advanu 
strange  to  say,  are  at  present  little  known  to  merchant  seamen,  the  na 
of  the  service  being  falsely  represented  by  those  who  have  deserted,  or  1 
rejected  as  worthless  characters,  with  indifferent  certificates. 

A  Captain,  BJ 

A  MIDSHIPMAN'S  GRIEVANCE. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  United  Service  Magazine. 

Mb.  Editor, — I  hope  you  will  excuse  my  troubling  you  on  such  a  tri 
subject ;  but  at  the  same  time  I  shall  be  much  obliged  to  you  if  you 
be  so  kind  as  to  place  this  in  your  widely-circulated  journal. 

The  subject  of  my  letter  is  based  on  the  new  regulation  lately  issued 
the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty  with  respect  to  midshipmen. 

The  old  regulation  was  that,  after  entering  the  service,  you  should  M 
two  years  as  Naval  Cadet,  and  four  years  ns  Midshipman,  after  which,  if  s 
to  pass  a  certain  examination,  you  attain  the  rank  of  Mate.  About  a  y 
or  more  ago,  their  Lordships  were  pleased  to  make  a  new  regulation,  by  wh 
the  examinations  were  made  more  difficult,  and  a  Naval  Cadet's  time 
service  was  reduced  to  eighteen  months,  and  a  Midshipman's  to  three  ye 
and  five  months,  at  which  time  the  candidate,  if  nineteen  years  of  age,  a 
competent  to  pass  the  harder  of  the  two  examinations,  is  allowed  to  atti 
the  rank  of  Mate.  And  now  allow  me  to  refer  you  to  my  own  cai 
of  which  there  are  many  similar  ones.  I  entered  the  service  in  the  lati 
part  of  1856,  and  on  the  same  day  in  1858  I  passed  for  Midshipman.  1] 
endeavour  to  pass  by  the  new  regulation,  my  time  will  be  \v>  r*  -T-inuai 
1862,  which  is  four  months  prior  to  the  n«w  regulation  comiug  ciiUasly  m 
force ;  but  if  I  should  wait  for  the  six  years,  my  time  is  not  up  till  Decemh 
186*2,  which  is  after  the  time  of  the  new  regulation  coining  into  force ;  ai 
so  if  I  pass,  the  five  or  six  years  being  up,  I  must  in  both  cases  paas  t 
hardest  of  the  two  examinations. 

Now  this,  Sir,  is  the  question  which  I  would  ask : — Arc  those  who  enten 
in  the  latter  part  of  1856  to  pass  the  hardest  of  the  two  examinations,  hava 
served  six  years P  I  should  be  much  obliged  if  vou  would  be  so  kind  as  to  anaw 
this  question  in  a  satisfactory  manner,  as  it  is  of  the  most  vital  importance 
the  present  midshipmen  of  the  service,  and  I  have  the  honour  to  be, 

OXE  OF  TUB  NUMBBB, 


1869.]  127 

NAVAL    AND    MILITARY    INTELLIGENCE. 


THANKSGIVING  FOIt  OUR  SUCCESSES  IN  INDIA. 

u  At  the  Court  at  Buckingham  Palace,  the  12th  day  of  April,  1859,  present, 
the  Queen's  Most  Excellent  Majesty  in  Council. 

14  It  is  this  day  ordered  by  Her  Majesty  in  Council  that  his  Grace  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  do  prepare  a  form  of  prayer  and  thanksgiving  to 
Almighty  God  for  the  constant  and  signal  successes  obtained  by  the  Troops 
of  Her  Majesty  and  by  the  whole  of  the  Forces  serving  in  India,  whereby  tne 
late  sanguinary  mutiny  and  rebellion  which  had  broken  out  in  that  country 
hath  been  effectually  suppressed,  and  the  blessings  of  tranquility,  order,  and 
peace  are  restored  to  her  Majesty's  subjects  in  the  East ;  and  it  is  ordered 
that  such  form  of  prayer  and  thanksgiving  be  used  in  all  churches  and  chapels 
in  England  and  Wales,  and  in  the  town  of  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  upon  Sun- 
day, the  1st  day  of  May  next. 

u  And  it  is  hereby  further  ordered  that  Her  Majesty's  printer  do  forth- 
with print  a  competent  number  of  copies  of  the  said  form  of  prayer  and 
thanksgiving,  in  order  that  the  same  may  be  forthwith  sent  round  and  read 
in  the  several  churches  and  chapels  in  England  and  Wales,  and  in  the  town 
of  Berwick-upon-Tweed.  Wm.  L.  Bath^ubst/' 

A  similar  order  is  also  made  extending  to  Scotland, 


THE  VOTE  OF  THANKS  TO  THE  INDIAN  ARMY. 

The  following  are  the  terms  of  the  resolutions  passed,  in  the  House  of 
Lords  and  in  the  Commons  : — 

"  1.  That  the  thanks  of  this  House  be  given  to  the  Right  Hon.  Charles 
John  Viscount  Canning,  G.C.B.,  Her  Majesty's  Viceroy  and  Governor- 
General  of  India ;  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  John  Elphinstone,  G.C.B.,  Governor 
of  the  Presidency  of  Bombay ;  Sir  John  Laird  Mair  Lawrence,  Bart.,  G.C.B., 
late  Licut.-General  of  the  Funjaub ;  Sir  Robert  North  Collie  Hamilton, 
Bart.,  agent  to  the  Governor-General  in  Central  India;  Henry  Bartle  Ed- 
ward Frere,  Es-q.,  Commissioner  of  Scinde;  Robert  Montgomery,  Esq.,  late 
Chief  Commissioner  in  Oude — for  the  ability  with  which  they  have  severally 
employed  the  resources  at  their  disposal  for  the  re-establishment  of  peace  in 
Her  Majesty's  Indian  dominions. 

"  2.  That  the  thanks  of  this  House  be  given  to  General  the  Right  Hon. 
Lord  Clyde,  G.C.B.,  Commander-in-Chief  in  India;  Lieutenant  General 
Sir  James  Outram,  Bart.,  G.C.B. ;  Maior  General  Sir  Hugh  Henry  Rose, 
G.C.B., ;  Major  General  Henry  Gee  Roberts;  Major  General  George  Cor- 
nish Whitlock ;  Major  General  Sir  Archdale  Wilson,  Bart.,  K.C.B. ;  Major 
General  Sir  James  Hope  Grant,  K.C.B. ;  Major  General  Sir  William  Rose 
Mansfield,  K.C.B. ;  Major  General  Sir  Thomas  Harte  Franks,  K.C.B. ; 
Major  General  Sir  Edward  Lugard,  K.C.B. ;  Major  General  Sir  John  Michel, 
K.C.B. ;  Brigadier  General  Robert  Walpole,  C.B. ;  Brigadier  General  Sir 
Robert  Napier,  K.C.B. — for  the  eminent  skill,  courage,  and  perseverance 
displayed  by  them  during  the  Military  operations  by  which  the  fate  insurrec- 
tion in  India  has  been  effectually  suppressed. 

"  3.  That  the  thanks  of  this  House  be  given  to  the  other  gallant  Officers 
of  Her  Majesty's  Army  and  Navy,  and  also  of  Her  Majesty's  Indian  Forces, 
for  the  intrepidity,  zeal,  and  endurance  evinced  by  them  in  the  arduous 
operations  of  the  late  Indian  campaign. 


128  TSTAXXL  JlKD  military  intelligence.  [1 

u  4.  That  this  House  doth  highly  approve  and  acknowledge  the  yi 
self-devotion,  and  brilliant  services,  of  tnc  Xon- Commissioned  Offices 
Private  Soldiery  both  European  and  Native,  who  have  taken  part  in  the 
prossion  of  the  recent  disturbances  in  India ;  and  that  the  same  be  sigi 
to  thcin  by  the  Commanders  of  their  several  Corps,  who  an*  desired  to  1 
them  for  their  gallant  behaviour.'1 


THE  VICTORIA  CROSS. 

'  War-office,  April  12.— The  Queen  has  been  graciously  pleased  to  oo 
the  grant  of  the  decoration  of  the  Victoria  Cross  to  the  underment 
officer  and  prhate  of  her  Majesty's  Army,  which  decoration  has 
provisionally  conferred  upon  them  by  the  Commander-in-Chief  in  Ind 
accordance"  with  the  rules  laid  down  in  her  Majesty's  warrant  instil 
the  same,  on  account  of  acts  of  bravery  performed  by  them  during  the  o 
tions  under  his  personal  command,  as  recorded  against  their  names,  v: 

23rd  Regiment — Lieut,  (now  Captain)  Thomas  Bernard  Ilackctt ;  d 
act  of  bravery,  Nov.  18,  1857. — For  daring  gallantry  at  Secundra  ] 
Lucknow,  on  the  18th  Nov.,  1857,  in  having  with  others  rescued  a  Cox 
of  the  :23rd  Regiment,  who  was  lying  wounded  and  exposed  to  a  very  1 
fire  ;  also  for  conspicuous  bravery,  in  having  under  a  heavy 
ascended  the  roof,  and  cut  down  the  thatch  of  a  bungalow,  to  pr 
its  being  set  on  fire.    This  was  a  most  important  service  at  the  time. 

23rd  Regiment — Private  George  Monger;  date  of  net  of  bn 
Kov  18,  1857. — For  daring  gallantry  at  Secundra  Bagh,  Lucknow,  o 
19th  of  Nov.,  1857,  in  having  volunteered  to  accompany  Lieut.  Hai 
whom  he  assisted  in  bringing  in  a  Corporal  of  the  23rd  Regiment,  win 
lying  wounded  in  an  exposed  position. 

Her  Majesty  haa  also  been  graciously  pleased  to  signify  her  intentii 
confer  the  decoration  of  the  Victoria  Cross  on  the  undermentioned  oil 
and  soldiers  of  her  Majesty's  Army  and  Indian  Military  Forces,  i 
claims  to  the  same  have  been  submitted  for  her  Majesty's  approve 
account  of  acts  of  bravery  performed  by  them  in  India,  as  recorded  aj 
their  several  names,  viz. : — 

79th  Regiment — Colour  Serjeant  Stewart  MThcrson ;  date  of  a 
bravery,  Sept.  2Gth,  1857. — Fur  daring  gallantry  in  the  Lucknow  Kcsu 
on  the  Utith  Sept.,  1857,  in  having  rescued,  at  great  personal  risk,  u  won 
private  of  his  company,  who  was  lying  in  a  most  exposed  situation,  un 
very  heavy  fire.  Colour  Serjeant  MThcrson  was  also  distinguished  ou  i 
occasions  by  his  coolness  and  gallantry  in  action. 

tilth  Regiment— Drummer  Thomas  Flinn  ;  date  of  act  of  bravery, 
28,  1857. — For  conspicuous  gallantry  in  the  charge-  ou  the  enemy's  gun 
Nov.  28,  1857,  when  being:  himself  wounded,  he  engaged  in  a  haud-to- 
encounter  two  of  the  rebel  Artillerymen. 

Bengal  Horse  Artillery — Captain  George  Alexander  Renny ;  date  o 
of  bravery,  Sept.  1(>,  1857. — Lieutenant  Colonel  Farquhar,  commanding 
1st  Relooch  Regiment,  reports  that  he  was  in  command  of  the  ti 
stationed  in  the  j)elhi  magazine,  after  its  capture  on  the  I  (3th  of  Sept.,  1 
Early  in  the  fui\noon  of  that,  day,  a  \igorous  attack  was  made  on  the 
by  the  enemy,  and  wjis  kept  up  with  great  violence  for  some  flnie,  wi| 
the  slightest  chance  of  success.  I'mler  cn\er  of  a  heavy  cross  fire  fron 
high  houses  on  the  right  flank  of  the  magazine,  and,  from  Selinghur  and 
palace,  the  enemy  advanced  to  the  high  wall  <>f  the  magazine,  and  endeavo 
to  set  fire  to  a  thatched  roof.  The  roof  was  partially  set  lire  to,  which 
extinguished  at  the  spot  by  a  Sepoy  of  the  Relooch  Battalion,  a  soldu 
the  ti  1st  Regiment  having  in  vain  attempted  tu  do  so.  The  roof  having  been  i 
set  on  lire,  Captain  Kenny  with  great  gallantry  mounted  to  the  top  of  the 


1859,] 


KATAi   AND   MILITARY    IKTELLIGEKCE. 


129 


of  the  magazine,  and  flung  several  shells  with  limited  fuzecs  over  into  the 
midst  of  the  enemy,  which  had  an  almost  immediate  effect,  as  the  attack  at 
once  became  feeble  at  that  point,  and  soon  lifter  ceased  there* 

Bengal  Army  (Unattached)— Ensign  (now  Lieutenant)  Patrick  Roddy  ; 
date  of  net  of  bravery,  Sept.  29,  1858. — Major  General  Sir  James  Hope 
Grant,  KX\B.(  Commanding  Dude  Force,  bears  tetf  inn  my  to  the  gallant  eon- 
duet  of  Lieutenant  Roddy  on  several  occasions.  One  instance  is  particularly 
mentioned,  On  the  return  from  Kuthirga  of  I  he  Kapp art  bulla  Contingent, 
on  the  27th  of  September,,  1858,  this  officer,  when  engaged  with  the  enemy, 
charged  a  rebel  (armed  with  a  percussion  musket)  whom  the  Cavalry  were 
afraid  to  approach,  as  each  time  they  attempted  to  do  so  the  rebel  knelt  Rod 
covered  Ins  assailant ;  ,this,  however,,  did  not  deter  Lieutenant  Roddy,  who 
went  boldly  in,  and  when  within  six  yards  the  rebel  fired,  killing  Lieutenant 
Roddy's  horse,  and  before  he  could  get  disengaged  from  the  horse  the  rebel 
attempted  to  cut  him  down.  Lieutenant  Roddy  seised  the  rebel  until  he 
eo old  get  at  his  sword,  when  he  ran  the  man  through  the  body.  The  rebel 
turned  out  to  be  a  Subadar  of  the  late  8th  Native  Infantry,  a  powerful  man 
and  a  most  determined  character, 


RELIGIOUS  INSTRUCTION  IN  ARMY  SCHOOLS. 

War-Office,  April  2. — In  order  to  prevent  as  much  as  possible*  inter- 
ference with  the  ordinary  school  duthsin  Garrisons  and  Camps,  udto  secure 
uniformity  of  practice  at  home  and  abroad,  the  Secretary  of  State  fur  War 
desire*  that  the  following  rules  for  the  management  of  schools  for  religious 
instruction  ahall  he  observed  ;— 

L  Children  attending  the  day  schools  of  Regiments  and  Garrisons,  as  well 
as  the  band  and  Drummer  boys,  may  attend  the  Chaplain  for  religions  in- 
struction at  such  hours  and  at  such  places  as  may  be  appointed  by  the 
authorities  on  the  spot. 

2.  Religious  instruction  shall  he  communicated  on  two  days  in  every  week 
for  one  hour  each  day,  to  be  taken  out  of  the  ordinary  hours  of  school 
attendance.  It  will  alio  be  given  on  Sunday,  either  before  or  aller  the 
morning  service,  as  shall  he  found  most  convenient. 

3.  The  children  and  others  of  the  several  persuasions  shall  attend  their 
respective  Chaplains  for  religious  instruction. 

4.  The  hour  from  11  to  12  is  recommended  as  best  suited  to  this  purpose, 
and  Tuesday  and  Thursday  seem  to  be  appropriate  days,  provided  other 
duties  are  not  thereby  interfered  with. 

5.  The  young  persons  under  religious  instruction  by  the  Chaplain  of  the 
Church  of  England,  and  by  the  Presbyterian  Chaplain,  may  assemble  in  the 
same  room,  in  separate  compartments.  The  Roman  Catholics  will  assemble 
separately,  the  Commanding  O nicer  assigning  the  place  for  each  class,  as 
local  convenience  and  their  relative  numbers  may  dictate. 

6.  The  children  attending  these  classes  should  be  in  their  places  a  minute 
or  two  before  1 1  o'clock  each  day,  so  as  to  afford  time  for  calling  the  roll, 
and  devoting  an  entire  hour  to  the  purpose?  of  instruction,  and  the  classes 
should  open  with  prayer. 


GENERAL  ORDERS  AND  CIRCULARS* 

BisTRntUTioK  or  a  Rioimbst.  A  Circular  Memorandum  directs  that 
Regiment  and  Battalions  of  Infantry  of  the  Line  at  home  and  abroad  (except 
those  in  India,  and  the  Gfith  Regiment,  which  remain  as  at  present)  are  to 
be   divided  as  follows,   in  consequence  of  the  lamentation  of  two 

Serjeants  und  two  Corporals,  to.  :— 10  Service  Companies — 3  Field  Officer! 

U.  S.  Mao,  No.  Utiti,  May,  1859.  ^ 


130  NAVAL    AND   MILITARY   INTELLIGENCE.  [Mil, 

10  Captains,  12  Lieutenants,  ,s  Ensigns,  G  Staff,  4G  Serjeant*  (e 
Schoolmaster),  21  Drummers,  40  Corpora]*,  ami  760  Private* 
Companies — 2  6apUins,2  Lieutenants,  2  Ensigns,  10  Serjeants  {k 

olmaJter),   4  Drummers,   10  Corporals,   mid   140  Prival 
Regiments  have  a  Pipe-Major  and  five  Piper*  in  addition,  who  belong 
Service  Companies. 


War-opficf,  April  1 1  .—The  Muiinr  Act  for  the  present  year  li« 

that  allowance*  at  the  following  rates  stall  Ik?  paid  for  billetting  SmI'Ik 

IN     ENGLAND     AMI  SCOTLAND. 

1'er  Day 
On  a  march — payable  to  the  innkeeper  when  the  Soldier  is  pro- 
vided by  bun  with  a  not  meal,  according  to  the  Mutin  lo*t 
He  same — payable  to  the  innkeeper  for  bed,  fire,  candles,  &c.      2jd. 
In  stationary  quarters — the  same     ..     ...     i.*     ♦♦.      ...      4d. 

IN   IBKLAND. 

On  nian-h  and  in  stationary'  quarters — payable  to  tho  inhabitant 

ibr  bed,  use  of  fire,  candle,  &e,    ...     ...     ...     ...     *..      .,,      .**      4*L 

The  increased  allowances  above  specified  jri a y  be  paid  and  charged 

from  and  after  the  1st  of  April,  1859. 
The  allowances  chargeable  in  the  public  accounts  for  Soldiers  on  the  marcli* 

or  billetted  in  stationary  quarters,  will,  therefore,  be  as  follow*  :— 

Great  Britain.        Irelaal 
Per  d*j,  IVm 

In  stationary  quarters — payable  to  the  innkeepi  r 

or  inhabitants     ...     ...     ...     ...     ...     ...     .,,     ...     4d. 

On  the  march — payable  to  the  innkeeper  or  in- 

bahttant,  ibr  a  hot  meal     lod.     .„      — 

Tin1  suae — to  the  innkeeper  or  inhabitant  for  bed,  tire, 

candle,  Ac.  * *,.     » 2£d.     ..*     4d. 

The  same— to  the  Soldier  bin 

Of  Cavalry , Id.      ... 

Of  Infantry *     ..     ...     3d. 


OaoKRs  in  Cocn<  n,  Hm.ATivE  to  Second  Mastejls. — The  lolh 
important  Order  in  Council,  bearing  date  11th  January  last,  has  jusl 
promulgated : — 

"Whereas  there  was   this   day  read  at  the  Board  a  Memorial  frou 
Right  Honourable  the  Lords   ComuusMoners  of  the  Admiralty,  il 
November,  1858,  in  the  words  following,  viz*  \ — Whereas  by  the  li 
of  the  Government  of  your  Majesty's  Naval  Service,  cap*  3,  artic 
24,  we  are  empowered,  in  cases  of  distinguished  conduct,  to  confer  tin 
of  Lieutenant  on  Masters  of  your  Majesty's  Navy,  and  being  of  opitii* 
it  would  tend  to  the  advantage  of  the  Naval  Service  if  the  same 
to  be  extended  in  particular  and  deserving  instance^  to  the  Second  JH; 
of  your  Majesty's  Fleet,  we  would  humbly  propose  that  in  future 
empowered  by  your  Majesty  to  promote  a  Second  Master  to  the  m 
Lieutenant,  in  cases  in  which  he  has  performed,  while  in  the  execution  of 
lus  duty,  such  special  and  brilliant  service  as,  in  our  opinion,  may  entiti 
to  the  boon.     We  would  further  humbly  suggest  that,  before  a   S 
Master  be  considered  eligible  to  bo  promoted*  he  shall  be  rerjuin 
served  at  sea  for  seven  years,  but  that  there  shall  be  no  necessity   < 
having  been  rated  as  Midshipman  during  any  of  that  period,  as  required  in 
ordinary  eases  of  advancement  to  the  rank  of  Lieutenant/     Her  M 
having  taken  the  said  Memorial  into  consideration,  was  pleased  by 


1859.]  KATAL  AND   BOLITABY   INTELLIGENCE.  131 

the  advice  of  Her  Privy  Council,  to  approve  of  what  is  therein  proposed  ; 
and  the  Right  Honourable  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty  are 
to  give  the  necessary  directions  herein  accordingly.  —  Signed,  Wm.  L. 
Batiicrst." 


IMPROVED  ORDNANCE. 

The  Diaphbagm  Shjbll. — The  improved  description  of  Shrapnel  shell, 
introduced  and  invented  by  Captain  Boxer,  RJL,  Superintendent  of  the 
Royal  Laboratory  Department  at  Woolwich  Arsenal,  and  for  which  and 
other  inventions  that  officer  received  a  reward  of  £5,000  from  the  Govern- 
ment, is  to  be  adopted  in  the  Artillery  Service,  in  accordance  with  the  fol- 
lowing general  Regimental  Order  from  the  Adjutant  General,  promulgated 
at  Head-Quarters,  Woolwich : — 

"  On  the  recommendation  of  a  Committee  of  Officers  recently  appointed  to 
investigate  and  report  upon  the  diaphragm  Shrapnel  shell,  proposed  by 
Captain  Boxer,  the  Secretary  of  State  for  War  has  approved  of  the  adoption 
of  that  shell,  fitted  with  a  gun-  metal  screw-plug  ;  and  diagrams,  prepared  by 
Captain  Boxer,  for  the  gauges  and  dimensions  have  been  signed  by  Secretary 
Major  General  Peel,  and  deposited  with  the  Superintendent  of  the  Royal 
Laboratories  with  instructions  to  adhere  strictly  to  them.  The  adoption  of 
Capt.  Boxer's  diaphragm  Shrapnel  shell  is  not  to  affect  the  order  which  directs 
that  all  natures  of  shells  in  the  ammunition-boxes  of  field  artillery  carriages 
are  to  be  carried  unloaded ;  but  as  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the 
diaphragm  Shrapnel  shell  may  be  carried  loaded  with  safety  for  short  periods, 
commanding  officers  may,  at  their  discretion,  load  a  small  number  of  these 
shells  before  they  may  be  required." 

Each  battery  of  field  artillery  in  the  United  Kingdom  will  shortly  be  fur- 
nished with  a  fresh  equipment  of  shells,  fuzes,  and  shell  implements,  in 
exchange  for  those  in  store ;  andall  obsolete  shells,  fuzes,  and  tubes,  will  be 
withdrawn  from  the  different  stations  as  soon  as  possible,  and  replaced  by  the 
latest  approved  description. 

Gunroom  and  Engineers'  Messes. — An  Admiralty  Circular  has  been 
recently  issued,  directing  that  the  same  restrictions  be  placed  on  the  use  of 
wine  and  spirits  in  the  Engineers's  Messes  as  are  placed  on  the  Gunroom 
Messes  of  her  Majesty's  ships,  by  their  Circular,  No.  282  of  12th  December, 
1856  ;  and  further  that  no  spirits,  except  the  ship's  allowance  be  permitted 
to  be  received  on  board  any  of  her  Majesty's  ships,  for  either  the  Gunroom 
or  Engineers'  Messes,  unless  with  the  written  permission  of  the  Captain. 

Thjb  Rotal  Abtilleby. — The  Commander-in-Chief  has  issued  instructions 
for  the  designations  of  battalions,  troops,  and  companies  to  be  abolished,  and 
the  appropriation  of  brigade  and  battery  in  their  stead.  The  following  is 
the  detail  of  the  various  stations  to  which  the  brigades  have  been  appointed, 
namely-— Horse  Brigade,  head  quarters  Woolwich  ;  1st  Brigade  Siege  Artil- 
lery, head  quarters  Woolwich ;  2nd  Brigade  Siege  Artillery,  head  quarters 
Dover :  3rd  Brigade  Siege  Artillery,  head  quarters  Plymouth ;  4th  Brigade, 
Field  Artillery,  head  quarters  Woolwich ;  5th  Brigade  Siege  Artillery,  nead 
tauarters  Gibraltar ;  6th  Brigade  Siege  Artillery,  head  quarters  Malta  ;  7th 
Brigade  Siege  Artillery,  head  quarters  Quebec ;  8th  Brigade,  Field  Artil- 
lery, head  Quarters  Portsmouth ;  9th  Brigade  Field  Artillery,  head  quarters 
Ballincollig ;  10th  Brigade  Siege  Artillery,  head  quarters  Guernsey;  I lth 
Brigade  Field  Artillery,  head  quarters  Bengal ;  12th  Brigade  Siege  Artil- 
lery, head  quarters  the  Mauritius ;  13th  Brigade  Field  Artillery,  head  quar- 
ters Bombay ;  and  14th  Brigade  Field  Artillery,  head  quarters  Bengal. 
The  regimental  staff  of  the  existing  battalions  are  to  form  brigades  bearing 
corresponding  numbers,  and  proceed  in  the  early  part  of  Jnne,  in  the  first 


132 


NAVAL   AtfD    MILITARY   INTELLIGENCE. 


[May, 


instance,  to  the  stations  already  named  at  bead  quarters.    The  depot  brigade 
at  Woolwich  will  supersede  the  present  Adjutant  "a  and  Field  Battery  de- 


LB 

\ 


5 

nrl 


tachments  at  Woolwich,  to  which  the  regimental  stuff  of  the  Field  Bat- 
teries will  he  transferred,  and  will  recruit  for  foreign  service  brigades, 
reliefs  will  be  carried  on  by  entire  brigades. 

GabiusoN   Oruer   at  Din' afore.— Tho  following  order  was  issued  b 
Brigadier  Christie,  on  the  departure  of  the   1st  Battalion,  10th  Regiment, 

route 

honour 
desires 

to  express  his  unqualified  approbation  of  the  high  state  of  discipline  which 
the  regiment  has  always  maintained  since  it  has  been  under  his  command, 
now  off  and  on  upwards  of  fifteen  months ;  and  begs  to  assure  every  indi- 
vidual composing  it  of  the  high  estimation  in  which  they  are  held  by  him. 
Brigadier  Christie  further  desires  to  express  to  Lieutenant -Colonel  Long, 
and  to  the  officers,  non-commissioned  officers,  and  soldiers,  his  admiration of 
I  III  ir  gallant  conduct  in  the  field,  as  well  as  the  orderly  and  steady  conduct 
of  the  men  in  quarters.  It  is  thus  they  have  sustained  the  reputation  ft 
gallantry  and  high  discipline  which  Brigadier  Christie  is  happy  to  bellcr 
has  ever  distinguished  the  10th  Foot,  whenever  and  wherever  employed. 
is  impossible  not  to  regret  the  departure  of  such  a  magnificent  regi 
from  the  IHnapore  Brigade.  Brigadier  Christie  assures  both  officers  and 
men  that  he  will  nlwavs  entertain  the  warmest  interest  in  their  future  wel- 
fare, and  they  will  ever  benr  with  them  his  hearty  good  wishes.  To  one 
and  all  he  wishes  an  affectionate  farewell,  and  sate  arrival  in  their  native 
and.*' 

Woolwich  Gaboon,— The  official  department  of  the  Royal  Engine 
hitherto  situate  in  one  of  the  west  wings  of  the  Royal  Artillery  Baron 
has  been  transferred  to  the  new  deportment  erected  near  the  \\  hite-gate  i 
MiJlwull-Uuu».     The  old  offices  are  ordered  to  be  forthwith  converted  ii 
mess  quarters  for  the  use  of  the  no  n -commissioned  officers  bolon 
regiments  in  garrison,  an  arrangement  which  will  confer  a  great  boon  on  tli 
unmarried  quartermaster  NBTgBlllli,  and  others  of  that  class,  who  have  \ 
tofore   been   provided  with  no  accommodation  for  me&s  distinct  from  i 
private  soldier  and  raw  recruits.     The  method  recommend ed  by  the  KaniUirv 
Commission  in  their  recent  official  inspection   of  Woolwich  Garrison,  fer 
lurnislnng  a  number  of  baths  and  wash-houses  (or  the  free  accommodate 
of  the  private  soldiers  is  now  complete.    Seven  of  these  rooms  were  vesterdn 
given  over  to  the  authorities  for  that  purpose.     Each  room   contains 
spacious  fontlis,  supplied  with  hot  and  entd  water  at  discretion,  and  are  situ 
so  as  to  be  easily  accessible,  being  contiguous  to  the  barrack  quarters. 

This  late  Admiral  IIattok. — The  will  of  Vice  Admiral  Villiers  Frame 
Hut  ton,  of  Eaton-place,   Belgrave-souare,  and  of  Delgarry,   Irelnmh 
proved  in  London,  in  the  Principal  Registry  of  the  Court'  of  Probata,  I 
Colonel   the   Hon,   J  am  is  Lindsay,  and   Lieut.  Colonel  VilJiers    1 
llatton,  the  sou,  the  joint  executors.     The  personal  property  in  England  1 
SWorn  under  £8,000, 

Armstrong's  Guns  fob  the  Natt. — The  question  of  adapting  Armstr, 
n  tor  naval  service  is  now  under  the  consideration  of  a  committee, 
Pi  Admiral  Sir  Thomai  Bastings,  (  bainnan  ;  Captain  Catlin,  C.Ii,  Secret,.. 
£-  John  BttTjpyne,  G.Cli,,  Inspector  General  of  Fortifications,  and  Gone-™ 
'  '    Howard  Douglaa.  The  committee  hai  l  with  the  Ordnance  s 

*       mittee  at  Woolwich,  of  which  Major  <  General  Gator,  C.B.,  Koyal 
is  President,  and  <  Lionel  TuUoch^upermlendejit  of  the  Rov. 


1S50.] 


NAVAL    AND   MILITARY    HfTEI.LTOF.SCE. 


133 


Department,  is  now  engaged  in  directing  the  construction  of  various  specimens 
of  gun  carriages,  which  will  be  tested,  witn  a  view  to  enhance  the  official 
of  Sir  W.  Armstrong1*  invention,  for  the  Military  and  Naval  Services. 

Improved  Gu?r  Cahhi.u;j >.  —  AAer  various  experiments  to  test  the  advan- 
tage of  a  new  description  of  £im  carriage  iuvenledby  Majov  Chirk,  R.A,,  the 
Ordnance  Select  ComuiitteeaiTO  rci-ui  amen '.led  its  Adoption  in  the  lerfice  ; 
ami  the  following  general  It  ^im  nuil  Order  on  the  subject  has  been  notified 
at  Head  Q  u  arte  ra ,  W«  *>  1  w  icli  :  — M  Th  e  G  ener  al  Commanding  -  in-  C  hief  has 
concurred  with  the  Secretary  of  State  fur  War  in  the  desirability  of  substituting 
ior  the  present  bracket  trail-carriage  for  1 8-pounder  guns  a  block  trail-car* 
riage,  constructed  on  Major  Clerk1!  principle,  which  has  been  fully  subjected 
to  trial,  and  is  found  to  possess  the  great  advantage  of  carrying  24  rounds  of 
ammunition  constantly  with  the  gun,  as  well  as  being  of  simpler  construction/1 
An  alteration  is  also  to  he  made  in  the  construction  of  the  wheels  of  siege 
carriage*,  by  fitting  them  with  a  double  row  of  b'-inch  tiers,  and  having  the 
felloe  parallel  and  rounded  off  in  the  iu>idc,  aad  the  tennons  of  the  spoke 
round,  and  of  the  same  form  as  those  proposed  by  Major  Clerk* 

Tub  CiiATRERHGt'sB  Memoriai.  to  Havelocr.- — The  military  memorial 
proposed  to  be  erected  by  Carthusians  to  perpetnate  the  memory  of  Sir  Henry 
Ilavelock  and  other  Carthusians,  who  fell  in  the  service  of  their  country  in 
the  late  Indian  and  Hussion  wars,  will  assume  the  form  of  a  monument,  and 
the  foundation  of  a  scholarship  connected  with  the  school,  Amongst  the 
subscribers  are  Lord  Panmure,  Sir  J.  D,  Harding,  the  Queen's  Advocate, 
the  Bishop  of  St.  David's,  Sir  E.  A,  II.  Lechmere,  Bart,,  Archdeacon  Hale, 
Mr,  T.  Collins,  M.P.,  Mr.  DuCane,  M.P.,  Archdeacon  Gierke,  the  Hon.  W. 
Byron,  Admiral  O'Brien,  ami  other  gentlemen* 

The  India  st  Ml  tiny  Keuef  Fund, — The  general  committee  for  the  relief 
of  die  sufferers  by  the  Indian  revolt  Lave  published  a  report  relative  to  the 
affairs  of  the  fond  from  the  date  of  the  last  report — viz.,  the  3rd  of  February, 
1S58,  to  the  close  of  that  year.  Having  laid  down  a  plan  for  administering 
relief,  the  committee  itftte  that  in  accordance  therewith  relief  had  been 
afforded  from  the  commencement  of  the  fund  to  December  31,  18f>8,  in  the 
following  coses,  and  to  the  amount  specified ; — Donations  (Military), 
27,924/,  Is.  9d.  ;  loans  (Military),  4,pj33/,  Ida,  lid,;  donations  (civil  classes), 
8,G13/,  as,  9d.;  loani  (elvi I  clauses),  1,S77/.  7s.  7d.— total,  42,948i.  15s,  The 
warn  of  6,204/,  17s,4d.  over  and  above  expenses  had  been  added  to  the  avail- 
able resources  fur  the  past  year.  The  total  amount  of  subscriptionsT  with 
interest  and  premium,  was,  on  the  3 1st  of  December,  -140,96*3/.  19s,  3d,, 
swelled  afterwards  by  repayments  ofloons  to  442,476/.  10s,  Id,  In  add] 
to  the  subscription*  in  the  three  kingdoms,  subscriptions  had  been  received 
from  Australia,  Africa,  Brazil,  California,  China,  Egypt,  France,  Falkland 
Island,  Grenada,  Greece,  Holland.,  Ionian  Islands,  Java,  Mexico,  Malta, 
North  American  colonies,  New  Holland,  New  South  Wales,  New  Granada, 
Norway,  Prince  Edward's  Island,  Portugal,  Prussia,  }  ru,  Russia, 

South  America,  Sardinia,  Spain,  St  Helena,  Turkey,  Tunis,  United  States, 
and  the  West  Indies.  From  the  legislature  of  Victoria  the  committee  had 
received  a  sum  of  25,0004.,  and  irom  a  l*  Lath-  in  Belgravia  *'  850/,  The  total 
expenditure  up  to  December  3),  1*5 8,  was  175,710/.  7s,,  of  which  127. 
10s,  7d  had  been  scut  out  to  India.  The  sum  given  to  sufferers  in  Great 
Britain  up" to  the  same  time  was  42,948/,  15s, — viz.,  to  Military  classes  (do- 
nations), 27,924/,  Js.  ftd,;  ditto  (loan*),  4,533/.  19s,  lid.;  to  civil  ten 
(donations),  8,613/.  5s.  2d.;  ditto  (loans),  1,877/,  7s.  7d. 

\V  k  have  lately  seen  exhibited,  at  the  Society  af  Arts  and  at  Lloyds,  a  very 
clever  and  useful  invention  fur  the  purpose  of  intimating  disasters  at  sea.  If. 
is  called  "  Graham's  Patent  Rescue  Buoy,*1  and  intended  to  be  thrown  um*x- 


N\v\|,    AND    Ml  UTAH?   INTELLIGENCE. 

board  from  a  linking  vessel,  or  fesseJ  on  fire,  at  the  -*ad  it  lias 

ty  for  holding,  liesidcs  tlw  record  paper  in   whirl]   the 
are  to  1m  written,  giving  :m  accounl  of  the  calamity  up  t 
the  ship's  log  and  other  articles,  such  w  letters,  wills,  or  vnluahl 
extent  often  or  twelve  pound**  weight,     it  is  «>f  ecnircc 
:i  BptjOft  nil  round  between  the  o1     r  ewe  and  the  * 
with  cork  shavings  prevent  inking,  r 

logged.     In  order  to  rr inb  r  il  conspicuous  at  sea,  anddistincl  fnun 
floating  object,  it  has  elevated  on  it?  surface  n 
si>  or  eight  inches  diameter,  which  i  li^lit -mid  renders  it 

distance.     No  doubt  these  himys  -will  be  generally  adopted,  p,: 

oy  passenger   sliijs-:    ntidwn   lliink    thai    the   patenter   nWuild    nri 
the  notice  of  the  Board  of  Admiralty.     Had  one  or  men 

J »le  and  thrown  overboard  from  the  unfortunate  Sapph 
relatives  of  die  officers  anil  crew  would  long  since  put  out  o 

jmiM',  anil  informed  of  the  manner  of  her  loss. 

The  Indian  Mi  nsw — A  voluminous  return  has  been  issued  of  the  name 
or  numbers  of  all  the  Regular  and  Irregular  regiment*  which  have  rnut 
or  manifested  a  disposition  to  mutiny  since  the  1st  of  January,  1 §57. 
detailed  information  is  also  riven  as  to  the  exact  time  when  sytnptee 
disaffection  were  observed,  their  nature,  the  number  of  officers  and  me? 
pent  with  the  regiment  at  the  time,  and  so  forth,  while  remarks  aire  in 
ease  subjoined  hy  the  commanding  officers,     The  Bengal  establish  m> 
taken  tirsL      The  return  contains  no  sort  of  summary,  and  the  inform 
it  contains  is  therefore  in  a  very  unmanageable  form;  wc  find,,  however, 
that  in  all  sixty -four  regiments  on  this  establishment  mutinied,  or  mani- 
fested a  disposition  to  mutiny*    The  following  are  the  regiments  of  Natii^ 
Infantry,  the  whale  or  a  largo  portion  of  wliich  absolutely  mutinied  :« — the 
17th,  32nd,  :\\t\u   7th,  8th,  17th,  37th,  40th,  flth,  44th,  54th,  GiHh,  23rd, 
52nd,  5th,  SHth,  GOth.  Slst,  4-fitji,  45th,  57th,  14th,  51st,  33th,   15th,  30th. 
and  72nd,     In  the  Peshawar  district  eleven  regiments  either  mutinied  or 
manifested  a  disposition  to  do  so,  the  greater  number  being   regiments  of 
Native  Infantry.     Eight  regiments  or  parts  of  regiments  only  in  the  Bom- 
bay army  are  returned  in  the  present  lists  as  having  joined  tue  rebellion* 

Thk  DtrricuLTjKs  of  Iximas  T^kgeafhy. — Indian  telegraph*   are.  it 

appears,  liable  to  extraordinary  accidents,     Not  only  do  rebels  cut  tiu: 
wires,  but  wild  beasts  repair  to  tho  posts  under  the  impression  that  they 
are  provided  with  the  benevolent  though tfulne as   which  secured  for  the 
Duke  of  Argyll  the  blessing  of  his  grateful  countrymen  ;  and  when 
pliant*  allay  cutaneous  irritation  by  a  good  rubbing  against  a  pole,  it  gene- 
rally comes  to  grief.    Then,  again,  monkeys,  under  a  complete  misappre- 
hension of  the  objects  of  the  telegraphic  system,  delight  to  u*r  the  wii 
athletic  sports  and  pastimes     Half  a  dozen  great  monkeys  or  baboons  may 
souk  times  be  seen  at  work  on  one  feeble  stretch  of  wire,  posturing,  grim 
and  chattering  away  in  the  highest  spirits — some  walking  topsy-turvy  a  Ion* 
it,  others  tugging  it  up  and  down  with  main  force,  considerably  faicr 
by  the  circumstance  that  other  monkeys  were  hanging  on  by  then-  tails,  and 
otht  ™  striving  to  detach  tho  wire  from  the  posts,  so  as  to  give  thnr  friend* 
a  sudden  fall;  white  ants  eat  the  base  of  the  posts  away  ;  sudden  gusts  of 
wind  blow  miles  of  wire  and  posts  flat  to  the  earth — in  a  word,  there  are 
special  disturbing  influences  at  work  in  India  from  which  European  tele- 
graphs are  exempt ;  and  in  addition  to  these  physical  causes  of  interrupt 
there  are  the  moral  impediments  presented  by  the  nature  of  the  mat* 
which  the  superintendent  has  to  work. 

Mtljtary  Savtkgs  Bank.— The  total  balance  due  by  tho  public  deposi- 
tors in   military  and   militia   savings  banks,   on  the  31st  March,    16j7i 


KATAL    AMI    MILITARY    UTTELLIOEXCE. 


135 


amounted  io  l€l,;153f+«  and  the  number  of  account  then  open  to  10,781. 
1  I4t4*2/.  had  been  withdrawn  during  the  past  year  {275,136/,— J  14,4*2/.— 
161,354/.),  allowing  aliquot  porta  of  the  pound  sterling,  196,1 08/,  is  given 
as  the  total  amount  of  the  fund  for  military  savings  banks  up  to  the  date  of 
the  account  (March,  1&59). 

1  > i  atii  or  Ln:iTt;sA?rT-&K2a;iiAL  S tB  Joseph  Thackwbll,  G.C.B,,  anp 
KJL— We  regret  to  learn  that  Lieutenant-General  Sir  Joseph  Thackweh\ 
G.C.B..  died  suddenly  at  Aghada  Hall,  his  seat  in  County  Cork,  from  dis- 
ease of  the  heart.    The  gallant  officer,  who  had  greatly  dktinguised  hiioael^ 
was  fourth  son  of  the  late  John  Thaekwell,  Esq*,  of  Ryecourt,  Worcester- 
shire,    lie  entered  the  army  in  April,  1800,  and  during  his  career  of  nearly 
sixty  years  had  gained  the  highest  distinction  in  the  service,  particularly  in 
the  East  Indies.      Sir  Joseph's  services  iu  the  Peninsula  are  thus  recorded 
by  Hart; — H Served  the  campaign  in  GalKcia  and  Leon  under  Sir  John 
Moore,  and  was  engaged  in  several  skirmishes*  and  present  at  the  kittle  of 
<  tarttmui ;  nerved  the  campaigns  of  1 813  and  1814  in  the  Peninsula,  includ- 
ing the  battles  of  Vittoria,  the  Pyrenees,  in  front  of  Pampeluna,  the  *27thT 
2Sth,  251th,  and  30th  July;  blockade  of  Fampelnna  from  the  18th  to  the 
3 1  st  of  October,  when  it  surrendered  ;  battle  oi  Orthes,  atlairs  of  Tarbea,  and 
kittle  of  Toulouse,  besides  many  affairs  of  advanced   guard*,  outpost*^  Sec. 
'uuda  he  boldly  attacked  and  forced  back  upwards  of  two  hundred 
French  dragoons  with  fifty  of  the  lath  Hussars,  making  several  prisoners,  for 
which  In-  wus  recommended  for  the  rank  of  brevet-major  by  Lord  Comber- 
iiut<\  Served  also  the  campaign  of  1815,  including  the  action  at  Quatre  Bras, 
the  retreat  on  the  Allowing  day,  and  Battle  of  Waterloo.     Commanded  the 
cavalry  division  of  the  army  of  the  Indus  during  the  Afghanistan  campaign  ; 
was  present  at  the  storm  and  capture  of  Cliuznee,  and  commanded  the  2nd 
column  of  the  army  on  its  march  from  Cabul  to  Bengal.1'     ITe  commanded 
the  cavalry  division  of  the  armv  of  Gwalior  throughout  the  Mahratta  war  iu 
is 43,  and  commanded  the  cavalry  divisou  at  the  action  at  Haharajpore,  on 
the  29th  December  of  that  year,     Waa  chief  of  the  cavalry  throughout  the 
Sutle**e  war   in    1846,  and   was  present   at   Sobraon,   where  he    led    the 
3rd  Light  Dragoons  in  single  file  into  the  intnmehmcuts  during  the  heat  of 
the   battle.     Commanded  the  cavalry  division  in  the    Punjaub  campaign, 
during  which  he  repulsed  the  Sikh  army  at  Sadolapore  with  a  small  Bi 
detachment.     Sir  Joseph  greatly  distinguished  himself  in  these  operations 
against  the  Sikhs  in  the  campaigns  of  1846  and  1849,  for  which  eminent 
services  he  received  the  thanks  ot  Parliament  and  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany,  and  was  rewarded  in  the  last-mentioned  year  by  her  Majesty  lunu'ma- 
fcfng  him  ■  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath,  the  gallant  General  having 
formerly  Ibr  his  military  services  been  made  a  Companion  and  Knight  of 
that  Order.    During  his  honourable  career  in  the  service  he  had  been  several 
grounded.     Has  been  engaged  in  the  suppression  of  many  riots.  Con- 
runed  on  the  right  shoulder  tit  Yittoria,  and  twice  severely  wounded  at 
Waterloo  (left  arm  amputated  close  to  the  shoulder),  in  charging  tqnm 
infantry,  and  also  had  two  horses  shot  under  Mm ;  also  received  an  a] 
fatal  injury  on  the  head  at  the  Birmingham  riots  in  1816.     On  his  return  to 
England  from  the  East  Indies  he  was  appointed  Inspector-General 
in  succession  to  his  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  Cambridge,     En   18:14  he 
was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Hanoverian   Order,  had  received  the  silver  war 
medal  and  three  claipi  tor  him  the  Peninsular,  ■  medal  for  Sob 

where  he  commanded  the  cavalry;  ami  medal  and  clasps  for  the  bit  Punjaub 
campaign;  also  the  empty  honour  of  the  Doorancc  Order  for  service!  in 
Afghanistan.  In  November,  1849,  he  was  appointed  Colonel  of  the  1 8th 
(the  Queen's)  Regiment  of  Light  Dragoons  (Lancers),  which  becomes  at  the 
!  nt  the  Horse  Guards  by  his  lamented  decease*  He  was  in  intimate 
friend  of  the  late  General    I  c,  and  of  Lord  Clyde,  Sir  Harry  Smithy 


Lord  fiough,  and  other  noble  and  gallant  veterans  of  the  army*     His  com* 
i  i  bore  date  as  follows: — Cornet,  22nd  of  April,   lyQO;  HeutetuuQi, 

1 3th  of  June,  1801  ;  captain,  9th  of  April,  1807  ;  major,  18th  of  Ju 
lieutenant-colonel,  21st  of  June,    1817;  colonel,    10th  of  .Tanua! 
major-general,  9th  of  November,  1846  ;  and  lieutenant-general,  20th  of 
1854,  He  owed  everything  to  his  own  exertions,  mid  was  correctly 
aa  a  soldier  of  fortune,     lie  was  strongly  recommended  for  a  ban  me; 
Lord  llardinge,  when  Commander* in  Chief,  bat  Lord  l'almerston  declined 
to  give  effect  to  the  recommendation. 

The  Naw. — The  sums  required  to  be  voted  on  account  towards  defraying 
the  charges  of  certain  naval  services*  which  will  come  in  course  of  payiiit<ui 
during  the  year  ending  the  Slat  of  March,  18U0,  amount  to  £2,50O,u< 

TueTeieiio-Navalib. — Admiral  Dupetit  Thouars  has  sent  into  the  French 
Academy  of  Sciences  some  extraordinary  specimci  is  of  the  destructive  powers 
of  certain  sea  worms,  consisting  of  fragments  of  vessels,  whi*h  had  been 
sent  to  him  from  Toulon,  lie  has  ateo  sent,  in  a  glass  globe,  a  collection  of 
those  animalcuhe,  almost  invisible  at  their  birth,  which  have  the  power  of 
penetrating  into  the  hardest  timber,  in  which  they  take  up  their  residence, 
and  in  the  end  totally  destroy  it  These  specimens  are  to  be  deposited  at 
the  Jardin  des  Plantes*  TJuv  are  perforated  with  almost  matheiij.i 
precision,  and  the  question  winch  naturally  arises  is,  how  vessels  can  l*e 
defended  against  the  incessant  attacks  of  those  almost  invisible  enema* 

Red  Sea  Soukuings. — The  soundings  obtained  by  Captain  Pullen  were  as 
follows : — From  Aden  to  Maculla,  from  20  to  742  fathoms;  from  Mac  ulLi  to 
the  Kooria  Mooria,  from  100  to  1,150;  from  Ras-el-Had,  from  21  to  897  ; 
from  Kas-el-H&d  to  Kurrachec,  from  21  to  2,020  fathoms.  Except  between 
Hallania  Ras-el-IIad,  where  it  is  rocky,  the  entire  bottom  consists  of  mud 
and  sand.  The  great  inequalities  in  the  sea-bed  are  supposed  to  be  van* 
tions  which  will  not  obstruct  the  successful  submergence  of  the  cable  through- 
out the  whole  line. 

Indian  Navy. — The  Gazette  thus  notices  an  erratum  in  the  London 
Gazette  of  the  26th  of  February,  1858  : — "  In  the  notification  of  the  appoint- 
ment  of  two  officers  of  the  Indian  Navy  to  be  Extra  Members  of  the  Mili- 
tary Division  of  the  Third  Class,  or  Companions  of  the  Order  of  the  Hath, 
for  Captain  John  William  Young,  read  Captain  John  Wellington  Young,* 


DISTRIBUTION  OP  THE  BOMBAY  ABMX 

The  following  is  the  distribution  of  the  Bombay  Army,  corrected  to 
the  1st  February. 


HER  MAJESTY'S  HOME  TROOPS. 
3rd  (The  Prince    of  Wale**) 

Dragoon  Guards  -    -    -    Ahmednuggnr 
Squadron  Field  Service-    -    Field  Service 
Detachment     -    -    -    -    -    Sattara 
Detachment    -    -    -    -    -    Sholapore 
6th  Inniskilling  Dragoons  -    Kirkee 
8th  Hussars      .....    Seepree 

Left  Wing Nusserabad 

14th  Light  Dragoons      -    -    Gwalior 

Detachment Field  Service 

Depot     -    - Kirkee 

17th  Lancers    -----    Mhow 

Royal  Regiment  of  British  Artillery. 
D  Troop  Horse  Artillery  -    -    Mhow 
8th  Company,  1st  Battalion      Rajpootana 
2nd  Company,  3rd  Battalion    Poona 
3rd  Company,  4th  Battalion    Neemuch 
2nd  Company,  11th  Battalion  Aden 
7th  Company,  11th  Battalion  Mhow 
2nd  Company,  13th  Battalion  Baroda 
6th  Company,  14th  Battalion  Calpee 
8th  Company,  14th  Battalion  KuUadghee       and 
Dharwar 

Royal  Corps  of  Engineers. 

11th  Company  .....    Rajpootana    Field 
Force 

21st  Company Owalior 

Royal  Regiments  of  British    Infantry. 

4th  (The  King's  own  RegU    Ahmedabad 

18th  Royal  Irish  1st  Battalion  Field  Service 

28th  (North  Gloucestershire) 
Regiment     -----    Bombay 

Detachment     .....    Nasslck 

81st  Huntingdonshire  Regi- 
ment -----..    Poona 

33rd  (The  Duke  of    Welling- 
ton's Regiment)  -    .     -    Baroda 

46th  (South  Devonshire)Regi- 


ment 

51st  Regiment  -  .  -    .    . 
66th  West  Essex  Regiment  - 

Detachment     -  -  -    -    - 

Detachment     -  -  -    -    - 

Detachment     -  -  -    -    - 

57th  Regiment-  -  -   -    - 


Kurrachee 
Mooltan 
Belgaum 
KuUadghee 
Sholapore 
Sattara 

Field  Service  Khan- 
deiah 
Detachment     .....    Malligaum    and 

Dhoolia 
Wing-    -------    Aden 

64th  Regiment  Foot  -    -    -   Futteghur 
Depot      -------    Belgaum 

71st  Highlanders  «...    Gwalior 
72nd  Highlanders     ...    Field  Service,  Raj- 
pootana 
74th  Highlanders  DetachmentDharwar 


78th  Highlanders  ... 
Depot     ------ 

83rd  Regiment  Foot  -    - 

Depot 

86th  Regiment  Foot  -   - 


Depot     -    -    - 
89th  Regiment- 


Bareilly 
Poona 
Rajpootana 
Deesa 

Gwalior,  under  or- 
ders to  Poona 
Poona 
Rajpootana     Field 

Force 
Mhow 


92nd  Highlanders-    - 

Detachment     -----  Indore 

95th  Regiment  Wing     -    -  Seepree 

Depot     .......  Deesa 

German  Legion     -    -    -    -  Poona 

HER  MAJESTY'S  INDIAN  BRITISH  TROOPS 

Regiment  of  Artillery. 
Horse  Brigade,  Head  quarters  Poona 
1st  (or  Leslie's)  Troop,  Head 

Quarters Jhansl 

ted  Troop    -        -    -        •    Rajpootana 

3rd  Troop    - Central  India 

4th  Troop Boonnpor 


1st  Battalion,  Head-quarters    Ahmednuggnr 
1st  Company    -----    Ahmedaoad 
2nd  Company  -----    Belgaum 
3rd  Company   -----    Hydrabad 
4th  Company  -----    Bombay 
2nd  Battalion,  Head-quarters  Bombay 
1st  Company    -----    Rajpootana 

2nd       Do. Sattara 

3rd       Da Sholapore 

4th       Do.       Gwalior 

Reserve  Artillery. 
1st  Company    -    -    -    -    -    Shikarpoor 

2nd       Do.       .....    Gwalior 

Detachment     .....    Jaulna 

3rd  Company    -----    Kolapoor 

4th       Do.       -----    Kurrachee 

Corps  of  Enquirers. 
Head  Quarters      -    -    -    -    Poona 

Infantry. 
1st  European  Regiment  (Fusi- 
liers) Head  Quarters   •    •    Mooltan 
Detachment     -----    Umritscer 

Depot      -------    Kurrachee 

2nd  European  Regiment  L.  I.  Belgaum 
Wing       -------    Kolapore 

Detachment      -----    Sanglee 

3rd  European  Regiment      -    Jhansi 
Depot     -...---    Ahmednuggur 
HER  MAJESTY'S  NATIVE  TROOPS. 
Artillery. 
3rd  Battalion,  Head-quarters  Ahmedabad 
1st  Company    .....    Ahmedabad     and 

Rajcote 
2nd       Da       .....    Ahmedabad 

3rd       Da        .....    Deesa 

Detachment     .    -   -    -    -    Field  Service 

4th  Company  .....    Rajpootana     Field 

Force 
5th       Da       .....    Ahmedabad 

6th       Do.       -    -    .    -    .    Aden 

4th  Battalion,  Head  Quarters  Ahmednuggur 

1st  Company     -----    Booranpoor 

Detachment     ....    -    Chopra 

2nd  Company    -----    Ahmednuggur 

4th       Do.       Mhow 

6th       Da        -----    Booranpore 

Corps  of  Sappers  and  Miners. 
Head  Quarters  (Bombay)    -    Poona 
1st  Company    -----    Poona 

2nd       Da       -   -   -        -    Aden 

Detachment     -    •    -    -    -    Jhansi 
3rd  Company   .....    Rajpootana 

4th       Do.       -----    Poona 

5th        Do.        -----    Poona 

Detachment    .....    Jhansi 

Light  Cavalry. 
2nd  Regiment  Madras  Light 
Cavalry    ------    Sholapore 

1st  Regiment  (Lancers)      •    Gwalior 
Wing      ...---.    Nusserabad 
2nd  Regiment  Light  Cavalry  Rajpootana 
Detachment     .....    Deesa 

3rd  Regiment  Light  Cavalry  Jhansi 

Infantry. 
1st  Regiment  N    1.  (Grena- 
diers) -------    Bombay 

2nd       da        do      -    -    -    Ahmedabad 
3rd  Regiment  N.  I.  -    -    -   Sholapore,  under  or- 
ders to  Mhow 
Detachment    .....    Malligaum 

4th        do.       da  (Rifles)-     Sehore 
5th        do.  N.LL       •        Ahmednuggur 
6th       do.  N.I.    -    .    -         Poona 
Jaulna 
Bombay 
Baroda 
Central  India 
Gvt«U&rc 


Detacl 

unent 

... 

7th 

do. 

do.  - 

8th 

do. 

da    - 

9th 

do. 

do.    - 

10th 

do. 

do.    - 

11th 

da 

4o.    - 

188 


DISTltLBFTlOl*   OF    THE    MADRAS    VRUY. 


12fh        4».        do.    -    -  WiMsernlwil 

UUl                               -     -  ^mjpfKitiiilA 

Htll          <IOh          flo       -      -  KHi 

Detachment     -    -     -    «  Ahmedi I 

15th        dn.        do.    -    -  KuUfmru 

Left  Wing  *    -    -    -    -  KttllBi 

ICh        do.        do. 

Detachment  -       -       *  Bw 

t:iii       .in.       do.         -  lujkoto 

lltth 

Ip,. i , :  in  in-lit    -       -       -  North  Cnnarn 

19th      do.       fta.         ■  \i  ii^  (  hivbttm 

90CB       flo.       On. 

Stud       do.       da        -  Slttm 

ument   -  hwaf 

ttcfaeh  input            —  Fiinderpore 

98rd        fa  N  UI-         -  Mhow 

ii-irlsnent  N.  t,        -  JhWLtl 

Depot      -  Mlm* 

V'.tti          dft        do,        -  ChPMtOf   »nnk»r    pr- 

:,,  tfitt 

Depot      *        -        -        -  •  ' 

Hq          do.        do.        -  Kttttndet* 

Bholn 

2Wh          do.        do,        -  Aden 

30th         dn.        do,        -  I H 

Detachment  -  Assuergrmr 

3lnt          do.        4|rK.        ~  Pttftl 

1st  Extra  Battalion          -  H'arrnrhce 

2nd  Extra  Battalion        -  Elitrodl 

3rd  Extra  Battalion        -  HH.^nuii 

1st  Belooch  Extra  Battalion  Allthahftd 

Depot     -  II  yd 
2nfl  Bdooch  Extra  BothiBrm  DecraGhaaee  Khun 

Depot     ♦•.•'-.-  Shikarpoor 

EtatOLLrn  ri'Nr*iova*a. 

Put  arliine  nt     -  Tanna 

Do,             .        _       _  Poena 


K 


Detachment     -  DooUpcc 

Do.  -        - 

fSK£OULA&    AKO     T 

Miht 
Poena  Irregiilur  Horse 

Ut  Regiment  Sdnde  Irregular 

Hone        -       -       -        .!«£«.! 

ilntl  Regiment        Do. 

ilrd  Regiment        Do.      -       J**-obabivt 

l-t  Regiment  Southern  Mail- 

rntta  Irregular  floruit        K«J]  i 

Detachment     -        -        -        llcvhipore 

2nd  Regiment  Southern  Mah- 
i  Irregular  Aonte 

Detainment     - 

Marine  Battalion      - 

.merit  Jacobs  Rifles 

Native  Veteran  Battalion 

ftuzernt  T rxotriLliiT  Ho 
Kulcli  I  mi     - 

Km  eh  [virion  - 

* 
Corp* 
2nd  Khuiideitdi  Che'  I 
Oh  ant  l'"le  ■•  Corps  - 

Kola  pore  fnuwtry  Carpi  - 
lierry  Hanger*     - 
fiuxcrnt  Coolly  Police  Corp* 
Aden  Police  Troop   - 

JSiud  Extra  Battalion 


KflJra 

i  thttmini  gmtni 

piitttnuaiiBmi 

Tanrift 
&tvunt  W*rve 

KO|&p 
AllUKMlufeld 

*V*W         Senrto 
Ku  route  to  fie 


DISTRIBUTION  OP  THE  MADRAS  ARMY. 

The  following  i«  the  Distribution  List  of  the  Madras  Army,  corrected  tip  i 

October,  1858. 


Right  Hon  the  Governor's  Body 
Guurd   . . . .  ......  — ...  .........Madrns 

fl.M.  I*t  Dragoon  Guards  . . . .  Bangalore 

fl.  M.  V2th  Royal  Lancets  Dead 

quarters  and  fit  Winn  ....SecunderahAd 

Left  Wlaf— Fldd  Service— tieu.  Wit 

l'ivhiull 

lit  Regt  Native  Light  CaTulir.,Trtclunopnly 

2nd  do.  do* . .  ♦ Sholiipore 

(under  aider*  tu  SeLUtiderAbad. 
3rdRegt,  Nntivc  Light  Civalrj, 

Head  quarters.  Left  Wing Biin^dore 

Right  Wing Licllary 

th  RogL  Kbtive  Light  Cavalry.  Ben  gul  Fleid 

filh    do.  do. ...BeRary 

titli    do.  do, ...Jicngul  field 

Service 
7th    d  u.  do, . .... , , . .  Kamptee 

1  squadron  Seemidcrahml 

AaTTII.EftT. 

K.  Troore  Roy*I  Horae  Artl]iory..St.*nios/  Mount 
Head   quarter*    Madras    florae 

Artillery    ■ . * * Bangalore 

A  Trooii,    Fltild    Service    Gen.    WMte'ockli 
Hii  is! on 

B,  Troop    ..*.,......,..,.„ Seeunderubad 

C.  Troop    ......♦„ , ....Ban^utore 

I>-  Troop  Kumptee 

E.  Troop Bengal  Field 

Service- 


F.  Troop 

Gen.  WMtelock**  Dlvli 


No,,r>.Conip.l4tBat 

lery,  and  \. 
N0.3L'<jm;i.  8r4  BAt 

lerj't  and  fijo.  9  L'io 


:il. 


StTho^'Jiou 


Lttery,..BeU«ry 
No.  6  Corup.  Utli  Bat  Kov.il  \r- 
tlllcry,  it  Nu.  8  Field  Battery..  Field  Service 
Gen.  Wliltel.i 
No.  G  CpvVJtli  Bur.  RyL  Artll 

Fcnsr  D\TrAMOH  Mmieas  AmrrLLt> 
flcitd  quarters  ,....,*............  St.Tb.os.  Mouu 

pi.  id  quarters  <te 

A  company  s  Wf  Cim?my  „.?mang 

I  DetacJmtcnt .., . .  Masnli [t:i hk  n 

B.  Company MuuIrigLh 

C.  Cn.  (No,  7HurHo  Batterj) Rdliiry 

D.  Com.  (No.  3  florae  Battery)...  Elan  goon 

Srcomd  Battaliom  Map  has  AftTrLLeRT. 
Head  quartern Kamptee 

A.  Cop.  (No  8  Bullock  Battery)  Triehlrtopoly 

B.  Co,  Read  quarters  and  4  Co.i.Tonghou 

Half  Company  ...Shtklyglieeii 

C.  Comp.  (No,  &  Horse  Battery)  Bangalore 
I>,  Copy.  {No.  4  Bullock  Batlerj) 

Hea<l  quarters  and  half  .........Kaiuptec 

H  al  f  Company ............ . ......... .Se^t.nMUdeo 

TniRr*  Battalion  Maihias  AfeTiujura; 

Mead  quarters Rangocw 

A  Company  (No.  %  florae  BaU)    Bengal  Sortk 


1859.] 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  MADRAS  ABHT. 


180 


B.  Company  (No.  4  Hone  Bat.)  Tonghoo 
C  Company  (No.  2  Bullock  Bat)  Tliayetmyo 
D.  Company  (No.  5  Bollock  Bat)  Held  Service 
Gen.  Whitelock's  Division 
Fourth  Battalioh  Madras  Artillrrt. 
Head  quarters Secunderabad 

A.  Company  (Na  1  Hone  Bat). ..Field  Service 

Gen.  Whitelock 

B.  Company  (No.  10  Bulk.  Bat)  Ditto 

C.  Company  (No.  3  Bulk.  Bat).. .Secunderabad 
...  Company  Head  quarters  and 

two-thirds Rangoon 

One-third  .Bassein 

Fifth  or  Golubdaczb  (Native)  Battalion 

Madras  Abtillrbt. 
Head  quarters St,Thos.'  Mount 

A.  Company  Head  quarter!  and 
two-thirds  Company Penang 

One-third  Company  Malacca 

B.  Company Singapore 

C.  Company  (No.  1  Butt.  Bat.)  Bengal  Service 

D.  Company  (No.  7  Bulk.  Bat;.. .Cannanore  and 

Mangalore 

£.  Company  (No.  9  Bulk  Bat)...Cuttack  and 

Sambulpore 

F.  Company Meaday 

1st  Supplemental  Company StThos.'  Mount 

2d      do.  do. Viztanagram 

Details  of  several  Companies  ...Labuan 
Madras  Engineers. 

Head  quarters Fort  St  George 

Madras  Sappers  and  Miners— Native. 
Head  quarters    Dowlaishweram 

A.  Company Ditto 

One  Section  with  Gen.  WhlUock's  Field  Service 

B.  Company Nerbudda 

(Bombay)  Field  Service 

C.  Company Bengal  Service 

D.  Company '. Rangoon 

E.  Company  Dowlaishweram 

One  Section  with  Gen.  Whitelock's  Division 

F.  Company Secunderabad 

One  Section Paumbem 

G.  Company Padoungmyo 

n.  Company ...Thayetmyo 

I  .Company  Tongho 

K.  Company    Dowlaishweram 

L.  Company Field  Division 

Gen.Whitelock 
M,  Company  Dowlaishweram 

INVAWTBT. 

European. 
11. M.  1st  Royal  Regt  (1st  Bat),. Secunderabad 

II.M.  43rd  Light  Infantry Gen. Whitelock's 

Division  Field  Service 

II.M.  44th  Regiment Fort  St  George 

H.M.  GOth  Royal  Rifles  (3d.  Bat)  Bangalore 

3  Companies Bellary 

1      do Mysore 

I      do , Hurryhur 

H.M.  66th  Regiment Cannanore 

1  Company  Mangalore 

1       do.        Sircee 

II.M.  68th  Regiment  J.... Rangoon 

II.M.  69th  Regiment Tonghoo 

II.M.  74th  Highlanders .Bellary 

1  Company    Sholapore 

3  Companies Field  Service 

Southern  Mahratta  Country 

The  Madras  Fusiliers Bengal  on 

Field  Service 
2nd  European  Light  Infantry  .  Trichinopoly 
3rd  Madras  European  Regiment  Field  Division 
under  Gen.  Whitlock 
NATfVB  Infantry. 
1st  Regiment  N.I.  (Rifle  Comp.)  Service  Gen. 
Whitelock's  Division 

2nd  Regiment  N.  I Qullon 

3rd  N.  L  or  1'alamcottah  Light 

Infantry Cannanore 

4th  N.I Mercara 

5th  N.  I.  (Rifle  Company)  Head 

quarters  Right  Wing Berhampore 

Left  Wing  ...,.• Sambulpore 


6th  N.  I Rangoon 

7th  N.  I Secunderabad 

8th  N.  I Tonghoo 

9th  N.  I Secunderabad 

10th  N.  I Secunderabad 

11th  N.  L Cannanore 

12th  N.  L  •• Rangoon 

13th  N.  1 Maulmein 

14th  N.  L  .Singapore 

16th  N.I. Thayetmyo 

16th  N.  I.  (Rifle  Company) Mangalore 

17th  N.  I.  Bengal  Field 

Service 

18th  N,  I Bellary 

19th  N.  I Service  Gen, 

Whitelock's  Division 

20th  N.  I Bangalore 

21st  N,  I Trichinopoly 

22nd  N  I Penang 

23rd  N.  L  (or  Walajahbad  Light 

Infantry)   Rangoon 

24th  N.  I.  (Rifle  Company) Henxada 

25th  N.  I Madras 

26th  N.  1 Kamptee 

27th  N.  I Bengal,   on 

Service 

28th  N.  I Hoshingabad 

29th  N.  I Masulipatam 

30th  N.  I Bellary 

31st  N.  L,  or  Trichinopoly  Light 

Infantry .Vizianagram 

32nd  N.  I Kamptee 

33rd  N.  I Kamptee 

34th  or  (Chicacale  Lt  Infantry)  Trichinopoly 

35th  N.  I Hurryhur 

36th  (Rifle  Company)    Kurnoul 

37th  N.  I.,  (Grenadiers;   Head 

quarters Shoaygheen 

Left  Wing    .Tonghoo 

38th  N.  L  (Rifle  Company) Vizagapatam 

39th  N.  I .Thayetmyo 

40th  N.  I Cuttack 

41st  N.  I,  Burmah 

42nd  N.  L Raichoor  Field 

Service 

43rd  N,  I,  Russelccndah 

44th  N.  I Thayetmyo 

45th  N.  L  Madras 

46th  N.  I Vizagapatam 

47th  N.  L  BeUary 

48th  N.  I Moulmeln 

49th  N.  I.  (Rifle  Company) Secunderabad 

50th  N.  I Service  Gen. 

Whitlock's  Division 

51st  N.  L  Palamcottah 

52nd  N.  I Mercara 

Left  Wing  French  Rocks 

1st  Extra  Regiment  N.  1 Saraulcottoh 

2nd  Extra  N.  I .Trichinopoly 

3rd  Extra  N.  I Cuddapah 

Sappers'  Militia , Madras 

Madras  Rifles,  temporarily  formed  tor  Service 

in  Bengal  by  the  Rifle  Companies  of  the  1st 

5th,  16th,  24th,  86th,  49th,  Regiments  N.  I., 

and  2  Companies  34th  N.  I.— Service  Bengal. 

VETERANS'   ESTABLISHMENT. 

European  Veterans. 

Artillery  Company Palaveram 

Infantry  Company Vizagapatam 

Native  Veterans 
1st  or  Madras  Native  Vet  Bat  .Madras 
2nd  or  Aran  Native  Vet  Bat.  .Arcot 

Depots. 

For  H.M    Regiments Poonamullee 

European  Infantry Arcot 

Native  Infantry  Palavaram 

Native  Infantry  Recruiting  Depots. 

No.  1  Recruiting  Depot. Dandigul 

No.  2  do.  Kx«*.     ^ 

No.  3  da.  .<3ri«»»S*k 

1*0,  *  to 


STATIONS  OF  THE  BHITISH  ABMY. 


(Cerrtctol  up  m  26M 
[Where  two  place*  are  mentioned,  the  Last 
l*t  Ufa  Guards— nyde  Park. 
Vnd  da— Windsor. 
Royal  Horse  Guards— Be gent'a  Park. 
1st  Dragoon  Guards— Madras :  Caul  entry. 
Slid  do.—  Bengal :  Canterbury. 
3rd  da—  Bombay :  Canterbury. 
4th  da—  A  Muni  j  on. 
5th  do.— Manchester* 
6th  da — Bengal:  Maidstone. 
7th  *la— Bengal:  Canterbury, 
1st  Dragoon*-  -Dublin. 
2od  da— Dublin, 
lid  il.i.—  Newbridge 
4th  do.— Birmingham* 
fith  dm— IftnrtffMflfc 
titbda—  Bombay  :  Maidstone 
Tth  llusaare— Bengali  Canterbury. 
nth  da— Bombay  :  Canterbury. 
;»lh  Lancers— Bengal  s  Maids  touo 
10th  Hussara— Aldondtotr, 
llth  II  uaaora— Brighton. 
] 2th  Lancers—  Madras :  Maidstone. 
13th  light  Dragooua— Dublin. 
14th  do.—  Bombay  :  Maidstone* 
15th  ifujuai'ij— Houmlow* 
1  GthLaneera—  Edinburgh. 
17th  do — Bombay  i  Canterbury. 
18th  Dragoons—  Y'orfc. 
Military  Train  [lit  hat)— ShorncBlTa 


named  ia  that  at  whtch  the  DcpAt  la 
_■ :  1 1 1  bat.] — Curragh. 

Do.  [2nd  bat. J— Shi 


Do. 
Do. 
Do* 
Do. 
Da 


2nd  but)— BcttguL 

iipl  bat J—  Woolwich. 

4th  bat  ]— AJdershott  V  Depot  at  Bristol 

5th  hat}—  Corrmgh 

Gth  bat.]— Woolwich,  j 
Grenadier  Guards  [1st  baL]— Windsor* 
Do.  find  bat]— Wellingto  n  Barracks. 
Do.  [3rd  bat]— Portmon-it.  burrocks 
Colditraam  Guards  [1st  bat]  -Sr,  Gcorgc'i  bar* 
Da  [2nd  bet]— Wellington  Barracka. 
Scota  Fus.  Ounrda  [1st  bat]— Tower., 
Da  [2nd  bat]—  Dublin, 
lot  Foot  [1* t]  —Madras  i  Colchester. 
Do,  [2nd  bar.  ]— China  :  Birr, 
and  do.  let  [bat]— C,  ot  G.  Hope:  Walmer. 
Da  [2nd  but}—  Corfu :  W  nhner. 
tea  1st  [bat.]— Bengal:    Limerick. 
Do.        da         Malta:  Limerick. 
4th  do.  [1st  bat]— Bombay  :  Chi  eh  cater. 
Do.  [2nd bet]- Chichester  for  Coi-fa 
fith  do.  fist  bat]— Bengal :  Colchester. 
Da  find  bat ]— Mauritius'  t  Pembroke. 
«tb  do.  [1st  bat]— Bengal:  Colchester. 
Do,  [2nd  bat]— Gibraltar:  Cork. 
Tth  do.  [1st  but] -Bengal :  Chatham. 
Da  [2nd  bat  j— Gibraltar;  Walmer. 
8th  do.  [I st  bat]—  Bengal :    Chatham. 
Do.  [m  bnt-]— Gibraltar:  Templemore. 
i  at  bat.]— Alderabott :  Limerick. 
Da  [2nd  hat) -Corfu :  limerick 
10th  do.  [lit  bat— Bengal :  Chatham. 
Do.  [2nd  b*L]-CunT*glL 
llth  do.  [lit  bat.)— Aldershoti  Fertnoy. 
Do.  [2nd  but]— Aldershott 
12th  da  [1st  bat]— N.  &  Wales:  Walmer* 
Do.  [2nd  bat]—  Glasgow. 
13th  do  [lit  but.]— Bengal :  Kerxnoy. 
Do-  [and  bat  J— Pun smooth,  fur  the  Capo 
14th  da  [1st  but  .]— Cejihulonia.  Fermoy 
Do.  [2nd  bat]  —  Dublin 
15th  da— Portsmouth  *  Pembroke 
Do,  [and  bat]— Malta.  Pembroke. 
Iflth  do.—  Dnblim  Tomplomore. 
Do,  [2nd  bat]—  Curragh* 
I  Tth  do.— Canada:  limerick. 

I  bat]— !*|y month. 
I If fi  do.— Bombay ;  Uuttevaut 


Da  tStod  hat.J— Clonmei 

2 1  it  da—  MjJu:  Birr. 

Do.  [2nd  brtt] —  Newport 

22nd do.-    Manchester:  Perknuref, 

Do.  [2nd  bat.}— AMershot  for  Ifalt*. 

33rd  do.— Bengal :  Chatham 

1  bat]— Depot  at  Deal ;  Malta. 
24th  do.— Bengal:  Chatham 
Da  [2nd  bat)-Uhefiield* 
25th  da—  Gibraltar  :  Pembroke* 
2dthda— [but,]— Bermuda:  BedHwt 
27th  do.— Bengal:  Buttevnnt 
2ath  da— Bombay  :  Ferraoy* 
29th  do—  Bengal :  Chatham. 
30ih  da— Dnbtln :  Parkburet. 
Sl>t  da— Bombay :  Pembroke* 
32nd  do.— Bengal; 
23rd  do — Bombay:  Fermoy 
34th  do — Bengul :  Colchester 
3Ath  do— Bengal :  Chatham 
3tith  do— Alder  Hhott ;  Athlon  a 
STth  da— Bengal;  Colchester 
38th  da— Bengal :   Colchester 
38th do.— Canada:  Templemore 
40th  da— N.  S.  Wales:  Birr. 
4 Ut  do.— Jamaica:   Jersey 
42nd  do.— Bengal:  Sterling* 
43rd  do. — Madras:  Chatham 
44th  do.— Madras:    Colchester 
loth  do,— Cape  of  Good  Hope :    Parkhurvt 

4  fith  da— 1  fungal:   Templemoro 
47tli  do. —Alderabott:  Cork. 
48th  do.— Bengal  s  Cork* 

49th  do.—  Barbsdoea;  Belfast. 

60th  da— Ceylon  i  Parkburat 

fi  lit  do.— Bombay  :  Chichester. 

£2nddo. — Bengal:  Chatham 

Wrd da— ditto:  ditto 

filth  do.— Bengal :  Colcheiter 

flfith  do.— Dublin:   Jersey 

Adth  do— Bombay:  Colchester 

filth  da— Bombay :  Cork* 

58th  da— ShomclllYe :  Currngb* 

fiythda— Cape:  Athlone 

60th  da— [1  ot  bat J—Bengal :  Winch eat«r 

Da  [2nd  bat]— Bengal.    Wlneheaier 

Do.  [3rd  bat]— Madras:  Wlncheeter 

Da  [4th  bat}— Dover. 

Glitdo. — Bengal:  Chatham 

69nd do.— Nova  Scotia:  Belmst 

63rd  da— ditto:  iiclfust 

C4th  da— Bengal :  Canterbury 

05  th  da— New  Zeuland :  Birr* 
Cfith  da— Madras:   Colchester 
67th  da— Bengal :    Athlone 
tiath  da— Madras :  Fennoy 
62th  da — Msdrast  Fermoy 
70th  da— Bengal ;  Canterbury 
71st  do.— Bombay ;  Stirling 
73nd  da— Bombay  ;  Aberdeen 
73rd  da — Bengal :  Jersey 
7 tth  do. — Madras:  Aberdeen 
7.*th  do. — Bengal:  Chatham 
7flth  do. — Curragh :  Belfast 
77th  do.— Bengal  t  Jersey 
78th  do.— Bengal:  Aberdeen 
7Dth  do.— ditto:  Perth, 
SOth  do— ditto;  Bottevant 
fist  do.— Bengal  i  Chatham 
R2nd  il».— Bengal :  Canterbury 
S3rd  do.— Bombay  :  Chich  ester* 
B4th  da— Bengal ;  Chaltuun 


1869.] 


BTATTOHS  OF  THE  EMBODIED  MILITIA. 


141 


85th  da— Cape:  Pembroke 
86th  do.— Bombay :  Buttevant 
87th  da— Bengal :  Buttevant 
88th  da— Bengal;  Colchester 
89th  da— Bombay :  Fermoy 
90th  do.— Bengal :  Canterbury 
91st  da— Bombay  :  Pembroke 
92nd da— Bombay;  Stirling 
93rd  da— Bengal ;  Aberdeen 
94th  da— ditto :  Chatham 
96th  da— Bombay':  Fermoy 
96th  da— Plymouth :  Parkhnnt 
97th  da— Bengal :  Colchester 
98th  da— Bengal:  Canterbury 
99th  da— Bengal:  Cork 


100th  da— Aldershot  for  Gibraltar  [Winchester 

Rifle  Brigade  [1st  bat]— Newcastle-on-Tyne, 

Do.  [2nd  bat}— Bengal:  Winchester 

Da  [3rd  bat}— Bengal :  Winchester 

Do.  [4th  bat}— Malta,  Winchester 

1st  West  India  Regiment— Bahamas 

2nd  do— Jamaica 

3rd  do.— Barbadoea 

Ceylon  Rifle  Regiment— Ceylon 

Cape  Mounted  Rifles— Cape  of  Good  Hope 

Royal  Canadian  Rifle  Regiment— Canada 

St  Helena  Regiment— St  Helena 

Royal  Newfoundland  Corps— Newfoundland 

Royal  Malta  Fencibles— Malta 

Gold  Coast  Corps— Cape  Coast  Castle 


STATIONS  OF  THE  EMBODIED  MILITIA. 


Bedford — Dover 
2nd  Cheshire— Tlpner 


ENGLAND   (18). 

North  Lincoln— Waterford 
6th  Middlesex— Curragh 
Northumberland  Artillery- 


Hampshire  Artillery— Plymouth 
East  Kent— Aldershott 
Ijancashire  Artillery — Dover 
4th  Lancashire— Warrington 


Nottingham— Newark 
Oxford— Aldershott 
1st  Stafford— Aldershott 
2nd  Stafford— Cork 


Sussex— Edinburgh 

1st  Tower  Hamlets— Curragh 


2nd  Warwick — Plymouth 
Wilts— Portsmouth 
1st  York,  (W.  R,)— Aldershott 
3rd  York— Carlisle 


Forfar  Artillery— Kinsale 


Antrim  Rifles— Woolwich 
Antrim  Artillery— Belfast 
North  Cork— Aldershot 
Donegal — Dover 
North  Down— Belfast 


SCOTLAND  (8). 
2nd  Lanark— Dublin 


Stirling— Aldershott 


IRELAND  (12). 

Dublin  (city)— Shorndiffe  Louth  (Rifles)— Yarmouth 
Dublin  City  Artillery— Dublin. 

Fermanagh— Bradford  A  Burnley  Tlpperary  ArtiL— Portsmouth 

Kerry— Chester  Waterford  Artillery— Gosport 

Limerick  (County)  Portsmouth  Wexford— Waterford 


142 


L* 


STATIONS  OF  THE  HO^AL  NAVY  IN  COMMISSI 

(  Corrected  to  27 (h  April) 
With  the  Dates  of  Commission  of  the  Officers  in  Vommnnn, 

Fearse,  1S50,  East       Cambridge.  Gunnery  Ship,  Capt.  A*  W.  Jfl 


Acorn.     \%  Com.  IL    B, 

Indies. 
AcWon,  30,    Com  .J.    Word   <b>.  1838,    East 

l     venture,  b&  tteop-*hiu,  Com.  E.  Lie; 

East  Indit* 
A)**.  60,  screw.  Captain  J,  McNeil,  Boyd,  IMS, 

Const  (Juard. 
Alarm,  26,  Capt  P.  Curry,  184<>.  Pacific 
Alert,  17,  screw,  Com.  W,  A.  It.  Pearse.  185S, 

Algerlne,  sc  gunboat,  Lieut. -Com,  W,  Arthur, 

:  cist  Indies, 
Algiers,  HI,  screw,  Capt  G.  W  D.  O'CalJafnAn, 

1H4«,  Itevonport 
Amethyst*  26,  Capt  S,  ftrenfell,  1304,  Pacific. 
Antelope,  3,  il    Uistfil.  Lieut -Com,  J.  W.  Pike, 

IMS,  Coast  of  Africa. 
Arachne,  1$,  Com,  J.  E*  Hootgomerle,  I8B5, 

North  America  and  West  Indies, 
Archer,  18.  screw,  Capt  J.  Sanderson,   1H;;6, 

of  Africa. 
Ardent,  a.  steam-  vessel  Com,  J*  H,  Cave,  ISfio, 

Argu*,   ti,  *t- vessel,  Com.  H,   F.  \V(  Ingram, 

Ltenaoean, 
Ariel,  3,  iw^  Cairn  C,  Bromley,  183G,  Mediter- 
ranean. 
Arrogant,  47.  screw,  CipL  I*.  G,  Heath,  C.B., 

1*54,  Coast  I 
Assistance,  screw  troop-RMp,  Com.  W.  A.    J, 

lleutli,  Itttft.  East  Indies, 
Assurance,  4,  screw,  Com.  C.  IL  Aynsley,  iMfi, 

Portimouth. 
Atalanta,  If;,  Com.  T.  M,  a  Faaley,  l&oa,  North 

America  and  West  Indie*. 
A thell,  4.  Lleutenant-Com.  G,  &    Boys,  IMS, 

Greenock. 
Bamterc  F,  N  -  l ra  i  •  1  ■•  I . . ,  Lieut  .-Com.  J*  Jenkins, 

1199,  East  Indies, 
Basilisk,  fi,  st.-vessclT  OotB.  ft,  A.  Phayre,  IBM, 

Nirth  America  and  Went  1  n - 1  i - •  -, 
ticlleislo,  hospital  ship,  Com,  IL   M,  Bingham, 

East  Indies. 
Bittcru.  tender  to  Calcutta*  East  In  diva. 
Black  Bag)*,  st.-yucht,  UnsL-Cum.  J,  E,  l'etley, 

1 844  W  ool wleh. 
Blenheim*  $0,  screw,  CapL  F,  Scott,  C.B.,  1*4*, 

<  iuard, 
Boscawen,  70,  Bear  Admiral  the  II on,  Sir  F. 

W.  Grey,  K.C.B.,  Capt  K,  A.  Powell,  C<H.t 

Into.  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Brisk,  1G,  sc,    Master,  C.    Parkinson,    1866, 

Deronport 
Britannia,    Training    Ship,   Capt.    R.    Harris, 

1B49,  Port* -i 
Brune,  sL-vca,  Lieut- Com,  E.  F.  Ladder,  IS64, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Brunswick,  SO,  sc ,  Captain  E.  Ommottney,  1846, 

Channel  Squadron. 
BulfrH  screw,  Maa-Com.— particular  service 
Bustard,  2,  sc*gunbL,Lt-Coni.  F.  \V.  Hallowes 

1466,  East  J :. 
Bniiayd,  «,  Bt,-veu«L  Com.  F.  ieeL  U6#,  S  K. 

Coe^t  of  Amorlea. 
Codrnu*.  Ul,  §c.  Master  E.  Winv  J  ^5,  Clialham. 
C*§ar,   &0,   sertiwr,   Capt    C.    iWerick,    J-i-, 

N«rth  America antl  W.  ImlU-i. 
Calcutta*  B4T  Rear-Adm.  Sir  M-Seymo  jr,  KCL., 

Capt  W.  IL  Hall.  GB_  m$f  East  Indie* 
Calypsq,    IS,    CapL    F.    B,    Monlresor,    ISfil, 

I'aclflc 
Cambrian,  40,  Captain  J,  J,  MCloverty,  CIL 

1B4S  East  Indies, 


ham,  18&L  Devoupnrt, 
Camlilo,    |«,  Com,  G  T.  ColrliJa,    Iua 

liidlea. 
Caradoc,  3,  st^rea.,  LlcuL-Com.  C,  M.  duello 

1H4T.  MedltetTanean, 
Centurion,  ad,  mc,  Capt.  C.  G.  £,  Pafccy,  la 

Meditcrrunean, 
CbeaapL-iUic,  01,  screw,  Rear-Adm.  J.  Ht»i-e  < 

Com,  \t.  fiiloon.  IS^n,  Eoat  Indie*. 
Clown,  ac-gunnt,  LleuL-Com,  W*  1*.  Lee,  la 

IMS,  East  Indies. 
Conflict,  ft.  n:..  Com.   R.  W.  Courtenn    IK 

I  ..ast  of  Africa, 
Conqueror.  101,  screw,  CnpL   !I,   H, 

C.Li,  IMS,  Mediterranean. 
Coqnette.  4,  bc.    Coin,  the  Hon 

1&A5,  Mediterranean. 
Cordelia,  II,  sc^  Com,  C.  £.  fl.   Version    IS 
tralla. 

-nrnnt.   4,  ac.  Com.    A.  WtHlvhouac    1SS4 

last  Indlea  ««»"«,  ia« 

Comwams.uo,  Captain  G.   •:.   fMndolpIL  i 
lftn4,  Const  liiiunl. 

Vine  (acting,  Ka-t 
Creasy,  80,  screw,  Capt.    E.  1*.   If&utod, 

SbAerness, 
Crocodile,  B,  rec-ihip,  Cera    \V.  nreet* 

off  the  Tower, 
Cruioer,  17,  sc*.  Com.  J .    By  thMoa^    1 8 

Coast  of  America, 
Cumherlond,  70,  Rear  Adm,  Sir    .  Lu 
^tain   11      I>,     h 
"    America, 
Curu.  r,  Capt   i    IT.  M.i 

particular  service, 
Cyclops,  e.  it..v+,  CapL  W+ J,  fl.  PuJIen.   | 

Lust  Indict, 
JJoslicr,  %  St.- vessel,  Coin.  E,  G,    Hore,   i 

Pnitsnuiutli 
Dec,  4T  troopship.  Mast* Com.     I 

1B44,  particular  n< . 
Devastation,  «,  st-veu,  Cotn.  «7.   Wuke,    i, 

North  America,  and  West  Indie* 
Diadem,  32,  sc,  CapL  P.  W.  Mooraoai,  C 

1H^7,  North  America  and  W.  Iudiea, 
Uorii,   d%  scrcwt   CapL   E.   Hcathcote,   li 

Pevonjjort, 
Dove,  screw  gunbt,  LltuL  C.  J.  Bullock,  l: 

Eojst  Indiea 
Drake,  so.   gunbt.,  Lkut-Com,     \.    | 

18*6,  East  Indlaa. 
Eagle,  .'SO,  Capt.  E.  Tutlmm,  1854»  Cotot  G 
Edinburgh,  SS,  screw,  CapL  E.   C  T 

IS4«,  Coast  '  h 
EUc,  lL't  Com,  11.  Campion,  185a,  East  Indies, 
Eak,  30,  se.,  CapL  Sir.  B,  J.  La  M,  IPCltire,  1 850 

East  Indies, 
E  ury al  aa,  5 1 ,  sc,  Capt,  J.  W.  Tarlet  on ,  C .  B, ,  lSMt 

Mediterranean. 
Eicelleut,  is,  gunnery  ship,  Capt,  IL.  S.  Hewlett 

CB ,  I8fi0f  Portarnoutu. 
Exmouth,  *Jf>,  sc,  CapL  IL  H.  Rubluson,  ] 

Devonport. 
Fairy,  sc.  yacht,  tender  to  Victoria  and  Albcr- 

yacht  PortsmoutJi. 
Flrmf   sc  gunbL,  LlcuL-Com.  W,  IL  Boultnn, 

1So4,  Kant  Indlea 
Fisguord,  42,  Commodore  Ibc  Hon.  J.  Rt  Druuv 

moud,  C.B„  Woolwich 
Forester,  9,  bo,  gunbt,  Lieut- Com.  A,  J. 

l&tt,  East  Indies, 
i'  ormldable,  84,  J  C  Fitzgerald,  l&40t5heeniv» 


»4t) 

her- 


1859.] 


BOYAli  NAVY  IS  COMMISSION. 


14 


Furious,  16,  st-ves.,  Capt.  S.  Osborn,  C.B.,  1855, 

East  Indies. 
Fury,  6,  st-ves.,  Com.  J.E.  CommerelL1855,  E.I. 
Ganges,  84,  Rear- A  dm.  R.   L.  Baynes,  C.B., 

Capt  J.  Fulford,  1848,  Pacific. 
Gannett,  11,  Com.   LEG.  Lambert,  1854, 

Mediterranean. 
Growler,  2,  sc    gunboat,    Lieut-Coin.  H.  E. 

Crozier,  1854,  Mediterranean. 
Hannibal,  91,  sc,  Capt  G.  T.  Gordon,  1846,  Ports- 
mouth. 
Harrier,  17,  screw,  Com.  Sir  M.  McGregor,  Bart, 

(1856),  1857,  South  America. 
Hastings,  60,  screw,  Captain  W.  R.  Mends,  C.B., 

1852,  Coast  Guard. 

Haughty,  2,  sc  gunboat,  Lieut -Com.  G.  D. 

Broad,  1851,  East  Indies. 
Havannah,  19,  Capt  T.  Harvey,  1848,  Pacific. 
Hawke,  60,  sc.,  Capt    W.  Crispin  1852,  Coast 

Guard. 
Herald,  8,  surv.-ves.,  Capt  H.  M.  Denham,1846, 

South  Seas. 
Hermes,  6,  it -v.,  Com.  W.  E.  A  Gordon,  1854, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Hero,  91,  screw,  Capt  Sir  G.  N.  Broke,  Bart, 

C.B.,  1845,  Chatham. 
Heron,  12,  Commander  W.  H.  Truscott,  1855, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Hesper,  sc  Bt-ship,  Mast-Coin.  J.  Loane,  1846, 

East  Indies. 
Hibernia,  rec-ship,  Rear-Admiral  IL  J.  Cod- 

rington,  C.B.,  Captain  F.  Warden,  C.B., 

1845,  Malta. 

Highflyer,  21,  sc,  Capt  C.  F.  A.  Shadwell,  C.B., 

1853,  East  Indies. 

Himalaya,   sc   store-ship,  Com.  J.  Seccombe, 

1865,  particular  sendee. 
Hogue,  60,  screw,  Capt  J.  Moore,  C.B.,  1848, 

Coast  Guard. 
Hornet,  17,  sc,  Com.  Viscount  Gilford,  1858, 

East  Indies. 
Hydra,  6,  st-vessel,  Com.  R.  V.  Hamilton,  1857, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Imaum,  72,  Commodore  H.  Kellett,  C.B.,  Com. 

H.  J.  Grant,  1855,  rec-ship,  Jamaica. 
Impregnable,  104,  Vlce-Adm.  Sir  B.  Reynolds, 

K.C.B.,  Capt  W.  H.  Stewart,  C.B.,  1854, 

DeTonport 
Indus,  78,  Rear-Admiral  Sir  H.  Stewart,  K.C.B., 

Capt.  J.  (X  D.  Hay,  1850,  North  Americ, 

and  West  Indies. 
Industry,  st-res.,  2,  st-shlp,  Mast-Corn.  G.  J. 

Hodges,  1841.  particular  service. 
Inflexible,  6,  st-vea,  Com.  G.  A  C.  Brooker, 

1856,  East  Indies. 
Intrepid,  6,  screw,  Mast.  J.  Waye,  1855,  Devon- 
port. 
Iris,  26,  Capt  W.  Lorlng,  C.B.,  1848,  Australia. 
James  Watt,   91,  screw,  Capt  E.  Codd,   1851, 

Devonport. 
Janus,  sc  gunboat  Lieut-Com.  H.  P.  Knevitt, 

1855,  East  Indies. 

Jaseur,  sc  gunboat  Lieut  .Com.   J.  B.  Scott 

1846,  W.  Indies., 

Jasper,  sc  gunboat  Licut-Com.  W.  H.  Pym, 

1849,  W.  Indie*, 
Kestrel,  sc  gunboat  Lieut-Com.  G.  D.  Bevan, 

1858,East  Indies. 
Lapwing,  4,  screw,  Com.  M.  F.  0.  Rellly,  1836, 

Mediterranean. 
Lee,  sc  gnnbt,  Lieut-Com.  W.  H.  Jones,  1852, 

East  Indies. 
Leopard  18,  st-ves.,  Capt  J.  F.  B.  Wainwrignt, 

1856,  North  America  and  West  Indies. 
Leven,  3,  sc  gunboat,  Lieut-Com.  J.  S.  Hudson, 

1854,  East  Indies. 

Liffey,  51,  screw,  Capt  G.  W.  Preedy,  CB.,  1855, 
Channel  Squadron. 


Locust,  3,  st-ves.,  Lieut-Com.  J.  B.  Field,  1846, 

particular  service. 
Lynx,  4,  screw,  Lieut-Com.  H.  Berkeley,  1854, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Lyra,  9,  sc  Com.  R.  B.  Oldfleld,  1855,  Cape  of 

Good  Hope. 
Madagascar,  receiving  ship,  Commander  E.  M. 

Leycester,  1856,  Rio  Janeiro. 
Magidenne,  16,  st-vessel,  Capt.  N.  Vansittart, 

C.B.,  1854,  E.  Indies. 
Marlborough,  131,  sc,  Vice  Adm.  A.  Fanshawe. 

C.B.,  Capt  the  Rt  Hon.  Lord  F.  H.  Kerr, 

1852,  Mediterranean. 

Medina,  st-ves.,  4,  Capt  T.  A.  B.  Spratt,  C.B., 

1855,  Mediterranean 

Medusa,  4,  steam-vessel,  Com.  W.  Bowden,  1854, 

Coast  of  Africa 
Megsera,  6,  sc,  Com.  G.  T.  M.  Purvis  (b),  1852, 

particular  service 
Mersey,  40,    screw,  Capt  H.  Caldwell,  C.B., 

1853,  particular  service. 

Mohawk,  4,  screw.  Com.  P.  C.  C.  McDougall, 

1856,  East  Indies. 

Monkey,  steam  tug,  Sec  Mas.  G.  Syndercombe, 

(acting),  Woolwich. 
Naiad,  42,  store-ship,  Mast-Corn.  W.  W.  Dillon, 

1843,  Callao 
Nautilus,  6,  Lieut-Com.  W.  B    Grant,  1852, 

apprentice  ship,  Devonport 
Nereus,  42,  store- depot,  Mast-Corn.  J.  C.  Bar- 
low, 1835,  Valparaiso 
Niger,     14,     sc,    Capt    P.    Cracroft,     1854, 

East  Indies. 
Nile,  90,  sc,  Rear-Adm.  C.  Talbot,  Capt  A.  P 

E.  Wilmot,  C.B.,  1854,  Devonport 

Nimrod,6,  sc,  Com. East  Indies 

Oberon,  3,  st-vessel,  Lieut-Com.  F.  G.  C  Paget, 

1852,  South  America. 
Opossum,  2,  sc  gunboat,  Lieut-Com.  C  J. 

Balfour,  1850,  East  Indies. 
Orion,  91,  screw,  Capt  W.  Houstoun,  1847,  Medi- 
terranean. 
Osprey,  4,  screw,  Com.  H.  J.  Blomfleld,  1855, 

Mediterranean 
Pearl  20,  sc,  Capt.  E.  S.  Sotheby,C.B.,  1852,  East 

Indies. 
Pelorns,  21,  sc,  Capt  F.  B.  P.  Seymour,  1854, 

East  Indies. 
Pembroke,  60,  Capt  E.  P.  Charlewood,  1855, 

Coast  Guard. 
Perseverance,  2  troop  ship,  Com.  E.  R.  Power, 

1850,  particular  service 
Persian,   12,     CoramanderE.  Hardinge    165G, 

Coast  of  Africa- 
Plover,  2,  sc  gunboat,  Lieut-Com. W.  H.  Rason, 

1855,  East  Indies 

Plumper,  9,  screw,  Capt  G.  H.  Richards,  1854, 

Pacific, 
Pluto,  4,  st-vessel,  Lieut-Com.  C.  II.  Simpson, 

1848,  Coast  of  Africa 
Porcupine,  3,  st-ves.  Capt  H.  a  Otter,  1854, 

Devonport, 
Princess    Charlotte,    104   Mast-Corn.  H.    G. 

Thomsett,  1854,  Hong  Kong. 
Princess  Royal,  91,  sc,  Capt  T.  Baillie,  1845, 

Mediterranean 
Pylades,  screw,  21,  Capt  M.  de  Courcy,  1852, 

Pacific 
Qua'l,  2,  sc  gunboat,  Lieut-Com.  N.  Osborn, 

1856,  Mediterranean. 

Queen  Charlotte,  104,  Vice-Adm.  E.  Harvey, 
Capt  II.  Harvey,  1852,  Sheernesa. 

Racer,  1 1,  screw,  Com.  the  Hon.  T.  A.  Pakenham 
1856,  North  America  and  West  Indies. 

Racoon,  21,  screw,  Captain  J.  A.  Paynter,  1854 
particular  service. 

Recruit,  6,  st-v.,  Com.  D.  Spain,  1856,  Medi- 
terranean. 


Ill 


IKDIAX  >'AVT  IT*  COMMISSION 


Kenown,  91,  screw,  Cnpt.  A,  Forbes,  1B4G,  Chan- 

nel  Squadron. 
Retribution,    38,  *t- vessel,   Commodoru  It  L 

KtlKcl),  East  India*. 
Jthadaraanthu*  4,  itv^,    Master-Corn^  r.  It 

Sturdee,  ini;^  ynrtl,  uiar  eervlce. 
Roebuck,  fl,  sc,  Coin,  B,Q  svinoti*.  acting  K,I. 
Rolla,  G,  Lieut -torn.  €.  G.  Nelson,  1834,  Ports- 
month. 
lEoyal  Albert  121,,^.,  P^ar-AdrnlralSiM  ,   H 
mtutie,  iLC.B„  CnptG.lt.  llicc  (ISM), 

Chnnxel  Squadron. 
Royal  Adelaide  104,  Rr,»Ad.  Sir  T    S.    Pasley. 

Bt ;  Capt  W.  J.  Williams,  1841.  JHToapwft 
UtiawU,  (TO, sc.,  Capt  G,  WodcJionac,  1854,  Coast 

Guard, 
Sr.  ii  in  D'AcMj  101,  iwrew.  Capt  1  r.Thomfu 

»n,  1S47,  Channel  squadron. 
SL  Vincent,  Curt,  T.  Wilson,  1S6B,  Fortainourh. 

training-  ship, 
tnpwro,  ff,  st-v ,,  CapL  G.  &  Hand,  l*j.\  S.E. 

Coast  of  America, 
racen,  4,  ttuL-Gom.  Wt  Stanton,  1853,  East 

India* 
Satellite,  at,  ai,  C*pt  J.  C    Provost,  1*56, 

Pacific. 
Saturn,    13,    CapL    a    Ramsay,    C.B.,    1843, 

Pembroke, 
Scourge,   (i,   sc  ,   Com,  Prince    of  Langenberg, 

1*5  TT  Med  her  run  can. 
Seagull,  fie.  gunbr.,  Ucnt-Com,  W,  (Julmmo, 

I8.5i>,  purtkultir  sendee. 
Sharpshooter,  8,  screw,  Lient-Com.  G  Gibsons 

18*8,  Coaat  of  Africa. 
Simoom,  8,  ac_,  Com.  J.  M.  Cooke,  1 853,  K.  1  wile* 
Siren,   10,  Conu  G-  tt.  Balfour,   Ifl5rt,   s.uili 

America, 
Skipjack,  sc.  ffunbt.h  Lieut- Com.  J.   Murray, 

IMS,  CI i.L.i n-  I  Squadron. 
Slaney,   2,  sc.  #unbt,  Lt-Com.  It  J.  Wvunlatt, 

But  Indies, 
Spanwbawk,  4,  an,  Com.  J,  C.  Byug,  J8iG, 

Kan  Indies. 
Spit  Art?,  %  st-v.,  Lieut  -Com,  W.  C.  Chapman, 

1HH,  Coast  of  Africa, 
Spy,  3,  Lient-Com.  T.  B.CoUtnaon,  IftjO,  South 

America, 
Starlina:,  sc^gunboat,  Lloul.-Coin.  J.  A.  WMt- 

ahed,  1854,  East  Iodic* 
SUuneb,  2,  ac.-gunboat  Lt-CnfU.  E.  J,  Pullard. 

JBJHS,  fca*t  Indie* 
Styx,  6.  at  re*.,  ConuC,  Veaoy,  18M  K.  America 

jujd  W.  Indie* 


Supply    Bt  -All.* 

184ot 


W.     II 

,  \\v, :. 
.surprise.  4,  *-..*    ■-.   I...      i    It.  Cecil,  18>T. LI 
Tartar,  30,  at.  nirf.H.  l*> 

and  N.  America, 
Tartama,  4T  at.  Com.  A.  L.  Mattel  1,  IBM.  Mt4i 

terranean> 
Termagant    35,    aciw,  Cant,    R    11*11,   laM. 

Devonport- 
Terrible,  VI,  at -vessel.  C«pt.    I'.  H.  11,  Glaate, 

C.  B.,  llWtt,  Mediterranean, 
Terror,     16, 

mud  a. 
Tortoise,   13,  store-ship,  (  P.nrnclV 

C.BM  1854,  Ascendon. 
Trlnuno,  Ho,  arrow,  Captain  G+  T.  P.  BotoItt. 

1»48,  East  Indies. 
Trident,  6,  Bt.-%.  Com.  K,  A.  Clo«e,  16S4,  Coaal 

of  Afrlc* 
Triton,  3,  st-rea,  Uent-Cotii*   K.    IL   Bortot. 

1843,  Coast  of  Africa 
Urgent,  sc  troop  snip,  Com.   H  W,  Hire,  18*1 

particular  ftcnrlco, 
Vali.rou*,  Id,  at-ve*,  Ca.pt  W.  C,  Aldh*m,  C  aV, 

l&n,  pEii'doilar  service. 
\'esnvlus,  «,  *t en  m* vessel,  Commo^tore  C-  ^Ist* 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Victoria  and  Albert,  3,  steam  yacht,  Captain  Hit 

Hon,  J.  Den  man,  l*4lt  Portsmouth. 
Victor  Em  annul,  »L  sc„  Cnpt.   J,  Willcoi,  €JL 

loVif),  Modll^rranean, 
Yictorv,    101.   Admlrtil  W,  Bowie*,  OB*;  C«|4 

A.  Faiiiubar,  1N0,  Portsmouth. 
Vigilant,  4,  «.,  Com.  W.  AnuyU^e,  ISA*,  Moll* 

terranean. 
Viper,  4T  screw,  Com   W,  H.  W-   Hewelt,    VC 

L.H.,  1H5S,  Dovenport. 
Virago,  u\  staves.,    Cum,  M.  E.    tninn,    IBM 

particular  aervke. 
Vixen,    6,    at*vea„    Com.   L.  Lamb, 

Pacblc. 
Voltano,  3T  «>-voa.   Mast. -Com.  J#  H ,  Hocklv, 

lfto6t  t.  Indlca 
Vulture.  6,  st-v.,  Captain  F.  A.  Campbell,  185«, 

Mediterranean. 
Wanderer,  4,  screw,  Com.  M.  IL  Pechcl],  1«£4, 

Mediterranean. 
Watchful,!  ac-Eunht,  Eaet  ladle* 
Wei  leal  pv,  72,  Captain  Superintendent  G  Oajfti 

smith,  C.B.,  1812,  Chitham. 
Wescr,  at  v.,  o\.  Com,  A.  IL  J.  Jobtiston 

Mediterranean. 
Woodcock,  3.  *c„  ffunht.t  Lt-Com.  G.  S,  Ban- 

sanqnetlChW,  Eiwt  Indlea. 


STATIONS  OF  THE  INDIAN  NAVY  IN  COMMISSIO 

(Corrected  to  the  atitb  April,  185&.) 
With  the  dates  of  CvmmUrian  of  the  Officers  in  command. 


,. 


Acb.n,  it,  rijiff-ahlp of  Commodore  il  a  Wi-|. 
,  .,   Com.   IL  A.  Drought   I  MAI, 

Com.    H.   W,    Ground^    1K.W,     Gunnery 

<nii'ri\  I'.'.nibay. 
Assay c,  10,  padrtlCr  Commander  G.  N.  Arinma, 

1BA8,  Zuxlbaff. 
Auckland,    H,    paddle,    Com,    J.    Stephens, 

Aden, 
Asayrni,  3,    paddle,    Maatcr-Curn.   E.  Daviea, 

18A8,  Indus, 
Anjcwitu,  <l<  y.uJit,  Bombay, 


Aaatralliin,  screw  troop  ahlp,  Master^Com.  E. 

Boon,  Bay  of  Bengal 
Berenice,    2,   puddle  troop  aulp,  LienL-Cont. 

A.  W.  t  hlttv,  1S47,  Malabar  ConeL 
tiieemah,    4,    Mirveyinff   vessel,    Lieut -Com. 

A.  U.  Taylor,  1H47,  Malabar  Co*aL 
Bcea.s    3,   flat,    Master-Com,    E,    Naah,  i860, 

Kirerlndu* 
dive,  IS,   Lu  in. -Cum,  J.   tcilley,   1B47,, 

HlUp,  on  a  CrnUc. 
Cursctjce,  fiat,  MRSter-Com. ,  Influ* 


1859.] 


INDIAN  NAVY  IN  COMMISSION. 


145 


Charlotte,   4,    Lieut-Cora.    T.   N.  Philbrick, 

1857,  Andaman  Islands. 

Constance,    3,    Lieut-Com.    C.    H.    Walker, 

1847,  Aden. 
Comet,  5,  paddle  gunboat,  Cora.  W.  B.  Selby, 

1830,  Mesopotamia. 
CoromandeL,   screw  troop   ship,     Lieut.-Cora. 

S.  B.  Hellard,  1847,  Bay  of  BengaL 
Cbenaub,  2,  paddle,  Master-Coin.  T.  Gourley, 

1858,  Itiver  Indus. 

Conqueror,  2,    paddle,  Master-Commander  T. 

K.  Linton,   1849,  Kiver  Indus. 
Dalhousie,  screw  troop  ship,  Lieut.-Com.  T.  W. 

Hopkins,  1858,  Bay  of  Bengal 
Dromedary,  Flat,  Master-Com.  .    ,  Itiver 

Indus. 
Elphinstone,   18.    Lieut.-Com.  II.  A.  Fraser, 

1859,  Bombay. 

Euphrates,    Flat,    Master-Com.    W.    Walton, 

1858,  River  Indus. 
Ethersey,  Flat,  Maatsr-Com.  T.  0.  Jones,  1858, 

Kiver  Indus. 
Emily,  2,  Lieut-Com.  P.  W.  Tendal,  1857,  Per- 
sian Gulf. 
Falkland,  12,    Commodore  G.  Jenkins,  C.B., 

1855,  Persian  Gulf. 
Fcrooz,  10,  paddle,  Commander  C.  J.  Crul- 

tenden,  1830,  Bombay. 
Frecre,  2,  paddle,  Master-Commander  J.  McNeil, 

1852,  River  Indus. 
Goolanair,    paddle  yacht,  Master-Commander 

J.  D.  Kennelly,  1850,  Bombay 
Gcorgiana,   2,    Lieut.-Com.   W.   Collin  gwood, 

1857,  Persian  Gulf. 
Indus,  2,  paddle,  Master-Commander  E.  S.  H. 

Xeale,  1856,  River  Indus. 
Jhellum,  2,  paddle,    Master-Com.  R.  L.  Law- 
son,  1856,  River  Indus. 
Keddywarree,  receiving  ship,  Master-Com.  J. 

S.  Amos,  1856,  Kurrache. 
Lady  Falkland,  2,  paddle,  Mast-Com.  W.  Barras, 

1859,  Kurrache. 
Lady  Canning,  4,  paddle,  Lieut-Com.  E.  Peevor, 

1846,  Red  Sea, 


Mahi,    3,  Lieut-Com.    R.    W.   Whisk,    1849. 

Bombay.  ' 

Marie*,  3,  Lieut.-Com.  C.  G.  Constable,  1839, 

Suneying  Ship,  Malabar  Coast. 

Mootvee,  1,  perdant  ves.,  Capt.  E.  W.  Daniell. 

1857,  Kotree. 
Napier,     2,     paddle,    Master-Commander   J. 

Fors'er,    51,  River  Indus. 
Nerbudda,   2,  Lieut.-Com.  C    Forstcr,    1856, 

Malaba*  Coast. 
Nimrod,  2,  patldle,  Master-Commander  J.  B. 

Butter,  1856,  River  Indus. 
Nitocris,  Flat,  Master-Corn.  A.  Harrison,  1856, 

River  Indus. 
Outram,  4,  paddle,  Mast-Cora.  W.  Fivey,  1858, 

River  Indus, 
runjaub,  10,  paddle,  Commander  A.  Foulerton, 

1857,  Calcutta 
Planet,     2,     paddle,     Master-Com.      T.     K. 

Fletcher,  1853,  River  Indus. 
Prince    Arthur,    screw    troop-ship,   Com.    J. 

Tronson,  1858,  en  route  Timor  Islands. 
Pleiad,  2,  screw,  Lieut-Com.  J.  G.  Nixon,  1847, 

Persian  Gulf. 

Ravee,  Flat,  Master-Com. ,  River  Indus. 

Scmiramls,  8  paddle,  Com.  W.  Balfour,  1858, 

Bombay. 
Sutlcdge,  Flat,  Master-Com.,  River  Indus. 
Satellite,  2,  paddle,  Master-Com.   A.  Wilkin?, 

1852,  River  Indus. 
Snake,  pac'dle,  tender  to  Acbar,  Bombay. 
Sir  H.  Havelock,  2,  paddle,  Master-Com.  D. 

Morrison,  1858,  River  Indus. 
Sir  H.  Lawrence,  2,  paddle,  Master-Com.  C. 

Tickel,  1845,  River  Indus. 
Sydney,    screw   troop   ship,  Master-Com.   J. 

Nibblet,  Bay  of  Bengal 
Tigris,  5,  Lieut-Com.  G.  T.  Robinson,  1847, 

Persian  Gulf. 
Victoria,    4,    paddle,    Lieut-Com.   T.  S.  W. 

Twynham,  1845,  Bombay. 
Zenobia,    10,  paddle,    Com.  F.  E.   Manners, 

1857,  Murat 


NAVAL  BRIGADE. 


1st  Brigade,  Bombay,  1st  Company,  Sural, 
Lieut.-Com.  J.  B.  Bcwsher,  1856,  com- 
manding. 

2nd  Brigade,  Bengal,  Capt  C.  D.  Campbell, 
1857. 

1st  Company,  Fort  William,  Lieut-Com.  C. 
B.  Templer,  1857. 

2nd  Company,  Guyah,  Lieut.-Com.  T.  H.  B. 
Banon,  1854.     "  ! 

3rd  do.  Dacca,  Lieut-Com.  IL  W.  Ethc- 
ridge,  1347. 

4th       do.     Andaman  Islands,    Lieut-Con 
F.  Warden,  1857. 


5th  Company  Sasseram,  Lieut.-Com.  G.  0.  B. 

Carew,  1855. 
6th        do.      Patna,  Lieut-Com.  D.  S.  Duval 

1854. 
7th        do.      Chybassa,    Lieut.-Com.    T.     E. 

Lewis,  1848. 
8th       do.      Barackpore,  Lieut-Com.  W.  H.  M 

Davis,  1849. 
9th       do.     Jepore,  Lieut-Com.  A.  T.  Winders* 

18x>l. 


U.  S.  Ma(*.,  No.  366,  May,  1859. 


146 


PBOMOTIONS  AND  APPOINTMENTS, 

NAVY. 


WHITEHALL,  April  20. 

Tho  Queen  hat  been  pleased  to  direct 
letters  patent  to  be  passed  tinder  the 
Great  Seal  of  the  United  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  constituting 
and  appointing  the  Bight  Honourable 
Sir  John  Somerset  Pakington,  Baronet, 
Vice  Admiral  William  Fanshawe  Mar- 
tin, Vice  Admiral  the  Honourable  Sir 
Richard  Saunders  Dnndas,  K.C.B.,  Rear 
Admiral  Sir  Henry  John  Leeke,  K.C.B., 
Rear  Admiral  Alexander  Milne,  K.C.B., 
and  tho  Honourable  Frederick,  Lygon, 
to  be  her  Majesty's  Commissioners  for 
executing  the  office  of  Lord  High  Ad- 
miral of  the  said  United  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  the 
dominions,  islands,  and  territories  there- 
unto belonging. 

ADMIRALTY. 
(The  following  Commissions  bear  date 
April  14.) 
Corps  of  Royal  Marines. — To  be 
Captains — first  Lieutenant  H.  Hcwett, 
First   Lieutenant    and    Quartermaster 
Mc  Arthur,  First  lieutenant  and  Quarter- 
master H.  B.  Roberts,  First  Lieutenants 
J.  Shute,  J.  B.  Seymour,  A.  J.  Stuart, 
C.  B.  Parke,  and  First  Lieutenant  and 
Adjutant  J.  Y.  Holland. 

To  be  First  Lieutenant*.  —  Second 
Lieutenants  G.  F.  Gamble,  S.  £.  W. 
Hcmmans,  E.  H.  White,  A.  Fonblanque, 
M.  A.  H.  G.  Heriot,  J.  R.  Leeds,  B.  D. 
Kcnnicott,  G.  C.  Boase,  W.M.  Prichctt, 
W.  V.  B.  Hewett,  G.  M.  Shewell,  J.  M. 
Hamilton,  J.  S.  Bontein,  J.  W.  Scott, 
H.  Wolrige,  S.  T.  Collins,  G.  L.  Tup- 
man,  G.  H.  Elliot,  W.  W.  G.  B.  Willis, 
G.  W.  Oliver,  J.  G.  Fitzgerald,  W.  E. 
Despard,  and  W.  J.  Barker. 

PROMOTIONS. 
Paymasters. — Samuel    G.    Robison, 
confirmed  in  Assurance*,  Silas  W.  Par- 
ker confirmed  in  Adventure. 

APPOINTMENTS. 

Captain. — Thomas  Wilson,  1853,  to 
St.  Vincent,  re-commissioncd. 

Commanders.— H.  W.  Hire,  1854,  to 
Urgent,  vice  Mc'Donald;  W.  E.  Tris- 
cott,  1846,  to  be  Superintendent  of  tho 
Packet  Service  at  Dover;  Charles  L. 
Waddilove,  1855,  to  St.  Vincent. 


JJeputif  Medical  Jn*pectQr,*^ohti  )L 
M inter,  F.C.S.,  1850,  to  I'leton*  mmd 
Albert. 

Lieutenants* — Htnry  G.  Belson, 
to  ftrreUatU  J.  P.  Junes  Pany, 
to  Hmnswek;  A-  G,  K.  Mitrmv, 
to  command  Jackal ;  T.  F.  Btti 
1855,  to  Excellent;  R.  II.  Ilabingfrm, 
18541toJcttiu»  IVaU;  8.  <.*.  Price,  \m, 
to  Hero;  Charles  G,  Jotlfca,  lf58,  to 
Mersey  ;  George  Hulilm-Arti,  1835^  si 
Charles  D.  Dnvies,  185$,  to  JZ±wllc»ii 
Francis  Oshura,  1B5G,  to  Arw*/ 

Masters— Jnhcz  H.fl,  ttowk'it,  ISM, 
to  Tridtntt  Julm  W,  McL  Hal. 
additional  to  Pi*gard  ;  Georgje  William*, 
1851,  to  Lightning ;  George  B*  F.  Sink, 
1831,  to  Algiers ;  Richard  Sturgeesy  18H 
tc>  Terrible  ;  William  T.  Tr*gidgo>  1649, 
tO  Mtifirtrpwrtr, 

Paymaster*  —  Jflmcs  T.  Bigncll,  to 
Trident  \  K.  T.  Crispin,  1840,  to  IU**~ 
triutt9\  K  W.  M,  Millmtxn,  l854,aili(> 
tion.il  to  St.  Vincent ;  Heavy  J.  It,  AibtU, 
1855,  additional  to  JhmnihaL 

Surgeons — J  oh  a  L\  tfahbca,  1851,  tu 
Ilttutrhtut  i  William  T*  Wiliion,  l&W, 
to  Perseverance  ;  John  Ron?,  1&5G,  & 
Eagle 

Assistant  Surgeon*  (A cling)— W I llbiu 
Lockhart,  to  Impregnable'*  John  k. 
Smallliom,  to  Victor?/  ;  W.  H.  Ow  4 
1853,  to  llhistrions  \  John  L.  Pataut, 
1543,  to  Jaclal;  Benjamin  Crabk 
to  Impregnable  ;  Edward  P.  Fowo 
185  G,  to  BmntaHck  \  James  Stevenson, 
lSSB^acimg,  to  Spy  ;  William  S.  Fiaiitt; 
18fi9,  acting,  to  Jam**  Watt ;  Willi*!! 
Lockhart,  1859,  acting,  to  ft, 
Francis  W.  Davis,  1853,  to  Grcc»wfdi 
Hospital  j  Alexander  Miunoeh,  aeosft 
to  J  ictory ;  Robert  Walker,  to  /n» 
pregnable. 

Assistant  Paymaster s.  —  Etlw arcl   H, 
Stanton,  164G,  to  Exntrntth  \    Fr< ■.' 
Burae,    1852,    Thomas    W.    Harriet. 
1855,    and    John    Brcmnor,     1859,  l« 
Ganges  \   Thomaa  Goodman,    lh 
ffatrlci   W.  H.  Thompson,   l$5i,  fia 
chaise)   to    Jackal;    William    Noble, 
1855,  to  Hannibal;  Francis  Oliver  I8i 
to  Itliistriouu.  

Master. — Samuel  Libby  (b.)  1 
Trident. 

Mates.— Charles  R.  MTmWfrmJ 
to  St.  Jean  d'Acre;  and  J^  V.  i 
1857,  to  Algiers. 


w 

£ 


1859.] 


PEOMOTIOKS  AOT  AJPOOTnnarTS. 


147 


Chief  Engineers. — G.  Glasson,  1850,  to 
JExmouth,  for  service  in  St.  George;  R. 
Fothergill,  1848,  to  Edinburgh. 

Second  Master. — Francis  O.  Simpson, 
1856,  to  Jackal 

Assistant  Engineers. — J.  W.  Traill,  1st 
Class  (in  charge),  to  Jackal;  J.  Bell, 
2nd  Class,  to  Edinburgh;  J.  Walsh,  ad- 
ditional to  Fisgardy  for  service  in  Bann, 
surveying  vessel. 

Clerks. — Charles  D.  Lee  to  Virago; 
Henry  H.  Wyatt  to  Racoon;  Charles  J. 
Dawson  to  Mersey;  H.  W.  P.  Kooystra 
to  Boscawen. 

Assistant  Clerk. — Alfred  Ilirtzel  to 
Illustrious. 

Midshipman.  —  Henry  Mclnroy  to 
Doris. 

Masters'  Assistants. — Christopher  L. 


Pope  to  Crrny;  Thomas  Pidwell  to 
Urgent. 

COAST  GUARD. 

Appointment.— Inspecting  Comman- 
der— Commander  Fitzjames  S.  McGregor 
to  Bangor  Division. 

Chief  Officers— TAx.  Benjamin  Woolley, 
Master,  to  command  Sutton  Station. 
Lieut.  Francis  Osburn  to  command  Pe- 
vensey,  and  Henry  R.  Stewart,  Fair- 
light  Stations. 

Removals.  —  Chief  Officers— -Lieut. 
Charles  D.  Warren,  from  Jack's  Hole  to 
Oyster  Haven  ;  Master  Francis  B.  Hen? 
wood,  from  Stadland  to  Sidmouth  ;  Mr. 
Peter  Loney,  Master,  from  Babbicombe 
to  Dartmouth,  in  exchange  with  Mr, 
Charles  M.  Hughes,  Master. 


AEMY. 


WAR-OFFICE,  Mabch  22. 


The  Queen  has  been  graciously  pleased 
to  give  orders  for  the  appointment  of 
Major  General  J.  Michel,  C.  B.,  to  be 
an  Ordinary  Member  of  the  Military 
Division  of  the  Second  Class,  or  Knights 
Commanders,  of  the  Most  Honourable 
Order  of  the  Bath. 

Her  Majesty  has  also  been  graciously 
pleased  to  make  and  ordain  a  Special 
Statute  of  the  said  Most  Honourable 
Order,  authorising  the  following  appoint- 
ments to  the  said  Order  :  - 

To  be  an  Extra  Member  of  the  Mili- 
tary Division  of  the  Second  Class,  or 
Knights  Commanders,  viz.  : — 

Colonel  C.  Shepherd  Stuait,  C.  B.,  of 
the  Bombay  Infantry. 

To  be  Extra  Members  of  the  Military 
Division  of  the  Third  Class,  or  Com- 
panions, viz. : — 

Colonels  M.  W.  Smith,|.3rd  Dragoon 
Guards  ;  J.  A.  R.  Raines,  95th  Regi- 
ment ;  A.  I.  Lockhart,  92nd  Regiment. 

Lieut.  Colonels  E.  Price,  Royal  Artil- 
lery ;  W.  Parke,  72nd  Regiment ;  H. 
E.  Longden,  10th  Regiment ;  R.  D. 
Campbell,  71st  Regiment ;  W.  Hope, 
71st  Regiment ;  R.  H.  Gall,  14th  Light 
Dragoons  ;  E.  Steele,  83rd  Regiment ; 
A.  Scudamore,  14  th  Light  Dragoons. 

Major  J.  R.  Gibbon,  Royal  Artillery. 

Colonels  J.  K.  M'Causland,  66th 
Regiment  of  Bengal  N.  I.  G.  Le  G. 
Jacob,  31st  Regiment  of  Bombay  N.  I. 


J.  Liddell,  Bombay  Infantry.  T.  W, 
Hicks,  late  of  the  Bombay  Artillery. 

Lieut.  Colonels  G.  Malcolm,  1st  Regi- 
ment of  Bombay  N.  I.  C.  J.  Owen,  3rd 
Regiment  of  Bombay  Light  Cavalry. 
E.  S.  Blake,  Bombay  Artillery,  G.  H. 
Robertson,  25th  Regiment  of  Bombay 
Native  Light  Infantry.  W.  A.  Orr, 
Madras  Artillery. 

Majors  T.  F.  Wilson,  13th  Regiment 
of  Bengal  N.  I.  J.  D.  Woolcombe,  Bom- 
bay Artillery.  H.  D.  Abbott,  31st 
Regiment  of  Madras  Native  Light  In* 
fantry.  G.  Hare,  20th  Regiment  of 
Madras  N.  I.  J.  G.  Lightfoot,  Bombay 
Artillery. 

F.  S.  Arnott,  Esq.,  M.  D.,  Surgeon 
on  the  Bombay  establishment  of  her 
Majesty's  Indian  Military  Forces.  W. 
Mackenzie,  Esq.,  M.  D.,  Surgeon  to 
the  Madras  Establishment  of  her  Ma- 
jesty's Indian  Military  Forces. 


WAR-OFFICE,  Mabch  25.] 

{The  following  Commissions  to  bear  date 
March  25,  1859.) 

3rd  Dragoon  Guards — Lieut.  C.  Cos- 
tobadie,  from  the  1st  Dragoons,  to  be 
Lieut.,  vice  Park- Yates,  who  exchanges. 

1st  Dragoons — Lieut.  E.  W.  Park- 
Yates  from  the  3rd  Dragoon  Guards,  to 
be  Lieut.,  vice  Costobadie,  who  ex- 
changes. 

3rd  Eight  Dragoons— A.    SfccoAift, 


lli> 


TEOilOTIOKS   AKD   APPOINT  ME  KTS« 


Gent,,  to  be  Derail  by  purchase 
Pi  fiord,  promoted. 

oth  DiwoofW  tfrwti  P.  M.M.  Inge, 
inmi  the   IStt    i  «»ns,   to  be 

Lieut. .  vice  *hafto  Grde,  who  exchanges, 
Jan   Jn 

7th  Li^lit  Ijtu^  j  Buiy.T. 

A,   Thornhill,   M.H.,  *2nd 

Foot,  to  be  Awtot,  Surg  ,vice  Lynch, 

deceased, 

lSlli  Light  Dragoons— Lieut,  W*  J- 
Sbafto  Orde,  from  the  6th  Dragoons,  to 
be  Lieut.,  vice  Inge*  who  exchanges, 
Jan.  i>o, 

I     At  till,  ry  —  Asabt.    Surg*    L. 

M  .1  >,,from  tin.-  Htaff, 

deceased, 

Grenadier   Guard* — Captain     Ct,    II. 

Gj-ey,    from    the    Hifl,'    Iirigadt?,   to    be 

Lieut.  Anil  Captain,  viec  Coutaon,  who 

4th   Font  —  Avint.  Rfogeon    I 
Kearney,  frum  the  Stall',   to  be  Assist, 
Surg. 

6th— Ensign  J.  Giflard  to  be  limit, 
Iry  purchase,  vice  Bolton,  promoted, 

7  th— Captain   B.  C,     Russell,    from 
Half  Pay   Unattached,  to  be  Captain, 
t.  Thornton,  who  exchange*. 

SHh — The  date  of  Ensign  Hem 
appointment  is  18th  March,    185tf,  and 
not  18th  February,  185&,  u*  previously 


I 


104b— Lieut*  H,  Hendeiwm  to  he 
Captain  without  purcnaw,  vice  Cator,  de- 
ceased, Feh.  34  ;  Lieut,  F,  R  Saint  with 
to  be  Captain  without  purchase,  vice 
Ward,  deceased ;  March  13  ;  Kiuugn  H, 
L.  W,  PhiUi[M*  to  be  Lieut,  without  pur* 
chase,  vice  Henderson,  Feb,  24, 

15th— Captain  H.  Robinson,  from 
the  43rd  Foot,  to  be  Captain,  vice  Hud- 
son,  who  exchanges,  Jan.  1 1 , 

18th — C.  Dawson,  Gent,  to  be  Ensign 
n.hase,    vice   Thacker  promoted. 

2Mh— Assist.  Burg,  St  John  Killery, 
from  the  st&JF,  to  he  Assist,  Surg,,  viec 
Mackinnou,  appointed  to  the  l*tu\  loot 

42nd — Aj^ifeit.  Surj^.,  W,  A.  Mockili- 
mm,  from  the  2yth  Fout,  to  be  Am&A 
Surg-.,  vice  Thomhill,  appointed  to  the 
7th  Li^ht  Dragoons. 

4Srd— Capt,  J.  Hudson,  from  the  l.^th 
Foot,  to  be  Captain,  vice  Ru  button,  who 
exchange*,  .Inn.   11. 

5Qth— H.  T,  Herchmer,  Gwt,  |o  be 
Ensign  by  purchase,  vice  Wakefield! 
who  retires. 

7«'ih— Lieut.  A.  BaJtrnwahe  to  be 
Captain  by  purchase  vice  Cumberland, 
who  retire*  ;  Ensign  A,  B,  Wright  tu  be 
Ueot,  by  pmehaso,  vice  fcultuianme. 


87th— A.  H,  II  cut.,  to  U 

Ensign  hy  purchase,  vice  Devereux,  pco- 

I     rittitti   tuuno    of 
Lieut,  R 

I    fated    in    ill--   <'<t:r!t>    «>(     March   IS 

Rtfte  Brigade—]  ;>tai»J^ 

B,   B,    Coulson,    from    the     Gr\*uadi« 

Guards,  to  be  Captain,  vice  Grey,  wfc* 

3rd  Weft  India    Uegiruexit  —  Liriit. 
Col  IL  E.  M 
attached,  to  be  J 
who  exchanges  ;  < 
ker,  Bart.,  from    t 
to  be  Captain,  dec  F,    R.    '1 
exchanges  ;  Lieut.    R.     Eck 

in,  hy  purchase,  vine   Sir  W.  Par 
ker,  Bart.j  who  retire*. 

Gold  Coast  Artillery  ( 4oijn*— Emngn 
J,  J.  Matthew  to  be  Lieut,  without  pur- 
chase,  vine  Laaenbyj  |>roiiK$tncJ  t*»  an  L'q 
attached  Company,  without  purvbasc; 
4.i.  Horner,  Gent.,  to  be  Kiuii^n  withoot 
purclmsc,  vice  Mat  hew* 

Hom  istaat 

Surgeon* — J.  D.  Sainter,  I 
Milton,  appointed  to  the  Royal  ArdlUrr 
Slarch  1  ;  E,  G.  Lej  ,  M.  1  ?.",  \  iceBourkc, 
appointed  U>  tht  Royal  Artillery p  Mftrdl 
1  j  E.  C*  Markey,  Geut,  \  ioe  Ho 
pointed  to  the  ICoyal  Artillery, 
1  ;  H.  Crump,  M.  D.,  vice-  Grave*,  if* 
pointed  Uj  the  Royal  Artillery,  Mara 
1  ;  J.  Clarke,  M*  t>.,  vice  Temple,  a|>- 
]xiintetl  to  the  Royal  Artillery,  March  1  i 
W,  Millar,  Cent,,  vice  II 
appointed  to  the  Royal  Artillery.  Marc* 
1  ;  H.  A.  Ci  '  ,   vice  BurLantl, 

appointed  to  the  Royal  ArtUlery,  March 
1  :  K .  ,T.  Parr,  Gent.,  vi  .  Lewi 
pointed  to  the  Royal  Artillery,  Marrii 
1  ;  W.  Orr,  (lent,,  vice  Liuilaay.  ap- 
poiuted  tj  theSiith  Foot*  March,  1  ;  fe. 
rwsonage,  M.  D  .t  vice  Urdg.  appojald 
to  the  23rd  Foot,  March  1 ;  J/\F.  C 
N.  Murjihy,  Gent,,  vice  Pinkerton,  ap- 
pointed tu  tin  Ituval  Artilh  ry,  March  I; 
i  'raft  r,  Gent.,  t|^  ap- 

pointed to  the  75th  Foot,   March  l  -  IL 
S.  E.  Schroeder,  (  Lyncl^  *n- 

{Kfinred  to  tho  12th  Font.  March  1. 


THE  MILITIA  GAZETTE, 
N<>rth  Salopian  Yeomanry  Cavalry— 
Captain  H,   F,   Cust  (late  Captairt  8^ 
1 1  ii!*sjirajtrfi  he  Captain,  vice  W ,  I ! 
doceased  ;  J.  H,  Nichson  Wulfur,j 
to  be   Cornet,  vice  Atcherly,    remimeii. 
IfrnA  is. 
3rd  Kiu^  Own  btallbi  d-rbire—  i 


1859.] 


PBOfcOtloyS  Alri)  APfcOttfTMfcfftS. 


14& 


C.  J.  Webb  to  be  Capt.,  vice  Priaulx, 
resigned ;  Ensign  T.  Donaldson  to  be 
Lieut.,  vice  Webb,  promoted,  March  7. 

Oxfordshire — C.  Leggc,  Gent.,  to  be 
Lieut.,  vice  Lloyd,  retired,  March  16. 

Northumberland  Artillery — H.  St. 
George  Priaulk,  Gent.,  to  be  Captain, 
March  15. 

Forfar  and  Kincardine  Artillery  — 
Captain  C.  Campbell,  to  be  Major,  vice 
L'Amy,  resigned,  Jan.  25. 
[The  following  appointment  is  substituted 
for  that  which  appeared  in  the  Gazette  of 
March  8.] 

Royal  Anglesey — Ensign  W.  K'Kee 
to  be  Lieut,  Oct.  21,  1858. 
[The  following  appointment  is  substituted 
for  that  which  appeared  in  the  Gazette  of 
March  18.] 

Royal  South  Gloucester  Light  Infantry 
— J.  M.  Bernado,  Gent.,  to  be  Ensign, 
March  12. 

~  Prince  Albert's  Own  Leicestershire 
Volunteer  Cavalry — Her  Majesty  has 
been  pleased  to  accept  of  the  resigna- 
tion by  ,  Lieut.  R.  Gough,  of  the  commis- 
sion which  he  holds  in  the  above  Regiment. 

Warwickshire — 2nd  Regiment — R.  D. 
Knight,  Esq.,  to  be  Adjutant,  vice  Capt. 
And  Adjntant  Mackenzie,  resigned,  Dec. 

is. : 

Warwickshire — 1st  Regiment— S.  G. 
A.  Thursby,  late  Captain  1st  Royals,  to 
be  Captain,  vice  Wanchope,  resigned  ; 
March  15  ;  H.  S.  B.  Watson,  Gent.,  to 
be  Captain,  vice  N.  Porter,  resigned, 
March  19. 

2nd  Regiment  —  Adjutant  R.  D. 
Knight  to  serve  with  the  rank  of  Capt. 
Jan.  17. 

3rd  West  York— Ensign  J.  II.  Palmer 
to  be  Lieut.,  vice  Thunder,  resigned  ;  T 
W.  Lambert,  Gent.,  to  be  Ensign,  vice 
Murray,  resigned  March  17.  Memo- 
randum—  Lieut.  W.  Armit  has  been 
removed  from  the  strength  of  this  Regi- 
ment. 

Oxfordshire — E.  Ramsay,  Gent.,  to 
be  Ensign,  vice  Perry,  promoted  ;  T.  R. 
Brown,  gent,,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Arney, 
promoted,  March  18. 

Huntingdonshire  —  H.  J.  Thornhill, 
gent.,  to  be  Captain ;  W.  W.  Goldicutt, 
gent.,  to  be  First  Lieutenant,  March  21. 

Hampshire  Artillery — W.  A.  Harri- 
son, B.A.,  to  be  Assistant  Surgeon,  Feb. 
26. 
[This   Appointment   is  substituted   for 

that  which    appeared  in  the  Gazette 

of  September  7,  1858.] 

Royal  Carnarvonshire  —  Major  J. 
MacDonald,  late  Lieutenant  Colonel  of 
Her  Majesty's  5th  Regiment  of  Foot, 


to  be  Lieutenant  Colonel  Commandant 
(as  of  and  from  the  28th  day  of  August); 
vice  the  Hon.  E.  G.  D.  Pennant,  re- 
signed, but  who  retains  the  honorary 
rank  of  Colonel,  Sept.  4. 

WAR  OFFICE,  April  1. 

(The  following  Commissions  to  bear  date 
Apt-ill.) 

Royal  Horse  Guards — Lieut.  W.  W* 
Hartopp  to  be  Captain  by  purchase,  vice 
Sir  B.  P.  Henniker,  Bart.,  who  retires; 
Cornet  M.  B.  B.  Adderley  to  be  Lieu- 
tenant by  purchase,  vice  Hartopp;  J. 
R.  H.  Maxwell,  gent.,  to  be  Cornet  by 
purchase,  vice  Adderly. 

3rd  Dragoon  Guards — Major  F.  B. 
Barron  to  be  Lieutenant  Colonel  by  pur- 
chase, vice  Brevet  Colonel  Dywrn,  who 
retires ;  Captain  F.  Chaplin  to  be  Major 
by  purchase,  vice  Barron. 

Scots  Fusilier  Guards— The  Christian 
name  of  Ensign  and  Lieut.  Ram,  are 
Stephen  James,  and  not  James  Stephen, 
as  stated  in  Gazette  of  18th  March. 

4th— H.  J.  M.  Williams,  Gent.,  to 
be  Ensign  without  purchase. 

6th — Ensign  H.  Mahony,  from  the 
Kerry  Militia,  to  be  Ensign  without  pur- 
chase, vice  O.  Robinson,  superseded,  be- 
ing absent  without  leave. 

7th— Ensign  C.  H.  Kcmpeon  to  be 
Lieutenant  by  purchase,  vice  Rumbold, 
who  retires. 

•  8th— T.  H.  Skinner,  gent.,  to  be  En- 
sign by  purchase,  vice  Wheeley,  pro- 
moted ;  Ensign  W.  J.  Waison  to  be  In- 
structor of  Musketry,  Feb.  17. 

10th— R.  M.Dickinson,  Gent.,  to  be 
Ensign  without  purchase,  vice  Phillips, 
promoted  ;  S.  F.  Poole,  gent.,  to  be 
Ensign  without  purchase ,  vice  Brouncker, 
appointed  to  the  24th  Foot. 

11th — Brevet  Lieutenant  Colonel  E. 
Moore  to  be  Lieutenant  Colonel  without 
purchase,  vice  Brevet  Colonel  H.  K. 
Bloomfield,  who  retires  upon  Half  Pay  ; 
Captain  T.  Peebles  to  be  Major  without 
purchase,  vice  Moore. 

15th— Lieut.  W.  G.  Hawkins  to  be 
Captain  without  purchase,  vice  Fry,  de- 
ceased ;  Ensign  D.  D.  Cartwright  to  be 
Lieutenant  without  purchase,  vice  Haw- 
kins, March  23;  Serjeant  Major  J. 
McMurray  to  be  Ensign  without  pur- 
chase, vice  Cartwright. 

17th — Lieut.  C  Graeme  Grant  to  be 
Captain  without  purchase,  [vice  Walton , 
deceased;  Ensign  Robert  G.  W.  Wrench 
to  be  Lieutenant  without  purchase  Nr«fc 
Grant,  Jan.  30. 


ito 


PBOfcOTXOVS  AVB  AtrOTXTMIWT*. 


[ITa. 


22nd— Locus  B.  G.  Vaughan,  gent, 
to  be  Emign  without  purchase. 

28rd— Lieut.  J.  De  vie  Tupper  to  be 
Captain  by  purchase,  vice  Gihnore  who 
retires;  H.  F.  Hutton,  gent.,  to  be  En- 
sign without  purchase,  vice  Gerard, 
promoted. 

24th— H.  A.  Harrison,  geai,  to  be 
Ensign  without  purchase,  vice  O'Ma- 
hony,  promoted* 

38th— Captain  W,  D.  W.  R.  Thack- 
well,  from  the  39th  Foot,  to  be  Captain, 
vice  Brevet  Major  A.  C.  Snodgrass, 
who  exchanges. 

39th— Brevet  Major  A.  C.  Snodgraas, 
from  the  38th  Foot,  to  be  Captain,  vice 
Thackwell,  who  exchanges. 

51st— Lieut.  C  J.  Hughes  to  be  Cap- 
tain by  purchase,  vice  Mitford,  who 
retires  ;  Ensign  R.  N.  Cobb  to  be  Lieut, 
by  purchase,  vice  Hughes. 

62nd — The  Christian  name  of  Captain 
Hunter  is  Edward  only,  and  not  Edward 
Henry,  as  hitherto  stated. 

69th— Ensign  G.  E.  Brace  to  be  In- 
structor of  Musketry,  vice  Bulger,  pro- 
moted in  the  10th  Foot,  March  4. 

71st— Lieut.  J.  C.  H.  P.  Callen  to  be 
Captain,  by  purchase,  vice  Denny,  who 
retires  ;  Ensign  J.  II.  Leslie  to  be  lieu- 
tenant, by  purchase,  vice  Callen. 

73rd— Ensign  J.  T.  Turner  to  be  In- 
structor of  Musketry,  Feb.  26. 

78th— Lieutenant  K.  C.  C.  Graham, 
from  the  80th  Foot,  to  be  Lieut.,  vioe 
Ewing,  who  exchanges. 

80th— Lieut.  A.  Ewing,  from  the  78th 
Foot,  to  be  Lieutenant,  vice  Graham, 
who  exchanges. 

85th -G.  K.  S.  Kamsbottom,  gent,  to 
be  Ensign  by  purchase. 

94th— Lieutenant  W.  P.  Gaskell  to 
be  Captain  by  purchase,  vice  Buchanan, 
who  has  retired. 

96th— Lieut.  G.  K.  Hallett  to  be  Cap- 
tain by  purchase,  vice  Lowry,  who  re- 
tires; Ensign  J.  Morrison  ICirkwood 
to  be  Lieutenant  by  purchase,  vice 
Hallett. 

Rifle  Brigade  —  Serjeant  Major  C. 
Johnston  to  be  Ensign  without  pur- 
chase. 

3rd  West  India  Regiment — Ensign  J. 
Moore  to  be  Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice 
Landon,  who  has  retired. 

Koyal  Canadian  Rifle  Regiment — En- 
sign E.  C.  Wilford  to  be  Instructor  of 
Musketry,  Feb.  23. 

Cavalry  Depot  —  Comet  E.  Pul- 
ley ne,  of  the  8th  Light  Dragoons,  to  be 
Instructor  of  Musketry,  Feb.  15. 

Recruiting   District— Brevet  Col. 


J.  Frankly*,  Eroo  th*  S4th  Foot,  to  U 
In*  luting  Weld  Oil  Nfa*r|ijfn*n, 

prouu>L<":l  to  tlir  rank  of  jffs^jot  OenssL 

JJm  \l     Jlnnl'JTAI.    1  ! 

AflwpUtit  Sm«*)P*qu  iot  from 

4th  Li .  :  i    I  toagoafe*,  to  I 

and    Surgeon*  with   ibe  loofel    ru 

Staff  Surgeon,  vioe Dr.  Maeaulav,  Aw 

13, 

FtrnTWKMi**    Startr.  —   Pmmiurt 
Clerk  of  the  First  Claws,  K.  * 
be  Purveyor  tn  tho  Force*, 
deceased* 

CftAFLAlK^    Dc:l'ABTvisnvT. 
Chaplains  of  the  Fourth  CU*»,  th<j 
F.  J.  Abbot,  the  Be*.  M,  CvilfW  tne  Ret- 
T.  Molony,   the   Re*.    J.   O'FUbcrtt, 
the  Rev,  J.  MeBwectiRY*    the   Rev*  * 
OT>wyer,  the  Re*.  W.  *l.  Morfoy,  the 
He  v.    It,    Shepherd*    ll  .'.Ha- 

mil  ton,  the    Ret,  J.    K    ttrowtu?,   0* 
Rev,  T,  Coghlan,  the  Rev.  O.  Morgan. 
the  Kcv,  E   Butler,  ti- 
the Rev.  J.  Carey,  the  Ucv.  R,  BUkV. 

BriK\ hi-:T— Captain  T.  Rattray,  of  tie 
64th   Bengal    Native    Infantry, 
Major  in  the  Araiy. 


T,    <*  br 


it-,  «o    U 

promote! 

&**>,  to 

Montgo- 
avaltj  — 


THE  MILITIA    GAZETTE. 

Fiiooe  Albert's    Own   Xjciocatcrahir* 
Yeomanry  Cavalry — Cornet    D,  &  1\t* 
kins  to  bo  Liuufc,  vice  Gondii,  rosi 
R.  P.  Apthorp,  late  Captain  1 4  th  Light 
Dragoons  to  be  Cornet,  vice  Story,  pro 
mot<  J  ;   A.  C   Johnson,  goot.j  to    I 
Cornet,  vice  F.  H.  Beaumont,  promoted, 

Worcestershire— G.  Garde, 
be  Ensign. 

Royal   Ayralilre   Rifle»— 
merit.',  M.D.,  to  bo  Surgeon, 

W&t    Kent    Yeomanry    Cav 
Lieutenant  Oswald  Augustus  bout 
be  Captain,  vice  Serena,  deceased ; 
not  Charloa  LawriCj  to  be  laeut^ 
Smith,  promoted  ;  Richard  B&nyun 
ren      pent. j  to  be  Comet,  vieu  i 
promoted, 

Weat  Kent  Light  Infanta 
A'Courfc  Webb,  gent,,  to  be  J 
vice*    Thompson,    iiesigned ; 
Barnard,  gent.,  to  be  Lieutenant*  ' 
Hodges,  resigned. 

3rd  King's  Own  Staffordshire X 

Donaldeon,  ^ent,,  to  be  Ensign, 

Forfar  and  Kincardine  Ar  title. 
Second  Lieut*  Augustus  Walter  Ci 
shan L r  to  boFiratLicukiinit,  vice  < 
Clcrvaux  Chaytor,  ^oiuottkJ. 

City  of   Edinburgh  ArtiUerr-i-t 
Lieut.  Herbert  Jones  HuflbaL  1 


1859.] 


PROMOTIONS  AJTD  AJPOHTlTtBWTS. 


in 


Captain,  vice  Home,  struck  off  the 
strength  of  the  establishment ;  First 
Lieut.  George  Roland,  junior,  to  be 
Captain,  vice  Fraser,  resigned  ;  Second 
Lieut.  Robert  Nicol,  to  be  First  Lieut., 
vice  Hughes,  promoted  ;  George  Finlay, 
gent.,  to  be  First  Lieut.,  vice  Roland, 
promoted;  George  Bowman,  gent.,  to 
be  Second  Lieut.,  \Ice  Bruce,  resigned. 

WAR  OFFICE,  April  5. 

f 'The  following  Commissions  bear  date 
April  1,  1859.) 

Royal   Artillery — Lieutenant   J.    L» 
Clarke  to  be  Second  Captain. 

Royal  Engineers — Captain  and  Brevet 
Lieutenant  Colonel  C.  D.  Robertson  to 
be  Lieutenant  Colonel,  vice  Brevet 
Colonel  James,  placed  upon  the  Super- 
numerary List ;  Captain  and  Brevet 
Major  C.  Fanshawe  to  be  Lieutenant 
Colonel,  vice  Brevet  Colonel  Yorke, 
placed  upon  the  Supernumerary  List  , 
Captain  and  Brevet  Colonel  F.  E. 
Chapman,  C  B.,  to  be  Lieutenant  Colonel, 
vice  Bainbrigge,  placed  upon  the  Super- 
numerary List ;  Second  Captain  E.  Bel- 
field  to  be  Captain,  vice  Robertson; 
Second  Captain  the  Hon.  G.  Wrottesley 
to  be  Captain,  vice  Fanshawe  ;  Second 
Captain  and  Brevet  Major  E.  C.  A. 
Gordon,  on  the  Seconded  List,  to  be 
Captain  ;  Second  Captain  and  Brevet 
Major  W.  Porter  to  be  Captain,  vice 
Chapman  ;  Second  Captain  J.  J.  Wilson 
to  be  Captain,  vice  Brevet  Major  Gibb, 
placed  upon  the  Supernumerary  List ; 
Second  Captain  J.  H.  Smith  to  be 
Captain,  vice  Binney,  placed  upon  the 
Supernumerary  List ;  Second  Captain 
A.  R.  V.  Crease  to  be  Captain,  vice 
Brevet  Major  Cook,  placed  upon  the 
Supernumerary  List ;  Second  Captain 
E.  M.  Grain  to  be  Captain,  vice  Hutch- 
inson, placed  upon  the  Supornumerary 
List ;  Second  Captain  A.  M.  Lochner 
to  be  Captain,  vice  J.  G.  Jervois,  placed 
upon  the  Supernumerary  List ;  Second 
Captain  and  Brevet  Major  P.  Ravenhill 
to  be  Captain,  vice  Chesney,  placed  upon 
the  Supernumerary  List ;  Second  Captain 
H.  T.  Siborne  to  be  Captain,  vice  J.  J. 
Wilson,  placed  u{K>n  the  Supernumerary 
List ;  Lieutenant  F.  E.  Pratt  to  be 
Second  Captain,  vice  Belfield ;  Lieut. 
A.  G.  Goodall  to  be  Second  Captain, 
vice  Wrottesley  ;  Lieutenant  J.  M.  C. 
Drake  to  be*  Second  Captain,  vice  Porter; 
Lieutenant  E.  R.  James  to  be  Second 
Captain,  vice  Wilson ;  Lieutenant  W. 
Bailey  to  be  Second  Captain,  vice  Smith ; 


Lieutenant  F.  E.  B.  Beaumont  to  be 
Second  Captain,  vice  Crease;  Lieutenant 

C.  G.  Gordon  to  be  Second  Captain, 
vice  Grain  ;  Lieutenant  0.  H.  Stokes  to 
be  Second  Captain,  vice  Lochner  ;  lieu- 
tenant J.  B.  Edwards  to  be  Second 
Captain,  vice  Ravenhill  ;  Lieut.  J.   F. 

D.  Donelly  to  be  Second  Captain,  vice 
Siborne  ;  Lieutenant  J.  E.  Comes  to  be 
Second  Captain,  vice  Farrell,  placed 
upon  the  Supernumeraiy  List;  Lieut. 
Alexander  de  Courcy  Scott  to  be  Second 
Captain,  vice  Phillips,  placed  upon  thO 
Supernumerary  List. 


WAR  OFFICE,  April  8. 

1st  Life  Guards—Lieut,  the  Hon.  R* 
W.  Grosvenor  to  be  Captain  by  pur- 
chase, vice  de  Winton,  who  retires ; 
Cornet  and  Sub.  Lieutenant  the  Hon* 
W.  H.  J.  North  to  be  Lieut,  by  pur- 
chase, vice  Grosvenor,  April  8. 

1st  Dragoon  Guards — Ridingmaster 
G.  Rayment,  from  the  15th  Light  Dra- 
goons, to  be  Ridingmaster,  vice  Noake, 
who  exchanges,  April  8. 

7th  Dragoon  Guards — Lieut.  J.  R# 
Welstead  to  be  Captain  by  purchase, 
vice  Costello,  who  retires;  Cornet  R. 
S.  Cleland  to  be  Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice 
Welstead,  April  8. 

15  th  Light  Dragoons — Ridingmaster 
M.  Noakes,  from  the  1st  Dragoon 
Guards,  to  be  Ridingmaster,  vice  Ray- 
ment, who  exchanges,  April  8. 

Royal  Artillery — To  be  Second  Cap- 
tains— Lieutenant  H.  Thornhill,  Lieut. 
A.  T.  G.  Pearse,  Lieut.  T.  P.  Carey, 
Lieut.  W.  F.  Walker,  Lieut.  G.  J. 
Shakerley,  Lieut.  H.  J.  Alderson,  Lieut. 
A.  H.  Hutchinson,  Lieut.  F.  G.  Raven- 
hill, Lieut.  T.  H.  Pitt,  on  the  Seconded 
List  ;  Lieut.  F.  L.  H.  Lyon,  April  1. 
Liout.  A.  P.  Joy  has  been  allowed  to 
resign  his  Commission,  Jan.  31.  Tae 
undermentioned  Gentlemen  Cadets  to  be 
Lieuts^  viz. : — J.  Sladen,  S.  P.  Oliver, 
C.  S.  Harvey,  R.  H.  Robertson,  A.  J. 
Cullen,  J.  T.  M.  Loughman,  O.  F. 
Layton,  C.  F.  Dixon,  R.  B.  Butt,  W.' 
M.  Glasgow,  April  1.  To  be  Riding* 
master — Serjeant  Major  W.  Donald, 
April  1. 

Royal  Engineers — The  undermen- 
tioned Gentleman  Cadets  to  be  Lieut, 
with  temporary  rank,  viz. : — J.  C.  Ar- 
dagh,  J.  J.  J.  Robertson,  W.  E.  Peck, 
E.  Stephens,  C.  J.  Russell,  J,  M.  Mor- 
gan, April  1. 


152 


OTTOKS   AXT>   APF0T7Tr1*TNTB. 


lfith  Foot— Quartermaster  J.  Di 
from   the.    Sftfd    Foot,   to  be   Quarter - 
master,  vice  U'JVmiiell.  who  excaa] 
Jan.  2fi. 

12tli — Li  :u1  Gk  de  I.  Kn.v  te  ba  Iti- 
structor  of  .\  1 1  *rcli  *28t  .  \ 

Surg,  J.  W,  0.  K.  Murphy,  from  the 
SHftff,  |q  be  Arnui  Burg  .  rfarcl  I 

13th— Ensign  W.  Moffet  to  be  Usui. 
w  ithou  t  purcl  iaae,  vice  Tu  i  •  t  ■  i  ]  le  ,  ■  Le  l  eaaed , 
Jul  SO.  The  appomtDMOil  of  Come* 
J*  Landrey,  from  half pay  of  the  late 
Land  Transport  Corps,  to  be  Quarter  - 
master,  as  stated  m  the  fiazith  of  5  th 
Feb.,  1858,  has  been  cancelled,  Lieut, 
J,  Landrey,  from  Hall  Pay  Unattached, 
to  be  Quartermaster;  Feb,  1858, 

J4th^-Tbe  amwintmeut  of  Conmt  J. 
Spry,  from  Half  Pay  of  the  late  Land 
Transport  Corps,  to  be  Quartermaster, 
as  utated  in  the  Gazette  of  81st  lv.r.t 
1857*  has  been  cancelled  ;  Unit.  J* 
Spry,  from  Half  Pay  Unattached,  to  bo 
Quartermaster,  Dec,  31 ,  1857, 

17th— The  appointment  i*f  Cornet  J. 
Falkner,  from  Half  Pay  of  the  late  Land 
Transport  Uorpft.  to  be  Quartermaster, 
as  stated  in  the  Gazette  of  26th  March, 

J&oS,    has   been   cancelled ;   Lieut.  J. 
'alkner,  from  Half  Pay  Unattached,  to 
be  Quarte  miaater,  March  26,  in:*?. 

ISth— Aseiat,  Surg.  H.  A.  Coghlan, 
from  the  BtaiY,  to  he  AnnUl.  ^urg.t 
March  1. 

20th—  Assist.  Surg.  I L  Crump,  M.D., 
from  the   Staff,  to  be   Asaist 
March  1. 

21  lit—  AsBiht,  Surg.  E<  G,  Ley,  M.D., 
from  the  Staft)  to  be  Assist,  Surg,, 
March  1. 

■J2nd  -Captain  W.  T.  Hiekman,  from 
the  50th  Foot,  to  ho  Captain,  nee  Ellw, 
who  exchange^ t  April  8, 

ffird — Qoartcrmftttar  fcL  t'l Bunnell, 
from  the  10th  ["'out,  to  he  Quartermaster, 
\ice  Darket,  who  exchange*,  Jan.  20. 

mh— Ciipt.  8.  M.  Clarke,  from  the 
QHrd  Foot,  to  bo  Captain,  vice  Lcvinge, 
who  e.vchiingcs,  Feb.  2, 

38th— Brevet  Major  B.  Walton,  from 
the  53rd  Foot,  to  be  Cant,,  vice  tioickie, 
who  Withapgwii  April 

B.  R,  Eflia,  from  the 
Smd  Foot,  to  be  Capt.,  vice  Hickman, 
Who  exchanges,  April  8, 

S  3rd— Captain  S.  0.  Quick?,  J  Vein  the 
SSth  Foot,  to  be  Captain,  vice  Walton, 
who  exchanges,  April  8. 

55th — Eiisimi  and  Adjutant  T.  Dunn 
to  hare  the  rank  of  Lieut  :  Entign  W. 
M.  Frobfahcr  to  be  Lieut,  without  pur- 
chase, vice  Hebecdeu,  deceased,  March 
28, 


: 

Q.   D,  Grii  >»'  Ensign  ' 

pnrchaie,  riot  P 

>  BeEnMgn 
without    pur  super- 

April  Bi 

■ 

to  be    Maj*u-  without  t>urehae« 
Brevet  Lieut.   CoL  T»mh 
Lieut.  A.  BalUmu 
out  purchase,  vice  Mul-  I 

nigpis  A.  W.  Croaer,  to  be  L 
out  purchase,  vice  M«    Belt,    «l 
.ran.  12.     Ensign  A.  B.  Wright. 
Lieut,     without    purchajsev    ^ioi 
maiaho,  Feb.  t)  ;  Euaigu  B 
from  the   loth  Foot,  to  be  Enrign,  tv* 
Cfowr,  April  8. 

Ttfth— Lhmt.  W.  Monro,  from  thel«t 
West  York  Militia,  to  be  Ensi^ 
o\it  purchase,  vice  Beaehy.  | 
]  3th  Foot,  April 

i  — Lieut.  C  Spencer,  to  be  Adjt, 
resigns  the  Adjutoncj 
only,  Jan.  80. 

yoth — Paymaster  T.  Caasidy,   I 
Depot  Battalion,  to  be  Paymat-t 
Williams,  who  exchanges,  April 

93rd— Captain  C.  H.  Lex'in^e, 
the  j:>th  Foot*  to  he  Capt,  vice  " 
who  exchange!,  Fek  2, 

Olith—  Captain    N.    ChieL 
Paymaster  7th  Dragoon  Guards,  to  he 
Captain,  vice  Johnston,  oecondud,  having 
lietm  appointed  Permanent  ls»**tn 
hool  of  Musketry  ;  Lieut 
CUtrkion,  to  be  Captain   by    pu 
>ice  Chichester,  who  retires,  ^Vpril  8, 

2nd  West  Indian  Regiment- 
J.  L.  Byrne,  to  be  Captain  without  p 
chase,    vice  Brevet    Major     Andera 
decease^l ;  Ensign  E,  McMahon  ! 
to    l>e    Lieut,    without    piu-clia^e, 
Bynie,  Jan.  1  "k 

'3rd  West  Indian    Regiment — Ai 
ant  Surgertii  W,  D,  Corbery,   from 
Staff,    to   he    Asr-Litant    Surgeon^ 
Moore,  appointed  to  tlu>  Staff,  April 

Royal    Canadian    Rifle    Regiment. 
Ensign  E,  WTiyto,  to  be  Lieuteimnt 
purcliase,     vice    Onion,     who 
April  !>. 

Dr,r<>T     Battaui  .  v  —  I V  yinaatcr 
WUliama,  from  the  fiOth    Fool 
Paymaster,  vice  Caseidy,  wh- 
April  8. 

The   anpoiutmont   of   Cornet 
Brooks,  from  Half  Pay  of  the  late  I*a»d 
Transport  Corps,  to  be  t  }\x  .irttiimiBli 


• 


1859.] 


PBOttOCTOKS  AKD  APPOINTMENTS. 


153 


as  stated  ;n  the   Gazette  of  the  30th 
July,  1858,  has  been  cancelled. 

Lieutenant  R.  P.  Brooks,  from  Half 
Pay  Unattached,  to  be  Quartermaster, 
July  30. 

Unattached.— Brevet  Colonel  J.  K. 
Pipon,  from  Half  Pay,  as  Captain,  68th 
Foot  (Assistant  Adjutant  General  at 
Head  Quarters),  to  be  Major  without 
purchase,  April  8. 
( Hie  following    Commissions   bear  date 

April  1,1857.;  > 

To  be  Majors  without  purchase — 
Brevet  Major  C.  R.  Shervington,  from 
the  Military  Train  ;  Captain  P.  J.  Mac* 
donald,  from  the  Military  Train  ;  Capt. 
R.  Daunt,  from  9th  Foot  ;  Capt.  J.  S. 
F.  Dick,  from  the  Military  Train;  Capt. 
H.  J.  Buchanan,  from  Adjutant  of  a 
Depot  Battalion. 

To  be  Captain  without  purchase — 
Lieut.  T.  Grace,  from  57th  Foot. 

To  be  Lieutenants  without  purchase 
— Cornet  R.  Crowe,  from  Half  Pay  of 
the  late  Land  Transport  Corps  ;  Cornet 
B.  M.  Hallowes,  from  Half  Pay'  of  the 
late  Land  Transport  Corps  ;  Cornet  J. 
Malley,  from  Half  Pay  of  the  late 
Land  Transport  Corps  ;  Cornet  J.  Spry, 
from  Half  Pay  of  the  late  Land  Trans- 
port Corps;  Cornet  J.  Falkner,  from 
Half  Pay  of  the  late  Land  Transport 
Corps;  Cornet  J.  Landrey,  from  Half 
Pay  of  the  late  Land  Transport  Corps ; 
Cornet  W.  Mcintosh,  from  Half  Pay 
of  the  late  Land  Transport  Corps;  Cor- 
net W.  Talbot,  from  Half  Pay  of  the 
late  Land  Transport  Corps  ;  Cornet  R. 
P.  Brooks,  from  Half  Pay  of  the  late 
Land  Transport  Corps  ;  Cornet  J.  H. 
Kean,  from  Half  Pay  of  the  late  Land 
Transport  Corps;  Cornet  H.  Clarke, 
from  Half  Pay  of  the  late  Land  Trans- 
port Corps. 

Hospital  Staff. — Deputy  Inspector 
General  of  Hospitals,  T.  G.  Logan, 
M.D.,  to  be  Inspector  General  of  Hospi- 
tals, April  S.  Assistant  Surgeon,  T.  G, 
Fitzgerald  to  be  Surgeon,  April  8.  As- 
sistant Surgeon  F.  W.  Moore,  from  the 
3rd  West  India  Regiment,  to  be  As- 
sistant Surgeon,  vice  Murphy,  appointed 
to  the  12th  Foot,  April  8. 

Brevet. — Major  General  R.  H.  Wyn- 
yard  to  have  the  local  rank  of  Lieut.  - 
General  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
April  8.  Lieut. -Colonel  T.  A.  Larconi, 
of  the  Royal  Engineers,  having  com- 
pleted three  years'  service  in  that  rank 
previous  io  the  date  of  ihe  Royal  War- 
rant of  3rd  November,  1854,  February 
17,  1857.    Brevet  Colonel  T.  A.  Lar- 


com,  Retired  Full  Pay  Royal  En- 
gineers, to  be  Major  General,  the  rank 
being  honorary  only.  April  1,  1858. 
Captain  R.  B.  McCrea  to  be  Major  "i 
the  Army,  April  8. 

The  following  promotions  to  take 
place  consequent  on  the  death  of  Major 
General  J.  Reed,  on  24th  March,  1859, 
and  of  General  F.  C.  White,  on  1st 
April,  1859  :— • 

Lieutenant  General  II.  C.  E.  Vernon, 
C.B.,  to  be  General,  April  2. 

Major  General  Sir  J.  R.  Eustace,  to 
be  Lieutenant  General,  April  12. 

Brevet  Colonel  D.  A.  Cameron,  C.B., 
Half  Pay  as  Lieutenant  Colonel  42nd 
Foot,  Vice  President  of  the  Comic-''  of 
Education,  to  be  Major  General,  March 
25. 

Brevet  Colonel  T.  Mathcson,  upon 
Half  Pay  as  Lieut.  Col.  Unattached,  to 
be  Major  Gen.,  April  2t 

Brevet  Lieut.  Colonel  J.  Impett,  74th 
Foot,  to  be  Colonel,  March  25. 

Brevet  Lieut.  Colonel  G.  W.  Mayow, 
upon  Ha'f  Pay  as  Major  Unattached, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General  in  South 
Eastern  Dist.  of  Ireland,  to  be  Colonel, 
April  2. 

Brevet  Major  T.  B.  Mortimer,  76th 
Foot,  to  be  Lieut.  Col.,  March  25. 

Major  R.  M.  Sutherland,  22nd  Foot, 
to  be  Lieut.  Col.,  April  2. 

Captain  C.  Pattison,  Half  Pay  56th 
Foot,  Staff  Officer  of  Pensioners,  to  be 
Major,  March  25. 

Captain  J.  E.  Sharp,  Half  Pay,  1st 
Foot,  Staff  Officer  of  Pensioners,  to  be 
Major,  April  2. 

THE  MILITIA  GAZETTE. 

East  Kent— R.  M.  Nicols,  Esq.,  late 
Captain  in  the  65th  Regiment  of  Foot, 
to  be  Paymaster  from  the  3rd  February, 
1859,  vice  Atkinson,  appointed  to  the 
2l8t  Fusileers,  March  14. 

Royal  Lancashire  Artillery  —  First 
Lieutenant  J.  Sothern,  to  be  Captain, 
vice  C.  B.  Molyneaux,  resigned ;  Second 
Lieutenant  D.  G.  Atchison,  to  be  First 
Lieutenant,  vice  J.  Sothern,  promoted  ; 
T.  Christie,  gent.,  to  be  Second  Lieu- 
tenant,  vice  G.  J.  Wilson,  resigned, 
March  26. 

Royal  Aberdeenshire  Highlanders — 
Lieutenant  R.  Macfarlane,  to  be  Cap- 
tain, vice  A.  Garden,  removed  from  the 
strength  of  the  Regiment,  March  28. 

Durham  Artillery — O.  Pelly,  gent.,  to 
be  Captain,  vice  G.  J.  Scvrfield,  re- 
signed ;  F.  Blacklin,  gent.,  to  be  Se/xuuk 
Lieutenant,  March.  &\. 


PBOMOTTOtfS   A1TO   APFOnmrEKT3. 


(The  following  appointment 

tUted  for  that  which  appealed  in  the 
',  of  the  251th  Maivh  Usi) 
ij  Ayrshire  RWet— J.  BfonlttO- 

,„.,-;,',  a,  Mar,  25 

North   Hiding  of    Yorkshire— E,  IK 
urtmi,  Esq.,  to  be  Deputy  Lieutenant, 
Aprils, 

2nd  Hegiment  of  Royal   Bucks 
numry  Cavalry — GuttK  r  Ilib- 

to    be   lieutenant,  vice   Parker, 
ne<L 
th    Salopian   Ttegiment   of    \  I •■- 
r  Cavalry—  Lieut  St.  John  W,  0. 
rfton,to  be  Captain,  vice  Lord  Fo- 
rcstgn&d  \  Gbw*ei  W.  Curtis  to 
i  Lieutenant,  vice  Charlton,  pmmii  bed 
April  5. 


WAR .  Q)"TI«%K,A*iULlfi. 

(Tke  fvllvfcittg  Gniimi&gitmi  bcttr  date 
I  15,  J 

2nd  Regiment  of  Dragoon  Guards— 
it  1 1.   T*   Gough,  from  the  12th 
Light  Dragoons,   to    be    C.':ipt:iiri,  vice 
King,  who  exchanges. 

\a<j -hi  Dragoons — Liout.  11,  J .  M. 
St.  Gtafge,  from  the  04th  foot,  to  lie 
Lieut.,  ]Jaying  the  difference  between 
Li  fan  try  and  Cavalry,  vice  Tec  van,  who 
i.  changes. 

lSth  light  Dragoons— C.4  tain  W,  W, 
King,  from  the  2nd  Dragoon  Guards, 
to  be    Captain,    Tfoe  Gough,  w3j- 
changes. 

Military  Train— Captain  W,  Banks, 
from  Half  Pay  of  the  late  Land  Trans- 
ioit  Chirps,  to  be  Captain,  vice 
L*njJd,  promoted  to  an  Unatt 
Majority,  without  purchase  j  Captain  C. 
F.  Hntton,  from  Half  Pay  o!  the  Into 
Land  TraflBport  Corps,  to  be  Capi,  vice 
Brevet  Major  Shervintou,  promoted  to 
an  Unattached  Majority,  without  pur- 
Lieut.  G.Hall,  from  Half  Tay  late 
Land  Transport  Corps,  to  be  Lieut,  vise 
Banks,  wbo  reverts  to  the  Half  Pay  of 
hk  former  rank  of  Captain  in  that  Corps 
Eresn  the  lnt  April,  1857  \  Lieut.  G. 
Edwards,  from  llulf  Pay  of  the  late 
'  >rpsp  to  be  Lieut.,  vice 
ilu tton,  who  reverts  to  the  Half  Pay  of 
his  former  rank  of  Scorn,! 
that  Corps  from  the  let  April,  \W\ 
April  8. 

Uth  Foot — Captain  j,  Mottoy,  from 
Half  Pay  Unattached,  to  be  Captain, 
repayingtliedilfcrence,  vice  Brevet  Major 
A.  6,  Hcott,  seconded,  having  been 
appointed  District  Inspector  of  Mus- 


S 


krtry  at  the  Cape  of  Hood  Hope  ;  lieni 
II.  r.  Vibart,  to  b 

1. 
1  lth  cnkSSk 

from  the  IttHb  Foot 

Dickinson,  who  exdmnges,  Feb.  11. 

15th— Lieutenant  W~.  K.   I 
Captain    by  purchase,  nnlifs*t< 

tires. 

3Mh—  Lieut,    A.  F,  Kelaey,   to  t» 
nt,  vice  C,  D.  James,  who  reaagaf 
I  he  Adjutancy  only, 

—Ensign  E.  J.  Armytage,  frm 
the   Kifle  Brigade,  to  be  Euai*: 
who  exchanges* 

41st— Lieut.  H.  8,  Hill,  U*  be  Cap! 
without  purchase,  vice  oeasfd; 

Ensign  ft.  Sadler,  to  bo  Lieut,  withoirf 
purchase,  fiee  Hill,  Feb,  15, 

52nd— Lieut  A.  Henley,  [to  bo  Qspl 
by  purchase,  vice  Brevet  Major  Bay  ley, 
who  retires  ;  Ensign  R.  G,  Will*afon\\ 
to  be  Lir  lit.  by  purchase,  vice  Henley. 

filth— Lieut.  D.  Gardiner,  to  lie  Io- 
atruetarbf  Musketry,  Man  I 

70th — For  Lieut.   A.    SuHu inrolic.  U» 

be  Lieut.,   kc.  t   whlAi  Appeared  in  thr 

of   Stli  April,   1B50,  read    Lkuv, 

Arthur  tinltmarshc,  to  be  C  'apt.  withost 

purchase,  vice  Afulock,  V*  b,  ft, 

Tirnl— Lieut.  C.  C,  W.  Vesey,  to  be 
Captain  by  purchase,  vice*  Bucdiaooa, 
who  retires  ;  Ensign  J ,  D.  Stewart,  Id 
be  Lieut,  by  purchase,  viee  Veacy. 

74  th— Ensign  W.  H.  Buerc,  from  the 
12  th  Foot,  to  be  Ensign,  >ice  \;< 
deoeased. 

84th— The  appointment  of 
La  Presle,  from  the  Staff,  a*  i 
the  Gazette  of  31  at  Dec.  lo5S,  ! 
cancelled, 

86th— Lieut.  G.  A,  Convan 
permitted  to  r»  tire  from  the 
the  sale  of  his  commi^eion, 

94th — Lieut.  G.  J,  Teeyan,   from  the 
3rd  Light  Dragoons  to  be  Lion. 
St.  Gci>rgep  who  exchange, 

&6th— Ensign  C-  E.    Wright,   to  he 
Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice  LL  I , 
who  retires, 

90th.— Capt.  W.  S,  Dickinson,  from 
the  1 1  th  Foot,  to  be  Capt,,  vice  1 1 
hill,  who  exchaogts,  Feb,  11. 

Rifle  Brigade— Ensign  F.    K. 
Eroro  the  39th  Foot,  to  be   3 
Armvtage,    who    exchanges 
J.  T."  l^a  Freale,  from  the  Stafl". 
Surgeon,  \l  wbo  exchangrs, 

Jan,  11. 

Detot  Battalion.— Captain  W.  % 


i859.] 


PBOXOTIOKS  AKD  APPOIKTMEFTB. 


155 


Wallace,  from  the  26th  Foot,  to  be  Ad- 
jutant, vice  Buchanan,  promoted  to  an 
Unattached  Majority,  without  purchase. 

Commissariat  Department. — Dep. 
Commissary  General  W.  Bishop,  to  be 
Commissary  General,  April  1  ;  Deputy 
Commissary  General  T.  C.  Weir  to  be 
Commissary  General,  April  1. 

Hospital  Staff. — Surgeon  H.  S. 
Sanders,  from  the  Rifle  Brigade,  to  be 
Surgeon,  vice  La  Presle,  who  exchanges, 
Jan.  14. 

Unattached. — Captain  and  Brevet 
LJeut  Col.  D.  Stewart,  from  Half  Pay 
84th  Foot,  Staff  Officer  of  Pensioners, 
to  l>e  Major  without  purchase. 

Brevet. — Captain  J.  Molloy,  of  the 
9th  Foot,  to  be  Major  in  the  Army,  June 
28,  183S  ;  Brevet  Major  J.  Molloy,  of 
the  9th  Foot,  to  be  Lieut.  Col.  in  the 
Army,  Nov.  11,  1851. 


WAR  OFFICE,  April  15. 

Memorandum. — Lieut.  R.  H.'  Cold- 
well,  having  obtained  a  First  Class  Cer- 
tificate at  the  School  of  Musketry  at 
Hythe,  has  been  appointed  by  the  Gen. 
Commanding-in-Chief,  with  the  concur- 
rence of  the  Secretary  of  State  for  War, 
to  act  as  Instructor  of  Musketry  to  the 
2nd  Stafford  Regiment  of  Militia,  >ice 
Captain  Wilson,  promoted,  April  1. 


THE  MILI1TA  GAZETTE. 

Leicestershire — C.  H.  Morris,  Esq., 
to  be  Captain,  vice  Thomas,  deceased. 

Worcestershire — Lieut.  W.  Taylor  to 
bo  Captain,  vice  T.  W.  Kinder,  re- 
signed; J.  Sechmere,  Gent.,  to  be 
Lieut.,  vice  Taylor,  promoted. 

Royal  South  Gloucestershire  Light 
Tnfantry — E.  D.  Gibson,  Gent,  to  be 
Ensign,  vice  Jackson,  promoted. 

Hampshire — Captain  W.  H.  Digweed 
to  be  Major,  vice  Robbins,  resigned. 

Hampshire  Artillery — C.  Bayntun, 
Gent.,  to  be  Second  Lieutenant. 

Northumberland  Artillery — A.  J. 
M'Bay,  Gent.,  to  be  Lieutenant. 

Hussar  Yorkshire  Yeomanry  Cavalry 
—Major  Sir  J.  V.  B.  Johnstone,  Bart, 
to  be  Lieutenant  Colonel,  vice  Beckett, 
who  retires;  Captain  the  Right  Hon. 
B.  Richard  Baron  Wenlock  to  be  Major, 
vice  Sir  J.  V.  B.  Johnstone,  promoted  ; 
Lieat.  the  Hon.  R.  N,  Lawley  to  be 
Captain,  vice  Lord  Wenlock  promoted ; 


Cornet  R.  Swann  to  be  Lieutenant,  vice 
Lawley,  promoted ;  H.  F.  C.  Vyner, 
gent.,  to  be  Cornet,  vice  Swann,  prd- 
nioted. 

Royal     Cheshire —Captain    J.     H. 
Daniell,  late  of    the    49th    and  42nd 
Regiments,  to  be  Captain,   vice'  S.  J. 
Saunders,   resigned.      Memorandum.— 
Lieut.  St.  George  Lowther,  resigned. 
[The  following  appointment  is  substi- 
tuted   for  that    which   appeared   in 
Gazette  of  the  15th  inst. :— ] 
Durham  Artillery — Captain  O.  Pelly, 
half-pay  7th  Madras  Light  Cavalry,  to 
be  Captain,  ^'.ce  G.  J.   Scurfield,  re- 
signed. 

Memorandum. — Her  Majesty  has  been 
graciously  pleased  to  accept  the  resig- 
nation of  the  Commission  held  by  the 
following  gentlemen : — 

West  York  Rifles— Lieut.  J.  V. 
Monckton. 

3rd  West  York  Light  Infantry— En- 
sign J.  M.  Man  gin. 

Hussar  Yorkshire  Yeomanry  Cavalry 
—Lieut  Colonel  W.  Beckett 

King's  Own  Light  Infantry — J.  Little 
Esq.,  to  be  Paymaster. 

1st  Duke  of  Lancaster's  Own — Capt. 
B.  Thornhill  to  be  Adjutant 

Royal  Glamorgan  Light  Infantry — 
Lieut.  G.  R.  Gompertz  to  be  Captain, 
vice  Traherne,  promoted. 

Norfolk  Artillery — Second  Lieut,  the 
Hon.  Harbord  Harbord  to  be  First 
Lieut.,  vice  Thierens,  resigned. 

Forfar  and  Kincardine  ArtHery — 
G.  D.  Ormsby,  Gent,  to  be  Second 
Lieut.,  vice  J.  A.  Johnson,  resigned  ; 
W.  C.  B.  Constable,  Gent.,  to  be  Second 
Lieut.,  vice  J.  Hay,  promoted ;  J.  A. 
Johnson,  Gent.,  to  be  Second  Lieut, 
vice  A.  W.  Cruickshank,  promoted. 
[The  following  appointment  is  substi- 
tuted for  that  which  appeared  in  the 
Gazette  of  the  12th  inst. :— ] 

Worcestershire — J.  Lechmere,  Gent., 
to  be  Lieut.,  vice  Taylor,  promoted. 

Royal  Sherwood  Foresters — The  Queen 
has  been  pleased  to  accept  the  resigna- 
tion of  his  Commission  by  Ensign  E.  R. 
Ives. 

WAR  OFFICE,  April  22. 

The  following   Commissions    bear    date 
April  22. 

2nd  Dragoons — Lieut.  G.  Faulett, 
from  the  8th  Light  Dragoons,  to  be 
Lieutenant,  vict  G.  C.  Ross,  who  ex- 
changes* 


PHOM0TTOK9   A39T> 


[MaT, 


tl; 


"#tli  Ugfal  Dragoons — Cornet  R. 
Afather  to  Ue  Lieut*  by  pnrnhrtflj  vice 
Bright,  who  retires. 

8th   Light  Dragoons — Lieut.   ( 
Ivottu,   from  the   2nd  Dragoons,    to  bo 
Lieut* ,  vice  If.  Fnulet,  lpho  I'xdiauue". 

17th  Light  Dragoons — Lieut,  SV+  U. 
Nol&u  to  be  Captain  by  purchase,  vice 
Baring,  who  has  retired. 

Mmtory  Train— Lieut.  C.  T.  WiWu, 
htm  the  ltoyal  Canadian  Kith-  Rqgfi- 
Mtj  to  be  Lie ut„  vice  Whittinjrtou, 
who  ftxobftagOB.  The  appointment  of 
Comet  H.  D.  J*  Macleod,  from  lialf  pay 
of  the  late  Land  Transport  Corpa,  to  bo 
Ensign,  as  stated  in  the  GawctU  of  3  nth 
July.  1853,  has  been  cancelleil. 

Gth  Fool  — Quartermaster  P,  Sneeram 
from  the  fMJtli  Foot,  to  be  l^uou  ruiaster, 
vice  Janiiefn.ni,  who  txrhiuiges. 

7th— Captain  T.  1),  (I  Payn,  from  thti 
Ulnt  Font,  t"  be  Captaiu,  vice  Thurston, 
who  exchanges,  Feb.  1 j, 

8th— Lieut.  W.  F,  Metge  to  be  Capt. 
by  purchase,  vice  J.  A,  Mi- J  KmaU,  v\  h.< 
retires  ;  Ensign  P.  H.  Page  to  be  Lieut, 
by  purchase,  vice  Met 

tfth— Captain  T.  Orace,  from  Half  Pay 
Unattached,  to  be  Captain,  vice  Brullie, 
who  exchanges  ;  Fnt%u  IV.  V,  Layard 
to  be  Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice  Yiuart, 
promoted, 

-Captain  W.  J.  3al  -=.  torn  the 
60th  Foot,  to  be  Captain,  vice   Med- 
.  who  exchanges,  Feb.  1G. 

llth— Lieut.  A.  F.  De  B.  Dixon  to 
be  Captain  by  purchase,  vice  Peebles, 
promoted  ;  Ensign  P.  W,  Jordnu  feo  b»- 
Jieut.  by  pin-cliaae,  vice  Dixon. 

18th — Hnxign  I'.  \V.  Lipscomb  to  be 
Lieut,  without  purchase,  vice  Watt,  de- 
ceased, Jan.  31, 

l]  i— Lieut.  P.  H.  Eyre  U  he  Adju- 
taut,  vice  Lieut.  Evans,  who  has  t 

li'Jtli — Lieut.  J.  DuP..  TTUmwuhamoit, 

from  the  Royal  Wiltshire  Militia,  to  be 

H   without  purchase,  vie*?  Hussey, 

wli"  resigns. 

40th— Lieut.  T>  Bolton  to  l»e  Captain 
by  purchase,  vice  O'Hara,  who  retina. 

43rd— Ensign  Ti  M*Gonn  to  be  Lieut, 
by  purchase,  vice  Benclt,  who  retires. 

h— Captain  J.  W.  Medhunt,  bom 

tli--   loth  Foot,  to    be    Captain,    vice 
,  who  exchane,eH,  l;eb,  16. 
Cl>t— Captain   H.    N.    C.    Thm..l.oit, 


from  dm  7th   Foot,  to  be  CapUai 
T,  Gk  D.  Payn,  who  exolxangee,  \ 

tJ0th— Major  P.  Fonwick,  to  be  Liem 

Colonel  by  purchase,  vice    Hick* 

:  Captain    \.  B.     H*nfci 
Major  by  pui  chase,  vice  Keswick. 

75th— Captain  <;  A.  Currie,  from 
llalf  Pay  Unattached,  to  be  Cantata* 
i  e  pitying  the  duTereiioe,  vice  Brevet  Ma/4 
B.  D,  W.  Ramsay,  who  exchange*. 
W.  * '.  >'  ufitice,  to  be  Captain  h} 
purcluwe,  vice  Currie,  who  retire*  ;  R» 
sign  H.  B.  1 1  led  h  lanes,  to  be  Li 
purchase,  vice  Justice, 

76th— Lieut  W.   F.    Field,    from  th1 
Royal  Canadian   Rifle   Regimen] 
Lieut.,  vice  Macdonald,  who  exclianj,^ 

-Captain  A.  E.    Wmgrm, 
id  Foot,  to  Iw  Captain, 
Major    E,   T,    Macspheraon,     m\ 
changes,  Feb.  "2G, 

B2nd— Brevet  Major  H.  T.  Maq>W 
son,  from  the  "Sth  >bot,  to  be  Captain 
vice  Warren,  who  exchange- . 

^Quartermaster   .T,   .laiiiic^m, 
from  the  Gth  Foot,  to  be  Qnartoruiaakr 
Sheeran,  wht»  exehatiL 
&7th— Ensign    EL   B.  H,  1 
Lieut,   without  pitrcbaaef   \ 
deceaaed,  Feb.  14, 

99th— Ensign  A,  Gray,  to  be 
by  purchase,  vice  Clarkson  j 

CJold  Coast  Artillery   LV 
T,  C,   Dmiger,    to    be    AdjutAi. 
'Bolton,  who  resigns  the  AUjutanc 

l:..y:il    I'auadiiin     Rifle      R 
Lieut,  il.  J.   (\  Whittington,   fn 
Military  Tiain.  to  Im  Lieut.,  \ 
who  exchanges  ;  Lieut.  M.J,  Mae. 
from  the  7tith  Foot,  to  b«   Lien 
Field,  who  exchanges, 

School  of  Musketry —  Kowign  J 
from  the  03rd  Foot,  to  1*  QutLrtermaMer, 
with  the  nvnk  of  Lieutenant. 

HoKrrr.u,  Staff,— ActinL 
Surgeon,!*.    Hay  ward    has   be*f 
initted  to  resign  his  appointment. 

Unattached.— Cornet  A.  D,  J,  Mae- 
leod,  from  Half  Pay  of  the  late  Land 
Transport  Corps,  to  be  Ljeuteaunt  with- 
out pur cl lose,  April  1, 1857. 

BjiEVET.^Lieutenaii  I 
C,  ltawlinfinn,  K.C1S.,  a  M. 
Council  f<«r  India,  nod  a  R*  i 
in  tli!-  1  ion  il>ay  Establbhrm  hi,  , 
thelocal  rank  of  Major  Gertor&l 
sia,   while   holding   the   utlice    oi 


1859.] 


PB0U0TI058  XSD  APPOINTMEOTS. 


167 


Majesty's  Minister  in  that  country. 
Captain  G.  A.  Currie,  75th  Foot,  to  be 
Major  in  the  Army,  June  20,  1854. 
Captain  H.  R.  Gardiner,  2nd  Bengal 
Native  Infantry,  to  be  Major  in  the 
Army,  Dec.  26. 

The  undermentioned  promotions  to 
take  place  consequent  on  the  death  of 
lieutenant  General  Sir  J.  Thackwell, 
G.C.B.,  Colonel  of  the  16th  Light  Dra- 
goons, on  the  8th  April : — 

Major  General  B.  Druminond,  Colonel 
of  the  3rd  Foot,  to  be  Lieut.  General, 
April  9;  Brevet  Colonel  G.  Bell, 
C.B.,  Inspecting  Field  Officer  of  a  Re- 
cruiting District,  to  be  Major  General, 
April  9;  Brevet  Lieutenant  Colonel  J. 
F.  Du  Vernet,  Captain  Half  Pay  Royal 
African  Corps,  Staff  Officer  of  Pension- 
ers, to  be  Colonel,  April  9;  Brevet  Ma- 
jor W.  H.  Kenny,  Captain  Half  Pay  61st 
Foot,  Staff  Officer  of  Pensioners,  to  be 
Lieutenant  Colonel,  April  9;  Captain 
T.  Teuton,  35th  Foot,  to  be  Major, 
April  9. 

The  following  promotions  should  have 
been  included  in  the  succession  to  the 
late  General  F.  C.  White  :— Major  Gen- 
eral J.  H.  Richardson,  upon  Half  Pay  as 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Unattached,  to  have 
the  rank  of  Lieut  General,  April  2. 
.  The  undermentioned  promotions  to 
take  place  in  the  Indian  Military  Forces 
of  Her  Majesty,  consequent  on  the 
death  of  General  VV.  C.  Fraser,  Madras 
Infantry,  on  4th  March,  and  of  Gen- 
eral J.  Maclnnes,  Bengal  Infantry,  on 
March  12 : — 

To  be  Generals— Lieutenant  General 
J.  Carfrae,  Madras  Infantry,  March  5 ; 
Lieutenant  General  G.  Jackson,  Madras 
Infantry,  March  13. 

To  be  Lieutenant  Generals. — Major 
General  S.  Shaw,  Bengal  Artillery, 
March  5;  Major  General  F.  L.  Doveton, 
Madras  Cavalry,  March  13. 

To  be  Major  Generals. — Colonel  H. 
Macan,  Bombay  Infantry,  March  5; 
Colonel  W.  Sage,  Bengal  Infantry, 
March  13. 

The  undermentioned  Officers  of  the 
Indian  Military  Forces  of  Her  Majesty, 
retired  upon  Full  Pay,  to  have  a  step 
of  honorary  rank,  as  follows:  Colonel 
A.  S.  Hawkins,  Bombay  Infantry,  to  be 
Major  General. 

To  be  Colonels.  —Lieutenant  Colonel 
F.  C.  Cotton,  Madras  Infantry,  Lieut. 
Colonel  T.  Lavie,  Madras  Artillery; 
Lieutenant  Colonel  J.  W.  Auld,  Bom- 
bay Infantry. 

To  be  Lieutenant  Colonels.— Major 


W.  C.  Western,  Madras  Infantry;  Major 
W.  H.  Larkins,  Bengal  Infantry. 

THE  MILITIA  GAZETTE. 
Suffolk    Artillery.— P.    Fitzpatrick' 
Gent.,  to  be  Qnartermaster  from  the 
8th  of  March,  March  23. 

4th  or  Duke  of  Lancaster's  Own 
(light  Infantry),  Royal  Lancashire. — 
J.  F.  Stenier,  Gent.,  to  be  Ensign,  vice 
E.  R.  Lloyd,  promoted,  April  14. 

6th  Royal  Lancashire — M.  Thomp- 
son, Gent.,  to  be  Ensign,  April  13.  T. 
H.  Tracey,  Gent.,  to  be  Ensign,  April 
14. 

5th  or  Royal  Elthorne  Light  Infantry 
Middlesex — W.  G.  Stack  to  be  Lieu- 
tenant, vice  Cookney,  resigned,  March 
31. 

East  Suffolk  Artillery  Corps— First 
Lieutenant  W.  T.  Harvey  to  be  Capt., 
vice  Barlow,  resigned,  April  14.  E.  G. 
Austin,  Gent.,  late  of  Bengal  Artillery, 
to  be  First  Lieutenant,  April  12.  J.  T. 
Rowley,  Gent.,  to  be  First  Lieutenant, 
April  13.  R.  W.  Coates,  Gent.,  to  be 
First  Lieutenant,  April  14.  J.  B.  Wil- 
kinson, Gent.,  to  be  First  Lieutenant, 
April  15.  G.  T.  W.  Ferrand,  Gent.,  to 
be  Second  Lieutenant,  April  12.  C.  A. 
Cooper,  Gent,  to  be  Second  Lieutenant, 
April  13.  C.  C.  R.  Brooke,  Gent,  to  be 
Second  Lieutenant,  April  14. 

City  of  Edinburgh  Artillery.  —  J. 
Davidson,  Gent.,  to  be  Second  Lieut., 
vice  R.  Nicol,  promoted,  March  1. 

Wilts— J.  Du  Boulay,  Esq.,  to  be 
Deputy  Lieutenant.  W.  H.  Hitchcock, 
Esq.,  to  be  Deputy  Lieutenant,  Apr.  9. 
Denbighshire  Yeomanry  Cavalry — C. 
Lord  Worsley,  to  be  Captain,  vice  Nau- 
ney,  resigned,  April  18. 

West  Kent  Yeomanry  Cavalry — Cap. 
tain  the  Earl  of  Darnley,  to  be  Major, 
vice  Chapman,  resumed,  April  18. 

Queen's  Own  Yeomanry  Cavalry — 
Cornet  R.  P.  Featherstonhaugh,  to  be 
Lieutenant,  vice  Lieutenant  the  Lord 
Ashley,  resigned,  April  19. 

4th  or  Royal  South  Middlesex — M. 
Angelo,  gent.,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Jack- 
son, promoted,  April  18. 

5th  or  Royal  Elthorne — J.  E.  Gibson, 
Gent,  to  be  Assistant  Surgeon,  vice 
Pierce,  resigned,  April  14. 

4th  Duke  of  Lancaster's  Own— Lieu- 
tenant G.  Barlow,  to  be  Captain,  vice 
J.  H.  Blake,  resigned  Ensign  H.  M. 
Howard  to  be  Lieutenant,  vice  G.  Bar- 
low, promoted,  April  18. 

Royal  Ayrshire  Rifles— R.  S.  Pat- 
rick, Gent,  to  be  Lieutenant,  April  20, 


1S6 


[MAT; 


DEATHS. 


At  her  residence,  Woolwich,  on  the 
14th  April,  Hester,  relict  of  Captain 
John  Fullom,  formerly  of  H.M.  43d 
Regiment  and  of  the  Royal  Military 
Asylum. 

On  the  30th  of  March,  1859,  Agnes 
Duncan,  widow  of  the  late  Capt.  D.  An- 
derson, 1st  W.  I.  Regiment,  71  years  of 
age,  daughter  of  the  late  J.  Shaw,  Esq., 
Mureton,  North  Britain,  at  Sandgate, 
in  Kent. 

On  the  29th  March,  accidentally 
drowned,  in  the  9th  year  of  his  age, 
William  James,  eldest  son  of  Captain 
John  Dawson,  of  the  43rd  Bengal  Light 
Infantry. 

On  the  30th  March,  Henry  Leslie 
Grove,  eldest  son  of  Commander  Dun- 
sterville,  R.N.,  Hydrographies  Office, 
Admiralty,  aged  21. 

On  the  11th  April,  at  Elm  Cottage, 
Hampstead,  Isabella,  wife  of  Joseph 
Glynn,  Ebcl,  F.R.S.,  and  only  daughter 
of  the  late  Peter  Black,  Esq.,  R.N. 

On  the  12th  April,  at  21,  Mcrnington- 
road,  Regent's-park,  Stephen  Groom, 
Esq.,  late  of  the  War-Office. 

On  the  2nd  April,  at  Cliftonville, 
Brighton,  Susanna  Wson,  the  wife  of 
Rear  Admiral  Sir  John  Hindmarsh,  in 
the  73rd  year  of  her  age. 


yo 
Hi 


On  the   6th  April,  at  Bigadon,  & 
Devon,  aged  15,  Robert  Thomas  Ryan, 
ounger  son  of  the  late  General  Sir  John 
~unter  Littler,  G.C.B. 

On  the  11th  April,  Harriet  Gordon, 
only  daughter  of  the  late  T.  R.  Mitclri- 
son,  Esq.,  Com.  Gen.,  Corfu. 

On  the  9th  April,  at  No.  9,  Devon- 
shire-terrace, Hyde-park,  Lucy  Mary 
Eleanor,  the  beloved  wife  of  J.  W.  Safe, 
Esq.,  of  the  Admiralty,  deeply  lamented. 

On  the  31st  March,  at  Florence,  in 
her  17th  year,  Erminia,  daughter  of  the 
late  Colonel  Stibbert 

On  the  4th  April,  at  the  Spa,  Gloa" 
coster,  Louisa,  widow  of  the  late  Capt* 
Thomas  Sykes,  R.N.,  aged  84. 

On  the  9th  April,  at  Colchester,  Eliza1 
the  daughter  of  Dr.  Taylor,  Deputy  In- 
spector General,  aged  3  years  *"d  8 
months. 

On  the  7th  April,  in  Connaught-ter 
race,  Hyde-park,  Lady  Teesdale,  widow 
of  Major  General  Sir  George  Teesdale, 
jv.H. 

On  the  6th  April,  at  No.  4,  Upper 
Fitzroy-street,  and  at  an  advanced  age, 
Juliet,  widow  of  the  late  Captain  Thomas 
Wing,  R.N. 


159 


THE  KECENT  CHANGES  IN  THE  ORGANIZATION  OF 
THE  EOYAL  AETILLEEY. 

The  lone  talked  of  and  but  little  needed  reorganization  of  the 
Boyal  Artillery,  rumours  of  which  had  beeu  keeping  the  corps  in  a 
state  of  anything  but  healthy  excitement  and  expectation  for  sonio 
time  previously,  made  its  appearance  in  the  early  part  of  April  last. 
As  everything  connected  with  this  important  and  increasing  part  of 
the  service  is  of  interest  at  all  times,  and  must  needs  be  peculiarly 
BO  at  the  present  moment,  it  is  proposed  in  this  article  to  enter  into 
an  examination  of  the  changes  that  have  thus  recently  been  made,* 
and  to  combine  with  it  such  other  remarks  with  regard  to  the  position 
and  prospects  of  the  corps  generally,  in  continuation  of  similar 
former  observations  on  the  same. subject  iu  the  pages  of  this  Maga* 
sine,  as  the  circumstances  of  the  case  may  seem  to  justify  or  require ; 
and  the  consideration  of  which,  it  is  hoped  and  believed,  will  do  more 
to  promote  efficiency,  as  well  as  to  prevent  confusion  in  every  way, 
than  is  likely  to  be  the  ease  by  pursuing  the  changes  we  have  lately, 
and  for  some  time  been  in  the  habit  of  making. 

Leaving  this  for  the  present,  it  will  perhaps  be  no  useless  occupa- 
tion of  a  short  time  to  explain,  not  so  much  for  the  information  of 
mere  professional  readers  as  for  others,  and  more  particularly  for 
members  of  the  legislature,  many  of  whom  are  beginning  to  feel  an 
interest  in  these  matters,  what  the  recent  new  arrangements  in  the 
Royal  Artillery  consist  of,  mention  of  which  has  appeared  in  most 
of  the  newspapers.  To  do  this  with  sufficient  clearness,  it  is  necessary 
to  go  back  a  little,  and  to  state  that,  previous  to  these  alterations  the 
corps  consisted  of  fourteen  battalions,  and  of  ten  troops  of  horse 
artillery.  It  is  unnecessary,  for  the  purpose  we  have  in  view,  to 
make  any  mention  of  the  invalid  artillery  or  of  the  riding-house  es- 
tablishment Each  of  the  fourteen  battalions  consisted  of  eight 
companies*  Those  of  the  latter  which  were  attached  to  horses  and 
field-guns  were  called  field-batteries.  The  reliefs  at  home  and  abroad 
were  carried  on  by  companies.  The  time  of  service  at  each  of  the 
colonies  was  iixed,  and  until  very  lately  generally  adhered  to*  As 
rioon  as  the  time  of  service  abroad  of  a  company  expired,  it  was  re- 
lieved by  the  longest  at  home.  There  was  a  regular  roster  in  this 
respect  which  had  existed  for  a  considerable  number  of  years,  and 
which  worked  smoothly  and  efficiently*  There  might  possibly 
(though  we  hardly  think  it)  have  been  some  advantage  in  departing, 
at  least  in  the  Urst  instance,  from  this  roster,  when  the  army  embarked 
for  the  East  in  1854,  but  even  then  it  was  adhered  to  j  several 
companies  low  down  on  the  list  of  foreign  service,  and  at  the  moment 
!ied  to  field  batteries  had  to  give  them  up,  and  to  transfer  their 
best  drivers  in  order  to  complete  the  companies  at  the  top  of  the 
roster  required  for  embarkation.  There  was  not  a  single  company, 
until  just  on  tbe  eve  of  starting,  that  wras  up  to  a  war  establishment, 
or  anything  approaching  it ;  and  the  necessary  transfers  to  make  them 
up,  caused  considerable  confusion  at  the  moment  and  for  some  tiina 
after.    The  companies  for  the  reliefe  at  homo  and  ^t^^^w&xs^&k^ 

U.  8,  M**.,  No,  367,  3vm%  1*59.  ^ 


160 


THE  BBCEKT  CHAITOXB  IN  THB 


without  reference  to  the  battalions  they  belonged  to.     The  tot  it 
home  was  the  first  to  go  abroad.    The  establishment  of  the  officer* 
of  a  company  was  five,  two  captains  and  three  subaltern  a,  but  few  d 
them  were  ever  complete  in  this  respect.    The  number  of  non-com* 
missioned  officers  and  men  varied  every  now  and  then.     Officers  imc 
men  of  companies  embarked  together,  and  a  company  of  aHl 
the  old  system  was  exactly  similar  to  a  regiment  of  the  line. 
ther  as  accompany  on  foot,  or  as  a  field  battery,  it  proved  the  unity 
t-MMimanil.  and  moved  complete  in  itself,  or  it  might  be   broken 
trad  detached  in  any  proportion  without  inconvenience  or   d 
as  circumstances  required.     Each  battalion  with  its  eight  compmif* 
had  four  lieutenant-colonels,  and  the  whole  of  these  officers  wfft 
placed  on  a  roster  for  service  very  similar  in  every  respect  to  tint 
maintained  for  the  companies.     They  took  their  places   for  st 
abroad  according  to  the  date  of  their  promotion,  or  of  arrival 
England,  if  they  had  been  serving  out  of  it  as  captains  pre 
The  system  was  a  perfectly  fair  one.      Everyone  understood 
those  most  concerned  were  satisfied  with  it.     It  completely  sh_. 
favouritism  and  no  one  wishing  simply  for  fair  play  could  complain 

of  it. 

It  was  first  broken  through  in  185i?  on  the  departure  of  the  e ■ 
dition  for  the  East  j  the  field  officers  to  accompany  which  wer< 
by  selection.  Om?  of  these*  who  deservedly  bore  a  very  h 
character  for  zeal  and  professional  knowledge  and  ability,  and 
subsequently  rose  to  the  highest  position  in  the  corps  in  the  C) 
had  been  taken  from  Gibraltar.  In  1856,  on  the  outbreak  in  India, 
the  system  of  roster  for  the  field  officers  was  completely  set  asul> 
but  little  or  no  reason  to  justify  it,  and  a  wide  door  has  been  i 
ever  since  for  that  jobbing  and  favouritism  which  are  the  great  b 
the  service,  and  which,  in  thV  Artillery  particularly,  is  most 
act  injuriously  upon  efficiency.  An  opportunity  is  now  readily  all 
alsojfor  giving  a  slight  to  any  officer, however  actively  and  efticiei  i 
may  discharge  his  duty,  whom  the  authorities  have  reason  to  dislike, 
and  whose  claims  they  may  desire  for  their  own  official  ease  to  get  rid 
of.  When  a  bad  or  a  distant  station  now  becomes  vacant  it  ca  i 
turn,  for  the  name  of  a  roster  is  still  retained,  or  it  can  bo  < 
as  if  it  was  a  favour  bestowed.  The  course  pursued  is  to  pay 
high-flown  compliment  to  the  victim  selected  as  to  his  zeal  and 
ability,  which  if  true  ought  to  make  them  blush  for  previous  neglect, 
and  which  if  false,  they  ought  not  to  utter,  and  to  offer  him  the 
vacancy.  If  he  accepts  and  goes,  he  is  got  out  of  the  way,  which  was 
just  what  was  wanted  ;  if  he  falls  into  the  trap,  and  refuses  it,  it  is  a 
ground  for  ignoring  his  claims  and  a  continuance  of  neglect,  la 
either  case  the  manoeuvre  is  on  ingenious  one,  and  can  seldom  fail 
of  being  successful,  When  good  stations,  or  those  offering  a  pro- 
of distinction,  are  open?  such  ns  India  in  the  late  disturbances, 
these  are  so  much  patronage  to  be  bestowed  on  favourites. 
There  was  nothing  in  the  old  state  of  thiugB  that  prevented  nu 
competent  officer  being  passed  over,  or  one  of  any  marked  cap 
from  being  selected.  The  principle  of  it  was  good  and  ought 
hare  been  retained, 


OB0AKIZATXOTT  OF  THE    BOYAL   AETIILIBT. 


161 


The  objection  mad©  to  the  roster  of  field  officers  and  that  of  the 
companies,  and  the  only  one  that  in  the  least  affected  it,  was  that 
the  former  were  frequently  to  he  found  at  stations  doirig  duty  with 
other  officers  and  men  of  different  battalions  to  those  they  them- 
selves belonged  to.  This  objection,  to  the  ears  of  an  infantry 
officer,  might  sound  weighty  enough,  but  no  one  knowing  anything 
of  the  corps  of  Artillery  would  deem  it  for  a  inomeut  of  the  slightest 
importance.  There  was  just  as  much  consideration  shown  for  the 
non-commissioned  officers  and  men  under  this  state  of  things,  and 
the  duty  in  every  respect  was  quite  as  well  performed  as  it  is  ever 
likely  to  bo  under  any  other  established  m  lieu  of  it.  A  field 
officer  of  artillery,  under  the  old  system,  cared  for  the  whole 
regiment  alike.  He  took  just  as  much  interest  in  the  battalion  he 
was  serving  with  as  if  it  was  his  own.  It  might  indeed  so  happen t 
and  frequently  did  occur,  that  from  bis  previous  service  as  a  captain 
he  would  know  the  men  of  the  former  tar  better  than  those  ot  the 
latter.  Neither  in  the  roster  of  the  companies,  nor  in  that  of  the 
field  officers*  was  there  the  slightest  inconvenience  or  difficult?  what- 
ever. The  service  was  well  performed,  and  each  individual  could 
anticipate,  except  in  the  case  of  some  unusual  occurrence,  where  and 
when  he  might  be  expected  to  go  abroad,  and  what  arrangement* 
to  make  accordingly. 

It  should  be  mentioned,  for  it  \b  in  this  respect  that  the  most 
important  change  is  made  under  the  new  arrangements,  that  each 
of  the  head-quarters  of  the  14  battalions  was  stationed  at  Woolwich, 
This  head-quarters  consisted  of  an  Adjutant  and  Quarter-Master, 
with  the  usual  staff  of  non-com  mis  si  one  d  officers,  These  with  the 
men  were  called  the  adjutant's  detachments.  The  latter  were  made 
up  principally  of  recruits  at  different  stages  of  drill,  intermingled 
with  some  old  soldiers,  cither  retained  at  Woolwich  for  the  comple- 
trf  their  service.,  or  of  others  kept  from  their  companies  for 
various  reasons.  These  detachments  were  more  or  less  strong  ac- 
cording to  circumstances.  They  were  the  depots  as  well  as  the 
head-quarters  of  their  respective  battalions,  A  depfit  of  the  line 
under  the  old  was  expensive  enough,  and  a  depdt  battalion 

upon  the  latest  and  most  approved  plan  is  still  somewhat  costly, 
The  depftt  or  head-quarters  of  a  battalion  of  Artillery  (the  terms 
axe  synonymous  in  this  instance)  was  the  cheapest  affair  that  could 
possibly  be  contrived,  and  it  did  its  work  in  every  respect  <prite  as 
well,  if  not  a  great  deal  better,  than  the  same  thing  wait  or  is  now 
done  in  any  part  of  the  army.  A  single  depot  battalion  of  the 
line,  with  the  regiments  of  which  it  is  composed  usually  kept  to- 
gether, has  generally  two  field-officers,  a?  with 
an  Adjutant,  a  Paymaster,  a  Quarter-Muter,  and  an  ln*i 
Musketry.  The  whole  of  the  depGts  of  the  14  battalion 
Artillery,  numbering  bet  ween  20,000  and  30,000  officers  and  men, 
dispersed  by  companies  all  uver  the  world,  had  only  tn-entv-eight 
permanent  officers  belonging  to  them , 

The  system  we  have  departed  from  in  this  respect 
as  it  could  well  be — it  was  efficient  and  it.  was  economical.     It 
have  required  some  management  and  a  little  intgr 


162 


TUB   BECENT  C1UNG1S 


TJrai, 


was  all    The  foundation  was  excellent     It  would  nerer  hate  b«a 

discrediteu   if   it    had  bees  properly  worked,  but.    it     wab 
that  the  deficiency  existed*     The  appointments  of  the 
been  long  made*  as  everything  is  now  made  in  thin  country  a  ic 
of  abuse   and  jobbery.     They  were   usually  sought   after 
foreign  or  other  disagreeable  service,  and  zeal  or  compel 
commonly  tbe  boat  qualities  thought  of  with  regard  to  th 
field  officers  who  fell  into  tbe  command  of  battalions  every  now  and 
then  were  hardly  recognized   iti    their  positions,  and  ti, 
quently  took  little  or  no  interest  in  them.    1  lie  Commandant 
wich  garrison  generally  did  nothing  except  appear  at  his  ofli 
sign  his  name,whilc  the  Brigade- 3 Injur  under  his  protection  ae 
Ly  took  more  upon  himself  than  be  had  a  right  to  asau1 
The  Adjutant- General^  office,  until  the  last  two  or  three  v ear*  At 
Woolwich,  which  should  have  stood  aloof  from  garrison  work,  mi 
constantly  taking  a  part  in  what  was  done.     It  frequently  di> 
the  authority  of  the  Commandant  and  interfered  and  meddle ■ 
his  duties.     These  causes,  and  others  in  connection  with   then 
eimiiar  kind,  were  tbe  means  by   which  confusion  and  difficult  v  m 
the  working  of  things  at  Woolwich  were  first  created.     Ther 
a  y^ry  lax  discipline,  and  in  fact  the  whole  thing  was  conducted 
more  with  regard  to  individual  interests  or  prejudices  than   with  re- 
ference to  military  efficiency*     There  was  always  a  tendency  to  mb* 
management,  and  to  jobbing  and  favoritism,  at  Woolwich,  from  tbe 
absence  of  all  responsibility  in  those  who  were  supreme  there  ;  and 
this  tendency,  under  those  who  ruled  subsequent  to  the  death  of 
Sir  Alexander  Dickson,  was  allowed  to  take  its  full  swing.     It  is  not 
too  mudh  to  say  that  up  to  tbe  very  last  moment  of  the  late  war 
with  Eussia  the  mass  of  tbe   corps   seemed  to  be  considered  of 
little  or  no  importance.     It  was,  in  fact,  sacrificed,  if  it  may  not 
cannot  be  said  to  selfish  or  unworthy  motives,  at  least  to  such  as  no 
one  having  tbe  good  of  the  service  and  nothing  else  at  heart  could 
readily  understand. 

When  Sir  Alexander  Dickson  was  at  the  bead  of  the  corps,  sup* 
ported  in  prominent  positions  in  connection  with  it  by  such  eminent 
artillery  officers  as  Williamson,  Eraser,  Drninmond,  May,  and  many 
others,  the  instruction  of  the  corps,  starved  as  the  estimates  "were  in 
those  days,  and  indifferent  as  both  the  Government  and  the  country 
were  to  our  military  establishments,  wFent  far  beyond  what  it  has 
ever  been  since,  or,  taken  as  a  whole,  what  it  is  now*     A  regular  and 
understood  system   prevailed   in    everything,   and   it   was   strictly 
adhered  to.     A  judicious  reformer,  or  one  having  a  practical  know- 
ledge of  the  real  wants  of  the  Artillery  service,  would  have  left  tba 
organization  of  the  corns  and  the  manner  of  its  reliefs  alone,  and 
would  simply  have  devoted  his  attention  to  re- establishing/ on  a 
scale  commensurate  with  the  augmented  numbers  of  the  regit . 
and  the  requirements  of  the  times  in  that  respect,  such   a  ca 
routine  of  professional  instruction  as  must  be  so  plainly  essential 
for  the  Artillery  above  any  other  portion  of  the  army,  and  which  is 
its  greatest  requirement  at  the  present  moment.    Instead  of  this 
wise  proceeding,  mi  keeping  exclusively  to  it,  tho  new  arrange- 


1859.] 


0RG.LK1ZATT5N  OF  THE  HOTAI  ABTIILEIIT, 


1G3 


ments  attempt  to  carry  out  a  fanciful  theory,  that  a  battalion  op 
brigade  of  artillery  of  eight  batteries  or  companies  can  be  treated 
like  a  regiment  of  infantry ;  the  ideas  connected  with  which  it  will 
require  a  considerable  time  to  communicate  to  the  distant  out 
stations,  a  still  longer  time  to  get  into  working  order,  and  by  which, 
even  if  it  should  ever  work,  which  is  more  than  doubtful,  it  is  impos- 
sible to  make  out  how  efficiency  can  be  promoted  in  any  way* 
Surely  if  all  our  militia  artillery  regiments  were  to  have  their  head 
quarters  and  dep6ts  in  one  place,  with  an  establishment  like  that  at 
Woolwich  for  artillery  instruction,  they  would  be  made  far  more 
useful  than  they  now  are ;  but,  virtually,  we  are  now  applying  the 
bad  militia  system  to  our  regular  force. 

The  oew  arrangements  meet  exactly  Lord  John  Russell's  descrip* 
tion  of  the  ministerial  Befonn  Bill*  They  alter  a  great  deal  that 
was  good  and  useful,  and  which  ought  not  to  have  been  disturbed, 
while  they  leave  almost  everything  alone  that  might  have  been  con* 
sidered  mischievous  or  defective,  and  which  it  would  have  been 
therefore  better  to  change.  Why  or  wherefore  they  should  have 
been  brought  forward,  especially  at  the  present  moment,  when 
there  is  so  much  of  a  far  more  urgent  matter  to  attend  to  in  profes- 
sional instruction,  as  well  as  in  other  respects,  it  is  most  difficult  to 
understand.  The  new  plan  abolishes  the  terms  battalion,  troop,  and 
company ,  which  were  certainly  rather  inappropriate  terms  in  the 
artillery,  though  they  had  the  convenience  of  making  a  distinction 
desirable  in  some  respects,  and  the  corps  is  now  divided  into  brigades 
and  batteries.  The  former  are  fifteen  in  number  with  the  dep6t 
brigade*  One  is  styled  the  Horse  Artillery  Brigade,  and  consists  as 
of  old  often  batteries,  an  insufficient  number  now  that  four  are  in 
India.  The  head-quarters  of  this  brigade,  with  two  of  the  batteries 
only,  is  to  be  at  Woolwich*  The  other  eight  are  detached — one  at 
Aliershott,  one  at  Woolwich,  two  in  Ireland,  and  four  in  India. 
How  are  the  reliefs  of  this  branch  of  the  service  to  be  carried  on 
except  on  the  old  plan  ?  There  being  only  one  brigade,  it  cannot, 
except  after  the  fashion  of  the  Irishman's  bird,  relieve  itself.  This 
does  not  seem  to  have  occurred  to  the  authors  of  the  new  measures, 
at  least  no  allusion  is  made  as  if  it  did*  One  paragraph  of  the 
order  distinctly  states,  without  mentioning  any  exception,  that  the 
reliefs  are  to  be  carried  out  by  entire  brigades,  and  that  it  is  to  be 
arranged  that  each  brigade  before  proceeding  on  foreign  service 
shall,  if  practicable  (that  is  a  prudent  proviso  and  shows  some  mis- 
giving), be  stationed  at  least  twelvemonths.  It  certainly  does  not 
likely  ever  to  he  practicable  to  have  a  brigade,  four  of  the 
batteries  of  winch  are  always  to  be  in  India,  and  other  batteries  of 
which  are  necessarily  detached  at  certain  places  at  home,  assembled 
for  twelve  months  at  Woolwich,  or  for  any  period  whatever,  and 
still  less  so  that  it  can  ever  relieve  itself  by  an  entire  brigade,  The 
name  of  a  similar  argument  applies  to  all  the  other  brigades,  and  it 
is  plain  the  whole  thing  must  break  down.  The  reliefs  of  the  horse 
brigade  ran  be  carried  out  by  batteries,  and  by  batteries  only,  and 
so  it  will  be  found  with  regard  to  the  rest  of"  the  regiment*  The 
fourteen  battalions  lose  that  designation  under  the  uq^  -axrassg^ 


164 


KECENT   CBAKGES   IH  THE 


men ts  and  become  four  i  ides  instead.     The  change  so  far  w 

merely  nominal,  and  it  would  have  been  well  if  it  had 

of  these  brigades  are  to  be  field  artillery,  and  the  other  eight 
garrison  artillery.  Of  the  former,  three  brigades  or  tweuty4oar 
batteries,  in  all  \4A  guns,  are  to  be  at  home  ;  and  a  like  number  rf 
brigades,  but  comprising  twentv-tive  batteries  or  150  guns,  or*  U 
he  abroad.  Of  the  garrison  artillery  four  brigades  are  to  be  abrod 
and  four  at  home,  so  that  the  artillery  of  England  is  divided  almost 
exactly  in  equal  portions  between  home  and  the  colon 

The  brigades  are  of  unequal  strength,  and  this  must  complical 
difficulty,  if  not  impossibility,  of  cam  ing  out  the  order  as  to  reli 
out  i  re  brigades.  Some  of  them  are,  moreover,  so  much  dispersed  in  dif 
ferent  colonics  wide  apart  from  each  other,  and  having  sotm 
little  or  no  communication  with  eaehother,t  hat  the  slightest  adhi 
to  the  intended  principle  must  be  utterly  impracticable.     Of  th* 
brigades  at  home*  one  is  posted  to  Woolwich,  one  to  Dover,  one  be* 
twecn  Devonport  and  Portsmouth,  and  one  between  the  last-named 
place  and  the  Channel  Islands.    Now  we  should  like  to  know  how  ret 
of  these  places  is  to  be  relieved  by  brigades  without  the  incoavc; 
of  entirely  denuding  some  one  of  the  others  of  its  garrison   an 
for  the  purpose,     "Will  this  be  done,  and  if  it  is  not  done,  wIk, 
cornea  of  the  general  order?     Suppose,  for  instance,  it  is  wished  to 
bring  the  Channel  Islands  brigade  to  Woolwich,  how   is    it   to  fc 
done  without  taking  away  an  entire  brigade,  for  a  time  at  least,  from 
one  or  other  of  these  places  ?     Will  two   batteries  be  sent  first  to 
Portsmouth  and  two  brought  from  Woolwich,  and  the  same  tli 
on  with  regard  to  Jersey,  Guernsey,  and  Alderney,  and  if  so, 
ia  this  but  something  extremely  like  the  old  system  back  agai 

This  objection  may  be  of  little  importance  with  regard  to  I 
reliefs  when  the  distances  are  short,  and  when  sti -am  is  available ; 
but  how  is  the  ease  to  be  when,  for  instance,  the  brigade  at  tie 
Mauritius  has  served  its  time  abroad  and  requires  to   be  br. 
home?     Of  this  brigade  one  battery  is  to  be  at  St*  Helena,  one  at 
the  Cape,  two  at  the  Mauritius,  with  its  he  ad*  quarters,  one  at  Ce\  ■ 
Ion,  one  at  Sydney,  and  one  at  China,     Suppose  the  brigade  which 
tfes  beeu  its  twelve  months  at  Woolwich,  m  compliance  with 
order,  and    which    will    compose  the   garrison    artillery  of 
quarter,  is  ordered  on  this  duty,  the  place  it  leaves  will  have  no  garri* 
son   artillery  until  the  brigade  returns  home,  a  portiou  of  whv 
at  riiinat  and  the  whole  of  which  is  scattered  between  the  latter 
place  and  half  a  dozen  others  extending  to  St.  Helena.     Mon 
how  is  this  relief  by  an  entire  brigade  to  be  conducted  ?     Will  the 
ship  which  leaves  England  begin  at  St.  Helena,  dropping  one  bfil 
and  taking  up  another  ■  thence  to  the  Cape  in  like  manner,  and  so  oa 
to  nil  the  other  stations,  returning  home  at  last  from  China  or 
ncy  P  or  will  she  go  to  the  extreme  of  her  destinations   and  work 
homewards — in  either  cue  keeping  a  number  of  useful  soldiers  on 
board  ship  unnecessarily  ?   If  the  brigade  goes  out  in  different 
things  are  not  much  better  ;  in  either  case  a  greater  number  of  bat- 
teries of  artillery  will  be  on  the  ocean  at  a  time  than  is   desirable; 
&nd  in  either  case  our  home  defences  must  suffer*     In  the  moat 


1S50.] 


OBOAKIZATION   OF   TITE   JIOTAL   ABTItLEBT. 


las 


speedy  mode  of  conducting  the  relief,  upwards  of  a  year  would 
elapse  before  the  brigade  would  be  assembled  complete  at  home. 
Again,  in  the  case  of  the  relief  of  a  brigade  of  field  artillery.  These 
last  abroad  are  all  in  India.  The  one  to  be  relieved  will  have  to  be 
collected  some  where  on  the  coast  for  some  time  before^  to  the  great 
detriment  of  the  stations  from  which  the  batteries  composing  it  must 
necessarily  be  withdrawn,  and  the  endangering  of  the  portion  of  the 
army  left  for  a  time  without  artillery  in  case  of  any  sudden  outbreak. 
The  country  at  home  meanwhile,  loses  the  services  of  a  brigade*  or 
48  guns>  while  it  is  on  its  way  out  to  this  distant  quarter,  and  until 
the  one  it  relieves  arrives  in  England.  Moreover  one  of  the  brigades 
of  field  artillery  in  India  has  nine  batteries,  while  not  a  single  other 
one  has  more  than  eight.  How  can  an v  of  those  of  less  strength 
relieve  the  one  of  greater  ?  The  inequality  of  the  strength  of  the 
brigades  of  the  garrison  artillery  makes  a  like  difficulty— greater 
because  the  inequality  is  greater.  In  this  latter  part  of  the  service 
the  four  brigades  at  home  have  three  of  8  batteries  and  one  of  7;  while 
the  four  abroad  have  two  of  7,  one  of  8,  and  one  of  10  batteries.  It  will 
require  a  good  deal  of  management  to  contrive  and  relieve  the  latter 
by  means  of  the  former  without  further  periodical  changes-  The 
wnole  system  is  something  as  if  the  Horse  Guards  determined  in 
relieving  the  whole  of  the  regiment  on  particular  stations  at 
once. 

Most  likely  some  wise  subordinate  in  that  quarter  got  into  hid 
head  that  a  company  of  Artillery,  whether  in  battery  or  otherwise, 
was  like  a  company  of  the  Line,  and  that  such  companies  would  of 
course  be  no  more  than  a  regiment  of  infantry }  and  that  it  could 
be  conveniently  relieved  and  treated  in  every  respect  in  the  same 
manner.  One  of  the  field-artillery  brigades  muster  but  one  short 
of  1900  non-commissioned  officers  and  men ;  it  wLU  have  on  a  very 
moderate  peace  establishment  little  short  of  1,000  horses,  153 
carriages,  with  ammunition  and  stores  for  54  guns.  It  will  be  a 
satisfaction  to  have  it  explained  how  this  brigade  is  to  be  relieved  in 
its  entirety  without  inconvenience,  even  if  there  was  another  equally 
as  Btrong  "to  relieve  it,  which  there  is  not.  Can  the  massing  of  54 
guns,  which  is  the  artillery  of  a  tolerably  strong  army,  in  the  most 
hivish  proportion  of  guns  to  men,  be  compared  to  calling  in  the 
detachments  of  a  paltry  battalion  or  regiment  of  infantry,  and  con- 
centrating them  for  the  same  purpose  ?  This  part  of  the  scheme  must 
prove  a  decided  failure  on  the  face  of  it.  It  is  so  absurdly  impracti- 
cable inevery  part  of  itjthatit  is  difficult  to  imagine  how  it  cooldpossibly 
have  been  broached  at  all.  It  is  evidently  the  idea  of  an  infantry 
officer,  and  the  Horse  Guards  have  made  themselves  exclusively 
responsible  for  it,  for  it  is  signed  by  the  Adjutant- General  of  the 
army,  and  not  by  the  Deputy  Adjutant- General  of  Artillery,  which  as 
exclusively  relating  to  the  Artillery  it  should  have  been.  The  1 ) 
Guards  were  too  proud  of  it  to  allow  any  one  else  even  the  appearance 
of  a  claim  to  so  clever  and  simple  a  contrivance.  Undaunted  by  iheir 
failures  on  so  many  points  of  military  legislation,  and  the  necessity 
for  resorting  to  parliamentary  committees  in  consequence,  I 
determined  in  breaking  fresh  ground  and  astonishTngevev^^^ 


their  capacity  in  altering  the  organization  of  the  Artillery.     WliAi 

the  defects  of  the  latter  consisted  in,  or  what  necessity  th< 
giug  it,  we  ore  entirely  at  a  loss  to  discover.     The 
own  on  this  part  of  the  subject  by  the  General  Order  is  the  aaser- 
ion,  it  is  nothing  more,  that  the  staff  of  the  regiment  which  wu 
stationary  at  "Woolwich  bad  become   unwieldy ;  eo  in  order  to  roafc* 
it  less  so,  the  singular  measure  is  resorted  to  of  taking  asv 
.stationary  character  and  making  it  moveable.    The    14  mJj 
tid  the*  14  quarter-masters  for  the  14   battalions    of   whiej 
regimental  stair  was  composed,  and  who  were  formerly  kept  a 
at  Woolwich,  being  condemned  as  unwieldy,  they  are  now  at 
to  as  many  brigades,  and  made  to  travel  about  with  them  so  as  to 
make  them  less  so*    What  possible  benefit  can  arise   from  this  : 
ad  yet  it  is  solely  on  this  account  that  all  the  change  is  made.     The 
General  Order  is  silent  as  to  any  other  reason.  The  opening  paragraph 
says  (the  exact  words  are  quoted) — "  the  successive  augmentation  to 
the  liuyal  Artillery  having  caused  an  assemblage  at  Woolwich  of  an 
unwieldy  regimental  staff,  it  is  decided  that  the  head- quarters  of  the 
Hoyal  Artillery  shall  remain,  as  heretofore,  at  Woolwich,   but  tha: 
the  staff  of  the  battalions  shall  bo  distributed  to  the  sew  ral  district! 
and  garrisons  at  home  and  abroad/1    After  this  follow  the  differeiM 
arrangements  by  which  a  long-established  system  is  altogether  upset 

It  would  be  idle  to  criticise  the  grammar  and  logic  of  t 
All  we  should  like  to  know  is,  that  if  the  regimental  staff  of  tic 
Artillery  was  unwieldy,  in  what  the  unwieldmess  consisted  P  Surelv 
a  regimental  staff?  always  stationed  at  Woolwich,  no  matter  bo* 
large,  must  be  more  compact  and  manageable  than  the  same  staff 
dispersed  from  Ballineollig  to  Bengal.  The  staff  complained 
at  Woolwich,  for  t lie  purpose  of  keeping  the  records  of  the  si 
battalions,  and  doing  many  other  things  essential  to  their  proper 
maintenance  and  efficiency.  Each  staff,  distinct  and  separate  in 
itself,  consisted  of  two  officers,  and  but  two  only.  How,  in  the 
name  of  everything  reasonable,  could  the  epithet  unwieldy  be  applied 
to  such  a  staff,  or  to  an  aggregate  of  fourteen  such,  each  having  distinct 
duties,  and  moving  in  different  orbits  ?  Not  one  single  advantage 
of  any  kind  or  description  is  asserted  for  the  new  scheme  but  that  of 
dispersing  the  regimental  staff.  The  claim  of  the  Horse  Guards  totbif 
change  is  disputed  in  the  tttval  and  Military  Gazette  by  a  Mr.  Bright, 
who  seems  to  fancy  himself  a  very  clear  military  reformer,  but  whose 
ideas  on  the  subject,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  will  receive  less  consideration, 
as  far  as  the  Artillery  is  concerned,  than  he  asserts  they  have  done 
in  this  instance.  If  he  is  the  real  author  of  the  new  arrangements, 
or  whoever  may  be,  let  him  be  made  a  Knight  of  the  Bath,  with  an 
adequate  pension,  and  a  stipulation  that  he  shall  turn  his  attention 
henceforth  to  something  he  understands  better.  It  is  inconceivable 
that  such  a  step  should  have  been  taken  at  so  inappropriate  a 
moment  as  the  present,  when  there  is  so  much  in  the  shape  of 
organisation  to  attend  to  in  other  respects,  as  that  of  violently  disturb- 
ing a  system  which,  like  that  of  the  Artillery,  had  existed  tor  a  con- 
siderable number  of  years,  and  against  which  nothing  could  be  urged 
but  the  unwieldiness  of  its  regimental  staff  \  this  regimental  etaff,!or 


1859.] 


OHQATfTZATTOJr  OP  THE  110TAL  ABTILIERT. 


107 


upwards  of  20,000  men,  being  composed  of  fourteen  distinct  parts, 
comprising  only  twenty-eight  officers  altogether.  Great  stress  is 
laid,  in  making  the  new  arrangement  a,  on  keeping  the  headquarters 
at  Woolwich;  but,  like  everything  else  connected  with  the  order,  this  is 
speedily  shown  to  he  an  impossibility*  The  paragraph  of  the  General 
Order  already  quoted  says  it  shall  he  so  ;  but  a  very  few  lines  lower 
down  another  can  only  venture  to  desire  that  it  may  be  considered 
m  that  light,  although  the  head- quarters  of  the  majority  of  the 
brigades  are  removed  from  it,  This  majority  being  in  the  consider- 
able proportion  of  12  to  3.  How  a  place  is  ever  to  be  considered 
the  beaa-quarteni  of  a  corps,  of  which  the  head- quarters  of  12  out  of 
the  15  brigades  composing  it  are  elsewhere  cannot  well  be  under- 
stood. 

It  is  very  desirable  that  the  Artillery  should  know  as  speedily  as 
possible  what  the  new  arrangements  intend  to  do,  and  bow  they  are 
to  be  carried  out ;  and  these  remarks  are  principally  meant  to  pro- 
mote discussion,  in  order,  if  possible,  to  make  clear  what  seems  to  be 
utterly  incomprehensible  without  some  explanation.  If  the  new 
system  is  really  a  practicable  one,  the  sooner  it  in  shown  to  be  bo 
the  better.  Tliese  are  not  times  for  crude  experiment  in  military 
legislation.  The  command  of  each  brigade  of  Artillery  is  to  be  held 
by  a  Colonel  or  Lieutenant-Colonel,  who  is  to  have  the  entire  con- 
trol of  it,  and,  such  Is  the  highest  pinnacle  to  which  an  Artillery 
officer  may  reach,  be  is  to  be  considered  as  holding  the  same  relative 
position  as  an  officer  commanding  a  regiment,  making  his  own  non- 
commissioned officers,  and  communicating  direct  with  the  Adjutant- 
General 

As  there  is  no  Adjutant- General  of  Artillery,  this  must  mean,  if 
the  order  is  to  be  read,  as  a  military  order  ought  to  be,  with  strict 
exactness,  the  Adjutant- General  of  the  Army  ;  so  that  virtually  the 
corps  is  taken  out  of  the  hands  of  its  own  appointed  officials  alto- 
gether, or  the  latter  are  made  mere  cyphers  of,  which  is  much  the 
same  tiling.  In  all  these  late  alterations  they  seem  to  be  completely 
ignored  and  set  aside,  and  it  is  impossible  not  to  believe,  that  neither 
they  nor  any  of  the  higher  officers  of Artillery  have  beenat  all  consulted. 
It  clearly  indicates  whence  these  impracticable  changes  have 
emanated  when  such  a  command  as  that  of  a  brigade  of  Artillery, 
is  for  a  moment  or  in  any  respect  spoken  of  as  on  a  par  with  the 
command  of  a  regiment.  The  two  things  are  as  diflerent  as  the 
command  of  a  company  and  the  command  of  a  division  of  an  army, 
Any  one  of  the  brigades  of  Artillery  would  furnish  a  fair  average  pro- 
portion of  the  arms  in  the  field  for  an  army  of  20,000  men.  It  would 
give  as  many  guns  as  were  actively  engaged  on  the  part  of  the  British 
Army  at  either  of  the  battles  of  the  Anna  or  Inkermannj  and  more 
than  we  bad  at  many  of  the  great  actions  in  the  Peninsula.  An  artil- 
lery officer  commanding  such  a  force,  with  the  great  responsibility 
attached  to  it,  ought  to  take  his  place  with  the  General  commanding 
a  division.  To  speak  of  him  on  the  same  terms  as  an  officer  com- 
manding a  regiment,  shows  either  extreme  ignaraneej  or  a  desire, 
which  we  should  hardly  suppose  an  official  of  any  position  capable 
of   exhibiting,  to  degrade  ana  lower  a  service  which  deserves  better 


THE   BECfctfT  CHAXGES 


treatment.     If  the  command  of  some  half  dozen 
composing  a  brigade  of  Infantry  requires  a  hit: 
Colonel  or  a  Lieutenant- Colonel,  surely  a  brigade  of  A; 
even  in  peace  time  Is  never  less  than  forty -eight  guns,  an  i 
in  the  ease  of  the  Horse  Artillery  Brigade,  consists  of  not  le 
sixty,  with  more  than  2,000 horses  and  an  immense  moss  of  ma 
ought  to  go  still  higher  in  the  scale.     The  comparison    of   the  \ 
maud  of  a  brigade  of  Artillery   with  such  a  command  as  thai  • 
regiment,  if  not  merely  meant  to  he  insulting,  shows  the  lament 
want  of  knowledge  of  the  service  generally  which  exists  in 
military  administration. 

There  is  positively  no  one  single  paragraph  of  the  order 
to  these  recent  changes  in  the  Artillery  that  does  not  show  the 
capacity  and  want  of  knowledge  of  the  details  of  the  service  of  t 
arm,  by  those  who  have  drawn  it  out,     It  is  stated  as  very  desirnb 
that  every  man  of  the  regiment  should  be  thoroughly  aeaiwnti 
with  the  whole  of  the  duties  of  the  Artillery  soldier,  an  J  that  et 
manding  officers  will  be  held  responsible :  that  the  drivers  are 
structed  as  far  as  possible  as  gunners,  and  the  gunners  when  i 
cable  as  drivers,     How  can  this  be  the  ease,  if  certain  brigades  ; 
maintained  exclusively  as  field  Artillery*  while  others  are  equa 
confined  to  garrison  duties.     If  every  man  in  the  regiment   h 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  all  the  duties  of  an  Artillery  e 
a  certain  rotative  system,  such  as  existed  a  few  years  agi 
be  again  re-established.     The  designation  of  gunner  and    dri 
every  man  in  the  regiment  should  also  again  be  reverted  to, 
the  men  are  to  learn  the  same  duties,  it  is  evidently  a  mistake  to 
designate  them  differently  from  each  other.     So  long  as  there  ai*1 
certain  men  called  drivers,  and  others  gunners,  the  natural  teii 
will  he  to  keep  each  exclusively  to  their  own  duties.     It  was  a  great 
blunder  to  have  disturbed  the  old   system  in  any   way,       J 
received    the    emphatic  approval  of  Sir  Alexander  Dickson.  nn«i 
it  was  presumption  in  the  men.*of  modern  days  to  condemn 
he,  with  his  great  practical  experience,  declared  to  be  so  good, 
that  was  required  was  to  work  it  out  properly  with  an  adequir 
tablishment  of  field  batteries,  such  as  we  have  never  had  until  v. 
the  last  few  years.     When  every;  man  in  the  regiment  was  a  gi 
and  driver,  a*  unity  of  feeling  existed ;  moreover,  the  service  was  re- 
lieved of  much  of  its  irksomeness,  for  if  a  man  became  tired  erf 
caTe  of  a  pair  of  horses  and  the  duty  of  driving  them,  another  was 
readily  substituted  anxious  to  take  them.     It  was  easy  in  this 
and  by  the  casualties  of  men  going  into  hospital,  or  on  furlough,  to 
circulate  a  knowledge  of  all  the  duties  of  an  artilleryman,  but  the 
new  system  makes  this  far  more  difficult.     The  drivers,  kept  exelu 
eively  as  drivers,  get  sick  of  the  work3  and  desert  in  crowds,     1 1 
the  prevailing  crime  amongst  these  men.     It  has  got  to  siuh  a 
tent  in  some  instances,  thtyt  what  with  fresh  drivers  to   replu, 
absentees,  and  the  having  so  many  as  seventy-five  drivers   in 
battery,  very  little  margin  is  left  for  instructing  the  gunners  f 
driver's  duties.     The  gunner  and  driver  system  was  both  econj 
and  efficient ;  the  separation  of  the  two  duties,  which  the  new  sye 


1859.1 


OHOAjazATIOIT  OF  TltE  BOTAL  ABTILLEBT. 


109 


amounts  to,  gains  nothing  in  the  latter  respect,  if  it  does  not  lose, 
and  it  is  costly  in  the  extreme.  It  entails  the  necessity  of  a  number 
of  idle  men  as  spare  drivers.  These  surplus  men  at  the  present 
moment  amount  to  fully  as  many  as  those  for  whom  there  is  work  to 
be  found.  There  are  now  seventy-five  drivers  in  the  establishment 
of  each  battery,  while  the  battery  turning  out  complete  only  employs 
thirty-eight.  It  is  impossible  to  regulate  the  Dumber  of  drivers  so 
as  to  meet  all  the  casualties  that  may  arise.  There  is  nothing  but 
inconvenience  and  expense  attached"  to  the  receDt  changes  in  this 
respect,  We  may  depend  upon  it  that  the  gunner  and  driver  system 
was  approved  of  not  only  by  Sir  Alexander  Dickson,  but  by  other 
artillery  officers  who  had  shared  with  him  his  Peninsula  experience. 
The  Duke  of  Wellington  got  the  credit  of  it,  but  the  probability  is 
that  he  merited  it  just  as  little  as  the  substitution  of  9-pouoders  for 
G-pounders  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  for  which,  as  it  now  turns  out, 
the  country  was  indebted  to  an  artillery  officer,  the  late  Sir  Augustus 
Fraser,  The  fact  has  been  admitted  over  and  over  again  that  that 
great  battle,  no  which  so  much  depended,  and  the  successful  result 
of  which  placed  the  British  army  on  so  high  a  pinnacle  of  glory, 
was  won  mainly  by  the  substitution  of  guns  of  heavier  calibre  for 
the  lighter  ones  that  had  been  in  use  previously  by  the  troops  of 
horse  artillery  j  but  it  was  not  known  until  lately  that  this  substitution 
was  urged  by  an  artillery  officer ;  and,  after  being  opposed  for  some 
thm\  reluctantly  acceded  to  by  the  great  General  who  commanded. 
Will  the  present  Horse  Guards  remember  this,  and  look  more  than 
they  seem  inclined  to  do  to  artillery  officers  for  the  management  and 
interior  arrangements  of  their  own  arm  f  Will  the  War  Office 
bear  it  in  mind,  and  look  about  for  a  director-general  before  they  in- 
volve themselves  more  deeply  by  meddling  with  artillery  material 
and  with  other  matters  in  connection  with  the  arm  which  they  do 
not  understand  F  There  are  as  able  officers  of  high  rank  in  the 
Artillery  as  in  any  other  part  of  the  army  :  they  are  not  a  bit  more 
debilitated  by  age  than  their  comrades  equally  as  advanced  in  life  in 
the  cavalry  and  infantry,  and  they  are  quite  as  fit  for  employment,  It 
is  not  necessary  to  go  down  the  list  and  to  drag  up  any  one  to  fill 
the  places  which  should  exist  in  connection  with  the  arm,  and  which 
it  is  essential  to  have  filled  by  officers  of  the  highest  rank,  talent, 
and  experience  that  can  be  found.  There  is  nothing  so  destructive 
to  the  proper  feeling  and  soldierly  qualities  of  a  military  body  as  even 
the  appearance  of  neglect,  or  a  slur  upon  those  who,  having  arrived 
at  the  higher  ranks  of  the  profession,  and  who  having  performed  the 
most  faithful  and  valuable  services  in  their  day,  seem,  like  those  of 
the  Artillery,  to  have  been  advanced  for  the  sole  purpose  of  condemn- 
ing them  to  inactivity  aitorwards. 

The  more  valuable  officers  of  the  junior  ranks  who  reflect  ou 
what  they  see  in  like  existing  state  of  things  must  flag  in  their 
exertions  after  professional  knowledge ;  and  the  apathy  which  will 
creep  upon  them  at  first  will  grow  stronger  and  stronger  as  they 
approach  more  nearly  to  that  high  rank  m  which,  if  the  system  was 
dim-rent,  the  artillery  officer  above  all  others  would  be  moat  useful. 
The  Colonel  Commandant  ship  of  a  battalion  may  feitV^  w>  V*3**k* 


170 


THE   RMEffT   CHANGES  IK  THE 


upon  as  a  harbour  of  rest.    It  ought  to  be  sor  fur  the  nn 
as  much  employment  and  encouragement  to  all  as  can 
afforded ;  but  besides  these  there  are  just  now  twenty  general  o 
of  the  artillery,  nine  tenths  of  whom  are  not  provided  for,  and  nmonj 
whom  some  half  dozen  or  more  might  have  been  found  thoroi 
competent  in  every  respect  to  fill  the  office  of  Inspector  General  i 
Artillery,   which  has  at   last  been  instituted*      Some    exph 
ought  to  be  called  for>  why  some  of  these  were  not  appointed,  thi 
what  made  it  necessary  to  have  a  Colonel  of  the  regiment  pn 
to  the  rather  novel  position  of  a  temporary  General  for  tbe  purpow. 
The  officer  appointed  may  be  competent  enough  j  it  would  do  no  good 
to  discuss  the  point  in  that  invidious  manner*     The    que^i 
whether  one  amongst  the  general  officers  of  artillery  did  not  e: 
equally  as  capable  ?  If  the  public  service  derived  no   benefit 
these  officers  being  all  passed  over,  what  were  the  grounds  u 
which  a  junior  officer  was  promoted  for  the  purpose  of  passing  t! 
over.     There  is  more  at  stake  than  may  be  imagined  in  these 
in  this  want  of  consideration  to  the  claims   of  officers  who 
served  well,  and  who  in  many  instances  still  possess  all  their  faculties 
unimpaired*     It  is  such  treatment  of  them  as  the  veriest  time 
must  be  inclined  to  deprecate — nothing  could  be  more  marked.    Aa 
Inspector  General  was  to  be  appointed  ;  it  was  necessary  he  should 
have  the  rank  of  a  general  officer,  but  all  those  already  holding  ttai 
rank,  strange  to  say,  are  passed  over,  and  an  officer  in  his  sixty-eixft 
or  sixty-seventh  year  is  brought  from  the  rank  of  a  full  Colonel  \A 
fill  the  office,  with  temporary  rank  only, 

This  country  ought,  nest  to  the  Navy,  to  watch  over  its  Artilleir; 
we  may  repair  a  deficiency  in  any  other  part  of  the  service,  but  we 
cannot  with  anything  like  the  same  readiness  do  so  in  this 
portant  arm.     It  ought  to  be  our  pride  and  boast,  and   it  is   one  ire 
could  easily  accomplish,  that  whether  in  science  or  anything  else,  our 
artillery  is  the  finest  in  the  world.    We  can  never  realize  this  if  w 
aro  to  go  on  as  wo  have  been  doing,  holding  on  tenacious!  v 
system  which  makes  the  artillery  officer  m  he  advances  in  t 
leave  his  profession  behind  him.     It  is  something,  and  every  artillery 
officer  will  be  grateful  for  it,  to  see  Sir  Fenwick  Williams  appi 
to  Canada.     It  is  to  be  hoped  that  it    ia  an  instalment  of  the 
coming  of  something  more  hopeful  and  better  than  we  haye 
There  are  some  places  the  command  of  which  seems  to  be  peculiar!) 
adapted  to  the  professional  acquirements  of  artillery  officers.     Thev 
arc  Malta,  Gibraltar,  Corfu,  and  Bermuda  abroad,  and  Portsn 
and    Plymouth,  and  perhaps    some    others  of    our  naval    ports 
at  home.     Whatever  may  be  the  decision  eventually  arrived  at,  with 
reference  to  this  part  of  the  subject,  at  least  let  the  high  appoint  menu 
which  the  efficiency  of  the  corps  requires,  and  which  it  can  never  g^t 
on  properly   without,  be  given  to   it,  and  let  them  he    filled  Dj 
officers  of  mat  high  rank  and  experience  which  are  essential    t< 
them  the  weight  they  ought  to  have,  and  without  which  they  must  be 
of  little  or  no  use. 

The  necessity  for  adopting  this  course  is  urged  solely  with  a  view  to 
the  good  of  the  service.    Individual  interests  connected  with  it  aro 


18590 


GBGAKTZAfclON  OF  THE  BOTAL  AITILLEEY, 


171 


of  little  of  no  consideration  whatever*  The  writer  is  actuated  by  no 
paltry  motives  either  for  or  against  any  one ;  and  least  of  all  is  he 
stirred  up  by  any  bilious  sensations  against  this  or  that  authority. 
He  has  never  asked  a  favour  on  his  own  account;  and  where  there  arc  so 
many  who  are  alwayo  asking  he  feels  no  very  strong  sense  of  bitter- 
ness at  having  never  received  one*  That  which  is  argued  for  is  a 
principle,  and  a  principle,  as  he  views  it,  on  which  so  much  depends, 
that  having  once  been  taken  up  it  cannot  be  lightly  abandoned.  It 
is  strange  that  any  one  should  be  annoyed  or  think  themselves  in- 
jured by  its  advocacy*  If  any  one  suffers,  under  the  circumstances, 
it  can  only  be  the  advocate  himself  for  it  is  seldom  that  much 
gratitude  is  shown  to  those  who  endeavour  to  advance  improve- 
ment ;  and  an  effort  after  military  improvement  is  generally  the 
most  thankless  of  all.  The  harm  usually  done  falls  on  those  who 
urge  their  views,  no  matter  how  sound  or  reasonable  they  may  be  ; 
the  good,  when  good  arises,  is  always  reaped  by  others.  The  Artillery 
in  England  should  not  be  so  subservient  as  it  is  made  to  be,  and  as 
it  is  more  and  more  becoming,  to  Cavalry  and  Infantry  notions.  It 
is  a  complex  and  peculiar  arm,  and  reouircs  those  who  have  been 
brought  up  to  it  to  have  charge  of  its  aetaUa,  and  the  management 
of  everything  connected  with  it.  Unless  the  Commander*in*Chief  has 
that  ass  lata  ace  from  those  who  have  reached  the  highest  rank  in  it, 
and  who  in  most  instances  must  needs  combine  the  greatest  ex- 
perience with  it,  which  it  is  absolutely  requisite  he  should  have, 
there  may  be  a  fair  show  of  men  in  blue  uniforms,  of  sleek  horses, 
and  well-kept  harness,  and  all  the  rest  that  pleases  the  eye  at  reviews 
and  makes  a  show,  but  the  organization  and  system  which  are 
essential  to  the  development  of  a  good  Artillery  will  be  wanting.  The 
Adjutant-General  of  the  army  should  have  little  or  nothing  to  do 
with  this  branch  of  the  service  about  which  his  knowledge  must  be 
very  slight  indeed.  It  should  be  entirely  governed  hy  its  own 
authorities,  communicating  directly  with  and  receiving  their  orders 
solely  from  the  Commander-in-Chief.  Above  all  things  the  Artillery 
should  be  extricated  in  everything  relating  to  it  from  the  hands  of 
the  Minister- at- War,  and  the  civilians,  whether  holding  military 
commissions  or  otherwise,  by  whom  he  is  generally  surrounded 
and  advised  concerning  it.  The  War  Department  would  be  the  ruin 
of  any  military  body,  aud  the  sooner  its  influence  in  military  matters 
is  curtailed  the  better  it  will  be  for  the  armv.  Instead  of  making 
crude  alterations  with  regard  to  the  Artillery  in  bad  imitation 
of  the  French  system^  which  will  never  work,  it  would  have 
been  wiser  to  have  waited  the  result  of  Captain  Vivian's 
committee,  and  to  have  made  a  thorough  reform  in  our  imJU 
tary  departments  and  their  relation  to  each  other.  There  is  a 
strong  anxiety  to  be  doing  something,  aud  a  wonderful  aptituile  in 
mistaking  what  ought  to  be  done.  Ail  our  improvements  only  tend 
to  multiply  appointments  and  to  do  little  else  besides.  If  we  generally 
arrive  at  the  maximum  of  expenditure,  we  as  commonly  obtain  only 
the  minimum  of  benefit  The  march  of  intellect  has  not  yet  done 
much  for  military  legislationjin  this  country.    Our  latest  attempts 


172  *H1  TIM  rOTTin*  BOITKTT.  [JCKL 

at  it  will  not  tide  us  over  many  difficulties.     It  would  bare  beep  ic 
better  in  many  respects  to  have  left  things  as  thrywt-re.     Hut 
always  be  a  party  in  favour  of  our  failures,  fit*  if  they  d 
else,  they  promote  patronage.     The  formation  of  a  school  i 
at  Shoeburyness  was  u  wise  step,  but  it  is  marred  by  throwi: 
whole  corps  into  confusion  at  the  same  moment  iu  other  respects. 


THE  TEN-POUND  BOUNTY. 


If  the  advance  of  social  freedom  has  banishrd  the  pregagacg,  ** 
at  ill  retain  some  of  our  old  customs,     The  Middle  A  gem  lurk 
eurls  of  the  judge*s  wig,  in  the  Corporation   mace,  the    Q 
sceptre,  in  gold  stick  and  silver  stick,  pursuivants,  heralds 
other  paraphernalia  of  buried  ages.     Knights  of  the   Bat  \  \ 
take  oath  to  defend  injured  ladies.     With  such  examples  b<?f<  »r< 
why  should  not  our  sailors  take  their  £10  down,  an  true  knight*,  lo 
defend  all  the  ladies,  aye  and  all  the  *'  gentlemen  <>f  Hi, 
live  at  home  at  ease/'  against  all  comers  ?     They  ha\> 
for  doing  so,  and  precedent  is  everything.     Indeed  wo  seldom  find 
our  l<  higher  powers  ?l  trying  their  hands  at  innovation.     In  cases  of 
doubt  and  difficulty  they  use  their  memory  first  and  their  reason 
afterwards. 

In  truth  there  is  often  great  difficulty  in  knowing  what  to  do 
Most  people  are  content  to  jog  on  from  hand  to  mouth,  without  plm 
or  forethought,     Even  our  statesmen  no w-a- days  wait  for  an  impuk1 
from  abroad,  or  aet  in   obedience  to  the  pressure   from   without 
Perhaps  we  have  no  right  in  ordinary  peaceable  times  to   expect  to 
find  a  man  capable  of  seeing  where  all  matters  hinge>  though  e 
body  admires  the  bold  and  ready  actor,  who  takes   occasion    1 
beard.     But  such  men  are  as  rare  as  mermaids,  so  we   nn 
put  our  faith  in  our  old  friends,  routine,  order,  and  custom, 
they  never  inspire  the  nation  with  much  confidence  or  vigour. 

It  is  astonishing  what  may  be  done  with  thoroughness.       It  ig  an 
enthusiastic  quality.     We  know  of  nothing  more  expressive  than  i 
direct  appeal  to  the  breeches  pocket,  particularly  with  En 
Their  business  habits  teach  them  to  have  faith  in  a  minister  who 
does  not  treat  with  levity  a  pound  sterling  ;  and  they  are 
See   the    magic   there    is    in  £10  down   upon   the   nail,    and  no 
abatement.     It  has  performed,  or  is  in  a  fair  way  of  performing,  i 
miracle,  in  manning  the  channel  fleet.     The  "Royal  Commissi  oners 
tried  coaxing,  extra  rations  of  biscuit,  beef,  cocoa,  onions,  and  plum- 
duff,  as  well  as  pensions  seen  through  a  hazy  vista  of  twenty 
sea  service.     Their  baits  were  useless.     Jack  declined  them  a  J 
he    has    bitten    at    £10  in   a    lump.     The  Queen's   bounty  gpri 
straight  to  the  heart  of  the  man  ;  while  the  nice  balancing  ot 


1859.] 


THE  TE3T  POOfD  BOTTITTT. 


173 


tional  pay*  better  rations,  allotments,  badge-money  and  pensions, 
were  looked  upon  as  so  much  bilge-water* 

Raising  men  for  the  navy  by  means  of  a  bounty  is  considered  by 
many  to  have  an  old-fashioned' look,  but  we  remember  an  old  adage 
about  i{  a  bird  in  the  hand/1  &c*  It  is  evident  that  our  seamen  re- 
member it  too,  at  all  events  they  prefer  having  £10  at  the 
commencement  of  their  service  to  6d.  a-day  at  the  end  of  twenty 
years,  which,  heaven  knows,  appeals  to  a  very  distant  future*  They 
remember  also  their  treatment  at  the  end  of  the  Bussiau  war,  and, 
indeed,  as  far  as  that  goes,  at  the  end  of  almost  every  war.  Whether 
there  is  any  truth  in  their  statements  or  not,  they  always  complain  of 
scurvy  treatment  at  the  bands  of  government  when  their  services 
are  no  longer  required ;  and  perhaps  this  is  confessing  that  if  we 
had  a  sound  principle  working  at  the  Admiralty  the  navy  would 
never  want  good  men. 

It  seems  to  he  easily  explained  why  we  cannot  catch  seamen* 
Like  had  fishermen  we  offer — bait  tbat  is  out  of  season.  If  the  pay 
and  pensions  are  not  sufficient  to  man  the  navy  up  to  the  war  pitrli, 
we  must  try  other  means.  Our  tars  may  be  stupid  fellows  in  some 
particular  cases,  but  they  have  wisdom  enough  to  misunderstand 
our  benevolence*  unless  it  comes  in  the  shape  of  money  down.  Throw 
more  hard  coin  into  the  monthly  pay— appeal  to  the  present,  and 
not  to  the  future— and  the  State  will  then  get  the  pick  of  the  sea* 
men's  labour  market.  We  may  talk  until  the  end  of  time,  about  the 
best  way  of  manning  the  navy,  but  Jack  comprehends  no  logic  so 
well  as  increased  monthly  pay  or  a  bounty. 

That  this  is  borne  out  by  facts,  let  us  note  events  for  the  last  few 
weeks*  A  Boyal  Commission  sat,  deliberated,  and  hatched  a  report, 
but  we  verily  believe  it  did  not  man  a  sloop.  Out  comes  the  war 
in  Italy  and  the  Queen's  proclamation,  offering  a  £10  bounty,  and 
the  fleet  is  being  rapidly  manned  ;  and  this  brings  us  to  the  matter 
in  hand,  viz..  what  sort  of  men  are  we  getting  for  our  money.  We 
shall  better  understand  the  bargain,  if  we  append  the  conditions. 
Here  is  the  advertisement ; — 

"  Wanted  on  board  11  «t  Majesty *s  Ship  Britannia,  120  guns, 
Captain  Kobert  Harris,  for  the  Boyal  Navy,  and  for  ten  years  con- 
tinuous service,  men  between  the  age  of  nineteen  and  twenty-one  t 
not  less  than  5  feet  6  inches  in  height  without  shoes,  stout,  healthy, 
and  intelligent.  To  measure  33  inches  round  the  chest  without 
clothing.     All  men  will  receive  on  joining  £3  5s*  in  advance. 

"Boys  are  received  between  the  age  of  17  and  19;  at  17  years 
they  must  be  5  feet  4  inches  high  j  at  18,  5  feet  5  inches ;  and  at  19, 
they  must  be  5  feet  (5  inches  without  shoes, 

«nder  18  must  bring  their  baptismal  register  and  consent 
of  their  parents  in  writing,  and  they  all  must  measure  33  inches 
round  the  chest  without  clothing.  Every  boy  must  also  bring  a 
character;  when,  if  accepted,  he  will  receive  £2  in  advance. 

"  Landsmen  above  20  years  of  age  entering  on  board  her  Majesty's 
ships  before  June  16th,  will  receive  40g,  bounty,  also  a  bed,  blanket, 
and  clothes,  to  the  value  of  £2  12s*  Gd*n 

This  plain  offer  is  bringing  mea  to  the  service  iawftraa^*^ 


174 


THE  TEff  POTHTD  BOTTOTT. 


[JlOT, 


when  the  easterly  wind  shifts  and  liberates  the  homeward-bound 
ships  from  the  chops  of  the  Channel,  we  shall  have  an  additional 
body  of  men  anxious  to  accept  the  bounty. 

The  principal  objection  to  the  above  requisition  of  the  State  is  the 
height  of  the  men,  aye,  and  the  boys  too.  Five  feet  six  inches  is  a 
drawback,  because,  as  we  observed"  on  the  Common-bard  at  Ports- 
mouth, as  well  as  at  other  naval  rendezvous,  there  are  hundreds  of 
men  with  a  forty-inch  chest  but  whose  height  is  under  the  atano 
required.  Height  is  all  very  well,  but  we  prefer  men  with  plenty 
of  beam.  We  believe,  however,  that  the  order  is  not  universally 
obeyed,  for  good  stout  A.  B.'s,  under  the  required  height,  are  not  ob- 
jected to. 

We  have  heard  a  reason  assigned  for  fixing  the  standard  for  the 
Navy  at  five  feet  six  inches,  which,  it  will  be  remembered,  is  h  i  ■ 
than  is  required  for  recruits  for  the  Army.     It  is,  that  the  spars  of 
the  huge  line*  of- bat  tic  ships  are  so  large,  tliat  shorter  than  a  fife 
foot  six  inch  man  cannot  clasp  them  when  reeling ;  and  that  short 
men  are  so  exposed  during  bad  weather  in  leaning  over  the 
when  reefing,  and  thereby  exposing  their  backs,  that  thev  contract 
rheumatism,  and  by  getting  into  the  sick  list  are  incapacitated  f 
service.    Wc  give  this  statement  as  we  beard  it,  not  that  it  is  sou; 
reason  to  suppose  that  aU  hands  are  wanted  for  the  large  spa 
Smaller  men  would  even  be  more  useful  on  the  topgallant  and  roy 
yards.     Neither  are  all  our  ships  line-of-battle  ships;  and  hundred*, 
iiay,  thousands  of  men  under  fire  feet  six  inches  might  be  shij 
on  board  frigates,  sloops,  and  gun -boats,  without  much  detriment  to 
the  public  service. 

The  men  We  have  seen  come  forward  to  accept  the  bounty  froi 
the  commercial  marine  are  fair  specimens  of  English  seamen  ;  man 
of  them  appeared  as  though  they  had  been  upon  short  common 
both  in  dress  and  food.     In  many  instances  there  was  no  occasion  t< 
take  off  their  shoes  when  about  to  be  measured,  that  had  been  done 
long  ago.     But  tt  slops'1  are  forthcoming,  and  a  few  weeks  of  the 
improved  diet  of  the  navy  will  till  them  out*     For  it  should  be 
borne  in  mind,  in  contrasting  the  navy  with  the  merchant  service, 
that  the  food  is  far  better,  the  quantity  greater,  better  cooked,  and 
eaten  with  greater  attention  to  comfort,  regularity,  and  cleanliness 
on  board  a  man-of-war  than  in  a  merchant  vessel.     Of  course  we  d< 
not  include  such  ships  as  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Company1"* 
steam-packets,  or  Cunard's,  in  the  abovo  remark,  these  services  beinf 
quite  exceptional,  and  in  most  respects  quite  eqna!  to  the  improvi 
dietary  arrangements  of  the  navy, 

A  leading  journal,  remarkable  for  its  boldness  of  assertion,  staled 
the  other  day,  when  dilating  upon  the  subject  of  manning  the  navy, 
"  that,  setting  aside  cunt  ingcncieB  of  a  sudden  demand,  the  navy  was 
very  well  manned."  But  the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  is  of  a 
different  opinion,  so  are  the  lloyal  Commissioners,  or  what  need  was 
there  for  a  commission;  and  so  are  most  naval  men,  who,  of  all 
others,  know  most  about  the  matter.     Indeed,  the  supph  i  a, 

even  in  times  of  peace,  has  act  been  equal  to  the  demand.     How 
often  of  late  years,  up  to  the  last  sk  months,  in  fact,  have  we  heard 


1859.] 


THE  ten  H>r>-B  uouarr. 


175 


at  when  a  ship -of- war  baa  been  commissioned  she  has  waited 
months  at  Spithead,  or  some  other  anchorage,  for  waDt  of  bands  to 
complete  her  complement.     The  whole  of  this  time  the  moat  costly 

Krt  of  her  crew,  viz.,  the  officers,  and  such  of  the  men  that  had  joined, 
come  a  serious  burden  upon  the  nation  (as  they  are  useless),  to  which, 
of  course,  must  be  added  theexpensc  of  the  ship  she  is  intended  to  relieve. 
To  enumerate  a  few  instances  from  memory  would  he  hy  no  means 
a  difficult  task ;  hut  we  take  the  following  from  an  official  report 
made  tn  the  House  of  Commons  by  a  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  who 
was  endeavouring  to  convince  the  "  House  **  of  the  inadequate  supply 
of  men  for  the  service  even  in  time  of  peace.  Thus,  the  Ganges, 
after  being  commissioned  for  service  in  the  Pacific,  remained  in 
harbour  110  days ;  the  Diadem,  a  crack  frigate  with  a  popular  cap- 
tain, 135  days;  the  Menmvn,  a  fine  two-decked  ship,  172  days;  the 
Marlborough  t  three-decker,  129  days  ;  and  the  Eunjatus^  the  hand- 
somest frigate  in  the  service,  and  intended  as- the  ship  to  initiate  the 
Royal  Prince  to  the  duties  of  the  Navy  in  a  yacht  voyage  up  the 
Mediterranean,  remained  idle  at  her  anchor  121  days  for  want  of 
hands.  "Where  were  our  continuous-servicemen?  Could  none  bo 
found  to  meet  the  exigencies  of  such  common-place  occasions  as 
le?  As  Sir  Charles  Wood  justly  remarked,  *  Could  the  inge- 
nuity of  our  most  inveterate  foe  devise  anything  more  humiliating, 
or  more  calculated  to  impress  foreign  nations  with  the  conviction  of 
the  decay  of  our  naval  power  than  the  fact  that  our  ships  of  wtrr  re- 
main in  port  four,  five,  and  sis  months  at  a  stretch,  unable  to  oh  tain, 
in  times  of  peace,  their  complement  of  seamenr' 

We  may  get  plenty  of  men  of  some  sort  or  other  By  means  of  the 
£10  bounty,  and  we  may  teach  them  all  the  duties  of  a  man-ot- 
but  unless  we  manage  to  retain  them  by  some  means  in  the  service, 
re  shall  not  get  much  beyond  their  assistance  in  an  emergency  for 
ir  pains.  It  is  just  possible  that  we  may  do  too  much  when  we 
?t  as  we  do  nonr,  in  a  hurry — from  instinct  and  impulse  ;  and  by- 
id-bye,  when  the  alarm  is  past,  we  may  learn  that  we  have  ddng 
rrang.  For  wie  have  had  two  processes  going  on  in  this  maritime 
country  for  Home  time  past,  beautifully  adapted  to  counteract  one 
another.  It  is  difficult  to  determine  bow  to  §urpaas  the  absurdity 
of  raising  men.  as  we  are  at  present,  at  a  great  expense,  and  when  we 
have  taught  them  every  duly  a  seaman  ought  to  know,  it  has  been 
our  practice  hitherto  to  scatter  them  broadcast,  to  take  root  in  any 
other  service  than  our  own. 

Let  us  take  a  familiar  example,  and  in  a  plain,  straightforward 
statement  take  the  shortest  route  to  the  mind*  The  following  para- 
graph will  furnish  us  with  an  occurrence  with  which  every  one  is 
familiar,  and  illustrates  one  of  the  processes  alluded  to: — 

*'  The  Nankin,  50  guns,  Commodore  the  Hon.  Keith  Stewart,  has 
arrived  in  the  river  Thames  from  China.     Being  in  a  perfect  state  of 
discipline  and  efficiency,  she  is  to  be  dismantled  and  paid  oft"  imme- 
Admiral  rlarrey,  the  i^mmiander-in-Chief,at  Sheerneas, 
expr<  approbation  oi  the  general  order  of  the  ship,  espe> 

her  ]  md  efficiei 

[ing  be   had  seen  for  irs,     This  admirable  bod^  o£  *fl£s&^ 

Jest,  18S&. 


176 


THE  TEH  20U>Tn  BOUNTY, 


[JrKBT 


liter, 

crew 

dai 


lerists,  according  to  the  present  rules  of  the  Navy,  are  to  be  at  once 
dispersed,  to  take  service  where  they  may." 

Paradoxical  as  it  may  seem,  this  ship  and  her  splendid  crew  was 
paid  off,  and  the  men  sent  away  as  though  they  were  not  wanted, 
when  the  whole  kingdom  waa  agitated  with  pamphlets,  paragraphs, 
and  letters  from  various  persons  upon  the  best  modes  of  manning 
the  navy.  One  would  imagine  that  in  practical  England  some 
remedy  for  this  absurd  practice  might  be  adopted,  In  truth  there 
is  something  quite  ludicrous  in  the  management  of  our  naval  attains. 
What  can  be  so  injudicious  when  a  ship  like  the  Rankin  return* 
home  with  her  crew  perfect,  officers  and  men  working  well  together, 
and  well  acquainted  with  the  properties  of  the  vessel,  as  to  b 
the  three  years1  continuous  labour  to  the  winds*  To  say  notF1 
about  the  loss  of  the  men,  it  costs  some  £207O0Of  often  more, 
nine  or  ten  months'  downright  labour,  to  get  a  new  and  untried  ci 
in* the  same  condition  as  the  splendid  frigate  we  have  instanced 
broken  up  in  a  day. 

To  understand  how  suicidal  is  'such  conduct  in  the  navy,  let  us 
ask  what  would  be  thought  of  the   administrative   powers  o 
Horse  Guards  if,  after  having  trapped,  bought,  cajoled^  or  obtained 
by  any  of  the  means  known  to  recruiting  Serjeants,  a  line  h* 
recruits  ;  and  after  drilling  them  for  months  and  teaching  them  tl 
mysteries  of  the  "  goose  step,"  regimental  duties,  and  target  practi 
in  all  its  modern  destructiveness — in  fact,  converted  them  into  goi 
soldiers' — what,  we  ask,  would  be  thought  of  the  capaeit 
Horse  Guards,  if  these  men,  when  instructed  how  to  nght  any  f< 
were  to  be  instantly  disbanded,  and  told  there  waa  no  further  u 
for  them  ?     Surely  if  this  is  true  with  respect  to  the  line  regimen 
in  the  army,  it  must  have  equal  force  when  applied  to  our  line-of* 
battle-ships- 

It  is  not  our  intention  to  speculate  upon  the  manner  in  n 
Admiralty  may  retain  or  discharge  men  for  the  future,  but 
of  contrasting  the  dismantling  of  the  Nankin,  or,  indeed,  an  v 

ship,  let  us  see  what  Her  Majesty's  Ship of  91  guns/may 

expected  to  experience  before  she  is  fit  for  sea,  even  under  the 
fluence  of  a  £10  bounty,  This  magnificent  ship  is  now  eommissione 
and  has  what  ward  room  officers  call  a  popular  commander,  and  wb 
the  blue  jackets  call  a  first  rate  sailor,  so  that  it  is  very  probata 
that  a  good  round  number  of  smart  A.  B,*a  will  find  their  way 
board  her.     And  yet  what  are  the  difficulties  that  bee 
of  this  splendid  ship  before  and  after  she  goes  to  se 
tion  of  what  has  to  be  done  by  her  officers  and  men  before  site  ij 
to  fight  another  ship  equal  in  guns  to  her  own,  will  ens  I 
condemn  what  we  so  wantonly  undo. 

Let  us  admit  that,  in  fitting  out  this  ship,  the  officers,  marine 
and  seamen-gunners  are  appointed*  These  seamen-gunners  are  dis- 
tributed in  the  proportions  ne  in  forty  or  forty-five,  to  the 
rest  of  the  crew,  and  are  readily  obtained  ;  she  will  have  to  supply 
the  rest  of  her  crew,  petty  officers,  master-at-arms,  ship's  corporal 
carpenters,  blacksmiths,  armourers,  caulkers,  signalmen*  and  tfe 
captains  of  the  guns,  from  the  heterogenous  mass  that  come  1 
bling  in,  minus  discipline,  dirty  and  unruly,    Now,  when  this 


1850.] 


THE  TEF  FOUM   B0T7HIX 


177 


goes  to  sea,  what  follows? — drill,  drill,  everlasting  drill;  And  fortunate 
she  will  be  if  she  escape  the  notice  of  an  enemy  until  six  mouths1 
*  icessant  labour  baa  put  everybody  in  good  fighting  condition  on  board. 
While  passing  through  this  uncomfortable  period,  the  men  have 
ao  peace :  the  mesa  tab  lea  are  constantly  disarranged,  no  rest  for 
the  watch  below;  and,  unless  the  officers  are  patterns  of  good  tem- 
er,  and  zealous  in  the  discharge  of  their  duty,  discontent  becomes 
condition  of  the  ship.  In  this  way  it  has  happened,  before 
r,  that  we  have  sent  untrained  men  to  fight  the  battles  of  the 
aim  try  against  the  trained  and  skilled  gunners  of  France  and 
aeriea.  We  are  satisfied  our  late  "  faithful  ally"  and  probable  fu- 
t  ure  foe  has  taken  care  that  his  new  liners  are  not  sent  to  sea  in 
any  such  disgraceful  condition.  Indeed,  we  happen  to  know  from 
excellent  authority  that  he  has  been  particular  in  laving  a  good  cap- 
tain appointed  to  every  gun  in  his  ships  afloat — men  especially 
aMUed  in  hitting  a  target,  and  he  has  also  been  equally  solicitous 
in  other  respects  relating  to  the  gunnery  practice  of  nis  ships  of  war* 
Now  the  £10  bounty  may  man  the  Channel  fleet,  but  not  as  it 
ought  to  be  manned,  and  we  say  this  without  underrating  the  quality 
of  the  men  obtained.  What  we  mean  is,  that  mere  sailors,  men  who 
possess  sea  lega  and  sea  stomachs,  are  not  the  men  required  for  the 
navy  now-a-days.  There  is  a  wide  difference  between  handling  cot- 
ton bales  and  cannon  balls.  The  plough  boy  may  be  drilled  into  a 
good  soldier,  and  the  merchant  seaman  may  be  drilled  into  a  good 
gunner,  but  the  tiling  has  to  be  done  in  one  case  as  well  as  in  the 
other,  for  a  naval  action,  as  now  to  be  fought,  will  depend  upon 
gunnery  and  not  upon  canvas.  And  gunnery,  or  rather  "  our  armB 
of  precision/1  require  well-trained  men  to  manage  them.  Future 
naval  encounters  will  be  trials?  of  scientific  skill ;  our  68-pounders 
require  as  delicate  handling  as  the  Enfield  rifle  j  so  that  the  mere 
merchantman  has  much  to  study  before  he  is  fit  to  take  his  station 
at  quarters  beside  a  well -trained  man-o'-warVnmn. 

We  look  upon  bounties,  then,  as  exceptional  means  for  raising 
men, — a  confessing  of  being  taken  unawares.  Besides,  people  seldom 
make  good  bargains  when  they  rush  into  a  market  with  a  heavy  de* 
mand.  Fortunately,  men  at  the  present  moment  are  rather  cheap  • 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  from  the  supply  now  being  obtained,  we 
shall,  under  any  circumstances,  war  or  no  war,  retain  for  the  future 
a  good  naval  reserve,  from  which  we  may  man  our  reliefs  in  time  of 
peace,  without  waiting  six  months  for  menj  and  also  meet  the  sudden 
demands  of  war,  without  reporting  to  the  expedient  of  a  £10  bounty, 
which  after  all  sends  us  men  we  nave  to  train  and  instruct,  and  not 
men  who  can  step  on  board  a  ship  one  day,  and  fight  an  enemy  the 
next. 

Lastly,  it  should  also  be  remembered  that  we  are  now  in  a  transi- 
tion period,  which  is  also  a  very  expensive  period.  Our  ships  now 
require  both  sails  and  engines  ;  we  have  to  sustain  the  expenses  of 
seamen  as  well  as  engineers,  stokers,  and  coals :  two  motive  powers, 
instead  of  one  to  pay  and  drill  into  efficiency  ;  and  this  is  an  additional 
reason  to  the  many  others  that  might  be  advanced  for  not  wrenching 
asunder  the  complicated  equipment  necessary  for  our  6tew.*&e^-*&- 
war,  "&.^* 


178 


[Jm, 


A  FEW  OBSERVATIONS  ON   THE  FORMATION  OK 
VOLUNTEER,  ARTILLERY,  AND  RIFLE  COKPS, 

The  decision  of  bcr  Majesty's  ministers  relative  to  the  enr.< 
of  volunteers,  is  one  of  those  incidents  which  prove  far  more  < 
than  could  possibly   be  done  by  words,  that   liberal  in 
based  on  popular  principles,  create  in  those  countries  where  thet 
exist,  a  feeling  of  mutual  confidence   and   goodwill  between 
people  and  their  rulers  which  we  look  for  in  vain  where    here 
right,  or  the  choice  of  the  people  themselves,  has  conferred  de 
power  upon  an  individual. 

The  Government  has  not  been  satisfied  with  a  simple  recosr: 
of  the  right  possessed  by  the  people  to  come  forward  and  coi 
in  armed  bodies  for  the  purpose  of  acting  against  an  enemy  in  iht 
event  of  invasion ;  but  it  has  invited  them  to  do  so.  That  such  is 
invitation  will  be  enthusiastically  responded  to  there  can  be  but 
little  doubt,  and  few  will  he  found  bold  enough  to  deny  the  gre»t 
additional  strength  our  military  resources  will  receive  by  such  i 
system  being  called  into  action*  So  much  of  the  usefulness  of  our 
volunteer  corps  must,  however,  depend  on  their  proper  organisation, 
that  we  propose  devoting  a  few  pages  to  the  consi  deration  of  the 
subject,  and  we  would  preface  our  remarks  by  observing  that  uV 
very  enthusiasm  which  will  induce  so  many  spirited  and  patriotir 
individuals  to  offer  their  services,  makes  the  exercise  of  a  sober 
judgment  and  sound  discretion  more  than  usually  necessary  wka 
carrying  into  execution  the  arrangements  connected  with  it. 
We  propose  briefly  to  glance  over — 

L — The  composition  and  organization  of  our  volunteer  corps* 
2. — The  manner  in  which  they  should  be  armed  and  trained. 
3. — The  most  suitable  dress  for  them. 

The  War  Office  Circular  provides  in  some  degree  for  the  establish 
men!  of  volunteer  corps  in  the  different  counties,  by  piaeii 
patronage,  and  to  some  extent  the  responsibility  connected 
their  organization,  in  the  hands  of  the  respective  lieutenants  of 
counties.     The  advantages  of  such  an  arrangement  are  eon 
open  to  question  in  a  military  point  of  view ;  but  be  that  as  it 
there  is  one  thing  very  certain,  that  all  volunteer  corps  ought 
embodied  under  one  set  of  regulations,  and  that  their  system  i 
and  interior  economy  ought  to  be  uniform.     In  the  same  Circuit* 
there  is  a  rule  laid  down  which  is  of  the  very  first  importance  aai 
from  which  no  departure,  under  any  pretext  whatever,  should  be 
allowed  ;   it  is,  H  That  the  members  of  the  corps  undertake  to  pro* 
vide  their  own  amis  and  equipments,  and  to  defray  all  expenses  at 
tending  the  corps,  except  in  the  event  of  its  be  in  bled  fri 

actual  service."     Unless  this  rule  be  strictly  adhered  to,  the  < 
denned  hues  of  demarcation  which  ought  to  separate  the  volunteers 
from  the   regular  and    militia  forces  would  soon   disappear    and 
instead  of  gaining  the  co-operation  of  those  classes  vthozv 
position  precludes  them,  except  in  a  few  solitary  instances    iron 


1859.] 


HINTS   05T  THE   FOEMATTOH   OF   RITLE   CORPS- 


179 


volunteering  for  military  service,  we  should  be  simply  making  a 
transfer  of  the  services  of  men  who  would  he  quite,  if  not  more, 
useful,  serving  under  existing  or  future  arrangements  in  the  ranks  of 
our  militia,  It  is  the  more  necessary  to  lay  a  considerable  stress 
upon  this  point,  because  already  in  the  public  prints  a  tendency  has 
been  evinced  towards  urging  upon  the  authorities  the  great  advan- 
tages that  would  be  derived  from  equipping  these  volunteers  at  the 
public  expense ;  a  step  which,  besides  the  many  other  mischiefs  that 
it  might  produce,  would  at  once  destroy  the  very  ground  upon 
which  their  li  esprit  de  corps  "  should  be  made  to  rest. 

The  personal  qualifications  required  from  a  member  of  a  volunteer 
corps  should  be  such  as  would  be  necessary  to  ensure  a  proper  per- 
formance of  the  duties  required  from  him  in  his  new  positron  of  a 
soldier.  Good  sight,  bodily  activity,  and  physical  endurance  are 
amongst  those  qualifications,  without  which  no  man  can  be  tho- 
':! y  efficient  as  a  soldier  in  the  field ;  the  first  is  indeed  essential, 
and  for  a  corp3  of  sharp-shooters  the  two  last  are  hardly  less  so. 

Although  Artillery  Corps  and  Companies  are  referred  to  in  the 
Proclamation,  it  is  very  certain  that  the  great  bulk  of  the  volunteers 
will  be  composed  of  riflemen ;  we  shall,  therefore,  more  particularly 
direct  our  attention  to  the  organization  of  the  latter  .having  first  briefly 
shewn  under  what  special  circumstances  it  is  desirable  that  the 
volunteers  should  be  trained  to  the  service  of  heavy  guns. 

Experience  has  seldom  failed  to  prove  that  whatever  care  may 
have  been  taken  in  the  first  instance  to  proportion  a  sufficient  number 
of  artillerymen  to  the  guns  of  a  fortress,  or  to  the  batteries  em- 
ployed against  it, — that  after  a  short  tirneT  the  casualties  caused 
from  the  combined  effects  of  the  enemy's  fire,  sickness,  or  fatigue, 
so  greatly  diminish  their  numbers,  that  the  want  of  properly  in- 
structed men  to  work  the  guns,  goon  becomes  seriously  felt ;  for  this 
reason,  it  is  highly  desirable,  that  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood 
of  our  naval  arsenals  and  fortified  stations,  the  volunteer  should 
receive  the  training  of  an  artilleryman,  in  preference  to  that  of  a 
rifleman  ;  a  position  for  which,  indeed,  the  inhabitant  of  a  town  is, 
perhaps,  from  his  previous  u  the  best  adapted. 

In  the  formation  of  our  volunteer  corps,  there  aTe  several  consi- 
derations which  we  must  not  omit  to  take  into  account ;  belonging 
to  a  superior  class  to  that  from  which  the  ranks  of  either  the  regular 
army  or  militia  Is  usually  recruited,  we  must  expect,  that  as  a  body, 
they  will  possess  a  higher  degree  of  intelligence,  and  that  a  juster 
appreciation  of  the  character  of  others  will,  as  a  consequence,  pro- 
ceed from  it ;  the  officers  should  therefore  be  selected  with  more 
than  ordinary  care,  so  that  obedience  to  them  may  be  rendered,  not 
only  as  a  matter  of  necessity,  but  of  choice;  they  should  be  second 
to^none  under  their  command,  in  either  activity  or  intelligence,  for 
confidence  in  a  leader  is  often  the  true  secret  of  success,  and  the 
want  of  it  has  often  occasioned  a  brave  man  to  act  like  a  coward. 

Separate  and  independent  companies  possess  many  decided  advan- 
tages over  a  regimental  organisation,  but,  when  embodied  for  active 
service,  arrangements  might  be  made  which  would  permit  of  their 
being  massed  together  in  bodies  of  such  a  strength  as  mi^Ut  \& 
found  most  convenient* 


ISO 


HTTfTB  OS  THE  TOBMATTCIT*    OF  BIFtE   COSWt. 


[Jt 


t  ikr, 

I  CStS 


Let  us  bow  proceed  to  consider  what  would  be  tbe  best 
arming  and  inuaing  those  rifle  companies ;  for  with  tbe  i 
there  would  be  no  difficulty,  as  they  might  be  made  to  a&simiiat*  u 
some  degree  to  the  corps  with  which  they  would  hart!  pent* 

In  the  first  place,  bow  are  our  rifles, — our  Kifle  If ji rigors   uLail  \ 
call  them  ?  it  sounds  better  than  Volunteers, — to  be  armed  f 

There  are  so  many  kinds  of  rifle  fire-arms  in   the   pre 
each  of  which  presents  some  novelty  of  construction  and   lai 
to  aome  peculiar  excellence,  that  even  if  we  were  at  liberty  to  do  » 
it  would  bo  rather  difficult  to  choose  between  them  ;  but   b<> 
we  are  to  guage,  to  the  necessities  of  the  service  which  require  this 
we  should  depend  upon  the  military  authorities  for  a  a  up  ply 
munition j  and  to  a  price  that  will  place  it  within  tbe    reach 
sons  of  small  means,  it  does  not  appear  that  we  can   da   bet? 
the  time  being  than  to  adopt  the  regulation  rifle,  which  ie(  when  a 
good  hands,  a  truly  formidable  weapon,  and  one  well  adapted 
purpose.     Of   course  tbis  is  a  subject  upon  which  a   diversity  «f 
opinions  will  be  entertained,  and  upon  which  much  profitable  discis- 
sion might  arise,  were  it  not  that  the  object  of  the  present 
ment  is  not  to  talk  but  to  act,  and  whilst  the  comparative  sup. 
or  inferiority  of  this  or   that    rifle   was   being   eatable 
raluable  time  would  be  lost.     The  volunteer  would,   however, 
cases  possess  a  great  advantage  from  the  rifle  being  his  own  pr^ 
for  he  would  have  the  power  of  altering  the  shape  and   size 
stock  to  suit  bis  individual  taste  or  the  form  of  his  shoulder. 

Having  armed  our  volunteer  with  a  rifle,  the  next  thing  to  h 
done  is  to  teach  hirn  how  to  use  it.  He  has  to  begin  by  leantiaj 
two  things — the  first  is  to  find  out  his  distance  from  1  he*  object  k 
wants  to  hit — the  second,  is  to  hit  the  object  when  he  knows  ha* 
far  he  is  from  it.     To  begin  with  tbe  first : — 

If  the  volunteer  be  really  in  earnest  he  will  find   opportunitki 
for  judging  distances  constantly  occurring,  even  though 
may  be  so  occupied  that  he  has  little  leisure  for  a  regular  course  rf 
application  to  it*     In  walking  along  a  road,  for  instance^  he   m 
object  at  some  distance  before  him,  ho  observes  its  appearance  nar- 
rowly s  guesses  the  distance  he  may  be  from  it,  and  then  conn  I 
number  of  paces  which  he  takes  before  arriving  at  the  spot  where  it 
stands.     By  doing  this  as  often  as  he  can,  under  all  the   varying  in- 
fluences of  atmosphere  and  local ityy  he  will  soon  find   that  "he  very 
seldom  fails  to  arrive  at  a  close  approximation  to  the  truth. 

To  become  a  good  shot  much  practice  is  generally  required,  fch 
We  often  meet  with  exceptional  eases,  in  which  it  would  almost 
as  if  there  were  a  constitutional  tendency  to  be  one :  but  i 
ease  must  the  volunteer  rest  satisfied  with  a  degree  of  pi 
which  merely  enables  him  to  make  sure  of  his  mark  under  a 
fixed  conditions  ;  he  must  endeavour  to  do  so  equally  whel 
standing  kneeling,  or  laying  down,  and  he  must  be  ablo  in  all  ibese 
positions  to  take  aim  rapidly  as  well  as  surely,  ibr  the  difference  uf  an 
instant  is  often  to  the  soldier  the  difference  between  life  and  dv 

Though  to  become  what  is  commonly  called  a  "  dead  shot  *'  should 
be  the  firat  object  of  a  rifleman's  ammtion,  he  (should  not  ni 


1869.}       hivts  ok  TST5  totiiAXio*  or  BTTLE  oob*s.  Id 

those  gymnastic  exercises  which  tend  to  invigorate  the  frame  and 
increase  its*  muscular  development,  nor  should  he  at  any  time  fail  to 
remember  that  his  individual  value  is  very  much  increased  by  his 
being  "  swift  of  foot  and  strong  of  limb." 

Much  more  training  he  does  not  need.  To  march  with  a  regular, 
quick  step,  to  move  from  either  flank  in  fours,  to  extend  in 
skirmishing  order,  to  close  upon  any  given  point,  to  form  a  rallying 
■quare,  with  one  or  two  other  simple  manoeuvres,  might  comprise  the 
wnole  of  it. 

We  have  now  armed  our  rifle  volunteer,  we  have  given  him  some 
slight  instruction,  but  we  have  as  yet  neglected  to  clothe  him,  a 
yery  cruel  piece  of  negligence  which  we  will  endeavour  to  rectify  as 
quickly  as  possible. 

"We  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  our  rifleman  should  be  an 
activefellow,whomaybe  often  called  upon  to  move  rapidly  from  point  to 
point,  to  jump  over  hedges  and  ditches,  and  to  scramble  through 
briars  and  brakes,  with  equal  alacrity  and  goodwill ;  his  dress,  then, 
■hould  be  one  that  would  enable  him  to  do  all  this  without  inconve- 
nience, and  its  colour  should  be  chosen,  more  with  reference  to  the 
concealment  of  the  wearer's  person  than  to  its  adornment. 

It  is  very  probable  that  the  uniform  worn  by  our  regular  rifle  regi- 
ments may  suggest  itself  to  those  who  are  endeavouring  to  come  to 
■ome  decision  on  this  subject ;  but  a  very  few  lines  will  be  quite 
sufficient  to  expose  its  total  want  of  adaptation  to  our  purpose. 
Take  the  shako,  for  instance ;  no  man  in  his  sober  senses  ever  wears 
one  if  he  can  help  it,  it  is  unpleasant  to  walk  in,  it  is  worse  than 
unpleasant  to  run  in,  it  can  hardly  be  said  to  afford  shelter  from 
either  sun  or  rain,  it  is  top-heavy,  and  from  its  height  often  points 
out  the  position  of  the  wearer  when  he  would  be  otherwise  concealed 
from  view :  the  undress  cap  is  more  comfortable,  which  is  about 
the  only  thing  that  can  be  said  in  its  favour.  The  tunic  is  tight, 
scanty,  and  inconvenient ;  its  collar  is  made  with  a  view  to  its  being 
supported  by  the  "terrible"  stock,  and  the  colour  of  the  whole  suit 
is  the  most  conspicuous  that  can  be  found  next  to  scarlet  and  white, 
if  the  latter  may  be  called  one. 

But  why  attempt  to  model  our  dress  upon  a  soldier's  uniform,  and 
make  ourselves  uncomfortable,  and  to  some  extent  ridiculous,  by  the 
adoption  of  a  costume  that  we  are  not  accustomed  to  wear  ?  Is  it 
not  better  to  wear  a  hat  that  our  head  feels  at  home  in,  than  a 
shako  which  makes  it  ache  ?  Such  a  hat,  for  instance,  as  has  become 
of  late  so  extremely  popular  with  all  classes  of  the  community — a 
popularity  which  can  only  be  attributed  to  its  intrinsic  merits,  for 
its  warmest  admirers  can  hardly  accuse  it  of  beauty, — a  low-crowned, 
wide-brimmed,  felt  hat,  which,  neutral  in  colour,  with  a  cock's  feather 
or  two  (one  of  which  might  be  white  to  mark  the  officer)  for  de- 
coration, would  give  us  all  we  want. 

A  coat,  with  a  waistcoat  which  might  be  dispensed  with  in  sum- 
mer, made  of  some  strong  material,  in  the  fashion  of  the  shooting 
jacket  of  the  present  day,  would  give  us  the  free  use  of  our  limbs, 
and  permit  ox  our  haying  as  many  pockets  as  we  might  And  occa- 
sion for. 


1*2 


HINT  9   OK   TEE   romiATION    OF    tit  VLB    COBPS, 


Strong  cord  pantaloons,  or  what  would  be  better,  laotery-fitiaf 
knee  breeches  with  leather  continuation ,  would  complete  the  ooetuar, 
and  our  whole  kit  might  be  composed  of  ft  flannel  shirt,  *  pair 
flannel  drawers,  two  pair  of  worsted  stockings,  a  towel,  and  a  pair 
of  boots,  neatly  packed  in  a  small  knapsack,  to  wliieh  a  case  m#t 
be  attached  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  a  light  waterproof  cape* 

With  regard  to  colour,  we  should  do  well  to  tako  a  lesson  fa» 
what  is  so  constantly  to  be  met  with  in  the  hunting-field,  where** 
may  see  standing  out  from  the  various  back-grounds  of  a  eh. 
landscape  the  scarlet  coat  of  the  well-appointed  sportsman;  ntf 
black  or  dark  green  of  the  less  ambitious  horseman,  or  the  profu- 
sion al  man  ;  and  the  sober -coloured  grey  of  the  horse-dealer's  maa 
or  the  small  farmer.  The  result  is  always  the  same ;  oar  attention  h 
immediately  attracted  to  the  whereabouts  of  the  huntsman  by  tk 
gaudy  brightness  of  his  coat,  we  find  that  his  neighbour  in  black,  3 
not  quite  so  conspicuous,  stands  out  in  clear  and  well-defined  rtM 
whilst  the  wearer  of  the  sober  suit  of  russet  grey  is  only  just  dis- 
cernible, and  it  often  happens  that  we  are  able  to  make  outtk 
colour  of  his  horse  before  we  can  clearly  distinguish  the  outline  of 
its  rider, 

Judging,  then,  from  this  and  similar  instances,  our  rifleman  wcroH 
make  a  judicious  choice  in  selecting  for  the  colour  of  his  dress  soou* 
neutral,  unobtrusive  tint,  such~as  would  be  formed  by  any  mixture 
between  drab  and  grey. 

Disputing  every  inch  of  ground,  lining  every  hedge-row,  swanaiig 
through  every  coppice,  contesting  the  passage  of  every  streamlet, 
covering  the  advance  of  an  army  or  protecting  its  retreat,  the  value 
of  such  a  force  can  hardly  be  over-estimated  ;  but  whilst  w 
ledge  this  let  us  beware  of  falling  into  the  erroneous  suppositi 
by  its  creation  we  shall  be  able  to  supersede  the  employment  of 
regular  troops.  History  gives  us,  it  is  true,  many  remarkable 
instances  of  comparatively  large  and  well-disciplined  armies  having 
been  obliged  to  succumb  to  the  attacks  of  bodies  of  men  irregularly 
formed,  who  could  not  have  contended  against  them  for  a  moment  in 
the  open  field ;  but  these  successes  will  he  generally  found  to  be  tf 
much  attributable  to  the  entanglement  of  the  defeated  army  throi 
the  ignorance  or  negligence  of  its  leaders  in  some  locality  tavo 
to  such  attacks,  as  to  the  prowess  of  the  victors. 

Wr   have  three  very  striking  examples  of  this:  in   the   ricU 
gained  by  Arminius  over  the  legions  ot  Yams  ;  in  the  defeat  of  the 
royal  army  under  General  Burgoyno,  at  Saratoga ;  and  in  the  disas- 
trous retreat  from   Cabul ;  but,  m  the  first  case,  we  find  that  the 
Jiuman  army,  encumbered  with  immense  trains  of  baggage  wogg' 
and  a  large  rabble  of  camp  followers,  was,  at  the  time  of  the 
which  ended  in  its  destruction,  slowly  winding  its  way  thr 
country  made  all  but  impassable  fur  such  a  force  by  woods,  m 
and  ravines.     The  victory,  too,  was  made  the  more  easy  by  the  pre- 
vious desertion  of  the  light-armed  auxiliaries.     After  the  lap 
nearly  two  thousand  years,   we  find  the  annihilation  of  a  1 
force  in  India,  taking  place  under  almost  precisely  similar  circ 


neuv  in 
o  be  si 
h  rough 
curable 

victory 
of  the 
mo  disas- 
that  the 
waggons 
le  attack 


1859- ]      THJS   CHANNEL  WAE   POUT  3  AKD   NATAL  BTATXGS3*  18S 

stances,  if  we  take  into  account  the  difficulties  of  the  ground,  the 
encumbrances  of  the  army,  and  the  inferiority  of  the  enemy. 

Such  are  some  of  the  moat  prominent  points  which  have  presented 
themselves  to  our  notice,  whilst  examining  this  subject •  we  do  not 
pretend  to  have  exhausted  it,  or  to  have  advanced  any  very  new  or 
original  ideas  in  connection  with  it,  but  in  conclusion  we  would 
observe,  and  we  particularly  wish  to  draw  attention  to  the  fact,  that 
everything  in  this  world  is  comparative,  and  although  it  wiU  take 
much  time  with  great  zeal  and  attention,  in  addition  to  the  qualifi- 
cations we  have  enumerated,  to  make  our  rin©  volunteers  all  that 
can  be  wished  ;  no  stout-hearted  man,  with  arms  in  his  hand,  ready 
to  lay  down  his  life  in  the  defence  of  his  country,  can  ever  be  re- 
garded as  a  despicable  foe. 


I 


THE  CHANNEL  WAR-FOBTS  AND  NAVAL  STATIONS. 

Taxleyha5d  is  credited  with  the  saying  that  "  Speech  was  given 
to  man  to  enable  bim  to  conceal  his  thoughts/1  The  wily  diplo- 
matist must  have  kept  very  indifferent  company,  for  his  sarcasm  if 
true,  makea  everybody  either  a  hypocrite  or  something  worse. 
Having  a  very  different  estimate  of  the  value  of  speech,  we  believe 
that  truth  is  as  essential  as  cunning  even  in  the  ways  of  the  world, 
for  in  politics,  practical  power  rests  on  national  sincerity.  Never- 
theless  we  are  not  prone  to  uttering  rude  truths,  but  there  are  times 
when  they  must  be  spoken  even  in  the  lion's  mouth. 

In  saying  this,  we  have  no  desire  to  hoist  our  national  ensign  at 
a  dinner  table,  or  at  a  university  lecture,  for  that  would  be  carrying 
the  boisterous  fury  of  a  political  club  into  a  grave  or  convivial  circle, 
and  yet  we  cannot  keep  saying,  "  Thank  heaven  the  Machiavelian 
alliance  with  Napoleon  ILL- is  at  an  end,"  We  have  played  the 
hypocrite  long  enough,  let  us  in  all  future  transactions  be  plain 
Spoken*  In  these  words  we  echo  the  sound  of  many  voices.  An 
alliance  with  forty  millions  of  Frenchmen  is  another  affair,  but  at 
nt  they  have  no  voice  in  the  matter. 

We  have  an  Englishman's  dislike  to  political  adventurers,  and 
being  tenacious  in  our  belief,  we  cannot  change  our  opinions  to  suit 
the  hour*  The  value  we  set  upon  the  friendship  of  this  4*  remarkable 
man,"  to  use  a  stereotyped  phrase,  was  the  same  when  the  aristo- 
and  commons  of  London  welcomed  him  to  our  shores,  aye,  even 
when  we  heard  that  lie  had  kissed  the  cbeek  of  our  beloved  Queen, 
as  her  guest  at  Windsor  Castle,  as  it  was,  when  he  listened  to  the 
insolent  address  of  hi  3  legislative  assembly,  and  encouraged  his 
vapouring  colonels  to  threaten  us  with  invasion.  There  was  nothing 
hearty  in  our  partnership  with  Louis  Napoleon,  and  our  connexion, 
we  fear,  will  bear  bitter  fruit, 

sn  in  the  late  Russian  war,  in  which  it  was  supposed  we  should  at 
least  go  halves  in  the  glory,  as  well  as  in  the  expeaee,  there  was  more 


■ 


I 

h 


joekeyehip  than  was  necessary,  even  in  a  race  for  iau  fcrasi 

the  death  struggles  at  the  Alma  and  Inkcrman,  in  the  blaze  of  m 
MalakoJT.  The  Eaglishman  knows  not  bow  to  spring  a  trap  for  tk 
ndmi ration  of  the  world,  heia  quietly  minding  his  own  business  :  tut 
French  vanity  is  ever effervescing  ,  our  veracity  and  steadiness  W* 
ever  tells  in  the  long  run,  for  it  unites  success  with  honesty. 

A  want  of  sympathy,,  and  no  lack  of  expressions  of  dislike  hsn 
prepared  us  for  the  growing  coolness,  that  ia  almost  certain  to  euettt^ 
lollow  friendships,  whether  between  individuals  or  nations. 
11  drifted"  into  the  last  war  with  Eussia,  and  who  can  say 
it  will  be  before  we  are  driven  into  another.     Indeed  a  war  clow 
has  for  some  time  been  floating  over  the  political  horixi  t  \<m 

ago  it  threatened  to  burst  upon  our  shores.    To  demonstrate  tk 
hollowness,  or  insincerity  of  our  intimacy  with  France,  it  is  ooalj 
necessary  to  say,  that  it  was  from  the  arsenals  of  our  "  faithful  ally  * 
that  we  were  threatened  with  invasion.     An  angry  dispatch,  such  u 
fear  wrung  from  the  explosion  of  Orsini's  bombs,  set  ua  about  maiK 
ning  the  navy,     The  insolent  vapouring  of  the  French  colonels  giie 
ua  a  channel  fleet.     The  sudden  completion  of  the  aggressive  : 
Cherbourg,  the  rapid  construction  of  forty  steam  line-of-battle  ship* 
crack  frigates,  and  iron  plated  ships  of  war,  together  with  the 
treaty  between  our  u  faithful  ally "  and  Ilussia,  the   late  en. 
both,  convinced  the  most  incredulous*  that  duplicity  and  tre.t 
had  undermined  the  alliance  between  England  and  Prance,  so  I 
is  possible  to  overforge  a  thunderbolt.     For  the  present  the  w 
has  flown  from  our  shores  to  Italy,  but  who  knows   how  soon  «i 
may  be  drawn  into  the  conflict,  and  as  all  the  world  is  annim 
neeessary  that  we  should  be  prepared  also,  and  believing  that  in  Ik 
event  of  a  misunderstanding  with  our  neighbours,  our  channel 
and  naval  stations,  would  under  the  altered  conditions  of  naval  wbt 
fare  with  steam,  play  a  most  important  part,  we  intend  to  say  a  fefl 
words  upon  the  subject. 

The  reader  perhaps  is  aware  that  in  the  United  Service 
for  February,  May,  and  December  1856,  we  endeavoured    to 
the  advantages  that  would  accrue  to  this  country  if  porta  of  dt 
or  aggression  were  established  at  various  points  on  our  southern 
shores.    We  instanced  Dover  and  Alderaey,  and  compared  then  i 
bourg.     Since  then  the  political  aspect  of  the  continent  ha 
in  the  least  diminished  the  importance  we  attached  to  this  au< 
Our  object  was  to  draw  attention  to  the  fact,  that  in  our  naval 
with  France  and  all  other  powers,  we  had  invariably  relied  upoi 
fleets  for  the  defence  of  our  coast.    But  that  hi  future  war*, 
be  necessary  to  have  good  and  capacious  harbours  of  refuge,  defence, 
or  aggression,  into  which  steam  vessels  might  run  in  or  out  of  at  a 
moment's  notice  at  all  times  of  the  tide,  in  order  to  annoy  or  elude 
an  i/neuiy. 

Previous  to  the  conclusion  of  the  war  with  France  in  1SK" 
three  war  porta  of  Sheerness,    Portsmouth,   and   Plymouth,  were 
sufficient  to  secure  to  England  the  command  of  the  channel, 
because  we  believe  that  circumstances  have  altered  to  a  ce. 
extent  the  condition  of  warfare  at  sea,  that  we  think  these  prats  do 


I8tf9.]      THE  CHATTEL  WAB  P0BTS  Aim  KATAL  STATIONS.  185 

not  possess  the  preponderance  necessary  to  produce  similar  results 
in  a  future  war  with  France.  The  addition  of  the  important  "  Port 
of  Cherbourg  "  to  the  other  ports  on  the  northern  shores  of  our  late 
ally  is  the  main  cause  of  this  alteration,  for  by  means  of  this  new 
marine  fortress  and  arsenal,  our  versatile  neighbours  hope  in  some 
future  struggle,  to  be  in  a  condition  with  their  screw  liners  to  dis- 
pute successfully  with  England  the  sovereignty  of  the  seas. 

Now  we  are  not  one  of  those  prophets  that  go  about  prophecying 
negatives,  on  the  contrary  we  believe  that  the  wisest  naval  authorities 
have  shaken  their  heads  at  each  succeeding  triumph  in  marine  archi- 
tecture whether  in  forts  or  ships.  Arts,  discoveries,  opinion,  and 
wars  go  onward  at  their  own  pace.  Every  new  age  has  its  new 
hopes  and  desires,  and  we  have  no  wish  to  disturb  French  gossip  or 
the  chatter  of  Parisian  politics,  although  the  hum  and  noise  is  of  the 
embarking  of  Gallic  regiments  at  Cherbourg  upon  a  voyage  of  dis- 
covery in  our  channel. 

Nevertheless  we  hold  not  our  neighbours'  threats  too  cheap.  "We 
admit  that  Cherbourg  is  a  most  important  thong  in  the  national 
whip  of  France ;  nor  ought  we  to  shut  our  eyes  to  all  the  advantages 
they  anticipate  to  reap  from  the  use  of  steam  as  applied  to  warfare 
upon  the  ocean.  To  give  them  their  due,  they  have  treated  the 
subject  with  sincerity  and  reality.  They  have  produced  something. 
They  promised  the  nation  a  deep-water  war  port  of  the  first  class. 
Ana  Voila!  Cherbourg. 

Now  the  attention  of  our  "  higher  power "  has  been  diverted 
rather  than  directed,  to  the  necessity  of  counteracting  the  advantages 
that  Cherbourg  is  to  France,  in  a  military  sense,  by  increasing  the 
harbours  of  defence  on  our  shores.  But  we  have  been  catching  at 
clouds  and  vapours.  Successive  governments,  both  "Whig  and  Tory, 
have  laboured  in  a  certain  sort  of  way  at  Dover  and  Alderney,  to 
furnish  us  with  these  necessary  naval  stations,  but  it  would  be  sheer 
nonsense  to  suppose  that  the  millions  of  sovereigns  we  have  flung 
into  the  sea  at  these  places,  have  raised  the  strength  of  our  ports  of 
aggression,  to  the  same  extent,  or  even  a  tithe,  of  the  power  that 
Cherbourg  has  done  for  France.  By  the  erection  of  the  Digue,  as 
we  have  shown  in  previous  numbers  of  the  United  Service  Magazine, 
but  more  particularly  for  May  1856,  an  open  roadstead  that  formerly 
existed  at  Cherbourg,  and  which  was  all  but  useless,  being  exposed 
to  northerly  winds,  has  been  converted  into  a  secure  anchorage.  In 
these  roads  thirty  sail  of  the  line  besides  frigates  can  find  ample  room, 
as-  well  as  protection  not  merely  from  the  elements,  but  from  what 
is  of  equal  importance,  a  British  fleet. 

It  will  be  at  once  admitted,  that  this  is  a  most  important  fact, 
particularly  when  we  remember  where  Cherbourg  is  situated,  and 
how,  from  its  geographical  position,  it  threatens  Portsmouth  and 
Plymouth  at  the  same  time.  "We  trust  therefore  that  we  have 
proved  that  this  country  ought  to  have  corresponding  naval  stations 
on  our  own  shores,  to  restore  the  equilibrium  destroyed  by  the  con- 
struction and  building  of  the  great  war  port  of  Cherbourg. 

But,  without  alluding  to  the  altered  conditions  of  naval  war- 
fare since  the  introduction  of  steam  as  a  motor  in  shiuvcstoWt^^ 


■ 


186  THE   CHATOIL  WAB   POUTS  AHD   tf  AYAX   STATIONS.      [Jtn 

Off  noticing  the  growing  navies  of  Russia,  Denmark,    and  Am«*t 

all  of  which  may  be  aggressive  powers  ere  long,  the  increase  rf 

the  French  Navy,  in  conjunction  with  the  facilities  at 

equipment  and  rendezvous  of  a  large  fleet,  and  the  e m  harking  d 

bodies  of  troops,  were  sufficient  to  authorize  the   peo|>: 

islands  to  expect  that  some  important  additions  in   harbours  of  & 

fence  would  have  been  made  on  our  own  shores. 

Now  let  us  see  what  we  have  to  show  at  Dover  and  Alderot 

hitter  placeT  by  a  pleasing  fiction,  being  *  1   as the  acoum 

of  Cherbourg.     And  first  as  to  Dover.     We  fear  our  drowsy 
need  to  be  roused  by  politics,  persecution,  or  war,  lor  we  art*  a  etot- 
moving  race,  and  caunot  read  a  principle  or  understand  a  difficulty, 
except  by  the  light  of  a  bombardment,  burning  towns,  or  the  tori 
of  war.     Thus,  when  Napoleon  I,  threatened  us  with   invaaio: 
the  heights  of  Boulogne,  a  necessity  was  felt  for  a  deep  water  br* 
hour  at  Dover,  and  a  plan  was  submitted  to  and  received  the 
val  of  the  then  government  of  England  for  the  construction  of  e®e 
But  the  peace  of  1815  banished  the  project  from  the   national  and 
even  from  the  official  mind*     And  it  was  only  when  Louis    Pi 
was  expelled  from  the  throne  of  France,  in  1848,  and   all   Euroi* 
was  again  in  the  full  blaze  of  revolution,  that  the  first   stone  wo 
laid,     This  was  upwards  of  10  years  ago.     And  we   have   shown  a 
the  number  of  this  Magazine  for  May  1856,  that  even  supposii 
present  works   are   ever  completed,  the  harbour  will   be  lh\ 
choke  up  with  shingle,  and  be  rendered  useless,  owing    to   a  i 
principle  of  construction. 

Since  then  public  attention  has  been  drawn  and  parliamentirr 
indignation  has  been  expressed  by  certain  members  of  the  House  k 
Commons  at  the  scandalous  waate  of  the  public  money  at  Dover,  Of 
this  "  public  work,"  to  use  the  language  of  a  celebrated  engines 
"  the  only  thing  that  can  be  said  with  certainty  is  that  it  Is  an  & 
pensive  experiment,  and  when  completed,  it  will  be  useless ;  and 
that  to  completely  surround  the  bay  of  Dover  with  a  will  tff 
solid  masonry  may  prove  the  soundness  of  the  non-percussive  torn? 
of  waves  in  deep  water,  at  an  expense  of  from  6  to  8,000,000 
pounds  sterling,  furnished  by  the  tax-payers  of  this  country/' 

Again,  when  toil  vexatious  subject  was  before  the  "  House,*  tha 
other  day,  it  was  sarcastically  mentioned  that  the  original  estimate 
was  for  £650,000,  but  Col.  Sykes,  by  a  brief  and  expeditious  piece 
of  arithmetic,  explained,  that  according  to  the  present  rate   of  pro- 
gress, the  "  works  "  would  cost  nearer  £6,000,000  than   £600,000 
and  would  not  be  finished  either  during  the  present  or  next  g< 
tion.     But  somehow  facts  and  figures  seem  to  have  no  effect  upon 
the  "  House,"  for  the  money  for  the  year  was  granted.    The  pi 
seems  to  be  to  get  a  certain  sum,  say  £100,000,  or  some  such  trifle, 
for  the  current  twelve  months,  and  so  keep  thc#/o&  on,  and  est;; 
a  running  account  with  the  nation,  until  at  last  the  eountrv 
itself  in  the  same  predicament,  with  this  costly  experimental  stem* 
wall,  that  bankers  experience  with  a  customer  who  has  overdrawn 
his  account,  and  yet  are  afraid  to  refuse  to  lend  him  any  more. 

Sir  Charles  Napier  has  the  great  merit  of  rousing  the  public  mind 


L859,]      THE  CHAlTffEL  WAB  POETS  AND  KAYAIi  STATlOKi.  167 


the  true  sense  of  the  scandalous  manner  in  which  the  public 
easure  has  been  wasted  here.    However,  bad  as  it  is,  the  misfor- 
lie  does  not  consist  merely  in  fli aging  hundreds  of  thousands  and, 
nrhaps,  millions  of  sovereigns  into  the  sea.     The  monstrosity  of 
hit  folly  remains  to  he  told*     If  the  huge  stone  wall  now  in   coarse 
f  erection  was  of  service  in  forming  a  good  and  efficient  harbour, 
at  would  be  something,  but  as  it  is  admitted  that  it  never  can  do 
;hat,  what  shall  we  say  when  we  are  informed  that  it  destroys  and 
ps  the  range  of  the  guns  that  would  be  useful  in  driving  off 
;he  enemy  from  a  certain  point  of  the  Dover  coast  ?     For  by  a 
stupid  oversight,  the  pier  is  so  run  out  to  sea,  that  the  fire  of  the 
strand  batteries,  vis.,  Guildford  Battery,  and  any  other  that  it  might 
be  desirable  to  raise  in  front  of  Waterloo  Crescent,  or  the  Marine 
Parade,  would  be  rendered  useless  or  inoperative  against  ships-of*war 
lying  to  the  eastward  of  the  pier,  Indeed,  this  stone  bastion  which  we 
have  built  at  such  an  enormous  expense  would  protect  the  enemy's 
cruisers,   if  anchored  in  a  certain  spot,  from  our  shot.     The  only 
battery  that  could  act  against  vessels  of  war,  in  the  position  indi- 
cated, would  be  Archctiff  Fort,  and,  perhaps,  the  ta  Drop  n  redoubt, 
and  the  Castle  ;  but  as  the  guns  in  these  batteries  are  elevated  very 
considerably  above   high-water*  mark,  ships    judiciously  handled, 
would  be  only  subject  to  a  plunging  fire,  and  would  run  but  small 
risk  of  damage. 

Again,  as  if  to  show  our  national  recklessness  to  danger,  and  love 
of  gain,  the  only  spot  whereon  a  destructive  battery  could  have  been 
raised  baa  been  selected  by  the  South  Eastern  Railway  Company 
for  hotel  purposes — thus  an  excellent  aggressive  and  defensive  pem- 
tion  has  been  ruined  for  want  of  a  little  forethought,  A  battery 
upon  the  ground  occupied  by  the  "Lord  Warden"  would  command 
the  bay  in  every  direction,  and  shelter  the  town,  Nothing  could 
land  without  being  destroyed  by  the  fire  of  the  guns  of  a  battery 
in  this  position.  Therefore  bow  long  this  hotel  will  be  permitted  to 
remain  where  it  ia,  in  the  event  of  a  war  with  France,  we  leave  for 
the  consideration  of  our  own  authorities  and  the  steam  cruisers  of 
Louis  Napoleon  to  settle  between  themselves. 

We  are  merely  echoing  the  opinions  of  the  best  practical  men  of  our 
time,  when  we  reiterate  that  the  manner  in  which  Dover  harbour  of 
defence  is  now  being  constructed  is  a  pure  mistake — an  act  of  na- 
tional folly ;  and  that  the  House  of  Commons,  by  voting  more 
money  for  the  completion  of  this  elaborate  blunder,  "will  be  simply 
throwing  good  money  after  bad,  Some  of  the  apologies  offered  by 
the  Dover  advocates  of  these  u  works"  are  singularly  funny. 
,(  Granted,11  they  say  "that  our  lofty  stone  breakwater  intercepts  the 
line  of  fire  from  the  strand  batteries  \  that  it  will  take  from  fifty  to 
eighty  years  to  enclose  the  bay  with  massive  masonry,  and  cost  mil- 
lions  of  money;  and  granted/7  I  inue,  u  that,  as  you  say,  the 

harbour  may  be  liable  to  choke  up  with  shingle,  and  so*be  rendered 
useless,  yet  the  public  gets  a  certain  amount  of  benefit,  and  the 
town  considerable  convenience  and  profit  from  the  new  pier,  for 
cannot  tourists  and  passengers  land  and  embark  at  all  hours  of  the 


*  Tk*  u  top  ■  redoubt  k  *t  kft&&  2&Q  or  300  feet  atom  tii&\*N*\  &t  \k*  ^ 


13d  IUI  CHANNEL   WAB   POETi  AXD  FATAL   STJLTI05I.       [Jwi 

tide  ?  ?  ?  "  It  ha*  beau  said  that  a  "  creative  coonom \  U  tho  fori  a 

jntficenefi" — now,  much  as  wo  may  admire  the  creative  reoaum 

by  which  the  hard-earned  taxes  of  our  Lai  n  gaibenJ, 

.•.mid  rathtT  dispense   with   the   ma<: 
landing  at  Dover  breakwater  pier,  OTtD  if  Wt  had   tube    , 
few  hours  for  the  tide. 

But  there  h  no  necessity  for  waiting  at  all.     Our  naval  and  mili- 
ary authorities  are  not  justified  in  oipending  hundreds  of  tuousai* 
of  pounds  for  the  convenience   of  continental  tourists    at   Do?ef, 
while  the  neighbouring  town  of  Folkestone,  mover)  resp< 
port  for  embarkation  to  France,  can  find  means  t  ^  w\ 

p  out  a  good  packet  harbour  for  the  benefit  of  passengers 
out  extracting  a  shilling  from  the  public  purse.     AVe  mal  i 
mark  a  in  no  unfriendly  spirit  to  Dover,  for  no  righi 
would  begrudge  money  really  expended  in  the  defence  of  hi 
but  we  certainly  do  object  most  strenuously  to  a   dra  ilbca* 

for  the  purpose  of  constructing  a  huge  shingle  trap,   or  monstroui 
continental  packet  berth,  under  the  pretence  of  forming  a  harbour 
of  defence  at  Dover,     The  money  spent  in  this  expc  i 
mthority  after  authority  is  found  to  condemn,  would  have  fiirnuhe4 
lis  with  a  fleet  of  screw  steamships  that  might  have  been  seruimk!# 
to  the  nation;  while,  as  it1  to  complete  the  picture   of  was 
penditure  and  jobbery,  we  are  reminded  that  if  we  have  spoilt  a  good 
position  at  Dover,  France  has  completed  and  armed  Cherb< 
built  an  excellent  steam  navy  equal  to  our  own. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  leave  the  subject  of  Dover  harbour  and  procefci 
to  Portsmouth,  although  we  fear  that  the  increased  cb 

I  our  chief  naval  port  are  not  upon  a  Bcale  to  counterbalance   i 
portant  addition  made  to  the  channel  ports  of  France  at  Cher) 
\Ve  have  done  much,  and  in  a  right  direction,  at  Portsmouth,  but 
more  remains  to  be  done,  for  we  are  apt  to  rely  too  much  upon 
ships  to  protect  themselves.     This  is  observable  in  the   manner  wt 
leave  our  roadsteads  unprotected  by  batteries.     It  has  been  ob» 
ever,  that  thia  ia  characteristic  of  our  spirit  of  maritime    si 
tuity,  for  while  the  French,  dreading  our  squadrons,  always  \ 
their  roads  and  harbours  with  batteries,  our  anchorages  are  gener- 
ally open,  and  their  protection  is  left  to  the  ships  themselves. 

Nevertheless  it  is  admitted  that  since  the  introduction  of  «team, 
the   security  of  open  roadsteads  and  harbours  is  much  lessened. 
Ships  were  not  so  easily  run  in  and  out  of  shallow  waters  when   ex- 
clusively dependant  upon  the  wind  and  tides  for  motion ;  and  the 
eel  eri  ty  with  whi  eh  p  o  werf ul  ar  m  a  m  en  ts  can  now  d  ash   i  n  t  o 
and  anchorages  renders  some  modification  of  the  system  of  d 
necessary.     This  has  been  partially  done  at  Portsmouth.     Still  the 
anchorage  at  Suithead  is  capable  of  being  much  better  protect, 
fort,  similar  to  that  at  Cronstadt,  was  erected  in  the  sea  at  the   Spit 
buoy.     There  is  uo  great  engineering  difficulty  in  the  way,  and  the 
expense  wouldbe  a  trifle  compared  with  the  wasteful  prodigality  thrown 
away  at  Dover  pier,  while  the  utility  would  not  be  doubtful.     A 
battery  at  "  Spit"  would  protect  the  wholo  roadstead,  and  might  be 
particularly  efficient  in  preventing  vessels  of  light  draught  of  wat 


THE   CHAKKEL  WAH  POETS   JLKD  1TATAL  BTAflOKB. 


189 


such  as  gun-boats,  Ac,  crossing  the  "  swatch,1*  as  well  as  hoe  til© 
ships  rounding  into  the  channel  entrance  to  the  harbour,  Indeed,  as 
steam  warfare,  particularly  with  gun  boats*  baa  yet  to  be  learnt,  it  is 
necessary  to  adopt  every  precaution  to  prevent  surprise. 

Another  important  addition  to  the  coast  defence  of  England* 
chief  naval  arsenal,  would  he  the  erection  of  batteries  along  the 
entire  sea  front  of  the  Esplanade  connecting  South  Sea  Castle  with 
the  tbrtuieations  of  the  town,  at  the  Governor's  Green.  To  do  this 
effectually  the  whole  of  the  wooden  erections,  known  as  the  Bathing 
Booms  and  the  King's  Booma,  ought  to  be  removed  to  a  mo  re  salubrious 
site,  and  then  the  sea  front  would  present  an  uninterrupted  \v 
batteries,  for  a  mile  in  length,  to  all  vessels  attempting  to  force  the 
channel  into  the  harbour.  By  the  removal  of  the  Bathing  Boo  ma, 
the  tire  from  the  King's  Counter-guard  would  be  rendered  effectual, 
whereas  at  present  these  unsightly  structures  completely  screen  the 
channel  from  the  fire  of  the  musketry.  To  a  certain  but  less  extent 
b  sheds  obstruct  the  fire  from  the  pivot  gun  at  the  Flag-staH 
Battery,  The  whole  of  these  impedimenta  ought  to  be  removed,  as 
they  undoubtedly  would  be  if  they  were  at  Cherbourg  Cronstadt, 
or  any  continental  port  of  a  tithe  of  the  importance  that  Portsmouth 
is  to  England*  Of  course  the  proprietor  of  the  bathing  establish- 
ment would  be  indemnified  by  the  Government  for  any  loss  he 
might  sustain  bv  his  removal. 

Neither,  while  we  are  upon  this  subject,  can  we  refrain  from 
noticing  two  eifigies,  for  it  would  be  a  disgrace  to  call  them  etatuea, 
that  disfigure  the  beach  at  Southsea — the  one  is  intended  to  repre- 
sent the  Duke  of  Wellington,  and  the  other  the  immortal.  Kelson. 
The  art  is  i,  who  rejoices  in  the  name  of  Milligan,  and  who  has 
exhibited  bis  name  upon  the  pedestals,  has,  we  are  sure,  unintention- 
ally made  these  two  heroes  the  laughing-stock  of  eyery  one  that 
looks  upon  the  labours  of  his  whimsical  chisel,  How  the  authorities 
of  Portsmouth  could  have  countenanced  the  erection  of  these 
absurd  caricatures  is  the  common  remark  of  every  one,  and  we  hope 
that,  by  calling  public  attention  to  these  deformities,  which  would 
almost   disgrace  the  chisel  of  a  New  Zealander,  we  shall  have  the 

E  seeing  them,  at  well  as  the  unsightly  assembla- 
ge Hjdeu  partitions  now  used  as  bathing  and  reading  rooms,  pulled 
down,  and  the  beach  left  open  to  the  range  of  the  guns  for  the 
defence  of  the  town* 

We  have  so  repeatedly  described  the  works  at  Cherbourg  in- 
cluding the  Digue,  its  bat  terries,  the  land  forts,  *£c,  in  this  Magazine, 
that  we  shall  do  little  more  in  the  present  paper  than  compare 
its  area  and  capabilities  for  aggressive  war  with  that  of  Portsmouth. 
Placed  nearly  opposite  to  our  chief  naval  arsenal,  it  challenges  i 
parison  for  more  reasons  than  one.  It  wmild  be  in  vain,  even  if  it 
were  desirable*  to  disguise  the  fact,  that  France  hopes  to  paralyse 
our  efforts  in  the  Channel  hy  her  fleet  at  Cherbourg,  It  is  no  part 
of  our  task  to  attempt  to  lower  her  pretensions  ;  our  business  is  to 
warn  our  own  authorities  of  the  power  and  completeness  of  this  new 
Channel  port  and  arsenal.  To  he  forewarned  is  to  be  forearmed ;  for 
although  landing  on  our  spellbound  island  uninvited  is  not  to  he 


THE   CHAJTFEL  WAB  PORTA  JUfD  KATA*  STATIONS. 

done  with  impunity,  yet,  as  Cherbourg  is  meant  to  be  the  stn: 
point  for  Frenchmen  to  make  the  experiment  from,  w«  <*ee  if 

we  cannot  manage  to  make  the  air  of  England  too  tenet*  for  them 
and  we  know  of  no  way  better  adapted  to  meet  the  difficulty  tint 
by  looking  it  boldly  in  the  face. 

I     In  area  and  completeness,  then,  Cherbourg  is  certainly  superior  to 
Portsmouth.     In  tact  it  is  aa  large  as  Portsmouth*  Devonpor: 
Keyham  combined.     It  can  be  used  as  a  great  naval  rendezvous  ft* 
fleets  intended  to  dispute  with  England  the  command   of  the  mn 
If  harbourage,  docks,  Blips,  &c,  well  protected  with   guns  of  tbf 
heaviest  calibre,  will  give  to  France  the  dominion  of  the  Chanii 
Cherbourg,  she  possesses  the  means  desired.     In  Erj gland,  hov. 
we  look  to  ships  and  men,  as  the  executive  of  our  naval  power,  u 
most  of  our  readers  know* 

With  a  view  of  comprehending  the  importance  of  Cherbourg  as  id 
aggressive  port,  and  also  of  judging  of  its  capabilities  as  a  por 
construction,  we  give  the  number  of  acres  upon  which  it  stands,  and 
also  the  number  of  building  slips  it  contains,  as  well  as  docks,  m 
compared  with  Portsmouth — our  gre.it  naval  port — and  Plvmouth 
and  Keyham,  our  second  arsenals  in  the  Channel  ;— 

Dockyard  Ann.  Slips.  Dock  a.  Docks  Building. 

Portsmouth        115  acres  5  9  2 

Devonport  71      ,,  G  5 

Keyham  73     „  ...  3 

Total        259      „  11  17  2~ 

Cherbourg  256  acres  12  7 

It  will  be  seen,  from  the  above,  that  the  extent  of  the  French 
port  in  the  English  Channel  is  only  three  acres  less  than  Ports- 
mouth, Devonport,  and  Keyham  combined;  that  it  contains  12 
building  slips,  oeing  one  more  than  our  two  chief  naval  arsenal*. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  has  only  7  docks,  as  compared  with  17  pos- 
sessed by  ourselves* 

The  object  of  Cherbourg,  therefore,  is  not  so  well  adapted  for  il  fit- 
ting  and  repairing  "  as  our  ports.  It  is,  in  short,  an  aggressive  port ; 
it  is  more  offensive  than  defensive  ;  and  we  will  now  at  once  allude 
to  the  aggressive  purposes  to  which  this  vast  French  arsenal  may 
be  applied. 

It  is  our  duty  to  speak  out  truly  and  pacifically,  but  still  to  speak 
out ;  for,  after  all  that  can  be  said  about  Cherbourg — its  immense 
dock*,  any  of  which  are  as  big  as  three  of  ours,  its  basins,  forts,  and 
secure  anchorage — it  is  not  a  question  of  comparison  between  it  and 
Portsmouth  that  ought  to  interest  the  naval  or  general  reader. 
There  is  no  doubt  about  our  being  able  to  build  and  man  ships 
enough  to  thrash  any  squadrons  the  French  can  send  against  us  if 
we  are  prepared  for  them.  The  question  we  have  to  answer  is 
what  is  meant  by  Cherbourg,  with  its  ramification  of  railways  col- 
lecting it  with  all  the  military  depdta  of  our  late  "  faithful  ally  P 
^Taen  we  see  every  facility  for  the  concentration  of  troops,  and  their 

barkation  attended  to  in  an  unwonted  manner,  with  a  convenience 

wharfage  for  cavalry  and  artillery  unknown  in  England,  we  a 


1859.]      THE  CHAJTCTEL  WAR  PORTS  AKD  HAVA.L  STATIONS.  lOl 

bound  to  ask  ourselves  the  reasons  for  such  a  speciality  ;  particu- 
larly when  no  such  extensive  accommodation  for  shipping  troops 
exists  at  any  other  French  port,  or  indeed  in  any  port  in  the  world. 
In  all  comparisons,  therefore,  between  the  navies  and  naval  ports 
of  England  and  France,  there  are  two  important  considerations  that 
must  not  be  overlooked.  Thus,  if  we  were  to  equip  a  fleet  of  20 
sail  of  the  line  at  Portsmouth  and  Spithead,  nobody  would  imagine 
that  we  intended  to  invade  France.  Our  army  is  too  small ;  so 
small,  indeed,  as  to  be  a  source  of  anxiety  whether  it  is  of  sufficient 
strength  to  protect  our  own  shores.  Our  gallant  little  army  barely 
suffices  us  for  a  buckler — sword  we  have  none.  With  20  sail  of 
English  ships-of-the-line,  then,  in  the  Channel,  France  would  be 
as  secure  from  invasion  from  us  as  if  our  ships  were  lying  in  ordinary 
up  the  muddy  lakes  at  Portchester  or  in  the  Medway. 

But  to  reverse  the  case.  Suppose  20  sail-of-the-line  at  Cherbourg, 
manned  and  armed,  protected  by  the  grim  forts  and  batteries  of  the 
Digue  and  the  forts  ashore,  backed  by  an  army  of  500,000  men, 
whose  sentiments  are  hostile  to  England.  Then  suppose  that  this 
vast  host  is  connected  by  means  of  railways  within  twelve  hours' 
reach  of  Cherbourg,  and  Cherbourg  within  six  hours'  steam  of  Ports- 
mouth, and  then  this  new  channel  port  becomes  a  "  vantage  ground" 
to  France,  wherefrom  she  can  hurl  a  formidable  force  upon  our 
shores  without  endangering  the  security  of  her  own.  Cherbourg,  in 
a  word,  threatens  us  with  an  invasion  of  100,000  men  at  the  shortest 
possible  notice,  and  this  is  the  great  fact  we  have  to  look  to  in  the 
great  business  of  our  own  national  security. 

Again,  Frenchmen  cherish  the  idea  of  an  invasion  of  England. 
There  is  something  galling  to  French  military  pride  in  not  having 
forced  the  virgin  soil  of  Britain  and  polluted  it  with  the  presence  of 
their  arms.  Imperial  France,  gagged  as  she  is,  mutters  out  the 
traditions  of  the  Empire.  The  shadow  of  Napoleon  I.  is  the  guide 
of  Napoleon  III. ;  and  there  are  those  yet  living  who  remember  the 
white  tents  upon  the  heights  of  Boulogne.  Our  late  li  faithful  ally" 
knows  full  well  that  his  uncle  rehearsed  in  excavated  basins,  arti- 
ficially made  for  the  occasion  at  Boulogne,  the  embarkation  of  troops, 
until  his  men  were  perfected  at  this  exploit,  and  nothing  but  our 
channel  fleet  prevented  the  actual  performance  of  his  bloody  drama. 
And  at  Cherbourg,  time  and  circumstances  permitting,  who  knows 
but  the  nephew  of  the  man  who  for  months  gazed  wistfully  at  Dover 
cliffs,  may  feel  inclined  to  re-enact  the  same  scene.  So  that  it  is  be- 
side our  purpose  to  institute  a  bare  comparison  of  harbours,  arsenals, 
and  fleets,  for  the  subject  involves  considerations  touching  our  na- 
tional security  and  freedom,  even  from  the  threat  of  invasion.  It 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  when  France  is  in  a  position  to  send  a 
strong  fleet  and  a  great  army  across  the  Channel  in  a  single  night, 
she  will  find  French  soldiers  who  will  exhibit  an  alacrity  beyond 
military  obedience.  And  it  would  be  idle  to  deny  that  the  facility 
for  doing  this  mischief  has  been  much  increased  by  the  port  of 
Cherbourg. 

In  briefly  noticing  the  Channel  ports,  we  cannot  of  course  forget 
Plymouth,  the  second  naval  arsenal  in  England,  if  for  no  otoet 

U.  S.  Mjl».,  No.  367,  Jtoe,  1869*  % 


102  THE  CHA9HEI.  WAR  FOBTB  A5D  KATAL  KA< 


reason  than  to  correct  nn  erroneous  impression  that  prendl 
continent  that  this  port  is  rather  a  station  for  a  fleet  than  a 
fortress.  In  a  paper  translated  from  the  German,  and  whicfc 
moment  commands  considerable  interest,  as  showing  the  < 
entertained  by  the  Germans  of  the  practicability  of  an  inr\ 
this  country  by  the  Trench,  it  is  stated  that  Devonport  is  i 
only  for  repairing  and  fitting  out  of  ships,  and  not  for  the  1 
of  men-of-war.  .Nothing  more  absurd  was  ever  printed, 
about  a  week  since  500  additional  shipwrights  were  added 
dockyard.  For  the  information  of  our  cousins- German,  wc 
few  of  the  ships  built  at  Devonport,  viz.,  Conqueror,  lOl  gu 
Jean  D'Acrc,  101  guns;  Donegal,  101  guns;  Algiers,  9J 
Exmouth,  01  guns ;  Aboukir,  90  guns  ;  Nile,  90  guns  ;  St.  I 
120  guns ;  Koyal  William,  120  guns ;  Britannia,  120  guns;  I 
cent,  102  guns ;  Hibernia,  101  guns ;  Hoyal  Adelaide,  104 
Albion,  90  guns ;  Eoudroyant,  80  guns ;  Hindostan,  80  gnn 
&c,  besides  many  of  our  first-class  50-gun  frigates.  And  i 
this  opportunity  to  mention  that  numerous  other  statemex 
tained  in  that  paper  are  equally  fallacious. 

If  the  road  at  Cherbourg  is  of  the  greatest  importa 
Prance,  that  at  Plymouth  is  probably  of  equal  importance  1 
land ;  as  among  other  advantages  it  enables  us  to  assemble 
point  the  ileet  destined  to  watch  the  movements  of  our  nw 
in  the  roads  of  Cherbourg  and  Brest,  added  to  which  the  coi 
of  the  road  at  Plymouth  with  an  extensive  naval  arsenal,  mal 
matter  of  much  consequence  that  it  should  be  rendered  p 
secure.  Like  Cherbourg  the  road  is  sheltered  by  a  breakwa 
sheltered  portion  at  Cherbourg  being  about  2000  acres,  and  '. 
Plymouth.  As  far  as  experience  and  analogy  can  guide  oui 
various,  tho  breakwater  at  Cherbourg  is  not  placed  far  enoi 
at  sea,  for  at  nearly  the  same  expense  a  much  larger  extent  c 
tercd  harbour  might  have  been  attained ;  the  openings  also 
wide,  and  admit  a  heavy  Running  son  to  roll  in  at  times. 

At  Plymouth  the  road  is  sheltered  from  east  to  west  round 
north  by  the  hills  of  Devon  and  Cornwall — and  tho  configi 
of  the  shore  has  permitted  the  location  of  the  "  works  "  far 
the  entrance,  and  has  thus  procured  the  great  advantage  of 
the  breakwater  only  exposed  to  the  winds  from  S.E  to  S.W., 
by  the  south.  The  entrance  being  on  the  eastern  900  yards  wi 
on  the  western  1500,  a  very  secure  and  tranquil  harbour  is  the 

The  amnal  of  Plymouth,  with  Portsmouth,  and  Sheentei 
latter  lying  at  the  eastern  extremity,  and  the  first  at  the  n 
extremity  of  the  kingdom,  are  well  placed  to  give  this  couni 
command  of  the  Channel.  A  combined  action  from  these 
would  paralyse  Cherbourg.  This  latter  port,  and  Brest  on  the 
tic,  are  the  only  ports  of  importance  possessed  by  our  neig! 
on  their  northern  shores  ;  for  wo  cannot  shore  in  the  opmK 
tertained  by  some  naval  strategists,  that  Dunkirk  ought  to  b 
sidered  as  a  great  naval  port  or  rendezvous.  Its  position  cei 
outflanks  (if  we  may  use  such  a  term  in  naval  matters)  the  a 
of  the  Thames,  and  might,  if  it  afforded  a  secure  asylum  fia 


1859.]      TRB   C1LLSKKL  WAR   I'OHTS  ASS    >'AVAL  STATIONS. 


193 


I 


s^e  draft,  offer  some  difficulty  to  channel  operations.  But  Dun- 
kirk is  a  tidal  harbour,  and  ebbs  dry  every  six  hours,  so  that  every  ship, 
great  or  small,  must  take  the  mud  at  these  intervals  of  time,  unless 
the  Emperor  Napoleon  has  construetcd  basins  large  enough  to  float 
his  shipa-of-war  in.  But  even  the  facilities  required  for  a  fieet  equal 
to  what  might  be  assembled  at  the  Downs,  which  would  possess  the 
advantage  of  sailing  at  will,  could  not  as  far  as  we  know  be  managed 
by  any  engineering  skill  at  Dunkirk. 

"  This  last  named  French  port  is  capable  of  being  a  rendezvous  for 
gun-boats  and  privateers,  and  it  possesses  the  same  facilities,  and 
no  more,  than  Calais  and  Boulogne,  for  maritime  operations,  with 
respect  to  tides  and  depth  of  water.  Indeed  its  position  is  not,  in 
certain  particulars,  so  well  adapted  as  the  two  last-named  ports  for 
annoyance  to  onr  trade  in  the  narrow  seas  and  the  Channel, 

We  have  alluded  to  Alderney  before  in  this  Magazine  on  various 
occasions  j  but  perhaps  a  rapid  survey  of  the  operations  here  is 
necessary.  The  necessity  of  strengthening  the  harbours  of  the 
Channel  Islands  was  forced  upon  the  attention  of  the  government  in 
the  year  1842 T  in  consequence  of  the  defenceless  state  of  these  im- 
portant possessions,  and  their  want  of  refuge  and  places  of  shelter, 
ijike  Dover,  the  grants  of  money  were  originally  obtained  for  a 
harbour  of  refuge,  and  it  was  only  after  repeated  remarks  made  in 
this  Magazine  upon  the  impossibility  of  the  works  at  Alderney  ever 
being  of  the  slightest  use  as  a  refuge  harbour  to  ships  either  coming 
up  or  going  down  Channel,  that  the  then  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty 
admitted  that  Alderney  could  not  strictly  be  considered  a  harbour 
of  refuge,  and  the  grants  were  afterwards  voted  for  a  harbour  of 
defence. 

There  is  but  little  doubt  of  the  importance  of  the  position  of 
Alderney  for  a  harbour  of  defence,  if  one  can  he  constructed  there, 
capable  of  resisting  a  sudden  attack  from  the  neighbouring  port  of 
Cherbourg — for  it  lies  very  near  that  marine  fortress.  In  the  num- 
ber of  this  3Iagazme  for  December,  1850,  we  have  introduced  a  map 
of  the  northern  shores  of  France  ami  the  southern  shores  of 
England,  in  which  the  extreme  importance  of  a  stronghold  at  Alder- 
ney is  made  evident.  It  is,  as  wuU  be  seen,  the  key  of  a  position* 
The  electric  wire  already  connects  Paris  with  Cherbourg  and  the 
western  port  of  Brest,  the  two  naval  arsenals  in  northern  France ; 
while  in  England,  London  is  connected  with  Portsmouth,  Plymouth, 
Sheerness,  Portland,  and  the  Channel  Islands.  The  importance  of 
such  a  united  action  cannot  well  be  over-estimated,  now  that  steam 
gives  its  aid  to  the  movements  of  ships-of  war.  It  will  be  seen,  th 
tow,  that  Alderney,  which  is  geographically  pkoed  bo  as  to  watch 
Cherbourg,  i$  well  situated  tor  a  pari  tfoggmsUm,  if  it  eau  bo  m 
strong  enough  to  hold  its  own  against  attack*  from  Frm 

lOjda  this  elfeckualh ,  hioh   i*  m  a  bare  rock,  < 

best  a  smugglers1  den,  i  ion  iutu  a  second 

Gibraltar,  With  a  harbour  of  defence  attached  to  it  at  Braye  Bay. 
When  the  works  were  first  commenced,  the  harbour  was  too  small, 
and,  after  expending  a  vast  sum  of  .money,  the  vice  of  the  system  was 
discovered,  and  a  more  extensive  area  of  deep  water  is  now  Wa^ 


TUB  CHAimi.  VAft  POETS  A3TD  VAVAL  8TAT10KS.       [Jr*!, 

inclosed.      Our  intent ions  at  Aldemey  are  no  secret  to  anyone,  and 
less  to  our  neighbours  on  the  other  side  of  the  Channel  than  I 
general  public  in  England.     In  Cherbourg  it  is  considered  oa  a  good 
move,  and  an  answer  to  their  new  war  port,  but  tbt-  people  there  aav 
that  in  the  event  of  war  it  will  soon  change  hands.     V 
sure  of  that,  although  we  admit  that  the  bait  is  very  tempi 
lies  very  close  (only  about  nine  miles)  from  the  point  of  land 

on  the  French  coast* 

There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  Aldemey  will    he   made  as 
strong  as  possible.     Indeed  the  whole  island 
(t  had  better  be  a  bare  rock  without  a  gun  than  half  fortified* 
once  in  possession  of  the  French T  it  would  be  such  a  godsend  that 
t  he  v  would  not  know  how  to  part  with  it.     We  lately  ,1  tfa 

works  at  Brayo  Bay ;  and  though  we  admit  that  the  area  of  deep  water 
is  enlarged,  yet  people,  not  in  the  secret,  wag  their  heads,  and  pre- 
dict that  unless  something  is  done  more  than  is  at  present  known, 
or  at  least  admitted  by  the  engineers,  it  will  not  prove  of  that  advan- 
tage to  the  country  in  ease  of  war  as  to  compensate  for  the  enor- 
mous outlay  expended  upon  it. 

We  abstain  from  publishing  the  particulars  of  the  fortiftY 
AluVmey,  for  reasons  everyone  will  understand*      That   tbi 
formidable  is  all  we  shall  say.  and  well  manned  we  hope  the- 
Wo  can,  however,  remark  that  this  island  is,  to  a  certain  extent 
guarded  by  natureT  for  it  has  very  remarkable  currents  of  great  power 
rushing  round  its  extremities  at  every  tide.      The  "  Swinge  M  alone 
would  render  navigation  very  close  to  Aldemey  difficult,  br; 
whole  sea  for  a  considerable  distance  is  beset  with  granite  rock  i 
stick  up  like  so  many  dragon's  teeth  even  near  the  harbour's  mouth. 

If  Aldemey  harbour  can  be  made  deep  enough  to  float  hi 
and  frigates,  it  will  be  a  most  important  outpost  or  naval  station  w 
watch  Cherbourg  from.      But  it  must  not  be  a  cooped-up  harbour, 
but   one  large  enough  to   contain  a  fleet   capable   of    contr.< 
Cherbourg.     This  will  require  vast  sums  ;  however,  nobody  begn 
money  for  our  national  defences,  although,  it  has  been  remarked  tn*t 
it  is  hardly  worth  while  to  put  the  best  of  them  on  the  other  s 
the  Channel.     To  say  the  least  it  will  take  5/JOO  men  to    di 
Aldemey  successfully,  and  this    is  not   desirable,   considering  the 
weakness  of  our  land  forces;  and  Mr.  Mouse]  1,  who  knows  som< 
about  these  matters,  stated  in  the  House  of  Commons,  that  the 
might  be  a  source  of  weakness  to  us  rather  than  strength,  so  much 
does  opinion  vary  upon  the  works  at  A  Idem. 

Kow  that  wjii-  has  been  provoked  by  a   Bonaparte  with    An 
there  is  no  saving  when'  it  may  not  spread  to,  and  invasion 
realms  may  become  an  impending  possibility.     We  tn 
idea  with  all  the  respect  it  deserves,  putting  our  trust  however  ia 
Providence  and  ;i  Channel  fleet,      Common*  prudence  and   a   fetv 
heavier  guns  at  certain   points  upon  our  shores  will  do  a  good  deal 
towards  keeping  our  lively  neighbours  at  home-     There  is  also  much 
to  bo  learnt  in  all  future  wars,  for  we  breathe  in  an  age  of  Bcienl 
invention.     The  novelty  of   to-day   so  rapidly   supersedes   tha; 
yesterday,  that  he  is  a  safe  prophet  who  predicts  that  to  morrow'! 


1859.]  GBEEHWICH  HOSPITAL  AS  IT  IS.  195 

discovery  will  supersede  them  all.  At  this  moment  who  can  say 
what  will  be  the  effect  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon's  rifled  cannon' : 
it  may  settle  the  fate  of  an  Empire.  The  same  may  be  said  of  Arm- 
strong's gun.  We  have  expenaed  vast  sums  of  money  upon  steam- 
harbours,  and  artillery,  and  on  some  occasions  our  time  and  money 
have  been  thrown  away.  Dover  is  an  instance  of  reckless  extrava- 
gance. Whether  the  same  may  be  said  of  Alderney  remains  to  be 
proved.  In  the  meantime,  we  may  as  well  profit  by  events  that 
are  about  to  come  off  in  Italy  —  some  of  them  may  be  to  us  a 
warning,  others  an  instructive  example. 

Portsmouth. 


GREENWICH  HOSPITAL  AS  IT  IS. 

BY  AN    ANCIENT  MABINEE. 


"  And  here  we  tell  old  tales,  and  smoke 

And  langh,  while  we  are  drinking. 
Sailors,  we  know,  will  have  their  joke 

E'en  though  the  ship  were  sinking." — Dibdin. 

With  the  above  lines  of  Dibdin  running  in  my  head,  and  the  United 
Service  Magazine  for  March  in  my  pocket,  I  availed  myself  during 
the  Easter  holidays  of  a  short  respite  from  business,  and  indulged  in 
a  trip  to  Greenwich.  Not  having  been  there  for  many  years  pre- 
viously, I  scarcelv  knew  where  I  was,  all  my  landmarks  being  re- 
moved.. I  disembarked  at  Garden  Stairs,  but  sought  in  vain  for  the 
classic  regions  of  "  Poor  Jack"  Eisher  Lane,  with  its  low-roofed 
houses,  had  departed.  The  "  Blue  Anchor"  was  no  more ;  and  "  the 
Ship"  had  shifted  its  moorings  and  dropped  down  nearly  athwart 
hawse  of  the  "  Anti-Gallican." 

It  is  natural  somehow  for  an  old  salt  to  feel  thirsty  on  landing,  and 
having  lost  my  old  seat  at  the  bay  or  bow  window  of  the  "  Blue 
Anchor,"  all  places  were  alike  to  me.  After  gazing  around  me,  and 
refusing  sundry  kind  invitations  to  dine,  I  was  about  to  pass  on, 
refusing  sundry  kind  invitations  to  dine,  I  was  about  to  pass  on, 
half  forgetting  my  thirst,  when  a  large  flag,  with  an  indescribably 
fierce-lookiug  monster  disporting  thereon,  nearly  deprived  me  of  my 
hat,  and  just  at  that  moment,  an  exclamation,  in  which  my  name  was, 
as  I  thought,  taken  in  vain,  induced  me  to  stop.  I  was  not  mistaken, 
for  on  a  bench  by  the  entrance  to  the  •'  Buffalo's  Head"  sat  an  old 
pensioner,  who  appeared  to  have  nothing  better  to  do  than  pass 
remarks  upon  strangers. 

"  You  don't  remember  me,  sir  ?"  said  the  white-haired  veteran, 
"  but  I  remember  you  very  well.  You  forget  when  I  was  quarter- 
master of  your  watch  on  board  the  old ." 

'*  What."  said  I,  recognising  him,  "  are  you  Ben  Young  ?    Why 
I  always  thought  you  had  married  a  bounty  widow,  and  to&  \rar&$A 
publican/' 


"  I  see  you  have  a  good  recollection,  Mr  —I  bejx  par  A  ptam 

Buntline/'  replied  Young,  "  and  I  will  tell  you  all  About  it  if  job 
will  drop  your  anchor  alongside  me**1 

A  return  of  thirst  coming  over  me  at  this  jun<  proprad 

an  adjournment  to  the  interior  of  the  ^  Buffalo's  Head,"  iod«v 
Boon  accommodated  with  a  comfortable  arm  chair  by  the 
for  it  was  very  cold  last  Easter — and  my  <>3d  shiptnafo  sealed 

likewise,  we  made  ourselves  cozy,  and  I  began  to  hitch    back  somr 
thirty  or  forty  years,  and  recall  various  bygone  events. 

M  Yes,  air,"  sighed  Benjamin,  taking  the"  pipe  from  his  mouth. 
quite  true  I  dia  marry  a  bounty  winder,  and  look  to  the."  1' 
Whistle/'  in  ftateliif  Highway,  I  can't  say  that  they  were  m 
pieat  days*  My  wife  got  very  cranky,  and  seemed  to  think  I 
too  many  '  mornings/  and  too  many  *  hot  grogs  /  and  renin 
that  kind,  you  know,  "before  company,  hutted  my  feelin 
wam't  so  much  grieved  when  it  pleased  Providence  to  mvlze  \u 
a  fit  of  *  appleplexy/  and  I  waa  left  a  widderer, 

u  Just  about  that  time  a  heavy  bill  came  in  from  the  spirit  mer- 
chant, and  as  I  hadn't  the  meana  of  paying  it,  I  thought  it  best  to  far 
so,  and  let  the  law  take  ita  course." 

"  You  went  to  leeward,  then  ?"  said  I. 

lt  I  did,  sir ;  but  as  the  landlord  and  creditors  knowed  me  for  an 
honeat  fellow,  though  mayhap  not  the  best  hand  at  the  expense 
except  to  isaue  the  stores,  they  told  me  if  I  would  give  up  mj 
and  all  I  had,  they  would  settle  the  business  among  them.     Glad 
enough  was  I  to  take  them  at  their  word,  and  as  I  had  a  pension  of 
£21  4s.  a -year,  and  was  only  just  sixty,  I  thought  of  taking  another 
cruise  to  sea  before  coiling  up  my  ropes.     When  1  looked  aboi 
a  ship,  hows'ever,  there  waa  no  want  of  men,  and  having  no  fri 
and  no  relations,  I  was  advised  to  hear  up  for  Greenwich," 

"  And  you  made  your  port,  and  let  go  your  anchor  P"  said  I . 

11 1  took  in  moorings  in  the  tier,  sir/1  said  Ben,  correct big 

"  I  hope  you  are  comfortable  for  the  rest  of  your  days  P    said  L 

k  I  hope  so,  too/1  answered  Ben  ;  hut  there  waa  a  curtness  &1 
his  reply  which  made  me  think  it  was  not  all  couleur  de  rose  i 

*'  Take  another  pull  at  the  pewter,  Ben/*  but  observing  thai 
had  already  done  so,  I  had  the  pot  replenished,  hoping  to  mak 
old  man  more  cheerful. 

Ben  Young  was  as  fine  a  sailor,  when  I  remembered  him- 
we  were  three  years  together  in  the  East  Indies — as   1   over  met 
in  my  life.     Ho  was   of  an   even  temper,   quiet,   nnd  sober  ; 
I  always  thought  him  rather  proud  for  one  in  his  station.     He  wa* 
particularly  neat  in  his  rig,  and  remarkable  for  cleanliness  in  person 
and  clothes.     A   civil  word  was  never  thrown  away  upon  him  j 
he  winced  under  rebuke  like  a  child.     No  man  strove  harder  to  do 
his  duty  correctly  ;  and,  unless  a  strange  officer  now  and  then 
him  out,  he  had  seldom  anything  to  complain  of  in  the  way  of  re- 
primand   or   fault-finding.      I  met  him,  by  accident,   some  years 
after  hv  had  quitted  active  service,  and  learned  from  him  that  be 
had  married  a  carpenter's  widow  before  pensions  were  forfeited  by 
marriage,  and  I  think  muit  have  led  a  rather  unpleasant  life,  and, 


1859.]  GR^EKWICII  HOSPITAL  AS  IT  IS.  19? 

possibly,  had  become  rathor  too  prone  to  indulge  in  the  use  of  the 
liquors  in  which  he  traded. 

"  And  how  do  you  like  the  college  ?"  I  asked. 

"  Pretty  well,"  replied  Ben,  drily. 

"  Only  pretty  well  ?"  I  said ;  "  why,  I  thought  that  you  had  every- 
thing a  man  could  wish  for  in  that  place  !" 

A  shake  of  the  head,  coupled  with  some  muttered,  indistinct 
words,  were  the  only  answer.  This  hesitation  excited  my  curiosity ; 
and,  as  I  had  been  so  much  interested  in  the  yarn  about  "  Green- 
wich in  the  Olden  Time,"  I  thought  I  would  endeavour  to  find  out 
what  the  place  was  like  now. 

"  What  is  there  you  don't  like  ?"  I  asked. 

"  I  am  afraid  I  should  tire  you  if  I  began  to  talk  about  the  College, 
sir,"  said  Ben.  li  To  tell  you  the  truth,  I  never  care  to  talk  about 
it.  It  serves  my  purpose  ;  that  is,  I  get  my  meat  and  drink  there, 
and  have  a  decent  bed  to  sleep  upon,  and  good  doctors  and  attend- 
ance if  sick ;  but  if  I  had  anvwhere  to  go  I  would  not  stop  there. 
Strangers  think  we  are  all  old  growls,  and  everybody  says  we  ought 
to  be  very  happy,  and  so  forth ;  but  we  who  wear  the  shoe  know 
where  it  pinches ." 

"  True,"  said  I,  "  you  must  know  best  about  it,  but  it  always 
seems  to  me  that  the  only  thing  you  want  to  make  you  happy  is 
employment." 

"  There's  more  than  that  wanted,  sir.  We  don't  like  to  be  ordered 
about  like  a  lot  of  boys,  and  called  to  account  by  a  parcel  of  boat- 
swains and  mates,  as  aint  fit  to  do  more  than  black  our  shoes.  Then  i 
if  we  stop  out  after  ten  o'clock,  and  have  enough  grog  aboard  to  make 

the  tongue  run,  there's  the  peelers  to  stop  us,  and but  it's  no  use 

my  talking.  I  don't  like  to  speak  about  it.  So  you'll  excuse  me, 
Captain  Buntline,  I  must  go  in  to  tea ;  it  is  almost  time  now,  so 
good  bye,  and  thankee  for  me." 

"  Stop,"  said  I,  "  Ben,  you're  not  going  to  slip  your  cable  like  thak 
Just  hold  on  here.  Never  mind  your  tea,  we  will  have  a  drop  of 
warm  rum-and- water  instead." 

"  I'd  rather  not,  sir.  I  don't  want  to  be  yellowed.  Once  I  was 
before  the  council,  and  I'll  never  go  again  while  my  name  is  Ben 
Young." 

"  Yellowed,"  said  I,  "what's  that  ?" 

"  Don't  you  know  ?"  returned  Ben,  "  why  I  thought  every  gentle* 
man  who  ever  went  into  the  College  knew :  it  means  yellow  sleeves 
to  your  coat,  and  yellow  back  to  your  waistcoat.  '  Canaries/  some 
call  them  ;  and  the  men  who  are  ordered  to  wear  it,  are  made  to 
sweep  the  thoroughfares,  and  clean  about  like  convicts.  I'd  sooner 
go  and  put  myself  under  the  bows  of  that  steamer,"  said  Ben,  empha- 
tically pointing  to  the  one  just  leaving  the  pier,  "  than  I  would  put 
on  the  yellow." 

"  Well,  but,"  said  I,  "  there  is  no  fear  of  your  being  punished  in 
that  way.  Surely,  a  man  of  your  age — you  must  be  over  three  score 
and  ten  now— would  never  be  punished  in  that  way." 

"  If  I  was  four  score  sir,"  said  Ben,  somewhat  sharply,  "  it  would 
make  no  odds.    There  is  only  one  law  there  for  the  waiat&t^tt&^BA 


ISfi 


fcRtimWIfn    UOS  MT  A  f,    A3    IT    T«. 


captain  of  the  forecastle,  or  chief  boatswain's  raul  matter 

whether  you  are  forty  ur  eighty-     Why  air,  I  knew  a  ; 

more  than  eighty  who  was  turned  out,  and  sent  to  beg  his 

native  place,  tor  carrying  a  drop  of  £in  into  one  of  the  helpless  ward*." 

11  Ton  iuuet  surely  be  dreaming/*  said  1 .  "  It  is  not  possible  this 
tmeh  things  would  ho  allowed/1 

"  Well,  well,"  said  Urn,  "  if  you  don't  bcli>  I  cannot 

it,  but  I  must  go  M 

"If  you  miurt  go,*1  said  I,  rising  from  my  seat.  "  Jut  me  go  with 
you,  and  I  will  go  up  to  your  ward  with  you,  and  we  can  hare  ft 
yarn  there.11 

"No,  that  wont  do.  Captain"  returned  Ben.  "No  Grangers 
allowed  in  the  wards  after  sunset,  and  it'a  nearly  that  now.'* 

"  But  surely  I  can  go  and  sit  by  the  fire  in  your  ward,  and  wait  far 
you.     There  can  be  no  harm  in  that  P" 

11  Not  an  inch  of  it,"  said  Ben,  firmly.  "  Our  boatswain  is  a 
marine*  and  prides  himself  on  being  very  strict,  and  bo  he  is  thought 
to  be,  and  if  you  was  to  go  and  sit  down,  he  would,  may  be,  tell  you 
you  must  go  out,  as  it  was  contrary  to  orders.*' 

"Well  then,  where  can  I  fall  in  with  you  again  ?  Surely  there  i* 
some  place  in  the  College  where  I  can  see  and  talk  to  you.'* 

**  Not  now.  I  and  my  boatswain  don't  hit  it  off  very  well,  for  I 
can't  see  that  a  bit  of  lace  can  turn  a  bone-polisher  into  my  su 
officer*  Ourboatswaui  was  not  so  much  as  anon-commissioned  officer 
he  was  shipmate  with  me  once,  and  servant  to  the  first  Lieutenant  of 
Marines,  and  I  was  Quarter- Master,  and  I  can't  acknowledge  him 
jis  my  superior  officer  now,  fur  all  he  ia  a  boatswain.  There  is  no 
place  where  I  can  see  you  in  the  College,  but  I  will  meet  you  again 
after  tea  if  you  please,  and  we  can  then  take  a  walk  in  the  park.'1 

**  This  arrangement  suited  me  very  well ;  but  notwithstanding  htf 
prohibition,  I  followed  my  old  shipmate  into  the  College,  and  afler 
waiting  a  few  minutes  at  the  door  of  the  hall,  was  allowed  to  pass 
into  the  spacious  crypt  where  the  pensioners  were  having  their  tea. 
Observing  only  halt-iilled  tables,  and  some  tables  wholly  deserted, 
I  ventured  to  ask  a  portly  lace-bedizened  individual  seated  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  middle  table  if  all  the  pensioners  were  assembled 
A  short  answer  prevented  my  pursuing  my  inquiries  in  that  direction, 
and  I  reserved  the  question  for  Ben.  Looking  round  at  the  a 
bled  crew,  1  asked  myself  "  can  these  men  ever  have  been  sailors  F* 
I  saw  dirty*  scrubby-looking  fellows,  and  I  said  surely  these  i 
were  seamen,  and  such  coats  as  they  wore  were  never  meant  to 
adorn  the  person  of  my  once  trim  old  shipmate  Ben* 

The  tea  was  pretty  good,  not  overloaded  with  milk  or  sugar,  but 
perhaps  enough  for  an  ordinary  palate  ;  and  I  observed  that  a  square 
pat  ot  salt  butter  and  a  loaf  of  bread  had  been  served  out  to  each 
mess  of  four.  But  I  could  not  understand  how  it  was  that  the  men 
were  so  few.  Fifteen  years  ago  I  remember  there  was  hardly  i 
for  a  stranger  to  pass,  and  every  table  was  closely  packed.  It  had  a 
melancholy  look  now.  It  reminded  tne  for  the  moroenfof  losing  half  a 
ship's  company  from  yellow  fever.  I  bate  to  see  vacant  places  at  a 
table. 


1859.] 


GKEKXW1CH   TTOSPITAT,   AS    IT   IS, 


199 


On  leaving  the  tea  party,  I  Wandered  about  the  fine  large  squares, 
or  open  spaces  to  the  westward  of  the  College,  and  then  I  pictured 
la  myself  the  sit*  of  ''The  Blue  Anchor,"  and  veritable  "  Ship 
Tavern,"  all  which  I  found  had  been  pulled  downt  and  the  ground 
laid  open.  Wishing  I  had  had  in  my  pocket  a  cheque  on  the  Bank 
of  England  for  a  tenth  part  only  of  the  cost  of  the  improvements — 
which,  I  admit j  are  improvements,  I  walked  down  at  the  back  of  a 
most  unsightly  nest  of  buildings,  among  which  I  recognised  a  brew- 
house,  and  came  to  the  entrance  of  a  lot  of  stables,  Hillo !  thought 
I,  Ben  never  told  me  about  the  horses.  I  must  put  that  down  in 
my  note  book. 

Pursuing  my  course  westerly,  I  was  just  on  the  point  of  going  out 
of  the  gates,  when  Ben  overtook  me.  To  my  surprise  and  Ben's 
chagrin,  my  old  shipmate  was  stopped  by  the  policeman.  u  What 
now  F"  asked  L 

<(  You  are  not  in  your  proper  unifomij"  said  Bobby,  addressing 
my  companion* 

"  How  so  ?"  demanded  Ben,  reddening  with  anger. 

11  You  have  not  a  College  hat  on  I"  returned  he  of  the  X  division, 

Jl  Oh,  never  mind  his  hat/*  said  1 1  u  he's  an  old  shipmate  of  mine, 
and  we  are  only  going  for  a  walk.'1 

The  policeman  looked  truncheons  at  me,  and  I  saw  it  was  useless 
interposing ;  ia  fact  it  occurred  to  me  that  my  own  person  would 
not  have  been  secure  from  incarceration  had  I  interfered  with  the 
officer  in  the  execution  of  his  duty,  and  so  Ben  was  obliged  to  return 
to  his  ward  for  the  orthodox  conglomeration  of  cat-skin  and  old 
blanket,  in  lieu  of  the  more  respectable  tile  composed  of  leather,  with 
whirh  he  had,  perhaps  unthinkingly,  crowned  his  flowing  white 
lurks. 

1  waited  patiently  for  my  old  friend's  return.  All  these  things 
were  new  to  me.  I  recalled  to  mind  the  globe -becrowned  gales 
some  two  or  three  hundred  yards  nearer  the  main  building,  and  jolly- 
Junking  "white-collar  men,"  as  they  were  called,  with  rubicund 
faces,  who  once  kept  the  gate,  and  who  were  always  happy  to  pay 
respect  to  an  old  naval  officer,  although  he  might  not  be  fortunate 
enough  to  have  a  berth  in  the  place. 

u  Well,  Ben,11  said  I,  as  the  quondam  quarter-master  of  the  old 
again  ranged  up  alongside,  "  so  you  have  got  out  at  last." 

*  You  seemed  to  think  but  now,  sir,"  said  Ben,  "that  I  was  Jiki? 
all  the  other  college  men—an  old  growl,  without  having  anything 
to  complain  of.  Do  you  think  so  now  ?  How  should  you — pardon 
my  using  the  freedom — if  you  were  like  me,  relish  being  ord 
about  by  a  pollusman,  and  told  that  your  coat  wasn't  brushed,  or 
your  wig — for  I  see  you  wear  one  (I  didn't  thank  him,  I  must  own, 
for  this  proof  of  his  discernment)  on  the  wrong  slue,  or  your  hat  not 
of  the  newest  fashion  ?" 

1  confessed  that  I  should  feel  rather  indignant,  and  disposed  to 
consign  the  "  poliusman,"  in  my  old  vernacular,  to  the  shades  below* 

"  Well,  sir,  and  don't  yon  think  we  old  fellows  have  got  a  little 
independent  spirit  left  F  When  you  and  I  was  shipmates,  you  nur 
any  other  officer  ever  found  fault  with  my  dress*    M^  3M&K&  ^w 


200 


GTIEHTWICTI   HOSPITAL  A I  IT  Tf* 


[Jot 


a] ways  clean  ;  my  white  frock,  with  the  blue  turn-orer,  reflpoctabfe 
but  "here  an  old  sailor  is  rigged    out  like  a   \  with  1 

white  choker,  and  enough  cloth  in  the  talk  of  bis  ,  uakeaUf 

gallant  studding-sail  for  a  br i cf-     I  don't  swear,  sir,  but  like  tbeW 
swain  of  the  frigate,  whose  o»ptain  wouldn't  allow-  sw< 
§ay  to  the  lubbers  on  the  fbreyard — (  You  know  v, 

We  trudgod  up  the  long  street  leading  to  the  p.irk.  missing  u* 
nut-stalla,  and  other  entertainments  for  itlle  boyw  which  were  wuot 
to  be  exhibited  there;  and  as  it  was  growing  dusk,  took  a  scat  tint 
vacant  bench,  and  Watched  the  gambols  of  the  half  or  whole-drunk 
cocknies,  and  their  female  friends.  Desirous  to  bring  back  Ben  to 
the  revelation  of  some  of  the  secrets  of  his  prison-  ho  use,  I  asbd 
him  how  it  was  that  the  tea-halla  looked  so  empty. 

*'  For  a  very  good  reason  ,"  he  replied  j  "we're  close  hand  upooi 
thousand  short," 

I  could  hardly  believe  him.     "  How,  why/'  I  aakecl-^-**  wl 

"  1*11  tell  yoilf  sir,  how  I  think  it  comes  about.    Mind,  1  ni. 
and  may  be  wrong  \  but  it  seems  to  me  that  in  the  course  « > 
there  wont  be  500  left.  It's  this  way.  A  man  like  mo — you  know  Vfcu 
I  was,  sir — and  though  I  says  it  as  ought  not— 1   w 
gpeeted  aboard  ship  by  officer  and  shipmate.     "When    I   apji 
come  int  I  had  just  got  rid  of  my  'public,'  and  bad    a   ver 
pounds  saved  out  of  the  wreck.     1  went  up  to  the  Admiral  t 
as  I  had  a  pension,  and  was  sixty  years  old,  no  word  was  ^uiil 
passed  in.    But  along  with  me  was  a  dozen  fellows,  such  aa  I  aw* 
saw  in  any  ship  in  my  life,  although  1  well  rem  em  I*  'Lai 

Mayor's  men1  we  had  years  ago.     One  looked  like  a   wanderim 
tinier,  another  was  an  Irish  hodman,  a  third  bad  not  a  shoe 
foot,  or  leastwise,  not  a  sole  to  his  shoe. 

°  We  had  to  find  our  own  way  down  to  Greenwich,  and  ii 
poor  devil  who  had  no  shoes  couldn't  walk  down,  and  bad  not  frt 
any  money,  I  paid  his  passage  along  with  me.     The  Admiral t 
find  thft  new  pensioners  with  an  omnibus ;  but  when  I  can 
did  not  da  that.    Now,  bu%  would  you  believe  it,  that  my  fellow  «* 
senger,  who  hadn't  a  shoe  to  his  foot,  was  put  into  the  same  ward 
and   into   the  same   cabin  with  me? — that  is  after   he   had  beffl 
washed  and  cleansed  of  bin  lumber  in  the  infirmary.     Ho  bad 
as  it  may  be  there,  and  I  was  just  opposite  to   him   here,     ] 
know  how  I  stood  it  for  a  week,  but  1  spoke  to  the  Lieutenai 

an  he  was  coming  through  the  ward,  and  asked  him  if  he  would 
mm  end  me  for  a  single -bedded  cabin,  which  he  was  kind  enourf: 
to  do,  and  after  a  time  I  got  shifted  to  the  B 

H  You  must  remember/1  resumed  B^n,  u  that  1  had  given  up  • 
pension  of  £21  4s.  to  come  into  Greenwich,  and  my  shock* 
Fellow-pensioner  gave  up  nothing,  lie  had  served  as 
Duck's  midshipman's  steward,  and  for  a  short  time  acted  astbt 
purser's  steward's  mate's  depnty«  I  saw  on  his  card  tL 
nine  years  ten  mouths'  servitude,  and  I  had  twenty  five,  vet  tan 
man  was  just  as  well  off  as  myself," 

H  But  you  surely  do  not  mean  to  tell  me,"  said  I,  u  that  there 


1869.]  gbzsxwich  hosfttjll  as  n*  n.  201 

no  distinction  drawn  between  an  old  petty  officer  like  yourself  and 
the  scrubs  you  speak  of?" 

"There  is  none  that  I  know  of,"  replied  Ben,  "  except  that  these 
*  scrubs/  as  you  call  thein,  get  situations  as  officers'  servants,  and 
the  places  of  blue  and  white  frockmen,  which  give  them  6d.  or  9d. 
a-day,  which  respectable  old  men  wont  take.  I  have  been  offered 
many  situations,  but  always  refused,  because  I  did  not  like  to  clean 
knives  and  do  dirty  work  such  as  I  never  did  on  board  ship  ;  and  so 
I  do  my  best  with  my  shilling  a-week  tobacco  money." 

"  A  shilling  a-week !  surely  you  get  more  than  that,"  I  said. 

' "  Not  a  farthing  more  from  the  College,"  returned  Ben,  "  and 
that  is  little  enough,  I  can  tell  you,  after  paying  the  sinkman  and 
the  other  little  things.  I  used  some  years  ago  to  earn  a  few  shillings 
by  attending  some  golfplayera  on  filackheath,  but  I  can't  do  the 
walking  now,  and  so  I  have  only  a  shilling  a-week  to  find  me  in 
tobacco,  a  pint  of  beer  now  and  then,  and  to  get  my  shirt  washed." 

I  looked  at  the  old  man  incredulously.  I  felt  convinced  that  he 
must  be  stretching,  as  he  used  to  do  occasionally  on  board  the  old 

;  but  he  assured  me  it  was  all  true,  and  that  he  had  not 

told  me  a  tenth  part.  Thinks  I,  if  I  only  knew  one-tenth,  there 
must  be  something  very  wrong,  and  I  began  to  place  more  reliance 
in  him  when  I  reflected  upon  the  empty  benches  in  the  tea-hall. 

"  That,  then,"  said  I  aloud,  "  accounts  for  the  number  of  vacant 
benches  and  tables  I  suppose." 

"  Yes,  sir,"  replied  Ben,  "  when  I  first  joined  there  was  near  hand 
000  men  in  the  hall  you  went  into  to-night,  and  I  should  think 
there  is  not  above  350  now.  I  would  not  have  stayed  so  long,  but 
you  know  I  was  not  brought  up  to  labouring  work.  I  was  bred  on 
board  a  man-of-war ;  and  as  to  the  matter  of  anything  in  that  way,  I 
consider  it  no  disparagement,  but  I  never  was  no  man's  servant,  and 
never  mean  to  be  one.  Sometimes  I  have  had  a  job  in  rigging 
model  ships,  but  my  eyes  are  too  dim  and  my  fingers  too  stiff  for 
that  work  now ;  and  so  I  jog  on,  and  now  and  then  a  stray  half- 
crown  comes  in  my  way  from  an  old  shipmate — (I  took  this 
as  rather  a  broad  hint,  but  said  nothing) — and  I  know  how  to  do 
without  it  if  it  don't." 

"  But,"  said  I,  not  yet  opening  my  portemonnaie,  "  you  told  me 
you  paid  for  washing  your  shirt,  I  thought  that  was  done  for  you  by 
the  College." 

"  So  it  is,  after  a  fashion ;  but  I  have  a  few  of  my  old  shirts  left, 
and  when  I  want  to  appear  respectable,  I  put  on  one  of  them.  It  is 
growing  dark  for  you  to  see  the  sort  of  thing  I  have  got  on  now  It 
is  made  of  duck,  as  coarse  though  not  so  white  as  your  cutter's  mizen 

in  the ;    I  remember  what  pride  you  took  in  your  cutter, 

sir,  and  how  I  used  to  steal  a  new  log  line  now  and  then,  and  stow 
it  away  in  the  binnacle  for  you."  (I  felt  that  half-a-crown  wouldn't 
be  enough  for  this  old  boy.) 

"  Oh  yea !"  I  answered,  I  recollect  that  well,  but  what  has  that 
to  do  with  the  shirts  ?  " 

"  Why,  just  this,  sir,  that  my  college  shirts  are  made  of  a  sort  of 
ship's  duck  with  dead-eye  buttons  at  the  collar;  we  usedtotan*toogfe 


OlTEETWTClT  HOSFIT1L  AS 

strings  5  and  when  the  nurse  gives  them  to  us  they  are  as  rough  md 
ugly  us  you  ever  saw  anything  in  your  life,  nn  make  nnr  $h\ 
them,  and  neither  ironed  nor  mangle  J.     Why,  you   reniemb 
when  we  had  been  a  long  while  out  cruizing,  and  the  young 
men  bad  had  no  opportunity  of  getting  their  clothes  washed  ; 
BOIDH  of  the  marines  used  to  make  shift  to  wash  and  iron  their  shirk 
and  as  X  was  always  fond  of  looking  ship-shape,  I  have  oftei 
my  grog  for  the  loan  of  the  flat  iron.     But  here  we  have  not 
the  sort  unless  we  pay  for  it." 

It  had  by  this  time  grown  nearly  dark,  and  thinking  I  had  hmi 
growling  enough  for  one  sitting,  1  got  up  to  wish  my  old  lh: 
good  night. 

w  Good  night,  sir,  and  God  blese  ye,"  said  Ben,  as  he  clos 
digits  on  a  large  round  piece  of  silver*    **  We  weathered  mmjt 
breeze  together,  and  I  hope  you  have   made  a  better   port 
have,    I  know  I  might  have  done  worse,  and  you  must  not 
that  I  undervalue  the  advantages  I  possess*    Ko,  no,"  continued  tif 
old  man ;  "  it  relieves  me  to  tell  my  mind  to  an   old  shipmate   I 
am  thankful  to  ray  country  for  providing  me  a  home  in  my  old  %* 
but  I  think  that  if   the  Bailor  had  his  rights  in  the   College,  W 
should  see  more  of  them  in  there  than  we  do  now." 

c*  I  think  you  are  more  than  half  right.  Ben— so,  good'nigbi 
don't  be  surprised  if  I   give  you   another  hail  shortly,  as 
assured  1  have  not  heard  half  your  story  " 

Mounting  the  knife-board  of  a  Greenwich  'bus,  I  returned  to  mj 
Baburban  villa,  cogitating,  as  I  went,  upon  my  eou\-er?*, 
my  old  shipmate.     Being  tired,  I  soon  fell  asleep,  aud  Mrs,  Butf-- 
line  informed  in©  on  the  following  morning  that  1  had   bet  a 
restless  during  the  night,  and  had  made  mention,  in    my   1 
slumbers,  of  the  names  of  various  important  personages  with 
I  appeared  to  be  holding  energetic  dialogues.     I  told  her  that  I  hi 
dreamt  T  was  threatening  the  first  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  i 
letter  to  the  Times,  or  some  other  desperate  measure,  if  he  d 
immediately  take  steps  to  improve  the  position  of  my  old  shipmate 

Turning  to  the  paper  whieh  was  published  in  the  Magazine  far 
March,  i  found  that  there  had  been  apparently  no   ameliura 
the  pensioners*  condition  since  Captain  Baillie  &  immolation  on  tfa* 
Sandwich  altar.     There  was  no  complaint  of  "  bull  beef,"  and  "souf 
small  beer  mixed  with  water,"  but  still  no  solid  benefit  had  bed 
obtained,  as  far  as  I  could  ascertain  from  old  Ben*s  yarn— only  a  part 
of  which  I  have  been  able  to  record  with  exactitude— since 
There  is   still  the  same  amount  of  tobacco  money,  the  sj 
the  same  three-cornered  scraper,  and  broad-tailed  coat. 

By  the  way,  I  forgot  to  mention  what  my  old  shipmate  eaid  about 
the  costume.  I  remarked,  when  we  were  draining  the  pewter  at  the 
i4 Buffalo's  Head,"  that  I  wondered  how  it  was  the  same  old  rig— that 
in  whieh  Eenbow's  cowardly  captains  were  dressed — had  been  kept 
up.  I  just  remember  now  what  Ben  said.  "Why  sir,"  aaj, 
41 1  supuose  the  dress  is  the  same  as  it  was  when  the  College  ww 
founded,  because  we  should  be  known  as  state  paupers.*1  I  eiv* 
deavoured  to  cheek  him  but  in  vain.    "  Yes.  sir,  I  meant  it,  we  art 


1869.]  GREENWICH  HOSPITAL  AS  IT  IS. 

only  one  ratline  above  that  old  man  with  the  brown  coat  and  white 
buttons,  pointing  out  of  the  window  at  an  old  man  who  I  presume 
belonged  to  the  Greenwich  Union.  Our  food  is  better,  and  our 
clothing  not  quite  so  coarse ;  but  the  boys  in  the  street  call  after 
me  '  old  goose,'  and  don't  think  me  a  bit  better  than  the  parish 
pauper.  I  am  certain  sure  the  founders,  whose  health  we  drink 
every  4th  of  November,  intended  that  w*  should  be  envied ;  and 
that  every  sailor  on  passing  the  College  should  take  off  his  hat,  and 
say  that  he  hoped  to  end  his  days  in  that  comfortable  asylum.  But 
they  don't  do  so,  sir.  Sailors  never  talk  of  Greenwich  Except  to 
make  game  of  such  and  such  a  slack  belayed  fellow,  and  say  he's 
only  fit  for  a  three-cornered  scraper  and  a  crutch." 
J?  Making  due  allowances  for  pewter  inspiration,  I  thought  there 
was  something  in  what  he  said.  If,  instead  of  being  attired  in  a 
style  more  than  a  century  old,  the  dress  were  modernised,  and  of  a 
texture  befitting  a  better  station,  great  things  might  be  done.  Efforts 
are  now  being  made  to  obtain  seamen,  and  a  bounty  is  offered,  and 
all  sorts  of  advantages  brought  forward  by  way  of  inducement. 
"Why,  surely,  if  Greenwich  was  meant  for  any  thing,  it  was  designed 
for  an  encouragement  to  men  to  betake  themselves  to  a  sea  life,  and 
to  attach  themselves  to  the  British  flag.  There  must  be  somethinjg 
defective  in  the  working  of  the  establishment  to  occasion  all  this 
dissatisfaction.  There  must  be  some  injurious  system  at  work,  or 
u  moorings  in  Greenwich  tier"  would  not  be  at  such  a  miserable 
discount.  I  observed,  some  time  since,  that  a  question  was  asked  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  and  that  Sir  John  Pakington  stated  his 
intention  of  instituting  an  inquiry.  He  is  a  man  of  his  word,  and 
will  do  so.  But  I  hope  he  will  not  place  the  difficult  and  important 
task  in  the  hands  of  those  who  will  suffer  their  eyes  to  be  blinded 
by  the  dust  of  ages,  thrown  by  parties  interested  in  the  preservation 

•  of  abuses. 

Some  people  talk  of  "  time-honoured  institutions,"  and  seem  to 
think  that  what  our  forefathers  designed  and  were  pleased  with, 
must  be  good  still.  A  greater  error  cannot  be  indulged  in.  Every- 
thing sublunary  wears  out,  and  requires  renewing.  We  must  keep 
pace  with  the  age.  The  old  stage  waggon  has  had  to  give  place  to 
the  luggage-train.  Scarlett's  dashing  four-in-hand  has  been  put 
hors  de  combat  by  the  rail.     The  screw  is  everywhere.     No  one  can 

.  stand  still  now-a-days.  "Go  a-head,"  is  the  motto;  and,  since 
sailors'  tastes  are  refined,  and  the  schoolmaster  is  in  every  ship — 
since  Sailors' Homes  teach  seamen  the  value  of  money,  and  the 
pleasures  of  shore  enjoyment — Greenwich  Hospital  must  follftw 
suit,  or  her  halls  will  soon  be  altogether  deserted,  and  her  ample 
revenues  diverted  from  their  intended  purpose. 

[P.S. — It  is  possible  I  may  pay  another  visit  to  my  old  shipmate 
shortly ;  and  if  the  editor  of  the  United  Service  Magazine  thinks  the 
subject  interesting  to  his  readers,  I  may  be  tempted  to  return  to 
it  next  month. — J.  B.] 


SUMMAliY  OF  TllE  BRITISH  KWV. 
By  Theseus.    Late  E.N, 

The  momentous  eventa  that  have  roused  ilio  warlike  f 
whole  of  Eurenc,and  the  exaggerated  reports  that  i 
the  English  people,  render  a  concise  ami  . 
present  state  of  the  British  Navy  an  interesting  docuni 
fill  analysis  of  all  the  ships  belonging  to  the  Navj 
given  is  the  United  Strvice  Magazine,  commencing   in  1 
for  October,  1858,     It  is  purposed,  on  the  present  ih 
a  summary  of  all  the  previous  papers,  and,  at  the   Bitme   tii 
make  such  alterations  as  the  important  information  lately  pn 
in  official  documents  renders  necessary. 

It  is  requisite,  however,  i  that  some  of  the   official  etii* 

menta  put  forth  by  Sir  Baldwin  "Walker  are  not   e 
and  have  evidently  been  compiled  in  a  great  hurt 
the  Committee  appointed  by  the  Treasury  fco  iuij 
Estimates  refers  to  an  Appendix  (No.  8)T  which  pur; 
list  of  the  sailing  ships  that  may  be  considered  as   efli 
which  is  certified  to  by  Sir  B.  AY  altar.     This  list  includes 
of  13   ships  of  the  line,   hut  omits   two,  which  s\\ 
as  good  condition  as  those  named,  and  these  are  the  Ijidu 
ship,  in  the  West  Indies,  and  the  Superb,  SO,  an  advanced  shmtf 
Chatham,     Thus  there  are  15  effective  sailing  line-of-battlo  sluW 
As  regards  the  frigates,  the  Arethusa,  50,  has  been    stated  tor* 
effective,  when  she  is  known  to  be  so  rotten  ns  not   to 
repairing.    The  Chichester,  50,  is  alao  employed  as  a  hn 
four  of  these  frigates  have  lately  been  ordered  fop  conv< 
screw  ships,  there  remains  only  7  first-class  effective  eailiu 
The  Havaimah,  19,  employed  in  the  Pacific,  and  the  Amazon, 
Devonport,  have  been  omitted  in  the  list  of  the  effective  necon 
frigates,  which  therefore  nmnber  16  instead  of  11. 

In  addition  to  the  22  sloops  and  brigs  mentioned  as  effective,  then 
ought  to  be  included  the  Acorn,  12,  employed  in  China;  the  P. 
12,  employed  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa ;  the  Daphne,  IS   ad 
Dido,  18,  at  Chatham;  the  Contest,  12,  at  Portsmouth  ;  and  tiw 
Pilot,  12,  at  Pevonport.     Thia  makes  29  effect!  ™  j^^d 

of  23. 

An  official  report,  upon  which  a  most  important  State    Paper  ii 
iuinnled,  should  he  accurate  in  all  its  details  j  aud  that 
corrections  are  true  can  easily  be  proved  ;  for  surely  Sir  1 ;. 

not  intend  to  say  that  the  Hag  ship  in  the  U  est  I  *>. 
B&ctive  sailing  ship,  or  that  the  llavunnah,  Acorn,   and   Persian, 
now  employed  on  active  service  abroad,  are  mere  hulks. 

The  mere  fact,  however,  of  certain  sailing  ships  being  consider*! 
effective,  is  of  but  little  importance  as  regards  our  actual  nav 
strength,  for  the  Admiralty  have  determined  that  no   more  sailiu 
ships  shall  be  commissioned  for  active  service;  and  therefore 
present  effective  condition  relates  more  to  their  fitness  for  co 


1859.]  suincABY  of  the  bbiti8h  kayy.  205 

■ion  into  screw  ships.  Sir  B.  Walker  reports  that  the  84-gun  ships 
are  not  worth  converting,  owing  to  their  age ;  and  therefore,  out  of 
the  15  effective  sailing  ships  of  the  line,  only  5 — the  Collingwood, 
80,  Superb,  80,  Vanguard,  80,  Boscawen,  70,  and  Cumberland,  70 — 
are  likely  to  be  converted  into  screw  ships.  Of  the  first-class  fri- 
gates, only  4 — the  Octavia,  50,  Indefatigable,  50,  Leander,  50,  and 
1  Nankin,  50,  are  worth  converting,  in  addition  to  those  now  being 
:     converted. 

I         There  has  been  a  great  deal  of  discussion  lately  about  the  sud- 

!     posed  inferiority  of  the  English  to  the  French  in  the  number  of  their 

I     screw  line-of -battle  ships ;  and  from  the  different  statements  pub- 

l     lished,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that,  at  tho  time  the  Whig  Govern- 

!     ment  left  office,  in  February,  1858,  France  possessed  as  many  screw 

liners  as  England.     Sir  John  Pakington,  however,  has  made  most 

strenuous  exertions  to  recover  our  former  naval  superiority ;  and,  if 

he  remains  at  the  Admiralty,  there  is  every  probability  of  England 

possessing,   in  another  year  or  two,  a  screw  fleet  that  would  be 

capable  of  meeting  the  combined  fleets  of  France  and  Eussia, 

A  statement  showing  the  increase  in  the  number  of  screw  liners 
since  February,  1858 ; 

In  Commission.  In  Reserve.    Building.    Converting.  Tot&L 

Februarv,  1858 10      15      15     3     43 

May,  1859 20     19     12     5     56 

Difference 10  4  3  2  13 

It  will  be  seen  that  there  are  now  afloat  14  screw  liners  more  than 
when  Sir  John  Pakington  became  first  Lord  of  the  Admiralty. 

SUMMARY  OP  OUE  SCRBW  STEAM  NAVY. 

In  Commission.  In  Ordinary,  Building.  Converting.       Total. 

Three-deckers     2             4  4  —  10 

Two-deckers   18             15  8  5  46 

Block-ships 9             —  —  —  9 

Frigates  , 11               8  9  4  32 

Corvettes    12              8  7  —  27 

Mortar-ships —               4  —  —  4 

Floating  Batteries 17  —  —  8 

Sloops 12              7  7  —  26 

Gun-vessels 17              9  —  —  26 

Gun-boats  50          110  —  —  160 

Small  Vessels 13  1  —  5 

Troop  and  Store-ships  11              5  —  —  16 

Yachts 1            —  — .  — .  i 

Total    145  180  36  9  370 

Screw  Line-of-Battle  Ships. — Three  Deckers  : — 

In  Commission. — Marlborough,  131 ;  Royal  Albert,  121. 

In  Ordinary. — First-class  Steam  Reserve. — Duke  of  "Wellington, 
131 ;  and  Royal  George,  102.  Second-class  Steam  Reserve. — Royal 
Sovereign,  131. 

Fitting  Engines.— Windsor  Castle,  105* 


206  SFMMAEr  OF  THE   BRITISH    NAVV. 

Building.— Howe,  12L;  Prince  of  Wales,  131  3  Koval  Fredorict 

105  \  and  Victoria,  121, 

Two- Deckel!  : — ■ 

In  Commission. — Conqueror,  101 ;  St.  Jean  IV Acre,  101  ; 
mon,  91;    Algiers,  01;     CfiBsar,    90;   Exmouth,  91  \     II. i 
Hero,  9 1 ;    James  Watt,  9  L  ;    London,  00 ;    N  i  1<\  !  K) ;     < )  rion,  91 ; 
Princess  Royal,  91  ;    Renown,  91 ;      Victor  Emanuel,  91 ;      Bruny 
Wick,  80;    Centurion,  SO;  Creasy,  80. 

fit  Ordinary, — First-class  Steam  Reserve.— Colossus,  80;  AW 
kir,  90. 

Second-class  Steam  Reserve. — Donegal,  101 ;  Edgar,  £>1  ;  Goliiti* 
SO  \  Majestic,  80  ;  Mars,  80 ;  Meeanee,  BO. 

Fitting  Engines.— Neptune,  91;  St.  George,  91 1  Trafalgar,  91; 
Revenge,  91 ;  Hood,  90 ;  Queen,  86, 

Requiring  Repairs , — Sans  Pareil,  70. 

Building.— Duncan,  101;  Gibraltar,  101;  Anson,  91 ;  Atlas,  91; 
Bulwark,  91 ;  Defiance,  91 ;  Repulse,  91  j  Irresistible,  SO* 

■1  j  verting.— Nelson,   91;   Royal  William,   91;    Waterloo,  91. 
Km  die  v,  00;  Lion,  80, 

Screw  Line-of-Battle  Ships.— Afloat,  39  ;  building,  12 
ing,  5 :  total,  56. 

Screw  Block  Ships, — Moat,  9 

In  Commission.— Ajax,  00;  Blenheim,  60;  CornwalUs,  GO;  Edin- 
burgh,  60;  Hastings,  60;  Hawke,  60;  Hogue,  60;  Pembroke,  60, 
and  Russell,  60. 

Screw  Frigates : — 

In  Commission.  —  Chesapeake,  51 ;  Emerald,  51 ;   Euryalu<v 
Liffey,  51;  Arrogant,  ^7;    Mersey,  40;    Diadem,  32;   Don 
Curaooa,  31  ;  Tribune,  31;  Termagant,  25. 

In  Ordinary. —  First-class    Steam    Reserve,  —  Imperieusr. 
Melpomene,    51 ;     Topaze,    51.      Second-class    Steam    Beserre.— 
Porte,   51 ;     Orlando,  50  ;    Shannon,   51 ;    Amphion,    34 ;    Daunt* 
less,  33. 

Building. — Aurora,  51 ;  Bacchante,  51 ;  Bristol,  51  ;  Immortality 
51 1  Narcissus,  51;  Newcastle,  51 ;  Undaunted,  51  ;  Ariadne  %' 
Galatea,  26. 

Converting.— Ph;ct on,  50  j  Phiobe,50;  Severn,  5u  ;  Sutlej,  50. 

Screw  Frigates,— Afloat,  19  ;  building,  9  ;  converting. 

Screw  Corvettes  :— 

In  Commission.— Cadmus,  21 ;  Esk,  21 ;  Highflyer,  21  ;  Pearl  21- 
IVlorus,  2L;  Pylades,  2L ;  Satellite,  21;  Tartar,  21  ;     BaoooiL  1 
\ivher,  15;  Brisk,  15;  Niger,  15, 

In  Ordinary.— First  Class  Steam  Reserve.-  -Scout  21. 

Second  Class  Steam  llcwervc. — Challenger  22,  Clio  22,  Cossu. 
Scvlla  21,  Encounter  15,  Malacca  17,  Miranda  15. 

'Building. — Barossn  22,   Chnrvbdis    21,    Jas..j]    lM,    Orestes 
Orpheus  22,  Wolverene  22,  Rattlesnake  22. 

Screw  Corvettes.— Afloat,  20  ;  building,  7  ;  total,  27. 

Screw  Mortar  Ships, — Afloat,  4. 

In  ordinary. — Second  Class  Steam  Reserve. — Eurotna  12  Forth 
12,  Horatio  8,  Seahorse  12* 


1859.]  STXMMABY  OF  THE  BBTTI8H  WAVY.  207 

Screw  Floating  Batteries. — Afloat,  8. 

In  Commission. — Terror  16. 

In  ordinary. — Second  Class  Steam  Eeserve. — JEtna  16,  Erebus 
16,  Glatton  14,  Meteor  14,  Thunder  14,  Thunderbolt  16,  Trusty,  14. 

Screw  Sloops. — 

In  Commission. — Alert  17,  Cruiser  17,  Falcon  17,  Harrier  17, 
Hornet  17,  Conflict  8,  Cordelia  11,  Gannet  11,  Plumper  11,  Bacer 
11,  Ariel  9,  Lyra  9. 

In  Ordinary. — First  Class  Steam  Eeserve. — Fawn  17,  Icarus  11. 

Requiring  Repairs. — Wasp  14,  Desperate  8,  Phoenix  8,  Curlew  9, 
Swallow  9. 

Building.— Caraelion  17,  Greyhound  17,  Mutine  17,  Pelican  17, 
Eeindeer  17,  Einaldo  17,  Pantaloon  10. 

Screw  Sloops. — Afloat,  19 ;  building,  7 ;  total,  26. 

Screw  Gun- Vessels. — Afloat,  26. 

In  Commission. — Flying  Fish  6,  Intrepid  6,  Pioneer  6,  Nimrod  6 
Roebuck  6,  Assurance  4,  Coquette  4,  Cormorant  4,  Lapwing  4, 
Mohawk  4,  Osprey  4,  Sparrowhawk  4,  Surprise  4,  Vigilant  4,  "Wan- 
derer 4,  Lynx  4,  Viper  4. 

In  Ordinary. — First  Class  Steam  Reserve. — Renard  4,  Beagle  4, 
Snake  4.  Second  Class  Steam  Reserve.— Victor  6,  Alacrity  4,  Fox- 
hound 4,  Ringdove  4,  Arrow  4,  Wrangler  4. 

Screw  Gun-boats. — Afloat,  160. 

In  Commission— Algerine,  Badger,  Banterer,  Biter,  Boxer,  Bull- 
finch, Bustard,  Clown,  Dapper,  Dove,  Drake,  Erne,  Firm,  Forester, 
Goshawk,  Growler,  Haughty,  Hind,  Janus,  Jasper,  Kestrel,  Lark, 
Lee,  Leven,  Leveret,  Lively,  Louisa,  Magnet,  Magpie,  Nettle,  Onyx, 
Opossum,  Plover,  Quail,  Redwing,  Ruby,  Sandfly,  Seagull,  Sham- 
rock, Skipjack,  Slaney,  Snap,  Spanker,  Starling,  Staunch,  Stork, 
Thistle,  Violet,  Watchful,  Woodcock. 

In  Ordinary. — First  Class  Steam  Reserve.— Beaver,  Bouncer,  Bull- 
frog, Charon,  Cheerful,  Chub,  Clinker,  Cochin,  Fancy,  Forward, 
Goldfinch,  Grappler,  Grasshopper,  Grinder,  Hardy,  Havock,  Jack- 
daw, Julia,  Mayflower,  Misletoe,  Pelter,  Pickle,  Pincher,  Procris 
Sepoy,  Snapper,  Spey,  Swinger,  Traveller,  Weazel. 

Second  Class  Steam  Reserve. — Albacore,  Amelia,  Angler,  Ant, 
Beacon,  Blazer,  Blossom,  Brave,  Brazen,  Camel,  Carnation,  Caro- 
line, Charger,  Cherokee,  Cockchafer,  Confounder,  Cracker,  Crocus, 
Daisy,  Decoy,  Delight,  Dwarf,  Earnest,  Escort,  Fenella,  Fervent, 
Fidget,  Flamer,  Flirt,  Fly,  Foam,  Gadfly,  Garland,  Garnet,  Gleaner, 
Gnat,  'Griper,  Handy,  Hasty,  Herring,  Highlander,  Hunter, 
Hyaena,  Insolent  (lent),  Mackarel,  Manly,  Mastiff,  Midge,  Nightin- 
gale, Parthian,  Partridge,  Peacock,  Pert,  Pet,  Pheasant,  Porpoise, 
Primrose,  Prompt,  Rainbow,  Rambler,  Raven,  Ready,  Redbreast, 
Ripple,  Rocket,  Rose,  Savage,  Sheldrake,  Skylark,  Spider,  Surly, 
Swan,  Thrasher,  Thrush,  Tickler,  Tilbury,  Tiny,  Wave,  Whiting, 
Wolf. 

Small  Screw  Vessels. — 

In  Commission. — Sharpshooter  8. 

In  Ordinary. — Second  Class  Steam  Reserve. — Rifleman  8,  Minx  3, 
Teazer  i. 

U.  S.  Mack,  No.  867,  Jtob,  1859*  * 


208  BtmHABT   0*   TltK   BRIT1SU  KAVY.  [J| 

Building. — Ranger  5. 

Small  Screw  Vessels— Afloat,  4  ;  building,  1 ;  total,  5, 
Screw  Troop  and  Store  Ships, — Afloat,  Ki- 
ln Commission — Adventure  6,  Assistance  G,  Himalaya  6, 
6,  Perseverance  6,  Simoom  G,  Urgent  G,  Buffalo  2?  Hesper  2,  Indastrr 

2,  Supply  2. 

In  Ordinary.— Second- Claw  Steam  Reserve. — Vulcan  6»  Fox  4, 
Chasseur  1,  Water-rail,  Wye. 

Screw  Yacht, — Afloat,  1, 

In  Commission. — Fairy. 

Grand  Totals  of  Screw  Steam  Ships.— Afloat,  325  j  Building, 
Converting  9  ;  Total  370, 

fST/MMAILY   OF   OUIi   PADBLE* WHEEL   STEAM   NATY, 

In  Ordinary, 

In  Cumniiuiuu.  Effective.         Nott-effoctivc* 

Frigates...-. 6  2                    1  0 

Corvettes ... 4  3—  ? 

Sloops —  17  13                   3  33 

Gun-Vessels. .... 2  —                —  % 

Small  Vessels.  ».«„ 16  2                   2  -jo 

Store  Shipa*.,.. I  —                 -=-  $ 

Tenders.. 10  1                     1  12 

Tug  Vessels ..19  —                 —  19 

Yachts 6  —                 — 

Total . S3  21  T  HI 

Paddle-wheel  Steam  Frigates. — Afloat,  9, 

In  Commission. — Furioua  16,  Leopard  IS,  Magicienne  16,  Bete* 
bution  28,  Terrible  21,  Valorous  16. 

Jn  Ordinary.— Second  Class  Steam  Reserve, — Sidoa  22,  Odin  16, 

Requiring  Repairs. — Penelope  16. 

Paddle-wheel  Steam  Corvettes.— Afloat,  7. 

In  Commission, — Firebrand  6,  Sampson  G,  Vulture  6,  Cyclops  6. 

In  Ordinary,— First  Class  Steam  Reserve. — Gladiator  6,  Dragon  & 

Requiring  Repairs. — Centaur  6, 

Paddle-wheel  Steam  Sloops,— Afloat,  33. 

In  Commission. — Argus  C,  Basilisk  0,  Buzzard  G,  Devastation  fy 
Fury  G,  Gorgon  G,  Inflexible  6,  Scourge  6,  Styx  6,  Vesuvius  6,  Virago 
6,  Vixen  G,  Hermes  6,  Hydra  6,  Medina  4,  Medusa  4,  Trident  6. 

In  Ordinary. — Second  Class  Steam  Reserve. — Barraeouta  6,  I> 
0,  Sphinx  6,  Spiteful  G,  Stromboli  6,  Medea  G,  Prometheus  6. 

Being  Repaired  and  Fitted  Out. — Alecto  5,  Ardent  5,  Herat  < 

Requiring  Repairs, — Bulldog  G,  Geyser  G,  Rosamond   6,  He*. 
ilerlin  4,  Salamander  G. 

Paddle-wheel  Steam  Gun  Vessel*,— Afloat  2. 

In  Commission. — Recruit  6,  Weser  6. 

Small  PaddJe-wheel  Steam  Vessels.— Afloat  20, 

In  Commission. — Antelope  33  Banshee  2,  Caradoe  2,  Coromandfi 
4,  Dasher  4,  Jackall  3,  Lizard  1,  Locust  3,  Oberon  3,  Pluto  4,  Per* 
cupine  4,  Spitfire  a,  Tartarus  4,  Triton  3,  Batm  1,  Brune  1, 

In  Ordinary— Requiring  Repairs,— Firefly  4,Alban  4,  Bloodhound 

3,  Harpy  1, 


1859.]  8U1QUBY  09  (THJI  BRJTISIJ  ftOT<  2Q0 

Paddle-wheel  Steam  Store  Ships.— Afloat  3. 

In  Commission.— Dee  4,  Bhadamanthus  4,  Volcano  8. 

Paddle-wheel  Steam  Tenders. — Afloat  10. 

In  Commission.— Adder  1,  Advice  1,  Asp  1,  Avon  8,  Bee  1,  Pove* 
1,  Lightning  3,  Sprightly  1,  Wildfire  1,  Princess  Alice  1. 

In  Ordinary— "Requiring  repairs. — Cuckoo  3,  Otter  3. 

Paddle-wheel  Steam  Tug-vessels. — Afloat  19. 

In  Commission  for  Harbour  Service. — African,  Bustler,  Comet, 
Confiance,  Echo,  Fearless,  Hearty,  Kite,  Lucifer,  Monkey,  Myrtle, 
Pigmy,  Pike,  Prospero,  Bedpole,  Thais,  Wallace,  Widgeon,  Zephyr. 

Paddle-wheel  Steam  Yachts. — Afloat  6. 

In  Commission. — Victoria  and  Albert,  Osborne,  Black  Eagle^  El- 
fin, Firequeen,  Vivid. 

SUMMABY  OP  OUB  SAILING  KAVT. 


Three  Deckers 

Two  Deckers 

Frigates 

Corvettes     ... 

Sloops 

Brigs,  &c.     ... 

Store  and  Hospital  Ships 

Yachts 

Tenders 

Total        24  61  45  62       192        144 

Sailing  Line-of-battle  Ships. — Three-deckers.— 

In  Commission. — Non-effective  ships. — Britannia  46,  St.  Vincent 
46,  Excellent  46,  Hibernia  12,  Impregnable  78,  Victory  22,  Queen 
Charlotte  22,  Bpyal  Adelaide  22.  Hulks. — Caledonia  and  Camper- 
down. 

Two-deckers. — In  Commission. — Effective  Ships. — Asia  84,  Cal» 
cutta  84,  Formidable  84,  Granges  84,  Boscawen  70,  Cumberland  70, 
Indus  78.  Non-effective  Ships. — Illustrious  10,  Saturn  2,  Wellesley 
36,  Wellington  24,  Cambridge  48,  Imaum  10,  Minotaur  2. 

In  Ordinary. — Effective  Ships. — Bombay  84,  Clarence  84,  Mon- 
arch 84,  Powerful  84,  Thunderer  84,  Collingwood  80,  Vanguard  80, 
Superb  80.  Non-effective. — Albion  90,  Vengeance  84,  Achille  78, 
Foudroyant  78,  Hindostan  78,  Carnatic  72,  Egmont  72,  Implac- 
able 72. 

Hulks.— Prince  Regent,  Canopus,  Armada,  Agincourt,  Bellona, 
Bellerophon,  Benbow,  Chatham,  Duncan,  Devonshire,  Invincible, 
Malabar,  Ocean,  Pitt,  Fortitude,  Kent,  Medway,  Victorious,  Vigo, 
Sultan,  Stirling  Castle. 

Sailing  Frigates— 

In  Commission. — Effective  Ships.— Cambrian  40,  Alarm  06,  Ame- 
thyst 269  Iris  26,  Havannah  19,  Non-effective.— Eagle  50,  Fisguard 
26,  Actoon  8,  Herald  8. 

In  Ordinary. — Effective  Shins.— Constance  50.  Indefatigable  50. 
ItfUtfer  50,  Satfun.  50?  Oct&vfr  50,  Vernon"  50,'  Active J&\  Jloti 

•  ■■:*«■■     -    '.  •  ■•  ..  ^  v-.C".  rl-  *  i.\.vA^A. 


In  Commission                In  Ordinary 
Effective  Non-effectire  Eflfectiye  Noneffective 

TotAl 

Hoiks  Ac 

— 

8 

— 

— 

* 

2 

7 

7 

a 

8 

30 

n 

5 

4 

17 

33 

68 

06 

1 

— 

2 

_ 

3 

8 

— 

18 

10 

36 

14 

3 

5 

— 

6 

W 

51 

S    -r- 

14 

— 

6 

90 

— 

— 

6 

— 

— . 

6 

_ 

— 

17 

— 

"* 

17 

3 

40,  Pique  40,  Sybiilo  h  2t»t  Diamond  i 

28,  Eurydiee  25,  Judo  26,  Spartan  !it». 
50,  America  50,  Vindictive  50,  Wanpite  5n,  Java  50,    La? 
Portland  ^0,  President  50,  Southampton  50,  Win 
er  50,  Africaine  44,  Isia  44,  Leda  41,  Meai? 
iVrbcrus  42,   CSrce   42,    Hamadryad  42,    Latona   42,    Laur 
Leonidas  <li\  Mercury    12,   Minerva   42,  Proserpine   42,   Caet 
Cleopatra  2G,  Teatal  2G,  Brilliant  20,  Daedalus  22,   Amp 
Trin  com  alee  24. 

Hulks. — Andromeda,  Argo,  Akbar,  Andromache,   Aigla,   AlfW, 
Idere,  Blanche,  Blonde,  Bacchus,  Briton,  Conquestador,  C 
Cornwall,   Calliope,   Clyde,  Chichester,    Carysfort,    1 
Dromedary,  Dublin,  Endymion,  Egeria,  Euryalus,   Grampus,  6W 
coster.   Hussar,   Jupiter,   Lively,   Mermaid,  Menelau 
Lavinia,  Kcnicsis,  Owen  Gleudower,  Nymphe,  Pallas,  H 
Hhin,  St,   Laurence,   Salsette,   Sapphire,  Samarang,   Turtar,  Tew, 
Thames,  Thistle,  Thalia,   Tenedos,  Tyruinus,    Uiidauuti-d, 
Weymouth,  LTnicom,  Hebe. 

Sailing  Corvettes .—Effective  Ships — 

In  Commission. — Calypso  18, 

It)  Ordinary. — Daphne  18,  Dido  18, 

Sailing  Sloops — 

In  Commission, — Effeetive  Ships, — Arachne  18,  Atulanta   1< 
milla  16,  Siren  1G,  Acorn  12,  Elk  12,  Heron  12,  Persian  13. 

In  Ordinary.— Effective  tfliip*. — Terp»i«-lmn*  Is,    Krolic   16 
quito  1G,  Jumna  16,  Kover  16,  Albatross  12,  Arab   12,    Cunt. 
Daring  12,   Dispatch   12,   Espieglc  12,    Kangaroo   12,    Lib. 
Kingfisher  12,  Mariner  12,  Martin  12.  Pilot  12,  Squirrel  12 
effective. — Comus  14,  Eleetra  14,  Hazard  14,  Hyacinth   14, 
14,  llaeehorse  14,  Childers  12,  Fantome  12,  Grecian  12,   Helena  M 

Hulks, —  Favourite,  Modcste,  Nimrotl,   Wolf,    Pelican,    Harli 
Columbine,  Lily,  Champion,  Orestes,  Serpent,  Fly,  Bitten* 

.Sailing  Brigs,  Ac. : — 

In  Commission. — Effective  .'Ships. — Cuba  3,    Kingston   :: 
i\on-L'ffcctive. — Ferret  8,    Nautilus  6,    Holla  U,  Sarncej 
Iark8, 

In  Ordinary. — Non-effective  Ships,— Crane  G,  Express  #1    H< 
8,  Hound  8,  Dolphin  3,  "Waicrwiti  h  & 

Hulks,  &c, — Swill,  Penguin,  Peterel,  Star,  llanger,  Philomel  ' 
mart,  Cygnet,  Linnet,  Pandora,  Enterprise,  Columbia,   Swim   Jfak 

Pacific,  Progreaso,  Aeute,  Bathnrst,  Beagle,  Pelter,  Chant 
Clinker,  Bonetta,  Dart,  Dwarf,  Eclipse,  Emulous,  Flamer, 
Griper,  Icarus,  Partridge,  Raven,  Safeguard,  Safety,  Doto  n-(. 
rock,    Snapper,    Speedy,    Seaflower,    Lapwing,    Spider,     Jh , 
Bramble,  Despatch,  Devonport,  Savage,  Carrou,  Hope.Tvria  i 

Store  and  Hospital  Ships, — 

In  Commission, — Non-effective    Ships, — Princess    Char],  n  i 
Belleiale  6,  Aiholl  4,  Crocodile  8,  Madagascar  4,   Naiad 
4,  Tortoise  12,  Melville  6?  Miuden  2,  Inconstant  2,   AUigaj 
Africa  2,  Hercules  2, 

In   Ordinary, — Non-effective   Ships,— .Eolus   2,   North    Star  % 
Besolute  3,  Talbot  2,  Tyne  2}  Yolage  2, 


1859.]  BUHKABT  OF  THE  BBITTSH  KAVY.  211 

Sailing  Yachts. — 

In  Commission. — Non-effective  Service. — Chatham,  Fanny,  Ply- 
mouth, Portsmouth,  Royal  George,  Sylph. 

Sailing  Tenders. — 

In  Commission. — Non-effective  Service. — Adelaide,  Ceres,  Cerus, 
Gossamer,  Gipsey,  Gulnare,  Hart,  Hope,  Indian,  Mercury,  Netley* 
Rose,  Snipe,  Sparrow,  Sylvia,  Thames,  w  oodlark. 

Grand  Totals  of  all  classes  of  Ships  in  the  Royal  Navy; 

In  Com-  In  Or- 

mission.  dinary.  Building.  Converting.  Hulks.  TotaL 

Screw  Ships         ...       145  180  36  9  —  370 

Paddle-wheel  Ships        83  28  —  —  —  111 

Sailing  Ships       ...         85  107  —  —  144  336 

Totals        313  315  36  9  144         817 

Geneeal  Remabks.— The  screw  line-of-hattle-ships  now  in  commis- 
sion are  all  fitted  for  active  service,  and  are  to  have  their  war  com- 
plement of  men.  Those  screw-liners  that  were  employed  as  guard- 
ships  of  the  steam  reserves  with  half  complements  have  been  re- 
placed by  sailing-ships,  and  have  been  commissioned  for  foreign  ser- 
vice. "We  now  possess  39  screw  line-of-battle-ships  afloat,  and  if 
Sir  John  Pakington  carries  out  his  intention  of  launching  four  more, 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  Howe,  Victoria,  and  Duncan,  and  converting 
five  sailing-ships  into  screw-liners,  the  Nelson,  Royal  William, 
Waterloo,  Rodney,  and  Lion,  the  British  Navy,  in  January,  I860, 
will  contain  48  screw  line-of-battle-ships  afloat,  in  place  of  25,  which 
was  all  it  possessed  in  February,  1858.  An  increase  of  23  screw 
line-of-battle-ships  in  two  years  shows  the  extraordinary  capabilities 
of  our  naval  dockyards  and  artisans. 

The  screw  block-ships  have  been  reported  as  unfit  for  active  ser- 
vice, but  they  will  always  be  found  of  use  in  the  defence  of  our 
coasts.  Although  these  ships  were  found  very  useful  in  the  Baltic 
on  account  of  their  small  draught  of  water,  their  place  has  not  been 
supplied  by  any  new  ships  possessing  their  merits  without  their 
defects. 

The  large  screw-frigates  are  expected  to  be  employed  in  the  line- 
of-battle,  as  their  heavy  weight  of  metal,  it  is  said,  will  compensate 
for  the  numerical  superiority  in  guns  of  an  enemy's  line-of-battle*. 
ship. 

The  screw  80-gun  ships  have  been  denounced  by  Sir  B.  Walker 
as  being  too  small ;  but  twenty  years  ago,  when  the  Surveyor  be- 
longed to  the  Vanguard,  $0,  he  could  hardly  find  glowing  language 
enough  in  which  to  express  his  praises  of  that  ship.  They  are  good 
vessels  however,  and  may  still  be  found  superior  to  the  new  frigates, 
1200  tons  larger,  with  their  40  heavy  guns.  At  close  quarters  a 
broadside  of  40  32-pounders  will  do  more  damage  than  20  68- 
pounders,  and  in  boarding  a  superiority  of  200  men  makes  a  deal  of 
difference. 

In  February,  1858,  when  Sir  Charles  Wood  gave  over  the  reins  of 
office  to  Sir  John  Pakington,  we  had  15  screw-frigates  afloat,  we 
now  possess  19 ;  and  as  five  screw-frigates  are  to  be  launched,  the 
Bacchante,  Immortalite,  Narcissus,  Ariadne,  and  Galatea,  and  our 


218  sTMM\nv  or  the  ftl 


Bailing- frigates  to  be  converted  into  screw-  PImHoj 

B^Ttm,  and  Sullej,  the  Navv  will  coi  this  Jf«r 

w-tVigates,  being  au  increase  of  la  MUr«i 

The  screw  corvettes  b  a  ve  not  realised  the  ai « 
pitted i  and  it  would  be  far  better  to  build  more  sere 
of  adding  to  the  abortion  frigates,  as  the  Baco 
decided  failures. 

The  Navy  is  very  badly  off  lor  screw  mortar  *tiip« ;  and  I 
French  are  known  to  possess  some  vessels  built  ■ 
service,  and  which  are  much  superior  to  our  old  cony* 
the  Admiralty  should  immediately  take  steps  to  supply  this  &&* 
cienoy. 

ThS  floating  batteries  have  not  yet  been  fairly  tried ;  but  as  tb& 
French  are  constructing  four  iron-eased  ships,  tl»>  ,  |iaTP 

deemed  it  proper  to  order  two  to  be  built,  each  to   i  ►  gum, 

although  the  coat  is  very  great,  and  the  result  very  doubtful  as  to 
their  efficiency. 

The  screw  sloops  are  useful  vessels,  and  as  in  ease  of  a  war 
ships  will  be  required  ti>  Convoy  our  merchant  vessel*,   ii 
greeftble  to  know  that  we  only  possess  seven  of  these  sloops  i^ 
nary)  in  addition  to  the  twelve  now  in  commission;   a   titiml- 
too  small  to  ]>roteet  our  commerce  all  over  the  world.   Our  njei 
dockyards  should  be  at  once  called  upon  to  build  twenty  nr  tUirtt 
of  these  screw-sloops,  as  our  naval  dockyards  have  already  • 
do  in  completing  the  larger  ships. 

Of  screw  <;uu- vessels  and  guiuboats  we  possess  suftictcnl 
their  utility  has  been  fully  determined.     Each  of  our  tiritu 
ports  should  have  one  of  these  gun-boats  attached  to  them 
to  protect  the  shipping  along  the  coast ;  and  they  could  speedily  be 
manned  by  volunteers  in  case  of  a  war. 

The  number  of  screw  troop  and  store  ships  ought  to  be;  incTcnsed. 
to  keep  pace  with  the   French*  who  are  building  nian^ 
teasels. 

The  great  utQity  of  screw  hospital-ships  has  been  strongly  com* 
mented  upon  in  the  United  Service  Magazine  for  January  ;*Vnd  the 
Admiralty  would  do  well  to  take  every*possible  precaution  in  order 
to  improve  the  sanitary  condition  of  our  crews, 

The  paddle-wheel  steamers  are  being  fast  superseded  by  sl 
ships;  and  the  only  vessels  of  the  former  description  that  au. 
he  in  creased  arc    the  dispatch  vessels,  such   as  the  Banshee  and 

nice,  which  steam  from  seventeen  to  eighteen  knots  an 
while  our  screw  dispatch  vessels  can  only  travel  at  the  rate  i 
knots  an  boui\     Speed  is  of  the  highest  importance  When  tmi 

important  intelligence  to  or  from  our  fleets;  and 
once  to  purchase  five  or  six  fast  steamers,  so  that  each  of  our 
may  possess  two  or  three  of  these  valuable  auxiliaries. 

Some  of  the  non-effective  paddle-wheel  steamers  might 
up  as  floating  factories,  like  the  Volcano,  in  aceordaiie  |  be  re- 

commendation of  the  Steam  Machinery  Committee, 

All  sailiug  vessels  ought  immediately  to  be  recalled  fron 
Btations,  and  to  be  replaced  by  efficient  screw-ships ;  more  espc « 


59.] 


CAMPAIGN   IK   LOMBAHDY. 


213 


the  flag-ships— Ganges  84  (  Indus  7S,  Boseawen  70,  and  Cumberland 
70,  should  be  superseded  by  screw -frigates,  as  the  Imperieuse  51, 
Porte  51,  Emerald  51,  Shannon  51,  &c. 

As  there  seems  every  probability  of  a  naval  war  in  a  short  timgj 
we  ought  to  make  every  preparation,  and  put  ourselves  in  the 
best  possible  state  of  defence  while  we  are  yet  at  peace.  It  would 
be  a  great  blow  to  the  dignity  of  Old  England  to  learn  that  an  81- 
gun-sbip  of  the  line,  bearing  an  admirals  flag,  had  been  captured  by 
a  French  paddle-wheel  steamer  of  6  or  8  heavy  guns  j  and  yet  our 
theoretical  gunners  say  that  such  a  thing  might  occur  if  a  tit  oppor- 
tunity offered.  Let  us  prevent  all  chance  of  such  a  catastrophe,  and 
give  our  sailors  tho  best  chance  of  fighting  the  enemy,  by  providing 
them  with  efficient  ships, 

The  present  Government  have  promised  to  form  two  powerful 
fleets,  cue  for  the  Mediterranean  and  the  other  for  the  Channel,  in 
order  to  maintain  the  dignity  of  England,  to  defend  our  coasts,  and 
also,  at  the  proper  time,  to  mediate  with  effect  between  the  contend* 
ing  nations.  Each  fleet  should  comprise  at  least  twelve  screw  line* 
of-battle  ships,  six  screw  frigates,  a  few  steam  sloops,  a  steam  hos- 
pital ship,  a  Bteam  floating  factory,  and  three  steam  dispatch  vessels* 

A  division,  consisting  of  about  twenty-four  screw  gun-vessels  and 
gun-boats)  should  be  attached  to  each  fleet*  In  order  to  keep  the 
fleet  in  a  state  of  efficiency,  it  would  also  be  necessary  to  attach  some 
steam  store  ships  and  steam  colliers  to  the  fleet  to  supply  the  ships 
with  stores  and  coals*  The  Admiralty  should  endeavour  to  make  the 
fleets  so  complete  as  to  be  ready  for  immediate  action;  so  that  if  un- 
happily this  country  becomes  inveigled  into  the  war,  our  admirals 
may  be  able  at  once  to  strike  a  decisive  blow,  and  by  putting  a  quick 
termination  to  the  contest  enhance  the  naval  glory  ot  England. 


CAMPAIGN  OP  1848  IK  LOMBAEBT. 
i  11APTEB  L 

Strcet-figbt  in  Milan— Retreat  of  the  Austrians  to  the  Mindoi 


Ont5  of  the  moat  interesting  episodes  in  the  military  history  of 
Europe,  since  the  general  peace  of  1815,  is  presented  by  the  cam- 
paigns of  Badetzkv  in  Italy,  in  1848-49,  To  the  Englisu  military 
student  they  are  off  peculiar  interest  from  their  resemblance  to  the 
campaigns  of  Wellington,  and  to  those  which  must  always  be  carried 
on  by  the  Generals  of  that  nation.  Radetzky,  like  the  great  Eng- 
lish General,  had  no  considerable  reserve  at  his  back  to  recruit  his 
army.  He  was  at  the  head  of  a  ibree  which,  if  destroyed,  could  not 
be  replaced.  The  latter  carried  on  the  war  in  the  Peninsula  with 
an  angry  opposition  at  home,  ready  to  pounce  with  avidity  upon  any 
misfortune,  supported  by  a  tottering  ministry,  and  obliged  to  de- 
pend upon  the  limited  resources  of  voluntary  i 


214  CAttPAWN    \S    lOMHAl: 

ami  upon  a  ncarlv  <<er  fur  r]  farmer  hiii 

to  sustain  the  Austrian  cause  in  Jtuh  when   tliu  whole   < 

r^nv ulsed  ;  when  his  monarch  was  a  fugitive  in  tli  capita) 

in  the  hands  of  the  imrurgentft,  great  part  of  the  ; 

llu  finances  in  the  most  deplorable  confusion. 

no  support  for  Long  either  in  men  or  money  ;  on  tl 

had  to  hold  his  troops  ready  at  any  moment  to  al 

plains,  and  strike  a  last  blow  for  the  Imperial   i 

walla  of  Vicuna.     On  both,   therefore,  the 

was,  by  necessity,   imposed*     Both  were  obliged,   above   all 

to  be  aVaricioua  of  the  blood  of  their  soldiers,  to  give  uij  mm 

liant  opportunities  of  success  rather  than  run  the  risk  of  defr; 

•mpensate,  by  skill  in  strategy,  for  paucity  of  Humbert  and  <k 
ticiency  in  material  resources.     Campaigns  of  this   nature  hares: 
extraordinary  degree  of  interest ;  they  resemble  the   most  e 
games  of  chess  \  and  none  will  be  foiuid  to  exceed  those  of  Kadetzlrr 
His  Italian  ones  in  1848-49  will  fully  stand  a  comparison  wit 
of  Napoleon  in  1796  and  1814,  of  Wellington  m  the  Peninsu 
of  Marlborough  in  Bavaria  and  the  Low  Countries.      1  [ 
mendation  than  this  cannot  be  given. 

By  far  the  best  account  of  the  struggle  of  lSi8-49  in  the  hm* 
bard  plains  is  to  be  found  in  the  work  of  a   Swiii  officer,  tni 
by  Lord  Ellesmere  under  the  title  of  "  Military  Events   in  Italt1 
In  authenticity,  impartiality,  ami  clearness,   it  leaves  not  bin 
desired,  and  from  it  all  succeeding  writers  must  borrow  their  f 
from  a  quarry.     Its  ouly  fault  is  one  very  common  iu  mi! 
a  too  great  generality  of  detail  ■  in  other  vvord*,  a  want  of  breadth  il 
composition,     The  author  relates,  with  exactly  the  same  mimitenc* 
the  events  of  a  skirmish  between  an  Austrian  company  and  ft  hr^ 
of  the  Lombard  Free -corps  in  the  Tyrol,  which  exercised  no  ? 
influence  on  the  campaign,  as  he  does  the  movements  which  decijrd 
the  fate  of  Italy  on  the  fields  of  St.  Lucia  or  Cuatostza.     This,  to 
popularity,  is  a  fatal  defect.     No  one  can  stand  a  dry  mass  of  . 
leading  to  not  lung;  and  they  also  take  much  frou/the  clearness^ 
the  narrative  to  ordinary  readers  ;  that  is,  they  require,    to 
their  thread,  a  greater  amount  of  attention  than  can  from  such  to* 
expected.    This  it  is,  we  believe,  which  has  led  to  this  vt* ry  vn 
work  having  attained  so  little  popularity;  and,  in  the   following 
pages,  we  shall  endeavour  to  place  before  our  readers  an 
these   events,   derived  in  great   part   from   this  author*    in   which 
Ave   have  endeavoured   to   bring  out  the   important  and   di 
movements,  and  to  avoid  a  too  great  intricacy  of  detail.     We  belief r 
few   campaigns   will    mure   reward   the    trouble    of    investi- 
To  the  soldier  they  are  most  interesting  as  a  study  in  themsehw; 
to  the  statesman  they  are  equally   so  from   their   results.     Thrt 
formed  the  first  general  battle-field  between  the   democratic  and 
conservative  parties  in  Europe   after  the   explosion   of  the  grral 
revolutionary  volcano  at  Paris,  on  the  22nd  February,  1848.     Had 
lindetfcky  failed  in  the  struggle,  it  is  probable  that  the  A  us 
empire  would  have  perished.     It  was  by  the  united  efforts  of 
General  in  I*ombardy,  of  Wmdisehgrak  at  Prague,  and  of  Jell:. 


L859.] 


■CAM?AIGW   Ttf    LO^HATIDTp 


215 


Croatia,  that  the  crisis  was  surmounted.  They  were  to  Austria 
what  Cavaignae  was  to  France,  Upon  their  efforts  depended  both 
the  balance  of  power  in  Europe  and  all  its  subsequent  destinies. 
Had  the  Bed  Eepublie  triumphed  in  Austria,  Constantinople  would 
i«jfw  hare  been  a  Russian  city. 

In  1848  the  population  of  the  Lombardo- Venetian  Kingdom, 
amounting  to  5,(>00}000  souls,  were  much  divided  in  their  feelings 
towards  the  Imperial  Government,  The  Noblesse,  as  was  natural, 
regarded  it  with  detestation*  Deprived  of  all  chance  of  employment 
in  the  higher  branches  of  government,  without  any  prospect  of  ac- 
quiring either  political  or  social  distinction,  it  was  a  necessary  con- 
sequence of  their  situation  in  a  subject  province,  that  they  should 
be  discontented.  But  their  influence  in  general  was  not  great ; 
volous  and  dissipated  in  their  habits,  spending  their  days  in  the 
HMO,  and  their  nights  at  the  opera  and  the  gaming  table,  they  were 
little  fitted,  either  by  their  energy  to  organise,  or  their  courage  to 
direct,  any  great  popular   m  Residing  almost  entirely  in 

the  great  towns,  they  had  no  hold  on  the  affections,  no  influence 
over  the  actions  of  the  country  population.     The  days  were  far 
changed  since  the  Italian  nobles  were  the  chief  power  in  the  state. 
The  greater  amount  of  intellectual  activity,  knowledge,  and  energy, 
resided  in  the  burgher  class,  and  they,  from  the  number  of  manu- 
facturing and   commercial   cities,  were  a  numerous  and  important 
body.     They,  and  the  whole  manufacturing  population,  were  united 
•  common  bond  of  cordial  detestation  of  the  Austrian  rule. 
Their  prevailing  object  of  desire  was  political  power,  and  that  was  a 
thing  which,  so  long  as  the  Austrian  eagle  spread  its  wings  over  the 
land,  they  never  could  obtain.     In  consequence,  they  were  generally 
united  in,  or  at  least  subject  to,  the  Carbonari  or  secret  societies 
The  chief  manufacture  of  Lombardy  is  that  of  silk,  but  the  limn 
and  woollen  trade  is  also  extensive,  and  In  Milan  the  manufacture  of 
iron  is  very  great.     The  various  trades  furnished  a  body  of  arti 
desirous  or  political  power,  impatient  of  the  restraint  of  a  military 
government,  of  considerable  intelligence  and  great  profligacy,  and 
who,  from  the  absence  of  realised  capital,  were  ready  at  any  moment 
to  revolt.     They  had  everything  to   gain  and  nothing  to  lose  by 
revolution,  for  they  had  acquired  the  desires  of  civilisation  and  were 
unfettered  by  the  restraints  of  property.     In  the  rural  population, 
however,  the  feeling  was  very  different.     They  were  generally  well 
affected  to  the  Austrian  rufe.     Scattered  in  small  villages,  or  de- 
t  ached  houses,  over  the  country,  chained  down  by  necessity  to  the 
cultivation  of  their  small  plots  of  land,  their  ideas  seldom  extended 
narrow  limits.     They  had  no  wish  to  acquire  power 
in,"  all  they  demanded  was  good  government  from,  the  state 
that  they  had  for  the  first  time  experienced  beneath  the  Imperial 
sway,     The  executive  was  strong,  consequently  property  was  serine 
and  all  crimes  against  it  severely  punished  ;  justice  was  promptly  ad- 
ministered and  with  the  strictest  impartiality ;  taxation  was  light 
and  equitably  imposed.     In  a  word,  while  totally  destitute  of  politi- 
cal power,  all  their  material  intercuts  were  sedulously  attended  to; 
and  that  was  exactly  what  they  wanted*  They  lived  beneath  a  strong 


OAKPUGir  TS   LOMBAUDY. 

and  a  just  ejnvemment,  nod  they  ha  J  no  wish  to  change   it 
rale  of  an  Urban  democracy, 

Count  Joseph  Radetxky  was  born  in  176$.     He  wa> 
in  bis  83rd  year  when  the  outbreak  at  Milan  took  plate,      Hit 
is  an  ancient  one  of  Bohemia,     lie  entered  the  Austrian  service  ill 
cuirassier  regiment,  in  which  he  served  for  fourteen  yews,  and  gau*! 
the  rank  of  captain.     During  this  period  be  was  enraged  in  ill 
campion  bote  against  the  Turks  and  the  French  in  the  low  oovfr 
trtee,     In  1797  he  was  appointed  major,  and  in  1799 
lieuteiiiint-rukiiitd,  and  subsequently  colonel,  on  the  staff,     He  semJ 
during  the  latter  year  both  under  duwarroif  and  Mela?  m  Italy.  Ii 
l^n'i   hi  commanded,  as  major-general,  a  cavalry   brigade    in  thi 
Gooatoyi     In  1809  he  was  made  lieutenant-general,  and  wito&Mti 
the  terrible  battles  of  Aspern  and  Wagnom.     During  the  memonUl 
campaigns  of  1813-14,  and  15,  he  was  chief  of  the  staff  to  Prta* 
^rhwarsenberg.     In  1829  he  was  appointed  general  of  cava! 
1  BS&,  commander-in-chief  in  Italy,  which  post  he  has  held  ever  muet\ 
and  in  1836"  he  received  the  baton  of  a  field -marshal.      It  was  tiui 
his  fortune  to  acquire  the  art  of  Avar  from  the  greatest  general!  d 
modern   times,   under  Suwarroff   and  the   Archduke    Cnarlea,  uk 
opposed  to  Napoleon,     How  well  he  profited  by  the  lefts*  t 
great  masters  the  campaigns  of  1847-48,  the  fatal  dn  utaM 

and  Novarra  can  testify*  In  his  83rd  year  he  retained  all  the  vi«tf 
and  lire  <>f  youth.  Though  hia  hair  was  white  with  u 
of  his  mind  remained  un quenched*  lie  was  frequently  on  hortt- 
back  for  eighteen  hours  at  a  time,  and  the  youngest  members  of  ha 
staff  could  hardly  sustain  the  fatigue  that  their  aged  n  immanfc 
went  through.  Of  a  powerfully  knit  frame,  below  the  middle  beiflbt 
a  bold  horseman,  frank  and  courteous  in  his  manners,  steady  in » 
acting  discipline,  yet  considerate  to  all  beneath  his  command,  t* 
was  "the  idol  of  *  his  soldiers,  who  not  only  confided  in  him  10 1 
general,  but  looked  up  to  hiui  as  a  father.  In  reverses  he  was  nflt 
discouraged  ;  by  victory  he  was  not  elated.  Exposing  his  own  pewtft 
freely  in  "the  front  rank  of  the  skirmishers,  he  was  always  the  fiM 

1  join  mercy  to  the  vanquished.     The  victorious  leader  of  : 
strife,  he  yet  never  stained  his  sword  with  the  blood   of  the  i» 
fenceless: 

General  Hess  was  his  chief  of  the  staff  during  both  his  Italiaa 
campaigns,  This  very  able  and  distinguished  officer  enjoyed  la« 
entire  confidence,  and  was  consulted  by  him  upon  all  occasions.  Ih 
was  endowed  with  extraordinary  powers  of  organization^  and  a  ds» 
and  thorough  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  strategy,  He  held 
much  the  same  position  towards  K&detaky  that  GucisVnau  did  to 
Biueher  \  and  it  is  diflicult  to  separate  the  merits  of  each,  so  con* 
pN  N'ly  did  they  always  act  and  think  in  unison.  No  jealousy  iW 
tarnish*  d  their  friendship,  no  thought  of  rivalry  disturbed   their 

1  cration.     R adetarit y  has  always  m i  zed  ev ery  opport  unity  of 
claiming  the  obligations  he  lay  uurfer  to  the  assistance  he  had  re<  1 
from  his  able  assistant  and  confidential  adviser.     Hia  ap 
the  command  of  the  Grand   Austrian  Army,  which  eoov 
Principalities,  and  his  present  position  as  confidential  militar 


'] 


cAMrATON  nr  lombaudt. 


2ii 


to  the  Emperor,  at  once  show  the  high  estimationm  which  his  military 
abilities  are  held  in  his  Dative  country,  and  will  test  their  reality  when 
mnuind, 
When,  on  the  1ft th  March,  IMS,  the  revolutionary  flag  was  un- 
furled in  Milan,  about  80,000  men  were  grouped  round  the  standard 
of  Austria,  in  her  LoTtibardo-Yenetiuii  provinces.  This  force,  con- 
siderable though  it  was,  was  70,000  less  than  that  stated  by  Marshal 
E ad ctzky,  as  absolutely  necessary  to  maintain  these  provinces  against 
the  double  storm  of  an  internal  revolt  and  a  foreign  invasion,  and 
the  campaign,  the  leading  event  of  which  we  are  about  to  notice,  has 
abundantly  proved  the  truth  of  the  remark. 

This  force  was  divided  into  three  corps,  The  first  corpsj  that  of 
3aron  d'Aspre,  held  Lombardy ;  one  of  its  brigades  watched  the 
"Se  dm  on  test?  frontier  and  the  line  of  the  Tieino  *  another  scattered 
lidst  those  lovely  lakes  which  lie  where  the  Alps  break  down  into 
lie  Italian  plains,  guarded  the  Swiss  frontier.  Three  brigades 
10,000  men)  garrisoned  Milan  ;  the  remainder  were  scattered  over 
towns  of  Brescia,  Bergamo,  and  Cremona  to  the  north,  and  uf 
in  ma  and  Piacenza  to  the  south  of  the  Po.  The  second  corps 
(tli  at  of  Count  W  rati  slaw)  held  the  Tenetian  provinces.  Yenice> 
Mantua,  Padua,  and  Verona  were  each  garrisoned  by  a  brigade  j  the 
remainder  were  divided  in  Single  battalions  through  the  prim  i pal 
tOWllS,  About.  25^000  men  of  the  Austrian  army  were  composed  of 
Italians,     This  was  caused  by  the  Austrian  system  of  recruiting, 

Kneli  leaves  the  3rd,  or  Depot  Battalion  of  eftch  regiment*  iti  its 
tive  country  nml  district.  The  strength  of  these  depot  battalions 
tgainhadjmt  been  i-uned  from  four  to  sis  companies,  so  that  in* 
eluding  their  own  recruits  and  those  they  were  drilling  for  the  service 

kittalionSj  fully  two-thirds  of  these  corps  consisted  of  lads  who  had 
arned  enough  of  soldiering  to  be  formidable  in  the  field,  but  had 
not  acquired  those  habits  of  discipline,  ohediemc  and  attachment  to 
their  colours  which  in  a  few  years  lead  the  soldiers  of  every  land  to 
consider  the  duty  they  owe  to  their  sovereign  as  superior  alike  to 
the  claims  of  country  and  the  bonds  of  kindred.  They  were  in  the 
most  dangerous  of  all  states  when  they  had  acquired  the  drill  of 
soldiers,  without  having  lost  the  feelings  of  civilians* 

Milan,  when  the  revolutionary  tempest  firet  broke  out,  contained 
146,000  inhabitants,  and  though  then  are  within  the  ample  circuit 
its  boundary  walls  several  open  spaces  nearly  unoccupied,  yet  in 
its  western  quarter  the  population  is  eitreffitly  dense,  the  streets 
narrow  and  winding,  the  houses  tall  and  massive.  In  those  parts  it 
was  singularly  well  adapted  for  street  Rghtittg.  The  garrison  was 
principally  quartered  m  and  around  a  square  range  of  barraeks, 
situated  to  the  westward  of  the  town,  called  the  Oastle,  and  slight 
fortified, 

In  this  city,  as  well  as  in  all  the  great  towns  of  Louibardy,  the 
evolutionary  party  had  for  somr  n  in  a  state  of  violent  ex- 

ind  were  kept  down  only  by  the  threat  of  martial  law, 
The  offie&B  and  soldiers  of  the  were  constantly  insulted 

ml  ill-tmitedby  the  people.     All  thi:  to  that  critical  state 

vhen  a  single  spark  will  cause  the  mine  to  explode.     When  the 
evolution  broke  out  in  Paris,  contrary  to  general  e^rata^ro^  to» 


218 


DAMPAiaX    HT  tOMBA 


[Jtnr*, 


movement  fallowed  in  Milan*  but  an  ominous  silence  was  preserve 
resembling  the  lull  before  the  bursting  of  the  storm*  At  \u 
on  the  IHth  March,  the  news  arrived  of  the  revolution  in  Vienc 
and  the  Emperor  Ferdinand" s  Laving  granted  a  democratic  const  it 
tion  to  the  state.  Immediately  the  flame  ho  long  smothered  brok 
out,  the  whole  population,  headed  by  the  town  council,  flocked 
the  residence  of  the  civil  governor,  Count  O'Donnell,  an  armed  party 
joining  in  the  throng,  seized  the  government  office,  and  put  to  tire 
eword  the  guard  \  the  tricolour  flag  was  ho  is  ted  on  the  Broletto.or  Town 
House,  and  the  sullen  sound  of  an  alarm  gun  fired  from  the  walls 
of  the  castle  announced  that  the  revolution  had  commenced  and  the 
fight  begun- 

The  troops  issuing  from  the  castle  directed  their  attacks  upon 
three  points.  One  column  moved  upon  the  Imperial  Pak 
Duomo-  place  j  one  upon  the  government  buildings,  in  the  Monfor 
street ;  and  one  upoa  the  BrolettOj  or  Town  House.  The  two 
columns  succeeded  in  storming  the  barricades  which  lay  in  the 
way,  and  gaining  the  forts  assigned  them  ;  but  the  approaches  to  tin* 
Broletto,  the  head-quarters  of  the  insurrection,  were  defended  with 
a  desperate  courage.  The  tocsin  sounded  from  every  steeple,  ba 
ricades  were  erected  in  every  street,  as  the  men  advanced  thruu 
the  narrow  winding  lanes  every  kind  of  missile  descended  up 
their  heads  from  the  roofs  and  windows  of  the  lofty  houses — furo 
tureT  fcitonrH,  and  boiling  water,  mingled  with  the  more  dead 
weapons  of  modern  war,— all  communication  between  the  dill 
columns  was  cut,  and  after  six  hours' hard  fighting,  the  fcicolon 
standard  still  waved  on  the  Broletto,  ltudcUky,  however,  order 
this  point  to  be  carried  at  any  price,  and  the  attack  wTaa  again 
newed.  The  infantry,  abandoning  the  close  column  formal 
vanced  in  files  close  under  the  houses,  directing  their  fire  upon 
windows  opposite  to  them.  The  barricades  in  general  weir 
fended  by  a  garrison  placed  upon  them,  than  by  the  deadly  fia 
iire  which  issued  from  the  buddings  on  each  side,  and  frequ 
the  soldiers  were  allowed  to  march  past  without  a  shot  being 
when  a  withering  volley  from  behind  woidd  level  whole  se< 
After  four  hours  of  this  desperate  strife  the  heads  of  the  column 
began  to  extricate  themselves  from  the  lanes  and  to  issue  forth 
the  place  of  the  Broletto,  The  pioneers,  marching  to  the  froct, 
forarened  the  open  space,  aud  strove  to  hew  down  the  great 
with  their  axes,  but  the  attempt  was  vain,  and  they  were  tnlJm 
fast,  when  a  field-piece  was  run  eloee  up  and  blew  it  in  ;  the  buildiu 
was  then  carried  with  one  rush,  and  2;1Q  prisoners  made,  many 
them  of  the  best  families  in  Milan. 

So  ended  the  first  day's  strife  ;  the  troops,  though  with  a  bear 
Iota,  had  gained  the  three  points  upon  which  they  were  din 
but   all   communication   between   their  different   attacks  waa  cw 
Their  position  thus  constated  of  three  isolated  points,  or  heads 
columns^  tlu'own  far  into  the  centre  of  the  insurgei 
were  nutted  by  no  einmimiucaUon   between  each  other,  and 
only  enmmunicatc  with  their  reserves  in  the  castle  by  long 
uarrow  streets  which  were  at  all  moments  open  to  flank  attacks. 


s 

cc 
ti 


i 


AMPATOIT  IN  LOMBA11I 


Tbe  night  was  one  of  rain  and  darkness  ;  the  troops  occupied  the 
posts  they  hfid  won,  but  not  a  man  dared  show  himself  out  of  em 
By  the  insurgents  it  was  passed  in  ceaseless  activity  ;   round  all  the 

Eointa  held  by  the  Austrians,  freah  barricades  were  thrown  up,  the 
ouses  flanking  them  were  loopholed,  arms  were  collected  and 
cartridges  filled,  and  all  the  side  streets  leading  down  upon  the  lines 
of  communication  between  the  advanced  posts  and  the  castle  oecu- 
ied  in  force.  Wben  morning  broke  tbe  fight  began ;  everywhere 
e  insurgents  pressed  close  upon  the  regulars,  and  hemmed  in  their 
>aneed  posts,  until  not  a  supply  or  ammunition  or  provisions 
could  be  conveyed,  or  a  reinforcement  marched,  from  one  point  to 
another  without  a  light.  The  streets  leading  to  the  Broletto,  the 
overnment  buildings,  and  the  palace,  from  the  eastle,  were  the  par- 
ieular  objects  of  attack,  as  these  occupations  would  isolate  entirely 
tin  In -ads  of  the  Austrian  column,  and  the  advantage  taken  of  all 
the  side  streets  running  into  them,  by  tbe  Milanese,  for  this  purpose, 
showed  at  once  tbe  greatest  skill  in  the  conception,  and  daring  in  the 
execution  of  their  plan.  A  desperate  struggle  took  place  in  the 
nomo  place,  where  the  magnificent  cathedral,  whose  gbttering  mar- 
Mf  pinnacles,  rise  clear  and  sharp  against  the  blue  southern  sky,  was 
held  by  the  stout  Tyroieae  Jagers  ;  but  their  sure  aim  repulsed  with 
great  loss  eaeb  charge,  and  when  the  shades  of  evening  tell  over  the 
srenc  of  blood,  tbe  sharp  crack  of  their  rifles  still  rang  from  every 
gallery  and  window.  Though  tbe  posts  were  nearly  all  maintained, 
still  the  loss  and  exhaustion  of  the  troops  were  so  great,  and  the 
difficulty  of  obtaining  supplies  such,  that  Badetzky  determined  to 
withdraw  bis  men  entirely  from  the  destructive  contest  in  the  interior, 
n&f  occupying  all  the  entrances  to  the  town,  endeavoured  to  reduce 
t  by  bombardment.  During  the  night  this  movement  was,  though 
not  without  great  difficulty  and  considerable  loss,  e fleeted,  and  ere 
morning  a  chain  of  posts  was  established,  watching  all  the  enframes 
to  fchfl  town.  Tt  was  a  dark  and  dreary  night  for  the  troops  engaged, 
who  sullenly  withdrew  amidst  torrents  of  pftlO,  and  beneath  a  cease- 
less tire  ;  i  parallel  to  its  horrors  may  he  ioiind  in  the  celebrated 
11  \orhr  Triste"  of  Spanish  story]  when  the  conqueror*  of  Mexico  were 
3men  from  the  capital  tin  >  had  won. 

During  the  20th  the  Austrians  remained  on  tbe  defensive,  in  1  hen- 
chain  of  poata  surrounding  the  insurgent  city,  and  the  principal  effort 
of  the  Milanese  wns  directed  to  seke  some  of  the  gates,  and  op 
communication  with  the  country.     Against  the  Porta  Tieiense  j 
entrance  from  Piedmont)  a  prolonged  and  desperate  attack  was  kept 
up  ;  but  although  the  houses  afforded  cover  close  up  to  the  wall  aud 
gate,  no  impression  could  be  made  upon  General  Clam's  brigade,  who 
radicated  their  position  by  a  withering  fire.     On  the  western  side  of 
the  town,  however,  the  barrack  of  San  Francisco  and  the  engineers1 
<tc  both  stormed 
During  these  three  days  the  position  of  tbe  Austrians  in  the 
Milanese  had  become  to  the  last  degree  critical,     In  all  the  town 
thrir  flanks  and  rear  the  insurrection  had  broken  out  -  all  their 
a  m$  |>"  iHTininded;  most  of  the  depdfcti  of  the  Itn 

regiments  bad  either  joined  the  insurgents  or  could  not  be  tcu.*^A. 


220 


CAMPAIGN  IK  LOMEAEDT. 


C* 


The  whole  communications  of  the  array  were  thus  interrupted  ;  eon* 
voys  could  not  be  brought  up,  and  with  difficulty  could  order* 
be  circulated,     The  country  population  were  generally  well  ail' 
to  the  Imperial  government,  but,  scattered  as  they  were,  th 
was  purely  of  a  negative  nature ;  whilst  the  active  hostility  of  1 
townamen  at  once  gave  the  revolutionary  party  the  entire  comma 
of  all  the  central  points  and  roada  of  the  country*     Meauwli 
ports  were  circulated  that  the  Government  of  the  Swiss  cant 
the  Tessino  had  declared  far  the  insurgents,  and  it  was  well  known 
to  Badetzky  that  the  whole  army  of  Piedmont  would  shortly  i 
the  frontier.     In  these  circumstances  the  Austrian  army  was 
matched,  and  it  was  now  evident  that  a  concentration  of  their  v " 
force  on  the  line  of  the  Mineio — where  either  a  strong  defe 
position  could  be  assumed,  or  the  best  possible  base  for  a  \ ~'i\ 
offensive  secured — was  the  only  sale  course,  with  a  view  to  til 
mate  preservation  of  the  Italian  provinces. 

Influenced  by  these  considerations,  KadeUky  determined  to 
treat.     Orders  were  accordingly  transmitted  to  the 
Picdmontese  frontier,  aud  to  those  winch  watched  the  Swia. 
to  abandon  their  positions,  and  march  on  Milan*     Both  bn_ 
to  force  their  way  through  the  midst  of  an  insurgent  country 
both  suffered  considerably;  a  battalion  was  surrounded  at  Co 
Croat  company  surrendered  at  Varese,  but  on  the  22nd  they  j- 
the  main  army  beneath  the  walla  of  Milan.    The  whole  eU    1 
arms  on  the  evening  of  that  day  on  the  parade  ground  uf  the 
nnd  forming  into  five  massy  columns,  commenced  their  retrenl ,     1  h> 
castle  being  on  the  western  side  of  the  town,  and  tin 
leading  from  its  eastern  gate,  to  gam  the  latter  a  flank  march  had  I 
he  made  round  its  walls.     This  was  no  easy  matter  for  enorni 
triiins  of  baggage,  both  of  civilians  and  soldiers,  numbers  of  civil  i 
vat  its,  and  many  waggon  loads  of  wounded,  encumbered  the  march, 
whilst  the  right  flank,  front  and  rear,  were  exposed  to  attacks 
the  Milanese,  and  the  left  flank  from  the  country  insurge 
column  moved  along  the  rampart,  two  on  its  right  through  1 1 
which  lies  between  the  wall  and  the  body  of  the  city,  and  two  alon^ 
the  road  outside  the  walls,     Bwarms  of  skirmishers  covered  the  en- 
trance and  protected  the  flanks.     To  prevent  their  occupation  by  the 
enemy  all  the  houses  bordering  the  line  of  march  were  set  on  fire  by 
the  light  troops,  and  when  the  shades  of  evening  fell  around  the 
moving  mass,  it  was  lighted  on  its  way  by  the  conflagration  which 

loped  and  secured  its  flank*     Once  onl\ 
to  interrupt  its  progress— n  free  corpa  threw  itaetf  in   I 
the  vanguard  at  the  Porta  ConuuMiia.aru!  the  slurp  tla*hof  mii 
for  an  instant  enveloped  the  head  of  the  column,  but  A 
pieces  the  fiery  chain,  it  pursued,  in  darkness  aud  in 
mainder  of  its  way. 

On  the  23rd,  the  army  continued  its  retreat,     The  village  of 

T^fTv  ait«ated  where  the  Lodi  road  crosses  the  Zambro  it« 

w      fiT    tQnta  believing,  from  the  proclamations  MLbofjie, 

il?l  y^trian  army  was  flying  in  confusion,  barricaded  their 

bridge  and  village,  aeiaed  ,*onie  officers  sent  on  to  order  pfffi* 


1880.] 


CAMPAIGN  IN  LOMBA^DY. 


221 


sions,  aud  summoned  the  Field-Marshal  to  surrender*  In  ail  instant 
Austrian  artillery  galloped  to  the  front,  and,  under  cover  of 
their  lire,  the  vanguard  rushed  on  with  the  bayonet,  and  stormed  the 
place,  the  whole  houses  of  which  were  burned  and  plundered.  This 
severe  example  opened  the  eyes  of  the  people,  who,  henceforth,  made 
no  attempt  at  resistance.  On  the  24th  they  reached  Lodi,  and  took 
Up  a  position  on  the  banks  of  the  Adda. 

PBadetzky  had  at  first  hoped  that  he  might  be  able  to  maintain  the 
line  of  this  river ;  but  the  accounts  which  came  in  from  all  quarters 
soon  showed  that  this  was  impossible.  On  the  day  when  he  re- 
treated from  jVliJan  the  King  of  Sardinia  published  a  proclamation  in 
favour  of  Italian  unity,  put  his  army  on  the  war  establishment,  and 
directed  its  instant  advance  on  the  Ticino.  Its  force  was  about 
4G,U00  men.  The  Italian  troops  stationed  in  Bergamo,  Cremona, 
Brescia,  and  Bovigo,  having  revolted,  these  towns  were  lost*  The 
insurrection  spread  along  the  western  shores  of  the  Lake  of  Guarda, 
where  the  important  castle  of  Koeca  d'Anfu  fell  into  the  handa  of 
the  democrats,  as  well  as  the  steamer  on  the  lake,  and  disaffection 
broke  out  in  the  Italian  Tyrol,  so  that  the  line  of  communication  by 
Trent  was  in  danger.  Meantime,  far  in  the  rear,  Udine,  together 
with  the  fortresses  of  Osopo  and  Pulmanuovo,  were  delivered  up 
by  their  garrisons.  In  the  latter  were  30  guns  and  15,000  stand  of 
arms,  fint  the  most  severe  blow  which  befel  the  Austrian  cause 
was  the  loss  of  Venice.  This  most  important  town*  impregnable 
from  its  situation,  the  only  great  Italian  seaport  of  Austria,  was  gar* 
risoned  by  three  German  and  four  Italian  battalions,  commanded  by 
Count  Zk-by.  When  news  arrived  on  the  20th  of  the  insurrec- 
tion of  Milan,  disturbances  immediately  broke  out,  which  so 
intimidated  the  commandant  that  he  consented  to  a  conven- 
tion, and  surrendered  the  tuwn  without  itrikiug  a  blow  fur 
Nit  Imperial  cause.  The  garrison  waa  transported  to  IV u 
Meanwhile  the  troops  in  Belluno,  Treviso,  and  Parma  were 
surrounded  and  forced  to  capitulate;  while  Verona  waa  only 
held  by  abandoning  Padua,  the  garrison  of  which  was  marched  upon 
the  former  town  to  reinforce  the  garrison  of  the  castle,  who  alone 
could  net  keep  down  the  cUsoftecL  d   population;  and  e  tua 

was  required  to  be  secured  from  internal  tumults  by  a  brigade  uo 
tacbed  from  the  army  on  the  Adda.  Kadetzky  thus  "found  hituwJf, 
with  the  insurrection,  supported  by  the  whole  Piedmouicse  army,  in 

Ibis  front;  Venice  and  his  terra  ft  mat,  and  with  it  hil  principal  I 
of  communication  with  Austria,  in  possession  of  the  insurgmU,  in  his 
rear,  and  all  the  lowoi  on  his  right  flank,  as  well  u*  the  Rr«rtara 
shore  of  the  lake  of  Guarda,  in  anno  against  him,  and  thus  his  only 
remaining  line  of  mm  muni* -at ion  by  Trent  threaten 
Mantua,   IV  ma,  and  Zeimago,  with  the  lim 

Jlineio  and  the  Adigc — the  strongest  military  position  in  Italy,— 
however,  still  remained,  and  thi  r her  the  veteran  commander  now  I 
tooted  his  steps  to  fight  the  battle  of  lib  sovereign.  The  small  for- 
tress of  Pizzigbitone  was  abandoned,  and  on  the  25th  the  army  left 
the  hanks  of  the  Adda,  and,  moving  by  Crcma,  Ordnovi,  nod  Mou- 
lecbiaro,  crossed  the  Jtlincio  on  the  31st,  and  halted  on  its  left  bwak* 


•eaeary 
ration* 

to  On 

tori., 


2*22  CAMPAIGN  IK  tOMnABDT*  [Jl 

leaving  only  a  strong  rear-guard  at  Lonato,  on  the  right  bank*  Head* 
quarters  were  established  at  Verona. 

A  pause  of  about  a  week  now  ensued,  for  the  Piedmonteae  army, 
which  was  advancing  through  the  Milanese  in  two  columns,  one  liv 
Brescia  the  other  by  Cremona,  required  some  timo  to  gather  head 
on  the  Mineio,  as  from  the  suddenness  of  the  declaration  of  war,  and 
their  desire  to  occupy  at  once  the  ground  vacated  by  the  Austrian*, 
they  had  pushed  onma  very  straggling  manner,  with  long  inti 
hel  ween  their  divisions  and  brigades.  Besides,  it  was  now  necessary 
for  Charles  Albert  to  arrange  something  like  a  plan  of  opera! " 
fur  the  numerous  and  varied  force  under  his  orders,  and  to  orgi 
the  levies  of  the  Milanese.  That  monarch  had  been  urged  into 
war,  not  less  by  ambition,  and  a  desire  to  extend  his  own  territo 
than  by  necessity,  for  to  such  a  height  had  the  revolutionary  ferment 
reached  in  Piedmont,  that  it  was  evident  he  must  to  preserve  his  crown, 
either  combat  it  by  force,  or  put  himself  at  its  head,  and  turn  it 
aside  from  domestic  to  foreign  war*  by  leading  in  person  the  ardent 
democrat*  of  his  own  dominions,  and  of  all  Italy,  to  a  crusade  against 
the  Austrians,  the  armed  representatives  of  the  monarchical  principle. 
He  chose  the  latter  course.  The  portion  of  his  army  ready  lor  m 
service  consisted  of  about  40,000,  but  he  could  not  calculate  upon 
bringing  into  line  on  the  Mincio  at  the  opening  of  the  campaign  above 
25,000.  Large  levies  however  were  ordered'  and  he  would  before 
long  be  able  to  bring  up  great  reinforce ments,  The  Pie 
troops  are  the  best  in  Italy.     Well  office  red  and  organised ,  tin 

steady  under  lire,  and  enduring  on  the  march,  The  corps  of 
ritiemen,  called  ISer^agUeri,  were  a  magnificent  and  highly  trained 
body  of  Light  troops. 

Tuscany,  Parma,  Modena,  and  the  Papal  States  have  been  utterly 
swept  away  by  the  revolutionary  torrent,  and  placed  their  whole 
forces  at  his  disposal.     Their  forces  were  nearly  all  directed  to  the 
line  of  the  Po,  and  were  intended  portly  to  cross  that  river  and  sup- 
port the  right  of  tho  PlftdtaOttlteMP  mt   the   Mincio,   but    m:iiulv  <«• 
occupy  the   Venetian  main  land,  and  thus  entirely  surround   fh. 
rear  of  the  Kadct/kvV  army,  and  oppose  any  attempt  to  send  rein- 
forcements to  him   from  the  side  oi  Cariuthia  and  Caraiola* 
amounted  in  all  to  about  19,000  men.     Atnongsi   Onm  was  4,11*1 
8 wise  in  the  Pope's  service,  troops  unsurpassed  by  any  in  Eui 
but  the  remainder  being  mostly  ill  officered,  could  not  be  deoei 
onto  contend  with  the  A  untrians  in  the  open  field .     The   K 
Naples,  too,  yield  in  g  to  the  democratic  party,  dispatched  20,000  of 
his  troops  towards  the  Po;  but  circumstances  arose  which  prev< 
their  taking  an  active  part  in  the  fight,  —  a  matter  of  no  importance, 
as,  except  the  guards,  ritiemen,  and  Swiss,  the  Neapolitan   ti 
well  dressed  and  capitally  drilled,  are  wholly  unable  to  si 
Attempts  were  also  being  made  to  oi  egular  regimenta  in  the 

Milanese  and  the  Venetian  territory,  but,  with  the  exception  of  tbe 
revolted  battalions,  they  had  Dot  vVt  acquired  any  consistency*  In 
addition  to  the*©,  the  Wffular  forces,  there  can  rer    lam* 

bands  oi  volunteers,  organised  in  free  corps,  from  ail  part*  of  ItaJ/. 


1859.]  CAMPAIGN  IK  LOMBABDY.  228 

To  estimate  their  force  was  not  easy,  but  in  general  they  prove  I  of 
little  U8Q,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  student  corps  composed  of 

Ioung  men  of  good  family.  They  generally  were  unruly  in  quarters, 
ut  yet  melted  away  the  moment  they  were  exposed  to  fire,  and  did 
more  damage  to  their  own  countrymen  by  their  depredations  than 
the  Austrians  by  their  arms. 

The  position  held  by  Badetzky  consisted  of  two  lines,  that  of  the 
Mincio  and  that  of  the  Adige.  The  line  of  the  Mincio,  leaning  its 
right  flank  on  the  lake  of  Guarda  and  its  left  on  the  Po,  with  the 
fort  of  Peschiera  and  the  strong  fortress  of  Mantua  supporting  its 
front,  is  one  of  great  strength,  but  is  liable  to  be  turned  by  an 
enemy  in  possession  of  the  right  bank  of  the  Po.  The  line  of  the 
Adige  in  its  rear,  however,  in  this  respect  is  much  stronger,  flowing 
down  through  a  deep  and  narrow  valley,  overhung  by  rocks  and  pre- 
cipices as  far  as  Montebaldo  and  the  plateau  of  Eivoli ;  it  enters 
the  plains  of  Italy  beneath  the  ramparts  of  Verona,  and  flows  on  in 
a  deep  and  rapid  channel  parallel  to  the  Mincio,  as  far  as  the  fort  of 
Zegnago,  there  it  turns  to  the  east,  and  continues  its  course  to  the 
Adriatic,  parallel  with,  and  at  a  short  distance  from,  the  Po.  It 
thus  forms  an  interior  line  of  defence,  supported  by  two  fortresses, 
to  the  lines  both  of  the  Mincio  and  the  Po,  and  is  equally  strong 
against  an  enemy  coming  from  the  west  and  the  south.  Much  of  its 
value,  however,  was  lost  to  Eadetzky  from  the  fall  of  Venice,  and 
the  revolt  of  all  its  continental  possessions.  This,  at  one  blow,  placed 
the  lower  lines  of  the  Po  and  the  Adige,  and  the  whole  towns  and 
fortresses  in  his  rear,  with  his  main  line  of  communication,  in  the 
hands  of  his  opponents.  He  was  thus  driven  to  depend  for  his  sole 
communication  with  Germany  on  the  road  which  ascends  the  valley 
of  the  Adige  from  Verona  by  Trent  through  the  Tyrol,  consequently 
should  he  be  driven  from  the  line  of  the  Mincio,  it  was  necessary  for 
him  at  all  hazards  to  maintain  himself  at  Verona,  and  to  hold  the 
valley  of  the  Adige  above  that  place.  Once  driven  from  that  (so 
long  as  the  territory  of  Venice  was  unsubdued),  he  must  abandon 
for  ever  the  Italian  plains,  and  retire  into  the  Tyrolese  mountains. 
His  line  of  retreat  was  not  perpendicular  to  the  front  of  his  posi- 
tion, but  parallel  to  his  right  flank.  This  was  his  weak  point,  and 
consequently  his  first  and  greatest  object  was  to  secure  his  commu- 
nication with  the  Tyrol,  for  on  that  depended  entirely  his  being  able 
to  remain  in  his  present  position. 

It  was,  however,  at  present  in  considerable  danger ;  for  not  only 
had  the  insurrection  spread  through  great  part  of  the  Italian  Tyrol 
up  the  western  side  ot  the  lake  of  Guarda,  and  through  the  Guar  da 
valley,  but  even  on  the  eastern  side  of  that  lake  disturbances  had 
broken  out,  and  his  convoys  were  harassed  by  attacks  from  armed 
bands  in  the  Montebaldo,  whilst  the  town  of  Trent  was  in  all  but 
open  insurrection.  The  only  troops  in  the  province,  consisting  of 
weak  brigades,  were  scattered  over  the  western  and  the  northern 
frontier,  watching  the  passes  leading  to  Switzerland  and  Swabio. 
Few  of  these  could  be  spared,  but  such  as  could  were  directed  on 
Botzen  and  the  Franzen's  fortress,  to  secure  those  important  points, 
whilst  Badetzky  detached  Baron  Zobel  with  a  brigade  from  fa&  wro» 
U.  S,  Mack,  No.  867,  Jvm,  1850,  h 


221 


CAMPAIGN  IF  lOmUBUY. 


[Ju» 


army  to  get  possession  of  the  all-important  town  of  "V 
Bccurohi*  flank.    That  gallant  officer,  pushing  01  utmcrf 

rapidity;  occupied  the  castle  without   resistaao©;    and  though  k 
eould  only  spare  800  men  and  three  guns  to  garrison 
threatening  to  fire  on  the  town  at  ita  feet,  he  forced  the 
submit  and  give  up  their  arms.    Meanwhile,  the  whole  in 
province  were  called  out  by  Imperial  proclamation,- and  nobly  itt) 
gallantly,  as  in  days  of  yore,  did  the  mountaineers  reej- 
appeal,     From  every  cottage,  down  rvcry  valley,  they  poi 
appointed  places  of  muster.     Old  rifleu  that  had   not  seen  eerncr 
since  the  da yps  of  Hofer  were  brought  forth*     Prin< 
with  Ida   red  beard,  now  silver  white,  appeared  at  their  head,    TV 
Tyrolese  students  at  Vienna  left  the  university  to  join  the  pairix 
bauds    in  their   native    hills.     Wherever  the    German    t 
spoken,  loyalty  to  their  emperor  went  forth,  and  bo 
paniea  of  riflemen  were  organised,  ready  and  ei 
forces   of    the   Italians,   as   they   had   done   those    of  thr 
democracy . 

(To  bo  continued.) 


IMPORTANT  ADMIRALTY  CIRCl  LAli. 

Tmb  following  Circular,  relative  to  the  treatment  of  volunteers   from  lb 
ierchant  service  to  the  Royal  Navy,  has  just  been  issued  bv  the 

"Sir,— Hi  r  Majesty  having  been  graciously  pleased  to  ini  } 
the  merchant  service  to  join  her  Majesty's  Navy,  in  order  that 
and  its  commerce  may  1>lj  adequately  protected  under  the  -*tre» 

stances  of  a  war  in  Europe,  I  am  commanded  by  my  Lords  Comou 
of  the  Admiralty  to  acquaint  you  that  the  men  who  loyally  ace. 
tation  deserve  a  cordial  reception   from  the  profession   (hat  has  jooq£ 
them . 

tl  It  must  be  borne  hi  mind  that    men,  on  first  joining  tlie  Royal 
will  have  to  renounce  many  old  customs,  and  to  adopt  others,  whirl 
first  be  irksome  to  them,  but  they  will  l&arn  to  appreciate   the  or  I 
is  indispensable  for  the   comfort   mid  efficiency  of  larpe  bodi. 
the  change  in  their  habits  be  effected  by  the  officers  with  tempi 
ment.    Jit;  on  the  contrary,  an  expectation  prevail  that  il 
able  suddenly  to  accommodate  themselves  to  the  ne<n 
ship  of  war,  and  if  a  harsh  attempt  be  made  to  compel  tludr  iiumcdi  i 
Joniiity  to  these  restraint*,  they  will  feel  they  have  been  unfairly  iujcI  mwiirly 
treated.     Such  a  feeling  would  be  most  unfortunate, 

"  These  considerations  alone  would  seem  Eiiflieh-ut  to  secure  to  such  scjuatfD 
a  proper  solicitude  fur  their  contentment  ;  but  the  impression  pr, 
the  merchant  seamen  upon  the  present  occasion,  must  have  u  \  ei 
iniluence  in  times  to  come.  If  they  be  not  now  cordially  received  an< 
treated,  the  unfortunate  repugnance  for  the  Navy  Ihitt'has  « 
will  1  :ened  and  perpetuab.  d,  to  the  irreparable  injury  of  the  natioirf 

interests.  J 

**Uw  presence  of  these  merchant  seamen  in  her  Majesty's 
only  be  a  source  of  present  utrength,  hut  by  ^curing  theij 
service,  it  should  be  the  means  of  spreading  a  similar  fecliog  aimm 
seafaring  population  of  our  Islands. 


J  TEX  ABM8TB0FG  QXJV. 

"  Those  whose  duty  it  may  be  to  instruct  the  men  should  be  firm,  but 
they  should  also  be  patient  and  forbearing.  The  men  should  be  taught  the 
necessity  for  their  exercises,  and  to  take  an  interest  in  them  accordingly. 
Steadiness  at  quarters  and  precise  firing  are  the  first  steps  towards  efficiency, 
and  the  next  is  a  silent  and  seamanlike  performance  of  other  duties,  without 
aiming  at  great  rapidity. 

"  The  newly-raised  men  are  to  be  at  once  properly  clad,  and  informed  of 
the  regulations  about  clothing,  and  that  they  are  responsible  to  the  officers 
of  their  divisions  for  the  condition  of  their  kits.  Each  man  is  to  be  at  once 
shown  his  mess-place  and  his  sleeping  berth,  and  where  he  is  to  stow  his  bag ; 
■And  a  hammock,  clews,  and  lashing  are  to  be  given  him.  The  usages  of  a 
lower  deck,  the  customs  and  routine  of  the  service,  and  the  pay,  pensions, 
and  badges  to  which  seamen  are  entitled,  must  be  explained  to  him.  He  is  to 
be  told  to  whom  he  should  apply  in  the  event  of  his  requiring  advice  or  infor  ) 
illation,  and  that  if  he  should  have  a  complaint  to  make,  he  must  represent  it 
to  the  officer  of  the  watch,  and  if  necessary,  through  him  to  the  captain  of 
the  ship. 

"  He  should  be  shown  how  to  sling  and  lash  up  his  hammock,  to  wash  and 
dress  himself  for  quarters,  to  wash  his  clothes,  and  to  scrub  his  hammock,  so 
that  they  may  be  thoroughly  cleaned ;  also  how  to  stop  them  on  the  girt 
lines  so  they  may  not  be  lost. 

u  These  things,  and  others  of  the  same  character,  are  to  be  taught  without 
delay  to  men  on  first  entry,  in  order  that  they  may  adapt  themselves  readily 
and  with  satisfaction  to  a  ship  of  war. 

u  It  must  be  understood,  however,  that  the  foregoing  instructions  give  no 
sanction  to  a  relaxation  of  that  discipline  which  should  prevail  at  all  times, 
and  which  is  essential  to  the  efficiency  of  the  service,  and  the  comfort  and 
well  being  of  the  men. 

"Having  pointed  out  the  spirit  in  which  men  who  for  the  first  time  join 
the  Royal  Navy  are  to  be  treated,  and  having  called  attention  to  some  details 
in  illustration  of  the  manner  in  which  they  should  be  initiated,  my  Lords 
rely  upon  the  officers  of  the  fleet  to  turn  to  good  account  the  opportunity 
that  has  been  afforded  for  dispelling  the  aversion  for  the  Navy  which  the 
merchant  seamen  have  conceived  from  traditional  misrepresentations  of  the 
Queen's  service. 

"  Their  Lordships  desire  that  you  will  direct  the  commanding  officers  of 
the  ships  under  your  orders  to  make  known  the  foregoing  instructions  to  the 
executive  commissioned  officers  and  officers  in  charge  of  decks,  and  the  com- 
manding officers  are  to  take  care  that  all  the  warrant  and  subordinate  officers 
conform  themselves  thereto. 

*'I  am,  sir,  your  most  obedient  servant, 

"W.  G.  ROMAINE," 


THE  AEMSTEONG  GUN. 


"Wab,  like  everything  else,  is  entering  on  a  new  era.  The 
great  conflict  now  opening  will  present  phases  and  exhibit  results 
different  from  any  recorded  by  history.  It  will  be  a  struggle  with 
rifles  and  artillery,  and  leave  comparatively  little  to  the  bayonet, 
which  we  now  learn,  for  the  first  time,  is  the  special  weapon  of  the 
Trench.  The  arms  that  are  "  only  dangerous  at  a  distance"  may- 
decide  a  battle  before  attacking  columns  can  form  Con  \tos>  &os^. 


They  will,  as  at  Inkennann,  tell  with  fatal  efieet  on  advnnrii 
wheo  their  gleaming  bayonets  will  b< 
to  the  expert  sharpshooter.     But,  in  a  still  gran 
tiona  in  the  field  will  be  influenced  by  artillery.  wl. 
gone  such  changes  as  must  revolutionise  the  whole  art.  of  war.    On 
every  side   we  hear  of  new  descriptions  of  cannon.      En, 
great  military  powers  of  the  continent  boaBts  a  mysterious  arm** 
merit  which  is  to  do  wonders  in  the  coming  struggle-      1 1  ii  herl 
have  put  their  faith  in  great  guns*     Not  only  in  war,  1 
life,  these  adjuncts   have  been   always   expected   to   carry    the  diy 
Like  Kuhjtri  Singh's  Sikhs,  we  have  worshipped 
is  this  traditionary  faith  likely  to  be  changed  in  England, 
pin,   whether   a   simple   Lord   or   a   68-pounder,    hi 
mauds  respect.     But  a  new  creed  has   been  broached  on  thi 
side  of  the  channel.     France  has  suddenly  given  her  adhesi< 
UtffegtUL     She  intends  to  make  a  clean  sweep  of  Itah 
pounder.     Let  us  live  and  learn.     On    the   other   hand.    A 
laughs  at  the  weak    invention   of  her  enemy,  and  the    rumour^ 
devices  of  other  powers.     They  were  all  known  to  her,  a 
tried  and  found  wanting  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago.      She   is 
in   such   notions   as  China  is  id  magnetism.     Trifles   of  th 
are  not  for  her  book,  but  she  just  intimates  that  she  has  £ut  i 
cannon  that  may  be   backed  against  all  creation.      In    s>ln>: 
pretty  well  understood  that  the  predominance  which 

ued  to  artillery  is  about  to  be  asserted  in  a  wry  signal  n 
"We  become,  then,  seriously  interested  to  know  whether   we  are  in 
a  position  to  take  part  in  this  great  combat  of  guns— wheti 
armament  is  as  good  as  our  neighbours,  and  whether  \ 
given  our  artillery  that  efficiency  and  power  which   it    has  so  long 
notoriously  wanted. 

The  first  to  call  attention  to  our  wretched  deficiency  in  gunnery 
was   Sir  Howard   Douglas.     This   great   artillerist    bo    powerful!* 
pointed  out  to  the  Government  the  danger  we  were  incurring  bv  our 
negligence,  that  it  was  impossible  to  ignore  his  renrc  sen  tat  ions;"  and, 
at  Ills  suggestion,  the  Excellent  was  commissioned  for  gunnervprsc* 
tice,  and  encouragements  held  out  for  proficiency.     Still   further  to 
advance  the  object,  Sir  Howard  produced  his  celebrated  treatise  on 
Naval  Grnuttrr/,  giving  to   the  service   the  benefit   of  nil   hi- 
knowledge  and  experience ;  and   he  is  at  this  moment  a  men 
a  Commission  designed  to  introduce  the  utmost  efficiency.      A 
lie-ve  it  is  under  the  consideration  of  the  Commission  whether  *»* 
shall  equip  our  ships  with  an  entirely  new  arm— one  that,  ijm 
now  familiar  by  name  in  every   English   household — ay,   in 
comer  of  Europe ;  and  there  is  reason  to  think  that  Englan 
has   a  gun,    compared   with  which    the   inventions    of   > 
Austria  are  but  toys,  and  before  which  their  armies  must  flee  and  be 
discomfited. 

If  we  have  hitherto  forborne  from  giving  more  than  a  i\ 
hints  respecting  the  Armstrong  gun — designed  only  to   e< 
fallacious  descriptions   of  the  Edinburgh  Jit  iter."  the 
Magazine^  and  other  publications — it  has  not  been   from  tiny  fcnr 


1859.] 


TWE   ATttrSTHOJTG   GeTT. 


227 


that  our  revelations  would  betray  the  secret  to  a  foreign  power,  but 
because  the  time  had  not  arrived  when  we  were  at  liberty  to  com- 
municate fuller  particulars.  From  this  restriction  we  arc  now 
relieved.  Sir  William  Armstrong  himself  has  intimated  that,  for 
some  time  to  come^  the  foundries  of  the  continent  will  be  unable  to 
fabricate  his  gunT  even  with  all  the  information  that  drawings  and 
descriptions  can  give*  As  there  could  assuredly  be  no  secret  in 
such  amatU-L'.  it  in  a  satisfaction  to  know  that  the  invention  can't 
be  pirated,  All  the  workers  in  brass  and  iron  that  France  or 
Austria  possess,  will  here — at  least,  for  a  time  be  baffled.  It  is 
only  in  our  own  mighty  foundries,  and  by  our  own  Cyclops,  that 
these  thunderbolts  of  Jove  can  be  forged-  They  are  the  inven- 
tion of  a  civilian,  a  man  of  peace — one,  we  believe,  who  never  saw  a 
field  of  battle.  It  is  a  strange  fact  that  the  two  greatest,  the  two 
most  destructive  munitions  of  war  should  have  had  a  similar  origui- 
An  English  friar  was  the  discoverer  of  gunpowder  ;  an  English  arti- 
ficer has  given  us  the  Armstrong  gun.  The  alchemist  at  his  crucible, 
and  the  philosophic  engineer  at  his  foundry,  may  have  each  caught 
\  be  Br*t  dim  suggestion  from  accident.  Archimedes  solved  the  prob- 
lem of  ILien/s  Grown  in  a  bath  j  Newton  saw  in  the  fall  of  an  apple 
the  secret  mechanism  of  the  universe  \  the  steam  of  a  tea-kettle 
taught  a  wonderotis  lesson  to  Watt ;  and,  in  the  same  observant 
watchfulness  of  natural  phenomena,  Sir  William  Armstrong  was  ar- 
rested by  the  mountain  stream  that,  in  turning  the  wheel  of  a  mill, 
unveiled  to  his  reflecting  mind  the  mysteries  of  water  power,  and 
led  him  to  construct  those  hydraulic  hoists  and  e rimes,  which 
are  now  seen  at  every  commercial  entrepot*  But  what  happy  inci- 
dent led  Sir  William  to  dream  of  petards  ? — nay,  to  construct  them, 
and  of  such  a  kind  as  makes  the  wildest  dreamer  open  his  eyes,  and 
say  "  can  such  things  be  ?  M  We  know  not,  but  here  we  have  the 
result,  a  result  that  was  reached  after  indomitable  perseverance  and 
incredible  exert iims.  To  trace  its  gradual  development  we  must 
follow  a  lonely  man  to  the  sea-shore,  at  three  u1  clock  iu  the  morning, 
for  the  summer  round  ;  we  must  accompany  him,  at  midnight,  to  the 
steeps  of  a  Northumbrian  mountain,  and  watch  the  gradual  advance- 
tpenl  of  hid  marvellous  labours.  There  are  many  weary  watches 
and  many  sad  failures  to  be  braved,  and  it  was  not  till  after  three 
years  of  aucVeiforts  that  this  mighty  gun  was  matured.  But  the  end 
compensates  for  the  toil  It  ranks  the  successful  artificer  with  the 
great  masters  of  science— with  Stephenson,  Watt,  and  ArehimedeB, 
and  it  enables  htm  to  claim  a  price  which  none  but  himself  can 
limit,  Whatever  lie  had  asked,  the  country,  we  are  told  hy  the 
.Minister  for  War,  must  have  paid  ;  and  we  may  add  that  whatever 
tlu-  country  had  paid,  it  would  have  had  a  bargain*  But  the  pa- 
triotic Northumbrian  asked  nothing — would  receive  nothing,  except 
his  own  actual  outlay  and  daily  wages  j  and,  a  with  generosity  that 
exalts  bis  genius,  he  has  made  over  his  invention  as  a  free  gift  to  the 
inment. 
The  material  of  the  Armstrong  gun  is  iron,  forged  in  separate 
-•*,  of  such  dimensions  as  render  flaw  impossible,  and  united 
together,  or,  to  borrow  Sir  William's  own  phrase,  "  built  up.  "     fcak 


ma 


this  peculiar  i  '("instruction  gives  the  gun  tlvnt  comb  inn  ti  on  of  itragtb 
and  Tightness  which  forma  one  of  its  characteristics.  A  large  *rtrw 
in  t lie  breech  end  of  the  piece  closes  the  bore,  by  presaiug  against 
the  stopper,  and  ttirough  this  screw,  which  is  hollow,  the  charge  il 
introduced,  and  the  gun  sponged,     The  atop]  ag  small,  and 

consequently  liable  to  be  lost,  is  secured  by  a  chain,  and  its  whole 
arrangement  ia  very  complete,     In  a  ship  or  battery  the  gun  wiU  bo 
mounted  on  a  peculiar  carriage,  fitted  with  a  slide,  on  which  it  will 
be  driven  back  by  the  recoil,  and  again  carried  forward   by  its  enm 
gravity, — a  contrivance  that,  as  the  charge  is  introduced   at  tb* 
breech,  will  have  the  e fleet  of  greatly  reducing  the  complement  of 
flten  for  each  gun.     The  range  of  thia  deadly  engine  is   not  pre 
stated,  but  its  performances  in  this  respect  may  bo  conjectured 
the  fact  of  its  having  .struck  five  times  in  ten  a  target  nin 
square,  and  scarcely  visible  from  the  tiring  point,  at  ad: 
3000  yards,  or  upwards  of  a  mile  and  three-quarters  ;  at   G 
it  will  drive  a  shot  into  the  muzzle  of  an  enemy's  gun,    T 
are  of  cast-iron,  and  receive  a  leaden  coat,  which  makes  them  larger 
than  the  bore  of  the  gun,  so  that  the  lead  may  be  ccJmp^cBael', 
the  rifle  grooves,  and  the  projectile  thus  obtain  the  proper  rot . 
This,  at  the  same  time,  prevents  shake  and  windage,  giving  incr 
precision  to  the  fire.    In  the  field  the  projectile  has  a  triple  capacitj, 
and  may  be  used  as  a  solid  shot,  one  good  charge  of  cast-iron,  or  i# 
a  shell  or  common  case.     Nine  feet  of  oak  gives  a  clear  passage  to 
thia  visitor  directly  he  knocks  at  the  door,  and  he  glides  tin 
unfractured  as  perfect  as  when  he  fell  from  the  mould.      This  ma* 
is  composed  of  a  number  of  pieces  firmly  packed  together,  as  if 
were  one  integral  shot;  and  though  it  comes  out  entire,  bnrst 
fragments  when  used  as  a  shell,  scattering  death  and  destruction  at 
150  different  points.     Sir  "William  Armstrong  mentions   an  experi* 
ment  in  the  presence  of  the  Duke  of  Cambridge,  when  seven  shells, 
fired  at  two  targets  nine-feet  square,  at  a  distance  of  1500  yards, 
struck    the    targets    with    596    fragments.     The    uombinatjV 
the  principle  of  the  percussion  and   the  shrapnel   shell   liaii 
effected  with  such   success   that,   to   quote   Sir   William**    v 
the  shell  "may  be  made  to  explode  either  as  it  approaches  the  object 
or  as  it  strikes  it.     Amongst  friends  it  is  so  safe  that    i 
thrown  off  the  top  of  a  house  without  exploding,  but  amongst  eop- 
mies  it  is  so  sensitive  and  mischievous  that  it  burst*  with 
The  difference  lies  in  its  being  thrown  with  the  hand,   or  b 
motion  by  casualty,  and  its  being  launched  from  the  gun, 
passed  through  those  fearful  grooves,  it  goes  on  its  message  of 
with  unerring  precision.     The  percussion  arrangement  receives  its 
full  cock  by  the  act  of  discharge,  and,  at  the  will  of  the  gunner,  op 
ing  on  a  time-fuse,  the  shell  may  be  made  to  burst  at  il  dis 
directly  it  quits  the  gun,  in  either  ease  breaking  into  a  shower  of  grape. 
These  are  the  field  projectiles  ;  and  those  used  for  battering  n 
blowing  up  buildings,  or  breaching  ti  wall,  are,  as  regards  their 
tractive  effects,  like  unto  them,  though  somewhat  different  in  strucl 
The  most  prominent  characteristic  of  these  shells  are  the  provision 
make  for  a  large  charge  of  powder,  being  for  a  32-pomid< 


1850.J 


tt-EOBOASTZATIOy  OP  THE  ISOUS  ABUT. 


double  that  afforded  by  the  shell  of  the  ordinary  3 2 -pounder,  and, 
consequently,  rendering  the  projectile  so  much  the  more  effective; 
at  the  same  time,  the  hole  it  makes  in  penetrating  a  ship  is  so  small, 
that  the  explosion,  which  occurs  at  the  moment  of  lodgement,  is 
extremely  confined,  and  hence  the  result  more  terribly  destruc- 
tive. In  the  case  of  the  larger  guild  now  preparing,  it  may  be  ex- 
pected to  exceed  anything  hitherto  accomplished. 

Such  are  some  of  the  attributes  of  the  new  ordnance.  Is  it  des- 
tined to  prove  a  scourge  of  the  human  race,  or  its  common  protector  P 
— an  incitement  to  aggression,  or  a  pledge  of  peace?  In  whatever 
way  it  may  be  first  employed,  it  cau  only  eventually  operate  in  the 
last  light ;  for,  hv  its  decisive  action,  it  renders  war  too  destructive  to 
be  pursued  ;  and  we  may  recognise  the  providence  of  the  Almighty 
Disposer  in  the  bestowal  of  this  engine  on  a  nation  which,  above  aft 
others,  is  interested  in  universal  peace,  and  most  desirous  to  main- 
tain  it* 

9.  W,  F. 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  REPORT    OF  THE   COMMIS- 
SION ON  THE  REORGANIZATION   OF  THE 
INDIAN  JlR-MY. 

w  nearly  one  year  has  elapsed  since  first  ft  Commission,  was 
appointed  to  inquire  into  the  best  means  for  reorganising  the  Indian 
army,  and  the  result  of  their  labours  is  before  us,  in  a  somewhat 
bulky  volume,  extending  over  five  hundred  pages  of  closely  printed 
paper.     The  labour  taken  by  the  officers  composing  the  committee 
*£aa  certainly  been  great,  and  each  fact  or  suggestion  as  brought  to 
their  notice  by  the  cloud  of  witnesses  examined,  thoroughly  tested 
and  considered ;  but  the  decision   arrived  at,  if  the  opinion  given 
can  be  considered  in  the  light  of  a  decision,  is  most  unsatisfactory, 
and  scarcely  worth  putting  the  country  and  individuals  to  §o  much 
expense  and  delay  in  its  attainment,    Eor  nearly  twelve  long  months 
have  the  result  oi  the  Commission's  deliberation  been  looked  forward 
to  by  every  one  connected  with  India,  and  by  none  so  anxiously  as 
the  officers  of  the  Honourable  East  India  Company's  service,  and 
now  this  is  all  they  will  receive.     This  meagre  report,  with  its  un- 
satisfactory conclusions,  to  be  the  return  for  so  much  anxious  ex- 
pectation.    To  the  officers  of  the  Bengal  Native  Army,  scattered  as 
they  now  are  all  over  India,  doing  duty  in  one  part  perhaps  with 
regiments  not  requiring   their  services;  in  another,  drilling  JSeikh 
recruits,  or  broiling  under  canvass  in  Oudh,  raising  police  battalions 
from  the  same  men  that  were  not  improbably  under  their  command 
two  years  before,  this  report  will  be  a  bitter  disappointment     To 
such  as  these  officers,  without  regiments,  without  homes  or  certain 
employ,  we  repeat  that  the  report  will  be  a  bitter  disappointment. 
The  long  delay  shiee  the  transfer  of  India  and  its  services  to  the 


i 


280  BEotoaAinfcATiON  0*  tite  htbtak  amtt.  [J  no, 

crown,  had  prepared  nil  connected  with  that  land  t 

final,     The  anxious  wish  of  all  was  for  some  definite  arranges 

he  made,  and  thus  all  could  know  bow  they  stood.     Had 

the  case,  many  an  officer  now  in  India  too  high  in  rank  t 

with   an  European  corps,    and  not  perhaps   considered    fit  1 

Government  for  command,  might  have  thought  about  retiring 

of  dragging  on  a  life  of  useleesness  to  those  employing  bin 

satisfactory  to  himself,     To  those  now  in  England  on  sick  le&i 

have  purchased  steps,  ami  either  thn  ther   inability 

eanimt  return  to  India,  further  delay  is  a  serious  matter.     Tbeiato* 

of  their  steps  might  be  represented  as  nil,  and  the  retiring  pensions 

0  small  that  none  would  accept  them  unless  the  add; 
bonus  from  the  regiment  made  it  possible  for  an  officer   to  e 
the  flame, 

The  following  twelve  questions  appear  to  have  been  espc 
called  to  the  notice  ofthe  Commission,  and  their  opinion  is  g] 
some  1  ength  in  1 1 1  e  n  s  p*  >rt  (  Tl  i  e  n  -co  m  mend  at  ions  a  re  n  i  ne  in  una- 
ber,  and  the  whole  report  is  signed  by  the  ten  gentlemen  composing 
the  Commission,  Colonel  Burlton  adding  a  note  that  he  only  sign* 
the  report  as  a  matter  of  duty,  but  generally  concurs  iu  it*  recom- 
mendations* 

1.  The  terms  on  which  the  army  of  the  East  India  Company 
be  transferred  to  the  Crown, 

2.  The  permanent  force  necessary  to  be  maintained  in  the  Indian 
provinces  respectively,  after  the  restoration  of  tranquilly 

3.  The  proportion  which  European  should  bear  to  native  troop 
in  infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery  respectively. 

4.  How  fax  the  l^uropean  portion  ofthe  army  ahould  be  compel 
of  troops  of  the  line,  taking  India  as  part  of  the  regular  lour  al 

vice,  and  how  far  troops  raised  for  service  in  India  only. 

5.  The  best  means  of  providing  for  the  periodical  relief  e 
former  portion,  and  of  securing  the  efficiency  ofthe  latter. 

ft.  Whether  it  be  possible  to  consolidate  the  European  fern 
as  to  allow  of  exchange  from  one  branch  ofthe  service  to  tin- 
am!  what  regulations  would  be  necessary  and  practicable  to 
this  object  with  perfect  justice  to  the  claims  of  all  officer*  now  in 
the  service  ofthe  East  India  Company. 

7.  "Whether  there  should  be  any'  admixture  of  European  and 
native  forces,  either  regimentally  or  by  brigade. 

8.  Whether  the  local  European  force  should  be  kept  np  hv  drafb 
and  volunteers  from  the  line,  or  should  be,  as  at  present,  separated 
recruited  for  iu  Great  Britain. 

9.  Whether  it  would  be  possible  to  raise  anj  regiments  in  the 
colonics,  either  for  temporary  or  permanent  service  in  India, 

1(K  WTh ether  the  native  forces  should  be  regular,  or  irrpguL 
both  ;  and  if  so,  in  what  proportion. 

11.  "Whether  any  native  artillery  corps  should  he  sanctioned, 

12.  Wliether  cadets  sent  out  for  service  with  native  troops  ah 

in  the  first  instance,  be  attached  to  European  regiments  to  secure 
uniformity  of  drill  and  discipline. 


1859.] 


EXOKaATTTZATIOF  OF  THE   INDIAN  AKMT. 


231 


The  observations  of  the  Commission  are  far  too  lengthy  to  be 
noted  in  this  paper,  but  its  recommendation  runs  thus  a — 
l    That  the  native  army  should  be  composed  of  different  nation- 
alities and  castes,  and  as  a  general  rule  mixed  promiscuously  through 
each  regimeut. 

2,  That  all  men  of  the  regular  native  army  in  your  Majesty's 
eastern  possessions  should  be  enlisted  lor  general  service. 

3,  That  a  modification  should  be  made  in  the  uniform  of  the 
unlive  troops,  assimilating  it  more  to  the  dress  of  the  country,  aud 
making  it  more  suitable  to  the  clim&1 

1.  That  Europeans  should,  as  far  as  possible*  be  employed  in  the 
scientific  branches  of  the  service;  but  that  corps  of  pioneers  be 
formed  for  the  purpose  of  relieving  the  European  sappers  from  those 
duties  which  entail  exposure  to  the  climate. 

5.  That  the  articles  of  war  which  govern  the  native  army  be  re- 
vised, and  that  the  power  of  commanding  officers  be  increased. 

0.  That  the  promotion  of  native  commissioned  and  non-commis- 
sioned officers  he  regulated  on  the  principle  of  efficiency,  rather  than 
peniority  ;  and  that  commanding  officers  of  regiments  have  the  same 
power  to  promote  non-commissioned  officers  as  is  vested  in  officers 
commanding  regiments  of  the  line. 

7.  That  whereas  the  pay  aud  allowances  of  officers  and  men  are 
now  issued  under  the  various  heads ;  the  attention  of  her  Majesty's 
government  be  drawn  to  the  expediency  of  simplifying  the  pay  codes, 
and  of  adopting,  if  practicable,  fixed  scales  of  allowances  for  the 
troops  in  garrison,  or  cantonments,  and  in  the  Held. 

8.  That  the  commander-in-chief  in  Bengal  be  styled   the  a 
mander-iu- chief  in  India  ;  and  that  the  general  officers  commanding 
the  armies  of  the  minor  presidencies  be  commanders  of  the  forces, 
with  the  power  and  advantages  which  they  have  hitherto  enjoyed. 

9.  Your  Commissioners  observe,  that  the  efficiency  of  the  Indian 
Barmy  haa  hitherto  been  injuriously  affected  by  the  small  number  of 
offieen  usually  doing  duty  with  the  regiments  to  which  they  belong. 

This  evil  lias  arisen  from  the  number  withdrawn  for  staff  ami 

i"  duties,  and  civil  employment*     All  the  evidence  before  youf 

ra  points  out  the  necessity  of  improving  the  position  of 

ohiccrs   serving  regimentally.     For  the  attainment  of  this  object, 

and  for  the  remedy  of  the  evil  complained  of,  various  schemes  nave 

been  suggested^  viz : — 

1.  The  formation  of  a  staff  eorpa, 

2.  The  system  of  seconding  officers  who  are  on  detached  employ, 
which  exists  to  a  certain  extent  in  the  line  army* 

3.  Placing  the  European  officers  of  each  Presidency  on  general 
lists  for  promotion. 

The  Commissioners  not  being  able  to  come  to  any  conclusion  on 
this  point,  leave  its  solution  to  the  authorities  in  India,  and  con- 
clude their  report  with  observing  that  details  must  ultimately  be 
decided  by  these  same  authorities. 

Colonel  Burlton.  is  at  issue  with  his  colleagues  on  two  points,  a* 
to  the  proportion  which  European  should  bear  to  native  troops*  *md 


BEOBCU 


DF  THIS  T^MAS  AB1ET* 


looks  with  much  apprehension  to  the  number  of  the  latter,  which  a 
contemplated  by  the  terms  of  the  fifth  paragraph  of  the  report. 

"  Tour  Majesty's  Commissioners  are  of  opinion  that  the  amotffii 
of  native   force  should  not,  under  present   circumstance*,  be»i 
greater  proportion  to  the  European,  in  cavalry  and   iniantrr,  thia 
two  to  one  for  Bengal,  and  three  to  one  for  Madras  and  Bomb, 
speetively." 

He  is  also  of  opinion  that  the  proposed  measure  of  requiring  aS 
men  of  the  regular  Native  Army,  without  exception,  to  be  earn 
for  "  general  service  "  (including  embarkation  on  hoard  ship),  is  (Of 
not  only  of  very  doubtful  expediency,  but,  in  the  ease  of  th 
Presidency,  especially  calculated  to  produce  serious  detriment  m 
difficulties,  with  comparatively  email  advantages  to  the  pi 
service* 

These  objections  Colonel  Borlton  supports  by  observation  in  bif 
minute,  No.  79,  page  245,  in  the  appendix. 

To  attempt  to  analyze  the  evidence  given  by  even  the   prir 
witnesses   before  the  Commission  would  occupy  more   time  tain 
can  now  be  afforded,  nor  could  we  in  the  short  space  allowed  *«■ 
refer  to  one  quarter  that  is  told.     The  report  of  the   Commissions 
is  before  us,  and  it  is  on  that  which  we  must  comment. 

The  reply  to  the  first  question  is  satisfactory  to  those  lively  to 
suifer  by  an  adverse  derision,  lor  to  offer  them  any  other  termB  than 
those  made  with  their  former  masters  would  be  unfair.  Promotki 
by  seniority  is  rightly  recommended  not  to  be  disturbed. 

The  second  question  is  not  so  easily  answered,  for,   as   the  I 
missioncrs  observe,  the  amount  and  distribution  of  the  force  Uital 
always  be  affected  by  political  exigencies.     80,000  men  appear  tot* 
1  he  number  considered  necessary — distributed  in  Bene 
Madras,  15,000 ;  and  Bombay,  15,000.     These  certainly   v, 
enough  to  crush  any  attempt  at  rebellion,  and  were  all"  the 
disarmed  would  be  more  than  sufficient ;  but  according  to   the  si* 
of  the  native  army,  so  must  be  the  European,  for  India  will  r 
have  more  to  tear  from  mutiny  than  rebellion.    Let  the   native  &nru 
be  regulars  or  irregulars,  well  disciplined,  or  mere  police,   thev  Till 
not  for  ever  be  contented  to  act  as  auxiliaries  to  the  white  sob! 
and  when  strong  enough,  either  by  numbers  or  discipline,  would  dfl 
as  they  have  done  before — mutiny  and  murder, 

The  third  question  is  so  mixed  up  with  its  predecessor  tha: 
same  reply  holds  good,  but  the  Commissioners  rightly  determine  that 
the  artillery  should  be  mainlv  an  European  force.  We  say  entirely. 
Eai  ives  only  being  employed  in  it  as  labourers.  In  such  places  as  «w 
detrimental  to  European  constitutions, it  would  be  better  to  have  no 
artillery  stationed,  than  to  keep  trained  native  artillerists  for  tin 
defence. 

In  connection  with  this  question,  the  Commission  recommend  that 
great  caution  be  used  in  not  giving  the  military  police  corps,  now 
raising,  "a  stricter  military  training  than  may  be  required  for  tb* 
maintenance  of  discipline,"  as  in  it  are  the  elements  of  ftitttis 
danger.  How  is  the  amount  of  discipline  to  be  regulated?  Mw 
the  police  corps  to  be  commanded  by  officers  either  from  the  line  or 


UtGAVmTTO*  OF  THE  ISDUff  AfiS 


local  corps,  and  carelessly  taught  to  bo  left  to  degenerate  into  the 
old  Burkundaz  ?  Are  officers  who  have  studied  their  profession 
and  hare  been  selected  for  the  staff,  to  unlearn  the  art  of  war ;  and, 
when  put  in  command  of  a  police  corps,  to  remain  satisfied  with 
seeing  their  men  awkward,  ignorant,  and  useless  ?    Certainly  a  police 

I  corps,  drilled  Find  commanded  under  the  system  recommended  by 
this  Commission,  would  be  an  ornament  to  the  service  and  a  credit 
to  the  officers  attached. 
The  fourth  question  is  entered  into  at  great  length,  and  is  the  one 
on  wThich  the  Commission  disagree.  As  far  as  we  can  discover,  the 
majority  are  for  having  no  local  corps,  but  for  making  all  European 
regiments  in  India  become  part  of  the  line.  The  minority  think 
juat  the  contrary,  and  have,  in  our  opinion,  the  best  of  the  argument 
and  certainly,  as  regards  support  in  their  judgment,  the  names  of 
Lord  El  leu  borough,  Sir  Partrick  Grant,  Sir  John  Lawrence,  Sir 
James  Outraro ,  Generals  Vivian,  Abbott,  Birch,  Tucker,  &c*,  &e,f 
»     are  a  host  in  themselves . 

The  majority  have  their  views  also  veil  supported,  as  the  names 
of  Lord  Elphinstone,  Sir  Edward  I/ugard,  &ir  George  Clerk,  Sir 
Charles  Trcvelyan,  Sir  Sydney  Cotton,  Generals  Pranks  and  Tulloch, 
will  shew  ;  but  on  carefully  reading  over  the  evidence  given  bv  theae 
last  mentioned  gentlemen,  comparing  their  knowledge  of  India,  and 
it*  acquirements,  and  the  position  they  held,  either  in  the  army  or 
ivil  service  in  India,  any  unprejudiced  person  must  allow  that  their 
pinion  is  not  so  trustworthy  as  that  of  the  minority. 
As  the  minority  observe,  it  will  scarcely  fail  to  bo  remarked, 
that,  u  with  two  or  three  exceptions,  they  are  of  much  more  limited 
Indian  experience  than  those  who  concur  in  the  views  of  the  minor- 
ity of  the  Commission,  and  comprise  only  three  officers— Sir  George 
Clerk,  Sir  A.  Wilson,  and  Sir  Charles  Trevelyan,  of  the  late  East 
India  Company's  service.  The  remainder,  with  the  single  exception 
of  the  Governor  of  Bombay,  being  all  officers  of  her  Majesty's  army 
of  thelii 

The  minority  conclude  their  argument  by  recommending  that  a 
portion  of  the  European  force  to  be  maintained  in  India  should  be 
supplied  by  the  army  of  the  line,  to  tho  extent  of  one  fourth,  or 
even  a  third  of  the  whole. 

The  arguments  used  by  the  majority  will,  in  some  instances, 
scarcely  bear  close  inspection.     For  instance,  "that  the  resources  of 

^the  state,  as  regards  Imperial  purposes,  would  be  crippled  by  having 
a  large  portion  of  its  troops  placed  solely  under  the  control  of  the 
government  of  India."  Surely  England,  except  in  the  very  last 
gasp,  would  not  wish  to  bring  destruction  on  her  Indian  Empire  by 
withdrawing  more  troops  than  the  authorities  in  India  could  dispense 
with.  Moreover,  the  government  in  India  will  always  be  subordi- 
nate to  that  at  home. 

That  local  forces  deteriorate  we  allow,  when   left  without  any 
i&ftasfon  of  fresh  European  notions  or  feelings;  but  this  can  hardly 
be  the  ensr  with  regiments  receiving  continually  from  England  a 
fresh  supply  both  of  officers  and  men.     The  European  regimei 
late  East  India  Company  may  uofc  have  come  up  in  point  of  to- 


234 


REOItQAffTZATIOK   OP   TTTt   TXDTAN   ABMT. 


[Im 


eipline  to  the  ideas  of  certain  martinets,  who- 

but  that  they  wore  not  one  wbit  inferior  to  their  brethren  of  III 
line  on  the  battle  field  has  been  often  proved.  There  is  do  neoewt; 
for  drawing  comparisons  between  the  services,' — all  did  their  doty, 
The  bloody  ileitis  of  Feroteshah  and  Subraon  saw  tin1  i 
European  regiment  vie  with  her  Majesty's  forces  in  discipline  id 
valour.  Chillian  wallah  again,  and  latterly  l>elhi — Benares,  and 
Allahabad  were  relieved  by  a  Company  V  European  regiment— ti* 
Madras  fusiliers,  and  the  steady  discipline  and  good  behaviour  rf 
the  Bombay  fusiliers  at  Mooltan  and  Lahore,  need  no  panegyric  t 
our  pen 

None  of  these  regiments  have  deteriorated  as  local  corps, 
the  best  of  our  belief,  has  the  recruiting  for  them  been  detriment*' 
to  the  interests  of  her  Majesty's  line.  They  would  deteriorate  foj 
enough  if  continued  as  local,  and  only  have  the  complement  of  ma 
kept  up  by  volunteers  from  her  Majesty's  regiments  ser\  ing  in  India 
A  twelve  years1  residence  in  a  tropical  climate  is  not  likeh 
prove  any  European  regiment,  and  the  volunteers  from  that,  on  iti 
recall  home,  would  neither  possess  health  nor  stamina  to  be  accept- 
able  soldiers.  Neither  would  their  presence  infuse  fresh  European 
notions  and  feelings.  If  local  corps  are  to  be  continued — and  ma 
appeal's  to  be  advised  by  many  fully  competent  to  give  an  opinioo— 
let  them  be  independent  of  the  line*  and  recruit  as  they  have  hkkrt. 
done. 

The  majority  appear  almost  to  forget  the  recorded  opini 
would  not  be  advisable  to  disturb  the  system  of  promotion  b 
ority  Bfl  affecting  officers  now  in  the  service,  or  to  interfere  wil 
of  their  existing  privileges,  They  quote  the  opinion  of  Major- G 
>Sir  F.  Franks  (her  Majesty's  10th  Foot),  and  of  fifteen  years*  cipfr 
rieuce  iu  India.     In  turning  to  that  officer's  evidence  (page  160),  wp 
discover  that  he  not  only  strongly  advocates  the  whole  of  the  aiW 
whether  European  or   native,  lately  belonging  to   the   East 
Company,  being  transferred  to  her  Majesty's  line,    but    trv 
matter  of  breaking  faith  with  the  officers  composing    £]lat   ^ 
nothing,  if  absolutely  necessary.     To  interfere  with    the  pn 
arrangements  he  owns  would  be  considered  an  injustice;    ! 
11  is  strongly  of  opinion  that  the  interests  of  the  State  should  . 
be  considered  paramount  to  the  interests  of  any  body  of 
duals." 

To  the  question  put  b)r  Colonel  Burlton,  4293 — "  Can  it  h 
for  the  State  to  break  faith  ?"  he  replies,  "  I  consider   that   I 
already  given  an  opinion  on  that  subject."     This  opinion 
discover,  except  it  be  in  his  answer  to  question  1201,  in  which  the 
gallant  officer  says—"  I  should  be  very  averse  to  recommend  aar 
thing  of  the  kind*" 

The  majority  recommend  that  regulations  should  be  drawn  np  IV>r 
retaining  in  India  officers  of  the  Hue  army  whose  services  nn„ 
required  by  the  local  government,  and  that  officers  of  the  line 
undoubtedly,  qualify  themselves  for  employment  in  India,  ii 
employment,  and  all  the  advantages  attending  it,  were  'open  to 
them. 


1869.]  BBOBGAtflZATION  OF  THE  IKDIAK  A&KY.  285 

The  appointments  of  all  sorts  are  open  to  the  officers  of  her 
Majesty's  line  army,  as  a  reference  to  the  Army  Lust  will  prove. 
Many  of  the  new  Seikh  police  corps  are  commanded  by  officers  of 
the  line,  and  the  department  of  Public  "Works  shows  them  to  be 
there  also.  In  civil  employ  they  are  to  be  found,  and  in  the  irre- 
gular cavalry.  These  appointments  were  formerly  given  almost 
entirely  to  Company's  officers,  after  they  had  passed  either  the  in- 
terpreters or  second  examination  in  the  native  languages.  This  rule 
has  been  broken  through  with  regard  to  the  employ  of  the  line 
officers,  and  few  of  these  now  holding  appointments  are  passed. 
Their  services  can  be  retained  by  the  government  on  their  regiments 
being  relieved,  by  the  individual  benefitting  in  a  staff  appointment, 
applying  for  an  exchange  into  a  regiment  in  India. 

It  would  hardly  be  fair  that  the  man  forced  to  stay  at  least 
.  twenty  years  in  India,  expatriated,  and  with  no  prospect  of  getting 
on  elsewhere,  should  have  no  advantage  in  that  country.  The  officer 
■  in  the  line  can,  in  the  event  of  sickness,  throw  up  his  staff  appoint- 
ment and  go  home  on  leave,  recruit  his  health,  and  have  the  time 
gpent  on  leave  count  as  service,  or  he  can  exchange  into  the  colonies, 
in  most  of  which  he  can  live  on  his  pay ;  whereas  the  officer  of  the 
local  corps  is  equally  liable  to  fall  sick,  but  has  to  make  up  in  India 
every  day  spent  on  leave  in  England.  The  Governor-General's  re- 
sources are  not  curtailed,  and  by  the  present  regulations  he  can 
select  able  and  useful  officers  from  the  whole  army  in  India.  If  the 
army  is  to  be  local,  and  every  advantage  now  possessed  by  local 
officers  shared  by  those  of  the  line,  it  would  be  but  fair  that  these 
mutual  arrangements  extended  elsewhere,  and  a  few  of  the  colonial 
and  home  appointments,  now  enjoyed  exclusively  by  her  Majesty's 
line,  be  shared  by  the  officers  attached  to  local  regiments  in  India. 
It  would  give  the  home  authorities  a  "  much  larger  field  for  selec- 
tion" &c.,  &c. 

The  fifth  question  is  well  answered,  for  most  certainly  regiments 
should  not  remain  longer  in  India  than  twelve  years.  The  recom- 
mendation of  keeping  at  home  depot  battalions  of  one  company  from 
each  of  the  local  corps,  would  be  rather  an  expensive  arrangement, 
but  would  be  advantageous  towards  efficiency,  both  of  officers  and 
meD.  Officers  on  sick  leave  might  do  duty  with  these  depots ;  the 
command  not  to  be  given  to  only  that  portion  of  the  local  army 
called  European. 

As  to  the  establishment  of  a  convalescent  depot  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  it  would  be  of  doubtful  benefit.  To  a  really  sick  man 
England  appears  to  be  the  only  country  in  which  complete  restora- 
tion to  health  is  obtained.  The  distance  to  the  Cape  is  great,  and 
probably  a  long  land  journey,  with  afterwards  a  sea  voyage,  would 
entail  great  expense  to  the  State.  Moreover,  the  convalescents 
would  not  be  within  calling  distance  if  any  sudden  demand  for  their 
services  should  arise.  The  sites  for  barracks  in  the  hills  of  India 
have  not,  certainly  as  regards  the  Bengal  presidency,  been  hitherto 
well  selected;  but  that  in  those  vast  mountain  ranges  there  are 
spots  sufficiently  elevated  to  give  a  bracing  climate,  and  sufficiently 
level  to  afford  space  for  exercising  gi  ^unds,  no  one  acquainted  wwy 


the  mountains  will  deny.      Let  railroads,  tramways,  and  good  trunk 
roads  be  made  to  the  Hvmalayah  ;  let  the  ground  round  1 1 
be  sufficiently  level  to  allow  of  the  men  taking  plenty  < 
exercise,  and  convalescent  depots  can  be  6§1  feet  m 

much  good  in  the  mountaina  of  India  as  at  the  Cape  of  God 
Hope. 

With  reference  to  the  sixth  question,  the  obstacles  to  an  exchmr 
between  the  European  forces  appear  to  us  almost  insur 
Even  with  the  junior    officers,   second-lieutenants, 
ensigns,  it  would  be  a  difficult  matter,  as  the  cadet  baa  h 
sion  a  free  rift,  and  iu  the  Hue  it  is  to  be  purchased  ;   but,  } 
this  aside,  the  funds  would  be  a  stumbling  block,     As  th     < 
sioners  observe,  it  could  only  be  done  by  the  govern  mi 
upon  itself  the  management  of  the  funds,  and  guaranteeing  all  Chtf 
liabilities,  past,  present,  and  future.    Perhaps  this  being  1 3 
be  the  saving  of  the  Bengal  fund,  but  it  would  be  a  werious  low  t* 
the  government.     Faith  must  be  kept  with  widows  and  or, 
they  can  hardly  be  expected  to  yield  up  their  inter  eats  to  t1 
posed  necessities  of  the  State. 

On  the  seventh  question  the  Commission  consider  tho  adn, 
of  European  and  native  forces  regimentally  as  detrimental  to 
and  so  we  think  also.  That  they  should  always  be  brigaded  to 
required  no  great  amount  of  acumen  to  discover.  The  exp- 
of  the  past  two  years  proved  the  utter  folly  of  leaving  who! 
tricts  without  an"  European  force  to  protect  it  Had  European! 
brigaded  with  the  native  regiments  at  Delhi,  the  Mcenit  mui 
would  never  have  entered  the  city,  Had  the  worst  district  in 
Rohileund  had  two  European  regiments  stationed  in  it,  i  I 
would  have  occurred  rebellion  and  murder  to  such  an  < 
"When  the  Sepoy  army  revolted,  anarchy  reigned  supreme* 

The  eighth  Question  is  replied  to  in  a  recommendation,  that  if  the 
force  in  India  is  to  be  local,  the  strength  is  to  be  kept  up  by  n 
ing  in  England— as  is  done  now — and  partially  by  volunteers  fkim 
regiments  of  the  line  returning  to  England,  The  last  plan  is,  as  wp 
pointed  out  elsewhere,  not  good  in  theory  or  practice.  Men  ate 
twelve  years  service  in  India  are  not,  generally  speaking,  improved 
either  in  health  or  ideas.  The  discipline  of  a  purely  local,  and  of  a 
regiment  of  the  line,  must  vary*  and  the  soldier  received  from  nut? 
would  be  unsuited  to  the  other*  llis  friends  and  affections 
be  with  tho  corps  he  had  left,  and  regrets  would  eventually  arise  for 
tli-  steps  he  had  taken.  Convalescent  depots  and  hospitals  might 
be  full,  but  local  regiments  would  be  weak,  ill-diacip lined,  ami 
looked  upon  as  a  reiort  for  all  the  lazy  and  worthless. 

As  to  the  ninth  question  the  Commissioners  do  not  consider  it 
advisable  to  raise  regiments  composed  of  men  of  colour   for 
temporary  or  permanent  service.     Perhaps  it  might  be  as   well  not 
to  do  go  -  still  it  would  teach  the  natives  of  India  that  we  have 
black  troops  than  themselves,  and  a  regiment  or  two  of  tn 
negroes  would  be  as  powerful  to  check  insurrection  a#  an 
corps,  and  besides  costing  much  less,  would  stand  the  climate  better. 
None  other  than  the  truo  African  negro  would  instil  fear,    A  i«gi* 


HEOEGAKIZAT I0ff  OF  TOT  EHJIAH  AUH7, 


237 


of  Seikhs  would  despise  such  corps  as  the  Ceylon  rifles,  and 
take  a  plea  a  ure  in  drubbing  them. 

On  the  tenth  point,  the  Commissioners  consider  that  the  native 
inlimtry  should  he  mainly  regular,  and  the  cavalry  irregular.  As 
regular  native  infantry  is  still  in  existence  in  Bombay  and  Madras, 
•with  one  or  two  regiments  in  Bengal,  it  isf  we  suppose,  necessary  to 
Veep  up  the  same  ;  out  native  regulars  are,  at  the  heat,  only  an  absurd 
'  nitation  of  their  European  brethren.  They,  perhaps,  on  a  brigade 
ield-day  manoeuvre  a  little  better  than  irregulars,  but  are  no  better 
i  absolute  warfare.  The  system  of  having  so  many  masters,  and  so 
aany  European  officers  to  receive  orders  from,  does  not  make  the 
ative  a  better  soldier.  It  would  be  impossible  to  have  a  regular 
native  army  maintained  and  organised  on  the  irregular  system.  In 
irregulars  the  commanding  *:iUicer  is  all-powerful ;  there  are  no  0& 
C6W  rninmanding  companies  to  require  their  authority  upheld,  and 
y  r  t  tli e  sy  s  t  e  m  pursued  i n  i rregular  regi me nt  s  is  r eeom mend  Q *  I  lor 
adoption.  Let.  the  cavalry  most  certainly  he  irregular,  and  let  the 
allowance  paid  to  troopers  be  such  as  will  enable  them  to  keep  good 
horses  and  arms.  Do  away  with  the  Honourable  East  India  Com- 
■jiy1  s  plaything — the  regular  cavalry.  Let  India  see  no  more  of 
I  he  blue  uniform  with  silver  lace,  sitting  uncomfortably  on  over-fed 
horses j  and  costing  nearly  as  much  as  British  dragoons, 

The  eleventh  question  has  been  replied  to  in  the  third ;  but  the 

»  Commissioners  recommend  that  every  consideration  should  be  shown 
to  such  native  artillery  as  have  proved lo] 
In  the  twelfth,  the  Commissioners  recommend  that  cadets  sent  out 
for  service  with  native  troops  should  be  attached  toEnropean  regimen  i  , 
in  the  lirst  instance,  and  thoroughly  drilled  and  instructed  in  military 
duties  in  this  country.     If  cadets  are  to  be  posted  t>>  n  of 

pdar  native  infantry,  drilled  and  managed  on  the  inv^ular  system, 
W«  IV  ar  that  they  will  find  all  the  thorough  drilling  and  instruct  ion 
received  in  this  country  i^uito  thrown  away*  If  it  ia  intended  to 
keep  a  regular  native  army  at  all,  it  would  be  well  that  the  system 
pursued  towards  it  was  nearly  similar  to  that  practised  with  the 
[jean  force,  Let  young  officers  first  learn  their  drill  in 
the  hue  or  depots;  but  if  it  is  intended  they  should  hereafter  join 
the  regular  native  army  do  not  require  that  all  they  have  learnt  is 
toh'-'  unlearnt-  It  is  for  the  good  of  the  service  that  offi 
tended  for  native  infantrv  should  join  such  regiments  at  an  early 
period  of  life.  By  remaining  for  a  length  of  time  with  an  European 
corps  they  become  prejudiced  against  native  regular  regiments,  and 
they  find  a  difficulty  m  ing  themselves  to  the  ways  of  the 

n  black  follow*."     A  knowledge  of  the  peculiarities  and  habits  of  the 
natives  is  as  necessary  m  the  good  native  infantry  officer  as  is  a 
knowledge  of  their  language,  and  neither  of  these  things  can  be  < 
taiiicd  by  continuing  to  do  duty  with  an  European  r 

Let  all  native  regiments  be  irregular  and  the  command,  Qt  &i 
duty  with  them,  be  Mali*  :ippohr<>  This  would  be  fairer  to 

the  local  officers.     If  exchanges  are  allowed  betw  line  and 

local  Europeans,  it  h  hard  that  the  sume  advantage  should  not  be 
given  to  the  officer  serving  in  the  native  infantry.    No  t&sss  *S*sx 


288 


ItEOEGAimATlON  Of   TUB    INDIAN   KRUT, 


iim, 


what  has  occurred,  would  like  to   find  his  regiment   only  feared  to 
the  government,  and  brigaded  with  Europeans  as  much  to  I 
liar  as  drill.     No  man,  Having  esprit  de  carps  woul  1    like    to 
veto  put  upon  Hia  making  His  regiment  perfect  for  tear  of  J 
their  knowledge  against  the  government.     Native    regul. 
never  can  even  approach  to  regular  European  infantry,   and  the  oft 
eers   attached  to  tin*  Brat-named  corps  will  always   be   suhj 
taunting  remarks,  unfair  comparisons,  and  feel  every  ellort 
their  regiments  efficient  and  aoldierly  an  a  not  improbable  source  2 
future  danger  to  the  government  they  serve. 

THe  Commissioners  having  thus  disposed  of  the  question 
for  their  inquiry,  submit  the  nine  recommendations   on 
term  "  important  points  which,  in  the  course  of  examination,  ktJ 
come  under  their  notice/1     We,  having  mentioned  them  ' 
not  reindict  their  perusal  on  our  readers. 

These,    with    some  remarks  regarding  improving     the    p. 
of  officers  serving  regimen  tally,  either  by  forming  a  stall   eori 
eon  ding,  or  placing  on  general  lists  for  promotion,  arc  the 
mendations  of  the  Commission]     Ten  gentlemen  of  nek  now 
ability    have   been   entrusted    with   devising  some    plan 
re-organization  of  the  Indian  army,  and  after  deliberating  for  nearfr 
twelve  months,  examining  forty- seven  witnesses,  and  askirjc  St 
eight  thousand  questions,  have  only  been  able  to  recommend  tfa 
adoption  of  the  above  mentioned  nine  points.     The  evident 
certainly  moat  conflicting,  and  to  extract  an  opinion  fVoi 
was  doubtless  a  difficult  matter  ;  still,  something  more  uei 
the  re-organization  of  the  Indian  army  might  have   been    i 
mended  than  we  find  here.      Surely    it  hardly  required 
deliberation  to  decide  that  the  native  army  should  be  couux 
mixed  races;  that  they  should  be  enlisted  for  general  servici 
their  dress  better   adapted  for  the  climate  of  India.       Thi 
scientific  branches  of  the  service  should  be  European.      Proi 
of  non-commissioned  officers   left  to  the  commanding  office] 
the  pay  code  simplified.     Or  that  the  head  of  the  army  in  I 
should  be  termed  Commander-in-Chief  in  India,  and   hum 
ents  not  be  denuded  of  officers. 

Even  the  little  difficulty  of  improving  the  position  of  rogir 
officers  cannot  be  settled.     The  Commissioners  own  they  an 
prepared  to  arrive  at  any  satisfactory  conclusion  on  this 
that  further  reference   be  made  to  the  authorities   in   %]l0 
1 1 re s id eneies  i n  Indi a .     Hence  more  dc lay. 

From  the  constitution  of  the  Commission,  anything  very  del 
in  the  way  of  a  recommendation  was  hardly  to  be  expected.     Ettci 
member  appears  to  have  a  plan  of  his  own,  and  at  the  end  of 
iug  all   the  evidence   adduced,  sees    no   reason   for  supposin 
particular  view  of  the  case  wrong. 

It  might  have  been  as  well  had  the  evidence  of  a  few  captains  and 
subalterns  been  asked.     There  are  some  eighteen  hundred  of 
attached  to  the  Bengal  array  alone,  and  nearly  as  many  to  th< 
other  presidencies.     Out  of  this  number  two  or  three  mjgal 
been  found  capable  of  throwing  a  little  light  on  the  inquiry. 


1859.] 


UBOE<UNliUTIO>*    OF    THE   LKDIAff   AEMY. 


230 


In  carefully  looking  over  the  evidence  adduced  before  the  Com- 
mission, and  again  reading  their  remarks  and  recommendations,  we 
nee  no  good  that  can  result  from  a  continuation  of  the  inquiry. 
Something  must  be  done,  and  done  quickly,  and  the  sooner  the 
government  fix  on  some  plan  for  the  reorganisation  of  their 
Indian  armyT  the  better  for  all  concerned* 

The  officers  of  the  Bengal  presidency  have  been  so  long  hoping 
and  expecting,  that  they  wonld  consider  any  change  better  than 
continuing  as  they  now  are.  To  the  sick  and  worn  out,  it  is  cruel ; 
and  to  all,  further  delay  and  reference  is  objectionable*  Let  the 
government  make  what  they  can  of  the  conflicting  evidence 
given  before  the  Commission,  and  act  decisively*  Many  of  the  re~ 
commendations  of  the  Commission  will  not  bear  twice  looking  at, 
and  probably,  the  best  reorganization  of  the  Indian  array  will  be 
that  which  is  least  deliberated  over* 

Let  the  government  bear  in  mind  that  so  long  as  they  preserve 
the  system  of  caste  in  the  army,  so  long  will  they  give  Jaclc  Sepoy 
a  peg  to  hang  his  discontent  upon.     With  high  caste  men,  croaatng 

kseas  and  certain  rivers  is  pollution.  In  caste  there  is  a  freemasonry 
dangerous  to  the  state.  A  priest-ridden  soldier  is  not  worth  the 
price  of  the  powder  that  it  would  take  to  shoot  him. 

Insist  on  the  whole  of  India  being  disarmed,  and  then  there  can 
be  no  danger  of  rebellion*  The  only  use  then,  of  a  large  European 
force  would  be  to  oppose  invasion  and  to  overawe  the  native  army. 
irding  to  the  size  and  knowledge  of  this  latter  force,  must  be 
the  former.  For,  however  much  at  peace  the  country  may  be,  it 
would  be  dangerous  at  any  time  to  reduce  the  European  army. 
The  Heikhs  have  learnt  their  power.  The  Kabulee  remembers  1841, 
and  the  Oudh  and  liodjpoor  Sepoy,  1S57.  A  generation  passing 
away  will  not  wipe  out  the  remembrance  of  these,  our  disasters,  and 
a  large  native  regular  army,  well  equipped  an  I  drilled,  wlllT  at  the 
Brut  favourable  opportunity,  repeat  the  scenes  of  two  years  back. 

The  native  army  proposed  for  tho  three  presidencies  appears 
enori  P  more  than  there  is  occasion  for.     Indeed,  from  reading 

the  report,  one  would  imagine  that  a  large  native  army  was  more  a 
source  of  safety  than  danger.  Reduce  it  one  half  and  have  it  en- 
tirely irregular.  Let  its  duties  be  conlined  almost  exclusively  to 
aiding  the  police,  escorting  treasure  and  prisoners,  and  give  them 
plenty  of  work*  There  would  be  little  for  a  regular  native  army  to 
perform ;  the  mere  machine  work  of  escort  and  parade,  allows  too 
much  time  for  brooding  over  the  past.  Natives  in  the  regular  army, 
taught  an  irregular  uystent,  would  not  bo  long  in  discovering  that 
they  are  doubted,  that  the  large  European  army  is  to  keep  them  in 
check,  not  to  repel  invasion  or  quell  rebellion  in  the  people,  and 
Deployment,  would  firot  brood  over  their  new  poai 

Pan d  p e r haps  Again  n  y  mutin y  a ud  m urde r . 
Before  the  mutinies,  the' European  force  in  India  was  certainly 
too  small ;  but  India  is  even  now,  with  Oudh  disarmed,  and  the  Ben- 
gal arm  .  iqaaibed,  more  firmly  secured  to  the  British  crown  than  at 
any  former  period.     If  so,  the  larger  force  of  80,000  European*  U 


240 


EOMA2TCE    OF  THE  SAVES. 


[Jr 


uncalled  for,  and  Its  proportionate  native  army  more  than  ia  safe 
necessary,      190,000    soldiers,   exclusive  of   poll  '  i    indee 

to  use  the  words  of  Colonel  Burlt on,  be  looked  upon  "  with  much 
apprehension," 

With  good  communication,  such  as  railroads,  tramways,  and  liiy 
roadp,  troops  could  be  easily  moved  from  any  part  of  India  to  ill 
other;  and  this  without  much  detriment  to  health.  Let  the 
made,  and  there  will  be  no  necessity  for^  keeping  up  a  sufficiently 
large  European  force  to  watch  regular  or  irregular  native  regiment 
in  the  out  stations,  and  having  barracks  built  all  over  the  coun 

In  conclusion,  we  entreat  there  may  he  no  further  unnecea 
delay  ;  no  longer  let  us  hear  of  everjr  difficult  question  being  pa 
between  England  ami  India  for  solution.    The  Commission  appear  1 
dislike  responsibility,  and,  therefore,   trouble  them  uo  more  wit 
temptation.    ICo  good  can  arise  from  further  prolonging  the  inquir; 
pf  in  listening  to   the  opinion  of  men  who  appear  wedded 
system  pursued  in  the  service  they  have  been  placed  in.     Acoordu 
as  the  witness  comes  from  the  presidency  of  Madras  or  Bom  i 
does  he  recommend  the  plan  pursued  in  his  presidency  being  ad 
in  Bengal,  Bengal,  having  acquired  wisdom  by  misfortune,  advocal 
the  old  system  modified.    Officers  of  her  Majesty's  line  ml- 
extension  of  the  line  and  its  discipline  to  the  whole  Indian  army 
India  is  now  fast  settling  down.     The  rebellion  is  all  bu1 
and  both  officers  and  men  of  the  late  Company's  army  are  prcpar 
to  welcome  any  change.     Let  the  Government  cense  from  w 
an  opinion  fi  who  appear  to  be  incapable  of  ex  pre 

selves  explicitly  on  what  must  have  been  uppermost  in  their 
for  the  past  two  years;  act  firmly,  honestly,  and  quickly,  and  be 
in  mind  that  a  large  native  regular  or  irregular  army  requires  a  pr 
portionately  large  force  of  European  soldiers  to  overawe  it,  and  t  \u 
the  finances  of  India  are  not  flourishing* 

The  expense  of  living  in  India  is  nearly  double  what  it  ur 
the  keep  of  the  English  soldier  is  certainly  mure  costly,  at 
finances  of  the  country  are  by  no  means  elastic.     Already  has  U 
burden  of  paying  for  a  war  caused  by  the  mutiny  of  a  ii 
fallen  on  the  consumers  of  European  articles,  and  reason  anil 
forbid  that  our  countrymen  should  be  taxed,  and  p 
expatriation,  simply  to  find  the  means  of  supporting  a  suit 
of  fUture  sorrow. 


BOMANCE  OF  THE  BANKS, 

The  notion  is  making  inquiries  about  the  Banks,     A 
rmatiou  has  been  lately  fimuabed  on  the  subject, but! 
in  blue-books,  overlaid   with  verbiage,  and  smothered  in 
The  public  have  a  horror  of  bh  and  for  our  part,  we*  never 

Rfeecne  without  reading  on  the  cover  the  familiar  notificatioi 
biah  may  be  shot  here.1'     Still,  from  the  recent  inquisitions 


BOMAKCE   OP  THE  BANKS. 


military  affairs,  some  facts  respecting  the  Hanks  have  crept  out, 
Are  they  such  as  inspire  confidence  and  create  satisfaction  ?  Do 
they  indicate  that  our  soldiers  are  all  we  could  wish?  Alas!  we 
might  use  the  despairing  exclamation  of  Eli—**  Nay,  my,  sons, 
for  it  is  no  good  report  I  hear/1  When  official  returns  announce 
that  the  mortality  in  the  army  may  be  compared  with  the  ravages  of 
a  standing  pestilence — that  the  ruling  habit  of  our  troops  is 
drunkenness,  and  that  every  year,  nearly  30,000  soldiers  desert  their 
colours — in  presence  of  such  facts,  we  say,  every  humane  and 
patriotic  mind  must  yield  to  a  feeling  of  despondency,  It  has  been 
our  province  to  contend  that  the  case  is  not  bo  bad  as  it  seems.    If 

i  there  be  much  to  dismay,  much  to  bewilder — and  this  must  assu- 
redly be  allowed— there   is   also  room  for  the  operation  of  good 

i  influences,  and  a  field  inviting  culture-  The  difficulty  is  how  to 
brinr*  the  truth  to  the  national  cognizance,  by  presenting  it  in  a  light 

I  that  will  attract,  and  a  form  that  will  be  understood*  It  is  not 
enough  to  cry— **  rear  rank  take  open  order  f*  when  the  movement 
ieen  carried  out,  when  the  Ranks  are  open,  how  shall  we  induce 
the  public  to  walk  in  and  make  a  complete  inspection  p  Wo 
have  an  answer  to  the  question  in  a  work  now  before  us.  What 
Royal  Commissions  and  Parliamentary  Committees  have  been 
unable  to  effect,  is  here  most  successfully  accomplished,  not  in  a 
ponderous  blue,  but  in  two  light  red  books,  bearing  the  title  of 
•*  Romance  of  the  Ranks,  or,  Anecdotes,  Episodes,  and  Social 
Incidents  of  Military  Life,*'  from  the  pen  of  Quarter  master 
Connolly,  of  the  Royal  Engineers,  It*  will  be  remembered  that 
Mr.  Connolly *s  former  work,  '*  History  of  the  Royal  Sappers  and 
Miners,"  obtained  the  unusual  distinction  of  a  leading  article 
in  the  Times ;  and  Charles  Dickens  remarked  that  he  was  "  proud 
of  being  the  countryman  of  the  author  of  that  book."  In  his  present 
publication,  Mr.  Connolly  has  entered  on  ground  that  will  lay  him 
more  open  to  criticism ;  for  he  has  unveiled  the  inner  life  of  the 
Ranks,  presented  the  British  soldier  in  his  natural,  and,  we  were 
going  to  soy,  domestic  character,  as  well  in  barrack  as  in  action ; 
and  if  in  all  his  winning,  all  his  nobler  qualities,  still  with  all  his 
imperfections  on  his  head,     In  short,  he  has  given  to  the  English 

•nation  that  very  portraiture  of  its  soldiery  which  was  so  much 
desired,  and  which  we  despaired  ever  to  see  supplied.  It  was  a  task 
that  could  only  be  undertaken  by  one  who  had  himself  sprung  from 
the  Hanks,  and  served  in  their  every  grade— who  knew  them  rather 
by  personal  experience  than  observation,  and  its  execution  called  also 
for  great  literary  ability,  and  no  ordinary  knowledge  of  human  cha- 
racter. But  it  also  demanded  courage,  a  resolution  to  carry  out  the 
object  without  ftinohing,  and  in  a  manner  that  would  -ive  ft  a  practical 
aim-  The  author  must  prepare  to  tell  some  disagreeable  things, 
which  would  neither  be  Mattering  to  our  national  vanity  nor 
military  amour  propn\      Tn    be    cllcetke,    moreover— to  have  a 

imrpose  and  work  out  a  result — the  subject  must  receive  a  pecu- 
iur  treatment.      On  the  one  hand  iust  address  the  gi 

public;  on  the    other  it   must  interest   the   soldier  himself,     A 


soldier  won't  read  homilies : 


he  can   only  be  won  by  eata&tbN&% 


242  aoHiircne  or  the  luincfl.  [Jrax, 

spirited,  hearty,  and  jocular.    If  you  wish  to  do  him  good,  to  point 
out  his  faults,  to  show  him  his  capabilities,  to  lead  him  to  improve- 
ment, it  must  be   done  in  his  own  way,  by  sentiments  that  he 
appreciates  and  understands — by  the  life  around  him,  and  of  which 
ho  is  part.     Wo  took  up  the  work  before  us  with  little  expectation 
that  it  would  embrace  such  perceptions,  but  a  few  pages  revealed 
that  the  gallant  writer  knew  his  ofhce.    He  has,  indeed,  caught  the 
vory  inspiration    required.      "The  Romance    of  the  Ranks"   is 
written  both  for  the  English  people  and  the  English  army,  and  will 
make  a  deep  impression  on  each.    Why  it  is  called  "  Romance  "  we 
are  unablo  to  divine;  for  it  is  all  real,  circumstantial,  and  true. 
Indoed,  the  author  tells  us  in  the  preface  that  he  is  relating  only 
facts,  and,  though  some  of  the  episodes  have  a  romantic  interest, 
every  page  bears  the  stamp  of  truthfulness.    Were  we  disposed  to 
bo  captious,  wo  might  find  a  few  petty  faults ;  but  if,  here  and 
there,  a  word  is  not  so  happy  as  it  might  be,  we  are  not  looking 
for  leather  and  prunella.     We  take  the  measure  of  literary  ability 
from  tho  whole  work,  and  pronounce  it  unique.     As  a  popular  view  of 
tho  Ranks,  tho  book  stands  alone.     It  presents  the  British  soldier  in 
all   phases,    from    heavy    marching   order    to   furlough ;     in    all 
situations,  from  the  post  of  honour  to  the  black  hole.     It  sets  forth 
his  conquests  in  love  as  well  as  war — his  personal  traits,  aspirations, 
and  escapades.    The  gallant  author  deals  tenderly,  some  might  even 
think  liglitly,  with  tho  soldier's  habit  of  intemperance  ;  but  we  soon 
discover  that  this  is  a  device  to  catch  the  peculiar  audience  he  is  ad- 
dressing, and  that  almost  invariably  the  evil  consequences  of  drunk- 
enness are  brought  out  in  strong  relief.     A  civilian  may  smile  at  the 
minute  colouring  of  somo  of  the  portraitures,  as  ministering  to  fop- 
pism  and  vanity,  but  a  professional  reader  will  recognise  their  value, 
as  inducing  a  pride  in  personal  appearance,  so  useful  and  so  im- 
portant to  a  soldier.     I*y  tho  character  of  the  facts  related,  the 
soldier  is  constantly  kept  mindful  of  the  advantages  of  his  position. 
and  what  a  loss  is  entaued  by  their  forfeiture,  at  the  same  time  thai 
there  is  no  attempt  to  lecture,  but  rather  an  appeal  from  actual  re- 
suits.     As  an  example  of  this  mode  of  moralizing  we  may  instance 
a  narrative  entitled  u  The  Letter  D."    Duncan  M'Feehan  has  been 
discharged  from  his  corps  under  circumstances  of  disgrace,  and  is 
met  by  Sergeant  Scobell  in  a  very  forlorn  condition.     The  Sergeant. 
— and  here  we  have  a  little  trait  of  the  military  character  very 
effectively  brought  out — highly  disapproves  of  Duncan's  conduct. 
and  feels  shy  of  being  seen  to  speak  to  him,  yet  can't  resist  the  at- 
traction  to  an  old  comrade  in  distress — one  who  had  been  nobodr** 
enemy  but  his  own.     Accordingly,  as  they  art*  again  thrown  together 
on  board  a  Glasgow  steamer,  he  takes  an  opportunity  to  steal  a  gos- 
sip with  the  poor  outcast,  and  talk  over  his  prospects  with  fiim. 
Those   are   bad   enough,   and   tho   eanuie   Serjeant    predicts   ther 
will  be  worse,  but  Duncan  is  on  his  mettle,  and  will  heed  neitfce- 
counsel    nor    warning      Of    course,    the     Sergeant's     prophecies 
are  i*tilt*Hl%  and  hunger  and  a  scowling  world  soon  be<nn  to  work  oa 
|>oor  Ihmeatit  briiiptUK  down  Mh  his  pride  and  his  stomach      Everr 
HMWiftlttouia*  Swpcw*  *m»  huuameaL  and  warms  his  pocket 


1859.] 


EOUAHCE  OF  THE  BAKES. 


243 


with  a  few  coppers  ;  but.  both  know  this  can't  go  on  fop  ever,  and  if  it 
could,  such  a  living  would  hardly  be  life.  In  this  dilemma,  the  Sergeant 
hits  on  a  happy  idea,  which  m  nothing  less  than  to  make  Duncan  a 
soldier  again,  But  the  pear  is  not  yet  ripe.  Duncan's  stubborn 
spirit >  indeed,  has  been  almost  starved  out ;  but  at  the  proposal  of  a 
surrender,  he  shows  all  the  old  leaven,  and  bids  the  Sergeant  defiance, 
Harder  and  harder  grow  the  times,  and  leaner  and  leaner  Duncan* 
No  doubt  independence  is  a  fine  thing ;  it  is  an  Englishman's  birth- 
tight  ;  but  when  it  has  to  be  sustained  on  an  air  diet,  too  many  of 
ns  prefer  a  mess  of  pottage.  Duncan  began  to  remember  bis  warm 
barrack,  his  merry  companions,  his  good  mess,  and  in  contrast  with 
his  present  rags,  the  appearance  he  made  in  his  dashing  uniform. 
After  all,  soldiering  was  Dot  such  a  bad  thing.  He  had  dis- 
covered that  every  condition  of  life  has  its  yoke,  and  the  restraints 
of  discipline,  which  he  once  thought  so  odious,  began  to  appear  per- 
fectly reasonable.  In  short,  Duncan  presented  himself  before  Ser- 
geant SSeobell,  and  took  the  shilling.  But  now  the  oracle  had  to  be 
worked*  Of  course  Duncan  had  done  for  himself  in  her  Majesty's 
service,  and  that  door  to  a  provision   was  closed.      But  Sergeant 

ell,  though  not  an  aged  man,  was  a  very  old  soldier,  and,  besides, 
was  possessed  of  some  interest.  AVe  have  lately  heard  what  can  he 
by  interest,  but  it  has  also  been  shown  that  even  interest  requires 
management*  So  it  was  in  the  case  of  Sergeant  S  cob  ell  and  bis  friend 
Duncan.  As  there  was  no  admission  into  the  royal  army,  he  was  taken 
to  the  East  India  Company,  and  Scobell1s  interest  secured  the  good 
offices  of  the  Company's  recruiting  sergeant,  who,  as  ho  surveyed 
Duncan's  tine  proportions,  guaranteed  success.  But  we  should 
never  count  our  chickens  till  they  are  fairly  cooped.  To  the  eonlu- 
DOB  of  the  confederates  &na  his  own  disgust,  Duncan  \  eted. 

"  at  could  he  the  reason? — such  a  fine  fellow,  with   such  thews 

sinews,  and  such  a  ijhy&ique!  Alas  \  the  reason  was  too  plain. 
Under  Duncan's  arm  the  inspecting  doctor  had  found  the  fatal  letter 
D*     Here  was  a  1ml,     Even   iutcrcst  —  the   interest  of  Sergeant 

•ell — might  halt  at  such  a  stile.  But  the  sergeant  was  a  genius, 
and,  moreover,  determined  to  provide  for  his  old  comrade,  and  give 
him  another  chance  in  the  game  of  life*  The  letter  D  was  trans- 
formed into  a  ship  in  full  sail ;  poor  Duncan  was  cicatrised  with 
dolphins  and  initials  to  keep  the  ship  in  countenance  \  and,  not  to 
dwell  on  details,  we  will  add  that  he  was  brought  again  before  the 
aame  doctor,  and  passed  in  triumph.  There  is  a  high  moral  in  this 
narrative— in  its  facts,  stamping  it  indelibly  on  the  mind  of  the 
soldier*  It  first  shows  the  penalty  to  which  misconduct  will  lend 
him— an  ignominious  discharge,  and  perhaps  an  infamous  brand,  and 
then  places  before  him  the  misery  that  awaits  him  in  the  world,  with 
the  uses  of  which  he  has  become  unfamiliar,  and  which  will  give  him 
neither  work  nor  bread*  And  comparing  this  condition  of  things 
with  his  lot  in  the  ranks,  it  indicates  the  absurdity  of  that  visionary 
independence  for  which  so  many  sigh,  and  shows  how  really 
enviable  to  a  poor  man  is  the  soldier's  life.  There  is  scan 
one  of  the  manifold  episodes  that  bas  not  a  similar  bearing. 
Two  or  three,  perhaps,  had  been  better  omitted,  but  this  is  a  con- 


FKOIC   CAMP   TO   QTABl 


[Jrn. 


ai deration  for  future  editions.    The  design  of  the  author  has  clecto 
been  to  hold  the  mirror  up  to  the  Ranks,  and  show  them  their  form 
and  pressure.    In  this  he  has  succeeded,  and  has  produced  a  book 
as   remarkable  for  its   vrai&emblaiiee    as    for   its   literary    : 
He  possesses  a  fund  of  dry  humour,  great  original  i:  wjugk 

and  a  concise  and  animated  diction,     Some  of  his  similes  may  k 
far-fetched,  hut  they  are  worth  the  carriage  ;  and  the   wh 
Bition  is  marked  by  freahucss  and  vigour.     We  are  glad  to  welcoa* 
from  o  military  pen,  a  work  so  creditable  to  the  araw*  and  wiiB 
will  open  to  tne  public  and  to  the  army  itself >  a  store  of  infarmaU* 
relating  to  what  was  hitherto  unknown — the  habits,   instincts,  ana 
character  s  the  personal  life  and  qualities  of  the   British  eoMui 
4t  ltumance  of  the  Banks'*  is  an  attractive  title;  but  this  work  mkjK 
be  more  justly  called  "  The  Natural  History  of  the  Ranks/*  for 
the  mission  it  fulfils.     ~Wg  regret  that  the  extraordinary  demandi d 
our  space  prevent  us  from  making  a  few  extract a ;  but  this  is 
less   consequence,  us  the  book,  we  feel  assured,  wall   soon 
these  pages  to  every  part  of  the  world.     It  turns    a    new 
military  literature,  which  cannot   be   too  diligently    studied,   and, 
happily   for   England,   the   subject  is  beginning  to  attruet 
attention.       Let    us    try  to  raise    the   moral    character    of  uV 
aoldier,  as  well  as  to  improve  his  condition ;  and  if  we  would  sw 
how  to  go  to  work,  we  are  here  shown  the  way.     There  is  mini 
to  be  done,  but  opportunity  is   in  our  favour,  and  a  few 
arrangements  may    effect  wbatf   it1  delayed,  may    hereafter  baffli 
correction. 


PEOM  CAMP  TO  QUAETEK9; 

OB,  lilTB  Df  AK  INDIAN   CAOTOMEtfT   ATTEE  FEELD    BERTH 

PAET  1L 

An  Unmarketable  Commodity — Yis'm — What  "Durwaea  band"   meati^-^GtD 
and  Bitterness— One  Exception — A  Contrast— Mis.  &peuce—A  Paradox— 
withdraw    tlumsHves — Favourable    Intelligence — The  XtoYCE&o— The  Stc^c — Tk 
Relief — iiurbarisxn, 

i:  I  say,  old  feller,  come,  hang  it  all ;  do  let  ub  go  and  call  on  the 
people." 

Thus  was  I  accosted  by  one  of  the  marketable  officere  of  the  regi- 
ment a  few  days  after  the  Onety*Oneth  had  marched  into  Dana- 
gunge — his  particular  reason  for  addressing  the  request  to  me  being 
the  fact  that  among  my  worldly  property  I  owned  a  buggy -f  the 
advantages  of  which  means  of  progression  during  an  Indian  hot 
season,  render  themselves  agreeably  evident  to  the  meanest  capacity* 
as  well  as  to  the  most  economical  disposition. 

!  f  had  ceased  to  be  a  marketable  commodity  for  serend 
years,  and  this  lact,  although  highly  satisfactory  in  v\Qry  other 
respect,  was  rendered  somewhat  disagreeably  evident  in  one  parti- 


FJ10M   CAMP  TO   QVABTEBS. 


249 


cular,  and  it  was  this  :—  Mormoniam  had  not  yet  been  fully  adopted 
by  the  English  officers  in  India,  and,  however  much  some  may  have 
admired  one  at  least  of  the  tenets  of  Mahomedanism,  that  creed  was 
not  openly  recognised,  nor  was  the  tone  of  the  great  majority  of 
11  society *'  guided  according  to  it. 

Had  matters  been  otherwise — haoV  in  fact,  plurality  tf  wives  been 
legally  permissible  at  Daudgunge— I  have  little  doubt  that,  possessing, 
as  I  have  just  said,  a  buggy,  being  the  owner  of  what  is  considered  in 
India  the  second  essential  wherewith  to  commence  wedded  life,  to 
wit,  a  silver  teapot ;  and  being,  moreover,  in  receipt  of  by  no  means 
a  despicable  monthly  income — I  say,  with  all  these  advantages,  I 
might  still  have  been  honoured  by  the  smiles  of  manoeuvring 
mothers,  aunts,  and  guardians  j  but,  as  it  was,  and  since  circuni- 
stanees  over  which  I  had  evidently  not  the  slightest  control.  bod 
reduced  me  to  the  sobered  condition  of  a  Benedick — of  what  use  was 
I  in  society,  forsooth?  My  wife  was  not  with  me;  I  couldn't 
marry  anybody's  daughter ;  I  couldn't  give  nice  parties,  at  which 
other  matches  could  be  made  up  j  or,  still  more  objectionable,  flirta- 
tions carried  on;  and  the  result  was,  just  what  might  have  been  ex- 
|  d,  a  distant  bow,  perhaps  a  mere  nod,  perhaps  not  even  Id 
much  as  that,  was  all  that  I  had  the  previous  year  received  in  return 
for  what  1  had  considered  the  politeness  of  making  my  round  of 
calls. 

These  recollections,  instead  of  being  effaced  from  my  memory 
during  the  aix  months  I  had  been  away,  came  back  more  vividly 
than  ever,  now  that  I  bad  returned  to  the  place  again*  I  hud,  as 
every  person  does,  formed  one  or  two  [pa  in  the  statin*,  and 

now  longed  to  renew  them  ;  but  my  reception  on  a  former  occasion 
by  the  mess  having  been  what  I  have  mentioned,  1  had  little  desire 
or  intention  to  visit  any  others  of  the  residents  than  the  very,  very 
few  whose  society  I  had  before  found  agreeable,  and  whose  acquaint* 
ance  I  now  wished  to  renew, 

I  was  therefore  little  inclined  to  accede  to  my  friend's  request,  and 
replied  abruptly,  "  Bother  the  thing,  I  don't  want  th  make  more  than 
one  or  two  calls,  but  you  may  have  the  buggy  if  you  like  to  make 
the  round  of  the  station/' 

"  What's  the  use  in  being  grumpy  P"  responded  the  disposable 
gent.,  whom  I  shall  call  Captain  Shorten  ;  "  come  along  with  me*  I 
want  to  see  the  women,  but  don't  see  the  fun  of  going  alone.'* 

I  still  objected ;  related  how  unsociable,  stiff,  nay,  iU-nahirt  r|,  1 
li&d  already  found  them  to  be,  but  here  was  immediately  siteoo&d  by 
Shorten,  who  offered  a  very  plausible  apology  for  the  residents. 

**  That's  not  fair/1  he  continued,     B  Of  course  they  were  all  put 
ODSi  last  year,     llow  could  it  have  been  otherwise  ?     Consider  what 
they  went  through  ;  but  now,  just  look  at  the  reception  they 
us.     Of  course  they  mean  to  be  civil !" 

I  saw  the  force  of  the  argument,  '*  Well,1*  said  lf  u  very  likely  s 
after  all,  it  may  have  been  so.  At  all  events,  1  will  do  the  civil,  and 
then  they  can  please  themselves. 

w  Very  good,  then,  let  us  go  to-day  at  noon*  From  that  hour  till 
two  the  ladies  are  *  at  Lome/  bo  order  the  trap. J 


mOM   CAMP  TO   QFABTEHS*  [Jt 

Captain  Shorten  had  previously  prepared,  from  various  sources  a 

tt  of  all  the  ladies,  married  and  single,  in  the  station  ; 
our  only  difficulty  was  *o  to  arrange  our  manner 
that  we  ah oiil d  not  have  to  drive  twice  in  the  same  dh 
cecding  by  which  much  time  would  be  necessarily  1  -t «  much 

unnecessary  exposure  to  heat  and  dust  and  glare  incurred. 

Beginning,  therefore,  at  one  end  of  the  station,  we  gradual}' 
steadily  prosecuted  what  could  not  as  yet  Ik*  called, 
my  companion,  a  labour  of  love  1  first  dropping  our   pasteboard  at 
one  house,  where,  in  reply  to  our  inquiry  whether  the  mem  saaih 
was  at  home,  we  were  informed  by  the  sable  attendant  thai 
wasabund  j°  then  passing  on  to  another,  where  we  were  muiv  fortu- 
nate, or  unfortunate,  as  the  case  might  have  been. 

Here  there  were  one  or  two  spinsters,  or,  it  may  be,  a  married 
lady,  quite  disengaged,  at  least  for  the  time  being*  The  servant  to 
whom  we  had  on  driving  up  to  the  door  intrusted  our  cards,  on  re- 
turn ing,  salaams  to  the  ground,  "With  both  hands  joined,  he  indi- 
cates that  we  are  permitted  to  enter.  "We  proceed  accordingly,  and, 
in  the  stillness  of  a  more  than  half- darkened  room,  find  ourselves  in- 
tsmi  incntly  knocking  our  shins  against  comers  of  chairs,  settees,  and 
stools,  our  heads  against  the  low-swung  punkah  that  moves  s] 
from  aide  to  aide ;  and  making  ineffectual  endeavours  all  at  the  same 
time  to  bow  gracefully  to  the  masses  of  crinoline  and  muslin  ! 
which  we  fear  we  are  making  ourselves  somewhat  ridiculous. 

Ere  our  list  is  half  finished  the  dull  sound  of  the  mam  guard  gong 
tells  us  that  it  is  two  o1  clock.  Our  visits  cease  fur  this  day.  to  to 
renewed  to-morrow.  We  return  to  our  tiffin,  and  discuss  the  result* 
and  the  impressions  left  upon  us  by  our  first  day's  duty. 

As  we  enjoy  this  mid-day  and  very  favourite  meal,  vve  naturally 
wonder  why  at  some  two  or  three  places  we  had  received  the  irn 
we  did,  namely,  that  "durwasa  bund,"  ort  in  oilier  words,  the 
is  shut  against  the  present  visitors  I     We  knew  from  punt  experience 
what  meaning  is  usually  conveyed  by  this  expression,  but  in  ease 
yen,  mot*  ijcntle  reader,  do  not,  I  will  tell  you, 

An  excellent  expression  is  that,  "  durwasa  bund/*  and  one  to  f 
several  meanings  are  attached.     In  some  instances  it  implies  i\. 
lady  of  the  house  is  lazy,  and  has  not  dressed  to  receive  visitors  ;  ia 
others,  that  baby  is  ill,  or  perhaps  otherwise  occupied,  and  thai 
is  attending  on  it ;  on  some  occasions,  that  she  is  suffering  iron 
or  other  of  the  numerous  forma  of  indisposition  that  afflict  tb 
in  India.    All  these  are  valid  excuses  in  their  way  ;  but  how  d 
it  that  at  such  and  such  a  house  where  we  received  this  messai. 
caw,  standing  in  the  cow-pound,  a  buggy  and  horse  extremely  lib 
those  of  Captain  Snooks,  of  one  of  the  native  regiments  that 
four  years*  residence  at  the  station  mutinied  and  dissolved  them- 
selves ?     How  can  we  reconcile  this  little  fact  with  the  message  wr 
have  just  received  ?     The  interpretation  is,  however,  ewy*     It  sig- 
nifies that  the  hidy  is  more  agreeably  occupied  than  slio  would 
b receiving  us.     And  so  it  will  ever  be  in  India  as  elsewhere 
had  our  turn,  let  others  have  theirs,  aud  "  Hani  toi"  &c, 


. 


1859.] 


FROM   CAirP  TO  QUAHTETia 


2%7 


agreeable  task,  for  we  did  not  thoroughly  enjoy  the  whole  of  yester- 
day's visits,  we  resume  our  labours.  The  same  ordeals  are  again 
gone  through ;  we  have  most  presumingly  run  down  our  list  from 
head  to  foot,  and  as  we  mark  off  the  last  name,  simultaneously  ex- 
claim, u  Well,  I  hope  this  is  the  very  last  time  1  shall  ever  have  to 
do  this  sort  of  thing !     Thank  goodness,  that's  over  I1' 

**  Well,  now,"  asked  Captain  Shorten,  at  the  termination  of  our 
id  day's  exertions,  "  are  you  not  glad  that  you  did  as  I  told  you, 
and  called  upon  the  people." 

H  I  am,  indeed,"  said  I,  **  and  almost  begin  to  think  their  stiffness 
last  year  must  have  been  through  some  mistake/' 

14  It  must ,  indeed,  have  been  so,"  my  companion  continued  ;  *'  for 
I  am  certain  nothing  could  have  exceeded  the  civility  and  friendliness 
of  everybody  to  us." 

And  indeed  nothing  could.  To  judge  from  the  conversation  of 
the  inmates  of  the  houses  into  winch  we  were  permitted  to  enter, 
the  only  thing  wanting  to  complete  the  measure  of  their  happiness 
had  been  the  return  of  the  dear  Onety^Oneth,  and  now  that  this 
consummation  had  been  realised,  they  had  scarcely  another  object  in 
life  worth  protracting  their  existence  for.  The  sly  little  creatures 
who  were  the  principal,  in  fact,  the  only  speakers  in  this  strain, 
would  have  given — I  don't  know  how  many  kisses,  to  have 
belonged  to  the  Onety-Qneth,  nor  did  they  seem  to  care  that  we 
divined  their  meaning  just  as  plainly  as  if  they  had  spoken  the  sen- 
tence in  so  many  plain  words* 

But  while^every  expression  that  bore  reference  in  even  the  most 
distant  degree  to  our  regiment  was  indeed  composed  of  honeyed 
words,  oh  I  how  bitter,  what  gall  and  wormwood  made  up  the  sum 
of  conversation  in  each  succeeding  house,  regarding  the  occupants, 
and  especially  the  lady  occupants,  of  every  other  house  in  the  sta- 
tion ;  we  had  indeed  heard  enough,  during  these  two  days,  to  make 
us  look  with  suspicion  upon  every  lady  in  Dandgunge- 

\V:is  there  no  exception  to  this  sweeping  condemnation  ?  Yes, 
then  was  one  I  So  it  is  in  all  stations  that  I  have  seen  in  India — 
jealousies,  un charitableness,  back-biting  and  slander  rule  pre-eminent, 
and  1  griare  to  be  obliged  to  say,  that  in  some  instoaoet,  at  tout 
some  of  the  ladies  who,  from  the  peculiar  position  and  sacred  calling 
of  their  husbands,  ought  to  endeavour  by  every  possible  means  to 
cast  oil  upon  the  troubled  waters,  seem  to"  live  for  no  other  purpose 
than  to  keep  the  apple  of  discord  in  continual  movement,  and  to 
heap  fuel  on  the  fire  that  already  burns  too  fiercely. 

Fortunate  it  is  that  in  all  stations   there  are  one  or  two  good 
spirits — guardian  angels,  as  it  were — who  not  only  keep  aloof  from 
scenes  of  strife  and  jealousy  such  as  I  have  alluded  to,  but  are  ever 
ready,  should  opportunity  offer,  to  palliate  short  comings  in  others, 
to  restore,  aa  far  as  in  them  lies,  the  understandings  that  have 

L unfortunately  been  shaken  or  broken, 
Ladies  of  this   description-— alas  I  that  in  India  their  numbers 
are  so  few  [—conscious  of  their  own  integrity,  arc  the  more  inclined 
to  give  others  credit  for  similar  uprightness  of  sentiment,     Viewing, 
as  they  do,  the  favourable  aide  of  human  nature,  and  fully  urns* 


a 

tl 

lti-Li 

tag 

bee 


that  no  undue  freedom  can  be  taken  by  any  man  where  dignity  and 
true  feminine  delicacy  exist,  manifest  little  or  none  of  fch.ii 
nesa  of  behaviour  in  public  that  those  of  an  opposite   description 
take  so  much  pains  to  display.     They  are   invariably  agreeable  in 
conversation,  the  more  so  that  they  are  utterly  free  from  the  spleen 
and  Tonom  that  form  the  staple  conversation  among  the  mass.     Bui 
what,  think  you,  is  usually  the  consequence  ?     It  is  inconceivable ; 
et  the  fact  is  indisputable,  that  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  such  a  ladr 
as  no  chance  whatever  against  the  mass  who  array  themselves  ii 
the  opposition  ranks.     There,  for  instance ,  is  the  very  lady  at  whose 
house  we  the  other  day  saw  what  seemed  to  be  Captain  Snooks'* 
►uggy,  when  the  door  was  closed  to  us,  and  where,  ii  we  huve  not 
leen  misinformed,  the  same  buggy  might  have  been  seen  any  or  i 
day  during  the  past  six  months — evers  indeed,  since  it  ceas«  <l 
seen  in  the  same  way  at  the  house  two  cow-pounds  of£ — well,  there 
is  the  lady  in  question,  actually  having  the  cool  impertinence  to  bow 
her  sliifet  how  to  really  the  one  of  her  sex  to  whom,  above  all  other* 
ia  the  station,  deference  and  respect  are  dye ;  while  she  recognise*, 
with  the  utmost  cordiality,  that  other  lady,  who  not  more  than  i 
oath  ago  was  tbund  flirting  in  the  shrubbery  very  late  in  the  i 
with  young  Tomkms  of  the  Cavalry,  who  had  landed  for  a  day 
i  the  steamer  by  which  he  was  proceeding  on  sick  leave. 
*,  then,  our  opinion  of  the  fair  sex  generally  at  Uandgunge  was 
hat  has  now  been  recorded,  there  was  one  who  was,  and  I  hope  wiU 
ever  be,  an  exception,     I  have  already  said  that  the  number  of  such 
India  is  small ;  permit  me,  therefore,  my  dear  reader,  to  describe 
r,  so  that  should  you  ever  meet  her,  you  may  not  pass  in  the  crowd 
thout  recognising  her  sylph-like  figure.     But  harkee — one  word  ■ 
ir  oar— when  you  do  meet,  say  that  Mr.  Alexander  presents  hit 
d  regards,  and  wishes  her  health  and  happiness. 
Mrs.  Spence  was  one  of  those  ladies  who,  although  rarely,  ye1 
metimes  cross  our  path — whom  to  see  is  to  wish  to  know,  and 
to  know  is  to  like  and  esteem.     Slight,  delicate^  and   fragile  ui 
e,  gentle  and  retiring  in  manners,  she  looks,  as  she  really  is, 
o  etherial  a  being  to  be  appreciated  by  the  viper-tongued  sister- 
ood  of  Dandgunge.     Her  finely-chiselled,  yet  somewhat  decided 
atures — the  light  hazel  eye,  the  expressive  mouth,  at  once  beam* 
ig  with  intelligence  and  kindness  towards  the  person  who  seeks 
her  conversation,  whether  that  person  be  gentleman  or  lady— while 
the  clear,  but  alas !  delicate  complexion,  brightens  with  an  increased 
colour,  that  gives  rise  to  painful  apprehensions  lest  the  rapid  sue- 
n  of  pink  and  paleness  do  not  indeed  indicate  too  great  a  de- 
gree of  constitutional  delieaey  to  long  withstand  the  terribly  trying 
affects  of  an  Indian  climate* 

Pre-eminently,  and  above  all  others,  she  was  the  lady  to  whom  most 
universal  attention  was  paid  ;  and  why  ?  For  this  simple  reason, 
that  she,  more  than  any  other  among  them,  possessed  those  good 
qualities  that  always  command  admiration  and  respect.  But  could 
her  own  sex  see  this  ?  Ko  ;  blinded  as  they  were  by  jealousy,  they 
eouid  not,  no  more  than  they  could  realise  the  fact  that  they  them- 


1859.] 


FBOtt  CAMP  TO  (JCABTEE3. 


249 


delves  were  utterly  wanting  in  those  qualities  of  mind  or  body  that 
usually  constitute  the  great  attractions  of  their  sex. 

I  have  seen  at  other  Indian  stations — nay,  I  have  met  with  at 
Peddlington's,  in  our  own  beloved  country,  a  few  ladies  of  the  type 
represented  here  by  nee  j  and  yet,  oddly  enough,  they  were, 

to  speak  the  word  plainly,  unpopular  among  their  own  sexT  How 
is  this  ?  Answer  ye  who  can*  I  confess  my  powers  of  analysis 
are  inadequate  to  the  task. 

The  little  we  had  already  seen  of  the  greater  number  of  the  resi- 
dents led  us  to  believe  that  the  more  we  should  know  of  them  the  less 
were  we  likely  to  enjoy  their  society.  We  already  began  to  con- 
sider that  the*  apologies  we  had  started  by  making  for  any  want  of 
cordiality  with  which  we  were  likely  to  meet  were  altogether  un- 
necessary, and  far  beside  the  mark.  It  was  therefore  with  no  small 
degree  of  gratification  we  contemplated  the  occurrence  of  cireum- 
stances  that,  for  the  time  being,  diverted  our  attention  from  the 
pettifogging  doings  of  the  station,  which,  after  all,  scarcely  deserve 
the  amount  of  notice  I  find  I  have  been  gradually  led  on  to  give 
them.  It  is  therefore  with  considerable  pleasure  I  turn  for  a  little 
to  general  subjects,  although  it  will  be  my  duty  again  to  revert,  in 
this  narrative,  to  some  of  the  doings  as  well  as  misdoings  at  Band- 

gunge- 

Although,  with  a  view  to  avoid  being  unnecessarily  personal  in 

my  remarks,  I  have  deemed  it  advisable  to  give  fictitious  names  to 
some  people  as  well  as  to  places,  and  shall  continue  to  do  so  when  I 
think  it  necessary,  the  detail  of  the  public  occurrences  about  to  be 
narrated  would  lose  much  if  not  the  whole  of  its  interest  were  not 
real  names  of  localities  to  he  indicated  in  relating  them,  In  the 
latter  respect,  therefore,  I  shall,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  men- 
tion the  names  of  the  precise  places  alluded  to. 

For  six  weeks  prior  to  marching  into  quarters,  the  Onety-Gneth 
constituted  part  of  a  force  that,  after  much  arduous  service, 
succeeded  in  expelling  from  the  jungles  near  Jugdespore  a  rebel 
horde  that  had  for  some  time  concealed  themselves  there.  On  the 
final  expulsion  of  the  rebels  from  the  district,  it  was  deemed  only 

■  necessary  that  a  party  of  Seikh  troops  should  garrison  the  principal 
town,  a  British  regiment  being  detained  at  Arrah  in  case  of  any 
emergency  arising  to  require  its  services ;  such  a  contingency,  how* 
ever,  being  deemed  highly  improbable,  so  long  as  our  Punjabee 
allies — whose  prowess  was  highly  vaunted — should  remain  in  occu- 
pation of  the  capital  town  of  the  district. 

■  But  all  Asiatics  are  much  alike,  at  least  in  one  respect — their 
want  of  self-reliance.  This  is  a  quality  which  neither  Seikh  nor 
Sepoy  ever  did  possess,  else  the  British  m  ould  act  now  be  in  posses- 
sion of  India  ■  and  however  much  it  may  have  suited  the  purposes  of 
policy,  during  the  late  terrible  crisis,  to  have  extolled  whatever  military 
qualities  the  Seikhs  did  possess,  and  attributed  to  them  very  mauy  to 
which  they  had,  in  justice,  not  the  slightest  pretension,  the  lact  is 
unquestionable,  that,  except  when  supported  by  English  soldiers, 
or,  aa  the  Irish  would  say,  "co^vanieat  to  them,  they  cease  to  act 
with  resolution  or  decision;  except,  to  be  aure,  in  cases  where  the^ 


cannot  help  themselves  ;  so,  in  the  absurds-lauded  affair  called  the 
defence  of  Arrah  House,  where  they  were  run  to  earth,  and  resisted 
the  enemies  from  without  much  as  a  badger  would  a  dog  that  at* 
tempted  to  "draw  him.'* 

In  the  present  instance,  no  sooner  had  the  British  portion  of  the 
force  marched  a  few  miles  from  Jugdespore,  than  the  Seikh  garrison 
lel'L  there  began  to  manifest  symptoms  of  uneasiness.  It  did  not 
BBeai  to  enter  into  their  calculation  that,  even  in  the  event— a  very 
improbable  one — of  their  being  attacked  by  the  rebel  Sepoys,  there 
was  such  a  thing  as  heating  them  off,  All  that  they  considered  was, 
apparently,  the  necessity  of  their  own  annihilation.  Need 
wonder,  then,  that  the  ludicrous  termination  that  has  to  be  related 
crowned  our  operations  iigainst  the  rebels  ? 

n-cely  had  the  rear  of  our  force  got  out  of  sight  uf  the  g) 
than  the  Seikhs  evacuated  it  in  a  body,  leaving  the  town  that,  after 
much  trouble  in  capturing,  we  had  held  for  a  month  and  a  half,  at 
the  mercy  of  the  rebels,  who  quietly  walked  in  as  they  marched  out, 
forthwith  commencing  a  series  of  atrocities  and  cruelties  upon  all 
throughout  the  district  who  were  believed  to  have  been  friendly 
to  ua. 

Bevenue  was  being  collected  by  the  rebels ;  police-stations  estab- 
lished along  the  lines  of  communication,  by  authority  of  Umnxur 
Singh,  their  ostensible  leader;  the  property  of  natives  who  had 
assisted  the  English  or  sold  supplies  to  them  destroyed  ;  the  people 
themselves  murdered,  and  their  families  insulted  in  some  of  the 
various  ways  most  in  accordance  with  Grfental  beastliness  ; — t 
circumstances  tended  to  give  us  subject  for  thought.  It  was  pro- 
bable we  should,  notwithstanding  that  the  rains  had  set  iu,  ha  ^ 
take  the  field  again,  and  we  made  preparations  accordingly. 

Meantime  the  intelligence  from  elsewhere  was  generally  favour- 
able. Gwalior  had  beeu  recaptured  by  Hir  Hugh  fiose;  tfie  Bi 
of  Jhansi,  one  of  our  most  inveterate  as  well  as  able  foes,  killed.  In 
Gude,  Sir  Hope  Grant  had  surprised  the  rebel  force  at  night,  killing 
upwards  of  six  hundred;  the  famous  Moulvie,  of  Lucknow,  be- 
headed,—his  head,  it  was  said,  having  been  sent  in  and  identified ; 
and  even  in  our  own  neighbourhood  a  body  of  rebels,  who  had  at- 
tacked a  police  force,  had  by  them  been  repulsed. 

There  was  one  circumstance,  however,  that  although  in  itself 
trilling,  could  not  be  looked  upon  otherwise  than  as  indicating  that 
the  spread  of  disaffection  among  the  armed  levies  in  the  service  oi 
Government,  still  continued. 

A  small  body  of  convicted  rebels  were  being  sent  under  escort  of 
some  "  Nujeebs,"  or  jail-guards,  towards  Calcutta,  in  view  to  undergo 
transportation,  to  which  they  had  been  sentenced,  when  at  a  place 
(;i  11  id  Gyah  there  must  have  undoubtedly  been  a  collusion  between 
thrrru  for  the  guards  quietly  permitted  them  to  escape.  About  the 
same  time  other  bodies  of  these  armed  native  policemen  showed 
themselves  to  be  not  trustworthy;  and  it  wras  resolved  by  the  civil 
authorities,  under  whose  direct  jurisdiction  they  are,  that  they  si  h 
be  disarmed. 

From  all  these  circumstances  we  scarcely  expected  that  our  sojourn 


1859,] 


FBOM  CAME  TO  QUABTEBS. 


251 


at  Dandgunge  should  be  a  protracted  one}  nor  were  we  particularly 
sorry  at  the  prospect,  considering  the  impressions  we  had  he  en  led 
to  form  of  some  of  the  people  there,  we  bad  almost  already  for- 
gotten the  terrible  heat  and  the  discomfort  with  which  we  had  had 
to  bear  during  the  preceding  three  months,  the  temperature  on  some 
occasions  actually  reaching  1 16  degrees  F*  Now  that  the  rains  had 
fairly  set  in,  we  were  enabled  to  sit  with  comfort  in  rooms  without 
punkahs  and  with  open  doors,  the  thermometer  marking  S6  degrees, 
which  although  oppressive  in  Engiand3  felt  agreeably  cool  to  ua 
here. 

The  continual  receipt  of  unsatisfactory  intelligence  from  the  dis- 
tricts where  bodies  of  the  rebels  were  known  to  be,  and  the  almost 
daily  reports  that  reached  the  station  of  their  existence  in  greater  of 
Idas  force  in  parts  where  their  presence  had  not  been  anticipated, 
decided  the  military  authorities  to  take  steps  accordingly* 

The  difficulty  of  moving  any  considerable  body  of  British  troops 
along  cross  roads  in  pursuit  of  natives,  who  knew  every  spot  of  the 
country,  and  the  serious  results  to  the  men  themselves  that  ware 
anticipated,  from  exposure  to  continued  wet  at  this  atatiou,  farmed 
obstacles  of  no  slight  magnitude  against  any  expedition  that  might 
havefboen  contemplated,  The  question,  therefore,  came  to  he  whether, 
under  the  circumstances!  it  was  the  more  advisable  plan  to  leave  the 
rebels  for  the  time  being  in  possession  of  the  parts  of  the  districts 
where  they  had  established  themselves,  taking  it  for  granted  that 
with  the  return  of  dry  weather  they  would  be  easily  expelled,  or 
that  small  bodies  of  troops  should  now  be  put  in  movement,  with  ;i 
view  both  to  harass  the  rebels,  and  to  product1  a  certain  moral  effect 
upon  any  of  the  people  who  might  still  be  favourable  to  us,  but 
whose  allegiance  could  not  be  reckoned  upon  one  instant  longer  than 
tluv  saw  that'we  still  possessed  the  power  of  resistance.  The  latter 
proceeding  was  accordingly  resolved  upon,  and  Brigadier  Douglas 
of  the  79th,  appointed  to  take  command  of  the  troops  that  were  to 
be  employed  in  the  disturbed  districts. 

Although  we  had  but  so  lately  come  into  quarters  from  field  ser- 
vice, one  half  the  regiment  was  now  held  in  readiness  to  proceed  any 
where  at  a  moment's  notice*  A  fuw  days  afterwards  intimation  was 
ived  that  a  body  of  rebels  were  besieging  a  civil  officer  and  some 
Seikh  allies,  in  a  small  fort  at  a  little  distance  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  river.  As  is  always  the  ease  when  members  of  the  Bengal  civil 
sen-ice  find  themselves  hard  pressed,  so  in  the  present  instance  the 
difficulties  of  the  moment  were  described  as  insurmountable  ;  unless 
reinforcements  were  instantly  sent,  the  consequences  would  be  dss- 
Mslruus  to  our  hold  of  India/  Mr.  Frost  and  his  magnificent  body 
of  men  woidd  be  annihilated  ;  the  news  of  the  anticipated  victory  over 
the  English  would  spread  like  wildtire  far  mil  near;  the  population 
of  the  neighbouring  provinces  would  rise  as  one  man,  and  with  the 
destruction riof  this  cue rgeti c  civil) an|and  his  hi aek  garrison  w  ould  in* 
t'ut:iH\  pound  the  death  knell  of  British  rule  in  India. 

HA  would  have  supposed  from  the  urgent  nature  of 
the   i  that  hourly    inundated   Dandgunge.     It   was   clear, 

therelbre,  that  if  two  such  terrible  cataaUupIu/s  were  to  be  averted 


252 


FHOM   CAMP  TO   QUAETEHS. 


[Jinn, 


at  fill,  this  could  only  bo  elicited  by  immediate  and  decisive  m 
Observe,  then,  the  result.     Four  companies  of  the  Onety-Oiietb, 
fully  equipped  for  the  serious  and  important  service  on  which  they 
were  about  to  be  engaged,  embarked  on  board  a  river  stea 
thus  proceeded  to  the  relief  of  their  besieged  countrymen. 

In  the  hurry  and  anxiety  of  the  commander  of  the  Teasel  t<»  n 
his  fh^tmation,  and  calculating  on  the  nee  that  had  taken  pla> 
the  river,  he  steered  along  a  snorter  course  than  ihe  one  he  - 
otherwise  have  followed.     But  alas!  alas!    for  human  calculations' 
The  depth  of  water  in  the  channel  was  not  so  great  aa  he  antieipati 
—a  heavy  dull  grating  feeling  was  experienced  by  the  living  m; 
that  crowded  the  decks  ;  suddenly  the  whole  received  an  impe 
forward — they  jumbled  against  each  other  in  the  most  helpless  but 
unpleasant  manner.     Something  surely  was  wrong, — they  had  stuck 
fast  and  firm  in  the  mud,  and  there  they  contrived  to  stick  for  more 
than  the  whole  day. 

But  the  object  of  the  expedition  had  been  achieved,  notwithstand- 
ing this  small  mishap-  The  Sepoys  love  not  the  near  proximo 
British  soldiers,  especially  when  the  latter  are  on  war  intent ;  and 
perhaps  of  all  soldiers  in  India,  those  of  the  Gnety-Onetb  were  of  all 
others  their  greatest  horror.  When,  therefore,  the  news  reached 
the  rebel  camp  that  half  this  regiment  had  actually  started.,  panic 
transferred  itself  from  besieged  to  besiegers,  neither  of  whom  had 
ever  calculated  on  the  chances  of  the  whole  proceedings  being  stuck 
on  a  sand  bank  in  the  river  Ganges,  Had  they  done  so  indeed, 
matters  might  still  have  worn  a  different  aspect  than  they  did ;  but, 
fortune  ever  favours  the  brave* 

At  last  the  steamer  was  got  off — proceeded  on  its  course,  and  i  n 
due  time  reached  the  place  appointed  for  the  disembarkation  of  the 
living  cargo.  A  note  was  put  into  the  hand  of  the  commanding 
officer,  He  reads  ;  and  lo  !  no  sooner  had  the  troops  under  him  left 
their  station,  than  the  rebel  hordes  raised  their  siege.  ^lr.  Frost 
stOl  existed,  and  the  annihilation  of  British  power  in  India  wn? 
an  event  of  the  future.  Here,  then,  was  what  is  called  "  moral  "  efle 
with  a  vengeance. 

Shortly  after  this  occurrence,  the  arrival  of  a  regiment  new  to 
the  country  was  an  event  that  gave  rise  to  some  degree  of  m\ 
in  Bondgungej  albeit  the  interest  to  some  of  us  was  painful. 

^Nowhere  on  the  face  of  the  earth  can  the  circumstances  attending 
the  arrivals  of  a  regiment  for  the  first  time  in  a  country  be  more 
disagreeable  to  the  individuals  concerned  than  they  are  in  India. 
Everything  strikes  them  with  unpleasant  distinctness  as  being  so 
extremely  different  from  what  they  had  been  accustomed  to.  There 
is  a  thoroughly  un-English  look  and  style  about  everything — thi 
half  naked  black  creatures  who  swarm  everywhere,  twisting 
lithe  forms  into  strange  and  inelegant  attitude,  grinning,  chatte 
unintelligible  . sounds,  or  sitt bg  monkey-like  on  their  haunches^ 
looking  on  with  stoical  indifference-—  cannot  do  otherwise  than  s 
the  new  arrival  with  surprise  and  bewilderment, 

Then  come  the  awkward  means  and  ways  of  doing  everything, 
even  the  moat  simple  operation.     The  boats,  the  carts,  the 


l  in 
■„M 
ns! 
ted, 
lass 
tus 
but 

L, 


1*59.  i 


IIIOM   CAMP  TO   QUABTEHS. 


253 


manner  of  the  natives  in  lifting  and  conveying  an  ordinary  parcel, 
are  all  uncouth,,  if  not  ridiculous ;  and  it  is  impossible  for  a  person 
who  baa  become  accustomed  to  this  state  of  things  to  observe, 
without  being  highly  amused,  the  first  conflict  thai  on  arrival  of  a 
fresh  regiment  takes  place  between  the  customs  of  the  two  races — 
between,  in  bet*  civilisation  and  barbarism* 

At  tins,  the  very  threshold  of  their  service  in  India,  the  new 
arrivals  learn,  and  are  convinced,  as  they  will  be  the  longer  they 
remain,  that  barbarism  has  the  best  of  itT  and  the  sooner  they  make 
up  their  minds  to  accommodate  their  ideas  and  guide  their  conduct 
accordingly,  the  better  will  it  be  for  their  own  mental  quietude — 
and  the  better  in  all  likelihood  for  their  worldly  prospects;  but  of 
this  subject  more  hereafter* 

After  many  hours  of  hard  work  in  a  stifling  atmosphere,  and  under 
an  intensely  powerful  sun,  the  heavy  baggage  of  the  regiment  is 
landed  and  packed  upon  that  most  ricketty  and  awkward  of  all 
wheeled  conveyance,  an  Indian  bullock  hackery,  for  the  corps  is  not 
to  remain  here,  but  at  once  march  on  towards  the  disturbed  part  of 
the  district.  Everything  is  in  readiness  to  commence  their  march 
on  the  morrow  $  and  we,  old  campaigners  in  India,  cannot  help 
mentally  exclaiming  *:  poor  fellows !  how  many  of  you  who  now 
manifest  such  glee  at  getting  on  shore  will  ever  leave  the  land  that 
has  formed  the  graves  of  so  many  of  your  countrymen." 

The  heavy  rain  that  some  days  previously  had  fallen  had  now  ceased, 
the  upper  sky  was  once  more  blue  and  cloudless,  although  dark 
streaks  or  large  white  masses  of  vapour  still  hung  about  the  horizon  ; 
not  a  breath  of  air  agitated  the  still  damp  atmosphere  j  the  sun 
poured  down  liia  heat  and  glare  with  an  intensity  that  no  written 
description  can  express,  only  personal  experience  fully  realize,  and 
the  heavy  offensive  exhalations  from  the  pestiferous  earth  produced 
for  the  time  being  a  sensation  of  nausea  and  sickness  among  all  who 
were  exposed  to  them,  even  those  who  in  common  language  were  the 
most  acclimatised. 

Under  such  circumstances,  what*  think  vou,  was  the  style  of  cos- 
tume worn  by  the  men  who  were  now  undergoing  their  initiation  ? 
None  [other  than  the  heavy  thick  woollen  dress  of  a  soldier  in  a 
British  whiter. 

Strange,  however,  that  the  senses  of  the  men  themselves  were 
apparently  eo  blunted,  that  they  were  seemingly  unconscious  of  the 
torment  they  were  thus  made  to  undergo,  or  perhaps  it  may  have 
been  that  as  good  or  bad  are  merely  known  by  contrast,  they  were 
in  that  happy  condition  of  ignorance  in  which,  not  having  yet  learnt 
the  comfort  attending  a  lighter  style  of  costume,  they  had  no 
standard  of  comparison  whereby  to  judge  their  then  condition.  So  it 
was  also  with  the  men  of  the  military  train  who,  during  the  intensity  of 
the  hot  dry  weather,  continued  on  Held  service  to  wear  their  woollen 
dress,  and  so  far  as  could  be  then  observed,  with  no  other  immediate 
effect  than  in  one  respect  at  least  to  render  themselves  extremely 
offensive  to  each  other,  and  most  remarkably,  and  especially  so,  to 
any  "  outsider"  who  happened  to  approach  their  vicinity. 
Ho  amount  of  experience  would  seem  to  awaken  our  military 


254  THE    FLE3T   DBIT1S1I    TBOOPS   IK    LISBON.  [JuifE, 

authorities  to  tlie  necessity  of  issuing  the  moat  stringent  orders  to 
commanding  officers  bringing  troops  to  India,  that  under  no  cir- 
cumstances whatever  should  the  men  wear  other  than  the  prescribed 
dress  for  the  particular  season  in  which  they  may  arrive* 

What  was  the  result  in  the  present  instance?  The  regiment 
marched  out  of  the  station  at  four  o'clock  the  following  morning — 
their  fin*  camp  ground  was  only  eight  miles  distant,  yet  by  the 
time  they  reached  it,  three  of  their  numbers  lay  dead,  and  a  great 
many  prostrated  and  helpless  by  sunstrokes. 


" 


THE  FIBST  BEITIBII  TEOOPS  IN  LISBON. 

BY   POETFJBE. 

The  Buns  were  not  always  the  smart  regiment  they  an-  now.  In 
the  early  part  of  the  Peninsular  War,  they  decidedly  would  not  have 
cut  so  good  a  figure  at  a  review,  or  on  a  palace  guard,  as  the  seventh 
Fusiliers,  or  the   Forty -third  light  Bobs,  or  the  Fifty -second, 

Kighty-fiftb,  or  any  other  crack  corps  in  his  Majesty's  service, 
In  fact,  not  to  mince  the  matter,  their  appearance  was  so  slo 
at  the  period  I  allude  to,  that  they  were  universally  known  in  the 
British  army  in  Portugal  by  the  sobriquet  of  the  dirty  Buns,  Perhroe 
their  colonel  was  a  descendant  of  Lady  Mary  WurtW  Monta^uX 
so  celebrated  for  her  negligence  in  all  matters  connected  with  the 
toilette;  or,  perhaps  he  sympathized  with  hazy  Bob  Rouen* 
ours >  who  always  coupled  the  words,  "  comfortable  and  dirty  f*  or 
what  is  still  more  probable,  he  might  have  agreed  with  hia  illustrious 
chief  himself,  that  provided  a  soldier  did  his  duty,  it  very  little 
mattered  what  his  appearance  was,  and  it  must  bo  confessed  to  their 
credit,  that  the  third  Buffs  were  always  well  up  to  their  work,  and 
that  better  or  braver  soldiers  never  took  the  field, 

Now,  every  one  who  is  old  enough,  rememembers  the  Convention 
of  Cintra,  which  was  signed  by  Sir  Hugh  Dalrymple,  Sir  Hurry 
Burrard,  and,  much  against  the  grain,  by  Wellington  himself  then 
only  Sir  Arthur  W'cllesly,  and  which,  among  other  jeux  ifcxprit  at 
the  time,  called  forth  the  following  :— 

SirArtliarittnlSir  Hurry,  SirlTniry  and  Sir  Hugh  ; 
i\-tlocHlIet  rack-a-doodlc,  cock-a-doodle  doo ! 
Sir  Arthur  tea  brave  knight,  but  tor  the  other  tu>», 
yiiig  cock-fiHloodk,  cock-a-doodlo,  0O<&fr4oodk  Joo ! 

And  certainly,  as  far  as  Sir  Arthur  was  concerned,  it  must 
allowed  that  there  was  ample  cause  for  crowing,  seeing  what  a 
down,   regular  game  cock  he  afterwards  turned  out.     Well, 
after  this  said  Convention  of  Cintra  was  signed,  a  detachment  of 
the  third  Bulls  was  ordered  to  relieve  the  garrison  of  Peniche,  * 
waa  to  be  given  up  to  us.    The  company  selected  for  this  duty 


ive 

s 


1859.]  PAST—  PBESJSNT — FUTUBE.  255 

old  C 's,  notoriously  the  dirtiest  and  most  slovenly  in  the  whole 

regiment. 

"  Well,"  continued  P ,  who  was  a  subaltern  at  the  time  in 

C 's  company,  and  from  whom  I  had  the  relation, "  when  we  got  to 

Peniche,  after  a  previous  dirty  fatiguing  march,  we  found  the  French- 
men all  ready  to  set  off  to  Lisbon,  and  a  remarkably  smart  clean 
set  of  fellows  they  all  were,  I  must  say,  quite  in  apple-pie  order, 
and  splendidly  equipped ;  forming  about  just  as  great  a  contrast  to 
us  rough  and  rum  ones  as  you  can  possibly  imagine.  And  didn't 
we  envy  'em,  lucky  rogues !  going  back  to  Lisbon,  which  none  of  us 
had  ever  seen ;  where  all  the  good  wine  and  pretty  girls  were,  that9 8 
all — for,  queer  customers  as  we  were,  we  had  no  sort  of  objection,  I 
can  tell  you,  to  the  amusements  and  creature  comforts  of  the  capi- 
tal.    Well,  old  C ,  who  had  as  little  objection  to  'em  himself,  as 

either  of  us  young  ones,  called  us  both  to  the  front,  and  when  we 
were  out  of  earshot  of  the  men,—'  Boys,'  says  he,  '  how  should  you 
like  to  go  to  Lisbon  ? '  I  needn't  tell  you  what  our  answer  was. 
'  Then  we'll  go,  boys  ! '  says  he.  4  It  is  but  misunderstanding  our 
orders.  As  soon  as  ever  these  French  fellows  are  off,  we'll  follow 
'em  !'  which  we  did,  all  ragged,  and  soiled,  and  footsore,  as  we  were. 
Well,  when  we  got  to  the  grand  parade  at  Lisbon,  by  Jove,  sir !  we 
found  Junot  and  Laborde,  and  that  terrible  tearing  fellow,  Loison, 
with  his  one  arm,  mounted  on  his  white  English  charger,  together 
with  the  whole  staff  and  garrison  of  Lisbon,  assembled  all  in  full 
fig ;  and  I  just  leave  you  to  imagine  what  sort  of  a  figure  we  cut, 
tailing  these  splendid  Frenchmen,  with  our  one  fife  and  drum,  play- 
ing "  The  girl  I  left  behind  me,"  and  fat,  pudgey,  smouchey  old 

C marching  in  front,  doing  grand,  and  looking  for  all  the  world 

like  some  strolling  actor,  hired  to  play  Bombastes  Furioso,  or  Chro- 
nonhotonthologas  in  the  burlesque.  By  Jove,  sir!  the  whole 
parade  were  in  a  roar;. and  Junot,  who  was  himself  dying  with 
laughter,  sent  Loison  to  know  what  the  deuce  we  wanted  there. 

C pretended  that  it  was  his  orders,  and  Loison,  not  knowing 

how  to  deal  with  the  matter,  and  seeing  we  were  but  one  company, 

told  C that  as  we  were  there  we  might  stay  there.     C— - — 

thanked  him,  and  told  Loison  in  return  that  he  had  seen  him  at 
Vimeira,  mounted  on  the  very  white  horse  he  then  rode,  adding 
'  and  when  you  began  to  retreat,  my  eje  !  how  you  did  go  it  /' 


PAST,  PEESENT,  FUTTJKE. 


Pbobablt  before  this  is  in  the  press  the  scourge  of  war  will  have 
devastated  some  of  the  fairest  provinces  in  the  world,  and  thousands 
have  felt  the  bitterness  of  death.  All  around  is  the  clang  of  arms, 
and  nations  preparing  to  meet  nation.  At  present  the  cry  is  the 
freedom  of  Italy  and  the  reduction  of  Austria's  pride  ;  but  how  long 
will  this  ui'ipaying  war  last?  How  long  will  money-borrowing, 
much-taxed  France,  Crimean-crippled  Russia,  and  indebted  Sardinia, 

U.  S.  Mag.,  No.  307,  June,  1851).  s 


256 


PAST — PRESENT — EI  TLTRE. 


be  co  with  defeating  pov(  it  y-strieken  AuitriaV     Will  Loin - 

bardy  be  sufficient  recompense  for  the  expense  and  carnage  that  must 
ensue?     Will  press- gagged,  spy- rid  den  France,  or  the  Autocracy  of 
liussia   be  satisfied  wfth  making  Italy  free  ?     Will  the  power 
in i  years  ago  crushed  Italy's  struggle  for  freedom  allow  it  now  { 
"Will  the  two  great  -us  be  contented  with  wresting  a  province 

from  a  brother  despot?  No — never.  Kussia  and  France  have  not 
joined  hands,  have  not  entered  into  aji  alliance  offensive  and  defensive 
tor  the  mere  punishment  of  Austria,  or  the  giving  freedom  to  Italy. 
They  are  too  poor  for  revenge  only,  too  cold-blooded  for  philan- 
thropy. 

The  game  is  deep,  and  has  been  well  thought  over,  Long  before  the 
insult  offered  to  the  Austrian  on  the  1st  January,  bad  a  campaign 
against  Austria  been  determined  upon  by  France^  and  Sardinia 
to  make  the  first  move-  How  long  before  this  was  the  first  t 
entered  into  between  Prance  and  Russia,  f  Mouths  probably  ;  the 
friendship  between  ihese  despotisms  has  not  been  of  mushroom  growth, 
It  will  not  prove  to  hart*  been  cemented  and  resolved  upon  in  u  day, 
It  will  date  back  from  the  time  of  the  patehed*up  peace  after  tfic 
Crimea,  ami  it  has  been  since  then  daily  increasing, 

Would  Prance  alone  have  dared  to  treat  England  with  contempt, 
and  have  run  the  risk  of  war  by  permitting  the  publication  of  cer- 
tain bombastic,  insulting  addresses  from  over -valiant  colonels? 
Would  France  and  Sardinia  combined  dare  to  infringe  treaties  and 
route  hi  Europe  the  spirit  of  discord,  spreading  misery  all  around, 
had  they  not  known  that  the  great  northern  power  would  help  1 

Was  France  ever  willing  for  the  affair  to  he   amicably  settled? 
Was  she  not  encouraging  Sardinia  bo  give  offence,  and  thus  m 
hslng  our  every  effort  at  peace-making  t     How  about  Lord  Cowley  *i 
mission,  and  during  hie  absence)  the  congress  proposed  by  ft 
How  about  refusing  now  to  agree  to  our  last  arrangement,  and 
as  Austria  has  agreed  to  dof     Does  not  all  this  prove  her  a 
for  war,  and  a  degree  of  certainty  in  gaming  her  end,  which  would 
not  have  existed  had  she  believed  that  Bussia,  Prussia,  and  England 
Wi  i  urse  slic  would  eventually  pursue? 

Those  great  arm  its  and  navies  arc  collected  for  other  purpoi 
than  revenge  or  philanthropy.  They  are  for  plunder.  The  i 
of  "Jly  I "ncle"  will  be  strictly  followed,  and  the  war  carried  into 
the  enemy's  country.  "  Feed  on  the  enemy  **'  and  that  enemy,  w  beo 
Austria  is  crushed,  and  Prussia  surrounded  and  helpless,  wiD  he 
England, 

Waterloo  must  be  avenged  and  the  Crimea  wiped  out,  England 
was  victorious  at  both  places,  and  her  pride  must  be  humbled.  It 
ia  a  stake  worth  playing  for.  To  checkmate,  erase  from  the  map  of 
nations — aye,  ev(  Jte  Great  Britain  sue  for  terms — would 

amph  compi  My  Uncle's  detention  and  death  at  St.  II 

orforArma,  lukcrmai].  or  SebaatopoL  Let  our  navy  be  crippled, 
our  army  be  occupied  in  defending  our  coasts,  colonies,  and  forth 
Bed  ports  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  Russia  can  repay  herself  for 
tin*  expenses  of  crushing  Austria  end  freeing  Italj  by  taki] 
of  the  long-cove'ed  land  of  Turkey.     The  man  there  is  still  sit  k. 


uld 
md 

sea 
dm 


1859.]  PAST—  PBESEffT — FUTURE.  257 

a  solitary  power,  far  weaker  than  when  assailed  five  years  ago,  and 
with  Europe  in  a  blaze,  her  ally,  England,  hard  pressed,  and  the 
Gaul  no  longer  a  friend,  she  would  fall  an  easy  prey  to  her  old 
enemy. 

With  such  views  of  the  past,  present,  and  future,  it  behoves  us 
here  to  be  prepared.  The  past  has  shown  how  treacherous  is  our  ally, 
France ;  the  present  proves  the  good  understanding  that  exists  be- 
tween two  of  the  most  powerful  despotisms  in  Europe ;  and  the  fu- 
ture looms  dark  and  dangerous.  We  shall  do  well  to  be  ready  for 
contingencies.  How  can  this  best  be  done?  There  are  no  two 
ways;  and  so,  notwithstanding  the  cheese-paring  of  Cobden,  Bright, 
and  Co.,  this  country  must  submit  to  an  additional  taxation  for 
the  increase  both  of  her  naval  forces  and  army. 

In  the  first,  sufficient  inducement  must  be  held  out  to  make  men 
enter  themselves,  and  our  navy  thus  be  properly  manned.  The  same 
plan  that  answers  in  the  merchant  navy  would  surely  succeed  in  ours ; 
and  the  adoption  of  their  method  might  be  followed  with  advantage. 
If  it  is  tyranny,  if  it  is  bad  pay,  or  whatever  the  cause  may  be  that 
prevents  men  taking  to  the  navy,  let  it  be  sought  after  and  removed. 
There  is  no  time  to  lose.  Ships  cannot  now  remain  on  an  average 
four  months  after  being  commissioned,  waiting  for  crews  ;  and  the 
time,  thank  heaven,  has  passed,  that  would  permit  fathers  and  sons 
to  be  torn  from  their  homes,  and  forced  to  serve  on  board  a  ship, 
leaving  wives,  sisters,  and  daughters  to  fall  on  the  streets,  or  perish. 
Increase  the  marines  and  increase  the  army. 

To  do  this  last  is  certainly  by  no  means  an  easy  task ;  and  it  is 
with  a  wish  to  show  where  disciplined  and  good  soldiers  are  to  be 
obtained  that  has  led  to  this  article. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  on  the  mere  rumour  of  war,  volunteers 
would  rush  to  the  British  standard,  and  within  a  short  time  a  fine 
army  would  appear  on  paper ;  but  these  are  not  the  men  to  bring 
into  action,  or  to  lead  against  continental  armies  flushed  with  vic- 
tory. Volunteers  are  good  in  their  way,  but  take  long,  very  long, 
to  make  into  soldiers.  The  habit  of  implicit  obedience  is  hard  to 
acquire  by  men  that  have  long  known  independence.  Moreover, 
volunteers  diminish  in  number  and  spirit  as  the  enthusiasm  of  a  war 
wears  olf,  and  those  employed  are  apt  to  sigh  for  a  restoration  of  the 
comforts  which  patriotism  made  them  surrender.  Foreign  legions 
are  worse  than  useless ;  thev  own  no  authority,  owe  no  allegiance, 
and  are  at  the  call  of  the  highest  bidder.  Commanded  by  officers 
foreign  by  birth,  speaking  a  different  language,  jealous  of, and  disliking 
our  system  and  perhaps  ourselves  ;  such  regiments  are  not  likely  to 
repay  the  country  that  employs  them. 

.Men  must  be  had.  Soldiers  such  as  have  seen  war,  and  have 
proved  themselves  trustworthy  and  brave.  These  can  be  found  in 
Goorkhas  and  Seikhs  ;  and,  however  dangerous  it  may  appear  em- 
ploying such,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  before  the  idea  is  poon-poohed 
and  treated  as  a  dream,  the  plan  may  be  well  considered.  Remem- 
ber the  Seikh  and  Goorkha  are  no  effeminate  men,  inhabitants  of 
warm  climates,  and  unused  to  war  and  discipline.  Far  from  it ; 
thev  are,  in  a  manner,  born  to  arms,  and  in  physical  strength  are 

s    2 


258 


PART — PEESEST — FUTURE, 


[Jum 


a  mateli  tor  us  islanders.  In  courage  they  hare  few  equals,  except- 
ing m  the  British  soldier ;  and  tbmr  capabilities  of  enduring  expo- 
sure to  cold  is  proved  by  old  campaigns,  01*  their  trustworthiness 
there  can  be  but  little  doubt.  The  men  that  stood  our  friends 
when  the  enemy  opposed  to  them  and  us  were  rich  enough  to  bribe, 
and  sufficiently  victorious  to  make  any  but  the  most  sanguine  almost 
despair  of  success,  are  not  likely  to  fail  now.  They  fought  well  at 
Delhi,  Lucknow,  Bareilly,  and  Oudh*  They  are  trusted  with  pri- 
soners, forts,  and  treasure,  in  a  country  where  the  British  power 
has  once  been  lost,  and  yet  are  true  to  their  salt,  They  are  in  perfect 
discipline,  commanded  by  British  officers,  and  use  our  words  of 
command,  and  obey  our  regulations.  They  have  no  scruples  about 
-lug  seas,  eating  pork,  or  rations.  (Eating  beef  is,  however, 
forbidden.)     They  have  no  caste,  and  like  the  British  soldier* 

Surely  such  men  as  these  are  too  good  to  be  overlooked,  Whole 
regiments  would  volunteer  for  a  war  in  Welayut,  and,  once  away 
from  Iridic,  they  would  learn  more  of  our  power  and  success.  That 
as  a  race  they  are  restless  is  not  to  be  denied,  but  most  warlike  races 
are;  and  if  employment  can  he  found  for  such  so  much  the  bolter  for 
tin1  country  that  is  relieved  of  their  company.  To  India,  a  few  rf 
these  Punjaub  levies  being  sent  to  do  duty  in  the  colonies,  reli< 
English  regiments  required  for  home  service,  would  he  a  blessing 
financially  considered  ;  and  it  would  also  be  a  good  method  of  redu- 
cing the  present  too  powerful  and  numerous  native  army. 

Away  from  their  homes  they  could  find  no  inducement  to  rebel, 
no  sympathy,  no  reason  for  treachery.  Tlieir  wives  and  families  in 
our  hands  in  India  would  be  a  sufficient  guarantee  for  their  keeping 
faith.  Away  from  their  homes,  away  from  India,  they  would  see  hu\v 
great  is  the  power  of  that  Queen  now  proclaimed  Empress  of  India,  In 
our  ships  and  forts  would  they  see  our  strength,  and  on  their  return 
be  able  to  show  to  their  untraveHed  comrades  the  utter  foolishness  of 
rebellion.  Let  them,  side  by  side,  as  they  have  fought  before  with 
British  soldiers,  engage  the  common  enemy,  and  the  certain  victory 
will  give  them  more  wonders  to  relate.  Let  these  men,  that  have 
stood  our  friends  in  the  hour  of  need,  not  find  themselves  suddenly 
sent  to  the  right-about,  and  told  to  return  to  the  more  peaceful  but  less 
pleasing  mode  of  existence  to  be  found  in  agriculture.  Dissatisfied 
at  present  they  are,  not,  neither  have  they  yet  found  out  that  a 
large  force  of  white  soldiers  must  be  kept  in  India  to  overawe  them, 
Trust  them;  let  them  see  a  fellow  soldier  in  the  white  man,  not  a 
guard;  let  them  know  that  the  Empress  of  Hindostan  is  Empress  *»f 
other  lauds,  and  keeps  no  purely  local  troops,  and  then  the  Seikh 
and  Goorkhawill  be  trustworthy  and  valuable. 

One  word  in  conclusion,  be  careful  in  the  selection  of  officers 
commanding  and  doing  duty.  On  their  conduct,  on  their  capabili- 
ties of  command,  and  on  their  understanding  those  under  them, 
depend  the  discipline  and  management  of  Asiatic  irregulare.  Let 
e  be  no  favouritism  shown  in  the  selection  of  officers,  and  above 
all,  let  the  men  see  that  they  are  not  feared  or  doubted,  but  impli- 
citly trusted.  A>oj,o-lM>iAjf, 

r— This  arrived  too  late  for  publication  M  mouth.] 


259 


NOTES  ON   MILITARY  SCIENCE. 

Lecture  XXIII* 

We  now  approach  the  period  from  whence  the  history  of  England 
is  no  longer  obscured  by  doubts,  or  subject  to  cavils  and  objeetiona, 
as  to  the  relation  of  facta  themselves,  though  of  course  in  the 
report  of  these  very  facts  many  differences,  and  possibly  dis- 
crepancies, will  appear,  arising,  as  I  have  previously  mentioned,  from 
the  personal  or  party  views  of  the  writers,  A  soldier  ought,  how- 
\  to  be  of  no  party,  neither  "Whig,  Tory,  Conservative,  norBadieal; 
hts  path  is  plain — to  do  his  duty,  to  the  best  of  his  ability,  to  hi 
sovereign,  and  his  country,  heeding  not  the  party  that  may  fo 
the  time  be  the  advisers  of  Majesty,  and  who,  by  the  sanction  of  the 
sovereign,  may  hold  the  offices  of  government.  Shackled,  and  too 
much  interfered  with  by  the  administration  of  the  day,  many  of  our 
best  commanders  have  unfortunately  been,  and  many  desirable 
operations  have  been  retarded,  or  prevented  from  want  of  supplies, 
&c. ;  the  blame  of  which  must  attach  to  our  erring  legislators,  to 
whose  dictum  a  commander  is  forced  to  submit,  1  shall  not  enter 
into  the  causes  that  Jiave,  in  many  instances,  led  to  disappointment, 
confining  my  views  of  military  history  and  military  science,  to  the 
record  of  the  achievements  of  our  gallant  soldiers  in  every  country, 
every  clime.  Where  reached  not  the  fame  of  Greece  ?  Where  was 
not,  subsequently,  the  grandeur,  the  military  pre-eminence  of  Rome, 
*'  the  mistress  of  the  world  ? "  echoed  from  mouth  to  mouth ;  and 
yet  are  all  the  boasted  conquests  of  these  ancient  nations  to  be 
compared  to  the  sovereign  power  of  Great  Britain  ?  Alexander 
sighed  for  new  worlds  to  conquer*  New  worlds  have,  as  it  were, 
been  created  for  Britons  to  possess,  either  by  discovery,  or  by  con- 
quest;  witness  the  immense  extent  of  subjugated  India,  our  posses- 
ions in  America,  the  Wesi  Indies,  the  almost  a  world  in  itself, 
Australia,  &c,  Ac. ;  and  be  it  remembered1,  thai  with  the  exception 
of  some  unavoidable  wars  in  India,  these,  and  other  valuable  ter- 
ritories of  the  British  dominions,  have  not  been  obtained  by  the 
slaughter  of  the  peaceably  disposed  inhabitants  of  these  countries  ; 
but  by  holding  out  to  them  the  hand  of  brotherhood,  by  recipro- 
cating kindly  feeling,  and  by  developing  to  them  the  advantages  to 
be  derived  from  science,  wealth,  and  commerce.  Several  centuries 
intervene  between  the  last  recorded  battle  of  King  Arthur,  and  the 
battle  of  Hastings  ;  but,  during  that  period,  in  tne  relation  of  the 
v  sir  ions  engagements  that  took  place,  there  is  not  matter  of  sufficient 
importance  to  be  detailed  ;  and  we  will,  therefore,  at  once  proceed 
to  the  eventful  battle  of  Sastuup,  which  terminated  the  Saxon 
monarchy,  and  placed  the  crown  of  Britain  on  the  head  of  William 
of  Normandy,  ▲,  d<  lOGti,  Harold  baring  refused  to  surrender  his 
right  to  the  soverelgntj  of  England,  William  rusolved  by  an  appeal 
to  arms  to  take  possession  of  a  country,  all  claims  to  which  had  b 
relinquished  to  him  by  his  rival;  and  his  just  olai  bicb  had 

been  admitted  bj  the  Pope,  who,  moreover,  presented  to  William  a 


m 


NOTES    05    MILITARY    SCIENCE. 


[Jus* 


consecrated  banner,  as  an  evidence  of  his  rightful  pretensions,  and 
as  an  emblematic  sign  of  success.  Prepared  for  the  approaching 
contest,  Harold  appealed  to  the  affection  of  his  subjects  for  support 
and  assistance,  aud  the  appeal  was  not  made  in  vain,  for  largp 
numbers  flocked  to  his  standard,  firmly  resolved  to  defend  Harold, 
who  had  been  proclaimed  king  immediately  on  the  death  of  Edward 
the  Confessor,  William  also  soon  found  himself  at  the  head  ot  a 
formidable  army  ;  soldiers  of  fortune  from  all  countries  of  Christen- 
dom enrolling  themselves  under  his  command,  and  anticipating  the 
conquest  of  a  country  which  to  them  would  become  the  source  of 
wealth  and  honor,  A  dyers*  winds  for  some  time  retarded  the  naval 
operations  of  William,  but  at  last  he  embarked  bis  forces,  and  landed 
without  opposition  on  the  coast  of  Sussex,  near  Pevensey  castle* 
Placing  himself  at  the  head  of  30,000  of  the  best  warriors  in  Europe, 
consisting  of  archers,  spearmen^  and  men  at  arms,  William  marched 
rapidly  to  Hastings,  and  there  pitched  his  camp,  pending  the  trans- 
portation from  the  fleet  of  the  stores,  provisions,  &c.  Not  long  was 
ne  allowed  to  remain  inactive,  for  the  army  of  his  antagonist  ap- 
proached ;  and,  learning  this,  the  gallant  William  of  JNTormandy 
challenged  his  rival  to  personal  combat,  thereby  to  avoid  the  un- 
necessary effusion  of  the  blood  of  their  followers.  The  duel  was 
declined  by  Harold  ;  who,  anticipating  a  victory  over  his  oppon- 
manned  a  fleet  of  700  vessels,  which  were  ordered  to  cut  off  tin 
retreat  of  the  invading  arruy. 

Battle  of  Hastings.— October  13th,  1060, 

The  dawn  of  day  exhibited  two  gallant  annies  preparing  for  a 
conflict ,  on  which  depended  the  future  destinies  of  thousands  of 
British  subjects.  It  is  recorded  that  the  Saxons,  perhaps  too  con- 
fident in  their  might,  had  passed  the  previous  night  in  carousing 
and  mirth,  while,  on  the  contrary,  the  Nornians  addressed  solemn 
prayers  to  God,  and  took  the  rest  that  was  necessary  to  prepare 
them  for  the  arduous  duties  of  the  eventful  day  of  battle*  Short 
was  the  space  of  time  before  the  desperate  strife  commenced  ;  on 
each  side  was  displayed  high  courage,  and  a  perfect  knowledge  of 
the  use  of  the  weapons  employed  ;  and  well  balanced  appeared  the 
blood  be-sta'ned  scales  of  victory.  Now,  the  fortune  of  the  day  was 
apparently  against  the  Normans,  who  in  vain  at  rove  to  resist  the 
solid  bodies  of  Saxon  infantry,  and  wearied  with  their  fruitless 
exertions,  the  disheartened  soldiers  were  already  beginning  to  lose 
ground.  Now — were  they  gallantly  rallied,  and  led  to  a  fresh  attack 
by  the  heroic  William  himself ;  again,  and  again,  did  the  tide  of  battle 
ebb  and  flow  j  but  vainly  did  the  impetuous  valour  of  the  knights, 
and  the  skill  of  the  archers  attempt  to  resist,  or  to  put  to  confusion, 
the  unflinching  bravery  of  the  Saxon  bill-mem  Science  at  length 
affected  what  courage  alone  could  not  accomplish.  William  selected 
1000  well-disciplined  horsemen,  and  directed  them  to  make  a  feint 
of  charging  the  firm  battalions ;  but,  on  their  near  approach  to  them, 
by  a  pretended  retreat,  to  endeavour  to  induce  the  enemy  to  break 
their  compact  formation.  Completely  deceived  by  this  manceuvre, 
the  Saxons  toe  readily  gave  way  to  their  anticipations  of  obtaining 
a  speedy  victory ;   and,  tumultuously  dispersing  them  selves  ?  burst 


1859-]  NOTES   OW  MILITAEY   SCIENCE.  261 

from  their  ranks  in  pursuit  of  their  flying  enemies.  The  Norman 
men-at-arms  lost  no  time  in  taking  advantage  of  the  successful 
stratagem,  and  a  body  of  them  dashed  through  and  through  the 
broken  files,  cutting  them  down  by  hundreds,  and  driving  the 
remainder  in  wild  confusion  to  the  neighbouring  heights. 

There  did  the  intrepid,  though  sadly  diminished  fugitives,  again 
rally  in  detached  bodies,  and  gallantly  did  they  maintain  the  conflict 
until  the  approach  of  night,  when,  learning  that  their  king  had  been 
slain  in  the  battle,  and  that  his  courageous  brothers  had  also  shared 
the  same  fate,  the  intrepid  Saxons  yielded  to  the  destiny  which  they 
had  resolutely  striven  to  avert,  and  quitted  the  field  of  strife  griev- 
ously dejected  at  the  termination  of  their  monarchy,  which  for  more 
than  six  centuries  had  been  established,  and  had  contributed  to  the 
advancement  of  the  civilization  and  glory  of  Britain. 

Discreditable  to  the  English  army  as  was  the  battle  of  Bannock- 
burn,  I  am  unwilling  to  pass  it  over  unnoticed,  as  the  result  of  it 
fully  manifested  the  success  which  is  obtainable  by  the  knowledge 
of  military  science. 

Battle  of  Bannockburn,  June  23,  1314. 

We  learn  that  Bruce,  being  well  aware  of  his  inferiority  in  nume- 
rical strength,  resolved  to  make  amends  for  this  by  turning  to  advan- 
tage the  nature  of  the  ground  on  the  site  where  the  engagement  was 
about  to  take  place,  and  also  by  strengthening  the  position  by  mili- 
tary art.  Eesting  the  right  of  his  army  on  the  bed  of  the  Bannock, 
in  front  of  his  left  he  caused  trous-de-lovp  to  be  dug  three  feet  deep, 
fixing  stakes  in  the  centre,  and  covering  them  lightly  with  turf.  His 
spearmen,  selected,  from  the  infantry,  were  posted  in  the  front  line, 
and  Bruce  himself  held  in  reserve  400  well-disciplined  cavalry.  The 
archers  availed  themselves  of  the  cover  of  the  thickets,  and  were 
supported  by  billmen.  Contrary  to  these  judicious  arrangements, 
the  English  trusted  too  much  to  the  power  and  might  of  their  heavy 
horse,  and  blindly  rushed  to  the  encounter ;  spearmen  and  billmen 
mixed  together,  opposed  themselves  to  the  front  of  the  enemy,  and 
in  an  inextricable  mass  set  at  defiance  all  manoeuvres.  The  charge 
of  the  heavy  cavalry  terminated,  as  expected  by  Bruce,  the  portion 
of  the  discomfited  horsemen  who  were  not  disabled  in  the  trons-de- 
loup,  joined  the  infantry,  but  in  so  irregular  a  manner  that  instead 
of  affording  them  support,  they  did  but  add  to  their  previous  state 
of  confusion.  At  this  momentous  crisis  the  overwhelming  charge  of 
the  commander  of  the  Scots,  with  the  selected  body  of  horsemen, 
turned  the  flank  of  the  English  combatants,  and  decided  the  fate  of 
the  battle,  followed  up  as  it  was  by  an  instantaneous  order  from 
Bruce  for  the  whole  line  to  charge,  and  complete  the  victory, — a 
victory  that  afforded  full  proof  of  the  superiority  of  science  in  a 
commander,  combined  with  discipline  in  his  troops,  over  a  deficiency 
of  military  attributes  in  a  general  and  his  followers,  however  nume- 
rous the  latter  may  be. 

It  is  naturally  far  more  gratifying  for  me  to  recount  battles  in 
which  our  opponents  were  foreign  troops,  than  engagements  with, 
as  it  were,  almost  our  own  flesh  and  blood ;  and  I  therefore  gladly 


K0TE3   OIT  MILITARY   SCHICK. 


[Jvmk 


fass  from  the  tm satisfactory  battle  of  Eannoi-kburn  to  that  of 
1ressy*  You  will  in  all  probability  have  perused  the  account  of  this 
engagement  in  the  works  of  modern  historians,  but  I  prefer  the 
quaint  style,  and  the  less  imaginary  description  of  events,  of  the  an- 
cient authors  to  these  more  erudite  compositions;  let  aa,  therefore, 
refer  to  "  GJirtmwles  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,"  by  Raphael 
Hoi  in  shed,  who  thus  terminates  his  preface  :— "  And  thus  I  cease 
further  to  trouble  thy  patience,  wishing  to  thee,  gentle  reader,  so 
much  profit  as  by  reading  may  be  had,  and  as  great  comfort  as  God's 
holie  spirit  may  endue  thee  with." 

Battle  of  Qresny* 

In  the  u  Chronicles"  it  is  stated  that,  after  the  passage  of  the 
Somme,  and  the  destruction  of  the  town  of  Crotois,  the  king  of 
England  having  learnt  that  the  French  monarch  was  approaching 
with  the  intention  of  offering  battle,  resolved  to  encounter  him,  and 
*  commanded  his  marshalh  to  choose  a  plot  of  ground  somewhat  to 
his  advantage,  that  he  might  there  abide  his  adversaries/* 

On  the  morning  of  the  26th  of  August,  1346,  Philip  of  France 
quitted  the  town  of  Abbeville,  and,  placing  himself  at  the  head  of 
his  forces,  marched  towards  his  enemies*  **  The  king  of  England  rose 
betimes  in  the  morning,  and  commanded  every  man  lirnt.  to  call 
ULOn  God  for  his  aid,  and  then  to  be  armed,  and  to  draw  with  speed 
into  the  Bald,  that  in  the  place  before  appointed  they  might  be  set 
in  order  of  battle. 

'*  Beginning  his  enterprise  by  invocation,  or  calling  upon  GodT  he 
was  the  more  fortunate  in  his  affairs,  and  aped  the  better  in  the 
progress  of  his  actions,  as  the  issue  of  the  war  sheweth.  A  notable 
example  to  every  private  man  to  remember  to  call  upon  God  when 
he  purposeth  anything." 

Edward  then  directed  a  park  to  be  formed  for  the  security  of  his 
carriages,  baggage,  &e.,  as  well  as  for  the  whole  of  the  horses  of  the 
army.  The  order  of  battle  consisted  of  three  lines,  the  1st  composed 
of  800  men  at  arms,  2000  archers,  and  1000  other  soldiers  with  the 
Welchmem  These  troop*  wore  under  the  command  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  the  Earli  of  Warwick,  Oxford,  and  other  lords  and  knights ; 
the  second  line  was  led  by  the  Earls  ot  Northampton  and  Arundel, 
and  other  noblemen,  and  its  numerical  strength  is  stated  to  have 
been  8tK>  men  at  arms,  and  1200  archers  ;  the  king  commanded  the 
third  line,  consisting  of  700  men  at  arm*,  and  2000  archers. 
Edward's  demeanour  Wore  the  buttle  is  thus  described  by  Froissart : 
— u  When  every  man  was  gotten  into  order  of  battle,  the  king  leaped 
upon  a  white  hobby,  and  rode  from  rank  to  rank  to  view  them,  the 
one  marshal  on  his  right  hand  and  the  other  on  bis  left,  desiring 
every  man  that  day  to  have  regard  to  his  right  and  honour.  He 
spake  it  so  courteously,  and  with  so  good  a  countenance,  that  even 
they  which  were  before  discomforted  took  courage  in  hearing  him 
speak  such  sweet  and  loving  words  amongst  them.  It  was  nine  of 
the  clock  e'er  ever  he  had  thus  visited  all"  his  battles,  and  then 
he  caused  every  man  to  eat  and  drink  a  little,  which  they  did  at  th 
leiei  Tfcp1' 


1859] 


NOTES   Q*J    MILITAUT    SCIENCE. 


263 


The  good  dispositions  of  the  English  king  barring  been  made  known 
to  Philip,  he  considered  it  advisable  to  postpone  the  engagement  for 
that  day,  in  order  to  consider  and  decide  on  the  moat  judicious  plan 
of  attack.  In  vain  were  orders  given  for  this  purpose  by  the  French 
king  and  his  marshals  to  the  advanced  troops,  who  in  themselves 
were  unruly,  and  whose  numbers  were  momentarily  increased  by 
those  in  their  rear,  the  roads  between  Abbeville  and  Cressy  being 
thronged,  and  the  excited  soldiery  drawing  their  swords,  and  exclaim- 
Down  with  them,  let  us  slay  them  all."  The  English  troops, 
observing  the  tumultuous  approach  of  their  enemies,  steadily  pre* 
pared  for  the  conflict,  the  archers  in  front  of  the  first  line  were 
covered  by  the  men  at  arms,  the  second  line  being  in  readiness  to 
afford  support  when  required.  Delay  and  confusion  attended  the 
assemblage  of  the  French  leaders,  and  when  the  Genoese  cross- 
bowmen,  consisting  of  12,000  or  15,000  men,  were  ordered  to  the 
front  in  order  to  begin  the  battle,  they  declined  doing  so  on  account 
of  having  marched  six  leagues  that  morning,  adding  u  We  be  not 
well  used,  in  that  we  are  commanded  to  fight  this  day,  for  we  be  not 
ill  ruse  to  do  any  great  feat  of  arms  ;  we  have  more  need  of  rest.1' 

At  this  time  there  was  an  eclipse,  heavy  rain,  and  terrible  thunder  j 
and  when  the  storm  abated  the  sun  shone  full  upon  the  faces  of  the 
French r  thus  giving  a  manifest  advantage  to  the  English  troops.  The 
Genoese  soldiers  were  subsequently  u  assembled  together,  and  began 
to  approach  ;  they  made  a  great  leap  and  cry  to  abash  the  English- 
men, but  they  stood  still,  and  stirred  not  at  all  for  that  noise.  Then 
the  Genoese/ the  second  time,  made  another  leap,  and  huge  cry,  and 
stepped  forward  a  little,  and  the  Englishmen  removed  not  a  foot. 
The-  third  time  again  the  Genoese  leapt  and  yelled,  and  went  forth 
till  they  came  within  shot,  and  fiercely  therewith  discharged  their 
-bows.  Then  the  English  archers  stepped  forth  one  pace  and 
[ei  fly  their  arrows  so  wholly  and  so  thick  together  that  it  seemed  to 
mi.  iw.  When  the  Genoese  felt  the  arrows  piercing  their  heads,  arms, 
and  breasts,  many  of  them  cast  down  their  cross-bows  and  cut  the 
Btrings,  and  returned  discomforted,  When  the  French  king  saw 
them  flee  away  he  suid,  fct  Slay  these  rascals,  for  they  will  let  (hinder) 
and  trouble  us  without  reason." 

Fiercely  did  the  men  at  arms  assault  their  opponents,  slay i tig 
them  in  great  numbers,  and  showers  of  arrows  were  poured  in 
atnung*t  them,  adding  to  their  panic  and  discomfiture.  To  add  to 
their  destruction  M  footmen  with  great  knives  killed  many  of  them 
as  they  lay  on  the  ground,  both  earls,  barons,  knights,  and  esquires," 
The    struggle    for    victory    still   continued,  h  and   German 

soldiers  nressed  forward,  audio  desperation  opened  a  pasage through 
the  English  archers,  and  fought  hand  to  hand  with  the  men  at  arms. 
Then  did  the  second  line  of  Edward's  army  steadily  advance  to  the 
succour  of  the  Prince's  troops,  who  were  so  sorely  pressed  by  their 
fierce  antagonists,  that  the  Karl  of  Northampton  &ent  to  the  king, 
requiring  further  aid  for  the  two  lines  at  that  time  Buffering  severely 
from  the  attacks  of  their  opponents.  u  The  king  hereupon  demanded 
if  his  son  was  slain,  hurt,  or  felled  to  the  earth.  No  (said  the  knight 
that  brought  the  message),  but  he  is  sore  matched.     Well  (said  the 


king)  return  to  Mm,  and  them  that  sent  you,  and  say  to  them  that 
they  send  no  more  to  me  for  any  adventure  that  falletb,  so  long  as 
my  son  is  alive,  for  I  will  that  this  journey  be  his,  with  the  houuur 
thereof," 

This  answer  having  been  carried  to  the  gallant  men^  who  were 
resolute! j  contending  with  their  numerous  assailants,  every  comba- 
tant was  encouraged  by  the  confidence  manifested  by  their  king, 
find  nobly  did  they  do  their  duty;  to  their  country.     Eventually,  jut 
feet  success  attended  the  operations  of  the  army  of  King  Edward  , 
and,  towards  evening,  the  battle  was  terminated  by  the  entire  route 
of  the  troops  of  Philip,  who,  by  the  advice  of  Lord  John  of  Heinauit, 
when  all  hope  of  success  by  further  resistance  was  lost,  quitted  the 
field  ;  with  but  a  retinue  of  sixty  persons  for  his  body  guard.     Tbe 
slaughter  of  the  French  troops  was  very  great,  for  the  English  r 
tained   their  firm  array,  and  dealt  destruction  around  them  over 
emmies  whose  ranks  were  broken,  and  whose  hearts  began  to  fail 
them  in  finding  that  their  opponents1  assaults  were  irresistible 
battle  having  terminated,  and  the  field  being  clear  of  tbe  French 
troops,  the  King  embraced  the  Prince,  saying,  "  Fair  son,  God  send 
you  good  perseverance  in  this  your  prosperous  beginning  ;  you  have 
nobly    accouitted    vourself,    you    are    well   worthy   to   b 
governance  of  a  realm  committed  to  your  hands  for  your  valianl 
doings," 

It  is  quite  evident  that  the  success  in  this  battle  was  attributed 
to  the  good  dispositions  and  discipline  of  tbe  English  troops,  winch 
enabled   them  to  withstand,  ana,  eventually,  to  conquer 
who   individually   strove  manfully   for  victory,  but  whose   p< 
collectively,  availed  them  but  little,  wThen  opposed  to  a  well 
ganized  army. 


B 

I 


REMINISCENCES  OF  A  VETERAN, 


BEIKG    A.   NARRATIVE  OF    PERSONAL    ADTEKTURES    DURING    A   PElihH* 
(VJf    EQB.TT-THREE    TEAKS    IN     POUTUOAL,    SPAIN,    1KAM.E,     >!\LT\, 
NEW    SOUTH   WALES,    NOBJF0LX    ISLAND,    NEW    ZEALAND,    AJSliA 
ISLAND,    AND    ItfDIA. 

(Couthmed  from  page  116.) 

The  Colonel  and  myself  lived  in  a  house  attached  to  the 
where  a  blacksmith's  family  was  residing.  The  old  man  nlv 
made  the  servant  girl  get  up  to  light  me  a  firet  and  Annette  did  D()t 
at  all  approve  of  the  arrangement.  She  was  as  fond  of  her  h» 
the  Colonel,  anil  used  to  revenge  herself  on  my  gn*ng  to  break f/wt 
in  the  adjoin  in  jr  home  with  Captain  Bobbs,  by  strutting  Into 
room  wi  th  rn  o«  k  jolBSmit  y  t  ■  ■»  ena u  i  re  after  my  heal  tlb  She  waa 
too  much  afraid  of  her  master  and  mistress  to  play  these  tricks,  in 
their  house. 


BEMfNTBCEKCttS    OF 


There  was  another  defect  in  our  quarters.  We  could  not  stir 
across  the  gravel  walk,  without  being  shot  at,  for  this  evil,  I  soon 
fcnnd  a  palliative,  1  got  a  quantity  of  green  boughs,  and  stuck 
them  rather  thickly  across  the  path  at  which  the  enemy's  fire  was 
directed.  They  could  not  under  this  arrangement  tell  whether  any 
one  was  passing  or  not,  and  it  ceased  to  be  worth  while  for  them  to 
tip  an  incessant  fire.  The  Major  General  came  while  I  was 
collecting  the  materials,  and  when  he  saw  how  well  the  cover  an- 
il it  ought  to  he  called  ** 2$e  Bitnhurtan  Breastwork" 
[y  the  enemy  never  attempted  to  destroy  the  house,  or  fir© 
If  they  had  done  so,  it  would  have  occasioned  us  a  dial 
of  misctiief 

1  was  now  perfectly  recovered!  when  an  order  arrived  for  me  to 
do  duty,  and  take  the  command  of  the  6th  Catjadores,  in  the  2nd 
Division  ;  go  taking  leave  of  my  former  comrades  I  proceeded  on  my 
journey,  I  had  a  short  time  before  received  the  arrears  of 
my  pay  aa  Major  of  Brigade,  so  I  had  lots  of  money.  I 
also  escaped  from  the  sortie  the  garrison  made  afterwards, 
Kid  I  can  conceive  from  their  proximity,  that  the  Gagadores  must 
have  been  rather  roughly  handled.  Poor  Dobbs,  after  boasting  that 
he  had  remained  uninjured,  the  whole  of  the  war,  received  on  this 
occasion  a  wound  in  the  heelt  which  laid  him  up  for  several  months. 

I  joined  my  new  appointment,  I  think,  at  Tarbes;  Lieut.-Cobuiel 
Fearon,  nn  predecessor,  had  been  killed  at  Orthea.  The  6th  Caea- 
dores  were  then  commanded  by  the  senior  captain,  who  had  two 
brothers  in  the  battalion.  I  soon  found  that  I  should  again  have  to 
undergo  the  ordeal  of  being  tested,  but  this  time  it  was  the  officers, 
not  the  men. 

The  officers  having  assembled  to  meet  me,  Captain  Antonio  Vtfl^ 
the  officer  in  command,  handed  me  a  letter,  which  he  said  he  had  re- 
ceived ibr  me  some  days  before;  it  waa  addressed, in  English,  to  the 
r  who  majr  be  appointed  to  command  the  6th  Cacadore*,  and  I 
found  on  opening  it  that  it  contained  an  order  that  I  should  not  re- 
commend lor  promotion  four  named  officers,  until  I  had  personally 
IRtneieed  their  conduct  in  the  field  under  fire.  It  had  hitherto 
bad,  and  they  were  to  redeem  their  credit  before  they  were 

prnlii 

1  desired  the  four  officers  to  remain  with  me,  having  dismissed 
I  he  others,  and  I  communicated  to  I  hem  the  purport  of  the  letter, 
thinking  it  best  to  do  so  ;  at  the  same  time  I  told  them  that  I  was 
aurc  the  Marshal  must  have  been  either  mistaken  or  misinformed, 
and  that  it  would  give  me  great  pleasure  to  report  their  gallant  con- 
duct on  the  next  opportunity,  being  certain  that  they  would  not 
then  be  wanting  in  their  duty  as  officers  and  brave  men.  I  directed 
Adjutant  to  manage  his  roster  in  such  a  manner  that  non.'  of 
era  shoidd  be  on  the  baggage-guard  when  it  was  probable 
the  battalion  Would  be  engaged,  that  thereby  an  opprtnnity  of 
wiping  off  the  stigma  might  be  all'orded. 

As  I  only  held  the  rank  of  Major,  and  did  not  belong  to  the  corps, 
did  not  seem  at  all  to  relish  my  superseding  him 


ItEMIXISCEKCES   Or    A   TETEJtAJf. 


[JuiOE, 


in  the  com m and,  although  I  tried  hard  to  conciliate  him*  it  was 
evident  that  he  and  his  brothers  were  seeking  to  organize  a  party 
against  me. 

I  wan  of  course  anxious  to  take  the  battalion  into  action  as  effec- 
tive as  possible,  for  aa  yet  I  was  only  a  lieutenant  in  the  British 
service,  and  thought  the  first  time  we  were  engaged  I  might  gain  my 
company*  To  do  this  it  was  necessary  that  as  few  men  should  be  hi 
employ  as  possible.  But  I  found  the  officers  were  all  horse  dealers, 
and  in  consequence  a  great  number  of  men  were  exempted  from 
duty,  to  act  as  bat-men  in  charge  of  their  horses. 

Lord  Wellington's  orders  were  very  stringent  on  this  head.  The 
captain  of  a  company  was  entitled  to  only  one  bat-manT  and  the 
suoalterns  one  to  each  company ;  and  in  calling  the  attention  of 
the  officers  to  this  order,  I  permitted  the  subalterns  to  have 
one  each  for  a  limited  period,  until  they  could  dispose  of 
some  of  their  horses;  after  that  was  effected  I  should  expect 
the  general  order  would  be  complied  with.  On  the  issue  of 
my  battalion  order,  I  desired  the  adjutant  to  go  to  Captain  Antonio 
Yas,  with  my  compliments  to  request  that  he  would  not  consider  the 
order  as  applying  to  him*  for  I  was  aware  from  the  position  he  held 
in  the  regiment ,  that  he  necessarily  had  more  horses  than  he  other- 
wise required,  and  was  therefore  left  to  dispose  of  them  at  his  leisure » 
lie  sent  back  word  to  tell  me  he  wanted  no  favours,  or  more  indul- 
gence than  he  was  entitled  to.  There  was  no  English  officer  except- 
ing myself  with  the  battalion.  Captains  Brunton  and  Temple,  of 
the  43rd  regiment,  were  absent  on  leave.  These  officers  were  also 
captains  in  the  British  army,  and  consequently  my  seniors  in  that 
service,  but  not  in  the  Portuguese,  They  neither  of  them  rej- 
the  corps.  Brunton  afterwards  commanded  a  regiment  of  Dragoons 
in  India ;  I  don't  know  what  became  of  Temple. 

The  officer  in  command  of  the  Brigade  was  Colonel  Harding 
afterwards  Governor  General  of  India,  On  the  occasion  of  my  issuing 
the  battalion  order  regarding  the  bat-men,  he  sent  for  me/and  told 
me  he  highly  approved  of  the  order  which  he  had  seen.  The  late 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Fearon  had  noticed  the  same  evil.  Had  he  lived 
one  of  the  first  things  he  intended  doing  was  the  issue  of  a  similar 
order*  Colonel  Hardinge  added,  "  Don't  you  think  it  would  have 
been  as  well  to  have  made  an  exception  in  favour  of  Captain  An- 
tonio Yas,  who  has  been  in  command  of  the  battalion  before  you? 
You  will  find  that  you  have  a  difficult  card  to  play,  and  you  will 
have  to  use  great  tact  with  these  people."  I  replied,  I  was  so  fully 
aware  of  the  justice  of  this,  that  1  sent  the  adjutant  to  him  with  a 
message  to  the  very  purport  he  had  just  recommended.  He  added, 
"  Well  this  is  very  extraordinary,  and  I  must  tell  you  that  Vas  him* 
self  ia  the  person  who  put  your  orders  into  my  hands,  but  he  said 
nothing  about  the  verbal  message ;  you  had  better,  I  think  then, 
not  let  him  knuw  that  we  have  had  any  conversation  on  the  subject, 
and  act  in  the  matter  as  you  think  best." 

The  next  morning  the  battalion  having  assembled  to  commence 
its  march,  I  went  to  the  rear  of  the  column  in  on  fir  to  count  the 


1859.] 


ItEMIN'ISCENCES   Of   A   YETEE.VN. 


2G7 


number  of  batsmen  ;  I  found  one  man  more  than  1  had  permitted 
in  orders,  and  on  enquiring  whose  bat  man  it  was,  Captain  Vas  left 
the  ranks,  and  said  lie  was  his,  with  the  permission  of  the  oiRecr 
nanding  the  Brigade ;  I  enquired  why  be  had  not  communicated 
the  permission  he  had  received  to  me,  his  commanding  officer ;  he 
replied.  It  seemed  difficult  to  tell  who  was  the  commanding  officer, 
yon,  or  the  Brigadier  !  "  To  shew  you  that  1  am,"  I  replied,  *'  you 
will  forthwith  rejoin  your  company,  and  take  the  man  with  you." 

On  the  other  hand,  whenever  he  complained,  which  was  frequently  > 
that  the  Quarter  master  had  given  him  a  very  inferior  billet,  and  not 
.^ponding  with  his  position  in  the  corps*  I  ordered  that  officer 
to  give  him  mine,  and  in  future  to  give  me  the  second  beat.  This 
answered  a  double  purpose,  the  Quartermaster  hated  the  Captain 
and  his  brothers,  and  would  have  been  too  apt,  in  consequence,  to 
make  my  quarrel  his  own  ;  hut  now  the  Captain  could  no  longer 
complain  of  my  dealing  unfairly  towards  him. 

The  Caeadore  Battalion  was  a  great  favourite  wTith  Sir  William 
Stewart  who  commanded  the  division.  He  sometimes  called  them 
bis  Body  Guard,  at  other  times  his  Harriers.  They  were  short 
muscular  fellows,  and  made  capital  riflemen.  From  the  undue  par- 
tiality shewn  them  by  Sir  William,  who  always  placed  them  in  quar- 
ters witli  his  staff,  whilst  the  other  Portuguese  Infantry  Regiments 
rem ained  in  bivouac,  a  little  ,  was  created;  1  believe,  however, 

the  reason  to  have  been  that  in  small  towns  after  the  Division  and 
Brigade  staffs  are  accommodated,  there  are  always  a  number  of 
houses  wherein  a  small  battalion  might  be  quartered,  the  officers 
being  inadequately,  but  the  men  very  comfortably  provided,  and  the 
lore  Bat  i  <  re  little  more  than  one  third  of  the  strength 

of  the  Infantry  Uegiments. 

On  one  occasion  I  was  thus  quartered  after  a  very  wet  and  late 
march,  and  was  forced  to  bring  my  cattle  into  the  dwelling  3i 
fur  the  night,  expecting  to  march  early  the  following  morning.  My 
quarter  had  been  told  off  by  the  Assistant  Quartermaster  General 
of  the  division  ami  the  door  marked  accordingly,  but  I  was  scarcely 
seated  by  the  fire,  when  the  Prorosi  Marshal  entered  and  claimeu 
the  quarter  for  himself,  1  referred  him  to  the  mark  on  the  door, 
but  it  had  been  rubbed  out  and  his  own  substituted.  As  we  had 
only  a  few  hours  to  remain,  1  told  him  he  might  share  it  with  me, 
but  with  this  he  was  not  satisfied  and  wanted  me  to  leave  the  house 
altogether.  On  my  declining  to  do  so  he  went  to  report  the  circum- 
stance to  the  Assistant  Quartermaster  General,  who  sent  me  a  verbal 
order  to  give  it  up.  It  was  against  a  positive  divisional  order  that 
any  change  of  quarters  should  take  place  after  the  troops  had  once 
taken  pos^ssion.  Moreover  the  order  adverted  rather  severely  on 
the  Quartermaster  General's  department  for  irregularity  and  i 
sequent  complaints^  which  its  contravention  had  occasioned,  I  took 
my  wtand  and  told  him  that  1  would  not  move  at  that  late  hour  of 
the  night  without  an  express  order  from  the  General,  desiring  the 
Pros  -hal  to  leave   the  house  immediately ;   he  was  obliged 

with  his  guard  to  pass  the  night  in  the  open  market  house     I  was 
in  a  rage,  for  I  told  him  that  1  would  not  allow  a  single  indiv 


soa 


BEJilHISCEFCES    OF   A    TETEJIAK. 


[Juke, 


of  the  battalion  to  be  moved  any  more  than  myself.  The  nest 
morning  on  the  line  of  march  I  met  the  Assistant  Quartermaster 
General,  who  was  very  indignant  at  my  conduct,  asking  me  if  I  was 
not  aware  that  the  staff,  without  reference  to  rank,  always  took  the 
choice  of  quarters  before  regimental  officers. 

This  officer  was  no  other  than  the  person  formerly  mentioned  from 
the  Military  College,  who,  as  a  youngster,  I  had  assisted  in  torment- 
ing, and  he  urged  old  friendship  and  former  service  together  as  a 
further  reason  why  I  should  have  acted  differently. 

I  replied,  if  custom  was  to  constitute  law,  I  acknowledged  that 
the  staff  always  took  care  of  themselves  first,  but  I  could  see  no 
other  assignable  reason,  and  that  old  friendship  and  former  service 
together  I  did  not  anticipate  would  have  permitted  him  to  pass  over 
the  claims  of  a  Field  Officer  in  command  of  a  corps,  in  favour  ofonfl 
who  only  a  few  weeks  before  had  not  even  His  Majesty7* 
nion.  He  replied  that  he  might  probably  yet  have  an  opportunity 
of  convincing  me  that  he  was  right ;  but  we  never  afterward* 
in  any  official  relation  to  each  other, 

CHAPTER    VIIL 

Buttle  of  Toulouse,  10th  of  April,  1814 — Bhul  Lovers— My  French  Cook— 
Roguery  of  a  Rwt.;iiiruk-ur  nt  Tuiiluiise — Return  of  the  Anglo  1 '.  n mum ■><■  Anivy  to 
Portugal — -Amusements  en  route — Appointed  to  the  3rd  Butt-Alton  of  Crujuclores — 
Quartered  ut  Villa  Real,  Tras  dos  MmiTcs — Ten  Making  alius  Flirtatkm — Lift  III 
»  Nunnery— Portu^r mlm'  Win*  Company — Exiursiou  and  Amvtttta 

About  an  hour  hefore  daylight,  on  the  morning  preceding  the 
buttle  of  Toulouse,  General  Stewart  sent  lor  me,  I  found  hini  on  the 
table  land  which  overlooks  Toulouse;  I  lie  city  being  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  river  Garonne.  He  said,  w  I  suppose  you  have  n 
the  field  work*,  which  the  enemy  have  erected  below  us  ?  *!  I  replied, 
1  had  "Then,  1  wish  you,*'  waa  his  reply,  "  with  the  Caeadores  to 
drive  the  enemy  from  them,  so  go  and  make  your  arrangement^ 
Mediately,  and  be  ready  to  commence  your  attack  when  day 
breaks.  My  friend,  the  senior  Lieut*  (one  of  the  four  officers 
named  in  the  letter)  had  contrived  to  be  away,  on  the  baggage  guard, 
but  1  was  assured  by  the  Adjutant*  that  it  had  been  quite  a  mistake ; 
tbly  it  was  so. 

We  did  not  find  the  job  a  very  difficult  one  ;  the  enemy  withdrew 
their  men  aa  wa  advanced,  and  m  1  had  orders  not  to  go  beyond  a 
particular  point,  1  halted  the  party.  The  enemy  now  be^an  pelting 
us  with  round  shot,  but  having  made  the  skirmishers  lie  down,  they 
did  us  no  injury  beyond  covering  us  with  miuL  When  the  fire 
slackened,  I  thought  it  better  to  advance  a  little  further  in  order  to 
gain  possession  of  some  houses,  whence  they  were  beginning  to 
annoy  us  with  musketry;  these  we  easily  carried,  and  I 
obtained  better  cover,  In  posting  the  men  1  took  the  other  brother, 
the  senior  ensign,  with  me,  and  1  never  saw  a  poor  devil  in  such  a 
fright,  bobbing  his  head  every  instant,  when  a  musket  ball  from  the 
enemy  passed  near  him.  I  continued  with  him  until  lie  h< 
ppmewhat  cool  and  collected,  so  as  to  understand  what  I  was  saying 


1859.]  BEMINISCENCES   OF  A  YETEBAN.  269 

to  him.  I  had  observed  the  enemy  making  preparations  to  with- 
draw a  howitzer  and  some  guns,  from  a  battery  near  us.  I  could 
easily  have  prevented  the  removal,  but  it  was  beyond  th  e  limit 
assigned  me,  so  I  rode  back  to  Sir  William  and  pointed  out  to  him 
what  the  enemy  were  doing,  and  requested  permission  to  prevent 
them ;  as  it  could  be  done  with  great  ease.  He  told  me  that  he  also 
had  observed  them,  but  that  our  attack  was  meant  to  be  a  mere 
demonstration,  to  call  the  enemy's  attention  to  that  point,  and  that 
he  would  feel  the  loss  of  any  of  his  Cagadores  more  than  he  prized 
the  capture  of  one  or  two  guns,  which  in  the  pending  operations 
might  be  of  little  value  to  the  enemy. 

I  returned  to  my  advanced  party,  and  here  we  remained  until  it 
was  dark,  in  a  large  house  which  they  told  me  had  been  Soult's 
quarters.  We  found  dinner  ready,  but  no  one  to  put  it  on  the  table, 
the  occupants  had  fled,  but  our  people  soon  arranged  the  matter  for 
us.  The  house  was  splendidly  furnished,  plenty  of  beautifully  cut 
glass  and  Sevre's  porcelain ;  and  if  there  had  been  any  plate  on  the 
table  which  was  laid,  it  must  have  disappeared  before  I  entered.  I 
immediately  posted  sentries  to  prevent  any  damage  being  done  to 
the  property,  eatables  excepted,  which  I  allowed  the  men  to  take 
whenever  they  could  find  them,  as  they  had  till  then  been  without 
their  dinner. 

We  had  been  in  this  chateau  about  two  hours,  enjoying  ourselves, 
while  the  enemy  every  now  and  then  fired  a  few  shots  of  musketry 
from  a  large  building  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  which  I  took 
to  be  an  hospital,  from  its  having  the  black  flag  displayed  from  one 
of  the  windows. 

The  enjoyment  of  our  "  otium  cum  dignitate  "  was  at  length  dis- 
turbed by  a  party  of  riflemen  joining  us  ;  I  think  they  belonged  to 
the  regiment  of  the  Brunswick  (Els  They  touk  post  in  the  house, 
and  commenced  gutting  it  forthwith,  the  officers  setting  the  example. 
In  this  stage  of  the  proceedings  I  thought  I  might  as  well  have  my 
share  too,  so  I  desired  my  servant  to  collect  different  articles  to 
complete  my  canteen  for  six  persons.  I  was  rather  late,  as  some  of 
the  most  handsome  things  were  gone ;  but,  besides  tea-cups  and 
articles  of  that  kind,  I  got  a  set  of  the  most  beautiful  dessert  plates 
I  ever  saw,  each  plate  being  ornamented  with  a  different  landscape. 
On  my  march  afterwards  through  Spain,  to  Portugal,  they  were  the 
admiration  of  all  the  landladies  where  I  was  billeted :  some  of  them 
were  broken,  others  stolen,  many  were  given  away  as  presents,  and 
very  few  of  them  reached  Portugal. 

At  night-fall  we  were  relieved  by  a  party  from  the  31st  regiment. 
I  remained  a  little  behind,  talking  to  Bolton,  the  adjutant  of  that 
corps,  on  the  Causeway,  leading  from  the  bridge,  when  a  round  shot 
fell  between  us.  I  afterwards  served  in  India  under  him,  when  he 
reminded  me  of  the  circumstance.  Colonel  Bolton  was  afterwards 
killed  at  Moodkee.  Although  the  battle  of  Toulouse  took  place  the 
following  day,  I  was  only  a  distant  spectator.  I  bad  taken  care  of 
my  men  while  they  were  engaged  in  a  feigned  attack,  by  placing 
them,  whenever  it  was  possible,  under  cover.  By  this  means  none 
were  either  killed  or  wounded ;  and  not  only  John  Bull  himself,  but 


270 


HEMINiaCE^CES    OF   A   VETEHAX. 


[Juke, 


it  would  aeem  the  higher  authorities  also,  can  never  conceive  that  a 
military  service  is  well  executed  unless  accompanied  by  a  butt 
bill,  representing  great  loss  of  life  and  limb    The  brigadier  was  from 
this  cause  refused  the  command  medal,  which  he  might  otherwise 
have  received,  as  my  battalion  formed  part  of  his  brigade. 

Colonel  llarl  inge-  wrote  to  me  many  months  afterwards,  forward- 
ing a  copy  of  a  Letter  from  the  Horse  Guards,  He  had  applied  to 
obtain  the  medal  for  the  Battle  of  Toulouse,  as  my  battalion  was 
engaged  ;  but  the  application  was  refused,  the  second  division  having 
been  reported  by  Lord  Wellington  not  to  have  been  engaged-  After 
the  action  at  Toulouse,  the  battalion  was  cantoned  in  a  village  on 
the  road  leading  from  that  city  to  Villa  Franca,  where  the  enemy 
had  established  outposts. 

The  entry  of  the  allies  into  Paris  having  been  made  known,  Colonel 
Hardin  gc  left  the  army,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  co  aim  and  of  the 
brigade  by  Colonel  Pym,  until  the  arrival  of  Major- General  Ash* 
worth. 

Sir  William  Stewart  did  not  approve  of  the  cantonment  which 

had  been  assigned  to  me;  he  wanted  ua  farther  in  advance,  and 

red  me  bo  Follow  him  with  the  battalion.     We  wandered  about 

the  country  till  it  was  quite  late  in  the  day,  the  General  all  the  time 

Mating  on  the  advantages  nud  disadvantages,  as  military  pes 
each  village  we  reached  ;  at  length  we  ventured  to  point  out  to  him 
that  the  men  were  getting  tired,  and  beginning  to  teel  the  want  of 
their  dinner?  j  and,  a*  a  village  was  at  hand,  I  begged  he  would  let 
us  remain  there  for  the  night.  To  this  he  assented,  having  quite 
forgotten  that  the  men  were  marching  at  his  heels,  The  following 
morning  we  received  orders  to  march  back  to  our  former  canton* 

'ttS. 

Colonel  Pym  had  left  his  quarters  in  the  cantonments  of  his  on  q 
regiment  j  and,  instead  of  taking  those  previously  occupied  by  Col, 
Hardinge,  he  fixed  his  abode  in  the  cantonments  of  the  Cacadon 
a  chateau  where  a  very  pretty  French  woman,  who  w&§  divorced 
from  her  husband,  restded  with  two  beautiful  children.  Dr. 
Clarence,  the  staff  surgeon  of  the  brigade,  Captain  Davenport  of 
Pym's  own  regiments,  and  myself,  were  inseparables,  and  we  voted 
Fym'a  arrangements  ft  groat  bore* 

The  Doctor  was  half  mad, th<  Captain  was  an  ainorousIrishman,with 
a  good  voice,  could  sing  well*  and  we  were  determined  to  teaze  the 
poor  Colonel  to  the  utmost.     He  gave  us  divers   hints  that  it  was 
not  necessary  that  we  should  visit  him  bo  often.     We  told  him  that 
now  he  was  a  Brigadier,  politeness  required  it,  and  when  this  excuse 
was  worn  threadbare,  we  said   we  had  come  to  see  Madame, 
unlike  him,  was  always  happy  to  receive  us.     She  soon  perceived  tlu* 
drift  of  our  visits,  and  entered  into  the  fun  with  all  the  anion 
a  lively  Frenchwoman,     Davenport,  although  he  could  no) 
word  of  French,  was  the  most  noticed  by  the  lady,  as  he  also  had 
an  agreeable  voice  and  played  the  guitar;  Pym  accordingly  sent  him 
for  a  few   days    to  enquire  about  some  windmills  which   had   been 
burnt  down |  but  in  fact  to  get  him  out  of  the  way.     When  he 
returned,  he  and  the  mad  Doctor  dined  with   me3  and  I  r 


1859.]  BBJttHIBC*NCE$  Of  A  VETJ5&1N.  271 

Madame  Banse  Eiviell  to  bring  her  guitar  and  como  and  join  us. 
I  had  prepared  her  before  hand,  and  consequently  all  Pym'a  repre- 
sentations on  the  impropriety  of  her  coming  to  my  quarters  were 
thrown  away.  I  never  laughed  so  much  in  my  life,  the  doctor  and 
the  lady  began  a  game  of  romps  and  made  so  much  noise  that  mine 
host  and  his  wife  (tenants  of  the  lady)  came  up  to  see  what  was 
the  matter.  The  amorous  Irishman  became  sentimental  and  jealous, 
and  altogether  the  contrast  was  most  ludicrous. 

Having  such  good  materials  to  work  upon,  the  Doctor  and  my- 
self, the  following  day,  set  about  composing  a  mock  heroic  poem,  in 
three  cantos,  describing  the  intrusion  o:  the  Coionel,  the  banish- 
ment and  sufferings  of  the  lover,  the  lady's  ieeiings  when  the  doctor 
attempted  to  supersede  him  during  his  absence,  and  a  lot  of  other 
nonsense,  which  this  mad  fellow  had  the  impudence  standing  on  a 
chair,  to  recite  in  Pym's  presence,  with  an  account  of  the  presents 
the  Captain  had  given  her  prior  to  his  being  sent  in  search  of  the 
windmills  ! !  The  old  fellow  could  not  help  laughing,  although  wo 
sometimes,  as  the  ditty  proceeded,  hit  him  very  hard ;  and  1  lost 
caste  with  the  lady ;  and  from  having  made  her  figure  in  our  dog- 
grel  rhymes,  she  was  pleased  to  call  me  a  dangerous  person. 

I  went  sometimes  to  Toulouse,  particularly  on  our  first  arrival, 
and  generally  took  two  or  three  Portuguese  officers  with  me  to  dine 
at  the  restaurant  near  the  square,  where  we  used  to  get  capital 
Languedoc  wine  (Mousse)  very  cheap.  On  one  occasion,  when  I 
went  there  with  a  small  party  as  usual,  I  stopt  to  gaze  at  a  distance 
at  some  showman  (for  anything  approaching  Mr.  Punch  had  to  me 
always  great  attractions),  when  I  observed  one  of  this  party,  a 
trumpeter,  had  caught  my  eye.  Down  went  his  instrument,  and  in 
a  moment,  over  the  head  of  the  crowd,  he  was  at  my  side  ;  it  turned 
out  to  be  my  late  cook,  poor  Auguste,  whom  1  had  been  obliged  to 
discharge  for  over  zeal  in  my  service,  in  never  paying  any  of  his 
countrymen,  or  charging  me  any  tiling  for  my  living,  lie  told  me 
he  had  been  to  Paris,  where  they  had  given  him  a  pension  of  one 
franc  per  diem.  I  said,  '*  "Well,  Auguste,  you  deserved  it,  if  it  was 
only  for  your  sen  ices  at  the  battle  of  CWer/Vo."  **  Parbleau,"  he 
replied,  "  we  were  in  great  danger,  and  if  you,  Monsieur  Mon 
Majeur,"  (glancing  his  eyes  at  the  cuff  of  my  jacket,  where  my 
present  rank  was  visible)  "  would  only  have  let  me,  at  those 
Coquim  de  Juifs,  the  following  morning,  when  I  had  obtained  a  good 
stick,  would  1  not  have  made  mince  meat  of  them  ?  "  lie  wanted 
me  greatly  to  go  up  to  the  show  with  him,  when*  I  was  to  see  all 
for  nothing,  and  be  introduced  to  the  manager,  who,  he  *aid,  was  a 
brave  garcon ;  but  as  (he  crowd  were  collecting  around  us,  I  told-him 
1  would  see  him  again  another  time.  "With  my  party,  we  then  went 
to  the  old  restaurant,  and  1  ordered  dinner  for  three  officers  and  my- 
self. I  had  always  given  the  garcon  a  few  sous,  and,  in  consequence, 
he  was  very  civif.  I  desired  him  to  bring  the  same  wine  that  wo 
had  always  taken.  This  house  had  now  become  a  place  of  great  re- 
sort, and  there  were  a  number  of  officers  of  our  cavalry  dining  there. 
These  gentlemen  generally  contrived  to  spoil  the  market  wherever 
they  went ;  and  they  had  done  the  same  here.  On  calling  for  tfy 
U.  S.  Mag.,  No.  367,  Juke,  1859.  t 


272 


ISCENCEB  OF  A  VETEHAK, 


[JtJJTE, 


paid  three  or  four.  On  enquiring  the  reason,  I  was  told  wo  had 
been  drinking  champagne,  Sending  for  the  master,  and  telling  him 
that  I  had  never  before  been  charged  more  than  a  franc  a  bottle,  and 
that  I  had  not  ordered  champagne,  he  said,  he  hoped  we  would  not 
oblige  him  to  make  th<  pay  for  his  mistake  j  which  he  would 

certainly  do,   if  we   disputed  payment.     I  paid  the  amount,  and 
ordered  another  bottle  ;  the  fellow  was  very  civil,  and  waited  to 
draw  the  cork,  but  I  told  him  it  was  not  necessary.     As  hi 
loitered  about,  anxious  that  the  cork  should  be  drawn,  I  bid  him  le 
the  bottle  alone,  as  I  intended  taking  itt  as  it  was,  to  the  prefect, 
being  desirous  of  ascertaining  whether  that  functionary  was  a  hette 
judge  of  wine  than  myself.     To  my  taste,  the  wine  was  the  wise  0 
the  country  Called  Blanquette  (Mousse),  sold  at  a  franc  a  bottle 
The  fellow  then  got  much  alarmed,  and  said  that,  rather  than  have, 
the  credit  of  his  establishment  called  in   question,  we  might  pa 
whatever  we  liked.  I  gave  him  back  his  bill,  which  he  returned  wit 
the  proper  charges  only,  saying,  there  was  such  a  demand  for  thai 
wine  in  the  house  that  in  future  he  would  be   obliged  to  charge 
us  two  or  three  sous  more  than  he  hitherto  had  done.     One  of  our 
party  had  noticed  a  placard  in  the  streets,  announcing  that  it  had 
come   to  the  prefect's  knowledge  that  gross  imposition   had  been 
practised  on  the   British  troops,  and  inviting  the  officers  to  make 
their  complaints  when  they  had  any,  with  a  view  to  the  punishment 
of  the  offenders,     I  frequently  dined  at  the  house  afterwards,  and 
remarked  that  our  cavalry  officers  drank  the  same  wine,  and  paid  for 
it  at  live  francs  a  bottle,  as  champagne ;  I  never  thought  it  worth  my 
while  to  put  them  right.     They,  in  the  first  instance,  caused  the 
price  of  everything  to  be  raised,  and  I  considered  it  expedient  that 
they  should  continue  to  be  cheated  for  their  folly. 

The  period  at  length  arrived  for  breaking  up  the  Anglo- Portuguese 
army,  and  the  Oporto  brigade,  to  which  I  belonged,  marched  through 
part  of  France,  Spain,  ami  Portugal,  to  the  destination  assigned  the 
different  regiments*  Some  lime  before  we  eonimrnr.  d  our  march 
I  received  a  letter  from  Messrs,  Hihbert  and  Hume,  Army  Clotl 
London,  begging  that  I  would  interest  myself  to  recover  the  amount 
of  their  bill  tot  appointments  thej  had  sent  for  the  battalion,  at  the 
i«  ijuost  of  the  late  Lieut- Col.  fteaxor,  and  which,  if  nM  paid  by 
the  corps,  would  obb'ge  thetu  to  sue  his  aged  mother  for  the  amount, 
a  fitep  they  would  be  very  unwilling  to  take.  I  assembled  the  oifi 
cers  to  enquire  how  they  proposed  to  liquidate  the  debtT  which  it 
was  very  evident  they  were  not  desirous  of  paying  at  all ;  nor  meg 
they  anxious  to  receive  the  articles,  which  By  this  time  had  arrived 
at  Passages.  A  debt  contracted  at  the  request  of  the  officer 
my  predecessor  I  considered  just  as  incumbent  on  rne  to  rec 
as  it  the  things  had  been  ordered  by  myself ;  I  therefore  told  them 
that  they  were  not  assembled  to  give  them  option  of  taking  the 
articles  for  which  they  had  all  signed  a  requisition,  but  to  study 
their  convenience  in  the  amount  of  stoppages  they  desired  to  leave 
monthly  ibr  the  informal  urn  and  guidance of  the  person  who  had 
supplied  them.    Seeing  that  I  was  inflexible,  I  succeeded  before  we 


18590 


ElMlKtSOBIfOlS  OF  A  VlTEHAtf. 


273 


separated  in  obtaining  from  each  officer  a  written  authority  for  the 
Paymaster  to  stop  a  certain  portion  of  pay  monthly,  and  was  thus 
enabled  to  make  one  remittance,  and  collect  funds  nearly  sufficient 
for  another,  before  leaving  the  battalion. 

Our  march  wan  one  scene  of  gaiety,  particularly  in  France,  for 
either  the  Brigade,  or  the  Caradores,  or  the  Major- General,  con- 
jointly with  myself,  gave  a  ball  at  every  large  town  we  came  to,  and 
xpense  was  very  trifling.     I  was  generally  sent  in  advance  to 
make  the  arrangements. 

Frequently  young  Frenchmen  have  come  to  me  in  the  room,  and 
said,  li  How  is  it  you  have  picked  up  so  many  pretty  ^irls?  Wt-  are 
natives  of  the  town,  and  have  never  met  so  much  beauty  before,*'  I 
told  them  it  was  a  particular  Jnstinct — a  tact  whii-h  the  I  . 'Iinsseurs 
had  to  discover  a  pretty  i^irl  wherever  she  was  to  be  found  !  But 
the  real  mode  of  proceeding  was  this, — at  the  Prefecture  T  usually 
tie  names  of  all  the  respectable  people  of  the  place,  with  a  par* 
titular  request  that  no  young  ladies*  names  should  be  omitted,  even 
if  they  bad  no  papa  or  mamma  to  bring  them.  I  then  enquired  what 
ladies  were  pretty  from  some  other  person,  and  what  ladies  were 
otherwise. 

The  most  respectable  family  was  invited  to  give  a  tone  to  the 
party,  with  such  tabbies  only  as  were  necessary  to  accompany  the 
girls  selected,  and  a  sprinkling  of  young  Frenchmen  (dancers);  all 
the  rest  were  excluded.  Some  people  were  surprised  at  not  having 
been  invited ;  it  was  deemed  an  oversight,  and  we  were  off  the  next 
day ;  in  fact,  we  were  more  desirous  of  amusing  ourselves  than  in 
paying  the  great  families  a  compliment 

Our  damoiseanx  and  the  demoiselles  seemed  to  enjoy  themselves 
most  heartily.  There  is,  I  believe,  contagion  in  such  hilarity,  at 
least  I  thought  so  my  self,  and  on  one  occasion  tell  in  low  with  the 
only  daughter  of  mine  host.  She  had  a  brother  commanding  a 
regiment  of  French  Cuirassiers;  they  were  a  very  old  and  respect- 
able family,  but  certainly  the  young  lady  was  kept  too  secluded  and 
Hatched,  ai  least  she  thought  ho,  \\n-  slie  lost  mi  time  in  making  tne 
aware  of  her  desire  to  elope  from  the  house  of  her  parents. 

Young  and  pretty  as  the  lady  was,  how  could  I  resist  the  tempi  a- 
tion?  and  all  the  happiness  she  depicted  as  being  in  store  for  us;  I 
say  she  depicted,  tor  i  verily  believe  that  1  should  never  haw 
diva  rued  of  proposing  such  a  sapient  arrangement.  I  was  possessed 
unfortunately  of  a  small  phaeton,  and  without  either  of  us  reflecting 
for  a  moment  on  the  consequences,  our  project  would  have  been 
carried  out,  provided  the  lady  could  manage  to  escape  through  the 
bed-room  of  her  parents  and  that  of  her  duenna.  Very  few  words 
had  sufficed  to  bring  about  our  anticipated  happiness.  Dancing 
with  her  the  first  quadrille,  she  remarked, "  How  much  I  admire  your 
Chasseurs."  "  We  want  some  recruits, tf  was  my  reply;  "  would  ma* 
'iselle  like  to  join  us  P*1  "  Oh,  yes  T  she  said,  ':  but  you  won't 
take  me  with  yon  r'  *  Certainly  we  will  j  but  what  will  papa  say  ?" 
**  Oil-  ifyou  will  let  me  go  with  you,  never  mind  that,  he  will  soon 
forget  it,  v&ila  V  affair  fin  it  J'  1  received  several  notes  from  her 
the  following  day,  when  we  were  halted,  reminding  me  of  myjpro* 

T  2 


N1SCKNCE8   OY   A    VETEBAK. 


mise,  with  her  plans  j  ami,  1  was  so  infatuated  that  I  had  no1  courage 
to  rL'tsi^t  being  thus  dragged  by  a  child  into  an  imprudent  step,  by 
once  undeceiving  her.     But  fortune  and  my  associates  befriendi 
me.     Captain  Devenport  and  tlic  staff-surgeon  used  frequently 
dine  with  me  without  any  previous  inti.  nation,  an  J  they  would  al 
si  itiLctiincs  brills  a  friend  with  them;  and  it  so  happened  that 
day  of  our  halt  they  came,  accompanied  by  a  young  chaplain  of 
army,  whom  they  had  met  with;  ho  was  an  t  ly  gcmlem 

like  person.  After  dinner  the  conversation  turned  npoe  the  pa 
we  hud  thfl  previous  evening,  The  clergy mauT  after  apologizjn 
the  liberty  he  was  about  to  take,  and  which  he  said  was  justi 
from  ana  of  Ins  cloth,  told  me  he  had  heard  of  my  intended  project 
from  my  two  irk nda  ;  and  to  rescue  me  it'  possible  from  the  disgrace 
attached  to  it,  and  to  point  out  the  evil  effects  it  would  have  up 
my  future  prospects  in  juv  profession,  was  the  occasion  of  his  pn 

[   tie  trusted  we  should  not  separate  without  Ids  obtaiiiin 
from  me  a  promise  not  to  proceed  further  in  the  matter. 

Th;  coming  from  a  person  I  had  never  seen  be 

i  in  so  kind  and  friendly  a  manner,  had  one  good  effect, 
made  me  reflect,  which  I  had  not  done  before,  and  I  at  uii- 
ceived  that  a  young  giddy  French  wife  was  not  calculated  to  add 
my  happiness,  while  my  habits,  pursuits,  and  way  of  thinking  sat 
tied  tne  thai  the  young  lady  would  be  much  better  without  me  as  h 
liege  lord  and  master.     I  had,  however,  no  opportunity  of  cxplainii] 
myself,  or  taking  Leave  of  the  lady,  and  not  daring  to  stay  for  tl 
appointed  hour,  1  moved  oft"  in  advance.     I  never  heard  al 
from  her,  but  am  inclined  to  believe  &hs  did  not  break  her  h> 
and  if  she  really  wished  for  a  husband,  boo  might  succeed  perhaps 
better  with  the  next  brigade  which  followed  us.    The  young  cb 
man  who  rendered  me  this  kind  service  I  never  met  with  or  h  . 
of  afterwards, 

Ouf   march   continued   to  be  a  very  pleasant  one  ;  we   mm. 
ourselves  aally  with  ino  laments,  armed  with  long 

pieces  of  bamboo  j  in  breaking  a  lance  with  each  other  one  of 
party  frequently  got  unhorsed.     An  unlbrtuiiate  lieutenant,  wfc 
pony  had  a  the  bit  out  of  his  mouth,  afforded 

*  amueemt  il(,     jit-  generally   stuck  i  the  column,   sur- 

rounded by   Urn  men;  but  at  times  w  hen  he  was  off  his  guard 
wpuld  rii  and  away  would  go  the  pony  tiud  the  officers  after 

him.  Ilia  rider,  wit  In  hi  i  ;i  bridle,  contrived  generally  to  sit  him  well, 
but  in  s  dreadful  frighi.  ilthough  be  sometimes  got  a  fall,  lie  wan 
never  hurt.  Xhii  was  not  a  very  military  proceeding;  the  men, 
however,  seem  the  fun  as  much  as  their  officer*, 

We  had  also  some  In  Deveuport  was  the  moat 

silly  fellow  I  evur  met,  where  women  were  concerned*  and  in  the 
house  where  he  was  billeted  he  was  as  jealous  of  Clarence  and  my- 
self talking  to  them  as  if  thej  were  his  undivided  property.  He 
could  iv'  of  French)  and  we  laughed  and  joked  him 

< jii    his  sentimentality,  in  having  ao  soon  forgotten  the  Lady  of  t" 

au.     lie  could  ftol   bear  being  rallied  ou  the  subject,  say 
that  we  engrossed  the  conversation  of  all  the  women ;  we  had 


^6 


ward 
long 

a. 

J  US 


i859.]  BiirtinacnBircEi  o*  a.  tetebait.  276 

him  particularly  angry,  and,  to  pacify  him,  we  promised  not  again  to 
approach  the  ladies  where  he  was  billeted.  I  scarcely  could  persuade 
myself  that  he  was  serious  in  making  this  foolish  proposition.  How- 
ever. I  found  he  was  determined  to  abide  by  it ;  for,  a  few  days  after- 
wards, I  went  out  to  walk  and  see  the  town  where  we  were  quartered 
with  the  master  of  the  house,  who  took  mc  also  to  the  maiHe,  and 
introduced  me  to  a  family  who  were  assembled  under  the  shade  of 
the  trees.  A  walk  was  proposed  by  the  party,  and  I  gave  my  arm 
to  one  of  the  two  young  ladies  who  were  there  ;  we  were  soon  fol- 
lowed by  Devenport,  whose  hostess  it  seems  1  was  walking  with, 
when  he  tendered  his  arm,  which  she  declined,  saying  one  was  enough. 
He  then  oifered  his  arm  to  the  other  young  lady,  which  she  also  de- 
clined, as  she  was  about  entering  a  convent  to  take  the  veil  as  a  nun. 
He  could  not  understand  the  reason  of  her  not  walking  with  him, 
and  he  became  very  angry,  conceiving  that  I  had  so  arranged  it,  and 
I  was  afraid  that  my  fair  friend  would  perceive  what  he  was 
saying.  He  wanted  me  to  pass  her  over  1o  him,  which  I  could  not 
do,  where  I  ever  so  much  disposed ;  and.  as  he  made  use  of  some 
expressions  of  which  I  did  not  exactly  approve,  I  told  him  I  would 
not  be  bullied  intola  compliance  with  his  nonsense. 

He  left  the  party  and  sent  a  friend  to  call  me  out,  or  to  bring  him 
an  apology ;  the  latter  I  declined  giving,  as  1  conceived  that  I  was  the 
person  who  had  most  reason  to  feel  offended.  A  friend  was  sent  for 
on  my  account,  and  I  told  them  both  the  story,  just  as  it  occurred, 
at  which  they  laughed  immoderately,  and  yet  they  passed  nearly  the 
whole  night  in  trying  to  dissuade  the  silly  fellow  from  shooting  me. 
1  suspect  that  most  of  the  duels  which  take  place  arise  from  causes 
even  more  trivial.  Poor  Devenport  was,  a  year  or  two  afterwards, 
drowned  on  his  passage  between  Holyhead  and  Dublin.  He  had 
previously  left  the  Portuguese  service. 

When  we  were  about  to  enter  Portugal  I  was  appointed  Major 
of  the  3rd  battalion  of  the  Cacadores,  with  orders  to  join  that 
corps  at  Villa  Eeale,  Tras  dos  Montes.  Before  taking  leave  of  the 
Oporto  brigade,  I  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing  my  successor, 
Lieut.-Col.  Peter  Adamson.  lie  told  me  he  had  applied  to  have 
the  command  of  the  Cacadores  battalion  immediately  after  the 
battle  of  Orthes,  when  Lieutenant-Colonel  Pearon  was  killed,  and 
again  on  his  seeing  me  attached  to  take  the  temporary  command  of 
it.  The  Marshal  had,  however,  declined  appointing  him  until  now, 
telling  him  always  that  I  had  been  placed  there  under  very  peculiar 
circumstances.  He  did  not  seem  satisfied  at  my  retaining  the  com- 
mand so  long,  to  his  prejudice,  and  when  I  introduced  the  officers  to 
him,  and  handed  over  the  command,  I  gave  him  also  the  papers  and 
money  referable  to  the  accounts  of  Messrs.  Hibbert  and  Hume, 
expressing  a  hope  that  he  would  see  that  account  settled  and 
paid. 

Comparatively  speaking,  few  British  officers  were  now  retained  in 
the  Portuguese  service.  Most  of  them  rejoined  their  regiments ;  I 
was,  however,  one  of  those  authorized  to  remain,  and  all  the  subal- 
terns so  authorized,  obtained  companies  in  the  British  service  with- 
out purchase.     Mine  was  dated  23rd  of  October,  1814.     Twelve 


HEMTNI9CEirCB8  OF   A  TBTEBi 


[Jinra 


m 
to, 

ith 


months  afterwards  we  were  all  placed  on  the  half  pay  list  of  the 
British  army.  The  3rd  battalion  of  Cacadores,  to  which  1  had  been 
newly  appointed,  had  been  organised  and  commanded  in  the  first 
years  of  the  Peninsular  War  by  the  late  Sir  George  Elder.  The 
officer  in  command  when  I  joined,  was  Lieutenant-Colonel  Luiz  de 
Certjueira.  He  was  n  married  man,  bnt  divorced  from  his  wife,  and 
had  some  property  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Villa  Eeale.  ITe  was  a 
v.  rv  agreeable  companion,  hut  rather  too  much  infected  with  the 
Philosophy  of  Voltaire,  liouasoau,  Volncy,  and  other  of  the  French 
school.  He  seldom  remained  long  with  the  battalion,  and  in  conse- 
quence, the  command  frequently  devolved  upon  me, 

The  General  Officer  commanding  the  Provence  (the  Conde  de 
Amarante),  had  bis  head-quarters  at  Villa  ReaJe,  and  Iwas  on  very 
intimate  terms  with  the  principal  magistrate,  Maraes  Sarmento 
afterwards  Ambassador  to  our  Court.  We  had  subsequently  with 
the  battalion,  a  married  officer,  Captain  Dobsou,  a  most  eccentric 
character. 

The  chaplain  rf  the  army  was  a  blustering  Franciscan  friar ;  be 
had  made  himself  wry  useful  to  Sir  O.  Elder,  who  employed  him  to 
bully  the  people  at  the  arsenal  at  Lisbon,  by  which  means  his  corps 
was  equipped  and  appointed  sooner  and  better  than  any  other.  The 
Priest  was  a  coarse  sensualist;  but  he  was,  shortly  after  my  arrival, 
aent  out  to  Bio  Janeiro,  and  became  the  tutor  and  spiritual  adviser 
to  the  Prince  Don  Miguel  1 !  There  was  also  a  Captain  of  the  name 
of  Cassamiro,  who  had  been  a  Dominican  friar,  but  in  the  breaking 
out  of  the  revolution  he  turned  soldier  and  married,  He  could  not 
have  remained  in  the  country,  and  less  so  at  Villa  Eeale,  wher 
there  was  ft  Dominican  convent.  After  the  war  was  terminated 
he  was,  therefore,  sent  t<>  the  Emails,  where  he  also  became  military 
tutor  to  Don  Miguel  With  such  teachers  and  preceptors,  we  need 
not  be  surprised  that  the  Prince  became  what  be  was. 

Several  of  the  officers  had  small  incomes,  exclusive  of  their  mili- 
tary  pa\\  and   some  of  them    (as   the   Lieut. -Colonel   and  myself 
resided  during  the  summer  months  in  small  villas  outside  the  town. 
We  formed  a  sort  of  mess,  a  very  jolly  one,  but  on  principles  drawn 
up  by  our  Lieut.-Colonel,  quite  different  from  the  mess  rules  in  our 
ice.     We  dined  with  each  other  in  rotation,  and  were  at  liberty 
to  bring  a  friend  if  we  liked.     This  plan  bad  its  evils,  for  we  beg 
to  vie  with  each  other,  and  the  price  of  game  and  other  artid 
the  market  rose  in  proportion.     To  cheek  extravagance  the  Lieut  *- 
Colonel  proposed  a  bye  law,  that  our  table  was  not  to  groan  with 
more  than  a  certain   number  of  dishes.     The  penalty  was  rather 
humorous  onet  the  offender  being  punished  by  our  dining  w  ith  bJ4 
again  the  following  dayT  and  every  consecutive  day  untd  his  courage 
abated  to  the  proper  level.     The  Lieut.-Colonel  was  himself  the 
first  to  infringe  his  own  regulation,  and  he  was  also  the  first  to 
Buffer  punishment,  he  then  became  more  reasonable.     If  1  rightly 
m-idlcet,  ladies  dined  with  us  on  one  or  two  occasions,  when  the 
evening  was  generally  spent  playing  volterette  (a  game  at  cards)* 
played  by  three  perBGBBj  aud  tbe  ladies  singing,  accompanied  them- 
selves on  the  Portuguese  guitar,  or,  as  they  termed  it,  the  JSnguV 
guitar.  {Tote  continued.) 


iot 
ere 
ed, 
\ry 
;ed 

nil- 

elf) 

wn. 

iwn 

our 

ferty 

egan 

>s  in 

eut- 

ith 

Oil 

e 


I86d.]  27* 

EDITOR'S    PORTFOLIO; 

OB, 

NAVAL    AND    MILITARY    REGISTER; 


The  Appboachixg  Wab. — Although  the  report  of  a  secret  alliance 
between  France  and  Russia  is  not  confirmed,  and,  indeed,  is  even 
partially  contradicted,  the  opinions  expressed  in  the  postcript  of  our 
last  number  on  the  present  conflict  have  gained  ground,  and  the  very- 
advocates  of  peace  are  beginning  to  look  forward  to  our  early  parti- 
cipation in  the  war.  No  reasonable  mind  can  regard  the  complica- 
tions thickening  around  us  as  leading  to  any  other  result.  In  the 
first  place  it  is  contrary  to  all  our  traditions,  inimical  to  our 
interests,  and  destructive  to  our  prestige,  to  leave  another  power  in 
command  of  the  seas  ;  and  that  the  French  are  not  likely  to  recon- 
cile us  to  such  a  novelty,  is,  we  conceive,  shown  by  their  search  of 
an  English  mail  steamer,  under  circumstances  wholly  unwarrantable. 
The  Dutch  flag  has  also  been  insulted,  and  we  may  soon  expect  to 
hear  of  other  outrages.  Secondly,  it  is  clearly  intended  that 
the  blockade  of  the  Adriatic,  which  has  already  proved  injurious  to 
our  commerce,  shall  be  extended  to  Trieste,  as  soon  as  the  French 
squadron  is  reinforced ;  and  we  shall  thus  be  deprived  of  the  first 
link  in  our  communication  with  India.  This  will  also  be  a  violation 
of  the  federal  territory  of  Germany,  and,  by  extending  the  quarrel 
to  the  German  States,  will  draw  down  a  federal  army  on  the  Rhine, 
leading,  we  cannot  doubt,  to  immediate  hostilities.  Such  a  General 
as  Pelisbleb  is  not  likely  to  suffer  all  the  laurels  to  be  gathered  in 
Italy,  while  he  is  at  the  head  of  an  army  in  this  quarter ;  and  we 
may  believe  that  the  infraction  of  the  neutrality  of  Belgium,  which  is 
to  call  England  to  the  field,  will  not  be  a  remote  event.  Nor  can 
Her  Majesty's  Government  be  blind  to  the  designs  of  France  on 
Naples  and  Egypt,  in  neither  of  which  countries  can  she  be 
permitted  with  safety  to  our  possessions,  to  establish  a  footing. 
Whatever  her  engagements  with  France,  Russia  is  pursuing  her  own 
projects  of  aggrandizement,  in  such  a  manner  as  certainly  favour 
those  of  the  French  Emperor.  Her  agents  are  at  work  on  the 
Danube,  in  Hungary,  Greece,  and  Turkey.  Like  Kossuth  and 
Louis  Napoleon,  she  has  become  enamoured  of  nationalities,  and, 


78 


KDITOE  8    BOHTfOIIO;   OE 


[Juot, 


under  this  cry,  is  raising  the  Slave  populations  of  Eastern  Europe, 
In  short,  in  whatever  direction  we  look,  and  wherever  we  turn, 
troubled  waters  are  ahead,  and  there  is  no  saying  at  what  moment 
we  may  not  "  drift*1  into  them.  Let  us,  if  possible,  avert  hostilities 
for  three  months,  and  we  shall  then  enter  the  Hats  prepared. 


this 
Fhig 
ibili- 

than 
etain 

IV- 

g 

ith 


Tub  Admihaltt  anb  the  Navy, — The  friends  of  Captain  f 
2TEOIE  must  acknowledge  that  his  expulsion  from  the  Admiralty  ha: 
not  proved  a  national  loss*     The  Board  at  Whitehall  is  acting  with 
a    vigour   unparalleled   in   these  degenerate   day  a,  just  as  if  this 
martyr  had  never  pertained  to  it.     We  can  even  assure  his  "Wbi, 
godfather,  Sir  Bekja-Mik  II all,  that,  despite  hia  consummate 
ties,  he  was  found  to  be  rather  a  bind  ranee  to  the  public  serviee  th 
an  aid,  and  it  was  not  intended,  under  any  eireu instances,  to  re 
him  at  the  Admiralty.    The  gallant  Captain  has  ollectcd  a  wist:  ra 
treat,  and,  in  the  shades  of  private  life,  will  solace  himself  with  t' 
recognition  bis  services  have  received  in  "  the  order  of  the  mills; 
Meanwhile,  the  Admiralty  has  been  proceeding  energetically 
the  task  intrusted  to  it ;  and  in  such  a  spirit,  and  on  such  a  scale, 
as  juetities  the  assertion  that  SirJoigJf  PAia^UTGN  is  reconstructing 
the  navy.     The  dockyards  are  rife  with  an  endless  din  of  preparation, 
and  every  week  either  adds  to  the  number  of  our  skips  afloat,  or 
new  vessels  advancing  towards  completion.     The  (Queen's  proclama- 
tion for  the  enlistment  of  aeameu  has  been  attended  with  the  best 
eifect.     lumbers  have  eome  forward  at  every  port,  in  answer  to  the 
appeals  of  Captains  JBnoWlff  and  Pi  m,  to  avad   themselves  of  the 
proHered  terms,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  the  requiri 
implement  ^jfl  shortly  be  raised.     But  it  bus  been  uumistakeah 
manifested  that  there  is  still  great  distaste  among  the  maritime  el; 
t« »  the  national  service,  and,  at  the  meetings  held  at  various  pi: 
the  groumta  of  this  repuguauee  were  not  left  unstated,     tfome. 
the  objections  were  successfully  combated  by  Captain  Bbowt*  in  t 
"West,  and  by  Captain  Ptm  in  the  North  j  and  too  much  praise  ca 
not  be  awarded  to  these  officers  for  the  zeal  and  ability  with  w  hi 
they  carried  out  their  mission.     Notwithstanding  all  that  has  b 
lone  fur  the  sailor,  however,  it  is  unfortunately  too  true  that  At 
it-mains  some  room  for  complaint.     The  feeling  everywhere  evin 
tm  the  subject  of  corporal  punishment  points  to  a  grievance  of  t 
tirst  magnitude.     It  was  argued,  indeed,  that  the  practice  had  very 
much   abated,   and  was   now  under   severe    restrictions;    but,    in 
both    respttts,    thmv    is    still   room   for    improvement.      Corporal 
punishment  gsbb  hardly  be  altogether  abolished,  but  the  Commander 
of  a  vessel  ought  to  understand  that  its  infliction  will  always  involve 
responsibility ,  and  may  lead  to  investigation.     We  no  longer  give 
</,en  for  being  last  up  at  quarters ;  but,  even  inour  da; 
there  are  ol lie-era  who  would  not  be  the  worse  for  having  in  tin 
eompositkm  a  larger  share  of  the  milk  of  human  kindness.     It  is  to 
nit'iL  t&efc  eases  that  the  Admiralty,  id  b  wise  spirit  of  conciliation, 
have  issued  a  circular  on  Um  reception  that  is  to  be  given  to  v 


ve 


l"      \   IUUU" 


HA  VAX   A1S1I  MILITARY   EE0T8TEK. 


279 


te^^9J  and  the  treatment  they  are  to  receive*     We  cannot  too  highly 

commend  this  admirable  letter,  which  is  at  once  an  admonition  to 

officer*,  and  a  charter  of  rights  to  the  seaman.     It  enjoins,  on  the 

of  the  officer*  the  exercise  of  a  generous  forbearance,  a  provident 

care  for  the  present  want s  and  future  career  of  the  sailor,  and  temper 

ami  patience  in  training  him  to  his  duties.     The  sailor  will  be  initiated 

in  the  whole' routine  of  discipline  directly  be  enters  the  ship,  but 

ance  is  to  be  made  for  the  novelty  of  his  situation,  and  neither 

little  infraction  of  orders  nor  backwardness  in  drill  is  to  be 

hastily  noted.     An  injunction  is  laid  on  "  the  officers  of  the  ileot  to 

turn  to  good  account  the  opportunity  that  has  been  ailbrdod  for  dis- 

l£  the  aversion  fur  the  navy  which  the  merchant  seamen  have 

d  from  traditional  misrepresentations  of  the  Queen's  service,11 

ad,  with    such  instructions   emanating  from  the  Admiralty,  and 

Eiitted  to  Ihitish  officers,  we  may  believe  that  the  difficulties  in 

the  way  of  manning  the  navy  will  soon  be  removed,  and  that  the 

service  will  become  as  attractive  and  popular  as  it  once  was  odious,     . 

Tub  Ope  ft  ati  on  3  lie  Italy. — If  we  may  draw7  any  conclusions  as 
to  the  design  of  Louis  Napoleon,  from  the  affairs  at  Moutebello 
and  Vcreelli,  appear;uu.  b  indicate  that  the  demonstrations  hitherto 
made  of  an  intention  to  effect  the  passage  of  the  Po  by  open  brute  force 
Opposite  to  Yalenzn,  are  a  mere  feint.     It  was  not  to  be  expected, 
il,  that  so  diligent  a  student  of  history  as  the  French  Emperor, 
and  particularly  one  who  treads  so  closely^in  the  steps  of  the  great 
Napoleon,  would   commit  so   fatal  an   error,  when,   mi  this  very 
ndj  the  military  genius  of  his  uncle  followed  a  strategy  exactly 
the    reTeim       It    was    at    this    point    of  Valenza  that  General 
Buonaparte  threatened  to  pass  the  river  in  1796,  but,  while  bis 
ment  gave  tins  impression  to  the  Austrians,  he  accomplished  a 
forced  march  to  Castel  San  Giovanni,  and,  throwing  forward  a  body 
of  dragoons,  seized  some  boats  near  Piacenza,  where  his  column  ar- 
rived  in  the  morning,    and  encountered   little  opposition   in   the 
Ige  of  the  river,     1 1  w as  an  hist r u c t ion  of  F ax n  e  jit  c k  t  h e  G  r eat 
to  his  Generals  that  bo  attempt  should  be  made  to  force  the  passage 
of  a  river  without  having  recourse  to  stratagem.     In  the  interesting 
remarks  on  the  seat  of  war  in  our  last  number,   General  Macin- 
tosh has  pointed  out  the  course  followed  in  1848  by  Iladetzky,  who 
w  the  Sardinian  army  into  confusion,  by  crossing  the  Tieino  at 
Pa  via,  instead  of  by  the  bridge  of  Bulialora,  where  they  had  prepared 
for  hia  ri>  At  the  present  moment,  the  professional  student 

will  do  well  tu  turn  to  Sir  Howaud  DotJGLAB'a  work  on  The  Con- 
Hon  of  Military  Bri<1ge$  and  tin   Pnasage  of  Rivers  in  Military 
'aiions,  which  furnishes  a  key  to  the  movements  of  both  armies, 
as  they  are  shadowed  forth  by  th  The  admirable  review* 

of  river  opera tie  us  in  the  third  edition   of  this  work,  from  p-  1-17  to 
p,  103,  and  again  from  p.   186  U*  p.  li^-T  has  an  application  to  the 
tag  mniKeuvres  that  at  once  makes  them  comprehensible,  Louib 
leon  may  boar  y  of  his  uncle,  but  he  has  hitbcrto 

shown   no  originality     Tin  kittle  of  Moutebello  is,  at  bestf 

but  a  feeble  repeat  of  the    lirat,  and  the    feint  at  Yulenza  is  not 
i  ve  on  a  second  performance*    He  seems  to  intend  a  passage  of 


280 


EBlTOBfS  POEffOLTO;   OB 


[JiTKE, 


the  Po  at  much  the  same  point  as  BtJONXPABTE — certainly,  from 
present  appearances,  below  the  confluence  of  the  Ticino ;  lor  the 
French  are  extending  in  great  force  in  that  direction,  At  the  same 
time,  the  affair  of  General  Cialdini  opens  a  double  strategical 
movement,  by  passing  the  ^eeia  near  Yercelli,  and  pushing  the  Aus- 
triuns  towards  Novara.  The  effect  of  these  flank  movements  may 
compel  the  Austrians  to  abandon  the  whole  of  the  Upper  Po,  though 
they  have  now  fixed  their  head-quarters  at  Garlaeco,  and  strength- 
ened their  outposts,  Meanwhile  G-ahibaldi  has  penetrated  the 
Milanese,  and,  according  to  the  latest  telegram,  is  approaching 
Como  ;  but  he  can  give  the  Austrians  no  serious  trouble,  unless  sup- 
ported by  a  general  insurrection.  A  rising,  indeed,  is  reported,  hut 
at  what  point  or  to  what  extent  we  are  left  to  conjecture.  Should 
it  be  at  Como,  Gakibaldi,  though  without  artillery,  may  be  able  to 
maintain  himself,  and  the  separate  corps  of  Prince  Napoleon  will 
probably  push  over  the  Appenines,  and  draw  off  the  Austrians,  But 
this  operation  will  not  be  unopposed,  and  the  French  columns  will 
have  to  force  their  way  through  Modena,  where  the  Duke  is  pre- 
paring fur  a  vigorous  defence*  In  our  next  number  we  may  have  to 
show  the  result  of  these  various  movements. 


TltE    CoMMAHDEIl-IF-CniBF      IW    KOETH    AMERICA. — Woolwich 

has  lost  the  most  popular  Commandant  that  it  lias  had  for  many 
years.  The  hero  of  Knrs  is  no  longer  among  us,  and  not  a  few  will 
ttifif  that  genu  J  frankness,  and  considerate  thought  for  all,  which  he 
never  failed  to  exhibit.  In  *Sir  W.  Fenwicx  Williams,  the 
Artillery  has  parted  with  one  of  its  best  officers  ;  but  we  can  hardly 
regret  the  .separation,  since  it  advances  bim  to  the  important  com- 
mand of  North  America,  for  which  he  is,  on  every  ground,  specially 
fitted  Before  the  gallant  General's  departure,  the  Artillery  enter- 
t:iiued  him  at  a  ball,  at  which  nearly  SOU  persons  were  present,  and 
Sir  Fekwick  may  be  assured  he  carries  with  him  across  the  Atlantic 
the  good  wishes  of  the  whole  garrison.  The  gallant  General  has 
appointed  his  personal  staff  in  a  maimer  very  characteristic,  having 
ied  it  of  the  three  ufhVers  standing  first  on  the  list  of  the  Staff 
-  ^e,  without  ever  having  seen  them.  This  is  a  great  blow  to  the 
system  of  nephew  and  jackass. 


CRITICAL  NOTICES. 

Woobi^igh.     By  the  Author  of  "The  House  of  Elmore,"  &c.    3  vols. 

This  it  essentially  a  domestic  story t  written  with  great  spirit  and  a  high 
purpose.  It  is  one  of  those  books  that  may  he  ouL  in  the  hands  of  tafl 
young,  and  read  by  the  uM  with  equal  fttfrratage,  ivhil»-  it  inspires  in  both  a 
ponding  i uteres t.      The   narrative  ia   animated,  without  ever  being 


1859.] 


CBTTICAL  NOTICES. 


improbable ;  for  the  incidents  are  all  of  a  kind  that  happen  in  ordinary  life,  and 
which  any  of  us  may  experience.  Hence  they  are  not  always  new,  and  on* 
Of  two  have  a  familiar  air  ;  but  this  is  small  ground  for  cavil,  and  when  the 
plot  is  cleverly  worked  outT  as  it  is  here,  we  are  not  disposed  to  look  for 
faults.  The  story  is  laid  anion"  the  middle  class  ex,  which  afford  such  a 
variety  of  characters  and  the  widest  range  of  conditions;  at  one  extreme 
bordering  on  the  aristocracy,  and  at  the  other  on  the  poor.  We  are  first 
introduced  to  a  widow  of  a  certain  age,  who  is  charmingly  described ;  and, 
like  all  such  widows,  she  soon  attracts  a  suitor,  and  contracts  a  second 
marriage*  This  is  not  so  agreeable  to  her  son,  a  spirited  youth,  who  has 
enjoyed  considerable  liberty  under  the  old  regime,  and  finds  himself  curbed 
by  tlie  new  one.  After  some  struggling,  he  determines  to  run  away,  and, 
accordingly,  takes  refuge  with  bis  paternal  uncleT  who  receives  him  kindly* 
and  procures  him  employment-  He  now  becomes  acquainted  with  bis  cousins, 
and  the  family  group  are  severally  introduced,  and  at  once  awaken  interest, 
Robert  is  quickly  fascinated  by  Constance ;  but,  on  avowing  his  attachment, 
is  mortified  to  find  that  she  prefers  an  earlier  admirer,  one  Heberdin;  and 
hid  disappointment  and  impetuosity  lead  him  into  a  series  of  adventures 
which  threaten  to  bring  misery  on  all  three.  At  the  critical  moment,  Robert's 
generosity  is  aroused.,  and,  by  a  frank  explanation,  he  vindicates  the  conduct 
of  Constance,  and  reconciles  her  to  Heberdin.  A  timely  discovery,  which 
is  very  effectively  brought  out,  secures  a  happy  destiny  to  himself,  and  the 
story  ends  in  a  manner  as  satisfactory  to  the  reader  as  to  the  parties  con- 
cerned. 


N^wTOfr  l>oi;\ -\  >  k. — 5  Vols. 

Trade  has  it>  adherents  and  its  deserters,  and  while  it  exercises  a  fascina- 
tion cures  Bane,  egata  disgust  in  others.  We  can  never  understand  the 
fading  that  induces  men  with  colossal  fortunes  to  embark  in  business;  but 
this  w  an  incident  of  every-day  occurrence.  Just  as  frequently  those  who  are 
born  and  reared  at  the  counter,  with  all  its  traditions  in  their  mind,  leap  over 
it,  and  aspire  to  higher  things.  The  hero  of  the  story  before  us  is  of  this 
stamp  ;  and  his  career  is  related  iu  a  dashing  style,  and  with  infinite  humour. 
As  aristocratic  instincts  are  contagious,  he  easily  persuades  his  father  to 
forsake  the  path  of  commerce,  and  set  up  for  a  country  gentleman*  which 
opens  to  him  the  very  sphere  he  desires.  We  have  an  amusing  account  of 
lus  introduction  to  the  ti\vt\  uml  initiation  to  field  sports,  presenting  him,  at 
first,  as  a  sort  of  Peter  Simple  ^  but  bis  natural  shrewdness  carries  bin 
through  all  mistakes.,  and  soon  wins  a  prestige.  This  portion  of  the  t* 
rotated  with  great  vivacity.  The  author  is  a  thorough  sportsman,  enthusias- 
tic in  the  mysteries  of  his  craft,  which  he  knows  how  to  describe  in  an  elec- 
tive mariner.  The  main  interest  of  the  narrative  depends  on  this  proficiency, 
for,  although  there  is  no  lack  of  incident,  the  plot  is  slight.  But  the  course 
of  the  story  is  not  confined  to  the  sporting  world  ;  and  we  suspect  the  author 
has  had  experiences  in  another  vocation,  for,  as  the  pint  expands,  he  gives 
some  good  glimpses  of  military  life.  One  of  the  characters  proceeds  to  the 
Crimea,  and  takes  part  in  the  campaign,  affonling  an  opportunity,  in  the 
incidents  that  follow,  for  some  artbtio  electa.  1  tf  course  there  are  the  usual 
crosses  in  lo?ct  but.  all  comes  right  in  the  end,  so  far  as  regards  the  favourite 
characters  ;  but  one  unlucky  wight,  who  becomes  the  prey  of  a  certain 
Madame  Petrovieh,  a  Greek  adventuress,  is  made  to  point  the  moral,  and  set 
up  as  a  warning*  As  a  whole,  the  book  gives  a  graphic  picture  of  life,  ami 
possessing  a  certain  amount  of  novelty,  is  likely  to  lie  read  with  curiosity  as 
well  as  interest.  The  sketches  of  sporting  sharpers  will  attract  particular 
attention. 


CSTTICit  T0TICE8. 


[Jcirit, 


K  ateaue.     By  Julin  Kavanagk 
'I'll  m  M  the  new  volume  of  the  scries  of  popular  w<  nnd 

Rlackett'*  library,  which  we  have  before  noticed  in  terms  of 
Such    a  scries  has  long  been   a  desideratum,  parti cularly    tor    r 
collection?,  and,  judttQE  from  the  works  already  published,  it  will  1 
requirement.    y  Nathalie  M  is  a  charming  tale,  and  has  achieved  a  reptil 
lo  wide,  thai  any  encomium  upon  it  may  now  seem  superfleotw.     Do 
the  information  of  those  who  have  not  read  it,  we  may  state  that  H  h  a  stnry 
of  French  life,  altogether  domestic  in  character,  and  delineate!  the  provincial 
society  of  France  in  the  most  picturesque  manner*     The  narrative  i*  very 


picking  ;    and  the  dialogue,  by  which  the  story  is   principally  carried  on, 
fresh  and   dramatic,  without  ever  ceasing  to  be  natural.    The  f. 
acknowledged  to  be  one  of  the  most  beautiful  creations  of  modern  * 
As  the  work  is  now  published  at  five  shilling*,  in  a  handsome  volunn 
reputation  it  acquired  on  its  first  appearance  will  no    doubt  be  ^ 
extended. 


The  Jews  in  tub  East. 

The  interest  that  attaches  to  uTh<>  3wm  <u  Urn  But,*  BOOM  to  gfO«  with 
our  years  ;  and  neither  the  course  of  events,  nor  their  own   conduct,  can 
change  or  diminish   it*     Oa  that  ground  which  is  still 
touch  our  dearest  sensibilities,  and  we  are  never  weary  of  reading  all   thai 
travellers  can  tell  as  of  their  social  condition.     In  this  age  of  movetnesl 
strange  that  no  one  has  taken  advantage  of  this  feeling  i<»  9 
the  Jewe.     Talk  of  Italy  and  Hungary,  here  is  a  nationality 
earned  away  to  Babylon  before  the  fonndadoo  o€  Rome.     Why  doej  no 
pom  French  Quixote,  swelling  with  benignant,  aspirations,  co 
tered  tribes,  and  revive  the  monarchy  of  David  ?     He  might  summon  1 
tccrs  from  the  four  winds,  and  there  could  be  no  difficulty  hi  fit 
loans.     But,  perhaps,  the  French  have  di  wnuhl  tie  diiiieult 

blind  the  Jews.     They  do  not  look  for  liberation  at  the  hand- 
any  other  despot,     Their  present  condition,  as   described  in  tbes- 
their  habita,  and  their  dispetvioD  over  the  world,  confirm,  indeed,  wha 
Scriptures  declare,  that  their  restoration  can  W  aoflom] 
power,  though  everything  Indicates  that  they  are  twined  fori  '4<< 
The  work  be  tore  us  is  from  the  pen  of  a  distinguislu  d  member  oi 
persuasion,  who  made  a  pilgrimage  to  the  land  of  his  fat] 
investigating  their  social  state;  and  a  more  interesting  narrative  we  have 
seldom  read.     2\To  one  but  a  Jew  could  have  giveu  such  particulars ;  for  they 
arc  the  result  of  familiar  communion  and  a  knowledge  of  the  wholi 
economy.     The  author,  however,  is  free  from  sectarian  prejudice  mymiifMl 
by  kmdly  sentiments  to  all  creeds,  and  alive  to  the  shortcomings  oi  In 
ntce.     He  especially  Qamplains  of  the  early  marriages  of  the  Last 
which  he  mentions  us  one  cause  of  their  enervation  ;  and  when  we  ar» 
of  boys  of  fourteen  marry  in  1'  girls  of  twelve,  the  solution  is  not  diihY 
belief.     It  would  seem,  indeed,  that  the  misery  of  the  Eastern  Jews  is  ehlclly 
»d  their  own  creation.     Their  Western  brethren  have  given  buth  wcaltii  and 
iuJliiL'hLV  to  improve  their  condition,  but  all  tl  lence  is  d< 

focal  Mmiaancei ;  and  they  find  in  Palestine  wha*  they  might  have  learnt 
nearer  home,  that  it  is  impossible  to  help  a  people  who  are.  determined  nut 
to  help  themselves. 


Itariurr  0/  P*r*c e  AtntD -Mr.  Mitchell  has  iust  publish ed  a  besutf 
U\  pa^™t  ui  UAl.U    Prince  Alfred,  exquisitely  1 
nfuiLhlLj.  liki  riess  of  our  sailor-prince  should 
with  this  picture.     The  peculiarly  (rank  expression  ..1  the  IV 
adtmrably  preserved. 


GENERAi  COBRESFONDKNCI 

a-VTla^   (ht>  !h«  StrTtco,  thii  di^ulajcnt  of  the  *f:^ajciue  is  Mk  . 

tnikll  Authentic  i-ommunk' ittoniv  and,  Ihsratore,  ths  Kdlft»r  c.irniot  Uold  huaclj  rcsiK'jj 
Uw  ojiitilant  eipreitied— Kd,  0.  S.  Mjo.J 

MESSES  AND  MESMEtf. 

To  M'f  Editor  of  the  Unite'l  Serrice  Maga&ne. 

The  late  order  of  II.R.II.  the  Commander-in-Chief,  with  respect  to  mess- 
men,  \k\b  created  quite  an  excitement  with  those  iiirliviilnuls«  but  ii<  received 
ai  a  great  boon  by  the  various  tradesmen  who  supply  them. 

The  system  of  messes  niid  messiuen   has  long  wauled  revision,  and   it 
required  *  powerful  'hand  to  doit*    It  is,  we  know,  a  difficult  task,  more 
I  illy  for  those  not  acquainted  with  housekeeping,  as  is  the  case  with 
the  majority  of  our  offioeffi. 

-  many  failures  thut  have  latterly  occurred  amongst  the  messmen,  the 
ease  with  which  they  ^et  "  white  washed^*  whether  they  be  EngLUb, 
Belgian,  or  French,  has  thrown  such  a  discredit  on  the  service  that  no  trust 
is  given  by  a  London  tradesman  to  any  but  those  who  have  been  known  for 
year*,  thns  rendering  the  position  of  a  uiesiman  any  thing  but  honourable* 

The  desire  on  the  part  of  the  mesa  committees  to  curtail  the  jwlifs, 

throwing  the  situation  open  to  competition,  aud  giving  it  to  the   lowest 

bidder,  have  been  the  cause  of  it     Ot  course  somebody  must  sutter  ♦  whore 

mammon  has  bad  to  supply  spirits  and  cigars,  be  has  perhaps  furnished 

British  at  foreign  price,  to  make  up  for  the  less  on  the  dinner  ;  if  that  privi- 

removed,  he,  in  order  to  compete  with  perhaps  bis  next  neighbour  in 

the  camp,  or  barrack,  and  to  retain  Ids  place,  furnishes  dinners  by  which  ho 

bwea  :    and  in  the  end  not  only  the  tradesman  but  the  officer  suffers.     We 

can  fully  understand  it  is  not  tSo  duty  of  the  oOicers  to  look  after  the  in- 

tmregt  of  the  tradesman,  but  it  is  their  duty  to  kcepup  their  y\e*prit  dt  corps  /'for 

respectability  and  fair  dealing  of  their  servants,  and  not  to  allow  the  stigma 

to  remain   that  no  credit  can   bo  given  to   messmeu  in   the  camps,  "By 

jinir  him  the)  have  thrown  around  him  a  cloak  of  respectability  and 

credit ;    it  is  on  their  judgment  the  trade.*-,  ,  and  be  iuak 

further  enquiries. 

It  should  be  a  subject  of  enquiry,  what  is  a  fair  dinner  at  a  fair  price ? 
At  the  present  moment  the  dinners  of  our  infantry  regiments  vary  froi 
to  3s,  per  head;  similar  dinners  could  nut  be  obtained  at  the  Thatched 
Hoase,  A I  lOodoa  Tavern,  at  10s,  fid*  per  head,  aud  at  the  clubs  it 

would  be  nearly  the  ame  price.     As  an  example,  the  following  is  il 
of  iiijv  given  April,  to   a  regiment  of  foot   at  2s.  3d.  per 

head  persona:-  2  soups,  2  fish,  sauces,  &&,  2  roasts,  4^  hams,  8 

entree?,  and  vegetables,  V2  entremets  ;  ices  and  biscuits  after  dinner, 

mun  know  how  to  po  to  market   better  than  the  tavern- 
keeper  ?   ('[in  he  who  otten    d  -peak  English,  or  read   or  wi 
base  provisions  cheaper?     It  often  happens  that  he  has  left  a  place  in 
nobleman's  establishment  to  become  his  own  master  lor  the  first  tinm 
in  his  life,  and  at  the  end  oi  the  month  he  finds  himself  possessed  of  more 
than  bti  bftl  BTO  before  had  at  one  time,  the  result  of  which  is  that 
out  into                  r; \ va^anee  at  the  expense  ol  the  tradesmen, 
whom  h*  h                    ,.  Inline  day  bo  pay,  but  only  gets  mote  in  arrear. 

To  avoid  tlus  a  regular  ?cale  of  bills  of*  fare  ;  that  would  give  a  reasonable 
prgiit  to  the  lucsaman,  might  be  adopted.    The  President  of  the  Mess  Com- 


284 


GIVEBAIr  COBHXSPONBE^Cl. 


[Jrre, 


nuttee  to  have  tlie  power  to  demand  on  the  7th  of  each  month,  the 
tradesmen's  accounts,  properly  receipted,  so  that  ho  may  see  that  they  arc 
paid,  and  report  accordingly  to  the  megs.  The  tradesman  would  then  know 
that  if  not  paid  the  Mess  Committee  would  know  it,  or  that  it  is  not  regu- 
lar, and  on  tiiiu  would  rest  the  onus  of  the  loss,  if  any*  And  if  it  should 
be  found  that  any  mesaman  has  acted  unfairly,  his  name  should  be  circulated 
through  all  the  messes  as  unfit  to  hold  a  similar  situation.  By  this  means 
the  service  would  be  better  served  in  every  way.  the  messmen,  as  a  body, 
would  be  more  respectable,  and  the  tradesmen  better  satisfied,  and  only  too 
anxious  to  secure  the  custom  of  the  regiment,  Perhaps  a  register  of  messmen 
kept  at  the  Horse  Guards  wouM  be  the  most  effectual  way  of  preserving 
honourable  men  amongst  them,  It  is  only  those  regiments  that  arrive  from 
the  Colonies  that  obtain  mea  whose  antecedents  throw  discredit  on  the  body. 
And  if  it  should  be  found  that  the  profits  are  not  sufficient  for  men  of  a 
certain  position  to  undertake  the  duties,  then  have  a  contractor  messman 
like  the  Messrs.  Staples  in  the  City,  and  Gunter's  at  the  West  End*  who 
would  undertake  to  furnish  cooks,  servants,  Ac,  by  which  plan  the  meases 
would  be  better  served,  greater  luxuries  obtained,  such  as  early  vegetables! 
fish,  game,  cream,  ice,  &c.,  &c. ;  the  contractor  buying  largely  instead  of  in 
small  quantities,  the  difference  in  the  price  would  be  the  source  of  his  profit, 
and  any  fault  in  cookery  would  be  easily  remedied  by  changing  the  cook, 
without  the  trouble  of  changing  the  messman. 

These  arc  some  of  the  means  by  which  the  present  bad  system  may  be 
altered;  and  that  it  is  requircdt  is  recognised  by  all  Mess  Committees  and 
Messuien. 

Trusting  these  observations  will  meet  with  your  approval,  I  sippi  myself— 

II ic  £T  UniQiii, 


To  the  Editor  of  the  United  Servtee  Maga&m. 

Government  House,  Portsmouth,  fjtli  Mat,  1859 

Sro,— In  the  February  (1859)  number  of  the  "  United  Service  Magazine," 
(page  232)  in  an  article  describing  the  taking  of  Canton,  appears  as  Ibllows  ; — 

"  The  fust  man  on  the  walls  was  a  soldier  of  the  5!)th  Regiment*1 

I  beg  to  inform  you  that  this  .statement  is  Incorrect,  I  had  myself  the 
good  fortune  to  be  tin*  fiwt  man  un  the  walls  of  Canton,  although  1  had 
not  the  honour  to  belong  to  the  50th  Regiment. 

I  bihflll  he  glad  if  your  correspondent,  the  author  of  the  article  in  trues 
tion,  will  firvour  rue  with  his  name,  so  that  I  may  convince  him  of  his  error. 
I  have  the  honour  to  be,  Sir,  your  obedient  Servant, 

K*  G,  A,  Luard,  Brigade  Lieut.-CoL,  Unattached. 


I860.] 


966 


NAVAL    AND    MILITARY    INTELLIGENCE. 


JNYESTITURE  OF  TOE  BATH. 

Her  Majesty  held  an  investiture  of  the  Bath  on  Thursday,  when  Sir 
John  Lawrence  received  the  insignia  of  a  G.C.B.;  and  Major  General 
Franks,  Colonel  John  Jones,  Ken r  Admiral  Milne,  Sir  John  Young,  and 
Bear  Admiral  Sir  T*  Bastings,  the  insignia  of  K-C.B.,  and  the  following 
officers  were  severally  in  (rod  need,  and  received  from  the  Sovereign  their 
decorations  of  the  military  division  of  the  third  class  of  the  order,  viz.:^ 
Lkyt,  CoL  R,  IL  Gall,  14th  Light  Dragoons  7  Lieut.  CoL  £.  Steele,  83rd 
Foot:  Major  J.  R.  Gibbon,  Royal  Artillery;  CoL  T.  W,  Hicks,  Bombay 
Artillery  ;  Lieut.  CoL  G,  IL  Robertson,  25th  Regiment  Dombav  Native 
Light  Infantry  ;  Major  Thomas  F.  Wilson,  13th  Bengal  Native  Infantry  ; 
and  Major  M.  D*  Woolcombe,  Bombay  Artillery. 


BOUNTY  FOR  SEAMEN. 

Bir  the  Qceex.— A  Proclamation  for  encouraging  Seamen  and  Lands- 
men to  enter  themselves  on  board  Her  Majesty's  ship*  of  war. 

\  h  -pun  a  R. — Whereas  it  is  our  royal  intention  to  give  all  due  encourage- 
ment to  all  such  seamen  and  landsmen  who  shall  voluntarily  enter  themselves 
in  our  service:  Wc  have  thought  fit,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  our  Privy 
Council,  to  publish  this,  our  Koynl  Proclamation,  and  we  do  hereby  promise 
and  declare,  that  all  such  able  seaman  fit  for  our  service,  not  above  the  age 
of  forty-five,  nor  under  the  age  of  twenty  years,  who  shall,  on  or  before  the 
fifteenth  day  or  June  next,  voluntarily  enter  themselves  to  serve  in  our 
royal  navy, 'either  with  the  Captains  or  Lieutenant*  of  our  ships,  or  officers 
employed  in  tenders,  or  at  rendezvous  on  shore*  for  raising  for  the  service  of 
our  navy,  shall  receive,  as  our  royal  bounty,  the  sum  of  ten  pounds  each 
man ;  and  all  such  ordinary  seamen  fit  for  our  service  who  shall  so  tutor 
themselves  as  aforesaid,  shall  receive  the  sum  of  five  pounds  each  man  ;  and 
all  such  able-bodied  landsmen,  not  above  the  age  of  twenty-five,  nor  under 
tho  age  of  twenty  years,  who  shall  so  enter  themselves  as  aforesaid,  shall 
receive  the  anna  of  forty  shillings  each  man  as  our  royal  bounty;  such 
respective  Minis  to  b«  paid  them  by  the  respective  paymaster*  of  the  ships 
OS  board  which  they  may  be  serving  immediately  after  the  expiration  of 
twentr-one  day*  from  the  date  of  such  entry. 

And  we    do  declare,   that  the  qualification  of   the  seamen    and    landsmen 

ntering  themselves  as  aforesaid  ©hall  be  certified   by   the  Captain, 

lieutenant,  or  Master,  and  Boatswain,  or  other  warrant  officer  of  the  ship 

or  \esael  where  they  shall  enter. 

And  for  preventing  any  abases  by  any  person*  leaving  the  vessel*  to 
which  they  shall  belong,  and  entering  themselves  on  biard  any  other  of 
our  ship*  and  vessel*  in  order  to  obtain  the  said  bounty  money,  we  do 
hereby  declare  and  command,  that  such  seamen  and  landsmen  belonging  to 
any  of  our  ships  or  vessels  as  shall  absent  themselves  from  anv  of  the  said 
ships  or  vessels  to  which  they  shall  belong,  and  shall  enter  themselves  on 
board  anv  other  of  our  said  ships  or  vessels  in  order  to  obtain  the  said 
bounty,  shall  not  only  lose  the  wage*  due  to  them  in  the  ships  or  vessels 
they  shall  leave,  but  also  be  severely  punished  according  to  their  demerit*. 

Given  at  our  Court  at  Windsor,  this  thirtieth  day  of  April,  in  the  year 
of  oar  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  fifty-nine,  and  iu  the  twenty- 
second  year  of  our  reign. 

God  S&vl  rui;  Queek, 


286 


NAVAL  AKD  MTLITATIY  IITTELLIGEHCEp 


EXPEDITION  UP  TIIE  5CABCIES. 


[J0IH, 


I 


We  hear  from  Sierra  Leone,  west  const  of  Africa,  that  the  tribe  of  Lnosooi 
1 1 ri  v i -  been  again  encroaching  on  our  frontier,  and  have  had  the  temerity  to 
I  urn  the  next  largest  town  to  Sierra  Leone,  on  the  way  river  on  which  that 
colon v  standi.  It  was  absolutely  necessary  to  check  the  daring  of  this  war- 
like tribe*  as  property  was  no  longer  safe  on  the  river t  and  mercantile  confi- 
dent was  slink i  ti.  Tl ls  mild  administration  of  British  rule  is  imputed  by 
these  savages  to  weakness,  they  considering  themselves  safe  in  their  muddy 
rivers,  where  the  pestilential  levers  of  Africa  protect  them  more  surely  from 
the  white  man  than  all  the  guns  they  could  bring  into  the  field  against  lis. 
An  expedition  was  fitted  out  at  Sierra  Leone  to  attack  the  Loosoo  strong- 
hold up  the  Gr<  ies  river,  where  they  arrived  on  the  21st  of  March. 
The  force  consisted  of  her  Majesty's  steamers  Vesuvius,  Trident,  and  Spit- 
fire, having  on  board  his  Excellency  Colonel  Hill,  Governor"  of  Sierra  Lomic, 
with  the  1st  West  In&ix  Regiment,  end  Commodore  C.  Wise,  aide-de-camp. 
The  fallowing  account  of  the  expedition  is  given  by  a  correspondent  :— 

44  The  steamers  not  being  able,  to  enter  the  river,  the  ascent  was  made  in 
boats,  as  follows  : — 2-i  troops  boats,  in  four  divisions,  under  the  charge  of— 
first  di\isions,  Coramodere  I  Wise,  with  bouts  of  her  Majesty1!  ship  Vesu- 
vius;  second,  Commander  F.  A.  Close*  with  boots  ofhftr  Majesty's  shipTri- 
denl  ;  third,  Commander  Tnisrott,  with  boats  of  Heron ,  fourth,  Lieufa 
Chapman,  with  boats  of  her  Majesty's  ship  Spitfire*  Grand  total,  o2  boats— 
including  six  boats  carrying  guns  and  seven  rocket  boat*.  The  ascent  of  the 
river  was  most  difficult,  and  it  required  the  energy  of  every  naval  officer  to 
the  troop  bo*ta  off  the  rocks  and  in  their  places.  On  the  third  day  we 
found  ourselves  only  a  few  miles  from  mtr  destination — viz*,  the  stockades 
and  mud  forts  of  KambiaTown;  but  the  most  difficult  part  bad  now  to  lie 
1.  Before  us  lay  the  river,  rushing  through  i  bed  of  rooks  the  point* 
of  which  were  so  numerous  and  so  near  together  that  it  seemed  impose 

Never  shall  I  forget  the  scene  that  then  ensued  as  the  cloud  ttf  boats* 
freighter!  with  their  living  cargoes,  were  swept  into  the  rapid  \  the  noise  of 
the  water*  nearly  drowned  the  shout*  of  the  officers,  Pilots  were  useless  \ 
B  they  could  speak  you  were  driven  past,  or  on  to  the  danger.  It  re- 
minded me  very  much  of  ■  large  hunting  geld  charging  a  dangerom  and 
difficult  leap — some  are  pounded,  some  are  stilt  thing  Wong  taking  warning 
from  these  in  difh\idties  ;  sane  are  trying  to  stop,  not  liking  the  look  of  the 
[a*ftk  How  they  all  get  through  is  n  mystcrr,  but  at  lust  it  is  aocompltsadd  , 
the  dinger  is  past,  the  stockades  are  in  sight,  and  the  boats  anchor  to  re- 
form  the  broken  line  of  battle,  while  Commodore  Wise  goes  ahead  to  recon- 
noitre the  enemy.  Once  more  the  bttgta  sounds  the  advance,  In  ten 
minutes  we  open  firet  and  under  a  storm  of  she}!  and  rockets  the  1st  W est 
India  Regiment  and  Marines  hind  with  a  battery  of  mountain  howitzers  ;  the 
boats  now  turn  their  tire  upon  the  main  stockade,  and  the  troops  advance; 
the  second  division  efoonni  MSB  bighef  up  the  river  and  pound  away  it  ■ 
stockade  on  the  sstftreme  leii,  while  a  storming  party,  under  Commander 
Close,  makes  a  rush  for  'hi'  %v ; 1 11  ;  but  she  Loosoos  now  think  they  base  bad 
enough,  and  run  so  fast  that  nothing  but  a  rifle-ball  can  catch  them*  The 
i-  nearly  a  bloodless  one,  but,  like  the  work  in  India,  the  sim  is  more 
to  be  feared  than  gun-shot  wounds  iu  latitude  ft  deg,  north.  The  heal 
frightful,  iiii.l  after  the  last  skirmish  we  had  in  chase  of  the  Loosoos,  I  saw 
his  Excellency  Colonel  Hill,  wbi  uded  the  troops,  being  brought  to 

lite  again  by  means  oi  bottles  of  wnier  poured  over  Ins  head*  The  attack 
had  been  made  at  the  top  of  high  tide,  mid  as  it  was  impossible  to  perform 
the  service  in  one  tide  thoroughly*  the  boats  had  o^  necessity  grounded  m 
the  mud  under  a  cliff  on  which  the  stoekades  and  mud  tort  were  built.  Our 
fleet  of  boats  had  certainly  rather  a  help  Jets  appearance,  but  as  the  troops 


VJNB 


1859.] 


NAVAL  A2TD  MILITAHY  nTTELMGEKCE. 


287 


occupied  the  mud  forts  they  were  safe;  nevertheless,  the  enemy  were  not 
blind  to  the  advantage,  they  bad,  for  after  dark  they  peppered  the  boats  with 
musketry  from  the  opposite  bank.  On  the  24th  the  truops  were  re-embarked, 
and  in  course  of  time  got  back  to  the  steamers.  Kambia  was  left  in  the 
hands  of  onr  neighbours  mid  afties,  and  Tiinnec^  from  whom  the  ever- 
nppressing  Looeoos  had  wrested  the  town  by  treachery.  The  expedition  has 
had  the  happiest  effect  on  the  country,,  for  which  government  deserve  I 
credit,  und  I  am  glad  to  say  that  as  yet  the  troops  have  not  suffered  from 
fever,  which  might  have  been  expected  after  their  exposure  to  the  sun  and 
malaria  In  open  boats.1' 


NAVAL  AND  MILITARY  ORDERS  AND  CIRCULARS. 


SEAMEN  GUNNERS*  FAY  AND  PENSION, 

As  an  additional  inducement  Jbr  the  best  and  most  intelligent  Petty 
Officers  and  Able  Seamen  of  the  Fleet  to  join  the  Gunnery  Ships,  and  to 
qualify  themselves  as  Seamen  Gunners,  we  Admiralty  have  given  directions, 
bv  Circular  dated  the  13th  tilt.,  that  the  Extra  Pay  of  Seamen  Gunners  be 
increased  from  that  date  as  lollows^  viz. : — Extra  Pay  Ut  Seamen  Gunners  of 
tin;  First  Claw  \n  be  increased  from  2d*  to  4d.  per  diem.  Extra  Pmy  to 
Seamen  Gunners  of  the  Second  Class  to  be  increased  from  Id.  to  2d.  per 
diem.  Their  Lor-iiships  further  direct*  that  all  men  who,  after  the  above 
date,  qualify  themselves  for  Seamen  Gunners,  or  abroad,  its  Active  Seamen 
Gunners,  phall  be  allowed  to  reckon  (from  the  date  of  such  qualification,  and 
whilst  serving  as  Seamen  Gunners  or  Acting  Seamen  Gunners),  time  in  the 
proportion  of  six  years  for  every  five  they  have  served  towards  n  long  service 
pension.  Fractional  parts  to  be  allowed  f  »r  broken  time  in  the  same  pro- 
portion. The  same  advantage  to  be  alto  wed  from  this  date  to  Seamen  G  mi- 
ners or  Acting  Seamen  Gunners  now  serving ;  provided  in  the  case  of 
I  Acting  Seamen  Gunners  that  they  are  confirmed  as  Seamen  Gunners  on 
their  return  to  England. 
T 
Com 
Seco 
T 


SECOND  MASTERS,  K.N- 


The  following  Circular,  dated  the  "2nd  task,  has  been  issued ; — The  Lords 
Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty  l>cin£  desirous  of  increasing  the  numbers  of 
d  Masters  in  the  Roy  id  Navy,   the    following  qualifications   will   be 
rjuired  of  each  candidate  : — 

Six  years*  service  at  sea,  three  of  which  as  Midshipman  or  Master's 
Assistant  !n  the  Royal  Navy. 

2.  Or  nix  years  a't  sea  in  the  merchant  service  ;  of  which  one  year  or  more 
must  have  been  served  in  the  capacity  of  Master,  or  two  years  as  Chief  Mate, 
or  three  years  as  Inferior  Mate. 

3.  Or 'six  years  ai  sen,  including  combined  service  as  follows  :— Eighteen 
months  as  Master  and  Chief  Mate ;  or  two  years  and  a  half  as  Master,  Chiefs 
and  Inferior  Mate,  or  as  Chief  and  Inferior  Mate 

4.  Each  Officer  to  produce  certificates  of  diligence,  sobriety,  und  good 
conduct, and  to  pass  such  examinational  the  Admiralty  may  from  time  to 
time  direct  ;  but  no  candidate  will  be  examined  before  he  shall  have  attained 
the  age  of  nineteen  years  nor  liter  the  age  of  thirty-five. 

the  above  qualifications  cannot  be  dispensed  with ;  and  all  applications 
must  be  accompanied  by  certificates  of  service,  and  good  conduct  m  one  or 
more  of  the  capacities  above-mentioned,  and  for  the  period  specified. 
Candidates  should  apply  by  letter  to  the  Secretary  ofthe  Admiralty. 

U.  a  MW.,  No,  867,  Jura,  1859.  V 


UOmttVt  ALLOWANCE  MONEY. 


[Jtrfx, 


entitle 


tin: 
him, 


Tin  Ey  taring  had  under  consideration  the 

under  which  monthly  allcira&CG  paid  to  the  crews  ot  Hi  r  Mt\ 

and  being  desirous  of  giving  to  all  men  who  enter  Her 
*Ker  opportunity  of  receiving  ft  portion  of  their  wa 
them  to  provide  themselves  v.-ith  necessaries, and  tocontnbutc 
of  \\wu  (amities  and  relatives  without  incurring  di 
direction,   that  henceforth  every  man  newly  entered  from 
foes  nut  prefer  to  wait  the  paviinntof  advance  of  wages,  way 
proportion   of  monthly  allowance  money  "to  which  his   rating 

ely  after  the  expiration  of  the  first  month  from  the  date  oi 
1  of  being  obliged  to  wait  six  months  as  required  by  the  instructions 
now  in  force,  and  that  ■  similar  payment,  bt  made  to  him  :it  the  end  of  every 
succeeding  month.     In  cases  of  men   incurring   henvy  ciliary  rtion 

raggung,  the  Captain  of  the  ship  may  withhold  the  payment  of  this 
money  until  the  -counts  will  admit  of 

their  receiving  it,  without  bringing  them  two  months' pay  into  del  >t,     A- 
the  men  will  t Ims  early  he  pJftCeu  in  possession  of  a  portion  of  their  w 
which  will  probably  amount  to  as  much  or  more  than  the  sum  they  would  he 
| 'till tied  to  as  advance  before  the  ship  they  belong  to  proceeds  to 
Lordship*  have  further  directed  that  such  men  at  may  receive  m*'.«  prompt 
payment  of  monthly  allowance  money  -hall  not  he  paid  advance, 
elect  either  to  fen  paid  the  monthly  allowance  money,  or  to  i: 
consideration  of  their  being  paid  the  usual  advance  he/ore  ti 
lo  sea* 


NAVAL  OFFICERS'  MESSES. 

The  subjoined  important   Circular,  No.  Soi,  dated  the  21st  ulL,  has  just 
promulgated,  cancelling  artieta  fi,  p.  94,  of  the  *'  Admiralty  Imtnn/tions," 
and  tne  Circulars  242,*  28-?,  "and  :*."5T  t — The  Lords  Commissioner^   ad 
Admiralty  having  had  under  their  consideration  tin*  several  regulations 
in  force  respecting  Offio  in  her  Majesty's  ships  and  vessel 

pleased  to  direct  as  follows : — 

The  Commanding  Officer  is  to  take  measures  to  prevent  the  offk  < 
indulging  in  an  extravagant  mode  of  living  in  their  messes,  ns  the  prevalenci 
of  such  a  practice  f*  lUtritncntal  to  the  msdptine  of  the  service,  and  must 
moreovert  press  hardly  on  those  individuals  who  have  little  or  no  means  be 
yond  their  pay,  and  he  isT  therefore,  to  give  Buch  orders  m  vil]  eJoctuall; 
carry  out  the  following  regnlationa ;  and  Commanders  m-Chl' 
officerSj  on  their  ii  are  to  make  special  inquiry,  with  a  view 

ascertain  whether  tl.  illations  have  been  properly  observed: — 

I. — tn  Ward-room  Messes  the-  ei  toeed  £12,  and  the 

monthly  subscriptions,  £tf  for  each  men-' 

II. — In  Gun-room  Messes  the  entrance  is  not  to  exceed  £8,  and  thi 
monthly  subscriptions,  including  all  extras,  £1  10s.  for  each  member* 

ILL— Messtaen  are  not  to  be  allowed  in  her  Majesty4!  ships,  and  Stewa 
and  others  are  to  be  prohibited  from  selling  provision*,  wine,  spirits,  & 
either  to  messes  or  to  individuals* 

IV. — The  internal  economy  of  b*  a  Caterc: 

or  a  Committee,  as  the  Officers  may  elect  ;  any  fa  on  tne  part  of 

mem  her  i  'n-elad   by  the  ^ahw  <  H 

reported  lo  the  Captain  or  Command ing  <  >flh ■» r, 

V. — Wine*  spirits^  and  beer  are  not  to  b  on  board  any  of  h 

Majesty's  ^ships  without  the  written  approval  oi  th  In  command. 


1859.]  NAVAL  AND  MIXTTABT  IOTELLIGEKCE.  289 

VL — At  the  expiration  of  every  quarter  a  statement,  in  duplicate,  is  to  be 
prepared  by  the  Committee  or  Caterer,  showing  the  liabilities  of  the  mesa, 
the  money  in  hand  to  meet  those  liabilities,  the  amount  of  entrance  and 
monthly  subscription  required,  and  the  sum  owing  by  each  member ;  one 
copy  of  this  statement  is  to  be  retained  in  the  mess,  for  the  information  of 
the  members,  and  the  other  is  to  be  delivered  to  the  Captain  by  the  senior 
Officer.  In  Gun-room  messes  the  statement  referred  to  is  to  be  audited  by 
a  Lieutenant,  the  Paymaster,  and  Naval  Instructor,  -under  the  directions  of 
the  Commanding  Officer.  Should  the  Commanding  Officer,  on  receiving 
these  mess  statements,  or  at  any  other  time,  observe  any  irregularity  or  ex- 
travagance, which  it  may  not  be  within  his  province  to  remedy  or  check,  he 
is  to  report  the  same  to  his  Commander-in-Chief,  if  he  be  serving  under  one, 
and  if  not,  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty. 

VII. — The  Engineers'  messes  are  to  be  conducted  on  the  same  principles, 
and  the  accounts  arc  to  be  prepared  quarterly,  audited,  and  submitted  to  the 
Commanding  Officer,  as  enjoined  iu  tlio  case  of  Gun-room  Officers'  messes  ; 
hot  Engineers  may,  with  the  written  sanction  of  the  Commanding  Officer,  be* 
allowed  to  take  on  board,  as  mess  stock,  a  very  moderate  quantity  of  spirits 
for  their  own  use,  in  addition  to  the  ship's  allowance :  should  this  privilege 
be  abused  by  any  member  of  the  mess,  the  Commanding  Officer  will  prohibit 
any  future  supplies  in  addition  to  the  ship's  allowance. 

Vlll. — Officers  must  remember  that  their  mess  debts  have,  equitably,  a 
prior  consideration  for  settlement  to  any  other  debts  they  may  have  incurred ; 
such  debts  should,  as  an  ordinary  rule,  be  settled  once  a  month,  but  in  no 
case  should  they  be  allowed  to  remain  unliquidated  beyond  the  end  of  the 
quarter. 

IX. — No  Officer  should  leave  his  ship  in  debt  to  the  mess  ;  but,  when  he 
is  obliged  to  do  so,  it  is  his  duty' to  enter  into  some  satisfactory  arrangement 
for  paying  what  he  may  owe  within  a  given  time. 

X. — All  Officers  belonging  to  and  doing  duty  in  the  ship,  are  to  be  re- 
quired to  join  the  mess  to  which  by  their  rank  they  belong.  Supernumerary 
officers  doing  duty,  taking  passage,  and  living  on  board,  are  to  join  their 

§  roper  mess ;  and,  when  they  do  not  pay  a  mess  entrance,  they  may,  in  ad- 
ition  to  the  subscription  of  the  regular  members,  computed  at  a  daily  rate, 
be  charged  not  more  than  6d.  a  day  in  Ward  room  messes,  and  3d.  a  day  in 
Gun-room  and  Engineers'  messes. 

XI. — If  it  be  necessary  to  lay  in  a  larger  mess  stock  than  usual,*  meet 
the  requirements  of  a  long  voyage,  such  stock  is  to  be  paid  for  by  nonthly 
subscription  in  advance ;  and  officers  in  command,  as  well  as  o*.  hers,  arc  to 
take  care  that,  before  the  ship  leaves  the  port,  all  the  mess  debts,  for  stock 
and  furniture,  have  been  duly  discharged. 

By  observing  the  foregoing  rules,  and  carrying  them  out  in  a  proper  and 
becoming  spirit,  my  Lords  anticipate  that  the  comfort  of  the  Officers  will  be 
increased,  wliile,  at  the  same  time,  the  public  service  will  be  benefitted  by 
the  avoidance  of  irregularities  in  mess  transactions. 

By  command  of  their  Lordships, 

H.  COBBY. 


Improved  Mode  of  Cooking  for  the  Army.— A  preliminary  trial  of 
Radley's  Patent  Rotary  Cooking  Apparatus,  took  place  at  Woolwich  a  few 
days  smce,  in  presence  of  Captain  Freeth  and  other  officers  of  the  garrison. 
The  apparatus  at  Woolwich  measures  ten  feet  by  throe,  and  will  cook  food 
sufficient  for  a  thousand  men,  with  a  very  moderate  consumption  of  fuel, 
requiring  only  three  attendants.  By  an  ingenious  contrivance,  a  rotary 
motion  is  given  to  the  cradle  used  in  the  roauting  department,  and  the  meat 

17  2 


200 


KAT1L  ABB  MIIITAET  IKfTEILIGESCE. 


[Jl 


buio*  entirely  enclosed  front  external  air,  unci  surrounded  by  heat,  the  waste 
is  said  to  be  twenty  per  cent,  less  than  iiv  fcfeo  mode  of  cooking  before  an 
open  lire,  and  is  free  from  the  unpleasant  flavour  imparted  to  baked  meat. 
There  are  also  boiling,  steaming,  and  frying  departments ;  and  after  dinner, 
water  is  provided  for  tea  and  cleansing  purposes,  without  any  additiviud 
consumption  of  fuel  The  apparatus  is  elated  to  bo  suitable  for  the  army, 
either  in  garrison  or  in  the  field,  ships  of  war,  large  merchantmen,  hmpftlUft, 
or  any  large  cistnldi^h meats  where  economy  of  space,  time,  and  fuelT  is 
importance*  We  are  iulbrmed  that  a  model  may  be  seen  at  the  Museum 
the  Society  of  Arte. 


NAVAL  PRIZE  MONEY, 

The  London  Gazette  of  last  night  announce*  that  the  following  shares  „ 
prize-money  will  be  payable  at  the  Prize  Department  of  the.  Admiralty,  on 
Mi  unlay,  the  2Srd  iust. 

*fc  Vesuvius.'1— Fur  salvage  services   rendered  by  the  Vesuvius  to  the 
Brothers,  of  "Wexford,  on  the  21st  Sept.,  1856,  viz.:  — 
£.    s. 

Commander 24    8 

Third  class *„„... 6  18 

Fourth  elasa    .,.„.,.«,..«..       4    8 

Fifth  class .„,      2    9 

Sixth  class 2     4 

41  AwteIiOPk." — For  the  slave  schooner,  name  unknown  (supposed  to 
the  Jupiter),  captured  29Ui  June,  1357,  by  the  Antelope. 


Seventh  class 1 

Eighth  class . 0 

Ninth  class,,. *.*«...........•  0 

Tenth  class  ...*,*.». *..*..*.,  0 


Flag  share  „ 85     5 

Lieut,  Com numdi ng 138     8 

Fourth  class  40     0 

Fifth  dans  „.. 22     {■ 

Sitth  class., 20    0 

41  Alecto," — For  the  schooner, 
1857,  by  the  Alecto. 

Flag  share ....  4fl     9 

Commander 117  11 

Third  elass    36     1 

Fourth  class 23     3 

Fifth  class 12  IT 


&     s, 

Seventh  class    .„*„»••.. .♦     13     6 
Eighth  tlass, H   13 


11 

; 


Ninth  class 
Tenth  elass 


9 

11 

5 


captured   15th  October, 


Sixth  elass 11 

Seventh  etass     ...,..„„„       7 

Eighth  class 3 

Ninth  class. „ ,,.„. 

Tenth  class...,*,  .,.*„.., 


11 
14 

17 
•2  11 

1 


10 

i 

3 

6 


STAFF  COLLEGE, 


■' 


A  General  Order,  dated  the  12th  inst,  fbtca  the  first  of  August  as  the 
date  of  the  examination  of  candidates  desirou*  of  entering  the  Staff  College. 
All  applications  trom  ouVers  at  home  are  to  be  sent  to  before  the  1st  of 
July,  The  terms  of  the  Order  do  not  essentially  differ  from  that  published 
in  June  of  last  year,  excepting  that  the  fourth  paper,  on  Military  History, 
is  dispensed  with,  and  the  first  part  of  the  voluntary  portion  of  mathematics 
is  taken  on  the  first,  instead  of  tin-  BeOOnd  slay.  This  arrangement  allows 
of  the  whole  of  the  sixth  day  being  devoted  to  Fortification,  and  of 
seventh  day  of  the  examination  to  Military  Drawing. 


1859.] 


NAVAL  AND  MIUTABT  INTELLIGENCE. 


291 


cont 

IllHK 

of  in 
Mhi 


STAFF  OF  THE  ROYAL  ARTILLERY. 

HoB5E  Giiabbs. — "The  successive  augmentations  to  the  Royal  Artillery 
having  caused  an  assemblage  at.  Woolwich  of  in  unwiehlv  Regimental  Staff, 
ber  Majesty's  Government,  mi  me  recommendation  of  liis  Royal  Highness 
-neral  Commanding-in-Ohief,  has  decided  that  the  Stair  shall  be  distri- 
buted to  the  several  stations  at  home  and  abroad,  but  the  Head  Quarters  will 
remain,  as  heretofore,  at  Woolwich. 

"In  mating  this  distribution,  his  Hovnl  Highness  wishes  to  impress  upon 
the  minds  of  the  officer*,  non-commissioned  officers,  and  men  of  the  Royal 
Artillery,  that  in  removing  the  headquarters  of  the  majority  of  the  brigades 
from  Woolwich,  he  is  desirous  that  this  station,  which  has  been  during  so  many 
years  the  seat  of  scientific  knowledge  and  professional  instruction,  shall  Mill 
continue  to  be  so  considered,  and  that  his  earnest  desire  is  to  make  this  time- 
honoured  depot  of  the  Royal  Artillery  still  mora  efficient  as  the  great  centre 
of  instruction  for  the  whole  corps  of  ftoynl  Artillery,  Although  the  regiment 
been  formed  into  brigades,  it  must  lie  distinctly  borne  in  mind  that  the 
eral  Commanding* in*  Chief  will,  from  time  to  time,  cause  such  alterations 
his  Royal  Highness  may  deem  advisable — as  changing  the  batteries  or 
brigade  Irom  field  to  garrison  duty,  and  vice  versa ;  and  changing  the  head 
Quarters  or  stations  as  may  be  required.  It  being  very  desirable  that  every 
man  in  the  regiment  should  be  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  whole  of  the 
duties  of  (hi-  artillery  soldier,  commanding  officers  will  be  held  responsible 
that  the  drivers  are  instructed,  as  far  as  possible,  as  gunners,  and  the  gunners 
in  driving  drill.  The  reliefs  will  be  earned  on  by  entire  brigades,  and  it  will 
be  arranged  that  each  brigade,  before  proceeding  on  foreign  service,  shall,  if 
practicable,  lie  stationed  at  least  twelve  months  at  Woolwich.  The  Depot 
Brigade  at  Woolwich  will  consist  of  all  permanently  employed  non-tfouunis- 
sioned  officers  and  men,  and  of  recruits  for  brigades  or  Indian  or  colonial 
service,  as  well  as  of  men  returned  from  abroad.  It  will  be  composed  of 
(ggtkl  divisions  of  gunners  or  drivers,  in  such  proportions  as  the  commanding 
officers  m&y  think  best.  Artificers,  and  mtn  under  mstrneuon  as  such,  for 
foreign  brigades,  will  also  belong  to  the  depot ;  but  those  under  instruction 
at  the  Royal  Arsenal  at  Woolwich  will  be  attached  to  the*  depM  &f  Howe 
Artillery,  or  to  the  field  battery  at  Woolwich,  The  hospital  will  be  on  the 
name  tooting  as  a  General  Hospital,  each  brigade  having  certain  portions 
allotted  to  it,  and  the  commanding  officer  will  bold  his  own  medical  officers 
responsible,  The  principal  medical  officer,  when  requiring  officers  for  medi- 
cal boards,  &CM  will  apply  to  the  commandant,  who  will  detail  them  in  _ 
son  order  for  that  duty.  The  regimental  Bchools  will  continue  as  at  present 
I  the  commandant,  who  will  give  such  orders  as  he  may  think  necessary 
t.i  commanding  orllcers  of  brigades.  The  band  of  the  regiment  will  be  at- 
tached to  the  lb  pot  Brigade,  even* officer  in  ihe regiment  subscribing  annually 
two  days1  pay,  as  at  present,  towards  its  support.11 

By  command,  George  Wet  her  all,  Adjutant  General 


SCHOOL  OF  GUNNERY. 

Horse  Guards,  April,  1859, 
11  His  Royal  Highness  the  General  Commandinc-m- Chief  has  much  pleasure 
in  promulgating  to  the  Royal  Regiment  of  Artillery  the  consent  of  her  Ma- 
jesty to  the  establishment  of  a  School  of  Gunnery  at  fcboeburyness,  to  take 
effect  from  the  1st  of  April,  1»5£>. 

11  His  Royal  Highness  avails  himself  of  thtd  opportunity  of  impressing  upon 
the  whole  regiment  of  artillery  a  sense  of  the  great  bent-tit  which  cragki  u,  Lie 
derived  by  the  corps  from  the  advantages  which  a  School  of  Gunnery  presents 


292  JTA.VAX  AXD  MILITARY   INTELLIGENCE.  [JTJJtB, 

to  all  who  shall  enjoj  the  facilities  which  such  an  establishment  will  afford  lor 
individual  improvement,  as  well  as  for  the  advancement  of  artillery  science 
in  general, 

14  As  sonic  little  time  must  necessarily  elapse  before  the  details  of  a  ftrat- 
i  of  artillery  instruction  can  be  arranged,  Lie  Royal  Harness  will 
on  &e  [lit  sent  occasion  content  himself  with  indicating  the  general  priju 
which  will  guide  those  officers  of  the  corps  whom  he  ha?  intrusted  will.  iln.* 
preparations  of  that  system,  and,  although  time  and  experience  may  eu 
improvements  in  the  details,  the  broad  outlbe  of  the  system  >v'iU  doubtless 
undergo  little  or  no  change. 

i  artilleryman  should  unite,  with  proficiency  in  his  uwn  branch  of  the 
terrioe,  many  of  the  qnan^osiions  of  a  cavalry  or  infantry  solder,  and  it  ii 
therefore  boned  that,  while  officers  will  miturally  use  their  utmost  endes 
to  train  efficient  gunnery  they  will  not  lose  sight  of  the  great  advantages  to 
be  derived  from  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  drilla  a&d  manoeuvres  M  boA 
Hervir>  Ming  them  to  conform  with  confidence  and  judgment  to 

bined  movements  of  all  arms.     Far  the  furthering  of  this  object  the  directions 
contained  in  the  recognized  manuals  are  to  be  strictly  adhered  to,  and  it  will 
be  hereafter  pointed  out  in  a  *  course  of  instruction'  what  portion  of  the  infan- 
try manoeuvres  may   be   dispensed    with  by  the  Royal  Artillery* 
infantry  soldier  is  not  considered  fit  for  the  rank  as  a  duty  man  until  he  is 
well  vetted  in  the  proper  management  of  his  weapons,  so  an  artilleryman  is 
to  be  considered  a  recruit  uotil  he  h  properly  instructed  in  the  essential 
requisites  of  an  artillery  soldier      Commanding  officers  of  arliUVry  will  then*- 
fore  bear  in  mind  that  gunnery  ire  not  to  be  detailed  by  them  for  •  duty'  until 
dismissed  gun  drill.     Thus,  if  ait  ached  to  a  brigade  liable  to  coast  du 
course  of  garrison  gun  drill  must  be  completed.     With  a  view  to  rendering 
this  period  of  probation  as  short  as  possible,  *  system1  is  absolutely 
and  this  system  will  be  the  subject  01  mature  consideration  by  the  stafl  of  the 
School  of  Gunnery. 

"At  all  artillery  stations  opportunities  are  afforded  for  instmctian  in  those 
mechanical  operations  (commonly  called  the  repository  course)  which  fan 
such  an  essential  portion  of  an  artilleryman's  training,  and  commanding 
officers  must  adhere  strictly  to  the  distribution  of  time  as  allotted  to  tbe  va- 
rious departments  of  instruction,  in  order  that  uniformity  of  system  may  be 
maintained, 

"The  instruction  in  the  management  of  rilled  ordnance  will  form  the  sub- 
ject of  ajeciftl  arrangements,  and  will,  in  the  first  instance,  be  carried  on  under 
the  immediate  superintendence  of  the  staff  of  the  School  of  Gunnery,  and  he 
gradually  disseminated  throughout  the  corps.     Ii  would  now  be  premature  ti 
enlarge  on  th  is  po  rtion  of  the  sonject.    A  V  i  1 1 1  regard  ho  the  then  >rc  tlesJ  aattawfl 
tion  of  the  non-commissioned  officers  and  men  ot  the  artillery,  his  Koy 
Highness  would  remind  officers  of  the  numerous  opportunities  which  ofiet 
impressing  upon  those  under  their  command  how  inseparable  artillery  pt 
is  from  the  deductions  of  theory,  and  how  a  knowledge  of  ti  rules 

of  mechanical  science  will  facilitate  all  operations,  whether  as  regards  the 
acquirement  of  good  gunnery,  or  the  management  of  heavy  ordnance  and 
military  machines*  Such  opportunities  should  not  be  thrown  away,  and  his 
Itoyal  Highness  trusts  to  t|ie  officers  of  the  corps  to  impart  to  all  under  their 
instruction  as  much  as  possible  of  that  theory  which  Is  the  ground  work  of  all 
gunnery*     Difficulties    will,    doubtl  ot   themselves,  but  his   Koyal 

Highness  is  convinced  that  a  determination  and  cheerful  co-operation  on  this 
part  of  the  officers  of  the  Koyal  Artillery  will  tend  to  obviate  such  difficul- 
ties and  that  such  assistance  wall  be  afforded  him  his  previous  acquaintance 
with  the  artillery  service  leaves  him  no  room  to  doubt. 

"On  the  formation  of  the  Befool  of  Gunnery  the  Repository  at  Woolwich 
will  be  placed  entire ly  under  the  Commandant)  with  an  officer  of  the  school 


er 
lie 

2 

a 

Las 


1859.]  KAYAIi  AXV  MILITABY  IKTEltTOEKCE. 

to  cany  on,  under  his  orders,  the  gunnery  instruction  of  the  garrison ;  and 
sheuM  the  Commandant  find  it  necessary,  he  will  detail  subaltern  officers  to 
assist  this  officer  in  his  duties. 

"  The  following  is  the  detail  of  the  staff  of  the  School,  viz. :— one  Comman- 
dant and  Superintendent,  one  Field  Officer  and  Chief  Instructor,  three 
Instructors  in  Gunnery,  one  Brigade  Major,  one  Adjutant  and  Quartermaster, 
one  Captain  Instructor  (carbine),  one  Schoolmaster,  one  Serjeant  Major,  one 
Quartermaster  Serjeant,  six  Serjeant  Instructors,  one  Serjeant  Conductor  of 
Stores,  two  Orderly-room  Clerks,  and  two  Storemen. 

44  And  his  Royal  Highness  has  appointed  the  following  officers  to  the  School 
of  Gunnery,  viz. : — 

44  Commandant  and  Superintendent — Colonel  Mitchell. 

44  Chief  Instructor— Brevet  Colonel  Gardner. 

44  Brigade  Major— Brevet  Lieut. -Colonel  S.  E.  Gordon. 

44  Instructors  in  Gunnery — Major  Ward  (Woolwich),  Captain  Hay,  and 
Major  Taddy. 

44  Carbine  Instructor— Captain  T.  Brown. 

44  Adjutant  and  Quartermaster — Captain  Alderson. 

44  By  command  of  his  Royal  Highness  the  General  Commanding-in-Chief, 

44  G.  A.  Wetheball,  Adjutant  General." 


VOLUNTEER  CORPS. 

The  following  notice  was  issued  from  the  War  Office,  on  Thursday* 
May  12th  :— 

"War  Office,  Pall  Mall,  May  12,  1859* 

44  Her  Majesty's  Government  having  .had  under  consideration  the  propriety 
of  permitting  the  formation  of  Volunteer  Rifle  Corps,  under  the  provisions  of 
the  Act  of  U  George  III.,  cop.  5-1,  as  well  as  of  Artillery  Corps  and  Compa- 
nies in  maritime  towns  hi  which  there  may  be  forts  and  batteries,  I  have  the 
honour  to  inform  you  that  I  shall  be  prepared  to  receive  through  you,  and 
consider  any  proposal  with  that  object,  which  may  emanate  from  the  county 
under  your  charge. 

a  The  principal  and  most  important  provisions  of  the  Act  are— 

44  That  the  Corps  be  formed  under  Officers  bearing  the  commission  of  the 
Lieutenant  of  the  county. 

44  That  its  members  must  take  the  Oath  of  Allegiance  before  a  Deputy 
Lieutenant  or  Justice  of  the  J  Van*,  or  a  Commissioned  Officer  of  the  Corps. 

44  That  it  be  liable  to  be  called  out  in  c;.sc  of  actual  invasion,  or  appearance 
of  an  enemy  in  force  on  the  coast,  or  in  case  of  rebellion  arising  out  of  either 
of  those  emergencies. 

41  That  while  thus  underarms  its  members  are  subject  to  military  law,  and 
entitled  to  be  billeted,  and  to  receive  pay  in  like  manner  as  the  Regular 
Army. 

44  That  all  Commissioned  Officers,  disabled  in  actual  service,  are  entitled 
to  half-pay,  and  Ron-Commissioned  Officers  and  Privates  to  the  benefit  of 
Chelsea  Hospital,  and  widows  of  Commissioned  Officers  killed  in  Service  to 
such  pensions  for  life  as  are  given  to  widows  of  Officers  of  Her  Majesty's 
Regular  Forces. 

44  That  members  cannot  quit  the  Corps  when  on  actual  Service,  but  may 
do  so  at  any  other  time  by  giving  fourteen  day's  notice. 

44  That  members  who  have  attended  eight  (lays  in  each  four  months,  or  a 
total  of  twenty-four  days'  drill  and  exercise  in  the  year,  are  entitled  to  be 
returned  as  effectives. 

44  That  members  so  returned  are  exempt  from  Militia  ballot,  or  from  being 
colled  upon  to  serve  in  any  other  levy. 


294 


tfAVAL  AtfB  MTllTAfcY  INTELLIGENCE. 


[Jtnra* 


11  That  all  property  of  the  Corps  is  legally  vested  in  the  Commanding 
Officer,  and  subscriptions  and  fines  under  the  rules  and  regulations  are 
recoverable  by  him  before  :i  agjghtwtt* 

vt  The  conditions  on  which  Her  ftfajeity'i  Government  will  recommend  to 
Her  Majesty  the  ;ie<vphmce  of  any  proposal  are — 

"That  the  formation  of  the  Corps  be  recommended  by  the  Lord 
Lieu tenant  of  the  county, 

'•  That  the  Corps  he  robjecl  to  (he  provisions  of  the  act  already  quoted. 

'*  That  its  members  undertake  to  provide  their  own  arms  ami  equipments, 
nnd  to  defray  nil  expenses  attending  the  Corps,  except  in  the  event  of  Us 
being  assembled  for  actual  Service, 

**That   the  rules  mid   regulations   wbieb  may   be  thought   necessary  be 
tied  to  me,  Jit  noeordftnce  with  the  oCth  Election  of  the  Aw. 

u  The   uniform   and   equipments   of"  the   Corps   may   be  settled   by   the 

in,  subject  to  your  approval;  but  the  anna,  though   provided  at  the 

expense  of  the  members,  must  be  furnished  under  the  impciiutendence   and 

according  to  the  regulations  of  this  department,  in  order  to  secure  a  perl  of 

uniformity  of  ^uage. 

"  The  establishment  of  Officers  and  N  on-Commissioned  Officers  will  be 
fixed  bj  mo,  and  recorded  ia  the  books  of  this  Office;  and  in  order  tbafl  1 
may  be  enabled  to  determine  the  proportion,  you  will  be  pleased  to  specify 
the  precise  number  of  Private  men  which  you  will  recommend,  and  into  how 
numy  ( 'miipank's  vou  propose  to  divide  them. 

11  I  have  only  to  mid  that  T  shall  look  to  yon,  frfl  Her  Majesty's  Lieutenant 
fof  the  nomination  of  proper  persons   to  be  appointed   Officers,  subject 
the  Qneeti'fl  approval, 

■*  I  have  the  honour  to  be,  &c.,  your  most  obedient  servant,       "  J.  Tkk 

**  Her  Majesty's  Lieutenant  for  the  county  of T 


RECRUITING  PARTIES. 

The  Following  Qeneral  Orders  have  recently  been  issued  :— 

11  His  Royal  Hlglinen  the  General  Cnmmandui^-ui-Chief  desires  that  o 
niaijding  Officers  whose  Regiments  arc  below  their  establishments,  will  send 
their  bands  and  drums  to  one  of  the  nearest  towns  on  all  market-days,  or 
on  such  other  occasions  as  may  lead  to  a  concourse  of  people,  forthepurp 
of  raising  recruit*. 

u  By  command, 
"  W.  F.  FOSTKK,  Peputy-Adjt-Gcn.1 

■■  I  Vniunandiug  Officers  do  not  seem  to  be  aware  of  the  coiiRctjuei 
attending  the  employment  of  music  on  the  recruiting  service ;  yet  the  unilbr. 
■ad  repealed  represeotaiioni  from  all  quarter*,  clearly  establish  the  impo 
tmce  of  »t  fetching  a  dram  and  fife  to  every  recruiting  party,  where  ~ 
an  arrangement  is  methmbie. 

wHis  Royal  Highness  the  General  Commanding- in  Chief  now  desires  Unit 
you  will  detail  one  drummer  and  one  titer  to  join  one  of  your  parties  employed 
on  the  reemtfafe  service,  awl  you  will  at  once  submit  the  station  of  the  party 
you  amy  tefefet  lor  this  addition,  when  the  necessary  authority  will  be  sent 

to  Vr 

uBy  command, 
«W,  F.  FOSTER,  Deptity-Adjt^Gen 


I 


Naval  Prize  Mokeit. —  The  Gazette  announces  that  preparations  are 
Wing  made  for  the  distribution  of  proceeds  received  and  touija^e  bounty 
iwnrdedfbr  the  schooner  Joseph  (.'.  lit  turd,  captured  on  the  tfrd  Sepnmbcr, 
867  by  the  Antelope  \  and  for  the  distribution  of  slate  and  tonnage  boun- 


1859.] 


ttAYAl  AND  MTTJTAHT   INTEllIGENCE. 


295 


ties  awarded  for  two  bunches  with  slaves,  captured  on  October  14, 1857,  by 
the  Vesuvius,  for  the  distribution  of  proceeds  received  and  tonnage  bounty 
awarded  far  the  barque  Clara  B.  Williams,  captured  on  the  26tk  October, 
1857,  by  theAlecto. 

IIabuouus  of  Rbfuges.- — The  bulky  blue-book,  containing'  the  supple- 
mentary report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Harbours  of  Refuge,  has  just 
been  issued,  accompanied  by  another  blue-book,  almost  too  heavy  to  be 
lifted,  containing  the  minutes  of -evidence  adduced  before  the  Commission. 
Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  voluminous  nature  of  this  evidence  when 
we  state  that  the  alphabetical  list  of  witnesses  alone  fills  five  Page*. 

Sub  vet  of  the  Straits  of  Belleisle. — Commander  Orleoar,  who  has 
charge  of  the  survey  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  has  been  directed  by  the  Admi- 
ralty to  attend  to  the  survey  of  the  Straits  of  Belleisle,  and  as  soon  as  (he 
season  opens  he  will  embark  in  a  steamer  hired  for  tlie  purpose. 

The  French  Navy, — Admiral  ITamclim  Minister  of  Marine,  has  ap- 
pointed Captain  Garuanlt,  of  the  Imperial  Navy,  to  be  Chief  Secretary,  and 
Ms  commanded  that  the  Imperial  yacht  Aigle,  lately  built  at  Cherbourg, 
shall  be  sent  to  Genoa,  to  be  placed  at  the  service  of  the  Emperor,  instead 
of  the  ReiueHortense.  Madame  Hoche,  widow  of  the  celebrated  Republican 
General,  the  "pacificator"  of  La  Vendee,  and  who  attempted  a  descent  in 
Ban  try  Bav  In  17&fci,  died  lately  at  Versailles,  at  an  advanced  age. 

Target  txi'ERiM  k nts — The  experiments  at  Portsmouth  from  the  screw 
gunboat  Stork,  tender  to  the  gunnery  ship,  have  resulted  in  the  fact  that  the 
iron  target  filled  with  compressed  cotton  is  next  to  worthless.  The  Uo- 
daunted,  42,  sailing  frigate,  was  moored  un  the  Porch  ester  Lake,  having  had 
the  iron  target  affixed  amidships,  below  her  main -deck  ports,  The  Stork 
was  placed  about  4O0  varJs  distant,  and  in  the  course  of  lialf-a-dozen  rounds 
the  target  was  rid  diet!  and  knocked  to  pieces* 

Dockyards, — Nearly  the  whole  of  the  extra  shipwrights,  smiths,  joiners, 
and  other  mechanics  and  labourers  ordered  to  be  hired  ut  Chatham  Dockyard 
have  been  entered,  with  the  exception  of  the  shipwrights,  several  more  of 
whom  are  still  required,  It  was  officially  announced  on  Wednesday,  that 
30  more  spinners  were  required  to  be  entered,  in  addition  to  those  already 
hired.  Great  activity  prevails  in  ail  the  establishments*  the  workmen  eon* 
mend  with  which  arc  working  until  a  late  hour  in  the  evening  at  increased 
wages* 

Royal  Naval  School. — The  annual  general  meeting  of  the  friends  and 
supporters  of  this  institution  was  recently  held  in  the  theatre  of  the  United 
Service  Institution,  Whitehall-yard  ;  Atfmiral  Bowxbs,  l\lt,  the  president, 
took  the  chair*  The  report  of  the  Council  stated  that  negotiations  hud  been 
entered  into  with  the  Commissioners  of  the  Patriotic  Fund,  which  had  re- 
sulted in  an  arrangement  by  which,  on  the  payment  of  &,000l  to  the  funds 
of  The  school,  the  OumiuUsiuriers  should  have  the  right  of  nominating  in 
perpetuity  seven  pupils,  on  payment  of  the  annual  sum  of  71.  to  the  school 
by  the  parents  or  guardians  of  each  of  the  pupils  so  nominated,  who  were 
to  be  the  sons  of  naval  or  marine  officers  of  ward-room  rank.  As  the  ar- 
rangement, however,  cannot  be  carried  out  without  the  authority  of  an  Act 
of  Parliament,  the  Council,  therefore,  asked  the  authority  of  the  meeting  to 
apply  for  an  act  during  the  session.  During  the  year  the  building  nad 
undergone  several  improvements  and  alterations,  including  the  erection  of 
a  gymnasium,  and  the  construction  of  a  swimming-bath,  at  a  eott  of 
1,172/.  4s.T  not  withstanding  which  large  expenditure  the  general  fund  ha  J 
only  been  reduced  by  169^-  lUs.  The  Council  ftko  stated  that  the  Queen 
bad  graciously  permitted  the  name  of  His  Royal  Highness  Prince  Alfred  to 
be  enrolled  as  a  patron  of  the  school,  und  at  the  nine  time  presented  a 
donation  of  SOL  on  behalf  uf  His  Royal  Highneu.  Admiral  Sir  John 
(the  Admiral  of  the  Fleet)  had  been  elected  a  vice-natron  in  the  room 


fit  in  the 

I   murine 

per  year, 

I  hat 


TSAYAXi  XXD  MILHAST  nrTELLiaEKCI* 

the  late  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Ogle.  The  number  of  pupils  at  present  in  the 
school  was  stated  to  be  230,  of  whom  86  wire  the  MUM  of  civilians  p; 
50/,  per  annum,  the  remainder,  174,  bei&g  the  sons  of  naval  and  murine 
-S  61  of  whom  pay  30/.  a-year,  74  24/.  a-yeor,  23  pay  lot-  per  year, 
and  14  were  educated  gratuitously.  It  appeared  from  the  balance-sheet  that 
fli,  ordinary  and  extraordinary  receipts  during  the  yeftjr  amounted  to 
10,691/.  2i*4  and  the  ordinary  expenditure  amounted  to  8,464*.  6s.  KML  Toe 
balance,  1,1721,  had  been  expended  on  improving  flie  building  Kn&JW 
remainder  stood  as  balances  oa  various  accounts.  An  objection 
by  Lieutenant  Gardiner  relative  to  the  charge  of  C2I.  11a.  6d.  funeral  ex- 
penses incurred,  as  it  appeared  contrary  to  the  laws  of  the  Institution,  ha 
this  objection  was  overruled  and  the  report  was  adopted.  The  Chairm 
then  moved  a  resolution  authorising  the  Council  to  proceed  with  an  Act 
Parliament  during  the  ensuing  session,  to  enable  the  corporation  to 
into  effect  the  proposed  arrangement  with  the  Commissioners  of  the  Patriot 
Fund. 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  BOMBAT  AJIMT. 

The  following  is  the  distribution   of  the  Bombay  Army,  corrected 
the  1st  February* 


majesty^  it  nan;  troops. 

Dnl   (The  I'rince    of  Wulea) 

Drajguon  tiimrda        -    -    Alimeilnnggur 
Squmlron  Field  Sim  ln>    -     tidd  Service 
iJeUcliiLiunr      ■     -    -    -    -    Sftttnrn. 
IiL^juhmL'iit     -    -    -    -    -    SI  i" 

■Hkilllug  llmgooaa  »    Kirhtii; 
Sill  ttiiMiinj       »    -    -    -    -    Sccpnec 
Lufl  Whig   -    -    -    -    *    -    IfaaaacaM 
Mill  Light  hragoona      *   -    Gwalior 

timenf      -    -    -    -    -    Field  Service 

Uupet liirkee 

Lancen    -----    .mljuw 

ROTAf.  B*QIiaMl  OF   BntStO    AltriLLEllT, 

!>Tr  -    Mhow 

ion       BajpOOtaiU 

'J I'll  Company,  4(ii  Hjitt;i)lon     NecmucJi 
Sad  C 

Uh  Couiptui 

2nd  Camptin^  13th  Battalion  ttarrtdn 
•nipany,  llth  Battallaa  Calpeu 
Hti>  Company,  llth  Battalion  Kulladgheu       and 
Dhnrvar 
It  oval  Conrs  or  L^civekm. 
llth  Company  -    *    -   *    -    Hiyprjotttm     Field 

Forcu 
Slsl  Company  -----    Gwnlfor 

[{otai  liROiioarn  oi   Ititixi&u    I#fasii:y 
41  h  1  j    AUmedAliatl 

IHth  i;  liHttulion  1  U'U  Setvke 

Regiment  -  -  -  -  *  Bombay 
Detachment  -  -  -  -  -  Nasalek 
Hist  Huntingdonshire  Reji- 

•'■-----     Poona 
,.l:e   01     Welling- 
Ci 'nhnt'iitj  -    -     -    ttarada 
4Ctii  (South  DevoMlure)H 

Mm     -    -     -    -    -    .    -    KmTfLclice 
Slflt  Regiment  -    -    -    -    *    ifoaltan 
S6Ui  Wear  bjKt  Regiment  -    Bahznitm 
Detachment RuUaOgliLe 


[iieot     -    -   *    -    -    Sluilnjtore 

Detachment      *    - 

57th  Regiment-    -   -    -    -    Field  Suit *•> 

Mullkautn     uml 

Dl'molLi 
Art  en 

.  har 
Relgaum 
Gwatlor 

pedtmu 
74th  (Tlghlandci-i  PetachmentDliurtfnr 


DuLudiuieiu      -    *    - 

Wing-    -    -    -    -    - 

ttltli  Regiment  Foqt  - 
_    _    - 
Till  Highlander!  -    - 
T2nd  ttigtdaafttn 


I  ;  inlander*  - 

sard  Regiment  loot  - 

With  Regiment  Foot  ■ 

I^pot      -    -    -    - 
s'Jth  ftegtamt*    -    ■ 


UureWy 

r«mA 

I'uuna 

Ron     rw 
Force 
Mhow 


iighlaiuleiB-    *    - 

Detachment     _    -    -    -    ,  Indoru 

Iteglment  Wtag      -    -  Seepree 

Dajmt      ..._•__  dmh 

Ueiujiiu  Legion      -    -    -    -  Pounu 

HER   MAJJS1VS  INDIAN  UltlTISH  IliU 

111  oimi  vi   01     \ 
Howe  Rri  ^nilbjkiid  ^njirten  looiui 
1st  (or  LeftUe't)  Troop,  ll^a.i 

QuirtBcn  -    .    - 

VndTroap  -    -         *  U«Jp«rt<tjQ 

Ord  Tmop Cfutirti  lM..lb 

4th  Troop    -    .    -    -    -         himijioijor 

\±\  Battalion,  Head-quarters  Aiuuedn 

IhI  Coiii]mry    -    -    -    -    -  AtimcdabJMT 

3ntl  i-uuipiuiy  -    -    -    -    -  li.  ; 

3rd  Cumyauy   -    -    -    -    *  liy.! 

'I  Hi  Cninpany   -    -    .    ,    _  Unnibay 

-'Oil  UiirTnhon,   QMd 

l*t  Cuunmny     -    -    ,     »     . 

^nil       iHt, Sattara 


i860] 


MSTBtBTlTlOir  0*  TXZ  BOMBAY  ABUT. 


207 


Sid       Da Sholapore 

4th       Da       Gwalior 

Reserve  Artillery. 
lit  Company   .....    Shikarpoor 

tad       Do. Uwalior 

Detachment     .....    Jaulna 
Jrd  Company    .....    Kolapoor 
4th       Da       .....    Kurrachee 

Corps  or  Engineers. 
Head  Quarters      ....    Poona 

IXFAKTRT. 

1st  European  Regiment  (Fusi- 
liers) Head  Quarters  -    -    Mooltan 
Dctacluncut     .....    Uinritseer 

Depot      -------    Kurrachee 

tad  European  Regiment  L.  L  Belgaom 
Wing      -------    Kolapore 

Detachment     -----    Sanglee 

Jrd  European  Regiment     -    Jhansi 
Depot     .......    Ahmednnggur 

HER  MAJESTY'S  NATIVE  TROOPS. 
Artillery. 
trd  Battalion,  Head-quarters  Ahmedabad 
litCompanj    .....   Ahmedabad     and 

Rojcote 
tad       Da       .....    Ahmedabad 

trd       Da        Deesa 

Detachment Field  Service 

4Jh  Company  .....    Rajpootana     Field 

Force 
6th       Da       .....    Ahmedabad 
6th       Do.       -----    Aden 
4th  Battalion,  Head  Quarters  Ahmednuggur 
1st  Company     -----    Booranpoor 
Detachment     -----    Chopra 

tad  Company Ahmednuggur 

4th       Da       .....    Mhow 
fth       Da        .....    Booranpore 
Costs  or  Safpers  and  Mixer*. 
Ilead  Quarters  (Bombay)    -    Poona 
lit  Company    -----    Poona 
tad       Da       ...        -    Aden 
Detachment     •    -    -    -    -    Jhansi 

Srd  Company Rajpootana 

4th       Da       Poona 

6th       Da       .....    Poona 

Detachment    .....    Jhansi 

Light  Cavalry. 
tad  Regiment  Madras  Light 

Cavalry    .-.---    Sholapore 
1st  Roghnrnt  (Lancers)      -    Gwalior 
Wing      -------    Nnsaerabad 

tad  Regiment  Light  Cavalry  Rajpootana 
Detachment     -----    Deesa 

Srd  Regiment  Light  Cavalry  Jhansi 

Ixfastrt. 
1st  Regiment  X    1.   (Grena- 
diers) --..---    Bombay 
tad       da       do      -    -    -    Ahmedabad 
3rd  Regiment  N.  I.  -    -    -   Sholapore,  under  or- 
ders to  Mhow 
Detachment    •   -    -    -    -    Ualllgaum 

4th        da       da  (Rifles)-     Sehore 
6th        da  N.  L.  I.       -        Ahmednuggur 
6th       do.  N.  L    -    -    -         Poona 
Detachment    ....         Jaulna 

7th       do.       do.  -    -         Bombay 
8th       da       da    -    -         Baroda 
9th       da       da    -    -         Central  India 
10th       da       do.    -    -         Gwalior 
11th       da        do.    -    -         Ahmedabad 
12th       do.        da    -    -         Nasserabad 
18th       da       da    -    -        Rajpootana 


14th       da       do    -    -  Kurrachee 

Detachment    .  -    •   -  Ahmedabad 

15th       da       do.    -    -  Kolapore 

Left  Wing  .....  Kulrodghee 

16h       da        do.         -  Surat 

Detachment  ...  Broach 

17th       da       da        -  Rajkote 

18th       do.       do.         -  Belgaum 

Detachment  -  North  Canara 

19th       da       da         -  Malwa  Division 

20th       da       do.         -  Dharwar 

22nd       do.       da         -  Sattara 

Detachment  -       -       -  Mahableshwur 

Detachment  -  Punderpore 

23rd       da  K.  L  I.        -  Mhow 

24tb  Regiment  N.I.       -  Jhansi 

Depot     ...       -  Mhow 

26th         do.       do.       -  Gwalior  under  or- 
ders to  Poona 

Depot     ....  Poona 

26th        do.       da       -  Khundera 

28th         da       do.       -  Sholapore 

29th         da       da       -  Aden 

30th         da       do.       -  Dholia 

Detachment  ...  Asseerghur 

31st         do.       do.        -  Deesa 

1st  Extra  Battalion         -  Kurrachee 

2nd  Extra  Battalion       -  Baroda 

3rd  Extra  Battalion       -  Belgaum 
1st  Belooch  Extra  Battalion   Allahabad 

Depot     -  Hydrabad 
2nd  Belooch  Extra  Battalion  Deera  Ghazee  Khan 

Depot     ....  Shikarpoor 

Enrolled  Pensioners. 
Detachment     ...       Tanna 
Da  ...       Poona 

Detachment     .       -       -       Doolapee 
Do.  ...       Malwan 

Do.  ...       Ahmednuggur 

Irregular  Aim  Local  Corps. 
Military. 
Poona  Irregular  Horse    -       Field  Service 

1st  Regiment  Scinde  Irregular 

Horse  ...  Jacobabad 
2nd  Regiment  Da  -  Jacobabad 
Srd  Regiment  Da  -  Jacobabad 
1st  Regiment  Southern  Mah- 

ratta  Irregular  Horse       Kulladghee 
Detachment    .       -       -       Beejapore 
2nd  Regiment  Southern  Mali- 

ratta  Irregular  Horse       Kulladghee 
Detachment    ...       Special        Service 
Malwa  Field  Force 
Marine  Battalion      -       -       Bombay 
1st  Regiment  Jacobs  Rifles      Jacobabad 
2n  1  Regiment  Jacobs  Rifles     Jacobabad 
Native  Veteran  Battalion        Dapoolie 

Civil 
Guzerat  Irregular  Horse  -       Ahmedabad 
Kutch  Irregular  Horse     -       Bhooj 
Kutch  Legion  -  Kutch 

Guzerat  Police  Corps       -       Kaira 
1st  Khandeish  Bheel  Corps       Dhurrumgaum 
2nd  Khandeish  Bheel  Corps     Dhurrumgaum 
Ghaut  Police  Corps  -       -       Tanna 
Sawant  Waree  Local  Corps     Sawunt  Ware© 
Kolapore  Infantry  Corps  -       Kolai»ore 
Rutnagherry  Rangers     -       Rutnagherry 
Guzerat  Coolly  Police  Corps    Ahmedabad 
Aden  Police  Troop  -       -       Special        Service 
Malwa  Field  Force 
Sind  Extra  Battalion       -       En  route  to  Deesa 


fJtfsi, 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  MADRAS  ABMY. 

The  following  is  the  Distribution  List  of  the  Madras  Army,  corrected  up  to 

October,  18S8. 


Right  lion  the  Governor's  Body 
Guard , .,♦. . ...... ..Madras 

IT.  M.  1st  Dragoon  Guards  ,  ...Bangalore 

II.  M.  17th  Royal  Lancers  11*1.1 
quit  iters  an  d  U  t,  W I  ng  .......  .Secun  dc  rsba  d 

Left  Whiff—  Field  u k U 1  i«v— tien.    IVhUlot-k** 
DtrtalBii 

III  Rcgt.  Native  Light  Cavalry..Triehhropoly 

Siul  dor  do,  >,,.,..,. . Sbohiporo 

(under  orders  to  Sceunderabad. 

SrdRegf,  Native  Uffht  Cavalry. 

Head  quarters.  Left  Wing... ...Bangalore 

Right  Wing  .......... liellary 

lb  ItegL  Native  Light  Cavalry..  Bonsai  Fkid 
Force 

;i('i    da.  da......,.....Rellary 

mIi     da.  ilo., ....Bengal  Field 

Service 

7th    do.  do»...*„.*Kaniptee 

1  squadron  Seeuuderabadl 

AaTII.LKRT. 

H  Troon*  Royal  (torso  Artillery,  St/fhofc*  Monti  t 
Hod   quarters    Madras     Horse 
Artillery    . , .  .„« .  ►  ...*» .  ....  . .  Hull  galore 

A.  Troop,    Field   Service   Geo,    WhUs'ock'i 

■  ■inn 

Ji.  Troop w.^wJha mil wtfwtf 

C,  Troop    »...«** ........ ......RflOgalnre 

tl.  Troop  ............. ...... .Kamptee 

E.  Troup....  p  ....... ............. ...Uengal  Field 

Service 

F.  Troop  ...... ............. ....Field  Semco 

4ii.ii.  Wlilteluck's  Division 
No.fi.  Comp.  1st  Hot.  ]  loyal  ArtiU 
-*lerv.  und  No   I  Held  Bar[erY...SLTJlOa.' Mount 
No,  a  Comp.  lird  B»L  tfoyul  Art  IL 

lory*  and  No,  9  Held  luriM;,  ...udl-iry 
No,  o  Cmnp.  tith  Hat.  Roy*l  Ar- 
tillery, ft  No.  B  Held  Battery-Field  Servke 
Con.  W  hi  Mock  *  Division 
No.  GCpy-Otii  Bat  Ryl.  Ai-tilWv.vv.imJi.'r-ttbaii 

Yiw-iT  Ba*t  alios  Man  r.  as  An rtLifcur. 

Head  quarter* ..... Si, Tic-    llount 

j  Iliad  quarters  & 
A  Camnmir  J      2-thlr  ds  Co .    , , S la gupore 

A  Compaaj  -j  iIaU  company  wp«aiig 

1 1  »H  :u'l  1  m  e  n  t  . . , . .  M  :is  n  1  i  1  kl  t  .1  n 

B.  Company  ....... „.,,,,  31  online in 

C.  00  lNo/7  Hon*!  lkittery)......BellaLy 

D.  Coin,  (No.  3  Horse  Battery  )...Rang[»on 

Siirosn  Battalion  Uaojia^  AimLLtnr, 
Head  quarters  ....... .. ...Knmpteu 

A.  Cop.  (No  A  Uuiloek  Battery)  Trie  I  duopoly 
B*  Ca  Head  quarters  and  I  Co.*.Tuiighoo 

Half  Company  ...ShaayKheen 
C.  Comp,  (No,  ■>  Hurso  Buttery)  Rangatofo 
1).  Copy.  (No.  4  bullock   Battery) 
Head  quarter  a  and  half ........ .Rump tee 

Half  Con ipany .. . . ...  .... .. . , .  ..Seetabuld  pa 

Tllli[l>    RaHAMOX    Mamiah   AurlLUillY. 

Head  quarters  „,. ....... ........Rangoon 

A  Company  (Nn.  3  Horse  Pat.)  R«ugul  Service 

B.  Company  (No.  4  Horse  hat.)  Tongho 

U.  Company  (\M,  a  tluUoi-k  BaLJThayetnww 
U  Company  (No.  5  Bullock  Uat)  Field   Sarrter 
Qo.  Whitelock's  Dlrlaloa 

FOLRTil    ltATTALIUK    AUOfl-lH    AUTlLLHIi  V. 

Boad  qfBortfn 9e«UQdcraba4 

%.  Company  (No\  I  Horse  But  >..» Field  Service 

Oen,  Wtdtelocfe 
B,  Company  (No,  10  Bulk.  Hat)  Wtto 


C,  Company  (No,  5  Bulk.  Bat.)...Secundcrabad 
•*,  Cotnpatiy  Head  quarters  and 

two-thirds „ ».hh  ... .  .Ban  poeii 

t>ne-tlilrd .*>..,Ho«se1n 

F^iFTJi  on  CjouiJjfPAtUB  (Native)  Bati alios* 

MAltKAS    AKTILhKftT, 

Head  quarters,. St /Tho*.' Mount 

A.  Company  Head  qnartera  and 
two-tlilrdri  Gompwiy  ............P^nnng 

t)ne-Nilrd  Company    .,,.,. ...Malarca 

It.  Company ,,„„„„ . ...... Sin ^ i  ■ 

Cr  Conpany  (No.  1  Hulk,   liar.)   Itengnl 
IX  Company  (No,  7  HiiIIl  hat.K.,Cu;inatiorervad 
ItiiJi: 

K,  Company  (No,  3  Uulk  But.).,.Cuttadt   and 
Sumbulpore 

¥•  Com  pany ...,.....,  .M  evaday 

1st  Supplemental  Company  ...... St.ThOft.'  Mount 

^M      do.  do, ........... ViclanoKrani 

Detail*  of  several  Companies  ...Lahioui 

IfjJH 

Head  quarters  .. ....Fort  SL  George 

3lAlinA^I   SAt'l'fcKS    AN1>     MlSER.H— NATIVM. 

Itend  quarters ..DowUlsliwcrain 

A.  Company^.. l>itto 

One  Section  with  tie  11.  IVIiUI.m -k "h  FtoU  Servlee 

B.  Company Nerbudda 

(Bombay)  Field  Service 

C«.  Company .......Bengal  Service 

l>,  Company .,...,,,...... ..Ban  goon 

B.  Company Dowlutsb.iv Oram 

One  Section  with  (Jen.  Whrtelotk's  Division 

F.  Company- - Secuuderubad 

(ine  Section.. Patunbum 

t;,  Company  ............ ....  ,.„.,. Fadouiiifmyo 

H.  Company ...Tliaynmrw 

1  .Company ...  .   Toogbn 

K.  Company    .......,„ ,. .l>awlal*hweram 

L.  Company .•»....  Field  Division 

Gen-WMletock 

>lt  Company  .  t. «*...,... . Dowlalshweram 

Ufasvut, 

EUSOI'RAN. 

H.M,  1st  Royal  Begt  (lat  Bat.),. Sccumle rabad 
H.M.  43rd  Light  Infantry  ......Ueu  Whitejoek  i 

Division  Field  Service 
II.M.  «tli  Ueghnent  .   .....   ..  Fort  St  Oearge 

ELM.  60*h  Royal  lories  (;Jd.  Bat.)  Bangalore 

■t  c  Jin  p.  i  sik- >*.,♦. ... .Bellary 

I       do. *,.WyBorc 

1      da,  ............. .Hunyliur 

][,M.  Sfttk  Iteglment «... . .Cannanoro 

I  Company    .„...„„,....,.,. Mangalors 

1        do ....«,...   ...... .Sfrcve 

11.31.  (tyih  Uejrhnent      ........ .,Ban«Lon 

H  >F  StUi  Ueiskment Tongnoo 

1LM.  74th  Highlanders Uerlmmporc 

1  Company    .,..*_...,.,.,.,..,. Sliolapore 

&  Companies Field  Serviee 

Southern  Main atta  Country 

The  Madrai  FnaUleta ..Ben  en  I  on 

1  kid  Service 
3n«"  European  Light  Infantry  .  Trlehinopoly 
3rd  Madras  European  Iteglment.  field  3  m 

under  fun  \\  Milotfk 
Native  Isr 
1st  Regiment  N.I.  (Rifle  Comp.)  ServLce  (Jen. 

WbUd 

L*nd  Regiment  N.  L. 4|ullmi 

3rd   N.  I.  or    l'alameottah  Light 

lnfantiy. ...... ....»,.. ..Cannanuro 

4th  N,  I.     ..,..,,...  Hiayi'imew 

5th  N.  I.  (Rifle  Company)  food 
qmrt&re  Right  WBig Mangiloro 


1859J 


BTATTOKS  OF  TUB   BEIT19H   ABUT, 


L^n  Wlntf, ♦.*.,<  *«*♦.»,.*«.    .....Sumbulporo^ 

*th  JL  L Hanpoon 

7th  X.  1,*.*. >*mhhi Secun3eranad 

ftth  X.  J * .Tonghoo 

Kb  V  I.  *.,,....  ,.,..,„„,.., s*ciin]erahad 

l Secunderabad 

II  in  N\L  ......... Belliiry 

12th  S.  I.  „.,« -***„,*, ......... .Jlangoam 

1 » . MautmeSn 

14th  N.  L  ...... ..... ..Singapore 

15th  K.I. ..,»....., ..Tkayctimw 

16th  X.  I.  <ltlhe  Company) JUtiiralnrc 

IttiiN.l ..... Bengal  Field 

flufikM 

18th  X.  I ,.  . ...Bollary 

19th  X.  I*  ...,.„...♦, Service  GcU, 

Whlti<i(H  Aft  Ph  Won 

/<>iii  X.  I „.♦.„.♦♦....,..... Bangalore 

Jilt  N,  I TtichUiojioly 

Wtid  N  1.  ,...,'.. ..,....,,.„..„....„rcnoug 
33  rd  K,  1-  (or  Wallah  bad  Light 

ry)    ... . ,  .„ ,  HM . ... .  .Rangoon 

Hfcfe  X  I  (Rifle  Company) ILvnzedah 

SAfTi  K.  L  * .........  Mad  ra» 

ttth  X   1    «~* .....Ka™} 

|7tb  K*  I.« ...Bertgal*    on 

Servke 

28th  K*  1.   "»— Hinrtinpalr.nl 

»thN.  I.      Maaulipataoi 

^oth  N\  I .. Bctiary 

31at  X.  L*  or  Trtehlnojmly  LI  [flit 

lnfmrrr hm,. ...Vlstanagrun 

3*nd  R.  L  ................ ....*,  Kampta? 

."Urrt  ■-— .......  Ksmntee 

»4thor  (Chicarale  Lt.  Infantry)  Trichlnopoly 

!    .....Hurryhii 

Mrh  (Utile  Company)    ..... Jtnrnool 

37th    ft  U  (IfrcnadJeraJ    ITcud 

quarter*  ,  .. .............. ..,Sbonyghecti 

Wing    ................... ...Tonghoo 

r,  (Bin*  Oompny? viaagapatera 

Syth  X.  L  ,...,...„. .  ,,^  ......  "«»./fhayot  mew 


*Hh  X.  L  ... . ,.,Cuttwk 

41ot  X.  I.    ..................... ....[Aurmah 

*2nd  X.  I ....Italchoor  Fid* 

Service 
43rd  N,  I,   .............................RaMelepridab 

44th  X.  I , Thayetmew 

t'th  N.  I . ... Madraa 

4flth  X.  I ..,...,.,„,*,.  VI  JEagrtpatatu 

47th  X.  I ....Reilary 

4Hth  R.  L ...... Moulmclti 

I'nh  X.  I.  (Rifle .Company)  .Seeuiideraftad 

50th  N.  L  ...... ..,<  .        *  .  .Service  Gtt. 

WhltUurk'*  DiTiai 
Mat  X.  L  *......... ....................rnlameottah 

.'.2nd  X.  1 .- , .Heron 

Left  Wing  ............ ..French  Roeka 

lit  Exfln  Regiment  X.  1 ..Sumulcottah 

2nd  Extra  X.  L  Trkhluopoiy 

3  rd  Extra  X.  I Cnddapah 

Sappers'  MUltla  ,.♦,,.,, .Madraa 

Maura*  llUSvs,  fpmjHirarily  fbHMd  for  SeTriCO 

In  Ben  pal  by  tlic  ttifle  Cornpanlf-*  of  the  1st, 

."tth.  Itit-h,  Uth,  36"th.  19th,  Regimen i 

and?  Com]>anlci  Sttti  X.  L    Pan  jug  Bengal. 

VOTE  RAN3'    EST  A 1)  L I  SI  r  I  |  r 

EtJuortAsr  VMnut 

Artillery  Company  .......  .Falavervm 

In  Tan  try  Company Vlxa^patam 

Native  Vktrrah* 
1st  or  Mailna  Xatlve  Vet.  Rut.  .UaAnai 
2nd  or  A  mil  Native  VcL  Bat  .A  nut 

Dirts* 

For  H.M   Reptmenta  *.....  .Foonamalke 

Earopean  Infiuitry Arcot 

NiiTivc  Infantry ....Palavorsm 

Native  I^tASTar   Ukcbuittxg  Umins. 

No.  1  KtHMiihknc  Pajol hindlgnl 

NaS  do, A 

No.  a  do.  ...„.»..Chie(icoLa 

Xo.  4  do  .,„„.., „EUort 


STATIONS   OF  THE  BRITISH  ARMY, 


(Corrected  tip  to  26f&  3f«yt  1859,  mbhvm*) 
[Where  two  plaeeji  are  montlutied,  tlie  at  aaaafl  ii  that  at  wliich  the  Depot  it  eUtloud.] 
N  Life  Gaanla^Hyde  Park. 
Hid  rh>— Windsor, 

Royal  Horw  Gnard*— Regent's  ParV. 
1*tl>rapoon  Onard*—  Madma  j  Canterbury', 
1'ml  t!o.— Retigal :  Canterbury. 
8rd  do. — Bom  bay  _♦  Canterbory, 
4th  do.— Ahlerabott 
b\  h  do.— Manchester. 
t>t  h  do.— Bengal :  Ma idatone . 
Tth  do. — Bengali  Canterbury. 
lat  Dngoona— Dublin, 
2nd  do  —Dublin , 
3rd  il*v —  Xewbridpe. 
irh  do— Ulnninpham. 
5ih  do, — Ni'wbridpe- 
Gtti  do .—  Ikimbay  -  Maidstone. 
7th  Fl  iiRsinui —  lUmpnl:  Canterbury. 
Wh  do— Bumbay  j  Cantc-rl 
"~h  Lanewa^Bengal :  MaldMone. 

mi  fluwM- Aldcrahott. 
i in,  rr,-,-  -BrtgJ 

-Madraa ;  Maidstone, 
itgoona— DnhUn. 
I  tth  ,i,i._r'.„inbiiy    :Hitldatoiie. 

irtttfa— Hqniiaajai  > 

Itflli  Laucerv-Edlntrorgh, 

i :  i  h  iliv—  Bombay :  Canterbury. 

JIth  Dra«oona-VoriL 


Mihtaiy  Train  £l*t  l»at.)—  Sbtimcllffee, 
lk>.  [2nd  bnt.}— RensaL       \ 
I»o.  [:lnl  ltrtt.]-WooIwieh 

J i  bat.]— Aldenhott  *  I>epot  at  Bristol 
Da  [ttfc  hat,]— Cur  rath. 
L>o.  [mh  Val,]  |  Woolwich. 
Cireuadler  Quanhi  [l*t  bat]— Windaor. 

■Ml  bat)— Weill ngton  Ban-acka. 
Po  [fed  bat.]— 1'ortman-at  riurraekit 
CoMatream  Quarda  flat  tiaL]— St.  (reorge'a  hor 
Do.  [2nd  batj— WeJIinfrton  Uarraefca. 
S«rt*  hoi  Guard*  [lit  hat.l— Tower 
Fua,  [2nd  bat.]  -Dublin. 
Irt  Foot  [lat.j  -Madra*;  Colchester. 
Do.  pod  bat  ]— China  ;  BJ 
2nd  do.  Lit  [i^t.J— C.  aifl.  Unpc:  Wahner, 
Do.  [ta4  tuf.J-  Corfu:  Wa1m«r. 
3rd  lift  n»at}—  Renpid:   Lin 
Do.        do.         Valla:  Limerick. 
4th.  do.  [lBlbat]-Rombav  ;  Chloheatar. 
Do.  [2nd  bat, J-  Cojfu,      T 
fith  do.  [1st  hal.]— UeiiBah  Colchcater. 
Do.  fund  batj— MauritiLii,  lpcnd<r(*tt 
fitb  do.  flat  bat.}-Beiigali  Colclieetcr. 
Do,  [-/nd  ba&l— Gibraltar:  Cork. 
7tTi  do.  [1st.  hAL}— Bengal :  Chathani. 
Do,  [2nd  bat]— Oibraltor:  Walmer. 
Sthdo.  [lat hat.} -Bengal;    Chatham. 


BTA.TT01TB  OF  THE  ESTflOBTEl)  MTLITU* 


[Jew, 


Do.  [-2nd  bat:  r. mH^more. 

Wb  do.  [I*t  bat]-  Vlilfi-shiitt  :  tlmurkk. 

Do,  [tod  b*t]— Corfu:  Limcrkk. 

10th  do.  [1>l  bat  — Bengal  j  Chatham. 

Do.  [2ml  bAtj-Cumign. 

Hth  do.  [1st  bat]— Aldsrohot:  Fermoy. 

Do,  (tod  hat]— AM.  i 

13th  do.  [l.ft  bnt.j-  X.  &  Wale*:  Walraer. 

lBth  do  [1st  b»t]— Bengal :  Ftrmoy. 
Do,  [tod  bit]— Parturaouth.  for  tins  Cape 
14th  do.  [lit  bat]  -Cqilmtoniii :  Formoy 
Do.  [tod  bat]— Dublin 
1Mb  do.— Jeney  :  Pembroke 
Do.  [2nd  bat}— Malta,  Pembroke* 
—  Dublin:  Templonore, 
Ifcx  [tod  bit]— Corragk 
1 7 1 1 1  do.  -  -Canada ;  Limerick. 

■  »-l  but] — I'l)  i 
l*th  do.— Bombay  :   Botte yant 
Do,  [2nd  bat]— Currugh. 
1'Jth  do-— Bengal :  Chatham, 
Da  [2nd  bat.]— Sharueuffe. 
JOfch  do.— Bengal :  C  bur  bum. 
Bo.  [2nd  bat]— Ctonnnl. 
aist do.— Malta:   Hi rT. 
Da  V2ud  bat]— Newport. 
22nd  do. — Mane  n  eater  j  Pur khttrtt 
Do.  [tod  Imt]— Malta. 

liaio. 
Do.  [tod  bat]~Depot  .it  Deal;  Malta. 
\m. 
|— slieffleW, 

to,  ■  -Gibraltar:  1'emb 
361  h  do.— [bat .] — Berm  urtn ;  lioli ast 
27th  do*  —  Bengal j  BattcvanL 
2fltk  do.— Bombay  ■   Ferraoy. 
29th  da— Bengal  r  Chatham. 
30th  do.— Dublin :  Pajkhttrtt 
3  J  at  do  —Bombay :  Pembroke, 
3tod  do,— Bengal 
^rd  da— Bombay ;  Formay, 
rUth  do,— Bengal :  Colchester. 
•  lo.— Bengal:  Chatham, 

lo.— Alderehoti ;  Athlona 
87th  do.— Bengal:  Cokbhater. 
SBlh  do.— Bengal:  Colrh- 
39th  do— Canada  s  TemplemoiO, 
40i  h  do.— N.  &  Wataa:  Birr, 
41  at  AfK—JnmiAvA:  -Jeraoy, 
42nd  do.— Brngal ;  .sterling. 
43  rd  do.— Madras;  Chatham, 
441h  da— M&drn*  :l 

44th  4*, — Cape  of  Good  Hoik:  P&rkhurat 
4 Gt h  do. — Ik1  n  gftl :  Tei  j i  t>le mora 
47th  do,— Alrferfihott :  Cork, 
4^th  do.— Bengal :  Cork. 
49th  do.— Borbadoes :  Belfast. 
fr)th  do— Ceylon  :  Parkharat 
o  1  it  do, — Bombay :  C  h  i  c  hctttr« 
Otod  do,— Bengal :  Chatham 
03rd  do,— ditto;  ditto 
04 tb  do.— Bangui :  Colchester 


Soto  ild— Dublin:  Jeney 

•  —Bombay;  Colcheatar 
G  7  t  1 1  •  I  '■  k— Bombay :  C  o  r k_ 
38  th  do. — iShoniciiffe  \  Curragh. 
A!lth  do,  —  C  a  pe  :  Ath  Jon  e 
ooth  do.— (lift bat.]— Bengal :  Winchester 
Do.  [9adi  bat]— Bengal     Winchester 
Do.  [3rd  hat  J  — Mudrns:  Wim  lieatar 
Do.  [ith  bat.]— A  Moral  io  t 
tiUt  do.— Bengal:  Chatham 
fitod  do.— Soto  Scotia:  BeUast 
GSrd do,— ditto;  Belfast 
o4tb  [In.— Bengal !  Canterbury 
filth  do.— New  Zealand:  Birr, 
®6th  do.—  Madras:   Colchester 
67th  dn.— Bengal :    Athlono 
f'Xih  do. — Madras;  Fermoy 
<tttb  da— Madras:  Fcnaoy 
"ntfi  dm — lien  pal  \  Canterbury 
71nt  do,— Bombay;  Stirling 
7tod  do, — Bombay  ;  Aberdeen; 
7  3rd  do.— rVntfii]  :  Jersey 
74th  ito.— Madras  :  Abenlceo 
Ti'.tli  do— Bengal :  Cbatbam 
76th  do,— {.Wash  i  Beliaat 
77[b  do, — Bengal:  Jeraey 
7«th  ilo.— Bengal;   Aberdeen 
7fltb  da— ditto  :  I  ertb, 
80tb  do.— ditto ;  Butievant 
Chatham 
'.  ■.— Bon  cid:  Canterbury 
siriJ  do.— Bombay  :  Chleli  eater. 

..—  On  ptwvk §<  home:  Chatham 
#~Ah  do.^^ivpe :  Pembroke 
8fltb  do. — Bombov  ;  Bnttevaat 
B7tb  do.— Benptal :  Butievant 
Math  do.— Bengal :  Colchester 
afltli  do. — Bombay:  Fermoy 
QOth  do. — Bengal ;  Canterbury 
■'UtdOv— Boratuvy  ;  rembroko 
Staid  tta. — Bombay  ;  Stirling 
D3rd  do.— Bengal;  AberM> 
Wtb do.— dittos  Chatham 
Mtb  dn.— Bombay  :  Feral  ny 
9Gtb  do.— Plymouth ;  Perkburat 
JITth  da— Bengal :  ^olcbeatai- 
S*th  do.— Bengal :  Canterbuiy 
9Mh  do,— Bengal;  Oof* 
lOfUh  do  — 4iibraU.ii   [Wlnebesler. 
Rifle  Brigade  [I KtbaLl—Prirtrttnoutti 
Do.  [Snd  bat]— Bengal:  VVLnche<*«r 
Da  [3rd  bat,]— Bengal  i  WlncheeteT 
Do,  [4th  hat,]— Malta,  Wlnehetrer 
111  West  India  Keglmenb—  Babamaa 
2nd  do — J  urn  .ilea 
Ird  d^,— B.vtbadoea 
Ceylon  Ulfle  Regiment — Ceylon 
Cape  Mounted  Kirk*— Cane  of  Good  Dope 
Boyol  Canadian  Kifle  Beglmenl— Canada 
St  Helena  Uegirnent— Si.  Helena 
Royal  Newfoundland  Corps— NowfOotUBaild 
Boyal  blea— Malta 

Gold  Coast  Corps— Capo  Coaat  i 


BedfordVDover 
tod  Cnealiiro— Tipnor 


Hami»hlre  Artillery — Plvmonth 
East  Kent— Aldershott 
Liineaablre  Artillery—  Dmrer 
4tlt  Lancaslilro— Warrington 

Forfar  ArtiUorj— ^heerneet 

Antrim  Rifles— A Merahot 
AntrLiu  AnLUcry—  Kinaalo, 
North  Cork— Aldcrabot 
Donegal— Dover 
NwrtH  Down— Beirut 


STATIONS  OF  THE   EMBODIED 

BUtlLAHD  (18). 
Norfolk  Artillery — SlieoracNL 
North  Uneom— Waterford 
iStli  Middlesex — Cnrregli 
Kerthnml^erland  ArtiUerj- — 

ITeihflm, 
tTottltiCtmm    Newark 
Ovfrinl— AUer-ljMtt 

ifTord—  AMorahott 
2nd  StalTord— Cnrragh. 

SCOTLAND  (ID. 
30d  Lanark—  Dub  I  in 

IIU.LA\DU2). 
Dublin  (elty)— ShorncBffB 
Dublin  City  Artillery ^Colehcater. 
Fermanagh— Bradford  &  Burnley 
Kerry— Cheater 
LLmortcfc  tCowrty)  FortsiaoaUi 


MILITIA. 

Suffolk  Artillery— Portamonlh 

Snwex — Edinburgh 

1st  Tower  Hamleta— Cork 


2nd  Warwlek— Ph-month 
\V  Bta— PorEamout  h 
lit  York,  <W.  It> — Aidertliott 
3rd  York— Carlisle 

Stirling— Aldorfbott 

Louth  (Rifte*)— Yarmoutb 

Tipperary  ArtiL^-Portimouth 
Waterford  ArtlBery-    " 
Wexftrd— Waterford 


I 


1859} 


301 


STATIONS  OF  THE  .110  TAL  NAVY  IX  COMMISSION 


(  Corrected  to 

With  the  Dates  t/  Commission 

AhouUr,  30,  K.,  C*QL  C  f.  fctaflfrpT^  i-'l, 

mport. 
Acorn,     IV,  Com.  it.    B.    Fearse,   1856,    East 

Indro*. 
Actase-n,  26,    Com  .J.    Ward   (t#,  1*58,    East 
iodic** 

re,  sc  troop-ship.  Corn,  E.  Lucy,  IBM; 


Eaat  Indie* 


detain  J.  McNeil,  Uof  rl.  1§4G. 


ipt  [X  Curnr,  1840.  Pacific 
u    W.  A.  IE,  Pears  i 


Alan  . 

17,  *cl 
Pacific 
Algtirlne,  sc  gunUnat,  Lieut  *Com,  W. 

i  ast  hull**. 
Aleiers,  91.  eeww,  Copt  G.  WD,  CPCaUeglnm, 

1«4'1   i  Murine!  Squadron. 
A  moth,  1*30,  Pacific. 

\\\  Plko, 


: 


i>,  i  -■ 

North  Arocrli 

,    SCflBt 


r;    Mm.: 


1*5}, 


m-vessal,  Com.  J.  H.  Cava,  1855, 
F.  W.   Ingram, 


ij,  iU-vcm*U  Com.  n. 

18511 

k„  Com.  C.  Bromley,  liS%  Moditer- 

ruDCOU. 

Arrogant,  47.  screw,  CapL  L.  G.  Heath,   CIS,, 
C<*ii  Guard. 
*t mice,  screw  troop-so Ip,  Com,  W.  A.   J, 
Heath,  1*.*,  Eatt  Indies, 
iranco,  4,  screw.  Com,  C.  It  Aynsloy,  185G, 

mo.  T.  K,  Su  Fuley,  1155,  North 
America  and  West  Indies. 

Wilson,  ISIJi,  Greenock, 
Banshee,  J,  st-teasel,  Com,  C.  A*  Campbell, 

1*58,  Portsmouth  > 
Bantorer,  w-gunbt,  Lleul^Com.  J,  Jenkins. 

.idles, 
Duatllsk,  6,  at- v  easel,  Com.  G.  A.  Fhayra,  1*54  p 

Nwlh  America  and  Weal  Indies. 
Belleisto,  hospital  ship,  Com.  It,  H.   IMokIiuki, 
East  Indies. 

tender  to  Calcutta.  East  ladle* 
Black  Eagle,  st-yaebl.  Mast.* Cora.  J,  E.  Petlcy, 

1844.  Woolwich. 
Dlinlielrn,  60,  screw,  Capt  F.  Scott.  LJ 

Coast  Onard. 
Ifuscawen,  70,  Bear  Admiral  the  Baa,  sjr  L 
W.  Grey,  K.C.B.,  Capt  ft.  A.  PoWtll, 
Capa  of  Good  Hope, 
Brisk.    I-.,    sc  ,  Cr.pt,  A.   1    I  J,  D' Horsey,  1857, 

Devon port 
Britannia,    Training    Ship,  Capt  fl-   Harris 

Ports  MMMll,. 

Bnin*.  ut-rea.  Lieut-Com,  E.  F.  Ladder,  1604, 

Coo*t  of  Africa. 
Brunswick,  80,  sc  ,  Captain  E.  OmmAunoy,  1*40, 
lt«rraneaiL 
.  screw,  Ma* -Com.— partluular  service. 
BtattnL  -',  sc  -gunbt,,  LL-Com.  F.  W,  Hulhmts 

iSSfi.  East  1  Tulies, 
Dnataril,  6,  eTt-TOMcLCoin.  T.  Teal,  isf,.',  s.E, 

t  of  America, 
Cadmus,  VI,  H  fllllyar,  CLE,  18H 

GNU  W,  »•"    ,  r(-,r    r    i,t>da7Wt,    LS4S, 

noar.  K-C.B, 
CapU  W.  K*  Hoii,  C.B,,  IBM,  Lcut  Indies. 


37**    Jffl^J 

q/*i?W  Officers  in  Uomtiiana, 

CuTyiisu,  VL  r^iipt  K+  JJ.  Montrcwr.  1831,  PuctHc- 
Cutbriaii.  40,  cVtjjiutn  J.  J,  ii'CIevorty,  C.U. 

lttts  ; 

V.WtJaralns- 

liiiin,  pi.irt. 

CuraUln,   i^:t  Caco.  A   r.  Coiv-BJe,  t«55,  East 

tndtaa. 
Carutloc,  V,  sL-vci..  Lteut.-Com.  C  M.  Bucklti 

1*17,  ModBorramini. 
CeatftFion.  90,  aa^  Caft  C.  G.  E,  Tatcy,  IHM, 

McditcriancBTi. 
ClieKajH-.'tkc,  51,  screw,  Itear-Adm.  J.  Hope,  C.B. 

Cum  i  mt  East  In  die*. 

Clowm  st^-ftmibE ,  Lteut.-Com,  W.  F.  Lee,  1855 
\-Awt  In  tiles, 

.  Cijwl  IL  W.  Courtanajt  J&34 

Co«  a  t  of  Africa. 
Conquer oi,  101,  screw,  CapL  II.  B,  Talverton, 
ditarranean. 
cu,  4.  ■&.    Com-  tne  itOTl,  F.  A.  Fuloj  , 

ia«,  McilUerranoaiw 
Cordelia,  11.  sc,  Com.  C.  E.  II.  Vcmon,  %M&> 

AnstraliiL 
CoiTiiorant,  4,  sc,  Com.    A.  Wodulionw?,  18S(^ 

East  Indies. 
Comwn.UK  60,  Captuin  G.  G.  Randolpli,  C.U, ' 

1654,  Coast  Guard, 
Coromniidd,  st^Tesael,  Second  Master  W,  n. 

Vine  (acting  East  Indies. 
Oressy,  ho,  screw,  CapL  the  Hon*  C^  G.  J.  B, 

Elliot,  C.B..  1H41,  Portamento, 
Crocodile,  8,  rea-smp.  Com    W.  Greet,  1854, 

ofT  the  Tower. 
Cruiser,  17.  sc,  Com,  J.    Bythese*,  1856K 

Coast  of  AmcTlfa, 
Cumliorland,  70,  Rear  Adm.  Sir  -  Lushlop-ion 

E.C.B.     Cftptain  H     D.    Bojfers,    C.  B. 

1954,  South  America 
CoJttco*,  fll,  screw,  Capt-  X  at.  Mason,  16*9, 

aaxtfoalaf  aatvlee, 
Cyclops,  fl,  st  v.,  Capt  W.  J.  S.  Fallen,  185a, 

East  Indies, 
Pastier,  'J,  sl- vessel,  Com.  E.  G.    llora,  IH61, 

FDrtoTuouth 
Doe,  4,  troop  ship,  Waat-Com,   T  C*   I'ullen, 

1844,  parrU:«lar  serrice, 
J>BTastatlon,  6,  sL-ves,  Com.  £♦  Wake,  18A5, 

Biorth  America,  end  W\*t  Indies, 
Diadem,  32,  *c,  Capt  P.  W,  lloofaoffl 

1857,  North  America  and  W+  Indies. 
Doris,  32,  screw,  Capo,  K.  Ileatlicote,  I8?i, 

Portamoutli. 

run  tfunbt.,  Lieut  C  J.  BftUoek,  1955, 

East  Indie* 
Drake,  sc  guntit,  Licnt-Com.  A.  It.  Bhuie, 

18H  East  In, lie- 
Eairla,  50,  Capt,  E.  Tathara,  1851,  Coast  Guard. 
Edinburgh,  fr8,  icrow,  Cipt  E.  C.  T,  LVJgyu. 

court,  18411,  Coast  ' 
EBc,  IV.  Com.  H-  Campmn,  1855,  East  Indies. 
Emerald,  31,  sc,  Capt.  A.cuinining,  1954,  Sheer. 

nesa. 
E«kt  io,  sc,  Capt.  Sir,  B.  J.  Le  It  U'Clnre,  1850, 

gait  Indies 
Euryaltci.  31.se,  Cupt  J,  W.  ttrl«s>0H,  C.B.,ie5V, 

Mediterranean, 
Excellent, 46,  gnnneryshtp^  n»3wlett 

la60t  Portsmouth. 
Kxmoutli,  10,  tcM  Cupt.  J.  J,  SUiplurd,  1841 

Dcvonport, 
Fairy,  La  unil  Aiber* 

yacht,  Portsmouth. 
Falcon,  17.  ic,  Com.  A.  0.  Fititoy,  1857,  Port*- 

KlOU?  T 


302 


BOYAL  NAVY  IK  COMMISSION 


[JtJtfS, 


ferret,  8*  Com,  If.  E,  FUhor,   1&3&,  particular 

Firebrand,  6,  at-vessel,  Com.  J.  Dnym  in,  l«i*. 

particular  service. 
Firm,    ar_  gunM.*  Lieut-Com.   W.  It   IhiuUmt, 

l<4,  But  Indies. 
Fisgusrd*  43,  Commodore  the  Hon.  J,  It.  Drum- 

mond,  CB*.  Woolwich 
Flying   Flah,  fl,  c,  Com,    C,  W,  Hope,  1851 , 

Portsmouth, 
ForcsterT  '2,  *c  gnnbt  ,  Lieut.- Com.  A.  J.  Inn  en, 

1853,  East  Indies 
rermldablc*  84*  J    C,  Fitzgerald*  1840*  Sbccr- 

ness 
Furious,  16*  staves,,  Capt  0,  J.  Jones,  C.B,,  1855, 

East  Indies, 
Fury,  (!,  st.  rea.*  Com.  J.E.  Coinmerell,1855t  EX 
Ganges,  8*.  Hear-Adm.  I*.    I*   Bayncs,   C.B,, 

rjapt-  J.  PftJJbrd,  18*8,  Pacific 
Gannett  11,  Com.    E.    H.   G.   Lambert,   1154, 

Mediterranean. 
Gorguu.  C,  at-ves.  Com   II.  G  f,  rim,  1858*Tync* 
Growler,   aT  sc    gonbont,    Mens -Cum.  IL   & 

CTOCier,  1854,  Mediterranean. 
Hannibal*  91*  ac,  It  car- Admiral  0-,  It  Untidy, 

Capt.  M.  Connoitv,  J85N,  Mediterranean. 
Ran-ler*  IT,  screw.  Com.  Sir  M.  McGregor,  Hurt., 

QW),  L657.  South  Anierli.il. 
Hastings,  60,  screw,  Captain  W.  It.  Mends,  CO., 

1RA2,  Coast  Guard. 
Haughty.   %   sc   gunboat,   Lieut.- Com.  G.   D, 

Broad,  1851,  East  Indies, 
Havannah*  10,  Capt.  T.  Harvey,  1848,  PncMt 
Ibrnkc,  GO,   ac*,   Capt    W.  Crispin  18W,  Coast 

Guard, 
Herald*  8,  aurv.-res,,  Capt  II.  It  Dunham,  184G, 

Sou  ih  Sens* 
Hermes*  G,  st-v.,  Cora.  W.  F-  A,  Gordon,  ISM, 

Coaat  of  Africa, 
Hero,  91,  screw,  Capt.  Sir  a  N.  Broke..  Bail, 

C.B*1845,  Portland. 
Heron*  l"2%  Commander  W.  IL  Truscnlt  18.rj5, 

Coast  of  Africa, 
Heiper,  sc  st-ahip,  Ma*t*Com.  J-  Loune,  1846, 

Last  Indies, 
Hihemln*  roc. -ship.  Bear-Admiral  If.  J*  Cod- 

rington,  OB-,  Captain  F.  Warden*  C.B., 

1845,  Malta. 
Highflyer*  21,  ac>.  Capt  C,  F.  A,  ShsdweB,  C,B., 

1853,  East  Indies. 
Himalaya,    sc.    store-ship,  Com.  J*  Seccombc, 

I85A,  particular  service 
Hogue,  CO,  strew*  Capt  J.   Moore*  C.B.,  1848, 

Coast  Guard. 
Hornet   IT,  ac.  Com.   Viscount  Glifurd,   1858, 

Beet  Indies, 
Hydra,  G.  at. -vessel,  Com.  II.  V.  Hamilton,  1857, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Imaum,  12,  Commodore  IL  Kellett,  C.B..  Com. 

H.  J.  Grant,  I85A,  rec-shlp,  Jamaica. 
Impregnable*  104*  Vlee-Adnu  Sir  B,  Reynolds, 

K.C.B.*  Capt-  W.  E.  Stewart,  C.B.*  1851, 

Devon port 
Indus,  78*  Bear-Admiral  Sir  It  Stewart  K.C.B., 

Capt  J,  G  1>.  Hay,  1850,  N«rth  Am  eric, 

and  West  Indies. 
Industry*  staves..  9*  at -ship.  Mast- Com.  G.  J. 

Hodges,  1941  particular  service, 
Inflexible,  G*  st-ves,  Com,  G.  A,  C.  Hrooker, 

l&ftn,  East  Indiea. 
Intrepid,  0,  screw,  torn.  J,  It   Marry al,   1855h 

Devrini.iMir. 
Iris,  *J04  Oi|it  W    Ltirini;,  C.B„  in  18,  Australia, 
JamcaM'Mit.   1*1,  screw*  Capt.  K,  CtMjd*   l«fi, 

IVprtiand,  rU| 

Jaaua,  sc.  gunboat*  Lteut-Cotn,  It  P,  Kno 

1855,  Fast  Indies, 
Jssear*  sc,  gnnhoat  Lieut-Corn.    J+  B,  Scslt 

I84*f  W.  Hidics,, 


Jasper,   ac.  grmboylt  Lieut -Cera*  W+  IL   Fym* 

3H>,  W.   Indies. 
Kestrel  rc,  ^tnbo^t  tietit,-Com.  O.  D  ReT-in, 

18^Kast  Indies. 
Lapwing,  4,  screw*  Com.  M,  F.  O,  Bellly*  1856, 

Jlediterranean. 
I.4JC,  sc  gnnbt,  Ll«ut+*Com.  W,  II,  Jones,  I8>?f, 

Eaa:  Indies 
Leonard  18.  st-vea,f  Capt  J.  F,  B,  Walnwn^nr, 

■  18A<^  North  America  and  West  Indies* 
Lcveu.  3.  ac.  gunboat  Licut-Com,  J.  S.  Hudson. 

1854*  East  Indies 
tlffey,  II*  screw*  Cant.  O.  W,  Freedy,  CB„  1855, 

Mersey, 
Locust  3,  st-ves,  LI  cut -Com.  J.  B.  Field*  1848* 

paiticuhir  service. 
London,  90,  screw,  Cupt.  IL  Chads,  1848,  Devon- 

Lvnx*  4*  screw,  Lieut -Com,  E.  Berkeley,  18H 

Cuast  of  Africa. 
Lyra,  3,   sc.  Com,  K,B,  Oldfield,  1A5A,  Cape  of 

Good  Hope. 
Madagascar,  receiving  ship,  Commander  H  M 

Leycester,  1856,  Bio  Janeiro. 
MagLclenne*  IG,  st. -vessel,  Capt  K,  Vansittsrt, 

CB„  liM,  B.   Indies, 
ftlurlhorougb,  til,  sc..  Vice  Adm.  A.  Fanahswc, 

C.B.,  Capt  the  Kt  Hon.  Lord  F.  H.  Kerr. 

H&2,  Mediterranean. 
Medina*  at-ves,  I.  Capt,  T.  A.  B,  Spratt,  CB^ 

I8.v>,  Mediterranean 
Medusa,  4,  steam -vessel,  Com.  W.  Bowden,  1851* 

Coast  of  Africa 
Megaru,  «,  se.,  Com,  (i.  T.  at  Purvis  {b)?  1S52, 

particular  service 
Mcracy,   40.    strew,   Capi.  H.  Caldwell*   CB  . 

IS53,  partlculur  acrvlcti. 
Mohawk,  4,  screw.  Com.  P.  C  C.  McDougall, 

1-',  Knst  Indies. 
Monkey,  steam  tup-,  Sec.  Mas.  G.  Syndercacube* 

(acting),  WooTwidL 
Xuljid,  A2,  store- ship.  Most -Com.  W.  W.  Dillon, 

18J :!,  Callau 
Nautilus,  t,    Llcut.Com.   VV.  B    Grant,  186*, 

apprentice  ship,  Devon  port 
Kertus,  42,  store  -depot  Mast-Corn.  J,  C.  Bar- 
low, IS35*  ValpBTBiao 
Niger,     14,     sc.*    Capt    F.    Crecto^     1854, 

Kust  Indies, 
Nile,  90*  Sc,  Kear-Adm.  C.  TaBxit*  Capt  A*  P. 

K.  Wilmut  C.B-,  18A4*  DtTOnport 
Nhnrotl,   6*  sc,  Com, East 

Indies. 
Oberon,  3,  It-vessel,  Ueut-Com,  F.  G.  C  Paget, 

1B52,  South  America. 
0|KissiiTn,    1  sc.    guuuost,  LlcHt.-Com,   C,    J, 

Bftlfuui.  1850.  East  Indies, 
Orlm,  !'l,  screw,  Curt.  W.  Housteun,  1847,  Medi- 
terranean. 
Osprev.  4,  screw,  Com.  I!.  J.  Blomfleld,  1855, 

Mediterranean 
resrl  20,  »c.,  Capt  E, !?,  ftetheby*C.B.,  1853*  Es*t 

Tudlea, 
J'clorus,  ^1*  sc,  Capt  F.  B.  P.  Seymour,  IS- 

Bftst  Indies 
Pembroke,  GO,  Capt  £.  P.  Chnrlewood*  1855, 

Coast  Guard* 
Perse  vera  nee,   J  trnop  ablp,  Com.  E.  B,  Power, 

lHfttt,  pnrticulnr  BeaMH 
Persian,   13,      Commander  K,    Hanlinge    18*VG, 

Const  of  Africa. 
Pioneer,  S,  lePBW,  Oml  C  H.  May*  1854,  Ports- 

mouTZi. 
Plover,  j,  se.  gun  bust,  Lieut  -  Com.  W.  IL  Rosen, 

Kaat  Indies 
Plumper,  9,  screw*  Capt  G,  IL  lacbarda,  18M, 

PaciaeP 
I  Into,  4,  st- vessel,  lleat-Cem.  C.  IL  Simpson, 
1848,  Coast  of  Africa 


1859.] 


THBUir  NATT  IK  COHMISSIOK. 


808 


Porcnptna,  3,  st-ves.  Capt  H.  a  Otter,  1854  , 

Devonport 
Princess    Charlotte,    104   Mast-Corn.  II.    G. 

Thomaett,  1854,  Hong  Kong. 
Princess  Koyal,  91,  sc,  Capt  T.  Bailllo,  1815, 

Mediterranean 
Pyladee,  screw,  '21,  Capt  M.  do  Coarcy,  1832, 


rwiK  ■ 

Qua'l,  2,  sc  gunboat,  Lieut-Coin.  N  Osborn' 

1856,  Mediterranean. 
Queen  Charlotte,  104,  Vicc-Adra.  E.  narvey, 

Cap!  H.  Harvey,  1852,  Sheerness. 
Racer,  11,  screw.  Com  the  Hon.  T.  A.  Pakonh  un 

185*,  North  America  and  West  Indies. 
Racoon,  31,  screw,  Captain  J.  A.  Paynter,  1854, 

Mediterranean. 
Recruit,  6,  at-v.,  Com.  D.  Spain,   1856,  Medl- 


Renown,  91,  screw,  Capt.  A.  Forbes,  1846  Medi 


Retribution,  28,  st-vessel,  Commodore  II.  E. 

EdgeU,  East  Indlas. 
Bhadamanthus,  4,  st  res.,    Master-Corn.  F.  R 

Standee,  1843,  particular  service. 
Roebuck,  «,  sc,  Com.  E.  C.  Symons,  acting,  E.I 
RoBa,  6,  Ueut-Com.  C.  G.  Nelson,  1854,  Ports- 
month. 
Royal  Albert,  121,  sc.,  Rear-Admiral  Sir  C.  H. 

Freemantie.  K.C.B.,  Capt  E.  B.  lUce  (1855), 

Channel  Squadron. 
Royal  Adelaide,  104,  Rr.-Ad.  Sir  T.  S.  Paslcy. 

Bt;  Capt  W.  J.  Williams,  1841,  Devonport 
Russell,  60,  sc,  Capt  G.  Wodehousc,  1854,  Coast 

Guard. 
St  Jean  D'Acre,  101,  screw,  Capt  T.  P.  Thomp- 
son, 1847,  Mediterranean. 
81  Vincent,  Capt.  T.  Wilson,  1853,  Portsmouth, 

training  ship. 
Sampson,  6,  st-y.,  Capt  G.  S.  Hand,  1852,  S.E. 

Coast  of  America. 
Saracen,  4,  Mast-Corn.  W.  Stanton,  1852,  East 

Indies. 
Satellite,  sc,  21,  Capt.  J.  C.   Provost,  1856, 

Pacific. 
Saturn,   72,   Capt    G.    Ramsay,    C.B.,    1813, 

Pembroke. 
Scourge,  6,  sc ,  Com.  Prince  of  Langenberg, 

1857,  Mediterranean. 
SeagtilL  sc.  gunbt.,  Lieut-Corn.  W.  Chlmmo, 

1850,  particular  service. 
Sharpshooter,  8,  screw,  Ueut-Com.  C.  Gibbons, 

1848,  Coast  of  Africa. 
Shamrock,  sc  surveying  ves.,  Com.  Edye,  Coast 

of  Ireland. 
Simoom, 8,  sc,  Com.  J.  M.  Cooke,  1852,  E.  Indies. 
Siren,   16,  Com.  G.  M.  Balfour,  1856,  South 

America. 
Skipjack,  sc  gunbt,  Licut-Coro.  J.  Murray, 

1848,  Channel  Squadron. 
Oaney,  2,  sc  gunbt,  Lt-Com.  K.  J.  Wynnlatt, 

1850,  East  Indies. 
Sparrowhawk,  4,  sc,  Com.  J.  C.  Byng,  1856, 

East  Indies. 


Spitfire,  5,  st-r.,  Llent-Com.  W.  C.  Chapman, 

1848,  Coast  of  Africa. 

Spy,  3,  Ueut-Com.  T.  B.  Colllnson,  1850,  South 
America. 

Starling,  sc -gunboat,  Lteut-Com.  J.  A.  Whit- 
shed,  1854,  East  Indies. 

Staunch,  2,  sc-gnnboat,  Lt-Com.  E.  J.  Pollard, 
1855,  East  Indies. 

Styx,  6,  st res.,  Com.  C.  Vesey,  1854  N.  America 
and  W.  Indies. 

Supply,  st-sh.,  Mast-Corn.  W.   H.   Balliston, 

1845,  Woolwich 

Surprise,  4,  sc,  Com.  Lord  E.  H.  Cecil,  1857,  C.  of 

Africa, 
Tartar,  20,  sc,  Capt.  H.  Dunlop,  1850,  W.  Indies 

and  N.  America. 
Tartarus,  4,  st,  Com.  A.  L.  Mansell,  1855,  Medi-  . 

terranean. 
Termagant    25,    screw,  Capt  R.  HalL  1855, 

Portland. 
Terrible,  21,  st-vessel,  Capt.  F.  H.  H.  Glasse, 

C.  B.,  1846,  Mediterranean. 
Terror,  16,  Capt  F.  Hutton,  1844,  Bermuda. 
Tortoise,  12,  store-ship,  Capt   V7.  F.  Burnett, 

C.B.,  1854,  Ascension. 
Tribune,  30,  screw.  Captain  G.  T.  P.  Hornby, 

1846,  East  Indies. 

Trident  6,  st-v.  Com.  F.  A.  Close,  1854,  Coast 

of  Africa. 
Triton,  3,  st-ves.  Lieut-Corn.  R.  II.  Burton, 

1849,  Coast  of  Africa 

Urgent  sc  troop  ship,  Com.  II.  W.  Hire,  1854, 

particular  service. 
Valorous,  1%  st-ves.,  Capt  W.  C.  Aldham,  C.B., " 

1853,  particular  service 
Vesuvius,  6,  steam-vessel,  Commodore  C  Wise, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Vlctoriaand  Albert  2,  steam  yacht  Captain  the 

Hon.  J    Denman,  1841,  Portsmouth. 
Victor  Emanuel,  91,  sc,  Capt  J.  Willcox,  C.B.. 

1850,  Mediterranean. 

Victory,  101,  Admiral  W.  Bowles,  C.B.;  Capt- 
A.  Fatquhar,  1849,  Portsmouth. 

Vigilant  4,  sc,  Com.  W.  Armytage,  1855,  Medi- 
terranean. 

Viper,  4,  screw,  Com  W.  N.  W.  Hewett,  V.C. 
L.H.,  1858,  Devonport 

Virago,  6,  st-ves.,  Com.  M.  B.  Dunn,  1856 
particular  service 

Vixen,  6,  st-ves.,  Com.  L.  Lambert,  1858. 
Pacific 

Vulture,  6,  st-v.,  Captain  F.  A.  Campbell,  1856, 
Mediterranean. 

Wanderer,  4,  screw,  Com.  M.  It.  Pechell,  1854, 
Mediterranean. 

Watchful,  2,  sc-guubt  st  Com.  F.  W.  Inglcrteld, 
1857,  East  Indies. 

Wellesley,  72,  Captain  Superintendent  G.  Gold- 
smith, C.B.,  1812,  Chatham. 

Weser,  st  v.,  6.,  Com.  A.  H.  J.  Johnstone,  1859, 
Chatham. 

Woodcock,  2,  sc,  gunbt,  Lt-Com.  G.  &  Buu- 
sanquet,  1855,  East  Indies.  ± 


STATIONS  OF  THE  INDIAN  NAVY  IN  COMMISSION. 

(Corrected  to  the  26th  April,  1859.) 
With  the  dates  of  Commission  of  the  Officers  in  command 

Acbar,  22,  Flag-ship  of  Commodore  G.  G.  Wel- 
lesley, C.B.,  Com.  II.  A.  Drought,  1851, 
Com.  IL  W.  Grounds,  1  *">»»,  Gunnery 
Officer,  Bombay. 

Assaye,  10,  paddle,  Commander  G.  N.  Adams, 
1858,  r      " 


,  Zanxlbar. 

TJ.  S.  Mao.,  No.  367,  Juins,  1859. 


Auckland,    8,     puddle,    Com.    J.    Stephens. 

LS48, 
Assyria,  2.     paddle,    Master-Corn.  E.  Davies, 

18j8,  Aden. 
Augusta.  6,  yacht,  Bombay. 


INDIAST  *AYY  Ttf  COMMISSION, 


[Jtrtni 


Australian*  screw  troop  ahlp,  Bfuter~com. 

Btott<  Bay  uf  IkintfaL 
Berenice.    2.    paddle  troop  rdiip,  Lieut. -Com. 

A  W.  C  bitty,  J  M7,  Jdalnhar  Coaat. 
Bhceinuti,    4,    tnrmi&g   rettd,    LtauL-Com. 

A.  P.  Taylor,  1£47,  Malabar  Coast 
Brat,    2,   flat.    Muster-Com.    E,    Hflfe,  1830, 

I nduft. 
CHve,  19,  Lieut, -Com.  J.  Sedley,  1847,  school' 

sblp.  nn  a  Cruize. 
CttrsetJee,  Hat,  Master-Corn,  .^-  —  t  Tudus. 
Cbirl  i\t*Coio*    T*  N.  ckT 

Andaman  Island*. 
nice,    3,    Licut.-Omi.    C.    H.    Walker, 
is 47,  Adea, 

5,  puddle  gunboat,  Com.  W*  B.  Selby, 

ship,     IJt!Ut.-Com. 
agiL 
Cbcnu'i  •  loorley. 

Conqueror,  2,    puddta.  Mftftter-Crimrmmdur  T„ 
K.  Linton,  184*,  RItw  Indus. 

Dalbousie,  screw  Troop  sblp,  Limt.-Com.  T.  W. 
Hopkins  1858,  Buy  of  Bengal 

Dromedary,  Flnt,  Master-Coni+  *,  River 

Indus. 

ElpliiiiAtone,  18,    Lieut, -Com.   IT.  A,  Fraaerf 
B,  Bom  boy. 

Enphrntc*,    Flat,    Manter-Com,    W<    Walton, 
tflSB,  River  Indua 

EthoTsuy,  Flat,  Majter-ConL  T,  0.  Joiv 
Elver  Indus. 

Emily,  2,  Lieut. -Com.  V.  W.  Tendal,  MW,  Per- 
sian Gulf, 

Falkland,   13,    Commodore  G.  Jenkins,  C.B., 
1865,  Persian  Gulf. 

Fcroo*,  10,  puddle,  Common  flur  C.  J.  Ci  al- 
ien den,  iHin,  Bombay. 

Frcere,  2, paddle.  Master-Commander  J-JftflTen, 
Indus, 

Goolanair*    pad  tile  yacht,   Mfwter-Commarjdor 
J,  1>,  Keriiiellv.  18*0,  Bombay 

GeiirgiLii  l.    2,     Lleul-Com,    W.    Cullln&wood, 

ladui,  ■  C«nrti*flder  E+  S.  IL 

Ni?«U\   I  Tndlut. 

JlKlluni,  'J,  paddle,   MjiMer-Com.  K.  L,  Law- 
flon,  1963,  Rivur  Inrtui 


KcddywuirCC,   receiving  frliip.  Mt.atcr-Catn«  J. 

S.  Amoa,  18Mj  K  n  mid  i  r- 
Ladj  FjiikiuM'l  -.  i-  -..1.11*--  LVIast.-Com.W,  Barraa, 

Lady  Crtmihitf,  i.  paddle,  Licut.-Coin*  E,  Trevor, 

1840,  Red  I 
atahL    3,    Liaut.-Com.     R    W,    Whisk,    l&i'i, 

Bombay, 
Marie,  :i,  Ueut-Com  C.  G,  Constable,  1; 

Sun  eying  Ship,  Malabar  " 
Mootvee,  l.  pendant  vea,t  Csipt ►  E*  W.  Dani 

1*^7,  Kotree. 
Kapler,.     2,     pad*  -  Commando? 

; ,    61,  River  Indus. 
Jverbuddii,    2,   LtauL-Com.  C,    Forster,    1 

Malabar  Coast* 
NtmrocL  %  puddle,  Master-Commander  J< 

Butter,  IBM,  River  Indus* 
Niteerte,  Fiat,  Miister-Oein.  A.  nerriSMi,  18*0* 

River  Indus. 
Outrani,  4,  paddle.  Must, -Com*  W*  Flray,  li 

Hirer  In  tin  a, 
FunliuiK  1'),  paddle,  Commander  A.  Foulert 

r,  Calcutta 
Planet,     2,     padiBe,     Master-Corn.      T,     K 

Fletclior,  1853,  River  Indus, 
Ftineo    Artlmr,    bctcw    troop-atilp,   Com. 

Trtmson,  lao\St  en  route  Timor  Islands 
Flelad,  2,  srvew,  Li  cut.- Com.  J.  G 

Persian  Uul£ 

Raveo,  Flat,  Master-Com. ,  III \  < 

J?emlraniis  *  paddle,  Com.  \\\  liaRour, 

Boui ' 
Suded(it>,  I'lat,  Mastor-Com.,  Hirer  Indui 
SatcUHv,  %  pad«tle,  Mrt*tor-Com.   A.  Wilkuir* 

Snuke,  paddle,  tender  to  Aebar,  Bouibuy, 
Sir  R.  Havelock,  2T  piddle,  Ma»tor-Com* 

ver  Illdlli, 
Sir  H.  Uwrenee,  2,  puddle,  Mnster-Com, 

Tickel,  L946,  llni.-r  Indua, 
Sydney,    screw    troop    ship,    Mastcr-Com.    ,h 

K latitat,  Hay  of  Bengal 
Tigris   r,,   Llout.-CuLii,   rS.  T.  Robint,on,   1847, 

Persian  Gulf, 
V'nioriu,    4,     peddle,    Lteu^-Cuio.    T. 

TwynJiamT  IMfi,  in  j  in  In* y. 
Zenobia,    10+  paddle,    Goal,  ft   E,   ilaitni 

1857,  Hurat. 


lifli, 

'£ 

958, 

"ton, 

k 


NAVAL  BRIGADE. 


lit  Brigade  rtomtioyt  1st  Company,  Burnt, 
UtuL-Conn  J*  B,  Bewsher,  I§fid,  com- 
mapdtag, 

2ad  Brigade,  Bengal,  C*pt  C  IX  CnmpbeU, 

1st  Comnany,  Fort  WUMam,    Licut.-C^!ii    C, 

Bv  Templert  1S67* 
2nd  Company,   Guy  ah,   Llout.-Com.   T.  H.  B. 

Banon,  1864, 
3rd       do,      Uacco,  LieuL-Cem.  H.  W,  Ethe- 

ridge,1847, 
4th        do.      Andaman  I&limds,    Lfcu 
,.ident  1S57* 


dth  Company  Sasserftm,  yout+*Com,  O,  0.  R 
Cfliew,  MB> 

-i>»,      Patnrt,  Lleut.-Com,  D,  a. 

I-.-,  I. 

7th        da      Cbybawau     UtwL-&m     1 

Lewis,  1*1*. 
Mb        Aft,      Barackpore,  Ueut.-Cont  \NV 

Pa  via,  1814J, 
«th       do.     Jtrpore,  Lieut-Coto.  A.  T.  Winder 


f.EX. 


1859.] 


80S 


rilOMOTIONS  AJM)  APPOINTME? 


NAVY. 


AmimALTrt  May  16, 

Vice  Admiral  of  the  White  William 
James  Miugaye  baa  been  appointed  to 
receive  a  pension  of  £1 50  ft  year  a*  pro- 

by  her  Majesty's  Order  in  < 
of  ^'tth  June,  1851,  vacant  bv  the  death 
of  Vice  Admiral  Peter  John  !> 
Hid  the  name  of  Vice  Admiral  Mi 
lias  been  removed  to  the  Reserved 
Fay  List  accordingly  ;    and,  in  I 
quence  of  this  removal    the    foil  u  win:/ 
Promotion *,  to  date  from  Dee,  1®, 
have  this  day  taken  place : — 

Vice  Admiral  of  the  Blue  Sir  Thomas 
Herbert,  K.C.B..  to  be  Vice  Admiral  of 
Abe  White.  Rear  Admiral  ol  the  Red 
Sir  George  Robert  Lambert,  IvC.B,,  to 
be  Vice  Admiral  of  the  Blue.  Retired 
Rear  Admiral  John  Gore  to  be  Vice 
Admiral  on  the  Retired  List,  Rear 
Admiral  of  the  White  Charles  Ramsay 
Drink  water  Betlrane,  C.B.,  U*  be 
Admiral  of  the  Red*  Red  Admiral  of 
the  Blue  George  Rodney  Muddy  to  be 
Rear  Admiral  of  the  White. 

Capt.  Thomas  Henderson  to  he  Rear 
Admiral  of  the  Blue. 

The  undernamed  Officers  Ion  the  Re- 
tired List  have  also  been  promoted  to 
Retired  Rett  Admirals,  on  the  terms 
Imposed  in  the  Lwh!.  of  the 

lit   September,   1846,  but  without  in- 
crease    of   pay :  — h  Captalni     v 
Shepheard  and  William  Luckr&ft, 

AlJMlRAI»TT,   May  7. 
RoTAi,  Marines.— Ft  rat   I U H  t man is 
to  fie  Captain*.— Archibald   Ab 
Douglas,     Charles    Loftus    Tottenham 
Usher,  George  Lascellea  Blake,  ( ) 

rick  Charles    Fraser,  (Adjutant), 
Win.  Henry   Worthy    Bennett,  < 
Leslie,     Win.    Penn    Burton,  Ni 
Bennett  Dolby,  EnbuleDnyrm  Tbelwa-11, 

rd  Fentlaud  Henry. 
Stem 
fatante.—lUwy  Sturt  Lewis,  William 
Henry  Smith,  John  St  radian,  William 
Henry  Poyotz,  T.  Ianley  i  J  rant,  Angtia- 

Ivans,  R,  R.  ,v,  Woolforde,  James 
A.  Godfrey ,  Rokeby,  VV 

Armstrong,  Charles  William  FoftfoergtU, 
Robert  Jamea  JPascoe,  Henry  Cawley 
Bowker,  Hi 

Thomas   Bridgford,  John    W  m.    ' 
QTGrady9G]  <tt,  Henry  M 

tad    Kifcv,    Nil  well    Fit*  Upton 
Enn>t    Augantus  Mm  M  » 

|endie  Vivi;i  rd  Sorvaute, 

Edward  O'Donovau  Powell,  Jamc*  An- 
derson aiwioc,  Daniel  TUomaa  WoriflfF, 
William  Younghuabwdt 


PROMOTION. 

Stttf/foti  to  be  Deputy  Inspector  (knmrfof 
Iforjtittitiand  Fleets. — H.  McCormnek. 
APPOINTMENTS, 
Rear    Admiral  of  tf&  Bine — George 
y  Mundy  to  be  Second  in  Oom- 
m  the  Mediterranean*  and  to  hoist 
his  flag  on  board  II.  Ms  nhip  fff 
^  Cmnniandem— CharJi W  II    May,  1654, 
to  Pioneer  ;  Charles  W.  Hope,  1854,  to 
ffoma  Fink  ;  Joseph  H.  Marry  at,  1855, 
tn  Intrepid;  Arthur  G.  Fitz-Roy,  1857, 
t^  Fafam  ;   Edward  F.  Dent,  1857,  to 
Cressy;  John  L,  Ferry,  I  So"   ,  t«> 
nibali  Samuel  B.  Dolling,  1850,  to  yift  ; 
Colin  A.  Campbell,  18S8,  to  Btt. 
m  E.   Fisher,    185'i,   to    / 
Edmund  Wilson,  1&45,  to  Atholl  ;Thos. 
H*  Lysagbt,  1S49,  to  Formidable  ;  James 
M.  Bruce,  1855,  I  \  for  special 

service  ;  Joseph  Dayman,  1859,  to  Firt+ 
brand,  for  special  service,  vice    I 
James  M,  Brace,  1855,  Firebrand  \  Bed- 
ford  C.    T.     I'ij  ■■-;•<■;    Arthur 
Barrow,  1856,  to  Mxm 

—James  J*  Stopford,  1841, 
to  Ecntwdh;  Hon.   C.  G,   J,   B.    I 
C.B.,  1B41, 

niour,  C.B-1  I  H,  to  Hero,  vice  Sir 
6eofge  N .  I  brok  s,  Bart.,C.B.,  n  [K-rseded 
on  account  of  ill  -heath ;  A I  a  thew  ConoU  y  f 
195dt  to  Hanniha^  as  Flag  Captain  to 
Admiral  Mnndy,  Henry  S,  Hillvar, 
1854,  to  Cadmus;  Henry  Cbad^ 
1848, to  Lmdom ,  Thomas  Hop^lSS^to 
Atiamemmm  ;    Arthur  Cumming,  1854, 

;  Oliver   J.  Jones,   1 G 
Fut'ij  '  ►rn,  iupersede<l  at  He 

owmrwjuest,  A,  F.  R*  Do  Horsey, 
to  BHfi. 

Arthur  Wilm^hurst,  1854*  to  Z> 
Hugh  M<  I  :.  fco  i|ffMMn 

tenants — J,  G.  lioblni,    1841,  to 
bi    ffarbotir  M.i-t'  e  at  Falmouth ;  tt. 

w.  s. 

De  Cantzow,   1S54,   to   Cadmm  j    Ed* 
ward  lft07g    to   A^viemnon, 

Godfiev  Taylor,  WW,  and  Thomas  H. 
Greev.  \^r-  T.  1\ 

Jflcksnn,     1  PhklippH, 

1853,  W,  J,  H,  Grobl  ChAries 

1».    I  f(   and   Hon.   H. 

Bailliu  Hamilton,  to  Cm      t  :    t  .  T.  W. 
G.  Cerjat.  1844#  and  Wiliiam   V,  Gi 
gory.  iBf# 

54,  Henry  J.  ChaUis,  1854,  G.  £ 
W.  Weleh,  1S5I,  and  George,  W. 
Strong,  1^5^,  to  Hannibal  \  John  Bnf- 
ffese,  1848,  and  H,  T.  Gain  well,  1852,  to 
fetftofrl  C.  A»  P.  V.  ltobmson, 
184P,  Ueofgpe  L,  BiOinm,  IMS,  William 


X* 


PB0M0T10HS 


APPOIKTlfElTTS. 


[JlTSl 


1858,  to  Emumik  j    George  Robinson, 
1655,  to  St.  I'itnrut ;  John  A*  F.  Lut* 
trell,   1*55,   to   Excdknl ;    H.    It.    & 
Grey,  1857,  to  FinlrrtTttl ;  I: 
to   Ooripn  ;   William   Nprail,    1854,   bo 

i  ;    F,   H.  S.   Webber,  l**58t  to 

£*motrlA ;    John    D    Harnett,  1855,  to 

Finhrami ;   Henry  N.   Knox,   1853,   to 

laide  \  N.  D.  F.  LiUinjjston, 

P.  J.  Hankin,  1858,  and  W.  K. 
1 1. G  Cbofeauo,  i^r,  to  CadmMBj  H* 
s.  ( iiisbjiiiic,  1855,  w 

O*  Twias,  Iflyli,  and  t;,    W,    Ui 

f;  A.  A.Hj 
and  E,  M.  Payroll,  L858j  <"  Bamib&l ; 
George  W.  Strong,  I855i  to  JRsfcM. 
Su  John  Coventry,  1850,  *',  T.  Pringle, 
1854,  B.  W.  Manthorp,  1354,  aud  W. 
M,  Wright,  l*."dj,  to  Lijmk'u  ;  Richard 
Carter,  1853,  E<  H,  Yeraej,  1851 
C.  H,  Williams,  1856,  to  Emerald  ;  A. 
K,  Wright,  1854,  and  H.  TLM.Ma^ratb. 

1854,  to   Edinburgh  ;    J.    B.    Micbcll, 
to  Flying  Fuh  ;  W.  F.  Johnson, 

1855,  to  Pioneer  ■,  Thomas  Rorrett,  1834, 
bo  mndlt  A.  I!  Webb,  1855,  to 
Hatting*  ;  F.  T,  Hamilton,  1848,  H, 
B.  Johnstone,  1$d1,  W.  Menzies.  1854, 
and  JJ.  Mo  C.  Alexander,  1856,  to 
Agamanmm  j  Edward  Wilinot,  1853,  to 
Hannibal,  as  Flag  Lieutenant  to  Rear 
Admiral  George  R.  Mundy,  Edward  J, 
Lawson,  1  850,  to  JetBMI  Watt  ;  Georgo 
1L  Mam?eu>  1855,  to  Mttlim\  A.  F, 
M+  Meyer,  1858,  to  Piow^i  C.  F, 
Walker;  1857,  to  Fl$i**j  Fish  \  E«  U. 
Hereford,  1858,  to  lSseettent  ;  E.  11. 
Thompson,  1858,  and  C.  D.  J.  Oderaiae, 
1851,  10  Intrqmi  j  H,  S.  Btgge,  1858, 
to  Fa/am -t   8.   Adeanu,  1S>.  It 

Dti  Kobeck,  1*55,  and  A,  Bafftay,  1S53, 
to  /7r u& 

ATarisT*— IL  N.  Thomas,  13flf»,[(nd- 
ditmnal)  to  jf&tionij  &  EL  Blakey, 
(additional ;  to  rFetfi'atfton,  for 
service  in  Abovkir  ;  Edwin  WiW,  1853, 
to  Ciidmtnj  W.  G«  Al.irich,  I85&,  to 
fat;  John  Jarvis,  1341  A.  M.  P, 
Macktiv,  1886*  Thunia»  J.  Whillier, 
1846,  E,  T.  Saunders,  1846,  and  G, 
Wright,  1888  ^additional;,  it*  Fitgard, 
JT.  G.    Mngfortl   1841    f  additional)  to 

/ ;  w.    H.   DiTwiaK  1 85a,  bo 

Evwrafd;  W.  W.  Kiddle,  1853,  to 
.■1r/fifjiei»ji(m  |  G.  L.  Carr,  1840,  to  Zo«- 
rfoi* ;  Janie«  8.  Wclbi,  1841,  additional 
to  Fiimrdt  for  a*rioB  in  iitiria  ;  James 
S,  II ir  .  IditioTaal  to  77 

J.  J.  Ball,  1843, to  Join  j  J.  H.  Altard, 
1851,  to  FxMovth  ;  W.  Bjfond,  I 

■   John  P.  P.    Wan>, 

Hannibal  ;  J.   C.   llutchina,  1&>3S,  to 

Minvbiur  ;    J*    Tucker    ft),    1841,    to 

WtUmgio*  ;  ,L  E*  Srudamoro,  1858,  to 

m  i  Yaluntiuc  F,  Jobuaon,  1$50, 


U  Ftrrhnm}  \  R.  J.  C.  Grant^   1858, 

ptMl ;  1L  B.  Hunt,  1858,  to  / 
<  \    Parkinson,  '  :  and 

Inglie,  1854,  to  Flftna  FUh  ;  Henry   T. 
KUiK,  1848  (adilituon*l),  to   Minotam 
Timothy  W.  SuBvaa,    lSi:»s  to  lit 
Vincent  Williams,    1841, 
If.   W.   Ki.ldkv     18,^3  t»dditional)r 
Atia,  tor  aarvioe  in  AtjamemMQ*, 
Mtttet-  i'.    W,    Macdoiuiell,    I 

*  .  K.  Bnolfli,  1857,  to  the  li :■■>■ 
r  for  apec* 
J.  G.  J*  Hammer,  18 
Hon,  F,  Crofton,  to  //fro. 
t'hivf  Engineers — rfamos  Brown 
to  ^//ameMaoH  -  Friend  Stow,   I 
;  d .  *  >oope  to  JTriife, 
$cr'»i<f    Maiifft  — Gkorgo  Pat 

L  5.  wiiici 

f,  for 

mMlmk  Eagie\  J.  It.  N.  Mo&b,  18, 
to  Pi'wt'tr  ;  Erasmus  C.  Roberts,  18i 
to  Ejcmonth  l  T«  Puund",  1  S54» 
aA«  ;  Alexander  Gray,  18  M  j  to  lit 
nibul\   Sclwyn  S.  &ugden  (acti 
fllqriaiiifflatfaca. 

Sttrpeoni  — >W .  Robertson ,  M  .D .,  1  &4 : 
toJ^oro/E*   Daviea,  WJ>»,    1841, 
id^n;  H,  ^  :  D.t  1846,  I 

mottll  :  T.  II.  Keown,  1841,  and 
C.  B,  Lester,  Ml).,  1855,  additaonaJ  to 
i  ;-,  W.  Webb,  1845,  to  Hanmr 
hat;  llowartl  R.  Banks,  1M3,  to 
M  inataw  ;  Alimuty  Irwin , 
ditkmal  bo  Eagki  W.  F.  Noott,  51, 

\  \   \.  McE.    W 
I85fl,  to  Ovroon  %  (X    R.  Brian,  M 
1842,  to   Wetiinfftun  \  Jobn   R 
1856    (additional)    to    Fitgard -t    L 
llonWth,  1854,  to  Attorn  ;  W.  T.  I 

.M.lL,      1857,     tci     /7;/r(:/     Ft*a  j    R, 

Sijim.',     INj",    tit      Intrepid-,    W. 
McClinton,  Pf,A.rM,H.,ls 
R.    Picken,   M.1X,  185S.  to    Bmu^ 
J.  Bf'Smni  f,  I  ■  "..'5,  i  j  Am 

Graliain,  M.1>.T  1847,  atiil  Willjjim 
Roche,  Ml;,  ISA,,  185fl  (addition 
to    . r  ;    Lreorgt   A,   Nlc* 

M.D.;  1848    and   Joseph  81osst  M 
lrCjT   (addiiiun:LlvtoZo»f/»w;  A, 
Babington,   iMlt  to  Cdmns,  -f  Atwtant 
Hn$  — Annuel  Grose,  1859, 

tO  fWfl|B|. 

,4 X" itfa h t   Sit rfjfon a—  AIcxiiti r  1  e r 
>I,i>.,  1854,   additional 
James    V<  mid    Atexan< 

Minnoch,  (  ftxnviitth  ;  Fram 

li.  Mo  in  , 

Ilifff.'v.  Robert   Walker, 

(aeting)    to     // 

Kei'iiiio,  1854,  u>  Minotaur;  Anthony 
IL  Woodilkld,  M.I) ,  L854,  to  WHting* 
Urn  ;  Robert  Crxnghton,  1850,  to  Ana ; 


ntttnt 

mcis 


1859.] 


Campbell.  1955,  to  QwffQ*  ;  John  CM* 
■    R  R  Murphy, 
1865,  Uf  Brisk  ;  John  W.  Belcher,  (act- 
Will  iaui   Itochc, 
(11.)  (tutting)  to  Fa 

Pat/ masters.-  Chzi-.  A.  Thome,  1847, 

rtut/i  i  John  Doyle,  1851,  lo  Cam* 

i  H.  H  Shanks,  1957, to  be 
tary  to   Rear  Admiral  Mundyj    J.  B, 
~>4,  additional  to  Rtttal  Ade- 
laide ;   T.  W,    Haverfield,   1853.  addi- 
tional to  Qtexn  Charlotte  *  F.  T,  Bobins, 
tmif  additional  in  4j<ui  ;    W.  VL  Bo 
Carteret,   1855,  to  Ftiiam  ;    udW.  F, 
Itnyghuc,  1*54,  to  Z7n*£  ;  Willi .• 
i'avnjrii t,    1845,  Jiml   Robert  W 
rick,  1854  (additional}  bo  Welti* 
William   B.  Pearoe,    1846,    William  J. 
Stevens,  1857  tal),  and  Henry  J. 

K .   .Mull,    1 85 ".    ( i id i.l i t ional )  1 0    i n u i  j 

tder  Robinson,  IS  12,  i  • 
George    G,   Nelson,    LS48,    to   Vre***t  \ 

m  Morgan,   1841,  to    Hmmibal  ; 
Giles,  1S46,  and  Henry  Cal 
luway,  185G  (additional)   to 

tick  Lucas,   1 S54,   to  Firebrand  ; 

Adderle;  W-Chlmmo,  1856,  (additi* 

xalbtasetli    William  H.  Occanl,  1854, 

(additional)  to  ifftyue  j    Henry  Bewail, 

Thomas    S.   Vina! I, 

additional)  to  Fisyani  j  Frederick 
0.  Henley,  185»,  (additional)  to  Pem- 
broke; Thorns  W.  Wetta,  1855,  (addi- 
tonal)  to  Arrw/twt;  W.  H.  M,  Arnold, 

[additional),  lo  Barmibatj  Fred 
Biai ly ,  1 3  4  2,  ro  M a  rfoo  re  «v  A-  ;  1  imothy 
T.  Jennings,  1854,  to  0adwv*\  C  W. 
McDermott,  1 85yT  to    Falcon -n   H.    U, 

r,  1851,  to  Emerald  ;  J.  J.    Rut- 

br,  IfiSO,  (additional) 

II .Hay,  1840,  io  hundv>*  ■   -In:  pit 

Lewis,  184$,  to  Aifamewti'/fi  ;   Samuel 

Smyth,    185G   (additional)    to    Jlairtt  * 

\A     l'iikiH'k,    1846,    tu    Lwtdun  ; 

Robert  fi.  Malone,  1857,  to  Loiuhn. 

Assistant   Putpaaxtent   (m    Ch<(.- 

W.    Efrins,   1853,  to   Intrepid;  W\  TL 

Fitzpatrick,  1 853,  to  Fhfiv<j  Fish  ;  and 

H.  11.  Fx>wcav,  183'J,  to  Pioneer, 

A&iiftfitt  Paymasters— W.  H.  Whkh- 

hfeaghnr,,  1851, 

a  M.  Jenkins,  1855,  to  Cre**y; 

rica  P.  Fielon,   185 1T  to  Sana 

John   P.    Pasco,    1857,  and   Henry  T. 

185,1,  to  .Mrootaw;  Edward  H, 

Stanton,    1^46,  and  Frederick    0.    L. 

Patch.   1857,   r.»    UVi7 wgi  •  <  :    W  Ulimn 

Noble,    1855,    to    .4  j^Vr;    Adolphus   D. 

Albertansoii,  to  Firebrand;  William   P, 

Bud  woa  l^  1852  (1  to  JSan  *Af f ; 

JoMph  F+  Allen,  1858,  to  BxMO*&  ;  E+ 

S-  M.  Power,  to  Ayamemntfli;  Frederick 


PROMOTIONS   A3TB  APPOTHTMINTS, 


Fitei 

an 

thui 


Buna,  1853,  to  Entem?d\  E.  T.  1 

to  Loudon;  W.  ST  Mould,  1858, 
and  Thomas  S.  liiles,  1867,to^tm] 

0,  P.  Fie  Ion,  1851,  to  Victory* 
.fame*  Moore,  1833,  to  Cadmus. 
As&ixtnni  Engineers — J.  Hare  icy,  C. 
la,  and  V-,  Uooi%  to  Hrlsk\  J. 
dmrober,  1st  class,  T.  Haard,2nd  i  Ea*S 
11,  Benbow  and  T.  Murray,  3rd  cla-s, 
to  Intrepid;  J*  Hawkins,  ndilitional,  to 
II(iit'kt\  W.  E  Campion*  1st  class,  and 
J.   Sales,   Sod    I  i  I •-.  to    Firebrand}  E* 

I  al  cm  cuts,  lsl  class,  to  Batwltee  ;  T. 
Foster,  1st  class,  to  Pi&gard  \  -I,  Daily, 
\V.  B.  lljmey,  J*  Ferguson,  W.  Murray, 

II  +  Swanson,  and  T.  Carline,  to  Agar 
memnon  ;  W,  LonFis,  J,  Diproso,  S,  llarri* 
■mi,  \Vr.  BrimficUl,  and  John  Grant,  \o 
Lotv- 

,■ — William  Roy,  1846, 

to  IIu/tftibttL 

hipmxin — G>  S.  Brown,  to  ffart- 
nibaL 

ft:rt  AtxistattU — Edwd.  K*  BftRMS, 
to  Cresstfi  S.  C-  Tracey,  to  Dttsher* 

C!rrks— Alfred  P,   Gox  and    G.   V. 

Gniielicr,    to    Enwntth ;     Nicholtis    J. 

Aaron,  to  Cresm/;  William  A.  Haver- 
Li  f/mtnihfil ;  W.  0.  Ix-vereux, 
•mn;  Richard  Drmy,  to  Bfcnhrimi 

F,  A.-  FotOXtllOy,  to    Hannibal;  W.  H* 

Aitken,  to  Emerald;  W.  E.  P.  Saer,  to 
m;    Et    Thcaknton,    to    liannibai; 

G.  T.  Clieyney,  to  Fatei», 

font   rbrl:*  —  \t  L.  B,  Coirie,  to 

://, ;  A.  I1,  n.  NettJeiott,  tf^  /> 

mouth  j   B.    B.  NetUeton,   tn»  Or*tx#\ 

I'M  ward  ^V^.  lago,  to  llannihai%  \\\  H, 
K.   W.    Rol  John 

W,  BaokWell,  to  Impciitmtbk* 

Naval  Cadets — IL  J.  Robittard,  A.  F. 
1  W*  A-  Eobank,  to  J 
I  9.  C.  Darwin,  K.  H.  Byron,  and 
C,  C*mn,  to  Mwsetj  ;L  J,P.  Good- 
wich,  to  Rayal  Albert*,  F.  0.  N,  HalJ, 
J,  C.  Wilkinson,  and  H.  C.  Hammil,  to 
Dorh  ;  Wt  P,  Russell,  T.  W.  Harris, 

A.  Kinsman,  and  U  A.  Tlohcrts,  to 
I/atntibal;  R.  A.  Smitli,  V.  E.  Donopp 
and  Hon.  A,  R+  Efewott,  to  A// «]  I  . 
RomilT,  to  Maritntrowih  ;  W.  T.  Down, 
R.C  Towslaend,  E.  W*  F.  Boxer,  ami 
C.  H.  Tavlor,  to  ^^o  j  G  G*  P.  Hicks, 

B.  IL  Smith,  and  $,  A.  IX  Shafto,  to 
Algiers;  W.  H.  Lerwia,  W\  M  )\ 
Ca^tk,  H,  A.  Street,  and  C,  L  H 

uth  j  J.  L.  Wilstm.  F.  A,  Gardner, 
and  0.  V.  Story,  to  Cress*}  ;  11  % 
Allevne,  and  It*  C.  Jolliile,  to  St.  Jean 
d'Ac're. 


808 


[Jrxr, 


WAR  OFFICE,  Apbil  20. 


AHMY. 


To  be  Colonels  in  the  Array— Lit ut, 
I  J.  Hale,  C,R„  82nd  foot ;  Lieut 
Ool  H,  EL  Longdea,  C3«,  100i  Foot 
Ho  be  Lieut.  Cols,  in  the  Aruiv — 
Brevet  Major  W,  W.  Harry. 
Artillery,  Mareh  24,  1848  ;  fcj 
0,  EtoberiMfei,  th  Foot,  July  20,  1858  ; 
Jjiwtt  Major  H.  P,  Yate?,  Royal  Artil- 
lery, April  2t>  i  Major  W.  H .  Kirby, 
9th  Foot,  April  98  Major  C.  R.  But- 
ler, 20th  Foot,  April  38  i  Brevet  Maj, 
the  Hon,  I).  M.*l)owaH  Fraser,  Royal 
Ai-till-rv,  April  38  ;  Kivvdi  Major  J, 
E,  Michel!,  RojaJ  Artillery,  April  20  j 
Major  B,  &  M .ivnanl.  8$t£  Foot,  April 

Major  the  Hon,  J,  J,  1 
Foot,  April  26  ;  Major  J.  M .  MacdouaM, 
Ceylon  Rifle  Regiment,  April  2o"  ;  lit. 
Major  a  11.  &iuith,  Royal  Artillery, 
April  2fij  Major  a  V.  Gxenden,  Rifle 
Brigade,  April  2ti  ;  Major  VV.  T.  Tin- 
ling,  Both  Foot,  April  2tifch ;  Major  U, 
D'Oyly  Ton  Foot,  April  2*> ; 

Major  T.  H,  Butt,  I'Jth.  Font*  April  26  ; 
Major  G.  H.  Tyler,  13th  Foot,  April 
28  j  Brevet  Major  J,  II 
1  V-Mt.  April  JUS  ;  Brevet  Major  Sir  H. 
|C  ILiveloek,  Bait.,  18th  Foot,  April 
25  j  Major  E.  G,  iMwer,  23rd  Poot, 
April  2ti  t  Brevet  Major  W.  A.  104- 
illetun,  C.B.,  Royal  Artillery,  April  20; 
Major  T,  Lightfoot,  84th  Foot,  April 
20 ;  Brevet  Alajor  i\  A.  Willie.  C3„ 
84th  Foot,  AprU  2G  j  Brevet  Major  G, 
T,  Woktely,  BQth  Foot,  April 
Brevet  Major  W.  O,  Lennox,  Royal 
Kntpncers,  April  88  ;  Major  I  J.S, 
Hutchinson,  2nd  Dragoon  Guard*,  April 
26;  Major  H,  R.  Norman,  1  Nth  Foot, 
April  26  i  Major  W.  D.  Buahe,  7th 
Light Dragoons,  April 

To  be  Majors  in  the  Ajrmy,-^Capt. 
A.  J,  Macphersoti,  24th  Foot,  Jan  If, 
1858;  I  apt.  B.  FVner,  'j  7th  Foot,  Jan, 
Ifc,  1858  j  Capt.  R.  Mockler,  61th  Foot, 
March  24,  1858  ;  Capt.  W,  Goode,  64th 
March  21,  1S<>8  ;  Capt.  B.  Drew, 
7">th  Foot,  March  21th,  1S53  ■  Capt  G. 
Rotton,  Royal  Artillery,  April  13, 1868; 
Hon,  L.  W.  Millea,  Rifle  Brigade, 
July  20,  1S5S  j  Second  Capt.  A.  Leahy, 
Royal  Engineers,  Sept.  23,  J 
J.  B.  ThelwaU,  24 tli  Foot,  Apri 
lupt.  G.  S.  Young,  80th  Foott  April 
20  j  Capt.  F.  Van  titmiuVnzee,  Kith 
Foot,  April  26;  Capt,  G,  M.  Mfller, 
TinliFgot,  April  20 }  Second  Capt.  C.  F, 


Young,    Royal    Artillery,    April    26 ; 
Capt/li.S.  i  Foot,  AprU  2fi  j 

Captain  B,  Granville,  22nd  Foot,  April 
26  -,   B  pt    F,    E.   I 

Engineer*,    April    26 ;    Second 
J.    MoC.    Cajnpbefl,    Roval   Artillery, 
Apr'  E.  C,  IX  ftndcliffe,  *8th 

Foot,  April  26  ;  Capt,   G.  H.  J,  Hqg-        j 
ham,  23rd  Foot,  April  : 

,  20th  Foot,  April  2d  ;  Capt.  JT  H 
l  Military  Train,  April  28  ;  Capt 
C.  Joncfl,  60th  Foot,  AijtU  28  ;  Beooad 
A.  0.  Johvfom,  Royal  Artillej-y, 
April  LTthLight 

Dragoons,  April  2Q  ;  Capt,  J,  A,  Dalsell, 
53H1  Foot,  April  2ri  ;  Capt.  /,  T.  N, 
O'Brien,  20tb  Foot,  April  20  j 
\\  M.  AJiaon,  1 9th  Foot,  April  28  i 
\V.  D.  Harris,  2nd  Bengal 
liiMliers;  Jan,  19,  II 
Hoy,  60th  Bengal  N.  I.,  Jan.  10,  \&m  ; 
Capt.  E,  Brown,  1st  Bengal  Fusilier*. 
Jan*  18,  1S5&;  Capt,  G.  W.  M.  i  I  4L 
25th  Bengal  N.  I„  Jan.  18,  18&8 ;  Capt. 
K,  F.  M.  BoUragon,  l^t  Beqpl 
FueQiers,  Jan,  19,  1858  j  Capt.  1>. 
Kemp,  5th  Bengal  European  Infantry, 
Jan.  19,  l&58j  Cant,  H,  Lm 
Bengal  L^ght  Cr^alrv,  Mareh  24th; 
185t5;  Second  Capt,  J,  St,  John  Ho 
vendee,  B,E,  A«g,  2S,  1858. 


th, 


WAR  OFFICE,  Afeil  26, 

Hospital  Staff. — Surgeon  Major  tit 
Clerihew,  M.D.,  to  be  Deputy  In*j»cetor 
General  of  Hospitab,  vice  A.S,  Mac 
•loiiell,  who  retires  upon  Half  Pay, 
April  28. 

CUAPLAlKti1  DePABTMEKT.— TL 

mission  of  the  Rev.  T,    Uns worth, 
Chaplain  of  the  rTourih  Claes,  baa 
antedatedtoJulylO,  I 

Ukattachkd.  —  Major     and   Bntret 

;,.  R.    Wctibemll  LMI.   Half  Pay 

Unattached,  and  Deputy  Quartertuaffter 

Genera]  in  Dublin,  to  he   Lieut.  Cob, 

without  purchase. 

Brevet,— Lieut,  Col.  J.  A.  Ewart, 

'3rd  Foot,  to  be  Aide-de-Camp  to 

the  Queen,  with  the  rank  of  Cornel 

.my  ;  lieut.  '  ol,  W,  Pariu 

:  i  ■  i.-:  Ail.  l-i.'flinp  to  the 
Q&ftctt,  with  the  nudt  of  Colonel  in  the 
Army. 


1S89.J 


PHO-tfOTIOlTB  AW  ATPO-nmrElTTB. 


WAR  OFFICE,  Arm  2S. 
GENERAL  ORDER. 

Horse  Gu.vrim,  8.  W.,  April  26. — In 

^tiae*!  nonce  of  the  services)  rendered  by 
Major  and  Breret  Col.  Edward  Robert 

rsil  C.K-  Unattached,  «m 
*  >f  the  Stuff  with  the  Force  under  Major 
General  Sir  H.  Rose,  G,C.B,,  during 
the  latter  part  of  the  ope rations  of  that 
column  in  Central  India,  in  the  year 
1858,  and  aubbequentlyin  the  command 
of  a  column  in  thy  late  campaign  in 
Oude,  which  attacked  and  captured  the 
Fort  of  Ratupoor*  Her  Majesty  has 
been  pleased  to  promote  this  Officer  to 
the  Substantive  Rank  of  Lieutenant 
Colonel  fnattached. 

By  order  of  his  Royal  Highness  the 

r.d  Cotnmanding-in-Cb 
(Signed)         G.  A*  Wetheilall, 
Adj.  General. 

WAB  OFFICE,  APRif 

1 6th   Regiment  of  Light  Dragoon*-— 
General  the  Hon,  Sir  K.  Cunt  to 
Lieut.   General    Sir  J- 
G.G.B.,  deemed,  April  9. 
Mi  mokan uum. — Major   General   the 
Sip  E.  Cuat  has  paid  the  difference 
between  the  full  price  of  a  Cavalry  and 
Infantry    Lieut,  Colonelcy,    he  having 
been  upon  Half  Pay  of  Ifif.\n tr- 
ied to  the  rank  of  Maj.  General* 

WAE  OFFICE,  April  20. 

(  Tkr  follow  i  na  i  om  m  m  io  u  en  bmr  date 

Aprils,  1SVK 

Rt-iment  of  Dragon  Guards — 

it  W,  1L  Home,  from  the  15th 

Dragoons,   to   be   Captain,  vice 

Carnegy,  who  exchanges. 

3rd  Dragoon  Guarda— Lieut,  E,  Nor- 
wood to  be  Captain*  by  purchase,  vice 
Chaplain  promoted* 

$tb  light  Dragoons — Lieut.  T.    W. 
Yallanee  to  ho  Capt.,  by  punlm 
Timson,  who  retires. 

13th  light  Ifragoona— Lieut*  F.   J. 

King,  from  the  17  th  light   Dragoons, 

UiUing,  who  exchanges. 

14th  Li-htDragOona— Captain  F.A.W, 

gy,  from  the  2nd  Dragoon  Guards* 

to      be     Captain,     vice     Hume,    who 

eicliaiifM. 

17th  Light  Dragoons— Lieut  A*  J. 

Billing,  from  the   13th  Light  Dragoonfl, 

Lieut.*  vice  Kintf*  who  exchanges, 

Military   Train— Lieut,    H.     Clarke* 

from    Half    Pay    of    the   late    Land 

Transport    Corps,    to   be   Lieut, ,    vice 

m&m,*tomtf*%»mu¥*f  of  Ms 


former  rank  of  Captain  in  that  Corps, 
from  1st  April,  1837.  Lieut.  R,  Neville, 
from  Half  Pay  of  the  lite  Land  Trans- 
port Corps,  to  bo  Lieut.*  vice  Harris, 
promted  to  an  tXnattached  Company, 
without  purchase  ;  Cornet  J.  Baird,  from 
Half  Pay  of  the  late  Land  Transport 
Corps,    to  be    Ensign*     vice   Ma 

appointment  has  been  cancelled. 
Slat  Regiment  of  Foot— Lieut.  T.  B; 
Hollway  to  be  Capkf  by  purclia*' 
Miller,  who  reverts  to  the  UnJf  Pay  of 
Captain   of  the    late   Land  Transport 
Corps  from  1st  April,  1857. 

29tL— Lieut,  N.  1\  Lcdgard,  to  be 
Captain  by  purchase,  vice  Phipps,  who 
retires,  Ensign  A.  B.  Shad  well,  to  be 
Lieut.,  by  purchase,  vice  Kent,  pro- 
moted in  the  24th  Foot. 

30ih— V*  B*  Brownlow,  Gent,,  to  bo 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Green, 
promoted* 

34th — Assistant  Surgeon  F.  Penning- 
ton, from  the  Staff,  to  be  Assistant 
Surgeon,  vice  Worthingson,  appointed 
to  the  58tb  Foot.  Assistant  Surgeon  E» 
rton,  from  the  Staff,  to  be  Assis* 
tant  Surgeon,  vice  Faliologus,  appointed 
to  the  Staff. 

37  tb— Surgeon  James  William  Flem- 
ing, from  the  Staff,  to  be  Surgeon,  vice 
>n  Major  Cameron,  appointed  to 
-caff, 
4nth— Ensign  J*  V.  H.  Rees  to 
Lieutenant,  by  purchase,  vice  Bolton, 
pron: 

W.  Bames,  from  the 
2nd  Royal  ^Cheshire  Militia,  to  be  En* 
sign,  without  purchase,  vice  Sadler,  pro- 
mt" i. 

45th— Lieutenant    G*    W*    Co* 
from  the  80 th  Foot,  to  be  Lieut 

Christian  B,    Steward,    who 
changes. 

47th— Lieut,  C*  Atty.  bom  tin  2nd 
Warwick  Militia,  to  be  Ensign,  without 
use,  vioe  J,  J,  Scott,  cashiered  by 
sentence  of  a  General  ConrVMartial. 

4Sth— Ensign  Pembroke  Q*M,  H. 
Marshall  to  be  Lieutenant,  without  pur- 
chase, vice  de  Montmorency  Prior,  da-, 
ceased,  March  lf« 

53rd—  Lieutenant  R,  A*  Eyre  to  ne; 
Instructor  of  Musketry,  Feb.  6. 

58th  Foot— Assistant  Burgeon  R.  J. 
Worthington.  from  the  34th  Foot,  t<>  l& 
Assistant  Surgeon,  vice  Tydd,  promoted 
on  the  Staff, 

50th— Brevet  Lieutenant  Colonel  W, 
Prctyman  to  be  Lieutenant  Colon 
purchase,    vice     Brown,    who    retires. 
Captain  P.  E.  Roe  to  be  Major,  by  p«r- 
chisc,  Ywo  Fretyman,  * 


310 


PROMOTIONS  AHD   APPODmrRXTa. 


[Jura, 


70th — Surgeon  George  Cunningham 
MeikUlumi,  M.D.Jrf-m  the  Staff,  tube 
Surgeon,  vice  I1*  -.  -ed. 

8tHh — Lieutenant    i  .    M,    Steward, 
frcui  the  45th  Foot,   to  be   Linil 
vice  G.  W.  OMdLftj  who  exchanges. 

88th  Foot— Ensign  James  Buchanan 
Whitla  to  he  Lieutenant,  by  purchase 
vice  Hall,  promoted*  The  surname  of 
Lieutenant  Mallet  is  de  Carteret  in  ad- 
d  It  ion  to  that  oi  Mallet. 

1st    We*t   hull  a   Rigirntnt  —  Sua 
■T"jm    Hendley,   from    the  Staff,    tti   lie 
Surgeon,  vice  YV,  R.  Thompson,   MM, 
whose  appoiutmt-iit,  which  ap|t ami  m 
the  Gazette  of  the  Slit  December, 
hup  been  cancelled. 

iital  Staff. —  Surgeon  Major 
■T.C  Cameron,  Ml'.,  Fn.in  the  87th 
Foot,  to  lie  Surgeon  Major,  rice  Surgeon 
Fleming,  appointed  to  the  87th  Foot, 

Assistant  Surj*eon  M,  T.  Raliolgous, 
from  the  34th  Foot,  to  he  Assistant 
BuigWBj  vice  Stuart,  appointed  to  the 
13th  Foot 

Assistant  Sutgeon  L.  C.  Tonnere  has 
been  enshicred  by  the  sentence  of  a 
General  Court  Martial  from  the  25th 
February,  1859, 

V  M  att  a  cued.— 7  he  u  u  f  kruiention  ed 
Officers  having  been  appointed  Captains 
in  the  Land  Transport  Corps  by  Gene- 
ral Orders  in  the  Crimea,  ponding  Her 
Majesty*!  pleasure,  to  be  Captains,  with- 
out purchase;— Lieut.  J,  Hani*,  from 
the  Military  Train.  Dated  1st  April, 
18S7.  Lieut.  A,  Gxey,  from  the  G3rd 
Foot     Dated  1st  April,  1857. 

THE  MILITIA  GAZETTE. 

Tower  Hattkte— J,  R,  Ridded,  Esq,, 
to  be  Deputy  Lieutenant,  April  17. 

Royal  East  Kent  Mounted  Riflo 
Yeomanry  Cavalry— The  Earl  of  Mount 
Charles,  Captain  1st  Life  Guards,  to  be 
Captain,  vkt?  D'Aeth,  resigned,  April 
20,  Lieut.  W.  Knight  to  be  Captain, 
vice  Dering,  resigned,  April  21.  Cornet 
Lcniio  to  be  Lieut-,  vice  Hammond, 
resigned,  April  U,  Cornet  Sir  C. 
Honywood,  Bart.,  to  be  Lieut*,  vice 
Knight,  promoted,  April  21.  Lieut 
Sir  0.  Hmrywood,  Bart,  to  be  Captain, 
vice  Bell,  resigned.  April  22. 

2nd  Bojnetie* — Ensign  J.  1L  Brcre 
ton,  to  be  Lieut,,  vie*  Kjcketts,  pro- 
moted  \  W.  V.  Andrews,  Gent,  to  be 
Ensign,  vice  Marker,  promoted,  April 
1&.  J,  G.  Wilson,  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  in  England,  to  be 
Surgeon,  vie©  Scnroeder,  appointed  to 
the  Amy  j  Ensign  W,  JUiotd,  to  be 


kO  to 
Lord 

Cob 
■Tun., 

1 


Lieut.,  vice  Wilkinson,  appointed  to  the 
Tower  Hamlets  Militia  ;  H.  M.  SprouL 
Gait,  to  bs  Ensign,  via  Few,  promote) 
April  80«     If,  T.  Wi  til  man,  late  Lieu 
1 4th  Light  Dragoons,  to  be  Lisas*,  vi 
I,  resigned,  April  21 
Stirlingshire  Highland  Borderers  ligL 
Infantry— J.  Dunbar,  Esq.,  to  be  1 
rite  W\  J.  B,  Junor,  Esq,,  promoted  to 
be  Lieut.,  April  17. 

Royal     Wilts.— Lieut.     Col 
Methuen  to  hear  the  title  of  Lieut, 
Commandant    from    the    !»th  of    Jam, 
1S59. 

Nottinghamshire  Yeomanry  Cavalry, 
— Lieut  Cat  R.  H  olden  to  be  Li) 
Commandant,  April  20,  Major  J 
Sherwin  to  be  Lieut,  Col,  April  S6. 
Captain  T.  B.  Charlton,  to  be  Major, 
vice  Sherwin,  promoted,  April  20,  Lieut. 
G*  Rawson  to  be  Captain,  vice  Chariton, 
promoted,  April  2fl,  Cornet  F.  Brad- 
sbaw,  the  younger,  to  t»e  Lieut,  vice 
Rawson,  promoted,  April  20. 

Royal  Surrey.  —  I1,  G.  Chapman, 
Gent.,  to  be  Ensign,  April  21 . 

Koyal  Sussex,— Q.  Vandeleur,  Gent 
Lieutenant,  vice  F,  P,  Matthe 
]  n ' moted,    April   18th.     J,   A.  By 
Gent.,  to  be  Lieutenant,  vice  AuguM 
G.    Morgan,     promoted,     April     18 
Ensign  H.  S,    Hire  to  be  Lieutenant, 
A.prii   18th— Ensign  C,  H.   Bdl  to 
Lieutenant,  vice  P.  M,  Dickenson,  pi 
moted,  April  18. 

Fifesbire  Artillery.— T.  W.  Webb,  to 
be     Second    Lieutenant,    vice    George 
James  Williams,  promoted,   April   8th 
and    loth      April      S.   R,    Lumedaine, 
gent.,   to    be  Second   Lieutenant,   v 
Thon5Sfl  Jarvis,  promoted, 
13th,    W.  Inghs,  gent.,  to  L^  Socoi 
Lieutenant,  vice  Rennie,  resigned,  Ap 
8th  and  13th. 

The  Galloway  Rifles.— J.  W.  Stuart, 
Esq.,  to  be  Lieutenant,  vice  Hay, 
d  eoeai  od ,  Apr II 1 S th. 

[The  following  appointment  i»  substi- 
tuted for   that  which    appeared  in 
(>'n:<ttc  of  the  Jill  of  January  last.] 

The  Galloway  Rifle*,— J,  W,  Heusi 
gent,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  A,  Houston, 
resigned,  December  23rd, 


;: 

,to 
top 

8th 
line, 
vice 
md 

ulld 

pril 

uirt, 
lay, 

Imti- 
the 

ton. 


WAR  OFFICE,  May  C\ 

The  Queen  lias  been  pleased  to  ap^ 
point  Lieut.  General  ,Sir  William  John 
Codtjngfeoa,  KC.13.,  to  be  Governor  and 
Commander-in-Chief  m  and  over  the 
City  and  Garrison  of  Gibraltar, 

The  Queen  has  been  graciously  pleased 
to  signify  her  intention  to  confer  the 
decoration  of  the  Victoria  Cross  on  the 


1859.] 


PBO MOTIONS  AFB   ArTOTtf  THEFTS, 


an 


undermentioned  Officer  of  ETer Majesty's 
Army,  whose  claim  to  the  same  has 
been  submitted  for  Her  Majesty1 
pruval*  on  account  of  an  act  of  ia 
performed  by  him  in  theCrhutui,  during 
the  late  war,  viz.  . — Royal  ArtilLry, 
Major  Frederick  Miller, 

Her  Majesty  ha*  also  been  graci<ni*Iy 
pkused  to  confirm  the  grant  of  the 
decoration  "f  the  Victoria  Cross  to  the 
undermentioned  Officer  of  Her  Majesty's 
Indian  Military  Forces,  which  decora- 
tion ha*  been  provisionally  conferred 
upon  bun  by  the  Commander  in -Chief 
in  India,  for  distingiuahed  gallantry  djs* 
played  by  him  iu  that  t  nun  try,  when 
serving  under  his  immediate  co  nand, 
vk.  : — 1st  Bengal  European  Flu 
Lieutenant  Thomas  Adair  Butler. 

{The  foltowittff   Commmions   hem'    thttt 
May  6,  1S5H.) 

1st  Regiment  of  Dragoons — Lieut,  R, 
Clarke  to  be  Capfc,,  hy  purchase,  vice 
FitaGerald,  who  retires. 

5th  Light   Dragoon* — Cornet   R.   J* 
W.   Birch  to  be  Lieut.,    by  purchase, 
VaHance,  promoted, 

10th  Light  Dragoons— Lieut.  Lord 
It.  D,  Kerr  to  be  Adjutant,  viee  Fife, 
promoted. 

Military  Train — Lieut.  J.  Briggs  to 
be  Adjutant,  viee  J,  Harris,  promoted 
to  an  Unattached  Company,  without 
purchase. 

Coldstream     Guards  —  Ensign   and 
A,   \V\  Adair   to   lie  Lieu  1 

iiase,  vice  St.  Vincent 
B.  II.  WhitaW,  win  retires;  D.  II. 
Baring,  j^eiit.,  to  be  Ensign  and  Lieut. t 
lv  purchase,  viee  Adair, 

9th  Foot— Ensign  J,  C.  F.  Grier, 
from  the  2nd  Royal  Lanark  Militia t  to 

ign,  without  purchase,  vice  1 
wh-i  i  .*igns. 

17th — Lieut,  J.  0.  Travers  to  be 
in, by  purchase,  vice  the  H.-n.  B, 
R.  H.  Ward,  appointed  Adjutant  of  a 
Depot  Battalion;  Ensign  T,  Braddell 
to  be  Lieut.,  by  purchase,  vice  J.  (>, 
Travers. 

21st — Enaign  F.  G.  Jackson  vfo  be 
Lieut.,  by  purchase,  viee  Hollway,  pro- 
moted, 

37th— Lieut.  E,  R.  B.  Barnes  to  be 
Captain,  by  purchase,  vice  Jackson,  who 
retires  ;  finsjgn  a  («nies  to  be  Lieut, 
by  purchase,  vice  Barn*.*. 

47th  —  Captain  R,  Fleklin,  from 
Half  Pay  Unattachi .-d,  to  bd  Captain, 
repaying  the  diilereaee,  vice  Einnerty, 


who  exchanges  ;  Lieut.  3,   N.  Gamier 
tobeCaplaio,  by  purchase,  vice  r  i 
who  n  I 

49th  t;.    R.  J.   Marshall, 

i  lalf  Fay  57th  Foot,  to  be  Ckptain, 
vice  E.  Le  Marehant,  who  exchanges  ; 
Lieut.  C.  J.  C«  Roberta  to  be  Capti  * 
by  purchase,  vice  Marshall  who  retires  ; 
JiG.  Donovan  to  be  Lieut.,  by  pur 
chase,  vice  Roberts, 

55th — Ensign  F.  Baniston,  from  the 
51st  Foot,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Frobisher, 
promoted. 

74th— Lieut.  C.  W,  Sherlock  to 
Captain,  by  purchase,  vice  Rosa  King 
promoted  to  an  Unattached  Majority,  by 
purchase. 

rrjth  —  Ensign  A.  Rowband,  from  the 
01  st  Foot,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  GJedatanes, 
promoted. 

80th  -  Serjeant  Major  S,  Harrison  to 
be  Ensign,  without  purchase,  vice  Co 
promoted. 

&5th— Lieut.  J,  N,  Crealoek  to  be 
Captain,  by  purchase,  viee  A leock,  who 
retires. 

96th— Lieut.  W,  B.  Pngh  to  be  Adjt  ., 
vice  J.  II  Thompson,  who  resigns  the 
Adjutancy  only. 

Rifle  Brigade— Ensign  T,  R,  Parrt 
he  Lieut.,  without  purchase*  vice  H.  D, 
Baillie,  deceased. 

School  of  Muskets*  fat  Hythe),- - 
Lieut,  J,  Mu Kay,  from  the  41st  i 
be  Captain,  without  purchase. 

Unattached.  —  Captain  W,  Roto 
King,  from  the  74  th  Foot,  to  be  Major, 
by  purchase  ;  Captain  W,  G.  D.  Stewart, 
from  the  93rd  Foot,  to  be  Major,  by  pur- 
chase. 

Brevet,— Major  General  .Sir  \\\  V. 
Williams,  Bart.,  and  K.C.B.,  to  have  the 
local  rank  of  Lieut,  General  in  North 
Aiu  erica. 

Captain  R.  FiekHn,  47  th  Foot,  to  he 
Major  in  the  Army.  Dated  23rd  Nov., 
1B4L 

Brevet  Major  R.  Fieklin,  57th  Foot, 
to  be  Lieutenant  Colonel  in  the  Army. 
Dated  Nov.  llth,  1851. 

Lieut.  C.  J,  Nicholson,  of  the  54th 
Regiment  Bengal  Native  Infantry  (doing 
duty  at  the  East  India  Depot  at  Warley, 
vice  Gordon  resigned),  to  have  the  rank 
of  lieut  in  the  Army  ^  while  so  em- 
ployed. 

M  emorjUOjum  —Brevet  Colonel  ( ',  B 
ft  a  it  t  and  Brevet    Lieut.  Colonel    D. 
st.  upon  Half  Fay  a*  Majors  Un- 
attached, have  been  permitted  to  retire 
from  the  fScrviee  by  the  sale  of  their  Com- 


312 


tEOMOTTOlfS  AM  APPOnrfMEWTl. 


[Jra«, 


missions,  for  the  purpose  of  becoming 
settlers  in  Canada,  Dated  6th  May, 
1859. 

Memorandum,— Lieut,  W,  G.  Stack, 
having  obtained  a  Pint  Clans  Certificate 
at  the  School  of  Musketry  at  B 
has  been  appointed  by  the  General  Com* 
mandiug-in-Chief,  with  the  concurrence 
tit  the  Secretary  of  State  for  War,  to 
act  as  Instructor  of  Musketry  to  the 
5th  Middlesex  Regiment  of  Militia. 
15th  April  1859. 

THE  MILITIA  GAZETTE, 

Renfrew— F,  W.  A,  Parson*,  late  of 
the  24th  Regt.,  to  be  Adjutant,  and  to 
with  the  rank   of  Captain,   vice 
Price,  resign ed ,  April  24, 

Royal  Wilis  Yeomanry  Cavalry — E. 
Coote,  gent,,  to  be  Cornet,  vice  Morri- 
son, resigned  T  May  2. 

Westmorland  and  Cumberland  Yeo* 
numry  Cavalry—Sir  H.  Fletcher.  I 
tu   be  Comet,  viee  BriioOj   promoted. 
Cornet  M.  11.  Brisco  to  be  Lieut.,  vice 
M.  B.  Harrison,  promoted,  April  20. 

Royal  M  id  -Lothian  or  Edinburgh 
Yeomanry  Cavalry  » — D.  Weddcrburn, 
gent.,  to  be  Comet,  rice  B.  Callendi  r, 
resigned,  April  20, 

8nl  West  York—Ensign  G.  J.  Doug* 
las  to  be  Lieut-,  vice  Armit,  removed 
from  the  Regiment ;  J.  R,  Bottomley, 
gent,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Mangin,  re- 
signed, April,  26* 

Huf-sar  Yorkshire  Yeomanry  Cavalry 
—Cornet  G>  A*  Cay  ley  to  be  lieutenant, 
vice  Middleton,  resigned  ;  G.  i>.  F.  L. 
Fox,  gent.,  to  be  Comet,  vice  Cay  ley. 
promoted,  April  27. 

^  Royal  Lancashire  Artillery— C+  Col- 
lin*, gent.,  to  be  Second  Lieut,,  vice  D, 
G.  Atchison,  promoted,  April  2i>. 

2nd  Warwickshire— Ensign  W.  T. 
Miller  to  be  Lieut, ,  vice  B.  Hawkins, 
promoted.  April  20. 

2nd  Lanarkshire — F,  Gourlay,  Esq, 
M.D<t  to  be  Burgeon,  vice  Gairduey, 
resigned,  April  28, 

Royal  South  Lincoln— C.  E.  H.  Alpe, 
gent.,  to  be  Ensign,  April,  29. 

Norfolk  Artillery — Second  Lieut. 
fbe  Jlon.  H.  Harbord  to  be  Fimt  Lieut, 
vi( &  Thierens,  resigned,  April  8  ;  H,  H, 
Uolyneux  Seel,  gent.,  to  be  Second 
,  vice  Harbord,  promoted,  April 
3o\ 

t  Somerset  Yeomanry  Cavalry  — 
B*  Be  Courey  Nixnu,  gent,,  to  be  Cor- 
D6j>  y  v  \  earned,  May  3. 

Bedfordshire—  E.  R,  Ives,  gent.,  to 
bo  Ensign,  April  5P 


WAR  OFFICE,  Mat  10, 

Royal  Artillery— The  names  of  the 
Quaiterxnuntcr  who  lately  retired  with 
the  honorary  rank  of  Captain,  under  the 
Royal  Warrant  of  17th  December, 
are  George  Alexander  Clark,  and  n«>t 
George  C  larke,  or  G  eorge  Clak,  as  stal 
in  the  Gfareftes  of  the  21st  Nov.,  1848, 
and  9th  Nov.  1858, 

WAR  OFFICE,  Mat  13. 

(The  fulimctng    Comauinioiui   bear  dale 

May  13,  1S59,) 

1st  Life  Guards— The  Hon.  R.  A.  J, 
Talbot  to  be  Comet  and  Sub-Lieutenant 
by  purchase*  vice  the  lion,  W.  H.  J, 
Xorth,  pruiji 

4  th  Dragoon   Guards — R.    II.    Lus- 
ooi ii be,  gent.,  to  he  Comet withoul 
chase,  vice  Beaumont,  who  has  resigned. 

3rd  light  Dragoons— J.  Webb,  gent, 
to  be  Cornet  by  purchase,  vice   Flubf 
promoted. 

4th  Light  Dragoon* — C.  M  Calderon, 
gent.,  to  ho  Cornet  without  purchase, 
vice  Doherty,  appointed  to  the  yrd 
Light  Dragoons, 

6th  Light  Dragoons — Captain  A,  E. 
Brown,  from  the  31st  Fo- 
difference  between  Ii  i : . 
vice  A.  E.  McGregor,  who  exchangee, 
receiving  the  same. 

fith  Dragoons — Comet  J*  Hardy  to  bo 
Lieutenant  by  purchase,  vice  Cos  I 
retires. 

7th  Light  Dragoons — Lieut.  < 
T.   P.   Tousel,    from    Half   Pay 
tached,  to  be  Lieutenant  Colonel,  paying 
the  difference  between  Cavalry  and  In- 
fantry, vice  Brevet   Colonel  d.  Hagart, 
C.B.,  who  exchanges,  receiving  the  suae; 
Major  W,  Bahmgton  to  be  Lieut.  Cul. 
fey  purchase,  vice  Towel,  who  retires  ; 
Brevet  Major  C.  Crawford  Frast 
Major    by    purchase,    vice  Bali 
Lieut.  R,  S.  W.  Bulkeley  to  be  C 
by  purchase,  vice  Eraser. 
T  Sth  light  Dragoons— Lieut.  P,  C,  G 
Webster  to  be  Captain  by  purchase,  vice 
Hodggon,  who    retires  ;  Comet  R.  W. 
Palliser  to  be  Lieut,  by  purcha*. 
tcr. 

12th  Light  Dragoons— Comet  J.  H* 
B.  Yaughan  to  be  lieutenant  without 
purchns a,  tie*  (\  White,  deceased ; 
Serjeant  Major  J.  Sefton  to  be  Cornet 
with  cut  porchaeej  vice  Yaughan. 

1 3th  Light    Dragoons — Captain    H. 
White,  from  the  fiSth  Foot,  to  be  Capt,, 
paying   the  difference  between  ! 
and  < "uvalrvt   vice  B.  A,  Clement,  wnQ 
exchanges,  receiving  the  same. 


1859.] 


rnoMoxioirs  &sd  AMonraBsrs. 


313 


15th  Light  Dragoons — D.  Rie&rdo, 
gent.,  to  be  Comet  by  purchase,  vice 
Niilhngs,  promoted, 

Royid' Artillery— Staff  Serjeant  J. 
Murphy  to  be  Quartermaster,  rioe 
Henry,  who  reverie  to  the  Half  Pay  of 
hia  former  rank  of  Captain  in  the  late 
Land  Transport  Corps. 

J  Engineers— SeOmu  \  Capt 
Altera  to    1>e   O  Koe,   de- 

ceased ,  April  26  ;  Lieutenant  C,  L.  A. 
O'Grndy  to    be    Second    Captiiin,  vice 
Alters.  April  20  ;  Second  Oapt.  C.  G. 
Gordon  to  be  Adjutant,  vice   ]S 
promoted,  Hay  2. 

Coldstream     Guards — Ensign      and 

W,  F,  E.   Seymour  to  be  Liu  tit, 

and  Captain  by  purchase,  vice   Brevet 

'Phellufcon,  who  retiree  \  the  Hon, 

Howard  to  be  Ensign  and  Lieut. 

hy  pnrohase,  vice  Seymour. 

Foot — Ensign  H.  G.  Thomson  to 
be  Liuut.  without  purchase  i 

■  L  May   1  ;  Lieut.  II.  Ak< 
from  the  1st  Stafford  Militia,  to  be  En- 
t  purchase,  vice  Thomson, 
7th— Capt.  G.  W.  W.  Carpenter  to 
purchase,  vice  Ing]i.~ 
retires, 

W.    L.  Baker, 
from   the   Staff,  to   bo   Assistant  Sur- 

I  — R.  B.  Reed,  gent,  to  be  En 
rt  purchase,  vice  Ereere,  ap- 
j pointed  to  the  74th  Foot. 

IStb— Assistant  Surgeon  W,  A.  Gar- 
dinerj  from  Che  Staff,  to  be  Assistant 

-Captain  H.  Witirie,   from  the 

t«;t)i  Pout,  to  be  Capt.,  vice  Ferris,  who 

March  18  ;  Ensign  If.  M. 

i  me  to  be  Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice 

jard,  promoted. 

— Captain  A.  E.  McGregor,  from 

the  Gth  Light  Dn  be  Captain, 

Brown,  who  exck 

34th— Lieut.  F.  Peel  to  be  Captain, 

by  pnichipffj  vice  Best,  promoted  to  an 

Unal  yority,  by  purchase. 

4ilh-- &  1L  Walsh,  gent,  to  be  En* 
sign  without  purchase,  vice  Brings,  pro* 
Bofed  in  the  18th  Foot  ;  Lieut.  E.  C  1\ 
Pigott  to  be  Adjutant,  vice  Ingham, 
prompted,  March  8. 
f>0th— Ensign  R,  0.  Richmond,  from 
*  be  Ensign,  vice  Fern- 
Jey,  who  exchanges. 

-Surgeon  A.  Smith,  M.D.,  from 
the  Stall;  to 'be  Surg.,   vice  Webb,  an- 
ted to  the  9Sth  % 

—Ensign   T.  H.    1    mkv.  from 
Oth  Foot,  to  be  Ensign,  viee  Rich* 
mood,  who  exchanges, 


GStb— Captain  R.  A.  Clement,  from 
the  13th  Light  Dragoons,  to  be  Capt*. 
vice  H.  WW  to,  who  exchanges 

74th — Ensign  F.  Pavy  tu  U     C 
by  purchase,  vice  Sherlock,  promuUd  ; 
Roger  Sheeny,  Esq.,  to  be  Paymaster, 
vice  Tuke,  deee; 

77th— Surgecn  T.  Rhys,  from  the 
Staff,  to  he  Surgeon,  vice  McDonald t  %p* 
punted  to  the  Staff 

80th— Surgeon  J.  A.  W-  Thompson, 
M.IX,  from  the  Staff,  to  be  Surgt*m 
vice  Irwin,  appointed  to  the  Stabt 

82nd — The  second  Christian  name 
of  Ensign  Brock  h  Mourant  and  not 
Mtuirant,  as  hitherto  stated 

84tb— Major  T.  Ughtfoottobe  Lieut. 
CoL,  without  purchaae,  vice  Seymour, 
deceased  ■  Brevet  Major  F.  A*  Willis, 
CIS.,  to  be  Major,  without  purchase, 
vice  Lightfoot ;  Lieut.  G*  J,  A.  Oakley 
to  be  Captain,  without  purchase,  vice 
Willis  ;  Ensign  T.  Griffin  to  be  Lieut., 
v.  ill  I-  j  ut  purchase,  vice  Oakley,  April  lr 

86th — Lieut,  JAL  Waterfall,  from  the 
fl  5  th  Foot,  to  he  Lk-ut..  vie:  Bxockmsn, 
who  exchanges,  March  10. 

03rd— Lieut.  E.  H.  D.  Maepherson 
to  be  Captainj  by  purchase,  vice  W.  G 
wart,  promoted  by  purchase,  to. 
an  Unattached  Majority  *,  Ensign  F,  K, 
Macnamar&to  be  Lieut.,  by  purchase, 
vieeMacpln 

93th — Lie  at- J.  IX  Brockman,  £rom 
the  &  6  th  Foot,  to  be  Lieutenanf , 
Waterfall,  March  10  ;  Surgeon  H.  M, 
Wrebb,  M.B.,  from  fro  61*  Foot, 
Surgeon,  vice  Ewing,  appoin- 
ted to  the  ^taff 

97th— Captain  G.  A.  Ferris,  from  the 
29  th  Foot,  to  be  Captain,  vice  TMlkie, 
who  exchanges,  March  16. 

1st  West  India  Regiment— T.  A. 
»^ii  without  pur- 
chase, vice  O'Callagban,  promoted  %  A. 
T,  Wilkinson,  gent.,  to  be  Eamgn  with- 
out purchase,  vice  Panter,  promoted, 
May  14. 

2nd  West  India  Regiment— W.  B. 
Drinan,  gent.,  to  be  Ensign  without  pur- 
cliaae,  vice  Corrie,  promoted. 

West    India   Regiment— T.   C. 

muck,  gent,,  to  t>e  Ensign  with- 

ircbase,  vice  Farrar,  appointed  to 

tlie  Mth  I\jot.     The  services  of  Par- 

maater  J.  Wilson   liave   been  dispensed 

with* 

Mounted     Rifle. — Hen.    Wm 
Kalis,  gent,  to  be  Ensign  without  ]<ir- 
viee  Hodges,  whose  appointment 
as  stated  in  the  fiazetk  of  the  11th  Janu- 
ary, 1  ?<5&,  has  been  cancelled* 

U^ATTACEE^^Brevet  Major  M.  <*» 


314 


*E0* 


I0K9  Aim  APPOTKnraTTTS. 


[JtTFl, 


Best,  from  the  34th  Foot,  to  bo  Major 
rchaae  :  Lk-ut.  Ehe  Hon.  F.  Le 
Poer  Trench,  from  tli- 
Captain  by  purchase  ;  Lieut*  J,  G. 
U,  from  the  SOth  Foot,  to  be 
Captain  without  purchase. 

Hospital  Staff, — Surgeon  D.  D 
MeCay  McDonald,  from  the  77th  Foot, 
to  be  Surgeon,  vice  8tnitb,  appniuted  to 
the  51st  Foot ;  burgeon  J.  Ewiug,  from 
the  95th  Foot,  to  bo  Surgeon,  vice 
TlkTnpeon,  appointed  to  the  both  Foot ; 
Surgeon  W.  N.  Irwin,  from  the  80th 
Foot,  to  he  Surgeon  ,  vice  Rhys,  appointed 
to  the  77th  Stoat, 

To  be  Assistant  Surgeons  to  the  Forces 
—Acting  Assistant  Hurgiian  Q,  Faia- 
tiano,  M,IK,  Au^le  ]  G.  C*  Gribbtm, 
M,B„  AprU  20  ;  W.  Ligertwood,  M.D., 
April  20 ;  G.  Cardell,  gent.,  April  20  ; 
J.  Land,  M.D.,  April  20  ;  M,  S.  Grace, 
M,l).»  vice  Saunders^  appointed  to  the 
BtaFoot  April  20  J  0,1:,. Smith,  lil>. 
Je.  Tavish,  appointed  to  60th  Foot, 
ApHi  20;  J,H.  T.  King,  gent,,  vice 
Allan,  appointed  to  the  17th  Foot, 
April  20  ;  A  Jennings,  M.D,,  vice  Lane, 
appointed  to  the  4th  Foot ;  C.  W.  Wat- 
liji^,  gent,  vice  Everet,  appointed  ti> 
the  11th  Foot,  April  20. 

The  tinder  mentioned  pruinotious  to 
take  place  consequent  on  the  death  of 
Major  General  PL  Despard,  CB.,  on 
30th  April;  Brevet  Colonel  H.  N.  Vigors 
of  the  SL  Helena  Regiment,  to  he  Major 
General,  Hay  1  ;  Brevet  Lieut,  l 
V.".  l\  B,  Muimtsteven,  Captain  Half 
Pay  the  79th  Foot,  Staff  Officer  of  Pen- 
si  on  era,  to  be  Colonel,  May  1  ;  Brevet 
Major  E.  O.  Va  aptam   Half 

Fay  57th  Foot,  to  be  Lieut.  Colonel, 
May  1  \  Captain  l '.  \V.  Grange,  Royal 
Canadian  Rifle  Regiment,  to  be  Major, 
May  1. 

Colonel  J.  Bloonifield,  of  the  Royal 
Artillery,  l**  b*ve  the  temporary  rank  of 
Major  Ueueral  while  holding  the  ap- 
pointment of  Inspector  General  of  Ar- 
tillery ;  Captain  B.  1\  Lloyd,  Of  the  1 1  th 
Regiment  Bengal  Native  Infantry,  lobe 
Major  in  the  Army,  March  24  j  Capt. 
H,  E.  Delaconibe,  retired  Full  Fay 
Royal  Marines,  to  be  Major  in  the 
,  the  rank  being  honorary  only, 
May*  13;  Quartermaster  G,  Grant,  of 
the  Royal  Artillery,  to  be  Captain,  the 
rank  being  honorary  only,  May  6« 

Me  mo  hand  a.— Major  C,  Murray  has 
rCpui'i  /he  diftbrtmce  uhieh  he  received 
on  exchanging  to  Half  Pay  Unattached 
in  1850,  and  Das  been  permitted  to  re- 
tire from  the  Service  by  the  sale  of  his 


Commission,  he  being  about  to  become 
a  pettier  m  Ceylon. 

Captain  C.  6.  Storey,  upon  Half  Pay 

been  permitted  to  retire 

from  the  Service  by  the  sale  of  his  com- 

mission,  for  the  purpose  of  becoming  m 

settler  in  Canada, 

THE  Ml  LITI A  GAZETTE. 

Shropshire—  Capfc  S*  C,  Price,  late 
Adjutant  Renfrew,  Militia,  to  be 
Adjutant,  vice  Murchison,  resigned, 
April  24. 

Slur  wood  Rangers  Yeomanry  Cavalry 
— Cornet  M.  Eyre  to  be  Lieut.;  H. 
Hurts  gent.,  to  "be  Cornet,  vice  Eyre 
promoted,*May  6, 

lloyai  Gloucestershire  Hussar  Yeo~ 
many.— Col.  F.  W,  F.  Berkeley  to  be 
Sup*  Lient.  Col  j  Cornet  H.  D«  Owes 
to  be  Lient.t  vice  the  Hon,  I  ti. 
Calthorpe,  resigned  ;  H.  C.  W. 
gent.,  to  bo  Cornet,  vice  Owen,  promo  ted , 
May  5 ;  J.  E.  Dorington,  the  younger 
gent.,  to  be  Sup*  Comet,  May  7. 

Siimpshire— Adj.  S.  0.  Pike  to  serve 
with  the  rank  of  Capt,  April  24. 

Forfar   anil    Kincardine    Artillery — 
Warham  St,  Leger,  Din-din,  gent 
Second  Lieut.,  vice  C,  Walker,  resigned, 
Mav   1. 

City  of  Edinburgh— Fhst  Lieut.  T.  A. 
Hill  to  be  Gapt.,  vice  Roland,  resigned  ; 
%\.  \\\  H.  Knight,  gent.,  to  be  Second 
Lieut.,  vice  Max  ton,  resigned,  May  3. 

Memoranda—  The  Christian  nftttfeatof 
First  Lieutenant  Kin  lay  and  Second 
Lieut.  Bowman,  who  were  appointed  to 
the  City  of  Edinburgh  Corps  of  A 
Militia,  on  1st  March,  1859,  are  George 
Charles  respectively,  and  nut  George 
only,  as  previously  stated*  The  Chris- 
tian names  of  Second  Lieut.  Davidson, 
who  was  appointed  to  the  said  Corps, 
on  1st  March ,  I85tf,  arc  John  Gordon, 
and  not  James,  as  previously  stated* 

THE  ORDER  OF  THE  BATH. 

We  publish  the  following  with  very 
great  pleasure,  because  it  contains  a  re- 
cognition of  the  services  of  several 
Generals  and  Colonels,  and  OIB 
the  Navy,  who  had  been,  we  thought, 
improperly  passed  over.  The  Medical 
Ben  ii  e  is  not,  we  are  truly  glad  to  per- 
ceive, ignored  in  the  distribution  of 
honours. 

WAR  OFFICE,  May  IP. 
The  Queen  has  been  graciously  pleased 
to  make  ami  ordain  a  Special  Statute  of 
the  Most  Honourable  Order  of  the  Bath 


1850,] 


PHOMOTIOFS   A$D  APPOINTMENTS, 


m 


a  i illuming  the  following  appointments 
lo  ttu  slid  '  hrder : — 
To  the  Extra  Members  *>i  the  Mitit&ty 
■in  of  t ! ] r-  S;-.'  in--!  i  'l,i  js,  or  KnightA 

rs  vix  : — Colonels,  B 
!■  ,  < ',  B..T  Rifle  Brigade  ;  George 
1  Artillery  ; 
John  Douglas,  &  B,,  79th  Regiment; 
Major  Generate,  Henry  G.  l; 
Bomlmy  Army,  and  George  C.  Whitlnck, 
Madras  Army. 

the  Military 
Third  Civ 
nanlons,  viz.;  Colonels  Maurice  Griffin 
1  13th  Regiment;  Lothian  Nichol- 

Royal     Eiif*iDeer»  \   Kir    ^ 
Russell,    B.irt.,     7th     i  Hp 

Lightfoot,  Sith  Regiment  ^  and  Edward 
G.Bulwer,  23rd  Regiment:  Major  John 
B.   Thehvall,    iJUh    Regiment ;   Lieut, 
Colonel  T,  J.   W,  Hungcrford,  Bengal 
Artiflery;  John   Cha*.  fe.  TSee,  Esq., 
M.D.  ;  I  rim  i    ffm.  IntMff, Eiq.,  M..M.  j 
ami  John   Frasex,  Esq,,  M.l>,   Deputy 
Inspectors  General  of  Hospital*  | 
\ .  Gordon,  Esq. ,   M.  D.,  *Sur|?eon,  1 0th 
i eat ;  James  G,  luglis,  Esq.,  M.D.; 
•on*  f>  Itli  Regiment ;  ami  J 
on,  78th  Regiment. 
Moioimndum.  -Lieut.    Bol.    Q,    1\ 
Seymour,  Mth  Regiment,  would  have 
Ih.h.u  recommended  lo  Her 

of  Companion  of  tbe   Order 
<>f  the  Hath  had  he  survived, 

a-OFFIOE,  May  20* 

The  Queen  has  been  graciously  pleased 

rttderi  f^t-  the  nypDintoeol  of 

Hear  Admiral    Sir    Michael     Seymour, 

Kr.lS,    hue    C\jmiuander*rin-i  I 

U^r  Majasty'a  Naval  Forces  in  the  East 

lij'lii  s    and   China,  to   be  an  Ordinary 

of  the  Military  Division  of  the 

~t  Chaw,  or  Kniffbts    Grand  Cross, 

dost  Hon.  Order  of  the  Bathr  and 

of  Captains  the  Hon.  K.   Stewart,  Sir 

F.     W.    a.     Nicholson,    Jlart.,    H.    E. 

Ed.  f.  !•■•  U    nrte  M'ciuro, 

Kill  ,afidU.S.  llano,  R.N,«  and  Colonel 
T+  Lemon,  and  Lieut.  Colonel  A 
Wab-h,   and  Lieut.   Colonel  E.   J I 
Royal  Marines,  to  be  Ordinary  Members 

tthe  Military  Division  of  the   Third 
Cla*s,  or  *  Companion  s  of  the  said  Most 
I  >rder 
la  Thomas 
,  First  CIas.h  Certificate 
M 
hi 
.,- 
M 


at  II v the, 
has  tteen  appointed  by  the  General  Com 
ri^-iu-t  Ihief,  with  (he 
tary  <>f  State  for  ''' 
na    Instructor     of    Musketry     to     the 
Artillery  Militia,  April  1°. 
Lie  u  tenan  t    William    Henry    U  rec  r, 


having  oh  tamed  a  First  Class  Certilieato 
at  the  S: -I l m.i i  of  Musketry  at  Hyth 
been   appointed  by  the   General   Gov- 
manding-ui'Chk'fj   with  the  concur 
of   the   Secretary  of   State  for  War, 
act  as  Instructor  of    M  to  the 

Waterfard  Artillery  Militia,  April  27* 

,  THE  MILITIA  GAZETTE. 

Queen's   Own  Oxfordshire  Yeomanry 
Cavalry— The  Hon.  W.  H,  J.  N 
bs  Lieut,  vice  Tawney,  resided,  May  G. 

Lanarkshire  Yeomanry  Cavalry— J. 
Farie,  p/iit..  fco bo  Comet,  vice  McLean, 
promoted,  May  G  j  A,  Stein,  t'^L,  to'1 
Cornet,  vice  Woddrop,  promoted,  May? 

Queen*  Own  Royal  Lanarkshire  xno 
manry  Cavalry—  Cornet  J,  H,  Paterson, 
to  be  Lieut..,  vice  Bruoa,  deeeased,  May 
7  :  <  i .  Ooatsj  gent.,  to  be  Comet,  vice 
Patersoa,  promoted,  May  0. 

Royal  Anglesey — H.  O.  Williams, 
geut.,  to  bo  Lieut.,  vice  J.  T.  Roberts, 
promoted,   March  26  ;  W*  H.  Cop 

bo  be  Fn-i^n,  vice  W.  A.  MarshaU, 
resigned t  March  *2<]  ;  A.  T.  Williams^ 
gent*,  to  be  Beaten*  vice  \V.  McKee 
promoted,  April  11. 

Ferfar  and  Kineardmc  Artillery — 
Lieut*  J.  A*  Allen  to  be  Capt.jvice 
Campbell,  promo t>  «l  March  18. 

Wl-sI  York  Rifl™— Ensiijfi  C.  N, 
Wyld  to  lie  Lieut.,  vice  Moncktoti,  re- 
signed,  April  28  j  J.B,  Smyth,  gant|  to 
be  Ens.,  vice  WyUCpromoted," April  2$, 

5th  West  York— W.a  Gilbert,  gent., 
to  be  Ensign,  March  1G. 

Memorandum.  —  Her    Majesty 
been  graciously  pleased   to   accept 
resignation   of  the  commission  hi 
Captain   Sir  Molyneax  Hyde    Nepean, 
Bart,,  in  the  West  York  Riffe  lv 
!;.tian 

Derbyahire  Yeomanry  Cavalry — J.  R, 
Barnes,  gent,,  to  be  Cornet,  vice  N,  J. 
B.  Uxdadtj  May  12. 

+2ml  Uoyal  BttokB  ^'eoinaiuy  Cavalry 
— H*  W.  Kiallmark,  gent.,  to'be  Assist. 
Surgeon.  

i  n  OvpioKt  May  24. 
{The  fvHwriwj  Ommirnkm  beardatt 

Mag  I  i  ) 
9nd  Regiment  of  Dragoon  frtninbj — 
Acting  Regimentn}  Berjeant  Major  A. 
net,  without  pop 

unl    AdJQtMti    Id   SttCO  Liriit. 

Calve st,  ptotnoted 

1st     Mr;i;oom— Cornet    II,     St.     G* 
by  purcbaee,  flee 
promoted, 

4 th  Light  Dragoons— Lieut,  E.  W. 
Rbickett  to  be  Captain,  by  pnrehase, 
vice  Goodrich,  who  retires ;  Cornel  J, 


316 


PB0M0TION9  AtfD  APPOITm^KTS. 


Kennedy  to  be  Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice 
Blacked 

6th  Dragoons— Paymaster  T.  Sm files, 
from  the  9th  Light  Dragoons,  fcolje  Pay- 
master, vide  Mahon,    who  cxcltaum ■-, 

■■  tla  light  DnigoMiH  —  P.iy  m  aster  M, 
H.  Malum,  from  the  6th  Dragoons,  to  be 
Paymaster,  vice  Similes,  Vho  exchange*. 

1 1th  Light  Dragoon* — Cornet  Swauw 
hfta  been  permitted  fo  retire  from  the 
ee  by  the  sale  of  his  Commission. 

7tb  Foot— Lieut  J.  K.  M'Adara  to 
be  Cftpt,  by  purchase,  viee  Carpenter, 
promoted  \  Ensign  Douglas  Flood,  to 
l*e  Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice  MVYuam. 
>  7th  —  Major  and  Brevet  Lieut,  -t '•■  4.  A, 
QL  SdbwiWT^i  promotion,  without 
purchase,  to  bear  date  23rd  July,  1 858, 
1  of  24th  of  August,  l&JS,  m 
previously  stated. 

13th— 'Major  H.  V,  M un dell,  from 
the  Oflth  Foot,  to  bo  Major,  vice  Bo-vet 
Lfetli-CoL  the  Honourable  A.  Iff,  Cut-h- 
eart, who  exchanges. 

1 4th— Ensign    C.  Curtis,    from   the 
Royal  Limerick  Militia,  to  be  Eh 
with  on  t  purchase, 

15th— Surgeon  U.  W.  Evans,  MJX, 
fioro  the  Staff1,  to  be  Burgeon. 

Iflth— Capt,  0.  L.  o%  Wiuton,  to  be 
Major,  without  purchase,  vice  Lnca*, 
who  retires  upon  Full  Pay  ;  Capt.  J.  G. 
Dartnell,  from  Half  Pay  Unattached,  to 
be  ( 'tipt.j  vice  De  Wfajtoa  ;  Lieut.  R.  C. 
Healy,  to  be  Capt,.  by  purchase,  vice 
Q'Cnlfofrlifm,  seconded,  being  afcp 

Lueni  Instructor  at  (he  School  of 

try,    vice   Capt.  Johnstone,    ap- 

l  District  Inspector  of  Musketry 

of  the  South  Western  District,  in  the 

room  of  Brevet    Major  Lutvens,  20th 

Foot,  who  retires  from  the  Service, 

19th— Lieut.  G.  Forbes  to  be  Capt., 

to  be  Lieut.,  by  puT- 

le,  vice  For 

SOth—  Capt.  (\  Lutyens  has  been  per- 

'  tri  retire  fr>  erviee  by  the 

sale  Of  his  Commission.     Lieut.  E.  A. 

Patrickson  to  he  Capt.,  without  purchase, 

!  'avies,  deceased  ;  Ensign  W,  Un- 

win  to  be  Lieut.,  without  purchase,  vice 

Patrickson,  May  5. 

37tb— Assistant  Surgeon  L  novated, 
1 1  ■  on  the  SOtliJFoot,  to  be  Assistunt'Surg. 
ikson,  who  exchanges,  March  12. 
47th— Ensign  G.  V.  Boyd  to  be  Lieut., 
by  purchase,  rice  Carnjer,  promoted 
"  5oi  h— Surgeon,  J,  Fraser,  M,D.,from 
the  Start,  to  be  Surgeon,  vide  C 
Appointed  to  the  :- 

52  nd—  Ensign  C.  M.  Prendergast  to 
>o  JUeut.,  by  purchaacj  vice  thu  Hon.  E, 


Le  Foer  Trench,  promoted  to  an  UnaC* 
Company* 

54th-  Surgeon  W.  M.  Doweling,  from 
the  Staff,  to  lie  Surgeon,  vice  Grant,  ap- 
pointed to  the  84th  Foot,  April  15, 

59th  —  Assistant  Surgeon,  W.  IL 
Ranisbothnin,  M.B.,  frum  tin-  Staff,  to  he 
Assistant  Sorgeon,  vice  Kneggs,  ftp- 
poi ntcd  to  th e  C w \ «  M< > i i rue d  Rill 

70th.— Ensign  A.   S.   Gilbert, 
lieutenant,  without  purchase,  vice  Hil- 
ton;  Serjeant  J.   M'Pbersou,  from  ttra 
Regiment,  to  be  Ensign,  without 
purchase,  vice  Gil 

80th. — -Lieutenant  E.  Borrower  to  be 
Captain,  by  putcbase,  vice    IT,  Morris, 
who  retires.    Assistant  Surgeon   l 
son,  M.D*,  from  the  37th   Foot, 
Assistant    Surgeon,  vice  Hoysted,  who 
12. 

84 tb. — Surgeon  J,  M'Gri^or,  Grant, 
M.D.,  from  the  54th  Foot,  to 
vice  La  Preslc,  whose  appointmenl 
been  cancelled,  April  15. 

92  ml—  Lieutenant  P.  F,  Gooeh  to  bo 
Captain,  by  purchase,  vice  Elphim 
who  retires. 

95th  —  Ensign  E.  Chappie  I 
Lieutenant,  by  pi  ce  Crenlock, 

promol 

—  Brevet  Lient(-Co]+  the  lion  A, 
Gathcnrr,  From  the 

II.  F.  Mundell,  who  i ■:. 

Rifle  Brigade—  Ensign  J.  Hook  id  ho 
Lieutenant,  without  purchase,  vice 
Richard*,  died  of  his  wounds,  Decem- 
ber 9. 

Cape  Mounted  Rifles— Assistant  Sur- 

ru  II.  KnagEs,  From  the  59  th  B 
Assistant  burgeon,  vice  Boutflower, 
deceased. 

St.  Helena  Regiment — Major  W.  F, 
Maclean,  to  be  Lieut.  Col.  without  pur- 
chase, vire  Brevet  Ool.  IT,  NP  vigors, 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  Mai 
Brevet  EJeni.-CoI,  IL  Gahan,  to  be 
Major,  without  purchase,  vice Maclxun  j 
Lieut.  J.  B.  H+  Raimer  to  be  Captain, 
without  purchase,  vice  Gahan;  t 
J.  L*  Hewsou  to  be  Lieut,  without  pur- 
chase, vice  Rainier,  May  1. 

[iai.luiv.  —  Oapt  and  Brevet 
Lient.  CoL  C.  H,  Moms,  C.B.,  of  the 
Royal  ArtiHeiy,  to  have  the  substantive 
rank  of  Major,  tinder  the  provisions  of 
the  Royal  Warrant  of  3rd '  Nov.  1854. 

Hos  pi  i  a  l  .St  v  p  p. — S  u  rge  o  nJ.f 
from  the  50th  Foot,  to  be  Surge*" 
Evans,  appointed  to  the  I5tb 

TJklvkt.— Major  P.  Lticag,  i 
Full  Pay  16th  Foot,  fco  be  Li?.iiu,-< 
the  Anuy,  the  rank  being  houoran 


MILITARY  HEFORM  AND  MILITAEY  EFFICIENCY. 


The  morbid  activity — it  can  hardly  be  described  In  any  other 
terms — displayed  by  our  military  authorities  of  late  years,  in  altering 
and  deranging  everything  connected  with  the  army,  about  which 
any  public  agitation  could  be  created,  while  far  more  serious  evils, 
not  thus  supported  or  brought  forward,  though  they  affect  our  mili- 
tary efficiency  far  more,  have  passed  unheeded,  and  are  suffered  to 
remain,  is  pursuing  its  course,  even  now,  when  no  clamour  exists, 
with  such  reckless  rapidity— a  mass  of  new  measures  being  per- 
petually started  before  previous  oues  are  even  half  completed— and 
such  an  apparent  disregard  of  the  confusion  and  mischief  which  are 
being  daily  accumulated  in  consequence,  that  no  reflecting  person, 
with  the  best  interest  of  the  country  and  the  well-being  and  reputa- 
tion of  the  service  at  heart,  particularly  at  such  a  critical  moment  aB 
the  present^  when  the  influence  of  well-ordered  military   establish- 

is  is  of  so  much  importance  to  us,  can  feci  otherwise  than  uneasy 
at  what  is  going  on^  or  contemplate  quite  calmly  what  it  can  all 
come  to. 

War  upon  any  great  scale  is  not  an  easy  matter  to  conduct  under 
be  beet  of  circumstances  ;  it  is  sure  to  tax  the  very  highest  adminis- 
trative ability,  even  with  the  best  understood  institutions  with  regard 
to  it ;  but  to  be  likely  to  have  it  on  our  hands,  as  must  he  the  case 
it*  it  comes  within  the  next  few  years,  with  an  entirely  new  and  un- 
tried in  so  many  of  our  departments,  and  in  a  large  and 
important  portion  of  our  army  generally — with  so  much  of  the  old 
state  of  things  in  ruins,  and  the  debris  encumbering  the  ground  ;  and 
so  much  of  the  new  that  no  one  is  able  to  make  head  or  tail  of,  in 
the  confusion  of  a  crowd  of  officials  connected  with  it — with  new 
machinery  hourly  increasing,  complex,  extravagant,  and  ill  considered* 
as  a  great  portion  of  it  is,  the  state  of  things  in  our  military  affairs 
is  anything  but  satisfactory  or  assuring.  We  have  given  ourselves 
up,  ii.s  we  always  do  in  such  matters,  when  once  aroused,  to  a  mania 
for  military  reform,  and  while  the  subjects  to  which  to  direct  it  have 
urged  forward  by  the  public  in  the  most  senseless  and  indiscii- 
nrimtfe  maimer,  there  is  a  good  deal  which  shows  it  to  have  been 
yielded,  inmost  cases,  by  those  in  authority,  with  anything  hut  real 

*ty  of  purpose.  Theory  has  ruled  the  press  in  all  its  outcry,  while 
the-  creation  of  mere  patronage  seems  to  have  been  the  guiding  influence 
in  those  who  gave  way.    With  a  rotten  foundation  to  our  military  sys- 
tem in  the  divided  authority  which  governs  it,  which  gives  lift] 
nothi  i  for  from  any  reform  or  impr.  m  incut  while  it  continues, 

and  which  some  fanciful  treason  to  the  eonstitutioD  seems  to  forbid  us 

id) ;  with  little  or  no  practical  knowledge  amongst  our  t  roopfl  of 

duties  which  save  an  army  ou  *-.  I  go  bo  far  in  every 

it  campai  vith  a  great  deal  so  wrong 

ulu  unauitable  to  tbe  timed  Ui:<t  the  m6D  whom  wv  enlist  desert 

again,  not  merely  In    thousands   hut  by  U-Uh  of  thousands ;    with 

C-  S.  Mag.,  2sq.  368,  July,  18W,  x 


818 


MHIXAET   BEEOEM  JJTD  KIL1TABT  EFFICIENCY. 


[Jr« 


Such  n  wide  field  for  useful  and  practical  reform  as  these  things  and 
many  others  afford  usT  we  do  notning,  or  doit  ill  and  without  earnest- 
ness, while  our  attention  is  almost  entirely  absorbed  in  educational 
or  other  schemes  which  cannot  possibly  help  us  in  the  least  on  the 
points  in  which  wo  are  most  deficient  or  be  in  any  way  of  the 
slightest  benefit  when  the  day  of  trial  conies.  Where  we  might  act 
with  the  best  effect  we  do  nothing ;  where  we  might  safely  leave 
things  as  they  are  we  are  morbidly  active  in  working  out  home  change. 
"We  perpetrate  in  this  way  eo  much  that  is  entirely  uncalled  Tor  by 
any  necessity  of  the  case,  so  much  more  that  is  questionable  as  to 
her  it  does  not  do  more  harm  than  good,  and  so  very  little  that 
can  be  commended  in  anything  like  unqualified  terms,  ur  from  the 
adoption  of  which  any  real  or  valuable  increase  of  efficiency  is  dis- 
able, that  it  is  no  easy  matter,  in  such  times  as  these,  when  one 
would  think  we  had  enough  to  make  us  anxious,  and  when  it  might 
be  supposed  that  none  hut  the  most  essential  and  evidently  necessary 
changes  would  be  brought  forward,  to  understand  what  it  all  means, 
OT  1  hat  our  authorities  can  he  thinking  oi'  in  thu»  blindly  and  foolishly 
upsetting  and  confusing  so  much  when  we  may  be  called  upon  to  act 
at  ■  moment's  notice,  and  when  it  is  of  such  vital  importance  to  us 
to  be  thoroughly  prepared. 

Bran  if  the  new  measures  were  all  of  them  good  this  is  hardly 
the  most  suitable   or  convenient  time   for  introducing   so   many 
of  them.       It  is  rather  one  in  which  the  utmost  caution  should 
be   used   in   introducing   any  change  at  all.       Of  what  use,   may 
we  ask,  is  the  new  organization  of  the  Royal  Artillery,  v 
lias  been    so  wantonly  brought  forward   without,  as    it  is  said, 
consulting  a  single  officer  of  any  rank  or  experience  in  that  part  of 
the  service  with  regard  to  it?   *What  difficulties  or  anything  dn  of 
an  unbearable  nature  does  the  new  system  remove  which  existed  in 
tin-  old  ?     Does  it  improve  or  facilitate  the  working  of  that  part  of 
the  service  in  the  least  ?     If  it  does  not  do  anything  of  these  things 
what  can  be  the  meaning  or  intention  of  it  at  allf      Again,  in  the 
financial  part  of  the  same  service  the  corps  is  now  placed  under  a 
legion  of  paymasters  instead  of  being  left  as  it  had  so  long  been,  to 
the  satisfaction  of  every  one,  under  Messrs .  Cox  and  Co.,  who  con- 
ducted it  with  far  greater  economy  besides  than  can  ever  be  the  ease 
again,     What  are  these  changes  hut  making  change  for  change  sake, 
or  can  there  be  any  object  whatever  in  them  in  which  the  good  of 
the  service  or  the  public  interests  can  be  intended  ?     If  iinp' 
meuts  in  our  military  system  and  the  departments  connected  with  it 
are  not  more  constantly  attended  to,  and  far  more  gradually  con- 
ducted than  they  have  been  for  a  great  number  of  years  pi^ 
than  is  now  the  case,  if  every  change  wTe  make  can  only  be  carried 
out  as  a  kind  of  revolution  or  something  very  nearly  approaching  it, 
how  h  it  possible  ever  to  have  things  as  they  ought  to  be  ?  Tin 
institutions  require  to  be  constantly  attended  to,     They  should  never 
be  left  entirely  to  the  effects  of  time,  until  at  last  they  become  so  Lad 
that  little  else  son  be  done  hut  to  eilace  them  altogether.     This  is  very 
much  the  character  of  our  proceedings  hitherto.     Nothing  is  i 
than  to  throw  dust  in  the  eyes  of  the  public  generally ?  or  to  make 


1859.] 


MTLITi 


BIOBM  ASD  lULITAJil  EFI 


319 


them  believe  by  a  few  show  parades  and  reviews  that  everything  is 
ct ;  but,  as  in  other  cases,  when  they  find  out  their  error,  they 
are  apt  to  rush  into  the  other  extreme,  and  to  demand  a  great  deal 
that  is  useless  or  mischievous.  Just  as  we  are  boasting  ourselves 
fit  to  do  anything,  as  at  the  outbreak  of  the  late  war  with  Russia, 
we  find  after  a  little  that  we  can  do  nothing ;  the  national  vanity  ia 
considerably  wounded  at  the  failure ;  there  is  a  burst  of  indignation 
alarming  at  first  to  the  lazy  people  we  employ  and  pay  so  Tiighly. 
They  bend  to  the  storm  while  it  rages,  but  no  sooner  does  it  lull 
than  they  recover  themselves.  Every  institution  which  favours  their 
peculiar  views  is  preserved  in  spite  of  everything,  and  the  only  real 
result  as  far  as  the  public  is  concerned  is  that  there  is  greater  espen* 
datum  The  tactics  of  the  authorities  always  ensures  this  whatever 
else  they  fail  in.  The  end  of  all  our  military  reform  is  not  greater 
efficiency  in  the  array  but  another  pull  on  the  exchequer*  That  object 
ays  steadily  pursued  and  has  never  faded  yet  in  its  attainment. 
Surely  this  way  of  doing  things  has  been  carried  on  long  enough,  and 
w©  may  adopt  a  little  prudent  foresight  now  and  stop  it  for  awhile,  until 
Tare  see  what  turn  things  may  take,  or  whether  we  can  with  due  regard 
1 r  own  rights,  keep  ourselves  out  of  the  tempest  that  is  raging  on 
continent.  There  is  more  danger  perhaps  than  may  be  imagined 
by  every  one  not  only  in  the  political  horizon  abroad,  but  in  that  at 
tome  also,  and  it  will  run  hard  with  those  who  from  any  cause  mis- 
manage our  next  war  for  us.  These  surely  are  times  when  we  may 
forget  a  little  of  the  craving  after  mow  loaves  and  fishes,  considering 
the  haul  our  military  authorities  have  had  Bince  the  Crimean  war  in 
that  respect.  Common  dftcanoy  might  induce  theui  to  try  their  >kill 
upon  some  really  useful  measure  with  as  Little  patronage  as  possible. 
They  should  attack  evils  only  of  an  uu doubled  nature  and 
of  the   most   practical   demonstration*      If  all   they    have 

of  Lite  has  really  been  honestly  intended,  aud  if  it;  lias  had 
B0  other  object  but  the  good  of  the  service,  the  question  forces  itself, 
what  kind  of  officials  must  wo  have  had  for  a  mat  many  year* 
to  legislate  in  these  matters  for  us,  and  what  kind  of  responsibility 
eau  possibly  have  attached  to  them,  when  no  one  has  suffered,  and 
yet  things  are  so  bad,  that  everything  has  to  be  altered  just  now  P 
Either  there  must  have  been  continued  and  gross  neglect  up  to  1855, 
or  a  great  deal  that  has  had  to  be  done  since,  aud  ia  bow  doing,  is  con- 
siderably overshooting  the  mark,  and  more  likely  to  cause  confusion 
than  the  oantrary,  Foe  our  own  part  we  consider  there  is  a  mixture  of 
both,  that  there' was  very  great  neglect  at  one  time,  aud  that  the 
is  quite  as  mischievous  activity  in  »  much  now.     If  thcr 

are  <mch  risks,  as  so  many  people  seem  to  think  are  before 
us,  it  would  surely  have  been  wiser  to  bear  with  some  evils,  for  the 
sake  of  the  good  that  was  certain,  than  to  rush  into  all  manner  of 
ehanges  as  wdhtf  toing,  nearly  ever  £  which  is  en- 

tirely speculative  in  its  result^  except  ia  the  on*  Item,  that  it 
is  afire   i  .ore  money.    If  anything  could  open  the  tip 

.vhere  our  real  defioaeuciee   lie  ry  affiifrf*, 

it  would  be   found  in  the   wretched   and   w< 
which  every  one  of  our  military  institutions  is  allowed  to  get  befbr 

y  2 


MILITANT  MP01M  AST)  MILTTABT  EITICIEKCT,       [JlT!Tf 


it  is  altered,  and  then,  when  change  can  be  stayed  off  no  longer,  the 
largo  amount  of  additional  patronage  which  is  sure  to  be  voted 
necessary  for  patching  it  up  again.  The  principal  object  at  the  pre- 
sent moment  would  seem  to  he  by  perpetual  changes,  no  matter 
they  may  he,  whether  good,  bad,  or  indifferent,  to  gull  the  public 
ami  to  keep  them  quiet  upon  those  great  questions  of  military  re- 
form, which  affect  tne  aristocratic  constitution  of  the  army.  The 
country  may  be,  and  probably  is,  under  tbe  impression  that  it  has 
gained  a  great  deal  in  this  last  respect,  but  those  who  have  good  op- 
portunitiea  of  knowing  the  real  state  of  things  arc  aware  thai 
not  bo.  They  know  that  if  a  poor  man  gets  into  the  army  that  the 
expentea  heaped  upon  him,  and  which  are  carefully  maintained, 
arc  such  that  it  is  imp*  >ssi  ble  for  him  to  live  in  it.  It  is,  by  this  means, 
made  as  exclusively  aa  ever  the  appanage  of  the  wealthier  classes  ; 
there  is  simply  a  little  more  trouble  entailed  on  the  latter  to  get 
into  it.    The  authorities  are  sure  to  have  their  own  wn\ .  in  fchifl  and 

other  pointy  in  the  end;  and  if  substantial  and  useful  reforms 
are  wanted  they  are  the  parties  to  be  attacked,  Sidney  Smith  used 
to  say  that  until  a  bishop  was  sacrificed  certain  railway  regulations, 
which  affected  the  safety  of  the  public,  would  not  be  altered,  It  is 
just  the  same  amongst  our  officials ;  something  dreadful  must  ha 
before  the  Horse  Guards  and  the  War  Office  on  their  present  footing 
are  much  improved. 

It  is  plain  to  thoBe  who  are  at  all  behind  the  scenes  that  we  don't 
get  on,  but  the  public  generally  take  no  note  of  the  matter  in 
ordinary  times.  They  require  the  drunken  excitement  of  some  great 
disaster  to  stir  them  up ;  the  effects  of  the  Crimean  war  have  been 
nearly  all  slept  off  and  forgotten  already,  What  a  roar  they  made 
while  they  lasted,  and  now  all  is  quiet  asif  the  right  men,  and"  every* 
thing  else,  were  all  in  the  right  place ;  and  blundering  and  mistakes 

quite  impossible  in  future.  The  present  is  a  millenium  of 
military  incapacity  and  jobbing  ;  there  is  the  excitement  of  war 
without  war.  The  spirit  to  give  in  the  House  of  Commons,  when 
the  open  Sesame  of  the  natural  defences  is  talked  of,  is  strong  and 
popular;  the  spirit  of  enquiry  as  to  what  it  ;ill  comes  to  IB  not 
heard  even  in  the  feeblest  whisper.  It  will  be  well  if  it  all  lasts,  but 
would  ourselves  far  rather  sweep  a  crossing  than  stand  in  t  he 
shoes  of  those  who  may  be  at  the  head  of  affairs,  when  things  u 
go  on  so  smoothly.  No  reasonable  man  can  see  how  or  why  w  o 
should  ever  be  mixed  up  in  the  hostilities  that  are  now  raging,  but 
if  we  should  be,  heaven  help  those  who  may  have  the  working  of  our 
military  departments.  Thejr  will  dream  they  are  sleeping  on  the 
points  of  bayonets  every  night  of  their  lives,  and  the  cares  and 
troubles  of  their  waking  hours  will  not  enable  them  to  feel  one  bit 
more  comfortable.  Ifpeii,  ink,  and  paper,  ami  Parliamentary  and  utl 
quiries,  wasting  their  time  in  examination  upon  well-known  fact*,  the 
legislation  for  which  should  be  done  bj  i  aoee  u  bo  are  paid  for  it  at  tbe 
Horse  Guards  and  the  War  Office,  upon  wli:  it  l  he  v  must  know,  if  tin- 
worth  their  salaries,  of  the  slate  of  the  ease  without  >u«:h  enquiries 
at  all  If  all  these  and  bulky  blue  books,  with  such  a  multiplicity  of 
orders  and  counter  orders,  following  one  upon  the  other  on  every 


1859.]      ariLiTAUT  eefobm  akd  mtlitaby  efficiency. 


321 


conceivable  subject ,  and  in  such  rapid  succession  as  to  be  quite  be- 
wildering to  every  one  concerned,  could  make  an  army  per  fee  t,  that 
of  England  woidd  long  since  have  been  immeasurably  in  advance  of 
every  other.  Nothing  can  go  beyond  the  advantages,  it'  advantages 
they  can  bo  called,  that  it  has  had  in  this  respect*  The  materials 
for  doing  something  are  abundant  enough,  but  somehow  or  other 
there  seems  to  be  no  one  capable  of  making  much  of  them  ;  and  no 
sooner  is  one  blue  book  issued  than  the  preliminaries  of  another  are 
sure  to  make  their  appearance  :  there  are  blue  books  on  the  militia, 
on  the  recruiting,  and  on  Captain  Vivian's  committee,  if  the  latter  is 
ever  revivified  now  that  the  originator  of  it  has  lost  his  seat,  havo 
yet  to  come. 

The  military  code,  which  is  being  daily  Issued,  if  anything  so  con- 
fused and  unstable  as  our  regulations  are  can  be  called  by  audi  | 
name,  upon  which  so  many  hands  (it  is  as  well  to  say  nothing  of 
brains)  are  employed,  about  which  almost  every  one  from  the  peer  to 
the  peasant  has  a  suggestion  to  make ;  and  which,  if  he  make  it,  he 
ire  sooner  or  later  to  find  embodied  in  some  shape  or  other, 
seems  to  have  no  end,  The  whole  thing  is  an  attempt  at  organiza- 
tion, which  disorganizes  ever  thing  j  a  sort  of  unhealthy  action  in 
legislation,  which  leaves  hardly  anything  untouched,  and  which  can 
do  nothing  as  it  ought  to  be  done.  It  goes  to  destroy  a  great  deal 
that  was  good  and  useful,  or  that  might  be  made  so  with  slight  altera- 
tion, and  it  tends  to  make  that  which  is  bad  worse  than  it  was  bv 
It  is  perpetually  building  up  little  reforms,  while  it  steadily  upholds 
the  great  abuses,  It  is  either  working  out  class  or  individual  interest, 
or  it  is  doing  something.  That  is  exactly  what  we  have  to  depend 
upon  in  our  military  aft  airs. 

Just  now,  as  something  must  be  done  for  the  sake  of  appearance, 
and  to  hide  the  rottenness  that  exists,  the  work  of  senseless  and 
unmeaning  demolition,  and  of  still  more  crazy  invention  and  recon- 
struction goes  on  unceasingly.  The  "Warrants  and  Orders  Issued 
one  month  on  many  subjects  become  obsolete  the  next,  Tha  changes 
in  the  Queen's  Regulations  have  become  almost  a  volume  in  themselves. 
Eveu  where  the  circumstances  are  favourable  to  improvement,,  the 
war  in  which  it  is  set  about,  or  the  manner  in  which  it  is  left  after 
awhile  to  get  on  or  stagnate  as  it  best  may,  is  sure  to  mar  the 
attempt;  and  to  make  it  worthless,  if  not  even  absolutely  injurious. 
We  do  not  wish  to  go  into  particulars,  and  it  is  unnecessary  to  do 
so.  It  is  well  known,  and  the  knowledge  will  in  timeextend,  that  what  is 
here  said  on  the  subject  is  no  exaggarated  statement.  As  aspecimenof 
the  way  in  which  we  sometimes  do  things,  for  the  sake  of  removing  a 
simple  anomaly  with  regard  to  the  authority  of  the  Commander-in- 
Chief  at  the  time,  not  extending  to  the  artillery  or  engineers  in  the 
old  ordnance  department,  which  might  so  easily  have  been  rectified, 
we  abolished  that  department  altogether  ;  an  act  which  has  opened 
the  flood  gates  to  many  of  the  changes  which  have  been  insti 
since,  and  which  have  brought  us  little  else  but  national  disgrace. 
We  threw  away  a  great  deal  that  should  have  been  maintained  by 
that  measure  i  "what  we  have  gained  or  are  likely  to  gain  by  it,  baa 
been  pretty   well    indicated  by  the    Weedon    disclosures,    Erer 


MIUTABT  UF0BX  Airi)  SITLtTABT  ETTICTEH0T.        [JUTT, 


. 


since  the  late  war  with  Uussia  every  military  institution  we 
have  has  been  caUed  in  question;  endless  changes  hare 
been  made,  principally  resulting  in  a  hoat  of  new  appointments  t 
and  with  so  many  and  such  palpable  failures  in  detail 
with  regard  to  everything  else,  that  nothing  but  the  most  diro  con- 
11  is  springing  up  in  all  directions.  The  departments  arc  be- 
Coming  one  conglomerate  moss  without  heads,  and  without  any 
definite  boundaries  as  to  their  duties.  Letters  are  signed  by  one 
person  to-day,  by  another  to-morrow,  and  by  a  third  person  the  next 
day.  A  demand  is  sent  in  to  the  war  department ;  there  is  a  long 
delay ?  and  it  is  repeated.  An  answer  comes  back  refusing  it,  and  in 
a  few  days  after  another  grants  it.  The  two  demands,  the  original 
and  the  duplicate,  went  to  different  parties,  one  of  which  takes  ono 
view  of  it,  the  other  another,  and  it  is  thus  the  duties  are  carried  on, 
A  regiment  of  militia  artillery  bega  for  some  guns,  and  after  awhile 
they  get  an  elevating  screw  and  a  set  of  drag  ropes,  and  nothing 
else*  An  order  is  sent  to  another  to  enlist  men  of  five  ieet  high, 
who  are  no  use  for  artillery  purposes;  it  is  obeyed,  and  after  a 
while  it  is  found  out  to  be  aft  a  mistake.  It  is  tor  all  this,  and  a 
great  deal  more  like  it,  that  we  have  made  new  departments  and 
abolished  old  ones  that  could  not  do  such  things  ao  well ;  it  is  for 
this  that  we  have  made  crowds  of  new  offices  and  appointments  of 
every  kind  and  description,  such  as  were  never  heard  of  amongst  us 
before,  and  many  of  which  we  ransacked  the  continental  establish- 
ments to  find  out ;  and  above  ail,  it  ia  for  this  that  we  have  added 
hundreds  of  thousands  to  our  estiniatea,  The  latter  have  been  enor- 
mously increasing  as  we  know  for  some  years  past  5  will  any  one  who 
is  acquainted  with  the  subject ,  who  has  to  do  with  the  army,  and 
who  can  draw  a  loir  comparison  between  what  it  is  now  and  what  it 
was  in  former  times,  say  that  the  advance  it  has  made  in  efficiency, 
in  that  real,  substantial,  soldierly  efficiency  which  is  of  the  greatest, 
if  not  alone  of  any  importance,  is  of  such  a  nature  as  to  warrant  the 
belief  that  we  could  do  better  now  than  we  have  ever  done  ;  or,  as 
regards  our  departments,  whether  the  improvements  which  are  pro- 
fessed to  have  been  made  in  them  would  ensure  us  in  the  least  from 
those  disasters  of  mismanagement,  and  that  confusion  and  waste 
which  have  always  been  characteristic  of  our  military  operations.  If 
it  can  be  honestly  said  that  we  have  progressed  in  any  of  these 
respects,  the  money  has  not  been  thrown  away,  but  we  doubt 
whether  it  can  be  said  at  all,  even  by  those  who  would  be  anxious  to 
do  so  without  much  regard  for  the  accuracy  of  the  statement.  If 
wo  had  a  war  to-morrow,  what  is  there  in  the  gross  blunders  that 
are  every  day  going  on  around  us,  and  which  are  the  subjects  of  so 
many  jokes  with  the  unthinking,  to  make  us  in  the  slightest  degree 
confident  that  it  would  be  carried  on  differently  Iron*  what  it  has 
always  been,  or  by  any  other  means  than  the  sheer  force  of  a  lavish 
expenditure  and  the  enduring  courage  of  officers  and  men  ?  The 
failure  to  make  things  belter  in  this  respect  has  been  so  complete, 
and  the  errors  which  were  the  cause  of  so  much  dire  disaster  in  the 
ire  so  patent  in  their  existence  stn%  that  it  is  impossible  to 
avoid  one  Of  the  other  conclusion,  either  that  the  officials  charged 


1859.]         MTTJTAftT  HEFOEU   AtfD  MTtTTAfcT   EFTTCn^CY. 


with  tfalrfajj  oiir  military  reforms,  were  the  very  last  who  should 
have  been  entrusted  with  them,  or  that  they  cared  for  nothing  with 
regard  to  them  but  the  increased  patronage  they  threw  into  their 
hands.  If  all  that  we  have  done  is  critically  examined  and  enquired 
into,  it  will  be  proved  that  this  last  is  the  only  thing  gained*  The 
Country  has  been  completely  duped ;  it  is  impossible  to  use  any 
other  term.  Its  wishes  have  been  abundantly  acceded  to,  as  far  as 
increased  expenditure  recommended  them,  but  this  concession  has 
never  yielded  one  point  that  the  authorities  desired  to  retain.  If 
anything  was  given  away  to  the  pressure  in  front  for  the  moment,  it 
was  sure  to  he  recovered  by  some  dexterous  flank  movement  at  the 
next.  In  the  one  case  there  was  a  about  of  triumph  ;  in  the  other, 
nothing  was  said,  but  the  triumph  was  quictlyblotted  out.  There  was  a 
§reat  clamour  to  make  admission  to  the  army  more  open,  and  it  is 
found  to  have  been  opened  with  a  vengeance,  and  that  fraud  and 
bribery  are  by  no  means  the  worst  keys  to  get  into  it,  Money  has 
enabled  candidates  to  pass  the  educational  test  by  proxy*  and  just 
the  same  application  of  "  palm  oil "  elevates  a  tailor  to  all  the  powers 
of  a  commander-in-chief,  and  ensures  commissions  to  all  who  can 
offer  him  sufficient  inducement.  "What  a  manifest  improvement 
this  is  on  the  old  system,  bow  completely  hum  drum  the  latter  is  in 
comparison  with  it.  How  many  other  things  have  we  improved  in 
like  manner  ?  There  used  to  be  a  great  deal  said  about  corruption  in 
EoBffia ;  were  Eussian  revelations  ever  exceeded  by  what  we  have 
seen  and  heard  in  some  of  our  departments  during  the  last  few  years? 
Perhaps  it  was  the  Russian  war  that  did  it  all.  We  got  inoculated 
with  Bomo  had  matte]-,  and  took  the  disease,  One  can't  try  a 
fall  with  a  sweep  and  not  expect  to  be  blacked.  One  thing,  we  may 
wrestle  with  anyone  however  dirty  now  without  much  danger. 
When  such  things  arc  known  as  have  occurred  lately,  can  we  possi- 
bly believe  that  we  are  making  improvements,  or  that  the  right  men 
are  in  the  right  places  a  bit  more  than  they  ever  were.  Our  educa- 
tion schemes,  which  were  to  liberalize  the  army  or  to  make  commis* 
fiions  in  it  only  attainable  by  worth  and  talent,  first  provide  for  a 
host  of  new  officials,  and  when  these  can  go  no  further  we  find  the 
education  examinations  successfully  evaded,  and  such  dark  and  mys* 
terious  doings  with  regard  to  all  the  n.st,  such  wonderful  inRu 
in  the  possession  of  parties  who  might  reasonably  be  supposed  to 
possess  no  influence  at  all,  and  who  can  have  none  of  a  legitimate 
nature,  such  trafficking  and  dealing  in  evsry  way,  that  the  only 
wonder  is  some  more  serious  notice  is  not  taken  of  it,  and  that  ei 
otlB  seems  to  pass  unscathed  and  uueensured  through  such  transac- 
tions. It  is  not  for  one  moment  to  be  supposed  that  smj  but 
subordinates  are  culpable,  but  even  a  subaltern  gibbeted  on  such  an 
occasion  would  give  sat  ^taction.  The  great  detect  of  our  military 
reforms  from  the  first,  has  been,  that  they  have  never  taken  the 
right  direction.  The  relation  between  cause  and  effect  would  seem 
to  be  altogether  lost  in  them.  Tho  origin  of  the  call  for  them  was 
the   •  in    the  Crimes,  and  because  no  road  was  made,  and 

things  in  general  were  extremely  badly  managed  out  there,  by  which 
clothing*  provisions,  and  other  stores  were  never  found  when 


824  lOLITABT  BirOEM  AFD  MHITAET  EmcIEffuX        [  JlTIT, 

were  waited  or  where  they  ought  to  have  heen  j  because  the  men 
cooked  badly,  and  made  little  or  nothing  of  their  rations,  when  they 
got  them ;  because  they  and  their  officers  Iniew  nothing  of  camp 
life,  and  were  utterly  ignorant  of  campaigning  ;  because  of,  and  to 
meet  these  deficiencies,  and  some  others  of  a  like  kind,  and  to  pre- 
vent the  recurrence  of  the  disasters  which  attended  them,  we  have 
been  trying  to  discover  remedies  ever  since,  and  the  remedies  we 
have  principally  preferred  are  not  those  of  giving  more  practical  in- 
struction  to  officers  and  men ♦  or  of  going  at  the  foundation  of  our 
military  system  and  establishing  a  proper  responsibility  with  regard 
to  it,  and  getting  rid  of  the  divided  authority  by  wbich  it  is  admin- 
istered, and  which  is  manifesting  itself  more  and  more  every  day  in 
the  grossest  jobs,  and  in  increasing  absurdity  and  blundering,  not  in 
altering  any  of  these  things,  as  wisdom  and  common  sense,  if  such 
things  jut-  to  be  found  in  military  official  regions,  would  Lave 
prompted  us,  but  in  others  which  an  ignorant  public  opinion,  Ian 
at  in  their  sleeves  by  those  who  rule,  has  puffed  into  inflated  import- 
ance, and  which  principally  consists  in  more  geography  and  mathe- 
matics in  candidates  lor  commissions ;  and  a  better  knowledge  in 
subalterns  desirous  of  promotion  in  such  abstruse  and  intellec 
panding  subjects  as  are  to  be  found  in  works  like  the  War  Office 
Eegulatioiis,  the  Articles  of  War,  and  the  Orders  which  relate  to 
barrack  damages.  Surely  the  defects  and  shortcomings  in  the 
Crimea  were  one  and  all  of  a  practical  nature ;  and  the  probability 
of  their  recurrence  in  some  shape  or  other  on  some  future  occasion, 
could  only  have  been  lessened  it  not  removed  by  the  application  of 
practical  remedies  such  as  we  bare  mentioned,  and  which  have  not, 
at  least  to  any  extent,  or  with  any  earnestness  of  purpose,  been  tried 
or  carried  out*  The  great  experiences  afforded  m  so  many  ways  by 
Ihe  eastern  campaign,  might,  and  ought  to  have  given  us  the  material 
for  the  establishment  of  a  system  at  home,  on  no  costly  or  extrava- 
gant scale,  in  which  the  intelligence  of  officers  and  men  on  the  most 
valuable  and  essential  professional  subjects  would  have  been  excited, 
and  which,  watched  over,  and  improved  on  gradually  as  circumstances 
prompted,  by  adequate  administrative  ability,  would  have  carried  the 
army  forward  step  by  step,  and  without  lagging  by  the  way,  to  the 
highest  efficiency  oil  those  points  in  which,  especially  at  the  com- 
mencement of  a  war  and  for  some  time  after,  it  is  so  often  found  to 
be  so  lamentably  and  fatally  deficient.  Every  one  has  somethin 
say  on  this  subject,  and  every  one  has  his  plan  to  offer  ;  even  ours  for 
the  obtaining  of  greater  efficiency,  and  for  something  better  than  we 
have  now,  would  be  the  extrication,  as  much  as  possible  >  of  our  mili- 
tary departments  from  political  influences ;  the  reverse  of  this  will 
be  the  ruin  of  our  army,  if  we  do  not  mind.  A  reasonable  educa- 
tional test,  a  stall1  college  of  a  "  bona  fide  "  nature,  not  a  sham,  for 
entrance  to  which  any  officer  from  any  part  of  the  service  might 
compete,  and  except  from  which,  after  a  certain  time,  no  officer  what- 
ever of  the  staff,  personal  or  otherwise,  should  be  taken.  For  the 
mass  of  the.  army,  the  mere  food  for  powder  and  ball,  the  greatest 
attention  should  be  paid  to  physical  qualities  and  dexterity  with  their 
weapons.    They  should  have  a  good  sound  instruction  in   camp 


1859.]       MIIITJJtl  HEF0E1C  A3TD  MTLITABt  BPFICIKHOT, 


are 


life  and  everything  connected  with  it,  almost  unlimited  target  prac- 
tice, be  accustomed  to  running,  leaping,  fencing,  boxing,  and  every 
kind  of  athletic  games,  the  practice  ill  which  would  give  them 
confidence,  AVe  may  depend  upon  it,  if  we  wish  to  make  our  men 
smart,  active,  and  intelligent,  if  we  desire  to  improve  them  morally, 
and  to  rid  them  of  that  look  of  beer  and  sluggishness  which  is 
rather  the  characteristic  of  the  British  soldier  trained  as  he  is,  these 
not  the  least  of  the  means  to  do  it,  Beginning  with  Havings* 
libraries,  and  schools,  until  we  give  the  means  of  bodily  i &- 
erciso  and  bodily  development,  is  only  putting  the  cart  before  the 
horse.  If  the  bodily  energies  of  a  man  are  roused  and  called  into 
play  by  frequent  and  not  too  fatiguing  exercises,  he  soon  becomes 
alert  in  his?  movements  ;  he  acquires  a  quickness  of  eye  and  hand, 
and  if  with  these  he  is  compelled  to  look  after  bid  own  comforts,  as 
he  must  do  in  camp,  and  not  be  accustomed  to  bave  everything  done 
for  him  as  is  the  case  now,  the  faculties  of  the  mind  would  soon  be 
developed  as  well  as  tbose  of  the  body*  If  the  tatter  be  neglected 
or  not  attended  to  first,  the  former  will  as  likely  as  not  remain 
hidden,  do  what  we  will. 

On  all  the  points  which  have  been  indicated,  and  which  are  the 
essence  of  the  instruction  of  armies  abroad,  tbe  English  soldier  is 
sadly  deficient,  We  have  bestowed  little  or  no  attention  with  re- 
gard to  them  j  such  as  has  been  given  has  always  halted  in  its  pro- 
-,  and  the  results  have  never  been  worth  much.  There  is  such 
a  tiling,  we  believe,  as  a  gymnasium  at  Woolwich  or  some  other 
place,  but  nothing  of  the  kind  has  ever  been  reorganized  on  any- 
thing like  a  liberal  scale,  or  as  if  the  advantages  it  afforded  were  at 
all  appreciated  or  understood.  All  our  money,  or  nearly  all,  is  given 
to  the  support  of  theories.  Practical  and  really  useful  measures 
seldom  or  never  get  any  of  it,  Our  efforts  generally  forget  what 
the  soldier  is  for,  and  go  principally  to  making  him  a  good  boy  in  a 
very  stupid  manner,  and  in  a  way  the  most  disagreeable  to  himself  to 
become  so*  There  is  no  judicious  preparation  ofthe  raw  material  be- 
forehand. We  are  constantly  exclaiming  against  his  drunken  propensi- 
ties, but  we  don't  try  to  keep  him  from  them  by  giving  him  a  cheerful 
place  or  two  where  he  can  work  off  some  portion  of  the  super- 
abundance of  his  animal  spirits  in  healthy  exercise  ;  aU  we  give  him 
is  the  canteen  or  the  more  alluring  taproom  of  tbe  public  house. 
B?en  our  legislation  here  is  defective,  for  if  he  wants  a  glass  of 
14 hot  with"  or  "cold  without"  at  the  legitimate  establishment, 
which,  taken  in  moderation  can  do  him  no  harm,  he  cannot  get  it,  he 
is  compelled  to  quit  his  barracks  and  to  go  outside  for  it,  where  he 
has  no  one  to  controul  him,  or  any  out*  whose  interest  in,  or  good 
feeling  towards  him  will  induce  them  to  try  and  restrain  him  from 
going  further  when  he  has  had  enough.  These  arc  the  little  mistakes 
we  are  always  making,  great  ones  they  are  in  the  long  run.  The 
Ottateea  man  should,  so  far  from  being  restricted,  be  encouraged  to 
bite  anything  and  everytbing  the  soldier  can  possibly  call  for.  Ilia 
should  be  like  that  of  the  West  India  merchant,  where,  what- 
ever is  asked  for,  is  sure  to  be  forthcoming. 

The  canteen  is  certainly  the  place  above  all  others  in  which  a  man 


m 


MTL1TAET  IlEFOM  Aim  tflirTABt  CTFfCTTOOT.        [JtrtTr 


should  find  any  drink  he  fancies  of  which  ho  is  m  the  habit  of  taking, 
and  which  if  lie  fails  to  get  within  the  barrack  walls  be  is  sure  to  go 
to  some  other  and  worse  place  for,  It  is  absurd  to  have  a  Maine  Liquor 
law,  or  something  like  it,  for  the  soldier  in  barracks,  when  be  and  every 
One  can  have  as  much  spirits  as  they  like  outside.  It  waa  a  legislative 
blunder  to  banish  spirits  from  the  canteen,  or  rather  it  was  done  by 
the  authorities  with  their  eyes  open.  They  knew  its  foolishness. 
It  was  not  done  for  the  sake  of  the  soldier  who  was  injured  by  it, 
but  to  catch  a  little  popularity,  and  to  please  a  party  not  commonly 
f&ej  practical  or  tolerant  in  their  ways  of  thinking,  and  who  thought 
this  restriction  a  wonderful  moral  improvement.  We  should  like 
to  see  a  canteen,  library,  and  reading  room,  gymnasium,  and,  when 
practicable,  an  exercise  ground  (we  do  not  bargain  for  any  very  ex- 
tensive limits  to  the  latter)  to  eyery  barracks.  The  first  named 
might  be  under  the  same  roof,  forming  almost  one  establishment, 
mill  the  fewer  restrictions  applied  to  any  of  them  the  better*  Thero 
should  be  none,  in  fact,  not  immediately  connected  with  the  pre- 
servation of  order  and  propriety.  Five  or  six  months1  good  hard 
work  in  camp  in  summer,  and  comparative  rest  in  barracks  for  the 
rest  of  the  year,  with  the  places  above-mentioned  attached  to  them, 
would  make  the  soldier's  life  something  very  different  from  the 
monotonous,  rusty  sort  of  affair  which  it  is  at  present,  and  the  man 
himself  in  every  respect  would  soon  be  improved  hj  it.  "Wbat  it 
would  all  cost  would  soon  be  saved  in  less  disease  and  death,  in  less 
desertion,  and  in  the  realization  of  an  army  which  might  be  de- 
pended upon  under  circumstances,  not  merely  for  actual  conquest 
but  for  the  overcoming  of  difficulties  in  whatever  position  it  might 
be  placed.  As  long  as  we  neglect  the  physical  education  of  the 
soloier  we  may  as  well  leave  aside  trying  to  make  him  much  better 
in  other  respects,  A  great  deal  too  much  has  been  said  of  the  im- 
provements we  have  made  in  the  army  and  things  connected  with 
it.  The  authorities  have  reaped  far  more  credit  than  they  have  at 
all  deserved  in  the  matter.  The  condition  of  the  soldier  has  espe- 
cially been  thought  to  have  advanced  considerably.  If  it  has,  we 
should  very  much  like  to  know  in  what  it  has  progressed.  There  is 
no  better  or  fairer  test  of  measures  than  the  results.  The  army,  as 
a  service  to  go  into,  even  with  limited  enlistment  in  its  favour,  has 
not  become  more  popular  than  it  has  ever  been,  nor  has  a  better 
class  of  men  been  induced  to  join  it,  On  the  contrary,  in  both  these 
respects  it  has  decidedly7  and  in  the  most  marked  manner,  fallen  off. 
It  is  no  easy  matter,  if  any  pressure  prevails,  to  get  a  sufficiency  of 
men  to  enlist  at  all,  and  every  one  who  knows  anything  about  it 
will  aay  that  our  soldiers  are,  far  more  than  they  ever  were7  the  very 
scum  and  dregs  of  the  population*  Ticket- of-leave  men  abound 
amongst  them.  One  half  of  the  recruits  raised  are  practised  rogues 
and  vagabonds  ;  they  only  enlist  for  the  purpose  of  getting  the 
bounty,  and  deserting  immediately  after.  The  numbers  who  are 
said  to  have  done  so  upou  the  authority  of  official  documents  during 
the  past  year  were  do  less  than  between  20  and  30,000* 

If  all  this  is  true,  and  it  is  iinpossible  to  contradict  it,  what  are 
all  ouJr  improvements  worth  ?     It  is  plain  that  we  inuat  have  gone 


18S9.}         MTLITABT  EEFOBM  ATTD  STTLWAET  BFPIOtEIfCT. 


327 


the  wrong  way  to  work,  and  that  the  money  we  have  lavished  has 
been  thrown  away.  The  enormous  number  of  desertions,  which  in- 
crease dally  rather  than  diminish,  must  show  more  than  anything 
that  we  enlist  only  a  fraudulent  and  degraded  class*  or  if  there  are 
any  respectable  men  amongst  them,  that  they  find  our  army  is  on 
such  a  footing,  they  cannot,  even  with  the  penalties  and  disgrace  of 
'■Lion  he  tore  tneni,  stay  in  it,  Theoretically,  our  soldier  1ms 
improved  greatly  ;  practically,  he  has  hardly  ini proved  at  all*     We 

talked  so  much  about  the  matter,  that  we  have  at  last  come  to 
fancy  we  have  done  a  great  deal,  when,  in  fact,  we  have  done  little  or 
nothing  In  every  practically  useful  point  of  view  our  measures 
have  failed,  or  they  have  scarcely  been  put  forth  at  all ;  hut  in  those 
which  admitted  of  clap-trap  sentimental  nonsense  being  talked  we 
have  dealt  largely,  It  is  true,  for  all  that  may  be  said  to  the  contrary, 
that  the  soldier  evidently  is  not  one  whit  more  happy  or  comfortable 
or  better  off  in  his  barrack  room  than  ever  he  was  ;  where  he  ii  so, 
it  is  the  exception  and  not  the  rule*  He  sleeps  just  as  much  crowded 
as  ever,  and  breathes  the  same  tainted  atmosphere,  fraught  with  de- 
struction to  his  constitution,  and  premature  decay  and  death,  that  he 
has  always  done  ;  ho  has  just  the  same  scanty  convenience  for  cooking 
his  food,  and  quite  as  little  means  of  cleanliness ;  he  has  none  at  all 
for  active  amusements*  The  only  real  advance  made  with  regard  to 
lin 1 1,  and  it  is  something  as  far  as  it  goes,  is,  that  if  he  wishes  to  road 
he  has  the  means  of  doing  so,  and  if  he  wishes  to  save  there  is  a 
savings*  bank.  Such  institutions  as  those  of  a  savings1  bank  and 
library  are  not  provisions  for  the  men  generally,  they  are  only  for  a 
comparative  few,  whose  tastes  or  economical  habits  prompt  them  to 
make  use  of  them.  Many  men  who  can  read  don't  care  much  about 
it,  others  cannot  do  so  even  if  they  wished,  "What  have  we  done  in 
any  one  respect  ibr  these  two  classes,  wbo  form,  for  the  most  part, 
the  bulk  of  the  army  ?  literally  nothing.  The  main  object  of  main- 
taining an  army  at  all  is  with  reference  to  its  professional  qualities, 
but  military  efficiency,  in  the  plain  meaning  of  the  term,  seems  never 
to  be  thought  of  in  any  of  our  measures  at  all.  We  seem  to  look 
upon  our  army,  whenever  we  legislate  for  it,  as  if  it  was  a  reforma- 
tory establishment  and  very  little  else.  We  recruit  it  by  the  foulest 
and  most  degrading  means  at  first,  and  thenT  with  the  coarse  and  in- 
different material  thus  obtained,  we  think  we  do  enough  in  a  dull 
routine  of  drill,  and  tx  library  with  nice  and  improving  books  to  read, 
and  an  encouragement  to  save  out  of  a  shilling  a-day  in  a  savings' 
bank*  We  should  like  to  see  the  same  land  of  reformation  applied 
to  any  other  class  in  the  kingdom  as  that  of  wbich  we  boast  so  much 
in  its  application  to  the  soldier,  perhaps  ft  better  estimate  would 
then  be  formed  of  it,  We  seem  to  expect  that  when  a  man  enlists, 
he  is  to  come  into  our  ways  at  once.  That,  no  matter  what  bin 
antecedents  may  have  been,  he  is  to  have  the  highest  appreciation  of 

which  only  helps  hiru  to  read  or  to  save,  and  which  gives  very 
little  care  for  his  tastes  or  to  his  wishes  in  any  other  respect.  W* 
are  involving  ourselves  in  no  slight  mess,  and  we  will  find  bo  by  and 
bye  if  anything  happens,  by  the  way  we  are  goinjr.  on.  We  or© 
going  mad  after  organization,  and  we  are  disorganizing  in  all  direc- 


329 


Off  KATAL  DTSCIPII 


[JULT, 


tions,  We  are  neglecting  almost  every  thing  except  musketry 
practice  in  the  education  of  the  soldier  in  hi  a  professional  duties, 
and  we  are  giving  him  rather  an  excess  than  otherwise  of  the  means 
of  book  instruction*  As  to  the  recruiting  of  the  army,  we  let  that 
go  to  the  dogs,  or  get  on  how  it  can.  We  have  too  many  men  of 
pleasure,  too  many  gay  philanderers,  in  official  positions  to  trouble 
their  minds  on  this  or  any  other  subject*  Their  principal  care  is  to 
look  after  class  or  individual  interests,  and  it  must  be  admitted  that 
as  far  as  these  go,  their  abilities  are  considerable.  We  have  arrived 
at  a  pinnacle  of  jobbing  from  which  we  can  hardly  ascend  higher.  It 
will  be  a  pity  if  some  of  those  who  feel  at  present  so  secure  in  their 
selfish  doings  are  always  allowed  to  prosper  in  them.  Wo  wish  that 
a  vr.\\  interest,  and  a  real  and  intelligent  enquiry  would  be  promoted 
on  the  subject,  It  is  something  to  be  ashamed  of  to  see  the  public 
money  wasted  as  it  iss  while  the  national  insecurity  is  only  used,  like 
the  pistol  of  the  highwayman,  to  frighten  the  country  into  giving 
more.  There  may  be  anger  brewing  on  this  subject,  for  certainly 
K upland  does  not  stand  so  high  in  foreign  estimation  as  might  be 
wished,  and  as  it  is  best  for  her  interests  to  do.  Perhaps  troublesome 
people  by  and  bye  may,  as  was  prompted  by  Sir  James  Graham  on 
some  former  occasion,  be  induced  to  inquire  into  the  reason  why  j 
and  how  it  is  that  with  army  estimates  alone,  amounting  to  upwards 
of  eleven  millions  and  a  half,  we  do  not  feel  ourselves  secure 
without  calling  for  something  like  a  national  arming  ;  that  with  all 
our  anxiety  to  have  it  otherwise  men  will  not  enlist,  that  when  they 
do  so  it  is  in  every  way  to  their  own  detriment,  that  desertions 
abound,  that  our  barracks  are  a  scandal,  and  that  in  no  direction  can 
we  show  the  symptoms  of  a  well -organized,  well-arranged  establish- 
ment, such  as  the  amount  of  money  ought  to  afford  if  we  had 
sufficient  ability  at  the  head  of  our  military  affairs  to  know  how  to 
expend  it. 


ON  NAVAL  DISCIPLINE, 

BS  TflESEUa,   LATE  R.N* 

In  the  Report  of  the  Commissioners  appointed  to  inquire  into  the 
means  of  manning  the  navy,  will  be  found  the  following  para- 
graph : — 

"The  disinclination  to  enter  the  navy  in  the  minds  of  a  L 
portion  of  the  merchant  seamen  is  to  be  traced,  chiefly  to  ignorance 
of  the  usages  of  the  service}  and  of  the  advantages  which  it  offers  to 
seamen,  for  we  find  that  the  better  the  service  is  known,  the  more 
its  privileges  are  appreciated,  and  the  greater  is  the  willingm 
join  it.  we  have  satisfied  ourselves  that  there  is  no  undue  seventy 
m  your  Majesty's  Berviee ;  on  the  contrary,  the  witnesses  place  a 
high  value  on  the  strict  observance  of  discipline,  and  consider  that 


1859]  dir  SAVAX  BiscrpLrm  829 

crews  ape  exposed  to  injury  and  injustice  whenever,  from  weakness 
in  the  commander  of  a  ship,  discipline  is  relaxed/1 

If  the  above  statement  was  true  there  would  have  been  no 
occasion  to  appoint  a  Manning  Commission  at  all,  but,  as  it  contains 
a  decided  perversion  of  facts,  we  propose  to  grapple  with  it  and 
expose  to  view  the  real  state  of  the  ease 

Firstly — The  prejudice  against  Her  Majesty's  service  is  said  to 
arise  chiefly  from  ignorance,  If  this  be  correct,  how  are  we  to 
mt  for  the  following  facts  ?  In  April,  1S56,  there  was  a  fleet 
at  Spithead  of  25  sail  of  the  line,  and  200  other  classes  of  ships, 
manned  by  about  26,000  seamen  ;  but  within  two  months  afterwards, 
more  than  half  of  these  ships  were  paid  off,  and  15,000  seamen  sent 
adrift*  In  August,  1856,  the  Prince? -s  Royal,  a  screw  liner  of  01 
guns,  was  re- commissioned  j  she  was  three  months  in  completing  her 
,  ami  the  men  were  found  to  be  such  a  bad  lot  as  (according  to 
the  Parliamentary  Ecturn  of  Flogging  in  the  Navy)  feo  require  more 
flogging  than  the  crew  of  any  other  ship  in  commission.  How  was 
it  that  the  beat  seamen  did  not  volunteer  for  this  ship  ?  In  1857, 
a  great  many  more  ships  were  put  out  of  commission,  and  yet  the 
Ganges,  Boscawen,  ana  Cumberland  took  from  four  to  five  months 
in  completing  their  crews,  and  were  then  reported  on  as  indifferently 
manned,  The  Orion,  91,  was  paid  off  at  Devonport  in  October,  188  7. 
and  the  Renown,  91,  commissioned  at  Sheerness  in  November,  1857, 
yd  the  latter  ship  was  six  months  before  she  had  filled  up  her  comple- 
ment, and  not  one  of  the  seamen  belonging  to  the  Orion  volunteered 
for  the  Renown.  The  Monarch,  M,  was  paid  off  in  the  summer  of 
1858,  when  several  fine  ships  were  being  fitted  out,  yet  the  largo 
majority  of  her  seamen  refused  to  re-enter  the  navy,  and  many  of 
the  continuous  service  men  bought  their  discharge* 

Now  all  these  sailors  must  have  known  of  the  advantages  belong- 
ing to  the  naval  service,  and,  therefbrCj  it  could  not  have 
ignorance  that  induced  these  trained  seamen  voluntarily  to  fling 
away  several  years'  servitude  sooner  than  re-enter  on  board  a  man- 
of-war.  A  trained  seaman  is  of  much  more  value  to  the  navy  than 
a  raw  sailor,  enticed  out  of  the  merchant  service,  and  the  enuuiry 
should  have  been  directed  more  into  the  causes  that  had  many  of 

seamen  t<>  leave  the  navy,  than  into  the  prejudices  the  merchant 
Bailor  ha*  agamat  it.     We  think  the  above  facts  have  conclusively 
proved  that   ignorance  is  not  the  sole  cause  of  the  prejudice  that 
against  Her  Majesty's  service. 

Second!;  inimissiooerfl  state  that  the  prejudice  against  the 

naval  sen  ire  !a  not  due  to  harsh  treatment,  we  beg  to  diner  with 
the  honourable  Commissi  oners,  and  say,  that  the  prejudice  existing 
6  mindfl  of  merchant  sailors  against  Her  Majesty's  service,  is 
mainly  owing  to  t  lie  accounts  of  harsh  treatment  and  inju^i 
have  been  spread  abroad  by  seamen  who  have  previously  served  in  the 
na\y.  We  further  believe  that  these  tales  uf  punishments  and 
tyranny  fo  mom  to  deter  Bailors  joining  the  navy  than  the  mere 
«hc  of  wages,  supplj  of  clothing,  and  an  improved  diet  will 
influence  them  to  enter  the  Bervk©,  There  are  otl 
dislike  to  the  naval  service,  of  which  we  may  enumerate  the  mime- 


330 


OE  ffAVAL  DISCIPLINE. 


[JUIT, 


reus  promises  broken  by  the  Admiralty,  the  want  of  prize-money  for 
the  late  war,  and  the  tliaukieas  manner  in  which  they  were  turned 
a<lrift  at  the  conclusion,  of  the  war,  when  their  services  were  no 
longer  needed* 

The  man-of-war  trained  seaman  is  not  a  mere  brute  now-a*days, 
as  many  captains  and  government  officials  have  supposed,  but  he  is 
an  educated  man,  he  eau  read  and  write,  and,  what  is  more,  he  can 
think,  and  if  he  finds  himself  treated  like  a  dog  or  a  horse,  petted  at 
one  time  and  kicked  at  another,  his  spirit  rises  against  such  treat- 
ment, and  he  prefers  leaving  the  navy  and  joining  the  merchant 
sendee ,  where  he  is  more  independent,  as  he  can  choose  his  own 
ship,  and  captain,  and  destination*  and  has,  besides,  more  frequent 
intervals  on  shore. 

But  to  return  to  the  immediate  question  before  us.  Is  a  system 
of  harsh  treatment  still  pursued  in  the  Hoyal  Navy  ?  We  empha- 
tically declare  that  there  is.  We  have  seen  it  earned  on ;  we  have 
frequently  heard  of  cases  of  naval  t3Trauny,  and,  what  is  more,  we 
ourselves  have  felt  it,  and  possess  in  writing  the  acknowledgment  of 
a  late  First  Lord,  that  we  were  harshly  treated. 

Does  a  year  go  hy  without  the  public  newspapers  containing 
accounts  of  one,  if  not  several,  cases  of  harsh  treatment  on  board 
men-of-war  ?  No.  For  we  can  point  to  the  well-known  cases  of 
the  Childers,  Lily,  Star,  Juno,  Eussell,  <&e.f  and  yet  these  instances 
were  only  brought  to  light  by  a  court-martial,  whereas,  in  numerous 
other  eases  that  we  could  name,  the  Admiralty  has  thought  it  best, 
for  the  welfare  of  the  service,  to  pay  off  the  ship,  and  so  avoid  all 
disclosures.  The  question  may,  however,  he  asked,  w  How  is  it  if 
the  cases  of  harsh  treatment  in  the  navy  are  so  numerous  as  you 
state,  that  the  Admiralty  do  not  interfere  and  adopt  some  new  regu- 
lations to  put  a  stop  to  it  ?"  We  will  tell  you,  It  is  the  custom  of 
a  smart  captain  on  board  a  man-of-war  to  support  his  first  lieu- 
tenant or  commanding  officer  in  everything,  no  matter  whether  or 
not  the  officer  or  man  accused  can  prove  himself  not  guilty. 
Likewise,  the  Board  of  Admiralty,  chiefly  composed  of  officers  of  the 
same  rank,  support  the  captain,  and  pay  but  little  attention  to  the 
complaints  ol  his  subordinates.  If  the  public  become  at  all  d 
in  their  declarations  against  naval  tyranny,  they  arc  at  once  silenced 
with  the  answer,  u  It  is  necessary  to  keep  up  the  discipline  of  the 
naval  service  that  all  insubordination  shonld  be  suppressed,71  This 
bit  of  humbug  will  not,  however,  nerve  to  shut  ua  up,  for  we  have 
belonged  to  a  ship  termed  by  her  crew  a  hell  afloat ;  and  we  have 
served  in  another  vessel  where  the  captain*  officers,  and  men  all 
pulled  well  together,  and  yet  she  was  always  so  smart  as  to  resemble 
a  yacht  more  than  a  steam-ship  of  v 

It  is  perhaps  right  that  we  should  explain  our  meaning  of tl  harsh 
treatment,0  and  we  therefore  beg  to  say  that  in  using  that  term  we 
do  not  mean  that  any  such  brutal  violence  is  carried  on  in  a  man-of- 
war,  as  is  occasionally  heard  of  in  the  merchant  service*  A  syste- 
matic course  of  injustice  towards  the  sailor  explain b,  in  our  opinion, 
the  term  harsh  treatment ,  We  will  give  instances  of  it  that  occurred 
1  our  own  observation,  that  will  more  fully  express  our  meaning* 


185a.] 


OK  KiTjLL  DlSCXPIiiyr.. 


aai 


The  crew  of  a  steam  frigate  were  one  day  being  exercised  in  reefing 
sails,  and,  as  is  the  custom,  the  first  lieutenant  was  superintending 
the  men  belonging  to  the  maintop,  when,  through  some  negligence  of 
those  on  deck,  the  main-topsail  was  the  last  hoisted*  This  circum- 
stance so  annoyed  the  lieutenant  that  he  completely  lost  hie 
temper,  and  calling  one  of  the  men,  who  he  thought  was  in  fault, 
from  aloft,  he  abused  him  in  good  strong  language  for  his  negligence, 
and  when  the  man  beginning  to  explain  had  got  as  far  as  "  Please 
sir,  it  was  not  my  fault/*  the  lieutenant  interrupted  him  by  saying, 
u  You  dare  contradict  me !  Mutiny  !  by  -  ■  *  Serjeant,  put  this  man 
in  irons.*1  The  man,  after  attempting  to  remonstrate,  waa  taken,  below 
and  put  in  irons.  The  first  lieutenant,  after  walking  the  quarter-deck 
for  a  few  minutes,  went  down  to  his  cabin.  Ab  the  captain  was  on 
shore  at  the  time,  the  other  officers,  after  enquiring  thoroughly  into 
the  ease,  consulted  together,  and  deputed  the  second  lieutenant  to 
explain  the  iaeta  to  the  commanding  officer.  His  passion  haying 
cooled  down  a  little,  he  listened  to  the  explanation,  and  sent  orders 
that  the  man  should  be  released  immediately,  but  never  in  any  way 
acknowledged  to  the  man  that  he  was  sorry  for  his  hasty  conduct, 
Now,  this  seaman  was  one  of  the  best  and  most  active  young  sa 
in  the  ship,  but  the  disgrace  of  being  put  in  irons,  though  entirely 
un deserved,  so  affected  him,  that  at  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  shortly 
afterwards,  lie  managed  to  obtain  his  discharge  from  the  ship,  and 
swore  never  to  enter  a  man-of-war  again.  As  regards  the  lieutenant, 
we  feel  bound  to  state  that  his  conduct  on  this  occasion  was  excep- 
tional, and  that  it  was  very  seldom  we  had  any  complaint  to  make 
of  his  genera!  behaviour  ;  but  we  could  not  persuade  him  that  it  was 
his  duty  personally  to  acknowledge  his  injustice  on  this  occasion. 
Ho  could  not  believe  that  a  sailor  had  as  sensitive  feelings  as  we 
imagined.  He  is  now  in  command  of  a  fine  ship  on  a  foreign  station, 
Hid  has  proved  himself  a  very  brave  officer.  The  sailor  has  no  doubt 
joined  th*  merchant  service,  and  spread  far  and  wide  his  account  of 
naval  injustice. 

mother  occurrence  that  we  witnessed,  and  which  comes  vividly 
before  our  memory,  pourtrays  in  a  still  greater  degree  the  system  of 
naval  injustice.  A  seaman  was  brought  on  the  quarter-deck  of  a 
line-of-hattle  ship,  and  reported  by  the  master-at-arms  for  using  had 
language.  The  commander  approached  the  man,  asked  if  it  was 
true,  but  without  waiting  for  an  answer,  began  abusing  the  man  for 
his  filthy  conduct,  and  shaking  his  fist  in  the  man's  face,  swore  at 
hi  in  some  most  awful  oaths,  when  the  man,  unable  to  restrain  him- 
self, rushed  at  the  commander,  and  was  about  to  strike  him,  hut  was 
seised  by  the  master-at-arms  and  a  sentry,  and  by  order  of  the 
officer  he  was  immediately  taken  below  and  kept  in  irons  for  several 
days.  The  above  is  perfectly  true,  and  is  only  one  out  of  num 
instances  of  harsh  treatment  that  we  saw  pursued  by  the  same 
othVor.  The  captain  frequently  remonstrated  with  the  commander 
about  the  profane  language  ho  used,  hut  as  often  as  the  captain 
went  on  shore  or  was  oft*  deck,  so  did  the  commanding  officer  launch 
out  his  oaths,  careless  whether  they  were  spoken  to  a  subordinate 
officer  or  only  to  a  seaman.    It  was  curious  to  observe,  howeviiv 


KAVAX  DI80IM,I 


[Jttt 


ter, 

dut 

■viH 
the 

trier 


thai  ho  was  always  most  severe  in  punishing  any  of  the  men  that 
swore,  as  if  quite  forgetful  of  the  shameful  example  he  himself  set 
them. 

The  foregoing  cases  need  not  much  comment,  especially  the  latter, 
which  will  doubtless  cause  as  much  indignation  in  the  minds  of  ou 
readers  as  it  did  in  ourselves  at  the  time  we  witnessed  it.     It  wi 
perhaps  be  ask  od,  "Haw  is  it  that  a  man  does  not  appeal  to  the 
captain  if  he  believes  himself  unjustly  punished  by  the  commanding 
officer?"     Xt  is  because  all  complaints  to  the  captain  must  be  made 
through  the  commanding  officer,  who  very  frequently  refuses  to 
report  a  complaint  made  against  himself;  and,  even  if  he  does  « 
before  the  captain,  the  latter,  as  a  rule,  nearly  always  sides  with  the 
commanding  officer. 

An  instance  will  now  be  given,  and,  as  it  relates  to  an  officer  who 
appealed  to  the  captain,  it  only  shows  more  fully  the  great  power 
that  belongs  to  the  post  of  commanding  officer  The  command* 
a  line- of- bat  tie  ship  and  an  assistant-surgeon  bad  some  disagreement 
reg&rettog  the  fitness  of  a  seaman  that  had  been  entered  on  board  the 
ship,  and  the  former,  I  using  his  temper,  told  the  doctor  he  did  not 
know  liis  duty,  and  this  in  the  presence  of  the  officer  of  the  watch, 
the  master-at-arms,  and  the  sentry  at  the  ward-room  door.  The 
next  morning  the  assistant-surgeon  wrote  a  letter  on  service  to  the 
captain,  requesting  him  to  inquire  into  the  truth  of  the  commander's 
charge j  and  gave  the  letter  to  the  commander  for  him  to  present  it 
to  the  captain,  but  the  commander  flatly  refused  to  do  it,  and  flung 
the  letter  down  on  the  deck.  As  the  assistant-surgeon  would  not 
pick  it  up,  a  quartermaster  was  ordered  to  do  so  and  give  it  back  to 
nun.  Tm  assistant-surgeon  then  requested  the  surgeon  to  present 
the  letter  to  the  captain,  which  he  did,  but  the  captain  sent  back  a 
message  by  him,  hoping  that  the  assistant-surgeon  would  withdraw 
the  letter,  as  be  did  not  like  complaints  being  made  against  his  com- 
manding officer.  The  doctor  however  was  firm,  and  declared  that  he 
would  have  the  charge  against  him  cleared  up.  Four  qt  live  days 
elapsed,  when  the  captain  found  that  the  letter  would  not  be  with 
drawn,  he  one  morning  sent  for  the  commander  and  assist  ant-surgeon 
into  his  cabin,  and  again  fruitlessly  requested  the  latter  to  withdraw 
the  complaint, 

The  captain  then  asked  the  commander  what  answer   he  had  b 
make  to  the  complaint,  when  the  latter  said  that  he  did  not  reeo 
having  need  the  words  imputed  to  him.     The  lieutenant,  who  was 
officer  of  the  watch,  was  sent  for,  and  he  had  a  convenient  memory 
■§  he  could  not  recollect  that  the  commander  had  made  that  charge 

laal  tbq  doctor.  \t  the  request  of  the  assistant-surgeon, 
master-at-arms,  and  the  sentry,  who  had  also  heard  the  dispute,  were 
sent  for,  but  both  were  reported  to  be  on  shore.  The  commander 
then  si  ul  ed  that  the  assistant -surgeon  had  always  done  his  duty  to  1m 
satisfaction,  and  the  captain  acquiescing  in  the  same,  the  doctor 
iiited  to  withdraw  the  letter.  When  tin-  master-at-arma  and 
the  marine  got  on  board  the  nest  day  the  assistant- surgeon  had 
them  examined  by  some  of  bis  brother  ollieers,  when  they  confir 
the  evidence  of  the  doctor  as  to  the  language  used  by  the  commander, 


i 


1859] 


05  ffAVAL  DISCr^LIKE. 


333 


Pand  further  stated  that  they  had  been  sent  on  shore  by  the  com- 
manding officer,  no  doubt  purposely  to  keep  them  out  of  the  way, 
As  regards  the  matter  in  dispute,  it  may  be  stated  that  both  the 
captain  aud  surgeon  considered  that  the  assistant-surgeon  had  acted 
rightly. 

For  two  or  three  months  after  the  dispute  the  commander  vented 
ipleen  in  all  kinds  of  annoyance  upon  the  assistant- surgeon,  who 
after  vainly  attempting  to  exchange  front  the  ship,  determined  upon 
_:ning  his  commission.  Accordingly,  he  wrote  a  letter  requesting 
that  his  resignation  might  be  accepted,  without  stating  his  reasons 
for  doing  so,  and  gave  it  to  the  captain  to  send  to  the  Admiralty} 
The  captain  decidedly  refused  to  forward  it,  aud,  therefore,  writing 
another  letter,  cou taming  a  full  account  of  his  reasons  for  resigning, 
the  assistant-surgeon  seut  them  both  to  the  secretary  of  the  Ad- 
miralty through  the  post.  Three  days  afterwards,  on  returning  on 
board  from  hospital  duty,  the  captain  sent  for  the  doctor  into 
his  cabin  and  used  this  remarkable  language,  il  How  dare 
you,  sir,  send  your  resignation  to  the  Admiralty  when  I  had  refused 
to  forward  it?"  iy  What  do  you  mean  by  making  all  these  charges 
against  your  superior  officers  ?** 

The  assistant-surgeon,  in  answer,  stated  that  he  came  into  the 
service  expecting  that  he  would  be  treated  as  a  gentleman;  that 
sooner  than  submit  to  the  harsh  treatment  pursued  towards  him 
during  the  last  few  months,  he  had  determined  to  resign  his  com- 
mission, aud  that,  as  the  captain  refused  to  send  it,  he  considered 
that  he  had  a  perfect  right  to  forward  it  himself.  Whereupon  the 
captain  said,  it  was  very  plain  he  would  not  get  on  in  any  service, 
and  asked  if  he  occupied  the  cabin  allotted  to  the  assistant-surgeon* 
Receiving  an  answer  in  the  affirmative,  the  captain  added*  "then  I 
have  a  great  mind  to  turn  you  out  of  it  for  vour  insubordinate 
conduct.11  The  termination  of  this  unpleasant  affair  was  different  to 
what  many  naval  officers  may  have  supposed.  It  so  happened  that 
the  assistant-surgeon  had  a  friend  in  a  certain  M.  P.,  who  was  very 
intimate  with  the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and  the  latter,  ou 
being  made  acquainted  with  the  circumstances,  telegraphed  for  tho 
captain  to  come  to  London,  gave  both  him  and  the  commander  a 
severe  reprimand,  and  removed  the  assistant-surgeon  to  another  ship. 
Another  remarkable  circumstance  attending  this  case  was,  that  the 
captain  called  shortly  at'terwards  ou  the  assistant-surgeon,  said  that 
he  was  unaware  of  all  the  circumstances  attending  his  resignation, 
and  that  he  was  sorry  he  had  been  made  uncomfortable  in  his  ship, 
w  this  ease  shows  that  if  an  assistant-surgeon,  who  on  shore 

■  ranks  on  an  equality  with  the  commander,  both  being  gentlemen, 
found  it  so  very  hard  to  put  up  with  harsh  treatment,  that  the  case 
of  a  poor  sailor  who  is  tyrannized  over  musrt  be  fifty  times  harder. 
The  C'siulu-'t  of  the  captain  o?  this  shin  was  very  remarkable.  Hia 
annoyance  at  finding  that  one  of  his  officers  had  sufficient  spirit  to 
_'n,  not  with  standing  he  had  refuse*!  to  sanction  it,  and  his  sur- 
prise that  a  subordinate  had  actually  had  the  presumption  to  make 
complaints  of  the  discipline  of  his  ship,  then  his  threat  of  turning 

kU.  S.  Mag,,  No.  368,  July,  XSoQ.  z 


OS  2UYAL  DISCIPLINE. 


[Jttly, 


the  assistant -surgeon  out  of  his  cabin,  which  had  been  allotted  to  him 
by  the  Admiralty,  only  points  to  what  ho  would  have  done  i: 
he  had  been  on  "a  foreign  station,  out  of  reach  of  the  Admiralty 
telegraph. 

it  is  not  every  officer  who  has  an  M.P*  to  back  him  up,  and 
<  -.ill  the  attention  of  "the  First  Lord  to  his  case,  it  is  plain  that  there 
ought  to  be  some  new  regulations  issued,  whereby  all  complaints 
made  to  the  Admiralty,  whether  they  come  through  the  captain  or 
without  his  approval,  should  be  strictly  inquired  into.    We  do  not 
hesitate  to  say  that  the  whole  system  of  punishment,  as  at  pn 
exercised  in  the  navy,  beginning  at  the  court-martial  on  an  officer, 
to  the  caning  of  a  second-class  boy,  is  decidedly  bad,  and  is  a  mere 
cloak  far  injustice*     Sentences  of  the  greatest  possible-  difference  in 
their  amount  of  punishment  are  delivered  by  different  court 
In  many  instances  the  only  guide  seems  to  be  severity  to  the  poor 
sailor,  and  those  who  have  no  iriends,  and  a  simple  reprimand  fc 
those  who  ha\e  Admiralty  or  aristocratic  support,     The  same  unfai 
kind  of  system  is  carried  on  in  many  <jf  our  ships  of  war,  as  tin 
amount  of  punishment  depends  entirely  on  the  caprice  of  the  captain 

We  have  but  little  doubt  that  what  we  have  already  written, 
what  we  are  about  to  state,  will  meet  with  the  decided  opposition  of 
many  naval  officers  of  the  superior  ranks.     But  they  are  trie  despots 
whofte  power  we  want  to  curb  in  such  a  way  as  to  prevent  their 
abusing  it,     At  the  present  time  the  captain  of  a  man-of-war  is  a 
despotic  king  of  very  great  power,  possessing  authority  over  some 
hundred  men,  who  are  bound  to  obey  bis  command,  whether  it 
right  or  wrong  5  who  may  be  punished,  whether  guilty  or  not,  & 
cording  as  he  thinks  fit  j  wTho  have  110  appeal  except:  with  the  sanctio 
of  the  same  despot  who  sentenced  them;  and  who  are  BOttetitn 
obliged  to  submit  without  murmuring  to  annoyances,  against 
their  spirit  rebels,  for  four  or  five  years  at  a  time,     Some,  and  w 
hope  the  majority  of  naval  captains  at  the  present  day,  exercise  the 
authority  judiciously,  and  endeavour  to  obtain  the  good  will  of thei 
men.     But,  as  we  have  already  declared,  there  are  others  who  do  not 
care  one  straw  for  the  comfort  of  their  officers  and  men,  and  th© 
present  regulation  a  allow  theft©  captains  full  scope  for  the  indulgem 
of  their  Purely  the.  account  of  the  courts-martial  on  tin 

officers  of  the  Juno  cannot  have  escaped  the  recollections  of  o 
readers  ?     This  case  will  prove  our  assertions  to  be  correct,     Th 
captain  of  tin-  Juno,  in  185tf,  commanded  the  Arrogant,  a  fine  sere 
frigate;  but  in  comequeaoe  of  numerous  complaints,  the  Admiralt 
direct  I'd  an  inquiry  to  be  mado  into  the  discipline  of  this  ship,  and 
the  Admiral  at  Portsmouth  recommended  that  I  he  captain  should  bv 
superseded.     Accordingly  the  captain  was  removed,  although  not  to 
luxuriate  on  half  pay,  but  to  command  another  frigate,  the  Juno, 
which  was  sent  to  the  other  side  of  the  globe,  out  of  reach  of  the 
Admiralty,  away  from  aU  admirals,  and  where  he  could  enrry  on  t 
discipline  of  his  ship  according  as  he  chose.     Is  it  surprising  the 
Fore  to  Icnm  that  the  officers,  one  after  the  other,  as  soon" as  the; 
could,  left  the  ship,  and  that  the  Admiralty  were  obliged  to  recal 


» 


tlm 

ere- 

hejr 

_ec*L 


OS  KAVAl   DISCIPLINE. 


.135 


SI 


her  before  her  time  was  up,  on  account  of  the  constant  complaints 
that   wore   made  r     The   Admiralty,  presided   over  by   Sir   .To 
Graham,  were  alone  to  blame,  and  ought  to  have  been  most  strongly 
censured  by  the  Home  of  Commons, 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Kussian  war  a  Uixe-of-hattle  &hip 
ned  at  Devonporfc,  and  after  lying  for  some  months  in 
Plymouth  Sound,  fruitlessly  endeavauriug  to  oomplete  her  Oreir,  she 

rdered  to  I'm  1  mouth  to  enter  seamen.     A  months  anchorage  at 

louth  produced  the  following  results:  men  entered,  six ;  DftdH 
deserted,  thirty-four.  80  disgusted  were  the  inhabitant  a  of  Palm 
at  the  tales  they  heard  of  the  discipline  earned  on  in  this  ship  that 

d  the  Admiralty  to  withdraw  the from  their  port, 

and  she  was  ordered  back  again  to  Plymouth  Sound,     After  another 

lojoura  at  Plymouth  ahe  was  sent  to  IVirtarnouth,  aud  then  up 
tlir  Baltic,  although  all  the  time  she  was  three  hundred  p*en  abort  of 

nil  complement.  On  her  return  to  Portsmouth  she  was  ordered 
to  get  ready  to  go  to  the  West  Indies,  but  when  all  was  ready,  and 
jsiie  was  about  to  weigh  anchor,  au  Admiralty  message  came  down 

icgraphj  ordering  all  her  men  to  be  turned  over  to  another  ship, 
and  that  tho  — —  was  to  be  laid  up  in  Portsmouth  harbour.  Every 
officer  that  joined  tins  ship  tried  all  he  eould  to  get  on 
Three  assistant  -:-n  1  Fgeoos  resigned  their  coin  missions  solely  on  account 
id'  the  treatment  fchey  were  subjected  to  on  board  this  ship,  Several 
tjimen  wen-  dismissed  the  service,  and  upwards  of  one  hundred 

What  was  the  cause  of  this  ship  becoming  so  uncomfortable  for  her 
dew,  aud  so  useless  for  the  service  of  l  lie  country,  that  the  Ad- 
miralty could  not  trust  her  out  of  reach  of  the  electric  telegraph  9 
It  WQii  owing  to  the  captain  ami  commander  being  both  strict  disci* 
plinarkusj  and  carrying  out  their  news  to  tho  discomfort  of  t heir 
subordimi 

In  one  of  the  moat  important  and  best  compiled  naval  w  ■ 
lately  published,  w  The  Navies  of  the  World,"  there  is  an  account 
of  an  act  of  injustice  performed  by  the  Admiralty  towards  Dr- 
tarns,  fon  nrgeon  in  the  Eoyal  Kavy.     This  gentle  man 

was  dismissed  from  the  navy  without  being  asked  for  his  defence, 
aud,  although  the  accusation  against  him  has  been  proved  to  ho 
false,  aud  the  accuser  has  even  acknowledged  it,  yet  for  thirty  years 
the  Admiralty  have  refused  to  reinstate  him  in  his  rank.  We  our* 
selves  are  acquainted  with  a  hard  case  that  happened  to  a  physician, 
in  now  practising  in  one  of  the  most  fashionable  watering  places, 
Thia  gentleman,  after  serving  on  a  foreign  station  for  more  than  live 
years,  returned  home,  and  after  being  on  half-pay  about  a  mo. 
was  ordered  to  join  a  ship  going  abroad  immediately,  lit 
the  Admiralty,  stating  fua  long  servitude  abroad,  and  askiug  fi?r  an 
extension  of  leave  ;  but  the  only  an  get  was  that,  as  he  had 

not  taken  up  his  commission  as 'ordered,  he  was  dismissed  from  her 
3IajeBty,s  service, 

cases  of  naval  injustice  might  be  cited,  but  will  be 
deferred  to  some  future  occasion,  with  the  hope  that  those  already 


f>#  NAVAL  niseiFtisx 


[JULt, 


given  may  draw  tlie  attention  of  the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty 
to  the  subject.  By  referring  to  the  Admiralty  records  be  will 
doubtless  find  proots  of  all  we  have  stated. 

Let  us  entreat  the  Admiralty  to  take  into  their  careful  con- 
sideration the  whole  subject  of  naval  punishments,  and,  if  possible, 
draw  up  a  new  code,  that  will  render  courts-martial  fair  and  im- 
partial, and  preveut  superior  officers  treating  their  subordinates  with 
harshness  and  injustice. 

Englishmen  talk  about  the  wrongs  of  the  Italians,  and  the  cruel 
tyranny  of  the  late  King  of  Naples  in  throwing  his  rebellious  subjects 
into  dungeons !  Let  them  remove  the  beam  from  their  own  eyes 
before  they  see  a  mote  in  those  of  another  nation,  A  seaman  lately 
belonging  to  the  Orion  has  given  me  the  following  particulars. 
Borne  of  the  crew  of  this  ship  originally  belonged  to  the  Albion  and 
Vengeance,  which  ships  had  served  Jive  years  in  the  Mediterranean, 
when  they  returned  home  and  were  paid  off ;  but  their  men  were 
immediately  drafted  to  ships  going  to  the  Baltic,  and  some  150  of 
them  joined  the  Orion,  At  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  the  Orion 
was  ordered  to  the  West  Indies ;  hut  before  sailing  these  men  re- 
quested the  captain  to  give  them  their  discharge,  as  they  had  served 
much  beyond  their  proper  time.  The  captain  promised  to  do  80, 
but  nevertheless  took  them  out  with  him  to  the  West  Indies,  when 
they  again  spoke  to  the  commander,  asking  him  to  intercede  with 
the  captain,  that  they  might  be  discharged ;  but  he  refused  to  do 
so,  and  then,  after  several  similar  requests,  they  refused  to  do  duty. 
Six  of  them  were  put  in  irons,  ana  kept  so  tor  six  months  in  that 
hot  climate.  At  last  a  court-martial  was  held,  the  captain  of  the 
ship,  who  had  broken  his  promise,  presiding  whilst  the  commander 
prosecuted.  They  were  all  sentenced  to  severe  punishments,  but 
as  Parliament  was  then  sitting,  the  Admiralty,  to  hush  up  the  matter, 
pardoned  and  discharged  nearly  all  the  men.  The  ship  was  soon 
afterwards  paid  oif,  and  none  but  the  continuous  service  men  re- 
entered the  navy. 

The  captain  of  thia  ship  has  since  become  an  admiral,  and  has 
lately  been  appointed  to  an  important  com  in  and.  The  sailor  told 
us  many  other  stories  of  this  ship,  which,  us  we  belonged  for  a  short 
time  to  her,  we  can  well  believe,  hut  we  will  not  mention  them 
without  more  sufficient  authority*  If  the  account  of  the  treatment 
of  the  seamen  is  incorrect,  we  are  extremely  sorry,  but  as  the  i 
papers  contained  at  the  time  a  somewhat  similar  narrative, 
and  as  the  sailor  declared  on  his  oath  that  the  men  were  kept 
in  irons  for  six  mouths,  we  have  thought  it  right  to  state  the  whole 
facts. 

Some  persons  will  perhaps  blame  us  for  raking  up  all  these  un- 
pleasant  stories,  and  may  say  that  it  is  not  wise  to  publish  them  at 
a  time  when  we  are  trying  hard  to  get  the  navy  well  manned.  Our 
nnswer  is  that  if  we  believe  the  system  to  he  bad,  and  injurious  to 
the  future  interests  of  the  navy,  it  is  our  duty  to  expose  and 
endeavour  to  get  rid  of  the  vicious  parts  of  that  system.  These 
£t:Hrments  arc  not  likely  to  be  read  by  flic  common  sailor,  but  by 


1859.] 


01T  HATAt  BISCIPIIITE. 


337 


educated  thinking  men,  who  will,  we  hope,  aid  us  in  our  endeavour 
to  obtain  justice  for  the  poor  sailor,  aa  well  as  for  the  aristocratic 
officer. 

Is  there  any  reason  why  a  court  should  not  he  formed  on  board 
each  ship ?  composed  of  commissioned  officers  and  petty  officers,  to 
try  all  serious  offences,  and,  according  as  a  verdict  is  given,  to  allow 
the  captain  to  award  a  punishment  regulated  by  Admiralty  orders  ? 
The  captains  in  the  navy  will  perhaps  say  that  such  a  proceeding 
would  dj  away  with  all  discipline,  and  that  a  man- of- war  would  soon 
become  a  bear  garden*  We  do  not  agree  with  this  objection,  but  on  the 
contrary  believing  that  it  would  be  the  most  likely  way  of  obtain* 
ing  justice,  we  think  that  if  it  was  tried  it  would  be  found  to  work 
welh 

Nest,  could  we  not  have  some  eminent  lawyer  to  preside  over  our 
courts-martial,  to  see  that  the  law  was  rightly  administered  ?  At 
the  present  time,  one  judge  advocate  rules  oneway,  and  another  quite 
the  opposite.  This  gives  rise  to  frequent  complaints  of  injustice 
and  partiality,  which  ought  never  to  happen  when  the  character  of 
a  man  is  at  stake. 

It  has  also  often  been  suggested  that  a  court-martial  should  be 
composed  of  different  classes  of  officers,  and  not  all  of  the  same  rank- 
The  court-martial  on  the  Captain  of  Marines  of  the  President  frigate, 
fully  illustrates  the  necessity  of  some  such  alteration  being  made,  At 
least  two  of  the  court  should  be  officers  of  the  same  class  as  the 
prisoner.  Thus,  if  a  paymaster,  assistant-surgeon,  or  lieutenant  of 
marines  be  the  accused,  we  would  suggest  that  two  paymasters,  two 
surgeons,  or  two  colonels  or  captains  of  marines,  as  the  case  may  be, 
form  a  part  of  the  court.  There  is  an  Admiralty  Order  at  present 
in  existence,  directing  that  all  punishments  inflicted  on  board  each 
ship  should  be  reported  to  them,  but  we  know  that  this  is  not  always 
curled  out  correctly,  many  of  the  minor  punishments  being  omitted 
in  order  that  the  report  may  escape  censure  ;  and  we  therefore  call 
the  attention  of  the  Admiralty  to  this  fact,  which  requires  a 
stern  remedy.  We  would  also  suggest  that  orders  be  issued  that  no 
officer  be  allowed  to  kick  or  strike  men  in  the  performance  of  their 
duty.  We  know  one  ship  where  the  commander  had  thick  soles  to 
his  boots,  and  his  great  delight  was  to  kick  the  men  in  order  to  make 
them  smart. 

All  officers  should  be  treated  as  gentlemen.  The  men  should  be 
regarded  as  fellow-beings,  who  by  kindness  and  good  example  may 
be  made  happy  and  contented,  and  will  then  cheerfully  obey  their 
officers.  If  this  be  done  the  navy  will  soon  become  popular,  and 
England  will  long  retain  her  supremacy  on  the  seas* 


Forcing  of  the  line  of  the  Mi  ncio— Invasion  of  the  Itrtlirtn  Tyrol— Rattle  *f  Sotttd 
Lucia. 

Meanwhile  the  two  armies  had  come  into  collision  on  the  banks  of 
the  Mincio,  Kadetzky  never  intended,  with  hts  small  force,  to 
maintain  the  line  of  that  river  permanently,  but  he  resolved  to  bold 
it  temporarily,  to  gain  time  to  provision  Mantua  and  Peschiera,  and 
complete  their  preparations  for  defence,  This  was  a  matter  of  abso- 
lute necessity,  for,  owing  to  the  negligence  of  the  Austrian  central 
government,  neither  had  been  properly  supplied.  It  tool 
Albert  fully  a  week  to  concentrate  a  sufficient  force  to  be  able  to 
assail  his  opponent,  and  this  time  was  made  good  use  of  by  the  Aus- 
trian commander.  Into  Peschiera  a  garrison  of  1,500  picked  men, 
most  Croats,  under  Baron  Eorth,  was  thrown.  Around  Mantua 
the  utmost  activity  prevailed.  The  garrison  of  that  fortress  waa 
commanded  by  the  aged  Count  Gorsakowski,  who  collected  cattle 
and  corn  from  the  surrounding  country  with  such  vigour]  that 
few  days  he  had  secured  a  supply  for  four  months ;  whilst  t  i 
which  during  the  long  peace,  hna  been  covered  by  villas,  w:is  com- 
pletely  cleared,  and  the  whole  fortress  converted  into  an  island  by 
the  erection  of  dams  and  opening  of  sluices.  On  the  7th  of  April  i 
skirmish  took  place  between  some  Hussars  from  Mantua  and 
patrol  of  the  Genoese  dragoons,  and  on  the  8th  Charles  Albert,  hnvin 
got  his  army  well  in  hand,  directed  it  in  several  columns  on  ti 
Mineio.  General  Bava,  with  the  right  column,  consisting  of  4,000 
men  and  sixteen  guns,  first  reached  the  river  at  Goito. 
town  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  and  was  held  by  a  company  of 
Ty  roles  e  El  fie  men,  as  a  fete  depont  to  cover  the  bridge  of  the  same 
name,  they  were  supported  on  the  left  bank  by  a  line  and  rifle 
battalion,  two  squadrons  of  Hussars,  and  four  guns.  The  morning 
had  just  broke  when  the  Piedmontese  skirmishers  approached  the 
enclosures  of  the  town  ;  but  the  Tyrolesc  opened  a  fire  so  sun 
sharp  that  they  were  three  times  driven  back  in  disorder,  whilst 
battalion,   which    endeavoured    to   ford  the  river   hii.  was 

repulsed  hy  the  reserve,     Bava  now  brought  up  his  sixteen  gun*, 
and     by    {heir   overwhelming    fire    occasioned    such    a    lo$s   to 
Austrians  that  General  Wolgemuth  ordered  the  tuwnt' 
and  the  bridge  blown  up,    The  mine    partiallj  failed,  §o   tL 
portion  of  the  parapet  of  the  latter  s^t ill   i 
the   Piedmontese,  covered  by   the  fire  of  their  infantry 
neighbouring  houses,  which   silenced  the   four  guns  of  I 
ponents,  clambered  with  the  utmost  gallantry,  and  soon  g 
head  attacked,  and  final!1,  breed  them  to  retreat  on 
the  loss  of  three  guns,  6  officers,  and  120  men  ;  amongst  the  offi 

I  were  the  two  nephews  of  Hofer,  who  fell  at  the  head  of  the 
riflemen  in  the  blood-stained  streets  of  Goito,  The  heroism 
of  tbe  Tyroleae  in  this  engagement,  and  their  long  defence  of  the 


1859.] 


CAMJJ 


IBAMT. 


330 


town  against  an  enormous  superiority  of  numbers/ was  deserving  of 
all  praise*  Radetzky  wrote  to  their  countrymen  in  allusion  to  it : 
"  The  regiment,  your  children,  which  you  have  sent  me,  U  worthy 
of  your  country."     The  loss  of  the  Piedmontese  was  equally  sevnv. 

Upon  hearing  of  the  passage  of  the  river  being  forced,  Radezt  kv 
concentrated  his  whole  disposable  force,  amounting  to  about  19,000 
men,  at  Villa  Franca,  between  Goito  and  Verona,  to  fall  upon 
General  Bava,  should  he  attempt  to  advance  further.  That  officer, 
however,  contented  himself  with  sec  tiring  the  position  lie  had  won, 
The  following  day  the  centre  and  left  of  the  Piedmontese  advanced 
npon  the  Mineio  at  Valeggio  and  Monzambano ;  at  the  former  town 
the  passage  was  won,  and  the  brigade  thrown  across  ;  at  the  latter 
the  attack  failed,  The  line  of  the  Mineio  being  thus  broken  through 
at  two  points,  Radetzky  must  either  give  battle  in  the  open  field,  or 
retire  to  the  position  of  Arerona.  The  high  grounds  of  the  Monte 
Vento,  lying  between  Peseiiiera  and  Verona,  offered  a  strong  flank* 
ing  position  on  which  to  await  the  attack  j  but  lie,  considering  that 
hia  army  was  now  the  sole  stay  of  the  Austrian  cause,  and  eotUd 
look  for  do  immediate  reinfor cements  (for  the  Hungarians  had  given 
directions  that  none  of  their  troops  should  proceed  to  Italy,  and 
Verona  was  on  the  edge  of  insurrection) ,  whilst  that  of  Charles 
Albert  was  but  the  vanguard  of  the  Italian  forces,  and  could  conse- 
quently afford  to  lose  thousands  where  he  could  not  spare  one,  on 
the  10th  withdrew  to  Verona,  keeping  open  with  his  light  troops, 
howerer,  his  communication  both  with  Pesehiera  and  Mantua, 

So  far  Charles  Albert  had  been  successful,  but  the  strength  of  the 
position  taken  up  by  Radetzky  now  became  apparent.  Three  courses 
of  action  lay  before  him-  (1)  To  advance  direct  on  Verona 
and  attack  the  Austrian  army  under  the  walls  of  that  place  ;  (2)  or 
to  turn  its  right  flank  and  cut  off  its  communication  by  a  wipe 
yp  round  the  western  shore  of  the  lake  of  Guarda,  on  Trent  and 
the  valley  of  the  upper  Adage  j  (3)  or  to  follow  the  same  plan  on  a 
more  contracted  scale,  by  ascending  its  eastern  shore  and  seizing 
Montcbaldo  and  plateau  of  RivolL  The  first  plan  could  not  be  at- 
tempted with  his  present  force  (25,000)  as  to  advance  into  the 
dangerous  triangle  formed  by  Verona,  Pesehiera,  and  Mantua, 
leaving  the  two  last  fortresses  and  a  rapid  river  in  his  rear,  would 
have  been  to  expose  himself  to  almost  certain  defeat,  the  troops 
necessarily  detached  to  observe  Mantua  and  Pesehiera,  reducing  Inn 
active  army  to  a  numerical  inferiority  in  the  field.  The  second  plan, 
though  presenting  the  greater  strategical  advantages,  could  not  be 
hazarded,  as  to  execute  it,  it  would  have  been  necessary  to  divide  his 
army  into  two  parts,  separated  by  the  lake  of  Gunrda,  in  pre- 
fteuee  of  a  concentrated  adversary,  the  right  wing  holding  the  line? 
of  the  Mineio,  the  left  moving  by  the  vallies  of  the  Chiese  and 
8arca  on  Trent.  This  would  have  been  to  repeat  the  fault  of 
TVunnser  in  179ti,  with,  probably,  the  same  result — for  Radetzky 
waa  certain  to  break  with  his  whole  force  through  the  weakened 
centre,  on  the  Mineio,  and  then  wheeling  to  his  right,  assail  the  rear 
of  the  Sardinian  left  when  engaged  in  the  Alpine  vallies.  The  thin  I, 
though  the  easiest  of  execution,  was  equally  impracticable  until 


340 


CAKPAKHi 


LOHDifiDT* 


[JtfLT, 


reinforcements  came  up,  and  Pesehiera  was  either  closely  invested 
or  taken,  for  it  would  be  neeessarv,  to  execute  it,  to  file  hi  a  left  wing 
into  the  narrow  space  between  tne  lake  of  Guarda  and  the  Adige, 
with  Pesehiera  ana  the  lake  on  their  left,  Verona  and  the  main 
body  of  the  Austrian  army  on  their  right,  and  the  rocks  of  the 
Montebaldo  and  Eivoli  in  their  front.  Under  these  circumstanccF, 
Charles  Albert  wisely  determined  to  await  the  arrival  of  reinforce- 
ments before  undertaking  any  offensive  movement,  and  in  the  mean- 
time he  held  his  army  concentrated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mincio, 
with  merely  strong  advanced  post*  to  secure  the  bridge  on  the  left, 
while  Pesehiera  was  nominally  invested,  but  only  on  the  right  bank. 
To  disturb  the  Austrian  communications  with  that  fortress,  a  few 
hundred  men  of  a  Milanese  free  corps  were  transported  across  the 
lake  of  Guarda  to  Bardolino,  where  they  landed,  and  descending  its 
eastern  shore,  surprised  at  L1  Assize,  a  small  Austrian  post  at  a 
powder  mill,  and  continuing  their  course,  finally  occupied  the  village 
of  Castelnuovo,  on  the  high  road  between  Verona  and  Peschierfl, 
and  where  it  is  intersected  at  right  angles  by  that  from  Mantua  to 
Trent,  This  important  strategic  point  however,  they  were  not  al- 
lowed to  retain,  a  moveable  column  from  Verona  stormed  the  village 
which  the  free  corps  had  barricaded,  and  drove  them  back  at  the 
point  of  the  bayonet  on  L*  Assize,  thus  reopening  the  communica- 
tion with  Pesehiera, 

"Whilst  the  main  armies  thus  remained  facing  each  other  on  the 
Mincio,  Charles  Albert  determined  to  dispatch  the  whole  of  the 
Milanese  free  corps  under  General  AHemandi,  up  the  western  shore 
of  the  lake  of  Guarda  into  the  Italian  Tyrol,  These  might  amount  to 
between  4,000  and  5,000  men,  unfit  tor  action  with  regular  troops 
in  the  open  field,  discontented  and  unruly  in  quarters,  and  inflated 
with  an  extravagant  idea  of  their  own  power  and  courage,  and  the 
utmost  contempt  for  the  enemy  ;  they  were  no  loss  to  him  as  far  as 
the  real  strength  of  his  army  was  concerned ;  whilst  if  they  were 
fit  to  do  anything,  they  ought  to  succeed  against  the  Tyrolesc 
militia,  who,  with  a  few  regular  troops  were  their  only  opponents, 
Their  success  would  to  the  last  degree  embarrass  the  Austrians,  as  it 
would  lay  bare  their  only  line  of  communications.  Their  defeat,  it 
is  probable,  Charles  Albert  woidd  little  lament,  and  in  fact  would 
rather  regard  as  a  good  riddance.  That  he  expected  no  good  from 
their  diversion  is  proved  by  his  refusing  their  leader's  request  to  be 
reinforced  by  two  regular  battalions  and  4  guns.  Allemandi's 
troops  were  divided  into  a  number  of  independent  columns  of  about 
500  men  in  each.  The  right  wing  set  out  from  Brescia  on  the  9th 
of  April,  and  moved  by  Condino  on  the  Sarca  valley,  whilst  the 
left  advanced  from  the  upper  part  of  the  valley  of  the  OgKo  across 
the  Monte  Tonal  on  the  Val  di  Sole.  Their  progress  w:as  at  first 
most  rapid,  for  no  enemy  appeared  in  their  path,  and  the  Italian  tri- 
colour was  carried,  amidst  songs  of  triumph,  from  peak  to  peak, 
until  it  floated  over  a  large  portion  of  the  Italian  Tyrol,  On  the 
17th  the  whole  country  from  the  Cles  in  the  Val  cli  Sole  to  the 
Guarda  lake  was  in  their  possession,  with  all  the  roads  leading  on 
Trent,  and  their  left  wing  was  preparing  to  descend  by  the  Val  di 


' 


1859.] 


campaioit  nr  iostbahbt. 


Sule  and  tie  Monte  Mendola  on  the  valley  of  the  Adige,  between 
Bufczen  and  Trent,  and  thence  down  the  course  of  that  stream  ;  whilst 
the  right  wing,  ascending  the  rugged  mountains  which  separate  the 
Tallies  of  the  ftirea  and  the  Adige,  was  to  pour  from  their  summit 
on  Trent,  and  unite  beneath  its  walk  with  the  left. 

But  these  dreams  of  conquest  were  now  about  to  be  shattered 
with  a  rude  arid  a  strong  hand,  Lieut.  General  Welden,  who  com- 
manded in  the  Tyrol,  had  not  only  improved  the  defences  of  Trent, 
but  having  drawn  together  therefrom  the  Yoralborg  frontier,  (where, 
fromtheSwiBs  declaration  of  neutrality,  they  were  no  longer  required) 
two  regular  battalions,  to  reinforce  his  small  garrison,  prepared  to 
anticipate  the  attack  of  the  Italians  by  becoming  their  assistant, 
He  was  encouraged  to  do  this  by  accounts  received  from  the 
fortified  port  of  Siva,  on  the  lake  of  Guarda.  The  small  garrison 
of  which  consisting  of  but  two  companies,  had  sallied  out  upon  and 
totally  defeated  one  of  A  Iknttdi'f  columns  GOO  strong,  Welden 
divided  his  small  force  into  two  columns— they  were  both  to  advance 
from  the  valley  of  the  Adige  ;  one  from  Trent  across  the  interven- 
ing ridge  into  the  valley  of  the  Sarca  against  AUemandi's  right,  the 
other  against  Ules  in  the  Val  di  Sole  against  his  left.  Both  were 
entirely  successful — the  first  column  utterly  defeated  the  free  corps  at 
the  village  of  Silemo,  the  second  put  them  to  flight  with  a  mere 
skirmish  in  the  neigh bourhood  of  Cles,  Utterly  discouraged  by 
these  defeats t  the  whole  fled  with  the  utmost  precipitation  from  the 
Tyrol,  and  with  the  exception  of  a  few  posts  near  the  frontier,  before 
three  days  were  over,  had  entirely  evacuated  the  Tyrolese  soil, 
Welden  wisely  refrained  from  dividing  his  little  force  by  any 
distant  pursuit,  but  retaining  as  fortified  posts  to  secure  his  flank, 
only  Eiva,  Stenico,  and  Male,  withdrew  the  remainder  of  his  men 
to  lioveredo,  where  he  occupied  a  central  position,  equally  adapted 
to  reinforce  either  the  above  posts  or  Kadet&ky's  extreme  left  on 
the  Montebaldo,  The  free  corps  had  covered  themselves  with  such 
ridicule  in  this  expedition,  that  the  Milanese  government  ordered 
them  to  be  disbanded  and  reincorporated  with  the  regular  troops, 

Meanwhile  the  main  armies  lay  idle  on  the  Mincio — ono  of  the 
outworks  of  Peschiera  was  indeed  cannonaded  by  Charles  Albert 
on  the  38th,  but  without  effect,  On  the  19th  however,  a  heavy 
column  consisting  of  infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery,  was  pushed 
forward  to  the  neighbourhood  of  Mantua,  and  after  a  smart 
skirmish  with  the  garrison  established  and  entrenched  themselves  on 
the  edge  of  the  lake,  so  as  to  blockade  the  fortress  on 
one  side  at  least*  During  these  events  two  inconsiderable  actions 
had  taken  place  in  rear  of  the  Adige.  A  moveable  column  detached 
from  Verona  towards  Yicenza,  fell  in  with  a  Venetian  free  corps, 
consisting  of  1000  men  and  4  guns,  who  had  entrenched  themselves 
in  the  village  of  Soria  (April  8th),  stormed  the  entrenchments, 
captured  2  guns,  and  drove  them  in  disorder  on  Yicenza,  Some  days 
afterwards  the  same  column  descending  the  left  bank  of  the  Adige, 
attacked  and  defeated  at  Bevilaequa,  another  free  corps  from  the 
south  of  the  Po,  which  had,  by  occupying  the  village,  cut  off  the 
communication  between   the   fortress   of  Leguago  and   Verona, 


342 


CAHTArOff  W  LOMBABDT, 


[JlTLY, 


(April  21).  On  the  20tb  the  arm}'  of  Charles  Albert  was  reinforced 
by  a  Tuscan  division  of  5,000  infantry,  200  cavalry^  and  8  gnus,  whilst 
intelligence  arrived  that  General  IJurando  with  the  papal  troops 
was  advancing  with  rapid  strides  towards  the  lowefr  Po,  where  he 
was  to  crossover  into,  and  occupy  the  Venetian  main  land. 

Considerable  reinforcements  having  now  come  up  and  more  being 
at  hand,  Charles  Albert  prepared  to  commence  the  plan  of  operations 
he  had  formed  for  the  expulsion  of  the  Austrians  in  Italy,  This  was 
(1)  by  the  occupation  in  force  of  the  A'enetian  main  land  to  isolate 
entirely  Rndetzkv's  army  from  the  new  Austrian  army  of  Reserve,  the 
formation  of  which  on  the  frontier  of  the  Isonzo  nad  slowly  com- 
menced ;  and  (2)  by  throwing  forward  his  own  left  along  the  eastern 
shore  of  the  lake  of  Guarda,  to  seize  upon  Sivoli  and  thus,  by  gaining 
his  extreme  right  flank,  and  obtaining  the  command  of  his  sole  line  of 
communication,  to  compel  IladetEky  either  to  retire  from  Verona 
into  the  Tyrol,  or  surround  him  in  that  town.  To  effect  the  first 
object  he  sent  General  de  la  Marmora,  one  of  the  best  officers  of  his 
army,  to  Venice,  to  hasten  the  organisation  of  the  forces  in,  and  direct 
the  defence  of  that  town,  and  its  continental  possessions,  whilst 
General  Durando,  who  with  the  whole  of  the  Papal  troops,  was  to 
occupy  IViuli  (as  above  mentioned),  and  unite  with  the  insurgent 
Levies  :\nd  the  free  corps  from  the  south  of  the  Po,  would,  it  was 
hoped,  be  able  to  collect  a  force  sufficient  to  prevent  the  advances  of 
the  Austrian  army  of  Keserve  on  the  one  hand,  and  hem  in  the 
rear  of  Radetzky  on  the  side  of  Vicenza  on  the  other,  To  efibet  the 
second  object  was  the  business  of  the  Fiedmontese  army  on  the 
Mincio.  The  Bteps  necessary  to  attaining  it  were  jirxt  to  invest 
Peschiera  closely  on  both  banks  of  the  Mincio,  secondly,  to  take  up  a 
position  with  the  main  body  of  the  covering  force,  between  Verona 
and  that  fortress  which  should  at  once  cover  the  siege,  and  protect 
the  left  wing  destined  to  assail  Kivoli  and  the  Montebaldo,  from  an 
attack  on  its  flank  and  rear,  and  thirdly,  to  expel  the  Austrians  from 
the  last  named  position*,  thereby  gaining  the  command  of  their  only 
line  of  com  munieat  ions— for  though  the  roftd  from  Verona  to  Trent 
ascends  the  left  hank  of  the  Adige,  it  is  entirely  commanded  within 
half  cannon  shot  by  guns  on  the  plateau  of  iiivoli  on  the  other  side 
of  the  river, 

With  a  view  to  carry  Bat  thrse  movements  on  the  28rd  of  April, 
Charles  Albert  in  person  made  a  reconnoissance  in  great  force  Ott 
the  left  of  the  Mincio  as  far  as  Villa  Franca  on  tire  Venom  road, 
whilst  on  the  25th,  the  Duke  of  Savoy  did  the  same  in  the  direction 
of  Mantua,  From  the  information  thus  obtained  it  was  discovered 
that  the  Austrians  remained  shut  up  in  Mantua,  and  beneath 
the  ramparts  of  Verona.  A  secure  bridge  having  been  now  com- 
pleted at  doito,  on  the  26th  the  general  advance  across  the  Mincio 
began,  on  the  28th  Peschiera  was  closely  invested  on  both  banks 
by  the  brigade  Pignerol ;  whilst  the  main  body  of  the  army  advanced 
beyond  that  fortress  on  the  Verona  road,  the  extreme  Lea  made  an 
attack  on  the  heights  of  Paceugo  and  Cola,  which  were  occupied 
by  the  Austrian  brigade,  Wolgemuth,  but  was  repulsed  with  loss, 
and  the  advance  of  the  left  wing  waa  thus  arrested,    Meanwhile  the 


late]. 


CAMPAIGN   nf   LOMBARDV. 


343 


advance  guard  of  the  centre  column  had  a  smart  skirmish  with  some 
Hussars  and  Croats  at  Sornnia  Campagna.  The  Piedmontese  army 
was  organised  in  two  corps  and  a  reserve,  and  on  the  evening  of  the 
98th  it  stretched  from  near  Facengo  on  the  lake  of  Ghmrda,  over 
fhe  high  grounds  of  Sandra,  San  Georgio,  and  Somma  Campagnftj 
into  the  plain  near  Villa  Franca.  The  second  corps ,  forming  the 
left  wing,  Jay  between  the  lake  and  the  high  road  from  Peschiera  to 
Verona,  the  tirst,  forming  the  right  wing,  continued  the  line  to 
Villa  Franca,  where  its  extreme  right  occupied  the  main  road  from 
Mantua  to  Verona,  the  reserve  and  head  quarters  were  established 
at  Sonoma  Campagna  in  rear  of  the  centre,  the  light  troops  were 
pushed  on  to  within  cannon  shot  of  Verona. 

The  maintenance  of  his  position  about  Verona  by  Radetzkv 
depended  iipon  his  holding  the  plateau  of  Hivoli,  as  already 
repeat edly  mentioned,  but  it  was  so  far  on  his  right  that  to 
garrison  it  in  force  with  his  right  wing,  would  have  disseminated  his 
force  too  much,  he  therefore  now  ordered  General  Welden7  (whom 
we  left  with  his  forces  at  Boveredo)  to  descend  upon,  and  occupy 
that  post  with  all  possible  expedition.  Till  he  could  arrive  however, 
it  was  necessary  to  hold  possession  of  Pastrengo  j  this  village  is 
strongly  situated  on  some  neigh t  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Adige, 
three  leagues  above  Verona,  at  t  lie  point  where  the  road  from  Mantua 
to  the  Tyrol  reaches  that  river,  and  is  a  strategical  point  of  great 
importance.  For  an  army  advancing  on  Verona  could  be  attacked 
from  it  on  their  flank  and  rear,  whilst  any  corps  moving  on  Rivoli 
must  gain  possession  of  the  direct  road  leading  through  it.  Into  this 
nm  Radetzky  threw  the  brigade  Sigigmund,  and  to  connect  it 
With  Verona,  and  threaten  the  right  of  any  corps  assailing  it,  he 
d  the  brigade  TajtiB  at  Busselengo.  Early  on  the  29th  Brogiia's 
Piedmontese  division  assailed  Postrengo,  but  they  were  received 
with  such  vigor  by  Sigis-mund's  Austrian?,  that  they  were  not  only 
repulsed  in  disorder,  but  pursued  for  a  considerable  distance,  and 
the  latter  even  attempted  to  carry  a  ridge  called  the  hi) I  of 
Boinaldola,  which  is  the  key  to  all  operations  in  this  part  of  the 
country.  This  inconsiderate  advance,  however,  caused  their  ruin, 
for  the"  Piedmontese  rallied,  and  beiug  far  superior  in  numbers,  out 
flanked  the  isolated  Austrian  brigade,  and  after  a  severe  combat 
drove  them  back  on  their  original  position.  In  it  they  were  not 
availed  as  the  brigade  Taxis  from  Busselengo  threatened  the  right 
flank  of  their  pursuers,  During  the  night  the  post  was  reinforced 
by  a  brigade  under  General  Lieut.  Wocher,  and  on  the  morning  of 

50th  the  whole  Piedmontese  left  wing,  consisting  of  two  divisions, 
Under  Genera!  Sonnaz,  renewed  the  attack.  On  this  occasion  they 
endeavoured  to  turn  the  position  by  its  right,  the  left  division 
moving  round  soils  to  gain  the  side  of  Ponton,  the  right  division 

eking  in  front,  whilst  the  Piedmontese  reserve  and  centre  made 
a  forward  movement  in  the  direct  inn  of  Busselengo,  and  Santa 
Lucia,  to  prevent  any  assistance  from  that  quarter— for  Radetzky  was 
there  in  person,  and  bad  concentrated  four  brigades  which  he  held 
wetl  in  hand.  From  10  in  the  morning  till  8  in  the  afternoon  tho 
tight  continued  with  unabated  vigor  around  Paatrengo,  every  garden, 


344 


CAMPAIGN'    IN    LOMIiAIIPY. 


[Jtn,x 


every  hedge,  every  detached  house  was  maintained  with  the 
utmost  obstinacy  by  tho  Austrian  riflemen,  whilst  the  rapid 
fire  of  thetr  artillery  for  long  arrested  the  assailants.  Column 
after  column  were  brought  up,  but  in  vain ;  the  riflemen 
of  the  Tyrol,  and  the  Bersaglieri  of  Turin  rivalled  each 
other  in  skill  and  in  valour-  at  last  nearly  30,000  men  were 
engaged  in  the  attack,  whilst  the  whole  force  of  the  defenders  did 
not  amount  to  6,700,  Nor  was  this  gallant  struggle  made  in  vain, 
whilst  Austrian  and  Piedmontese  toiled  and  died  in  that  deadly 
fight  around  the  wooded  heights  of  Pastrengo,  time  was  given  for 
the  columns  of  Welden  to  arive  from  the  Tyrol  on  the  summit  of 
the  Montebaldo,  and  he  even  pushed  forward*  a  battalion  of  riflemen 
with  two  guns  to  the  bridge  of  Ponton,  to  cover  the  retreat  of  the 
novr  worn  out  defenders  of  Pastrengo.  Wocher's  task  was  now  ac- 
complished, the  further  defence  of  his  position  would  have  been  but 
a  useful  waste  of  gallant  lives,  and  he  drew  off  his  troops  and 
abandoning  the  village,  fell  back  on  Ponton  where  he  passed  the 
Adige.  This  retreat  was  not  effected  without  severe  loss ;  so 
interlaced  had  the  skirmishers  got  that  many  of  them  could  not  he 
recalled,  and  were  cut  off,  whilst  the  rear  and  flank  of  the  main  body 
was  assailed  by  a  withering  fire.  He  lost  that  clay  not  less  than  900 
men  including  about  300  prisoners.  Kadetzky,  true  to  his  defensive 
system,  made  no  attack  in  the  centre.  The  object  tor  which  he  had 
fought  was  gained,  and  he  would  not  unnecessarily  waste  the  life  of  a 
single  soldier.  In  the  night  he  withdrew  the  brigade  in  Basse! engo 
to  the  left  bank  of  the  Adige.  When  the  victorious  Piedmontese 
sunk  down  to  rest  amidst  the  ball-riddled  houses  of  Pastrengo,  thev 
beheld  the  northern  sky  red  with  the  watch  fires  of  Welden,  which 
covered  as  with  a  crest  of  fire  the  rugged  cliffs  of  the  Montebaldo 
and  Kivoli. 

When  this  engagement  was  being  fought  the  garrison  of  Peschiera 
made  a  sally  which  was,  however,  soon  repulsed.  As  by  the  occupa- 
tion of  Pastrengo  and  retreat  of  the  Austrians  from  thenceT  and 
Eusselengo  across  the  river,  the  position  of  Charles  Albert's  left 
wing  was  left  comparatively  strong  and  secure,  he  was  enabled  to 
draw  closer  the  investment  of  IVsehiera,  and,  as  its  supply  of  provi- 
sions was  known  to  he  but  scanty,  he  had  considerable  hopes  of 
being  able  to  reduce  it  ere  long  by  famine,  even  if  he  could  not 
ceed  in  destroying  its  magazines  (which  were  situated  in  ver  | 
perfect  casemates)  by  a  bombardment,  Having  thus  secured  his  left 
he  prepared  to  complete  his  investment  of  Mantua  on  his  right ;  but 
this  was  no  easy  matter,  from  the  great  extent  of  the  line  of  circum- 
vallation.  The  great  strength  of  Mantua  consists  in  the  lake  and 
impassable  morasses  by  which  it  is  surrounded,  which  are  traversed 
only  by  five  dikes  on  which  the  roads  leading  to  the  town  are  con- 
ducted, and  the  entrance  to  each  of  which  is  protected  by  a  strong 
detached  fort,  This  gives  tlu.  garrison  the  power  of  concentrating 
their  whole  force  for  a  sally  upon  any  of  the  five  chaussees,  all  of 
which  being  so  distant  from  each  other  as  to  be  incapable  to  give 
mutual  support,  the  besiegers  are  under  the  necessity  to  render  the 
blockadeeifectivejof  erecting  works,  oppositeeach, of  strength  sufficient 


1859.] 


CAMPAI03T  ITS  LOMBARD?. 


345 


I 


and  manning  them  with  defenders  enough  to  resist  alone  the  whole 
force  of  the  garrison  directed  to  that  one  poiut,  and  these  have  to  be 
maintained  in  the  midst  of  the  pestilential  exhalations  from  the 
marshes,  more  destructive  of  human  Ute  than  exposure  to  the  tire  of 
the  best  directed  batteries.  Ohades  Albert  determined  to  employ 
the  Tuscan  division  which  had  come  up  to  his  support  to  complete 
the  investment  of  Mantua  on  the  south  east  when  its  communication 
with  Legnago  was  still  open.  General  Ferrari,  who  commanded 
them,  in  consequence,  crossed  the  lower  Mincio  at  Grovernolo  on  the 
21st  April,  where  he  entrenched  himself,  and  scut  forward  a  detach- 
ment to  Castellaro,  on  the  road  from  Mantua  to  Legnago,  which  cut 
the  communication  between  those  places.  On  the  23rd,  however,  the 
Austrian  garrison  made  sally,  and  drove  the  Italians,  not  only  out  of 
their  post,  but  back  upon  Governolo,  which  they  were  rash  enough 
to  assail,  but  were  beaten  off  with  the  loss  of  a  howitzer,  and  a  few 
men  killed  and  wounded*  This  check ,  however,  prevented  the  Tus- 
cans ironi  attempting  to  interrupt  the  communication  wTith  Legnago, 
and  they,  in  the  meantime,  confined  their  attention  to  blockading 
Mantua  from  the  right  bank  of  the  Mincio  on  its  south  and  west 
side-  Meanwhile  the  last  lingerers  of  the  Free  Corps  in  the  Itaiiau 
Tyrol  were  attacked  at  Storo,  on  the  27th,  by  a  detachment  sent  by 
Cfeueral  Welden,  who  drove  them  headlong  from  tbo  Austrian  for- 
ritory, 

Charles  Albert  now  made  an  attempt  to  win  the  heights  of  Kivoli, 
but  the  blow  was  a  feeble  one  and  but  feebly  delivered.  On  the  4th 
of  May  the  remains  of  the  Free  Corps  wTere  shipped  nt  Salo  and  trans- 
ported across  the  Lake  of  Guarda  to  I/Assize,  where  they  were 
joined  by  a  strong  Piedmontese  regiment  and  half  battery  of  Artil- 
lery, detached  from  the  left  of  the  main  army.  The  whole,  numbering 
about  t5jO0G  meu,  advanced  on  the  following  day  across  the  rugged 
country,  which  lies  between  the  lake  and  the  Adige  to  the  village 
of  Am",  and  about  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  crossed  the  Tassio 
■t,  and  began  to  ascend  the  rugged  flanks  of  the  Montebaldo. 
The  Austrian  ontpoflte  fell  back  before  them,  but  the  rolling  lire  ot 
their  main  body,  posted  securely  amidst  the  overhanging  rocks,  and 
the  destructive  discharge  of  some  rockets,  speedily  arrested  their  pro- 
gress* and  they  fell  back  in  disorder  to  the  other  side  of  the  rivulet 

The  result  of  the  attack  convinced  Charles  Albert  that  no  iniprec* 
sioii  could  be  made  upon  the  position  of  the  llivoli  by  a  mere  de- 
tachment. On  the  other  hand,  to  assail  it  with  the  main  body  of  his 
a,  while  the  Austrian  army  lay  concentrated  in  front  of  Verona, 
was  impossible,  as  the  attacking  force  would  speedily  End  itself,  while 
engaged  with  Welden  In  his  strong  position  in  front,  overwhelmed  by 
the  army  of  Radetzky  in  its  right  and  rear.  It  was  therefore, 
fore  anything  eoukl  be  done,  to  drive  Badetzky  from 
his  position  in  front  of  Verona  back  upon  the  town,  ami  if  possible 
seroBS  the  Adige.  The  position  occupied  by  the  Austrian*  was 
however  in  many  respects  a  strong  one.  From  the  heights  of  Sona 
and  Soinma  Campugna,  where?  the  Piedmontese  lay,  a  level  | 

ads  tor  about  a  League  and  a  half  like  a  terrace  towards  Verona; 
about  half  a  league  from  that  town,  it  begins  to  descend  by  a  gentle 


34(1 


CAMPAIGN  IX  LQMBAJLDY. 


glacis-like  elope  towards  the  Adige.     On  the  upper  edge  of  this 
elope,  just  at  its  commencement,  He  in  a  straggling  line  and  near 

her,  the  village  of  Chievo,   Croee  Bianoa,   Sao  Massimo,  and 
Santa  Lucia.     These  were  strongly  occupied  by  the  first  line  erf 
Austrian  army,  the  remainder  of  which  was  encamped  in  the  i 
mi  tin-  descent  between  the  villages  and  the  ramparts  of  Verona. 

I  Charles  Albert  win  these  villages  find  the  upper  edgeof  the 

lit ,  it  would  be  impossible  for  the  Austrians  to  remain  in  front 
of  the  town,  for  the  whale  of  the  slope  is  commanded  by  guns  E 
thence;  and  with  howitzers,  and  mortars,  Verona  itself  could  with 
ease  be  bombarded.  The  villages,  although  not  regularly  cntren 
were  yet  occupied  iu  force,  several  abattis  had   been  constructed, 
and  the  number  of  detached  houses  of  which  they  were  o 
with  intervening  walla  and  hedgerows,  presented  great  foeilitH 
defence. 

The  day  after  the  repulse  at  Rivoli,  Charles  Albert  assailed  this 
position  with  his  whole  force.  His  plan  of  attack  > 
the  mass  of  his  troops  upon  Santa  Lucia  and  the  Austrian  left,  whilst 
their  attention  was  distracted  by  a  general  attack  along  the  whole 
line;  for  this  purpose  (a  em  .to!   Eava  was  entrusted  with  the   com* 
mand  of  the  right  wing.     His  first  lino  was  composed  of 
brigades  (Queen  and  Aostu),  with  the  brigade  of  guards,  the   i 
of  Ihe  Piedmonteee  army,  in  eupport.     .He    was  to  attack   6 
Lueia  and  the  Austrian   left,  with  the  utmost  possible  vi 
to  throw  his  troops  frankly  into  action,  and  decisive  success  was 

ted,  as  Strassoldo  with  one  weak  brigade  was  alone  opp 
to  Him,    In  the  centre  Lieut,  General  D'Arvillars  was  to   leu. 
his  division  and  endeavour  to  win  the  edge  of  the  descent,  while  oil 
the  left    General   Broglia   was  to  direct  bis  own  division,  and  the 
volunteers  of  Parma  against  the  Austrian  right, and  the  vilhiLr 
Bianea  and  San  Massimo,  so  as  to  divert  their  attention  from  the 
decisive  point  on  their  left, 

By  seven  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  Gth  of  May,  the  whole 
Piedmontese  army,  numbering   45,000  men,  with   56  gun 
motion  across  the  plain.     The  different  divisions  moved 
preceded  1>\  their  guns,  and  with  their  flanks  well  covered  b\ 
ikirmiahflOl  and  light  cavalry.     Bava  first  brought  his    men 

D  on  the  right ;  with  the  Aosta  brigade  he  fiercely  assailed 
village  of  Santa  Lucia,  whilst  with  ih<  Queea  brigade  he  supported 
and  covered  its  right  flank.     Long  and  stern  was  the  fight  in  the 
village,  for  there  Strassoldo  had  inspired  his  weak  battalions  with  Ins 

heroic  spirit.  In  vain  trusting  to  their  superior  number*,  the 
Piedmontesc  repeatedly  tried  to  carry  it  with  a  rush  ;  in  vain  their 
artillery  coming  to  the  front  tore  its  streets  and  riddled  its  bouecs 
with  vollies  of  grape,  nothing  could  move  its  undaunted  defenders, 
Into   the   church  and  church-yard  two  rith  had  been 

thrown,   and  before  their  deadly  fire  tin 

away,  while  the  detached  houses  and  enclosures  were  defended  one 
by  one  with  the  utmost  obstinacy ;  for  three  hours  this  terrible 
test  continued  unabated,  and  at  last  it  was  yielded  only  to  i 
whelming  numbers,  when  the  ammunition  of  Btmssoldo's  men  had 


1859,] 


CAMPAIGN   IS   LOMUAADY. 


347 


failed,  Believing  the  victory  now  secure  in  this  quarter,  the  Pied- 
moutese,  maroliing  through  the  village,  were  beginning  to  debouch  on 
the  other  side,  when  the  head  of  their  column  waa  suddenly 
shivered  to  pieces  by  a  volley  from  a  battalion  of  Italian  Grenada 
followed  by  a  vigorous  charge  with  the  bayonet,  which  threw  them  1  n 
in  disorder  into  the  village.  For  three  hours  they  in  vain  endeavoured 
to  gain  more  ground;  the  head  of  evwy  formation  was  swept  away 
by  the  Austrian  tire.  The  brigade  of  Guards  wns  now  brought  up, 
and  Charles  Albert^  placing  himself  at  their  head,  led  them  on  with 
the  greatest  courage,  but  meanwhile,  General  Clam  brought  his  bri- 
gade to  support  St  raesoldo's  wearied  men,  and  met  the  onset  of  the 
Piedmoutese  by  a  vigorous  counter  attack ♦  There  one  of  the  most 
desperate  actions  of  this  war  took  place,  between  the  Piedmoutese 
endeavouring  to  debouch  from  the  village,  and  the  Ausfcrians  to 
regain  it  From  the  nature  of  the  country,  which  is  composed  of  a 
succession  of  gardens,  separated  from  each  other  by  atone  walls,  and 
overshadowed  with  trees,  neither  party  could  move  in  close  order, 
but  both  had  to  break  into  lines  of  skirmishers  and  email  detach- 

I  incuts,  which  strove  in  almost  single  combat,  without  either  giving 
an  inch  of  ground.  So  alarming  did  the  onset  of  ClanVs  men  be- 
come, however,  that  Charles  Albert  ordered  Gem  nil  D'Arvi  liars  to 
bring  his  division  in  all  haste  from  the  centre  to  support  the  now 
exhausted  right.  The  latter  had  during  this  time  advanced  to  the 
edge  of  the  descent,  driving  the  Austrian  light  troops  rapidly  before 
him,  On  coming  near  the  main  position  however,  his  left  flank  bo- 
came  exposed  to  the  fire  of  a  battery,  which  raked  it  with  such 
severity  that  its  advance  was  stopped,  lie  therefore  contented 
him  sell  with  bringing  all  his  guns  to  the  front,  and  engaging  in  a 
heavy  cannonade  with  his  opponents*.  From  this  fortunate  circum* 
stance  he  was  able  to  move  with  the  greater  part  of  hia  division  to 
the  support-  of  the  king  on  the  right.  Meanwhile,  General  BrogHa, 
with  the  Piedmoutese  left,  had  assailed  the  villages  of  Croce  Bianca 
and  San  Massimo  on  the  Austrian  right.  They  were  defended  with 
three  brigades  by  Field  Marshal  DMspre,  and  so  successfully,  th:tt 
be  not  only  repulsed  BrogHa7 a  men,  but  compelled  them  to  draw  off 
out  of  cannon  shot. 

It  was  now  four  o'clock  ;  Charles  Albert  had  not  only  failed  in  hk 
main  object  of  overwhelming  the  Austrian  left,  although  the  flower 
of  his  army  had  there  been  brought  into  action^  but  so  vigorous  a 
counter-attack  had  been  made*  that  he  was  obliged  to  summon  up 
tVL-ry  disposable  man  from  his  centre  to  hold  the  ground  he  had  won 
in  Banta  Lucia,  while  hti  left  wing  was  overmatched  and  uouhl  make 
no  progress,  In  these  circumstances,  Badetaky,  seeing  that  there 
was  no  need  ibr  anxiety  on  his  centre,  now  almost  denuded  of  oppo* 
nents,  or  on  his  right  where  the  assailants  were  falling  back,  directed 
his  reserve,  consisting  of  a  12-pounder  battery,  and  two  battalions,  to 
his  left  and  ordered  them  to  retake  the  village  with  the  bayonet, 
But  m  they  advanced,  the  Picduionteae  retired,  for  the  king  had 
become  convinced  that  with  his  present  forces  he  was  unable  to 
the  Austrian  position,  and  had  ordered  a  general  retreat,  which  had 
now  commenced*     The  brigade  Coni  acted  as  a  rear  guard,  and 


CAMPAIGN  IK  LOKBJLBBT. 


[JULT, 


covered  the  movement.  In  drawing  off  the  battalions  engaged  around 
Santa  Lucia,  great  difficulty  and  considerable  loss  were  experienced 
from  the  broken  and  detached  state  into  which  they  had  fallen,  the 
counterpart  of  what  befel  their  opponent  at  Pastrengo,  but  with 
this  exception,  the  ground  being  too  broken  for  the  action  of  cavalry, 
no  serious  molestation  took  place,  and  by  six  o'clock  in  the  evening, 
the  Piedmontese  army  had  fallen  back  across  the  plain  at  all  points, 
and  had  regained  its  old  position  on  the  heights  of  Sona  and 
Sonrnia  Camjmgna.  Its  loss  amounted  to  about  800  killed  and 
wounded,  and  some  hundred  prisoners,  and  was  almost  entirely  sus- 
tained by  the  three  brigades  of  the  right  wing  and  the  guards,  the 
remainder  of  the  army  not  having  come  seriously  into  action*  The 
Austrian  loss  was  nearly  us  great,  and  was  heaviest  in  the  brigade  of 
StrassoMo.     No  guns  were  won  or  lost  on  either  side. 

This  action  concludes  the  tixst  part  of  the  campaign ;  a  pause, 
caused  by  mutual  weakness,  ensued.  Both  parties  had  tried  their 
strength,  and  both  had  failed  in  their  ohject.  The  result  of  tine 
battle  convinced  Charles  Albert  that  with  his  present  force  lie  was 
unable  to  storm  the  Austrian  position  in  front  of  Verona,  and  till 
that  was  done  bo  could  not  venture  to  assail  the  decisive  point  of 
KivoiL  On  the  other  hand,  the  forces  developed  by  the  Piedmon- 
tese, and  the  vigorous  way  with  which  they  had  fought,  convinced 
Eadetzky  that  his  army  was  not  equal  to  the  task  of  driving  tbeai 
from  their  position  covering  the  siege  of  Peachiera,  and  that  there- 
fore be  must  wait  until  reinforcements  came  up,  even  should  that 
fortress  fall  in  the  interval.  Here  for  a  time  we  must  leave  the 
contending  generals,  Charles  Albert  with  his  attention  fixed  on  the 
of  raechiera,  and  observing  Mantua  with  his  right;  Kadetzky 
counting  the  moments  when  the  arrival  of  reinforcements  would 
enable  him  to  exchange  a  painful  defensive  for  a  vigorous  offensive. 
The  point  of  importance  and  interest  now  becomes  the  movements 
of  the  Austrian  army  of  reserve  and  the  Italian  corps  opposed  to  it 
in  the  Eriuli— upon  the  success  of  cither  party  there  the  fate  of 
the  campaign  depended  ;  were  the  Austrians  driven  hack,  Kadetzky 
could  receive  no  succour,  while  a  victorious  army  would  become  at 
liberty  to  assail  his  rear ;  then  overmatched  and  surrounded  he  must 
have  withdrawn  for  ever  into  the  TyroL  Were  they  victorious,  then 
reinforced,  and  with  his  communications  secured,  he  might  with 
safety  lead  forth  his  troops  to  contend  for  the  sovereignty  of  Italy 
in  a  general  and  decisive  action  on  the  shores  of  the  Mincio. 


First  oflfrrotvo  movement 


CHAPTER  IIL 

Operations  in  Friiili — Junction  of  the  arniv  of  reserve- 
of  Kadelaky. 

So  early  as  the  beginning  of  April  the  Austrian  government  hud 
commenced  the  formation  of  an  army  of  reserve  on  the  Isonso, 
destined  to  reinforce  the  main  army  of  JSadetzky,  hut  its  organization 
went  on  but  slowly,  for  while  all  the  corps  ordered  from  Hungary  to 
compose  it  were  topi  hack  by  the  national  party  there,  who  bad 
acquired  practical  independence,  others  were  delayed  by  threatened 


iimml 


' 


1859.] 


ClHPAIOTT  TS  KJMBiBDT. 


340 


disturbances  in  different  parts  of  the  empire  and  the  approach  of 
others  was  retarded  by  the  spread  of  insurrection  into  the  Alpine 
regions,  on  the  roads  leading  to  Carinthia  and  Trieste.  When  the 
whole  ibree  put  in  motion  was  concentrated,  it  would  amount  to 
about  20,000  men,  and  70  guns,  and  of  whom  1,300  were  cavalry  $ 
but  about  8,000  were  still  so  far  in  the  rear,  that  this  support  could 
not  be  calculated  on4  and  the  force  ready  to  advance  consisted  only 
of  about  13,000  men,  and  these  were  composed  of  thi*ee  very  differ- 
ent elements  i — (1)  Troops  ordered  up  from  the  interior.  (2)  Bein- 
forcements  forwarded  to  the  regiments  now  serving  in  Lombard)1*,  (3) 
Some  battalions  belonging  to  the  second  corps,  cut  off  from  their 
comrades  by  the  revolt  of  Venice  and  its  territories.  The  first  were 
almost  entirely  composed  of  Croat  battalions,  forwarded  in  the  most 
disinterested  way  by  the  Ban  of  Croatia,  who,  although  he  had  the 
dagger  at  bis  own  throat  in  the  shape  of  the  revolutionary  govern- 
ment: of  Hungary,  resolutely  bent  on  subduing  the  ^Slavonic  border 
provinces,  yet  seeing  the  imminent  danger  of  Italy,  despatched  every 
disposable  man  to  the  Isonzo,  though  by  doing  so,  he  deprived  him- 
self of  a  force  which  would  have  planted  his  banners  in  triumph  on 
the  walls  of  Buda.  Count  Nugent,  a  respectable  veteran  of  seventy, 
was  appointed  to  command  this  force,  an  unfortunate  choice,  for 
Amiga  a  distinguished  officer  in  the  last  French  war,  he  was,  from 
age  and  infirmities,  without  the  activity  and  vigour  necessary  to  or- 
gaajse  rod  eonduct  with  rapidity  and  success,  an  army  in  the  utmost 
state  of  weakness  as  to  organisation  and  equipment,  more  particu- 
larly with  regard  to  its  artillery  ami  commissariat  departments.  So 
much  time  was  occupied  in  the  preparations,  that  it  was  not  until 
the  15th  of  April,  that  Nugent  crossed  the  Isonzo,  and  opened  the 
campaign  with  his  little  corps  of  13,000  men. 

To  oppose  him  (as  Durando  had  not  yet  come  up  from  the  Po), 
General  Zucehi  had  only  3,000  soldiers  of  the  revolted  Italian  r©gi* 
menU,  and  8,000  volunteers  and  national  guards;  with  these  he  felt 
himself  unable  to  contend  with  the  Austrian  regulars  in  the  open 
field,  and  wisely  determined  to  confine  himself  to  the  defence  of 
t .  n\  ■  n  s  an  d  a  g  ue  r  i  1 1  a  war  in  the  eo  uut  ry .  He  accord  i  ngly  thre  w  h  i  in  - 
self  with  4,000  men  into  Palma  Novo,  while  he  garrisoned  XJdine  with 
1,000  in  addition  to  its  own  national  guard,  some  thousand*  strong. 
Against  the  latter  town  Nugent  first  moved,  and  he  commenced  a  bom- 
bardment of  it  on  the  evening  of  the  21st,  which  so  intimidated  the 
inhabitants,  thai  they  compelled  the  military  commandant  to  capitis 
Jafce on  the  2tfrd3  the  troops  in  it  retiring,  in  virtue  of  the  capitulation 
with  three  guns  to  Oiopo,  The  following  day  the  Austrian  advanced 
guard  reached  Codroipo,  but  the  Taglutmcnto  being  in  flood,  and  the 
bridge  of  V&hmone  having  been  destroyed  by  the  insurgents,  it  was  not 
until  the  27th  that  a  pontoon  bridge  was  completed  am  that  river 
passed.  A  halt  of  two  days  here  took  place,  during  whirh  General 
Culoz  joined  the  main  army  with  his  brigade,  which  had  come  from 
Carinthia  by  the  Col  di  Tar  wis,  and  had  overthrown  near  Osopo,  a 
column  of  tlie  insurgents  who  attempted  to  oppose  its  progress. 
This  delay  was  a  most  unfortunate  om\  as  it  gave  t;me  to  Gen 
Durando  "to  arrive  with  the  first  division  of  the  Papal  troops  on.  the 

V.  S.  Mao.,  No.  368,  JrjL*?  185&.  a  a 


350 


CAWAIffir  IK  LOMBABBT. 


[Jttly, 


Pirn o,  and  to  occupy  the  line  of  that  river,  so  that  •when,  on  the 
30th,  the  Austrian  main  body  reached  Pordenone,  and  their  light 
troopi  pushed  through  the  Sacile  to  its  banks,  they  fi  mud  the  wooden 
bridge  which  leads  over  it  burned  down,  and  the  Papal  troops  posted 
on  the  other  aide.  So  slowly  did  Nugent  move  that  he  only  reached 
Cornegliano  on  the  3rd  of  May,  from  whence  he  detached 
Croats,  who  were  subsequently  reinforced  by  General  Culoz  with 
his  brigade,  to  Bell  una  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stream  where  it 
issues  from  the  mountains  into  the  plain*  This  was  a  point  of  con- 
siderable importance,  m  it  possessed  a  stone  bridge  over  the  river- 
It  surrendered  without  firing  a  shot  to  Culoz. 

The  force  of  the  Italians,  consisting  principally  of  Papal  troops, 
which  were  stationed  on  the  line  of  the  Piave  were  organised  in  throe 
divisions,  commanded  by  Durando,  Ferrari,  and  La  Marmora,  and 
amounted  to  about  15,000  men.  Durando  had  the  nominal  coal- 
man d  of  the  whole,  and  when  he  heard  of  the  capture  of  Belluno 
moved  with  his  division  5,000  strong  (including  trie  Swish  brigade 
in  the  Pope's  service,  the  heat  troops  in  the  whole  army),  with  eight 
guns  and  700  horse,  to  Montebelluno  on  his  left,  where  he  took 
up  a  position  facing  Feltre  and  the  road  which  descends  the  stream 
from  Belluno.  The  other  two  divisions  were  left  in  front  of  Treviso 
to  defend  the  course  of  the  Piavc,  about  the  burned  bridge  where 
the  main  road  which  Nugent  was  following  crosses.  That  comman- 
der however,  finding  his  opponents  strongly  posted,  and  his  pontoon 
bridge  too  short  to  cross  the  river,  determined  not  to  force  a  passage 
on  the  direct  road,  but  to  make  a  flank  movement  with  the  bulk  of 
his  army  on  Belluno,  and  crossing  there  by  the  bridge  Culoz  had 
won,  descend  its  right  bank  on,  and  regain  the  main  road  at  Treviso, 
Leaving  therefore  his  whole  baggage  under  the  guard  of  two  brigmlos 
commanded  by  Count  Schaffogotz  at  Susigana,  on  the  main  road, 
he  act  out  on  the  6th,  with  the  remainder  of  his  army  for  BeUtmo, 
which  town  he  reached  on  the  7th,  whilst  Culoz  pushed  on  with  his 
brigade  to  Feltre,  which  Durando 'a  ad  van  red  posts  abandoned.  On 
hearing  of  his  advance  that  Genera!  retired,  not  on  his  other  two 
divisions  towards  Treviso,  but  far  to  their  left  and  rear  on  Bn 
a  movement  which  entirely  separated  him  from  them,  and  allowed 
t6e  Austriaus  to  interpose  between  the  two  portions  into  which  the 
Jtnlian  army  was  now  divided,  and  drive  them  both  to  <v<  initio  and 
disastrous  retreats.  The  only  reason  which  can  be  assigned  for 
this  absurd  measure  was  bis  dread  of  the  Austriaus  advancing  along 
the  foot  of  the  mountains  direct  on  Vicenza  bj  the  upper  Brenta ; 
on  the  Bth  a  slight  skirmish  took  place,  and  on  the  9th  the  Austrian 
main  body,  which  was  slowly  descending  the  right  bank  of  the 
Piave  towards  Treuso,  encountered  Ferrnri,  who  with  the  forces 
which  remained  under  his  com  maud  had  gallantly  assumed  the 
offensive.  The  action  was  begun  by  a  gallant  though  unfortunate 
charge   of  the   Papal   dragoons,   but   the   ad  fan   Austrian 

brigade  against  his  left  flank  soon  compelled  him  to  retire  to  Mos- 
tebelluno.  This  position  however  he  was  obliged  soon  to  abandon, 
as  intelligence  arrived  that  Schaftbgotz  bad  succeeded  in  throwing 
it  bfidgfc  ofer,  aiid  Forcing  the  passage  of  the  Fiate  on  the  mail! 


1639.] 


CAMPAIGN   IK  IOMBA.RDT, 


,  frijm  whence  lie  might  eut  off  his  retreat  on  Treviso,  On 
the  night  of  the  10th  accordingly,  he  fell  back  to  that  town  ;  during 
the  retreat  23OO0  volunteers  disbanded.  Durando,  who  had  on 
hu  aide  advanced  towards  the  Austrians,  again  fell  hack  on 
Bassano. 

On  the  11th  the  Austrians  advanced  against  Treviso  on  two  sides, 
on  the  north  Nugent  led  the  main  body  to  Visnadello,  and  Ins  light 
teoOpfl  poshed  tm  to  the  gates  of  the  town,  white  from  the  east 
Count  Schallbgotz  approached  along  the  great  road,  intending  by  a 
tlank  march  to  unite  himself  with  Nugent  at  Visnadello.  Ferrari 
taking  advantage  of  his  central  position  Gall,  with  a  Papal  brigade 
and  battery,  upon  one  of  Hchaffogotz's  brigades  whilst  on  the  march 
to  unite  with  Nugent.  Forming  his  men  into  close  columns  he  led 
them  with  great  gallantry  against  the  Austrians,  but  they,  opening 
out  to  right  and  left,  allowed  the  head  of  the  column  to  c 
direct  upon  their  artillery,  who  tore  it  from  front  to  rear  with  a 
volley  of  grape,  whilst  the  infantry  plied  its  ilauks  with  musketry, 
i  _>le  tied  in  confusion,  leaving  a  gun  behind,  and 
Schaubgotz  effected  his  junction  without  further  hindrance.  Oi 
12th,  Ferrari  leaving  tho  whole  of  the  free  cor  pa  to  reinforce  the 
giu'rUou  o£  Treviso,  retired  to  Meat  re,  in  the  direction  of  Venice, 
intending  ultimately  to  unite  with  the  Neapolitan  corps  which  was 
now  approaching  the  Po  in  its  advance  from  the  south.  Durando 
■Ibq  (after  a  fruitless  advance  on  the  11th  to  Arolo),  was  now  moving 
down  the  Brentain  the  same  direction.  The  Austrian  army  r&, 
tnained  for  six  days  immoveable  at  Visnadello;  the  arrival  of  messen- 
gers pressing  their  instant  advance  to  Ins  support,  from  Badetaky, 
combined  with  a  vigorous  sally  from  the  garrison,  determined  their 
commander  to  attempt  nothing  against  Treviso,  but  to  advance  by 
fcbsrahortest  route  on  Verona.  To  maintain  the  communications,  a 
gurris-iu  ol  Gtajab  irai  tlin.Avn  into  Hdiiuio,  aoda^f^  peitf-io 
cover  the  new  bridge  over  the  Piave  was  constructed,  to  garrison 
which  Lieutcnant-General  Sturmerwas  ordered  up  with  four  battalions 
who  had  arrived  at  Cfofs  from  the  interior.  In  thee©  measures  six  days 
were  with  true  Austrian  tar dis i£  ted.     One  fortunate   event 

however  occurred — Count  Nugent,  weighed  down  with  age  and  sick- 
ness, resigned  tbfl  Lieu  tenant- General  Thuru 
Mieceeded  That  officer  at  last  set  out  on  the  evening  of  the  18tht 
for  Verona,  with  19,000  men. 

I  Iran  while  llnrando  had  ordered  Ferrari's  men  to  join  him,  and 
hearing  of  the  march  of  the  Austrians,  advanced  by  Padua  towards 
Viceng*  with  the  utmost  expedition.     On  the  afternoon  of  the  20th 

Uistrian  advanced  guard  reached  tlu  Vicenza,  situated 

at  the  foot  of  the  Monti  Berid,  and  containing  JJO,000  inhabitants, 

I  town  of  great  importance  to  the  Austrians,  commanding  as  it 
did  the  main  road  to  Verona,  It  is  not  regularly  fortified,  but 
being  built  of  very  massive  Inmates  nnd  welt  barricaded,  and  contain- 
ing a  garrison  of  ft  and  2,000  l';i  oal  guarda,  it  could 
iml  1  without  ft  regular  assault,  which  would  ha 
time  for  Durando  to  overtake  hi*  rear;  under  bfa 
Thum  determined  to  make  a  flank  march  round  the  place  to  the 

A  A  2 


S52 


CA1TPAT05  I#  LOMBA&DY. 


[JrJXTt 


Verona  road  on  the  other  side,  merely  covering  the  movement  with 
&  fake  attack  and  cannonade-  Towards  evening  this  was  accom- 
plished, and  continuing  his  advance  the  next  day,  Thurn  fell  in  with 
the  outpost*  of  Eadetzky's  army  at  San  Bonifacio,  bo  that  thus  the 
much  wished  for  junction  of  the  army  of  reserve  and  the  main  body 
was  accomplished-  Eadetzky  however,  was  anxious  not  to  leave 
Yicenza  in  Ms  rear  in  the  hand^  of  the  enemy,  and  therefore  trans- 
mitted orders  to  Thnrn  to  retrace  his  steps  to  that  town  and  endea- 
vour to  take  it  by  assault.  On  the  23rd  he  accordingly  a  second 
time  appeared  before  it.  hut  meanwhile  the  favourable  mo- 
menl  had  passed  by,  for  on  the  21st  Durando  arrived  with  his 
whole  forces.  He  occupied  the  town  with  his  main  body,  and  p 
n  Swiss  battab'on  with  eight  guns  on  a  ridge  of  the  Monti  Berici  which 
overhangs  the  town.  It  was  late  at  night  when  the  Austrians  came 
in  sight ;  they  immediately  opened  a  fire  with  all  their  guns  and 
howitzers,  which  was  kept  up  for  two  hours  without  effect.  In  the 
rooming  it  was  renewed,  but  the  heavy  rain  during  the  night  had  so 
saturated  the  ground,  that  the  12-pounder  batteries  stuck  fast  in  the 
mud,  and  the  lighter  field  gunst  which  could  alone  be  brought  up, 
made  no  impression  on  the  massive  walls  nf  the  houses.  In  a 
short  time  the  well  directed  fire  of  the  Swiss  guns,  of  a  heavier 
weight  of  metal,  dismounted  many  of  the  Austrian  pieces.  An 
attempt  to  storm  the  most  advauced  barricades,  though  at 
first  successful  T  failed,  bom  the  Croats  being  driven  out  of  the 
works  they  had  won  by  a  Swiss  grenadier  battalion,  who  pursued 
them  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet  until  a  discharge  of  grape  shot 
arrested  their  advance.  Thurn  became  coavi need  that  to  continue 
the  attack  was  hopeless,  and  at  11  o'clock  drew  off  his  men,  and 
set  out  again  for  Verona,  which  town  he  reached  on  the  25th, 

Meanwhile,  events  of  great  importance  to  the  contending  parties 
had  occurred,  both  to  the  north  of  the  Alps  and  the  south  of  the 
Fo.  In  Austria  the  symptom*  of  disaiVection  became  so  sfi 
particularly  in  the  capital,  that  the  Emperor  no  longer  thought  bim* 
self  in  safety  there,  fled  to  the  Tyrol,  and  took  up  his  habitation  at 
Inspruck,  Mis  reception  by  the  mountaineers  was  worthy  of  the 
descendants  of  Hofer,  He  eatne  without  pomp  or  state,  a  fugitive, 
without  troops  or  guards,  but  the  whole  country  rose  a«  one  man 
for  liis  defence,  and  the  peasants  on  the  roads  leading  to  the  capital, 
organized  themselves  into  bands  who  kept  strict  watch  around  the 
town.  It  was  not  in  his  numerous  army  or  in  the  strength  of  the 
nobles  of  the  land  that  the  fugitive  monarch  found  protection  and 
support,  but  in  the  courage  and  fidelity  of  the  peasants  of  the  Alps, 
The  Tyrol  has  always  been  the  La  Vendee  of  Austria. 

At  Naples  a  revolution  of  a  different  character  hid  taken  place.  On 
the  14th  of  May.  the  day  before  that  appointed  for  the  meeting  of  the 
new  Constitutional  Chambers,  the  ultra-democratic  party  broke  out 
into  insurrection.  This  most  inopportune  event  wafi  eagerly  laid  hold 
of  by  the  king,  who  was  only  too  anxious  to  free  himselt  from  the 
imela  of  a  constitutional  monarchy.  The  Royal  Guard  ami  the 
Swiss  received  orders  to  storm  the  barricades,  and  a  severe  and 
bloody  street  fight  took  place.    The  crisis  of  the  battle  was  in  the 


CAMPAIGN   IK  LOMBABBY. 


Santa  Brigitta  street.  There  the  Swiss  regiment  of  Berne  was 
ordered  to  storm  the  principal  barricade ;  twice  formed  in  close 
Column  it  rushed  up  the  narrow  street,  twice  overwhelmed  by  the  fire 
from  the  windows  and  balconies  on  each  side,  it  recoiled,  leaving  a 
long  train  of  killed  and  wounded  behind.  At  last,  taught  by  ex- 
perience, a  different  formation  was  adopted,  the  soldiers  advanced  in 
file  close  under  the  waUa  of  tbe  houses  on  each  side,  and  two  guns 
were  brought  up  and  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  street  between  the  in  ; 
these  last  opened  their  fire  with  grape  and  round  shot  on  tbe  barri- 
cade, the  infantry  directing  theirs  entirely  against  the  windows  and 
balconies  on  the  side  opposite  them;  this  gradually  subdued  the 
flanking  fire  of  the  republicans,  then  the  barricade  was  stormed  and 
one  of  the  houses  adjoining  forced  and  all  its  defenders  put  to  the 
sword.  In  other  parts  of  the  town  the  royal  troops,  always  headed 
by  the  Swiss,  were  equally  successful ;  when  night  feh\  the  contest 
was  over,  and  the  republicans  overthrown,  but  the  four  Swiss  regi- 
ments engaged  lost  three  field  officers,  thirteen  other  officers,  and 
202  men  killed  and  wounded — more  than  half  of  these  fell  in  the 
single  regiment  of  Berne,  This  revolution  led  to  important  conse- 
quences, the  king,  having  now  triumphed  over  the  democratic  party, 
completely  changed  bis  foreign  policy,  and  the  Neopolitan  contin- 
gent, 20,000  strong,  under  the  command  of  General  Pepe,  which, 
towards  the  end  of  May  had  arrived  upon  the  Po,  received  orders, 
when  just  about  to  cross  that  river,  to  return  to  Naples,  Pej» 
denvoured  to  prevail  on  his  men  to  abandon  their  king  and  march  to 
the  support  of  the  Venetian  insurgents,  but  in  vain,  the  whole  re- 
gulars either  set  out  on  their  return  or  disbanded,  and  he  could  only 
lead  across  the  river  a  few  bands  of  volunteers,  At  the  Bame  time, 
the  Neapolitan  fleet  and  land  troops  at  Venice,  set  sail  for  the  south. 
The  sudden  and  unexpected  loss  of  this,  in  numbers  at  least,  power- 
ful auxiliary  army  was  a  severe  blow  to  Charles  Albert  and  the 
Lombard  party,  particularly  in  a  moral  point  of  view,  and  a  corres- 
ponding gain  to  Kadetzky. 

We  must  now  return  to  Verona  and  the  hunkn  of  the  Mincio. 
The  interval  which  elapsed  between  the  battle  of  Santa  Lucia  and 
the  arrival  of  the  army  of  reserve  on  the  25th  May,  was  occupied  by 
Eadetzky  in  turning  his  position  in  front  ot  Verona  into  a  great  en- 
trenched camp.  The  whole  villages  forming  its  first  line,  were 
fortified  with  the  greatest  care,  with  barricades  in  the  streets  and 
loop-holes  in  all  the  bouses  and  walls  facing  the  enemy,  whilst  a  second 
line,  consisting  of  seven  redoubts  armed  with  12  and  18-pounders, 
was  constructed  on  the  edge  of  the  declivity  in  their  rear.  Charles 
Albert  on  the  other  hand,  threw  up  Held  works  to  strengthen  tbe 
position  of  his  covering  army,  and  pushed  the  siege  of  IVschiera 
with  vigour.  This  army  was,  during  tbe  interval,  considerably 
strengthened  by  the  coming  up  of  Sardinian  reinforcement*,  but  the 
organization  of  tbe  Milanese  teoopi  went  on  so  slowly,  that  not 
above  5  or  6,000  of  them  were  in  line,  and  even  the  volunteers  nnd 
national  guards  hardly  amounted  to  a  gi*enter  number.  The  Milan- 
ese were  enthusiastic  and  ardent  in  all  their  declarations,  and  tbe 
mobs  in  the  great  towns  shouted  for  the  unity  and  liberty  of  Italy 


OAMPAIOST   IW  LOHBABDY. 


[JlTLV, 


from  morning  to  night,  but  their  energy  was  exhausted  in  empty 
demonstrations,  and  with  difficulty-  could  any  of  these  glowing  de- 
mocrats be  induced  to  shoulder  the  musket  and  join  the  armies  in 
the  field.  Such  idso  were  the  jealousies  of  the  popular  party  in 
the  different  states  of  Upper  Italy  of  the  king  and  of  eoctJ  other, 
that  though  all  were  convinced  that  only  by  being  united  under  his 
rule,  could  the  unity  of  action  necessary  for  independance  be  obtai 
yet  they  eould  only  be  brought  to  submit  to  it  with  such  absurd 
limitations  and  restrictions  as  would  have  rendered  nugatory  hii 
supreme  authority,  and  he  therefore  wisely  declined  to  assume  at 
present  the  title  of  King  of  Upper  Italy.  'The  democratic  party  in 
Venice,  Milan,  and  the  small  states  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Po  had 
reason,  ere  six  months  passed  away,  to  look  back  with  vain  regret  on 
the  golden  opportunity  which  they  allowed  to  glide  by,  and  which 
was  not  destined  for  ten  long  years  to  return. 

As  already  mentioned,  the  garrison  of  Peschiera  consisted  of 
about  1,000  men.  The  fortress  itself  is  situated  where  the  Mincio 
flows  out  of  the  lake  of  Ghiarda.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  river, 
which  not  only  traverses  the  body  of  the  place,  but  fills  the  ditches 
on  both  sides.  Its  ramparts  form  a  pentagon  with  regular  bastions 
and  ravelins  $  but  they  are  constructed  upon  an  old,  and,  as  opposed 
to  the  increased  power  of  modern  artillery,  weak -system — its 
greatest  defect  however,  is,  that  on  both  banks  of  the  river  it  is 
cojtJiniiiided  by  heights  at  a  distance  of  little  more  than  1,000  yards. 
To  remedy  this  as  far  as  possible,  two  outworks  have  been  con- 
structed on  the  declivities  forming  these  heights*  They  are  both 
detached  works,  closed  at  the  gorge,  and  connected  by  covered  ways 
with  the  fortress,  The  one  on  the  right  bank,  which  commands  the 
road  to  Brescia,  is  called  Fort  Salvi,  that  on  the  left  bank,  which 
commands  the  Verona  road,  La  Mandella  There  are  many 
hollows  amongst  the  uneven  ground,  which,  not  being  commanded 
by  any  guns  from  the  works,  enabled  the  besiegers  to  use  them  as 
cover,  and  to  open  their  trenches  as  close  as  500  yards  to  the  fort*. 
On  the  18th  of  May,  the  Jirst  of  the  batteries  opened  its  fire  at 
that  distance  on  Fort  Mandella;  by  the  21  st,  one  gun  only  re- 
mained unsileneed  in  it,  whilst  by  the  25th,  with  such  vigour  were 
the  works  probed*  Port  Salvi  was  in  ruins,  and  the  body  of  the 
place  much  injured  by  a  heavy  vertical  fire.  Both  outworks  being 
now  overpowered,  approaches  were  carried  on  w  ith  vigor  against  the 
fortress  itself  the  principal  attack  being  directed  against  the  main 
rampart  near  the  Yerona  gate,  The  King  in  person  was  constantly 
present  in  the  trenches.  On  the  2(5th,  the  place  was  summoned, 
but  the  terms  proposed  by  the  governor  being  found  inadmissible, 
the  attack  was  renewed  on  the  27th,  and  on  the  2Sth  the  breaching 
batteries  were  commenced.  It  was  evident  that  the  fortress 
could  not  hold  out  Jung — provisions  were  rapidly  failing,  and  the 
wrtieul  tire  had  done  great  wjnry  to  the  interior  of  the  works. 
Under  these  tircum  stances,  it  not  relieved  in  a  few  days,  it  must 
nurrender. 

Uudetzky,  now  that  the  reserve  had  W   ;e  up,  determined  to  make 
an  effort  for  its  relief,  but  a  front  attack  upon  the  ibrtitied  position 


18».] 


CAMPAIGN  IK   LOSLDABBY. 


355 


of  Charles  Albert  was  too  hazardous  to  be  undertaken.  Other 
reasons  also  rendered  it  almost  necessary  to  shift  the  quarters  of  the 
army,  The  supplies  of  provisions,  which  could  be  drawn  from  the* 
Tyrol  were  but  small,  whilst  the  only  district  which  could  be  foraged 
consisted  of  the  small  triangle  between  the  Adige,  its  tributary  the 
Aplon,  and  the  Alps,  and  this  had  become,  after  two  months  occupa- 
tion by  the  army,  utterly  exhausted.  It  was  to  remedy  this  defect, 
ding  hib  quarters  to  the  rear*  that  had  induced  Radetzky  to 
direct  the  unsuccessful  attack  on  Yiceiiza  already  noticed,  That 
commander  had  therefore  a  double  object  m  view,  first,  to  relieve 
Peecbiera,  secondly,  to  gain  fresh  quarters  for  his  army,  This  ho 
proposed  to  do  by  a  difficult  but  most  able  manoeuvre.  His  plaii 
was  to  leave  in  the  entrenched  camp  of  Verona  a  force  just  suffi- 
cient to  man  the  works,  whilst  with  the  whole  remainder  of  his 
army  hfl  was  to  march  by  his  own  left  on  Mantua,  raise  the  blockade 
of  that  fortress,  and  then  continuing  his  advance,  sweep  round  the 
right  Hank  into  the  rear  of  Charles  Albert's  position  on  the  upper 
Mini'io,  and  force  him  if  possible  to  abandon  the  siege  of  Pesclnera, 
in  order  to  preserve  his  communications  i  whilst  he  was  not  without 
hope  that  in  doing  so  the  King  would  make  some  false  movement) 
which  would  give  him  an  opportunity  of  engaging  with  advantage 
in  a  battle,  when  his  opponent  would  run  the  risk,  if  defeated,  of 
being  cut  ofiv  from  his  base  of  o[>erations,  and  thrown  back  on  the 
now  exhausted  shores  ot  the  Guar  da  lake. 

On  the  evening  of  the  27th,  lie  set  out  from  Verona  to  execute 
this  plan.  In  the  entrenched  camp  Count  Thurn  remained  with  the 
greater  part  of  the  army  of  resenv — the  young  soldiers  of  which  it 
Was  composed  being  much  exhausted  with  their  long  march*  Tho 
arroy  which  he  led  forth  with  him,  consisted  of  about  35,000  men, 
0,000  of  whom  were  cavalry,  vuth  151  guns,  It  was  divided  into 
three  army  corps,  comma  tided  by  Count  Wratislau,  Baron  D'Asprf, 
and  Gi-nrial  Woe  her,  imd  moved  on  Mantua  in  three  columns,  on 

Del    liue.     The    right   columns   consisting    of  the    1st    corps 

■.it  1*1  an),  was  that  next  the  enemy,  and  was  ordered  to  move  by 
Vigasio,  Trevenzuola,  and  Caslelbel  forte.  It  was  flanked  on  its  right 
by  strong  bodies  of  Croats  and  hussars.  The  centre  column, 
consisting  of  the  2nd  corps  (DAspr^),  with  the  infantry  and  artil- 
\1,  or  reserved  corps  (Wocher),  was  to  march  by  Isola 
do  la  Scala,  Sorga  and  Castelkro,  whilst  the  left  column  consisting 

ha  cavalry  of  the  3rd  corps,  was  to  move  by  Bovolone  and 
Nogara*  The  whole  wviv  to  advance  left  in  front,  so  that  by  a 
Mm  pie  wheel  of  companies  they  could  form  a  line  of  battle  to  the 
right  in  three  -h  column  becoming  a  line.     Then  commenced 

q£  the  finest  tactual  display  a  which  have  been  seen  in  modern 
Europe.  The  movement  which  was  hving  performed  by  EadeUky 
was  one  of  the  greatest  difficulty  in  execution,  it  was  that,  though 

i ted  with  a  vv  i  p,  which  had  proved  fatal  to  Marmont  at* 

Salamanca,  and  to  the  allies  at  Austerlit/..  Charles  Albert  held  his 
army  I  onrentrated  in  massive  columns,  on  the  summit  of  Somma 
Campagmi,  and  the  heights  above    Villa  Franca,  ready  to  fall  on 


856 


CAMPAIGN  IK  LOMBAEDY. 


[JOLT, 


th£  long  flank  of  the  Austrian  array  as  it  wound  in  the  plain, 

along  the  front  and  round  the  right  of  his  position.  But  well  and 
ably  did  the  old  man  on  that  day  hold  his  army  together,  and  won- 
derful military  discipline  and  skill  did  it  display.  Each  column 
marched  so  well  closed  up,  that  from  front  to  rear  it  never  extended 
over  more  than  a  league  and  a  half.  No  yawning  gap,  like  that  be- 
tween Thornier*.  Ta  and  Olnusel'e  division,  no  important  height  unoc- 
cupied, like  the  hill  of  PmtKen,  gave  opportunity  to  the  Piedinontese 
battalions  to  sweep  down  on  the  un guarded  spot,  but  closed  Up  and 
dense  as  one  man,  Badetzky  carried  the  whole  with  a  strong  firm 
hand  round  the  King's  positiou,  and  brought  them  to  the  glacis  of 
Mantua,  where  they  slept  on  the  night  of  the  28th.  It  was  a 
similar  movement,  and  similarly  executed  to  that  of  Wellington, 
round  the  left  flank  of  Soult*s  position  at  Mozamh ares,  close  to  Sala- 
manca, and  to  find  its  parallel  we  must  read  in  the  glowing  des- 
cription of  Napier,  the  narrative  of  that,  the  greatest  of  all  the 
English  general's  campaigns. 

( ha  the  morning  of  the  29th  Badetzky  continued  Ids  advance 
from  Mantua,  His  line  of  march  lay  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Mzticio,  along  the  southern  shore  of  the  lake  on  which  the  fortress 
ffeukds : — this  brought  his  advanced  guards  upon  the  Tuscan  division, 
{G00O  strong  with  S  guns),  who,  as  formerly  mentioned^  observed 
and  blockaded  the  fortress  on  that  side.  This  division  whilst  un- 
supported, yet  having  received  no  orders  to  retreat,  prepared  like 
good  soldiers  to  make  good  their  post,  and  gallantly  threw  them* 
Helves  in  the  way  of  the  whole  Austrian  tinny*  The  position  which 
they  occupied  was  a  strong  one,  it  consisted  of  the  line  of  a  canal 
called  the  Ossone.  This  canal  derives  its  waters  from  the  Mincio 
and  winds  in  a  southern  direction  towards  the  Po,  thus  traversing 
at  right  angles  the  roads  which  the  Austrians  were  following.  The 
road  nearest  the  lake  of  Mantua  crosses  it  at  the  village  of  Curtatone, 
which  is  situated  in  the  edge  of  the  inundations  ;  here  about  half  of 
the  division  lay,  the  streets  were  all  barricaded  strongly,  the  houses 
loopholed  and  occupied,  and  redans  thrown  up.  Half  a  league 
lower  down  the  canal  the  other  or  more  southern  road  from  Mantua 
nosscs  at  Monlanara;  here  the  remainder  of  the  division  was  posted. 
This  village  was  occupied  in  the  same  way  as  the  former,  in  front  of 
it  several  redans  wera  thrown  up,  in  rear  of  which,  and  serving  as  a 
lie  fence  to  their  gorges,  stood  some  well-built  detached  villas,  which 
were  bai  rieaded  and  garrisoned  j  ngamst  this  strong  line  of  defence 
the  Austrians  moved  in  three  columns.  The  right  column,  consisting 
of  two  brigades  under  Prince  F.  Schwarzenberg,  marched  along  the 
northern  road  against  Curtatone,  the  centre  column,  also  two 
brigades,  under  Prince  C.  Sehwarzenberg,  along  the  southern  road 
against  Montanara,  the  left  column  of  the  same  force,  under  Prince 
Liechtenstein,  still  further  to  the  south  against  the  bridge  of  Buscoldo 
lower  flown  on  the  canal.  The  country  through  which  the  troops 
marched  was  a  very  difficult  one,  the  ground  on  each  side  of  the  high 
roads  being  almost  impracticable  from  the  number  of  deep  ditches  filled 
arith  water,  high  hedges  and  rows  of  trees  united  by  festoons  of 


1859.] 


CAMPAIGN  IS  LOMJUBDY. 


357 


nuui 

seco 
tun 
Moi 
The 


vines.  "When  the  leading  brigade,  (BenedecVs)  of  the  column 
moving  on  Curtate  tie  reached  that  place  they  were  unable,  from  the 
severity  of  the  fire  of  musketry  and  artillery  with  which  they  were 
received,  to  make  any  progress  on  the  high  road,  and  it  was  not 
until  midday  that  the  pioneers  were  able  to  bridge  the  ditches  on 
each  side  of  the  road  so  as  to  enable  its  artillery  to  get  into  position, 
A  brisk  cannonade  now  ensued,  under  cover  of  which  the  infantry 
rushed  in  with  fixed  bayonets,  but  were  twice  repulsed  with  heavy 
loss;  the  second  brigade  now  came  up  and  was  immediately  led  on  to 
the  charge,  they  succeeded  in  penetrating  at  one  point  and  maintained 
their  ground,  whilst  the  first  brigade  having  rallied  returned  a  third 
time  to  the  charge  and  carried  some  of  the  works  on  the  left ;  at  this 
decisive  moment  the  ammunition  of  the  Tuscans  ran  out,  and  they 
abandoned  the  position  and  fell  back  towards  Gazzaldo,  while  the 
second  brigade  pursued  them,  Colonel  Benedeek  with  the  first 
turned  to  his  left  and  marched  down  the  canal  in  the  direction  of 
ntanara,  attracted  by  the  heavy  cannonade  from  that  quarter, 
are  the  leading  brigade  of  the  centre  column  under  Count  CI  am 
could  for  long  make  no  way,  His  artillery  kept  up  a  vigorous  fire, 
but  the  order  of  the  infantry  was  broken  m  forcing  their  way 
through  the  entangled  country  on  each  side  of  the  road,  and 
consequently  for  some  time  the  attacks  were  made  by  battalions 
independently  and  with  little  concert.  At  last  one  of  the 
holt  sea  on  the  edge  of  the  village  was  after  a  desperate  conflict, 
in  which  it  was  defended  from  floor  to  floor,  carried,  and  a  posi- 
tion thus  secured  from  which  a  rocket  battery  was  able  to  open 
on  the  interior  of  the  place.  At  this  instant  Prince  Liechtenstein 
with  the  left  column,  (who  had  crossed  at  the  bridge  of  Boscoldo 
without  opposition,  and  then  turning  to  his  right  had  marched  with 
all  speed  on  Montanara)  appeared  in  the  rear  of  the  Tuscan  position, 
on  their  only  line  of  retreat  They  then  withdrew  from  the  village, 
and  uniting  with  their  reserves,  the  whole  threw  themselves  into 
the  strong  detached  villas  in  the  rear  of  the  post  ion ,  where,  surrounded 
by  the  Austrians,  they  made  a  most  gallant  and  desperate  resistance. 
l%e  contest  was  now  too  unequal ;  one  by  one  the  villas  were  stormed 
and  their  defenders  obliged  to  throw  down  their  arms.  The  loss  of 
the  Tuscans  on  this  fatal  day  was  450  killed  and  wounded,  2,000 
prisoners,  and  5  gTins  taken'  The  loss  of  the  Austrians  was  also 
very  severe,  amounting  to  35  officers  and  638  men  killed  and 
wounded.  The  remnant  of  the  Tuscan  division  fell  back  on  the 
King's  army  on  the  upper  Mineio.  By  the  evening  of  the  29th  the 
Igt  and  3rd  corps  of  the  Austrians  were  established  with  their 
advanced  guard  at  Eivalta  on  the  (roito  road,  whilst  the  2nd  corps 
moving  towards  the  Oglio  had  reached  Ospkaletto  with  its  leading 
brigade. 

(To  be;  continued.) 


«tt 


[Jtlt, 


THE  TEADE  OF  NEUTBALS. 

If  history  is  philosophy  teaching  by  example,  then  in  antic ipatiug 
the  Tut ure  it  is  wise  to  overhaul  the  past,  so  that  in  navigating 
tin:  unknown  sea  of  futurity »  we  must  keep  a  bright  look  oui 
aheadj  but  astern.  To  be  sure,  this  is  reversing  the  practice  of  or- 
dinary sailing,  but  we  have  to  deal  witJi  mental  instead  of  physical 
science-  The  simple  tact  is,  we  are  going  on  a  voyage  of  diseovi-ry 
in  search  of  a  precedent,  but  we  have  no  doubt,  that  after  we  have 
gravely  shaken  our  heads,  we  shall  come  to  the  conclusion  that 
what  has  happened  before  is  very  likely  to  happen  again. 

This  may  not  appear  to  be  in  the  highest  spirit  of  prophecy,  hut 
we"  do  not  profess  to  read  the  future  by  any  other  light  than  the 
past ;  eo  that  in  answering  the  question,  "  will  free  ships  cover  free 
cargoes  in  future  wars/'  we  refer  to  the  great  revolutionary  struggle 
with  the  elder  Napoleon  for  information. 

The  cost  of  war  is  enormous*  It  is  difficult  to  form  correct  con- 
elusions  of  the  expenditure  of  nations  during  periods  of  strife,  even 
by  tha  aid  of  figures*  The  huge  totals  only  bewilder  instead  of  in- 
structing the  mind.  At  present  our  national  debt,  funded  and  un- 
funded, amounts  in  round  numbers  to  £807,000,000,  and  this  gum 
is  entirely  owing  to  war  expenditure.  From  1793  to  1BOO?  we  speat 
in  war  Ml9Qj5OQfi0Qt  and  from  1800  to  1815,  the  amount  rose  to 
£830,134,614.  Tliis  we  believe  is  an  imder-estimate.  We  haw 
seen  the  cost  of  our  Napoleonic  contests  valued  at  £900,00< v 
During  the  whole  of  the  above-mentioned  period,  the  commerce  at 
England  struggled  against  loans,  taxes,  and  financial  embarrassments 
incident  to  war ;  every  sea  swarmed  with  cruisers  and  privateers, 
the  country  too,  was  not  only  heavily  taxed,,  but  the  people  were 
called  upoa  to  subsidise  Europe  against  France.  Our  national  debt, 
as  we  have  shown,  increased  to  an  enormous  amount,  yet  so  elastic 
was  British  commerce,  and  so  well  was  it  protected  on  the  ocean  by 
our  gallant  navy,  that  notwithstanding  our  gigantic  expenditure  for 
war  purposes,  the  nation  increased  in  riches  from  year  to  year,  and 
that  at  a  pace  no  nation  ever  equalled  before.  This  remarkable  fact 
has  grown  into  a  maxim,  inasmuch  as  it  proves  that  the  weight  of 
taxei  must  be  calculated,  not  by  what  is  taken,  but  by  what  is  left, 
France,  Austria,  liussia,  and  Prussia  were  crippled  and  worn  out  in 
that  Itspenite  struggle,  while  England  came  out  of  the  war  the 
richest  nation  in  the  world*  Our  indebtedness  was  as  nothing  com- 
pared with  our  power  to  pay,  It  is  true  we  had  given  away  thou- 
sands upon  thousands  iu  bounty  to  soldiers  and  sailors,  and 
squandered  about  eight  hundred  millions  of  pounds  sterling  in  guns, 
drums,  cartridges,  and  other  fireworks,  but  after  all  it  turns  out,  to 
be,  as  Mr,  U'lsmeli  said  the  other  day,  only  a  ileabite,  for  it  is  not 
one  year's  income  of  the  people,  and  surely  no  energetic  and  sensi- 
ble man  would  consider  himself  ruined,  or  in  danger  of  the  "Bench," 
if  his  obligations  amounted  to  only  one  twelve  months1  revenue  of 
his  paternal  acres, 


1859.] 


TBADB  OF  NEUTRALS. 


However,  the  effect  of  the  wars  of  the  elder  Xapoleon  was  long 
and  grievously  felt  by  all  the  continental  powers  engaged  in  them, 
and  it  required  a  good  deal  of  tender  nursing  before  any  of  thorn 
could  indulge  in  a  war  whoop  again.  But  the  elastic  n:u  ure  of  English 
commerce  booh  put  this  country  in  ready  cash,  and  notwithstanding 
the  interest  of  our  national  debt,  the  usual  mis  management  of  our 
e  governments,  our  CaflVe  and  other  colonial  troubles*  the 
b  Russia,  and  the  great  sacriti.es  we  have  been  called 
upon  to  bear  in  the  Indian  mutiny,  England  is  at  this  moment  the 
most  solvent  nation  iu  the  world.  Our  Three  -per-  Cents  hover  round 
91,  while  those  of  France  vibrate  between  59  and  62.  Thirty  per 
teat*  difference  in  the  value  of  public  eeeurities  are  fearful  odds, 
when  it  comes  to  borrowing  and  tells  well  for  English  credit  and 
stability.  A  nation  need  not  button  its  breeehea  pocket  overtight 
with  a  floating  capital  of  a  thousand  millions  of  pounds  sterling,  or 
when  it  can  apply  £300,000f000  without  inconvenience,  in  railways. 
We  might  continue  to  amaze  the  mind  by  throwing  huge  total* 
before  the  reader's  eye,  but  we  refrain,  except  in  one  instance  more, 
us  that  is  perhaps  the  most  astonishing  proof  that  can  be  advanced 
of  the  riches  of  England,  rife*  that  the  people  possess  suiEeieufc 
loose  cash  to  support  the  entire  population  in  idleness  for  an  entire 
ye«r. 

Now  this  creation  of  capital  in   England  during  the  last  half 

tury,  in  spite  of  the  heavy  drains  of  war,  is  one  of  the  main 
facts  of  modern  history.  It  has  given  to  Englishmen  a  passion  for 
independence,  and  the  sacredness  of  property  has  read  mi  :iu  ideal 
perfection.  We  reduce  this  feeling  to  practice  when  living  accord- 
ing  to  our  means,  and  it  is  a  point  of  honour  in  com  menial  circles, 
not  to  consider  an  undertaking  honest  unless  it  pays,  When  a 
people  acknowledge  these  precepts  as  part  of  their  commercial  code, 
property  becomes,  as  it  were,  their  national  life-blood,  which  nothing 
but  treason  or  felony  ought  to  over- ride. 

However,  we  are  reminded  that  during  the  last  war  with  France  and 
also  with  America,  private  priofM  .t<  y  was  not  safe  upon  the  high  seas. 
It  was  at  the  mercy  of  the  enemy's  cruisers  as  well  as  his  privateers, 
which  latter  profession  is  now  acknowledged  to  have  been  piracy  in 
disguise.  Probably  the  great  mass  of  the  people  are  now  too  much 
occupied  by  the  events  of  the  war  in  Italy,  to  pay  much  attention 
to  this  business,  but  our  merchants  and  shipowners,  who  are  more 
interested  in  the  affair,  are  pondering  in  their  minds  what  effect  hos* 
till  ties  will  have  upon  the  commerce  of  this  country.  That  it  will 
be  injurious  even  if  confined  to  Italy,  is  evident,  but  should  it  ex* 
tend  to  Unhand,  will  the  doctrine  accepted  during  the  Russian  war, 
and  subsequently  confirmed  by  the  Paris  Congress,  that  "  free  ships 
cover  free  cirgoes."  be  acknowledged  by  all  the  nations  that  inay  be 
involved  in  the  expected  TO, 

Should  this  be  the  case,  it  would  be  a  great  boon  to  mankind  in 
general,  and  great  trading  communities  in  particular.     For  i(  we  are 
to  read  the  future  by  the  light  of  the  past,  we  may  feel  pretty 
.i  in  that  *o  long  as  the  profits  of  our  enormous  trade  remain  un- 
disturbed, we  shall  stand  a  fair  chance  of  wearing  out  our  opponents. 


TftAUE   Of   jmiTRALS, 


[Jc 


whoever  they  may  be.  But  should  the  doctrine  of  the  Paris  Con- 
gress not  be  acted  upon,  can.  we  reckon  with  certainty  upon  being 
iWe  to  proteet  our  merchant  navy  and  their  monstrous  vaJuee 
against  all  comers,  Modern  cargoes,  particularly  since  the  discovery 
of  the  gold  fields  of  California  and  Australia,  are  more  tempting 
than  those  of  old,  or  say  forty  years  since*  We  all  know  what  the 
consequence  would  have  been  in  the  great  struggle  maintained  by 
England  against  the  elder  Napoleon,  it"  our  maritime  supremacy 
had  been  suspended  for  ever  so  short  a  time.  The  great  aim  of 
Prance  was  to  seal  our  nun  by  any  means ,  and  none  appeared  equal 
in  Frenchmen's  eyes  to  crippling  our  commerce.  Kapol  eon's 
Berlin  nnd  Milan  decrees  were  only  his  last  efforts  to  exclude  our 
merchandise  from  every  European  port  after  his  fleets  and  privateers 
had  been  swept  off  the  seas  hy  our  gallant  sailors, 

These  facts  are  all  matters  of  history  now  and  worn  us  of  i 
future,  for  if  ruiu  would  have  followed  the  loss  of  our  supremacy 
at  sea  in  those  days  of  comparatively  small  imports  and  exports, 
what  will  he  the  consequence  to  us  in  a  commercial  point  of  view, 
if  a  combined  French  and  Hussian  fleet  were  to  muzsle  our  ports 
and  shut  up  our  merchant  ships  in  Liverpool,  London,  Bristol,  Hull, 
Glasgow,  &c+,  &c.  The  gigantic  strides  of  British  commercial  enter- 
prise is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  facts  of  civilization  ;  the  wealth 
til  Loudon  determines  the  prices  all  oyer  the  globe ;  all  thing*, 
piveious,  useful,  and  amusing,  are  sucked  into  this  surprising  stream 
of  commerce,  and  floated  to  England,  Since  the  peace  of  IS  15,  the 
nation  has  become  a  huge  manufacturing  corporation,  and  every 
house  a  "mill," — steam,  electricity,  machinery  and  capital  are  work- 
ing day  and  night  in  raising  to  a  fabulous  amount  the  wealth  of 
England.  The  monstrous  values  that  Englishmen  draw  out  of  the 
raw  materials  of  the  earth  evoke  every  kind  of  ability  ;  no  talent  is 
idle  in  its  napkin ;  the  power  of  production  by  steam  machinery 
in  u  mills "  alone,  has  been  estimated  to  etpial  the  labours  of 
600,000,000  of  ment  This  modern  giant  (which,  be  it  remembered, 
is  the  production  of  English  genius  alone)  now  enables  one  man  to 
perform  the  work  that  required  250  to  accomplish  fifty  years  ago. 
The  goblin  strain,  with  hia  million  of  arms  and  hands,  hasbeen,  and 
is  now  amassing  property  for  Englishmen  that  has  outrun  figures, 
and  most  of  this  wealth  finds  its  way,  either  before  of  after  its  manu- 
facture, in  some  vessel  upon  the  ocean.  Forty  thousand  ships  are 
entered  in  "  Lloyd *s  list/*  as  necessary  appendages  to  this  vast 
centre  of  manufacturing  industry,  and  give  employment  to  half  a 
million  of  seamen  of  all  nations-  Last  April  we  sent  away  hy  sea 
no  less  than  £11,330,730  of  valuable  merchandise,  while  the  total 
value  declared  of  British  exports  for  1857  reached  the  huge  sum  of 
£122,066,107,  which  was,  we  believe,  the  largest  amount  ever  ex- 
ported by  any  nation  in  one  year.  But  the  first  three  months  of 
the  present  year  bid  fair  to  surpass  even  this  great  total,  they  have 
indeed  exceeded  in  value  the  corresponding  monthly  exports  of 
by  £5,265.350. 

We   beg  in  all  humanity  to  offer  these  few  facts  and  eloquent 
figures  to  the  consideration  of  those  economic  "  statesmen11  of  the 


1959] 


TttABB  0*  KUTTTlUtS. 


361 


Cobden,  Bright,  and  Manchester  school,  who  have  done  their  best 
to  reduce  me  firmaments  of  this  country  to  the  low  standard  it 
had  reached  a  short  time  since .  We  may  be  in  error,  but  it  seems 
nevertheless  apparent  to  our  commonplace  understanding  that  if 
these  gentlemen  wish  to  see  our  national  prosperity  checked — the 
progress  of  our  colonies  arrested,  the  influx  of  tons  of  gold  and 
silver^  to  say  nothing  of  the  millions  of  exports  and  imports  seised 
by  some  enemy's  cruisers  in  a  not  very  distant  war,  they  had  Better 
continue  to  preach  their  absurd  doctrines,  and  cut  down  the  navy 
estimates  and  reduce  our  defences  to  if  invasion  point." 

That  there  are  grave  considerations  connected  with  this  subject 
few  persons  will  deny.  Not  long  since  we  were  startled  with  the 
krteUigenoe  that  a  secret  treaty  had  been  concluded  between  our 
late  u  faithful  ally"  and  Kussia,  And  although  the  public  mind  is 
now  somewhat  calmed  by  the  rej>eated  assurances  from  ministers, 
that  the  treaty  is  only  a  written  understanding  between  these  two 
aggressive  and  despotic  powers,  yet  we  confess  we  are  not  comforted 
by  these  ministerial  explanations,  Suppose f  it  is  only  a  written 
understanding  A  treaty  is  no  more.  But  even  if  we  admit  that 
a  written  understanding  is  not  a  formal  treaty,  yet  no  one  denies 
that  the  understanding  is  a  secret  one.     And  why  is  it  secret  ? 

Again,  when  the  inclination  of  two  individuals  (and  the  Eussian  and 
French  despots  art?  the  sole  exponents  of  will  in  their  respect ive 
dominions)  run  in  the  same  direction,  and  are  desirous  of  accom- 
plishing certain  ends,  they  do  not  require  either  a  written  under- 
standing or  formal  treaty  'to  keep  them  to  their  work.  It  is  only 
when  a  man  has  some  disagreeable  task  to  perform  that  we  bind 
him  by  a  solemn  bond*  duly  signed,  sealed,  and  delivered,  to  perform 
his  duty.  The  idea  is  conveyed  in  the  old  adage,  of  *  where  there 
is  a  will  there  ia  a  way/*  And  we  have  no  doubt,  that  most  Eng- 
lishmen on  hearing  that  France  and  Kusaia  had  secretly  combined, 
shaped  their  thoughts  somewhat  after  the  following  manner,  They 
concluded,  that  whatever  other  items  there  might  be  in  the  secret 
treaty,  or  understanding,  a  combination  of  French  and  Russian 
ships  of  war,  to  keep  in  check,  or  control  the  fleets  of  Britain  was, 
or  rather  is,  one  of  them. 

Looking  at  the  bet  therefore,  that  the  French  fleet  now  absolutely 
afloat  is,  in  number  ef  rdiips  oi*  the  line  and  guns,  rather  superior  to 
our  own,  and  moreover  is  a  compact  licet  and  not  scattered  over 
the  globe  like  our  own,  ;md  further,  contemplating  the  possibility 
of  its  being  united  to  that  of  Kussia,  we  are  disposed  to  entertain 
pertain  misgivings  with  respect  to  the  treaty  of  Paris,  upon  the 
international  system  of  maritime  laws.  Or  in  other  words,  would 
these  despotic  powers,  the  one  with  a  reputation  of  wishing  to 
despoil  Turkey  and  the  other  suspected  of  sinister  designs  upon 
Italy,   supposing   they   possessed   an    overwhelming  force    -it    sea, 

I  rt   t!h>  doctrine  accepted  so  recently.     a  That  free  shins  make 

urgoes11 — particularly  when  the  bait  assumes  the  tempting  form 
of  Australian  gold  ships. 
We    know    that    it    has  been    said    that    under  no  imaginable 
circumstances  of  temporary  or  even  prolonged  defeats  at  sea,  that 


362 


TttiDS  OF  KEUTEJLL8, 


[JUIiT, 


our  general  traffic  upon  the  ocean  could  now  be  interfered 
with.  There  are  those  who  are  sanguine  enough  to  admit,  that  the 
utmost  annoyance  that  our  merchants  and  ship  owners  could 
i'\|H rieuee,  under  the  altered  conditions  of  maritime  law,  would  be 
the  Iobs  of  our  carrying  trade.     The  supposition  is  that  we  sh 

f&t  the  shipmasters  of  the  United  States  to  conduct  our  sea  going 
uties  for  us.  We  should  employ  American  bottoms,  and  under  the 
American  flag  our  interchange  of  goods  and  merchandise  would  go 
on  with  the  same  regularity,  but  of  course  with  diminished  profits, 
as  over,  although  every  maritime  power  in  Europe  might  be  arranged 
against  us«  All  the  raw  products  of  the  earth,  cotton,  corn, 
the  other  staples,  would  duly  arrive  at  our  porta  under  the  protec* 
tion  of  the  star-spangled  banner,  and  again  under  the  same  nag  and 
in  the  same  ships  our  manufactories  and  raw  exports  would  be  dis- 
tributed over  the  whale  earth,  This  would  be  carrying  out  the 
doctrine  of  free  ships  and  free  cargoes,  and  certainly  under  these 
circumstances  we  might  go  on  buying  and  selling,  while  our 
opponents  not  having  the  same  enormous  trade,  would  in  all  lik*li- 
h<  u'n  I  I  must  ton  under  the  effects  of  financial  mismanagement, 

and  the  wasteful  expenditure  of  war* 

Tins  no  doubt  would  be  a  most  humiliating  position  for  Eng* 
land  to  be  placed  in,  but  let  us  suppose  an  almost  impossibilit 
at  least  a  state  of  things  few  Englishmen  will  think  it  necessary  to 
discuss,— via.  that  our  navy  had  been  swept  off  the  seas  by  the 
combined  squadrons  of  France  and  Russia,  and  that  our  commercial 
ports  were  under  a  strict  blockade,  Under  such  circumstances  even 
the  American  shipowners  could  not  render  us  much  assistance. 
This  untoward  state  is  however  not  likely  to  happen,  but  it*  it  should 
assume  even  tins  desperate  shape,  we  anticipate  anything  but  falal 
results  to  the  cause  of  freedom  or  commerce,  For  it  would  bring 
together  the  only  two  real  maritime  powers  on,  earth,  and  unite  in 
the  close  bonds  of  interest  the  only  two  free  nations  in  tlie  world. 
For  although  the  people*  of  the  United  States  might  perhaps  stand 
aloof  from  the  quarrel  which  somehow  seems  to  he  fore-shadowed 
between  England  on  the  one  side  and  France  and  K  u^umn  the 
other,  as  long  as  the  "enormous  profits  of  our  carrying  trade  were 
diverted  from  our  pockets  to  tbeir  own,  yet  the  cute  Yankees  would 
not  lail  to  discover,  as  soon  as  their  gain  was  taken  from  them,  that 
their  interest  in  the  doctrine  of  free  ships  and  free  cargoes  was 
identical  with  our  own.  They  would  booh  recognise  that  every  blow 
Struck  at  liberty  in  England  by  European  despots,  was  indirectly 
aimed  at  America  also,  and  this  would  soon  make  our  cousins 
a  party  in  the  quarrel. 

Hegarding  the  subject,  therefore,  in  its  worst  light,  viz.,  that  tin 
despotic  powers  might  set  aside  the  new  principle  of  international 
law,  and  disclaim  its  provisoes  with  m  little  hesitation  as  they  did 
lately  their  decisions  respecting  the  Dauubian  principaliti. 
they  do,  it  must  be  done  at  the  risk  of  war  with  tbe  United  81 
Jonathan  wont  stand  trifling  with  in  this  matter.  The  government 
of  Washington  is  as  touchy  as  we  are  in  all  affairs  of  this  sort,  and  the 
first  American  ship  that  it  boarded  by  a  French  or  a  Russian,  would 


ism}  mum  o*  wurnuxa, 

be  followed  by  an  instant  demand  for  satisiact  ion.  That  this  would 
be  the  case  we  have  every  reason  to  believe,  from  the  numerous  pre- 
cedents of  our  own  cruisers,  particularly  the  affair  of  the  Cuban 
slavers  not  long  ago. 

Perhaps  we  may  say,  therefore,  that  in  future  wars,  the  bearings 
of  the  case  will  be  independent  of  the  wishes  of  even  the  most 
powerful  L-omlii  nation  of  despotic  powers,  It  certainly  will  be  so  if 
the  people  of  free  America  and  England  so  wiU  it,  Whatever  other 
articles  may  be  contemplated  in  the  secret  treaty  between  France 
and  her  co-despot ;  and  however  much  the  Emperor  Napoleon  may 
wish  to  carry  out  the  desires  of  his  uncle,  (the  destruction  of  British 
commerce)  his  eftbrts  will  be  unavailing,  for  the  progress  of  civilization 
is  too  powerful  to  be  resisted. 

Some  of  our  readers  may  eousider  that  we  have  taken  an  extreme 
view  of  the  case,  and  we  admit  we  have  done  so  purposely.  Others 
may  fancy  we  are  premature  in  our  remarks.  But,  we  incline  to  a 
different  opinion.  Europe  is  fast  getting  into  a  fighting  attitude, 
and  in  the  dance  of  death,  which  we  believe  will  speedily  be 
universal,  no  man  can  predict  for  a  certainty  who  will  be  partners. 
There  will  be  plenty  of  coquetting  before  the  ball  is  over.  In  the 
meantime  we  must  be  prepared.  The  club  of  Cain  is  again  blos- 
soming with  new  fruit  in  trie  shape  of  Armstrong's  gun  and  Napo- 
leon's rilled  cannon.  Steady  going  Germany  is  Lashing  itself  up  t« 
the  war  point,  and  talks  about  innrehing  to  Paris.  Russia  is  doing 
nobody  knows  what.  The  main  fact  is'however,  that  Napoleon  the 
Third  has  called  for  the  grey  coat,  three-cornered  hat,  and  boots  of 
Napoleon  the  First,  and  has  started  on  a  campaign  in  Italy,  He  is 
gone  too  with  the  great  warrior's  camp  equipage,  including  the  very 
tjyiuons,  knife  and  fork — <even  his  carriage  is  said  to  be  exactly  similar 
to  the  one  we  captured  at  Waterloo*  and  which  we  so  kindly  pre- 
served, we  believe,  at  Madame  Tussaud's  exhibition,  as  it  seems,  for 
his  use. 

AVe  are  not  like  the  present  ruler  of  France,  firm  believers  in 
what  is  commonly  called  doofriny,  u or  have  we  much  faith  in  our 
H  Star."  Indeed  we  confess  we  do  nxA  know  what  the  phrase  means. 
However,  we  cannot  but  express  our  wonder  that  Napoleon  the 
Third  should  carry  his  imitative  art  to  the  extent  he  does,  particularly 
in  attaching  importance  to  the  last-named  vehicle,  which  must  at 
least  remind  ham  of  one  of  his  uncle's  unlucky  days.  We  could 
afford  to  smile  at  ail  this  theatrical  t hunger  if  it  was  not  so  disastrous 
to  m  an  kind.  The  mi  ^  fortune  is,  that  all  this  clap  trap  succeeds  in 
France,  and  is  ridiculously  real  and  costly.  The  people  there  do  not 
seem  to  know  that  the  halo  of  glory  now  gathering  round  Napoleon's 
brow?  is  purchased  at  the  expense  of  the  conscript.  The  cheapness 
of  man  is  every  day's  tragedy  just  now.  Let  us,  therefore,  hope, 
that  we  may  escape  with  honor  from  this  whirlpool  of  human  folly 
and  passion*  But  in  saying  tliis,  we  know  we  have  our  duties  to 
perform.  We  must  insist  at  all  cost,  for  the  sake  of  a  hUmaai 
principle,  that  the  treaty  of  Paris  be  carried  out  in  all  its  integrity, 
particularly  with  respect  to  these  conditions,  viz. — 


EEOttGANtZiTIOtf  OT  THTJ  TtfDTAN  AEMT, 


[Jt'LY, 


That  the  neutral  flag  covers  enemies'  goods,  with  the  exception  of 
contraband  of  war,  &c, 

That  neutral  goods,  with  the  exception  of  contraband  of  war,  are 
not  liable  to  capture  tinder  the  enemies1  nag. 

That  blockades  to  be  binding  must  be  effective. 

These  regulations  are  at  present  binding  on  all  the  states  engaged 
in  war,  and  it  is  our  interest  as  well  as  our  duty  to  see  that  they 
are  enforced, 

Portsmouth. 


CONTINUATION   OF  REMARKS    ON   THE  BEOKG  ANI- 
MATION OF  THE  INDIAN  AEMY, 

Tx  the  last  number  of  this  periodical,  on  the  same  subject  as  the 
one  before  us j  viz.,  the  reorganization  of  the  Indian  Army,  we  pointed 
out  how  useless  had  been  the  labours  of  the  commission— how 
absurd  its    \  ontinuation,   how    imbecile    the    u]  eliminated, 

and  how  dangerous  was  further  delay.  We  shewed  how  little  re* 
suited  from  the  time  and  money  spent,  and  likewise  how  the  dread 
of  responsibility  made  this  commission  shift  every  difficult  question 
from  England  to  India  lor  solution.  We  will  now,  after  first  giving 
ai i  epitome  of  the  evidence  of  some  of  the  leading  men  examined 
by  the  commission,  proceed  to  review  the  evidence  collected  in 
India,  and  we  hope  to  prove  that  from  the  plan  of  inquiry  adopted 
in  that  country,  nothing  satisfactory  could  have  resulted,  and  that 
to  delay  further  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  Lord  Canning's  opinion, 
cither  on  the  improvement  of  the  position  of  regimental  officers,  or 
to  report  upon  M  important  points  which,  in  the  course  of  examina* 
felon,  have  come  under  their  notice/'  is  unfair  to  the  country  at 
large.  The  scheme  of  inquiry,  as  adopted  in  India,  was  the  concep- 
tion of  the  Governor- General,  and  carried  out  contrary  to  the 
advice  of  his  council  and  the  orders  of  the  home  authorities.  The 
result  of  such  an  ill-digested  plan  was  to  be  expected,  and  the  re- 
marks on  it  bv  Major- General  On  tram,  page  52  in  the  Appendix  to 
the  Blue  Book,  are  fully  verified. 

To  give  an  analysis  of  the  evidence  of  each  witness  examined 
would  occupy  more  space  than  can  be  afforded,  and  would  pro  re 
tedious  to  our  readers  ;  but  the  remarks  and  ideas  of  such  men  as 
Sir  George  Pollock,  Nir  George  Clerk,  Sir  Charles  Trevelyan, 
i if  11  era  1  Ashbumham,  General  Franks,  &c.,  &e.,  are  worthy  of  more 
than  passing  notice ;  but  we  regret  this  is  all  we  can  give  them. 
From  the  fol lowing  hasty  sketch  our  readers  will  be  able  to  judge 
for  themselves  of  the  conflicting  evidence  before  the  commission, 
and  the  uselessness  of  waiting  for  any  further  report  from  them, 
Then  let  the  Government  act  for  themselves,  adopting  or  modifying 
iuefa  individual  plan  as  may  appear  best  adapted  to  the  require- 
ments of  Hindostaiu  and  give  orders  accord  ii  v. 


L859] 


BEORGAKIZATION  OF  THE   VSTDIiS  ABMY, 


36* 


Sir  George  Pollock  is  the  first  witness  examined,  and,  after 
stating  that  lie  lias  been  fifty-six  years  in  tlie  service,  is  subject  to 
rather  a  sharp  questioning*  Years  of  absence  from  India  have 
evidently  impaired  his  memory,  and  probably  the  information  gained 
by  the  commission  was  not  excessive.  General  Pollock  considers 
one  European  to  four  native  soldiers  sis  suHieient  27,000  European 
soldiers  being  sufficient  for  the  Bengal  Presidency.  Approves  of 
native  soldiers  being  on  both  regular  and  irregular  system.  Irre- 
gulars are  easier  fed,  having  no  bazaars,  but  take  care  of  themselves, 
and  are  entirely  independent  of  the  commissariat.  Does  not  con- 
sider this  system  as  leading  to  plunder,  I  r  regulars  feed  like  camp 
followers  ;  in  the  hum  mil,  i  e^  purchase  in  regimental  bazaars  ;  how- 
ever, remembers  that  camp  followers  and  all  his  force  drew  rations 
from  the  commissariat,  when  beyond  the  Indus,  Advocates  the  en- 
listment and  mingling  in  native  regiments  of  half-castes,  Hottentots, 
Negroes,  &c.  The  flank  companies  of  native  regiments  to  be 
European,  and  to  have  the  same  proportion  of  officers  attached  as 
in  the  other  companies,  viz. — three.  The  native  companies  to  be 
armed  with  an  interior  weapon.  Considers  that  he  would  be  justi- 
fied in  expecting  men  so  armed  to  perform  the  same  service  as  the 
European  Hank  com  panics,  better  armed,  and  thinks  European 
officers  would  lead  them  under  such  circum stances*  Approves  of 
th«  Brahmin,  when  enlisted,  being  treated  as  a  Brahmin,  and  would 
not  ask  him  to  do  anything  that  might  be  objectionable  to  his  caste* 
Approves  also  of  seniority  being  applied  for  promotion  in  the  native 
commissioned  and  non-commissioned  grades.  In  fact,  "  seniority  to 
be  the  rule,  refection  the  exception," 

Major- General  Low  considers  promotion  should  go  by  merit  and 
fitness.  Would  not  on  any  account  cut  up  Europeans  into  small 
tympanies;  but  would  rather  attach  a  couple  of  native  companies 
to  an  European  regiment  to  do  the  work  which  destroys  Europeans 
m  the  hot  weather.  Would  arm  the  native  soldier  well ;  observing 
that  good  service  cannot  be  got  out  of  a  man  not  well  armed. 

loud  Beeeher,  Quarter-Mastcr-Ueneral  of  the  Bengal  Artuy,  is 
examined*  Considers  the  proportion  of  European  to  native  force 
should  be  as  one  to  three ;  that  much  of  the  dutv  now  done  by  the 
regular  army  could  be  better  performed  by  properly  Ofgasised  police  j 
the  employment  of  which  would  reduce  the  necessity  for  a  large 
native  army.  Prefers  irregular  cavalry  to  regulars,  though  both 
draw  upon  the  commissariat  for  food.  Does  not  entirely  approve  of 
promotion  by  select  km,  instead  of  seniority;  but  thinks  it  lucky  for 
re  had  the  seniority  system,  as  the  native  officers  have  not  MOB 
able  to  <ln  much  ;b  leaders.  The  present  number  of  officers  with 
regiments  sulticicut.  K  all  attached  t<»  the  regiment  ^wrr  bo  join, 
would  be  morr  than  enough.  OfEoGfffl  are  apt,  t<>  u 'gleet  regi- 
mental duties  and  look  forward  to  getting  on  the  stall'.  \  staff  corns 
desirable.  Would  not  recognize  cute*  but  put  it  veto  on  the  enlist- 
ment of  Brahmins  ;  beyond  that  exclude  no  caste.  Would  not  trust 
Mussulman  or  Hindoo,  but  entertain  both.  Advocates  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief not  being  tied  to  place,  and  recommends  the 
enlistment  of    Hottentots,  Kaffirs,  and  Negroes  j   but  would  noL 

XL  B.  Mao-,  No,  308,  July,  1859.  a  b 


866 


lUJOBCiAiUZATTON   OF  THE  IffPIAF  ABMY, 


[JULV, 


under  any  circumstances  consider  the  feelings  and  ideas  of  t\ 
native  soldiery  of  India  on  the  subject. 

Sir  George  Clerk,  resident  twenty-seven  years  in  India,  w; 
Governor  of  Bombay,  advocates  the  proportion  of  one  European 
four  native  soldiers,  exclusive  of  police,  Would  entertain  nativ 
artillery,  allowing  the  European  portion  to  preponderate,  as  it  cool 
then  at  any  time  annihilate  the  native.  Not  having  native  artiiler 
shows  little  confidence  in  ourselves ;  uot  has  any  danger  IntheH 
resulted  from  employing  native  artillery,  but  which  could  have  bee 
prevented  by  ordinary  precaution.  When  provocation  is  at  an  en 
there  will  be  an  end  of  the  rebellion,  The  religious  fanaticism  has 
arisen  from  our  interference  with  their  religion.  Would  arm  the 
native  troops  with  Enfield  rifles,  Katives  are  indifferent  marksmen, 
and  the  European  will  always  be  superior  to  him,  50,000  Euro; 
to  200,000  native  soldiers,  exclusive  of  police,  wTould  be  the  propo 
tion  suited  to  Bengal.  Would  entertain  till  castes.  Brahmins 
good  soldiers.  Would  recognize  caste,  but  would  not  allow  it  to 
pleaded  in  obvious  matters  of  duty.  Would  not  depend  on  Goorklias 
or  Seikbs.  &oorkhas  cannot  be  obtained.  The  66th  Native  Infantry— 
a  Goorkha  regiment — has  not  a  Goorkba  in  it.  Eight  or  nine  officers 
are  sufficient  to  be  present  with  a  regular  native  regiment.  There 
should  be  some  means  of  getting  rid  of  an  incompetent  command^ 
officer.  Would  do  away  with  extra  batta,  only  allowing  extra  nay  to 
regiments  moving  beyond  sea.  In  promotion,  seniority  should  be 
the  rule ;  selection  the  exception.  Does  not  advocate  the  introduc- 
tion of  Kaffir*,  Negroes*  Hottentots,  Ac* 

Lieutenant- Colonel  Harington,  5th  Bengal  Cavalry,  thirty  -on 
years*  service,  advocates  the  proportion  of  one  European  to  tlire 
native  soldiers.  No  native  artillery;  regular  regiments  supecioi 
Eegular  cavalry  ride  and  manage  their  horaes  better  than  irregular 
irregular  cavalry  spoiled  by  Aping  dragoons.  Would  not  reduce  tin 
n umb e r  of  E uro peau  o (R ee rain  regiment*    Staff  system  bad. 

Officers  are  selected— interest  the  rule — merit  the  exception*     D 
not  object  to  enlisting  Brahmins,  their  misconduct  ia  not  nlwav* 
ported  by  those  over  them.     A  native  officer  is  afraid  to  rej. 
Brahmin;  duty  is,  and  hae  been,  carried  on  thus.     Does  not  j-eeom- 
mend  selection  for  promotion. 

Major  Mere  wet  her,  Scindh  Horse,  advocates  32,000  European 
troops  for  Bengal  Presidency,  i,  p,  Bengal,  Bcindh,  and  Pimjuub,  with 
same  proportion  of  natives  as  before  the  outbreak.  Would  divide 
Bengal  into  faro  presidencies.  Irregular  system  to  be  adopted  in  all 
native  regiments.  Promotion  by  selection,  mtd  sufficient  native 
tillery  kept  np  to  save  the  Europeans  in  unhealthy  places. 
European  officers  quite  sufficient  to  be  present  with  a  regular  nati 
regiment. 

Sir  Scudamore  Steel,  Major- General  Madras  Infantry,  seen  and 
biTve-l  with  Bengal  armies,  iitU  years'  uninterrupted  service  in  India. 
Proportion  should  be  one  European  to  three  native  soldier*.  No 
native  to  have  Bufidd  riilea,  ov  improved  fire  arma,  and  no  u&ti 

a  ohjectiouiible ;   has   known  it,   m   Madras  greatly  fc) 
interfere  with  duty*    Constantly  high  caste  wea  retinae  to  go 


ten, 
ans 

are 
>be 
CH 

rs 
:o 


>ad. 
re- 


all 


on 


lwa.l 


H*0HG±!TrZATIOS  OF  THB   CTDIAy  ARMY. 


tfa 

as 
U 

m 


ship-board.  It  is  optional  for  them  to  go.  Excepting  on  board  ship 
Madras  tfepoya  are  forced  to  go  wherever  ordered  There  should  at 
least  be  one  European  officer  to  a  company,  exclusive  of  the  staff. 

Maj or- General  Alexander,  Adjutant-General  Madras arrav. — Euro* 
pe*in  troops  at  one  to  three,  Artillery  in  the  same  proportion.  The 
regular  ar  as  it  always  has  been,  both  cavalry  and  infantry, 

giving  them  the  bast  arms  that  can  be  procured.     Madras  regiments, 
red  on  foreign  service,  arc  told  that  any  who  choose  to  re- 
do so  if  they  please.     Govern meat  does  not  pay  sufficient 
to  the  natives*     Officers  have  lost  sight  of  conciliating  the 
native  opinion*.     Would  not  divide  the  Bengal  army.    Promotion  to 
b©  by  selection.    The  discipline  of  the  Bengal  array  very  bad,  but 
the  officers  evidently  were  attached  to  their  men,  making  themselves 
acquainted  thoroughly  with  the  native  languages,     Has  had  no  par- 
ticular opportunities  of  forming  an  opinion  upon  the  Bengal  army, 
and  has  never  served  with  them. 

Colonel  WUiougbby,  Bombay  Artillery,  thirty -seven  years  in 
the  service.  Advocates  the  proportion  of  European  to  native  troop* 
as  one  to  three.  Would  do  away  with  native  regular  cavalry.  Would 
ha\  e  a  small  portion  of  native  artillery,  and  arm  all  the  native  troops 
the  snme  way  as  Europeans.  Promotion  to  be  by  selection,  There 
■•sidy  quite  a  sufficiency  of  European  officers  for  native  regi- 
ment*.    Would  divide  the  Bengal  presidency. 

8ir  Charles  E.  Trevelvan. — Was  twelve  years  in  India,  chiefly 
Bengal,  but  has  travelled  in  and  studied  the  other  presidencies.  Ad- 
vocates an  European  reserve  of  40,000  men,  with  twice  that  number 
of  native  auxiliaries,  as  sufficient  for  Bengal  proper,  north-west  pfd* 
vinccs  and  Punjaub,  railroads  being  made  and  the  population  disarmed. 
Police  corps  to  have  a  quasi-military  formation.     The  pedantry  of 

iean  discipline  to  be  avoided;  the  army  to  be  modelled  i 
upon  what  is  called  the  irregular  than  regular  system,  To  dress  na- 
tive fashion.  Arms  and  equipments  to  be  of  the  best.  Officers 
(European)  to  be  few  in  number,  and  promotion  from  the  ranks  to 
merit.  A  staff  corps  advantageous,  and  officers  for  the  Indian 
to  be  selected  with  great  care.  Promotion  among  European 
officers  must  mainly  d  ^pend  upon  seniority.  Cases  of  admitted  de- 
aey  to  be  passed  over.  In  every  case  of  superior  good  service 
an  officer  to  he  promoted  out  of  his  turn.  Such  a  system  would  not 
lead  to  partiality,  favour  and  affection.  Exchange  into  the  Royal 
Army  not  desirable,  aa  the  successful  management  of  the  unlives  of 
India,  whether  in  n  eivil  or  military  capacity,  is  the  business  of  a  life. 
and  requires  an  early  ami  entire  appropriation  to  the  duty.  Would 
have  no  native  artillery  The  army  tli  be  composed  of  every  C 
and  raste  not  td  be  considered  an  an  excuse  for  the  non-pcrformanee 
of  duty.     Does  Hot  advocate  the  di vision  of  the  Bengal  army.     The 

flop;    His 
'8  aa  member  <>f  rouHCi]  yielding  t<  iding  tha 

\Viin "id  keep  (:i"  Eur  Fpeau  and  ft  is 

irablo  'li- 
lt" Scikhs  are  employed,  the  proportion  should 

B   B  2 


Waj 
twelve  years  in  India. 


HEOSGAfflZATIOtf  01  THI   IKDIAN   AEMT* 


rjuxT, 


be  one  European  to  two  native  soldiers*  Would  not  arm  the  native 
with  the  best  weapons.  Troops  to  be  regular  and  irregular — that  is, 
80,000  regular  native  infantry,  but  cavalry  irregular*  No i  native  art uV 
lery.  The  dress  of  the  regular  native  infantry  to  be  similar  to  the 
European.  Would  enlist  all  caetea,  and  it  is  not  necessary  to  have 
difficulties  about  caste.  Would  not  divide  the  Bengal  army.  Would 
do  away  with  native  officers,  their  places  to  be  supplied  by  two 
European  sergeants  to  each  company ,  Does  not  think  those  native 
regiments  best  having  present  the  larger  number  of  officers.  Quality 
not  quantity  the  chief  requisite.  Would  attach  a  battalion  of  natives 
to  an  European  battalion.  Would  not  go  into  action  with  the  wings 
of  his  European  battalion  dotted  like  a  chess-board,  but  make  the 
best  arrangements  according  to  circumstances.  Does  not  think  it 
would  make  any  difference,  the  European  soldier  having  a  Mime  rifle 
carrying  eight  hundred  yards,  and  the  Sepoy  with  a  weapon  effective 
only  at  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards,  "  He  would  fire  away  in  the 
same  way,"  The  old  musket* is  good  enough  for  them.  Native 
troops,  when  armed  with  a  weapon  effective  at  1,400  yards,  are  likely 
to  keep  1,400  yards  away. 

Major- General  Vivian,  Madras  establishment,  thirty  years  in 
India.  Five  years  Adjutant- General  of  the  Army.  Considers  that 
a  large  portion  of  the  European  force  should  be  local.  The  present 
local  force  is  not  in  any  way  inferior  to  troops  of  the  line.  Would 
introduce  half-castes  into  local  European  regiments.  Good  feeding 
and  proper  care  would  tend  to  raise  them.  Eventually  they  must 
increase,  and  as  pensioners  in  India  would  be  a  beneficial  element* 
Their  interests  are  ours.  Exchange  from  local  to  line  not  desirable. 
It  would  be  ruin  to  the  funds  and  of  no  benefit  to  the  public.  Does 
not  advocate  officers  being  in  the  first  instance  attached  to  European 
battalions.  They  are  from  that  early  teaching  apt  to  look  down 
upon  natives. 

Sir  Edward  Lugard,  Major-General  in  Her  Majesty's  service, 
twenty-six  years  in  India,  Advocates  the  whole  of  the  European 
force  belonging  to  the  line.  Would  not  increase  the  local  European 
force.  They  do  not  mix  more  with  the  natives  than  non-locals. 
Officers  of  her  Majesty's  service  learn  the  native  languages  when 
they  see  advantage  to  be  gained.  Latterly  many  soldiers  of  the 
Queen's  regiments  speak  the  language  as  well  as  the  natives.  Officers 
for  the  native  army  to  do  duty  hr&t  with  the  European.  It  would 
not  make  them  look  down  upon  the  natives. 

Major- General  Pranks,  fifteen  years  in  India,  Would  have  all 
the  European  portion  of  the  army  of  the  line.  Local  forces  as  fiar 
as  fighting  goes  nothing  inferior,  but  are  not  equal  in  discipline, 
Officers  on  the  staff  from  local  corps  nothing  interior,  from  receiving 
encouragement  to  qualify  themselves,  they  may  lie  superior*  Ex- 
change between  the  services  no  doubt  advantageous,  Under  the 
present  system  the  army  never  can  be  efficient/  It  would  be  well 
if  exchanges  could  ho  effected,  but  to  interfere  with  present  arrange- 
ments would  be  considered  an  injustice,  though  the  interests  of  the 
state  should  be  always  considered  paramount  to  the  interests  of  any 
body  of  individuals. 


1859.] 


HSOfiOAiriZATTQtf  OF  THE   IITDlAtf  ABMT. 


Sir  WtUoughby  Cotton,  sixteen  years  in  India.  Would  have  no  local 
army,  though  the  Company's  artillery  and  infantry  were  no  way  in- 
ferior to  the  Royal.  Never  saw  better  stair  officers  than  the  Indian 
army  possessed.  Exchange  between  officers  desirable,  if  certain 
obstacles  could  be  overcome. 

Brevet- Major  Ham  say,  served  a  good  deal  on  the  staff  in  India, 
Recommends  the  European  army  being  entirely  line.  The  officers 
of  the  two  services  do  not  get  on,  Exchange  advisable,  Native 
army  to  be  armed  as  well  as  European.  Appointments  of  all  sorta 
being  thrown  open  to  the  Queen's  service  have  acted  as  a  bond  of 
union  between  the  two  services.  Discipline  of  local  European  regi- 
ments far  inferior.  Native  artillery  not  advisable,  Native  troops 
to  be  armed  as  well  as  European.  *  Seikha  and  Punjaub  levies  to  be 
depended  upon  when  kept  away  from  local  influences.  There  is  a 
change  in  the  bearing  of  natives,  more  especially  in  servants,  and 
demeanour  of  Sepoys.  In  the  Madras  European  regiments  there 
was  the  usual  amount  of  drunkenness T  but  the  staff  of  Calcutta,  the 
sole  officer  of  Her  Majesty's  service,  was  not  well  supported* 

Colonel  Durand,  Bengal  Engineers,  twenty-eight  years  in  India, 
deputed  from  India  by  the  Governor- General,  to  give  his  lordship's 
general  views  on  the  question  before  the  commission.  His  own 
opinions  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  Governor- Genera!*  Would 
leave  forty-five  battalions  for  Bengal,  and  twenty-four  for  Madras 
and  Bombay — two-thirds  to  be  local,  and  one  line.  Local  forces  not 
inferior  to  the  line.  The  discipline  of  the  local  European  re- 
giments was  much  the  same  in  all  three  presidencies.  Exchange 
advisable,  and  its  arrangement  a  mere  personal  matter.  Local  offi- 
cers have  shewn  a  disposition  to  defend  their  own  interests.  There 
would  be  no  danger  it  all— both  line  and  local — were  treated  alike. 
The  preponderance  of  the  Punjaub  element  in  the  native  army  a 
great  source  of  danger.  Would  retain  the  native  commissioned 
grades-  Promotion  to  be  a  combination  of  merit  and  seniority. 
Would  divide  the  Bengal  army.  Would  not  train  police  as  highly 
as  regular  or  irregular  infantry.  The  native  troops  to  have  the  same 
training  as  European ,  hut  not  equally  well  armed.  Their  weapon 
should  "be  good,  but  inferior  to  those  in  the  hands  of  the  European, 
Would  do  away  with  native  courts-martial. 

The  Earl  of  Ellenborough,  G.C.B.,  considers  it  also  absolutely 
necessary  that  there  should  be  two  armies  in  India,  having,  to  a 
certain  degree,  distinct  and  separate  interests,  Eoyal  as  also  local 
artillery.  No  advantages  to  be  gained  by  dividing  the  Bengal  army. 
Considers  the  army  the  best  school  for  the  civil  service.  The  Queen's 
service,  as  regards  pensions  to  the  soldiers,  is  the  best.  Would 
alter  arrangements  as  little  as  possible  in  Madras  and  Bombay,  but 
would  have  an  entirely  new  system  in  Bengal — the  old  one  having 
gone.  With  the  large  European  force  now  necessary  for  India,  two 
native  regiments  to  one  European,  are  sufficient.  Police  to  be  armed 
with  old  flint  muskets.  Formerly  they  were  as  numerous  as  the 
military,  utterly  useless,  plundered  the  people,  and  did  no  good. 
Staff  officers  and  Company's  officers  not  inferior.  They  have  had  ad* 
vantages  in  acquiring  knowledge  which  have  enlarged  their  minds. 


370 


BBOBCbUTIZATIGK    OF   THE   IKDIAtf  AUMY. 


[J  HIT, 


Thinks  that  other    armies    have    equalled    and    eorue    near    the 
Peninsular  army.     The  armies  in  India  certainly  not  inferior  to  it. 

We  imagine  the  synopsis  of  the  evidence  of  these  eighteen  leading 
witnesses  will  be  sufficient  for  onr  readers,  Li  Kr  it  no  diace  q  tunes." 
The  analysis  proves  how  impossible  it  would  he  for  any  commission, 
however  constituted,  to  come  to  any  definite  conclusion  as  to  the 
moat  effective  way  to  reorganize  ihe  Indian  Army.  Further 
inquiry  ean  only  further  complicate  matters,  and  further  delay 
will  not,  most  certainly,  lead  to  the  difficult  problem  being  sol 

The  coin  mission  have  examined  some  of  the  best  men  the  country 
could  produce,  and  have  had  the  benefit  of  perusing  the  opinions  of 
others  equally  well  qualiiied,  resilient  iu  India,  and  yet  nothing 
more  decided  have  they  elder  mined  upon,  than  the  nine  i^commen* 
datious  referred  to  by  us  last  month.  Conflicting  as  the  evidence 
was,  still  something  more  might  have  been  gleaned  from  it  than 
there  has  been.  It  certainly  does  appear  strange  how  little  capable 
of  assisting  the  commission  many  ot  the  witnesses  are.  One  officer, 
after  fifty  odd  years*  service,  is  apparently  ignorant  of  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  army  to  which  he  has  so  long  been  attached.  Would 
mingle  European  and  nafive  soldiers  in  one  regiment ;  giving  the 
native  an  interior  weapon,  and  expect  llu  <\  aa  also  the  officers 
hed,  to  do  the  same  duty  aa  their  better  armed  brethren.  Then, 
notwithstanding  the  awful  mutiny  and  want  of  discipline,  would 
proceed  to  reorganize  a  native  ;irmy  on  exactly  the  same  principles 
as  formerly.     Another  uffiV-  vice/but  more  expert 

would  do  nothing  of  the  sort,  and  not  consider  the  feelings  of  the 
natives  in  any  way.  The  regular  native  cavalry  officer  thinks  that 
branch  of  the  service  useful  and  superior  to  the  irregular ;  making 
severe  remarks  upon  the  hitter's  imitation  of  dragoons  ;  whilst  the 
irregular  cavalry  officer  thinks  "  there  is  nothing  like  leather/1  and 
recommends  the  irregular  system  being  adopted.  Caste,  we  are  told 
by  one  officer,  never  interferes  with  duty  in  Madras  or  Bombay  j 
whilst  another  affirms  that  it  does  so  constantly ,  and  that  a  certain 
amount  of  option  is  given  to  these  armies  regarding  the  perform- 
ance of  disagreeable  duties,  Officers  of  Her  Majesty's  service  do 
not  spare  the  unfortunate  Bengal  army  for  its  want  of  discipline, 
but  generally  speaking}  have  a  good  word  to  say  for  the  officer  of 
which  it  is  composed.  This  is  more  than  their  brother  officers  in 
the  other  presidencies  afford — presidential  jealousy  blinds  the  judg- 
i .  It  would,  perhaps,  have  been  better  had  some  of  the  officers 
of  11?  v  Majesty's  service  avoided  giving  cause  to  heartburnings,  and 
withheld  opinions  which  they  could  not  support  from  knowledge 
gained  either  by  themselves  or  others.  To  tell  the  public  of  Eng- 
land that  the  native  soldier  with  any  weapon  would  only  li  nr© 
away,"  and  "  when  armed  with  a  weapon  effective  at  1,400  yards 
are  likely  to  keep  1,4GQ  yards  away,TI  is  contrary  not  only  to  reason, 
but  fact.  Wanting  iu  discipline  as  the  old  Bengal  army  waa, 
cowardice  was  not  its  faint ;  and  though  nothing  to  approach  in 
pluck  the  European,  still  for  Asiatics  when  well  led,  lie?  fought 
by  no  means  badly.  Seikha  and  Qtmkhaa  can  hgbt,  and  have  not 
in  the  late  battles"  kept  out  of  danger.     An  army  of  mixed  meet 


>1 


HEOIlOAXIEATTror   OF  THE   TTTDTlir  ARMY. 


3*1 


would  with  a  weapon  effective  at  1,400  yards  not  keep  that  distance 
away.  The  iSeikhs  in  that  army  would  at  any  rate  fight ;  they 
are  not  of  a  fearful  nature,  as  the  witness  must  know,  with  fttf 
experience  of  their  prowess  at  the  battles  of  Ferozeshah  and 
Sobraon, 

With  the  further  examination  of  Colonel  Durand  the  evidence 
before  the  Commissioners  is  concluded,  and  in  the  Appendix  artf 
shown  the  various  papers  placed  before  the  Commission.  The  infor- 
mation  contained  in  these  is  most  valuable,  and  includes  answers  ro 
questions  submitted  by  the  Commission  to  Lord  Ellenborou^h,  Major- 
General  Tucker,  Colonel  Baker,  Mr.  Elliot,  &c,  Ac.  The  thorough 
knowledge  of  India  and  its  requisites,  shown  by  the  Earl  of  Ellen- 
borough  and  Colonel  Tinker,  is  evident,  and  it  would  be  well  for 
that  country  were  the  opinions  given  here  more  attended  to.  The 
remark  made  by  the  late  Adjutant- General  should  be  borne  in  mind 
by  all  having  authority.  In  commenting  on  the  present  system  of 
raising  a  civil  army  «  ithout  proper  rules  or  discipline  to  guide  it,  he 
sees  a  source  of  future  danger.  His  description  of  this  civil  army 
runs  thus  t  "  any  man  that  can  collect  100  sweepers  together,  put 
them  into  a  coloured  tunic  and  a  *  fancy  puggree*  is  called  a  'com- 
mandant,1 and  entrusted  with  their  charge.1' 

We  must  now  leave  the  Commissioner*  in  England,  and  refer,  ft* 
briefly  as  possible,  to  proceedings  in  India,  the  report  of  which  ia 
included  in  the  Appendix  under  the  heading  of  "Papers  received 
from  India/' 

The  first  thing  we  come  to  is  a  letter  dated  25th  November,  18571 
from  the  Court  of  Directors  to  their  Governor- Genera  I,  directing 
that  officer  to  appoint  a  Commission  "c .imposed  of  military  officers 
of  the  armies  of  the  three  Presidencies,  (with  whom  should  be 
associated  officers  of  the  Queen's  army  who  have  bad  experienre  of 
Indian  service,)  on  whose  kn owledge>  experieuee,  and  judgment  you 
can  rely  ;  together  with  one  or  more  civil  servants,  &c,  &e"  This 
Commission,  the  letter  goes  on  to  say,  are  to  aid  the  Government  in 
mi  zing  the  Indian  army — referring  the  views  of  the  Com- 
mission fur  the  consideration  of  the  Commander-in-Chief. 

How  far  the  orders  were  carried  out,  and  what  the  results  have 
been  through  their  disobedience,  a  tew  more  pages  will  show. 

Letter  No,  860,  dated  Allahabad,  22nd  May,  1858,  written  by 
Colonel  Birch,  Secretary,  for  the  information  of  the  Honourable  tha 

»dent  in  Council,  says,  it  is  impracticable  to  constitute  a  Com- 
ion,  and  so  toe  Governor-General  will  take  into  his  own  hands 
the  direction  of  the  inquiries  necessary  to  be  made.  The  President 
of  the  Council  is  then  informed  that  Lieutenant- Colonel  H.  M. 
Durand,  of  the  Bengal  Engineers,  an  officer  of  great  ability  and  ex- 
perience, bus  been  selected  to  communicate,  under  his  Lordship *a 
immediate   instructione,   with  t  al  personages  and   officers 

whom  it  will  be  aeCQWuTJ  to  consult  in  furtherance  of  the  great 
object  tn  view.  The  twelve  heads  of  inquiry  which  the  Court  re- 
quired are  then  grvuiOTerto  Colonel  Duraud,  with  an  intimation 
that  it  will  he  his  duty  to  frame  err  tain  questions  thereon,  and  a 
cony  of  the  letter  from'  th?  Secretory  to  Colonel  J>urand  forwarded 


872 


tiosaunzATiojr  OT  THX      BTA*  ABMT. 


[JlftTf 


for  the  information  of  the  Council.  They  being  told  thai  it  is  the 
Governor- General's  intention  to  solicit  their  assistance  in  ultimately 
determining  on  the  report  to  be  made,  and  the  measure  to  be  pro- 
posed for  the  consideration  of  the  home  authorities.  Meanwhile, 
the  questions  which  are  to  be  submitted  to  the  various  witnesses 
whose  evidence  will  be  called  for,  is  promised  to  be  sent  to  each 
member  of  council  for  such  replies  os  each  may  desire  to  give. 

The  first  to  object  to  these  proceedings  is  Major- General  Sir 
.Tames  Outram,  who,  after  referring  to  the  date  of  the  Court's 
despatch,  25th  of  November,  1857,  find  no  action  up  to  the  23rd  of 
April,  18t58,  having  taken  place  in  the  matter,  goes  on  to  say,  that 
the  council  were  anxious  to  know  whether  the  Governor- General  is 
desirous  himself  to  dispose  of  the  question,  and  wrote  accordingly  ; 
receiving  at  the  end  of  a  month  a  printed  circular,  giving  cover  to  a 
series  of  queries.  By  this  circular  the  council  learnt  u  that  the 
Governor- Gem t;i1  baa  seen  fit  to  entrust  to  a  single  officer  those 
momentous  duties  which  the  Honorable  Court  wished  to  have  confided 
to  a  board  of  *  select  officers  of  experience.' " 

General  Outram  wishes  not  to  disparage  the  merits  of  the  very 
able  officer  on  whom  the  Govern  or- General1  s  choice  has  fallen,  but 
cannot  recognise  any  single  individual  as  competent  to  discharge  the 
onerous  and  important  duties  of  inquiry.  The  gallant  officer  can 
see  no  insuperable  difficulty  in  the  adoption  of  the  Court's  recom- 
mendation, and  considers  its  non-adoption  as  greatly  to  he  regretted* 

The  sample  of  questions  sent  are  ireely  commented  upon  in  this 
minute,  and  the  Governor- General  is  told  that  from  the  way  the 
inquiry  is  likely  to  be  conducted,  the  writer  has  serious  appre- 
hensions for  the  results*  As  a  sample  of  the  unreasonable  style  of 
interrogatories  issued  to  each  of  the  scores  of  public,  civil  and 
military,  he  mentions  ten,  which  we  condense ;  "  Information  re- 
garding the  number  and  distribution  of  European  troops  of  each 
arm  now  serving  in  the  Bengal  presidency.  Distribution  of  native 
troops  of  each  arm  serving  within  the  same  area.  Proportion  whirh 
the  regular,  irregular,  and  police  divisions  of  the  native  Bengal 
army  bear  to  each  other,  or  their  ethnological  affinities,  or  the 
adequacy  of  the  existing  barrack  accommodation  for  the  European 
troops  now  serving  in  the  Bengal  presidency,  or  whether  an  alteration 
in  the  number  of  troops  would  require  an  augmentation  of  barrack 
accom  modation ." 

As  the  Major-General  truly  observes,  a  commission  would  have  at 
once  ascertained  these  and  "many  other  matters  of  fact  from  the 
Adjutant  and  Quartermaster- General,  and  that  no  commission  would 
have  issued  some  of  the  questions,  Nor  does  he  think  that  any 
officer  whose  opinion  is  worth  having  would  answer  some  of  them, 
except  in  a  very  round-about  manner,  The  circular  letter  which 
gives  transmission  to  the  queries,  states  that  there  is  "no  necessity 
for  touching  on  the  many  important  particulars  to  which  the  letter 
of  the  Honorable  Court  adverts/* 

Another  member  of  council,  the  Honorable  J,  P.  Grant,  is  milder 
in  his  objection  at  being  thrown  overboard ;  not  being  in  possession 
of  information  which  will  enable  him  to  form  a  judgment  worthy 


BBOBSANIZATION  OF  THT.  tNTllAH  ABJfT. 


978 


of  his  own  or  any  other  person's  attention  on  the  question  of  present 
practicability.  He  considers  the  matter  as  settled,  and  is  unwilling 
to  discuss  the  point.  The  questions  are  then  answered  after  a  short 
preface ,  in  whieh  it  is  said  that  there  has  been  as  much  delay  as 
prudent  in  regard  to  the  whole  of  the  subject* 

The  honorable  councillor  thinks  pounds,  shilling?,  and  pence 
must  rule  the  entire  subject,  whatever  system  of  organisation  is 
adopted,  Would  therefore  at  once  raise  European  regiments,  and 
officer  them  with  the  officers  of  the  late  native  infantry  regimetns  of 
Kegular  native  cavalry  abolished  |  European  dragoons  taking  their 
places,  Native  army  to  be  irregular,  and  enlisted  from  untainted 
tribes. 

The  Honorable  H*  Rieketts  agrees  with  both  Mr.  Grant  and  Sir 
James  Out  rani ;  but  does  not  approve  of  the  plan  proposed  for  gain- 
ing information,  as  each  person  consulted  will  send  a  plan  of  his 
own,  and  it  must  lead  to  great  delay.  Does  not  see  any  advantage 
from  the  members  of  council  now  recording  opinions ;  but  agrees 
with  the  President,  Mr,  Jp  P.  Grant,  that  practically,  the  inquiry 
must  be  limited  to  a  very  narrow  range. 

The  Honorable  B,  Peacock  would  prefer  a  commission,  such  as 
suggested  by  the  Court,  and  recommends  energetic  measures  being 
adopted  for  providing  an  increase  to  the  European  troops, 

Sir  James  Outram  adds  a  second  minute,  dated  12th  June,  1858, 
reiterating  his  former  opinion  regarding  the  necessity  of  a  commis- 
sion, and  acquiesces  in  the  opinion  of  the  President,  "  that  measures 
of  the  most  energetic  nature  be  immediately  instituted  in  respect  of 
additional  European  troops/1 

Whatever  effect  the  remarks  of  Sir  James  Outram  and  th© 
Council  generally,  may  have  had  on  the  judgment  of  the  Governor- 
Genera] ,  does  not  appear*  There  was,  however,  no  commission 
appointed,  and  in  a  memorandum  by  Viscount  Canning,  placed  in 
the  hands  of  Colonel  Durand,  dated  9th  August,  1858,  we  learn, 
that  his  lordship  is  induced  to  send  this  officer  immediately  to 
England,  so  that  he  may  lay  before  Her  Majesty's  Secretory  of  State 
for  India,  not  only  the  opinions  which  have  been  given  in  India  in 
answer  to  questions  circulated  by  the  Governor-General,  but  also 
show  that  officer's  own  views  on  some  of  the  principal  heads  of 
inquiry.  The  memorandum  states,  that  for  the  present  the  writer 
must  abstain  from  entering  into  details,  as  time  will  not  admit  of  it ; 
moreover,  that  he  is  not  yet  in  possession  of  the  opinions  of  some  of 
those  to  whom  the  questious  were  referred.  Views,  and  suggestions 
of  others  of  high  authority  have  been  received  too  recently  to  allow 
of  the  consideration  which  they  deserve  being  given,  and  that  it  has 
not  yet  been  possible  to  submit  the  papers  to  the  consideration  of 
the  Council. 

His  lordship  is  of  opinion,  that  for  Bengal,  at  least  ibrty-tive 
European  regiments  would  be  necessary  ;  thirty  to  be  local.  Fifty 
native  infantry  regiments ;  twenty  of  these  to  be  regular*  Xo 
regular  native  cavalry.  Native  artillery  in  a  very  small  proportion* 
Exchange  between  the  local  and  the  line  forces  apparently  impossi- 
ble ;  but  some  arrangement  should  be  made,  by  which  the  local  army 


374 


BEosaANtzATros'  ot  thi  irons'  Amrr. 


[■' 


should  be  made  to  feel  that  it  is  composed  of  the  same  stuff,  and  is 
in  all  respects  in  an  equally  honorable  position  with  the  line. 
The  system  of  seconding  to  be  adopted  for  staff  or  civil  employ. 
Civil  employ  in  no  way  impairs  an  office?  for  military  service*  Ad- 
mixture of  the  native  army  with  the  European  to  be  by  brigade,  not 
regimentaHy.  It  is  no  advantage  to  either  party  "  that  the  Euro- 
pean ami  the  native  soldier  should  be  forced  into  habitual  juxta- 
position," Does  not  advocate  the  introduction  of  Malays,  Africa™, 
or  foreign  Asiatic  troops.  Cadets  come  out  too  young,  and  shou! 
England  first  learn  their  duties,  Hindustani  troops  must  be  raised, 
to  provide  a  counterpoise  to  the  present  preponderance  of  the  Pon- 
jaubee  and  Seikh  soldier.  Lord  Clydo*s  replies  to  the  queries 
follow,  but  they  are  without  date  ;  so  whether  they  accompanied  the 
minute  of  the  Governor- Gen  era!  we  arc  unable  to  discover,  They 
(the  questions)  only  extend  over  the  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth 
scries  ;  from  recruiting  and  composition  of  corps  of  native  infantry 
to  native  cavalry,  and  yet  there  are  upwards  of  three  hundred.  The 
brevity  with  which  many  of  these  arc  answered  would  he  amusing, 
could  the  reader  divest  himself  of  the  idea  of  their  frivolity  and  the 
almost  crime  to  occupy  the  Commander-in-Chiefs  valuable  time  at 
such  a  period  with  having  to  reply  to  such  questions  as  these  :  **  Has 
the  Bengal  Presidency  any  marine  corps  ?'*  ■*  Are  there  any  races, 
tribes,  or  castes  in  the  Bengal  Presidency,  of  seafaring  habits  ?M 
"  Under  what  code  are  police  corps  f"  "What  portion  of  golundaz, 
drivers >  and  gun  lasears  can  read  F1'  **  What  is  the  charge  upon  the 
finances  of  the  §tate;  on  account  of  military  pensions  to  the  in 
lar  troops  of  the  Bombay  army  ?"  and  so  on  tor  several  pages.  The 
Commander-in-Chief  advocates  a!l  castes  being  admitted.  European 
troops  kept  separate  from  natives*  The  European  arm  to  be  superior 
to  that  given  to  native  soldiers,  No  advantage  gained  by  dressing 
the  native  like  the  European.  Promotion  ot  native  soldiers  to  bo 
generally  by  seniority.  The  grade  of  native  officer  must  be  con- 
tinued. It  would  be  inexpedient  to  substitute  an  European  sergeant 
and  corporal.  If  native  regular  infantry  be  maintained,  then  one 
officer  per  company,  exclusive  of  staff,  absolutely  necessary.  Euro- 
pean officers  to  learn  their  duties  with  European  regiments,  No 
native  artillery.  Cavalry  to  be  irregular,  and  the  selection  of  officers 
to  do  duty  should  denend  on  a  man  being  a  good  horseman,  linguist, 
and  showing  a  taste  for  the  branch,  adding,  "  Not  one  officer  in  ten 
is  really  suited  for  irregular  cavalry," 

Avoiding  much  minor  matter,  we  come  to  a  letter  from  Lieut ,- 
Colonel  Durand  to  the  Governor- General,  dated  Allahabad,  4th  Sep- 
tember, 1858,  in  which  he  lias  the  honour  to  submit  a  precis  of  the 
replies  to  the  series  of  quest  ion  a  having  reference  to  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  native  infantry  of  the  Bengal  army.  The  Governor* 
General's  attention  is  at  the  same  time  called  to  the  posteript  ap- 
pended to  the  replies  of  the  Punjaub  committee,  Sir  J.  Lawrence* 
Brigadier- General  Chamberlain,  and  Colonel  Edwards,  which  runs 
thus: — "That  unless  tire  European  soldier  be  placed  on  a  footing 
more  consonant  with  the  advancing  civilization  of  the  English  people, 
difficulty  will  be  felt  in  maintaining  a  largely  increased  force  of 


1859.] 


EBOEOVyTZATIoy  OF  TITB   TTTBIAIT  ABMT. 


3*5 


British  troops  in  India/'  Restrictions  upon  the  number  of  married 
soldiers,  as  tar  as  practicable,  to  be  removed,  changes  with  respect 
to  spirits,  rations,  and  an  increase  in  the  ecclesiastical  establishment 

■  proportionate  to  the  large  number  of  troops. 
The  answers  of  the  Punjaub  committee  are  then  given,  and  the  in- 
dependent opinions  of  other  authorities  consulted,  grouped  together, 
the  officers'  names  given  in  the  margin.  The  opinions  as  recorded 
we  cannot  refer  to,  although  many  a  good  mime  catches  our  eye.  We 
must  hasten  to  a  conclusion,  and  cannot  do  so  better  tban  in  epito- 
mising the  recommendations  of  the  Punjaub  committee.  European 
troops  necessary  for  Bengal,  54,000,  including  Pegu,  Central  India, 
and  Punjaub,  Native  troop  a  as  five  natives  to  two  Europeans,  that 
is,  three  Native  infantry,  two  police,  making  a  total  for  Bengal  of 
136,500,  The  proportion  of  three  local  to  one  of  Her  Majesty's  re- 
gular troops.  TliusT  artillery; — Her  Majesty's  \  to  local  },  cavalry 
i  to  local  f ,  infantry  £  to  local  £,  sappers  all  local.  The  new  local 
European  army  to  be  officered  from  the  officers  of  the  old  Native 
army  j  but  in  justice  to  those  officers  whose  regiments  have  not 
mutinied  or  murdered  half  their  officers,  as  well  as  in  justice  to  the 
officers  of  European  regiments  employed  in  suppressing  the  revolt, 
the  committee  recommend  that  the  whole  of  the  Bengal  officers, 
cavalry  and  infantry,  be  thrown  into  two  general  lists  for  the  two 
branches,  and  be  placed  according  to  seniority  from  their  status  on 
the  10th  May,  1857 ;  officers  notorious  for  their  inefficiency  to  be 
then  struck  out  and  pensioned ;  and  the  really  efficient  posted  to  the 
new  army,  according  to  seniority.  All  castes  taken,  but  great 
care  observed  in  employing  them  in  the  same  regiment. 
Natives  to  be  kept  as  much  as  possible  in  the  districts  from 
which  they  are  enlisted.  Foreign  coloured  races  not  to  be 
admitted.  Europeans  to  be  kept  in  distinct  and  separate- 
regiments.  Native  infantry  to  have  inferior  weapons,  dress 
of  native  soldiers  not  be  an  imitation  of  the  European,  but 
with  the  dress  of  the  latter  there  is  great  room  ibr  improvement  in 
adapting  it  to  a  hot  climate.  Commanding  officers*  powers  to  be 
greatly  increased.  Native  courts- martial  do  not  work  satisfactorily. 
Native  officers  to  be  continued  on  a  better  system*  An  European 
sergeant  and  corporal  in  their  room  not  desirable.  Promotion  to  be 
by  merit.  The  discipline  of  the  army  bad,  attributable  to  a  sense 
of  weakness.  800  privates  the  maximum  for  a  native  infantry 
corps*  Cadets  to  thoroughly  learn  their  duties  in  European  regi- 
ts,  Officers  taken  from  their  regiments  for  staff  not  the  cause 
of  ruin.  The  bad  system,  not  paucity  of  officers,  ruined  regiments. 
Officers  taken  nothing  superior  to  those  left,  they  usually  became  so 
by    more   active   employment*    To  cut  off  hopes  of  staff  employ 

»  would  be  depressing  and  injurious,  and  would  cut  off  the  induce- 
I  a  for  officers  to  study.  The  committee  would  apply  the  same 
principles  to  irregular  cavalry  as  infantry.  ^eJ  would  not  attach 
a  body  of  irregulars  to  each  European  corps  of  cavalry.  It  would 
revive*  in  a  new  phase,  the  old  system  of  regular  native  cavalry,  so 

i costly  and  useless. 
With  this  statement  we  conclude  our  epitome  of  the  opinions  of 


376 


FEOM  CAMP  TO  QUABTEE8. 


[JULY, 


tlie  Punjaub  Committee.  Mixed  up  with  their  replies  to  the  various 
questions  put  by  Lieut.-CoL  DurantL  arc  ibe  opinions  and  answers  of 
officers  of  more  or  less  note,  such  as  Major- Geu.  Birch.  Oudh 
Committee  : — Sir  Hope  Grant,  Sir  J.  Hearsay,  Sir  S,  Cotton,  Brig. 
Troup,  CoL  Bum,  Brig.  Coke,  &c->  &C,  &&  Each  and  all  of  these 
differ  on  various  points,  and  as  we  said  at  the  commencement  of  this 
article,  the  remarks  by  Major-Gen.  Outram  on  the  ill-digested  plan 
of  interrogation  are  fully  verified.  On  the  subject  before  them, 
viz.,  The  ^Reorganization  of  the  Indian  Army,  the  officers  interroga- 
ted, are  as  much  disagreed  as  are  those  examined  by  the  commission 
in  England,  but  there  is  this  difference  resulting  from  the  systems 
adopted,  The  evidence  by  the  Coinmisioners  is  capable  of  being 
understood  and  worked  upon,  whereas,  that  received  from  India  is 
confused  and  unintelligible. 

We  hope  our  readers  will  see  that  no  good  can  result  firom  further 
delay,  and  that  it  were  better  for  the  Government  to  act  indepen- 
dently, and  not  wait  for  the  report  upon  u  important  points  which, 
in  the  course  of  examination  have  come  under  their  (the  Commis- 
sioners') notice." 


FBOM  CAMP  TO  QUABTEB& 

OB,    LITE  Iff  AN   INDIAN   CANT05MENT  JLFTBB   JIILD   SEBVrci 

Paet  IIL 

The  ckily  news — Oppression  defeats  itself— Life  in  India— A  Friend- 
■hip — Church  going  —  GoTemmeftt  Religions  «■  Neutrality  **  —  An  extract 
from  a  Newspaper — The  present  state  of  transition — Two  sides  of  the  question — 
The  old  and  new  M  Schools  "—An  unrecognised  civilising  influence^The  Soldier  in 
India  as  he  is  supposed  to  be,  and  as  he  is. 

It  was  the  matutinal  eustom  of  the  senior  military  residents  of 
Dandgunge,  to  assemble  for  the  mutual  communication  of  the  morn- 
ing news  at  the  principal  places.  One  of  these  was  the  Brigade 
Office,  for  he  it  ooserved,  the  brigadier,  alheit  an  excellent  soldier 
and  thorough  man  of  the  world,  was  no  stuck-up  red  tapist,  neither 
was  he  a  man  who  considered  it  essential  to  the  efficient  performance 
of  duty,  tbat  mastery  and  darkness  should  enshroud  proceedings 
that  under  any  circumstances  would  become  possibly  known  within 
a  very  few  hours. 

Tbe  other  was  the  Post-office,  where  military  and  non-military , — 
white,  black,  and  half  and  half,  usually  formed  one  motley  group 
around  the  native  who  at  seven  o'clock  assorted  the  letters  *  When, 
early  in  1857,  the  much  discussed  measure  of  a  censorship  on  the 
English  press  in  India  was  first  established— when  the  state  of 
public  affairs  was  such  as  to  make  the  boldest  hearts  quake,  when 
each  succeeding  day  brought  accounts  of  horrors  and  atrocities, 
that  for  the  time  made  all  stand  aghast,  and  when  the  first  shock 
of  bereavement  of  those  whose  relatives  had  fallen  in  the  outbreak 


f 


1859,] 


FEOM   CAMP  TO  QUARTERS. 


877 


of  Sepoy  fury  was  scarcely  more  painful  and  difficult  to  bear  than 
the  terrible  uncertainty  that  hung  over  the  fate  of  the  many,  regard- 
ing whom  no  tidings  had  as  yet  been  received, — then  was  the  time 
chosen  by  the  supreme  government  to  suppress  the  channel  by 
which  the  public  naturally  looked  to  be  informed,  regardiog  the 
events  that  were  at  the  time  occurring. 

In  vain  they  now  scanned  the  columns  of  the  local  papers  for 
information,  that  to  them  was  of  such  all  absorbing  interest,  In  only 
one  or  two  exceptional  cases  could  even  the  fact  be  gathered  from 
them  that  rapine,  murder  and  bloodshed  were  stalking  rampart 
throughout  thousands  of  square  miles  of  territory — and  even  in 
these  few  exceptional  eases,  but  for  a  brief  period.  A  short  para- 
graph told  that  the  editor  had  received'* a  warning,1*  and  from 
thenceforward  all  was  silence  upon  the  only  one  topic  that  then  en- 
grossed, as  it  might  indeed  well  do,  the  attention  ot  every  English- 
man and  every  European  in  India, 

But  oppression  ami  want  of  consideration  to  feelings  and  opinions 
invariably  work  their  own  defeat,  whether  as  regards  merely  an  in- 
dividual, or  when  practised  towards  an  entire  community, — and  this 
was  fully  exemplified  in  the  present  instance — subjects,  that  under 
other  circumstances  would  have  been  only  found  in  the  public  prints, 
were  now  freely  descanted  on  in  private  correspondence.  Each  felt 
that  for  information  regarding  the  terrible  events  of  the  period,  he 
was  depeudent  on  his  friends,— and  each,  uncertain  as  they  were  of 
the  fate  of  the  other,  were  aimous  to  make  solicitous  inquiries  re- 
garding it,  and  to  offer  their  congratulations  where  property  or  hie 
■  was  saved. 
In  this  way  the  amount  of  private  correspondence  among  the 
English  residents  underwent  a  great  increase,  at  least  at  stations, 
where,  as  at  Bandgunge,  they  held  their  own.  Morning  after  morn- 
ing all  whose  avocations  permitted,  assembled  at  the  post-office  as 
just  mentioned,  and  there,  as  letters  from  various  parts  of  India 
were  received,  whatever  news  regarding  the  mutineers  they  con- 
tained was  freely  communicated  from  one  to  the  other,  so  that  vir- 
tually the  residents  were  kept  better  informed  of  what  was  being 
effected  both  by  the  rebels  and  our  own  authorities,  than  they  had 
been  before  tne  press  was  "gagged,1'  while  the  amount  of  bitter 
feeling  towards,  and  want  of  confidence  in,  these  authorities  created 
by  the  very  arbitrary— and  as  was  generally  considered,  impolitic 
measure  for  establishing  a  censorship,  tended  much  to  eounteruct 
the  only  valid  reason  that  ever  was  attempted  to  be  adduced  in  its 
favor,  namely,  that  the  plans  of  the  leaders  aud  the  weakness  of 
our  resources  were  thus  communicated  to  the  rebels. 

■  It  was  at  tins  time  a  matter  of  ilmoftt  dairy  occurrence  to  karn 
that  robberies  had  been  committed  at  different  plucas  on  the  itta.il. 
These  *  occurrences  became  so  much  matters  of  e  very-day  life,  that 
they  soon  ceased  to  create  surprise.  Fortunately,  however,  the  bags 
containing  the  home  letters  were  only  on  one  or  two  occasions  des- 
troyed, and  while  we  continued  witu  tolerable  regularity  to  hear 
from  those  most  dear  to  us  whom  we  had  left  In  happy  "England, 
we  could  bear  with  the  greater  patience  the  occasional  dieappoint- 


W8 


CAMP  TO  qvab?  sua* 


[JtTLT, 


ment  of  not  receiving  communications  from  our  friends  in  India, 
who  like  ourselves  lived  froin  day  to  day,  ready  to  act  in  any  emer- 
gency that  might  arise. 

It  was  when  on  one  occasion  a  group  such  as  1  have  described* 
stood  assembled  at  this  emporium  of  news,  that  what  had  been  but 
a  slight  acquaintance,  first  received  the  impetus  that  speedily 
matured  it  into  a  friendship.  Similar  occurrences  happen  every 
day  in  India,  where  perhaps  more  than  anywhere  else,  one  wide 
spread  brotherhood  runs  more  or  less  through  the  mass  of  Ko| 
n  Clients— discovering  to  each  other  where  least  expected,  persons 
who,  if  not  actually  linked  to  each*  other  by  blood-rrhiiiousnip,  are 
so  by  the  still  more  binding  one  of  mutual  obligations  for  favors, 
it  jnav  be ,  conferred  upon  mutual  friends  or  connexions. 

Tills  happens  in  consequence  of  the  peculiar  circumstances  of 
our  life  in  this  country,  which,  for  the  sake  of  the  uninitiated  I  may 
briefly  describe* 

The  entire  British  population  here  is  more  or  less  migratory, 
only  a  very  small  portion  are  at  all  stationary,  to  wit,  the  merchants, 
tradespeople,  and  those  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  indigo,— and 
even  they  arc  only  in  a  certain  degree  so.  The  means  of  inland 
conveyance,  although  now  much  improved  from  what  they  were 
some  years  ago,  are  still  very  imperfect  in  arrangement  and  ii 
venient  in  construction*  Hotels  are  still  next  to  unknown, — the 
houses  of  temporary  accommodation,  called  Dak  bungalows,  only 
exist,  or  rather  did  exist  along  the  principal  lines  of  road,  so  that 
travellers  had  often  to  solicit  tbe  hospitality  of  whatever  Englishman 
he  first  met, — nor  was  this  hospitality  ever  refused.  No  one  knew 
when  he,  or  it  might  he,  his  own  wife  and  children  should  in  like 
manner  stand  in  need  of  similar  hospitality.  Thus  it  was  that  some 
yean  ago  almost  every  house  was  open,  and  often  did  it  happen  that 

fjeople  thus  accidentally  thrown  together  found  friendships  that 
asted  through  life,  It  must  also  be  observed  that  establish m 
in  India  are  always  upon  such  a  scale  as  to  place  it  in  the  power  of 
any  person  holding  the  position  of  a  gentleman  to  entertain  a 
moderate  number  of  ^uesta  without  the  slightest  inconvenient  ta 
himself,  being  in  this  respect  very  different  from  what  happens  in 
England,  where  few  families  indeed,  he  their  means  what  it  may, 
can  afford  to  entertain  promiscuously  in  a  similar  manner. 

It  was  some  such  piece  of  hospitality  as  this  that  remotely  led  to 
the  circumstances  about  to  be  related. 

I  have  already  said  we  used  to  congregate  at  the  post  office.  On 
the  present  occasion,  standing  close  to  me  was  Captain  Hpence,  the 
husband  of  the  lady  whom  I  have  in  a  previous  chapter  had  occasion 
to  mention  as  singularly  deficient  in  mind  and  manners  from  thovulgar 
herd  at  Ihiudgunge.  Tbe  English  letters  had  just  been  distributed, 
and  all  who  were  fortunate  enough  to  receive  any  were  absorbed  in 
their  silent  perusah 

My  glance  was  suddenly  mwtod  by  the  mention  of  the  verv  gm* 
th'MMii  v,  bo  itood  beaide  me  m  I  i  ost  intimate  friend  of  a 

<uuhe\iirii  Qjfmine.  "Look  here,  Hpence,"  I  laid,  As  1  showed  him 
the  paragraph,     Full  of  genuroun  impulse  as  be  was,  his  face  bright* 


FBOM  CAMP  TO  QVAIiTEBS. 


ened  up,  his  eye  diluted  and  beamed  again  with  pleasure.  u  lou 
don't  mean  to  say  that's  Ashtop,  do  you  ?"  was  bis  first  exelama* 
tion.    **  Yes,  I  do,"  was  the  ainiple  response. 

"Ajbton,  of  Calcutta?" 

"  The  same," 

"  The  Broker  of  Hastings-street  F" 

"  Precisely." 

tL  Then  I  can  only  say  a  more  honest  fellow  does  not  exist,  nor 
have  I  a  greater  friend  on  earth." 

"  Thank  you,  very  much  indeed,"  was  my  natural  reply-  ll  That 
same  Ashton  is  my  brother-in-law." 

"  My  good  fellow,"  continued  het  u  I  wish  I  had  known  thia  be- 
fore*   But  come,  never  mindT  we  shall  make  up  for  it*" 

And  make  up  for  it  he  did.  This  short  eolloouy,  originating  as  it 
did  in  an  accident  id  circumstance,  laid  the  foundation  of  one  of  tho 
most  agreeable  friendships  I  have  formed,  and  I  hope  I  may  be  par* 
doned  for  thus  directly  alluding  to  it,  It  is  one  of  many  no  doubt 
unexpectedly  formed  by  other  people  similarly  situated  as  myself, 

I  will  now  proceed  to  detad  some  matters  of  quite  a  different 
nature. 

As  a  general  rule,  nowhere,  at  home  or  abroad,  so  far  as  my  ex* 
perience  goes,  is  Divine  service  more  punctually  and  generally  at- 
tended than  it  is  hi  India.  This  is  certainly  as  it  should  bet  for  in 
no  part  of  Her  Majesty's  dominions  is  human  life  more  uncertain 
than  here.  But,  1  regret  to  say,  there  are  some  exceptions  to  this 
rule,  and  amongst  these  exceptions  not  the  least  notable  is  Band- 
gunge,  where  it  was  no  uncommon  sight  during  afternoon  service  to 
see  numbers  of  sent*,  belonging  to  the  residents,  vacant,  and  their 
proper  occupants  either  driving  m  the  mall  or  walking  on  the  public 
promenades  on  the  river  bank* 

But  although,  as  a  general  rule,  the  English  residents  iu  India 
are  most  regular  church  goers,  there  isy  alas !  nothing  whatever  in 
the  appearance  of  a  military  station  there  on  a  Sunday  at  all  calcu- 
lated to  remind  one  of  the  same  sacred  day  at  home,  or  to  recti  early 
associations,  consecrated  now  as  they  are  or  ought  to  be  to  us — of 
early  days  spent  under  the  gentle  influence  of  a  mother,  ere  yet  we 
bad  learnt  to  battle  against  life's  trials  and  temptations.  No,  i 
India  our  service  would  seem  to  be  performed  by  stealth  j  the  ordi- 
nary avocations  of  native  every -day  life  proceed  as  usual,  and  1  be 
of  praise  and  thanksgiving  within  the  sacred  edifice  are  often, 
very  often,  drowned  amidst  the  din  of  altercation  and  loathsome 
abuse,  that  are  passing  lu-tween  the  lowest  of  a  low  and  degraded 
nice,  as  they  pass  by  the  doors  in  filthy  crowds. 

We  had  indeed  daily  and  weekly  evidence  of  what  h  called  the 
drality"  of  government  olHcials,  in  all  that  concerns  the  so- 
named  "  religious  feelings"  of  the  people,     Ilere,  before  our  very 
re  the  natives  not  only  permitted  to  prosecute  their  jwb 
avocations,  even  within  the  buroek  pqu&re  upon  Sundayaj  but  they 
authority7*  employed   on   the  government  works*,  at    \\\r 
time  in  progn  uig  buiU.     Native  processions,  e¥§0  el  a  re- 

ligious uature,  were  permitted  to  traverse  tho  station,  mtk  VWk 


880 


FROM   CAMP  TO   QtTABTEES. 


h-LT. 


symbolical  flagS)  images  and  devices  displayed,  and  their  music  play- 
ing, without  the  slightest  prohibition,  whether  the  occasion  was  on  a 
week  day  or  on  a  Sunday.  Nor  were  the  hours  of  Divine  service 
safe  from  the  desecration.  But  while  these  things  were  permitted 
towards  the  natives,  did  we  in  like  manner  exhibit  "  neutrality"  as 
regarded  their  rights  ?  Par  from  it.  Scarcely  a  week  passed  that 
the  station  order-hook  did  not  contain  such  a  paragraph  as  the  fol- 
lowing : — 

,£The  Commissariat  office"  or  ;' the  Colleetorate  will  he  closed 
to-morrow,  on  account  of  a  native  holiday" 

Nor  did  it  matter  whether  these  holidays  were  in  celebration  of 
Hindoo  or  Mussulman  festivals,  they  were  alike  kept  sacred  hy  the 
representatives  of  an  English  and  a  Christian  government ,  even 
although  their  avowed  purpose  was,  in  some  instances  at  least,  to 
indulge  in  rites  and  debauchery,  so  abominable  that  their  very  men- 
tion is  better  avoided. 

The  local  authorities  at  Daudguuge  did  not  personally  countenance 
these  processions,  holiday I,  and  celebrations  of  unclean  rites  !  That 
is,  they  did  not  take  part  in  them  themselves.  In  this  respect,  fc] 
fore,  they  ecri it  pasted  favourably  with  some  representatives  of 
government  elsewhere.  For  instance,  let  me  commend  to  the  reader's 
notice,  a  communication  from  Broach,  dated  28th  of  September, 
1858,  that  appeared  in  the  i¥  Bombay  Times  M  of  the  4th  of  the  follow- 
ing month, 

The  writer  of  that  communication  says,  "  I  have  leamt  from 
Baroda,  that  the  Guicowar  got  up  a  splendid  procession  on  the 
(runputtee  Jay.  The  resident,  with  the  European  officers  and  a 
body  of  soldiers,  paid  a  visit  to  his  highness,  and  the  god  was  drowned 
in  one  of  the  tanks  with  a  salute  from  the  British  artillery/  Well, 
indeed,  may  thv  writer  of  that  communication  add  as  be  does,  "  Under 
the  royal  government  idolatry  is  fostered,  nay,  honored  by  Europeans 
in  power.' ' 

The  consideration  is,  indeed,  a  most  melancholy  one,  and  yet  it 
needs  but  short  experience  in  India  to  convince  any  person,  how- 
ever ill-prepared  he  may  be  to  accept  such  a  picture,  as  representing 
the  actual  condition  of  things,  that  the  countenance  and  the  support 
given  by  government  to  idolatry,  other  native  rites  and  prejudices, 
are  more  direct  and  material  than  what  I  have  now  found  it  conve- 
nient to  mention. 

While  upon  this  subject,  I  may  probably  be  expected  by  whoever 
does  DM  the  honour  to  peruse  this  paper,  to  say  a  few  words  more 
upon  a  matter  at  all  times  interesting,  but  especially  so  now  at  this 
present  time,  when  a  state  oi  transition  has  but  just  been  inaugurated 
in  India,  that  must  inevitably  before  long  produce  one  of  two  defi- 
nite result 8.  Either  unquestionable  good  to  the  temporal  and  spiri- 
tual condition  of  the  natives,  or  as  unquestionably  evil.  There  can 
be  no  middle  state  of  in  a  Iters,  no  remaining  in  the  condition  ui 
which  our  government  has  for  a  hundred  years  permitted  and  coun- 
tenanced their  remaining,  if,  indeed,  it  did  not  actively  encourage 
them  m  their  downward  progresn  iti  debasement. 

The  possibility  and  feasibility  of  now  breaking  through  the  pec-u- 


FBOH  CAM?  TO  QUARTEB9. 


381 


liar  institution  of  caste,  of  introducing  among  the  people  of  India 
European  habits,  religion,  art  a,  sciences,  and  literature,  in  a  wcrd, 
of  forcing  them  into  civilization  on  subjects  of  very  great  interest, 
but  presenting  phases  that  admit  of  two  very  opposite  lines  of  argu- 
ment. 

The  old  residents ,  half  natives  as  they  themselves  are,  from  long 
association  with  natives,  are  loud  in  condemnation  of  any  attempt 
being  made  to  destroy  the  prejudices  of  class  and  "  religion,"  which 
they  have  eoine  to  rather  admire  and  respect  than  otherwise.  They 
moreover  argue  with  much  plausibility  that  all  history  proves  the 
tact  that  religious  intolerance  or  oppression  upon  one  side,  invariably 

f  reduces  fanaticism  on  the  other,  and  that  any  attempt  to  put  down 
y  force  the  peculiar  ceremonies  of  the  people  of  India  would  in- 
evitably raise  the  population  en  masse  against  us,  and  that  through 
sheer  force  of  numbers  we  should  inevitably  be  destroyed  or  expelled 
the  country. 

But  another  class  of  Englishmen  think  very  differently  from  this, 
and  among  them  Colonel  Edwordes,  of  Mooltan  notoriety.  They  can 
see  no  such  impossibility  1  They  would  in  the  first  place,  render  the 
celling  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  compulsory  to  the  native  children 
who  chose  to  attend  Government  schools ;  they  would  establish 
foundling  hospitals  for  the  hundreds  and  thousands  of  outcast  and 
deserted  children  who  are  to  be  found  among  the  villages  and  cities 
of  this  vast  continent}  educating  them  in  our  own  faith  and  thus  gra- 
dually forming  a  class  whose  interests  and  feelings  would  beat  com- 
plete variance  with  those  of  then'  countrymen.  They  would  more- 
over prohibit,  at  least  within  cantonment  limits,  the  processions  and 
other  public  demonstrations  of  these  idolaters  and  unbelievers; 
would  strike  boldly  at  some  of  their  social  customs  that  in  them- 
selves are  so  debasing  m  to  completely  enslave  their  subjects,  as  for 
instance,  polygamy  and  prostitution  ;  would  openly  entourage  and 
countenance  converted  natives,  as  Sir  John  Lawrence  has  lately  done, 
by  admitting  them  on  equal  terms  with  their  still  pagan  brethren  to 
Government  employ,  and  utterly  and  completely  discountenance  in 
all  public  offices  tne  recognition  of  all  other  stated  holidays  than 
thuse  observed  in  England. 

Both  these  "  schools  "  have  many  powerful  disciples.  It  would 
eeenv  however,  that  from  the  mere  nature  of  things  the  former  must 
gradually  but  inevitably  give  wwf%  while  the  latter  \\W\  M  certainly 
Increase  in  numbers  and  influence,  and  for  these  reasons: — 

The  blind  contidenee  in  and  admiration  ot  the  natives  entertained 
bv  old  officers,  received  so  terrible  a  shock,  and  was  so  unequivocally 
snown  by  late  events  to  have  been  powerless  and  umleserud.  that 
now  the  impressions  of  the  best  part  of  many  an  Englishman'*  life 
have  been  scattered  to  the  winds  by  the  terrible  transactions  of  one 
short,  year,  Some,  it  must  be  confessed,  and  their  numbers  not  by 
any  means  ho  insignificant  as  might  be  supposed,  still  cling  with  mar- 
vellous tenacity  to  the  dreams  of  the  past,  even  yet  admire  the  by*. 
I  gone  state  of  affairs,  and  grieve  at  its  sepulture* 
It  must  be  difficult  indeed,  if  not  altogether  hopele>  otfe 

from  their  eyes  the  film  that  thus  obscures  their  moral  vision,  tftfefc 
TL  Sp  Mag.,  BTo-  368,  July,  1859,  <i  u 


882 


FBOlt  CAJir  10   QVAETEKS. 


[Jew, 


I 


the  ordeal  of  death  and  desolation  through  which  they  have  passed  ; 
hut  io  progress  of  time,  even  should  this  not  happen,  their  relative 
influence  must  become  swamped  in  the  flood  of  English  ideas  and 
feelings  that  the  continued  influx  of  British  troops  will  convey. 
Many  already  feel  that  tenets  of  belief,  or  if  you  will  (£  religions  " 
tbat  could  not  only  tolerate  but  dictate  the  fearful  atrocities  that 
were  enacted  in  s57}  must  not  only  be  false  in  themselves,  hut  in 
their  nature  fitted  only  for  demons,  and  not  n  few  are  already  pre* 
pared  to  admit  that  the  sooner  such  horrible  creeds  are  rooted  out 
the  hatter  it  must  he  for  those  who  aro  thus  made  to  renounce  their 
present  superstitions  ;  many  more,  whose  opinions  are  not  bo  deeulnl 
as  these,  must,  under  the  present  state  of  affairs,  soon  vacate  their 
appointments  either  by  death  or  retirement,  to  be  succeeded  by  men 
whose  early  associations  are  entirely  English  and  Christian,  and  who 
consequently  entertain  no  sympathy  with  either  the  obscene  rites  of 
Hindooism  or  the  cruel  and  bloody  creed  of  Mabome  danism. 

If,  therefore,  the  authorities  who  must  ere  long  obtain  possession 
of  the  reins  of  government  in  this  country,  be  permitted  to  act  upon 
their  own  judgment  formed  upon  the  spot,  it  is  clear  that  th©  public 
acknowledgment  of  both  Hindooism  and  Mahomedanism  will 
speedily  be  doomed,  whereas  on  the  other  hand,  and  God  forbid  it 
should  be  eo,  if  the  same  description  of  orders  continues  under  tlm 
new  order  of  things  to  be  transmitted  to  this  country,  that  were  in 
the  days  of  the  bygone  company  of  merehants ;  if  the  representatives 
of  power  in  India  are  to  continue  by  order  to  pander  to  the  vices, 
prejudices,  and  rites  of  the  natives,  then  indeed  may  we  anticipate  a 
Condition  of  things  that  must  end  in  what  would  in  that  caae  be  a 
righteous  judgment — our  final  expulsion  fromlndia. 

But  there  is  even  now  at  work  a  civilizing  inft nonce  among  a 
large  class  of  natives,  the  very  existence  of  which  is  not  Busp 
by  many,  and  whose  effects  on  it  must  be  confessed  at  present  not 
much  to  he  admired  or  applauded,  although  from  every  indication 
we  have  reason  to  anticipate  that  before  loop  there  will  arise  Irom 
this  source  a  stream  which,  increasing  in  si&e  and  purifying  itself 
as  it  rolls  along,  will  ultimately  penetrate  and  carry  civilisation  and 
religion  into  the  most  hidden  and  and  remote  parts  of  this  immense 
continent. 

It  is  impossible  that  the  numerous  native  followers  and  hangers 
on  of  one  description  or  another  about  British  regiments  can  avoid 
lean  mig  the  habit  a  ami  manners  of  those  among  whom  they  mix* 
Hitherto  the  numbers  of  these  followers  have  been  comparatively 
small  because  the  number  of  regiments  in  India  \v;i*  so.  On  re* 
turning  to  their  homes,  therefore*  they  speedily  reverted  hack  to 
their  original  hah  its  ;  their  individuality,  m  it  were,  was  but  in  the 
and  they  even  tried  us  much  as  possible  to  throw  oJT  any 
trace  that  nught  still  cling  to  them  of  association  with  the 
rVringhec. 

Now,  howvwr,  matters  are  rapidly  becoming  very  diilerent.  These 

followers  form  of  theinselvei  no  inconsiderable  portion  of  the  popu* 
at  ion,  and  when  in  course  of  time  they  become  superannuated 
through  age  md  inhrnrity,  and  return  to  their  native  villages ,  the 


; 


ne 


FttOM  CAMP  TO  QUAMMa. 


388 


impressions  and  manners  they  carry  with  them,  not?  being  as  they 

I  are  mere  solitary  Items  in  an  adverse  conim  unity,  will  be  enter* 
tained  by  several  persons  in  each  society ;  they  will  thus  take  a  re- 
oogvaed  position*  and  their  habits  be  inevitably,  although  slowly, 
adopted  by  others,  if  for  no  other  reason  than  as  conducing  to  their 
personal  convenience  or  comfort, 
A  readiness  to  receive  civilization,  arts,  and  religion  being  thus 
established  among  the  different  races  of  India,  the  rei^n  of  their 
present  superstitions,  eaate,  and  other  domestic  and  social  institu- 
tions of  a  baneful  nature  is  at  once  doomed.  Years  will  assuredly 
be  required  to  effect  so  great  a  change,  but  yet  it  must  sooner  or 
later  take  place,  unless  the  further  conduct  of  government  towards 
the  natives  be  a  continuation  of  what  the  ££  Calcutta  Beview  **  may 
well  call  the  factory  feeling,  in  which  case* — and  may  Heaven  protect 
our  countrymen  in  India — the  experience  gained  by  the  natives 
in  1857  will  most  assuredly  be  ere  long  turned  to  terrible  account. 

But,  it  may  be  thought  I  have  dwelt  too  long  upon  this  subject, 
interesting  and  important  although  it  be.  Let  us  therefore  away 
from  it,  and  as  in  the  previous  pages  I  have  endeavoured  to  convey 
to  the  reader  a  few  impressions  of  our  return  to  the  society  of 
Dandgunge,  I  may  now  be  permitted  to  say  a  few  words  on  the  barrack 
Hfe  of  a  soldier,  not  only  at  this  station,  but  at  every  station  in 
India,  for  the  routine  is  alike  in  all, 

1  would  premise  however,  that  certain  popular  impressions  are 
entertained  to  the  effect  that  the  life  of  a  solaier  in  India  is  one  of 
unalloyed  luxury  and  ease,  that  be  there  leads  more  than  the  life  of 
a  gentleman,  because  he  has  not  the  cares  and  anxieties  of  one,  and 
that  in  fact  his  lot  in  life  is  rather  to  be  envied  than  otherwise  ;  I  will 
then,  if  you  please,  dear  reader,  first  present  to  you  the  British 
soldier  in  India  as  he  is  often  said  to  be,  and  by  very  many  persons 
at  home  and  abroad,  believed  to  be. 

From  the  moment  he  lands  in  India  he  ceases  to  be  the  drudge 
he  unquestionably  is  in  England,  Thenee forward  his  knapsack  need 
never  be  worn  unless  he  should  be  ordered  to  carry  it  fixe  a  short 
time  as  a  punishment.  Servants  are  in  attendance  to  clean  up  his 
ek  room.  Cook  a  prepare  his  victuals  according  to  his  own 
icular  tastes  and  fancies,  placing  before  each  such  savoury  viands 
i  they  may  themselves  order.  Other  servants  there  are,  whose  only 
business  is  to  carry  water  for  them  to  use,  while  in  barracks,  or  to 
ich  their  thirst  upon  the  line  of  march.  Instead  of  being  only  in 
bed  every  second  night,  or  at  most  two  in  every  three  as  at  home,  the 
soldier  may  now  enjoy  uninterrupted  sleep  for  seven  and  eight  con* 
aecutively."  His  para'des  are  few,  occurring  only  for  half  an  hour 
morning  and  evening,  and  in  the  interim  he  may,  if  he  is  lazy,  sleep  5 
if  studious,  read  some  of  the  many  excellent  works  provided  for  him 
by  an  ever  lolieftoui  government,  or  he  may,  if  he  choose,  betake 
himself  to  school,  where  a  well  selected  and  able  teacher  chosen  for 
his  especial  titneas  for  the  particular  duty,  m  ever  ready  to  impart  to 
him  instruction, 

Should  he  be  a  married  man,  his  wile  obtains  a  liberal  pecuniary 

CC2 


884  1E0M  CAM*  TO  QtUETEBS,  [J^Y, 

allowance  from  the  state,  and  in  the  event  of  bis  haying  a  family  an 
additional  grant  is  given  for  each  child-  If  sick  he  finds  accom- 
modation in  a  spacious  hospital,  where  he  is  provided  with  every 
comfort  in  the  shape  of  food,  wines,  and  bedding  that  his  necessities 
may  demand  ■  when  convalescence  happily  seta  in,  he  is  taken  out 
morning  and  evening  in  a  dhooly  earned  on  the  shoulders  of  four 
men,  or  on  an  elephant,  so  that  he  may  inhale  the  fresh  breeze, 
and  should  his  state  require  change  of  climate,  lie  is  sent  away  either 
to  one  of  the  local  sanitaria  in  the  hilts,  or  to  his  own  native  English 
air,  being  in  the  latter  case  provided  with  a  passage  on  board  the 
finest  ship  that  can  be  obtained  for  tbe  purpose. 

But  even  in  the  few  instances  where  he  succumbs  to  a  fatal 
illness,  or  dies  the  death  of  a  soldier  in  the  field,  his  last  momenta 
are  soothed  by  the  knowledge  that  should  he  be  leaving  a  widow,  he 
does  not  leave  her  destitute  i  No !  The  same  paternal  government 
that  supported  her  during  his  life,  continues  to  maintain  her  after 
his  death ,  until  such  time  as  she  finds  it  convenient  to  obtain  for 
herself  another  protector,  and  even  then,  does  the  same  annuity 
regularly  come  in,  to  add  additional  comfort  to  her  already  com* 
Portable  home,  and  to  provide  those  little  luxuries  that  enhance  the 
enjoyment  of  wedded  fife  even  in  the  gorgeous  east. 

Such  is  a  picture  of  Eden  as  it  is  said  to  he.      Proceed  we  now 
present  a  comparison  picture.     Eden  as  it  really  is  in  an  Indian 
Barrack ;  selecting   Dandgunge   merely   because   the  thread  of  the 
present  narrative  twines  round  that  station. 

The  newly-arrived  soldier,   or  recruit,  in  nine  cases  out  of 
marches  from  the  point  of  disembarkation  on  the  Bengal  side  of  In- 
to his  first  barracks,  whether  they  be  at  Fort  William,  Dum  D 
or  Chinsurah,  buttoned  to  the  throat   in  a  dress  oppressive  eve 
in  England  at  all  seasons  except  winter.     He  ie  in  addition  strap 
by  belts  and  borne  down  by  his  knapsack,  so  that  in  all  likelihood  hi 
falls  down  in  a  state  of  hail  suffocation,  or  complete  apoplexy  before 
he  has  completed  half  his  necessary  distance  ;  the  stifling  atmosphere 
of  the  shore  being  to  him  utterlv  exhausting  and  oppressive. 

Once  in  barracks,  it  is  true  that  he  finds  hosts  of  natives  around 
him,  hut  their  ways,  manners,  language  and  appearance  all 
strange  to  him.  He  finds  himself  in  a  spacious,  but  a  dreary-looking 
building,  utterly  separated  as  he  for  the  time  believes  from  all  the 
world  beside.  His  own  allotted  space  is  that  which  his  sleeping  cot 
covers.  A  large  box  stands  at  the  foot  into  which  he  is  required  to 
place  his  kit  for  safety  as  well  as  order,  and  at  the  head  are  two  or 
three  pegs  upon  which  to  suspend  his  accoutrements.  Here  he 
to  remain  until  his  services  are  required  elsewhere,  and  until  the 
let  us  Bee  how  he  is  to  occupy  his  trail 

An  utter  want  of  useful  employment  miial   In*  the   first  feelini 
tl  Kit comes  over  him.     To  arrange  and  re -arrange  his  belts  and 
coutrements  according  to  the    fancies  and  freaks  of  a   capricious 
sergeant,  is  his  only  employment  during  the  day.     If  he  become, 
he  10  tolerably  certain  to  do,  tired  and  exhausted  during  the  long 
hot  and  monotonous  day,  and  wishes  to  take  an  hour's  rest,  be  is 
liable  tobe  ll  reported1'  and  taken  to  the  orderly  room  for  having  his  cot 


1859.] 


THOH   CAH2  TO  Qt/ABTBES, 


3S5 


irregular — If  lie  wish  to  visit  the  reading  room  he  must  do  bo  in  full 
uniform,  and  in  the  days  I  now  speak  of,  half  choked  by  stiff  leather 
stock. 

It  is  true  that  if  he  happen  to  he  a  married  man  his  wife  obtains  a 
pecuniary  allowance,  but  let  us  examine  a  little  into  its  nature  and 
the  conditions  attached  to  it. 

The  nature  of  the  climate  totally  unfits  her  for  earning  her  own  live* 

■  lihood  by  manual  labour  as  at  home.  The  class  of  women  from  which 
soldiers1  wives  arc  as  a  body  drawn,  have  not  sufficient  education, 
to  enable  them  to  earn  a  living  by  intellectual  employment,  and  the 
very  fact  of  their  obtaining  Government  pay  leads  them  to  consider 
employment  in  the  capacity  of  servants  as  derogatory  to  their  elevated 
social  position.  The  small  pittance  of  ten  shillings  per  month  which 
they  receive,  even  when  added  to  the  trifle  they  receive  from  the 
most  economical  and  prudent  of  husbands,  is  insufficient  to  maintain 
them,  and  what  is  the  result  ?  Soldiers*  wives  in  India  are  in  fact 
almost  driven  to  adopt  a  mode  of  life  that  is  sad  to  think  of. 

That  there  are  some  honorable  exceptions  is  a  fact  most  highly 
creditable  to  the  individuals,  but  unfortunately  their  number  ifl 
small,  who  bear  up  with  unblemished  character  against  the  priva- 
tions as  well  as  the  temptations  that  beset  them. 

Tn  the  instances  where  these  women  become  widows,  and  which, 
alas,  are  of  very  frequent  occurrence,  they  know  that  the  Government 
allowance  will  only  be  continued  to  them  for  six  months  after  their 
husband's  death,  and  that  at  the  expiration  of  that  period  one  of  two 
alternatives  awaits  them — either  to  be  left  utterly  without  the  means 
of  obtaining  even  the  barest  necessities  of  life,  or  to  marry.  Under 
such  circumstances,  love  or  regard  for  the  object  of  their  choice  is 
considered  to  be  by  no  means  necessary ;  in  fact  there  is  too  good 

(reason  to  believe  that  when  soldiers  are  affected  with  tedious  illness, 
which  from  its  nature  appears  likely  to  terminate  fatally,  the  affec- 
tionate wife  of  their  bosom  is  even  then  taking  steps  calculated  to 
render  her  possible  period  of  mourning  and  widowhood  as  short  as 
circumstances  will  permit, 

True,  also,  children  obtain  a  pecuniary  allowance  from  Government, 
but  its  conditions  deserve  a  few  remarks-  Small  as  it  is,  they  only 
receive  it  until  thev  reach  the  mature  age  of  fourteen  years^  when 
the  boys  have  no  alternative  but  to  enlist,  unless,  as  sometimes  hap- 
pens, they  obtain  apprenticeships  in  the  subordinate  medical  depart- 
ment. The  girls,  however,  less  fortunate  than  they,  have  only 
one  of  three  alternative  a — namely,  to  become  wives,  and  in  due 
time  mothers,  at  an  age  when  neither  their  bodily  formation  nor 
their  mental  development  lit  them  for  the  functions,  duties,  and 
responsibilities  they  are  called  upon  to  perform  ;  secondly,  they  have 
the  alternative  of  starving  and  dying  of  want — and  thirdly,  that  sad 
and  terrible  resort  of  the  abandoned  of  their  sex,  to  minister  to  the 
depraved  passions  of  the  debauchee* 

There  are  many  other  respects  in  which  the  position  of  the  soldier 
and  those  dependent  upon  hiin,  are  in  India  not  quite  what  they  are 
generally  supposed  to  be,  but  further  remarks  upon  them  must  be 
reserved  for  another  paper* 


m 


GREENWICH  HOSPITAL  AS  IT  IS. 


BT  AK  AtfCIElTT  MABIVEIl. 

IL 


aething  about  *Jthe 


motttli  of  May ,s  which 


Thibe  is 
induces  people  to  try  to  shake  off  the  business  which  has  engrossed 
their  attention  during  the  winter  mouths,  and  I  suppose  it  was  a 
feeling  pf  this  kind  which  led  me  to  make  the  following  proposal  to 
Mrs.  Buntline. 

Laying  aside  a  rather  perplexing  account  which  had  been  sent  for 
my  perusal  by  the  secretary  of  a  very  promising  ft  sf  which  I 

am  one  of  the  directors,  from  which  I  expect  to  at  least  double  my 
present  income,  and  taking  off  my  spectacles  I  thus  addressed  my 
affectionate  rib, — "  My  dear,  I  am  thinking  of  taking  you  with  me 
to  Greenwich  to-morrow." 

Incontinently  dropping  her  knitting,  she  exclaimed,  "you  don't 
mean  it  surely,  Jimmy  I"  (She  has  always  called  me  by  that  familiar 
name,  and  it  is  too  late  now  to  chide  her.)  u  Ton  know  you  never 
take  me  anywhere,'5  (she  forgot  tho  Oratorio  only  a  week  ago,  A 
woman's  memory  in  such  matters  never  goes  beyond  a  week.)  u  An 
I  should  so  like  to  go  to  Greenwich." 

"Agreed  then,"  said  I  j  "and  as  to-morrow  is  the  Queen's  birtb 
day  you  will  be  much  interested  with  the  Bight  of  the  veteran  officer 
men,  and  boys  going  ia  procession  to  the  chapel.  I  remember 
once  to  see  the  son  of  an  old  messmate  who  was  in  the  higher  school 
and  just  happened  to  hit  upon  one  of  these  interesting  exhibitions 
The  officers  had  all  assembled  in  the  grand  square,  together  with  se  vera 
hundreds  of  the  schoolboys,  The  drummer  and  tifer  in  their  grotesqu 
dresses,  and  the  boy  &  band,  the  boatswains  with  their  halberd*,  the 
head  boys  carrying  nautical  instruments,  and  the  officers  in  full  uni- 
form, followed  by  a  large  posse  of  pensioners,  marched  into  the 
chapel  to  hear  prayers.  From  thence  they  proceeded  to  the  Painted 
Hall,  and  the  officers  standing  round  a  table  at  the  upper  part  of  the 
noble  apartment^  a  gaily  dressed  old  man,  mounted  on  a  stool*  gav 
out  a  number  of  toasts.  Such  responses  were  never  heard, 
boatswain's  mate  with  a  call  gave  a  shrill  whistle,  at  which  the  h\; 
dreds  of  boys  gave  three  hearty  cheers.  The  *  Queen/  the  '  Boyi 
Family,'  the*  Lords  of  the  Hadmirality/  &l%  Ao,,  were  given  by  tfc 
veteran  O'Tooie  in  rapid  succession,  and  each  time  the  shrill  voic 
resounded  from  the  youthful  throats.  Tins  finished,  the  party 
formed,  proceeded  round  the  square,  and  the  officers  entered  the  house 
of  the  governor/1 

"  \Yhat  an  interesting  display,"  chimed  in  Mrs.  B.,  who  had 
been  listening  most  attentively  to  my  description,  "  and  shall  we  see 
aUthiiP'^ 

"  Certainly/'  I  replied,  u  there  are  several  of  these  festivals  as  they 
are  called,  during  the  year/' 

Far  a  wonder,  I  had  not  to  wait  long  on  the  eventful  morning  fa 


1859.] 


OltlEtfWTCn  BOSFTTAL   k%  TT  Tf. 


357 


M.ra,  B.  to  stick  in  her  pins,  and  we  started  toon  after  breakfast 
for  Greenwich* 

It  was  a  lovely  day,  and  we  reached  the  College  in  good  time,  as  I 
thought,  for  the  cheering  in  the  Painted  Hall,  if  for  nothing  more. 
It  was  nearly  twelve  o'clock  as  we  approached  the  gates.  I  noticed 
the  royal  standard  flying  over  the  governor's  house,  and  expected 
to  aee  some  signs  of  tne  procession  \  but  not  observing  anything  un- 
usual, I  proposed  going  straight  to  the  Painted  Hall,  It  was  open 
as  at  other  times,  and  a  fee  of  "  fourpeneo 'J  was  demanded  a*  toe 
price  of  admission. 

■  Is  not  this  festival  day  ?1J  I  asked  in  bewilderment  at  this 
change. 

"  Yes  sir/*  replied  the  money  taker* 

'*  When  does  the  procession  begirt  to  form  then  tn  I  demanded. 

"  Procession  sir  V1  repeated  the  man  with  some  surprise*  4t  I 
don't  know  what  you  mean  sir. 

u  Why  don't  all  the  officers  and  men  come  here  on  festival  days  ?" 

"  Oh  no/'  replied  the  tnau,  "  that  has  been  done  away  with  soma 
years," 

(<  But  do  not  the  men  get  double  allowance  of  strong  beer  and 
that  V*     I  enquired, 

44  Yes,  the  men  get  their  ale  and  a  pound  of  meat,  but  there  is  no 
*  walking-day1  like  there  used  to  be," 

*4  Pretty  fellow  you  ! T*  said  my  wife  aside  tormentingly, {*  to  bring 
me  all  the  way  down  here  for  nothing !" 

I  certainly  felt  rather  "riled/*  as  Sam  Slick  would  say,  but  as  the 
day  was  fine,  and  I  had  heard  that  there  was  good  wine,  and  nice 
wfiite  bait  at  Quartcrmaine^s,  I  hoped  to  make  my  peace  in  that  way, 

Wc  sauntered  up  and  down  the  hall  admiring  the  pictures  of 
battles  and  old  naval  heroes,  and  after  in  vain  endeavouring  to  get  a 
good  view  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  collection  **  the  Death  of 
Kelson,"  we  ascended  the  broad  tight  of  steps  to  the  upper  hall. 
Next  to  the  blood-stained  coat  and  waistcoat  worn  by  the  hero  of 
Trafalgar  when  he  received  his  death  wound,  presented  by  the  Prince 
Consort,  the  case  containing  the  relics  of  poor  Franklin's  party 
excited  our  attention.  No  one  can  look  upon  the  pieces  of  money; 
the  silver  forks  and  spoons,  the  mutilated  portions  of  watches,  the 
sailor's  certificate  ease,  surgeon's  knife,  and  the  leaves  of  a  book 
marked  m  blood  or  red  ink,  most  likely  the  former,  which  seemed  to 
Iiave  belonged  to  Mr.  Gtaodsir  the  assistant  surgeon,  without  a  feel- 
ing of  anguish.  Fancy  conjures  up  the  once  owtiers,  and  depicts 
them  famished  and  despairing,  perhaps  surrounded  by  hostile  natives 
coveting  the  trilling  articles  saved  from  the  wreck,  and  watching  for 
the  moment  when  death  should  render  the  acquisition  undisputed; 
Mournful  relics,  indeed,  of  some  of  the  noblest  fellows  who  ever 
wore  the  British  uniform ! 

I  remarked  on  first  entering  the  hall  a  miserable  attempt  at  a 
monument,  which  had  been  raised  in  memory  of  the  lost  crews  of  the 
us  and  Terror,     In  bleak  desolateness"  it  assuredly  i  the 

service  on  which  they  were  engaged,  and  tbe  death  they  died,  but  it 
is  wholly  deficient  in  taste,  and  the  sculpture  is  of  \et^  op^<&»fi&& 
execution. 


■ 


GREENWICH  HOSPITAL   AS  If  18* 


[JTOT, 


14  The  Nekon  room,"  as  the  boatswain  called  it,  occupied  a  quarter 
of  am  hour*  I  cannot  say  that  I  admire  the  stifflv  starched  portrait 
by  Abbott,  or  the  unearthly  figures  of  Weatall ;  still,  anything 
which  tends  to  keep  alive  Nelson  and  his  daring  exploits  demands 
respect. 

Finding  that  the  fourpenny  ticket  was  available  for  the  chapel , 
we  crossed  over  and  were  received  into  that  saered  edifice.  The 
light  and  elegant  marble  columns  supporting  the  organ  gallery  ;  the 
elaborate  carving  and  decoration  of  the  galleries  and  arched  roof, 
the  scagliola  pillars,  and  well-proportioned  pulpit  and  reading 
desk,  in  turn  excited  our  admiration.  The  preservation  of  St.  Paul 
from  shipwreck  on  the  Island  of  Malta,  which  is  a  fine  collection  of 
colossal  figures  grouped  most  unnaturally,  took  my  wife's  attention. 
She  was  .particularly  struck  with  the  figure  of  the  "  Eoman  lady  of 
distinction"  as  the  guide  used  to  tell  people,  "  clasping  with  an 
affection  tho  hnrn  containing  the  hashes  of  her  deceased  husband, 
who  had  fallen  in  the  wars  of  Judaea/'  The  tesselated  pavement  in 
imitation  of  a  first- rate's  hempen  cable  and  mariner's  compass,  in 
black  and  white  marble,  were  duly  pointed  out  by  the  guide,  and  we 
observed  that  great  care  was  taken  to  preserve  it  from  the  slightest 
scratch,  by  means  of  canvas  cloths,  &e, 

"  Surely,"  said  I  to  my  wife,  "  they  who  built  this  superb  place, 
and  fitted  it  up  without  regard  to  expense,  must  have  wished  that 
those  who  were  to  use  it  should  be  in  comfortable  circumstances,  It 
never  could  have  been  intended  that  such  a  gorgeous  place  of  wor- 
ship should  be  used  by  poor  old  men  worn  down  by  penury,  and 
full  of  anxiety  for  the  future.  Such  a  place,  palace  I  might 
was  meant  to  give  an  impulse  to  gratitude  for  past  mercies,  and 
not  for  men  who  rarely  ever  Bpeak  of  the  institution  without  a 
'  growl / 71 

Leaving  the  cbapclT  we  descended  into  the  dining  hall,  where 
the  pensioners  were  regaling  themselves  with  a  smoking  hot  dinner* 
The  sight  of  these  old  men  at  dinner  is  a  very  interesting  one  to 
the  stranger.  It  is  pleasant  to  see  hundreds  of  those  whom  we  are 
accustomed  to  look  upon  as  our  veteran  defenders  thus  cared  for  in 
their  old  age,  and  provided  each  day  with  what  seems  to  be  a  plenti- 
ful supply  of  savoury  viands.  The  sight  was  one  which  for  the 
time  banished  from  my  mind  the  complaints  made  by  my  old  ship- 
mate and  other  of  the  pensioners*  The  dinner  on  this  day  was 
roast  meat— mutton,  I  think,  with  a  large  baked  pudding,  and  pota- 
toes. I  expected,  as  this  was  the  Queen's  birthday,  to  have  seen  a  tew 
plums  in  their  puddings,  but  was  told  that  that  delicacy  was  con* 
fined  to  Christmas  day. 

"  "We  passed  leisurely  up  and  down  the  hall  in  the  hope,  in  part, 
of  discovering  old  Ben,  but  he  was  nowhere  to  be  found.  My  wife 
was  much  charmed  with  the  order  and  regularity,  and  felt  surprised 
when  I  told  her  that  there  was  still  evidently  something  wanting  to 
constitute  happiness  and  contentment. 

On  leaving  the  hall  I  took  Mrs.  B.  to  a  bench  fronting  the 
river,  and  determined  to  go  in  pursuit  of  my  old  shipmate,  who 
I  hoped  to  find  in  his  ward,    But  here  I  Mt  rather  at  a  low ;  yet 


1859.] 


GBEXimOII  HOSPTTAl  AS  IT  IB. 


under  the  impression  that  he  told  me  he  was  in  the  "  South  East 
quarter,*1 1  consulted  the  compass  and  shaped  my  course  accordingly.  I 
found  the  opening  of  the  large  stone  building,  and  on  going  up  the 
steps  observed  on  the  ground  door  an  apartment  with  "  Bath  Room" 
painted  over  the  entrance.  The  door  being  open  I  entered  and  was 
agreeably  surprised  to  find  a  large  space  fitted  up  with  capacious 
baths,  each  having  curtains  sufficiently  broad  to  be  drawn  round  the 
bath,  so  as  completely  to  inclose  the  bather  and  exclude  cold  air. 
A  very  civil  old  man  ana  were  d  all  my  questions,  and  told  me  that 
the  men  could  have  a  warm  bath  as  often  as  they  pleased,  and  that 
he  sometimes  had  as  many  as  five  hundred  in  a  week  to  provide  for 
In  an  upper  part  was  a  bath  for  feet  washing,  each  foot  bath  being 
supplied  with  hot  and  cold  water,  and  soap,  but  not  towels,  each 
man  bringing  his  own.  My  informant  also  exhibited  some  remarkable 

S roofs  of  his  skill  a  chiropodist.  I  found  that  this  most  perfect 
epartment,  as  it  seemed  to  me,  was  of  recent  date,  and  the  old  man 
told  me  it  was  due  to  the  benevolent  exertions  of  the  late  Admiral 
Sir  Charles  Adam. 

On  the  opposite  side  was  the  Barber's  shop,  which  was  also  con* 
veniently  arranged  ;  and  here  I  was  told  men  might  be  shaved  u  twice 
a  week"  gratuitously. 

Feeling  my  own  chin  I  thought  two  days1  growth  of  beard 
would  not  improve  my  appearance,  or  contribute  to  my  penonal 
com  tort,  and  I  ninted  to  one  of  the  shavers  that  I  should  like  to  be 
shaved  oftener  than  twice  a  week,  to  which  he  replied  that  by  paying 
a  halfpenny  each  time  a  pensioner  could  be  shaved  as  often  as  be 
pleased.     "'Thank  ye  for  nothing/1  thought  I. 

Although  I  asked  several  men,  no  one  seemed  to  know  Ben  T oung, 
and  I  began  to  think  he  must  have  had  an  alias  under  which  he  had 
taken  his  pension. 

Leaving  the  barber's  shop,  I  ascended  a  rather  dirty  stone 
staircase,  the  walls  of  which  gave  convincing  proofs  of  the 
sailor's  love  for  pig-tail,  and  readied  the  nest  storey.  I  found  that 
it  had  a  stone  floor,  running  the  whole  length  to  the  northward, 
and  that  the  cabins  were  also  flagged.  The  passage  was  about  six 
or  eight  feet  in  width,  and  the  cabins  branched  off  at  right  angles 
to  the  right  and  left,  each  containing  eight  beds,  four  of  a  side, 
abutting  one  on  the  other,  a  thin  partition  dividing  them  at  the  head 
and  foot,  There  was  a  space  of  about  eight  feet  between  the  two 
tiers  of  bed-places.  The  ward  seemed  deserted,  although  the  men 
had  returned  from  dinner,  but  at  length  I  met  a  jolly  old  lellow,  whom 
I  took  to  be  a  boatswain,  to  whom  I  propounded  the  question,  "  Do 
you  know  a  man  by  the  name  of  Ben  Young  f* 

H  Young  ?  Ben  Young  ?  can't  say  as  I  do,  sir,  I  had  a  shipmate  of 
that  name  in  the  old  — ,  in  the  year  nine/' 

*«  Then,  perhaps,  you  had  another  by  the  name  of  Buntline  "  said  1 , 

14  Bless  my  heart  alive,  sure  enough  I  had,  and  ought  to  know  hunf 
I  was  coxswain  of  his  boat,  and  if  1  aint  mistaken,  you  are  the  same 
gentleman" 

A  pleasant  recognition  took  place.  Forty  years  is  a  long  time  in 
prospect,  but  when  past,  seems  but  a  day*    Here,  after  the  \i^*fe  <& 


390 


GMETHVICH  WOlFTfiX  IB 


[JrJXT, 


m  many  years,  was  1117  old  shipmate,  Charley  Johnson,  the  same  in 
speech  and  look,  barring  the  grey  hairs,  portly  figure,  and  lame  le^. 

*'  You  wear  well,  air,  your  hair  don't  seem  changed  a  bit,"'  (be  was 
not  so  clear-sighted  as  old  Ben,)  *'  and  I  hope  you  have  been  able  to 
coil  up  your  ropes  all  snug,  for  a  full  due." 

I  thanked  him  for  his  kind  wishes,  and  we  forthwith  retired  to  hi* 
little  berth  to  have  a  yarn  about  old  times,  and  imperceptibly  he  was 
drawn  to  speak  of  his  present  abode. 

41  You're  getting  ola  now,  Charley  "  said  I ;  "  how  long  have  you 
been  here  ?n 

*  Twenty-two  years,  sir,  and  most  part  of  that  time  I  have  been  1 
boatswain,  but  I  am  getting  old  and  past  work  now  •  I  am  a  good  deal 
older  tli an  you,  sir" 

"You  must  be;  you  were  'old  Charley'  when  you  were  cox- 
swain of  the  Blue  Cutter,  and  must  now  be  nearly  eighty,'1 

l(  I  shall  be  seventy-six  nest  birthday/1  said  Charley,  "  but  T  cant 
afford  to  give  up  yet,  though  I  suffer  very  much  at  times  from  rheu- 
matics in  this  cold  ward,  and  feel  the  old  wound  in  the  leg,  which  1  got 
when  we  were  cutting  out  that  convoy,  you  remember,  sir,  in  Eosas 
Bay," 

"But  why  cannot  you  afford  to  give  up  ?  "  I  enquired. 

11 1  have  got  a  poor  old  woman  at  home,  and  I  don't  want  that  she 
should  go  to  the  union.  WeVe  been  together  now  for  thirty  years, 
and  I  will  try  to  keep  her  afloat  for  a  few  years,  leastways,  as  long 
as  I  live*  She  can't  live  long,  sir,  she  is  Very  ailing,  and  it  is  as 
much  as  I  can  do  to  attend  upon  her,  and  I  cannot  afford  to  pay  any 
one  to  look  after  her.*' 

"  But  after  so  many  years  as  you  have  been  boatswain,  there  must 
be  some  allowance  on  retiring,"  I  said, 

"  Kot  a  penny,  sir.  As  soon  as  I  give  up  my  lace,  or  go  sick  to 
the  infirmary,  everything  stops  but  a  shilling  a- week.  I'm  on  'the 
Butler's  list  *  now,  (this  he  explained  was  a  list  on  which  men  were 
paid  the  contract  price  in  lieu  of  their  provision^)  and  with  that 
and  my  3s.  6d.  a-week,  we  can  just  manage  to  pay  rent  for  the  room, 
and  get  a  bit  of  firing  in  winter,  besides  what  we  get  now  and  then 
from  charity  funds,  and  a  bit  of  victuals  to  eat.  But  it's  hard  times, 
very  hard,  now  and  then," 

*  Then  you  mean  to  say  that  all  you  haye  to  lire  upon  and  keep 
your  old  woman  in  meat,  lodging,  clothes,  and  firing,  is  3s,  6d, 
a-week,  and  'the  butler's  list'  money  allowance  ;  and  how  much  does 
tin-  *  butler's  list'  pve  you?" 

8  The  butler's  list  is*  5s.  lOd.  a-week,  air,  now,  so  w©  haye  just 
9s.  4d  a-week  for  the  pair  of  us.** 

*  And  when  you  go  sick,  you  say  that  stops  ?  '* 

u  AH  except  the  shilling  a-weelt.  Another  man  is  put  in  my 
place,  aud  my  poor  old  woman  would  starve  quite,  if  it  wasn't  for 
the  main  guard — that  is,  for  a  share  in  the  broken  victuals." 

**  Have  you  any  pension  ?  " 

M  Eighteen  pounds,  four,  sir— a  shilling  a  day ;  but  when  I  came 
in  here  my  pension  ceased." 

u  Then  according  to  that  account  yon  only  gain  two  shflungB 
fourpence  a  week  by  being  in  the  college." 


and 


qbebkwich  hospital  as  it  is. 


"That's  all,  barring  my  clothed  and  shoes;  and  there  is  the 
Boatswain  of  the  floor  not  far  from  me,  who  has  no  pension,  and  yet 
gets  the  same  money*     That  don*t  seem  fair,  sir,  does  it  L;i> 

^  And  so  you  aay  that  you  have  been  twenty-  years  a  boatswain, 
and  when  you  are  no  longer  able  to  do  the  duty  you  lose  your 
lace.1' 

*  Yea,  i£  I  give  up  I  must  fall  back  to  a  private  pensioner  upon  a 
shilling  a- week*" 

After  listening  with  deep  attention  to  the  plain,  straightforward 
replies  of  my  old  shipmate,  I  proposed  that  he  should  take  me 
through  the  ward,  to  which  he  readily  assented. 

"  This  ward,"  said  I,  as  J  entered  one  after  another  of  the  nearly 
tenant  Jess  cabins,  with  the  beds  rolled  up}  "  is  very  different  from  the 
ward  which  ia  exhibited  to  the  public.7' 

*' You  mean  '  the  Eoyal  Charles'  I  suppose,"  answered  the  Boat* 
swain.  "  Ah  i  that  is  a  different  affair— that  is  what  is  called  '  the 
show  ward/  and  very  few  of  the  cabins  are  ever  alept  in,  most  of  the 
men  are  out  1  vers," 

"  O Ottawa/'  I  replied,  mistaking  the  word,  "  what  are  they  ? 
Are  they  so  bad  as  that  ?  I  know  they  are  out  and  out  chaps  at 
a  yaru  ;  but  I  did  not  believe  they  had  earned  the  name  of  "  outliarsS* 

"  No,  no,  you  misunderstand  me,  they  have  outlying  tickets — they 
sleep  out.  They  are  men  holding  situations,  such  as  Boats  wain  of 
the  Halls  and  Chapel,  and  other  such  good  places,  and  their  cabins 
are  fitted  up  with  pictures,  and  crockery,  and  all  that  for  show.  The 
ward  keeping  is  always  worth  a  shilling  or  two,  and  some  of  the  naen 
pay  for  the  turn  of  ward  keeping  because  of  the  presents  they 
receive  from  visitors,     That  used  to  be  so  I  know." 

"  Then/'  said  I,  "  the  Eoyal  Charles  is  a  sham," 

"  To  bo  sure,  sir,  why  when  gentlefolks  come  down  here,  they  only 
go  into  the  Painted  Hall  and  Chapel,  and  into  the  Dining  Halls,  and 
then  to  the  Eoyal  Charles,  and  they  see  so  many  beautiful  places 
they  go  away  wondering  and  saying  what  a  noble,  fine  institution 
it  is, and  surprised  that  any  one  belonging  to  it  should  grumble.  They 
don't  know  that  we  poor  old  pensioners  are  not  allowed  to  go  into 
the  Painted  Hall,  unless  on  free  days,  and  that  all  the  finery  they 
•ee  is  mostly  for  show." 

"  They  do  not  come  up  to  this  ward,  I  suppose.'1 

"  Not  a  bit  of  it,  sir,  they  only  see  the  bright  aide.  I  should  like  for 
of  the  gentlefolks  to  come  up  here  on  a  cold  November  dayt 
see  the  cold  stone  walls  all  streaming  with  wet,  and  the  floor  as 
p  aa  if  the  rain  had  come  down  through  the  ceiling  upon  it.  We 
keep  up  a  good  fire  in  the  winter,  but  that  is  at  one  end  of  the  ward, 
and  it  is  enough  to  give  any  man  his  death  at  the  lower  end,  to  get 
out  of  bed  of  a  night  when  the  fire  is  out,  and  only  cold  wet  stones 
la  walk  upon."1* 

"  I  observe  a  strip  of  matting/1  said  L 

^  '*  Yes,  but  that  don't  go  all  the  way  over,  and  an  old  man  some- 
times  gets  out,  and  having  no  slippers  to  put  on,  gets  cold  in  all  his 
luuhs." 

M  But  are  all  the  wards  like  this  ?" 


tee  is 
"T 
"JS 

some 


GttEltfWtCH  HOSPITAL   AS  IT  IS* 


[Jul*, 


"  No,  only  this,  and  the  floors  above  and  below*  But  the  new  men 
are  often  sent  in  here,  and  the  ward^  when  full  hold  about  20O  men/* 

«  Why  is  it  kept  so  P" 

"  They  say  that  this  part  was  burnt  many  years  ago,  and  that  it 
has  had  stone  floors  ever  since." 

u  That  must  have  been  the  fire  in  1778,"  said  I. 

11 1  suppose  it  must,  but  I  cannot  say,  as  I  am  not  much  of  a 
reader. 

"  But  surely  that  is  not  a  good  reason  ;  if  it  was  burnt  once,  it  is 
most  likely  it  will  not  be  again." 

u  I  only  know/*  said  Charley,  "  that  it  is  very  cold  here,  and  it  is  my 
opinion  many  a  poor  fellow  has  been  taken  off  sooner  than  he  would 
have  been,  if  he  nad  had  good  wooden  boards  to  walk  upon." 

On  approaching  the  fireplace  I  observed  a  painted  bench  with 
a  bi^h  back  to  it,  and  an  attempt  to  screen  the  fire  side  from  the 
cutting  winds  my  old  shipmate  complained  of,  "  Then  here,"  said 
I,  P  I  suppose  yon  all  sit  of  a  winter's  night  and  smoke*" 

"  Smoke  I"  exclaimed  the  Boatswain,  horror  stricken.  "  Smoke  in 
the  wards,  sir !  Why  that  is  death  by  the  law.  Any  man  found 
smoking  in  the  wards,"  added  the  Boatswain,  t!  is  to  be  expelled 
forthwith." 

«  How  is  that?" 

"  Impossible  to  say,  sir,  but  my  warrant  woidd  not  be  worth  a 
halfpenny  if  a  man  was  caught  smoking  here." 

M  1  suppose  you  smoke." 

"  Yes,  I  like  my  pipe— it  is  the  next  thing  to  my  dinner,  and 
sometimes  I  think  I  would  sooner  go  without  dinner  than  my  pipe. 
In  the  warm  weather  we  have  got  a  fine  place  over  by  the  Brew- 
house — a  very  great  comfort  and  enjoyment  it  is  to  us  old  fellows  ; 
but  in  the  winter  weeaunot  stand  the  cold." 

u  What  do  you  do  then  ?."     I   enquired, 

"  We  go  into  the  chalk  walk,  down  under  the  colonnade,  but  the 
draught  w  too  much  for  my  old  bones ;  and  I  generally  go  over  to  my 
old  woman  and  smoke  in  her  room," 

"  Could  not  a  place  be  found  in  your  ward  for  a  smoking  room  ? 
We  have  a  smoking  room  in  all  our  clubs  in  London,  without  being 
afraid  of  burning  down  the  building,  or  of  offending  those  who  don't 
smoke." 

"  We  poor  fellows  are  made  of  another  kind  of  stuff  to  you  gentle- 
folks," said  Charley,  not  in  a  tone  of  reproach,  but  as  if  he  really 
thought  so.  "  I  dare  say  we  could  part  off  a  cabin,  and  fit  it  up  for 
smoking,  and  for  men  to  sit  in  during  the  day ;  and  I  have  often 
thought  to  myself  that  if  this  could  be  done,  there  would  be  less 
custom  for  the  publicans.  To  my  mind  it  is  the  want  of  comfort 
and  sociablenees  in  the  wards,  that  drive  a  men  out  to  the  public  houses, 
where  all  the  mischief  happens." 

"  I  should  think,"  srid  I,  "  that  if  you  had  a  sort  of  galley,  where 
you  could  smoke,  or  play  cribbage,  or  drafts,  or  read  the  paper  or  a 
book,  that  yon  would  J  eel  it  a  kind  of  home." 

11  To  be  sure  we  should,  and  that  is  what  always  struck  me  j  but 
then,  you  see,  I  am  only  a  poor  old  man,  and  a  boatswain,  and  no 


0KBBKWICH  HOBPITAI  AS  IT  18, 


398 


one  listens  to  what  the  likes  of  me  has  to  say,  or  asks  me  what  I 
think*  Best  part  of  the  men  that  used  to  be  in  this  ward— we  have 
thirty  or  forty  vacancies  here  now — would  have  stopped  in  it  from 
morning  to  night,  only  they  have  no  place  to  sit  down  in,  except 
where  you  saw  just  now,  and  it's  dull  work  sitting  there  all  day 
looking  at  one-another." 

"  Is  it  not  a  great  drawback  to  men  of  a  serious  turn  of  mind  to 
have  no  place  where  they  can  say  their  prayers  without  the  chance 
of  being  jeered  at ■  ?  "  I  enquired.  M I  notice  iu  these  cabins  that 
they  are  quite  open,  and  that  one  man  can  see  all  that  his  opposite 
cabin-mate  is  doing.  He  has  not  so  much  as  a  curtain  to  screen 
him  from  observation.1' 

"  No  doubt,  sir,  it  is  as  you  say ;  but  the  men  get  used  to  it  after 
a  time." 

u  And/*  I  added,  "  used  to  going  prayerless  to  bed,  rather  than 
kneel  down  in  the  presence  of  some  mocker*  It  must  he  a  great 
comfort  to  a  decent  man  to  have  a  cabin  to  himself/1 

"  You  are  right,  sir,  I  have  heard  many  respectable  men  make 
their  remarks  about  it,  They  have  a  sleeping  place  they  say,  but 
uo  cabin.  They  have  only  two  shelves  to  put  their  bottle,  plate, 
basin,  and  spoon  upon,  and  a  wooden  stool  to  ait  upon*  They  have 
a  chest  with  a  lock  to  it,  and  that  is  all/' 

"  Certainly  there  is  not  much  regard  to  comfort  or  privacy  in  these 
arrangements,"  I  remarked,  *■  but  I  suppose  that  there  are  not  many 
wards  so  bad  as  yours," 

"  I  can  tell  you,"  replied  Charley,  with  some  degree  of  pride 
11  that,  barring  the  stone  floors,  my  ward  is  a  very  capital  one  to 
some  of  them.  There-  are  some  in  other  quarters  where  thci 
scarcely  any  light  of  the  day,  and  in  the  summer  time  the  men  can 
hardly  breathe  in  them,  and  then,  what  with  vermin,  the  men  don't 
know  what  to  do  with  themselves;  they  are  doing  something  to 
better  those  wards  now.  I  don't  wonder  why  we  have  so  many  men 
going  out,  I  only  wonder  at  any  man  with  ;i  decentifih  pension,  and 
able  to  do  anything  for  himself,  remaining  iu.  There  i>  mie  thing, 
sir,  I  should  like  to  speak  to  you  about — for  that  glass  of  ale  I  had 
just  now  seems  to  have  hauled  my  jawing  tacks  aboard — you  seem 
to  take  some  concern  about  us,  not  like  a  common  visitor.  We  old 
blue  jackets  should  like  to  be  by  ourselves.11 

u  How  do  you  mean,  you  are  by  yourselves  now,  are  you  not  ?  " 

"  Bless  you,  no,"  said  old  Charley,  n  we  are  all  mixed  up  together 
like  a  flock  of  sheep  in  a  pen.  Here  we  have  marine*,  and  blue 
jackets,  and  servants,  and  all  sorts,  and  no  difference  made  atwixt 
petty  officers  and  sweepers.  Now,  if  the  marines  Wtoi  by  themselves, 
and  the  lower  order  of  fellows  by  themselves,  and  the  putty  officers 
by  themselves,  we  should  know  what  we  were  all  about.  Here  is  a 
marine  made  boatswain  over  blue  jackets,  and  blue  jackets  over 
marines,  and  we  have  marines  for  Eegulators.  You  know  we  never 
used  for  tu  live  together  when  wc  was  on  board  ship,  and  why 
should  we  be  all  put  up  together  here  ?  I  have  seen  more  dis- 
turbances in  the  ward  between  sailors  and  marines,  than  among  all 
the  sailors  put  together,     'You  blessed  sodger/  calls  out  a  half 


0JIMKWICH   HOSPITAL  AJ  IT  IS* 


[JtfM, 


drunken  fellow,  perhaps  no  sailor,  nor  half  bo  good  m  a  marine  him- 
self, and  then  a  row  gets  up,  and  captain  of  the  month,  and  com 
and  yellow  hacks  and  sleeves,  and  all  that  follows*     If  we  could 
have  "wards  tor  marines,  and  wards  for  sailors,  the  place  would  be 
quite  of  another  sort." 

w  There  is  much  in  what  you  say,  no  doubt,  Charley,  but  how  is 
this  to  be  done  ?     Won't  some  of  your  officers  take  it  up  f  n 

"  They  have  not  got  any  power,  sir,  they  arc  good  kind  gentlemen, 
and  ready  enough  to  listen  to  us,  but  they  are  too  old  when  they 
come  here  to  he  able  to  do  much,  '  We  have  gone  on  like  we-  do 
now  for  the  last  hundred  years/  some  of  them  says  *and  why  should 
we  change?*" 

H I  suppose  you  can  get  leave  ?*'  said  I,  changing  the  subject. 

"  Yea,  as  much  as  we  like  to  aak  for,  hut  we  can't  afford  tu 
take  it/' 

"  Why  not  ?  " 

u  Why,  because,  when  we  go  away,  we  have  nothing  to  live  upon,1* 

"How  so?  surely  you  have  some  allowance,  the  Chelsea  pen- 
sioners have." 

M  Oh,  that's  very  likely,  sir,  the  Chelsea  men  are  much  better  oti* 
than  we  are.  They  get  sixpence  a- day  when  they  go  on  furlough, 
and  their  money,  may  be  2s.  or  3s ♦  a- week }  when  they  return  ;  hut  we 
don't  get  a  farthing  while  we  are  away  on  leave,  unless  the  doctor 
orders  it,  and  only  one  shilling  a- week  when  we  come  back.  It  is 
very  hard  upon  ua  ;  I  have  known  men  almost  starve  themselvi 
selling  their  provisions  and  beer,  so  that  they  could  have  a  few 
shillings  in  the  summer  to  pay  their  passage  down  into  the  country 
to  see  their  wife  or  children. JI 

**  But  the  men  with  pensions  are  allowed  something,  suiv, 

"  Not  a  penny  more  than  any  other  man  j  and  it  seems  hard  that 
I  who  have  given  up  a  shilling  a-day  to  come  here,  should  have 
every  tiling  stopped  it"  I  get  leave  for  a  week.11 

"I  dare  say,**  I  remarked,  "they  don't  stop  the  governor's  pay 
when  he  goes." 

u  No,  I  don't  suppose  they  do,  sir,"  said  Charley,  with  a  significant 
broad  grin. 

Just  then  the  idea  occurred  to  me  that  I  had  left  Mr*.  Bunt  lino 
alone,  and  that  she  would  not  know  what  construction  to  put  upon 
my  long  absence.  "  You  said  just  now  you  had  g  wife,  Charley, 
and  that  she  was  sick.  Where  does  she  live  ?  Perhaps  my  wife 
would  like  to  go  and  see  her.3* 

"  Poor  old  soul,"  sighed  Charley,  "she  is  nearly  blind,  and  i 
infirm ;  but  it  would  be  a  kindness  if  you  was  to  go  to  her  little 
place,  only " 

"  Only  what  ?  "  seeing  that  he  was  in  doubt* 

11  Only,  air,  I  was  going  to  say  that  it  is  a  miserable  place  for  tin- 
likes  of  you  or  yovir  lady  to  go  to,  I  shouldn't  like  her  to  go  hi 
such  a  dirty  place." 

"  Oh,1'  said  I,  '<  if  that  is  all,  make  yourself  eaay  about  it,  my  wife 
belongs  to  a  visiting  society,  and  1  know  ehe  doea  not  mind  when* 
she  goes  to  if  she  can  do  good.'1 


16590 


U  0  SPIT AL  A »   IT  T9. 


<v  Bless  her,"  muttered  the  old  man,  *  I  wish  we  bad  some  of  her 
sort  here,  but  our  lodgings  are  bo  bad  that  the  moat  of  the  ladies  are 
afraid  to  venture  near  them,  and  no  blame  to  them-" 

"  Come  with  me,"  said  I*  The  old  man  accordingly  took  his  laced 
hut,  and  his  crutch -handled  stick,  and  hobbled  after  me  down  stairs. 

I  was  prepared  for  a  chiding  salutation  on  rejoining  my  wife,  but 
to  my  agreeable  surprise*  found  her  very  busily  engaged  in  convert 
nation  with  a  clean,  nice-looking  old  man,  ro  that  her  time,  like  mine, 
had  been  pleasingly  spent.  I  told  her  of  the  proposal  I  had  made 
to  the  boatswain,  and  introduced  her  to  my  old  shipmate. 

II  Why  Jimmy,"  said  she,  '*  you  must  have  had  a  great  many  ship- 
mates in  your  time,  for  the  old  man  I  have  been  talking  to  says  he 
very  well  remembers  a  Mr.  Bunt  line  many  years  ago.  It  is  rather 
in  odd  name,  like  the  owner/'  said  my  wife  in  her  joking  manner, 
((I  don't  suppose  there  are  many  of  the  same  kind  ot  name." 

True  enough,  this  was  another  old  shipmate,  though  for  a  short 
time  only,  The  fact  is  that  I  served  in  several  line- of- bat  tie  ships 
during  tLe  war — I  had  been  with  aome  thousands  of  men,  and  it  was 
not  surprising,  though  rather  odd,  that  I  should  have  found  them 
there  bo  quickly. 

Wo  got  underway  at  once,  andt  preceded  by  old  Charley,  went 
out  at  the  fine  newly -gilt  gates—"  Bobby"  looking  rather  hard  at 
lue  as  much  as  to  ask  where  I  could  be  going  to,  and  whom  I  could 
be  that  was  making  so  free  with  a  boatswain. 

We  followed  our  conductor  through  several  narrow  filthy  streets, 
which  were  redolent  of  everything  but  rosemary,  and  at  length 
turned  into  a  paved  court  with  a  gutter  in  the  middle,  on  both  sides 
of  which  were  small  houses.  It  was  somebody's  court,  but  whose 
I  forget.  Dirty,  ragged,  half-naked  children  were  rolling  about  on 
the  flags  and  in  the  gutter,  and  a  half-drunken  eoitermonger  waa 
seated  on  his  basket  by  the  side  of  a  doorway  smoking  hja  pipe. 
Within  the  adjoining  house  I  could  observe  through  the  half-open 
window  a  woman  of  the  lowest  class  venting  her  Billingsgate  upon 
another  of  the  same  order,  while  a  blear-eyed  old  woman  was  either 
fomenting  the  quarrel  between,  or  endeavouring  to  pacify — I  could 
not  tell  which— the  disputants.  We  passed  quickly  on  to  the  next 
tenement,  and  here  our  guide  stopped,  and,  apologising  for  the 
H'hedness  of  the  abode,  lifted  the  latch  and  invited  us  to  enter, 

fc*  I  will  go  before  you,  Ma'am11  said  Charley,"  and  open  the  door 
to  give  you  light  on  the  staircase."  He  hobbled  up  the  creaking, 
winding,  narrow  ascent,  and,  on  reaching  the  top,  opened  the  door, 
Bending  down  a  glimmer  of  light  sufficient  to  save  our  shins  from 
abrasion.  On  entering  the  room  we  found  a  poor  old  woman, 
wrapped  round  with  a  tattered  shawl,  reclining  on  a  miserable  truckle 
bed,  which  hud  nothing  to  recommend  it  but  its  cleanliness. 

4;  I  have  brought  an  old  shipmate  and  his  lady  to  see  you.  Goody/1 
said  Charley,  tenderly. 

*'  God  bless  you,  sir  and  ma'am/'  said  the  old  woman,  addressing 
ua  and  endeavouring  to  get  up, 

"  Sit  still;  '  said  my  wile,  (1  you  must  not  get  up.  We  only  wanted 


886 


OBEEFITCOn  HOSPITAL  AS  IT  IB* 


[JtFW, 


to  see  how  you  were,  and  whether  there  was  anything  we  could  do 
for  you-1* 

"  Bless  the  Lord  "  said  Goody,  "  there's  not  much  more  to  be  done 
for  mo,  but  to  take  me  sway.  I  am  nearly  blind,  and  quite  help- 
less, and  my  poor  old  man  is  almost  as  had,  and  I  pray  night  and 
day  that  He  will  take  me  to  Himself,  for  what  should  I  do,"  she 
mournfully  added,  "  if  my  poor  Charley  was  to  die  ?" 

Seating  my  wife  on  the  solitary  wooden-bottomed  chair,  placed  for 
her  by  old  Charley,  we  tried  to  turn  the  poor  old  woman  from  this 
gloomy  train  of  thought,  and  partially  succeeded.  We  told  her  that 
she  was  the  prop  of  her  husband's  life,  and  that  so  far  from  beinu  ■ 
burden  to  him  she  was  hi  a  comfort. 

"  You  are  very  good,  sir  and  ma'am,  to  come  and  talk  to  me 
1  am  very  ungrateful  to  God  for  his  blessings  in  giving  me  such  an 
affectionate  husband,  and  while  I  could  work  I  was  happy,  and  so 
long  as  I  could  help  buy  the  loaf  it  waa  well ;  but  now  it  is  very  hard 
upon  us." 

*'  INow  how  much  do  you  pay  for  this  little  room  ?SI  I  asked. 

"  Two  ehillinga  a  week,  sir,  and  the  landlord  sends  every  Saturday 
for  the  rent,  and  tells  us  ii  we  cannot  pay,  we  must  turn  out.  Twice 
when  poor  Charley  was  sick  in  the  infirmary  I  had  to  sell  some  of 
the  few  things  I  had  left  to  pay  the  rent,  so  as  to  keep  a  decent  room 
to  be  in,  but  what  I  shall  do  nest  I  don't  know,  for  I  have  only  this 
poor  straw  mattrass  to  sleep  on,  and  1  should  die  if  I  had  not  that. 
All  I  think  about  is  going  to  the  Union.  I  am  sure  I  could  never 
do  that." 

11  Quiet,  Goody,"  said  Charley,  "  don*t  break  my  heart  qn 

Thinking  this  painful  scene  should  draw  to  a  close,  I  got  my  wife 
to  administer  that  sweet  consolation  which  women  best  know  how 
to  suggest,  The  poor  old  woman  was  neither  ignorant  nor  destitute 
of  religious  faith,  but  she  had  been  sorely  tried  in  the  furnace  of 
affliction.  One  after  another  her  children  had  beeu  taken  from  herf 
and  she  was  left,  with  the  exception  of  her  husband,  alone  in  the 
world,  and  he,  poor  man,  was  necessarily  away  from  her  most  part  of 
the  day,  sometimes  all  day,  on  dut}T.  She  had  no  connection  with  her 
disreputable  neighbours,  and  rarely  had  anyone  to  speak  to  her  ex- 
cept when  her  kind-hearted  Charley  came  home. 

She  told  us  that  for  many  years  while  she  was  able  to  work  she 
had  been  u  a  helper"  in  one  of  the  invalid  words,  and  earning  a  shilling 
a- day  she  was  able  to  pay  her  part  of  the  expenses ;  but  that,  on  the 
introduction  of  a  uew  system  the  helpers  had  beeu  displaced  bv 
marines,  and  she  and  others  had  been  discharged.  By  washing  and 
charing  she  afterwards  earned  enough  to  pay  the  rent  of  the  room, 
and  so  eked  out  her  husband**  small  pay  ;  but  since  her  blindness 
and  lameness  she  had  been  entirely  ■  burden  upon  him.  The  parish 
refused  her  assistance  because  her  husband  was  a  boatswain,  and  iu 
the  receipt  of  an  income  of  3s.  tid.  a- week ;  and  thus  cut  off  from 
the- world  this  poor  creature  existed  from  one  week  to  another,  praying 
for  de  live  ranee  from  the  burden  of  life,  and  not  knowing  how  soon 
the  main-stay  of  her  existence  would  be  removed. 

We  did  not  leave  the  chamber  of  poverty  and  its  inmate  more 


1859.] 


THE  FBEITOH  A5D  AUSTfiUS  ABIDES. 


307 


wretched  than  we  found  it — I  hope  the  contrary ;  but  I  could  not 

avoid  re  fleeting  upon  the  apparent  want  of  consideration  shown  by  the 
governing  authorities  of  no  hue  an  institution  as  Greenwich  Hospital, 
in  leaving  the  wives  of  the  pensioners  in  so  sad  a  plight.  Con- 
nected with  all  large  establishments  are  cottages  or  alms -houses  for 
the  reception  of  infirm  members,  and  for  the  wives  and  children 
of  the  workmen  employed  ;  but  here,  in  Greenwich,  with  an  enormous 
income,  and  so  many  thousands  available  for  external  improvements, 
it  seemed  to  me  sad  to  find  poor  old  sailors'  wives — and  Goody 
Johnson's  case  was  very  much  less  distressing,  so  I  was  told,  than 
11  may  others — driven  to  the  Union,  or  lingering  out  a  pitiful  exis- 
tence with  the  certainty  of  a  pauper's  death  staring  them  in  the 
face  should  they  survive  their  husbands. 

"  I  think,*'  said  I,  addressing  Mrs,  BtJ  after  my  most  affectionate 
maimer,  "  that  we  have  learned  much  to-day,  and  that  we  should  do 
will,  having  stored  our  minds  with  incidents  which,  if  made  public, 
may,  I  hope,  be  turned  to  good  account,  to  try  what  sort  of  white 
bait  and  sherry  we  can  get  at  *  the  Ship.1  ,J 

Before  bidding  adieu  to  my  old  shipmate,  1  requested  him  to  make 
enquiries  for  Ben  Young,  and  to  ascertain  his  present  name,  so  that 
wheu  I  pay  another  visit  to  Greenwich  I  may  be  able  to  find  him, 


THE    FJiENCH    AND    AUSTRIAN   AEMIES   IN   THE 
LAST  WAR. 

At  the  present  moment,  when  the  French  and  Austrian  armies  are 
again  measuring  their  strength  in  Italy,  and  may  soon  be  expected  to 
he  in  conflict  tin  the  Rhine,  great  interest  will  attach  to  the  following 
original  account  of  the  battle  of  Wagram,  which  was  drawn  up  at 
the  time  for  the  information  of  the  Saxon  Government,  by  Captain 
vt  of  the  Saxon  Army. 
The  Island  of  Sobam,  situated   two   leagues   below  Vieuua,  not 
generally  known  before  the  battle  of  Gross-Asparu,  and  called  by  the 
French  Ifile  Napoleon,  hud  been  fortified  and  formed  into  a  place  <V 
i  of  the  first  importance;  while  the  victors  of  Grotta-Asparo 
concentrating  Immense  reinforcements  on  the  vast  Marehfeld 
.ited  on  the  other  side  of  the  above  Island),  to  oppose  the  Eni- 
Off  Napoleon  in  a  battle  which  he  had  publicly  announced. 
The  Archduke  Charles,  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Austrian  army, 
had  reason  to  believe  in  these  threats,  and  conceived  the  French  army 
would  very  probably  pass  from  the  Island  of  Lobau  to  the  left  bank 
of  the  Danube,     He  therefore  ordered  intrenchments  to  be  con- 
structed from  dross- A  spam  as  far  as  the  other  side  of  Enzersdorf, 
and  to  be  d  !y  occupied  with  troop*  and  artillery,  in  order  to 

render  it  difficult  for  the  enemy  to  pass  the  river,  mid  to  gain  tune, 
•t  to  advance  against  him  as  far  as  the  different  places  of  hn* 

IT.  S.  Mao.,  No.  368,  Juli,  1859,  »  b 


80S 


THE   FEEKCH   AKD   AUSTRIAN 


[JuiiT? 


passage  (encamping  the  army  some  leagues  in  the  rear),  and  the 
gm  i  second  battle  like  that  of  Gross-Asparn;  or,  in  case  the  Fivnrh 
should  still  effect  a  passage  at  other  places,  as  announced  by  them, 
to  he  enabled  to  attack  them  with  force  and  energy  on  a  larger  field. 
A 1  though  some  stronger  works  had  been  constructed  before  Esslin^ 
and  Enzersdorf,  near  that  branch  of  the  Danube  not  yet  passed  by 
tin  French,  against  their  batteries  formed  on  the  opposite  bank,  those 
works  were  not  so  strong  as  the  small  islands  opposite,  situated  on 
the  same  branch,  and  could  not  prevent  their  communication  with 
the  Island  of  Lobau,  The  Muhleninsel,  situated  more  to  the  left, 
was  likewise  fortified,  and  connected,  as  well  as  that  opposite  to 
JEssling,  by  bridges  with  the  left  bank*  The  redoubts  built  on  the 
lift  bank  in  front  of  the  two  bridges,  of  which  that  opposite  to 
Asparn  was  called  Petite  Redoute,  protected  them  against  r 
attack,  and  were  capable  of  making,  with  their  artillery,  the  moet 
effective  fire  against  the  Austrian  mtreztchmente.  A  division  of  the 
corps  oi'  Eivoli^  which  established  itself  in  the  wood  there,  had  con- 
structed a  tete  ie  pent  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  Danube. 
fortified  it  with  outworks  and  abatis. 

Several  boats  completely  armed  and  equipped,  which  had  partly 
protected  the  construction  of  these  works,  were  to  cruise  between 
the  islands,  to  oppose  the  attempts  of  the  Austrians  by  water,  and 
were  destined*  as  will  be  shown  hereafter,  to  favour  as  much  as  pos- 
sible the  first  passage  of  the  troops, 

Six  bridges,  well  constructed  and  secured  against  disaster  similar 
to  those  of  the  battle  of  Gross- Asparn,  by  double  ranges  of  piles, 
insured  the  communication  with  the  right  bank  of  the  river.  Two 
of  them,  an  arched  bridge  and  a  pontoon-bridge,  laid  before  the  fall 
of  the  Schegat  into  the  Danube,  conducted  to  an  island  situate.  1  in 
the  principal  arm  of  the  river,  which  island,  connected  by  n 
bridge  with  a  smaller  one,  served  for  an  abutment  (Hauptfeiler), 
from  whence  one  passed  over  two  arched  bridges  andapoi- 
bridge  into  the  principal  works  of  the  Lobau,  within  which  were 
kept  in  magazines,  specially  constructed  for  that  purpose,  immense 
quantities  of  ammunition  and  provisions.  The  approaches  to  these 
bridges  were  covered  and  defended  against  every  unforeseen  attack 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube  by  redoubts  on  both  sides  of  the 
junction  of  the  Schegat. 

The  main  works  of  the  Lobau,  as  well  as  the  fortifications  and 
batteries  constructed  on  the  islands  and  on  both  sides  of  the  branch 
of  the  Danube  flowing  towards  Enzersdorf,  were  mostly  mounted 
With  heavy  artillery  taken  from  the  walk  of  Vienna, 

The  French  bulletin  gives  the  following  account  of  the  armament 
of  some  works  constructed  in  the  salient  angle  towards  Enzersdorf. 

"  The  islands  of  iMontcbello  and  d'Espagne,  as  also  the  batteries 
constructed  between  them  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  d 
destroy  Enzersdorf  and  its  intrench  ere  armed  in  two  hours, 

the  first  with  ten  mortars  and  twenj  ru- pounders,  the  m 

with  four  mortars  and  six  twelve-pounders*  the  batter- 
mortars  and  twenty  eight  een-pounders/' 

Aj&  to  tKe  island  of  ^Uexander,  situated  to  the  right,  which  was 


1859.] 


THE   FBKTCtt  AND  ArSTBI.VN  AEJfUS. 


303 


command  the  plain  before  it?  nod  was  destined  to  cover  the  passage 
over  the  bridges  which  were  at  ill  to  be  completed  there,  it  was  armed 
with  four  mortars,  ten  twelve-pounders,  and  twelve  six-pounders. 

The  Emperor  Ffapoleofi  hiring  on  the  1st  of  July  his  head-quar- 
ters on  the  Lahau,  which  was  put  ia  the  best  state  of  defence  by  the 
works  winch  were  now  nearly  finished,  and  having  concentrated  there 
on  the  1th  of  July  the  whole  army,  including  the  Italian  forces 
posted  till  then  near  Wolfstbal  and  before  Presburg,  and  the  corps 
of  t  lie  Duke  of  Auerstaedfc,  the  Archduke  Charles  became  quite  cer- 
tain of  being  attacked  the  following  day  by  the  united  forces  of  the 
enemy ;  wherefore  he  sent,  on  the  evening  of  the  4th,  an  order  to 
the  Archduke  John,  who  occupied  Pre s burg  with  a  considerable  corps, 
to  proceed  with  the  same  by  Marchock  to  join  the  grand  army,  in 
order  to  operate  on  the  left,  according  to  circumstances. 

The  Austrian  army  had  the  following  position  on  thoMarchfeld  on 
the  night  of  the  4th':— 

The  4th,  the  2nd,  and  the  1st  corps,  under  the  commands  of  Field 
Marshal  Lieutenant  Princes   Bosenberg,  Field  Marshal  Lieutenant 
Prin.. m  i lolu'Tuollern,  and  General  Count  Bellegarde,  occupie* \ 
ground  from  the  heights  behind  Marker  a  fenueusiedel  to  Deutsch- 
Wajjmra,  along  a  ravine  which  leads  to  that  place* 

The  3d  corps,  under  the  orders  of  the  Great  Master  of  Ordnance 
Kollowrath,  near  Hagonbrunn, 

The  5th  corps,  under  the  Great  Master  of  Ordnance  Prince  Keuas, 
near  the  Bisamberg,  in  order  to  prevent  the  French  from  crossing 
the  river  above  Vienna. 

The  6th  corps,  under  Field  Marshal  Lieutenant  Count  Kleriau, 
behind  the  intrenchments  between  Enzersdorf  and  Gross- Asparn, 
had  to  keep  up  the  communication  with  tho  5th  corps  along  the 
Danube. 

The  advanced  guard,  commanded  by  Field  Marshal  Lieutenant 
Nerd  m  an  n,  behind  the  road  from  Enzersdorf  to  Wit  tan,  ob  served 
the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  as  far  as  the  other  side  of  the  village 
of  Ord. 

The  corps  of  reserve  of  cavalry  and  grenadiers,  commanded  by 
General  Prince  Lichtenstein  and  Field  Marshal  Lieutenant  d' As  pre, 
between  Deutsch-Wagram  and  Geraadorf.  The  greater  part  of 
the  reserve  of  cavalry  was  on  the  5th,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
battle,  near  the  village  of  Raschdorf,  which  was  occupied  with  in- 
fanny  »  the  grenadier  reserve  was  posted  before  gfteuntlg, 

The  attack  of  the  Austrian  army  was  fixed  for  the  5th  of  July,  and 
announced  by  the  Emperor  to  all  the  troops*  The  success  as  well  as 
tin?  passage  of  the  river,  partly  intended  in  the  night  of  the  -1th  to 
the  5th,  was  anticipated  at  10  o'clock  at  ni^ht  by  ■  dreadful  can- 
In  from  the  works  of  the  Lobau  facing  Enzersdorf  and  Esslingen  ; 
which,  however  sharply  it  was  answered  by  the  numerous  artii 

d  in  the  Austrian  mtivnelimenta,  was  continued  till  Enzeradorf 

m  fire  and  all  the  iuhvaehments   there  entirely   i 
z  the  cannonade,  1,800  voltigenra  of  the  corps  of  Oudinot  em- 
the  Danube,  lands  by  fee  armed  bp*te,  on  the 

left  bank  of  the  river,  opposite  to  the  Lowet  eM  o£  \?oa  \A#e&><& 


THE  rBBKCH  A5D  AUSTEIAtf  ABMIEB. 


[July, 


Lobau,  drove  the  Austrian  advanced  posts  out  of  the  Muhtleutcn 
Wood,  and  occupied  the  village  of  Miihlleuten.  2,500  men  of  the 
corps  of  the  Duke  of  Bivoli  crossed  the  river  near  the  Alexander 
Island  in  several  bouts  and  secured  their  position,  taken  at  500  paces 
from  the  river,  by  two  redoubts  constructed  the  same  night. 

After  this  bold  and  well-executed  enterprise  of  the  before-men- 
tioned divisions,  it  became  possible  to  construct  bridges  with  the 
tii at  trials  lying  in  the  smaller  branches  of  the  river.  Two  pontoon- 
bridges,  one  at  the  lower  part  of  the  Lobau,  and  the  other  at  the 
Alexander  Island,  were  in  a  short  time  finished,  The  corps  of 
Oudinot  passed  the  first  at  two  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  5th, 
and  marched  to  Miihlleuten;  at  the  same  time,  the  corps  of  the 
Dukes  of  Hi  vol  i  and  Auerstaedt  crossed  the  river  :  the  first  (Oudinot) 
took  a  position  before  daybreak  in  front  of  the  Miihlleuten  Wood 
in  the  direction  of  the  Castle  of  Sachsengang,  At  day-break  the 
corps  of  Oudinot  formed  to  attack  near  Miihlleuten,  moved  forward 
against  the  Austrian  advanced  guard  which  was  drawn  up  between 
Enzersdorf  and  Wittau,  and  forced  it  to  reheat  to  Eutsieudorl^  while 
the  castle  of  Sachsensang,  defended  by  an  Austrian  detachment,  waa 
taken  and  the  troops  made  prisoners  The  Duke  of  Auerstaedt  had, 
at  the  same  time,  his  corps  formed  on  line  on  both  sides  of  Wittau, 

In  proportion  as  Oudinot  advanced,  the  Duke  of  Eivoli  moved  by 
Enzersdorf,  which  at  8  o'clock  in  the  morning  he  caused  to  be  taken 
by  a  detachment  of  his  corps}  and  by  bringing  forward  his  right 
wing,  forced  the  Austrian  6th  corps,  of  which  the  left  wing  was 
threatened,  to  take  a  position  behind  its  intrench ments.  The  Duke 
of  Auerstaedt  contributed,  by  his  march  to  Kummerleinador^  to 
force  the  Austrian  advanced  guard  back  to  Ilutzendorf. 

It  was  about  mi  d-d  ay  on  the  5  th,  when  a  hot  engagement  took 
place  between  the  Austrian  advanced  guard,  which  had  posted  itself 
near  Eutzendorf,  and  the  corps  of  Oudinot;  and  when  the  6th 
Austrian  corps  retired  in  the  direction  of  Breitcnleo,  the  Prince 
of  Ponte-Corvo  passed  the  before-mentioned  branch  of  the  Broobe 
with  the  Saxons ;  and  advanced  towards  Easehdorf,  in  the 
space  rendered  vacant  by  the  extended  movements  of  Oudinot  and 
the  Duke  of  Eivoli.  But  belbre  this  corps  arrived  at  the  appointed 
place,  the  Austrian  advanced  guard  was  forced  to  abandon  its  posi- 
tion near  Eutzendorf,  and  to  retire  to  Markgrafenneusiedet  by  a 
inujueuvre  of  the  Duke  of  Auerstaedt,  which  turned  its  left  wing, 
and  by  tho  impetuous  attacks  of  Oudinot  and  the  division  of  Dupas 
in  its  frout  and  right  flank. 

While  the  Duke  of  Auerstaedt  moved  forward  in  a  direction  to- 
wards the  left  wing  of  the  Austrian  army,  pointed  out  to  hiui  by 
leon,  Oudinot,  drawing  to  the  left,  followed  the  division  of 
Dupas,  which  was  moving  towards  Bauinersdori' — the  Saxon  corps 
arrived  about  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  before  Easchdorf  which 
waa  occupied  by  infantry  and  covered  in  the  flank  by  a  strong  divi- 
sion of  cavalry.  The  infantry  of  the  most  advanced  division  took 
this  place  with  the  bayonet,  and  the  whole  cavalry  of  this  corps, 
formed  in  one  line,  charged  and  overthrew  the  Austrian  cavalry. 

The  6th  Austrian  corps  was  in  full  retreat  to  Stajnmeredorf,  where 


1859.] 


THE  TBESOH  A3TD  ATTSTBIAIT  AHMtES. 


401 


it  arrived  towards  dark,  took  a  position*  and  observed  by  its  advanced 

Sosts  the  ground  towards  Gerasdorf  and  Leopoldau.     The  Duke  of 
tivoli,  ceasing  to  pursue  this  corps,  held  the  ground  between  Gross- 
Asparn  and  Breitenlee 

The  Duke  of  Auerstaedt  arrived  late  in  the  afternoon  near  Grass- 
hofen  and  Glinzendorf,  and,  having  taken  the  latter  village  occupied 
by  the  Austrians,  was  forced,  after  several  unsuccessful  attacks  upon 
Markgrafenneuaiedel  and  the  Austrian  left  wing,  to  take  a  position 
till  the  next  day,  behind  the  above  villages,  which  he  also  occupied. 
The  division  of  Dupas,  the  march  of  which  was  continued  to 
Baiunersdorf  after  the  attacks  near  Eiitzendorfj  advanced  at  the 
same  time  that  Markgrafenneusiedel  was  attacked  by  the  corps  of 
Auerstaedt,  against  this  village  (Baumersdorf),  which  was  strongly 
occupied  by  the  Austrians,  and  protected  with  lines,  A  hot  engage- 
ment commenced  for  the  possession  of  Bauniersdorf,  which  the  Aus- 
trian a  supported  by  the  artillery  posted  there,  when  the  first  division 
of  the  corps  of  Oudinot  arrived  and  formed  a  line  to  the  right  of  the 
division  of  Dupas,  after  which  two  columns  of  attack,  favoured  by 
Baumersdorf  being  set  on  fire,  advanced  on  both  sides  of  that  pi  nee 
in  order  to  force  the  Austrian  position.  The  grenadiers  of  Oudinot 
advancing  against  the  corps  ol  Hohenzollern,  assaulting  with  the 
greatest  impetuosity  the  left  wing  of  the  same,  and  overthrowing 
whatever  attempted  to  oppose  them,  had  already  entered  the  position, 
when  the  cavalry,  brought  up  by  Pield- Marshal  Lieutenant  Prince 
Hohenzollern,  was  enabled  to  break  into  this  column,  which  was  not 
supported  by  cavalry,  and  to  force  it,  conjointly  with  the  infantry, 
again  rallied  back  to  the  other  side  of  the  Bussbach,  where  it  was 
exposed  to  the  continual  cannonade  of  the  Austrians,  and  soon  forced 
to  join,  in  the  rear,  the  last  arrived  divisions  of  the  corps  of  Oudinot, 
and  to  take  in  the  night  a  position  on  this  side  of  Baumersdorf  in 
the  line  of  Aderklaa  and  Glinzendorf,  to  the  left  of  the  corps  of  the 
Duke  of  Auerstaedt.  The  other  column  formed  by  the  Saxon  in- 
fantry attached  to  the  division  of  Dupas,  crossed  the  Russbach  above 
Baumersdorf,  under  a  heavy  fire  of  grapeT  ascended  the  heights  on 
the  other  side,  took  a  battery  of  18  guns,  broke  through  the  infantry 
of  the  first  line  with  the  bayonet,  passed  the  camp  behind  it,  and  had 
already  broken  some  squares  of  the  second  line,  when  the  Archduke 
Charles  rendered  this  attack  unsuccessful,  by  a  speedy  assault  at  the 
head  of  the  troops  again  rallied.  The  Prince  of  Hohenzollern,  the 
danger  on  his  left  wing  being  over,  hastened  to  help  the  Archduke 
with  the  same  regiment  which  had  cut  up  the  grenadiers  of  Oudinot, 
attacked  at  the  head  of  this  regiment  and  two  divisions  of  hussars, 
the  cavalry  of  the  enemy  then  coming  on  with  such  success,  that  the 
advancing  column  was  obliged  [to  give  up  the  advantages  obtained, 
and  could  only  by  a  quick  retreat  avoid  its  total  defeat. 

Nearly  at  the  same  time  that  these  columns  penetrated  the  Aus- 
trian line  behind  Baumersdorf,  the  first  column  of  the  Sason  corps 
had  advanced  to  the  other  side  of  Aderklaa.  Although  NapoL 
chief  design  in  this  battle  was  to  cut  off  the  Austrian  army  from 
Hungary,  by  turning  and  throwing  back  its  left  wing  and  to  force 
it  to  a  disadvantageous  retreat  to  Bohemia,  Prince  roate^Cor^^^ 


THE  PHENCH   AKD   AUSTBIAtf  ABMIE9, 


[JUXT, 


ce&ved  it  more  conformable  to  circumstances  fee  attack  the  Austrian 
BtD&ra  near  Deutseh-Wagram,  and  to  break  thru  ugh  it  if  possible, 
Convinced  of  thereby  attaining  the  mott  dfccMte  victory  and  of 
finishing  the  battle  altogether  on  the  5tli  with  less  sacrifice,  he  or- 
dered the  attack  on  Deutsche Wagram,  sent  word  of  it  to  the  Em- 
peror, and  begged  him  to  support  him  with  from  20  to  80,000  men. 
Accordingly  the  first  Saxon  column  which  had  passed  Aderklaa  had 
formed  for  an  attack,  protected  by  its  batteries,  which  began  a 
nonade  again &t  Deutsche  Vagram  and  set  it  on  fire  ;  the  Saxon 
cavalry  posted  to  cover  it  opposed  the  Austrian,  which  formed  a 
new  line  to  the  left  of  the  village  after  having  been  forced  to  retreat. 
When  the  second  column,  which  followed  the  first,  had  nearly  arrived 
on  the  height  of  Aderklaa,  it  undertook  to  storm  Deutseh-Wagmm 
under  a  most  heavy  fire  of  shells  and  grape  from  the  batteries  which 
were  placed  on  the  height  to  the  right  behind  Deutseh-~\Vragram. 
At  about  100  or  150  paces  from  this  place  it  was  received  by  the 
fire  of  the  infantry  defending  the  village,  which  was  covered  by 
several  natural  obstacles*  However,  the  Saxon  infantry  succeeded 
in  taking  that  part  of  the  village  to  the  left  of  the  enfnm 
Aderklaa,  when  the  second  column  advanced  more  to  the  right  and 
forced  the  above  entrance  with  the  bayonet.  But  the  result:  i  >'( 
successful  attack  was  not  more  fortunate  than  those  of  Mark* 
grafenneusiedel  and  Baumersdorf,  from  not  being  supported  by 
fresh  troops.  The  Saxon  infantry  was  forced,  after  a  hot  La- 
ment in  the  village,  to  abandon  it  in  the  dark,  and  having  formed  in 
close  col  imuisT  took  a  posit  ion  between  Deutsche  Wagruni  and  Aderklaa 
quite  close  in  front  of  the  Austrian  centre. 

Those  were  the  movements  of  the  corps  of  the  Duke  of  Auerstacdt, 
Oudiuot,  the  Prince  of  Ponte-Corvo,  and  the  Duke  of  Bivoli,  which 
advanced  on  the  5th  of  July.  The  Duke  of  Elvoli  was  ordered  in 
the  night  of  the  5th  to  abandon  his  position  near  Gross- 
Asparn,  and  to  place  his  corps  between  Aderklaa  and  Snfli 
brunxij  with  the  exception  of  a  division  which  he  should  leave  at 
Gross- Aspam 

The  passage  of  the  Italian  army  had  been  made  immediately  after 
that  of  the  Saxon  corps ;  it  entered  the  line  at  the  beginning  of  the 
night,  to  the  left  of  the  corps  of  Oudinot  j  there  arrived  also  near 
Rasehdorfj  during  the  nighty  the  guards,  the  reserve  of  cavalry,  and 
the  corps  of  the  Duke  of  Ragusa ;  the  quick  passage  of  which  had 
teen  furthered  by  the  completion  of  two  new  bridges, 

The  night  passed  more  tranquilly  than  might  have  been  expected 
after  the  events  which  had  happened  the  day  before.  The  eorpa 
which  had  been  engaged,  remained  in  the  last  appointed  positions* 
The  Emperor  Napoleon,  who  remained  in  the  centre  of  his  army 
near  liaschdorf,  profited  by  the  night  in  bringing  up  the  before- 
named  corps,  and  ordered  them  to  form  several  lines  behind  the 
corps  of  Oudinot,  that  they  might  be  ready,  at  break  of  day,  to  be 
beet  employed  according  to  the  Austrian  positions  and  movements. 

The  Archduke  Charh^  uuide,  during  the  short  night  in  his 
In ud-uuarters  at  De-utacti-Wagram,  the  following  disposition  of  attack 
for  the  neit  day* 


1*50.] 


THK   YMTSCTl   A>~I»    ArSTTTAV    AltMlES. 


'TheGth, 


3rd,  Ami  tin-  grenadier  oorpt,  are  drained  to  attack 
the  left  wing  of  the  enemy  ;  Field  Marshal  Lieutenant  Count  Kle* 
is  to  lean  hid  right  upon  the  Danube  and  Co  keep  up  the  com* 
munication  with  the  Great  Master  of  Ordnance,  Kollownith,  whd 
in  to  direct  his  march  by  Leopoldau  towards  Brietenlee  ;  the  latter 
will  join  the  grenadier  corps,  which  ia  to  direct  its  march  to  Sussex 
hrunu.  These  three  corps  are  to  continue  a  brisk  attack  in  the 
be  fo  re-  m  en  t  i  oued  d  i  roe  tions . 

^The  corps  of  reserve  under  General  Prince  Lichteniteiu,  is  to 
move  fioramed  between  Aderkba  and  Susseubrunri,  to  watch  the 
*-oimnunication  to  tlie  right,  with  the  grenadier  corps,  and  to  tho 
left  with  the  1st  corps  under  General  Count  Hellcgarde. 

"The  Ut  corps  is  to  move  to  Aderklaa,  to  keep  up  the  cotnmuni- 
t'Jiiinii  with  the  cavalry  corps,  and  to  lea:i  tte  left  uocm  the  Ruwsbaeh. 
Blii  Count  Belleganlr  U  to  hold  the  height  behind  Deutach-Wagram, 
with  a  part  of  his  Corps,  which  also  ia  to  cross  the  Russbaeh  in  pro* 
portion  as  the  ri^ht  wing  succeeds  in  advancing  on  the  right  hank  of 
this  rivulet.  Field  Marshal  Lieutenant  Prince  Hohenzullem  ia  to 
hold  with  the  2nd  corps,  to  the  last  extremity,  the  position  behind 
the  llussbaeh.  and  crossing  it,  will  advance  in  proportion  as  tba  Ivt 
corps  moves  forward. 

"  .Field  ^Marshal    Lieutenant  Prince  Rosenberg  is  to  advance  with 
the  Itli  corps  against  the  right  whig  of  the  enemy,  against  which 
Archil  Like  John  i*  already  in  march. 

"The  Great  Master  of  Ordnance,  Prince  Kcuss,  is  to  hold  th© 
Spitz*  the  Hehwarzu  L:uhe,  and  the  other  posts  on  the  Uppe* 
Danube. 

"The  Great  Master  of  Ordnance,  Count  Kollowrath,  is  to  leave 
da  brigade  with  a  battery  on  the  height  of  Stamineradorf. 

6*  The  3rd  and  tit  U  eorpa  wih'set  out  at  one  oVloek  in  the  morning; 
Field  ICamhal  Lieut.,  tiant  d'Aspre  with  the  grenadiers  at  th» 
the  morning,  Prince  Liehteustcin  is  to  advance  with  the  cavalry  in 
proportion  as  the  head  of  the  grenadiers  comes  on.  The  1st  corps 
is  to  attack  Aderklaa  at  four  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  Count 
BeQegavds  n  ill  hasten  his  attack  according  as  Prince  Ltehtenatein 
arrives  near  enough  to  be  able  to  co-operate  in  it, 

41  Prince  Rosenberg  will  move  at  four  o'clock  iu  the  morning,  in 
order  to  attack  the  right  wing  of  the  enemy,  and  ia  to  watch  the 
communication  with  the  Archduke  John,  near  Siebenbrunn. 

"The  order  of  battle  of  fcfcfl  infantry  is  in  columns  or  squares^  with 
Hkirmiflbers  m  trout,     Quietness  ia  particularly  recommended, 
and  the  useless  tiring  at  too  great  distances  forbidden. 

"  The  order  of   in;uvh   IA   Wall   m    Lhe  formation  oi  "the  advanced 
lsT  is   left  to   ctcry  commander  of  WSW,      Prince  Lichtciisti-in, 
is  to  give  a  regiment  of  cavalry  to  the  column  of  grenadiers  lor  its 
advanced  guard. 

■  The  Archduke,  Generalissimo,  wiU  be  With  the  corps  of  Count 
Bellegm  I 

**The   E  -Engersdori; 

id  at  Wdtikmw&Mt     The  ammunition  for  the  infantry  ia 
near  the  Helm i 


THE   VBENCir    AK£   AXTSTI1UX  ABMIEB. 


[Jrtr, 


The  difterent  corps  of  the  French  army  were  still,  in  the  morning 
of  the  6th,  in  the  positions  they  had  taken  during  the  night,  when 
the  corps  of  the  right  and  left  Austrian  wings  moved  according  to 
the  disposition  they  nad  also  received  daring  the  night.  The  Prince 
Ponte-Corvo  was  now  obliged  to  abandon  the  position  he  had  taken 
in  the  night,  and  formed  a  line  on  this  side  of  Aderklaa  to  the  left 
of  the  Italian  army.  The  Duke  of  liivoii  followed  him  and  placed 
his  corps  behind  his  left  wing  in  such  a  manner  that  it  extended  to 
Breitenlee.  This  retrograde  movement  induced  General  Bellegarde, 
who  was  advancing,  to  send  a  detachment  of  cavalry  to  reconnoitre. 
Several  wounded  lying  in  Aderklaa,  and  the  soldiers  who  had  car- 
ried them  there,  were  made  prisoners  by  this  detachment,  which  oc- 
cupied the  village  until  the  advanced  guard  of  the  first  Austrian  corps 
came  to  take  possession  of  it,  and  this  corps  formed  a  line 
between  Aderklaa  and  the  Russbach,  having  Deutsch-Wagram  in  its 
rear* 

Prince  Rosenberg  inarched  at  the  same  time,  iu  three  columns, 
againat  the  Duke  of  Auerstaedt,  and  these  two  corps  became  first 
engaged.  Grosahofen  and  Glimendorf,  the  points  on  which  the 
right  wing  of  the  French  leaned,  were  to  be  taken  before  the 
intended  attack  from  the  Austrian  left  wing  could  be  made  with 
success,  but  the  Austrians  were  always  repulsed  with  the  same 
valour  with  which  they  repeatedly  attacked  these  villages.  The 
whole  corps  of  Auerstaedt  was  engaged,  by  degrees,  with  the  enemy* 
A  battery  of  twelve  12-pounders  advanced  and  fired  with  grape,  in 
the  flanfis  of  the  Austriaus  ;  and  Napoleon,  who  was  present  there, 
ordered  a  division  of  euirassieurs  of  the  reserve  to  be  sent  towards 
Kiiminerleinsdorf,  which  manoeuvre  made  the  enemy  fear  for  his  left 
flank,  and  forced  Prince  Kosenberg  to  retreat  to  the  other  side  of  the 
Russbach.  However,  be  could  but  a  short  time  defend  this  position 
against  the  continual  attacks  of  the  French  right  wing,  and  was 
ordered  by  the  Archduke  Charles  to  retire  to  his  former  position 
behind  Markgrafenneusiedel. 

After  these  dispositions  made  on  the  right  wing,  Napoleon  passed 
the  front  of  the  corps  of  Oudinot  and  of  the  Italian  and  Saxon  corps* 
and  went  to  the  left  wing  of  his  army  iu  order  to  observe  from 
thence  the  movements  of  the  Austrian  right  wing,  which,  according 
to  the  dispositions  of  the  Archduke  Charles,  was  in  full  march 
towards  the  French  left  wing,  Several  batteries  of  Italian  and 
Saxon  corps,  which  were  some  hundred  paces  before  the  line,  had 
begun  a  cannonade  with  those  of  the  corps  of  Bellegarde,  and  had 
set  Aderklaa  on  fire  by  shells,  when  the  Austrian  General-in-Chief 
expecting  the  arrival  of  the  corps  of  Kollowrath,  and  of  the  Grena- 
dier corps,  ordered  the  ragerye  corps  of  cavalry  to  be  posted  to  the 
right  of  Aderklaa  in  the  line  to  Sussenhrunn,  Napoleon,  intending 
to  check  the  movements  of  the  Austrian  right  wing,  so  that  it  might 
not  be  able  to  attempt  anything  decisive  against  the  rear  of  the  left 
wing,  while  his  right  moved  in  the  left  flank  of  the  enemy,  ordered 
several  regiments  of  Italian  and  Saxon  cavalry  to  be  sent  against 
the  Austrian  reserve  of  cavalry,  which  moved  forward  near  Aderklaa, 
and  resolved  an  attack  on  the  Austrian  centre  near  this  place* 


1859.] 


tee  FHEircn  mm  irsTEiAS"  laims. 


The  Prince  of  Ponte-Corvo  and  the  Duke  of  Eivoli  were  ordered 
to  advance  towards  Aderklaa.  After  a  hot  engagement  of  all  kinds 
of  arms,  they  succeeded  in  taking  this  village,  and  in  repulsing  the 
troops  opposed  to  them  ;  but  the  General,  Count  Bellegarae,  and  the 
generals  under  him,  soon  rallied  and  formed  their  troop  a  to  attaek, 
which  was  executed  with  success  conjointly  with  the  corps  of 
grenadiers  then  arrived,  and  which  forced  the  advanced  French 
corps  to  retire  to  their  village  after  a  determined  defence.  The 
continual  attacks  on  Aderklaa,  as  well  as  the  success  of  the  grena- 
diers near  Susscnbrunn,  towards  the  left  flank  of  the  Duke  of  Eivoli, 
at  last  forced  these  corps  to  retire  in  the  direction  of  Easehdorf  pro- 
tected by  the  batteries  which  followed  them. 

During  this  warm  engagement  near  Aderklaa  the  corps  of 
K  olio  wrath  and  Klenau  of  the  Austrian  right  wing  had  advanced  in 
such  a  manner,  that  the  division  of  the  corps  of  Eivoli  which  had 
remained  at  Aspam,  was  forced  to  give  ground  to  the  attacks  of 
Klenau,  and  to  abandon  to  them  the  villages  of  Gross- Aaparn  and 
Ealing.  Gross- Aaparn  was  strongly  occupied  by  the  Austrians, 
who  began  a  brisk  cannonade  with  the  batteries  on  the  Lohau.  The 
corps  of  Klenau,  which  was  formed  in  a  line  between  Gross- A  spam 
and  Breitenlee,  was  in  communication  with  the  corps  of  Kollowrath* 
This  corps  held  the  latter  village,  and  was  also  in  communication  on 
the  left  with  the  reserve  corps  of  cavalry  and  grenadiers,  which  had 
pursued  the  corps  both  of  the  Prince  Ponte-Corvo  and  of  the  Duke 
of  Eivoli, 

The  Emperor,  in  order  to  oppose  this  movement  which  threatened 
the  left  wmg  and  the  centre  of  the  French  army,  ordered  some 
divisions  of  the  guards  to  march  from  the  reserve  against  the  corps 
of  Kollowrath  advancing  from  Breitenleo  towards  Easehdorf,  by 
which  divisions  this  corps  was  forced  to  give  way,  after  a  short 
resistance,  and  to  retire  to  its  first  position  "to  the  left  of 
Breitenlee. 

In  the  meantime,  the  Duke  of  Auerstaedt  had  also  kept  up  a 
continual  cannonade  with  the  Austrian  left  wing,  which,  reinforced 
by  several  squadrons  and  battalions  of  the  corps  of  Hohenzollern, 
endeavoured  to  have  a  greater  extension  against  the  movements  of 
the  French  right  wing,  which  was  turning  it,  The  continual  attacks 
of  the  French  on  the  heights  of  Markgrafenneusiedel,  which  were  of 
the  greatest  importance  for  the  Austrian  position,  had  always  been 
repulsed  by  the  dispositions  of  the  Archduke  Charles,  who  was  pre- 
sent there,  but  the  French  artillery  had  caused  great  damage  to  the 
Austrians,  and  dismounted  a  great  number  of  their  pieces.  Hie 
division  of  cuirassieurs,  which  had  moved  in  the  morning  (when 
Prince  Eosenherg  attacked  the  French),  in  order  to  secure  the 
French  right  wing,  and  to  turn  the  Austrian  left,  had  already  arrived 
by  Ober  Siebenbrunn,  (where  the  Austrian  General,  Frohlich, 
was  forced  to  give  way  to  it),  at  the  extreme  right,  just  as 
the  Austrian  centre  and  its  right  were  advancing^  and  at  the 
name  moment  that  the  Duke  of  Auerstaedt  formed  his  corps  again 
under  the  strongest  Ere  of  artillery,  to  attack  Markgrafenneusiedel 


TTTE  TTtEyCTt   AFD    AIT6TBTAX  AHMTIS. 


rjm\ 


with  its  heights.  The  corps  of  the  Prince  of  Ponte-Corvo  and  of  the 
Duke  of  Rivoli  were,  for  want  of  ammunition,  and  on  account  of 
their  great  loss  of  men  and  dismounted  artillery,  no  longer  in  a 
situation  to  make  head  against  the  pursuing  enemy,  and  retired  to 
the  position  of  the  columns  of  51  ac  don  aid  and  of  the  Bavarian  division 
of  Wrede,  just  arrived  on  the  field  of  battle,  in  order  to  continue 
their  retreat  towards  Raschdorf?  and  that  in  rear  of  the  divisions  of 
the  guards  advancing  against  the  cornsof  Kollowrath,  Arrived  near  the 
before-mentioned  village  they  were  ordered  to  change  the  direction 
of  their  march  and  to  advance  towards  the  Austrian  right  wing, 
on  account  of  a  successful  attack  upon  Aderklaa  made  by  General 
Lauriston  with  100  pieces  of  artillery,  as  also  by  the  column!  of 
Macdonahh  Wrede,  and  the  divisions  of  the  guards  (which  had 
iouety  formed  a  line  against  the  corps  of  Kollowrath),  and 
thereby  forced  the  Austrians  to  abandon  the  village  of  Aderklaa, 
and  to  retire.  At  the  Haiti e  time  the  Duke  of  Auerstaedt  had  sue* 
ceeded,  after  several  unsuccessful  attacks,  in  carrying  Markgraien- 
neueiedel  with  its  heights  by  assault,  and  all  the  attempts  of  rrim 
Rosenberg  to  retake  those  heights,  were  rendered  fruitless  by  the 
superior  force  of  the  enemy,  and  by  his  own  left  flank  being  quite 
turned. 

i  hulinot,  who  was  ordered  to  assault  Baumersdorf  after  the  success 
of  this  attack,  and  to  move,  when  it  was  taken,  towards  Deutsch* 
"Wagram  with  the  corps  of  Auerstaedt,  could  execute  this  assault 
much  quicker  and  more  easily,  aa  the  Archduke  Charles  was  forced, 
by  the  Archduke  John's  not  arriving,  and  by  the  disasters  of  the 
centre  and  of  the  right  wing,  to  orders-he  retreat ;  and  as  the  corps 
of  Babe&fta&AD  posted  behind  Baumersdorf  was  so  much  weakened 
fcy  the  troops  detached  to  the  left  wing,  that  the  position  was 
occupied  with  only  one  line.  Baumersdorf  was  abandoned  about 
two  o*clock  in  the  afternoon  without  great  resistance,  and  the  Duke 
of  Auerstaedt,  who  followed  the  march  of  Oudinot  with  a  division 
of  his  left  wing  against  Deutsch-Wngram,  ordered  the  corps  of 
BflflMlhcfg  and  the  advanced  guard  which  were  retiring  to  BockHuss 
and  to  l  he  Hohen  Laithen  Wood,  to  be  briskly  pursued  by  his  other 
troops. 

The  Archduke  Charles  hastened  to  the  centre,  which  had  given 
way,  oppressed  by  so  many  attacks,  and  which  was  the  most 
dangerous  point,  because  the  breaking  of  the  centre  by  the  rep- 
attacks  of  the  French  would  have  exposed  the  army  to  an  in&yitaHl 
defeat,  lie  animated  the  troops  by  his  presence,  "and  ordered  the 
difficult  retreat  by  the  Bisambcrg  to  Kornnenburg  with  great 
prudence. 

In  consequence,  the  corps' of  Bellegarde,  which  was  the  moei 
posed,  retired  the  iirst,  and  was  followed  by  the  corps  of  cavalry  and 
grenadiers,  and  after  wards  by  those  of  KoUo  wrath  and  of  the  Count 
KJeiiau,  which  latter  had  manoeuvred  in  the  morning  with  mueh 
sueeeae  agninst  the  left  ilank  and  the  rear  of  the  French  army,  but 
W;u*  then  briskly  attacked  and  pursued  by  the  corpa  of  the  Duke  of 
liivoli,  which  had  arrived  by  way  of  Baachdorf, 

In  order  to  press,  as  much  as  possible,  the  general  retreat  of  the 


1S.59.] 


THI  TOESCir   AST> 


Austrian  army,  the  corps  of  the  Duke  of  Bagusa,  which  was  in  the 

reserve,  v  , .,t  to  follow  that  of  Gudinofc,  and  the  remaining 

divisions  of  the  Italian  army  wore  to  advance  between  Deutach- 
Wagram  and  Aderklna, 

The  Saxon  corps  which  followed,  near  Basehdorf,  that  of  Rivoli, 
advanced,  upon  its  right  flank,  along  the  road  by  Breitenlee  to 
Leopoldau. 

At  the  close  of  the  day,  the  whole  French  army,  with  the  exception 

of  the  guards,  which  were  left  near  Rasehdorf,  was  in  a  line  from 

isel  through  Gerasdorf  to  the  heights  on  this  side  of  Bocknusa 

and  Auersthal ;  the  advanced  posts  of  the  centre  were  established 

near  Oberadorf,  and  those  of  the  right  wing  at  Schon-Ki  relic  n. 

^withstanding  the  excellent  manner  in  which  the  retreat  of  the 
Austrian  army,  after  so  sanguinary  a  battle,  was  executed,  it  Buffered 
n  great  loss,  more  hy  the  effective  fire  of  the  artillery,  by  which  the 
principal  part  of  tlie  army  was  pursued  as  far  as  the  hills  situated 
behind  Wtammersdorf  and  Gerasdorf,  than  by  the  cavalry  which 
GOTimi  the  batteries.  Almost  all  their  wounded  and  a  considerable 
number  of  stragglers  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French.  About  nine 
o'clock  in  the  evening,  when  only  the  last  divisions  of  the  army  were 
disquieted  by  some  shots,  the  corps  of  Bellegarde  had,  by  its  earlier 
retreat  through  Gerasdorf  to  Hagenbrunn,  crossed  the  road  to 
Moravia  and  taken  a  position  behind  this  road  with  the  right  wing 
close  to  the  Stftnimersdorf-Wood,  in  order  to  await  there  the  arrival 
of  the  corps  of  grenadiers  and  cavalry  which  were  likewise  retiring 
by  Geraaclorf.  "When  these  were  formed  in  order  of  battle  on  the 
heights  between  Stammefedoff  and  Sauring  before  the  corps  Belle- 
garde,  the  right  wing  of  the  latter  was  extended  by  the  corps  of 
Kolk'  ji  iL'h  toll  owed  it  aa  far  as  behind  Stammersdorf ;  whilo 

the  corps  of  HobenznlUmi,  which  had,  hy  order  of  the  Archduke 
Charles,  separated  m  Baumersdorf  and  Bockfhiss  from 

the  corps  of  Rosenberg,  ibnned  a  line  upon  the  left  flank  of  th$ 
latter  corps,  The  corps  of  Kleuau,  the  last  which  arrived  near 
Stammersuorf,  had  taken  a  position  in  the  night  on  this  side  of  the 
above  place,  in  order  to  cover  the  further  retreat  of  those  corps  by 
Hagenbrunn  and  Eugersdorf  to  Kornnenberg;  and  followed  at  the 
break  of  II  orps  of  Prince  Keuss  to  Kornnenberg, 

which  had  remained  during  the  night  near  the  Bisamberg,  to  cover 
he  Bohemian  road. 
At  the  same  time  that  the  above-mentioned  corps,  which  had  been 

fasted  on  the  heghts  behind  Stammcrsdorf  and  Gerasdorf,  retired, 
rmee  Hoheuzollern  also  abandoned  hit  position  on  the  road  to 
Mtovm,  and  waited  for  daybreak  in  a  new  position  before  BoJBWfeld, 
in  order  to  continue  his  retreat  by  Stetteu  under  the  protection  oi  a 
detachment  of  i-avnlry  of  General  Nootitx,  which  had  separated 
itself  from  the  corps  of  Rosenberg,  near  Boekfluss,  and  winch  had 
passed  the  night  Mora  at  HebertsbrunEL 

Prince  Rosenberg,  who  had,  the  day  before,  r.mtinued  his  retreat 
to  the  Hob*  and  had  sent  a  detachment  to  the  defile*  of 

liweiuwarth  and  Jlohen-Kupersdorf,   in  order  to  cover  his  left 


• 


THE   GBEAT  GW  AT  BOTTHSEA  CASTIE. 


[Jtrtx, 


flank,  took  a  position  during  the  night  on  the  other  aide  of  Volkers- 
dorf  on  the  skirt  of  the  wood  of  Hohenlaitha* 

The  Archduke  John,  who  could  no  longer  hope  after  the  loss  of 
the  battle,  to  effect  anything  decisive  in  the  rear  of  the  victorious 
army,  had  ordered  his  corpa  to  repass  the  Marchfeid. 

The  French  bulletin  states  that  the  total  forces  of  the  two  armies 
in  the  battle,  consisted  of  between  3  and  400,000  men  and  between 
12  and  1300  pieces  of  artillery,  of  which  the  Austrian  army  had 
200,000  men  and  900  guns,  But  if  we  compare  the  account  pub- 
Kahed  in  the  Austrian  bulletins  (according  to  which  the  Austrian 
army  had  consisted,  at  the  beginning  of  the  battle,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  corps  of  Prince  Eeuss,  only  of  100,000  mm  and  410 
guns,  and  had  lost  30,000  men)  with  the  French  account,  which 
states  the  Austrian  army  had  been  reduced  to  60,000  men,  with  the 
loss  of  10  stand  of  colours,  40  guns,  and  20,000  men;  the  Austrian 
account  appears  to  be  more  exact,  from  which  the  French  army  is 
ftfti mated  to  have  consisted  of  between  140  and  180,000  men  with 
584  guns.  In  the  same  manner,  the  French  make  no  mention  of 
(HMHoners,  but  state  the  loss  to  have  been  1500  dead  and  between  S 
and  4000  wounded,  and  according  to  the  Austrian  account  they  had 
lost  12  eagles,  11  guns,  and  7000  prisoners. 


THE  GBEAT  GUN  AT  SOUTHSEA  CASTLE, 

Theue  are  individuals  whose  business  appears  to  be  the  perform- 
ance of  useless  labours*  Ton  arc  sure  to  find  them  cracking  nuts 
that  contain  no  kernels,  putting  blisters  on  wooden  legs,  and  other 
acts  of  doubtful  utility.  Sometimes  national  efforts  take  the  same 
direction.  We  suppose  it  has  always  been  so,  from  the  building  of 
the  Pyramids  downwards ;  however,,  it  is  not  our  intention  to  wander 
over  the  dusty  centuries  to  the  period  of  misspent  labour  when  these 
enormous  structures  were  raised,  in  order  to  prove  our  ease,  for  we 
are  reminded  that  we  live  in  a  land  where  it  is  quite  necessary  to  ask 
questions  respecting  the  utility  of  many  of  the  tasks  we  set  our- 
selves. It  must  be  admitted  indeed,  that  our  wasted  labour  some- 
times assumes  tolerable  dimensions,  particularly  when  we  do  it 
officially,  for  then  we  come  out  in  grand  style,  We  could  instance 
a  few  cases,  if  we  felt  disposed,  but  as  we  do  not  happen  to  be  in  a 
grumbling  humour  just  now,  we  refrain,  nevertheless  we  cannot 
avoid  noticing  a  little  specimen  recently  exhibited  at  Portsmouth, 
which  in  a  small  way  reflects  much  credit  upon  the  genius  of 
bungling. 

We  are,  as  everybody  knows,  upon  the  eve  of  important  events  in 
gunnery.  It  is  quite  impossible  to  say  what  may  not  be  expected 
from  Armstrong's  gun  and  other  cannons,  breach  loading  and  other* 
wise.  We  remember  the  astonishment  with  which  we  listened  to 
the  formal  annoimcement  made  by  General  Peel  in  the  House  of 


THI   GBJ5AT  GUK  AT   S0HTH8EA  CASTLE. 


46$ 


Commons  of  this  approved  invention,  which,  even  in  the  guarded 
language  of  official  information,  he  described  as  about  to  supersede 
the  entire  armaments  of  ships  and  forts  throughout  these  realms. 
Aiid  he  was  not  jesting,  for  immediately  afterwards  the  talented 
inventor  received  honourable  distinction  from  the  Queen  as  a  reward 
for  his  genius  and  skill. 

We  are  not  about  to  dilate  upon  the  merits  of  this  marvellous 
weapon,  neither  is  it  our  intention  to  gratify  public  curiosity  with 
any  supposed  authentic  accounts  of  its  powers,  but  as  there  really 
is  no  delusion  about  the  efficiency  of  this  gun,  we  propose  to  state 
a  few  of  its  good  qualities  for  reasons  that  will  presently  appear, 

In  extent  of  range,  destructive  effect,  and  precision,  this  gun 
possesses,  so  says  official  report,  a  combination  of  advantages  truly 
astounding.  In  the  first  place,  its  weight,  which  is  one  third  less 
than  that  of  an  ordinary  cannon  of  the  same  calibre,  renders  it  so 
manageable  that  it  can  be  handled  by  less  than  half  the  number  of 
men  required  for  an  ordinary  piece.  Secondly,  it  is  remarkable  for 
its  durability,  for  1300  discharges  produced  not  the  least  injury  on 
the  specimen  gun, 

The  lightness  of  Armstrong's  weapon  renders  it  vastly  superior 
to  the  ordnance  used  at  Sweborg  and  Sebastopol,  all  of  which  were 
clogged  with  the  great  drawback  of  immovability.  But  these  are 
only  a  tithe  of  the  benefits  likely  to  be  derived  from  the  extensive 
use  of  this  gun.  In  addition  to  the  advantages  enumerated  above, 
it  throws  shot  as  well  as  shell  with  the  most  deadly  accuracy,  and  to 
a  distance  that  staggers  belief.  If  we  may  credit  official  stateiM 
and  no  one  else  is  permitted  to  know  anything  about  the  matter,  a 
32-pounder  Armstrong  will  project  a  ball  more  than  five  miles  and  a 
quarter  with  only  five  pounds  of  powder.  At  3000  yards,  or  nearly 
two  miles,  its  precision  is  as  great  as  that  of  an  ordinary  32* pounder 
at  1000  yards,  while  at  1000  yards  it  hits  an  object  fifty -seven  times 
in  succession,  while  the  guns  now  mounted  in  all  our  forts  and  ships 
will  hit  it  only  once  in  that  number  of  times.  To  state  our  mean- 
ing plainly  f  the  desfcruetLvcness  of  artillery  has  been  by  this  efficient 
gun,  multiplied  more  than  fifty -fold. 

By  means  of  this  piece,  an  enemy's  ship,  it  is  confidently  stated, 
may  be  sent  to  the  bottom  at  a  distance  of  a  couple  of  miles ;  Arm- 
strong Bays  three,  but  we  will  take  the  lesser  range  as  the  safest. 
And  furtner,  the  most  deadly  aim  may  be  calculated  upon,  even  at 
the  long  range,  both  with  shot  and  shell*  It  must  be  mentioned 
also,  that  the  .shell  fired  is  more  destructive  than  any  yet  used  or 
known,  as  it  does  not  explode  until  after  striking  its  object,  so  thai 
the  missile  will  pass  through  a  ship's  side  and  explode  between  decks, 
scattering  destruction,  Ac. 

We  have  not  exhausted  the  good  qualities  belonging  to  this 
splendid  invention.  It  is  as  superior  to  Napoleon  s  titled  cannon 
as  his  imperial  gun  is  to  a  pea-shooter;  bnt  we  have  said  enough  to 
put  the  reader  in  possession  of  a  fact,  which  in  all  likelihood  he  "knew 
before,  viz, — that  Armstrong's  invention  is,  without  dispute,  the 
most  killing  gun  known. 

Well,  now  to  our  story.    There  has  bet>n  lately — ^*^  \»tek$ — >&. 


4X0 


0EI5A?  OUK  At  60MH8IA  CASTLE* 


[July, 


gun — a  tage,  monstrous  gun,  mounted  on  the  beach  at  Southaea, 
plose  bo  the  Castle.  Aiul  as  most  of  our  reader sr  whether  Naval  or 
Military,  know,  Sou&haes  t'aatlo  is  placed  at  that  part  of  the  shore, 
opposite  to  the  head  of  the  '*  Spit/5  round  which,  nhips  fl  pivot,"  in 
order  to  enter  the  channel,  leading  to  Portsmouth  Harbour.  In 
this  spot  much  engineering  skill  find  science  has  been  expended  from 
the  days  of  Henry  VI I  L  to  the  present.  It  is  a  critical  poei 
It  is,  in  fact,  just  the  spot  where  a  hostile  ship,  intending  to  force 
an  entrance  into  Portsmouth  Harbour,  ought  to  he  taken  at  fcbe 
greatest  disad\  antage  by  the  batteries  ashore. 

The  advance  made  in  modern  artillery,  particularly  with  ships* 
guns,  has  reduced  the  castle  defences  considerably,  and  consequently 
it  was  found  necessary,  about  twelve  tnontbs  since,  to  strengthen  this 
position,  by  a  couple  of  earth- work  batteries,  one  being  placed  <>n 
each  flank  of  the  old  Castle.  These  earthen  batteries  would  stand  a 
considerable  deal  of  hammering,  but  it  is  to  be  feared  that  the  Q 
would  not.  "Recently,  a  monster  gun  has  been  placed  between  the 
Western  battery  and  the  Castle,  to  add  its  fire  to  the  many  vtfam 
that  can  be  directed  against  a  hostile  ship  or  fleet  that  might  attempt 
to  round  the  Spit  buoy,  and  enter  Portsmouth  Harbour. 

1  i  is  against  this  overgrown  piece  of  ordnance  that  we  propose  to 
fire  a  shot  or  two  with  the  intention  of  drawing  down  upon  us  the 
fire  of  a  rejoinder  from  somebody  or  other.  Should  such  be  the  case, 
we  anticipate  to  hear  a  satisfactory  reason  assigned  why  this  huge 
blunderbuss  has  been  placed  in  a  commanding  position,  where  none 
but  the  handiest  and  most  efficient  guns  ought  to  be  found. 

We  have  no  intention  of  saying  anything  in  disparagement  of 
the  gun  as  a  gun.  It  may  be  well  adapted  for  service  in  some  posi- 
tions, but  we  conoetae  that  at  the  important  point  at  gouthsea  Castle 
it  is  out  of  its  proper  sphere,  As  evidence  of  our  meaning  * 
]Mi  linid  that  a  gun  at  this  place  ought  to  possess  the  following 
esentiaK  It  ought  to  allow  of  rapidity  of  filing,  and  we  subjoin  the 
dimensions  and  weight  of  the  weapon  above  mentioned,  to  slow  that 
rapid  firing  is  not  likely  to  be  attained* 

ft.     in. 
Length  from  breech-loop  to  muzzle  .  ,  Iti      6 

Length  from  base  ring  to  muzzle  .  -  13      8 

Base  ring  circumference  *  .  .  11      4? 

Muzzle  circumference      .  »  7      1} 

Bore  diameter      .  11 

Thickness  of  metal  at  breech       -  .  .  1     10 

Ditto  ditto     at  muzzle      *  •  ,  0       7^ 

Weight  of  gun,  22  tons  ;  weight  of  carriage,  3  tons  2  ewt ;  weight 
of  platform,  i  tons  ;  weight  of  shot,  3  ewt  *,  weight  of  service  charge 
of  powder,  78  lbs.  It  is  evident  that  thin  enormous  mass  of  wood 
and  iron  weighing  upwards  of  30  tons,  is  too  ponderous  to  be  handled 
with  much  rapidity.  Indeed  we  have  heard  that  when  efficiently 
manned,  it  could  not  be  fired  quicker  than  once  in  two  minutes. 

Tlie  disadvantage,  therefore,  of  a  gun  of  this  weight  in  such  a 
position  is  that  it  could  not  be  fired  often  at  a  ship  endeavouring  to 


I860*]  FMPB  f BOM  TUB  LOOPHOLES  OP  1IT1EEA.T.  411 

ihe  entrance  of  Portsmouth  Harbour.  For  a  ship  under  full 
steam  would  not  be  many  minutes  rounding  the  Bell  buoy  at  Spit- 
head,  and  she  would  be  subject  to  the  fire  erf  this  gun,  and  the  Castle 
and  battery  gun  a  only  while  she  was  passing  them,  and  for  this 
iWlOB  we  conceive  that  a  ponderous  weapon,  such  as  we  have  de- 
scribed, ii  not  the  best  calculated,  notwithstanding  its  enormous 
A  of  shot,  to  dispute  the  passage  of  a  hostile  ship  at  this  per 
urse  any  vessel  attempting  the  hazardous  exploit  of  forcing  n 
entrance  into  our  chief  arscual,  would  have  to  deal  with  many  other 

r   the  throat   of  the   harbour,   but  we  abstain  fi l 

cut  ariM  -into  that  question,  to  avoid  perplexity,  as  the  subject  is 
confined  to  the  best  description  of  gun  necessary  for  the  vicinity  of 
Southsea  Castle. 

We  have  heard,  hut  we  cannot  vouch  for  the  truth  of  sueh  a  state- 
men  t.  that  the  gun  is  useless  in  consequence  of  a  thw  in  the  chamber, 
and  that  it  is  placed  where  it  is  for  the  sake  of  ornament*  If  so, 
all  we  can  say  upon  the  subject,  is — the  sooner  it  is  removed  the 
better,  and  its  place  supplied  with  one  of  Armstrong's  32-pounders, 
which  has  the  peculiar  merit  of  throwing  a  ball  with  precision  a 
couple  of  mil.  m  with  5lbs,  of  powder  only,  and  also  admits  of  great 
rapidity  of  fifing,  Such  uu  arrangement  would  not  only  add  an 
ornament  to  the  8outhsea  beach— but  afford  protection  at  9  most 
important  point  of  our  coast  in  the  bargain. 

With  respect  to  f  !km  nui  a  numta!  characteristics  attributed  totbismon- 
Btivus  mass  of  metal,  we  cannot  avoid  remarking,  that  it  is  in  keeping 
with  the  ridiculous  statues  of  two  of  England's  greatest  heroes, 
Kelson  and  Wellington,  also  erected  on  ft  canspiciiou#pAzt  of  l^e 
open  beach  at  Soutfesea*  These  caricatures  are  the  laughing  stock  of 
every  passer  by*  They  were  plan ■< I  there  doubtless*  with  the  best 
intentions,  but  it  reflects  no  credit  and  considerable  blame  upon  the 
taste  of  the  officials  at  our  chief  naval  arsenal,  thus  to  gibbet  our 
two  great  naval  and  military  worthies.  Neither  does  it  dispose  (me 
to  place  much  reliance  upon  the  skill  of  the  engineer,  who  cumbers 
the  striking  point  of  a  line  of  fortifications,  with  a  useless  instead 
of  an  efficient  weapon. 


. 


PEEPS  FROM  THE    LOOIMIOLES  OV  RETREAT. 
Bt  Retiree  Majob  Haiiksuan, 

"Riflemen,  riflemen,  riflemen,  form  !  * 


' 


The  earnest  exhortations  of  Pietro  TEremita,  the  respectable  old 
monk   of   PJcaruV*    the  fiery  arrow  of  the  belhgerous  highlander, 
the  tocsin  in  the  depth  of  night,  could  not   have  created  a  m 
tcmbl  >t  in  the  bosoms  of  templars,  clansmen,  and  old 

wmukmi,  than  lias  l.  din  the  hearts  of  the  people  of  England, 

Ireland,  and  Scotland  by  the  four  words  which  lately  formed  the 
burthen  of  Mr.  Alfred  Tennyson's  appeal.  From  the  Land's  End  to 
John  O'CfroAt'i  there  has  been  nothing  for  the  lasl  month  or  six 
weeks  but  meetings  of  burgher^  and  meeting  of  fe\ftj&3  Si^tesas&ss 


412 


PEEPS   FBOH  THE  LOOPHOLES   OF  BETHEAT. 


[JlJLT, 


clusterings  of  rustics,  proclamations  in  market  places,  newspaper 
fillips,  publications  on  national  defences,  and  hints  on  the  art  of 
shooting  with  the  rifle.  The  gunniakers  are  at  their  wit's  end,  the 
tailors  and  accoutrement  makers  are  in  despair,  and  half  a  million  of 
gentlemen  and  their  followers  are  dying  to  die  for  their  country,  and 
they  cannot  get  organised,  drilled,  clothed,  and  equipped  half  fast 
enough.  All  is  hurry,  skurry,  and  contusion.  Sober  old  soldiers , 
accustomed  to  do  everything  calmly  and  on  regie,  can  neither  under* 
stand  nor  relish  such  pell  raell  havoc,  used  as  they  are  to  u  form" 
without  a  fuss. 

And  why  all  this  excitement  at  the  present  juncture  ?  Why,  at 
this  moment,  more  than  three  years,  or  seven  years,  or  eleven  years 
since  ?  Is  an  enemy  equipping  at  Cherbourg  and  Boulogne  ?  Has 
the  gauntlet  been  thrown  down  and  taken  up  ?  Have  the  very 
pugnacious  French  colonels  who  sent  fulsome,  adulatory, preposterous 
addresses  to  the  Emperor,  wThen  Orsiniwas  found  to  have  been  casting 
his  bullets  in  England,  with  regicidai  purposes,  been  allowed  to 
have  their  own  way,  and  come  over  to  perjide  Albion  ?  You  will  say 
*  No,  but  the  course  of  events  in  Lorn  bar  dy  rnatj  bring  England 
sooner  or  later  into  collision  with  her  ancient  enemy,  and  it  is, 
therefore,  right  to  be  prepared  for  the  worst."  I  grant  all  that ;  it 
is,  as  you,  most  excellent  editor,  have  just  insinuated,  "  right  to  be 
prepared,"  But,  let  me  ask,  is  it  not  right  to  be  atmuj&  prepared  ? 
Are  we  not  so  circumstanced  that  something  very  much  less  than  a 
political  entanglement  may,  at  any  mom  eat,  embroil  us  with  the 
peppery  people  over  the  way  ?  Are  we  ever  safe  from  sudden  insult  ? 
Have  not  all  the  naval  armaments  which  have  been  preparing  in  the 
French  harbours  for  years  past  demonstrated  that  the  expectation 
of  a  misunderstanding,  to  be  settled  by  an  invasion,  is  cherished  in 
a  certain  Imperial  bosom,  to  which  it  would  hardly  be  polite  mum 
directly  to  allude?  Believe  me,  I  love  old  England  to<>  well  to 
object  to  see  her  children  arming  for  the  protection  of  the  mdaU 
solum.  I  should  like  to  see  them  "  forming**  and  fluttering  every  day 
of  my  existence,  bedight  in  grey  and  drab,  or  any  other  sensible 
hue*  But  I  do  protest  against  all  these  spasmodic  movements, 
this  doing,  under  a  feverish  excitement,  what  ought  to  be  accom- 
plished with  deliberation  and  due  premeditation,  "  What's  the 
good  of  it  ?"  as  my  old  landlady  says  about  everything,  the  urgent 
necessity  for  which  is  not  immediately  apparent  to  her  obfuscated 
intellects. 

A  country  like  Urcut  Britain,  whose  political  and  commercial  re- 
lations are  so  ramified  that  war,  or  expectation  of  war,  is  her  normal 
condition,  ought  always  to  be  fortified  against  every  possible  con* 
tingeney  ;  and  it  is  not  to  be  denied  that  it*  any  body  above  the  con- 
dition of  a  day  labourer  knew  the  use  of  a  rifle,  and  would  cheer- 
fully submit  to  be  gathered  with  Ins  fellows  at  the  bugle-sound  to 
acquire  a  few  lessons  in  defensive  warfare — which  involves p  as  you 
and  I  know,  rather  more  than  shooting  at  a  mark — wc  should  not 
only  feel  and  be  more  secure,  but  a  great  moral  effect  would  be  pro- 
duced abroad.  I  am  old  enough  to  remember  the  patriotic  irritation 
of  1803,  when  the  famous  ami*  at  Boulogne  was  being  drilled  by 


1859,] 


PEEPS  FEOl£  THE  LOOPHOLES  OF  EETEEAT. 


41:) 


Soult  to  embark  in,  and  disembark  from,  the  flotilla  in  ten  minutes. 
We  had  then  a  regular  army  130,000  strong,  and  a  militia  80,000 
strong.  The  House  of  Commons  frantically  voted  first  a  conscrip- 
tion of  50,000,  and  then  a  levy  en  masse  of  all  the  men  in  the 
United  Kingdom  between  the  ages  of  17  and  §5,  eo  that,  according  to 
8ir  Francis  Head,  there  were  300,000  volunteers  (a  carious  abuse  of 
the  term)  "  enrolled,  armed,  and  disciplined"  Well,  what  came  of 
it  all  ?  What  was  the  national  profit  of  this  frenzied  movement  which 
put  us  to  many  hundreds  of  thousands  of  pounds  of  expense,  disturbed 
trade,  frightened  families,  and  gave  a  false  direction  to  men's  minds  'i 
It  did  not  alter  Napoleon's  plans,  nor  render  our  shores  permanently 
safe.  The  abandonment  bv  the  French  consul  of  the  projected  in- 
vasion was  caused  by  the  destruction  of  the  fleet  he  had  calculated 
upon  as  an  escort,  and  the  moment  he  turned  his  attention  to  Ger- 
many, England  relapsed  into  her  usual  supineness.  The  consequence 
has  been  that  she  has  exposed  herself  to  the  recurrence  of  those  ab- 
surd panics,  temporarily  profitable  to  rifle  manufacturers  and 
Schneiders,  and  injurious  to  every  body  else.  We  were  seized  with  a 
u  National  Defence"  mania  when  De  JoinviuVs  pamphlet  came  out; 
a  similar  fever  afflicted  us  when  Russia  began  to  be  very  disagreeable 
about  Turkey,  and  we  are  now  in  for  it  again.  You  shah  see  a  reaction 
aa  rapid  and  as  silly  as  its  precursors,  the  moment  the  French  Em- 
peror returns  from  Italy  to  be  hailed  by  Marseilles,  Lyons,  and 
Paris  with  vivas  and  fireworks, 

ifotep ur—Shakspeare's  HoUpur — talked  of  plucking  the  flower 
**  safety"  out  of  the  nettle  "  danger."  The  Ministry  might  profit 
by  the  hint.  We  shall  not  see  many  Volunteer  Associations  formed  — 
certainly  they  will  not  prove  formidable  in  their  numbers.  The 
whole  thing,  as  far  as  the  late  sluggish  and  incompetent  War 
Minister,  Peel,  lent  it  encouragement,  was  a  premeditated  failure* 
With  a  paltry  show  of  interest  in  the  matter  he  hud  the  cool  impu- 
dence to  promise  pay  to  the  volunteers  when  actually  in  the  fdd% 
and  pensions  to  the  icon  tided  mid  the  widows  of  the  shin  ♦  thus  trying 
to  obtain  credit  for  an  outlay  that  might  never  have  heen  demanded 
in  order  to  save  a  few  thousand  pounds  of  immediate  necessity  ! 
True,  he  afterwards  engaged  to  supply  ammunition  to  the  several 
corps  for  purposes  of  rifle  practice  -t  but  why  f  simply  that,  as  the 
cartridges  were  only  adapted  to  a  certain  class  of  musket,  the  volun- 
teers might  be  obliged  to  purchase  that,  particular  musket  of  the 
Government  at  its  own  price !  A  beautiful  dodge.  It  would  be 
curious  to  hear  whence  those  same  muskets  wen.*  to  come,  it  in 
notorious  that  the  army  and  the  militia  are  not  by  any  means  fully 
supplied  with  the  article  ;  it  cannot  be  made  with  "the  requisite 
rapidity  either  at  Birmingham  or  in  the  Government  factory.  True 
there  are,  or  were,  50,000  weapons  lying  in  the  Tower  Diteh,  and  aa 
they  are  prououneed  useless  by  one  of  the  War  Office  utticials,  it 
might  have  been  in  General  Peeo  contemplation  to  otter  them  to  the 
volunteers  after  they  had  been  rifled.  But  I  can  hardly  believe 
this,  much  as  I  saw  reason  to  despise  the  feebleness  and  chicanery 
iif  the  late  Secretary  for  War,  Be  that  as  it  may — to  return  to 
what  I  said — the  new  Government  might,  if  it  chose,  take  advantage 

U.  S,  Mas.,  No,  368,  July,  1859, 


t  ^ 


ttOM 


LOOPHOLES  OF  BETBEAT, 


[July, 


of  the  present  popular  favour  to  turn  it  to  permanent  advanta 
The  "  flower"  is  in  its  grasp.  Instead  of  allowing  the  Association 
to  go  on  as  they  are  now  doings  wildly  and  without  system,  tilling 
their  ranks  from  all  sources,  they  might  sanction  the  formation  i 
Companies  of  the  educated  classes,  granting  them  the  aid  of  compe- 
tent instructors  until  some  of  the  volunteers  themselves  were  fitted 
for  the  task,  and  prohibiting  the  employment  of  all  of  the  humbler 
classes  who  were  not  actually  engaged  in  some  trade  or  calling, 
would  prevent  interference  with  the  enlisting  for  the  militia  and  the 
line. 

The  operations  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon  III.  and  their  possible 
bearing  on  the  interests  of  England,  naturally  carry  the  mind 
back  to  the  proceedings  of  Napoleon  I.,  and  from  him  the  transit  km 
is  easy  to  our  own  great  Wellington. 

It  is  not  a  very  commendable  habit  to  read  two  hooks  at  the 
Barne  moment,  hut  sometimes  it  is  dictated  by  the  opportunity 
contrast.     By  accident,  the  correspondence  of  Napoleon  I-  with  hi! 
brother   Joseph,   and    the    four    supple mentary    volumes    of 
Wellington  Despatches  have  reached  me  together,  and  their  perusa 
has  been  a  nughty  banquet.     The  rich  material  emanating  from 
the  brains  of  two  such  extraordinary  chiefs,  would  in  itself  I  Line 
furnished  innumerable  feasts,  hut  to  the  Englishman  an  luhlitir 
enjoyment  is  provided,  in  contrasting  the  savage  policy  and   reeklc 
inhumanity  ot  the  French  Consul  and  Emperor,  to  the  great  and 
generous  measures  of  the  British  Major  General, 

How  it  happened  that  Coloxel  Urn  wood  left  such  an  immet 
number  as  nearly  2,000  of  the  DukeTs  Indian  letters  and  nicmr 
rauda  untouched*  when  at  work  at  hie  remarkable  compilations,  is 
not  quite  comprehensible.      Did  he  overlook  them,  or  were  they 
never  in  his  way  ?     Assuredly  they  are  more  valuable  in  ever 
respect  than  all  the  documents  having  relation  to  the  same  Bubiec 
which  appeared  in  the  pro-ions  volumes.     They  come  to  us  like  i 
bonne  houehe,  after  a  dinner  of  ordinary  meats, 

It  is  very  well  put  in  a  late  number  of  the  u  Edinburgh  Beview" 
treating   of  historical    writings  and  authorities,   that   letters  aud 
despatches,  like  journals  entered  day  by  day,  exhibit  faithfully  tin 
impressions  of  the  moment,     They  are,  therefore,  more  trustworth 
than  any  narrative  composed  after  the  whole  series  of  events  ha 
been  worked  out;  the  weaknesses  and  minor  defects  of  the  write 
are  cuHclosed,  many  transient  feelings  or  thoughts  will  appear 
his  deliberate  judgment  would  have  rejected ';  ubui  where   th 
genuine  ability  and  true  integrity  ih&e  qualities  will  be  more  tTj> 
from  their  evidence  being  undesigned"     It  is  this  last  fact  which  in 
parts   so   singular  a  value   to  the   Wellington   Despatches ;   ther 
mw  "  great  ability  and  true  integrity"  in  their  author,  and  thus 
qualities  are  evident  at  every  page,     Now,  take  a  few  examples  of 
his  humanity,   as  contrasted  with   thai  of  the  first  Napoleon.     Eb 
is  matching  against  the  famous  Sciadiah  to  begin  that  campaign 
which  waste  close  triumphantly  with  Ajaaye,  Argaum,  andGawilghu 
lip  addresses  his  army  on  the  11th  of  March,  1803,  and  these  i 
his  words : — 


1859.] 


PEEPS  TOOM  THE    MOPHOLE8  OP  BETEEAT. 


413 


u  The  troops  will  enter  the  Mahratta  country  to-morrow  morning, 
but  they  are  not  to  consider  it  an  enemy's  country,  The  strictest 
order  and  discipline  must  be  observed,  and  everything  that  is  required 
from  the  country  must  be  paid  for.  Major- General  Wellesley  will 
certainly  punish  any  person  who  may  be  found  guilty  of  a  breach  of 
this  order**1 

lie  is  aware  of  the  importance  of  forage  for  his  dragoons,  but  he 
wijl  not  have  it  taken  by  force.  "  A  careM  non-commissioned  officer 
must  accompany  the  cavalry  followers  to  see  that  the  forage  be  paid 
for,"  Still  the  men  did  plunder  the  natives,  and  most  soundly  were 
they  flogged  for  helping  themselves  as  Napoleon  allowed  his  men  to 
help  themselves  in  Italy.  Ahmednugghur  was  taken  on  the  12th  of 
August,  1803.  The  temptation  to  plunder  the  town  was  great.  The 
camp  followers  clustered  in  its  vicinity  to  lay  their  hands  on  the 
property  of  the  garrison.  How  does  General  Wellesley  treat  their 
cupidity  f 

"  General  Order. — A  troop  of  native  cavalry  to  be  sent  imme- 
diately to  drive  all  the  camp  followers  who  are  down  near  the  fort 
of  Ahmednugghur  back  into  camp.  The  troop  is  to  cut  down  any 
follower  who  does  not  instantly  retire  to  camp.  #  *  *  One  of  tho 
termi  on  which  the  killadar  (governor  of  the  fort)  capitulated  was, 
that  he  and  his  garrison  should  have  their  private  property.  Major- 
Geueral  Wellesley  is  convinced  that  there  is  no  good  soldier  in  this 
iihmeot  who  would  infringe  this  capitulation,  and  he  is  determined 
that  it  shall  not  be  infringed,  and  he  will  punish  with  the  utmost 
severity  any  person  who  may  bo  found  plundering  in  the  fort  of 
Ahmednugghur.M 

I  These  orders  arose  from  no  mawkish  sensibility ;  they  were  the 
offspring  of  a  lofty  sense  of  justice,  which  led  him  to  discriminate 
between  the  innocent  inhabitants  of  a  town  or  village  and  the  active 
enemy.  General  Wellesley  was  not  so  sparing  of  hostile  marauders. 
On  his  march  to  Assaye,  the  Pmdarees,  mthe  service  of  tho  enemy, 
Attacked  his  supplies*  and  set  the  village  people  a-going.  So  he 
writes  to  Sir  John  (then  Captain)  Malcolm :  "  A  gallows  or  two  will 
remedy  the  evil.'* 
A*  a  further  proof  of  his  humanity  and  consideration  for  his 
suffering  soldiers,  read  his  Morning  Order  of  the  Stb  October,  1803, 
dated  at  Adjuntee  s— 

M  Major- General  Wellesley  requests  the  officers,  excepting  those 

commanding  corps,  or  those  whose  duty  it  may  be,  wUl  not  go  into 

hospital,  as  the  crowds  that  go  there  only  tend  to   disturb   the 

svounded  men,     #    *     The  wounded  men  are  much  distressed  by 

sun  in  the  buildings  which  they  occupy,   and  Major- General 

Wellesley  will  he  much  ohliqed  to  commanding  officers  of  corps  if 

will  order  as  many  shades  as  possible  to  he  made  bv  the  men  of 

their  corps  with  the  boughs  of  trees,  &e.,  &c/?     And  tnen  ho  goes 

dii  to  i  hat  the  Sepoy  hoys  of  each  regiment  be  sent  to  the 

ital  to  attend  upon  and  take  care  of  the  wounded. 

Mark  the  gentlemanly  tone  In  which  the   orders   are  couched. 

ITlu  j  nig  of  the  insolence  of  the  successful  chief  in  this  form 

of  instruction.    Wellesley  was  as  much  above  the  forgetfulnese  of 
lit 


PEEPS  MOM  THE   LOOFHOHS  OF  JIETEEAT. 


[JTJLT, 


courtesy  which  marked  the  bearing  of  his  great  European  rival, 
Napoleon,  as  he  was  superior  to  exultation  in  the  hour  of  victory 
He  fulfilled  his  duties  calmly  and  steadily,  and  he  gave  his  troo 
credit  for  the  same  indifference  to  extravagance  of  laudation,  and  t1 
same  independence  of  all  verbal  stimulus  to  action  as  he  hi 
invariably  manifested.  After  the  triumph  at  Assaye,  he  8im_ 
u  returns  his  thanks  to  the  troops  for  their  conduct  in  the  actio; 
the  result  of  which  was  so  honourable  to  them,  and  likely  to  be 
advantageous  to  the  public  interest ;"  and  says,  "  he  has  every  reason 
to  applaud  the  conduct  of  the  cavalry,  particularly  that  of  the  9th 
Dragoons/'  the  loss  of  whose  Lieut,- Colonel  he  "  deeply  regrets/' 

General  Wellesley  was  in  much  peril  at  Assaye  ;  but  be  makes  no 
other  mention  of  it  than  is  contained  in  the  following  three  lines  of 
a  letter  to  Sir  John  Malcolm : — 

"The  bay  horse  was  shot  under  me7  and  Diomed  was/' 
that  I  am  not  now  sufficiently  mounted.     Will  yon  let  me  have  tl 
grey  Arab  ?IJ 

As  the  General  advanced  into  Scindia's  country,  the  soldiers  took 
to  plundering  the  villages,  in  spite  of  his  repeated   orders.     This 
angered  him  exceedingly.     He  was  determined  to  make  examples  of 
men  who  forgot  at  once  their  military  obedience  and  the  duties  of 
humanity.     Accordingly,    on  the  7th  of  November,  he  issued  an 
order  for  the  rolls  of  the  Artillery,  the  74th  and  78th  Highlander 
to  be  called  every  hour.     Four  drummers  of  the  78th  were  diree 
to  attend  immediately  with  their  cats  at  the  provost-serjeant's  te 
to  inflict  two  hundred  lashes  on  a  man  of  the  78th,  with  whom  o: 
of  the  cattle  had  been  found,  and  he  gives  notice  that  he  will  punisl 
with  death  any  one  found  guilty  of  plundering. 

Admirable  WeUesley  I  While  he  was  thus  dignifying  the  proft 
eion  of  the  soldier  by  his  rigid  sense  of  honour  and  discipline 
kindly  feeling  towards  the  unfortunate  ard  inoffensive,  the  mighi 
enslaver  of  Europe,  who  in  aftertimes  affected  to  despise  the 
General,  was  travelling  between  Paris  and  Boulogne  to  visit  "the 
armament  which  he  had  prepared  for  a  descent  on  England — on  that 
little  island  whose  Wellesley  was  afterwards  to  take  a  distinguished 
part  in  baffling  his  policy  and  crushing  his  ambition. 

To  turn  from  books  to  the  business  of  current  life  ;  from  the  his- 
tory of  the  past  to  the  activity  of  the  present  ■  I  must  record  the 
gratification  of  an  old  soldier  at  the  efforts  which,  under  the  auffpdoei 
of  Colonel  Lefroy,  appear  to  be  making  for  the  intellectual  advance- 
ment of  the  soldiery.  The  labours  and  anxieties  of  commanders  are 
so  much  assuaged  by  their  having  to  deal  with  au  educated  rather 
than  an  ignorant  soldiery-,  that  every  officer  at  the  head  of  a  regi- 
ment, and  every  officer  who  even  hopes  to  be  placed  in  that  position 
of  honour  and  responsibility,  has  a  deep  and  direct  interest  m  fche 
cultivation  of  the  men.  Thirty  thousand  is  a  large  proportion  of 
ignorance  in  an  army  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  men,  and 
in  that  thirty  thousand  there  arc  tkoi  inc I  uded  twenty-seven  thousand 
more  who  can  read  but  not  write.  My  old  comrades  who  have 
held  command,  agree  with  me  that  a  man  cannot  be  too  well  edu- 
cated*    If  a  "  little  learning"  be  a  dangerous  thing,  no  learning  is 


of 

j 

ok 

his 
of 
of 

an 

i 

iish 

and 
;hty 
poy 


18690 


GENEEAX   SHAW  KEXKEDT 


417 


fifty  times  more  perilous.  The  difficulties  of  teaching  adults  are 
evidently  great.  They  have  ideas  immensely  in  advance  of  the 
simplest  words  we  use  to  express  ideas.  You  cannot  raise  mono- 
syllables to  the  standard  of  knowledge  acquired  in  the  public  house 
and  the  market  place  ;  consequently  there  is  an  immense  bridge  of 
rudi mental  learning,  beginD  ing  at  the  alphabet  and  going  up  to  poly- 
syllable s3  to  be  crossed  before  the  language  in  which  ordinary  iacts 
are  stated  can  be  read.  He  would  be  a  mighty  benefactor  to  the 
army  who  should  solve  the  problem  which  embarrasses  Colonel  Le- 
froy,  and  all  who  honourably  labour  under  his  inspection,  I  have, 
ere  now,  lectured  to  soldiers,  and  used  in  the  process  the  simplest 
and  most  familiar  terms  I  could  possibly  think  of,  to  impart  a  few 
items  of  knowledge ;  but  very  much  of  the  eftbrt  has  been  thrown 
away.  "  If  the  Major  would  only  throw  all  that  into  small  change  V* 
has  been  the  remark  of  many  of  the  most  illiterate.     Hundreds  of 

»the  north  country  soldiers  use  a  dialect  and  a  vocabulary  as  little 
like  pure  Saxon  as  the  Hindostanee  or  Mahratta  tongues,  so  that 
one  has  to  reduce  everything  to  an  ultra  simplicity,  almost  incom- 
patible with  the  communication  of  advanced  ideas.  However,  in  this 
marvellous  age  of  intellectual  resource  the  greatest  obstacles  to 
knowledge  are  overcome ;  and  one  cannot  help  hoping,  with  Colonel 
Lefroy,  that  some  of  the  ingenious  men  who  devote  themselves  to 
the  mental  culture  of  their  species  wiH  discover  a  method  of  pre- 
paring books  that  will  be  intelligible  to  the  veriest  clown  that  ever 
accepted  the  shilling. 


GENEBAL  SHAW  KENNEDY  ON  OBDEB  OF  BATTLE 
AND  THE  CONTOY  OF  TEOOP8. 

The  following  interesting  remarks  on  subjects  which  are  now  en- 
gaging a  large  share  of  attention  in  the  military  world  have  been 
forwarded  to  us  by  General  Shaw  Kennedy. 
Obbeb  op  Battli. 

The  question  has  been  raised  by  some  military  men  whether  it  is 
not  altogether  an  exaggeration  to  say  that  twenty  thousand  men  are  re- 
quired for  each  mile  of  front  of  an  army  when  formed  in  order  of 
battle, 

I  have  stated  in  the  u  Notes  on  the  Defences  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,"  that  twenty  thousand  men  are  required  for  each  mile 
of  the  front  of  a  line  of  battle. 

This,  to  the  unprofessional  reader,  requires  explanation* 

Judging  from  the  opinions  of  the  greatest  masters  on  the  higher 
parts  of  war,  the  composition  of  an  army  in  the  field  should  be  in 
the  following  proportions ; — 

Supposing  the  number  of  infantry  to  be  denned,  the  remainder 

of   the    army   should  consist   of  -^  of  Cavalry,  ^  of  Artillery,  -  of 
Engineers,  and  ^  of  Train. 


GENEHAi   6IIAW   KEITNEUT 


[JtJLT, 


nil*. 

ttk-t 
f  in- 


Kow  this  calculation  is  made  by  different  authorities  in  two 
ferent  ways,  which  bring  out  somewhat  different  results,  and  whic 
mar  depend  partly  on  the  country  in  which  the  array  is  to  operate. 

By  one  of  these  modes  of  calculations  the  fractions,  as  above*  are 
taken  as  parts  of  the  whole  army  j  by  the  other^  they  are  taken  as 
parts  of  the  infantry  of  the  army. 

By  the  first  of  these  modes  of  calculation  the  proportions  of 
Cavalry,  Artillery,  and  Engineers  will  bo  greater  in  reference  to  the 
infantry  than  by  the  second  method, 

I  shall,  therefore,  give  both  methods  of  calculation, 

This  calculation  is  facilitated,  and  made  quite  certain,  bj  the  per- 
fect accuracy  with  which  it  can  be  ascertained  how  many  infantry 
are  required  for  occupying  the  front  of  a  mile  in  a  lino  of  battle, 

The  following  being  the  indisputable  data  on  which  that  calcula 
fcion  proceeds — First,  that  every  soldier  occupies  a  front  of  21  inches 
second,  that  the  intervals  between  battalions,  when  in  line  of  battle 
is  five  paces — third,  that  every  order  of  battle  has  two  lines  of 
fan  try  two  deep,  the  rear  line  being  about  300  yards  behind  Htt 
first  j  and  that,  in  addition  to  these  lines,  a  fourth  of  the  whole  of 
the  infantry  is  always  held  in  reserve. 

The  battalions  may  be  considered  as  700  men  strong  each,  the  officer* 
in  front  ten,  and  the  colours  as  occupying  the  space  equal  to  the 
front  of  three  men ;  from  these  data  we  arrive  at  the  result  that 
eleven  thousand  two  bundrcd  infantry  are  required  to  occupy  ilie 
two  front  lines  of  an  order  of  battle. 

Now  calculating  by  the  two  methods  as  explained  in  the  last  para- 
graph, and  stating  the  second  method  as  being  the  simplest  mode  of 
calculation,  first,  we  have 

11,000  Infantry  =  f  of  the  whole  infantry,  consequently 

3,66^  |   ditto  =    the  reserves — that   is   to  i    of   the    wh 

— infantry, 

14,667     =    to  the  whole  infantry  required  for  one  mile, 

2,607  =s  -    of  the    infantry,    being    the  whole     cavalry 

an  average  required  for  each  mile  of 
front, 
1833  =  |  of    the    infantry,     being     the    artillery    required 
on  an  average  for  each  mile  of  front. 
490  Wm  m  of  the  infantry  being  the  number  of  engineers. 
~  w  of  *e  ^imtry  being  the  number  of  train, 

19869  =s  Total  by  this  mode  of  calculation  for  one  mile. 
And  the  other  mode  of  calculation  is  as  follows. 
Let  #  represent  the  whole  force  for  one  mile  of  front,  then  we  have 

#=1466?  +  —  tf  +  -x  +~x  +  ^r£ 


lole 
on 


64(502 


or,  WmUM  +m(^  (or)    35464, 


OH  OBDBB  OF   BATTLE. 


419 


But  if  tbe  decimal  p3546^  represents  one  fraction  of  *  the  decimal 
♦64536  must  represent  the  other. 

To  obtaiu  the  value  of  *35464,  we  have — 

-64536  s  140(57  :  \  '35461  :  8050. 

C<  "lisequently  the  number  of  men  for  each  mile  of  a  field  of  tat- 
tle, according  to  thia  mode  of  calculation,  is  22,726. 

As  instances  in  practice  as  to  the  number  of  troops,  occupying 
on  an  average  a  mile  of  front  in  a  line  of  battle,  it  will  be  found  irom 
Mitchell 'a  plans,  and  from  the  numbers  given  by  Napier,  that  on 
the  main  Hues  of  battle,  independent  of  the  detached  forces,  at 
Yittoria  and  Salamanca,  there  were  more  than  20,000  men  on  each 
mile  of  front. 

At  Waterloo,  the  front  of  tbe  Duke  of  Wellington's  line  of  battle 
was  two  miles,  and  bis  force  actually  on  that  field  of  battle  was 
67,655  men,  consequently  33,827  to  each  mile  of  front ;  and  Napo- 
leon formed  his  line  opposite  to  Wellington  on  a  front  of  2J  English 
miles,  with  a  force  of  71,974  men  ;  consequently  Napoleon  bad — i 
say — 32,000  men  for  each  mile  of  front  of  his  line  of  battle. 

It  ia  thus  proved  both  theoretically  and  practically,  that  as  a 
general  principle  20,000  men  is  not  too  great  a  force  to  assign  of  in 
armyt  for  occupying  each  mile  of  its  front  as  a  line  of  battle. 

But  this  must  be  varied  of  course,  according  to  the  skill  of  the 

An  army  may  occupy  ground  of  great  natural  strength,  or  ground 
part  of  which  Is  occupied  by  strong  works  ;  or  may  occupy  ground 
not  presenting  any  strength,  opposite  to  which  the  enemy  displays 
very  great  depth  of  his  masses  of  attack  :  in  tbe  first  two  cases  less 
than  20,000  men  per  mile  may  be  required,  in  the  last  more* 

CONYOX   OF  TboOTS, 

Having  stated  in  my  Notes  on  the  National  Defences  that  sixty 
frigates  can  convey,  for  a  passage  of  ten  or  twelve  hours,  120,000 
men,  it  seems  proper  to  show  ou  what  grounds  that  statement  ia 
made. 

My  first  instructor  on  the  embarkation  of  troops  was  the 
lair  Admiral  Sir  John  Hill,  who,  I  believe,  had  more  experience 
than  any  other  person  in  the  kingdom  in  the  embarkation  and  dia- 
embarkation  of  troops. 

I  acted  with  him  for  three  years  in  the  constant  embarkation  and 
barkation  of  troops,  and  we  embarkcil  tin-  whole  British  army 
of  occupation,  and  part  of  the  Eussian  army  of  occupation. 

Hill's  general  opinion  as  to  tbe  tonnage  required  for  the  convey* 
ance  of  troops,  was,  that  for  passages  of  a  few  hours,  one  ton  for 
one  man  was  required ;  two  tons  for  one  man  in  medium  voyages — 
such  as  to  Lisbon  or  the  Mediterranean ;  and  three  tons  per  man 
for  voyages  to  the  East  and  West  Indies. 

I  was  in  communication  with  Hill  in  1853 — after  he  had  seen  the 
perfection  to  which  steam  navigation  had  arrived — on  the  subject  of 
the  probability  of  the  French  attempting  a  binding  in  this  country ; 
for  1  was  tbeu  preparing  Notes  on  the  Defences, 

1  have  now  the  very  great  advantage  of  the  opinions  of  Admiral 
Dacres,  who  has  had  much  experience  in  the  embwfV^t\ou  *xA  &v**- 

ib&rkutlon  of  troops ;  his;  experience  liaa  esteB&al  u$  t^^^ste^ 


420 


GE>"EBAL 


[J 


UXT, 


period,  and  to  witnessing  the  embarkations  and  disembarkations  of 
the  French  troops  in  the  operations  against  the  Crimea. 

It  ib  not  alone  respecting  the  capabilities  of  vessela  for  conveying 
troops  that  I  have  profited  by  the  general  intelligence,  and  great 
experience  and  knowledge  of  naval  affairs  of  Admiral  Daeres. 

The  following  two  most  important  and  perfectly  conclusive  in- 
stances are  given  by  him,  showing  the  number  of  troops,  in  addition 
to  their  crews,  that  can  bo  conveyed  by  steam  vessels,  for  short 
passages,  in  proportion  to  their  tonnage. 

The  RadamanthuSj  a  paddle  steam  vessel  of  880  tons,  under  Com- 
mander Duffilj  conveyed  from  Oviedo  to  St*  Sebaatian,  1,100  troops 
at  one  time. 

Length  between  perps,       ,     .     .     ,     .    ..     164  7 
Breadth  extreme  .     ■ 3210 

The  Salamander,  a  paddle  steam  vessel  of  880  tons,  under  the 
command  of  Captain  (now  Admiral)  Daeres,  carried  repeatedly  1,000 
soldiers,  and  on  one  occasion  1,100,  from  St.  Andre  to  Passages. 

Length  between  perpa 175*5 

Breadth  extreme 32,2 

The  distance  from  the  port  of  Oviedo  (Grijon),  is,  by  Lopez,  re- 
duced map,  ISO  geographical  miles  \  and  from  Passages  to  St,  Andre, 
110  geographical  miles, 

The  distance  from  Cherbourg  to  Torbay  is  ninety  geographical 
miles* 

Those  two  cases  prove,  to  demonstration,  that  for  the  conveyance 
of  troops  such  distances  by  sea  as  from  100  to  200  geographical 
miles,  not  more  than  one  ton  of  shipping  ia  required  for  each  man ; 
it  will  be  observed  that  in  the  above  two  instances,  only  four-fifths 
of  a  ton  was  allowed  to  each  man. 

This,  therefore,  bears  out  completely  the  assertion  in  the  *'  Kotea 
on  the  Defences  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, "  that  sixty  frigates 
will  convey  120,000  men  on  such  a  voyage  as  that  from  Cherbourg 
to  Torbay,  for  the  average  size  of  frigates  will  now  exceed  that  ton- 
nage, as  may  be  seen  by  the  tonnage  of  the  following  screw  steam 
frigates  i — 

FRIGATES. 


GUHB 

NAMES 

TONS 

QUSfl 

N1HES 

TONS 

51 

Impericuse 

2358 

18 

Leopard 

1406 

51 

EwrpluH 

2371 

16 

Tl.^T 

1231 

51 

riiestipeake 

3377 

16 

Magicienne 
Furious 

1258 

51 

Shannon 

2667 

16 

1267 

51 

Liffirv 

2654 

16 

Valorous 

1257 

51 

Emerald 

2913 

50 

Photon 

1942 

51 

Mt;lponKHc 

2361 

50 

Indefatigable 

-JHA7 

51 

Forte 

■23G4 

50 

Arcthusa 

2127 

51 

Topaze 
Orlando 

2659 

50 

Octaviii 

2127 

50 

3740 

50 

Nankin 

2049 

40 

Mersey 

3733 

50 

Phoebe 

2044 

47 

Arropmt 

1872 

50 

Suthj 

2067 

32 

Diadem 

2463 

50 

Severn 

1985 

32 

Doris 

MH 

28 

Diamond 

1055 

31 

Tribune 

1570 

28 

Niobe 

1052 

31 

— 

Curacoa 

1571 

t 

1859.] 


OS  OEDEB  OF  BATTLE. 


It  w  to  be  calculated  upon  by  those  who  are  not  determined  to 
shut  their  eyes  upon  the  subject,  that  not  only  is  it  proved  that  sixty 
frigates  will  convey  even  more  than  120,000  men  for  a  short  passage, 
but  it  clearly  follows  from  the  ease  with  which  vessels  of  from  1,000  to 
3,000  tons  are  now  built,  that  vessels  of  a  coarse  construction  and  of 
inferior  timber,  for  such  short  passages  as  that  of  merely  crossing  from 
Cherbourg  to  the  English  coast,  may  be  easily  and  very  rapidly  con- 
structed, that  would  either  steam,  or,  if  sailing  vessels,  would  be 
towed  by  the  steamers ■.  This  view  is  strongly  borne  out  by  the  facts 
stated  in  the  *f  Navies  of  the  World,51  that  fir  is  chiefly  used  in  the 
construction  of  the  fiussian  navy,  and  that  "  many  merchant  vessels 
built  at  New  York  almost  exclusively  of  yellow  pine,  cut  but  a  few 
months  before  it  was  used,  were  found  to  have  their  deck  beams  in 
a  perfectly  sound  state  after  the  lapse  of  more  than  a  quarter  of  a 
century-"  Transports  may  be  constructed  of  iron,  of  bard  wood,  or 
of  soft  wood ;  and  may  be  flat  bottomed  or  otherwise,  to  suit  the 
depth  of  water  of  the  harbour  for  which  each  vessel  is  intended. 

This  is  a  view  of  the  subject  that  has  by  no  means  been  sufliciently 
attended  to,  and  which  a  vast  number  of  people  in  this  country  seem 
determined  not  fairly  to  allow  themselves  to  consider* 

The  perfect  ease  with  which  very  large  flat-bottomed  boats  may  be 
prepared  for  rapidly  landing  an  army  is  another  most  important 
matter  hitherto  overlooked  in  this  country* 

Those  observations  are  not  made  at  hazard  ;  they  are  supported 
by  very  high  naval  authority,  and  are  so  directly  deducible  from  the 
actual  products  of  naval  construction,  as  now  existing,  that  the 
obvious  inference  can  only  be  obstructed  by  the  very  prevalent 
feeling  in  this  country  that  her  shores  are  sacred  against  all  hostile 
approach. 

It  is  stated  in  my  Notes  on  the  National  Defences,  with  the  ex- 
pression of  some  doubt  as  to  its  absolute  accuracy,  that  a  steam 
vessel  of  1800  tons  is  capable  of  conveying  for  a  passage  of  a  few 
hours,  such  as  that  of  crossing  the  Channel,  1000  men  and  400 
horses. 

This  statement  was  arrived  at  as  follows  : — 

A  friend  of  mine,  Dr.  Kennedy,  was  returning  to  India  by  the 
passage  round  the  Cape,  in  a  steam  vessel  of  1800  tons. 

This  I  thought  a  good  opportunity  for  ascertaining  what  number 
of  men  and  horses  a  vessel  of  that  size  could  convey. 

Dr,  Kennedy  stated  my  object  to  the  captain  of  the  vessel,  who 
very  readily  undertook  to  deliberately  consider  the  question,  and  in 
due  time  to  give  him  the  answer. 

This  answer  he  gave  after  having  been  for  some  time  at  sea,  and 
having  taken  the  dimensions  of  the  vessel,  and  all  the  circumstances 
into  full  consideration  ;  and  the  answer  was,  as  will  be  seen  by  the 
following  copy  of  his  letter,  which  was  transmitted  to  me  from 
Teneriffe. 

My  dear  Sir, 

In  answer  to  your  queries,  which  I  have  much  pleasure  in 
furnishing,  I  shall  commence  by  giving  you  the  dimensions  of  our 
lower  deck,  the  part  most  eligible  for  carrying  horses* 


EAtflTABT  COMMISSION  TOE  IKB1A, 


[JrxTj 


Extreme  length  of  main  deck 
Breadth,  Average 
Length  over  aJl  on  deck 
Breadth 

ght  of  'tween  decks.,* 
Depth  of  hold 

Horse  power. . . 

1800  tons      .** 

Knota 

Screw  propeller 

Horses 

Men 


ft. 

in. 

192 

0 

34 

0 

188 

0 

38 

6 

8 

0 

300 

10 

400 
1000 


Say  for  twenty-four  hours.  Having  ample  apace  for  provisions 
and  water. 

You  are  quite  at  liberty  to  make  use  of  this  in  any  way  you 
please*  If  there  is  any  further  information  I  can  provide  you  with, 
pray  do  not  aeurplc  to  command  me* 

"With  best  regards,  I  am,  my  dear  Sir, 
Tours  faithfully, 
(Signed,)  J*  SCEALES* 

Br.  IxYnnefrj,  &M.B.9.  ■  Calcutta:*     At  Sea,  2Zrd  J%,  1853. 

As  to  the  far  more  than  ample  means  whidi  exist  for  easily  con- 
structing in  the  ports  of  France  any  quantity  of  steam  transports 
that  could  possibly  be  wanted  for  the  conveyance  of  an  army  of 
200,000  men,  with  the  whole  of  its  stores  "and  every  necessary 
equipment,  reference  is  made  to  the  account  of  the  French  Ports 
and  Naval  Arsenate  as  given  in  the  "  Navies  of  the  World,11 

J.  S*  KENNEDY,  Lieut-General. 

Bath,  June  21,  1859* 


THE   SANITARY  COMMISSION   FOE  INDIA 

A&otker  Commission  having  reference  to  India,  not  for  further 
consideration  on  the  reorganization  of  that  country's  army,  but  one 
to  take  into  consideration  the  best  method  for  preserving  the  Euro- 
pean force  in  health  ;  in  fact,  a  Sanitary  Commission, 

With  reference  to  this  work  can  be  said,  "  better  late  than  never;" 
hut  even  at  this  late  hour  it  is  well  the  authorities  should  hare 
discovered  that  it  is  worth  while  investigating  the  causes  of  sickness 
and  mortality  in  the  British  soldier,  and,  by  appointing  a  commies4ou7 
show  how  auxioua  they  are  that  the  cause,  if  removable,  should  be 
removed,  Had  this  been  done  long  years  ago,  how  many  a  valuable 
life  might  have  been  saved,  how  many  a  lost  one — humanly  speak- 
ing— stU)  be  found.  But  we  do  not  intend  crying  over  spilled  milk. 
We  wish  not  to  remind  those  that  obstructed  progress  of  how  much 
they  have  to  answer*    We  know,  as  all  connected  or  taking  an  to* 


1859.] 


SAXITABY  COMMISSION  FOB  INDIA. 


423 


tereat  in  the  welfare  of  the  British  soldier  in  India  know,  that  thou- 
sands of  our  countrymen  have  lost  their  lives  in  India  through  the 
Governments  (for  we  excuse  neither  the  homo  nor  Indian)  not 
taking  the  commonest  precautions  against  the  useless  exposure  of 
European  troops.  Indeed  we  may  say,  that  through  the  want  of  a 
code  of  directions  regarding  the  treatment  uf  British  soldiers,  from 
the  time  of  their  arrival  until  their  departure,  many  a  fellow  crea- 
ture has  perished,  and  that  valuable  lives  have  been  sacriheed  to 
ignorance  and  want  of  arrangement.  It  was  no  man's  business — 
there  were  two  governments,  and  they  worked  not  together.  It 
does  not  require  an  old  man — no,  not  even  an  ensign  of  long  stand* 
ing — to  remember  when  troops  were  landed  in  India  in  the  grilling 
month  of  Ma j$  and  left  to  manage  for  themselves,  either  at  Calcutta, 
Madras,  or  Bombay,  until,  the  cool  weather  coming  on,  they  were 
forwarded  in  batches  to  their  respective  destinations.  Before  No- 
vember, or  the  commencement  of  the  cool  weather,  how  many  of  the 
Honourable  Company's  recruits  had  fallen  a  victim  to  neglect  and 
grog  shops  there  are  no  statistics  to  show  j  but  we  know  they  died 
tearfully  quick.  With  new  arrivals,  either  recruits  or  line  of  Her 
Majesty's  service,  under  such  arrangements,  the  death  was  only 
longer  delayed.  Discipline  for  a  time  preserved  the  man,  but  climate 
would  tell,  and  eventually  Her  Majesty's  soldier  sank,  and  added  one 
more  to  the  victims  of  a  double  government. 

It  took  one  hundred  years  for  the  authorities  to  discover  that  beer 
was  more  wholeaome  for  European  soldiers  than  arrack,  and,  in  their 
substitution  of  the  former  for  the  latter,  common  sense  toid  them 
that  it  should  not  be  brought  to  India  before  October.  The  same 
awakened  intellect  found  out  that  as  with  beer  so  with  the  drinker, 
and  that  it  were  well  that  both  arrived  at  a  fitting  season.  Even 
yet  the  true  value  of  the  English  soldier  was  unknown,  though 

i'udged  as  costing  one  hundred  pounds  before  arriving  in  India  j  still 
le  was  not  fully  appreciated.  It  required  a  massacre  and  mutiny  to 
do  this*  It  required  England  to  put  forth  her  utmost  energies  be- 
fore she  could  know  how  precious  was  even  one  of  her  sons  in  that 
distant  clime.  After  an  empire  had  been  gained  and  lost— after  the 
beat,  bravest,  aye,  and  some  of  the  fairest,  had  been  slain — after  it 
was  discovered  that  on  the  white  face  alone  we  could  rely,  then,  and 
not  until  then,  did  the  authorities  deem  there  was  a  necessity  lor 
inquiring  into  the  best  means  for  preserving  the  health  of  the  British 
soldier  in  India. 

It  is  now  done,  and,  as  we  before  said,  '*  better  late  than  never.*1 
But  whether  the  members  of  the  Commission  are  such  as  will 
thoroughly  investigate  the  question  remains  to  be  proved-  In  sur- 
geon J.  H.  Martin,  the  Government  have  selected  a  meet  capable 
man,  and  one  whose  previous  investigations  into  the  subject  will  aid 
the  Commission,  and  lighten  its  labours.  A  sanitary j  not  a  political 
Commission,  was  the  requirement  of  India  j  but  with  men  wedded  to 
old  systems,  and  so  entangled  in  political  strife  as  are  some  of  the 
other  members,  we  fear  the  result  of  this  inquiry  will  he  un satis- 
factory.  In  Mr.  Sidney  Herbert  we  have  no  confidence*  and  not  a 
little  satisfied  shall  we  be  to  tind  that  the  onerous  duties  of  SeercUs^ 
at  War  require  his  removal  from  the  list  of  Tnsm\i*m* 


424 


8AKITAET  COMMISSION  FOE  IKDIA, 


[JtfLY, 


"We  trust  that  before  the  Commission  put  the  country  to  the 
expense  of  summoning  witnesses,  they  will  ascertain,  as  far  as  lays 
in  their  power,  the  quality  of  the  evidence  they  are  likely  to  obtain, 
and  how  far  the  views  ana  opinions  or  experience  of  the  witness  to 
be  summoned  would  throw  light  on  the  matter  under  investigation, 
The  Commission  will  find  that  men,  whether  of  longer  or  shorter 
service  in  India,  are  full  of  crotchets,  and  that  length  of  service  is 
no  criterion  of  knowledge.  Whatever  evidence  may  be  given,  or 
however  varying  the  opinions  of  the  witnesses  may  he,  we  beg  that 
the  members  of  this  will — unlike  their  predecessors  in  the  Army 
Re-organization  Commission — not  delay  in  corning  to  a  decision.  Let 
them  once  begin  to  dread  responsibility,  or  pass  an  unusually  diffi- 
cult question  from  themselves  to  India  for  solution,  and  all  hope  of 
improvement  through  anything  they  may  propose  will  have  fled. 
Indeed,  they  will  prove  more  of  an  incumbrance  than  a  benefit. 

By  acting  speedily,  and  at  once  determining  what,  in  a  sanitary 
point  of  view,  are  the  necessities  of  the  British  soldier  in  India,  they 
will  not  only  save  life,  but  enable  the  Indian  Government  to  com- 
mence action ;  but  if  delays  and  references  are  allowed,  not  only 
will  many  a  valuable  life  be  sacrificed,  but  the  G-overnment  be  too 
tied  to  be  able  to  step  in  and  check  it. 

The  subject  before  them  is  not  a  very  difficult  one,  and  can  be 
probably  easier  determined  by  statistics  than  by  hearing  witnesses, 
Witnesses  have  crotchets,  and  often  see  no  cure  for  an  evil  but  one 
of  their  own  choosing  ;  whereas  in  statistics  there  are  more  of  these 
things,  so  they  can  he  better  depended  upon,  The  jealousy  existing 
between  the  Presidencies  will  blind  the  eyes  to  faults,  and  each 
witness  will  advocate  the  adoption  of  such  measures  as  he  has  been 
accustomed  to  see.  Even  the  very  hill  climates  will  be  advocated  as 
Huperior,  according  as  the  witness  is  attached  to  the  Hymalajah- 
Mahabaleswur  or  Neilgheny  districts. 

Each  of  these  mountainous  districts  are  doubtless  excellent,  botfa 
in  scenery  and  climate,  and  we  believe  that  were  an  European  on  his 
first  landing  sent  to  any  of  the  cantonments,  and  kept  there  for  the 
remaining  portion  of  his  life,  no  injurious  effect  would  have  resulted, 
nor  his  term  of  life  in  any  way  shortened  ;  but  that  any  of  theni 
have  the  restorative  nowers  of  Europe  we  think  will  never  be 
poved,  In  the  magnificent  scenery  the  diseased  mind  may  find 
joy  j  in  the  cool  breezes  the  diseased  body  may  find  relief*  Eefresh- 
ing  sleep  can  he  obtained,  and  disease  may  be  checked  ;  but  where 
absolute  disease  exists,  the  Commission  will  learn  that  "Home" 
alone  can  find  the  cure. 

No  man  born  and  bred  in  latitudes  extending  not  farther  south 
than  48°,  will  he  as  capable  of  undergoing  fatigue  in  places  however 
elevated,  but  where  the  latitude  k  not  above  34°.  The  liver,  enlarged 
and  diseased  by  exposure  to  the  burning  plains  of  India,  can  never 
recover  its  action  and  healthy  state  under  the  blazing  sun  of  latitude 
34u     Our  possessions  in  India  extend  from  8°.  to  34°,  N. 

In  no  part  of  India  is  there  a  temperate  zone,  Malte-Brun  in 
commenting  on  a  remark  made  bj  Montesquieu  on  the  astonishing 
fact,  "that  political  revolutions  in  Asia,  owed  their  rapidity  to  the 


18590 


8A3HTAUT  OOMMiaSIOK  FOE  lTOIi 


425 


physical  geography  of  that  part  of  the  world,  as  weak  nations  were 
opposed  to  strong  j  people,  warlike,  brave,  and  active,  border  on 
those  who  are  effeminate,  idle,  and  timid,"  says  ;  "  It  is  necessary  to 
combine  this  just  remark  with  another  truth  proved  by  physical 
geography,  namely,  that  Asia  has  no  temperate  zone,  no  inter- 
mediate region  between  very  cold  and  very  hot  climates. 

Then,  to  avoid  the  European  becoming  effeminate,  idle,  and  timid, 
he  should  be  placed  where  the  climate  in  some  degree  approaches 
his  own,  extremes  being  avoided, 

Perhaps  of  all  the  elevated  regions  extending  from  north  to  south 
of  the  peninsular  of  India,  the  Neilgherries  are  the  best  adapted  for 
European  sanitaria,  Their  elevation  is  considerable,  and  tney  are 
easy  of  access ;  moreover  in  the  vast  amount  of  level  surface,  sites 
for  barracks,  cricket  grounds,  and  gardens  can  be  found.  The  climate, 
too,  is  less  liable  to  variation  than  the  other  hills,  and  appears  to  be 
altogether  better  adapted  for  the  European  constitution  than  the 
Hytnalayah  or  Mahabaleswur.  Labour,  too,  is  cheap  and  abundant, 
and  besides  being  capable  of  growing  tea,  coffee,  oats,  potatoes,  and 
all  European  fruits  and  vegetables  flourish, 

To  quote  the  words  of  Captain  Ouchterlony,  *'  The  climate  of  the 
^eilgherries  is  most  magnificent  j  in  fact,  you  have  half  a  dozen 
climates  here.  There  are  four  distinct  English  settlements  there, 
every  one  of  which  has  a  different  climate.  It  is  the  greatest  blessing 
to  us  that  we  have  this  district  of  the  Neilgherrie* — it  has  never 
been  half  appreciated," 

Tin-  Mahawieiwnrj  though  not  pratentina  eo  much  table  land, 
still  is  a  blessing  also,  and  can,  in  its  beautiful  scenery  and  climate, 
help  to  restore  the  diseased  body  and  mind  of  the  European 
soldier. 

The  Hymalayah,  though  far  colder,  is,  perhaps,  the  least  of  all 
beneficial"  The  grand  scenery  may  help  to  cure  the  mind,  but  the 
fatigue  incurred  in  moving  but  one  hundred  yards  injures  the  alreadv 
weak  body.  Here  the  debilitated  European  finds  no  table  land. 
Nothing  but  a  chaos  of  rugged  mountains,  on  the  scarped  sides  of 
which  a  barrack  or  house  is  built.  Here,  in  the  sites  hitherto  selected 
for  sanitaria,  is  no  level  ground  adapted  for  games  and  gardens, 
Around  the  barracks — perched  one  above  another — are,  perhaps, 
few  feet  of  stony  soil ;  the  huge  rocks  formerly  protruding  high 
above  the  surface  now  reduced  by  the  agency  of  gunpowder  to  the 
level  of  the  knee.  In  this  sterile  soil  no  spade  can  penetrate,  no 
garden  be  made.  The  sites  for  barracks  have  been  badly  selected ; 
elevation  was  the  chief  consideration.  In  the  Hymalayah  the  sites 
for  barracks  were  chosen  before  it  was  known  that  out-door  recrea- 
tion, such  as  cricket  and  gardening,  contributed  greatly  to  preserving 
the  soldier's  health.  It  is  only  within  the  last  few  years  that  the 
soldier  has  been  known  to  possess  a  mind,  and  that  by  keeping  that 
healthy  the  body  was  preserved  also. 

We  believe  that  statistics  will  prove  that  great  elevation  is  not 
conducive  to  health,  and  the  more  moderate  height  of  the  barracks 
at  Subathoo  shew  a  less  per  centage  of  sickness  than  elsewhere ;  but 
whether  at  this  low  elevation,  some  4,000  feet  above  the  sea,  the  cure 


420 


flASTTABY   COMMISSION  TOE  TffDlA. 


[JtfLY, 


is  as  speedy  and  permanent,  remains  to  be  shewn,  There  is  more 
room  for  exercise  at  Subathoo,  and  this  may  he  the  cause.  Certainly 
at  any  other  of  the  hill  stations  in  the  Hymalayah  there  k  not  room 
for  the  men  to  play  any  out- door  game  j  and  the  bare,  sterile  soil 
is  unfit  for  gardens.  This  could  have  hcen  avoided,  and  must  be  for 
the  future.  The  Hymalayah  are  certainly  massed  together  in  fright- 
ful confusion,  presenting  little  else  than  dense  jungle,  and  steep 
precipices;  still  elevated  plateau  are  to  be  found,  having  in  them 
every  advantage  that  can  be  required — wood,  water,  stone,  and  in 
many  places  a  clay  sufficiently  tenacious  to  form  the  beat  brinks. 
AM  these  things  have  been  pointed  out  over  and  over  again,  but 
everything  has  been  sacrificed  to  routine  and  preconceived 
notions.  Such  elevated  plateau,  as  we  now  mention,  has  been  £u> 
scribed  in  this  magazine  more  than  once,  but  more  particularly  in 
our  December  number,  where  two  sitea,  both  in  Kcmaon — a  district, 
by  the  bye,  but  little  known— had  their  advantages  brought  pro* 
minentiy  forward. 

Climate  is  not  the  only,  nor  do  we  believe,  the  great  destroyer  of 
European  life  in  India,  The  destructive  element  is  for  the  soldier, 
partly  bad  barrack  accommodation  and  "ennui,"  and  for  his  oJ 
*; ennui"  only.  The  Italians  tell  us  that  it  is  "dolce  far  niente" 
but  that  may  answer  in  their  beautiful  country  and  climate — not  ao 
in  the  burning  plains  or  grilling  sun  of  the  hflla  in  India.  The 
climate  induces  thirst,  and  makes  the  European  listless.  It  ia  the 
duty  of  the  Government  to  endeavour  to  overcome  this  vis  inertia — 
not  with  everlasting  parades,  not  with  finding  the  men  amuaemaat 
during  the  long  hot  days  in  which  they  are  necessarily  confined  to 
barracks,  in  cleaning  belts  and  pouch  covers ;  but  in  improving  the 
mind  and  strengthening  the  body.  Large  covered  builoiDgs  might 
be  built  underneath  which  the  men  could  find  room  for  some  games. 
W\u  mining  baths,  too,  on  a  large  scale,  should  be  everywhere  intro- 
duced, and  the  access  to  them  should  he  protected  from  exposure. 
Libraries  made  a  place  of  case  and  instruction,  and  every  en- 
couragement given  to  induce  the  men  to  pass  their  time  under 
ita  roof. 

Barracks  not  only  to  be  large  and  fully  ventilated,  but  built  with 
more  regard  to  the  "sense  of  decency  of  some  of  the  soldiers*  wivep. 
Make  indeed  the  barrack  so  comfortable,  that  its  inhabitant  ehall 
not  desire  to  wander  away  into  the  bazaar  for  amusement* 

With  the  present  rules  on  marriage,  health  will  never  bo  pro- 
served*  The  per  cent  age  must  be  increased  of  married  men,  and  a 
little  more  attention  paid  to  the  sense  of  decency  inherent  in  t 
woman,  Hie  present  system  of  cramming  some  dozens  of  married 
soldiers  with  their  wives  into  one  great  barrack  must  be  given  up, 
and  a  more  expensive  but  more  suitable  accommodation  given,  "With 
a  better  class  of  women  for  the  soldier's  wife  there  will  be  a  superior 
man  j  but  few  modest  women,  however  much  they  inaj:  love  a  m:m, 
like  to  be  exposed  to  the  heterogeneous  pigging  oi  a  barrack  in 
India. 

It  ie  too  far  advanced  now  in  the  nineteenth  century  to  say  that 
the  soldier  sbould  not  be  married,  and  that  a  married  soldier  is  not 


1859.1 


A  YETETM 


427 


worth  his  salt,  They  are  married,  that  is  sufficient  for  the  Govern* 
imj at,  and  the  common  law  of  the  land  considers  such  to  he  on 
honourable  state,  and  worthy  of  encouragement.  A  good  man  is 
none  the  wo  roc,  but  rather  the  better,  for  having  a  good  wife,  and 
willi  such,  is  less  likely  to  neglect  his  duties  than  he  who  has  none. 
Let  a  certain  per  centage  he  fixed,  as  has  always  been,  but  let  that 
per  centage  he  increased,  and  the  Government  will  find  that  the 
increased  expense  for  barrack  accommodation  and  allowance  is 
counterbalanced  by  the  improved  health  and  usefulness  of  the  soldier. 

The  soldier  is  no  longer  a  machine*  He  is  a  thinking,  reasoning 
being.  All  classes  in  England  have  advanced,  and  with  them  such 
as  yield  soldiers.  The  same  rules  for  their  guidance,  even  in  civil 
life,  no  longer  apply,  and  the  military  machine  must  move  on,  Kot 
only  to  preserve  them  in  health  must  their  bodily  comforts  be 
ait  ended  to,  but  so  must  their  mental  and  spiritual.  The  religious 
instruction  should  he  in  proportion.  The  chaplain^  influence  in  a 
regiment  would  almost  always  be  for  good,  and  everything  that  is 
for  good  must  contribute  towards  preserving  health* 

The  commission  are  empowered  to  say  what  have  been  the  chief 
causes  of  the  great  mortality  among  British  troops  in  India,  and  let 
them  speak  fearlessly.  Not  improbably  much  or  this  mortality  they 
will  find  to  have  resulted  from  the  want  of  some  distinct  orders  re- 
garding the  treatment  of  the  soldier  at  all  times,  and  in  all  places. 
Commanding  officers  should  not  have  it  in  their  power  ta  put  all 
sanitary  measures  at  defiance,  and  carry  out  their  own  whims  and 
vagaries.  No  longer  let  us  hear  of  soldiers  being  marched  across 
the  Midan  at  Fort  William  at  midday  in  the  month  of  May  ;  no 
longer  let  it  be  in  the  power  of  any  commanding  officer  to  order 
stocks  to  be  worn,  or  red  cloth  coats  to  be  buttoned  up  tight  to  the 
throat  during  long,  hot  marches.  No  longer  let  us  hear  that, 
in  spite  of  the  warning  of  surgeons,  commanding  officers  direct 
punishment  drill  to  be  carried  out  at  eight  o'clock  in  the  morning  in 
the  month  of  June,  probably  on  the  shady  side  of  the  barrack,  hut 
even  here  with  the  thermometer  at  99  deg, 

Keward  and  punishment  certainly  have,  but  let  a  code  of  regula- 
tions be  drawn  up,  and  insist  on  these  being  implicitly  obeyed. 
The  European  in  India  is  too  valuable  an  article  to  be  neglected. 
Find  him  airy  and  well-drained  barracks,  good  beer,  amusement,  and 
employ,  and  the  per  centage  of  Btckness  will  wonderfully  diminish. 
Climate  will  work  wonders,  but  a  sound  mind  makes  the  body  sound 
also. 


EEMIXLSCENCES  OF  A  YETEEAN. 

BILNO  A  NARRATIVE  OF  PERSONAL  ADVENTTTBEB  DURING  A  PERIOD 
OF  FORTY-THREK  TEARS  IN  POBTUGAL,  SPAIN,  FRANCE,  MALTA, 
TOW  SOUTH  WALES,  NORFOLK  tSLANO,  HEW  Hi  At  AND,  ANDAMAN 
ISLAND,   AND    INDIA. 

(Continued  from  page  276*) 
These  parties  were  very  pleasant,  but  also  very  expensive,  and 
<k  up  our  quarters  in  town. they  gradually  &mt&  site- 
gether,     We  had,  however,  ui  the    town  too   <rc  toKfc  ^Nksrcfc. 


428 


EEMiyrSCEyCES  OF  A   VITEBAJ^ 


[Jttlt, 


families!  who  were  very  hospitable  when  we  met  at  their  evening 
parties*  The  elderly  people  generally  looked  over  the  news  of 
the  day,  or  played  at  cards,  and  the  younger  either  danced,  sung, 
or  played  at  games  of  forfeits,  formerly  so  much  in  vogue  in 
England,  and  still  so  in  France ;  but  the  grand  scene  of  all  was  the 
tea  table.  It  was  the  particular  privilege  of  the  young  lady  of 
the  house  to  make  the  tea,  pour  out  the  cotfee,  Ac.  At  the  moment 
the  tea  urn  made  its  appearance,  all  the  young  ladies  assembled  at 
her  court,  and  with  them  also  the  young  gentlemen,  on  the  plea 
and  pretence  of  assisting  them*,  but  in  reality  to  talk  nonsense 
■nd  amuse  themselves  with  a  little  flirtation.  The  noise  and  hubbub 
was  sometimes  awful,  and  the  spilling  of  hot  water,  and  upsetting  of 
tea-cups  no  less  so,  and  tea  nmkmg  would  never  have  had  an  end  it 
the  mammas  had  not  interfered  to  declare  that  no  more  was  wanted, 
and  to  disperse  the  rioters ;  on  these  occasions  they  had  always  some 
complaint  to  make  against  their  s wains,  a  little  pouting,  &c.,  but  the 
same  scene  was  sure  to  be  renewed  at  the  next  evening  party  by  the 
same  people,  and  these  love  quarrels  were  as  essential  a  part  of  the 
entertainment,  as  cream  and  sugar  to  the  tea  and  coffee.  A  lady, 
the  widowT  of  a  Major  Feijo,  had  three  daughters,  who  were  very 
nice  girls.  With  this  family ,  when  I  first  arrived  at  Villa  Keale, 
1  frequently  went  to  visit  the  nunnery  of  8ta.  Clam.  On  one 
occasion  the  nuns  gave  a  breakfast  to  these  and  other  ladies,  and 
requested  them  to  bring  the  officers  of  the  battalion.  The 
convent  put  me  very  much  in  mind  of  a  menagerie  at  feeding 
time  reversed ;  not  that  we  were  very  ravenous,  but  the  spectators 
were  encased  behind  strong  iron  gratings.  The  imprisoned  nuns 
crowded  the  gratings  to  see  us  eat;  when  we  had  finished  they 
ordered  the  things  to  be  cleared  away  for  dancing,  as  they  were 
anxious  to  hear  the  tine  band  of  our  battalion,  and  to  see  us 
tread  the  light  fantastic  toe,  The  principle  Padre  of  the  town,  a 
great  friend  of  mine,  being  with  us,  and  perhaps  the  instigator  of 
our  pleasures,  had  not  much  difficulty  in  allaying  their  scruples. 
The  nuns  expressed  their  approbation  in  their  tiny  voices,  saying, 
"  Why  should  we  not  feel  happy  at  the  return  of  our  soldiers  to 
Portugal,  God  having  blessed  them  with  victory  ?  "  They  even  went 
further,  and  perm  it  I  ed  one.  or  two  of  their  lay  sisters,  who  were 
there,  I  suppose,  far  education,  to  join  us.  Most  of  the  nuns  in  the 
convent  appeared  young  women,  and  a  few  of  them  were  verv  pretty. 
They  appeared  very  curious  to  know  all  about  my  religion,  lit 
which  they  had  formed  the  most  absurd  notion?,  particular!; 
they  had  heard  I  was  an  Englishman,  and  termed  a  heretic, 

They  were  more  compassionate  than  charitable,  saying,  what  a  pitv 
that  I  should  perish  und  go  to  perdition  ;  and,  appealing  to  the 
Padre,  asked  him  if  there  was  no  remedv.  The  good  mail  shook  his 
head  with  affected  gravity,  saying,  that  he  was  afraid  not.  A  Cap- 
tain of"  the  battalion,  who  was  also  a  bit  of  a  wag,  looking  towards 
the  Miss  Prjoa,  said,  that  he  knew  that  ladies  had  more  power  over 
me  than  priests,  .md  if  the  holy  sisterhood  would  join  in  their  en- 
deavours, possibly  they  might  succeed  in  saving  me.    When  we  took 

ave,  they  requested  I  would  call  occasionally  and  see  them  -  whirh 


1859] 


BEM1KIBCEKCES  OB   A   TETEK.OT. 


129 


I  promised  to  do,  with  the  permission  of  the  Abbess,  who  seemed  a 
very  kind  old  lady\  I  did  call  sometimes,  and  was  introduced  by 
the  porteresa  to  the  Parlatoria,  They  were  very  anxious  that  I 
should  bring  the  battalion  on  Sundays  to  heat  moss  at  their  church, 
which  would  scarcely  hold  them,  in  addition  to  the  public.  Besides, 
the  Dominicans  objected,  and  the  men  being  quartered  iu  their  con- 
vent they  thought  they  had  a  prior  claim, 

Whenever  they  had  a  request  of  this  kind  to  make,  an  unusual 
number  of  nuns  would  come  to  the  grating  to  receive  me,  and  they 
were  so  vehement,  talking  all  together,  and  so  angry  with  the  friars, 
that  precisely  as  the  Captain  had  told  them,  they  carried  the  day, 
and  I  promised  to  accede  to  their  wishes. 

Both  convents  were  situated  in  a  large  square,  which  was  our 
parade  and  occasional  drill  ground.  The  fashionable  hour  for  at- 
tending mass  was  when  the  battalion  went  with  the  band*  Sunday 
was  our  drill  day,  and  it  was  necessary  to  exclude  a  portion  of  the 
public  who  were  waiting  in  the  square.  But  not  having  the  power 
to  place  a  sentry  at  the  doorway,  1  was  obliged  so  to  adopt  my  move- 
ments as  to  get  the  battalion  in  first,  at  a  concerted  hour.  This  was 
effected  by  throwing  the  corps  unexpectedly  across  the  doorway,  by 
which  the  rabble  were  deprived  of  all  entrance  until  I  had  filed  the 
whole  battalion  into  the  Church. 

The  order  of  Sta.  Clara  is  poor  in  point  of  wealth,  and  I  found, 
whenever  I  bad  a  party  to  dine  with  me,  that  my  servant  got  the 
pastry  made  at   the   convent  at  a   very   moderate   charge*    Thia 
factotum  of  mine  (a  soldier)  was  quite   an   original   in   his   way. 
He  was  an  excellent  cook  and  a  capital  caterer.     Although  I  v.  as 
never  in  debt  to  any  amount,  I  seldom  had  any  ready  cash,  and 
it  frequently  happened,  as  there  was  no  inn  in  the  town  deserving 
the  name,  that  I  had  unexpected  guests  to  dine  with  me*     Coelho 
(the  cook)  would  remonstrate  with  me,  saying,  that  he  had  nothing 
in  the  house*     Well,  then  tf  get  it,"  was  my  reply,  and  I  could  soon 
see  by  a  mysterious  look  which  be  assumed,  that  my  coffers  (of 
which  he  had  the  custody)  were  empty*    On  telling  him  that  dinner 
must  be  made  ready,  he  never  failed  to  place  a  good  meal  before  nie. 
I  suspect  he  used  to  visit  the  larders  of  the  families  of  my  acquaint- 
ance, and  borrow  on  these  occasions  whatever  he  required,  as  ho 
was  well  known  to  all  of  them.     I  spoke  the  language  well,  and 
being  considered  by  the  Portuguese  as  one  of  themselves,  I  did  not 
find  them  so  jealous  of  their  women  as  my  experience,  when  wan- 
dering about,  had  led   me  to  suppose.     At  the  small  hamlet  of 
Ruvocs  an  old  retired  officer  and  his  wife  resided*  I  had  formed 
the  old  gentleman's  acquaintance  by  seeing  him  one  day  at  mn 
and  at  a  loss  where  to  put  up  his  001801     I  sent  it  to  the  stable, 
and  requested  that  he  would  in  future  always  place  it  there,  as  I 
bad  one  or  two  vacant  stalls.     Calling  upon  me  afterwards,  he  told 
me  his  name  was  Si  I  veil  a,  and  that  he  was  ft  Majnr  in  the  same  regi- 
ment with   tienhora,   the  widow  Fci jo's  husband,     Since  his  retire- 
ment he  had  seen  little  of  the  widow  or  her  daughters,  as  they  had 
no  means  of  visiting  him,  owing  to  the  r*»  r  very  bad*  but   if 

1,  who  he  understood  was  a  great  friend  of  theirs,  v*o\M  ^a^vXs&sv 
to  ffet  them  over  to  spend  a  day  with  him  aa&  \ii&  ^rfoT  ^»1  ^osk.\ 
*  8,  J£ifrv  No.  368,  Jt/lt,  1850,  *  * 


ftElflSlBCEHGRS   Ob    A    VETTIH.VN. 


[JlTCT, 


be  delighted  to  receive  us*     Major  S.  had  the  finest  fruit*  in  the 
country;  he  was  a  large  wine  grower,  and  was  considered  very  rich 
His  wife  was  much  younger  than  himself,  and  had  been  very  hand 
some.     Many  were  the  pleasant  days  I  spent  in  his  house  ;  and 
nothing  gratified  the  old  gentleman  more  than  my  sending  to  say 
that  we  had  raade  up  a  party  to  spend  Hie  day  with  him.   By  tunning 
a  day  or  two  in  advance,  he  generally  had  some  of  the  neighbouring 
families  to  meet  us.     His  house  was  distant  about  five  miles  from 
Villa  Jiealo,      The    ladies  generally  remained  until  the  foil* 
day,  hut  we  returned  to  our  quarters,  as  his  house  would  not  accom- 
modate ti  very  large  patty      This  worthy  couple  had  no  children 
I  was  acquainted  with  them  in  the  year  iftlS  or  1  SI *V  an d 
as  it  may  appear,  I  had  two  letters  from  Mm   in  the  yew  1821   >>« 
1822,  when  I  was  at  home  on  half  pay,  bewailing  the  effect*  of  the 
revolution,  and  begging  me  to  come  and  live  with  him.     In  his  last 
letter  he  plainly  told  me  if  I  would  reside  with  them  they  \ 
adopt  me,  aud  he  would  make  me  his  heir 

Several  members  of  the  family  of  his  name,  Sihwaand  tin 
of  Armarante)  were  very  turbulent  characters  during  the  peri' id  o 
the  revolution,  and  these,  with  some  young  men  of  his  neighbour- 
hood  who  were  like-minded,,  must  have  sadly  worried  the  "Id  eouple, 
lie  used  to  regret  the  good  olden  times  down  to  that  period,  and  1 
am  not  surprised t  for  the  Portuguese  were  a  happy,  contented  people 
ore  the  revolution,  enjoying  n  cheap  government,  the  machinery 
id'  which,  although  arbitrary  was  particularly  simple,  If  the  gene' 
rulity  of  the  country  people  were  'uninformed,  their  iguoram 
llieiu  to.  believe  their  government  and  institutions,  civil  and  rett 
gious,  were  far  better  than  those  of  any  other  nation.  They  were, 
therefore,  contented,  and  desired  no  change  Such  was  the  condition 
of  the  Portuguese  peasantry  at  the  time  of  which  I  am  wi 
The  exceptions  generally  arose  from  super-legislation  and  delegating 
extraordinary  powers  with  the  beat  intentions  to  persons,  who  in  the 
end  invariably  perverted  I  hem  to  their  own  selfish  purposes.  A 
whole  district  was  governed  in  all  ordinary  legal  matters,  and  judge 
by  a  juez-de-fora.  This  functionary  was  required  to  be  a  ri 
li  the  district,  and  to  prevent  undue  partiality,  he  was  ren 
WVWf  tlif  His  decisions  might  he  appealed  against  in  th 

supreme  courts  of  Lisbon.     The  decinia,  or  tenth,  seemed  to  me  fco 
be  the  only  tax  levied;  and  even  the  convents  were  so  re-duet 
number  and  inmates,  that  these  idlers  pressed  very  light lv  on  the 
community,     1  am  told  that  Portugal   is   now  ad  and  ranch 

improved;  national  comfort,  or  rather  prosperity,  may  be  the  r 
but  I  question  whether  there  is  more  real  happiness  for  the  peasani 
than  before,  and  whether  he  has  not  been  made  discontents 
turbulent. 

The  revolutions  in  Hpain  aud  Portugal  were  purely  military.    The 
bulk  of  the  inhabitants  of  these  countries  had  nothing  to  do  with 
■  umencement,  aud  were  mere  passiv.  pre  of  the 

event.     Out  of  the  great  cities  thev  did  not  even  applaud 
yet  to  learn  tin  evila  of  continued  political  agitation,  with  it* 
— diucoutent,  political  rivalry,  idleness,  and  distrust, 
(To  he  contmu^dV 


c 

t 

: 


A 


1 


law.]  m 

EDITOB'S    PORTFOLIO; 

OB, 

NAVAL    AND    MILITAET    BEGISTEB. 


The  Battle  op  Solfebiwo. — At  the  moment  of  going  to  press, 
we  receive  some  particulars  of  another  French  victory  in  Italy,  of 
the  same  indecisive  character  as  its  predecessors,  but  which  appears  to 
have  been  even  more  dearly  bought ;  for,  after  the  action,  the  French 
were  too  disabled  to  molest  the  Austrians,  as  they  retired  across  the 
Mincio.  There  is  no  official  statement  of  the  loss  on  either  side, 
but  we  have  seen  a  letter  from  Paris  which  states  that  of  the  French 
in  killed  and  wounded  at  13,500,  and  that  of  the  Austrians  at  16,000. 
The  Austrian  prisoners,  at  first  estimated  at  15,000,  are  now  put  at 
6,000.  The  Emperor  Fbancts  Joseph  has  wisely  returned  to 
Vienna,  leaving  the  command  to  General  Hess  ;  and  the  Austrians 
are  preparing  for  another  battle,  on  their  own  side  of  the  Mincio. 


Installation  of  a  Pbovtsional  GoYEBmraNT.—' The  ejeofcion 
from  office  of  Lord  Derby's  Cabinet  by  a  narrow  majority  of  13,  in  the 
Fullest  House  on  record,  has  led  to  the  installation  of  a  Provisional 
Government,  composed  of  elements    as   discordant  as  the  faction 
that  raised  it  to  power.  Did  we  believe  that  the  destinies  of  England 
would  long  be  confided  to  these  men,  we  should  indeed  fear  for  our 
country,  for  Europe,  and  for  mankind.     Of  course,  their  first  act 
is  to  discontinue  those  defensive  preparations  which  were  so  wisely 
set  on  foot  by  the  late  Government,  with  the   approval  of  the 
nation ;  and,  on  which  our  existence  as  a  power  depend.     We  could 
expect  nothing  else  from  a  Ministry  which  has  Lord  Palmebston, 
the  creature  of  Lofts  Napoleon,  for  its  chief,  and  Mb.  Sidney 
Hebbebt,  the  kinsman  of  Wobonzow  and  patron  saint  of  Odessa, 
for  its  Minister  for  War.     Here  are  the  very  trio  who  sacrificed  our 
army  in  the  Crimea — Gladstone,  Newcastle,  and  Hebbebt,  and 
who  were  more  desirous  to  convert  our  soldiers  to  Popery  than 
to  take  Sebastopol.     It  is  said  the  new  Minister  for  War  hopes  to 
remove  the  "  prejudices "   his  past  career  has  inspired  by  being 
"  propitiatory."     He  will  not,  as  on  a  former  occasion,  signalise  his 
accession  to  office  by  a  crusade  against  the  military  press  ;  for  some 
little  time,  he  does  not  intend  to  resume  his  old  practice  of  always 
thwarting  the  Horse  Guards ;  and,  finally,  he  will  be  moreguardedin  his 
projects  of  conversion.   This  is  the  present  programme.  It  remains 


4M  EDITORS   PORTFOLIO;   OB  [JlTLT, 

to  be  seen  how  far  Mr,  Hebbibt  will  be  permitted  to  carrjr  it 
out.  The  session  is  just  expiring,  bo  that  it  may  be  possible 
to  tide  over  a  few  weeks,  and  thus  retain  power  till  Parliament 
again  assembles  ;  but  if  we  look  at  the  composition  of  the  Ministry, 
at  the  character  of  its  supports,  and  the  manifold  difficulties  ahead, 
we  may  surely  anticipate  a  more  speedy  deliverance.  Entering 
office  without  "the  confidence  of  the  Sovereign,  how  can  it  be  re- 
tained, when  all  the  base  tricks  of  faction  could  muster  only  a 
majority  of  13  r"  It  thus  requires  but  7  votes  to  turn  the  scale 
on  the  other  side;  and  as  the  elections  now  in  progress  will 
bring  the  Conservatives  a  gain  of  at  least  3,  we  may  consider 
that  4  votes,  which  the  first  debate  may  attract  from  a  distracted 
party,  will  reinstate  the  Deebt  administration*  The  affront  of  bis 
ei elusion  is  deeply  resented  by  Bright,  who,  after  setting  up  the 
Ministry,  finds  the  door  of  the  Cabinet  shut  in  his  face  ;  there  is  no 
certainty  of  its  being  joined  by  Cobbed,  the  only  potential  name  on 
its  roll ;  and  already  we  hear  rumours  of  a  difference  between  Lord 
John  Bubsei.Ii  and  Lord  Palmerstof  on  the  subject  of  Italy* 
Some  attempt  will  probably  be  made  to  gain  strength  by  a  modifica- 
tion of  structure ;  but  even  if  it  were  possible  to  avert  a  u  revolt 
of  the  sections,"  and  fuse  all  this  broken  faction  into  one  whole, 
what  can  be  done  by  a  nominal  majority  of  7  in  the  face  of  a  com- 
pact opposition  ?  The  four  casting  votes  will  be  won  on  election 
petitions  \  and  we  may  believe,  therefore,  that  at  the  very  utmost, 
and  with  every  possible  abatement  in  his  favour,  Lord  Palsjlee* 
ston  can  only  prolong  hiss  usurpation  till  February.  For  our  part, 
we  confidently  rely  that  he  will  take  his  departure  on  the  budget, 
and  in  that  case,  we  shall  accept  cheerfully  even  a  double  Income 
Tax. 


The  War. — The  accession  to  office  of  the  Franco  -Russian  party 
in  England  bos  immediately  given  a  new  turn  to  the  war.  It  is  felt 
on  the  continent  that  the  neutrality  of  England  will  now  be  on  the 
side  of  aggression,  and,  consequently,  that  the  only  safety  for  centra] 
Europe  is  in  prompt  action.     We  confess  that  we  share  these  mis* 

fivings,  and  our  conviction  is  that  Lord  Palme  estgh  and  Lord 
ohf  Russell  will  play  into  the  hands  of  Louis  Napoleof,  placing 
implicit  faith  in  bis  professions,  and  regarding  every  other  potentate 
with  distrust,  Of  course,  as  the  man  of  the  2nd  of  December,  and 
the  breaker  of  every  promise  and  every  oath  by  which  he  was  ever 
pledged,  ^Napoleon  may  claim  to  be  considered  the  impersonate 

food  faith,  while  we  should  be  careful  not  to  put  our  confidence  in 
'itiNCis  Joseph,  or  the  Regent  of  Prussia,  by  whom  it  has  neter 
been  abused.  But,  if  we  may  credit  general  report,  the  Ejsoent  of 
Prussia  is  taking  the  right  steps  far  bringing  the  question  to  issue ; 
and  for  the  sake  of  Prussia  and  the  whole  German  people  — t^ 
aaLeof  England— we  hope  the  rumour  is  true.  The  Miucio  is  in- 
disputably an  outlying  boundary  of  Germany,  a  boundary  she  must 
never  allow  a  French  army,  under  any  pretence  whatever,  to  over- 
step f  and  Prussia  is  right  to  notify  to  the  French  filibusters  that 


1859.] 


KATAX  AST)   MILITABT   REGISTER. 


43a 


she  will  regard  their  infringement  of  this  line  as  a  declaration  of 
war.  Whether,  therefore,  the  A  11st nana  retrieve  their  laurels  in  this 
region,  or  the  French  win  another  dearly-bought  victory — whether 
Louis  Napoleon  advance*  or  is  obliged  to  recede,  his  position 
becomes  extremely  critical  j  and  now,  when  he  can  retire  from  the 
contest  with  honour — now  clearly  is  the  moment  for  our  Government 
to  interpose,  and,  by  supporting  the  propositions  of  Prussia,  en- 
deavour to  effect  an  arrangement,  Should  the  Mincio  still  be  crossed, 
Germany  has  no  alternative  but  to  stand  on  her  defence ;  and, 
whatever  politicians  may  say,  let  her  be  assured  that,  bv  the  time 
her  armies  are  in  motion,  England  will  be  her  ally.  Tins  ia  an  in- 
evitable consequence.  It  may  be  the  folly  of  the  moment  to  talk  of 
the  French  alliance  ;  hut  this  alliance,  obnoxious  to  our  traditions 
and  feelings,  and  adverse  to  our  interests,  has  never  had,  and  never 
can  have,  a  real  existence.  Our  own  safety  demands  that  there 
should  be  two  great  powers  in  Central  Europe ;  and  these,  not 
France,  are  our  natural  allies.  We  cannot  be  parties  to  the  dis- 
memberment of  Austria  *  still  less  shall  we  permit  a  French  irruption 
into  Germany.  France  will  not  he  allowed  to  appropriate  either 
the  Adriatic  or  the  Ehine.  Let  Prussia,  then,  draw  the  sword,  and 
fling  away  the  scabbard.  It  is  time  to  face  this  coalition  of  a 
recreant  constitutional  monarch  and  a  perjured  despot  with  revolu- 
tionary propagandists  and  bankrupt  political  adventurers.  At 
present,  the  French  command  of  the  seas  is  not  felt  by  England, 
inasmuch  as  it  is  asserted  only  in  the  Adriatic,  and  hence  entails 
little  inconvenience  ;  hut  the  case  will  be  different  when  it  is  extended 
to  the  German  ocean,  when  it  is  paraded  in  the  English  Channel, 
and  when  all  the  ports  in  Europe  are  under  blockade.  Believing 
that  it  is  for  the  interest  of  England  to  engage  in  the  war  without 
delay,  we  rejoice  that  this  crisis  is  approaching ;  for  as  soon  as  our 
commerce  feels  the  pinch,  the  English  people  will  understand  how 
much  they  are  concerned  with  Germany  in  the  common  quarrel  of 
Europe, 

The  Austrian  army  has  much  to  do  to  recover  its  prestige,  op 
rather,  to  raise  itself  from  contempt.  That  the  solders  are  brave, 
has  been  proved  in  every  encounter  j  but,  somehow  or  other,  they 
have  always  bad  to  retreat.  We  know  not  who  is  responsible  for  the 
tactics  of*  the  campaign,  whether  Gyluai  or  the  Emptor,  but 
assuredly  the  right  man  is  not  in  the  right  place,  There  is  no  ground 
for  expecting  any  improvement  in  Sculieck.  Austria,  however,  pos- 
sesses a  General  who,  if  the  Emperor  could  bring  himself  to  break 
through  routine*  and  nominate  him  to  the  chief  command,  would  do 
the  state  some  service.  Benedee  is  only  a  Major- General,  but  he 
stands  high  in  military  repute,  and,  with  full  liberty  of  action,  would 
speedily  lead  the  Austrians  to  victory,  and  the  French  to  the  right 
about. 


The  L^STltfDiAtf  Trouble. — The  alleged  mutiny  of  the  Company's 
European  troops  in  India  turns  outt  on  further  information,  to  have 
been  nothing  more  than  a  demonstration,  which  has  been  met  in  a 


m 


very  proper  spirit  by  Lord  Cltde,  We  must  regret  that  any 
portion  of  such  a  force  should  be  led  into  acts  of  insubordination, 
after  it  had  so  recently  signalised  its  fidelity  in  the  face  of  over- 
whelming odds,  and  at  a  moment  when  it  was  entering  a  new 
epoch  of  service,  as  a  part  of  the  JRnyal  army.  Following  so 
close  on  the  late  revolt,  the  accident  is  likely  to  exercise  a  p 
effect  on  the  native  levies,  and  to  bring  insubordination  into  fasl 
Our  position  in  India  has  been  shaken  -ml  miytbiflg  that  tends  to 
exhibit  dissension  in  our  own  rank*,  will,  of  course,  impair  the 
tradition  of  our  invincibility.  We  have  not  only  to  be  on  our  guard 
against  the  smouldering  hatred  of  baffled  fanatics,  Brahmins  and 
Mollahs,  and  all  the  adherents  of  a  Hindoo  regime,  hut  it  isT  above 
all  things,  necessary  to  restore  the  prestige  of  military  discipline, 
and  make  its  violation  appear  impossible.  In  accepting  such  con- 
clusions, the  authorities  should  be  careful  to  secure  the  allegiaiJ 
the  troops j  by  removing  every  shadow  of  a  grievance.  Let  one  side, 
as  well  as  the  other,  be  guided  by  justice  and  good  faith,  not  claim  a 
grovelling  submission,  whatever  system  it  enforces.  Obedien 
tlie  first  duty  of  a  soldier,  but  tin*  obligation  implies  a  corresponding 
duty  in  the  executive,  and,  therefore,  in  not  unconditional.  Had 
the  Indian  Government  taken  such  a  view  of  its  relations  we 
should  have  beard  nothing  of  this  alienation  of  the  Company's 
European  troops  ;  hut  it  is  difficult  to  bring  Might  to  recognise  the 
superiority  of  Right,  The  authorities  possessed  the  power,  am) 
resolved  to  carry  things  with  a  lii^h  hund,  and  for  the  sake  of  a 
miserable  saving*  commit  a  flagrant  wrong.  On  the  transfer  of 
their  service  to  the  Crown,  the  European  soldiers  of  the  Company 
were  at  least  entitled  to  the  usual  bounty,  and  to  withhold  it  was  m 
unjust  as  it  was  impolitic.  All  the  arguments  that  have  been  urged 
in  excuse  are  mere  leather  and  prunella.  The  quibble  that  the 
transfer  is  only  nominal,  inasmuch  as  the  Company  was  but  the 
trustee  of  the  Soveeeigx,  is  simply  absurd  ;  for  it  was  not  with 
such  an  understanding  that  the  troops  were  enlisted,  nor  can  it  now  be 
sustained.  But  whatever  may  be  the  strict  letter  of  the  law,  ex- 
pounded by  partial  administrators,  no  one  can  pervert  its  spirit, 
which  is  written  on  its  face.  According  to  all  the  traditions  of 
military  practice,  a  change  in  the  tenure  of  servitude  involves  the 
option  ot  a  free  discharge  or  a  re- enlistment.  Hence  the  Company's 
European  troops  were  undoubtedly  entitled  to  a  bounty  on  their 
transfer  to  the  Ceqwk\  Their  case  is  wholly  distinct  from  that  of 
the  native  troops,  who  are  enlisted  in  their  own  country,  and  under 
different  conditions.  Had  the  question  been  really  debateahle, 
surely  deserve  that  any  doubt  should  be  given  in  their  favour,  when 
they  have  just  contributed  so  materially  to  preserve  our  Indian 
empire,  and  the  sura  at  stake  is  only  £G0.000.  But,  in  poin 
fact,  their  right  is  above  dispute*  and  we  trust  that  the  Court  of 
Inquiry  appointed  by  Lord  Via  ue  will  report  to  this  effect,  and  SO 
etffc  the  matter  at  rest,  It  is  false  economy  to  save  the  public  money 
by  cheating  the  soldier. 


1859.] 


KAVAl   A#D   MTtfTAltT   BEflfThTER. 


435 


'Ntimext  to  tiic  l.ite  Lord  PUanmm^We  thought  the 
Midlife  for  a  monument  to  the  late  Lord  H\rdin*oe,  which  was 
canvassed  In  this  journal  some  tune  ago,  ha«L  received  its  quietus, 
but  an  obscure  paragraph  has  ftppearsa  in  some  of  the  morning 
papers  announcing  that  its  promoters  are  again  at  work,  and  that 
their  ia  to   embellish  the  metropolis  with  a  ropy  of    the 

equestrian  status  srMip  at  Calcutta.     It   In  not  i  -;ood  taste 

of  the  Hard  15  ify  to  revive  this  proje,  t  is  notorious 

that  directly  after  the  publication  of  our  art  tVlr  Lady  II  \hdi\oe  wrote 
to  an  illustrious  Duke,  who  hail  been  induced  to  lend  a  sort  of  coun- 

ace  to  the  movement,  requesting  that  it  might  be  dropped.  We 
have  already  shown  that  the  erection  in  London  of  an  equestrian  statue 
of  Lord  Hardiitge — an  honour  which  has  not  even  been  granted  to 
Mahlboroloif,  or,  indeed  to  any  commander  or  any  subject  bnt 
WiLLitfOTO^ — would  I  m  absurdity.     We  have  also  shown 

that  Lord  1Luith*oh  has  no  claim  to  any  memorial  at  all.  Why 
will  not  his  kindred,  for  whom  he  did  so  much,  let  htm  rest  in  his 
grave  ?  Are  we  to  be  forced  to  go  again  through  the  whole  story  of 
his  lite,  and  his  corrupt  reign  at  the   Horse  Guards,  after   Cha.hox 

onveyed  bira  over  the  Mle?  Should  we  hear  anymore  of  thin 
conspiracy T  we  shall  not  shrink  from  the  task,  however  willingly 
we  would"  avoid  it* 


Sjb  Howard  Bough-as's  Screw  Fhgpbller, — In  our  notice  of 
Sib  Howaed  Dotnlas'.-s  yhvnl  Warfare  by  Steam,  we  <  -ailed  atten- 
tion to  bis  admirable  suggestions  for  the  improvement  of  the  screw- 
propeller,  as  calculated  to  render  it  so  much  more  efficient,  and 
correct  those  defects  it  has  exhibited  in  vessels  of  war.  As  we  were 
the  fi  liflrfc  on  the  importance  of  these  suggestions,  it  affords 

itssatism  announce  that  their  value  has  been  practically 

demonstrated  ;  and  a  screw-propeller  invented  by  Sir  Howard,  has, 
after  repeated  experiments,  been  found  not  only  to  give  increased 
speed,  but  to  improve  greatly  the  steerage  of  tin:  ship,  and  to 
diminish  vibration.  The  following  able  remarks  on  the  subject  from 
\f$*hmboJ  May/izine,  though  recently  pouted  by  the  Timt%  may 
not  have  met  the  eye  of  all  our  readers  :— 

In  his  rrcc nt  work  on  "lfaval  Wtr&re  with  .Steam,"  Sir  Howard   D 
in  tlie  clearest  and  most  forcible  manner,  urged  the  adoption  of  what 
necked  would  be  a  groat  improvement  m  of  the  screw  pro- 

{teller.    Tiii si  improvement  constated  in  removing  I  t  the 

itades,  and  breaking  the  leading  edge  of  eaeh  blade  into  its  oircuaiferi  ■im:< 
bf  an  easy  curvt-.*  The  first  object  sought  by  Sir  Howard  in  making  this 
change  was  that  of  reducing  the  ** shake,"  or  vibration  of  the  serew,  and 
the  consequent  injury  to  the  itefn  of  the  ship.      Thfil  duoed,  he 

■■  r,  by  the  sadden  and  violent  reactions  ol  the  disturbed  water  against 
I  idea  as  they  enter  and  moetgB  b'oai  taa  space  between  the  two  nt 
pt>*t«;  the  rectilinear  edges  of  th^  ordinary  screws  beiogT  in  this  respect 
highly  disadvantageous,  since  the  whole  of  an  edge  enters  and  leaves  at 
onee  the  wutei  ie  of  the  aperture.     "But  if  the  leading  edges  of 

a  screw -hi  iidi-  were  curved,  they  would  slide  obliquely  and  continuously 
through  the  wuter,  like  a  Screw  formed  with  an  entire  feather,  so  that,  at 

•See  the  uluatratioa  on  prig©  H  of  the  Mechanics*  Ma&IZHTO,  tfo.  1,  Ketf 
Series,  for  December  31,  1858, 


Editor's  poettomo. 


no  moment,  would  there  be  any  ahock  or  discontinuity  of  action/*    Further 
advantages  which  Sir  Howard  considered  the  curved  edges  would  possess 

.  that  they  would  readily  throw  off  any  floating  materials  that  might 
come  in  contact  with  them — that  they  would  not  be  so  liable  to  be 
broken  by  their  oblique  collision  with  large  spars  as  straight  edges  are  by 
their  direct  blow — that  their  rounded  extremities  would  be  less  liable  to  be 
hitched  by  ropes  than  the  angular  extremities  of  the  common  screw—and, 
finally,  that  if  the  carved  parts  could  be  famished  with  incorrodible  sharp 
knife-edges  they  would  divide,  and  disentangle  the  sctcw  from  any  r°Pei 
spar,  or  other  floating  matter  with  which  it  might  become  fouled.  **  The 
author  would  not/'  said  Sir  Howard,  |l  at  the  sacrifice  of  speed,  revert  to  a 
continuous  feather-screw ;  but  the  form  here  recommended  would,  to  acon^ 
aider  able  extent,  gain  the  proposed  ends."  Now,  in  justice  to  on  able  and 
vi  i.  run  officer — an  officer  who,  by  his  incomparable  writings  on  naval  and 
military  science,  has  commanded  the  profound  admiration  and  respect  of  both 
services— we  revive  the  passages  of  Iiis  latest  work,  and  couple  with  them 
a  reference  to  those  remarkable  experiments  the  results  of  wnick  were  re- 
corded in  our  last  week's  impression.  Those  experiments  show — if  the  report 
which  is  before  us  can  be  trusted — that  the  improvement  recommended  by 
Sir  Howard  does  actually  accomplish  his  first  and  principal  object  by  re- 
ducing the  vibration  or  shake  of  I  he  screw  ns  he  predicted.  They  also  show 
that  it  has  the  further  important  etlect  of  improving  both  the  speed  and  the 

age  of  the  ship.  The  reporter  tcUs  us  that  ik  the  first  trial  with  the  Ad- 
miralty screw  was  with  a  diameter  of  18  feet,  her  speed  being  1 1,823  knots.  On 
the  second  trial  with  the  diameter  increased  to  20  feet,  the  speed  realised 
was  11,8*26  knots,  with  a  great  increase  of  vibration.  On  the  third  trial 
the  leading  corner  of  each  hkulo  was  cut  off,  and  in  this  form  the  screw 
attained  its  greatest  speed,  giving  a  result  oi  12,03'2  knots*  On  the  fourth 
trial  both  the  corners  of  each  blade  were  cut  off,  when,  with  a  greater 
number  of  revolutions,  less  speed  was  made,  being  12,012  knots.  Its  last 
triul,  with  the  i  following*  corner  of  each  blade  cut  off,  but  the  screw 
restored  to  its  perfect  m  in  every  other  respect,  gave  a  result  of  1 1,B15 
knots."  The  reporter  also  says,  "  the  leading  edge  of  the  screw  is  the  part 
that  mostly  affects  th?  steerage  of  the  ship,  and  also  causes  the  greater 
part  of  the  vibration.'1 

We  direct  attention  to  these  facts  solely  from  the  desire  to  aid  in  reflect- 
bag  upon  the  gallant  author  of  *  Naval  Warfare  with  Steam"  the  credit 
that  ia  justly  his  due.  Tins  may  seem  to  some  a  romantic  thing  to  give 
ourselves  any  trouble  about;  but  romantic  ur  not  it  affords  us  much  pleasure. 
For  we  confess  to  feeling  a  peculiar  interest  in  the  reputation  of  a  man  like 
Sir  Howard  Douglas,  _  Those  of  us  who  have  to  wade  through  the  many 
volumes  which  mere  pirates  and  charlatans  compile  and  publish,  acquire  a 
reverence,  aye,  an  affection  tor  works  like  u  Naval  Gunnery,*'  u  Mditary 
Bridges,"  and  others  of  Sir  Howard's,  in  which  caret  patience,  industry,  in* 
telligence,  masterly  skill,  and  many  other  virtues  and  endowments,  are 
s tamped  upon  every  page.  There  is  something  almost  sacred  to  us  in  these 
fruits  of  human  power  and  excellence,  and  still  more  so  in  the  m^n  by  whom 
such  fruits  are  produced. 


Walpole  Eedi vitt/9.  —  It  is  rumoured  that  Captain  The  Hon- 
ourable S.  T.  Carnegie,  whose  election  charges  against  his  colleague 
Sir  Joust  Fakikotof,  were  so  serviceable  to  the  Whigs  on  the 
hustings,  has  been  appointed  for  his  meritorious  service  to  the  post 
of  Comptroller  General  and  Commodore  of  the  Coast  Guard.  We 
believe  this  will  prove  to  be  a  hoax.  It  is  not  generally  known 
that  Captain  Carnegie,  while  in  command  erf  the  IVibune  was 
compelled  by  ill  health  to  come  home  from  the  Black  Sea,  at  & 
critical  period  of  the  late  war. 


437 


CBFTICAL  NOTICES. 


Miriam  Coflet,— By  J.  C.  Jeaffreson,  3  vols. 
There  are  some  elements  of  French  romance  in  this  story,  which  takes 
society  on  its  dark  side,  and  leads  us  through  the  labyrinth'  Late  occur- 
rences prove,  indeed,  that  such  incidents  are  by  no  means  peculiar  to 
France,  but  are  as  familiar  to  English  soil.  Our  social  fabric  has  recesses 
which  are  never  mentioned  in  blue  books,  and  do  not  come  under  the  cogni- 
zance of  Parliamentary  Commissioners,  or  Registrar- Generals,  Hence  we 
are  in  the  habit  of  limiting  crime  to  the  poor,  and  ascribing  it  to  ignorance, 
and  the  neglect  of  mental  culture ;  but  this  is  too  sweeping  a  conclusion. 
Occasion  ally  *some  case  in  the  middle  ranks  comes  to  life  and  takes  us  a  step 
higher ;  but  it  is  rare  that,  by  any  criminal  procedure,  we  are  apprised  of 
the  bsekslidings  of  the  great.  Here  power  draws  a  veil,  and  only  by  chance 
is  it  ever  raised.  In  the  work  before  us,  the  different  classes  of  society  are 
contrasted  with  great  effect,  and  we  soon  discover  that  the  author  i*  a  mm 
of  no  ordinary  ability,  and  well  acquainted  with  the  world.  He  adopts  the 
popular  notion  that  crime  is  the  offspring  of  ignorance  or  of  dispositions 
envenomed  by  hard  usage.  Minim  Copley,  the  supposed  narrator  of  the 
story,  is  the  daughter  of  a  swineherd,  and  by  tho  death  of  her  father  in  a 
poaching  expedition,  is  early  left  to  provide  for  herself,  and  to  make  her  own 
way  in  life.  The  hardships  of  her  childhood  are  forcibly  related,  and  as  the 
narrative  proceeds  the  interest  becomes  more  engrossing.  Much  pains  are 
bestowed  on  the  delineation  of  her  character,  which  is  boldly  conceived,  and 
cleverly  worked  out ;  but  it  is  the  action  rather  than  the  portraiture  that 
enchains  the  reader.  The  incidents  are  not  very  novel ;  but  they  are  telling, 
and  introduced  with  great  adroitness.  Jack  Tlaggart  and  Mr,  ftluacut  are 
sketches  by  the  way,  dexterously  thrown  off,  and  contributing  by  their  joint 
malignity,  to  the  perversion  of  the  heroine.  We  shall  not  trace  the  steps  by 
which  Miriam  is  led  into  criminal  acts,  proceeding  further  and  further  until 
she  becomes  a  sort  of  Lucretia,  seeming,  however,  to  be  more  the  victim  of 
circumstances  than  of  passion.  From  the  course  of  the  story,  and  the 
artistic  power  of  the  narrator,  this  impression  is  maintained  to  the  last,  and 
she  still  engages  our  sympathy  and  pity,  A  talc  so  vigorous  and  dramatic;  is 
sure  to  become  a  favourite. 


Through  the  Shadows,     By  the  author  of  Sidney  Grey,    3  vols. 

There  are  few  whose  way  is  not,  at  some  time  or  other ,  through  the  sha- 
dows, and  hence  the  title  of  this  story  addresses  all.  The  book*  however, 
does  not  profess  to  be  of  the  missionary  character,  its  chief  object  is  to  amuse, 
and  this*  it  fulfill.  At  the  same  time,  there  is  an  undercurrent  of  religious 
sentiment,  which  is  not  without  effect.  The  author,  who  is  evidently  a  lady, 
combats  the  prevalent  opinion  that  the  sex  should  look  only  to  marriage  for 
a  provision,  and  claims  for  women  a  field  of  employment,  This  is  a  theory 
which  is  becomuig  more  popular,  and  in  some  parts  of  the  kingdom  is  being 
practically  carried  out.  Our  author  illustrates  its  working  in  several  of  her 
characters,  who,  for  ft  certain  period,  maintain  themselves  by  their  own  ex- 
ertions. But,  after  all,  it  comes  to  marriage  in  the  end,  and  these  industrious 
spinsters  scorn  celibacy,  We  know  not  now  the  problem  will  be  solved  in 
real  life,  but  we  hope  that  it  will  be  much  in  the  same  way.  Here  we  have  a 
charming  story,  which  is  always  animated,  and  always  natural,  Sebastian 
Earle  is  a  dashing  young  sailor,  though  not  one  of  the  Mary  art  stamp,  and  is 
warmly  attached  to  Alice,  by  whom  his  affection  is  returned,  Alice  fa  the 
friend  of  two  sisters,  Caroline  and  Kuth,  and  the  latter  one  morning  informs 
her  that  her  brother,  in  a  moment  of  temptation,  has  embedded  from  his 
employer,  and  entreats  her  to  save  him  from  ruin.  This  can  only  be  done 
by  replacing  the  money,  lor  which  purpose  Alice  yields  up  her  diamonds, 
present  from  Sebastian,  and  promises  not  to  reveal  the  secret,  Aa*  cjsmk^ 
quence  ahe  is  invoked  in  continual  embarrassnieuU,^^\i  CTeotau&i  sa&sw^ 


433 


CBITIOAfc  STOTICE8, 


[July, 


her  lover,  and,  despairing  of  reconciliation,  he  joins  the  expedition  under 
Captain  McClure,  and  proceeds  to  the  Polar  Seas,  Caroline  lives  under  the 
domination  of  a  maiden  aunt,  and  notwithstanding  her  independent  character, 
accepts  the  first  proposal  of  raarri:i.'n»,  which  secure*  her  a  wealthy  though  not 
an  agreeable  husband.  Nor  does  the  hard  treatment  ate  receives  in  this  po- 
sition disgnat  her  witll  married  life  j  hardly  has  she  become  a  widow  when 
with  a  generous  oblivion  of  the  past,  she  renews  the  nuptial  bond,  I 
makes  a  more  deliberate  choice,  in  which  she  is  influenced  by  affection,  but 
seems  quite  unconscious  of"  the  misery  she  has  brought  on  Alice*  The  for* 
tunes  of  the  three  girls  we  skilfully  interwoven,  and  form  a  story  of  Bin 
sing  interest,  remarkable  for  its  simplicity  and  truthfulness. 

Sixteen  Yeabs  op  AM  Aktist's  Lite  nr  Morocco,  Spain,  a  no  tak 
Canary  Islands,  By  Mrs,  Elizabeth  Hurray.  2  vols  Coloured  Illus- 
trations, 

The  regions  described  in  tins  book  are  of  peculiar  interest  at  the  pr> 
moment,  particularly  Morocco,  which  has  more  than  once  been  threatened 
by  the  Frem  h,  and  may  be  made  a  troublesome  neighbour  to  Algeria.  The 
Canary  Islands  are  a  terra  incogtiitia*  Far  out  of  tho  beaten  track,  they  are 
rarely  visited  by  tourists,  and  we  have  come  to  consider  them  a  sort  of 
Japan,  Nowhere  is*  the  jealous  exclusive  system  of  the  Portuguese  more 
rigorously  enforced,  or  the  Jesuits  more  intolerant.  As  for  Spain,  ?he  is  as 
much  out  of  the  pale  of  Europe  as  in  the  days  of  the  Cid,  Gil  Bias  might 
wake  up  after  his  three  centuries'  sleep,  and  imagine  he  was  still  under  the 
rule  of  the  Duke  of  Lenna.  Cervantes  deprived  Spain  of  her  chivalry,  but 
her  arrogance,  bigotry,  and  poverty  remain,  and  at  this  moment  she  is 
believed  to  have  formed  a  secret  league  with  Louis  Napoleon,  the  nephew  of 
her  enslaver,  against  England,  to  whom  she  owes  her  independence  Mrs. 
Murray  gives  uh  some  lively  and  interesting  sketches  of  Spanish  society, 
which  she  had  peculiar  opportunities  of  studying,  and  has  bit  ofi  with  great 
vivacity,  Our  lady  tourists  seem  to  possess  all  the  energy  of  the  national 
character,  and  go  wherever  fortune  leads  them,  regardless  of  danger  or  diffi- 
culties, As  an  artist,  Mrs.  Murray,  with  her  sketch -honk  in  hand,  is  ready 
to  go  any  distance,  or  to  mce  any  peril,  iu  search  of  the  picturesque ;  and 
from  specimens  given  in  the  book,  wo  can  affirm  that  her  pencil  is  as  graceful 
in  its  touch  as  her  pen.  The  bouk  is  not  only  u  musing,  but  It  gives  a  fund 
of  information  in  an  agreeable  form,  and  is' rendered  doubly  attractive  by 
the  illustrations.  As  its  appearance  is  most  opportune,  we 'cannot  doubt 
that  it  will  be  very  favourably  received. 


A  Mothers  Trial;   by  the  Author  of  uThe  Discipline  of  Li 
This  is  one  of  those  simple  and  touching  stories  which  are  almost  peculiar 
to  Lu'tv  Emily  Ponsonby,  treating  on  subjects  she  has  made  her  own*    Self- 
discipline,  as     taught  in    the  practical   lessons  of  life,  is  the  object  she 
keuptt  steadily  In  view,  and  enforces  by  beautiful  examples.     In  none  of  her 
productions  has  she  been  so  successful  as  in  the  volume  before  us,     The 
triumph  of  purpose  over  inclination  is  here  admirably  delineated,  carrying 
us  through  all  its  phase*  with   never-nagging   bterest,  till  it  ii  ntinllv  ooft- 
Bnmmated.     The  glimpses  of  rural  life  in  a  pleasant  and  sequestered  village, 
and  tho  lights  and   little    shades  of  the  bright  side  of  human  character, 
which  the  author  so  diligently  observes,  impart  to  the  story  a  grace  truly 
captivating.     The  4  Mother's  Trial f  ia  of  long  duration,  but  it  is  rather  one 
of  suspense  than  actual  pain,  und   it  has  the  happiest  termination, 
obtains  the  first  wish  uf  her  heart,  and  sees  the  object  of  its  puiv 
follow  his  destined  course,  and  realise  her  fondest  hopes.    The  story,  though 
resting  on  incident*  of  the  simplest  cast,  is  very  animated,  und  makes  no 
pause  m  its  development.     Like  all  the  productions  of  its  author,  it  J 
on  the  mind  an  fnipreasioa  that  survives  the  perusal^  and  may  conduce  to 
Afare  advantage, 


1859-] 


430 


NAVAL    AND    MILITARY    INTELLIGENCE. 


INDIA, 

CorRT- Martial  iw  India.— Lieut,  William  Allen,  of  the  82nd  Regiment 

of  Foot,  was  tried  by  court -martial  in  April,  lor  wilfully  murdering  a  native 

named  Bidassee.     After   a   trial   of  some  length  the  court  sentenced  the 

prisoner  to  four  Tears'  imprisonment  without  bald  labour.     Lord  Clyde  has 

confirmed  the  sentence  which  is  to  be  carried  out  at  Agra. 

Resignation  of  Major  Jacobe.— The  Ctmunander-m  Chief  of  Madras, 
who  has  the  discretion  to  appoint  majors  to  the  command  of  regiments  other 
than  their  uwn,  \ui*  appointed  Captain  J,  T.  Tenant,  of  the  Bengal  Engineers, 
to  succeed  Major  Jacobs,  the  astronomer,  oi  Madras,  who  hits  resigned  his 
appointment. 

Extra  Staff  Appoint mbnts. — The  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Madras 
army  has  recommended  to  Government  that  all  extra  staff  appointments  be 
abolished,  such  as  the  Assistant  Adjutant  General  H.M.'s  forces,  and  the 
Deputy  Quarter  Mister  General  EOL'fi  forces,  also  the  second  aide-de- 
camp  to  the  Lieutenant  General  commanding  the  Mysore  ditlsidA* 

Whenever  h  captain  in  the  army  in  command  of  a  regiment  may  be 
embarked  on  board  a  vessel  of  the  Indian  navy,  he  is  to  have  the  privileges 
of  a  field  otTker  in  regard  to  messing 

Major  C.  Abtborpe,  -41st  Bengal  N.I.,  and  Captain  J.  Battye,  flirt 
Bombay  N.I.,  have  been  permitted  to  retire  from  the  service* 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  VICTORIA  CROSS. 

The  Queen  distributed  ia  Cross  on  Wednesday  morning  within 

the  quadrang  I  e  of  B  m  Pa  to  c  e , 

A  detachment  of  six  companies  of  the  Grenadier  and  Coldstream  regiments 
Guards  lined  tin  l    the  quadrangle*  and  Wife  commanded 

by  Coin  i  el  Lew-fa,  Field  Officer  in  Brigade  Waiting.  The  band  of  the  Cold- 
stream Guards  was  OB  duty,  The  Queen  and  Prince  Consort  entered  the 
formed  by  the  troops.  The  Duke  of  Cambridge,  General  Comman  ding- 
in- Chief,  and  MajOT  General  Peel,  Secretary  of  State  tor  War,  stood  on  Her 
Majesty's  right.  Lieutenant  General  Sir  George  Wetherall,  Adjutant 
G eneru  to  the  Forces,  Major  General  Lord  Kokebv,  Sir  Edward  Lugard, 
K.l\B.«  Secretary  for  Military  Correspondence,  War  Department,  were  also 
in  attendance  upon  Her  Majesty,  together  with  the  Equerries  3n  Watting. 

The  following  had  the  honour  of  being  presented  to  the  Queen  to  receive 
the  Cross:  — 

Commander  Thomas  James  Young,  Royal  Mary ;  Commander  Novell 
Salmon;  Lieutenant  Colonel  Sir  Henry  Marehnm  Mavelock,  Bart-:  Ks}«* 
James  Leith,  late  14th  Dtagpofitt,  now  2nd  Dragoons;  Major  Frederick 
Miller,  Royal  Art  illen  j  Stan1  Surgeon  Anthony  Dickson  Home,  late  of  90th 
regiment,  now  of  a  Depot  Battalion;  Assistant-Surgeon  W.  Bradghawjate  90th 
regiment,  now  of  32nd  Foot ;  Thomas  Hancock,  Irtte  Private  of  9th  Lancers  ; 
Lance  Corporal  Abraham  Boulgcr,  84th  regiment;  Private  David  Mac 
93rd  regiment  ;  Captain  Frederick  Robertson  Aikman,  Bengal  Native 
Infantry;  Lieutenant  F.  S.  Roberta,  Bengal  Artillery;  Lieutenant  Hastings 
Edward  Harrington,  Bengal  Artillery  ;  Lieutenant  John  Watson,  28th 
Bombay  Native  Infantry;  Lieutenant  Thomas  Adair  Butler,  IM  Bengal 
European  Fusiliers. 

Toe  Queen  placed  the  Victoria  Cross  suspended  from  a  red  ribbon  on  tibft 
left  breast  of  each  officer  and  soldier. 


440 


ITAYAJi  AKD   MHITAfiT  INTELLIGENCE. 


[Jtoy, 


Prince  Arthur,  Prince  Leopold,  the  Princess  Alice,  Helena,  Louisa,  and 
Beatrice,  with  the  ladies  of  the  Court,  witnessed  the  ceremony. 

After  the  investiture  the  Queen  and  Prince  Consort  accompanied  by  the 
Duke  of  Cambridge!  passed  to  the  middle  of  the  south  side  of  the  quadrangle, 
the  band  occupying  the  centre  of  the  square.  The  troops  then  marched  past 
slow  and  quick  time,  and  nfterwards  quitted  the  palace,  the  bund  playing 
"  See  the  conquering  hero  comes/' 


LOSS  OF  THE  M  HERON.' 


the  loss  of  the 


The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  official  report  relative  to 
Heron  : — 

14  Her  Majesty's  Ship,  Victory,  Portsmouth,  June  10, 

■  Sib — Being  the  only  surviving  officer  from  the  wreck  of  Her  Majesty1s 
brig  Heron,  I  have  the  honour  to  report,  for  the  information  of  the  Lords 
Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty,  my  proceedings  immediately  before  the 
wreck,  and  until  niv  arrival  on  board  this  ship. 

«  On  Sunday,  the  8tb  of  May,  I  had  the  first  watch  (from  8  to  12  p.m.) 
At  nine  o'clock  the  captain  left  his  order-book  with  me ;  it  ran  as  follows  ;— 
1  Course  N,E.  by  N*  Shorten  sail  on  any  appearance  of  a  squall,  and  call 
me,*  At  midnight  I  was  relieved  by  Lieutenant  Porter,  of  the  Trident,  who 
was  taking  passage  and  doing  duty.  The  ship  at  the  time  was  under  top- 
gallant sails,  single -reefed  top-sails,  courses,  boom  mainsail  and  jibs ;  going 
1 .8  ;  a  line  starlight  night. 

11  At  5  the  following  morning  of  the  9thf  I  was  thrown  out  of  my  bed 
against  the  main  ladder.  I  rushed  on  deck,  caught  a  rope,  which  had  fallen 
to  leeward,  and  succeeded  in  getting  on  the  ship's  bottom,  where  I  found  a 
number  of  men,  I  immediately  called  for  a  knife,  when  Samuel  Haudsford, 
captain  forecastle,  cut  away  the  foremost  fall  of  the  weather  whale  boat. 
The  ship  then  sunk,  leaving  the  boat  afloat,  the  after-fall  having  been  cut  or 
separated,  but  not  known  by  whom.  Twenty-three  men  and  myself  got  into 
the  whaleboat.  Alter  being  in  the  boat  about  four  minutes  1  saw  a  white 
speck  on  the  water  making  towards  us.  I  then  gave  orders  to  keep  eyarj 
one  off  the  boat,  as  she  was  already  overcrowded.  "When  the  white  speck 
was  within  a  few  feet  of  the  boat,  1  found  by  the  voice  that  it  was  the  cap- 
tain* and  instantly  took  him  in;  the  weather  at  this  time  was  very  dark,  and 
raining  heavily.  Tub  captain  was  so  much  exhausted,  that  I  kept  charge  of 
the  boat,  for  about  forty  minutes,  when  he,  being  partially  recovered*  and 
his  wounds  bound  up,  took  charge. 

**  When  daylight  appeared  we  found  the  boat's  crutches,  and  commenced 
pulling,  keeping  head  to  sea.  After  about  an  hour,  John  Waldren,  ordinary, 
said  he  saw  a  sail  ahead,  which  was  not  visible  to  any  one  else,  but  we  all  saw 
her  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  afterwards,  and  reacbed  her  at  2  p,m.  We 
were  then  taken  on  board  the  Irlam,  a  bark  of  Liverpool,  from  Calabar  to 
Sierra  Leone,  where  we  arrived  at  noon  on  the  16th.  Captain  Truscott 
went  on  board  Her  Majesty's  ship  Trident,  and  reported  himself;  the 
Trident1*  cutter  then  took  us  out  of  the  bark.  On  the  19th  of  May  we  wont 
on  board  the  Ethiope,  African  mail  steamer,  for  passage  to  Liverpool. 

KOn  the  20th  of  May,  James  Kettle,  private  Royal  Marines,  died  ;  on  the 
30th.  Mr.  Geerge  Haydon,  boatswain,  died;  and  on  the  tfrd  of  June  Captain 
Truscott  died — all  of  whom  were  buried  at  sea,  I  annex  a  list  of  all  the 
survivors  who  have  arrived  with  me-  viz* :  Alexander  Allan,  gunner *a  mate  ; 
James  White,  quartermaster ;  George  Pinhorn,  quartermaster ;  Samuel 
Handsfard,  captain  forecastle ,  James  Bartlett,  captain  afterguard ;  James 
Waldren,  ordinary  ;  William  Windover,  ordinary  ;  George  Gedge,  ordinary  \ 
John  H.  Kemp,  ordinary  ;  James  Giflord,  ordinary  eeaniau  ;  Richard  Hicks, 


18590 


JTAYAX  AKD  KtLITABT  XHTELUGEffCE, 


441 


ordinary  seaman ;   William   Becket,  ordinary ;   Nicholas  Harvey,  painter 
Richard  Gorey,  boy,  first  class  ;   William  Miller.  Diamiuei  ;   Henry  Ander- 
son private T  R.M.  I  have,  &c, 

"  ROBERT  SUNDRY,  Gunner,  3rd  Class  " 

**  List  of  Prize  Crew  belonging  to  Her  Majesty's  late  brig  Heron,  left  ll 
Sierra  Leone ,  on  board  Her  Majesty's  ship  Trident  : — 
u  Lieutenant  Chapman  .  in  charge;  Charles  Horsepool,  captain,  maintop  ; 
William  Rogers,  boatswain's  mate  (dead)  ;  John  Spencer,  leading  seamen  ; 
Thomas  Bowsey,  A.B. ;  John  Osborne,  ordinary ;  John  Germain,,  ordinary  \ 
William  Young,  ordinary ;  George  Beaver,  ordinary  ;  Reginald  Andrew^ 
ordinary  ;  Alfred  Dibden,  ordinary  ;  John  Treves  boy,  second  class  ;  William 
Hurst*  private,  Royal  Marines ;  William  Bridgemauj  private,  Royal  Marines* 


GENERAL  OEDERS  AND  CIECTJLAE& 


RATES  OF  FURLOUGH  PAY— ARTILLERY  AND  ENGINEERS- 


RAT 

In  order  to  assimilate  the  Indian  army  to  Her  Majesty's  other  forces,  as 
regirds  the  Artillery  and  Engineers,  the  grades  of  major  and  sec o ml  lieutenant 
oave  been  abolished  in  those  corps,  and  that  the  new  grade  of  second  captain 
has  been  introduced  from  August,  1858.  This,  of  course,  necessitated  certain 
changes  of  pay  and  allowances,  the  nature  of  which  will  bo  seen  from  the 
subjoined  notification.  Although  the  modifications  of  rank  took  place  at 
the  time  above- mentioned,  those  of  pay  have  only  now  been  finally  Bottled* 

Rates  or  Fitolouoh  Fat,  from  rnu  27th  August,  1858,  to  OrriCEua  or  He& 
Majesty's  Conra  of  Inoiax  Aktillert  a>o  E^goeers* 

1!jn«.y>.  Madras  Souiiay 

ArtiU&y.  Artillery.  Artlkrt/. 

18  Lieut.  Cola,  1 1  Lieut.  Cols.  8  Lieut,  Cob.  will  receive  Lieut 

Colonel's  pay, 
6  Lieut.  Cols,  ...        3  lieat.  Cols,  ...        2  Lieut.  Cole,  will  receive  Major's 

pay. 
112  lieutenants  65  Lieutenants  ...      47  Lieutenants  will  receive  Lieu- 

tenant *i  nay. 
56  lieutenants ...       33  Lieutenants  ...      23  Lieutenants       will       receive 

Ensign's  pay. 
Bengal  Ma  on  ah  Bojoiat 

Engineer*.  Ktttjuwer*.  Engineers 

8  Lieut.  Cols.  ...    5  Lieut.  Cols.  ...     5  lieut.   Cols.   will,    receive   Lieut. 

Coloncfs  ipuy, 
2  Lieut.  Cols.  ...       1  Lieut.  Col.  »••       1  Lieut.  Col.  will  receive  Major  V 

pay, 

Captains  m  the  Horse  Artillery  and  Engineers^  of  all  the  presidencies, 
will  be  entitled  to  furlough  pay  at  the  rate  of  lis.  Id.  per  day* 

Captains  of  the  Foot  Artillery  of  all  the  presidencies,  will  be  allowed 
furlough  pay  at  the  rate  of  10s.  per  day. 

The  furlough  pay  of  the  lieutenants  of  Engineers  of  the  aeveral  presidencies 
wiU  be  as  follows :' — Two-thin  la  of  the  lieutenants  will  be  entitled  to  lieu- 
tenant spay  ;  one-third  of  the  lieutenants  will  be  allowed  eiiMgn's  pay. 

As  the  adjustment  of  furlough  pay   i\t  the    India  Office  will  only  take 
elket  from  the  date  that  allowances  may  have  been  received  in  England, 
Officers  having  previous  arrears  to  claim  should  proa 
transmission  to  their  agents  in  India  to  recover  the  same  from  the  presidency 
paymasters* 


442 


KATAIi  A3TD  MILTTABY  nTTEUJGB^CE. 


Ifl 


VOLUNTEERS. 

The  following  Circular  has  been  issued  from  the  Wat  Office  : — 

lt  War  Office,  Pali  Mull,  May  25, 

uWith  reference  to  the  Circular  of  May  12t  sancti on ing,  under  certain 
eonditinns.  the  enrolment  nf  Volunteer;!,  it  seems  essentia],  in  order  that  the 
patriotic  exertions  nf  those  who  come  forward  may  contribute  most  effectively 
to  that  which  they  have  at  heart — namely,  the  defence  ancl  security  of  their 
COuntTTi  that  they  should  not  be  left  in  ignorance  of  the  nature  and  character 
qf  the  service  to  which  they  are  fcbua  binding  themselves  ;  but  that  the 
objects  which  such  bodies  of  Volunteers  should  have  h  view  should  be  clearly 
explained  to  them,  as  well  as  tit*-  peculiar  duties  expected  from  them,  to 
with  the  best  means  of  qualifying  themselves  lor  their  effective  rtiscfaui 

u  Premising  that  the.-o  Volunteers  mnv  be  of  two  classes,  one  compi 
those  who  may  be  instrtieted  to  act  as  riflemen  or  sharpshooters  in  the  field: 
the  other,  those  whose  serviees'inay  be  rendered  most  valuable  in  our  se;i, 
and  other  coast  to  vns,  in  manning  the  batteries  constructed  for  their  defence, 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that — 

*1.  The   first  essential,  with' >ut  width   no  body   of  Volunteers,   however 
composed  or  organised,  can  hope  to  under  available  or  really  useful  service, 
ib  that  it  should  lu>  amenable,  when  exiled  upon  to  act,  either  in  g 
in  the  field,  to  military  discipline  ;   for  without  such  discipline  oo 
other  officer  under  win  an  they  may  have  io  act,  will  be  able  to  place  much 
dependence  on  their  assistance  or  co-operation  in  the  hour  of  need. 

u2.  In  the  second  place,  the  conditions  of  service  should  be  such  as,  while 
securing  and  enforcing  the  above  necessary  discipline,  to  induce  those  classes 
to  come  i  or  ward  for  service  for  Volunteers  who  do  not^  under  our  p 
system,  enter  either  Into  the  regular  army  or  the  mil i tin. 

"3.  In  the  above  view  the  system  of  drill  and  instruction  for  bodies  of 
Volunteers  should  not  be  such  as  to  render  the  service  unnecessarily  irksome, 
or  as  to  make  demands  upon  the  time  of  the  members  that  would  interfere 
injuriously  with  their  ordinary  avocations;  thus  either  indisposing  to  the 
service,  m  the  fu4  instaneeT  those  who  might  otherwise  have  gladly  joined 
it,  or  driving  them  again  out  of  it,  after  n  short  experience  of  the  inconveni- 
ences to  -which  they  have  been  exposed. 

"4.  It  should  not  be  attemp1  fore,  as  regards  riuV  volunteers,  to 

drill  or  organize  them  as  soldiers  expected  to  take  their  plftee  b  line,  whieh 
Would  take  time  for  instruction  that  could  ill  be  spared;  but  it  sbonld  be 
rather  sought  to  give  each  individual  volunteer  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
use  of  bis  weapon,  and  so  to  qualify  the  tbree  to  net  efficiently  as  an  auxiliary 
to  the  regular  army  and  militia,  the  only  character  l>>  which  it  should  aspire. 

*l  5,  It  is  evident  that  this  object  will  be  best  attained  by  the  «-nroIimuit  of 
volunteers  in  small  bodies  in  cnmpaniea,  oonsiituig  of  an  establishment  of  one 
captain,  one  lieutenant,  one  ensign,  and  100  tnen  of  all  ranks,  as  a  maximum, 
or  in  subdivisions,  and  even  sections  of  companies,  with  the  due  proportion  of 
officers,  and  composed  of  individuals  having  a  knowledge  of,  and  thorough 
dependence  upon,  each  ether  personally:  and  it  should  rarely,  ii 
sought  to  form  them  into  larger  carps,  entailing  'he  necessity  of  a  lengthened 
and  complicated  system  of  drill  instruction. 

41 6.  The  nature  of  our  country,  with  its  numerous  enclosures  and  other 
impediments  to  the  operations  of  troops  in  line,  gives  peculiar  imp 
the  services  of  volunteer  riflemen,  iu  which  bodies  each  m an,  deriving  con- 
fidence from  his  own  skill  in  the  use  of  his  arm,  and  from  his  reliance  on  the 
support  of  his  comrades— men  whom  ho  lms  known,  and  ffith  whom  lie  has 
lived  from  his  youth  up,  intimately  acquainted,  besides,  with  the  country  in 
which  be  would  be  cajjed  upan  to  net— would  hang  with  the  most  telling  ■ 
upon  the  flanks  and  communications  of  a  hostile  army, 
■   u  7.  The  instruction,  therefore,  that  is  most  requisite  is  practice  in  the  use 


1S59.] 


XAYAL  ASD  UltlTAET   IVTIhimHSOt, 


and  handling  of  Hie  rifle  ;  ami  with  p  view  to  thia  sites  for  firing  Ht  a  target 
should  be  established,  if  possible,  in  every  locnlity  where  companie*  or  bodies 
of  volunteer  riflemen  are  formed,  ami  even'  encouragement  given  to  the  men 
to  avail  themselves  of  them,  leaving  it  to  themselves  to  select  their  own  hours 
for  practice ;  or  for  further  instructions,  as  sharpshooters,  as  it  may  appear 
them — namely!  how  to  extend  mid  pii)  themselves  of  eover, 
to  fire  advancing  or  retiring,  to  protect  themselves  from  cavalry ,  of  other 
simple  movements,  which,  while  leaving  every  man  his  independent  action, 
would  enable  them  to  act  together  with  more  effect  Interested  as  the  more 
wealthy  classes  throughout  the  country  will  he  in  the  efficiency  of  such 
bodies  of  volunteers  farmed  in  their  own  neighbourhood,  they  will  doubtless 
co-operate  heartily  with  the  lords  lieutenants  of  counii  >artmt 

to  find  such  sites  for  practice,  and  in  whatever  else  may  tend  to  further  tin- 
object  in  view. 

Bear  Majesty's  Government  will  authorise,  the  issue  from  the  public 
w&gaziiir.s  Al  t tie  cost  price,  of  targets  anrl  at  tli«  it ^gullied  annual  allowance 
Hid  e&erciaa  ammunition  for  each  trained  volunteer— viz,,  ninety 
founds  of  ball  and  sixty  of  blank  cartridge,  and  lfifl  percussion  caps;  and 
for  the  training  of  each  "recruit  110  bah  ami  twenty  blank  cartridges,  143 
pcrcu*  and  twenty  ditto  for  mapping  practice.    Requisition!  for 

the  same  to  be  made  to  the  Secretary  of  State  lot  War*  upon  forms  which  will 
be  supplied  on  demand  trom  this  office* 

14  With  a  view  to  the  supply  of  ammunition  from  the  Government  stores 
forthr  use  of  Volunteers,  it  a  a  primary  and  indjspeinable  condition  of  their 
formation  that  the  rifled  with  whhh  thoy  art-  armed  should  btipet&ctly 
uniform  in  gau^e  with  those  in  use  by  the  Re|fulnr  Army,  and  that  tVare 
should  be  ft  similar  Uniformity  in  the  size  of  the  nipple,  in  order  to  suit  ihe 
(lorernment  percussion  .-. 

"9.  The  apparatus  for  tea  tin  {?  the  range  cmwti  pf  two  plugs,  one  of 
'577 -inch,  nnd  another  -380-mcli,  Each  rillc  to  he  serviceable  must  admit 
former  and  exclude  the  hitter. 
u  All  the  barrel-makers  in  Binuin^hain,  ami  the  l  t^Mera-np'  in  that,  town, 
as  well  as  in  Loudon^  are  provided  witfc  similar  pluud  to  tnOM  whiel 
Hied  in  the  'view-rooms'  at  those  places;  and  m  the  arms  of  often  Corp 
will  be  subject  to  an  examination  by  competent  viewer!  from  the  (on em- 
inent Small  Anna  Department,  under  the  directions  of  Lieutenant  Col- nil 
Dixon,  K.A..  Superintendent  of  the  Royal  Smnll  Arms  Factory  (for  which 
puipoee  Application  must  be  made  to  the  War-Office),  Commanding  Officers 
of  corps,  and  all  who  purchase  arms,  should  hold  the  maoufaf  turns  rBfptai- 
sible  for  Uu/  correctness  of  the  paage  of  the  barrels  and  the  nipples* 

^  10.  It  may  hiilh  tioa  whether  it  would  not  be  found  advantage- 

ith  a  view  to  the  betler  preservation  of  the  arms  and  accoutrement  ^  of 
Ofspany,  to  provide,  if  possible,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  practice 
range  or  parade-ground  of  each  Company,  a  dry  and  airy  building  or  room 
as  a  store,  where  they  could  be  deposited  and  properly  cleaned  and  attended 
the  expiration  of  each  days  drill. 
"11.  It  is  also  very  desirable  that  the  uniform  adopted  should  he  ittdmple 
gfaJd,  and  that  that  of  the  different   CompamY  unty 

should  be  assimilated,  and  though  this  point  is  left  to  the  derision  of 
volunteers  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Lords  Lieutenant,  Ir  is  OOUatdet^cl 
thai  recommendation  on  the  subject  would  be  of  advantage, 

L  As  veoavda  Arullrvv  Volunteer^  their  primary  object  will  be  to  aid 
in  the  most  efficient  manner  in  the  manning  of  the  bail  the 

protection  of  oar  roast  towns,  so  that  the  Royal  Artillery  and  Militiu  may 
be,  tci  as  great  an  extent  as  possible,  disposable  for  other  ^vv vices. 

M  13.  These  Volunteers  may  consist  of  a  different  class  from  tint  which 
Jin-  forward  tor  the  more  active  duties  of  riJhnnt  n  in  the  fuA  L  U^nv^V 
men  resident  on  the  spot,  and  such  as  cttner  cuu\cl  unt  otattnX  SJasssrasSw*^ 


4,-14. 


NATAL  AKD   M1ITTABT  IFrSLLIGEtfCS. 


[JlTLT 


even  for  a  day,  from  their  usual  business,  or  might  be  physically  unfit  for 
field  duties,  might  yet  find  ainple  tune  for  learning  how  to  work  a  great  £un 
mounted  in  their  inunediate  neighb  our  hood,  and  might  be  fully  adequate  to 
whatever  exertion  its  exercise  might  require.  The  interest  they  would  have 
In  thus  contributing  to  the  security  of  their  property  and  families  which 
would  be  at  once  endangered  bj  any  hostile  attack,  would  be  even 
stronger  than  that  which  would  lead  volunteer  riflemen  to  the  field. 

11 1-k  The  same  principle  which  is  recommended  for  the  organisation  of 
Riflemen  ah o old  be  adopted  for  the  Artillery  Volunteers,  except  that  the 
latter  should  be  divided  into  still  smaller  bodies.  For  instance,  the  most 
effective  system  would  be  that  which  would  associate  ten  or,  at  most,  twelve 
men,  all  neighbours  intimately  acquainted  with  each  other,  in  the  charge  and 
working  of  a  particular  gun,  mounted,  so  to  speak,  at  their  very  door. 

"  15.  One  of  their  number  should  be  appointed  to  act  as  captain  of  the 
gun,  to  the  charge  ana  working  of  which  thetr  duties  would  be  strictly 
limited.  They  might  arrange  their  own  time  for  drill  and  practice,  an 
artilleryman  being  charged  with  the  duty  of  imparting  the  former,  and  all 
that  would  be  required  of  them  would  be  that  they  should  be  able  to  prove, 
on  a  half-yearly  inspection,  that  they  had  duly  profited  by  the  instruction  so 
given,  and  had  qualified  themselves  for  the  important  trust  reposed  in 
them. 

**  ]  6.  Always  working  and  practising  with  the  same  gun,  they  could  not 
but  become  well  acquainted  with  its  range,  and  the  points  to  which  it  would 
have  chiefly  to  be  directed. 

"  17.  In  the  same  maimer,  associations  may  betbrmed  in  many  of  our  com- 
mercial ports  and  open  rivers  for  manning  and  working  boats  or  ships* 
launches,  armed  with  single  guns  in  the  bow,  and  which  might,  on  occasion, 
be  even  more  serviceable  than  the  stationary  shore  batteries.  Considering 
the  vast  amount  of  property  in  vessels,  docks,  timber-yards,  &c.,  exposed  b 
most  of  these  rivers  to  sudden  attack  from  privateers,  shipowners  and  others 
would  probably  be  well  disposed,  and  think  it  indeed  only  a  wise  precaution 
on  their  part,  to  place  any  spare  boats  in  their  possess  ion  which  are  adapted 
for  the  above-named  purposes,  at  the  disposal  of  such  associations,  and  even 
themselves  to  promote  their  organisation, T- 


GRATUITOUS  ISSUE  OF  BEDDING  TO  ROYAL  MARINES. 
The  following  Circular,  dated  14th  of  May,  has  just  been  promulgated  ;*— 
tL  My  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty  are  pleased  to  direct  that 
the  Royal  Marines,  on  embarkation,  be  supplied  with  bedding  gratuitously 
under  the  same  terms  and  restrictions  as  Seamen  and  boys,  by  their  Lord- 
ships Circular  Order,  No.  364,  of  28tii  April,  1859,  and  from  the  same  date. 

NAVAL  CHAPLAINS  AND  MEDICAL  OFFICERS. 

At  the  Court  at  Buckingham  Palace,  the  13th  day  of  May,  1859,  pre< 
the  Queen's  Mont  Excellent  Majesty  in  Council 

Whereas  there  was  this  day  read'nt  the  Board  a  memorial  Irom  the  Right 
Honourable  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty,  dated  the  twelfth 
day  of  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  frJty-nine,  in  the  words  fol- 
lowing, viz. : — ■ 

"  Wlierens  we  have  had  under  our  ecmsiderution  the  present  Condition  of 
the  t  haplams  ot  your  Majesty's  Navy,  with  the  view  of  ameliorating  their 
position,  and  placing  them  more  on  an  equality  with  the  Chaplains  of  your 
Majesty's  Army,  in  regard  to  their  relative  ranks  and  rates  of  pav  and  half 
pay,  pensions  to  their  widows,  6tc, 


i  nan 


1850,] 


NATAL  AM>  MIlrTAHT  DJTEIir&EJ!  CE, 


445 


I 


u  And  whereas  wc  arc  of  opinion  that  it  would  be  for  the  advantage  of 
your  Majesty's  Service  that  the  following  regulations  should  be  adopted  for 
the  Chaplains  of  the  Royal  Navy* 

i ,  Thai  then-  shall  he  Four  Clashes  of  Chaplains  to  rant  as  follows  ; — 
Fourth  claaa,  under  ton  yeara*  service,  to  rank  with  Lieutenants  ;  third  class, 
under  fifteen  years1  service,  to  rank  with  CVunnianders  ;  second  class,  under 
twenty  years*  service t  to  rank  with  Captains  under  three  years*  standing; 
first  class,  above  twenty  years*  service,  to  rank  with  Captains  above  three 
years*  standing;  and  that  the  Senior  Chaplain  of  Greenwich  Hospital  shall 
be  reeo-jniscd  as  head  of  the  Naval  Chaplains,  bearing  the  title  of  Chaplain 
of  tin-  Fleet,  and  rank  with  a  Rear  Admiral. 

id.  Thai  the  Full  Pay  shall  be: — Chaplain*  under  ten  years*  service, 
killings  per  diem  ]  Chaplains  under  fifteen  years*  service,  twelve  sliii 
per  diem;  Chaplain?  under  twenty  vein1  service,  fourteen  shillings  per  diem  ; 
rliaplains  above  twenty  years"  serviee,  sixteen  shilling  per  diem. 

M  3rd*  That  the  Ila&  Fay  shall  be  : — Chaplains  under  iive  years*  service, 
five  shillings  per  diem  ;  Chaplains  above  five  year**  service,  six  shillings  per 
diem ;  Chaplains  above  ten  years*  service,  seven  shillings  and  sixpence  per 
diem  ;  Chaplains  above  fifteen  years*  service,  ten  shillings  per  diem  ;  Chap- 
lains above  twenty  years*  service,  twelve  shillings  per  diem. 

u4tL  That  the  pensions  to  the  widows  of  Xaval  Chaplains  shall  1aj  aj 
follows,  provided  the  Chaplain  shall  have  served  one  year  alter  his  mar- 
riage : — 

r  Chaplains  under  ten  years*  service  on  Full  Fay,  fifty  pounds  per  annum. 
Chaplains  under  twenty  years*  service  on  Full  Pay,  seventy  pounds  per  an- 
num, t'lniplains  above  twenty  years*  service  on  Full  Pay,  ninety  pounds 
per  annum. 

"oth.  yhat  no  alteration  shall  he  made  in  the  present  rates  of  additional 
pay  and  half  pay  allowed  to  Chaplains  of  the  Royal  Navy  when  holding  the 
office  of  N;tV!il  Instructor, 

Gth.  That  no  Naval  Chaplain  who  may  avail  himself  of  lbs  Regulations 
ahall  be  allowed  to  retire  under  twenty-five  years*  serviee,  excepting   on  (ln_« 
tnd  of  permanent  unfitness  from  ill-health— but  that  such  Chaplains  now 
„  Jie  list  who  may  prefer  to  remain  on  their  present  rate  of  full  pay,  and 
under  the  existing  Regulations  with  regard  to  half  pay  and  retirement,  shall 
he  allowed  to  do  so. 

**  And  wc  be j  leave  to  present  to  your  Majesty,  that  the  Lords  of  your 
Majesty's  Treasury  have  signified  their  concurrence  in  the  proposed  arrange* 
meat" 

Her  Majr-lv  having  taken  the  said  Memorial  into  consideration,  was 
pleased,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  Her  Privy  Council,  to  approve  of  what 
is  therein  proposed  j  and  the  Right  Honourable  the  Lords  Commissioners  of 
the  Admiralty  are.  to  give  the  necessary  directions  herein  accordingly, 

Wm.  L.  Bath  heat. 


office 

"  61 

tshall  I 


MEDICAL  OFFICERS. 


K  Whereas  we  have  had  under  our  consideration  the  necessity  of  assimilating, 
us  Jar  as  possible,  the  relative  ranks  and  rates  of  Pay  :md  Half  Pay  of  the 
Medical  Officers  of  yew  Maje.-n  ad  Aran. 

And  arenas  we  are  of  ojunion  that  it  would  be  for  tin:  ad  vantage  of  your 
MajeatyTfl  Service  that  the  following  regulations  should  be  adopted  for  the 
Medical  Officers  of  the  Royal  bJnvy,  viz,:  — 

44 1st.  That  there  shall  be  four  mclea  of  Medical  Officers,  viz,: — L  In- 
spector General  of  Hospitals  and  Fleets,  2.  Deputy  Inspector  General  of 
Hospitals  and  Fleets,     3.  Surgeon,  who,  site  twenty  years*  service  on  Full 

U   8.  Mag.,  No,  368,  Julx,  1859.  *  * 


44tf 


r.n 


[Jm 


Pay,  ten  of  which  in  the  rank  of  Surgeon,  shall  be  styled  Staff  Surgeon .    4. 
Assistant  Surgeon* 

"  *2nd.  That  no  can diduti*  shidl  be  admitted  to  the  examination  for  a  Com- 
mission in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Royal  Navy  who  does  not  possess 
such  si  diploma  as  would  qualify  a  civilian  t"  practise  medicine  and  sm 
and  no  such  candidate  shall  receive  a  Commission  as  Assistant  Surgeon 
he  shall  have  satisfactorily  passed  an  examination  in  Naval  surgery  and 
hygiene  before  a  Board  of  Examiners  appointed  by  th^  Lords  Commissioners 
of  the  Admiralty. 

:i3rd.  That  no  Assistant  Surgeon  shall  be  eligible  for  promotion  to  (Ik- 
rank  of  Surgeon  until  he  shall  have  parsed  such  ex  am  .in  at  ion  as  the  Lords 
Commissioners  of  ihe  Admiralty  may  require,  and  shall  have  served  on  full 
pay  with  the  Commission  of  Assistant  Surgeon  for  five  years,  of  which 
two,  at  least,  shall  have  been  passed  on  board  one  of  your  Majesty's  sea- 
going ships  < 

A  4th,  That  no  Surgeon  shall  be  eligible  for  promotion  to  the  rank  of 
Deputy  Inspector  General  of  Hospitals  and  Fleets  until  he  shall  have 
ten  years  in  your  Majesty's  Navy  on  full  pay,  of  which  three,   al    least,  must 
have  peen  passed  in  one  of  your  Majesty's  ships  on  some  one  or  more  foreign 
stations,  with  the  rank  nf  Surgeon, 

k \"ith.  That  no  Deputy  Inspector  General  of  Hospitals  and  Fleets  shall 
he  eligible  for  promotion  to  the  rank  of  Inspector  41  enend  until  he  shall 
served  five  years  at  home,  or  three  years  abroad,  in  the  rank  of  Pep 
Inspector  Gen era! , 

11  That  in  rases  of  emergency,  however,  or  when  the  good  of  your  Maj 
Service  may  render  su?h  altera tinn  desirable.  It  shall   be   competent  for  the 
Lords   Commissioners   of  the  Admiralty  to  shorten  tin    several  peffc 
service  above-mentioned,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall   deem  fit  and  ex* 
pedient. 

14  6th.  That  the  rates  of  Full  Pay  of  the  Medical  Officers  of  your  M;u 
Navy  shall,  in  future,  be  in  accordance  with  the  following  schedule : — 

Fi  wl  Pay. — Inspector  General  of  Hospitals  and  Fleets,  after  thirty  years* 
service  on  Full  Pay,  £'2  5s. ;  after  twenty- five  years1  service  on  Full  Pay, 
£2  5s. ;  after  twenty  years1  service  on  Fall  Pay,  £2 ;  or  on  promotion,  should 
these  periods  of  service  nd  have  teen  already  completed.  Deputy  \u 
General  of  Hospitals  and  Fleets,  after  thirty  years1  service  on  Full  Fay, 
XI  14s. :  after  twtnly-nvc  years*  service  on  Full  Pay,  £l  10s.  ;  alter  twenty 
years'  service  on  Full  Pay/il  8s. ;  or  on  promotion;  should  these  periods  of 
service  not  have  been  already  completed.  Staff  Surgeon,  after  twenty-five 
years1  service  on  Full  Pay,  £\  5s, ;  after  twenty  years*  service  on  Full*  Pay, 
£t  2s.  Surgeon,  after  fifteen  years'  service  on  Full  Pay,  18s*;  after  ten 
yean*1  service  on  Full  Pay,  los.  :  of  on  promotion,  should  these  periods  of 
service  not  have  been  already  completed.  Assistant  Surgeon,  at ter  ten  years1 
service  on  Full  Fay,  13s* :  after  Ave  years1  service  on  Full  Pay,  lis.  6d.; 
under  five  years*  service  on  Full  Pay,  10s, 

u7rh.  That  every  Medical  Officer  on  the  Active  List,  now  on  Half  Pay, 
and  those  who  may  be  placed  on  it  subsequently  to  the  date  of  your  Majesty? 
Order  in  Council  authorizing  this  proposal,  shall  be  allowed  the  Half  Pay' to 
which  his  period  of  service  on"  Full  ray  shall  entitle  him,  according  t&  tin   i.| 
lowing  schedule  ; — 

Half  Pay. — Inspector  General  of  Hospitals  and  Fleets,  alter  30  vears*  ser- 
vice on  Foil  Pay,  £l  17s.  Oil;  after  25  ye;nV  service  <m  Full  Pay,  £l  I3s,  64 
after  20  years*  service  ob  Full  Pay.  £l  10s.*:  or  on  promotion,  should  these 
periods  of  service  not  have  been  already  completed.  Deputy  Inspect- 
oral of  Hospitals  and  Fleets,  after  SO  years*  service  on  Full  Pay,  £1  5s 
after  25  years*  service  On  Full  Pay,  £1  2s.  6d.;  after  20  years"  service  on  full 
pay,  £l  Is/  ;  or  on  promotion  should  these  periods  of  service  not  have  been 
already  completed,    Stall' Surgeon,  after  20  years1  service  on  Full  Pay,  18a. 


3TATA.L   k*l\   mtlTATlT   TTTEIT 


fCB. 


HI 


■ 


Bd.\  after  20  years*  service  en  Full  PayT  lite*  Gd.  Surgeon,  after  15  years 
service  on  Full  Pay,  I*.  fid. ;  after  10  years*  service  on  Full  Pay  Us,*;  or 
on  promotion,  should  these  periods  of  service  not  have  been  already  C 
pitted.  Assistant  Surgeon,  after  10  years*  service  on  Full  Pay,  IDs. ;  after 
ear*'  service,  on  Full  Pay,  8s.  ;  under  five  years1  sendee  ou  Full  Pay, 
ft*. 

*8th.  That  with  a  view  to  maintain  the  efficiency  of  the  Service,  all 
a1  Officers  of  the  ranks  of  Stall  Burgeott,  Surgeon,  «nd  Assistant  Sur- 
geon, shall  be  placed  on  the  Retired  List,  when  they  shall  have  attained  the 
age  of  sixty  years;  Deputy  Inspectors  General  shall  be  placed  on  such 
Retired  List  when  they  shall  have  attained  the  ajre  of  sixty-five  years;  and 
Inspectors  QeisBftl  when  ln*>y  shall  have  attained  the  agre  of  seventy  years, 
us  superannuated  shall  receive  the  rates  of  half  pay  mentioned  in 
the  preceding  schedule, 

u  9th.  That  the  relative  rank  of  the  Medical  Officers  of  your  Majesty's 
Navy  shall  be  Manias  to  that  conferred  upon  the  Medical  Officers  of  the 
\,  and  *hall  be  as  follows  : — 

*  \n  Assistant  Snr<reon  shall  rank  as  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Army,  accord tag 
te  the  date  of  his  Commission,  and  after  six  years'  service  on  Full  Pay 
as  a  Captain  in  the  Army,  according  to  the  date  of  the  completion  of  such 
service. 

u  A  Surgeon  ehaU  rank  a^  Major  in  the  Army,  according  to  the  date  of 
his  Commission  ;  and  a  Stall  Surgeon  ;is  Lieutenant  Colonel,  hut  juiriur  of 
that  rank, 

11  A  Deputy  Inspector  General  of  Hospitals  and  Fleets  shall  rank  as  Lien- 
tenant  Colonel,  according  to  the  date  of  his  Commission  ;  and  after  five  years" 
service  on  Full  Pay,  as  Deputy  Inspector  General*  shall  rank  as  Colonel, 
according  to  the  date  of  completion  of  such  service. 

4*  An  Injector  General  of  Hospitals  and  Fleets  shall  rank  as  Brigadier 
General,  according  to  the  date  of  hi-  Commission  5  and  after  three  years' 
service  on  Fnll  Pay,  as  Inspector  General,  shnTl  rank  as  Major  General,  ac^ 
eording  to  th<-  date  of  completion  of  inch  service. 

■*  l'i -uvided  always,  that  no  Naval  Officer,  while  borne  on  the  books  of  one 
of  JBfP  Majesty4  employed  on  establishments  on  shore,  shall  be 

deemed  superior  in  rank  to  the  Officer  appointed  to  command  such  ship  or 
lishment ;  but  such  Commanding  Officer  shall,  under  all  circumstances, 
he  In dd  to  be  superior  in  rank  and  precedence  to   every  Officer  under  his 
command, 

"  10th.  That  such  relative  rank  shall  carry  with  it  all  precedency  and  ad- 
vantages  attaching  to  the  rank  with  whi.'h  it  corresponds,  and  shall  regulate 
the  choice  of  quarters,  rates  of  lodging-money,  servants,  forage,  fuel  and 
i^r  allowances  in  their  stead,  when  Medical  Officers  of  the  Navy  may 
be  employed  on  shore  on  joint  service  with  your  Majesty's  Land  Forces;  hut 
that  Medical  Officers  serving  in  the  Fleet,  shall,  notwittistandiufr  the  relative 
rank  thus  ■■■■nifcrred npon  then**  in  all  such  details,  and  also  in  matters  re- 
lating to  the  duties  of  the  Fleet,  and  the  discipline  and  interior  economy  of 
jfyur  Majesty's  ships,  be  subject,  as  fceretoJbfe.  to  the  authority  of  any  execu- 
tive Officer,  of  the  Military  branch  while  on  duty,  wider  the  general  regula- 
tions which  may  from  time  to  time  he  prescribed  by  the  Lord  Hi^h  Admiral, 
or  the  Com-  for  executing  the  office  of  Lord  Hiffh    Admiral;  and 

that  Medical  Officers  shall  share  prize  money  according  to  the  Proclamation 
or  Proclamations  which  may  be  in  force  for  the  lime  being,  fb#  regulating  the 
distribution  of  the  proceeds  of  prises  in  the  Royal  N 

M  1  Ith.  That  Medical  Officers  shall  be  entitled  to  the  same  allowance1?,  on 
account  of  wounds  and  In juries  received  in  action,  as  eonibatant  Office rs 
holding  the  same  relative  ran' 

*  This  ejaust  doea  not  B*b 
Regime utal  Guards,  as  laid  down  in  pages  50  and  30  of  vow'&\e^*lita»^a&aoab 
for  the  Ann/,  nor  ta  carrespoudiog  honours  paid  ou^oaii  vqhs  lAa^avj  »*ft^*- 

Gi  *  % 


44* 


HAT 


UTD  inilTABY  TKTELLlGEffCE. 


[Jtot, 


"12th.  That  tlie  fanntbes  of  Medical  Officers  shall  in  like  manner  be 
i-ntitlcd  to  the  same  allowances  as  granted  to  the  fanaillies  of  combatant 
Officers  holding  the  same  relative  ranks 

"  13th.  That  Medical  Officers  shall  be  held  entitled  to  the  same  honours 
as  other  Officers  of  the  Royal  Navy  of  equal  relative  rank.  • 

u  14th.  That  a  Medical  Officer  retiring  after  a  Full  Paj  service  of  iff 
years,  may,  in  cases  of  distinguished  service,  receive  a  step  of  honorary  rack, 
but  without  increase  of  half  pay. 

41  15th*  Tbat  good  service  medals  will  be  awarded  to  the  most  meritori- 
ous Medical  Officers  of  the  Royal  Navy,  under  such  regulations  as  shall, 
from  time  to  time,  be  determined  upon  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Lard 
High  Admiral,  or  tin;  Commissioners  for  </N.ecuting  that  office, 

4i  16th,  That  four  of  the  most  meritorious  Medical  Officers  of  the  Royal 
Navy  shall  be  mimed  Honorary  Physicians,  and  four  Honorary  Surgeons  to 
your  Majer-l  y. 

Her  Majrcsty  having  taken  the  said  Memorial  into  consideration  was 
pleased,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  Her  Privy  Council,  tn  approve  of  what  is 
herein  proposed;  and  the  Right  Honourable,  the  Lords  Commissioner  of  the 
Admiralty  are  to  give  the  necessary  directions  herein  accordingly, 

Wmi  L.  Bathurst. 


THE  COMMISSARIAT  CORPS. 

Provisional  Rules  and  Regulations  fur  th&  Organisation  of  the  Commissariat  Corps. 

1.  The  commissariat  eorp^  slml!  consist  of  the  ranks,  receive  the  rates  of 
pay,  and  be  subject  to  the  rules  and  regulations  hereinafter  specified, 

2.  This  corps  shall  be  officered  from  the  commissariat  staff!  and  shall  be 
bible  to  serve  in  all  situations,  both  at  home  and  abroad, 

3.  Tbe  ranks  and  rates  of  pay  shall  be  as  follows  :—  Sergeant-major,  3s.  8d, ; 
quarter- master-sergeant,  3s.  2d. }  pay  master -sergeant!   2s.  4d. ;  *paym 
sergeant  after  three  years  uninterrupted  service  as  such,  3s,  lOd,  ;  orderly^ 
room   clerk,  2s,  4d. ;  orderly-roam  clerk  after  three  years  uninterrupted 
service  as  such,  2s,   10d, ;  colour  or  company  sergeant,  3a.  2d.  ;  serj 

2a.  4d. ;  corporal.  Is,  7 id. ;  2nd  corporal,  Is,  6d. ;  private,  Is,  3d.  j  h w 
Is,  3d,  per  diem. 

4k  The  following  rates  of  special  pay  shall  be  issued  to  the  non-comnus- 
sumed  officers  holding  the  undermentioned  appointments,  in  addition  to 
the  orcUnary  pay  of  their  rank,  while  actually  employed.  But  those  rates 
shall  not  bo  drawn  when  in  hospital  or  on  furlough; — 1  sergeant-major, 
2s*  6d, ;  I  acting  serge&nt-mqjor,  2a.  b'd. ;  1  quartermaster  sergeant,  K  6dP;" 
1  paymaster  sergeant,  Ia*6cLj  1  orderly -room  clerk,  Is,  (i<L  per  diem. 

In  consideration  of  these  extra  rates  of  payT  tbe  non-com  missioned  oflln.-rs 
in  question  will  be  liable  to  be  called  upon  to  perform  any  commissariat  dttiy 
which  the  commissariat  officer  in  charge  may  sec  tit  to  assign  to  them  in 
addition  to  that  of  their  appointment. 

5,  Non-commissioned  officers  appointed  clerks,  storekeepers,  and  assistant 
storekeepers,  shall  receive  the  following  rates  of  pay; — 

On  After  three 

appointment  years'  service 


or,) 


per  diem. 

fWith  the  rank  of  sergeant- muj or, 
and  in  addition  to  the  pay 
sergeant 
With  the  rank  of  sergeant,    and) 
in  addition  tn  the  pay  of  ser-  V 
geant  j 

Temporary  clerks   with    the    rank   and  pay' 
they  may  hold  in  th»  sorps 


1 


d. 
0 

6 

0 

0 


per  diem. 

g.    d. 

2    6 


1    6 

No  increase. 


L85S 


HATAL  AKD  MILITARY  HTTELLiaEBTCE, 


449 


6.  The  elassifi cation  of  these  non-eommissioned  officers  will  depend  upon 
the  extent  and  importance  of  the  duties  on  which  they  are  employed,  but 
the  pay  of  assistant  storekeepers  shall  not  exceed  that  of  the  3rd  class. 

7.  Working  pay  shall  be  allowed  to  ateh  nun  commissioned  officer,  private, 
and  bugler*  tor  such  number  of  days  and  parts  of  a  day,  as  he  may  be 
actually  employed  on  other  than  military  duty  ;  but  working  pay  will  not  be 
issued  Yor  holidays  when  on  the  march,  in  hospital,  or  on  board  ship,  oakrt 
in  tlie  last-mentioned  case  when  employed  on  some  trade  or  occupation  to  be 
specially  certified* 

8.  Working  pay  shall  he  divided  into  three  classes,  1st  class,  at  the  rate  of 
Is*  6d,  ;  2nd  class,  Is, ;  3rd  class,  6d,  per  diem. 

9.  The  1st  class  of  working  pay  shall  be  considered  an  extraordinary  rate, 
and  reserved  as  a  remuneration  tor  skilled  labour  of  a  superior  order,  or  for 
a  situation  of  trust,  and  not  merely  tor  long  service  or  exemplary  conduct. 
And  in  no  case  shall  any  man  be  placed  in  it  without  a  strict  investigation 
into  his  qualifications,  which  must  be  recorded  and  submitted  for  the  approval 
of  the  commissary  general- in  -00164. 

10.  Working  pay  will  be  paid  according  to  the  talent  and  industry  of  the 
individual,  the  same  with  respect  to  the  2nd  and  3rd  classes,  to  be  deter- 
mined by  the  senior  commissariat  officer  at  the  station,  upon  a  written  report 
from  the  junior  otlicer  under  whose  immediate  direction  the  men  may  have 
neen  employed* 

11.  All  uon -commissioned  officers  and  privates  of  this  corps  shall  bo 
entitled  to  clothing,  rations  of  provisions  (for  which  the  usual  deduction 
shall  be  made),  together  with  lodging,  fuel,  and  light,  or  an  allowance  in  lieu 
thereof,  according  to  rank, 

12.  All  aon-conuni  ulhcers  and  privates  of  this  corps  shall  be 
entitled  to  the  benefits  of  the  good -con  duct  regulations,  rewards  for  merito- 
rious services,  and  feo  pen  a  same  conditions  as  other  soldiers,  under 
the  general  regulations  of  the  army,  the  period  of  service  being  the  same  as 
that  of  the  mlantry,  including  service  as  soldiers  in  other  corps  before  enter- 
ing the  commissariat  corps. 

13.  The  ranks  of  this  corps  shall  be  filled  by  soldiers  volunteering  from 
the  rmnks  of  other  corps  of  thu  army, 

11.  Volunteers  shall  not  be  under  20  nor  above  30  years  of  age,  and  must 
have  served  at  least  two  years  as  soldiers  before  entering  the  commissariat 
corps. 

15.  Soldiers  who  have  served  two  years  in  the  embodied  militia,  and  sub- 
sequently enlisted  into  any  regiment  or  corps  of  the  army,  shall  be  eligible 
on  the  same  terms  as  soldiers  of  two  years'  service  in  the  army. 

16.  Volunteers  must  be  of  good  character,  and  be  recommended  by  their 
commanding  officers.  They  should  be  acquainted  with  the  first  four  rules  of 
arithmetic,  and  write  a  lair  legible  hand. 

17.  Volunteers  shall  be  received  on  probation t  lor  a  period  not  exceeding 
three  months,  and  at  the  expiration  of  the  period  of  probation,  shall  be  either 
permanently  accepted  or  returned  to  their  regiment  or  corps. 

18.  ^on-commissioned  officers  and  privates  on  probation  shall  remain  on 
the  strength  and  payment  of  their  respective  regiments  or  corps,  receiving 
only  from  the  commissariat  additional  or  working  pay,  according  to  class 
qualification,  and  time  of  employment, 

19.  All  non-commissioned  ofheers  and  privates  of  this  corps  shall  be  liable 
to  be  discharged  from  the  service  at  any  time  thai  the  commander-in-chief 
shall  think  fit,  without  any  claim  for  compensation  beyond  the  pensions  men- 
tioned in  Article  13, 

20.  In  all  points  not  specifically  detailed,  or  provided  tor,  in  these  rules 
and  regu!a,tii>r];iT  the  non-commissioned  officers  and  privates  of  this  corps 
shall  be"  subject  to  all  the  rules  and  regulations  afiecting  the  other  corps  of 
the  army* 


450 


1TATA1   JLND  MHJTABT  IKTELLIGEWCI:. 


21.  The  commissariat  corps  shall  be  under  the  direct  ion  of  the  commissary 
general-in  chief,  who  sdmll  select  an  officer  of  the  eommwwwiat  to  act  as 
general  staff  officer  of  the  corps.  This  officer  ahull  lie  charged  with  the 
general  superintendence  of  the  corps,  and  the  preservation  of  its  record 

all  correspondence  connected  with  the  corj*s  shall  be  addressed  to  the  com- 
mipfliirv  general4n -chief  through  him. 

22.  Such  officers  shall  be  entitled  to  the  rate  of  charge  pay  assigned  to  his 
rank  by  Royal  Warrant  of  the  28th  October,  1858- 

23.  Commissariat  officers  in  charge  of  detachments  of  the  corps,  shall  have 
the  powers  of  officers  commanding  companies,  receiving  the  rates  of  contin- 
gent allowance  prescribed  for  infantry  in  the  War-1  ^illations, 

War-Office,  10th  May,  1H59.  B.  Ha  wis. 


<l  AFF  EXAMINATIONS. 

Hoasc  Guards,  31  at  May,  1859. 

With  reference  to  paragraph  13  of  the  Horse  Guards  Memorandum,  dated 
17th  December,  1857,  Bis  Koyal  Highness  the  General  Commanding  in 
Chief  is  pleased  to  direct,  that  this  General  Order  be  issued  for  the  informa- 
tion and  guidance  of  those  ntheer*  who  may  be  desirous  to  compete  at  the 
first  final  examination  of  the  Staff  College,  without  having  previously  under- 
gone the  course  of  iusti -ui'tiou  at  that  instil  u< 

The  first  final  examinnlion  will  be  held  at*  he  College  in  December  next ; 
and  Qbom  oftoers  who,  having  served  the  regulated  period,  can  produce  the 
necessary  certificates,*  should  send  in  their  names  to  the  Adjutant  General, 
thnm^li  their  commanding  officer,  not  later  titan  the  1st  of  October, 

As  it  is  important  thoroughly  to  test  the  knowledge  of  candidates  as  regards 
the  practical  subjects  taught  at  the  Staff  College,  such  as  reconnoitring,  field 
engineering,  military  equitation,  &c,  they  will,  for  this  purpose,  be  required 
to  join  the  College  at  least  one  month  before  the  final  examination,  i.*.,  on 
the  lit  November  next, 

following  sire  the  subjects  for  examination,  viz.: — 

Mathematics. — The  candidates  will  be  examined  to  the  extent  stated  in 
paragrfiph  8  of  the  Memorandum  of  the  1 7th  December,  1867 

Ga&dEllAtefl  desirous  to  obtain  a  Syllabus  of  the  Course,  as  taught  at  the 
College,  should  apply  fur  the  same  retary  to  the  Council  of  Mili- 

tary Kdiu.itioiK  1,  Whiten  all  -yard,  Loudon,  S,W, 

French.-- The  candidate  will  be  examined  both  orally  and  in  writing,  the 
latter  including  Freoch  Qrtmmar  and  Composition,  as  well  ns  Ti \. 

FoBTirioATioK  AND  Ahtlllert*— The  candidate  will  be  examined  as  to 
his  knowledge  of  these  subjects;  and  will,  in  addition,  be  required  to  produce 
a  plan,  either  of  one  uf  the  bastiuned  systems,  or  of  the  modern  German 
*  i  us,  or  of  any  existing  fortress,  and  also  apian  of  attack  of  a  forlr> 

These  and  any  other  plans  which  the  candidate  made  produc  (prion 

he  must  certify  to  have  been  executed  by  liimsel*!  He  will  also  be  required, 
doriifg  the  mouth  he  is  at  (fee  College,  prior  to  the  examination,  to  draw  some 
profile:*,  aud  a  field  trace  trom  given  conditions* 

Toromt.mticAL  Drawing,  Military  Surveying,  axd  Sketching. — The 
candidate  will  be  required  to  produce  a  plan  of  not  leis  than  six  square  miles 
of  t*i»uiilrv(  which  also  he  must  certify  to  be  his  nwn  work. 

KfcCoNNoisAsCE. — To  be  executed while  at  the  College  during  the  month 
am  to  the  examination,  as  already  stated. 

Military  Art  am>  History.— The  Course  of  Lectures  at  the  Staii 
lege  is  shown  in  the  accompanying   paper.     As,  however,  the   campaigns 
therein  stated  may  not  in  all  instance    bare  been  studied  by  candidates  who 
have  not  passed  through  the  college    they  will  be  given  nn  opportunity  to 


1859] 


SAVAl   AND   MILITAJIT  iSTELU01.*\  E. 


451 


show  their  kiw  those  portions  of  military  history  which  they  may 

have  actually  studied  \  and  for  this  purpose  they  slmuld  .send  a  statement  of 
the  campaigns  in  which  tbey  desire  to  be  examined,  when  applying  for  p*^ 
mission  to  compete. 

Militabt  Aoministbatiox  and  Law. — A  synopsis  of  the  lectures  oo  this 
subject  is  also  enclosed, 

Wmtfi  Himustasi.ur  aw  othkr  Modern  Lamu  'age. — The  candidate 
will  be  examined  in  the  same  manner  a*  in  the  French  language* 
n  Geology* — As  applied  to  military  seience. 

Qf  the  above  subjects,  German^  Hindustanis  and  any  other  modern  Lan- 
guage, with  the  exception  of  French,  and  also  Chemistry  and  Geology,  are 
optional  to  the  candidate  ;  tin*  r«.'st  arc  o 

htfy  order  of  His  Royal  Highness,  the  General  Commanding-iu-Cht¥l 
G*  A.  Wet  her  all,  Adjutant  General. 
STNOPSIS  OF  THE  LECTURES  AT  THE  STAFF  COLLEGE. 
On  a  1 1  u  t  ar y  O  Ro  antsation  AM)  AruarNisTB  ATTO^ . — Recruiting— Sy stem 
of,  Organisation  of  the  Three  Arm* — Principle*  to  ho  served;  coinbinatiun* 
field  for  service  Organisation  of  Dtf/tfrfiHf»fo^Cominisaariat,  medical,  and 
military  train,  in  time  of  pence,  and  in  field.  &qwpmemt—ArmB  and 
clothing;  present  regulations  and  warrants  relating  to ;  effect  of  equipment 
upon  organisation  and  tactical  manoeuvres  ;  clothing,  tents,  tools,  &e.,  tor 
■nice;  weight  of;  means  ofcomeyjiniM'  ■  reserve  stores, — Ammunition 
— Proportion  fi»  hz&ntrjj  cavalry,  and  artillery,  carried  in  the  field  and 
reserved.  Departments — Respective  duties  and  principles  of  action  of  each 
of  the;  proportion  of  military  staff  for  nn  amy  in  the  fit-Id.  Finance—- 
Pay,  allowance,  tad  pensions,  Suinutence — Food  forage  and  allowances  in 
kind  ;  in  field  ;  best  description,  and  supply  of.  Medical  Arrangements — 
Foi  ination  and  supply  of  hospitals  and  ambulance,  rrn^*p0f-£^Propox*tion 
in  the  field  ;  best  description  and  distribution. 

The  respective  duties  of1  the  di itere nt  departments  illustrated  in  considering 

the  following  subjects,  viz  : — Embarkation — Arrangements  for ;  estimate  of 

time  ;   tonnage  required  for  infantry,  cavalry T  and  artillery.   Duties  on  board 

skip—Diumbarkatton — Arrangements  fur;  estimate  of  time.  March — »Ord«r 

s.tent  ;  time,     Encampment — Selection  and  formation. 

Military  Law.— lie  Lectures  on  Military  Legislation  have  comprised 
the  following  subjects:  Necessity  of  a  distinct  code  from  that  of  the  civil 
law  ;  consideration  of  the  mutiny  act  and  articles  of  war  :  persons  Mib|ect 
t+j  the  act*  convention,  jurisdiction,  and  powers  of  courts  -martini  ;  appoint- 
ment and  duties  of  President,  members,  and  Officiating  Judge  Advocate  i 
I ram ing  charges  ;  preliminaries  to  trial ;  ibrm  and  pioeeeduigs  of  trial  j 
duties  of  proMH  utor;  nature  of  evidence  ;   defence  ;  finding  and  sentence. 

The  questions  which  were  given  on  military  administration  and  legislation 
to  the  end  of  the  first  year's  course,  in  December  last,  will  he  some  guide 
fts  to  the  nature  of  these  fur  the  final  examination. 

Military  Art  aso  History.— Waterloo  campaign:  military  history  of 
India,  ami  operations  in  Bengal  during  the  mutini  .impaign  ; 

battle  of  Blenheim;  campaign  of  1757;  campaign  of  1790;  Marengo 
campaign;  battle  of  Marengo;  battles  of  Prague,  Kollin,  Unburn,  and 
Leu  the  ri ;  batdes  of  Talavera,  Salamanca,  and  Vittoria  ;  Radetzky's  cam- 
paign 184-8  ;  campaign  of  ISQtJ  in  the  Peninsula;  operations  in  Spain  liUQ; 
passage  of  ihe  Oouro  ;  retreat  on  Torres  Yedras;  campaign  of  &12  in  the 
Peninsula. 


4  &?e  Psragnph  !t  of  ttw  Meroonadam  lintel  iith  December  l**7. 


152 


mSTHiBUTioir  or  the  bombay  ajuit. 


[JULT 


FuETUEtt  search  for  THE  M  Sappho/'— Her  Majesty's  colonial  steamship 
Vktorio  had  returned  to  Hobson1s  Buy  from  a  cruise  in  search  of  traces  of 
the  Sappho,  and  which,  we  regret,  was  not  attended  with  success-  Having 
landed  Sir  Ilenry  Barkly  at  Port  Albert  on  the  26th  of  February,  the  Vic- 
toria cruised  alon^  the  coast  in  the  vicinity  of  Wibon's  Promontory,  which 
was  carefully  examined  ;  also  the  Ten  1  oat  Rock  Devil's  Tower,  Curtk 
Island,  Hodondo,  Glennie's  Isle,  M  on  event,  the  iff  lands  composing  Kent's 
and  Hogan*s  groups  ;  also  Hummock's  Inland*.  The  Sappho  when  last  seen, 
m  LVbruary,  1858,  was  about  30  miles  west  of  Cape  Otmy,  the  wind 
easterly,  and  standing  oflT  the  inland  on  the  port  tack;  weather  tine  at  the 
time*  Shi'  was  then  at  the  entrance  of  Bass's  Straits,  and  if  she  continued 
her  course  would  reach  about  the  Harbinger  Rocks,  which  are  standing  north- 
west of  King's  Island* 


13ISTEIBUTION  OF  THE  BOMBAY  AEMY. 

The  following  is  the  distribution  of  the  Bombay  Army,  corrected  to 
the  1st  February* 


HKft  MAJESTY^  ITOME  TROOPS. 
3rd  {The  Prtnco    of  Wales') 

own  Cinards         -    -     Ahmednuggwr 
Squadron  field  Service-    -    Field  Service 
l3etAch[i>>.  jLt     -    -    -    -    ~    Hat  tar  a 
Dehuhment     -    -    -    -    -    Sholapore 
6th  Inntakllling  Dragoons  -    Klrkce 
ftth  Hussar*       -    -    -    -    -    Seepree 

Left  Wing    - Nusserabad 

litis  Light  Dragoon*     -    *    Gwattor 
Detachment      -----    Field  Sen-Ice 

Depot      .......    Kirkec 

I7th  Lancora    -----    lOwir 

ROTAl  RlSGlMKXT   ■  ■]■    hi!  UN     AUTtt.LUT. 

1>  Troop  Hoim  Artillery  -    -    Mhow 

fetri  Gangway,  l*t  Battalion       Hnjpaotana 

2nd  Company,  3rd  Battalion    Fuona 

Urd  Company,  4th  Battalion    Neemuch 

2nd  Company,  Utii  Battalion  A 

7th  Company,  Uth  Bsfctali 

2nd  Company,  13th  If  fit  Tali  on  Rarndn 


Detachment      -----    Sholaporo 

Detachment Sattara 

:>7th  Regiment Field  Some*  Khan- 

deiih 
Malllgaum    and 
Dhoolia 

;hur 
B&lgaum 

Field  Service, 
poo  tana 
74th  Highlander  Detachment Dharwar 


Detachment      -    -    -    - 

Wing-    -    -    -    -    -    - 

04th  Regiment  Foot  .    - 

Depot 

71 «  Highlanders  -    -    - 
7*nd  Highlanders      -    * 


7wth  Illghlandeis  - 
Depot  ----- 
83rd  Regiment  Foot  - 
Depot  -  -  -  -  , 
8Uth  Regiment  Foot  - 


tit  Company,  14th  Bnttalion  Culjiee 
fith  Company.  Uth  Battalion  KuUndghcc       and 
Dharwar 

Royal  Corts  of  EKaiNtitRB. 

llth  Company Rajpootana     Field 

Forw 

21  Bt  Company Gwaiior 

BotAt  Urqihknts  or  Bbiti.iii    Infantry. 

■1il  i    The  Kingiown  Regt;    Ahmcdabad 
Royal  Irish  lit  Battalion  Field  Serrice 

SfMth  (North  GtouoMterahire} 
Regiment     -    ^    .    -    -    Bomtiav 

Detachment      -    -    -     -    -    Naaskfc 

3 1st  Huntingdonshire  Regi- 
ment -------    Poona 

sard  f -ilia  Dnlu  of   Welling- 
ton *  Reghnwrt)  -    ,     -    liaroda 

46th  (South  Devonshire)  Regi- 
meat     ---.-.-    Knrracbcc 

Mst  Regiment ,     -    -    -    -    Moultan 

fieth  West  Essex  Regiment  -    ttelganm 

Detachment     .....    Kulladgheo 


Depot      -    .    - 
89ih  Regiment  - 


BatdEOy 

Poona 
lEiiJpootaiia 

DfiCM 

Gwalior,  under  or- 
ders to  Poona 
Foofta 
RajpOOUsaa      I  let  J 

Force 
Mhow 


»2nd  HighliLndcr*-    . 
Detachment     -----    Imdon 
Both  Regiment  Wing      -    -    Seepree 
Dt'put      -------    Dce*a 

tubman  Legion      -    -    *    -    l'oona 
11  tli  MAJESTY'S  INDIAN  BRITISH 

RfUIMZXT  OF   AtTlLLEBT. 

Horse  Brigade, Head  quarters  l'oona 
lat  (or  Lealle»  Troop,  Head 

Quarters  *_--__    JhansJ 
2nd  Troop    -        -    .        -    Rajpootana 
3rd  Troop    ------    Central " 

4th  Troop    *    -    -    -    -         Booranpor 

1st  Battalion,  Heiul-if  nurtera    Ahmedntiggur 
let  Cumpany    -----    Ahmedabad 

upany  -    .    •    -    .    Belguaui 
Mrd  Company   -    ....     Hydrabad 

4th  Comptiny   -    ^    -    -    -    Bombay 
Snd  Battalion,  Head- quart  era  Bombay 
1st  Company    •  -   -    -   -    Rajpoof&HA 

2nd       Do.       -    -    - 


BRITISH  TROOPS 

illLLFBT. 

i  l'oona 
d 

Jhansl 

Rajpootana 

Central  India 

Booranpor 

Ahmednnggur 

Ahmedabad 

Belgamu 

Mydrabad 

Bombay 
i  Bombay 

Raiixjotaa* 

Sattara 


Z8B9] 


DIBTHtBUTlOW  OF  THE   BOMBAY   ABMY. 


453 


3rd       Do,       Shoiapore 

4th       Do.        -    -    -    -    -    Gwaltor 

FlSSKftVg    AKTtLLKKt. 

1st  Company  -   -   -   -   -  Shikarpoor 

2nd        Uo, (JwaRor 

Dctachmcnt  -    -    -    -    -  Jauhia 

3rd  Company  -----  Kolapoor 

4th       Do.  -    -   -   *   *  Kiirraehee 

COEI'd   OF   ENGINEERS* 

Head  Quarters      #  -    -   -    Toon* 

tlCFASTHT. 

1st  European  Regiment  (Fusi- 
liers* H bik!  Quarter    *    -    MooRan 
Detachment     -    -    -    -    -    Pmrltiaw 

Depot      -------    KurracheL' 

tM  Luropenn  Regiment  L,  I,  Belgaum 
Win  i?       -*..._-    Kolapore 
Detachment      -----    San  glee 

3rd  European  Regiment      -    JbansJ 
Depot      -------    Ahmednuggur 

HER  MAJESTY'S  NATIYE  TROQP& 

AaTILL£RT. 

3rd  Battalion,  Head-quarter*  Ahmedubjul 

1st  Company     .    .    .    -    -    Ahmedabad      and 

BajiJBti 
:*ml        Do.        ...    -    -    Ahmedabad 
3rd        Da         „    -    -    -    .    Dee** 
Detachment      -    -    -    *    -    Field  Service 
4th  Company    .    -    -    -    .    Rajpootana      Field 

Force 
fith         Do,        -    -    -    .    .    Ahmedabad 
6th        Do.        -    -    »    -    *     Aden 
4th  Battalion,  Head  Quarters    Ahmediuiejgur 

lst  Company Roorunpoor 

Detachment      -    -    -    -    -    Chopra 

2nd  Company    -    *    -   —    Ahmednuggur 
4th        Da        -    -     -    -    *    Mhow 

Ufa       Do,        -   -    -  •   -    Boornnpore 
Cusps  of  SAiTKas  ant*  M  js  tns. 
Head  Quarters  (Bombay}    -    Pooua 
1st  Company     -----    Poena 

2nd        Da.        -    -    -         *    Aden 
Detachment      -----    Jhansi 

3rd  Company    -----    Rajpootana 

4th        Do,        -----    Poona 

fitn       Do,       -----    Poona 

Detachment    »    -   •    -   -    Jhanst 

Light  Cavamlt. 
->ud  Rcgunent  Madras  Light 
Cavalry    ------    Shol&pore 

let  Regiment  (Lancers)      -    (iwaliur 
Wing      _-_--.-    Noaserabad 
2nd  Regiment  Light  Cavalry  liajpaotana 
Detachment     -----    Dees* 

3rd  Regiment  Light  Caralry  Jhansl 

IaryAHTitt, 
1st   Regiment   rT    L   (Grena- 
diers*   -    -    Bemhay 

2nd       da        do      *    *    -    Ahmedabad 
3rd  Regiment  M.  L  -    -    -   Sholaporc.unJer  or- 
ders to  Mhow 
Detachment     -----    MaBJguum 
4th        do,       da  (Rifles)-     Sehore 
ith        do.  N.  1*  1.       *         Alinu-tluuggur 
nth       daN.L    -    -    -        Poena 
Detachment    -    -    -    -  Jaulna 

Trh        do*       do,   *    -        Bombay 
Hth        do>        du.    -    -         Raroda 

.Ju,        do*    -    -  Centra  I  India 

loth       do.       do,    -    -        Owshor 
Dili        do.        do.    -    -         Ahmedabad 
12th       do,       do.    *    -         Nusserahad 
lift        do*       do.    -    -         Rajpootana 


14th        do.        do     -  -  Kurvschee 

Detachment     *    -     -  *  Ahmertsbad 

IMti         do.        do.    -  -  Kolaporfl 

Left  Wing-    *    -    -  -  Kultudghec 

Hft        rla        da  -  Surat 

Detachment  -       -  -  Broach 

17th        da        da  -  Ralkote 

lath       do.       do,  -  Belgaum 

Detachment  -  North  Canara 

19th       da       da  -  Malwa  Division 

30th        da        do.  Dbarwar 

$md       da       do.  -  Saitara 

Detachment   -       -  -  Jfahableshwur 

Detachment    -  Punderporc 

23rd        ilft».LI.  *  Mhow 

S4tt)  Regiment  N.  L  -  Jhansl 

Depot     -  Mhow 

+'-5th         do.        do.  -  Gwallor  under   or- 
ders to  Poona 

Depot     -  Poena 

Mb         do,        da  -  Ehundera 

sWth          do.        do.  -  Sholaporc 

UDtli         do*       da  -  Adeu 

301  h         da        da  Dholia 

Detachment    -  Aft*cerghur 

J  1st           da        do,  -  Deesa 

Ul  Kxir.i  Battalion  -  Eurrachce 

2nd  Extra  Battalion  -  Baroda 

3rd  Extra  Battalion  *  Relgaum 

lit  Belooch  Extra  Battalion  Allahabad 

Depot     -  Hydrabad 
2nd  Belooch  Extra  Battalion  Deera  Ghaaee  Khan 

Depot      -        -        -  -  Shikarpoor 

ESUOLfcEP  PEB|$10VaRM. 

Detachment     -       -       -       Tanna 

Da  -  Poena 

Detachment     ...       Doolapee 

Do.  -  Malwan 

Do.  -  Abmcdnuggor 

JunxaiiLAit  Asrb  Local  Corps, 

MtiUitnj. 

Poona  Irregular  florae     -        ¥ leid  Service 

Khandeish 
1st  Regiment  Scinde  Irregular 

Hurae         -  Jacebabad 

2nd  Regiment  Do.  -  Jaeobabod 
3rd  Regiment  Do,  -  Jacebabad 
1st  Regiment  Southern  Malt- 

ratta  Irregular  Horse       Kulladgheo 
Detachment     -       -       .       Recjapore 
2nd  Regiment  Southern  Mali- 

ratta  Irregular  Horse       Kulladghee 
Detachment     -       -       -       Special        Service 
Malwa  Field  Force 
Marino  Battalion      -        -        Bomktv 
1st  Regiment  Jacobs  Rifles      Jacobabad 
2n  1  Regiment  Jacobs  Uitles     Jacobabad 
Native  Vuterau  Rattoiliun         DopooRe 

Obit 
Cu^erat  Irregular  Horse  -       Ahmedabad 
Kutth  Irregular  Horse     -        Rhooj 
Kutch  Legion  -        *       .        hutch 
Guserat  Police  Crjrj«       -        Katra 
lit  KhandeUb  Rheel  Corps       Dhurmmgaum 
2nd  KhaiidcisJ]  Bheel  Corps     Dhurmmgaum 
Chaut  Police  Corps  -        -        Tanna 
Sawnnt  Waree  Local  Corps      Sawunt  Wareo 
Kolapore  Infant  ry  Corps  -       Kolapors 
Rutimgherry  Rangers      *       Kutuagberry 
Guzerat  Coolly  Police  Corps    Ahmedabad 
Adeu  Fohce  Troop  *       -        Special         Serrlee 
Malwa  Field  Force 
3lnd  Extra  BattaUon       *       En  route  to  Deesa 


454 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  MADRAS  ARMY. 
The  following  is  the  Distribution  List  of  tlie  Mudrae  Army.,  corrected  up  to 

October,  18S8, 


Cavaut, 

Eight  Hon  the  Governor's  Bedy 

Guard.    ...............  Madras 

IT.  M.  1st  Dragoon  Guards  ....Bangalore 
H,  M.  12th  Ilnyal  Lancers  Head 

quarters  an d*  lit.  Wing  . . .Secun de ratiad 

tefl  Wing— Field  Service— ticn.  W  hillock's 
Diviiian 
1st  Begt  Native  Light  Cavalry.  .Trtchinopoiy 

find  do,  do *  - . .  Shotopoj  e. 

(under  orders  to  Seeandcr abad. 
Drd  Regt.  Native  Light  Cavalry, 
Head  quarters*  Left  Wing...... Bangalore 

Right  Wing . .UelUiry 

tb  Regt  Natl vtj  Light  Cavalry.. Bengal  Field 

Force 
fith    do,  do., ..........  Boll  ary 

fitb    do,  do.*,* Bengal  Field 

Sendee 
7th    do*  do......t*.,Kamptec 

1  squadron  Scennderannd 
Amim**t. 
H  Troops  lioyul  Horse  Artillery,  StThofl.'  Mount 
Head  quartan*    Madra*    Horse 

Artlllerv ...........  ..Bangalore 

A  Troop,     Field    Service    Gen.    WMteTock*s 
lavish  mi 

B.  Troop    , . .........  * Secun  dernbad 

C.  Troop    .*,'M,m»» ........Bangalore 

D.  Troop  ..,,., ... , .Koiuv.'t-'.' 

H  Troop.. ..  ........ ...Bengal  Held 

SerrlbB 

F.  Troop  , ... ... ..Field  Service 

Gen.  Whitelock'j  Dlrision 
No.  &.Comp.lst  Bat  Royal  Artil- 
lery, audNo.  1  Field  Battery.. .StThoB,1  Mount 
No.  3  Camp.  3rd  BaL  Hoyal  Artd. 

lery.  i  il  Battery...  Hellary 

No.fi  Coinp.  14th  Bat  Roval  Ar- 
tillery, it  No.  8  Field  Baft  fry.  Field  Service 
Gen.  Whitulock's  Division 
No,  6  Gpy^tfl  Bat  RyL  ArURery.S:wunderaL*d 

First  Batxauom  M  ah  hah  AsxiLLKJir. 

Head  quarters  . ..... .. », ...  St. Thoa.  'Mount 

f  Head  quarters  & 

A  Comuany  l  „  ^ "rf*  Gt)  ■  •  •SJ"""!"'"* 
M1     J    )  Half  Company  ..J'enang 

^  1  ►etaebmeut lias  ullpatun 

B.  Company  ......................  Moulmein 

C.  Co  (No,  1  Horse  Battery), .,.,. lkllary 
1),  Com,  (No.  3  Horse  Battery)...  Rangoon 

Snco*n  B^tjlliojt  jXu>*aji  Annular. 
Head  quurtera Earner! 

A.  Cop.  (No  8  Bullock  Battery)  Trlcklnoputy 
II.  Co.  Headquarters  and  J  Co.,.Tonghoo 

Half  Company  <-,Sbuayghcen 
C.  Comp.  (No.  ti  Hortc  Battery)  Bangalore 
1>.  Copy.  (No.  4  Bui 

Head  quarters  and  hull .....kamptcn 

Half  Company......... Seutabaldee 

Tin  an  HxiT^hiQH  Mapju-*  AjtTiiJ.a*r. 

Head  quarters ....*„., Rangoon 

A  Company  (No.  2  Horse  But,)  Bengal  Service 
IV,  Company  (No.  4  Horse  F 
C.  Company  (No.  2  llullot ;.  I 
1>.  Company  (No.  G  JIulU  I.  I 

Gen.  Whltelock's ) 
FocnTU  Battalion  MAOiUfl  Aani.i.EiiT. 

Head  quarters .... .Secnnderabad 

4.  Company  (Xo.  1  Horse  But ),., Field  Btm 

Oen.WbJtelock 

B,  Company  (No,  10  Bulk,  BaU  Wtto 


C.  Company  (No.  3  Bulk,  But)...SceunderAbad 
...  Company  Heart  quarters  and 

t  wo-tli  i rds .,... ....Rangoon 

One-third  ....*.,* . ........... . ...... Bas*ein 

t-'trilt   OH   ffoUlttUJLUKB,  (NATIVK)    BATTALlOJt 

MAitiiAS  AnriLumr. 
Head  qnarters....... *\  l  Li 

A.  Company  Head  quarters  and 
two-tblrd*  Compaoy .Periling 

Onr-thlrd  Company   ...............Malaeca 

B.  Company.... Singapore 

C.  Company  (No,  1  Bulk.  Bat)  Bengal  Service 

D.  Company  (No.  7  Bulk,  BatJ...CatHianoreand 

Muncalore 

E.  Company  (No.  0  Bulk  Bat.).,.Cuttaek  and 

Soiubulpore 

F.  Company ........... .... ... . . .... . .  M  eeaday 

1st  Supplemental  Company  ...... -St .Tho*.1  Mount 

2d      do.  do ,..,.VldanagTaiti 

Details  of  aereml  Companlas  ...Lnbuan 
Maehlah  wiGm^na, 

Headquarter* Fort  St. George 

Mad  \>"o    Mini 

in  era ....DowloUliweram 

A.  Compnnv,...  ................,,....riilin 

One  Section  wilb  Gen,  U  hitloek's  Field  • 

B.  Comiiany Nerl«udda 

(Bon  .  rvtet: 

C.  Company ............Bengal 

D.  Conipany Ra&g 

i:.  Company    ... boiAlaishnerani 

One  Section  with  Gen.  Whitcloek'ii  Vi 

F.  Company  .... ............ ......SeiL'onderabad 

One  Sectluu  „.....,„., ,,..,,....,.  Pftnmbum 

G.  Company Padoimgmvo 

EL  Company ...Tb,. .  rjintw 

my Tongho 

K.  Comp.itjv     . ,  r   . 

L.  Company  .........,«...,,....] 

(^.ji.WhiieJpck 

MF  Company Dowlalabweiiim 

n;r. 
KunoirgAK. 
H.M.  1st  Royal  Regt.  (lvt  Bat. V Second erabad 
IUIh  *3rd  Light  lnfimtry  ... ...*;on .Whitclock'* 

• 
TLM,  44th  Reginmnt  .   ..... 

RM.  GOth  floyal  Rifles  (3d.  Bat.)  Bangalore 
3  Csmpatilej  *.,,..  ....... ...... ,.,BcUary 

do. , Mysore 

1      do. Hiirryhjtr 

II. M.  M*Jth  Regiment Cannanore 

I  Coronal  ty , , ........  M  an  galore 

1       do. ....... Sircea 

JOL  Srith  Regiment     ..,......,  Rangcon 

H.M.  Ct>(3i  Reaiment Tonghoo 

II.  M.  74th  Highlanders  ..........  ,1'er  hump  ore 

1  Company    -».-.* SJ)olaj 

3  Companies.... .........   . 

SuiitiiL-ni  hi  ry 

The  Madras  Fusiliers .....Bengal  on 

Field  s 
2nd  European  Litfbt  infantry  .  Trichlnopoly 
3rd  Madras  European  J teglm en t.  Field  Division 
under* Jen,  W hillock 
Native  Ikfaktrv, 
1st  Regiment  X.I.  (Rine  Comp )  Service  Gen, 

Whltdocka  Divliloa 
2nd  Regiment  X.  I1........,........Qullon 

3rd  X.  I.  or  Palamcottah  Light 

Infantry... .Cannanore 

^th  i\  J.    ......  *„.... ## Thayctmew 

fit)  i  X.I.  (Ride  Company)  Head 
quarturEi  Right  Wlcg...........Maiuj±ionj 


59.] 


9TATI0KS   OF  THE  JBflJTISH  ABMY. 


Left  Wing  ... .  ....... .  ,*»i .,  .  <  ...&Eunmiipore 

€th  K,  L  ..■- ♦...lEan^'OQTi 

7th  X.  L  ..... * *. ...,,*6<s:4nderabad 

8th  N,  L  ................. Toughou 

9th  X.  I.  „*„ Met  tin  Jewbad 

lOthX.  I.  . ...... .....SceuHdorflhad 

llrhX.  I.  ... BeRary 

I2tb  X.  1 l:.Liitfi>crti 

13th  X.  I  , , 

nth  X.  J,  ;....... 

16!  hX.  L  ...... .M,..„T.,.. 

lfth  X.  t    (Bine  CompaayV,  ...>ILi[iLaj,„ u 

17th  S.I.    ........  ....... IVi^-id  Flold 

■  loe 

ista  x,  i BeUary 

l^th  X,  I 

WnitalocsVj  Dfcrisioa 

20th  N.  I. Ban^. 

SUtNtL ! 

\  I „ - 

2iitl  X.  I.  (or  Wuiujahbad  Light 

Infantry)    *», ,........<  *...„.,RangO0n 

24th  K.  I-  (Rifle  Company) ll<jnzed«li 

S&thN.  L  Madw 

anth  X,  1   M„ Kamptrt 

27th  K.  L..  ......... ...... .....aBangaL   on 

Service 

28th  N.  1.   r Hootmgabad 

29th  X.  I. ...  JiawHpAtim 

30th  N.  I  ....................... BeUary 

BlstX.  Lt  orTridduopoiy  Light 

Infantry... ......... VLRlanagrani 

32nd  X.  I. ...,...,....„  JCsmptee 

$fr<]  K  L  ... ....Kamptco 

34th  or  {ChicacaicLt  Infantry)  TrichinOpoly 

Utfc  N.  I .... ,.,.„..„.„„,...., H u try hnr 

36th  (Rifle  Company)    Jinniool 

STO    x.  I.,   (GrenidloxiU    Hea*I 

quarters  .  ..... Shuaygheun 

Left  Wing    „..,*„..Tongboo 

36th  N.  L  (Rifle  Company) ......  VLaaflapaiaiu 

39th  N.  L  .„,..,.„,. ,.♦„...♦..♦ .Thayetmew 


4othX.  L  ..„,. Cuttack 

4tstX.  I,    inl, —-,„,„„ — — ,TT  -     .tti^fh 

42nd  X.  I. .....Ituichoor  Flol* 

Service 

43rJX.l1      , Kumtondaji 

44    X,  1      . „..,„..... J'luveiiucw 

46  th  XI    ...... . Madras 

46th  N.  I ......... Viiagupataiu 

47th  N,  I Jfcllary 

4«th  X.  I Moulmq|p 

49th  K.  I    (Hide  Company) -Secundcrabad 

Mfih  X.  1.  .............. Mtrivi,'.'  Gun. 

WlLitluck's  Divlsl 

61at  X.  L  ...... Hmf| ...... .Pahiiutottah 

62od  X.  L  ........ ............Mcreara 

Left  Wing  ..... French  Kecks 

1st  Extra  Ktigimcut  X.  1-    ...  ..Jianuikottah 

2nd  Extra  X.  I irnhlnopoly 

3rd  Extra  X.I.     . ..Cuddnpah 

Sappers'  Militia  ........  . . .  .  Madraa 

Madras  Klries,  temporarily   formed  lor  SfTTtOB 

in  Bengal  by  the  Kiile  Companies  or  the  1st, 

6th,  16th,  24th,  3«th.  JOtli.  Regiment*  X  I, 

and  2  Companies  <Mlh  X   I, — Si  nrice  lientfaJ. 

VOTfeaW    ESTABLiaajIl- 

UlUOIIi.Ui    V^TE^ASfl 

Artillery  Company ^Palaverain 

lnfiiiitrj'  Company Vkxagup^taui 

Xati^  i 
Ut  or  Madrid  Native  Vet.  Bat  ^Madras 
SJnd  or  Arau  Native  Vet.  Bat.  .Arcot 

DepOt*, 
M    RegimentB  ......  .Poooairuill^c 

Enrapean  Inlantry ..Arcot 

Native  Infantry Falaverani 

Natuk  I^FAKTar   Itiiciti:ixi> 

Kfi.  1  Recruiting  Depot Uiudigul 

No.  2  'iu.  , LrttK 

No,  a  da .Chicftcole 

Xo^4  do  ....... ....EJlorv 


STATIONS   OF  TILE  BBIT13H  ASMT. 

{Corrected  up  to  27th  June,  1859,  imlmivt,) 
fWherc  two  places  are  mentioned,  the  la*t*niiincd  h  that  at  which  the  Depot  ia  atnUoned.) 


l*t  Life  Cxnarda— Hyde  Park. 

2nd  do,— Windsor. 

Royal  Hotm  Gnarrts-Regeat'a  FarL 

1st  Dragoon  Guard*— Madras  Canterbury. 

2nd  do.— Benguh  Canterbury. 

3rd  do.— Bombay .  Oanterburv . 

4th  do.-Alderahott 

-Aidcnbot, 
fth  -!«>.— Bengal:  Katd«t«ie. 
7th  dor— Bengil;  CanterbUfy- 
lit  Dragooua—Cnrrngn. 
2nd  do.— Newbridge. 
3rd  do.— DttbUn. 
4th  4&— Birmingham, 
6th  ifc— XewbhiVf 
dth  fa.— Bombay  ,   Maid»tonc^ 
TthKuiaAia-BJnical:  Canter bnry. 

'Bombay:  CAoterburv, 
»th  Lancer*— Bengal:  ijaiilatone. 
10th  Hueaara— Aldei^ti  Dtfc 
11th  Hntoira-Aldei- 
l^th  LjiiK-erfc— iliulia*:  Mnidftone. 
l'hh  Light  Dragoon*— Dublin. 
HUi  do,— Boanbjiy    ;M*idMane. 
loth  Ucuiars— Hounalow. 
Ifitb  l-ancers— EdlnbQi^lL 
17th  t|0l—  Bombay  :  C*nt*rburv. 
ISth  Dragoons—  Manchester. 
Military  Train  [1st  haL}— Saorncllffee. 

^sagehome. 
Do.  [Hnl  Bst  .J —Woolwich 


Da  I+th  bat]— Ahlerahott. ) 

Da  [6th  bat,]— Curragh.     J-D#p»tat  Bristol. 

Do.  [«th  but.]  |  Woolwlcli.  ) 

Grenadier  Guards  [1st  bat.}— W  lodsor, 

id  bat  J— WelUngton  Barracaa. 
Do.  (3rd  bat.]— Fort  man-it,  barracks, 
Coldstream  Guards  [Ut  bat,]— bt.  Guorge'B  bar 
Do.  [2nd  baL]— Wellington  Barratke. 
Scots  Fus.  Guards  [1st  bat.  J— Tower 
Fus.  [2nd  bat]— Curmgh- 
1st  Foot  [latj  —  liadniat  Coleheiter. 
Do.  [2nd  but.  ]— China :  Birr. 
2nd  do.  1st  [bat]— C.  ol  G.  Mope:  Walnier. 

j  i  bat]—  Corfu  :  Wnhnor. 
3rd  lit  [bat]— Bengal :   Limerick. 
I..         ,|nr         Malta t  Lhnejielt. 
4th,  do.  {1st  bat]  -Bombay  :  Qfckli 
Do.  [and  bat}-  CorfiL 
6i ti  du-  [1st  bat.]— Bengal :  Colchester, 
Do.  [2nd  bat]—  Mauritius,  Pembi*oke. 

list  but.]- 1-  liester. 

7th  do.  [1st  hat  J-Hcngal  j  Chatham. 
Do.  [2nd  bat.]— Gibraltar 

In  bat.]  —  Bengal:    Chatham. 
Do,  (2nd  bat]— Gibraltar :  Teraplemore. 
.  [Ut.  bat.)  -Aid*ah**t :  Limerick. 
I  hut]— Corfu;  Limerick. 
I'itli  do,  [1st  bat— Bengal :  Chatham. 
Do.  [ i nd  bat]  -  Curragh . 
11th  do,  [lit  bat  J— AUenbflt-.  t«t»a\^ 


BTATT03TS   OF  THE  EMBODIED  MTLim. 


[JUIT, 


Do.  [2nd  bat.]— Aide v 

li-'th  do.  [1st  bat}— N.  S.  Wales:  Walnier. 

Do.  find  bat]— Glasgow. 

13 til  do  [1st  bat.]— Bengal :  Fermoy. 

I  bftL]— lYirtcmniith.fortto'Cfcpa 
14th  da  Ciflt  bat.]— Ctnhukmla :  Fermoy* 

IlO.  [2nd  bat]  —  OlLLTflgbH 

I. 1th  da— Jersey  :  Pembroke 

Do.  [and  bat]— MuLtJi,  Pembroke 

H;tbdo.—  Dublin:  TemukmOrc. 

Do.  [ind  bat]— Carragh 

17th  do.— Canada:   Lliuerick< 

Do.  [2nd  bat]— Plymouth. 

18th  do.— Bombay:  ButteY&nt. 

Do.  [2 Ad  but]— Curragh. 

li»Ui  da—  Bengal:  Chatham* 

Da  [-'ml  bat]— Sborncliffe. 

■-Mth  da— Bengal  t  ChathAim 

Do.  [2nd  bat]— Dublin. 

2lstdo.— Malta  e  Btrr+ 

Do.  [2nd  bAt]— Newport. 

22nd  do,— Manchester  :  Parkin  urst 

Do.  [2nd  bat]— Mali  a. 

2tfrd  do.  —  Bengal  :  Chatham, 

Da  [2nd  lutf.J  —  I ' « - i - ■  t  tj  Deal;  Malta. 

IT  J  t  ]  k  do.— Bangui;  Chatham, 

Da  [2nd  bAt)— AMerthofc 

2&th  do.- -ijibrultui *:  Pembroke, 

26th  da  — [bat  J— Bermuda  t  Belfast. 

27th  do.  -Bengal =  Bnttevant 

28th  da— Bombay :  Ferinov. 

2a  th  da -Bengal:  Chatham. 

30th  do.— Dublin:  Park  hurst, 

3 1st  do  —Bombay  :  Pembroke. 

32nd  do.— Bengal 

iKlrd  do,— Bombay  t  Ferraoy. 

H4tb  do— Bengal :  Colchester. 

35th  do.— Bengal .  Chatham. 

36th  do.— Aldernhott :  Athlona 

37  th  do Bengal :  Colehh.«tor. 

flSth  da— Bengal :  Cole  luster. 
3S»th  i'o- — Canada;  Templernore. 
40th  da— N  &  Wales:  Birr. 
4\m  do,— Jamaica  r  Jersey. 
42nd  do. — Bengal :  Sterling 
43rd  da— Madras :  Chatham, 
44th  da— Madras :  Colchester. 
45ih  da— Prwton  :  Parkhnrst. 
•Krh  da— Bengals  Tempkmora. 
47th  do—  Aldnrsltott :  Cork. 
4Sth  da.— Bengal :  Cork. 
42th  do.— Berbadoes:  Belfast. 
40th  do. — Ceylon :  parkhurst 
61  it  do.— Bombay:  Cbkheator* 
fiJnd  da— Bengal  I  Chatham 
►Wrddo.— ditto;  ditto 
Mtb  da — Bengal :  Colchester 
filth  da — Curragk;  Jersey 
SOth  do— Bombay:  Colchester 
&7thda— Bombay  i  Cork- 


G&th  da— Shomdllfo:  Cun-agh. 

o9th  da— Chub  :  Athlone 

60th  da— E  1st  bat  ]— Beu  gal  i  WI  nchester 

had  ba  t.]— B  en  gal .    W  luchester 
Do.  [3rd  bat]— Madras:  Winchester 
Do.  [4th  bat]— Aldei-shot 
61  at  do. — bengal ;  Chatham 
i>2nd  do— Nova  Scotia:  BeMast 
63rd  do.— ditto:  Belfast 
94th  da— Bengal :  Canterbury 
66th  do.— New  Zealand  i  Birr. 
60th  do.— Mudras:   Colchester 
67th  do. — Bengal :    Athloue 
6l<th  da— Madras :  Fennoy 
69th  do.— Madras :  Fcrmoy 
70tb  da — Bengal ;  Canterbury 
7  lit  do.— Bombay  ;  Stirling 
73nd  do.— Bombay  $  Aberdeen 
73rd  da— Bengal :  Jersey 
,  JM.  iJo.— Madras:  Aberdeen 
75th  da— Bengal;  Chatham 
76th  da— Curragh  i  Belfast 
77th  do.— Bengal s  Jersey 
78th  do. — Bengal:  Aberdeen 
79th  da— ditto  :  Perth, 
£ 0th  do.— ditto:  Buttevant 
HI  at  do,— Bengal:   Chatham 
B2nd  do. — Bengal :  Canterbury 
g3ri  da— Bombay  i  Chichester. 
H4th  do. — On  passage  home;  Chatham 
8.1th  da— Capo :  Pembroke 
86th  da— Bombay:  Buttavaut  (on  passage  home) 
K7ih  da — Bengal:  Buttevant 
S  4th  do. — Bengal:  Cokbcster 
tfOth  do.— Bombay :  fennoy 
80th  do.— Bengal :  Canterbury 
91st  do.— Bombay  :  Pembroke 
02nd  do.— Bombay ;  Stirling 
03rd  do. — Bengal;  Aberdeen 
04  th  do.— Hilt  to:  Chatham 
AMI  da — Bombay  ;  Fermoy 
IMJth  da— Plymouth  :    I'arfcbur^t 
87th  da— Bengal ;  Colchester 
98th  do. — Bengal:  Canterbury 
92th  da— Bengal  i  Cork 
100th  do— Gibraltar  [Wmcbestci. 
Rifle  Brigade  [1st  bat]— Fort  smooth. 
Da  [2nd  hat.] — Bengal:  Winchester 
Do.  [3rd  bat.}— Bengal :  Winchester 
Do.  [«h  bat)— Malta,  Winchester 
1st  West  India  Regiment— Bahamas 
2nd  do — Jamaica 
3rd  do—  Barb&does 
Ceylon  Bine  Regiment — Ceylon 
Ctpi  Mounted  Kines— Cape* of  Good  Hope 
Royal  Canadian  Rifle  Regime ot — (Jaoudu 
St  Helena  llegiment— 8t  Helena 
Royal  Newfoundland  Corps— Newfoundland 
Royal  Malta  Fend  btes— Mai  U 
Gold  Coast  Corps— Cape  Coast  Castle 


Bedford— Alderahott. 
2ml  Cheshire— Tipner 
Durham  Artillery- Portsmouth 

Hampshire  Artillery— Pembroke 
Kant  Kent— Aide rabott 
Lancashire  ArtUlery- Dover 
4th  Lancashire— Warrington 


Furiar  ArtiBery — Sheerncsa 
Fife  Artillery— Pendenn  la 

Antrhn  Riflea— Alderahot 
Anti  ioi  ArtUlery— Klnsalc. 
Nortli  Cork— Aldersbot 
i'o/jegsl^-Dorer 


STATIONS  OF  THE   EMBODIED  MILITIA. 
ENGLAND  (18). 

Norfolk  Artlllery-^Sheeraeei 
North  LJuceln— Cuii-ugh 
Mb  Mlddleaax    CnrraA 
Nort  hum  bcr bind  Artillery — 

Ik^bam. 
Nottingham— Newark 
Oxford— Aldentbott 
1st  Stafford— Alder flhott 
2nd  Stafford— Curragb. 
SCOTLAND  (3), 
2nd  Lanark— Dublin 


Snffolk  A  rtsmouth 

Sussex — Ld  i  nburgb 

Ht  Tower  Hamlets— Cork 


2nd  Warwick— Plymouth 
Wilts— Portsmouth 
1st  York,  { W.  R.)-AldefiheU 
3rd  York— Newcastle 


StkUnewAldershott 

JEELAND  (12). 
Dublin  (elty>— fshorncUITo  Lonth  (ttlfle*)— Yarmouth 

Dublin  City  Artillery— Colchester, 

Fermanagh— Cues*  cr  Tlpperory  AitJL— Port*tMQ*h 

Kerry— BrwUerii  ^N  «wx^t4  \.rtSila^-<3^sn<»tt 

Limerick  tCW&Vj}  tgttBmM^i      ^txSsftn.— \tiiw3tefrti 


Ift59] 


457 


STATIONS  OF  THE  HO  SAX  NAVY  V*  COMMISSION. 

(Corrected  to  27 tk  June.) 
With  the  Dates  of  Commistion  of  the  Officers  in  Command. 


Capt  C.  l\  Schomberp,   iKr,L 
Pears*,  185£,  East 
Ward   (b),  1658,    East 


i;. 


Abonkir,  DO,  PC, 

Devonport* 
Acorn,    m,  Com 

Indies. 
Action,  26,    Com  ,J+ 

Indies. 
Adventure,  ml  troop-ship.  Com,  E.  Laey,  1850, 

Esdt  Indies. 
Agarneinnon.  0lt  k.(   CapL    T*    Hope, 

Portland. 
Aiax,  GO,  screw,  Captain  J,  McXeU,  Uoyd,  1»1G, 

Const  t'i  uurcL 
Alarm,  -Jfi,  Capt  D.  Curry,  1846,  Pacific 
Alert,  17,  «cnswt  Com.  W.  A,  It  Pearse,  1853, 

noma 
Algcrfne,  sc  gunboat,  Lieut  -Com.  VV.  Arthur, 

1854,  t  ut  Indies, 
Algiers,  91,  screw*  CapL  G,  W  D.  O'CulLigbin, 

1B49,  Channel  Fleet 
Amethyst,  26,  Capt  &  GrcnfoIL  IS50,  Pacific, 
Aniphlon,    3«,    icM    Capt     1.    Coetjrao,    IB57, 

Chatluim, 
Antelope,  3,  st.-Tesnel.  Lleut-Com.  J,  W,  Pike, 

1MB,  Coast  of  Africa, 
Arachne,  19,  Com,  ■'    E.   il on t^u merle,  1155, 

Rorttt  America  and  West  Indies, 
Archer,   R  sCTWw,  Capt.  J.   Sandeno^ 

Const  of  A  Mica. 
Argu_«,   0,  sL-TOSt«L  Com.  K.   F.  TV.  Ingram, 

.  M<  hiiTrtmcan. 
Ariel,  9.  sc„  Com,  C.  Uromley,  1836,  Mediter- 
ranean. 
Arragiint,  47.  screw,  CapL   U  O.   Heath,  C,B., 

I«i4,  Com!  Qoitd 
Asia,  94,  Capt  G.  T,  Gordon,  IMS,  Portsmouth, 
oop-thlp.  Com,   W*  A.    J, 
,  1-  ■<.,  EMl  Indies, 
Auurance,  4,  screw,  Com.  C.  M,  Aytisley,  tSfiti, 

i.  lis,  o.m   l   ft  ft  Pttifift  181$,  North 

America  nm!  West  Indies. 
Alholl,  4.  Cum,  E.  Wilson,  IMS,  Greenock. 
Uuushcc,   i!,  st^vesse!,  Com.  G\    A.  Campbell, 

1838,  Portsmouth. 
Baniercr,  sc-nuuht,  LienL-Coni.  J.  Jenkins. 

;  ut  Indie* 
fiasalfsk, 

Nfith  America  ami  West  I  ml  lea. 
Bcllel»li>,  hospital  ship,  Coin,  J.  H  Bodfl 

Barf  lu  lii'h. 
Bittern,  ;  Indies. 

Black  Ea«lc,  sL -yiuht.  Uast-Com.  J.  E*  PeHey, 

Blenheim,  «>0,  screw,  CapL  F.  Scott,  CLB 

Coast  Guard. 
Boscawen,  70,  Rear  Admiral  the  Hun 

W,  Grey,  K.C.&,  Capt  R.  A.  Powell,  C.B., 

185A  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Brisk,  ltf,   sc,  CapL  A,  F.  R  D'Horwy,  1857, 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Britannia,   Training    Ship,  Capt.  B.    Harris 

184ft,  Portsmouth. 
Brane,  st-ves.,  Lieut-Cora,  E.  F.  Lodder,  ISM, 

Const  of  Africa, 
Brunswick,  BO,  sc ,  Captain  £.  Ommanney,  1846, 

Mediterranean. 
Builalo,  «rew,  afaa,-CORkp-pa>rtlcuIu  #cni«c. 
Bustard,  lt  sc  <  nuiibL.  Lt-Cooi.  P.  W.  HaUfivcs 

lhS6,  £a«t  Indies 
Bunarit,  C,  tt^reascL  Com.  l\  Peel,  1* 

Coast  of  America 
Cadmus  »!,  PC.,  Capt,  H  %  Hillyar,  C  B,t  IA54, 

Mertit  errant  urn 


Cssar,  fl»,  (erew,  Capt   C.   Fi«derlL'kt    184-J, 

)>ovonporL 
Calcntta,  91,  CapL  W.  K.  HalL  CK,  1S53,  East 

1 1 l ; L  a  p  a, 
Calypno,  18,  CaptF.  B.  Monlreaor,  lR3i,F»<dfle, 
Cambrian,  40,  Captain  J,  J,  M  ('levertr,  C,E, 

1148  East  Indies. 
Cambridge,  Gunnery  Ship,  C*pL- A.  W,  Jemlng- 

luun,  1831,  Devoni^-rt. 
Camilla,  16,   Com,  G    T.  Colrille,   1955,   East 

J  ndle*. 
Caradoc,  2,  stores..  LteuU-Com,  C,  M,  Buckle 

1»47,  Mediterranean. 
Centurion.  80,  sc.,  Capt.  C.  G.  E,  Patey,  l»4d, 

Mediterranean. 
Cbeaapeake,  51,  screw,  CapL  G.  0,  Wilhs,  uwfl. 

East  Indies. 
Clio,  91,  screw,  Cnpt.  F.  Miller,  1835,  Sheemess. 
Clown,  sc-icunbt,  Lieut.- Com.  W,  l\  Leo,  1855 

1B42,  East  Indies, 
Conflict,  8,  sc*.  Com.   H*  TV.  Coiirtenay,  IS54, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Conqueror,  101,  screw.  OtpL  H.  R*  Yeherton, 

ULl  ,  HI 3,  Mediterranean. 
Coquette,  4,  sc.    Com,  the  Hon+  F.  A*  Pole) , 

ISCfi,  Mediterranean. 
Cordelia,  lL.sc.,  Com.  C^  £.  FL  Vernon,  1853* 

Australia. 
Cormorant,  4,  sc,  Com,    A.  Wodehmise,  1654, 

East  Indies. 
Oomwallis-Oft,  se-,  Captain  G.  0.  Randolph, C.B>, 

1894,  Coast  Guard. 
Coromunde),  st- vessel  Second  Master  W.  If, 

Vims  ( acting,  tsst  Indies. 
OoMaefc,  90,  sc.,  Cnpt.  R.  Moorman,  1357,  Shecr- 

MH 
Cresay,  SO,  screw,  Capt  the  Hon.  C.  U.  .1.  It, 

EllioL  C,B^  1841,  AledfteTranwn. 
Crocodile,  8,  roc  snip,  Com    W,  Greet,  1854, 

oJT  the  Tower. 
Cruiser,  17,  sc,  Com,  J.   Bytuusoa,  1*W 

Coast  of  America. 
Cumlierland,  70,  Rear  Adm,  Sir    Lcish.u 

K.  C.  B.     Captain  H     D.    ilogets,    C .  H. 
lHTii,  South  America 
Curacoa,  H,  screw,  CapL  T  H,  Mason,  lB|y, 
Devonpoi  t. 

li,  tf. v.,  CapL  W.J,  S,  rullei 
i  ndlcs. 
Faalier.  I,  sL^SllSl,  Cmiv.  t.  <J.    Mora,  1854, 

l'ortsim.iuh 
DuLintl^,    Jl,  sc.  Cap*.  W- Edmousttnn,      blfl 

Pgrtenouth, 
Doe,  4,  troop  ship,   MisLConu    T    C,    PnUen, 

1844,  particnlar  serrlcc 
Devastation,  6,  ft. -res,  Com.  C.  Wake,    1835, 

North  America,  and  Westlndiea. 
Diadem,  ,12,  sc,  Copt  P.  W.  Moorsom,  C.B., 

Devonixirt. 
Donee*,,  101,  se,,  Cnpt,  W*  F.  GlanviUe,  IB4C, 

DfTonportv 
Doris,   33,   w^rew,   Capt.   h~   Heathiote,   ISAS, 

MefliterraneaD. 
Dove,  screw  gunbL,  LleuL  C  J,  Bullock,  1833, 

East  Indies, 
Drake,  sc   gunhL,   Lieut* Com,  A.  R.  Blaue, 

Basi  Indies. 
Eagle,  Ml,  CapL  E.  Tntham,  18ai,  Coast  Guarit 
Edgar,  yi,  *c,  Ilear-AdnL  J.  E.  Erskiii 

J.  L.  Eaton,  1850,  Skecmcas, 
Edlnbiirtih,  58,  screw.  Capt   a  C,  T,  D'Eyn* 

1 340,  Coast  Guard. 
Elk,  12,  Com,  II,  Campion,  1855,  Australia, 


45S 


Emerald,    *1t    ac,  CapL    A.    Cumin  tag*    1^4, 

C  limine!  Waet 
Eek.  20,  ne.,  Rear  A<imi™i  J.  Hope,  C.R,  Cupt 

.sir.  IE.  J.  Le  M.  M'Cluro,  IBM*  East  Indies. 
Eur  vain*.  VlPae.tCapt  J*  W.  Tarleton^  C.B.,la59 

Mediterranean, 

;  4*1.  gunnel?  Bhip,  Capl  -  K-  &  BMHtfr 

C.B,  1 830,  Portsmouth. 

,  &A  ac,  Capt  J.  J,  Steprbrd,   1*41, 

Mediterranean. 
Fairy*  ac,  yacht  tender  to  Victoria  and  Albert 

yacht  Portsmouth. 
Falcon.  17.  it.  Com,  A.  G.  Fita  Roy,  LM7,  Coast 

of  Africa. 
Ferret.  8.  Com.  W.  £-  Hstv  r    : 

service. 
Firebrand,  6.  at- vessel,  Com,  J-  1  layman,  1H5*. 

pmrt-U'iilur  *cr?lee- 
Flrm,   fcc  gun  tit-,  Lieut-Corn,  W.  R.  Boultrm, 

Endsam 
Ftsguatd,  4'i,  Commodore  the  Hon*  J.  If.  Drum- 

mon4,  C't.  Woolwich 
Flying  FWt  ef  e„  Com.  C.  W.  Hop- 

n\  It  «.  etmbt ,  Lieut- Com,  A.  J.  lanes 
1*63,  East  ladle*. 

H4.  J.  ft  FitzgCTfttcU  vm,  mm* 


BOYAi  HAYY 


FbtIom,  If,  st-Te*,,  Cay*,  a  J.  Joue*,  CR,  «M, 

East  ladle*. 
Fury,  rt.rt.rea,  Com,  J-K.  Cunimer*IU»o5>  K, 

Lndiea,  - 

Gauge*   84,   Rear-Adm.   R.    I*   Baynea,   CR„ 

Capt  J.  Fulford,  l**ft,  Pactflr* 
Gannett.  IT   Coin.    E.   H.    G.   Lambert,   1*34, 

MeditcrruiK-.in. 
Gladiator,    *,    st-vesset    Connnamler    n.    D. 

Ulckley  OHM)-  Deveaport 
Gergun,  «i,  at-tea,  €wn-  &  C.  T,  Km,  I****  Porta- 

month. 
Growler,  2t  *e.    gunboat,    Lieut-Corn,  ft   E. 

C  toilet  !"**<  Mediterranean. 
UannlbaL  01,  St,  Rear-Admlral  G.  R.  Muiuty. 

*  \iPt.  M  Connolly,  iwsa,  Medtt*n»a*Hi. 

Harrier,  17,  acre*,  Com. Sir  ft MucGrtK1 

UB&G).  South  Awcikra. 
Hoatinftf .  ««,  screw,  Captain  w.  It.  Menda,  Cft, 

Coast  Guard. 
Haughty,  3,  ac.  gunboat  Lieut -Com.  fl    1>. 

Broad,  1*31,  East  Indies. 
Havaunnli,  IS,  Capt  T.  Karvey,  184*,  Pacini 
Ifewke,  60t  *c.,  Capt    W.  CrLiptn  1332,  Coast 

Guard. 
Herald,  8,  survive*,  Cap*-  H-  M-  D«i  bam,  1346, 

South  Seaa 
Herme*,  «,  at-t..  Com.  W.  B.  A.  Gordon,  lio4, 

Court  of  Africa. 
Hero,  1*1,  sen?*,  Capt,  G.  H.  Seymou 

1.B4I,  i 'haunt!  FU*et. 
HaapcT,  ac.  at .-ahlp,  Maat-Com,  J.  Lwne,  IS40, 

li,n.-t  Indie*. 
Ulliernla,  rec-itilp,  R«r-Ailmiral    H.  J.  Cod- 

nntftLm,   C.R,,   C^ptaiu  F.   Warden,   C.B.fc 

194*.  MaJt* 
HlCbrtver.  11,  se.,  Capt.  C.  F.  A,  Shadwel!,  UA, 

1*53,  Kart  Imite* 
Hlmalava,   ac    store-ship,  Com.  J,  Saocombe, 

IWft,  Dtvonpert 
Hoguc  90,  w^v,  Capt.  J.  Mowe,  CrR,  tSia, 

Coast  Guard. 
Hornet,   17,  ie,,  Com.   Viacount  GiifoTd,    mtB, 

East  lntttea. 
Hyitrn,  «.  st^vejjBel,  Com.  R.  V,  Hamilton,  *W, 

Coa*t  of  Africa. 
Imaum,  7%  ConrtaaAow  M,  Ktllott.  C.R.t  Com. 

H.  j.  Grant,  Iff*  rer.*«hlp,  Jamaica. 
Enmfegnal'Le,  HH,  Vice- A  dm.  Sir  B.  Reymld% 

K.C.B.  Capt  W,  ft  Slwrart,  C.&,  l«54» 


Impei  •  ■ ,  Capt  &  ftUtftff*  IftM, 

Portamoulh. 
Indus,  7%  Rear-Admiral  Sir  ft  Stewart, 

Capt  J.  f\  D.  Hay,  1SJ0,  North  Amerte, 

nod  TrVeat  Indian 
Industry,  5t,-vc»..  3,   at-ab^p,  MABt-Com.  G.  ,1. 

H^gisa.  IS41  particular  eerrtee. 
lnfleiihleT  (t  aL-vea,,   Com.  G.  A*  C.   Brook 

1BAA,  Knai  Jndlea. 
Iutrcpid,  fl,  acrew,  Com  J.  H.  Warry>' 


inn  j>r 

i  a* 

illrvtlt, 


Iria,  1^,  Capt,  ^   Uxia^  C.B.,  1BI«,  Ansrralla. 
Jackal  4,  aL-ve«Ml  Lieut. -Com.  A.  G.  &  Murrey. 

]Mr.,  [..irii.  ular  Marti  e. 
Jamea  Watt,   .'l,  ht^,  Ctfpl  F,  Codd,   jajt, 

Channel  Fleet 
Janus,  hc  gunboat,  Lieut -Com.  If.  F.  Knerut, 

1SA5,  East  Indies. 
Jasper,   at.  gunboat  Lieut-Corn.  W.  ft 

1849,  W,   Indies, 
Kertrrl  se.  urunho.it.  Lieut -Com-  G,  D 

1*53,  East  IndlCA 
LapwinK,  4,  screw.  Com,  M,  F.  O.  Reilly, 

Medlteiranean. 
Lee,  se,  guubt,  Lieut -Com.  W.  ft  Jcuea,  10)2, 

East  Indies, 
Leopard,  li,  at.-vas.,  Capt.  J.  F.  B.  Wsinwright, 

S,  E,  Coast  of  America. 
Lcren,  nk  k,  gimbnat  Lieut -Com.  J*  S.  ttudsen, 

1*S4.  EaAt  Imliea 
Llfley.  «,  screw,  Capt  G.  W.  Preedy,  f  I 

partietfav  tsrtleft 
Locust  8,  at. -tea.,  Lieut- Com.  J,  B,  FteW.  tMtft 

pat  Tkular  service. 
London,  00,  screwf  Cap*.  TL  Cbada.  1944 

CHMMV 
Lynx.  4,  screw,  Dent -Com.  ft  Berkeley,  IS34, 

Ooa^t  of  Afiicai. 
Lyra,  dt  ac.  Corn.  It.  I  J.  OldHeld,  1*55,  Cape  tff 

Qood  Hope. 
Sladagaacar,  receiving  ship,  Cmnraonder  K.  St 

Leyeester,  1S5G,  Rio  Jorv 
Uagtctonne,  16,  -t.- vessel,  Capt  K.  Yaaatttart 

CB.+  18S4,  E.  lnnit^ 
Marlburoueh,  181,  r\,  \  Ice  A  dm.  A.  Faushawc 

C#  ,  Capt,  the  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  F.  H.  Kerr, 

l&fia,  Medttarraw 
Mars,  tW,  sc.T  Capt  J  N.  Strange  (IBWJ,  Sheer- 

ness, 
Medina,  at-ves.,  i,  Capt  T.  A.  R  Spratt,  C.B, 

MM,  Uodlterranean 
Medusa,  4,  ateam-veaset  Com.  W.  Bowden,  1  h5< 

Coast  of  Africa 
Hegcra,  6,  sc„  Coin.  G.  T.  M,  Punla  0»t  1M3L 

Portsmouth* 
Melpomtne,  &u,  acrew,  Capt  a  J.  F.  Ewut, 

la&3,  Mersey. 
Mersey,   40,    m,v-.,  c«pi.   H.  Caidwen;  C.lt, 

l&sn,  Channel  Heet 
Minotaur,  E.  P.  Holated  1h4^,  Sbeemeia. 
Jlohawk,  4,  screw.  Com.  P.  C,  C.  McDongaB, 

J8«f  East  Indie* 
Monkey,  steam  tup;,  Sec,  Maa  G.  Syndercoinhe 

tacling),  Wootwich. 
Naiad.  4^,  store-ship,  Mast-Cftm.  W.  W, 


yisWui,  d,  Lieut.  Com.   w    B    Grant  !•»*'♦ 

apprentice  ship,  Portsmouth 

screw,  Crip!.  Sir  Wr,  Host*.  Bart., 

1846,  Pectanontik 
Nereus,  4%  store  liep^t  Mast. -Com,  J.  I 

low,  1835,  Valparaiso 
Niger.     H,    •&,    Capt    F.    Cracroft*     1W*, 

East  lndie.> 
KUe,  6§,  bc.,  Rear- A  dm.  C.  Talbot.  CmpL  A-  r\ 

E,  Wthnot  C,a,  tSH  I>eTon]i 

Klmrod,  rt,  $c„  Com- « ■  East  fodtea 

Dberon.  3,  it.-Ttaset  Ueut-€omF.  &  <X  Figist, 


I8W.  South  America. 


1S59.1 


BOTAI,  WAVY  19  COMMISSION 


Opoattim*  2,  «.  gunboat  Liettt-Com,  C.   J. 

Ha  I  four.  IGW,  East  Indies, 
Qrta  yiT  screw,  Capt  J+B,  E,    Frurc    1&54, 

Mediterranean. 
Osborne,  sL-TeMel,  Mu>  Com,  G<  11.  EL  Bo  wet 

Portsmouth, 
Qsprey,  4,  screw.  Com.  FL  J,  BIonifichL  1*Z\ 

Mediterranean 
Pelorna^l,  st,  Capt.  F.  B   P.  Seymour,  Lttk, 

EaMlndk*, 
Pembroke,  M,  Capt   EL   P.   Chnrlcwo' 

Gout  Guui'iL 
Perseverance,  2  troop  ship,  Com.  &  IE.  Power, 

1850,  particular  serricu 
Persian,   If,     CommanderE.  Hafdlngo    18oG, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Fioneor,  «,  screw,  Cum,  C,  H  May;  1S54+  Chan* 

noi  Fleet, 
Plover,  2,  sc,  gunboat  Lieut -Cam.  W,  H  Raton, 

1855,  t'.ost  Indie* 
Plumper,  9,  screw,  Cupf.  G.  II,  Rich  turds,  1854, 

Pacific, 
Pluto*  4,  st-ve*sel,  Lleut,*Com+  G.  H.  Simpson, 

1S4H,  Const  of  Africa 

,  *,  st-ves.  Capt  II.  C.  Otter,  1854, 


Dsvoayort 
„_sss    Charlotte    104    Ms*L*Com.   11    G. 

ThoraBett,  IBM,  Hong  Kong. 
Princess  Royal,  91,  *-\.  '-'It     1     BaHUo,  1845, 

Mediterranean 
Pylades,  screw,  21,  Capt  M.  do  Courcy.  1W3, 

Pacific 
Qual,  I,   w.  fmnhoat,  Lieut, -Com    m.  i 


Queen  Charlotte,  I0#T  VIce-Adm,  F*  Harvey, 

'     Capt  ft  Jiurrey,  1*02,  Sheifncsa 
It  acer,  1 1 .  »cre w,  Com-  the  hub.  Is.  A .  Pake  uh am 

l&M,  North  America  and  We.it  Innitc*. 
Kaeoon,  §1,  screw.  Captain  J.  A.  Faynter,  183f 

Hecxult,  S,  *t*v,4  Com-  1>.  Spain,    1850,  Medl- 


Renown,  91,  screw,  Cupt  A,  Forbes,  1S4G  Mcdt 

MMMM 
Retribution,    28,  st<  vessel,   Commodore  IL  £, 

Ed^ell.  East  Indias. 
Kbadamanfhns,  A.  it.  vw*   Moater-Com 

Stmrdoe,  1843,  particular  service. 
Roebuck,  G,  at.  Com.  E.  d  Symons,  acting,  E.I 
RoUa,  15,  Uoot.-Com,  C.  Q.  Ncliou,  18*4,  M* 

»  mouth. 

Royal  Albert,   lit, sc,  Rear*Admlnd  Sir  C  H, 
I  .antic.  K.C.B.J  Captt  B.  Efce  £18*5), 
I  leal* 
Royal  Adelaide,  10*.  Rr.-Ad.  Sir  J.  &  Paeley. 
Bt;  Copt  W.  ».  V,MUun*,lS4l,  PaVDiiport 
Russelt  ciO,  st.  Capt  &  Wodehouie,  19H  Coast 

St.  Jean  D'Acm  1^]T  acrew,  C«pL  T.  \\  Tliomp- 

Km,  1HI7.  McditerriHwiui. 
St  Vlacenv  10-/,  Rc*r  Admlpal  O,  tiiey,  Capt. 

H.  tyres,  C.B-,  I*M1,  Portsmouth. 
Sampson,  e,  st-v,(  Capt,  G.  &  JIanilT  1§53,  S.E. 

Coo*t  of  Am* » n  a. 
Saracen.  4.  Jlast.-Com.  W.  Stanton,  1*52,  East 

Indies. 
Satcilte,  sa,  31,  Capt.  J,   C.    TrBTOsi    1*^6, 

Paclilc. 
S»tnmt    7?,    Capr.    <r.    Ramaay,    C.»M    la-la, 

Pembroke. 
BcOttrtfe,  6.  «e ,  Com.  Prineo  «f  Langenbwg, 

IS&7,  UedJtorraiiesji. 
Scant,  31,  nc.Capt.  J.  Corbetf.  I8S7,  Kheemeia 
ScyHa,  »1,  sc,,  Capt.  R,  Umbert,  l*t^>.  ^beer- 

SONP111.  «■  rnmbt.,  Lie  lit -Com.  W.  Clilonno, 

1S50,  paftJcolar  ierrk*, 
Sharpsbootof.  g.  screw,  Ueut-Com>  C.  Gitrb«n«, 

ft  Jo* 
Saamrock,  st  surveying  v«^  Com,  Edye,  Coaat 

of  lralani 


Sidon.  32.  at-vut  Capt  R  a  Cv&wfart*  JSM* 

Portsmouth, 
Slmoom»  ».  at.,  Corm  J,  M.  Cooke,  Ltlg,  Povl^ 

mo  nth , 
Slrca,    IH.   Com.    ii    M.   Balfour,   IBM,   Sonth 

America. 
SklpjncW.  rc.  (tnnbt,  Lient-Com^  J;  Murray  * 

IH48,  Channel  Klect 
Slnucy.   L  sc,  fftfftUt,  Lt-Com.  I!.  ,t.  Wvunistt, 

]:ost  Indies. 
Sp-Li-nnvbawk,  *s  sc,  Com*  J.  C  Byn^,  l«ifi, 

Kail  Indies. 
Spitflrt-,  0,  it;- v.,  Lieut -Com.  VV.  C.  Cliapruao, 

1848,  Cmtf  of  Africa, 
Spy,  3,  Mcut,  Oim,   T.  IlCo)lluson,  1880j  Smith 

America* 
Starling  sc.  Ruhboat.  Llout-Com,  J.  A, 

Abe^L,  li?.' 1.  Ka-it  indies, 
Stauncu.  Z  si.-(r>mboat,  Lt,-Gnot.  E.  J,  Poliarl, 

tftlK,  East  indies. 
Styx,  o\  stve.^.,  Com.  C.  Vasey,  1S54  X  America 

and  VV.  Indies. 

.,   Slast-Com.   W.    H.    TJalitston, 

lS4ff,  particular  serried 
Surprise,  4,  ac^Cuin.  Lord  E.  IT,  Cecil,  1m  V 

Aii  lea, 
Tartar.  20,  ic.  Capt.  n,  Duolop,  I8fin,  W.liidlcs 

and  N".  America. 
Tartarua,  4,  st.t  Com,  A.  L,  Manaell,  195&,  Sfedh 

ncan. 
TtrcmiuraTit,    II,    scr^w.  Cant  It  Hall 

Quaawi  Klaet 

.    il.  *t.-vrssil,   Capt     1.  IF.  II 

'■'.  If.,  l^i«t  Mcdituirancan, 
Terror.  K  iHa|it.  P.  Hutton.  184 1,  Bermuda. 
Topai*  BL  M.-.t  Capl  the  Hob,  J.  W.  A  Sptm-ur 

Dcvonpnn. 
Tortoise,   If,  store-ship,  Capt.    VV.  F.  Bumeft, 

CBh  1491,  Ascension. 
Trafalgar,  &i,  sc,  dipt  £.£,  MAsn^   Mti 

Slice: . 
Tribune.  90,  screw,  C^fslu  G,  X  P.  ITornlsy, 

TrWunt,  6,  st-v.  Com,  F.  A 

of  Afrtoa, 
Triton,  3,  at.  vcs.  Lieut,  Com,  IU    B.   Btrrtoti, 

I,  Qentof  A i, 
Urgunt  sc  troop  snip,  Com,  1L  \\\  I  lire,  1854, 

jotitli. 
VraU»roti?,  113,  at.  ves,,  Capt.  TV".  C-  AJdnam 

laia.  West  Indies, 
Vesaviiu,  6.  stesui-T easel,  Commodore  C,  Wise, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Victoriaand  AlUert,  %  steam  yaclit,  Cdptsln  the 

Hon,  J    I>euman,  1B4I,  Pottaroosu. 
Vktoi   Emanoa,  91,  sc,  (apt.  J.  Wilkos,  CIS, 

laSO,  i  an. 

Yktorj\  101,  Admiral  W.  Bowles,  C,B.;  Capt* 

A.  I  arqnhar,  lKt!),  Portonj 
Vigilant  4,  ic,  Com.  VV.  Armvtage,  I8o5,  Medi- 

terraiiemi, 

i.  serow,  Com,  W.  K.  W.  Hewetr,   VC 

i-E,  lfi^s.  Coast  e£  ai 
Virago,  rjt  st  vus.,    Com.   SI.  B.   Uunn,  1S&Q 

IlevonporU 
Vixen,    ft,    st*veit    Com.   L,  Lmnbert,  1S5^ 

iflc. 
Vulture,  i,  st. -v.,  Captain  l\  A,  Campbell, 1 058 , 

Heditcrranean. 
Wanderer,  4,  screw,  Com,  M.  It  PocheU,  185 1, 

Mediterranean. 
Watolitni.a,  sc-gnnbt  it.  Com.  YAW  In«Meldt 

1917,  East  Indies, 
WeTtealcr.  72,  Captain  Superintendeui  G.  Gold- 

mnltli.  CJ1-,  ISO,  Chatham 
Wellington,  72,  Capt  11.  S,  Roblnsoo,  1340, 

i  •■    "Uport 
Woodcock,  3,  #c,  goubt,  Lt-Com.  0,  S.  Hou* 

sanijuctla^,  £asl  Indies. 


460 


[July, 


STATIONS  OF    THE    INDIAN  NAVT   IN  COMMISSION. 


(Corrected  to  the  2t*th  Aprils  I8fiu.) 
With  the  (fate*  of  Commission  of  the  Officers  in  eommaud 


Aebar,  22t  FlaE-ablp  of  Commodore  O.  Qv  Wei* 
iR,  Cam.  H.  A.  Draught,  l&SL 

Cam,    H.  W.    Grounds    UM,     i.»unnery 

Officer,  Bombay, 
A  wave,  10,  paddle.  Commander  G.   N,  Adams, 

IKS*.  /iVTUIbJIT, 

Auckland,   tf,     peddle,    Com,    J.    Stephen, 

Assyria,  2.   paddle,    Haeter-Com  E,   T>avlast 

IBM,  Aden. 
Augusta,  6,  yacht,  Bombay, 

Lilian,  screw  troop  ahlp,  Ma«teM'mu.— 

Bonn,  liny  of  Bengal, 
Berenice,    2,    puddle  froop  ill  I  p.  Lien' 

A  W.  Chltty,  11M7,  Malabar  Oo 
Bheemah,    4,    snrvevLnp   vessel ,    Li  cut, -Cum - 

A,  !>♦  Taylor,  1&47,  Malabar  CwhL 
Beeas.    %   flat,    Master-Cotn.    E    Nash,  1910) 

River  Indus. 
CI  Ire,  IS,  Lleut-Com,  J.   Scdlcy,  UM7,  school 

ship,  on  a  Cniixe. 

Curseriec,  Hat,  Master-Cora, ,  Indna 

Charlotte,    L    LI  cut-Corn.    T.    N.   PliUbrlckt 

tttT,  Andaman  Inland*. 
Constance,     3,     Lieut-Corn,    C    If,    Walker, 

1B47,  Aden, 
Comet  G,  paddle  gunboat,  Com,  W.  B,  Solly, 

lS3ft,  Mesopotamia. 
Coromandel,    screw  troop    ship,    Idcut.-Com. 

8.  B.  Hellarft  1*4  7T  Bay  of  Bengal, 
Chi'natib.  2,  paddle,   Master-Com.  T.  i  |i 

185B,  Illvw  Indus. 
Conqueror,  1*    paddle,   Master-Commander  T. 

K.  Linton.   1849,  Btra  Indua. 
Dulhuindc,  screw  troop  strip,   Lleut.-Com.  T.  W. 

Hopkins  ISod,  Bay  of  Uenjral. 
Dromedary,  Flat  Master-Coin.  — ■ — ,  River 

Indus. 
ElptiUwtoiie,   18,    Lleut-Com    H.   A.    Frasor, 

I8o0.  Bombay. 
Euphrates    Flat,     Master-Com,     W,    Walton, 

lft5H,  River  Indus. 
I  -.ill.  i  »ey,  Flat,  Master-Com,  T,  0.  J  ones,  IBM, 

II her  Indus. 

2,  Lieut -Com.  F,  W-  Tea  da  I,  1WT,  IV  i  - 

NUIll    GU1£ 

nit   13,    Commodore  Q.  JcnaJas,  rj;, 
Persian  Gulf. 
Fcrooz,   VK   padllr,   Commander  C.   J 

temlen,  IS30,  Bombay. 
Freere,  ^paddlo.  MaMcr- Command  cv I. McXell, 

1863,  River  Indus. 
Goolnnatr,    paddle  yacht,   Mnater-Cotntnaudcr 
J,  0.  Kennelly,  iBou,  Bom  bay 


Georglana,   2,    LieuUCom.    W,  Collin  uwnud, 

1657,  PoraJan  Guitt 
Indus,  2,  paddle,    Master-Commander  ' 

L8M,  Hirer  Indus. 
J  helium,  %  paddle,    Hester- Com,   H,  L.  Law. 

son,  1856,  River  Indus. 
fCeddywarree,   receiving  idrip.  Master-Cam  J. 

&  Amos,  litefi,  Kurmche- 
Lady  Falkland,  £  paddle,  Me#L-Com,W,  Barms, 

Lady  Canning  4.  paddle,  Lieut, -Com,  E.  Fccvur, 

iSld,  Red  Sen. 
Mahl,    S,   Lleut,-Com,     K,    W.    WMik,    1MD, 

Boinbav. 
Marta,  B,  Lieut-Coin.  C.  G,  Conitable,  IB3», 

Surveying  Ship,  Malabar  Coast, 
Moetvee,  1.  pendant  ves,,  Capr,  K.  W+  DanielL 

Napier,     2,     paddle,    Master  -Commander    J' 

Forster,    M,  River  Indus, 
Xerbudda,    2,    Lknt*CoiQ-  G.    Forater,    1854, 

Malabar  Coast. 
Kim  rod.  %  ptiddlo,  M^osttr-Commnudcr  J.  B. 

Butter,  IH^i,  filler  Indus. 
NiTrcris.  Flat   Mu^ter-Com.  A+  IlarriaoJi,  IBM, 

River  Indus. 
Outran),  4,  paddle,  Mast-Corn.  W.  Flvey,  ISM, 

River  Indus, 
Punjnuk  lon  paddle,  Commander  A,  Foulerton, 

1*57,  Calcutta 
Flanct,     2,      pari  flic,      Mastcr-Com.      T.      K. 

Fletcher,  i*.v,i,  rJtct  Indus. 
Trine e    Arthur,     screw    troop-SRlp,    Com,    l* 

Tronwm,  I9M,  *»  rottto  Timor  Inhnida, 
Pleiad,  J,  sctot,  Llcut-Cem.  J.  G.  Nlioi 

Perafaji 

llavee.  Flat,  3rIaator-Com. ,  River  Indua 

Semi  ram  I  s,  B  paddle,  Com.  W.  Ballon 

Belli  bay. 
Suttodge,  Flat,  MaRter-CemM  River  Indu*. 
Satellite^  -4,  pwddlo.   Ma^cr-Com,  A,  WiBtiuN 

18U,  Rt?er  tndvs, 
Snake,  puddle,  tender  to  Acbar.  Bombay, 
Sir  It  llavelock,  S,   paddle,   Master-Corn   IK 

M-ITH..I,.  is v-,.  fttreT  lodas. 
Sir  11.   Ijiwreiii'i-,  3,   paddle,   M.i 

TicM,  IB4S,  K'lvci  Indus. 
Syduey,    aerew    troop  ^hli%  Maater-CunL   J. 

Nlhhln,  Bay  of  llenwal 
ttffrfa,  a,  Lieut -Cuni.   C.  T.  Ilobineoa,  11*47, 

.     Pendan  Gulf. 
Victoria,    4,     paddle,    Lleut-Com.    1 

Twyuham.  I84A  Bombay. 
Zcnoblav    10*   paddle,    Com,  F,    E.    Mllnnel^ 

ISaT,  Murat 


NAVAL  BRIGADE. 


1  ri    «  i  t^udi'.   Bonibay,   1st  Company,   Surat, 
Lietit-Cuui.    J^    i.    Bcwr*]itr,    UM,    com- - 

waadlnf. 
3Dd  Brigade,  Ben  get  Capt  0.   U,   Campbell, 

l*fff 
I  at  Company,  Fort  WilUam,    Luui-Com    C, 

B,Templcr,la*7. 
ind   Company,   Guyali    Ueut.-Cont.   T,  It.  B. 

Banon,  14M. 

do.      Daeea,  Licttt-Ceni*  n.  w,  Ftbc- 

rtdifC.134L 
^1,        tb>.      Andaman   Islands,    Lleut.-Com. 

! .  Warden,  1W7. 


■  inpany  Sasaeram,  Lieut .»Com.  *J,  U. 

Qirew,  la&at 
m\\        flu.      Patnu,  I.umii .-Cum.    h.  s.   |>u^i, 

Itti 
ith        dn.      fbyluissa,     UeuL-Com.    T.      L. 

Mil        do,'      HarackpoiL,  Lieat-Com.  W.  H.  II. 

Davia,  l&4ft. 
iHh       do.      deports  Licnt-ConL  A,  T,  Winder 

VOL 


18590 


461 


PROMOTIONS  AND  APPOINTMENm 


NAYY. 


Admiralty,  May  25. 
Corps  of  Royal  Marines'— First  Lieut. 
C.  L+  A*  Fannar  to  be  Capt,  s  First 
Lieut  C\  JolIifFe  to  be  Capt.  ;  Second 
Lieut.  W.  H.  Nantes  to  ho  First  Lieut., 
vice  Fannar,  promoted  ;  Second  Lieut, 
M«  H.  Farquharson  to  be  First  Lieut., 
vice  JolIifFe,  promoted, 

PROMOTIONS. 

Comtnawitrs  to  be  Captains — Charles 
Wake,  1855  |  Frederick  L,  A.  Seivnrn. 
1847* 

Commander  tote  Captain  tm  Referred 
Half  Pay — John  Tudor,  1342,  vice 
i ,  deceased. 

Lieutenants  to  be  Comtnandert — T« 
1LM.  Martin,  1848;  E.  Field,  1851  ; 
M.  E.  Smitbett,  1852?  Hon,  W.  C. 
Tailwt,  1854, 

Matt*  to  he  Linihnants—Xhm.  F.  G* 

Orofton ;    Clavell   W.  8.   Blount  and 

Allen  C.  Adams,  1857  ;  N.  C.  Barton, 

G.  W.  Bloxsomc,  P,  J.  Mmrav,  St,  V, 

1).  Lake,  A,  H.G.  Richardson,"  J.  G,  J. 

Hamner,    R.    G,    Kinahan,  11.   J.    F. 

Campbell,  &   S.  Peard,  G  N.  Streak 

field,  and  F+  H.  Blair,    L8&6;  \\\  H. 

KItoii,   S.  M.  Medley,  Charles  Jenkins, 

R.  H.  Nieholetfcs,  C,  G.  Fan..-,  A.  J,  V* 

Collins,  L  M.  Mallet,  C  W.  Thackeray, 

J+  B.   WarrcnT  K.   BheepftQaoka,  J.   L 

Hopej  A.  J,  Cheek,  C.  1).   Brought* >n, 

W,   J+   Aldham,   Francis   JDurrnnt, 

toppol,  li.B.  Fuaey,  U+  D.  Buihe, 

J,   1£  Moms,  G  It.  Buckle,  B.  G.  8. 

Pasley,  W.  H.  Rov»e,  H,  Hilton,  M.  B. 

poott,  Hon.  E.  L.  V.  Mostyu,  E. 

'L'k,  K.  J.  Jermain,  Sir  Francis 

Blackwood,  Bart.,  H.  R.  Holmes,  H.J, 

ngton,   Robert  Woodward,  N.  B, 

Smith,  C.  A.  Watts,  John  Shortt,  &  B. 

Mangan,  and  A.  R,  llupuis,  I  BTi7. 

Sec  jut  I  Marten  Mfent — John 

II.  Switaer,  1849  ;  W.  T.  Clifton,  IL  0, 
oedmoad,  John  Molloy,  A,  E,  Park^, 
J.  IX  Rogers,  1M  Drew,  E  .1.  Kellow, 
J.  i:  Kyau,  J  J  a  Harris,  A.  J.  Anu- 
»troni£t  D.  Pender,  E.  L*  B,  Williams, 
ud  J.  11,  Lawrence,  1853* 

APPOINTMENTS, 
ifair  ddmitQt  of  the  Bhte—Jvhu  E. 
Erskine  to  be  second  in  command  of  the 
Channel  Fleet,  and  to  hoi^t  his  flag  ou 
board  the  Ethjar. 

\\  Glamillc,  1S4«,  to 
I 
J,  j.  i;    i;    I-,,  n    1464,  to  Onm, 


Houstoun,  invalided;  Roclif  ort  Maguire, 
1855,  to  Imperieitse;   Thomas  Cochran, 

1857,  to  Amphion  y  Thomaa  Miller,  I85&, 
'■<> ;  E.  G.  Fanabawe,  1645,  to  Tra- 

fahav  ;  Sir  William  Hoste,  Bart,  1848, 
to  Neptune  ;  William  Eduionstone,  1858, 
to  DaunUess ;  11,  B,  Watson,  C.B.,  to 
be  Superintendent  of  Sheernesa  Dock- 
yard, vice  Fitzgerald,  deceased  ;  Hon, 
J.  W.  S,  Spenser,  1854,  to  Topass  ; 
Rowley  Lambert,  1855,  to  ScyUts  \  R. 
B,  Crawford,  1856,  to  Sidon  j  John 
Corbett,  1857,  to  Scout  ;  CharJea  FP 
8ehomberg,  1851,  to  Ah&akir^  Ricbard 
Moorman,  IS57,  to  Cvmack  ;  Charles  J* 

F.  Ewart,  to  Melpomene. 
Cfrotwiaiiders— Frederick  A.  Herbert, 

1858,  to  Aloukir  ;  W.  J.  Pollard,* 854, 
to  Htdqar  ;  J.  C.  Soady,  1851,  to  Nep- 
tune y  H.   D.    Hickley,   1858,  to   Gfa- 

Li<  o tenants— R.  H,  Harington,  1S56, 
to  Artttititmnon  *M  R.  H+  Roe,  185^,  to 
Donegal ;  W,  O,  Butler,  1855,  to  Flying 
Fish  ;  John  Burgess,  1848,  and  Hon. 
H.  D.  Lascelles,  1855,  to  Topaze  ;  J. 
BL  Miehell,  1854.  to  Victory;  C,  H. 
Murphy,  1S58,  to  Excellent ;  Sydney 
Metcalfe,  1857,  to  Dannttefs ;  J+  K 
Paluier,  1855,  to  Neptune  j  C.  A*  J. 
Heytiham,  1854,  to  Ajux  \  George  Mar- 
riott,  184*2,  and  J.  J.  W.  Jervia,  1S60,  to 
Mars;  F.  H.  S,  Flood,  1856,  to  Atn+ 
phion  -t  William  Clark,  to  Gt<tdiatur  j 
A.  Swinburne,  134^,  John  G.  Boileau, 
1S:j1,  Wt  T.  W.  Hambly,  1854,  and  R. 
J.  Stotberd,  183t>,   bo  Alfred 

Luckraft,  1846,  E.  F.  Hidme,  184 
N.  Comewall,  1853,  and  W,  J.  Walker, 
bq  Aboukir  i  C.  O.  B.  Hall,  1847, 
to  V&torvt  C.  R.  Buckie,  1859,  to 
Abouter  *t  W.  B.  Pauli,  1851,  J,  M. 
Marri*.  1859,  C.  R.  Maberley,  1855,  A. 

G.  Bogle,  1855,  Henry  Vaugban,  1856, 
and  A.  J.  V.  Collins,  I8o0,  to  Excellent; 
R,  P.  Fit/  Gerald,  1857,  to  Emerald  \ 
F+  H.  llastingR,  1858,  to  Edgar  ;  W. 
Jt  II,  Gmbbe,  1851,  to  Dauntless  \  C. 

t,  1856,  to  Crtssy\   H.  W. 
Breut,  1856,  to  ieytfrt;  M.  G.  Jackson, 
I8o4,  AV.   O.   Butler,    1855,  and  E.  B+ 
,   to    Tvpm\  H.  1\  Mara- 
ud Hon.  A.  K.  H,  Legge, 
\$~>$>  U>  Sidon  :  B    l    '  <)6t  to 

LscttUitl  \  Tlmmaa  Stackhouae,  lb53,  to 
Jfojus  ;    Wiibajn    Menzies,    1«54,    to 
i  Go..rr^e  Ttidd,  185,1,  to  Aga 
I:   II    k.  Mend  ,  I    16  W,  W,  S. 


J    W.  H, 


U   8,  Mau.,  No,  dm,  Jvhit  1S50. 


Cuioiug,  1855 


402 


TEOMOTIOKS  AKB  APPOINTMENTS* 


[July, 


and  Francis  OsbuTOj  185S,  to  Trafalgar  ; 
D,  Stewart,  1858,  to  toniwv 

Jf  outers— Edwin  Rowe,  1350  (addi- 
tional) to  ?Feflin0fem,  for  service  in 
Donttjal;  John  S.  Smith,  1851  (addi- 
tional) to  A*kt,  for  Bcrvice  in  Imp&i* 
east;  Christopher  Albert,  1853, t 
pomcne  ;  John  Riohards,  (additional)  to 
fward  i  George  Eiehards.  1852,  to 
jSufati  *,  Tom  11  Head,  1855,  to  ?■ 
Philip  Going,  1855,  to  Scylla  ;  G,  S. 
Aildricks,  1855,to&(jw^ ;  Mark  Netfcen, 
1856,  to  Canack  \  B,  J,  Hooper,  1849, 
to  Trafalgar  j  P-  Mc.D.  Jago,  1816,  to 
AVpfiJite  ;  T.  B  Wells,  1850,  to  Corn* 
maais*  B.  P.  J*  Simpson,  1854,  to 
Dauntless]  John  Thompson,  IS 55,  to 
JlhmiUtya  \  Edwin  Rowc,  1800,  to 
Donegvi  ;  John  8.  Smith,  1851,  to  Im- 
perieMse)  F,  T.  Jameson,  18515,  to 
Dauntless  \  W(  T.  Greet,  1854,  (addi- 
tional) to  WeUinaton;  \Vt  H,  Fetch, 
1851,  to  Mars;  F.  B.  Youel,  1.854,  to 
Diadem ;  Samuel  Wlnnecott,  1856,  to 
Racoon  ;  John  B,  Ryan,  1859,  to  tfcm- 
toet ;  F.  B.  BtPlfOOd,  lfto2,  in?  ^MpiKcm  ; 
G,  P.  Heather,  1857,  to  Uk  \  G 
Giioa,  1849,  to  S^ri  W,  H.  I 
l846»to£frH/Wm. 

— 1'\  l\  Morgan,  132 
Dauntless  •  Mitohe)  Thompson,  1832,  to 
Trajahjur*.  Thomas  W.  Jewell,  1838, 
to  Neptune  ;  George  Gordon,  1856,  (ad- 
ditional) to  JVepfititt  ;  William  'IV  if.  v, 
185o\  (additional)  to  T\*nfal<jar  ;  Beaton 
Wade,  1854,  to  front  \  T.  J.  Layton, 
M.D.,  I860,  to  Topaze  y  T.  K.  Vkk- 
thorn,  1851,  to  &Vfo» ■;  J.  Ward  (a) 
1851,  to  SctfUa;  M.  Hamilton,  M.D. 
HA.t  1855,  to  cWirA  j  I*  J,  Monteith 
1854,  to  Melpomene  ;  John  B*  RieardH, 
1854,  to  RU&m  ;  John  NM1,  MJ>., 
1858,  (additional)  to  Fhaawl  j  Thomas 
Somerviile,  I84ti,  to  >,%flr  j  J.  T. 
Gabriel,  1858  (additional)  to  E 
James  Davidson,  M.  D ,  1 848 .  to  A  b  ■ 
Mr  I  William  Evans  {<:),  1858  (addi- 
tional), to  MuAtelL 

A  stistan  2  SurffeiHis, — J ,  Caldwell, 
1853,  to  Mara  j  Robert  L.  Brett,  1859 
(acting},  to  Dotwjul^  J.  Light  erwood, 
185 p  (acting),  to  Imperieute  ;  T.  Kipling, 
1 199,  (acting),  to  4foufcir  j  W.  Yardo, 
M.D.  (acting)  to  Tmjahjar  ;  A.  Ruttrav 
M.P.,  1854,  to  rw/^itiftCJiYi'iv/)—  Denis 
BfaCterthy,  1859,  to  Emeralds  James 
Trimble  !*5i»,  to  Mstomm**  I 
Buther,  MR,  1859,  to  Himalaya, 

Pom  fi    L  Giles,  184*.  to 

Tniftthjtir  ;  G,  K  I '.  Biittitiun,  1 
AVpU»*J    W,    JL   Huhnrii^   I85:i,    to 
Dauntleu ;  Edwin  R.  MiaU,  185d  (atl^ 


ditional),  to  CbfflMS^Ktj  C.  Saunders. 
1854,  {additional),  to  Trafalgar  -,  W.  T. 
Biddlecombe,  1852,  to  Melpomene  ;  G, 
A.  V.  Welch,  1855  (additional)  to  Il- 
lustrious ;  W,  T,  Richards,  1854  (ad* 
diriunal)  to  Excellent  j  Robert  Bone, 
1855  (additional)  to  Axia  ;  Isaac  Ream- 
den,  1857,  (additional)  to  Minotaur  ;  H. 
N,  Soaife,  1852,  to  Toposc ;  W.  H.  De 
Carteret,  1855  (adiiitional)  to  Edinburgh j 
N,  Giles,  18  on  ;  C.  J,  Martin 

1854,  to  Sq/Ua.  Robert  Long  to  be 
Secretary  to  Bear  Admiral  Erskinc.  J. 
Tweedio,  1850,  to  Mars  %  W.  H.  Nor- 
man, 1841,  to  Donegal  \  R.  A.  Cnmming, 
1851,  to  Imperieuse  -t  Charles  C  lekj 
1854  (additional)  to  Eayh  ;  J,  T,  Well*, 

1853,  to  Awptem  ;  J.  vT.  W.  Green, 
1854  (additional)  to  Trafalgar  |  Harry 
T.  Kettleton,  1853,  to  CHo;  W.  Komi- 
man,  1853,  (additional)  to  Cam! 
J.G.  Barnes,  1854.  to  Gladiator  i  H+  0. 
Davy  !8o6,  (aiMilional)  to  TFfff«^v; 
JameaD.  Gilpin,  1849,  to  Edgar  ;  Ar- 
thur A*  Speed,  1850*  to  Aboukir  j  A* 
Barren,  1855,  (additional)  to  Eagle  ;  C, 
W,  HarriiT  1856.  (additional)  to  8t.  Vm- 
rrnt ;  Willis  Price,  1850  (additional),  to 
Abouhlr  ;  H,  C.  Davy,  1850  (additional) 
to  Edqar. 

Mtit*s—F.  Stirling,  1858,  to  Abmkir* 
H+  C.  Onslow,  1858,  to  Brisk  ;  F.  S. 
Van  der  M>  ,  to  Edgar ;  A.  8. 

Montague,  1859,  to  Cadmus  *  Hon,  M, 
W^injrfield,  1853,  R.  O'B.  Fitz  Bovt  1868; 
and  Lord  Walter  F.  Kerr,  1858,*  i 
toria  and  Albert. 

.,/  Masters— G.  W.  BawlindH, 
(acting,)  to  London  ;  H,  R,  J.  Pearch, 
(acting,)  to  Agameirmon  \  Thomas  Lee- 
then  u  to  0  sorgt  8,  Webster j 

to  Catfjnm  ;    Edward  Colb 
1857,  (additional,)  to  Minotaur  \  I 
F,  Day,  1855, to  Avon  -7  George  Patter- 
son, 1856,  to  Arr, 

CMe/  Entjia&n — C,  Moxlev,  l§55,to 
Himalaya  \  John  Brown,  1858,  to  Wd~ 
Hnr/fan  \  J.  MaeGregor,  1854,  to  Lum  | 
F-  J.  Pope,  1855,  to  Revenge  ;  S.  & 
Deny,  1856,  to  Pembroke;  R.  Drum- 
mond,  1854,  to  lopaxi  C.  HtagbtoQ, 

1854,  to  DauntU&i  ■   L   Swift.  1 
JVi^wif  ;G.  Weeks,  lS47,to  CAar^bdit; 
J.  Robertson  (actang),  to  JSidon  ;  Robt. 
Gow.  1818.  to  Abaviir',  Joshua  Robin- 
son, lft.>4,  to  Ma 

AuUtmt    h'*}jirnrr*—R.    Pav 

Did  ton,   C.    Widdiooaib«    (acting),  to 

Abtntkir  -,   J.   Hodjtin,    to    llawkt;    G, 

(acting),  «  s  J,  LeosoiJ, 

to  £WsA  ;  W.   KtsUy  and  J,  Beech,  to 


1859.] 


PBOKOTIO3T0  AND  APPOINTMENTS. 


468 


Royal  Albert ;  M.  E.  Pearce  and  H. 
Pitt,  to  Wellington. 

Assistant  Engineers,  First  Class — T. 
Lumley,  to  Dauntless  ;  J.  Carpenter,  to 
Neptune.  Second  Class — J.  Staley,  to 
Dauntless ;  T.  Rees,  to  Neptune ;  J. 
Holland,  to  Wellington;  J.  Craven,  to 
Sidon.  Third  Class— J.  Hopgood,  G. 
Bone,  J.  Croll,  and  J.  Francis,  to 
Dauntless ;  A.  H.  Rogers,  W.  E.  Pilcher, 
R.  Glasspole,  and  W.  Webber,  to  Nep- 
tune; G.  H.  Loxdale,  R.  Mitchell,  W. 
H.  Barker,  and  J.  Tapp,  to  Topaze  ;  J. 
Kay,  to  Virago ;  J.  Dearden,  A.  Wil- 
son, T.  Cross,  and  C.  Deal,  to  Sidon  ; 

C.  J.  Gregory,  to  Ajax. 
Midshipmen— A.  H.  Blair,  to  James 

Watt ;  W.  H.  Leech,  to  Emerald;  F.  A. 
Sargeant,  to  Brisk;  F.  B.  Renshaw,  to 
London ;  H.  W.  Skene,  to  Agamemnon ; 
A.  H.  Tumor,  to  Hero. 

Master's  Assistants — Arthur  Cazaly, 
to  Hannibal;  Robert  Towere,  to  Brisk; 
L.  Edwards,  to  Royal  Albert ;  E.  Brock 
and  F.  W.  Jarrad,  to  Falcon  ;  B.  S. 
Bradley,  to  London  ;  C.  E.  E.  Peake,  to 
Emerald  ;  C.  H.  Tregidgo,  to  Cadmus  : 
F.  T.  Helby,  to  Mersey. 

Naval  Cadets— V.  P.  Harper,  and  A. 

F.  Grant,  to  Algiers  ;   J.  G.  Dennison, 

D.  L.  Stuart,  and  G.  H.  Noel,  to  Han- 
nibal ;  C.  A.  Woodroffe,  A.  H.  Fronde, 
and  A.  H.  Percy,  to  Hero  ;  E.  A. 
Liardet,  and  H.  L.  Veitch,  to  Agamem- 
non; C.  P.  Foot,  to  Brisk  ;  Marquis  of 
Queensbcrry  to  Indus  ;  C.  A.  Tucker, 
A.  G.  Fullerton,  H.  J.  Turnbuli,  and 

G.  C.  Carter,  to  London  ;  C.  V.  Nepean, 
to  Mersey ;  W.  R.  Clutterbuck,  J.  T. 
Sullivan,  A.  C.  Elwes,  and  C.  D.  Eden, 
to  Emerald  ;  H.  C.  Reade,  and  F.  Wil- 
son, to  Exmouth  ;  J.  H.  Robinson,  and 
A.  S.  Philpotts,  to  Cressy;  A.  J. 
O'Rorke,  to  Cadmus  ;  J.D,  Ryder,  to 
Doris  ;  H.  F.  Greniell  and  J.  H.  Dick- 
son, to  St.  Jean  d!Aere ;  T.  James,  F. 
sB.  Carr  and  J.  Echlin  to  James  Watt ; 
B>  W.  Wodehouse,  to  Royal  Albert ;  G. 


Parnell,  to  Agamemnon  j  Marquis  of 
Queensberry,  to  Aboukir. 

Assistant  Paymasters—-C'  A.  Shap- 
cote,  1851,  to  Wellington ;  Arthur  B. 
Cumming,  to  Melpomene ;  James  B. 
Rawlings,  1854,  to  Mars;  J.  E.  C. 
Sullivan,  to  Donegal ;  C.  H.  Ceeley,  to 
Imperieuse;  F.  M.  Wright,  1853,  to 
Edgar  ;  A.  Edwards,  1854,  to  Topaze  \ 
H.  M.  D.  Wilson,  to  Sidon  ;  T.  N 
Frith,  to  Scytta;  Derisley  Martin,  to 
Dauntless. 

Clerks— Charles  A.  Chanter,  to  Tra- 
falgar ;  Thomas  Pullinger,to  Hastings ; 
Allen  F.  Gain,  to  London;  William 
Lovely,  to  Edgar ;  A.  G.  Young,  to 
Aboukir  ;  William  Crump,  to  Arrogant ; 
E.  C.  Taylor,  to  Mars  ;  Donald  Baque, 
to  Donegal ;  P.  0.  M.  Presgrave,  to 
Gladiator  ;  James  H.  Wallis,  to   Clio ; 

D.  V.  Hamilton,  to  Amphion. 
Assistant  Clerks  -R.  J.  B.  Smart  to 

Ajax ;  Alfred  Clements  to  Agammenon ; 
Herbert  W.  Hore,  (additional)  to  Queen 
Charlotte ;  Alfred  P.  Freeman  to  Emer- 
ald; Thomas  Forder  to  Hawke;  Alan 
H.  Grey  to  Edgar;  W.  B.  Jennis  to 
Comwallis ;  H.  A.  Scrivener  to  For- 
midable ;  E.  E.  Richmond  to  Cadmus ; 

E.  M.  Ommanney  to  London ;  A.  C. 
Jeflreys  to  Aboukir;  H.  W.  Horeto 
Minotaur  ;  F.  C.  W.  Sadler  to  Asia  ;  A« 
Le  B.  Corrie  to  Aboukir  ;  A.  C.  Jeffrey* 
to  Edinburgh;  J.  W.  Backwell  to  Wei- 
lington;  J.  G.  Card  to  Pembroke;  W. 
A.  Dangerficld  to  Hogue  ;  C.  H.  Wat. 
son  to  Mdon;  F.  C.  B.  Wither  to  Topaze \ 
J.  D.  Austin  to  Scylla 

COAST  GUARD, 
Commander— ¥.  D.  Rfch,  1858,  to  ba 
Inspecting  Commander. 

Removals  — Chief  Officers  —  Lieut 
Richard  E.  Bullen,  from  Rickham  to 
Mothercombe;  Mr.  Eraser  H.  Jennison. 
from  Old  Head  to  Castletownsend. 

Lieutenant— Richard  E.  Bullens'  re- 
moval from  Rickham  to  Mothercombe 
has  been  cancelled. 


WAR  OFFICE,  Mat  31. 
( The  following  Commissions  to  bear  date 
May  31,  1859.) 
Corps  of  Royal  Engineers— Iieut. 
Gen.  G.  J.  Harding,  C.B.,  to  be  Col. 
Commandant,  yice  Cardew,  deceased, 
May  10. 

1st  Dragoon  Gaaxda— T.  A.  Gough, 


ABMY. 


gent.,  to  be  Cornet,  without  purchase* 
vice  Fellowes,  deceased. 

2nd  Dragoon  Guards — Lieut.  W.  C. 
Grant  to  be  Captain,  without  purchase, 
vice  Blair,  deceased  ;  Cornet  C.  G.  A 
Barnes,  to  be  Lieut,  without  purchase, 
vice  Grant,  March  29. 

8rd  Dragoon  (jhiards-^ohn^L.Eijcj^^ 


464 


PEOMOTIOKS  AtfD  APPOTKTMENT9 . 


[Jttlt 


*bn,  gent.,  to  be  Cornet,  by  purchase, 
Vice  Maunder,  promoted. 

7th  Dragoon  Guards— Cap tain  F,  G* 
Smith  to  be  Major,  without  purchase, 
vice  Middleton,  deceased;  Lieut.  H. 
J^icholl  to  be  Cnptai  u,  without  purchase, 
vice  Smith  ;  Comet  J,  J.  L.  M'Adam 
to  be  Lieutenant,  without  purchase,  vice 
tficholl,  April  IS. 

(Stb  Dragoons — Lieut,  and  Aoj,  H*  T. 
Clemen ts,  from  the  14th  Light  Dragoons, 
to  be  Captain,  by  purchase,  rice  Sleigh, 
who  retires, 

7th  Light  Dragoons—  SerjrR.  Masters 
to  be  Comet,  without  purchase. 

12th  Light  Dragoons— Lieut.  W,  C* 
Goldie  baa  been  dismissed  the  Service 
by  the  sentence  of  a  General  Court-Ma  r- 
lul.  dan,  21, 

1 3th  Light  Dragoons  —  Major  H. 
Holden  tube  Lieut,  Cob,  by  purchase, 
vice  Brevet  Cob  Doherty,  who  retirej> ; 
Brevet  Major  A,  Tremayne  to  be  Major, 
by  purchase,  vice  Hold  en. 

Military  Train— The  appointment  of 
Cornet  J,  Baird  from  Half  Pay  late 
Land  Transport  Corps,  to  be  Ensign,  as 
stated  in  the  GtueUe  of  the  25th  April, 
1859,  has  been  cancelled. 

Royal  Artillery — Brevet  lieut  Col. 
Hugh  A,  B,  Campbell,  OB.,  to  be  Lieut. 
Cob,  rice  Maude,  placed  on  the  Seconded 
List;  Brevet  Major  0.  F,  Young  to  be 
Capt,  vice  Campbell ;  May  15.  Second 
Captain  8,  Frceling  to  be  Capt,,  vice 
,  Ooi  Morris,  promoted  to  be  Major 
Unattached,  under  the  Royal  Warrant 
of  Nov,  "J,  1854  j  May  54.  Lieut,  C  L, 
Tredcroft  to  be  Second  Captain,  vice 
Young ;  May  15.  Lkut,  G.  W,  Holmes 
to  be  Second  Capt,,  vice  Blackburae, 
who  resigns ;  May  17.  Lieut,  J.  E, 
Ruck-Keene  to  be  Second  Captain,  vice 
Freeling;  H,  W,  Vyuer,  gent,,  to  be 
Paymaster,  May  24. 

Royal  Engineers— Brevet  Colonel  J. 
Twiss,  to  be  Cob,  vice  Hail,  removed  m 
aGeneraL  Officer  ;  Brevet  Lieut.  CoL  T, 
Feuwick  to  bo  Lieut.  L  u|  ,  ne«  Twiss  j 
Second  Captain  B,  A.  Wilkinson  to  be 
Capt,  vice  Feowieke  ;  Lieut.  L.  A. 
Hale  to  be  Second  Capt,,  vice  Wilkinson, 
May  in 

1st  Foot — H,  8.  Bainbridgn,  gent.,  to 
fce  Ensign  by  purchase,  vice  Evans,  pro- 
moted. 

2nd— Ensign  W.  Squiri  to  be  Lieut,  by 
purchase,  vice  Emau,  who  retires. 

;tli— Lieut.  E.  M,  Mason  to  be  Capt., 
by  pnrchase,  vice  Sy moods,  who  re- 
tires, 

-    7th— Lieut.  H,  S.  Harrison  to  be  In- 
structor of  Musketry,  April  1, 


0th— W.  H.  Hathway,  gent,  to  be 
Ensign  by  purchase,  vice  Layard,  pro- 
moted ;  Lieut,  G.  M,  Chadwicke,  to  be 
Instructor  of  Musketry,  rice  Captain 
Douglas,  who  rejoins  Ms  Company,  May 
15, 

12th— W,S.  Thomson,  gent,  to  be 
Ensign ,  hy  purchase,  vice  Page,  pro- 
moted, 

14th— C.  T,  M'Mahon,  gent,  to  \m 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  rice  Frizell,  pro- 
moted, 

lGth — Ensign  C.  J.  Home  to  be  Lienr. 
by  purchase,  vice  Malone,  who  retires; 
Ensign  F#  Jefferson  to  be  Lieut,  by  pur- 
chase,  vice  Healy,  promoted;  A  K. 
Stabb,  gent.,  to  be  Ensign  by  purchase, 
vice  Whitlam,  promoted  ;  Lieut.  W.  H, 
Carter  to  be  Adjutant,  vice  Healy,  pro- 
moted, 

19th— Lieut,  B.  C.  Martin  to  be  Capt, 
by  purchase,  vice  Bissett,  who  retires ; 
H.  Stokes,  gent,,  to  be  Ensign,  by  pur- 
chase, vice  Veacy,  promoted. 

21st— E,  Walker,  gent.,  to  be  Ensign, 
by  purchase,  vice  Charmer,  promoted  ; 
R,  Farquharson,  gent,,  to  be  Ensign,  by 
purchase,  vice  Jackson,  promoted* 

24th— W.  Hitchcock,  gent,  to  be 
l^nsiu.Ti ,  Ia-  purchase,  vies  But  It*,  pw- 
noted. 

25th— K.  B.  Dowhng,  gent,  u>  be 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Ramsay,  pro- 
tnoted 

S7tb — N,  Gilpin,  gent,,  to  be  I. 
by  purchase,  vice  A.  Jones,  promoted, 

40th— K.  C.  Brook,  gent,  to  be 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Bees,  pro* 
muted. 

43rd— H.  B.  Osborne,  gent,  to  be 
Ensign,  hy  purchase,  rice  McGown, 
promoted. 

58th— Ensign  J.  Pi-ingle  to  be  I 
by  purchase,  vice  Harrison,  who  retires, 

6lst — J,  D.  Wedgwood,  gent.,  to  be 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Rowband,  ap- 
pointed  to  the  75  th  Foot. 

64th— Surgeon  J.  G,  Inglis,  BOX 
C,B>,  having  completed  twenty  years 
Full  Fay  service,  to  be  Surgeon  Major, 
under  toe  Royal  Warrant  of  the  1st. 
Oct,,  1858  -t  March  29, 

70tb— J,  B.  Collins,  gent,  to  be 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  rice  Wright,  pro- 
moted. 

71st — H.  Fraeer,  gent,  to  be  j 
by  purchase,  vice  Leslie,  promoted. 

72ud— F,  T.  Pardee,  gent,,  to  he 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Stewart,  pro- 
moted, 

74th-G,  W.  M,  Hall,  gi 
Ensign,   by  purchase,  vice    Sain 
promoted, 


1859.] 


PE0MGTI01TS  A5D  APPOINTMENTS. 


465 


77  th — WH  S,  Hetidersocgent.,  to  be 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Wordsworth, 
promoted. 

79th — A.  Hutten,  gent,,  to  be  Ensign, 
by  purchase,  vice  A.  £U  M'Gwire,  who 
retires. 

80th— C.  G,  Horris,  gent.,  to  be  En- 
tign,  by  purchase,  vice  Graham,  pro- 
moted. 

filth—  Ensign  W.  C.  Clayton,  from 
the  96th  Foot,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Griffin, 
promoted, 

88th— A.  A.  Owen,  gent.,  to  be 
Ensign  by  purchase,  vice  Wbitla,  pro- 
moted. 

89th— Ensign  W.  Sealey  to  be  Lieut., 
without  purdbaoe,  vice  Harrison,  de- 
ceased, March  25. 

92nd— D.  M.  M.  Crichton,  gent.,  to 
be  Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Bond*  who 
retires.  The  Christian  names  of  Brevet 
Major  Hamilton,  who  was  promoted  to 
the  Brevet  rank  of  Major,  in  the 
Gaxttt  of  28th  January,  1859,  are 
Christian  Monteith,  and  not  Charles 
Monteath,  as  therein  stated. 

96th— W.  C.  Clayton,  gent.,  to  be 
Ensign,   by  purchase,  vice   Kirk  wood, 

r noted.  E.  B.  H.  Curteis,  gent.,  to 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Wright, 
promoted,  June  1. 

Wth— a  W.  Vardon,  gent.,  to  be 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Woodward, 
promoted. 

99  th— W,  Skipper,  gent.,  to  be  En- 
sign, by  purchase,  Vice  Gray,  promoted , 

Kifle  Brigade— Ensign  E.  H.  Cham- 
berlin,  to  be  Lieut,,  by  purchase,  vice 
Parr,  whose  promotion,  by  purchase,  on 
the  17th  December,  1858,  nag  been 
cancelled  j  Ensigu  the  Hon.  C.  E.  Ed- 
wards, to  be  Lieut,,  by  purchase,  vice 
Hook,    whose  promotion,   by   purchase, 

■  on  the  11th  January,  1859,  has  been 
cancelled. 
Baosumxo  District.— Brevet  Col. 
W.  Hamilton,  C.B.,  from  the  78th 
Foot,  to  be  Inspecting  Field  Officer,  in 
succession  to  Brevet  Col.  J.  Fatten, 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  Maj.  Gen., 
June  1. 

CH  APLA  IX'  3  D  EPA  RTMENT. — The  R  CV. 

W.  Helps  to  be  Chaplain  of  the  Second 
Class  ;  his  Commission  as  Chaplain  of 
the  Third  Class  with  date  16th  April, 
1856,  as  stated  in  Gazette  of  18th  Jan., 
1859,  has  been  cancelled,  July  11,  1856* 
Rutal  Hibernian  School* — As- 
sistant {Surgeon  F.  Bo  wen,  M.DH,  from 
the  Coldstream  Regiment  of  Foot 
Guards,  to  be  Surgeon,  vice  Blakeney, 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  Surgeon  Major* 


Brevet.— Major-Generai  J,  Oldfield 
Id  he  Lieut, -Gen.,  vice  Cardew,  deceased, 
May  It),  Colonel  L.  A.  Hall,  of  the 
Royal  Engineers,  to  be  Major-General, 
vice  Oldfield;  May  10.  Colonel  C. 
Grierson,  retired  full  pay  of  the  Royal 
Engineers,  to  be  Major-General,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  promotion  of  Colonel 
Hall,  who  stood  below  him  on  the 
effect! vo  list  of  the  Corps  at  the  date  of 
this  retiremen  ;  May  1 D. 

The  undermentioned  promotions  to 
take  place  consequent  on  the  promotion 
of  Colonel  Lewis  A.  Hall,  Royal  En* 
gineers,  to  be  Major-General,  in  suc- 
cession to  Lieut,  Gen,  G.  Cardew,  Royal 
Engineers,  who  died  on  the  9th  May, 
U59:— 

Brevet  Lieut.  CoL  H.  P.  Bourchier, 
Captain  on  half  pay  of  the  lUth  Dra- 
goons, Town  Major,  Kingston,  Canada, 
to  be  Colonel ;  May  10.  Brevet  Major 
M,  MacGregor,  Captain  on  half  pay  Un- 
attached,  te  be  Lieut,  Col  ;  May  10. 
Captain  D.  Jones,  half  pay  Unattached, 
Aide-do-Camp  to  the  General  Officer 
commanding  the  Troops  in  Scotland,  to 
be  Major  ;  May  10. 

The  undermentioned  promotions  to 
take  place  consequent  on  the  death  of 
lieutenant-General  H .  Adolphus  Proc- 
tor, C.B.,  Colonel  of  the  97th  Regiment, 
on  the  13th  May,  1859. 

Major-General  the  Hon.  Sir  E.  Gust, 
Colonel  of  the  16th  Light  Dragoons,  to 
be  Liijutenant-General;  May  14.  Brevet- 
Colonel  R.  R.  Robertson,  C.B.,  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel,  on  half  pay  Unattached, 
to  be  Major-General;  May  14.  Brevet 
Lieutenant-Colonel  M,  S.  H.  Lloyd, 
Major  ou  lialf  pay  Unattached,  to  be 
Colonel j  May  14.  Brevet  Major  W. 
O'Neill, Captain,  on  half  pay  Unattached, 
Staff  Officer  oi  Pensioners,  to  be  Lieu- 
tenant Colon  el  j  May  14.  Captain  T. 
L.  J,  Gailwey,  Royal  Engineers,  to  be 
Major;  May  14,  1855,  Brevet  Major 
J,  M.  Wemysa,  C.B.,  Royal  Marines,  to 
be  Lieut.-CoL  in  the  Army. 

The  promotion  of  Lieutenant  Colonel 
H.  A.  Olpherts,  Bengal  Artillery,  bo  be 
Lieutenant  Colonel  in  the  Army,  to  bear 
date  19th  January,  1858,  instead  of  the 
15th  of  that  month,  as  previously  stated 

War  Office,  June  3. 
97th  Foot— Major  General  E,  F.  Mor* 
ris,  C.B,T  to  be  Colonel,  vice  lieutenant 
General  H.  A,  Proctor,  deceased,  May 
14. 


466 


PEOM0TIO5S   AKD   AFPOIKTllEffTB. 


Was  Office,  Jiot  3, 

Thtfoliomnff  Cbjuffifwom  fo  &w  tfnte 

JW*i  3,  1 659. 

2  in  I  Life  Guards— Cornet  and  Sub- 
Lieu  tenant  aud  Adjutant  R>  L- 
have  the  rank  of  Lkuttruant;  Cumtt 
and  Sub-Lieutenant  T.  Ley  land  to  be 
Lieutenant  by  purchase,  vine  Marshall, 
promoted. 

7th  Dragoon  Guards— H,  Bulkeley, 
gent,,  to  be  Cornet,  without  purchase, 
vice  McAdam,  promoted, 

2nd  Dragoons — Comet  R.  A,  Her- 
bert  has  been  permitted  to  retire  from 
the  service  by  the  aide  of  his  Oonuni*- 
sion. 

5  th  Light  Dragoons — Troop  Serjeant 
Major  G.  Griffith,  from  the  fith  Dragoon 
Guards,  to  be.  Quartermaster,  vice  Addy, 
who  reverts  to  the  Halt  Pay  of  ( 
of  tin-  late  Land  Transport  Corps, 

7th  Light  Dragoons — Cornet  the  Hon. 
A.  W.  E.  M.  Herbert,  to  be  Lieutenant 
by  purchase,  vice  Bulkeley,  promoted. 

Military  Train — Captain  T.  E.  Green, 
from  tbe  &2nd  Foot,  to  be  Captain,  vice 
Pollteer,  who  exchanges* 

Koval  Artillery — Brevet  Major  ftobt. 
Talbot  to  bo  Lieut.  Colonel,  viee  Mon- 
treesor,  deceased;  May  2-3.  Second  Capt. 
0*  R,  Stokes  to  be  Captain,  viee  Talbot; 
May  24,  Lieutenant  H.  At  Doyne  to 
be  Second  Captain,  vice  Stokes  ;  May 
22.  The  date  ol  the  promotion  of  the 
under-mentioned  Officers  to  be  a] 
to  May  23,  viz,  :— Captain  Saufovd 
PreeJing ;  Second  Captain  J,  E.  Kuek- 
Keene. 

6th  Foot— A.  Teevan,  genv\>  to  be 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Moriand,  pro- 
moted; W*  HarTifieu  Falcon,  gent. * to  be 
Ensign,  vice  Roworth,  pxotnuted. 

7  th — Captain  S.  H.  Cochrane,  from 
the  16th  Foot,  to  be  Captain,  vice  T«fQI- 
low,  who  exchange*  i  March  21.  G. 
Brooke Meares, gent,  to  be  Eiuign,  by 
purchase,  vice  Flood,  promoted. 

8th— W.  A.  Bridge,  gcut>,  to  be  En- 
aign,  by  purchase,  via  -mo-ted. 

12th— Cupt,  Compton  A.  S.  Dkkint., 
from  the  3atb  Foot,  to  1m:  CapL.»  viee 
Martin,  who  exchanges  ;  March 

l£th— A.  D.  bimpeon,  gent,,  to  be 
Ensign ,  by  purchase,  flOC  Mwtititt,  pro- 
moted. 

I  —Ensign  H.  W.  K.  de  Coetlogan, 
Lieut,  by  purchase,  viee  Tyler, 

I— Capt.  G.   H.    Twemlow,  from 
the  7  th  Foot  to  beCupt..  vice  Cochrane, 
who   exchanges  21st  March*       I 
Bailey,  gent.,  to  be  Ensign  by  purchase, 
"Fice  Walker,  who  retires. 
JMfi— ft  A.  Warden,  gent7  to  to 


Ensign  by  purchase,  viee  Bbcoe,  pro* 
BMlteeL 

2l)th— QuarteraiaJitaT  W*  Smith,  from 

*ih   Fbo^  to    \^   Quartermaster, 

vice  Aylettjwho  exchangee,  23rd  March. 

'Jilud— Ensign  R,  H.  Dillon,  to  be 
Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice  Palliser,  who 
retires  ?  J.  A.  Park,  gent.,  to  be  En- 
sign by  parch  ase,vice  Vivian,  promoted. 

23rd^ Ensign  J.  Clayton  to  be  Adjt, 
vice  Lieut.  Gregorie,  who  resigns  the 
Adjutancy  only. 

26th— Gapt.  Sir  H.  St.  J.  Mildmay. 
Bart,,  from  Half  Pay,  Goth  Foot,  to  he 
Capt**  vice  Wallace,  appointed  Adjutant 
of  a  depot  Battalion.  Lieut.  W,  E, 
Lockhart  to  l*e  Capt*  by  purchase,  vice 
Sir  H.  St*  J-  Mildmay,  who  retires- 
Lieut.  M.  H,  Hale  to  bo  Capt.,  bj 
chose,  vice  Chute, who  retiree*  Ensign  G. 
P.  Fawkes  to  be  Lieut,  by  pui'chasc, 
vice  Lock  hart.  Euaign  P.  C.  Story 
to  be  Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice  Halt. 
G.  Douthwafte,  geut.,  to  be  Ensign  by 
purchase,  vice  Fawkes. 

29th— F.  C.  Buxton,  gent,  to  be  En* 
sign,  by  purchase,  vi  X  pro- 

moted.     W.   G,  Arnold*   _ 
Ensign  by  purchase,  vice  Cochran 
moted,     Quartermaster  J.  Ajletl 
the    30th   Foot,   to   be   Quart*  nnasUir, 
vice  Smith,  who  exchanges. 

32nd— Ensign  C*  F.  Clery  to  Ik:  Lieut* 
i  chase,  vice  Charlton,  who  retires 
H.  W,  M.  Cathcart,  gent,  to  be  Ensign 
by  purchase,  vice  Clery. 

35th— Lieut.  J.  O.  Vandelur  to  bo 
Captain  by  purchase,  vice  Harris  who 
retires. 

3Sth*~Capfc.  D.  W.  Martin,  from  the 
12th  Foot,  to  be  Capt,  vice  Dkkins, 
who  exchanges. 

39th—  Ensign  J.  B.  Corballia  lobs 
Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice  W.  O.  Smitu, 
who  retire  & 

44th— Ensign  II.  W.  Heane  to  bs 
Litul,  by  purchase,  vice  Kendall,  pro- 
moted* 

51st— H.  51.  Trenchard,  gent.,  to  be 
Ensign  by   purchase,  b*    pro- 

moted j  G*  B.  Binl,  gent.,  to  be  Ensign 
by  purchase,  vice  Barnston,  appointed 
to  the  Both  Foot,  June  4. 

52nd— V,  E.  Knox,  gent.,  to  be  En- 
sign by  purchase,  vice  WUbeiioree, pro- 
moted. 

57 tb— Lieut,  J.  C,  Crawford,  from 
Half  Pay  52nd  Foot,  i 
Grace,  promoted  to  an  Unattached 
Company,  without  purchase ;  Ensign 
H.  Cox  to  be  Lieut,  by  purchase, 
lice  Crawford,  who  retirea. 

o^fcfc— Cubans,  ^TflOTwiift^aitft^Oth 


185k] 


PROMGTTOHa   AST)  APPOIKTMEHTS. 


467 


Foot,  to  be   Paymaster,  vice  TimbreH, 
who  retires  upon  Half  Pay, 

63rd — Cornet  W.  J.  Pcgus,  from 
Half  Fay  late  Land  Transport  Corps, 
to  be  Ensign,  rice  81ack,  appointed 
Quartermaster  to  the  School  of  Muikc* 
try  at  Hythe  ;  Major  D.  Hill,  gent.,  to 
be  Ensign  by  purchase,  vice  Fegus,  who 
retires* 

64th — Ensign  H.  Davits  to  be  Lieu- 
tenant without  purchase,  vice  Hudson, 
promoted  in  the  15th  Foot,  April  8<0L 

G^'th— Ensign  H.  C1.  St   G 
Lieutenant  without  purchase,  vie 
con,  promoted  in  the  12th  Foot,     Lieut, 
E.  F+  Strike,  to  he  Adjutant,  vice  Mar- 
l<romoted  bi  the  I2th  I 

7  uth  — Ensign  H.  J,  Hill,  to  bo 
Lieutenant  by  purchase,  vice  Wright, 
whose  promotion  by  purchase  on  the 
2Stb  March,  1300.  has  been  cancelled. 

74th— 'E.  A,  Windsor,  gent.,  to  be 
Ensign  by  purchase,  vice  Pavy,  pro- 
looted, 

77th  —  Ensign  11.  Hoskins,  to  he 
Lieut  bv  purchase,  vice  Hill,  who  retires, 

80tb— Lieutenant  F,  B.  N.  Craufurd, 
to  be  Adjutant  vios  Borrows,  promoted, 

Sind— Capt,  E.  M.  Falliser*  from  the 
Military  Train,  to  be  Capt,,  vice  Green, 
who  exchanges. 

85th — Quartermaster  J.  R.  Bouse  to 
be  Paymaster,  vice  Fecbell,  deceased. 

8  Gth— Ensign  G.  Fowler  to  be  Lieut,* 
without  purchase*  vice  Dsftnelt,  pro- 
moted to  an  Unattached  Company,  with- 
out purchase  ;  Lieut.  Duncan  Stewart 
to  be  Adjutant,  vice  Dartnell,  promoted 
to  an  Unattached  Company,  without 
purchase. 

*9th.  -Lient.  W-  A.  Bond,  to  l>e  Ad- 
jutant, vice  Clarkson,  promoted,  April  8, 

Rifle  Brigade— Captain  W.  H.  Sanip- 
IM,  from  Half  Pay  Unattached,  to  be 
Captain,  repaying*  the  difference,  vice 
Major  Bnller,  who  exchanges  j 
P.  WhaUey  to  be  Captain  by  pur- 
chase, vice  Sampson,  who  retires;  Lieut, 
R,  E  0.  Harmgton  to  be  Captain  by 
purchase,  vice  Lindsay*  who  retires  j 
Lieut,  G.  C,  Lane  to  be  Captain  by  pur- 
chase, vice  Robertson,  who  retires  ;  En- 
sign J.  B.  Evans  to  be  Lieutenant  by 
purchase,  vice  Mr,  J,  Guest,  who  retires \ 
Ensign  F.  Markbam  to  be  Lieutenant 
by  purchase,  vice  Whalley  ;  Ensign  W« 
I  mot  to  be  Lieutenant  by  pur- 
chase, vice  Harrington  ;  Ensign  J.  F, 
M.  Winterseale  to  be  Lieutenant  by 
parchase,  vice  Lane  ;  G.  J.  Fite  Roy 
femvth,  gent,,  to  be  ensign  by  purchase, 
vice  L*  Fox,  promoted  m  the  Grenadier 
Guards* 


It  oval  Canadian  Rifles— T*  H.  S.  Do- 
novan, gent.,  to  be  Ensign  without  pur^ 
chase,  vice  Jackson,  whose  appointment, 
as  stated   in    the  QaatHi  of  thv 
Mmvht  1858,  has  been  cancelled, 

Bhevw— Capt  Sir  H.  St.  John  Mid- 
may,  Bart.,  20  th  Foot,  to  he  Major  in 
the  Army,  11th  November,  185L 

Capt.  W\  H.  Sampson,  Rifle  Brigade, 
to  be  Major  in  the  Array,  9th  Novem- 

tWT,  1-S4FJ, 

Brevet  Major  W.  H,  Sampson,  Rifle 
Brigade,  to  be  Lieut  Ctdonel  in  the 
Army,  2ttth  June,  l&'j 4. 

Ca.pt  L.  F.  C*  Thomas,  of  the  Ma* 
dras  Artillery,  to  be  Major  in  the  Army, 
28th  August,  1858. 

Memorandum— The  exchange  be- 
tween Lieut.  J,  D,  Brookmati,  of  the 
86th  Foot,  and  Lieut,  J.  H.  Waterfall, 
05th  Foot,  as  stated  in  the  Gazette  of  the 
13th  of  May,  1859,  has  been  cancelled. 

St.  Helena  Regiment— T,  England, 
gent.,  to  be  ensign  without  purchase, 
viee  Ilev*>tm,  promoted. 

1  'kiut  BATTAi40N-~Captain  W*  G, 
E.  Webber,  42nd  Foot,  to  be  Instructor 
of  Musketry,  May  12. 

CoMHissAniAT  DtfFABTifsyT — The 
undermentioned  officers  have  been  placed 
on  Retired  Fay,  under  the  Royal  War- 
rant of  2Sth  October,  1858,  to  have  ft 
step  of  honorary  rank,  vk,: — 

To  be  Commissaries  General — Deputy 

Commissaries  General  Charles  Anthony 

a,  John  Bland,  James  Duff  Watt, 

rt    Hamilton    Dinwiddie,    Jamei 

Wilson. 

m  Deputy  Commissaries  General 
— Josiah  Pryce,  Henry  Addington  Bay- 
I  v,  William  Stevens,  William  Stanton \ 
the  commissions  to  bear  date  May  15* 

Ciuflain's  Depakthent— The  Rev* 
G.  Dacre,  Chaplain  of  the  Fourth  Class, 
to  be  Chaplain  of  the  Third  Class  ♦,  April 
17  ;  the  Rev.  G,  Campbell  WiUiams  to 
be  Chaplain  of  the  Fourth  Class,  May  I  J. 

THE  MILITIA  GAZETTE. 

Royal  South  Gloucester— R.  C,  Dan- 
beny,  gent.,  I  n,  May  23. 

Royal  North  Gloucester—  Ensign  W* 
3.  M*.  Goodcuough  to  be  Lieut.,  vice 
Reed,  i  W.  W.  Brown,  gent*, 

to  be  I  e  Goodcnougb,  promo- 

teil,  May  £3. 

Hampshire  Yeomanry  Cavalry— Cor- 
net H.  A,  Baring  to*  be  Lieut.,  vke 
Graeme,  resigned  ,  A.  D,  TiehborJK^ 
gene.  t  to  be  Cornet,  vice  Earing,  promo- 
ted. May  20, 

6th    Royal    Lancashire—  E,    Hewitt^ 


468 


PBOHOTIOKB  A3H)  AFFOIXTMEtfTS* 


[JtFLfr, 


Royal  Glamorgan  Artillery  —  T. 
Bate  man,  gent.,  to  be  Lieut.,  May  18. 

Durham  Artillery — Beeond  Lieut.  J* 
E,  A,  Mather  to  be  First  Lieut,,  vice 
Browne,  resigned  ;  A.  Muuro,  gent, 
to  be  Second  Lieut.,  vice  Mather,  pro- 
moted, May  19, 

1st  or  Western  Regiment  of  Norfolk 
— Captain  tho  How.  F.  Walpolo  to  be 
Major,  4 vice  Custance,  promoted,  May 
tft 

Royal  Wilts — Lieut.  B.  Mahou  to  be 
Captain,  vice  Robinson,  resigned  ;  En- 
sign  H,  Edwards  to  be  Kent,  vice 
Rlcnnerhassett,  resigned,  May  17*  En- 
sign  E.  J,  Hay  word  to  be  Lieut,  vice 
Mahon,  promoted,  May  18,  Ensign 
T,  Holman  to  bo  Lieut.,  vice  Shaw,  re- 
signed. May  19. 

East  York— G«  MaunaelljEsq.,  to  be 
Adjutant,  vice  Miuchin,  resigned  from 
12th  April,  1859,  May  9. 

King's  Own  Light  Infantry — O.  Gib- 
bon, gent,  to  be  Lieut,,  vice  Little,  re- 
signed, May  25,  R.  Wilton,  gent,  to 
be  Ensign,  vice  Manners,  resigned, 
May  16. 

Royal  Bucks  King's  Own— H,  A, 
Sandford,  Esq,,  late  C&pt  43rd  Light 
Infantry,  to  be  Alajor, 

2nd  or  Eaatcra  Regiment  of  Norfolk 
— R,  A.  Rising,  gent.,  to  be  Lieut,  vice 
Freeman,  resigned,  May  25. 

WAR-OFFICE,  Jufe  7. 
Brevet.— To  be  Aides-de-Caiup  to 
the  Queen,  with  the  rank  of  Colonel  in 
the  Army;— Lient  CoL  C.  Reid,  C.B., 
Bengal^  Lieut.  Col.  E.  B,  Smith,  C,B , 
Bengal  Army  -t  Lieut,  Cot  Thomas 
Tapp,  C.B.,  Bombay  Army;  Lieut,  Col. 
G,  H.  Robertson,  G.B,,  Bombay* 

CAVALRY. 
2nd  Dragoon  Guards— Lient  W,  C. 
Grant  has  been  appointed  to  tlie  com- 
mand of  the  1st  Regiment  of  Hodson's 
Horse,  vice  Brevet  Major  Sir  H.  Have- 
lock,  Bt,  H,M/s  18th  Regiment,  pro- 
ceeding to  Europe  ou  leave  of  absence, 

THE  MILITIA  GAZETTE. 

Hungerford  Oorpi  of  Yeomanry  Ca- 
valry— V.  W.  Bates  Van  de  Weycr,  gent., 
to  be  Cornet,  May  28 ;  Comet  E,  H.  F, 
Dawkina  to  be  Lieut,,  vice  Wemyss,  re- 
tired, May  27. 

Royal  Berks— R,  Tebbott,  gent.,  to 
be  lient,  vice  Stares,  resigned,  May 

Hampshire  Yeomamy  Cavalry— W, 
G,  Craven,  Esq.,  ro  be  Capt.,yice  Flem- 
ing, resigned,  May  30, 


Hampshire— F,  J.  Bampfyldc,  lfeq.» 
late  CajJtiiin  in  Her  Majesty's  22nd  Re- 
giment, to  be  Captain,  vice  Digweud, 
promoted,  May  2&, 

Isle  of  Wight  Artiller>r— P-   B 
Esq.,  Captain  Commandant,  to    serve 
with  the  rank  of  Major,  May  26.     W. 
Pnckle,gent,to  be  Second  Lieut,  May 

Bad  Warwickshire — Ensign  O.  I±  B. 
Wanl  to  t>c  Lieut  T  vine  Atty,  resigned, 
May  25  ♦ 

East  Kent — E*  H.  Hewctt,  gent,  late 
Royal  Bucks  Militia  to  be  Ensign,  vice 
Gill,  resigned,  May  27, 

Norfolk  Artillery— The  Hon,  R,  Har* 
liord  (late  Captain  7 1st  Highlanders),  to 
Captain,  Tice  llokirt,  resigned,  May  SO. 

City  of  Edinburgh  Artillery— First 
Lieut  11*  Niehol  to  l>e  Captain  vke 
Chieuc,  resigned,  May  3i>. 

Second  Lieut.  G.  C»  Bowman  to  ltc 
First  Lieut,  rice  Niehol  promoted,  Mav 
30. 

Royal  Wilts— M.  McHugh.  gent,,  to 
be  Quartermaster,  vke  Fa  ton,  resigned ; 
F,  T.  Baynton,  Esq.,  to  be  Assist, 
vice  Phillips,  resigned. 

South  Salopian  Yeomanry  Cavalry— 
Cornet  A,  P,  Lloyd,  to  bo  lient,  vies 
Badger,  resigned 

Shropshire — Lient.  T.  Sdeyrick  to  be 
Captain, vice  Whitmore,  reraned* 

East  Kent — 1\  J,  Burdock,  gent.,  to 
be  Ensign,  vice  Lang,  promoted. 

3rd  Duke  of  Lancaster's  Own — L. 
Feilden,  gent,  to  be  Ensign;  C,  F. 
Baldwin,  gent,  to  be  Ensign,  vio  W 
II.  White,  promoted;  T.  Grimshaw, 
gent,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Law,  promoted. 

4 th   or    Duke    of    Lancaster's  Uwu 
(Light    Infantry),  Lancashire  —  I 
H.  E.  Butler  to  be  Lieut,,   vice  A.  It 
Lynch,  resigned, 

"3rd  Royal  Surrey— Resignation— The 
Queen  has  been  graciously  pleased  to 
aeeept  the  resignation  of  Ensign  1*.  G- 
Chapman, 

WAR  OFFICE,  June  14. 
( Tkc  following  Lomuiissiotis  to  bear  date 
./fine  14,  1859,) 

IGth  Light  Diugoons — Captain  V. 
Baker  to  be  Major,  by  pure  1 1  a* 
Harrison,  promoted,  by  purchase,  in 
the.  1 1th  Light  Dragoons  j  Lieut.  H.  A. 
Bowyer,  to  be  Capt,  by  purchase,  vice 
Baker  j  Comet  0.  R,  Slack,  to  be  Lient 
by  purchase,  vice  Howley,  who  retires, 

11  lb  Light  Dragoons — Brevet  Lieut 
Col.  B*  Harrison,  from  the  Itith  Light 
Dragoons,  to  be  Lieut,  Col,  by  purchase, 
vice  Miller,  who  retires  \  Lieut.  A.  1\ 


" 


1859.] 


PBOMOTIOSS  AKD  APPOINTMENTS. 


Garaett  to  be  Capt.,  by  purchase,  vice 
Sir  E.  C,  Cockburn,  Ban.,  who  retires  ; 
Cornet  J.  G.  Anncsley  to  bo  Lieut.,  by 
purchase,  vice  Garnet  t. 

13th  Light  Dragoons^-Lieut.   S.  de 
I  iarkc  to  be  Capt.,  by  purchase, 
Vice  Brevet  Miijor  Treifiayuc,  promoted; 
June  4, 

Royal  Artillery — Lieut.  H.  G.  A. 
Powell,  from  Half  Pay,  15th  Foot,  to  bo 
Paymaster. 

Royal  Engineers— Lieut.  H.  W.  H. 
D.  Dumaresq,  to  bo  Second  Capt.,  vice 
Gootlnll,  decaased,  A! ay  24.  Lieut,  D. 
H.  Barnes  has  been  permitted  to  resign 
Ins  commission,  June  10, 

•jtli  1W— Oapt.  B,  V*  S,  Griiuston, 
fivnu  the  yard  Foot,  to  be  Capt .,  vice 
Bell,  who  exchanges. 

19th- -D.  J,  MatiBcrgh,  gent.,  to  bfl 
Fn-ipi  by  purchase,  vice  Frith,  promo- 
led,  ' 

SOth — Ensign  W.  Covin  to  be  Lieut., 
without  purchase,  vice  Macdunegh,  de- 
ceased, April  11. 

22nd — Staff  Surgeon  T.  Carey,  to  l»e 
Surgeon,  vice  Fair  bairn,  appointed  to 
the  Staff, 

■j.Jrd — Enrign  A*  M.  Molyneux  to  bo 
Lieut*,  by  purchase,  vice  Do  Vic  Tup- 
I*er,  promoted. 

26th — J.  B,  G,  Buchanan,  gent.,  to 
l»e  Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Story,  pro- 
niuted. 

aotli— H.  Stewart,  gent*,  to  be  En- 
toga,  by  purchase,  vice  Corballis,  pro- 
moted.* 

■ilst^Lieut.  E.  L.  B,  Lowry,  to  be 
Capt,  by  purchase,  vice  A.  G.  Lowry, 
who  retires  ;  Ensign  E.  F.  B,  Brooke, 
to  be  Lieut  *  by  purchase,  vice  E,  L.  B. 
Lowry. 

■i<Hh— II.  Topp,  ^cnt.,  to  be  Ensign, 
by  purchase,  vice  Donuvnn,  prom* 

50th—  Assist.  Surgeon  J.  dohi. BfOQj 
1UX,  from  the  Ceylon  Rifle  Regiment, 
to  be  Assist,  Surgeon,  vice  Moott,  who 
exchanges. 

.ri>[h— Captain  G.  H.  Wynyard  to  be 
Major,  by  purchase,  vice  Brevet  Lieut. 
Col,  A.  H.  Russell,  who  retires  j  Uettt 
B.  TownJey  to  be  Dipt,  by  purchase, 
vice  Wynyard  \  Ensign  J,  H,  Wyn* 
yard  to  bo  Lieut.,  vice  Tovnley. 

Guili — The  Hon.  W.  C.  Pepys,  to  be 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  llod&on,  who 
retires. 

Gath— Lieut  ft,  C.  Hutchinson  to  be 
CapL  by  purchase,  vice  Uankey,  pro- 
mote d  i  Ensign  F.  H.  Dyke  to  be  Lieut,, 
by  purchiLse,  vice  Hutchinson, 

—Lieut.  K,  Wadeson  to  be  Adjt,, 
vice  Justice,  who  resigns  the  Adjutancy 
only  i  March  14. 


70th— Eloign  U.  Stewart  to  be  Adjt., 
vice  Lieut.  VYimberiey,  who  resigns  the 
Adjutancy  only,  Feb.  IB.  Assist.  Surg., 
G.  S.  Davie,  M  .D.,  from  the  Stall'  to  be 
Assistant  Surgeon,  vice  Roberts,  appoin- 
ted to  the  Staif. 

&6th — Ensign  M,  E,  LcadbiLter  to  be 
Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice  Couran,  who 
has  retired  ;  J.  W.  Bouleott,  gent,  to  be 
EnrigQ,  by  purchase,  vice  Fowler,  pro- 
moted. 

87th— Brevet  Major  C,  F.  Campbell 
to  be  Major  by  purchase,  vice  Lea,  who 
retire* 

•j;ti.l— Capt.  W,  J.  Bell,  from  the  9th 
Foot,  to  be  Capt.,  vice  Grim&tou,  who 
exchanges  ;  E.  A,  Ruikes,  gent.,  to  he 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  Vice  Macnamura 
promoted, 

04th— Ensign  W,  F.  Godfrey  to  be 
Lie  tit.,  by  purchase,    vice   Guskell  pro- 

Illutcd. 

95th — B.  W,  Faulkner,  gent.,  to  be 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Chappie  pro- 
moted, 

96th — Lieut.  A.  E.   Cooksoii  to   be 
Capt.  by  purchase,  vice  the  Honourable 
F.  B.  I'akenh&m,  promoted  to  W 
u l t ■  t :  1  it ■  i !  M a j i »r 1 1 y ,  by  pureh asc  ;  1 
M.  Ay  ton  n  to  lie  Lieut.,  hy  purchase, 
vice  Cookson, 

Bine  Brigade  —  The  Hon.  EL  C. 
Vuughan  to  be  Ensign  by  purchase,  vice 
Evans,  promoted.  A.  S.  Harrington, 
gent.,  to  be  Ensign,  by  purchaM 
LJair,  promoted,  Juue  15.  G.  A.  Hill- 
yard,  gent,  to  he  Ensign,  without  pur- 
chase, yico  Edwards,  promoted,  June 
16.  G.  Larcoiu,  genu,  to  be  Ensign, 
without  purchase,  vice  Chamber  J  in,  pro- 
moted, Juue  17. 

3rd  Wert  India  Regiment — \V .  H, 
Browning,  Esq.,  to  he  Faymabter,  vice 
WilflQii]  whose  services  have  been  dis- 
pensed  « Itfa, 

Ceylon  Hide  Regiment — Asstst  Sur- 
geon E.  G.  Noot,    from  the  SOtli  Foot, 
A-fbtant  Jriurgcon,  vice  JohnstoUi 
who  exchan^s, 

&ta^f-  -Brevet  Col.  G,  T.  C.  Napier, 
C.  B.,  Half  Pay  Unattached,  to  bo  De- 
puty Qnarteiniaster  General  to  the  For- 
ces serving  in  Canada,  vice  Brevet  Col, 
Holds  worth,  whose  period  of  service  has 
expired  ;  July  1, 

DEror  Battalion  —  Capt.  G,  !?• 
Macdonald,  lGth  Foot,  to  be  Instructor 
of  KnakiBtry  ;  May  14. 

Eiceuitikq  Distbjct  —  Paymaster 
J .  Mar&hali,  trom  Hall  l*ay ,  aa  quarter- 
master, 6th  Dragoons,  to  he  Paymaster, 
vice  Kennedy,  apiJOin ted  to  the  Invalid 
Depot  Chatham  \  &\r&  \. 


i70 


PB0MOTIQ1T8  AJTB  API 


master  J,  M.  Kennedy,  from  a  Recruit- 
ing District,  to  be  Paymaster,  rice  Leech, 
deceased  ;  April  1 . 

Rotai,  HinERNiAi*  SSaiooL  —  For 
Assistant  Surgeon  F.  Bowen,  Ml*, 
frutn  the  Coldstream  Guards,  to  be  Sur- 
geon, &c.,  as  stated  in  the  Gazette  of  (he 
3 1st  nlL,  read  A  distant  Surgeon  F, 
Bowen,  H:D.,  from  the  Coldstream 
Guards,  to  be  Surgeon,  with  local  rank, 

Unattached — Capt*  the  Hon.  F.  B. 
Pakenham,  from  96th  Foot,  to  bo  Major, 
by  purchase* 

ITospttax.  Staff —  Surgeon  W.  H. 
Fairbaim,  M.D.,  from  the  22nd  Foot,  to 
Ik?  Surgeon,  vice  Carey,  n  panted  to  the 
22nd  Foot, 

Assistant  Surgeon  K.  II.  Roberta, 
from  the  79th  Foot,  to  be  AmuL  tag*, 
vice  .Dn vie,  appointed  to  the  "6th  Foot. 

The  undermentioned  Anting  Assistant 
Burgeons  have  ceased  to  do  duty,  there 
being  no  longer  occasion  for  their  ser- 
vices ;  H:  J.  Shirley,  E,  AdoIphus,M.D, ; 
T.  L.  Hinton,  B.  P.  M'Donough,  ILD,  | 
W.  D.  Mitchell.  M.D.;  J,  B.  Jardiue, 
C.  Thompson,  M,D;  T.  H.  Burgess, 
M.D;  F.  P.  Beamish,  W,  C-  Tucker, 
MaD.*  J.  G.  Campbell,  T.  H.  Somer- 
ville,  T.  Howell,  F.  Skinner;    May  31. 

Brevet — Lient.  Colonel  E.  tVode- 
house,  C.B.,  Koyal  Artillery,  to  be  Aide- 
de-Camp  to  the  Queen,  with  the  rank  of 
Colonel  in  the  Army, 

To  be  Lieutenant  Colonels  in  the 
Army— Major  Ar  F.  Steele,  9th  Light 
Dragoons  ;  April  20.  Brevet  Major  J, 
de  M.  M.  Trior,  12th  Light  Dragoons; 
April  26, 

To  be  Majors  in  the  Army — Captain 
H.  C.  Mnrriot,  82  nd  Foot-  April  2o. 
Captain  E.  Palmer,  Royal  Artillery; 
April  B6.  Captain  R  Pr  Jar  vis,  82nd 
Foot;  April  25.  Captain  II.  H.  A,  C, 
Inglcneld,  Military  Train;  April  26". 
Captain  Sir  C.  F,  W.  Cuffe,  Bart.,  56ih 
Foof  j  April  26,  Captain  Hon.  J.  C. 
Dormer,  13  th  Foot. 

The  undermentioned  promotions  to 
take  place  in  the  Indian  Military  Forces 
of  Her  Majesty,  consequent*  on  the 
deaths  of  Major  General  A*  Spens,  Ben- 
gal Infantry,  on  June  2ft.  General  A, 
Duncan,  Bengal  Infantrv,  on  M»y  14. 
General  Sir  J.  Russell,  K'.C.B..  Madras 
Cavalry,  on  Mtiy  1 6.  Lieutenant  General 
W.  II.  Ketnin,  Bengal  infantry,  on  May 
35.  General  Sir  J.  L.  Lushington, 
G.C.B.,  Madras  Cavalry,  on  May 

To  be  Generalfl~Iieuter»tit  General 
Ch  Swiney,  Bengal  Artillery,  May  15. 


nant  General  Sir  G,  Pollock, 
G.C.B..  Bengal  Artillery,  May  17.  Lien- 
tenant  General  GoodfeUow,  Bombay 
Engineers,  May  30. 

To  be  Lieutenant  Generals— Major 
General  C.  B,  James,  Bombay  Infantrv, 
May  1 5,  Major  General  M.  C.  Paul, 
Bengal  Infantry,  May  17.  Major  Gra, 
Sir  J.  Cheap*,  K,CJ1,  Bengal  En- 
gineer*, May  £6.  Mnjor  General  J 
Low,  C,B.,  Madras  Infantry,  May  30, 

To  bo  Major  General*— Colonel  Sir, 
J.  Shell,  K.C.B,,  Bengal  Infantry,  April 
26.  Colonel  C,  Wahab,  Madras  Infantry, 
May  15.  Colonel  J.  Mansun,  Bengal 
Infantry,  May  17*  Colonel  G.  Twemlow, 
Bengal  Artillery,  May  26.  Colonel 
T,  A.  Dnke,  Madras  Infantry,  at 

The  undermentioned  Officer*  of  the 
Indian  Military  Forces  of  Her  Majesty, 
retired  on  Full  Pay,  to  have  a  step  of 
honorary  rank  as  follows,  viz.  : — Lieut, 
Colonel  C.  Apthorp,  Bengal  Infantry, 
to  be  Colonel ;  Major  W,  M.  Hickards, 
Bengal  Infantry,  to  be  Lieutenant  Col.  j 
Major  G.  Q'Bryen  Ottley,  Bengal  In- 
fantry, to  l>e  Lieutenant  Colonel  ,p  Major 
II.  J.  WiUoughby,  Bombay  Infantry.  *0 
be  Lieutenant  Colonel ;  Captain  J,  Ash, 
Bombay  Artillery,  to  he  Major. 

MEMtiiiAMUM, — Major  DH  G.  A, 
Darrodi,  half  pay  Unattached,  has  been 
permitted  to  retire  from  the  Kervice  Iry 
the  sale  of  Lis  commission  ,  he  bemg 
about  to  become  a  settler  in  Canada, 

War  Office,  Jonr  17, 

(The  /oUomm/  Camwkriont  to  brtrrdate 

1  Ifh  Jmtc J 

6th  Dragoon  Guards— Captain  B.  8 
Hunter,  from  the  2nd  Dragoon^  to  be 
Captain,  vice  Uniaeke,  who  exchanges. 

7th  Dragoon  Guards— Surgeon  E.  J, 
Frank lyn,  M.D.,  from  the  1 4th  light 
Dragoons,  to  be  Surgeon,  vice  Ardea, 
who  exchanges. 

2nd  Dragoons — Capt.  C.  H.  Unkcke, 
from  the  6th  Dragoon  Guards,  to  be 
Captain,  vice  Hunter,  who  exchanges. 

10th  Light  Dragoons— Cornet  A* 
Barthop  to  be  Lieut,,  by  purchase,  vice 
Bowyer,  promoted. 

14th  Light  Dragoons— Surgeon  W. 
Antea,  from  the  7th  Dragoon  Guards, 
to  he  Surgeon,  vice  Dn  Franklyn,  who 
exchanges. 

I6tb  Light  Dragoons— Lieut.  F.  P. 
to  be  Captain  by  purchase,  vice 
Irvine,  who  retires  ;  Lieut.  T.  Boyee  to 
be  Captain  by  purchase,  vice  Hart;  who 
retires  ;  Comet  M.  E.  Harmar  to  be 
Lieutenant  by  purchase,  vice  Hgott  j 


1859.J 


FHOMOTIQKS  AHD  APPOllTTlCEirT». 


4rt 


Cornet  T.  P.  Agg  to  be  Lieutenant  by 
purchase,  vice  Boyce. 

Royal  Artillery— A.  S,  Murray,  Esq., 
late  Paymaster  British  German  Legion, 
to  be  Paymaster, 

OMstroam  Guards — Assistant  Sur- 
geon A.  Spittail,  M.D.,  bad  been  per- 
mitted to  resign  his  Commission. 

10th  Foot— Ensign  J#  J>t  Power  to 
be  Lieutenant  without  purchase,  vice 
Sam! with,  promoted,  March  13. 

lltb — Ensign  J.  R  Oliver  to  be  Lieu- 
tenant  by  purchase,  vice  Bnrrowes,  who 
retires* 

ltith — Lieut.  A.  D.  Thomson  to  be 

Captain  by  purchase,   vice  Main  waring, 

who  retires  ;  Ensign  II.  H,   Freeman  to 

be  Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice  Thomson. 

^  17th— W.  V.  Jtolkston,  gent,,  to  be 

Eusigu  by  purchase,  vice  BraddtiU\  p*0- 

'  ;  G,    \V.   Burleigh,  gent,*   U*  be 

i    by  purchase,  vke  Irvine,  pro* 

:.  June  10. 

iStb— Stuff  Assistant  Surgeon  J*  1L 
II.  To  thill  to  be  Assistant  Surgeon,  vioe 
l>r  I  'orteous,  dt*oeased.  lieutenant  J* 
Wily  to  bo  Instructor  of  Musketry,  vice 
Bishopp,  promoted,  May  12.  Th- 
mission  of  Lieut.  K.  W.  E,  Daw- 
Adjt.,  to  bear  date  May  let,  18 5S,  in- 
stead of  September  7th,  ISjS,  as  pre- 
viously stated. 

limb— Ensign  R*  H.  James  to  be 
Lieut,  without  purchase,  vice  Foster- 
M elli  ar ,  <  leceased ,  A  f  iril  10^  Ens  i 
Gleneroas  to  be  Lieut,  without  purchase, 
vice  17  n win,  whose  promotion  on  the 
5th  May,  155%  has  boon  camelled, 
May  5, 

21st— Lieut.  E.  E.  IX  Boycott  to  be 
Instructor  of  Musketry!  vice  Cairnes, 
promoted,  May  6, 

50th^J.  F.  RoDeston,  gent.,  to  be 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Turner,  pro- 

52nd— Lieut,  the  Hon.  G.  II.  W, 
Windsor-Clive  to  be  Captain  by  pur- 
chase, Tic©  Heathcoto,  who  retires ; 
Ensign  T.  B.  Cowburn  to  be  lieut. 
by  purchase,  vice  Windsor- Cuv*  ;  E.  S. 
Iter,  Gent,,  to  Ik;  Ensign  by  purchase, 
vice  Prendergast,  promoted, 

65th— Lieut*  G.  F.  Parke  to  be  Capt. 

by  purchase,  vice  Roxby,  who  retiree  ; 

Ensign  P.  W,  Justice  to  be  Lieutenant 

by  purchase,    vice    Parke  ;    W.    King, 

to  be  Ensign  by  purchase*  vice 

JUSti 

'■—  W*  H.  Key,  gent,  to  be  En- 
sign by  purchase,  vice  Wynyard.  pTo- 
moU'd  ;  0,  R.  D.  Reeves,  gent.,  to  be 
Enatgn  bv  purchase*  vice  Priiigle,  pro* 
noted,  June- 1 3  < 
fi&d^Asdtt  Suig  J,  P.  Strectj  M,  D., 


from  the  Staff,  to  be  Assist  Surg.t  vice 
Dr.  Young,  who  exchanges* 

71>th — Eusigu  and  Adjt.  R.  Stewart  to 
have  the  rank  of  Lieut, ;  Ensign  E.  P. 

0  P,  Lord  Louth  to  be  Lieut,  by  pur- 
chase,  vice  Gawne,  who  retires  ;  Ensign 
W.  S,  Thomson,  from  the  12th  Foot,  to 
be  Ensign,  vice  Lord  Louth. 

-E.  B.  Phillips,  g^nt.,  to  be  En- 
sign by  purchase,  vice  Leadbitter,  pro* 
inoted. 

92nd— Lieut,  A.  F.  Mackay  to  be  In- 
structor of  Musketry,  May  31. 

94th — Ensign  C,  Butler  tol>e  Lieut,  by 
purcba.se,  vice  Murray,  promoted ;  En* 
aiKii  R.  S.  Hall  to  be  Lieut,  by  purchase 
lecDey,  promoted. 

Pftfa -Ensign  A,  P.  Martin,  from  the 
71st  Bengal  Native  Infantry,  to  be  En- 
sign without  purchase,  vice  Lowe,  pro- 
muted. 

Rifle  Brigade— R.  C,  de  Grey  Tynerf 

gent.,  to  be  Ensign  by  purcJiase,  vice 

Markham  promoted.     The  surname  of 

the  Ensign  promoted  in  the    Gazette  of 

r  ultimo,  is  Edwardes,  and  not 

i  is,  as  therein  stated- 

1 1  os  i*  i  r  a  l  St  a  t  F— Assistan  t-S  urgeon 
D,  0.  Hone.  M.D.,  from  Half  Pay  o'Jth 

1  n't,  to  be  Assistant -Surgeon  to  the 
Forces,  vice  Nash,  promoted;  Assistant- 
Surgeon  J.  E.  Young,  M.D.,  from  the 
62ud  Foot,  to  be  Assistant- Surgeoa  to 
the  Forces,  vice  Street,  who  exchanges. 

BbkvkT— Brevet  Lieut.  Colonel  R. 
Pitcairn,  Retired  Full  Pay,  late  Statf 
Officer  of  Pensioners,  to  be  Colonel  in 
the  Army,  the  rank  l>elng  honorary 
only,  July  1 ;  Brevet  Major  R.  S.  Baynes, 
8th  Foot,  to  bo  Lieut.  Colonel  in  the 
Army |  CapUnn  the  Hon.  A.  0.  A.  An- 
eonf  7th  Light  Dragoons,  to  be  Major 
in  the  Army,  May  28 ;  Captain  A.  A. 
Douglas,  of  the  Royal  Marines,  to  be 
Major  in  the  Army. 

THE  MILITIA  GAZETTE. 

3rd  Middkieat— J.  Lee,  Gent,  to  be 
Quartermaster  ;    W.  Thoinnj,  geni 
be  Adjutant,  May  27* 

Fife  Art'dli'iy—  Lieut.  W.  Haig  to  be 
Povmanter,  vice  Heselfcmc,  deceased, 
May  IJ, 

King'H  Own  Light  Infantry— C  &L 
Walmisley  to  be  Capt.,  vice  Knell,  who 
retires,  June  1.  C,  L.  Sails,  gent.,  to 
be  Lieut,  vice  Barton,  who  retires, 
June  S. 

Kent  Artillery— F,  K,  Cox,  gent., 
late  Capt  25th  Foot,  to  be  First  Lieut., 
vice  Strother,  resigned,  June  9. 

dleaex— ^Eh^otl  ^  *  A.,  ^vcrws^  x*>  >cfc 


PROMOTIONS   AtfD  APPOINTMENTS, 


[JtriT, 


F.  Barnes,  gent.,  late  1st  Middlesex 
Militia,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Turner F  pro- 
moted, May  27, 

Memorandum — The  Victoria  Rifles — 
The  Queen  has  been  graciously  pleased 
to  accept  the  resignation  of  the  Com- 
mission in  this  Corps  held  by  Major  the 
Earl  of  Perth;  resignation  accepted 
June  3, 

Dumfries,  Roxburgh,  and  Selkirk— 
Capt.  Q.  Walker  to  be  Major,  vice 
8cott ,  resigned,  June  1 . 

Royal  Flintshire— C.  Squire,  Esq,,  to 
In  OapL,  Wee  FoBter,  resigned. 

City  of  Edinburgh  Artillery— E.  P. 
Macgeorgc,  gent.,  to  be  Second  Lieut., 
vice  Bowman,  promoted,  June  ft. 

Royal  Merionethshire — E.  Gk  Jones, 
to  be  Lieut,,  vice  Morgan,  resigned. 

Royal  Glamorgan  Artillery  —  J,  S. 
Ballard,  gent.,  to  be  Lieut,,  June  S« 

Royal  Sussex  Light  Infantry—  G.  A. 
Coventry,  Esq.,  to  be  Paymaster  from 
12th  May, 

Hampshire  Militia  Artillery — E,  G, 
Lillingston,  gent.,  to  be  Second  Lieut. 

Royal  Bucks  King's  Own— Captain 
E.  H.  Steward,  late  Captain  flOfch  Regi- 
ment, to  be  Captain  ;  Lieut,  E.  Baldock 
to  be  Captain. 

Royal  Berks— J,  J,  Howard,  Esq.,  to 
be  Ensign. 

Norfolk  Militia  Artillery— W,  Led 
ingneld,  gent,,  to  be  Second  Lieut. 

Royal  Perthshire  Rifles— R.  H.  Wil 
ton,  gent,,  to  be  Lieut.,  vice  Durdiu 
resigned. 

R"->yal  Wiltshire — H.  Mf  Clarkson 
gent,,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Hayward 
promoted. 

Queen's  Own  Yeomanry  Cavalry- 
Comet  R.  G.  Glyn  to  be  Lieut.,  vice 
M,  G.  Mansel,  deceased  j  M.  J.  Guest, 
gent,,  to  be  Cornet,  Tice  Glyn,  promoted. 

1st  Company  of  Lancashire  Volunteer 
Rifles— N.  G.  P.  Bouatteld,  Esq.,  to  be 
Captain. 

3rd,  Duke  of  Lancaster's  Own — J.  L. 
Feilden,  gent.,  to  be  Ensign, 

fith  Royal  Lancashire — Ensign  W.E. 
Leudrick  to  be  Lieut.,  vice  R.  Hall, 
gazetted  to  the  Royal  Lancashire  Militia 
Artillery. 

Royal  Merionethshire — EL  G.  Jones, 
M  to  be  Ensign. 


THE  VICTORIA  CROSS. 
Wah  Office,  Juno  IS. — The  Queen 
has  been  graciously  pleased  to   00 

i  nit  of  the  decoration  of  the  Vic- 
toria Grass  to  the  undermentioned 
Officers  of  Her  Majesty's  Army,  which 
decoration  has  been  provisionally  eon- 
f erred  upon  bim  by  the  (^imr^aader^n- 
Chief  in  India,  m  accordance  with  the. 


rules  laid  down  in  Her  Majesty*®  War- 
rant instituting  the  same,  tor  an  act  of 
bravery  performed  by  him  in  that 
country,  when  serving  under  his  personal 
command,  as  recorded  against  his  name, 
vk } — 

42  nd  Regimcntr— Lieutenant  Francis 
Edward  Henry  Farquharson,9th  March, 
185&. 

Her  Majesty  has  also  been  graciously 
pleased  to  signify  her  intention  to  confer 
the  decoration  of  the  Victoria  Cross  en 
the  undermentioned  Officers  and  Privates 
of  Her  Majesty 's  Army  and  Indian 
Military  Forces,  whose  claims  to  the 
same  have  been  submitted  for  Ibr 
Majesty**  approval,  on  account  of  acta 
of  bravery  performed  by  them  in  India, 
as  recorded  against  their  several  names, 
vis. : — 

42nd  Regiment— Private  Waiter  Cook 
and  Private  Duncan  Millar,  15th  Jan., 
1S59. 

13th  Bengal  Native  Infantry — Lieu- 
tenant William  George  Cubitt,  30th 
June,  1S57. 

26th  Bengal  Native  Infantry— Lien 
tenant  Hanson  Chambers  Taylor  Jarrett 
14th  October,  1S58. 

1st  Bengal  Fusiliers — Private  John 
McGovern,  23rd  June,  1857. 

WAR  OFFICE,  Jch£  21. 
The  Queen  has  been  graciously 
pleased  to  give  orders  for  the  appoint* 
meet  of  General  Sir  Thomas  McMahon, 
Bart.,  K.O.B.,  General  the  Earl  of 
Cathcart,  K.C.B.,  General  Sir  William 
Mavuard  Gomm,  IC.C.B.,  and  General 
Sir  Robert  William  Gardiner,  KX  15., 
to  be  Ordinary  Members  of  the  Military 
Division  of  the  First  Class,  or  Knights 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Most  Honourable 
Order  of  the  Bath  ;  and  of  Gen*  Henry 
Wvndham,  and  Lieut. -Gen.  John 
Aitehinson,  to  be  Ordinary  Members  of 
the  Military  Division  of  the  Second 
Class,  or  Knights  Commanders  of  the 
said  Most  Honourable  Order* 

WAR  OFFICE,  Jujns  21. 

Co vmafi  ak  i a  t  D  e  p  a  et  WKNT.  —  De- 
puty Commissary  General  William 
Henry  Drake,  C.B.,  to  be  Commissary 
General ;  June  21. 

Chaflaui's  DEPAHTME2TT.— The  Rev, 
Edward  J*  Rogers,  Chaplain  of  the 
Fourth  Class,  to  be  Chaplain  of  the 
Tbird  Class;  March  26. 

WAR  OFFICE,  June  23. 

The  Queen  has  been  graciously  pleased 

to  give  orders  for  the  appointment  of 

"Kfc&S   kojniti&A  Gwst^j.  Rjodney  Mundf 

mo.  Ca^ftam  "EAnwaA  tavt&3&t 


1859.] 


PBOMOTIOKS   A1U>  AIPOnfTMENTS. 


473 


bourne,  R.N*,  to  be  Ordinary  Members 
of  the  Military  Division  of  the  Third 
Class,  of  Companions  of  the  Most 
Honourable  Order  of  the  Bath  j  and  of 
David  James  Simpson,  Esq.,  one  of  the 
Paymasters -iu  -Chief  of  the  Royal  Navy; 
William  David  Jeans,  Esq  ,  Paymaster 
in  the  Royal  Navy  ;  and  J, 
Esq.,  late  Assistant  Surveyor  of  the 
Navy,  to  be  Ordinary  Member*  of  the 
Civil  Division  of  the  Third  Class,  or 
Companions  of  the  said  Most  Honour 
able  Order* 

WAR  OFFICE,  Joke  24. 

2nd  Regiment  of  Dragoon  Guards— 
Comet  J,  T*  Marsh  all  to  be  Instructor 
of  Musketry,  March  4. 

7th  Dragoon  Guards— Cornet  A.  U, 
Vincent  to  be  Instructor  of  Musketry, 
March  12. 

Knyal  Artillery— Paymaster  W»  A. 
Kidd'from  Half  Pay  27th  Foot,  to  bo 
Paymaster  ;  Quartermaster  J.  Scot  J, 
from  Depot  Battalion,  to  be  Paymaster ; 
J,  B.  TTiompson,  Esq.,  to  bo  Paymaster, 
June  24 ;  Assistant  Surgeon  II*  C. 
Miles,  from  the  83rd  Foot,  to  be 
Assist  Surgeon,  vice  Morris,  cashiered, 
May  31. 

Military  Train — Cornet  G.  Ramsay, 
fr<>m  H:\lf  Pay  late  Land  Transport 
Corps,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Bleaiby,  who 
tfOWts    t-c'    tin:  Hall   J":iy  &f  IU«    lOFnM  r 

rank  of  Lieutenant  in  >  June 

S*. 

Grenadkr  He-hm  lit  of  Guards  -Ho* 
si^n  and  Lieut.  L.  U.  Phillips  to  be 
Lieut,  and  Captain  by  pur 
the  Hon*  W.  F.  Forbes,  mho  retire*  ; 
Ensign  L,  R*  Seymour,  from  the  Rifle 
Brigade,  to  be  Ensign  and  Lieut*  by 
purchase,  vice  Phillips,  June  24. 

Scots  Fusilier  Guards —Lieut,  and 
Captain  H.  0.  Fletcher  to  be  Captain 
and  Lieut.  CoL  by  purchase,  \  ice  A 
who  retires  ■  Ensign  and  Lieut.  C. 
Shelley  to  be  Lieut,  and  Captain  by 
purchase,  viee  Fletcher ;  Ensign  the 
Hon.  H,  T.  Frascr.  tan  the  Vlnd  Foot, 
to  be  Ensign  and  Lieut,  by  purchase, 
vice  Shelley  ;  Lieut,  and  Captain  R.  II. 
White  to  be  adjutant,  vice  Fletcher, 
promoted  June  34* 

7th  Foot— H.  H*  Rice,  gent.,  to  be 
Ensign  by  purchase,  vice  KempBou,  pro- 
raoted,  Jnne  24. 

Sth— Lieut.  J*  E.  I\  Ay  Inter  to  be 
Instructor  of  Musketry,  May  30. 

10th— Ensign  II.  t.  Bnnofcfi  to  be 
Lieut,    by  purchase,  vice  Hunter,  win. 

in  Cadet  H.  &   I 
from  the  Royal  Military  College,  to  be 


B  without  purchase,  vice  Power 
promoted,  June  24  ;  Gentleman  Cadet 
M.  R,  Bloett,  from  the  Royal  Military 
College,  to  lie  Ensign  without  purchase 
vice  E.  S.  Riddell.,  appointed  to  the  70th 
Foot,  June  85, 

17th — Gentleman  Cad  etH,E.  Sharpe, 
from  the  Royal  Military  College,  to  lie 
Ensign  without  purchase,  vice  V 
who  resigns,  Julie  24 ;  Gentleman 
Cnrt-t  a  W*  B.  Ayhner,  from  the  Royal 
Military  College,  to  be  Ensign  without 
purchase,  vice  Wrench,  promoted,  June 
25. 

20th— Ensign  H.  R.  Bowl  by,  to  be 
Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice  Foster  Melbar 
whose  promotion,  by  purchase,  on  tbe 
2rJth  November,  1858,  has  been  can- 
Gentleman  Cadet  B*  K*  White- 
ford,  from  the  Royal  Military  College, 
to  be  Ensign  without  purchase,  vice 
Onwin,  promoted,  June  24 ;  Gentleman 
Cadet  <Jr  Jones,  from  tbe  Royal  Military 
College,  to  be  Ensign  without  purchase, 
Nimcs,  promoted,  Jnne  25* 

21st— Gentleman  Cadet  John  T.  Coke, 
from  the  Royal  Military  College,  tv  be 
Ensign  without  purchase,  in  succession 
to  Lieut.  Cairns,  promoted,  June  24* 

l?4tb— Gentleman     Cadet    John     L. 
Bland,  from  the  Royal  Military  Col 
to   be   Ensign  without   purchase, 
F;ii  i  juharaon,  promoted,  June  24. 

£9th— Captain  R.  K  Barry,  tram  the 
67  th  Foot,  to  be  Captain,  viec  Steheliu, 
who  exchange*,  April  2'i. 

SOtli-Geiitkn.ait  Cadet  J,1.  L.  Leir, 
from  the  Royal  Military  College,  tu  be 
Ensign  without  purchase,  vice  Cakmft, 
deceased,  June  24. 

4  2nd  Lieutenant  W*  T*  Fraser  to  be 
Instructor  of  Musketry,  May  27* 

45th— Lieut.  J*  Franklin,  from  the 
2nd  West  In. Ua  Regiment,  to  be  Lieut, 
vice  Smith,  who  I  j    Assistant 

J.  \  Banbury,  \U' 
Staff,    to  be   Assistant    Surgeon, 
Chmninghatn,  promoted    on  Hko  HUAt 
June  24. 

-Ensign  E.  A.  Windsor,  from 
l>a  Ensign,  vice  Mnr- 
shall,  promoted,  June  lJ  I . 

54th — Lieutenant  Gr.  Fowler,  from 
BStft  Foot,  to  he  Lieutenant,  vice  Grey 
who  exchanges,  June  24. 

itfrd— Lieutenant  B.  H*  Holmes,  from 

Half  Pay;_Wth  F>ot,  to  l>e  Lieutenant, 

I  frey,  promoted  to  an  Unattached 

Company   without  purchase ;     Ensign 

C.  II*  Kin  ah  an  to  bo  Lieutenant  by  pur- 

from  tfic    L;  I  ;>  A  ^UAW^  &&&Q&  ,  \*A^ 


474 


raOMOTlOffS  AFD  AMOlKTirENTS. 


[Jfxt# 


ftaiuga  without  purchase,  vbe  Davie^ 
promoted,  June 

66th— Surgeon  W.  S>  Murray, 
fruiti ;  P  lobe  Surgeon,  vice  Hen- 

ley, appointed  to  Staff.  June  24, 

C7tli — Captain  W.  P.  St-'hclin,  from 
the  29th  Tout,  to  be  Captain,  vice  Barry* 

9&th— Gentleman  Cadet  T<  L.  ? 
from  the  Royal  Military  College*  to  be 
Ensign  without  purchase,  vicsSt.  George, 
promoted,  June  z4. 

1  70th— Gentleman  Cadet  W.  J,  F. 
Vtneran,  from  the  Royal  Military  Col- 
lege, to  be  Ensign  without  purchase,  vice 
tlill.  promoted,  Jain 

7Jth— Gentleman      Cadet     C.      IL 

boWfierty,  from  the  Royal    Military 

je,  to  be  Ensign  without  purchase, 

vice   Windsor,  appointed   to  the  480i 

foot,  June  24. 

*    83rd  —  Assistant  Suv  oft&ellj 

from  the  Staff,  to  be  Assistant  Surgeon, 
vkse  Miles,  appointed  to  the  Royal 
'Artillery,  May  31. 

SGth— Lieut.  ,W.  K+  Gray*  from  the 
Foot.  W  be  ffieul  vice   Fotne^ 

who  June  2 4 . 

-    87  th— Ensign   R.  Throckmorton,   to 

be  Lieut  by  purchase,  vice  R.  G.  L.  Fa*, 

Who  rutins,  June  24. 

;    88  th— Eloign   P.   Dwyer  to  be   In* 

B&uctter  of  Muiketi  17. 

00th— Lieut.  ft  D,  l  be  In* 

u brack) ■-  r  (f  M  u  <4v  I rj  M : a  eh  2. 

01it— Ajafetaut  Surgeon  J,   M 
Marshall*  I  uff,  to  be  Assist. 

..    vice   G*Nial,    promoted    on    the 
Staff,  June  24. 

[>6th — Gentleman  Cadet  F.  Hennikcr, 
frem  the  Royal  Military  College,  to  be 
Ensign  without  purchase,  vice  Clay  too, 
hjted  to  the  84th  Foot,  June  2L 

■2nd  West  Indian  Regiment — Lieut, 
A.  G.  Smith,  from  the  45th  Foot*,  to 
be  Lieutenant*  vice  Franklin,  who  ex- 
changee, June  24. 

Utf  att ached,— Captain  H.  P.  Hut- 
ton,  31st  Foot*  having  been  appointed 
a  Major  in  the  late  l*and  Transport 
Corps,  by  general  orders,  in  the  Crimea, 
pending  Her  Majesty's  pleasure*  to  be 
Major,  without  purchase,  April  1, 1857* 

Ho«PtTAL  Staff.— Surg.  D.  Hanley, 
M*D+,  from  the  6Sth   Foot,  to  be  Sum, 
vice    Murray,    appointed  to   the   fJ6tn 
Foot*  June  24,    Assist.  Sinf.  J 
from  the  01st  Foot,  to    b 
Halahau*   deocaged.   May    5.       Acting 
Sur^<  11.  F.  Meadoww  hi 
ttted    to  resign   his   appointment 
:  SO. 

BUB  VET. — Brevet  Lieut-  Col,  J*  M, 
i*.    Neill,  upon  Half  Fay  40th  Foot, 

laying  on  9th  October,  1868*  wapfcWl 


three  years*  service  as, Deputy  Adjutant 

al,  in  Australia,  tri  he  CoL  i 
Army,  Oct  £>,  185S,     Brevet  Major  W. 
K.  Orme,  lUth  Foot,  to  beLielu 
in  the  Army,  Inn..  24;     The  promotion 
of  Captain  GaUwey,  of  the   Royal  £n- 
jrineCTs,    to  the  Brevet  rank  of  f 
to  bear  date  14tb  May,  1858 
May  14,  18oT>f  a^  erroneou*Iv  Mated  in 
the  Gazette  of  Sl^ttib 

THE  MILITIA  GAZETTE. 

00th,  or  RtirlingBhiiv 
Borderers   Light  Infantry — L!eutenan* 
John  Henderson  to  be  Captain,  \ 
S,  BCc  Gregor,  resigned. 

Western  Suffolk— "Lor* I  August 
C-  Hervey  to  be  Lieu  tenant. 

7tlj      Lancashire — Lie  u  tenant     John 
Hamilton,  to   bo    Captain    | 
Bland, -'resigned  :  Ensign  Gcot  E.  Gor^ 
ton  .to.be  Lieut.,  vice  John  Hamilton* 
promoted. 

0th  Royal  Lancashire— J,  C.  Swan- 
&n,  gent.,  to  be  Lieut. 

1st,  or  Western  Regiment  of  Nor- 
folk— <  ten.  Rill,  p:  nt .  to  be  Lieut, 

Rojal  North  Lincoln—  C\  F.  Sharp, 
gent.*  to  be  Ensign?  . 

East  Suffolk  Artillery— F.   Barlow, 
Efrj,,  late  Captain,  Suflblk  ArtilJ' 
beFsiv  -v  II 

Royal  "CVrn waif  hud  Devnn  Miner*— 
V,  K  TreBry,  gent,,  to  be  First  I 
vice  Magor,  appointed  to  the  12th  Font, 
June  8, 

MtaiORANU  UM— Worcester  ^Lir..— Br 
Majesty  has  been  graciously  pkv 
accept    the  resignation    of  Major    E, 
Winnington. 

Norfolk  Artillery—  F.  1L  Brice,  gent, 
to  be  Second  Lieut. ;  June  7* 

2nd  Royal  Lanarkshire — E.  E>  J 
Clifford,  gent,  to  be  Lieut,,  vice  Tait 
resigned,  June  18,  Ensigti  W.  H 
Bower,  pent.,  to  be  Lieut.,  vice  David- 
son,  resigned,  Jtmo  20.  W.  Lt-froy, 
gent,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  CMflbrtJ 
moted,  June  1 8. 

Ross,  Caithness,  Sutherland,  and 
Cromarty  Rifles— W.  D«  R.  Ketehen, 
gent.,  to  be  Ensign,  June  20* 

Stirlkgshire,     &c, — Highland    Bor- 
derers Light  Infantry — Ensign  F,  Rrln- 
gk  to  be  Lieutenant,   vice  J.  Hi 
son,  promoted,  June  IS. 

2nd  Royal  Cheshire— En;^ 
Hannagan,  to  l>e  Lieut,,  vice  I{.  ' 

,     I*  J,  t  »wen,  gent^ 
XV.  Ban  i 
wped;    June    12.       Mjchosani 
Her  Majesty  has  been  pl<-a»etl  to 
the  reaiguation  Enaignp  T.  B.    • 
and  R,  H,  Sajkeld^  of  the  SAjrte  Eegi* 
tn^u\. 


1850.] 


475 


THE  DEFEXCE  OF  LONDON. 
Bx  an  Officer  of  Rank* 

With  the  highest  possible  opinion  of  the  British  Navy*  and  fully 

■  concurring  in  the  necessity  of  maintaining  a  powerful  Channel  fleet, 
I  am  still  dissatisfied  with  the  land  defences  of  the  country. 
It  is  unnecessary  here  to  prove  the  practicability  of  an  invading 
foree  landing  in  these  islands,  hut  the  possibility  of  such  an  event 
has   been  admitted  by  most  men  who  have  studied  the  question 

uce  the  introduction  of  steam,  and  considered  the  very  small 
standing  army  on  home  service  for  the  protection  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  as  pointed  out  by  the  late  Duke  of  Wellington,  in  1847* 

A  Swiss  Engineer  undertakes  to  land  three  corps  d'armee,  sim- 
ultaneously, each  exceeding  in  number  the  whole  of  the  troopa  in 
England* 

The  grand  object  of  all  invaders  would  certainly  be  to  reach  the 
capita],  and  as  ieints  would  probably  be  made  on  several  parts  of  the 
coast  at  the  same  time,  it  is  just  possible  that  the  point  of  landing 
might  not  have  been  watched,  and  the  route  to  the  metropolis  left 
unguarded ;  or  the  opposing  force  might  be  insufficient  to  arrest 
the  invading  army,  and,  consequently,  it  might  advance  upon 
London. 

What  the  result  would  be,  in  an  open  city,  with  wide  streets,  and 
totally  deficient  of  defence,  I  leave  to  individual  imagination ;  but 
let  each  of  the  many  millions  who  have  a  stake  in  the  metropolis 
consider  his  own  ease,  instead  of  contenting  himself  with  the  hack- 
neyed phrase,  that,  "  if  any  foreign  foe  landed  in  England,  he 
could  never  leave  it  "—-Implying  his  destruction  ;  but  a  disciplined 

uij,  reiuforeed  to  a  possible  extent  of  200,000  or  300,000  men 
would  not  be  very  easily  disposed  of. 

We  have  been  so  long  accustomed  to  pronounce  our  shores  in- 
violable, that  even  the  meditation  of  touch  a  disagreeable  subject  as 
the  occupation  of  the  capital  by  a  foreign  army,  will  be  scouted  by 
many  a*  the  dreams  of  an  alarmist,  but  who,  in  reality,  are  wanting 

■  in  that  moral  courage  whieh  dares  to  look  calmly  on  preparation 
for  danger. 
Tliat  prophylactic  means  are  preferable  to  all  others,  in  resisting 
i ui pendent  evil,  is  an  admitted  maxim,  and  upon  that  basis  1  found 
the  following  suggestions  on  the  defence  of  the  metropolis,  and  the 
kingdom  in  general. 

■  ■•>-£—  That  London  be  surrounded  by  sir  detached  earth  forts, 

capable  of  containing  from  five  to  ten  thousand  men* 
Tlie  sites  to  be  at,  or  near  the  following  spots  ; — 
No.  1.— Shooter's  Hill,  Woolwich. 

PNo.  2. — Penge  Common,  AneH 
No.  3.— Wimbledon  Common. 
No.  4. — Ealing  Common. 

15, — Hampstead  Heath, 
No,  6,— Little  Epping  Forest,  Waiistead* 
Connected  by  continuous  earthworks,  and  electric  ^itfe,  ti&fc  tft* 
U.  S.  Uag>,  So.  3G9}  Am,  1S59.  \  ^ 


476 


THE  DEF1NC1  03?  LOKUOlf. 


i 


sources  of  all  would  be  available  for  concentration  on  the  point 
throat  ened  by  the  enemy,  ami  would  render  any  position  with  in  the 
circuit  of  the  works  untenable* 

Semud* — That  the  whole  of  the  British  Siilitia  be  converted  into 
artillery,  and  trained  to  both  siege  and  field  guns7  as  well  a*  to 
battalion  movements  ;  to  be  armed  with  revolving  rifles,  and 
field  guns  to  be  in  possession  of  every  hundred  men,  (The  American 
Militia  has  partially  adopted  this  principle.) 

IJIiird.— That  depots  of  ship  guns  and  carriages  be  established  at 
Liverpool,  the  Clyde,  and  Newcastle,  for  the  purpose  of  arming,  and 
commissioning  in  the  service  of  Government,  the  whole  mercantile 
Steam  I^avy  of  the  country  at  the  shortest  notice. 

Fourth. — That  the  Itoyal  Marines  be  increaaed  to  twenty  thou, 
sand,  and  composed  entirely  of  artillery ;  to  be  armed  with  breach- 
loading  or  revolving  carbine  rifles^  with  sword  bayonet. 

Fifth. — That  the  Yeomanry  Cavalry  be  all  formed 
44  3  In  anted  Hi  Be  men/1  dressed  in  green,  and  armed  with  rev 
carbines  (rifles), 

Until  there  is  a  greater  feeling  of  security  at  home,  as  well  as  a 
con*  abroad j  that  all  attempts  at  the  il  Invasion  of  England ?1 

would  be  hopeless,  our  legitimate  influence  in  the  councils  of  Europe 
will,  to  a  certain  degree,  be  abrogated. 

Xeed  I  quote  M.  de  Montalembert  f     Need  I  point  to  official 
subserviency  to  foreign  influence  in  the  case,  of  one  minis.*  r 
another  ? 

Was  this  power  of  the  "disavowed  threat/'  whether  in  address  j 
Colonels,  or  displays  at  Cherbourg,  not  as  apparent  in  the  intro- 
duction  of  the   Orsini  bill,  as  in  the  rumoured  abandonment  of 
Portugal  ? 

I  place  a  cost  of  £250,000  on  each  furt  and  outworks ;  and  when 
we  consider  the  enormous   price  of  drainage,  in  these  times,  and 
thitt  we  are  about  to  pay  upwards  of  :l  million  to  Denmai 
compensation   for   the   abolition   of    M»und   dues,  I   think  n 
afford  a  million  and  a  half  for  the  security  of  the  i  %  and 

the  country   in  genera!,  against  foreign  inroads;   and  rescue  I" 
British  prestige  from  the  abyss  to  which  it  has  been  con 
no  longer  invincible,  by  the  voice  of  Europe, 

March,  18S9, 


i 

I 

■j 

e 

id 

: 

ro- 


OTJE  MILITARY  OKaAJSTZATIOtf.     THE  WAK   OFFICE 
AND  THE  HOBSE  GUAKDS, 

MB-  Siuxbt  IlFnnr;ri  r,  1  he  m m  Secretary  of  State  for  War,  hail 
lost  much  time  in  his  attainment  of  office,  in  giving  an  earnest  to  tb 
country  that  he  does  not  intend  to  sleep  upon  hid  honours,  or  i 
make  the  duties  of  that  office  a  sinecure.     He  has  scarcely  hail 
to  settle  himself  in  the  harness  of  his  new  appoints 
has  shown  a  resolute  disposition  to  throw  himself  into  the  coll. 
to  begin  at  once  the  work  allotted  to  hint.    He  h.id  hardly  returnc 
from  his  re-election,  on  attaining  place,  when  he  gave  a  guarantee 


1859.] 


ODB  MILITAK1-  OEOAITIZATIOK. 


m 


the  sincerity  of  hie  desire  to  remove  the  defects  of  administration 
ing  in  our  military  departments,  by  moving  iu  the  House  of 
Commons  for  the  appointment  of  a  select  committee,  similar  to  that 
obtained  at  the  instance  of  Captain  Vivian,  who  has  since  lost  his  seat, 
in  the  last  Parliament,  The  terms  of  the  motion  on  this  occasion,  and 
those  used  bv  Captain  Yivian  in  March  last,  are  precisely  the  same.  It 
is  in  fact  a  re-appoint ment  of  the  same  committee,  composed  of  diffe- 
rent members.  It  was  granted  on  the  6th  of  July,  and  consists  of  Sir 
James  Graham,  as  Chairman,  with  that  experienced  veteran,  Sir  Be 
Lacy  Evans,  and  thirteen  others  as  members.  The  duty  assigned  to 
it  is,  to  enquire  into  the  effects  of  the  alterations  in  military  organi- 
zation regarding  the  "War-Office  and  Board  of  Ordnance,  which  were 
made  in  185o,  and  also  whether  any  changes  are  required  to  secure 
the  utmost  efficiency  and  economy  in  the  administration  of  mili- 
tary affairs.  The  subject  is  of  peculiar  interest  at  the  present 
moments  k^d  amongst  those  who  have  taken  it  up?  it  is  likely  at 
last  to  be  placed  in  a  satisfactory  way  of  settlement. 

Full  scope  is  given  to  the  committee  for  ascertaining  where  we 
have  gone  wrong  in  what  we  have  lately  been  doin^,  and  of  settling 
what  it  is  desirable  to  do  now  to  set  ourselves  right  again*     The 

Sowers  allotted  to  it  are  us  extensive  in  this  respect  as  they  can  well 
e.  They  admit  not  only  of  an  examination  into  those  alterations 
in  the  War  Department,  consequent  on  the  abolition  of  the 
Ordnance,  many  of  which  were  very  hurriedly  and  inconside- 
rately brought  forward  and  carried  out  during  the  excitement  and 
pressure  of  the  Crimean  war,  but  they  allow  of  the  suggestion  of 
other  measures,  and  oflcr  a  stronger  hope  and  expectation  than  we 
have  yet  had,  of  a  serious  determination  to  place  whatever  relates  to 
our  military  organisation  on  a  better  footing  than  has  hitherto  been 
the  ease*  The  result  of  this  committee,  in  itself  of  the  greatest  im- 
ortanee,  will  he  to  revive  an  agitation  which  must  prove  fatal  to  the 
ivided  authority  which  lias  so  long  ruled  between  the  War  Office 
the  Horde  Guards,  and  as  it  will  probably  end  in  the  latter 
ig  to  the  wall  it  is  not  likely  to  be  very  popular  iu  some  quartern, 
'here  has  -ken  a  strong  desire  and  tendency  for  a  long  time  past  to 
bring  a  more  defined  and  direct  responsibility  to  bear  upon  those 
who  are  at  the  bead  of  our  military  departments,  and  it  is  scarcely 
possible  but  that  what  is  now  being  done  will  in  some  way  or  the 
other  effect  that  object*  Apart,  however,  from  the  reforms  which 
the  labours  of  the  committee  may  suggest,  there  is  quite  enough  on 
B£r.  Sidney  Herbert's  hands  for  the  present,  and  for  soma  time  to 
OOIQe.  If  only  a  reasonable  portion  of  the  rumours  current  of  laic, 
the  confusion  existing  in  the  War  Department,  is  true,  it  will 
be  no  light  or  easy  matter  to  keep  things  working,  until  r  go 

back  and  undo  a  great  deal  thai,  with  an  enormous  waste  of  money, 
has  been  done,  or  contrive  other  measures  to  get  us  out  of  our 
other  way.     It  will  most  probably  be  found,  if  it 
is  not  to  a  givut  Ji  tutted  already,  that  the  abolition,  where 

yprovemeut  only  of  the  Ordnance  Department  was  reqni 

jistake,  and  that  iu  revival  will  be  necessary,  while 
some  decided  change:  will  also  be  required  at  the  Howe  Guird\  wi 


478 


CUE  MILITABT  OBGANIZATIO 


[Am, 


: 


the  War  Office,  so  as  to  bring  the  army  and  everything  relating  to  it 
under  one  head. 

The  present  Secretary  at  War  has  sagacity  and  experience  enough 
toon  to  ascertain  without  the  aid  of  a  committee,  that  it  is  in  the 
latter  direction  the  real  incubus  lies  which  is  weighing  on  our  mili- 
tary efficiency,  and  marring  all  the  efforts  we  are  so  constantly 
making  to  e fleet  some  improvement  in  it,     It  is  here  at  the  very 
commencement  that  our  system  is  had,  and  that  it  must  first  be 
amended.     So  long  as  there  is  a  General  Commanding-in-Chief?  with 
whom  responsibility,  for  any  but  the  most  flagrant  act,  which  no  one 
in  the  present  day  would  think  it  for  a  moment  possible  that  a 
Commander-in-Chief  could  commit,  must  from  the  nature  and  con- 
stitution of  his  appointment  he  a  myth ;  and  a  Secretary  at  War,  to 
whom  a  constitutional  authority  and  control  belong,  but  who  in 
most  instances  has  little  or  no  military  experience  to  guide  him,  w 
long  must  our  military  affairs  be  conducted  indifferently  ;  and,  this 
defect  remaining,  it  is  not  reasonable  to  suppose  that  any  substan- 
tial or  permanent  benefit  will  ever  accrue  from  the  changes  we  may 
make  in  other  directions.  As  we  are  now,  we  have  to  all  intents  and 
purposes  two  powers  in  the  same  department,  or  in  what  ought  to 
be  the   same   department,  whose    tendencies  are  to  thwart    and 
obstruct  each  other.     Neither  can  well  act  without  the  other's  assist 
ance,  and  yet  they  are  so  constituted  as  to  have  none  but  antagonistic 
tendencies,  the  one  to  the  other.   There  are,  or  ought  to  be,  the  advan- 
tages of  professional  knowledge  and  practical  experience  on  the  one 
side,  which  ought  to  be  consulted  in  the  bringing  forward  of  any  mm- 
Bures,  but  all  the  power  of  the  purse  strings,  without  which  nothing* 
ur  next  to  nothing  can  bo  done,  exists  upon  the  other,   Both  are  great 
men,  with  every  clement  of  jealousy  between  them,  and  if  anything 
of  the  kind  is  created,  which  can  scarcely  be  otherwise  than  the  en 
the  course  of  their  official  intercourse,  the  public  service  must  suffer, 
The  seeds  of  dissension  between  the  two  are  sown  broadcast,  and  " 
depends  entirely  on  an  amount  of  good  sense  and  high  feeling  by  no 
means  common  or  to  he  expected  in  every  ease,  whether  these 
are  to  spring  up  and  blossom  into  mischief  or  not.     There  are  some 
parties,  and  according  to  the  expression  of  his  opinion  on  the  sub- 
ject in  1858,  Mr,  Sidney  Herbert  is  one  of  the  number,  who  ci  n 
that   in  the  present  state  of  things  the   Commander-in-Chief  is 
nobody,  or  the  next  thing  to  it ;  and  that,  in  1u"b  capability  of  con- 
trolling the  pecuniary  supplies  the  Secretary  at  War  can  do  prei 
much  as  he  pleases.     This  may,  or  may  not  be,  the  true  state  of  thi 
case  when  argued  theoretically,  but  practically  the  Commander- 
Chief  cannot,  and  if  he  can,  ought  not  to  be  made  such  a  cipher 
the  uommand  of  the  army,  or  the  bringing  forward  of  the  adminia 
trative  measures  connected  with  it  as  this  would  imply  him  to  be. 
If  it  is  at  all  necessary  or  desirable  that  this  should  be  the  case,  all 
we  can  say  is,  that  the  proper  description  of  men  to  place  in  such 
an  entirely  subordinate  position  have  not  generally  been  selected  for 
this  high  office.    We  rather  think,  and  we  fancy  most  people  wjII 
agree  with  us,  that  it  has  been  just  the  ruverse.     There  may  have 
been  an  exception  in  the  person  of  lord  Hardinge,  who  admitted 


in 

% 

no 
•da 


OT7B  MILITABY  OEOAlTIZATroy. 


479 


the  secondary,  if  not  uselessness  of  his  position,  before  the  Sebas- 
topol  committee,  but  we  should  doubt  if  this  waa  much  the  case  in 
any  other  instance,  either  before  op  since.  The  only  conclusion  to 
be  drawn  from  the  assertion,  if  it  is  a  true  one,  is,  that  if  the 
Commander-in-Chief  is  really  a  person  of  euch  negative  import- 
ance, the  sooner  he  is  done  away  with  and  some  one  more  suited 
for  a  military  adviser  to  the  Secretary  at  War  is  substituted  for  him 
tlu-  better.  It  does  seem  an  absurdity  to  maintain  so  high  an  office 
and  to  make  it  contemptible,  or  very  nearly  so.  Neither  as  to 
patronage  nor  anything  else  would  it  seem  that  he  has  any  power. 
The  present  Secretary  at  War  asserts  it  emphatically,  he  says  that 
officers  in  the  army  promote  themselves,  the  senior  officer  buys  out 
the  man  above  him,  and  the  Commander-in-Chief  has  nothing  to  do 
with  the  matter.  He  merely  registers  the  fact  and  nothing  more, 
unless  tli ere  is  some  marked  unfitness  in  the  purchaser.  Ajs  to  first 
commissions,  these,  it  was  said,  were  entirely  given  up  by  the  present 
Commander-in-Chief  for  public  competition  through  Sandhurst ;  and 
he  wound  up  by  the  conclusion,  logically  enough  certainly,  that  the 
patronage  of  tno  Commander-in- Chief  was,  therefore,  nil;  and  that 
it  might  safely  be  given  up  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  for  there  was 
nothing  to  give. 

As  to  the  higher  appointments— those  upon  the  staff  and  the 
appointments  of  generals  to  colonial  and  other  commands,  they  had, 
it  was  asserted,  never  been  made  without  the  previous  sanction  of 
the  Secretary  of  State,  who  possessed  a  check  which  enabled  him, 
even  with  regard  to  the  smallest  promotions  if  the  regulations  had 
been  evaded;,  or  if  there  were  financial  reasona  for  declining  to  sanc- 
tion them,  to  stop  them  at  the  very  last  moment,  because  the  names 
were  always  sent  to  the  Secretary  of  State  to  be  inserted  in  the 
Gazette,  and  without  this  sanction  they  could  not  be  gazetted* 

This  is  Mr.  Sidney  Herbert's  own  vindication  of  the  undeniable 
responsibility  of  the  Secretary  at  War  for  whatever  is  done,  and  the 
absence  it  is  to  be  perceived  of  any  necessity  to  go  any  further  in 
striving  to  make  it  more  definite  or  marked  than  it  is.  But  after  all, 
what  is  this  system,  if  fairly  examined,  but  an  obstructive  one,  It 
may  stand  still  at  the  best,  but  can  hardly  be  expected  to  maintain 
progressive  improvement.  It  may  define  what  the  Secretary  at  War 
can  do,  but  it  fails  to  lay  down  or  state,  when  the  Commander-in- 
Chief  has  any  duty  to  perform,  and  still  leas  how  apathy  or  neglect 
on  his  part  are  to  be  visited.  If  the  head  of  the  War  Office  was  com- 
monly an  officer  of  the  highest  professional  ability  it  might  suffice  ; 
but  as  he  is  usually  just  the  reverse,  it  points  out  plainly  where  the 
cause  of  all  our  deficiencies  lies.  If  the  Commander-in-Chief  can 
be  of  any  real  use,  it  can  only  be,  as  things  are,  in  advising  the 
Minister  at  War  upon  military  subjects,  and  coming  before  him  with. 
suggestions  cut  and  dry  for  his  consideration  and  approval.  Besides, 
the  discipline  of  the  army,  which  is  after  all  not  a  very  difficult 
affair,  or  a  great  tax  on  the  intellect  or  anybody's  time  to  maintain ; 
it  might  bo  considered  that  this  was  the  office  of  a  Commander-in- 
Chief  it"  he  had  anything  to  do  at  all.  If  it  is  not  what  is  it  that  he 
is  for  ?    If  it  is?  is  there  any,  the  slightest  security^  that  we  ttka 


om  MTLTTAbY  OBGA'ffTZATTOTTt  [AUG., 

the  best  means,  or  any  means,  of  having  it  done  ?    May  not 
misgiving  be  allowed  (we  hope  there  is  no  impropriety  in  speaking 
so  plainly),  as  to  whether  Princes  of  the  blood,  or  those  who  have 
attained  to  the  very  highest  eminence  in  the  State,  are  exactly  the 
most  suitable  parties  to  such  secondary  employment  ?    Is  it  the 

that  any  of  them  can  be  reckoned  upon  under  ordinary  cm 
stances  at  all  eventst  cheerfully  or  cordially  to  perform  in  the  ease  of 
war  secretaries  such  as  we  have  seen  ?  The  power  most  capable  of 
suggesting  improvement  in  our  military  affairs  will  most  probably 
not  be  able  to  move  in  them  but  with  the  risk  of  an  altercation  ta 
carry  out  his  views  ;  while  that  with  which  the  execution  exists  must 
either  remain  passive,  from  ignorance  what  to  do,  or  blunder  in  his 
attempts  if  he  tries  to  do  anything* 

Nothing  can  be  established  from  which  an  approach  to  the  effi- 
ciency we  are  striving  after  so  eagerly  can  be  obtained,  so  long  aa 
there  is  anything  to  divide  the  Horse  Guards  and  the  "War  Office 
as  they  are  divided  at  present*  No  department  can  flourish  in 
which  there  are  separate  interests  constituted  as  these  are.  The 
Secretary  at  War  may  be  able  at  any  and  every  move  to  checkmate 
the  Commander-in-Chief — but  this  is  all.  If  the  latter  is  very 
capable  in  his  profession — and  it  is  to  be  presumed  that  he  is  so — 
wfal  doee  the  service  or  the  country  gain  ?  If  he  is  not  the  most 
capable  military  man  that  can  be  found,  or  if  he  is  not  superior  to 
the  War  Minister  in  his  professional  knowledge,  of  what  use  i 
at  all  ?  Examine  it  huw  we  may,  the  absurdity  is  the  same  ;  if  the 
Secretary  at  War  is  capable  ol  acting  without  military  advice,  bo 
high  an  office  aa  that  of  Commander-in-Chief,  no  matter  how  subor- 
diuate  the  latter  may  be  in  theory,  is  evidently  in  his  way.  If  he 
is  not  so  capable  is  he  likely  to  be  veTy  cordially  supported  by  an 
officer  who  may  consider  his  dignity  equal  if  not  superior  to  his 
own^  and  who  will  not  counsel  him  as  to  measures  for  whi« 
it  pleases  him,  he  may  allow  him  to  receive  no  credit.  If  sound 
military  legislation  can  come  out  of  such  a  state  of  things  it  can 
only  be  produced  by  a  most  uncommon  amount  of  self- abnegation 
somewhere.  We  may  attempt  to  organize  on  such  a  system  as  this, 
and  add  another  long  list  to  the  numerous  changes  we 'have  already 
made,  but  the  result  will  be  a  similar  disappointment  to  whrit  we 
have  always  had.  There  will  be  no  one  until  the  Horse  Guards  and 
the  War  Office  are,  by  some  means  or  other,  hammered  into  QZJM 
watch  over  and  direct  the  machinery  of  our  military  administration, 
and  when  it  is  once  in  order,  if  such  should  ever  be  the  case  in  the 
contusion  we  have  arrived  at,  to  keep  it  so.  With  such  information 
-■  parliamentary  committee  may  collect  it  is  more  than  probable 
some  good  measures  may  be  inaugurated,  but  where  are  we  to  look 
far  that  coust ant  attention  and  that  continual  improvement  without 
which  everything  must  soon  fall  off  again?  What  establishments 
have  we  constituted  to  meet  that  want"?  Is  it  to  be  found  am* 
the  civilians  at  the  War  Office,  whose  knowledge  may  reason 
be  aupposed  to  be  \ary  theoretical  and  shallow  on  military  questions 
in  which  soldierly  efficiency  is  concerned  ?  Can  we  look  for  it  to 
the  Horse  Guards,  where,  as  long  aa  mere  discipline  is  maintained, 


18U9.3 


OVt  itTtlTAHT  OBGAKrZATTO'S'. 


481 


there  Is  bo  inducement  whatever  to  do  anything.  Except  in  what 
relates  to  their  own  interests,  or  to  those  of  their  friends,  and  to 
watching  after  patronage,  it  would  be  no  easy  matter  to  aay 
what  our  military  officiate  have  to  do,  which  if  left  undone  would 
compromise  any  of  them  in  the  least,  Wc  verily  believe  that 
things  would  go  on  just  as  well  as  they  do  now  if  there  were  mere 
automatons  in  their  places.  We  ought  to  know  by  this  time  where 
to  find  out  the  defects  of  our  military  system,  for  we  have  suffered 
enough  by  them.  We  have  always  had  the  kind  of  mixture  we  have 
now  in  it ;  a  ]civil  element  meant  to  be  paramount,  hut  which  is 
paralyzed  from  want  of  knowledge  and  experience ;  and  a  military 
element,  as  a  kind  of  helpmate  to  the  former,  in  which  exemption 
from  work  is  guaranteed,  or  at  least  to  the  idleness  of  which  no 
tangible  responsibility  attaches.  We  reap  the  consequence  by 
frequent  disasters  during  war,  and  in  time  of  peace  we  are  as  a 
nation  like  a  pack  of  old  women  continually  getting  into  a  pani 
the  slightest  threatening  appearance,  and  the  want  of  confidence  we 
feel  in  what  it  is  in  our  own  hands  to  remedy.  We  are  never  pre- 
pared for  war  when  it  comes,  nor  able  to  carry  it  on  without  the 
most  egregious  blundering  and  the  moat  frightful  sacrifices,  and, 
*ther  in  peace  or  war,  the  greatest  ability  we  display  is  that  of 
spending  twice  as  much  money  as  with  gooa  management  we  ought 
to  do.  Here  we  are  with  our  army  estimates  alone  at  thirteen  mil- 
lions, or  very  nearly  so,  and  yet  hardly  any  one  is  satisfied.  The  cry  in 
still  for  more,  and  the  country  is  inundated  with  pamphlets  ami 

meats*  which^  if  true,  ought  to  cause  impeachment  somewh 
for  the  misapplication  and  waste  which  must  be  going  on  to  cause 
our  being  so  d  0.     The  money  is  fooled  away   by  negligence 

and  incapacity,  and  by  stupid  alterations  where  alterations  were 
never  called  for  or  in  the  least  necessary-  If  the  Horse  Guards 
may  slumber  whatever  happens  short  of  a  mutiny  >  and  with  a  happy 
consciousness  that  it  will  never  be  much  trusted  in  any  real  danger, 
the  risks  of  the  War  Department  are  scarcely  less  mythical.  War  is 
only  an  exceptional  state  of  things,  and  in  ordinary  times  who  gives 
himself  the  slightest  trouble  as  to  the  management  of  our  military 
affairs  ?  Who  cares  much  about  the  estimates  but  those  who  have 
the  spending  of  them;  and,  as  long  as  they  are  kept  within  tolerably 
reasonable  bounds,  who  cares  about  asking  any  questions  or  listening 
to  any  complaints  about  them  ? 

Was  Lord  Panmurc  ever  called  to  tmy  serious  account  for  taking 
care  of  Dowbs  innumerable  ?  or  for  making  a  host  of  change*,  most 
of  which  have  ended  in  nothing  but  an  extravagant  and  useless  outlay 
of  the  public  money  ?  Was  the  quest  ion  ever  asked,  by  what  authority 
he  substituted  in  the  payment  of  the  royal  artillery  a  legion  of 
paymasters  for  the  less  costly  and  far  more  enmenient  and  efficient 
services  of  Messrs.  Cox  and  Co,  ?  How  much  more  is  this  mean  ore 
costing  the  public  than  it  paid  for  the  same  amount  of  wurk  before? 
We  may  talk  of  checks  on  the  Commander-in-Chief,  as  if  he  only 

tho  colo in-  of  his  coat  was  the  only  ■  ■■  isary  to  gu 

against;  but  where  is  the  check  upon  a  Secretary  at  \V^\vW,  vv 
Lord  Panmure  is  any  criterion,  has  ap^areut\y  m\kd\  ftw  w&fe\$Q«Gj 


^S2 


Ora  MILITAET  OBGAKIiiATIOK, 


[Arc, 


in  Ms  office  that  is  usually  given  to  bulla  amongst  crockery  ware* 
The  treasury  is  not  a  difficult  position  to  turn,  when  any  real 
extravagance  is  intended.  It  is  not  possible  they  can  decide  with 
justice  or  common  sense  on  everything  that  is  brought  before  them, 
^>  they  seem  to  take  one  general  rule  as  a  guide,  and  that  is,  to  refuse 
fc  little  that  might  fairly  and  justly  be  bestowed,  and  to  give  liberally 
where  the  money  is  likely  to  be  thrown  away*  They  are  ready  to 
grant  anything  to  civilians,  and  equally  ready  to  refuse  or  cut  down 
military  allowances.  Lord  Panmure  managed  them  with  a  success 
lor  which  the  country  is  likely  to  gutter  lor  many  a  year  to  come* 
Neither  that  management  nor  the  doings  at  Weedon,  nor  the  dire 
confusion  which  is  said  to  have  reigned  in  his  department  from  the 
commencement  of  his  career  to  its  close,  and  even  for  some  time 
after,  have  caused  any  particular  display  of  public  indignation.  Hie 
removal  from  office  was  never  mooted,  and  he  might,  perhaps,  have 
remained  there  to  the  present  moment,  if  his  party  had  not  been 
for  a  time  disturbed.  He  might  even,  for  aught  that  is  known  to 
the  contrary,  perhaps  have  come  back  with  them  again  if  it  had 
suited  him.  The  Duke  of  Newcastle  suffered  martyrdom  for  doing 
his  best,  and  as  much  as  any  man  could  do  under  the  novelty  of  his 
position,  and  the  unwonted  circumstances  in  which  he  was  plaeed3 
hut  another,  whose  incapacity  would  be  exhibited  in  the  strongest 
light  to  any  impartial  enquiry,  and  under  whose  management  the 
expenses  of  every  part  of  the  service  considerably  augmented,  with 
far  more  detriment  than  advantage  to  the  country,  retired  with  a 
notoriety  that  has  added  something  to  the  vocabulary  of  the  English 
language,  and  which  was  not  a  very  pleasant  one,  but  quite  un- 
scathed in  any  other  respect.  It  is  seldom,  in  the  changes  that  so 
frequently  take  place  at  the  head  of  the  War  Department,  that 
responsibility,  when  anything  goes  wrong,  should  fall  solely  on  the 
shoulders  of  the  party  in  office,  and  this  is  another  difficulty  in 
fixing  it  anywhere  with  any  degree  of  effect. 

Departments  are  not  reformed  in  a  day,  and  it  may  he  the  neglect 
of  years  that  has  brought  them  into  a  bad  state.  There  should  be 
a  chain  of  responsibility,  moreover,  by  which  small  delinquents,  as 
well  as  great  ones,  should  be  made  to  sufler.  Every  one  should 
have  a  stimulant  to  work.  A  sense  of  duty  wiil  do  much  in  mam" 
cases,  but  the  fear  of  punishment  or  the  hope  of  reward  is,  after  all, 
the  safest  and  best  to  rely  upon*  If  it  is  but  jumping  to  a  con- 
clusion to  say  so,  and  if  there  are  not  constitutional  reasons  to  pre- 
vent it,  of  which  we  are  not  aware,  the  plan  most  likely  to  promote 
military  efficiency  would  be  to  withdraw  the  army  as  much  aa 
possible  from ^  political  influences,  and  to  place  it  under  the  general 
commanding-in-chief,  just  as  the  artillery  and  engineers  were  under 
the  master-general  in  former  days  j  and  to  organize  a  hoard  at  the 
Horse  Guards,  somewhat  after  the  fashion  of  the  old  Board  of  Ord- 
nance. The  military  element  would  then  rule  supreme  and  un- 
trammelled in  its  own  proper  sphere,  while  questions  of  expenditure 
and  finance  woidd  be  subject  of  board  discussion  ;  and  they  might, 
in  that  [manner,  be  brought  m  fully  as  they  are  now,  and  far 
more  effectively,  under  Parliamentary  control.    If  there  are  insur- 


1859.] 


OUB  MILITABT  OEGAS1ZATIOS. 


483 


mountable  obstacles  in  the  way  of  this  organization,  the  country 
has  little  op  nothing  else  to  look  to  for  an  efficient  administration  of 
its  military  affairs  but  the  advent  of  some  strong-minded  Secretary 
at  War,  both  capable  and  conscientious.  One  acquainted  with  the 
army  beyond  the  drawing-rooms  of  London,  and  who  will  make  a 
coup  d*etat  by  asserting  at  once  and  beyond  mistake ,  hi  a  entire 
supremacy  in  everything  military.  He  must  be  deaf,  or  nearly  so, 
to  interest,  and  use  no  instruments  nor  allow  them  to  be  used,  but 
those  of  merit,  and  talent,  and  industry,  ami  experience  in  the  com- 
mand of  troops.  He  must  not  allow  a  commission  to  be  given  away 
without  his  sanction,  if  he  has  the  means,  direct  or  indirect,  to  pre- 
vent it.  When  the  country  gets  such  a  vara  avis  as  this,  and  we 
are  at  present  as  near  to  it  as  we  shall  probably  ever  get,  certainly 
far  nearer  than  wi  have  yet  been,  the  calumet  of  peace  may  be 
thoroughly  enjoyed,  and  even  lord  Lyndhurst  and  Lord  Howden 
may  sleep  without  the  nightmare  of  a  French  Zouave,  after  a  series 
of  gymnastic  feats  which  give  us  no  chance  of  successfully  defending 
ourse Ives,  ransacking  the  treasures  of  the  Bank  of  England.  We 
do  not  wish  to  make  light  of  the  possibility  of  invasion ;  it  may  or 
may  not  be  practicable,  the  question  is  not  likely  to  be  settled  by 
mere  arguments  about  it ;  but  of  this  we  are  quite  sure,  that  the  way 
to  increase  the  difficulties  of  it  is  not  to  give  more  money  to  be 
wasted  and  flung  away  as  what  we  give  now  is,  but  to  introduce  good 
management ,  and  to  place  better  men  than  are  now  therein  the  military 
departments.  If  we  cannot  arrive  at  a  comlbrtablc  assurance  for  what 
we  are  now  paying,  or  it  may  be  even  a  million  or  two  less,  we  had  better 
try  another  mode,  and  subsidize  the  expected  enemy  not  to  attack 
us.  It  would  not  be  a  bit  less  ignoble  than  what  we  are  now  doing, 
making  great  sacrifices,  and  yet  always  proclaiming  the  fright  we 
tore  in,  and  what  little  security  we  "have  for  them.  Surely  the 
Cabinet,  and  not  the  House  of  Lords  or  the  House  of  Commons,  is 
the  proper  place  in  which  to  discuss  such  delicate  questions  as  the 
intentions,  real  or  supposed,  of  foreign  countries  ;  and  we  might 
more  sensibly,  without  imputations,  publicly  and  insultingly  flung  in 
the  faces  of  those  who  may  or  may  not  intend  us  harm,  put  our 
affairs  in  order  in  a  quiet  way,  than  by  making  such  pitiable  and 
contemptible  exhibitions  as  we  are  so  frequently  doing,  and  the 
habit  ot  which  seems  now  becoming  chronic  with  us.  The  Govern- 
ment is,  or  ought  to  be,  responsible  for  the  maintenance  of  proper 
establishments ;  it  knows  the  contingencies  we  have  to  meet,  and 
such  displays  as  those  we  have  lately  seen,  in  which  the  actors 
ought  to  be  ashamed  of  themselves,  would  be  only  justifiable,  and 
even  then  they  should,  perhaps,  be  made  under  some  diflerent  form, 
in  ease  the  Government  was  known  to  be  inert,  or  the  House  of 
Commons  unwilling  to  grant  the  necessary  supplies* 

There  is  no  necessity  to  blow  a  trumpet  of  triumph,  or  to  make  a 
noise  about  it  when  we  are  buckling  on  our  armour.  A  resolute 
enemy  is  not  to  be  frightened  out  of  his  intentions  in  that  way,  he 
well  Knows  what  we  are  doing,  however  quiet  we  may  be,  and  it  is 
tmr  manner  of  doing  that  he  will  study,  We  may  build  ten  thousand 
line*of-battle  ships,  and  call  upon  mxm  ooo,   %&  *aou  *»^&  "Wi* 


494 


Ctm  MTttTlBT  OTIOAKTZATTO*. 


[Aro\> 


done  it,  to  come  on  ;  but  whoever  is  likely  to  accept  the  challenge 
will  measure  his  chances  by  the  number  we  can  effectively  rn;m 
I [e  «  t m*t  count  the  strength  of  our  army,  aswc  are  apt  to  do  ourselves, 
by  the  number  voted  in  the  estimates,  or  even  by  the  paper  amoi 
which  may  satisfy  us  all  that  we  arc  irresistible.     He  will  look  only; 
and  he  will  have  plenty  of  means  of  knowing  ita  to  the  numtn 
men  we  can  bring  into  the  field.     If  we  are  wise,  we  ought  tu 
no  estimate  of  ourselves,  and  of  those  we  think  may  attach  ut 
rather  our  rulers  should  do  it  in  the  same  sensible  maimer.     It  is 
almost  hopeless  to  expect  anything  like  this  in  the  present  syml 
for  no  one  has  any  confidence  in  it*    It  would  be  far  better  to 
the  army  under  a  civilian  of  even  moderate  capacity,  assisted  bj 
military  advice  practically  subordinate  to  him,  and  under  his  0 
lute  command  and  control,  tlniu  to  trust  to  the  present  stat 
things,  in  which  there  may  be  an  abundance  of  checkmating  power 
as  regards  the  Commander- in- Chief,  but  in  which  there  is  not 
which  gives  the  slightest  reality  to  his  position  as  a  military  au 
to  the  War  Minister  ;  in  which  there  is  no  satisfactory  responsih 
and  from  which  no  true  efficiency  can  be  expected,     what  can  be 
absurd  than  to  place  an  official  at  the  head  of  the  army,  as  the 
"War  Minister  generally  is  in  this  country,  without  any  prof 
qualification  to  enable  him  to  fulfil  its  duties,  and  leaving  every ( 
to  him,  merely  aided  by  such  counsel  and  advice  as  the  powers  at 
the  Horse  Guards  may  deign  to  give,  and  which  he  may  probably 
have  to  go  out  of  his  way  to  obtain?    To  place  parties  in  t 
ttttpgr  relative  positions  in  such  a  system  as  this,  the  Commander* 
iu-Chief  should  be  to  the  Secretary  "at  War  much   as  the  Adjutant* 
Oeneral  now   is  to   the  Commander-in-Chief.     His   snhordin: 
Would  then  indeed  be  complete,  which  it  is  very  far  from  being  now- 
Hie  Secretary  at  War  may  be  powerful  as  a  cheek,  but  what  power 
has  he  to  set  the  Commander-in-Chief  going,  or  of  extras 

lance  from  him  at  all,  if  he  should   choose  to  withhold  it  ': 
What  could  be  said  of  the  subordination  of  on  army  in  which  the 
commander  could  only  say  you  shan't  do  this,  or  you  shan't  do 
but  to  which  he  could  give  no  affirmative  command* 

The  subordination  of  the  Horse  Guards  to  the  War  Office  at 
present  moment  is  quite  of  this  character.     Consolidation  oi 
military  departments  is  what  we  have  had  ringing  in  our  ears  for 
some  time  past,  but  the  consolidation  that  is  wanted  is  not  that  we 
have  been  pursuing,  it  does  not  consist  of  tearing  up   root  and 
branch,  old  and  useful  departments  such  as  that  of  the  Ordi*. 
and  imposing  the  duties  on  those  who  know  nothing  about  tliem  ; 
but  to  bring  them,  each  working  in  its  own  orbit,  under  the  control 
of  some  one  power  which  may  command  them  in  any  way  nee* 
for  the  convenience  or  efficiency  of  the  service*     Division  of  hi 
is  as  essentially  Heeesjarj  for  the  army,  in  its  different  branch 
it.  can  possibly  be  anywhere;  but  that  division  of  labour  should  not 
act  in  any  disjointed  manner.     In  everything  connected  with  it,  it 
should  be  under  one  chief.     We  are  goin^  contrary  to  all 
the  consequences  are,  that  instead  of  mending  matters  we 
tmg  more  imd  more  into  confusion,    Tl\e  Itnft,  the  cavalry,  the  arth% 


fc] 


OTTE  MitWAST  OB0A!TTZATI0K, 


485 


Ierys  the  engineers,  the  medical  department,  the  commissariat ;  all, 
more  or  less,  require  some  special  knowledge ;  and  for  internal 
administration,  it- is  absolutely  requisite  that  each  should  have  its 
own  officials,  If  they  are  worked  on  what  may  be  called  the  con* 
glomerate  principle,  which  is  that  we  are  rapidly  getting  into  with 
regard  to  the  fighting  branches  of  the  service,  there  may  be  a  fair 
for  a  time,  but  there  will  aa  assuredly  be  a  break  down  when  It 
comes  to  actual  warfare.  The  Ordnance  must  be  as  distinct  and 
separate  from  the  line  or  cavalry,  as  the  medical  or  any  other  depart- 
ment. It  would  be  just  as  wise  to  work  the  details  of  the  latter 
through  the  Adjutant  General  at  the  Horse  Guards^  as  it  is  to 
attempt  the  same  thing  with  the  artillery.  Every  arm  should  have 
its  own  staff,  and  be  kent  as  distinct  and  separate  as  possible ;  confu- 
sion is,  otherwise,  certain  to  ensue,  and  responsibility  will  be  easily 
.  step  we  take  at  variance  with  what  common  sense 
ought  to  show  to  us  as  right  in  this  respect,  will  lead  to  infinite  mis- 
chief Whoever  is  the  author  of  the  plan  which  has  done  away  vi 
the  Director  General  of  Artillery,  and  the  Inspector  ti.  ueral  of 
Fortifications,  anil  who  lias  established  a  committee,  not  a  member 
of  which  is  above  the  rank  of  a  colonel,  to  do  their  duties  and  a  host 
of  others  besides,  will  Lot  have  much  reason  to  congratulate  himself 
with  the  result*  The  moment  there  Is  any  pressure  the  whole  thing 
will  collapse ;  it  will  be  impossible  to  carry  on  the  duties  satisfactorily 
fill  a  month  during  actual  war  under  such  a  system.  Tlie  artillery  i : 
1  \  i  be  looked  upon  as  a  model  fur  the  rest  of  the  army  in  all  its  arrange- 
ments: and  even  throughout  the  operations  in  the  Crimea,  it  acquitted 
itself  better  than  any  other  part  of  the  service.  We  might  safely,  with 
some  amendments,  nave  left  this  branch  alone,  or  nearly  so.  All  it 
required  waa  an  improvement  in  its  staff,  and  a  riddance  of  one  or 
two  Individuals  from  prominent  positions  in  connection  with  it  who 
had  manifestly  exhibited  less  interest  for  the  efficacy  of  tho  corps  at 
large,  than  in  their  own  power  and  aggrandizement.  Ins  tend  of 
prudently  and  wisely  proceeding  in  this  measure,  everything  has 
been  revolutionized  in  this  direction.  Lord  Fanmure  upset  as 
much  as  he  could,  but  his  freaks,  extensive  and  mischievous  as  they 
were,  have  been  entirely  thrown  into  the  shade  by  what  has  been 
more  lately  done,  Every  tried  and  approved  office  which  distin- 
guished the  old  Ordnance  Department,  and  which  had,  under  in 
discouragement,  given  our  artillery  as  high  a  character  as  any  other 
in  the  world,  has  been  ruthlessly  abolished. 

The  whole  military  organization  has  been  changed,  the  system  of 

n  reliefs,  the  simplest  and  easiest  that  could  have  been  devised, 

has  been  altered  ;  the  interior  economy,  the  form  of  pay  lists,  the 

mode  of  practice,  everything,  great  and  small,  has  been  metamor- 

L  but  the  why  or  tho  wherefore,  or  by  whom  it  has  beend 
iiu  one  can  UlL     If  an  enemy,  intending  to  attack  us,  had  pla 
i  a  position  to  work  us  all  the  damage  he  BOOM  m 
trad  tug  and  impairing  the  arm  of  artillery  iu  this  country,  i&Gi 
not  have  been  dono  than  has  been  I  of  lato  in  this 

respect  by  the  folly  of  some  unknown  busybody.     That  able  ami 
distinguished  officer.  Sir  B.   Gardiner,  witn  &  cW  \\eflA>  tcsmI  Vfc» 
most  untiring  zeal  and  energy  is,  with  his  Tisual  dwo^tofia^^Xrera^ 


48a 


&V   OEGAtflZATlOF* 


[Aim., 


to  stay  the  evil ;  and,  by  the  measures  he  proposes,  if  timely  adopted, 
there  is  bo  doubt,  whatever  the  future  may  have  in  store  for  us,  but 
tli  til  the  branch  of  the  service  to  which  he  belongs,  and  hi  which  his  long 
experience  and  brilliant  services  make  him  the  very  highest  authority, 
would  be  quite  fit  to  meet  any  emergency,  and  capable  of  bearing 
au y  strain  upon  its  management,  however  continuous  it  might  be. 
It  is  absolutely  incredible  to  any  one  not  acquainted  with  the  facts, 
tin  worse  than  useless  changes  we  have  been  making,  and  the  m 
sary  or  desirable  ones  which  we  have  neglected,  we  seem  to  take 
no  account  of  whatever.  Instead  of  meddling  with  matters  of 
i  miiparatively  no  urgent  or  pressing  nature,  doing  infinite  mischief, 
why  did  it  not  strike  some  of  our  military  authorities  to  take 
some  of  these  questions  into  consideration  for  reform  and  im- 
provement, almost  all  of  which  are  of  the  most  vital  importance, 
which  are  now  in  the  furnace  of  some  parliamentary  or  other 
enquiry  to  prepare  them  for  legislation?  Instead  of  a  plan  for 
improving  the  artillery,  which  was  quite  uncalled  for  and  unne- 
cessary, why  did  we  not  have  a  plan  for  improving  the  recruiting  of 
the  army,  or  the  organization  of  the  militia,  or  the  prevention  of 
desertion,  or  a  reasonably  economical  method,  founded  on  some 
intelligible  principles,  for  the  defence  of  the  country  ?  There  was 
surely  enough  under  these  heads,  and  others  of  a  like  kind,  to  have 
profitably  occupied  the  time  of  the  Horse  Guards,  and  it  was 
scarcely  wise  in  that  department  to  have  devoted  itself  to  alteration* 
in  artillery  matters,  the  nature  and  effect  of  which  it  could  not  possi- 
bly understand  in  the  least,  while  there  was  so  much  work  in  its 
own  particular  line  to  attend  to,  which  required  the  most  marked 
and  unquestionable  amendment  How  much  of  our  increased  ant! 
daily  increasing  expenditure  is  to  be  put  down  to  this  inconsiderate 
way  of  doing  things,  and  to  what  cause  is  it  to  be  attributed?  A 
department  which  requires  the  continual  aid  of  parliamentary  com- 
mittees to  get  it  out  of  its  difficulties  is  not  exactly  the  one  to  make 
judicious  reforms  where  it  has  only  very  lately  come  into  possession, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  Ordnance,  The  Horse  Guards  authorities  have 
abdicated,  or  been  turned  out,  on  questions  which  they  ought  to 
understand,  and  to  be  able  to  legislate  upon ;  and,  as  a  sort  of  com- 
pensation, and  to  give  them  something  to  do,  they  are  allowed  to 
make  a  kind  of  Aunt  Sally  of  two  such  important  services  as  the 
Artillery  and  Engineers,  but  especially  of  the  former,  in  which  it  is 
a  kind  of  mania  with  them  to  appear  to  know  something.  There  is 
a  sort  of  feminine  weakness  about  them  which  craves  after  credit 
for  qualities  which  they  don't  possess.  They  dare  not  deal  with  the 
recruiting  of  the  army,  or  any  other  questions  of  that  kind,  the  abo- 
minations of  which  are  well  known,  and  for  which  they  are  responsi- 
ble, or  rather  for  which  they  would  be  if  such  a  thing  as  responsibility 
existed,  and  they  perpetrate  all  manner  of  extravagant  and  ridiculous 
attempts  at  reform  when  there  is  nothing  whatever  to  show  that  it 
is  at  all  wanted,  and  where,  if  it  is,  they  are  about  the  last  people 
likely  to  do  it  properly. 

If  the  Secretary  at  War,  or  the  Committee  of  the  House  of 
Commons  will  examine  a  little  closely  into  this  part  of  the  subject, 
and  take  a  few  competent  opinions  on  what  has  been  done  as  well  as 


1859/ 


OlTtt  MILITAaT  0RGA2TIZA.TKW. 


on  what  is  doing,  a  very  important  arm  in  the  public  service  as  well 
as  the  public  expenditure  will  be  likely  to  bene  tit.     It  would  be  very 
hard  to  say  what  really  decided  blot  we  have  yet  hit  on  in  our  military 
system,  towards  the  remedy  of  which  we  have  made  any  very  satisfac- 
tory progress.  We  areforwardi  n  proclaiming  our  weakness  andblunder- 
ing,  but  slow  to  the  last  degree  in  removing  what  we  complain  of,  "We 
patch,  and  repair,  and  make  never  ceasing  alterations,  but  there  is  no 
substantial  reform  or  improvement.     The  tact  is,  we  have  few  or  no 
hands  competent  to  do  what  is  needed,  and  as  long  as  we  are  without 
them,  we  may  go  on  talking  for  ever  with  very  little  advantage.  Let  any 
one  acquainted  with  the  personnel o(  our  military  departments,  or  with 
the  great  majority  whom  we  have  got  in  employment,  ask  himself,  as  he 
reads  over  the  list,  are  these  the  names  to  which  the  highest  mili- 
tary  talent   and  the   best   administrative   ability   of  the   country 
belong  ?    Are  these  the  most  competent  officers  that  can  be  found, 
and  the  most  clear-headed,  to  counsel  and  advise  upon  important 
questions  of  army  efficiency,  and  the  means  to  obtain  it  ?     If  this 
cannot  be  promptly  and  affirmatively  answered — if,  on  the  contrary, 
it  would  be  indignantly  repudiated,  what  is  the  use  of  having  things 
as  they  are  in  this  respect,  and  passing  on  to  other  changes,  which, 
dependent  on  incompetency  at  their  very  starting,  can  never  be  of 
any  but  the  most  temporary  service,  however  well  conceived  they 
may  be  in  the  first  instance.     At  every  step  in  our  proceedings, 
there  is  something  to  be  found  which  common  sense  would  unhesi- 
tatingly condemn,  especially  in  the  management  of  military  affairs* 
We  not  only  ignore  the  necessity,  or  at  least  act  as  if  we  did,  for 
the  best  talent  or  fitness  in  the  most  prominent   and  important  of 
our  military  employments,  but  we  have  a free  and  iii<[< ■]■■  uilent  press, 
backed  up  and  encouraged  in  exposing  every  mistake  that  is  made. 
In  other  words,  we  cbooee  incompetency,  and  then  expose  it  to 
friends  and  foes  alike,     The  most  relished"  reading  in  the  Timt%  is 
some  spirited  attack  on  the  military  authorities.     Where  is  the 
if  we  can't  or  wont  get  better  men  to  do  what  is  wanted,  of  railing 
!  imiftUy  at  those  that  are  in  office,  and  exhibiting  their  neglect  at 
every  turn  ?     If  we  are  compelled  by  the  nature  of  our  institutions, 
or  our  deference  to  any  particular  class,  to  do  foolish  things,  the  bei«t 
plan,  in  fact  the  only  wise  thing  to  do,  is  to  keep  silent  about  them. 
I" ideas  we  can  and" are  determined  to  alter  ttie  system,  then-   is 
nothing  but  folly  in  proclaiming  to  all  the  world  that  we  an- the 
victims   of   stupidity.     Confidence   is  half  the  battle   in  military 
operations;  but  no  one  preaches  confidence  in  any  of  our  military 
chiefs  or  officials.     On  the  contrary,  they  are  run  down  in  every 
direction.    Our  late  enemy  declared  we  were  an  army  of  lions  led  by 
aasea,  and  we  have  rather  plumed  ourselves  than  otherwise  on  the 
expression  ever  since.     Will  any  one  be  good  enough  to  state  what 
is  the  advantage  of  all  this  ?     If  we  must  take  our  officials  as  they 
arc  given  to  us,  it  cannot  help  them  along  or  improve  them,  to  be 
incessantly  pointing  out  how  lax  and  stupid  they  are.     Mischievous 
and  defective  as  our  system  may  be,  it  can  only-  be  made  worse  by 
battering  at  it  continually,  and  very  often  with  very  little  discrimina- 
tion.    The   Times,  which  is  the   oracle   with  us  "all,  may  ask  the 
question  when  an  enemy  has  landed  and  is  encamped  amongst 


•i  ■  D 


OUH  MILITAET  OEQANIZATIOK* 


[Aua,, 


the  Kentish  hop-poles,  and  we  are  speeding  to  the  encounter 
with  whatever  resources  we  can  collect,  who,  with  the  confidence 
i  1'  the  country  to  support  aim,  is  to  command  this,  our  last  hopa 
on  the  occasion?  Who  but  the  Times  can  answer  its  own  ques- 
tion r  The  Timet  can  make  a  general  for  us  on  the  most  im* 
proved  principle,  and  out  of  the  very  slightest  material,  in  the 
course  of  a  week,  or  even  leas,  Where  is  Mr.  Russell  ?  A  few 
strokes  of  his  pen  would  do  the  tiling  at  once.  Aldershott  and  a  few 
field  days  would  answer  as  well  for  the  purpose  aa  Solferino  or  11  a- 
genta.  Can  the  Times  so  easily  forget  how  our  Generals  were  made 
and  unmade  in  the  Crimea  ?  The  press  does  everything  in  this 
respect.  The  army,  and  the  reputation  of  every  individual  in  it,  are 
quite  in  its  hands.  If  we  had  the  most  capable  officers  in  the  world 
in  command,  instead  of  falling  considerably  short  of  it,  it  would  be  no 
easy  matter  to  carry  on  our  military  affairs  in  this  country,  carped  at 
and  criticised  as  every  thing  is,  often  by  the  most  absurd  ignorance  of 
the  subject  treated.  Confidence  is  shaken  in  every  direction,  and  with- 
out confidence  the  most  important  element  of  an  army  is  wanting,  If 

system  we  pursue  is  not  a  likely  one  to  give  us  able  generals,  or 
to  carry  up  our  military  administration  to  the  point  of  efficiency  we 
desire  to  Keep  it,  by  all  means  let  the  utmost  efforts  be  m 
change  it  \  but  abusing  what  we  have,  so  long  as  we  are  obliged  to 
keep  it,  in  every  individual  act,  is  not  a  wise  or  a  prudent  course. 
Attack  any  sy steal  that  is  bad,  but  it  is  making  out  a  rather  too  de- 
plorable ease  for  ourselves  to  endeavour  to  show,  in  the  meanwhile, 
that  we  cannot  meet  any  emergency.  In  endeavouring  to  get  reform 
there  may  be  too  much  candour  in  times  like  these  in  showing  how 
very  badly  off  we  are  without  it.  Mr.  Sidney  Herbert's  accession  to 
office  is  to  be  hailed  much  less  for  the  undoubted  ability  which  he 
possesses  than  for  the  feeling  he  inspires  that  under  his  management 
and  control  things  are  sure  to  be  done  welL  He  has  come  at  a  mo- 
ment when  such  a  man  is  most  wanted,  and  he  has  only  to  assert  the 
power  which  we  have  his  own  word  for  it  that  ho  possesses,  to  An 
mtmitr  serrioe  in  Ins  department.  There  is  a  feeling  with  regard  to 
him  that  he  is  at  last  and  for  once  the  right  man  in  the  right  place, 
and  that  feeling  will  enable  him  to  bear  down  opposition,  and  to 
command  support  in  whatever  measures  he  may  consider  necessary 
to  a  more  economical  and  improved  efficiency  in  our  army.  He  has 
taken  a  prominent  part  for  many  years  past  in  all  discussions  relating 
to  military  affaire,  and  he  has  had  experience  in  administering  them 
under  the  old  and  discarded  system,  lie  will  soon  be  able  to  decide 
where  wo  were  unwise  in  departing  from  that  system,  and  where  it- 
would  be  advisable  to  retrace  our  steps.  He  will  judge  of  measures 
on  broad  principles,  for  he  is  free  from  the  shallow  professional  pre* 
tensions  of  his  predecessors.  If,  with  such  a  Secretary  at  War  aa 
we  now  have,  we  still  go  on  in  failures  in  our  military  legislation,  it 
should  he  plain  that  the  present  state  of  things  must  he  hop* 
It  must  show  that  the  best  and  most  earnest  i  have  can  make 

nothing   of   them,   and  that   we  must   either  chaogi 
alfcocet  lit  r,  or  be  content  to  jgo  on  as  we  have  always  done,  looking 

D  to  Pro\  idenee  and  helping  ourselves  but  to  a  very  slight  degr**> 
bj  good  management*    We  have  little  on  which  to  rely  as  we  now 


I860.] 


THE   3TEJLJI   HAiL 


4iB 


are,  but  the  boi>e  that  the  good  fortune  with  which  wo  have  been  m 
Ihvoured  will  still  attend  upon  us.  There  is,  also,  one  thing 
further  of  which  there  is  no  symptom  that  it  will  fail  us*  The 
British  soldier  will  no  doubt  fight  as  he  has  always  doise,  to  the  deep 
delist  of  his  enemies,  long  after  he  ought  to  have  given  in-  and, 
without,  as  is  his  wont>  enquiring  or  caring  much  by  what  general 
he  is  led  to  the  combat.  Por  the  rest  there  is  that  ever-ready  instru- 
ment the  income  tax  ;  and  as  we  are  a  rich  people,  it  may  be  a  weak- 
ness with  us  to  desire  to  show  how  much  more  we  can  afford  to  pay  than 
is  requisite  or  necessary  for  the  maintenance  of  the  national  security. 


, 


TIEE  STEAM  BAM. 


Witiiik  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  science  has  placed,  and  is 
still  placing,  very  destructive  weapons  in  our  hands.  It  would 
indeed  appear  that  the  further  progress  we  make  in  civilization  the 
greater  are  the  advances  made  in  our  power  to  kill.  The  difference 
between  the  uncultivated  savages  of  Africa  and  the  scientific  European 
isnotmore  apparent  in  the  outward  and  visible  signs  of  colour  and  form 
than  in  the  weapons  forged  by  them.  Both  indulge  in  war,  and  although 
there  is  a  wide  gap  between  the  bow  and  arrow,  or  still  ruder  club  or 
spear,  and  the  last  invention  of  scientific  Christendom,  yet  every 
step  in  the  art  of  destruction  may  be  traced  with  certainty*  It  in 
within  the  memory  of  many  a  soldier,  now  standing  in  the  ranks, 
when  clumsy  *'  Brown  Bess  "  was  a  model  weapon.  Indeed,  we 
believe  U>  this  day,  a  gun  of  no  more  power  fii  still  used  in  the 
majority  of  the  line  regiments  of  the  Continental  armies.     But  now 

Lgknd  the  Enfield  and  Lancaster  ride  have  supplanted  the  old 
musket  that  won  Waterloo  and  Salamanca.  However,  it  m  not  to 
be  supposed  that  all  improvement  lias  ceased,  for  Colt's  revolvers, 
the  Emperor**  rifled  cannon,  and  Armstrong's  marvellous  invent  ton, 
show  a  satisfactory  progress;  but,  nevertheless,  destructive  as  Ufa 

us  are,  it  is  only  win  me  to  deal  with  artillery,  as 

applied  10  warfive  ailoat,  that  the  full  blossoming  of  the  club  of 
Cain,  1  hit  eiirly  offshoot  of  t  if  knowledge  of  good  and  evil,** 

is  fully  developed, 

We  remember  the  time  when  the  H  wooden  walls"  of  old  England 
were  considered  our  ark  and  our  refuge,  and  we  are  not  prepared  to 
admit  that  they  are  not  BO  still.  But  the  enormous  mi 
heavy  metal,  and  the  improvement  made  in  sea  ordnance,  have 
awakened  shipwrights  to  the  fact  that  wood  and  iron  cannot  stand 
the  hammering  of  GS-pounders  for  any  lengthened  period.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  floating  batteries  coated  with  inm,  they  have 
"been  proved  and  found  useless  against  modern  guns.     Their  iron 

-s  have  been  crushed  almost  as  easily  as  an  eggshell  can  be  by 
It   fthipfl  coated  with  iron  cannot  withstand  the  rude 

kfi  of  sea  artillery,  the  question  is,  what  will  booom^of  our 
stately  three  deckers  and  dashing  wooden  frigates,  when  oppose 
the  broadsides  that  science  id  now  prepared  to  pour  into  their  hulls  p 
Hi  r  instance,  will  a  couple  of  wooden  ttam  ta&ME*\faa 

rw»v  at  each  <Jih©r  btiotv  one  or  both  wee  mtib  to  Vra  VNwb&*    ^t^ 


490 


THE  6TEAM  BAJ& 


[Ana,, 


or  two  concentrated  broadsides  will  settle  the  business,  so  that  tho 
days  of  laying  ships  £t  yard  arm  to  yard,51  and  firing  into  one  another 
for  hours,  then  hauling  off  to  repair  damages,  and  then  renewing  the 
fight,  are  gone  for  ever. 

It  is  obvious,  however,  that  no  invention  or  discovery  in  gunnery 
has  treated  such  astounding  changes  in  warfare  afloat  as  steam. 
For  although  this  new  motive  power  has  never  been  fairly  tried  in 
the  shock  of  battle  between  ships  or  fleets  at  sea,  yet  the  results 
that  are  likely  to  take  place  are  so  well  understood  that  it  hga 
altered  or  modified  naval  tactics,  and  interfered  materially 
naval  architecture  by  introducing  a  motive  power  independent  of 
atmospherical  influences.  The  phases  we  have  passed  through 
from  paddle  to  screw,  from  the  first  little  steamer  of  90  tons,  to  the 
Great  Eastern  of  22,000  tons,  are  familiar  wonders  to  us  all*  But 
now  it  seems  this  modem  giant  is  about  to  introduce  a  new  era  in 
naval  warfare,  or  rather  one  that  brings  the  mind  back  to  the  en- 
counters of  the  classic  periods  of  Greece  and  Home, 

The  leading  maritime  powers  of  Europe  have  been  for  some  time 
past  endeavouring  to  devise  some  means  by  which  an  ordinary  ship 
might  be  for  a  time  rendered  invulnerable ;  but,  as  we  have  said, 
the  attempts  have  proved  failures.  Both  the  English  and  the  French 
batteries  at  Kinburn  and  elsewhere,  could  not  stand  against 
32-pounders.  The  Emperor  of  the  French  then  set  to  work,  and 
endeavoured  to  steal  a  march  upon  us,  but  we  believe  all  his  eflbrts 
have,  up  to  this  time,  been  abortive.  He  is  now  said  to  be  coating 
some  old  sailing  three  decked  ships  with  iron,  but  it  is  impossible 
the  end  desired,  viz.,  velocity  and  indestructibility,  can  be 
obtai&fid  by  such  vessels-  In  England,  however,  we  have  an  idea 
which  it  seems  is  about  to  he  realized,  viz,,  of  introducing  a 
monitor  upon  the  deep,  which  is  not  only  to  possess  great  speed, 
but  is  to  be  also  invulnerable.  The  steam  ram  is  to  be  tire  proof 
and  shot  proof>  capable  of  not  oulysiulring  a  single  liue-of-battle  ship, 
but  of  smashing  up  a  whole  fleet  of  12U  gun  ships  in  an  hour— or  so — 
of  destroying  a  navy  before  breakfast  any  morumg  that  would  require 
years  to  construct.  These  remarkable  and  astouiHlin.:  result 
confidently  expected  from  the"  Steam  Ram,"  which  the  Government 
has  very  recently  ordered  to  he  constructed  by  the  Thames  Iron 
Shipbuilding  Company  for  the  defence  of  our  shores. 

It  is  evident  that  this  vessel  is  only  an  experiment ;  but,  never- 
theless, it  claims  onr  most  serious  attention  from  the  important 
results  expected  from  it  when  completed.  It  may  not  realise  all  our 
expectations,  indeed  it  is  not  likely  to  do  so,  but  as  it  is  in  course  of 
construction,  and  will  be  afloat  next  June,  a  few  anticipatory  remarks 
upon  this  terrible  weapon,  while  it  is  in  embryo,  may  enable  the 
reader  to  form  ins  own  conclusions  upon  the  subject, 

And  what  are  the  solid  and  substantial  reasons  for  expecting  that 

'  Iron  Steam  Hani11  will  run  down  any  wooden  fabric  1; 

three  decker  to  a  gun  boat,  for  as  the  idea  btands  at  present,  nothing 

yet  built,  no  matter  how  strong,  how  large,  or  how  small,  is  capable 

of  holding  its  head  above  water  in  deikuee  of  this  new  champion  of 

eas. 

A  subject  of  such  importance  to  Eagli&h\&eu>  m  tta  Steam  Bam 


1859.]  THE  STIAM  BAH.  491 

cannot  be  treated  in  an  off-hand  manner.  It  must  be  looked  at  in 
all  its  bearings,  viz.,  its  indestructibility,  its  powers  of  offence  and 
defence,  its  size,  construction,  and  speed. 

The  reader  is  perhaps  prepared  to  hear  that  this  enormous  vessel  of 
war  is  to  be  built  of  iron — wrought  iron,  and  that  it  is  to  be  specially 
adapted  for  running  down  and  smashing  by  irresistible  force  the 
largest  and  strongest  ships  afloat.  This  being  the  object  of  the 
Steam  Earn,  how  is  this  result  to  be  achieved  P  Of  course  the  vessel 
must  be  large,  and  consequently  we  find  her  dimensions  to  be  as 
follows  :— Length  380ft.,  breadth  59ft.,  depth  42ft.,  supposed  ton- 
nage 6,200  tons.  As  the  Steam  Earn  will  destroy  a  ship  by  impact, 
it  is  necessary  to  have  a  heavy  hull,  and  consequently  we  find  that 
the  weight  of  the  vessel  empty  is  calculated  at  about  6,000  tons.  To 

g've  sufficient  impetus  to  the  mass,  engines  of  1,250  horse  power  are 
ring  built  by  Penn  and  Sons,  of  Greenwich.  The  weight  of  these, 
with  their  boilers,  will  be  about  another  thousand  tons,  and  it  is 
estimated  that  when  she  has  her  coals  on  board,  of  which  the  u  Bam" 
will  be  able  to  stow  away  about  1,000  tons,  and  these,  together  with 
her  armament,  stores,  &c,  &c,  will  make  a  total  of  about  9,500  tons, 
which  will  be  driven,  when  required,  through  the  water  at  a  velocity 
of  sixteen  or  seventeen  miles  an  hour. 

We  believe  that  the  conditions  required  to  enable  the  Steam  Earn 
to  sink  any  line-of-battle  ship  as  now  constructed,  are  to  be  found  in 
a  vast  iron  mass  of  the  dimensions  above,  if  driven  at  the  speed 
indicated. 

The  next  consideration  is,  what  will  be  the  effect  of  the  impact 
upon  the  "Bam,"  and  how  will  she  escape  with  impunity  from 
a  collision  with  a  line-of-battle  ship  ?  To  comprehend  this  part 
of  the  subject,  a  little  detail  is  necessary,  particularly  as  to  the 
strength  of  the  "Bam"  to  withstand  repeated  collisions  with 
heavy  ships  of  war.  The  keel  is  to  be  constructed  of  slabs  of 
wrought  iron,  more  than  an  inch  thick,  and  three  feet  and  a-half 
deep ;  the  length  of  these  slabs  is  not  yet  determined  upon,  we 
believe.  The  ribs,  which  are^felso  of  massive  wrought  iron,  are  to 
be  made  in  lengths  of  5  feet  by  2  feet  deep,  and  these  are  to  be  3  feet 
8  in.  apart  everywhere,  except  where  they  are  bolted  to  the  keel, 
where  they  are  to  be  bolted  at  half  that  distance  asunder.  The 
armour  plates  commence  at  5  feet  below  the  line  of  flotation,  which 
are  to  be  bolted  to  beams  of  teak  a  foot  and  a-half  thick,  which 
beams,  if  we  understand  the  subject  rightly,  are  to  act  as  a  sort  of 
inner  skin  between  the  armour  plates  and  the  iron  ribs  of  the  Bam. 
The  armour  plates  are  to  be  4j-in.  thick,  which  seems  to  be  suffi- 
ciently impenetrable  for  the  purpose  of  resisting  for  the  time  the 
knocks  a  Bam  would  be  exposed  from  the  impact  of  68 -pounders. 
These  slabs  of  armour  will  coat  the  Bam  to  the  upper  deck,  and  it  may 
be  as  well  to  state,  that  all  the  decks,  except  the  orlop,  are  to  be  made 
of  iron,  but  cased  with  wood.  The  beams  are  also  to  be  made  of 
wrought  iron,  of  the  most  ponderous  description,  to  which  both  the 
decks  and  ribs  are  to  be  bolted,  but  in  addition  to  these,  other  mas- 
rive  beams,  five  feet  asunder,  crossed  by  diagonal  ties,  will  run  along 
the  length  of  the  Bam  from  the  bows  to  the  stem. 

U.  S.  Mack,  No*  360,  Am,  1869.  *  *l 


492 


THE    STEAM   BAM. 


[Airo,, 


Tbe  u  Ram,"  it  ia  expected,  will  be  heavily  armed,  with  thirty 
guns  of  Armstrong's  make,  each  of  1001  bs.  ealibret  having  a  range 
or  G  miles.     These  guns  are  to  be  arranged  as  follows  :— i#  The 
broadside  guns  will  be  only  fourteen,  which  with  two  broadside  gum* 
on  the  upper  deck,  and  two  pivot  guns  forward  and  two  aft.  will  i 
up  her  complement.11     This  disposition  of  her  armament    arises  in 
consequence  of  the  armour  plates  not  shielding  the  whole  of 
*(  fiam's"   sides,  only  the   fighting  part,  about  230  feet  of  broad- 
side being  coated  with  this  powerful  mail-      The  other   par 
th£  vessel,  viz*  the  bows  and  the  stern,  will  be  covered  with  lighter 
plates  of  wrought  iron,  belted  to  teak  planks,  twenty-four  inches  / 
This  comparatively  tender  part  of  the  Kam  is  of  little  consequence 
to  the  safety  of  the  vessel,  for  supposing  that  a  shot,  or  hundreds  of 
ihots  should  pass  through  the  all  but  impenetrable  bows  or  si 
these  parts  being  constructed  in  water-tignt  compartments,  and  each 
of  these  extremities  being  perfectly  cut  off  from  the  engines  and 
fighting  portion  of  the  ship,  it  would  be  a  matter  of  no  consequence 
if  they  were  shot  away.     The  Ram  w^ould,  in  the  vital  parts,  viz*  **' 
centre,  be  as  impenetrable  as  ever. 

However,  it  is  obvious  that  for  the  purpose  for  which  the  *(  Rata'*  is 
intended,  viz,,  that  of  "butting"  a  Kne-of-  battle  ship  and  winking  her, 
the  bows,  or  "head*"  where  the  whole  forte  of  the  impact  mi 
sustained,  ought  to  be  the  strongest  part.  And  here  it  is  intended 
to  have  a  web  of  iron  stays,  beams,  and  ties,  bracing  together  i 
wrought  iron  decks  or  spaces,  an  inch  or  more  thick,  and  crossed  aud 
re-crossed  with  strengthening  supports  in  every  direction. 

Leaving  out  of  the  question  whether  the  point  which  would  fll 
an  opposing  ship  ought  to  be  above  or  below  the  water  line,  for  this 
has  not,  we  believe,  been  absolutely  decided  upon,  we  will  now  pro- 
!  to  notice  what  would  be  likely  to  follows  collision  between  such 
a  vessel  b  '1  and  rigged  as  an  ordinary  &  thu 

first  class,  and  a  line-of-hattle  ship.     Now  we  should  like  to  see  the 
that  would  support  the  "Ram's  masts"  alter  striking  a  Use-of- 
buttle  ship,     In  our  opinion,  tbe  shock  would  earn  il 
encumber  her  deck  with  wreckage,  some  portion  of  which  would 
very  likely  foid  her  screw  or  paddles,  as  the  case  might  be,  and  i 
her  as  helpless  as  the  ship  she  had  run  into, 

Agam,  what  is  to  become  of  the  crew  at  the  moment  of  impact  ? 
where  are  they  to  get  to  to  avoid  being  crushed  by  the  falling 
of  the  enemy's  ship,  to  say  nothing  of  their  own*?    We  reim  ml 
that  on  one  occasion  we  had  the  misfortune  t<>  run  into  a  si  null  bri| 
he  dead  erf  the  night,  off  the  Azores,  and  although  w< 
■  ip,  ami   the  f  onlj    about   ZZO  tons, 

pcely  a  man  thai  n  the?  thrown  out  of  1 

thrown  off  his  feel  and  bruised,  though  at  the  moment 
we  ing  only  about  five  knots  through  the  water.     Ti 

the  damage  that  occurred  to  us,  the  "  Ram/1  nn  that  ocea 
the  unfortunate  brig  lil  open,  and  her  masts  in  falling 

nearly  brought  duwn  our  own. 

in,  what  will  be  tut  effect  of  il 
line-of-battle  ship,  upon  the  engines  of  the  Ram  ?    Are'  < 


1859.]  THE  STEAM  BAH.  408 

to  be  stopped,  reversed ;  or  what  are  the  tactics  of  the  engine-room 
on  such  an  occasion  ?  Then  there  is  something  to  be  said  about  the 
bowsprit  and  the  gear  that  sustain  the  foremast ;  for  the  nonsense 
about  a  "  telescopic  bowsprit"  to  house  on  board,  together  with  the 
anchors,  just  before  the  "smashing"  up  of  a  120  gun  ship,  may 
serve  to  amuse  the  marines,  to  whom  we  suppose  this  little  bit  of  & 
manoeuvre  is  to  be  especially  entrusted. 

Now  while  admitting  the  possibility  of  constructing  an  iron  Bam 
that  might  be  of  important  service  in  defending  the  coast,  we  cannot 
realize  the  idea,  as  the  Americans  say,  of  the  utility  of  rigging  the 
Earn,  after  the  fashion  of  a  heavy  ship,  with  masts,  spars,  sails,  and 
bowsprit.  A  Steam  Ram  ought  to  rely  upon  her  engines,  and  have 
as  little  top  hamper  as  possible.  She  cught  to  be  all  "  Bam,"  and 
nothing  but  a  "  Bam."  We  cannot  even  see  the  use  of  an  armament 
to  such  a  vessel.  On  the  contrary,  we  can,  without  being  possessed 
of  an  over  lively  imagination,  fancy  the  confusion  that  must  ensue, 
when  the  concussion  takes  place.  Every  68-pounder  on  board  the 
Bam,  would,  we  should  think,  be  cast  loose,  or  overthrown,  in  some 
way  or  other  again.  The  fewer  hands  on  board  a  "  Ram"  the  better ; 
and  for  this  reason  we  would  dispense  with  masts  and  spars,  and  then 
the  vessel  being  unimpeded  by  any  hamper,  would  have  its  speed 
increased  accordingly. 

"Without  being  able  to  say  what  ought  to  be  the  shape  and  build 
of  a  Bam,  it  is  obvious  that  if"  Bams"  are  to  fight  after  the  fashion 
of  their  namesakes,  viz. — by  "  butting"  with  their  heads,  the 
strongest  and  fleetest  Bam  will  be  the  most  destructive.  They 
ought  to  lie  low  in  the  water,  and  their  entire  weight  afloat  should 
be  exclusively  devoted  to  their  strength  of  build.  Their  momentum 
must  come  from  their  engines,  and  we  cannot  imagine  the  utility  of 
masts  and  spars,  unless  it  be  to  deceive  an  enemy.  And  this  is  not 
likely  ever  to  occur,  for  could  any  seaman  mistake  a  "  Bam"  of  G  or 
7,000  tons,  rig  her  as  you  will,  for  an  ordinary  ship  of  the  line. 
How  is  a  vessel  with  a  broadside  of  fourteen  guns  to  be  painted  to 
look  like  a  ship  of  120  guns.  The  very  idea  is  absurd.  Besides, 
could  an  iron  vessel  of  the  build  and  make  we  have  described  pass 
muster  unobserved,  even  if  she  could  keep  her  position  in  a  line  of 
battle  ?  but  even  then  her  paint  and  her  disguise  would  avail  nothing. 
Her  guns  in  a  general  action  would  tell  as  nothing  compared  with 
her  powers  as  a  "  Bam,"  and  to  be  of  any  service,  or  rather  to  perform 
her  mission,  she  must  leave  her  position  in  line,  and  steam  amongst 
the  enemy's  ships,  running  amuck  at  every  one  she  approaches.  And 
then  it  seems  to  us,  that  her  masts  and  spars  would  be  a  serious 
drawback  to  her  destructive  powers,  and  might  entangle  her  with  an 
enemy's  ship,  and  render  her  an  easy  prize. 

Instead  ot  investing  from  300  to  100,000  in  an  experiment  like  the 
monster  now  in  course  of  construction  on  the  Thames,  it  would  have . 
been  wiser  to  have  tried  our  hands  upon  a  smaller,  and  less  costly 
vessel.  The  "Bam"  we  have  in  our  "mind's  eye"  ought  to  be 
adapted  for  our  shores,  and  be  constructed  of  iron  frame  work,  to 
lie  low  in  the  water,  be  propelled  by  steam,  invulnerable,  to  bo 
managed  by  a  few  hands,  oi  great  velocity,  and,  consequently,  with 

k  k  2 


494 


A  TRonsMuXAL   TOOT   TO   FOBTBMOTJTH, 


[  Aug  f 


no  masts,  spars,  or  rigging  whatever.  The  cost  of  such  a  fend 
would  be  trifling,  and  they  might  swanu  upon  our  shores  and 
harbours.  Indeed,  we  cannot  imagine  the  one  of  one  monster  Kani, 
even  admitting  it  fulfils  the  conditions  required  of  it  One  ram 
cannot  be  everywhere— it  might  sink  one  or  two  ships,  and  disperse 
the  rest-  This* is  supposing  the  **  one  ram'1  happens  to  fall  in  with 
the  enemy*  But  it  is  evident  that  if  this  vessel  is  stationed  at 
Plymouth,  it  cannot  be  nt  Portsmouth  ;tt.  the  same  time.  And  what 
is  desirable  for  our  coast  defence  is  a  multitude  of  small  rams, 
stationed  at  all  points  of  our  shores,  so  as  to  be  ready  to  act  at  a 
moment's  notice  anywhere.  They  would  indeed  he  so  many  floating 
batteries^  which  nothing  could  resist,  and  against  whose  invulnerable 
sides  artillery  would  be  powerless.  No  long  range  could  escape 
them,  their  speed  would  overtake  everything  encumbered  with  spars, 
and  they  would  render  all  land  forts  and  batteries  next  to  useless, 
and  protect  our  shores  from  invasion. 

Indeed,  this  exemption  from  the  absurd  panics  that  occasionally 
seize  us  upon  the  subject  of  invasion,  is  one  of  the  advantages  likely 
to  be  derived  from  a  few  steam  rams   upon  our  southern  shores. 
They  would  relieve  our  home  squadron.     However,  ire  are  reminded 
while  speculating   upon  these  new  implements  of  war,  that  w 
indulging  in  conjecture,     But,  nevertheless,  we  believe  that  to  B 
country  like  England,  disinclined  as  she  is  for  war,  vessels  of  this 
description  may  prove  excellent  defenders  of  our  shores.     Indeed, 
we  do  not  see  at  present  how  the  monster  Earn,  if  built  as  we  have 
described,   can  take  long  cruises.     Her  sailing   powers   must* 
shotdd  think,  be  small.     And  her  thousand  tons  of  coal   must  soon 
be  devoured  by  her  engines  with  their  voracious  appetite  of  1,200 
horses.      We  presume,  therefore,  from  our  present  knowled- 
"Rains"  that  they  had  better  be  constructed  to  "graxe"  only  iu 
our  home  pastures,  for  the  protection  of  our  own  flocks,  leaving  to 
the  "screw  and  sail"  for  the  present,  the  duty  of  giving  a 
account  of  any  presumptuous  loe  that  may  wish*  to  dispute  wi 
the  empire  of  the  seas. 

L  Portsmouth, 


A  PROFESSIONAL  VISIT  T(»   PORTSMOUTH. 

1  don't  unite  remember  where  I  read  it,  but  T  think  it  must  1 
been  in  an  article  on  that  fiery  old  Paladin,  Napier's  1L  William 
Conqueror/'  that  1  found  a  statement  to  the  effect  that  "  noni 
professed  book  makers  ought  to  appear  in  print/'     A  very  disaj 
able  assertion  for  an  amateur  to  call  to  mind  who  has  just  dei 
upon  doing  bo,  particularly  when  he  finds  the  said  assertion  sup- 
ported  by  a  terrible  array   of  well-sustained  arguments   and  < 
borative  facts,  the  dim  recollection  of  which  haunt  him  like 
marc.    But  courage!    How  few  sweeping  assertions  are  there  thai 
will  bear  the  narrowing  test  of  gcrutmr,  and  how  very  few  genera" 


1859,] 


A  PBOFISSrafAL  Y191T   TO    I» OTITIS tfOtlTlt* 


495 


rules  that  are  not  constructed  in  opposition  to  a  formidable  array  of 
exceptional  cases.  Such  a  remark  may,  perhaps,  be  true  with 
regard  to  works  of  fiction,  and  all  descriptions  of  writing  which 
require  an  article  to  be  turned  out  of  hand  in  a  style  adapted  to  the 
taste  of  the  moment,  which  taste,  in  books  as  well  as  in  beards  and 

■  crinoline,  is  never  constant,  but  is  subject  to  such  perpetual  changes 
and  mutations,  that  the  poor  author,  who  wishes  tu  dispose  of  his 
wares,  must  at  one  moment  allow  his  ideas  to  flow  in  all  the  wild 
exuberance  of  nature,  and  at  another,  trim  and  tone  them  down  till 
can  be  compared  to  nothing  but  the  clipped  yew  tree  conceits 
with  which  the  retired  citizen  of  farmer  times  loved  to  decorate  his 
suburban  retreat ;  but  we  cannot  allow  that  the  remark  is  applicable 
to  either  the  note  book  of  the  naturalist,  the  journal  of  the  traveller, 
the  diary  of  the  minute  recorder  of  every-day  events,  or  in  fact  to 
any  of  those  thousand  and  one  cases  in  which  the  interest  is  so 
absorbed  by  the  subject  of  the  work^  that  the  captious  reader  is 
imperceptibly  drawn  away  from  indulging  in  any  criticisms  on  the 
style  of  its  ckui position. 

■  It  was  thus  1  reasoned  with  myself  a  short  time  since  whilst 
''iideavourmg  to  coax  an  obstinately  dispelled  dressing  gown  into  my 
portmanteau,  and  success  crowning  my  efforts,  I  brought  the  two 
parts  of  my  "  warranted  solid  leather"  travelling  companion,  together 
with  a  jerk,  and  taking  advantage  of  the  momentary  compression 
occasioned  by  my  violence,  turned  the  key,  and  exclaimed  with  a 
triumphant  air—'*  Yes — I  will  commit  my  thoughts  to  paper,  I  too 
will  appear  in  print/1 

■  I  was  on  my  way  home  from  a,  short  visit  to  Portsmouth,  Before 
I  proceed  to  give  an  account  of  it,  I  shall  briefly  inform  the  reader 
why  I  went  there, 

IKot  bug  before,  our  member,  the  honorable  Marmaduke  Fitzhugh, 
having  come  down  to  give  an  account  of  his  stewardship,  as  he 
invariably  did  whenever  there  was  a  cloud  in  his  political  horizon  in 
the  shape  of  a  threatened  dissolution,  for  we  saw  but  little  of  him 
at  other  times,  proceeded,  after  a  iew  well-turned  compliments, 
which  seemed,  somehow,  to  apply  to  himself  rather  than  to  us,  to  prove 
in  the  clearest  possible  manner,  that  our  army  was  too  small,  that 
our  defences  were  too  weak,  and  that  our  navy  was  on  its  last  legs ; 
whilst  the  French  bad  an  army  of  400,000  men,  a  well- organized 
and  rapidly-increasing  fleet,  and — Cherbourg. 

He  had  been  to  Cherbourg;  and  as  1  have  since  discovered,  for 
he  carefully  concealed  the  fact,  suffered  dreadfully  from  aea  sickness 

■when  crossing  the  Channel,  which  narrow  portion  of  Neptune's 
dominions  he  could  not  at  the  time  have  been  disposed  to  estimate 
so  lightly  as  he  affected  to  do  on  the  occasion  of  his  speech,  when 
he  drew  a  graphic  picture  of  the  embarkation  of  the  French  army, 
and  descanted  in  glowing  terms  on  the  ease  with  which  the  passage 

I  might  be  made,  and  a  successful  landing  effected  upon  our  unpro* 
I  shores.  He  was  listened  to  with  breathless  attention,  and  an 
old  naval  friend  and  brother  magistrate  of  mine,  who  had  tried  for 
a  ship  for  many  years  without  success,  and  who  was  disposed  to 
regard  the  infliction  of  a  sound  flogging  m  t\\e  *\m\t^  ^  lviww 


aw 


A    ?aO?E8STQXAL   VISIT  TO   POBTftMOTTlI. 


[Am, 


dozen,"  as  the  grandest  panacea  for  the  cure  and  reformation  ot 
i  ill'eiulers  ever  invented,  growled  out  with  a  look  expressive  of  intense 
sat  is  taction,  "Have  i  not  told  you  all  thousands  of  times,  that  the 
service/' — he  always  spoke  of  the  navy  03  "the service" — "is  going 
to  the  devil" 

He  was  right  in  saying  that  he  had  made  this  assertion  thousands 
of  times,  for  he  was  seldom  weary  of  repeating  it  j  though  aa  he  never 
attempted  to  elucidate  his  ideas  on  the  subject  by  any  particular 
instances  of  naval  mismanagement  apart  from  hia  own  individual 
treatment,  he  had  failed  to  produce  any  very  great  impression  upon 
his  hearers ;  but  now  people  began  to  think  that  there  really  was 
some  truth  in  what  he  said,  though  there  might  be  very  little 
what  he  meant  by  it. 

Cherbourg  became  a  household  word  ;  Chasseurs   and   Zouaves 
nightly  invaded  our  peaceful  tire-sides  ;  coast  defences,  mannin 
navy,  and  the  embodiment  of  the  militia,  became  the  topics  which 

ed  the  liveliest  interest  in  our  home  circles,  and  even  our  vil 
belles,  in  silvery  m  ive  most  decided,  though  I  fear  somewhat 

erroneous  opimmis.  on  military  operations  and  naval  tactics* 

I  was  not  without  experience  in  naval  and  military  matters,  but  it 
referred  to  the  past  rather  than  to  the  present,  and  I  felt  that  in 
order  to  arrive  at  a  just  eonchiriinii  with  respect  to  the  existing  order 
of  things,  it  would  be  necessai-y  few  me  to  gain  a  greater  insight  iutn 
them  than  could  be  gleaned  from  private  opinions  and  newfrj 

lie*;  i  felt,  in  fact,  that  my  professional  knowledge  required  to 
be  refreshed  by  personal  observation,  so  [decided  upon  making  a 
visit  of  inatrurium  to  Portsmouth. 

My  lirst  recollections  of   Portsmouth  were  of  a  comparatively 
early  date  ;  some  years  it  is  true,  after  Nelson's  cypress  wreathed 
victory  had  swept  from  the  sea  the  maritime  strength  of  France  and 
*  hut  there  still  remained  plenty  of  laurels  for  our  hardy  tars 
in,  and  they  reaped  an  abundant  harvest  of  them.     The  sympa- 
thies of  the  nation  were  with  our  sailors,  for  the  remembrance  of  how 
they  had  fought  and  saved  England,  was  still  fresh  in  men's  minds ; 
though  with  this  feeling  was  intermixed  a  painful,  though  car 
concealed  consciousness,  that  the  brave  men  who  had  so  nobly  aut) 
unsparingly  shed  their  blood  for  their  country,  were,  whilst 
kuded  as  herues,  often  but  little  better  treated  than  slaves.     The 
army  was  then  the  least  popular  service  of  the  two,  for  it  had  only 
just  commenced  under  Wellington  that  brilliant  career  i 
which,  culminating  at  Waterloo,  threw  for  a  time  the  sister 
in  the  shade,  and  caused  it  to  be  treated  with  unmerited  coldne 
and  neglect.    The  sailors  of  those  days,  ever  bu netted  by  fch* 
ad  battling  with  enemies  or  storms,  were  rough,  weather-bi 
var-worn  looking  fellows,  with  all  the  peculiar  characteriflti 
their  calling  most  unmistakeably  stamped  upon  them,  and  the  know, 
ledge  of  the  hardships  they  had  undergone,  and  the  dangers  they 
had  encountered,  gave  rise  to  a  feehng  of  professional  pride  iu  both 
office?!  and  men,  which  made  them  look  down  upon  a  landsman 
y  considerable  degree  of  contempt. 

At  the  time  I  speak  of,  a  largo  fleet  was  at  ftpithead,  the  harbour 


1859.J 


A  PK0TES3T0SAL  YISIT  TO   PORTSMOUTH. 


was  filled  with  refitting  and  newly-eom missioned  ships,  and  the 
streets  swarmed  with  officers  and  men  clothed  in  navy  blue — not 
the  quietest  of  most  re  streets  in  the  world  1  must  confess, 

for  there  was  much  both  to  shock  the  ear  and  offend  the  eye ;  but 
in  those  days  profligacy  was  less  concealed  than  it  is  at  present, 
when  an  attempt  is  made  to  enshroud  it  by  a  veil  of  decency  from 
the  view  of  the  pah  lie;  and  if  Jack  were  somewhat  more  coarse  and 
open  in  his  conduct  than  his  neighbours,  1  very  much  doubt  whether 
he  was  in  reality  one  whit  more  dissipated  or  depraved. 

Bocae  years  had  elapsed  when  I  again  visited  Portsmouth;  in  the 
interval,  the  last  convulsive  throes  of  \\nv  haft  ceased;  Napoleon, 
Prometheus  like,  chained  to  the  Atlantic  rock,  loomed  in  the  dis- 
tance, an  awful  warning  to  the  age — a  living  sacrifice  to  the  Moloch 
of  the  past.  Peace  !  peace  I  was  in  everybody's  mouth,  and  whilst 
once  more  smiled  her  soft  smile  upon  the  long-suffering  world, 
nations  were  for  a  moment  dazzled  by  the  purity  of  her  spotless 
and  forgetting  to  hate,  exclaimed  we  will  have  no  more  war ! 
Acting  on  an  impulse  of  this  nature,  and  urged  on  when  it  had 
ceased  to  operate  by  an  endeavour  to  reduce  our  enormous  expendi- 
ture within  moderate  limits,  and  relieve  the  overtaxed  people  from 
the  weight  of  some  of  their  heaviest  burdens,  retrenchment  became 
the  order  of  the  day>  and  our  naval  and  military  establishments  were 
cut  down  with  tin  unsparing  hand. 

.iat  a  change  for  the  navy!  what  a  change  fur  Portsmouth! 
Sailors  paid  off  from  their  ships  and  unable  to  get  employment  were 
starving  in  the  streets ;  with  the  natural  recklessness  of  men  accus- 
tomed to  regard  money  as  a  mere  means  of  obtaining  a  certain  amount 
of  animal  gratification,  their  hardly-earned  wages  had  become  quickly 
squandered  in  drunken  frolics,  scattered  in  very  wantonness,  or  stolen 
from  them  by  the  miserable  occupants  of  the  low  lodging- In 
which  they  lreuueuted.  Some  of  them  had  not  been  allowed  ! 
from  their  ship  a  for  years  ;  they  bad  become  brutalised  by  the  life 
they  had  been  obliged  to  lead/  and  were  then  reproached  for  being 
what  they  were— for  being  what  a  long  period  of  imprisonment  and 
toil  had  made  them.  This  was  the  condition  of  a  very  large  pro- 
portion of  the  men ;  the  mass  of  the  officers  were  not  very  much 
better  off,  but  they  had  their  half-pay,  and  on  it  many  a  poor  fellow 
struggled  through  a  dreary  lite  of  poverty  and  disappointment. 

Immediately  in  front  of  the  hotel,  in  which  I  found  myself  onco 
more  domiciled,  was  the  dingy-looking  house  formerly  occupied  by 
the  Port  Admiral,  but  which  has  been  for  some  years  past  the  official 
residence  of  the  Lieut. -Govern or.  Instead  of  the*  groups  of  naval 
officers  and  sailors  by  which  its  neighbourhood  was  once  dis- 
tinguished, and  the  uninterrupted  stream  of  IduL-jadtet  epmars  and 
goers  which  ilowed  between  it  and  the  classic  shores  of  Sally-port 
Kid  Point,  a  solitary  sentinel  paced  up  and  down,  and  two  or  three 
lottsging  soldiers  at  the  shabby  entrance  rf  an  adjoining  hjuse,  pro- 
claimed to  all  the  world  a  public  office. 

Soldiers  passed  and  repassed  in  quick  succession  j  a  tall  man  in 
frill  ■  bookj  ■  short  one  in  red,  mtu  a  r:iU:m  cone — a  much 
-skered  oiJiccr,  with  clanking  sword  and  jui^lin^  wpun,  m&sx* 


408 


A  PBOraSfliOHAL  VISIT  TO  rOBTSHOtfTH* 


[Atro.f 


ingly  determined  that  he  should  be  beard  as  well  as  seen ;  and  now, 
marching  with  measured  tread,  two  men  in  green,  with  a  prisoner 
between  them;  a  hangdog-looking  ruffian,  yet  defiant  withal,  and 
pretending  to  rejoice  in  the  privilege  conferred  upon  him  of  having 
his  wrists  decorated  with  iron  cuffs  %  not  the  less  food  for  powder, 
and,  let  us  charitably  hope,  a  better  soldier  in  the  field  than  in  the 
camp.  The  scene  was  novel  and  amusing,  but  after  a  short  time, 
the  painful  conviction  stole  upon  me  that  in  this,  the  chief  naval 
arsenal  of  the  empire,  I  had  not  as  vet  seen  one  solitary  specimen 
of  the  British  sailor.  I  consoled  myself  with  the  idea  that  I  should 
find  them  m  the  Dockyard,  and  on  the  Hard,  and  I  decided  upon 
going  to  the  latter  place  without  delay* 

I  returned  from  my  ramble  dispirited  and  depressed  j  1  had  hoped  to 
have  seen  our  gallant  tars,  if  not  in  crowds,  at  least  in 
considerable  numbers,  and  exhibiting  in  their  persons  that  love 
for  neatness  for  which  they  have  been  for  so  long  a  period 
popularly  associated^  what  was  my  disappointment!  a  few  clirtr- 
lookiug  men,  in  ill-cared  for  blue  suits  of  various  shapes 
and  patterns,  with  badly-made,  and,  but  too  often  greasy,  cloth  caps, 
were  chatting  together  in  the  close  vicinity  of  the  different  public, 
houses  with  which  the  Hard  abounds.  They  were  shabby-looking 
Fellows,  who  took  no  notice  whatever  of  the  military  officers  who 
might  pass  them,  and  but  little  more  of  those  who  wore  the  uniform 
of  her  Majesty's  navy.  I  felt  that  I  ought  not  to  regard  these  as 
favourable,  or  perhaps  even  as  average  specimens  of  their  class, 
saw  but  one  exception,  and  that  was  a  well-dressed,  respectable- 
looking  seaman,  coming  out  of  a  grocer's  shop  with  a  basket  on 
his  arm,  who  certainly  came  np  to  my  idea  of  what  a  man-of-war's 
man  ought  to  be,  and  was,  I  found,  the  coxswain  of  a  captain's  gig. 

Such  were  the  first  impressions  created  by  my  last  visit  to  Ports- 
mouth, impressions  that  may  have  been  a  little  modified,  but  were 
most  certainly  not  destroyed  by  any  information,  subsequent  inquiry 
enabled  mo  to  gain.  I  find  that  to  enter  fully  into  all  that  I  saw  and 
heard  is  quite  out  of  the  question — it  would  fill  a  volume  of  no  small 
size.  I  must  therefore  content  myself  with  laying  before  the  reader 
some  few  out  of  the  many  conclusions  which  I  was  led  to  adopt,  as 
the  result  of  my  observations. 

I  found  that  the  ^reat  evils  and  defects  implicated  in  the  existing 
state  of  the  navy  might  be  traced  to  two  primary  causes — prejudice 
and  ignorance  j  prejudice  on  the  part  of  the  officers  and  them  offi- 
cially connected  with  the  service,  and  ignorance — but  too  often  the 
offspring  of  indifference — on  the  part  of  the  public.  Remove  thii 
prejudice,  and  many  grave  blots  which  now  deiace  our  naval  system 
would  be  erased ;  injurious  customs,  originating  in  the  necessities  and 
demoralization  of  a  bygone  period,  would  be  no  longer  tenaciously 
adhered  to ;  and  a  rapid  process  of  reform  by  pruning  away  the  dead 
and  decaying  branches,  would  give  renewed  life  to  a  trunk  which 
still  possesses  a  vigorous  though  vitiated  vitality.  Dispel  this  igno- 
rance, and  the  public  would  no  longer  labor  under  the  fatal  anil  ti- 
ro neons  belief  that  a  powerful  and  efficient  navy  can  be  created  in  a 
day  ;  and  that  the  most  effectual  mode  of  rendering  the  service  popu- 
lar, and  of  obtaining  a  sufficient  supply  of  seamen  for  it  in  time  of 


I 


1859.] 


A  PKOraSBIOXAL   VTSIT   TO   TORTSMOrTH. 


190 


need,  is  to  bribe  them  with  a  bounty.  If  it  were  not  for  these  two 
causes  is  it  possible  that,  even  bow,  with  all  our  confessedly  short- 
comings and  loudly  expressed  intentions  to  improve,  we  should  still 
continue  to  imagine  that,  by  what  is  called  "  continnons  service,"  wTe 
have  discovered  a  sufficient  and  effective  substitute  for  a  thoroughly 
well-organized  standing  navy ;  and  that  we  have  done  wonders,  when 
by  dint  of  the  moat  strenuous  exert! ons,  we  have  mauagcd  to  secure 
the  services  of  a  certain  number  of  seamen,  and  have  been  able  to 
leaven  a  huge  mass  of  ignorance  with  a  small  modicum  of  that  pro- 
fessional knowledge  which  is  called  H  gunnery" — that  gunnery  which 
is  considered  as  a  "special  it  eY'  when  reason,  experience,  and  common 
sense  impress  upon  us  day  by  day  the  necessity  of  making  it  fchfl 
foundation  upon  which  we  can  alone  hope  to  construct  a  navy  that 
will  enable  us  to  retain  our  maritime  supremacy*  Do  not  let  me  be 
mistaken :  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  we  should  have  ships  as 
perfect  in  construction  as  it  is  possible  to  make  them,  and  it  is  equally 

^ary  that  their  crews  should  be  perfectly  instructed  in  i  i 
management.  But  this  management  is  alter  all  nothing  more  than 
the  means  by  which  we  arrive  at  a  certain  end — the  most  advanta- 
geous method  of  employing  our  ships  (whether  singly  or  in  combi- 
nation) as  floating  batteries,  It  is  perfect  madness  to  reason  on  this 
subject  from  examples  of  what  took  place  in  our  former  naval  wars, 
when  battles  were  fought  yard-arm  to  yard-arm,  and  ships  poured 
into  each  other  broadside  aJter  broadside  of  round  shot,  and  when  the 
greatest  amount  of  activity,  physical  strength  and  pluck  were*  all 
other  things  being  equal, 'sure  to  carry  the  day.  Everything  has 
changed  %  we  now  Are  shells  and  red-hot  shot  from  guns  of  formidable 
calibre,  and  that  ship  which  is  able  to  put  the  greatest  number  of 
projectiles  into  the  enemy  at  a  long  range  is  pretty  certain  of  redu- 
cing him  to  a  state  that  will  ensure  an  easy  victory  at  close  quarters, 
A  few  words  on  discipline.  How  difficult,  how  very  difficult  it  is 
to  establish  it  on  our  present  plan,  where  there  as  no  permanent  bond 
of  union  between  either  officers  or  men,  we  have  the  concurring  testi- 
mony of  a  large  body  of  officers  of  all  ranks  to  prove ;  and  yet  but 
three  things  are  wanted — to  give  the  service  a  military  organization, 
and  to  keep  the  officers  and  men  together  as  much  as  possible ;  to  do 
away  with  milks ;  and  when  seamen  return  from  foreign  service,  or 
are  attached  to  fitting  out  ships,  to  give  them  a  comfortable  home, 
yet  with  all  necessary  service  restraints,  on  shore  \  and  to  revise  ami 
extend  the  naval  code,  and  in  grave  cases  to  let  the  decision  of  a 
court-martial  be  substituted  for  that  of  the  captain.  It  is  true  that 
no  suggestion  relating  to  naval  reform  has  met  with  so  sweeping  and 
universal  condemnation  as  this  one,  and  if  we  were  to  believe  all  that 
has  been  said  and  written  on  the  subject",  we  could  but  arrive  at  the 
conclusion,  that  to  take  the  power  of  awarding  corporal  punishment 
out  of  the  hands  of  a  commander  of  a  ship,  is  simply  equivalent  to  the 
destruction  of  the  navy  itself;  but  I  fearlessly  assert  that  it  must  be 
done,  not  less  for  the  sake  of  the  officers  themselves  than  for  that  of 
the  service ;  and  so  objectionable  does  it  seem  that  so  terrible  a 
power  should  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  an  individual,  that  it  is 
hardly  to  be  believed  that  naval  officers  can  be  in  em^  .  Vtcil^ws 


9ft 


A  PROFESgiOtfAIi  Y13IT  TO   PORTSMOUTH. 


[Aw., 


profess  to  advocate  the  retention  of  it.     Not  tliat  I  am  one  of  those 
puling  sentimentalists  who  object  to  corpora]  punishment  in  toto* 
and  who  think  that  they  can  purify  the  world  by  sprinkling  tl 
corruptions  with  rose-water.     No,  discipline  must  be  upheld,  miscon- 
duct  must  be  punished,  and  if  a  man  behave  like  a  brute,  I  for  one  would 
not  grudge  him  a  brute's  punishment.    But  let  us  beware  how  we  en- 
I  such  a  punishment  to  the  fallible  judgment  of  one  man ;  for  I 
do  not  believe  that  any  man,  however  conscientious  and  impartial  he 
may  have  been,  can  look  back  upon  his  past  career  without  IV. 
that  he  has  at  times  been  guilty  of  great  and  grievous  injustice, 
Hftiptet  to  the  conduct  and  motive*  of  others,  or  without  finding 
mi  son  to  suspect  Ironi  his  subsequent  knowledge,  that  he  has  often 
been  led  to  mistake  concealed  physical  infirmity  or  mental  disquietude 
for  laziness,  sullenness,  or  discontent. 

It  is  not  enough  that  we  create  a  large  navy  for  the  defenee  of  on* 
shores,  we  luuat  decide  upon  rendering  it  thoroughly  efficient  at  such 
a  cost  to  the  country,  as  may  permit  of  its  being  established  on  a 
permanent  and  not  a  temporary  basis,  and  this  we  can  on]y  do  bv 
nKikini;  the  service  thoroughly  popular.  But  here  we  are  at  once 
told  by  the  admirers  and  supporters  of  the  existing  state  of  things, 
u  that  there  is  nothing  at  the  present  day  which  could  possibly  stand 
in  the  way  of  the  popularity  Of  the  navy,  only  able  to 

rid  of  the  idle  and  unfounded  prejudices  of  the  public  against  it." 
a  ted,  for  the  sake  of  argument,  that  it  is  soT  it  leads  us  to  the 
Pinna  result.  To  obtain  the  required  popularity,  we  have  then  but  to 
sacrifice  the  prejudices  of  the  service  to  those  of  the  people :  the 
prejudices  of  the  few  to  the  prejudices  of  the  many, 

The  time  is  fast  approaching  when  Great  Britain  will  have  to  rely 
upon  the  gallant  conduct  of  her  sons,  for  the  safety  and  protection 
of  all  that  she  holds  most  dear;  for  let  us  not  imagine  that  the 
storm  which  has  burst  with  such  terrible  fury,  and  which  has  scattered 
devastation  and  death  over  some  of  the  finest  portions  of  Southern 
Europe,  is  to  pass  by  and  leave  us  unscathed ;  there  may  be  inter* 
vals  in  which  the  violence  of  the  tempest  may  seem  to  abate,  or  in 
which  it  may  seem  to  become  each  moment  more  and  more  remote ; 
but  come  at  last  it  must  and  will.  Do  not  let  it  find  us  unpre- 
pared. 

Unfortunately,  a  large  share  of  ridicule  but  too  surely  attaches 
itself  to  those  who  come  forward  to  point  out  a  hidden  danger,  or  to 
predict  evil  consequences  to  those  who  disregard  their  warning: 
are  called  li  alarmists  f  they  are  accused  of  being  afraid.  But  it 
often  happens  that  those  who  are  the  most  disposed  to  disregard 
danger  when  it  is  distant  are  the  least  prepared  to  confront  it  when 
it  is  near. 

It  is  one  of  the  fashions  of  the  day  to  speak  of  the  navy  as  con- 
stituting our  first  line  of  defence,  and  to  place  it  upon  a  certain 
equality  wTith  those  military  preparations  on  shore  which  are  sup- 
posed to  constitute  the  second  line,  thus  we  often  find  people 
and  people  who  ought  to  know  better,  speaking  with  the  utmost 
complacency  of  our  first  line  being  destroyed  or  broken  through, 
and  of  the  energetic  and  successful  resistance  wo  should  still  be  able 


18J0.]  CAICPAIGIT  IS*  LOHBABBT.  6dl 

to  make.  Have  these  good  people  ever  given  themselves  the 
trouble  of  inquiring  what  this  first  line  of  defence,  as  they  call  it, 
really  means,  and  what  results  must  inevitably  happen  in  the  event 
of  its  ceasing  to  exist  P  I  imagine  not,  or  they  would  not  thus 
deceive  themselves  and  others  with  the  misapplication  of  terms 
which  they  clearly  do  not  understand. 

Lines  of  defence  are  simply  positions  successively  held,  or  capable 
of  being  held,  by  a  force  which  is  obliged,  when  acting  upon  the 
defensive,  to  retire  from  its  exterior  line  of  operations,  to  inner 
ones  of  equal  or  superior  strength,  until  such  time  as  circumstances 
may  permit  of  it§  resuming  the  offensive,  and  of  its  advancing  either 
up  to  or  in  advance  of  its  original  position.  Two  or  more  lines  of 
defence  may  be  occupied  at  the  same  time,  and  then  when  the  force 
which  occupied  the  one  in  front  is  driven  back  upon  the  one  in  rear 
of  it,  it  receives  an  accession  of  strength  which  may  for  the  moment 
give  it  a  decided  superiority  over  the  enemy.  But  if  the  first  line 
consists  of  ships  on  the  sea,  and  the  second  of  soldiers  on  the  shore, 
it  is  very  different ;  for  if  the  first  line  composed,  we  will  say,  of 
our  whole  naval  force  were  defeated,  retreat  would  not  increase  its 
strength,  the  "  second  line  "  could  not  advance  to  its  support,  and 
the  sea  being  free,  the  enemy  could  select  the  weakest  and  most 
vulnerable  points  for  his  attack,  and  even  if  repulsed  and  forced  to 
re-embark,  (should  he  have  landed  an  invading  force)  would  still 
possess  the  command  of  the  sea,  and  the  power  of  dictating  his  own 
terms. 

It  seems  to  me  that  whenever  Great  Britain  shall  be  induced  to 
rest  content  with  a  navy  that  shall  not  be  in  every  particular  equal 
to  the  united  navies  of  the  civilized  world,  her  enemies  may,  indeed, 
exult  and  expect  her  fall,  for  then  but  too  truly  her  decline  will  have 
commenced. 


CAMPAIGN  OF  1848  IN  LOMBARD Y. 

(Continued  from  page  357.) 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Eepulse  of  the  Anstrians  at  Goito— Counter  March  of  Radetzky  on  VicenzA— 
Storming  of  the  Monti  Berici— Loss  of  ltivoli — Pause  in  the  Campaign. 

Two  great  roads  lead  from  the  Mincio  to  Milan,  one  from  Mantua 
by  Cremona  along  the  left  bank  of  the  Po  and  close  to  that  river,  the 
other  from  Peschiera,  by  Brescia,  at  the  foot  of  the  last  spurs  of  the 
Alps.  Of  the  former  of  these  Radetzky  was  now  master,  and  along 
it  he  had  as  vet  advanced,  but,  having  now  passed  the  flank  of  the 
Piedmontese  army,  he  prepared,  by  wheeling  to  his  right,  and  direct- 
ing his  columns  northward  into  the  space  lying  between  the  parallel 
lines  of  the  Mincio  and  the  Oglio,  to  threaten  their  right  flank  and 
rear,  and  the  northern  road  by  Brescia,  their  sole  remaining  line  of 
retreat.  To  this  purpose,  on  the  30th  May,  the  1st  corps,  followed 
by  the  3rd  corps  in  reserve,  advanced  up  the  right  bank  of  the  Mincio, 
Vj  Rivalta  on  Goito,  whilst  the  2nd  corps  moved  at  a  distance  of 


m 


CAMPATOK   IK  LOtfBAfiDT. 


two  leagues  to  their  leftj  by  a  parallel  road,  on  Beresara,  the  former 
was  directed  against  the  flank,  the  latter  against  the  roads  in  rear,  of 
the  king1*  army*  The  movements  of,  and  position  assumed  by,  that 
monarch  during  Kadetzky's  advance,  reflect  the  highest  credit,  both 
on  his  generalship  and  his  firmness.  When  the  Auatrians  arrived  at 
Matituaj  he  moved  in  a  parallel  line  along  the  heights  from  BottliQi 
Campagna  to  Vallegio  on  the  Mincio.  He  there  interposed  bet 
them  and  Pcschiera,  and  was  ready  to  give  them  battle  should  they 
ascend  the  left  bank  of  that  river.  His  .-re:itest  fault  was  not  with- 
drawing the  Tuscan  division ;  when  he  heard  of  its  destruction,  and 
of  the  Austrian  advance  on  the  right  bank,  under  cover  of  the  for- 
tress and  lake  of  Mantua,  he  at  once  anticipated  the  movement 
against  his  right  flank,  and  transported  his  right  wing  and  reserve 
across  the  river,  where  they  were  posted  in  a  strong  position, 
strengthened  by  entrenchments,  on  the  heights  immediately  above 
Goito.  Here  were  concentrated  20,000  ment  and  54  guns,  under 
General  Bava,  the  moat  trusted  and  the  most  skilful  of  his  com- 
manders. Mean  while ,  not  the  slightest  intermission  took  place  in 
the  siege  of  Pesehiera,  not  a  man  nor  a  gun  was  withdrawn.  But 
he  held  the  whole  remainder  of  his  army  concentrated  a  ehepal  on 
the  Mincio,  on  the  summit  of  the  bright  broken  trtblc  land  which 
extends  on  both  banks  of  that  river  from  the  Guarda  lake  to  Goito, 
and  across  from  Castiglione  to  Soma; a  Campagna.  Kadetzky  now 
held  possession  of  one  of  the  roads  to  Milan,  and  was  nearer  that 
capital  than  he  was,  but  he  justly  concluded  that  he  would  never 
venture  to  advance  on  it,  leaving  his  army  in  rearT  nor  did  he  dread 
his  moving  along  his  rear  on  the  other  road  by  Brescia  (his  sole  hue 
of  communication),  for  to  do  so  Kadetzky  must  have  laid  open  his 
own  communication  with  Mantua.  The  only  remaining  course  was 
to  assail  his  right,  and  that,  trusting  to  his  strong  position  on  the 
high  grounds  above  Goito,  he  did  not  fear.  He  was  there  prepared 
to  take  his  stand  and  fight  a  general  battle,  assured,  ns  long  bj  lie 
held  his  position,  Milan  was  safe,  in  spite  of  the  panic  and  confusion 
that  spread  through  the  rear  to  the  gates  of  that  city. 

It  was  3  o'clock  on  the  afternoon  of  the  30th,  when  Benedeck, 
with  the  leading  brigade  of  Wratislaw^s  corps,  came  unexpectedly 
upon  the  Piedmontese  in  position  at  Goito*  They  were  received  by  a 
severe  and  well-sustained  fire  of  artillery,  which  silenced  the  only 
guns  they  had  at  hand.  Whilst  Benedeck  was  arranging  his  men  b#- 
neath  this  shower  of  grape,  Wohlgemuth  and  Strassoldo  moved 
their  respective  brigades  as  they  came  up  to  his  left,  and  endeavoured 
to  prolong  his  One  in  that  direction,  bo  as  to  be  able  to  attack  Bava1! 
right  but  the  road  along  which  they  moved  were  deep  lanes,  shut  in 
by  high  enclosures  and  vineyards  on  each  side,  amongst  which  the 
Redmonteee  riflemen  (the  Bessagliari)  were  strongly  posted,  and  kept 
up  a  fire  which  told  with  fatal  effect  on  their  dense  masses.  When 
they  had  forced  they  way  through,  the  heads  of  the  columns  became 
exposed  to  a  tremendous  discharge  from  the  batteries  on  the  heights 
and  were  assailed  by  the  royal  guards,  the  very  flower  of  the  Sar- 
dinian army.  Against  such  an  overwhelming  superiority  both  of 
men  and  metal,  Wohlgeuuith  and  Strassoldo  could  effect  nothing,  the 


1859.] 


OAStPAIQW  IN  lOMDABDY. 


head  of  every  formation  was  swept  away,  and  all  attempts  to  extend 
the  line  by  debouching  to  the  left  failed.  Meanwhile,  on  the  high 
road,  Benedeck  was  unable  to  maintain  his  ground  beueath  the  an* 
perior  fire  of  the  Sardinian  artillery,  and  so  alarming  did  the  Soss  in 
nia  ranks  become,  that  not  only  was  he  obliged  to  draw  back  his 
men  out  of  range,  but  Clam  had  to  hasten  with  lus  brigade ,  the  only 
remaining  one  of  the  corps,  to  his  support,  tg  prevent  the  advance 
of  the  Piedmontese.  The  position  of  the  Austrians  was  now  dis- 
couraging. The  whole  of  the  first  corps  was  engaged,  and  could 
with  difficulty  hold  its  ground ;  the  third  corps  was  several  hours 
march  distant  in  the  rear,  and  Aspre's  corps  was  two  leagues  off  on 
tin.'  left  ;  no  decisive  success  could  be  looked  for  that  day.  In  truth, 
tii is  engagement  was  brought  on  without  liadetzky's  consent  The 
advanced  guard  came  suddenly  on  the  enemy's  position,  and  the 
^"►Miens,  inflamed  with  previous  success,  engaged  at  once.  In  that 
difficult  country  it  was  impossible  to  withdraw  them  without  severe 
loss,  and  the  nearest  troops  were  brought  up  to  enable  them  to  keep 
their  ground  till  nightfall.  Accordingly  the  action  continued  till 
darkness  came  on,  when  Wratislaw  drew  off  his  corps  and  retired 
half  a  league  from  the  Held  of  batt  le.  This  option,  though  unsuccess- 
ful, was  creditable  to  the  Austrian^  for  with  only  13,000  men,  they 
held  their  ground  for  six  hours  in  the  face  of  20,000,  Their  loss 
consisted  ot  22  officers  and  561  men  killed,  wounded,  and  missing  ; 
that  of  the  Piedmontese  was  7  officers  and  325  men* 

When  Badetzky  set  out  for  Mantua,  he,  expecting  that  the 
main  body  of  the  Piedmontese  would  he  moved  to  the  right  bank 
of  the  Mincio,  left  orders  for  an  attempt  to  relieve  the  fortress  from 
the  side  of  Eivoli  to  be  made.  In  compliance  with  these  orders, 
Colonel  Zobel  led  his  brigade  on  the  28th  down  from  Eivoli  on  Bar- 
dolino,  on  the  Guard  a  lake,  which  he  stormed,  and  from  whence  be 
pushed  on  the  next  day  towards  Pescbiera,  but  further  thanthi 
could  make  no  progress  j  the  Piedmontese  strongly  posted  on  the 
heights  which  commanded  the  road,  repulsed  all  his  efforts,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  fall  back  at  night  with  a  loss  of  0  officers  and  70  men 
h&n  de  combat.  The  failure  of  this  attack  could  be  plainly  discerned 
from  the  ramparts  of  Pesehiera.  On  the  western  shore  of  the 
rda  lake  some  skirmishes  took  place  between  Borne  Lombard 
i  lions  and  a  few  companies  of  Austrian  regulars  and  Tyrol  esse 
militia,  winch  ended  in  the  defeat  of  the  former  at  the  caetie  of 
Lodron  and  their  retreat  out  of  the  Tyrol,  The  period  had  n<nv 
arrived  when  Pesehiera  could  hold  out  DO  longer  ;  the  garrison  had 
for  loug  subsisted  on  horse  flesh  and  pounded  maize,  but  even 
wretched  foo\  nost  exhausted,  many  of  the  gnus  were  dis- 

mounted and  40,000  cannon  shot  had  been  discharged  at  the  defences. 
Worn  out  with  fatigue  arid  want  of  food,  they  were  no  longer  able 
to  carry  on  the  duties  of  the  siege.  On  the  29th  an  armistice  for 
21  hours  waa  obtained,  but  on  tb£  evening  of  the  30th,  when  it  had 
expired,  accounts  of  the  defeat  of  the  relieving  anny  at  Goito  im- 
ve<L     Thia  took  away  their  last  hope,  and  the  next  day  I  he  tor 

uderedj  and  the  Piedmontese  siandard  was  hoisted  on  its  ram- 
parts.    The  garrison  obtained  favourable  terms  3   on  condition  of 


S04 


CAMPAioir  nr  tOMBABinr* 


[A**, 


their  Dot  serving  against  tlie  Italians,  they  wcr 
march  to  Ancona,  when?  their  arms  were  to  be  forward 
During  the  31st  of  May  ami  the   1st  of  June,  a  li 
incessantly,  which,  rendering  thi  .  b*d 

interrupted  hostilities.     On  the  2nd,  Radetzky,  who 
heard  of  the  fall  of  Peaehiera.   0 
therefore  failed,  and  the  result  oi    the 

him  that  Charles  Albert,  fully  appreciating  the  al  bwi 

battle  ground  and  as  a  strntegetieal  point  of  his  posit; 
mined  to  maintain  it,  so  that  no  mere  menace  of  moving  on  hi 
and  communications  would  move  him*     It  remained  to  be  < 
therefore,  whether  he  would  engage  in  a  general  action, 
successful,  the  most  brilliant  prospect  lay  before  him,  for  In 
between  ike  Sardinians  and  their  own  country,  his  men  eouhl 
with  their  backs  to  Milan,  his  enemy  with  their  faeei  lu  it:  b 

ited,  they  would  be  driven  buck  on  the  sho 
lake,   Ihe  nigged   country  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  and  the  b< 

ir-nehments  of  Verona.      The  Caudine  lurk  ibrc  tW 

His  army  held  much  the  Bunio  position  as  that  of  Napoleon  in  IS 
re  Ulm,  and  in  1SUG  before  Jena,     But  1  I  waa  do 

ful,  the  Sardinian  army  was  stronger  than  his,  every  cngaj 
hud  shown  that,  in  position  particularly,  they  would  light 
ii .nd  stoutly,  mid  their  position  on  the  heights  of  Volta  i  w 
main  body  was  concentrated  after  the  action  at  G< 
strung,  and  couJd  not  in  any  v\ent  he  forced    without   an 
mous  loss.     On  the  other  hand,  if  defeated,  his  own  situation  v 
he  most  critical^  for  he  would  have  to  load  ba< 
shattered  army  by  a  Ion g  circuit  to  Verona,  and  before  he  could 
it.  Rivoli  certainly,  and  Verona  probably,  would  ha*  c  fallen. 
Albert  lay  directly  between  him  and  Kivoli,  and  whilst  he  waa 
ing  round  the  circumference  by  Mantua,  he  could  throw  the  hulk  i  * 
his   forces  by  its  diameter  on  that  post  and  Verona,  now  isolated 
from  all  support.     Were  these  lost  he  would  I  in  the 

position  as   Wunnser  after  the  battles  of  Lonato  and  t 
The  glacis  by  Mantua  might  again  witness  the  surreni 
tiiau  marshal.     Other  and  paramount  considerations  to  tl 
their,  to  husband  hie  strength.  He  had  just  received  intclligen 
revolt  of  Vienna;  the  Austrian  empire  seemed  on  the  verge  of 
luiion  \  Bohemia  was  almost  in  open  revolt,  the  capital  wr> 
Hungary  had  practically   declared  herself  independent  by  the  as 
pointment  of  a  war  minister;  the  Emperor  was  a  fugitive  in  tl* 
Tyrol,  there  and  in  Croatia  alone  had  the  feeling  of  loyalty  as  \t 
hurst  forth .     The  arm)1  which  he  now  commanded  might  1 
prop  of  a  falling    empire.     It  was  necessary  at  all  hazards,  t 
serve  it  entire  and  m  com  muni  eat  ion  with  the  Imperial  do 

as  now  doubtful  whether  its  presence  waa  most  necessary  1 
tin.'  walls  of  Verona  or  Milam 

Influenced  hy  these  considerations,  he  determined 
cautious  to  the  brilliant  coi  ad  retire  to  lii*  ci'iitrAl 

position  at  Verona.     Hut  his  was  to  be  uo  ordhui 
to  be  one  o£  the  west  brilliiut  iafiluiiee*  of  tlte  d< 


\ 


1859.]  ©AHPAIGN  IK  LOMBABDY.  505 

the  military  art ;  it  was  to  be  a  movement  which  should  place  him 
alongside  or  the  great  warriors  of  every  age  and  country,  of  frero,  the 
consul,  of  Wellington,  the  general,  of  Napoleon,  the  emperor.  His 
plan  was  to  retire  first  to  Mantua,  but  from  thence,  instead  of  by 
the  right  bank  of  the  Adige  on  Verona,  to  move  by  forced  marches 
on  Legnago,  cross  the  river  there,  press  on  to  Vicenza,  cany  that 
town  by  assault  at  whatever  cost  of  blood,  garrison  it,  and  return 
instantly  to  Verona.  By  the  capture  of  Vicenza  he  would  gain  three 
objects,  each  and  all  of  them  of  the  most  vital  importance  to  the  fate 
of  their  struggle.  1.  He  would  open  a  new  and  secure  communica- 
tion with  the  Tyrol.  2.  He  would  reopen  his  communications  with 
Carinthia,  Carniola,  Croatia,  and  the  reserves  collecting  in  Friuli. 
8.  He  would  gain,  for  the  subsistence  of  his  army,  the  command  of 
the  resources  of  the  greater  part  of  the  Venetian  main  land,  and  the 
whole  country  between  the  Alps  and  the  Po  in  his  rear.  To  the 
reader  who  bears  in  mind  the  movements  of  the  army  of  reserve 
previous  to  its  junction  with  the  main  army,  the  two  last  of  these 
propositions  will  be  self  evident.  The  first  requires  some  explana- 
tion ;  since  the  occupation  of  Northern  Italy  by  the  Austrians,  they 
have  constructed  a  fine  military  road  from  Vicenza  up  the  valley  of 
Schio,  across  the  summit  level,  and  down  that  of  Arsa  to  Koveredo 
in  the  Italian  Tyrol.  Vicenza  once  taken,  therefore,  anew  commu- 
nication, and  a  far  safer  one  than  that  by  Eivoli,  was  secured,  for 
the  latter  was  parallel  to,  and  a  direct  prolongation  of  the  right  flank 
of,  the  position  at  Verona,  and  was  consequently  exposed  to  attack 
at  any  moment,  but  the  former  led,  for  a  day's  march,  directly  to  the 
rear  of,  or  perpendicular  to  it,  and  was  then  conducted  behind  the 
screen  of  an  impenetrable  mass  of  mountains  into  the  heart  of  the 
Tyrol.  From  the  moment  Vicenza  fell,  Eivoli  became  of  no  impor- 
tance. It  even  became  a  lure  to  distract  the  attention  of  the  enemy, 
for  it  was  more  than  probable  that  he  would  take  advantage  of  his 
interior  line  to  attack  it  with  an  overwhelming  force  in  preference 
to  assailing  the  army  in  its  decisive  movement.  To  give  every  en- 
couragement and  facility  to  this  false  view,  Kadetzky,  far  from  in- 
creasing the  garrison  of  that  post,  hitherto  so  vital,  had  left  merely 
one  brigade,  under  Colonel  Zobel,  in  it.  The  greatest  danger  was 
that  the  king,  penetrating  his  plan,  would  attack  his  army  in  flank 
on  its  inarch  from  Mantua  to  the  Mincio,  or  would  take  advan- 
tage of  its  absence,  some  marches  to  the  rear  at  Vicenza,  either  to 
storm  with  his  whole  force  the  entrenched  camp  at  Verona,  or,  by 
crossing  the  river,  turn  it,  and  interpose  between  it  and  the  main 
body.  Everything,  therefore,  depended  upon  secresy  in  the  design 
and  celerity  in  the  execution.  The  movement  was  the  same  in  prin- 
ciple, equally  difficult  in  execution,  and  as  decisive  in  its  results  as 
that  of  Nero  from  Apulia  to  the  banks  of  the  Metaurus,  in  the  year 
207  B.C.,  or  that  of  Napoleon  from  the  valley  of  the  Seine  to  that  of 
the  Maine  in  1814. 

On  the  3rd,  the  movement  commenced  by  the  retreat  of  the 
army  to  Mantua.  The  next  day  they  halted  there,  but  on  the  5th, 
after  reinforcing  the  garrison  with  a  brigade,  they  set  out  along  two 
parallel  roads  by  forced  marches  for  -the  Adige.     WrttiBto*'*  <ito\» 


806 


CAMPAIGN  HT  L0MBAEDT. 


[Aug., 


slept  that  night  at  Bovolone,  Aspre's  at  Sanguinetto,  Wocher'a  in 
the  rear  at  Nogara*  On  the  5th,  m arching  with  the  utmost  expe- 
dition Aspro  and  Wratislaw  passed  the  Adige  at  Leguago,  whilst 
Wocber  with  the  infantry  of  his  (the  reserve)  corps  wheeled  to*  his 
left,  and  moved  up  the  right  bank  of  the  river  on  Verona,  On  the 
Cthj  lladotzky  reached  with  the  two  corps  under  his  immediate  com- 
mand, Montagnana  and  Bevilacqua  on  the  high  road  to  Padua,  and 
there  he  halted  his  wearied  men  for  a  day.  Meanwhile,  the  Pied- 
montese  army  moved  slowly  ;  early  on  the  5th  their  advance  reached 
Curtalone.  Charles  Albert  appears  not  in  the  least  to 
have  penetrated  his  adversary's  design,  for  he  kept  the  butt  of  his 
forces  on  his  own  right,  apparently  fearing  a  renewed  attack  on  the 
Milan  road,  instead  of  taking  advantage  of  his  interior  line  to  throw 
them  from  the  V ill a franca  aide,  on  the  think  of  the  Austrian 
columns*  So  completely  was  he  deceived,  that  on  the  6th,  when 
the  main  body  oi  Hadetzky's  army  was  across  the  Adige,  he  mis- 
took Woeher's  weak  corps  moving  on  Verona  for  his  whole  force, 
and  allowed  them  to  march  unmolested  to  that  town,  when  they 
were  totally  unsupported,  with  the  Adige  on  their  one  flanf 
his  whole  army  on  the  other,  and  might  have  been  enveloped  and 
cut  off  to  a  man.  It  was  a  similar  opportunity  lust  as  Marino  j  it's 
before  the  heights  of  Guinaldo.  Like  Wellington's,  Badetaky'a 
star  was  bright.  On  the  8th,  KadeUky  wheeled  his  columns  sharp 
to  their  left,  and  leaving  the  high  road  to  Padua,  threw  himftfiff 
on  the  cross  roads  whicli  lead  to  Vicenzn  j  that  night  he  halted  at 
Ponte  Barbarauo,  and  the  next  day  his  wearied  soldiers  tolling  on 
beneath  the  burning  Italian  sun  beheld  the  steeples  of  Viceu/ 
they  lay  down  to  rest,  while  a  party  detached  to  the  right  had  cut 
the  bridge  at  Arlesaga  on  the  railway  line  to  Padua. 

Vieenza  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  northern  slopes  of  th 
BeriuL  These  are  a  group  of  bills  about  three  leagues  and  a  half  in 
length  by  one  and  i  half  in  breadth,  which  rise  suddenly  from  the 
lovely  plain  which  surrounds  the  town.  Their  declivities  are  richly 
cultivated  in  numerous  terraces,  their  summits  and  ravines  densely 
wooded.  Many  villas  and  villages  are  scattered  over  their  sides,  and 
the  roads  which  ascend  them  arc  narrow,  steep,  and  stony.  On  their 
highest  point,  overhanging  Vieenza,  is  perched  the  church  and  con- 
vent of  Madonna  del  Monte,  connected  with  the  town  by  a  long 
colonnade.  Two  redoubts,  mounted  with  heavy  guns,  protected  the 
ridge  by  whieh  yon  approach  it  from  the  south.     To  its  left,  lower, 

:i  the  bill,  the  villa  Kotouda  was  strongly  fortified.  In  fro 
the  ridge,  leading  to  the  convent  of  the  Madonna,  as  you  appi 
from  the  south,  rises  a  lofty  peaked  eminence,  called  the  Bella  } 
on  it  a  blockhouse  had  been  constructed,  On  lower  spurs  o 
mountain  stand  Santa  Margherita  and  the  villa  Ram  bold  o  ;  the  latter, 

ninded  by  a  lawn  of  green  turf,  scattered  over   with  flon 
shrubs,  artificial  ruins,  am 3  winding  ponds,  is  almost  conceal 
the  groves  uf  pines  aud  ilexes  which  surround  it.     This  strong 
tiou,  which  entirely  commands  the   town,  was  occupied  in  force  by 
Durando,  with  his  division  of  Papal   troops,  reinforced  with  volun- 
teers, the  whole  amounting  to  about  15,001)  men,  with  38  guns ;  but 


1850." 


CAMPAIGN  IK  L0MB1ELT. 


SOT 


imr  Swiss  battalions,  S,OOQ  strong,  were  the  only  ones  who  could  be 
perfectly  relied  on.  With  two  of  these  and  6,000  volunteers  he  held 
the  Monte  Berici,  Two  Papal  battalions  were  on  their  left ;  the 
two  remaining  Swiss  battalions  and  the  cavalry  in  reserve.  The 
remainder  of  the  volunteers  and  national  guards  manned  the  gates 
and  barricades  of  the  town,  with  a  few  Swiss  at  the  important  points. 

While  Kadetzkv  was  passing  round  the  south -eastern  extremity 
of  the  Monte  Benei,  and  gaining  possession  of  the  roads  leading  to 
Padua  and  Este,  a  division  under  General  CuIoe,  5,000  strong,  was, 
by  hfa  orders,  approaching  it  from  Verona*  Turning  off  from  the 
maiu  road  at  Montebellu,  it  struck  across  to  its  right  by  Brendolo, 
over  the  southern  spurs  of  the  Monte  Berici,  and  on  the  evening  of 
the  Oth  lay  at  Arcugnano,  hi  communication  with  the  Field  Mar- 
shal's left-  The  arrangements  for  the  attack  on  the  following  morning 
were  immediately  made.  CuIoz'b  division,  reinforced  by  some  bat- 
talions, was  to  advance  on  the  left  along  the  heights  of  Arcugnano 
by  the  peak  of  Bella  Vista,  against  the  fortiBed  ridge  leading  to  the 
Madonna  del  Monte  ;  Wratislaw's  corps,  which  lay  in  the  centre  at 
Longara  and  Debba,  with  its  outposts  ab  Croce>  was  to  advance  up 
the  right  bank  of  the  Bacchigliouc,  along  the  Este  road,  against  the 
eastern  slopes  of  the  Monte  Beriei  and  the  villa  Kotonda,  detaching 
Wohlgemuth^  brigade  to  the  other  side  of  the  river>  to  keep  open 
the  communication  with  AspreVs  corps,  which  was  at  Torre  Quarte- 
solo  on  the  Padua  road,  and  was  to  move  on  the  right  along  it  against 
the  eastern  suburb  of  Vicenza.  Durando^  cut  off  by  Iladetzky  from 
both  his  lines  of  retreat  on  Padua  and  Este,  had  no  resource  if 
defeated  but  to  surrender,  or  throw  himself  into  the  inhospitable 
Venetian  mountains.  The  attack  was  fixed  to  commence  at  10  o'clock 
on  the  morning  of  the  10th. 

During  the  night  Culoz  sent  Colonel  Hahne  with  a  battalion  to 
gain  possession  of  some  points  which  would  impede  the  march  of  his 
division.  At  daybreak  he  stormed  Santa  Margherita  and  the  villa 
Kamholdo.  The  garrisons  from  these  two  posts  tell  back  on  the 
block-house  on  the  Bella  Vista  peak,  Hahne  immediately  opened 
I  fire  of  grape  and  rockets  upon  this  point,  which  caused  such  con- 
fusion in  the  overcrowded  redoubt,  that  be  took  advantage  of  it  to 
push  on  two  companies,  who  carried  it  with  a  rush.  It  was  imme- 
diately set  on  tire,  and  the  dense  volumes  of  black  smoke  rising  from 
it  ir^  Aated  summit,  conveyed  across  the  broad  plains  to  Padua^the  first 
announcement  of  the  danger  of  Vicenza.  At  ten  o'clock  the  Austrian 
army  stood  to  arms^  and  its  columns  forming  a  vast  semi-circle, 
began  their  advance.  Radetzky  took  post  on  a  height  in  the  centre, 
from  which  he  could  direct  all  the  movements.  He  held  back  his 
left  until  the  advance  of  his  centre  and  right,  who  had  to  make  a 
protracted  sweep  round  to  their  left,  was  completed.  By  two  o'clock 
all  had  gained  their  places,  and  the  fight  began.  On  the  left  Cnloz, 
bringing  all  his  batteries  to  the  front,  and  throwing  forward  a  chain 
of  riflemen,  opened  a  vigorous  fire,  whilst  he  formed  his  main  body 
in  columns  of  attack  behind  the  Bella  Vista  peak,  where  they  Wi 
unseen  b)  hia  udvi  rsarics.      In  the  centre  Wratislaw  pushed  Clam'ti 

Krtgftdo  vigorously   forward  up  the  cft&tem  ifaffeA  sA  t\vi  ^&&Gfcn 
Us  ft  Mia.,  No*  3W,  Aug,,  Ibffl).  \*  * 


508 


CAMPAIGN  IK   LOMBAEDT. 


[Aca.f 


Berici  against  the  villa  Botonda,  supporting  hha  by  Strassoldo,  ami 
covering  hia  right  over  the  river  by  Wohlgemuth.     Por  about  two 
hours  the  tire  continued  with  great  energy,  and  no  decided  resw 
on  either  side.     At  last,  by  showers  of  grape,  and  volleys  of  rocke 
Clam  succeeded  iu  getting  under  the  batteries  of  the  villa  Rotond 
He  immediately  led  on  bis  men  to  the  assault,  aud  soon  was  i 
pcwmiioo  of  this  important  point,  which  took  in  flank  the  positic 
of  the  Madonna  del  Monte.     Wohlgemuth,  now  bringing  up  liii 
right  shoulder,  came  over  to  dam's  support,  and  both  w. 
pared  to  assail  the  Madonna  convent  in  flank. 
4    Meanwhile,  in  front  of  that  position,  the  Swiss,  galled  by  the  tlr 
of  artillery,  and  seeing  no  massea  of  troops  before  them,  made  a  hnli 
HiiiJy  along  the  ridge  against  the  Bella  Vista,     Culoz  allowed 
to  approach  within  fifty  paces  of  his  guns,  when  he  mowed  then 
down  with  a  discharge  of  grape,  and  availed  them*  when  thrown  in.fr 
disorder  by  it,  with  a  rifle  battalion,  supported  by  two  others  brougL 
up  in  haste  from  behind  the  Bella  Vista,     Completely  taken 
surprise  at  this  vigorous  counterattack,  the  Swiss  were  driven  ba 
along  the  ridge.    The  Austrian  Jogers  following  them  close,  can 
upon  an  entrenchment,  the  guns  of  which  could  not  fire  as  the  Swh 
were  between  them  and  their  opponents,  and  both  entered  it 
get  her.   Here,  Colonel  Kopal,  the  gallant  commander  of  the  Jager 
fcll,  shot  through  the  arm,  as  ho  mounted  the  parapet;  hv 
his  wound  the  next  day.     The  key  of  the  position,  the  Madonna  i* 
Monte,  still  remained,  and  against  it  Culoz  brought  up  his  coli 
while   Clam   and    Wohlgemuth,   fresh   from   the  storming  of  th 
Eotonda,  prepared  to  assail  it  in  flank.     But  Durando  saw  that 
prolong  the  defence   would  endanger  the   retreat  of  its  gai 
and  gave  orders  for  them  to  withdraw   down   the  colonnade  int 
the  town.     The   brave   Swiss  obeyed  with  loud  murmurs,  and  fci 
back   slowly,    frequently  facing   about*      Under   the   arcade  the 
made  another  vigorous  stands  but  the  advance  of  Clam  again*^ 
flank  obliged  them   again   to  retire,  and  they  withdrew  into  tl] 
town,  keeping  up  a  rolling  fire  to  the  last. 

Meanwhile,  far  on  the  right,  across  the  Baeehigljone,  Asprc 
a  sharp  battle  to  maintain*    There,  so  magnifi  the  croji 

bo  luxuriant  the  vineyard*  and  hedgerows,  that  in  that  level  count? 
the  artillery  i no ii   could  see  to  take  no  aim,  so  the  only  aid 
derived  from  the  guns  was  by  tho  vertical  fire  of  the 
four  ftorfcarfij   which  were   brought  up  to  within  50 
defences.    The  fortified  suburl  I  those  of  Padua 

Ea  Iftj    in  hit  front,  thi  defended  b)  earthworks,  Unnke 

by  loopholed   bouses,   and  iu  moat  pla<  red  by  u  deep  we 

ditch,  and,  though  attacked  with  the  utmost  gallantry,  proved  im 
trable;  in  vain  the  gallant    Hungarian    Grenadiers  of  1 
and  the  8th  rifle  battalion  marched  forward  with  t] 
works  could  not  be  scaled,  the  ditch  could  not  be  possi  d,  tin 
away  beneath  the  deadly   fire  of  tb  -war 

evening  the  troopfl  on  this  side  Merc  drawn  ofi",  for  by  (lit*  full 
Moiita  Berici,  that  of  the  place  umltoci 

/  ha!  Irould  have  been  u  mere  waste  of  pliant  blood,     1 1 


1859.]  campaign  nr  lombab&y.  509 

before  the  last  spurs  of  the  Monte  Berici  were  won,  and  Eadetzky 
ordered  the  advance  of  his  troops  to  be  stopped,  intending  to  bring 
tip  his  guns  to  the  heights  commanding  the  town,  and  storm  it  the  next 
day.  Several  times  during  the  evening  the  white  flag  had  been  dis- 
played, but  it  was  always  immediately  torn  down  by  the  Swiss.  At 
midnight,  however,  a  flag  of  truce  arrived  at  Badetzky's  head-quarters 
from  Surando  to  treat  of  a  surrender.  The  terms  were  soon  agreed 
to,  for  it  was  everything  to  the  Field-Marshal  to  obtain  instant 
possession  of  the  place  and  get  back  to  Verona.  The  conditions 
were,  that  the  Papal  troops  should  evacuate  the  town,  taking  with 
them  their  colours  and  arms,  and  retire  by  Este,  to  the  right  bank  of 
the  Po,  on  condition  of  not  serving  against  the  imperialists  for  three 
months.  The  inhabitants  were  not  to  be  molested.  The  town  to  be 
given  up  by  midday  on  the  11th.  These  conditions  were  all  punc- 
tually fulfilled.  The  Austrian  loss  in  this  action  amounted  to 
49  officers  and  935  men  killed,  wounded,  and  missing.  Among 
the  former  was  Major  General  Prince  William  Taxis,  and  the 
Colonel  of  the  Franz  Karl  regiment.  The  loss  of  the  Italians  was 
probably  less,  for  not  only  the  volunteer,  but  the  regular  Papal  line 
troops  fled  at  the  first  shock,  many  of  them  in  an  agony  of  fear 
concealing  themselves  in  the  cellars  of  the  houses,  like  old  women 
in  a  thunder  storm.  The  Swiss,  who  alone  fought  the  battle,  out  of 
their  3,000,  lost  11  officers  and  600  men.  The  very  evening  of 
the  surrender  the  Culoz  division  set  out  on  its  return  to  Verona. 
On  the  morning  of  the  12th  the  Field-Marshal  followed  with 
Wratislaw's  corps.  Aspr6  was  left  with  his  in  the  town  to  secure 
that  important  post,  and  reopen  communications  with  the  Tyrol  bv 
Boveredo  on  the  one  hand,  and  with  the  troops  assembling  in  Fruili 
by  Belluno  on  the  other.  Wearied  and  exhausted  on  the  evening  of 
the  12th,  Culoz's  men  reached  Verona,  and  on  the  13th  Wratislaw's 
came  in,  but  for  them  there  was  no  rest,  the  columns  of  Charles 
Albert  were  approaching  on  the  plain,  and  foot-sore  and  travel-worn, 
yet  in  high  spirits  from  their  recent  victory,  they  had  again  to  take 
the  field. 

To  understand  the  cause  of  this,  we  must  now  return  to  Charles 
Albert's  operations.  As  soon  as  he  learned  Eadetzky's  passage  of 
the  Adige  at  Legnago,  he  determined  to  take  advantage  of  his 
absence  from  Verona,  to  throw  the  bulk  of  his  forces  on  his  own  left 
against  the  plateau  toEivoli,  and  by  concentrating  an  overwhelming 
force  upon  that  vital  point  to  seize  the  Austrian  line  of  communi- 
cations. In  pursuance  of  this  plan,  he  marched  with  all  his 
disposable  force  to  the  left,  and  there  united  20,000  men,  whom  he 
placed  under  the  orders  of  Lieutenant  General  de  Sonnaz.  Upon 
the  crags  of  Eivoli,  Eadetzky,  who  clearly  foresaw  this  movement, 
had  left  only  the  brigade  of  Colonel  Zobel*  and  he  had  directed  that 
officer  not  to  resist  a  serious  attack,  but  in  order  to  cause  as  long  a 
delay  as  possible  to  the  bulk  of  the  Sardinian  forces,  to  retain  his 
position  to  the  last  moment  with  all  his  outposts,  and  as  soon  as 


610 


CAMPAIOT  IK  LOMBABBY, 


[AU0 


storming  of  Yieenza)  the  whole  Piedmontese  left  wing  advanced 
the  attack  of  the  diminutive  Austrian  force,  and  their  numero1 
columns  crossing  the  Tassio  rivulet,  began  in  all  directions  to  ascend 
the  heights  of  Montebaldo  and  Rivoli ;  then,  and  not  till  then,  tf 
Austrian  outposts  swiftly  fell  back  at  all  points,  and  artific: 
obstacles  on  the  different  roads  and  paths  retarded  the  advance 
their  pursuers  so  much,  that  they  were  all  enabled  to  reach  t 
general  point  of  concentration  on  the  plateau  Kivoli>  from  whence 
the  whole  rapidly,  yet  in  good  order,  retired,  and  crossing  to  the 
left  bank  of  the  river,  gained,  unmolested,  the  road  to  Rovere4o. 
When  the  Piedmontese  heavy  guns  and  columns  gained  the  summit 
of  the  position,  Zobel's  men  were  gone-  In  the  highest  spirits  with 
this  success,  batteries  were  planted  and  breastworks  for  tnui 
thrown  up  on  the  heights  on  the  right  of  the  river,  which  comp 
swept  and  commanded  the  high  road  on  the  opposite  side,  a 
forth,  not  an  Austrian  convoy,  not  a  company,  could  pass  t«>  at 
the  Tyrol ;  the  most  decisive  success  seemed  to  have  been 
joy  was  at  its  height  in  the  army  of  the  King ;  the  whole  Italu 
papers  resounded  with  shouts  of  victory,  and  the  immediate  su 
render  of  the  Austrians  was  confidently  predicted ;  yet  thai  i 
Yieenza  fell.  Sharp  and  eager  wTere  the  blowt  struck  on  both  sidi 
eaeh  party  aimed  at  a  vital  point ;  the  Sardinians  *  stroke  was 
but  the  old  man's  sword  cut  deeper.  The  great  results  just  gain* 
by  the  King  were  reft  from  his  grasp  on  the  same  day  and 
patQfi  hour-  The  fruits  of  the  occupation  of  Hi  vol  j  perished,  wb 
the  white  flag  was  hung  out  from  the  walls  of  Vie  en /a. 

It  was  shortly  after  ibis   success   that  Charles  Albert, 
intelligence  of  the  movement  of   Kadetzkv    on  Vicenza,  ami  t 
commencement  of  the  attack  on  that  town.     He  immediately 
ceived  the  full  consequences  which  would  flow  from  its  loss, 
relying  on   Durando's  assurance  that  he  could  hold  it  against  any 
force  for  five  or  sis:  days,  be  believed  that  he  would  yel   be  m  tin 
to  prevent  its  fall  and  he  immediately  determined  to  cross  the  Adi; 
at  Konco,  below  Verona,  with  the  bulk  of  his  forces,  and  thro 
himself  upon  the  road  from  thai  town  to  Vicemsa,  cul  off  the  ImH 
Marshal  from  his  entrenched  camp,  force  his  way  through  and  uni 
with  Duxandu.     This  plan  was  ably  conceived,  but  it  came  too  late, 
Formed  some  days  sooner   it   might  have  led  to  a  second  bat 
amidst  the  marshes  of  Areola.     On  the  13th  Charles  Albert  havi 
come  j  it  rated   his  whole    forces   about   Villafranca,  with    a    la: 
pontoon  train,   set  out,  and   his  columns  were   in  full  march 
Konco,  when  the  astounding  intelligence  readied  him  that  Vicen 
had  fallen,  whilst  the  vigor  with  which  the  Austrian  outpost*  on  tl 
side  of  Santa  Lucia  resisted  his  flanking  parties,  and  the  sudi1 
increase  of  the  force  they  displayed  there,  announced  in  uum 
takeable  language,  that  the  bulk  of  their  forces  must  have  re. 
Verona,     Thru  with  a  heavy  heart  lie  gave  up  his  movement,  whi 
had  become  at  once  dangerous  to  the  last  ilegree  in  execution 
useless,  if  executed,  and  withdrew  bis  battalions  to  their  old  forttfii 
positions  on  the  heights  of  Bona  and  S omnia  Campagna,  an 
neighbourhood  of  Villafranca,      This  movement  was  the  can 


us 


QQ 


1S50.J 


CAMPAIGN  IS  LOMBAEDT. 


! 


the  sudden  advance  of  Eadetsky's  wearied  men  from  Verona,  already 
mentioned. 

The  capture  of  Ticenza  opened  to  Badctzky  the  resources  of  the 
Venetian  mainland,  and  to  the  operations  which  were  carrying  on  there 
we  must  now  turn.     During  the  whole  of  May,  after  the  junction  of 

fthe  army  of  reserve,  the  forces  left  behind  by  it  were  so  weak,  that 
it  was  all  they  could  do  to  bold  what  they  had  got,  to  blockade  Osopo, 
and  Palma  Nuova,  and  observe  Treviso ;  but  they  were  unable 
either  to  attempt  the  reduction  of  the  country  south  of  the  latter 
town,  or  that  of  the  insurgent  mountain  districts  at  the  foot  of  the 
Alps*  There,  the  inhabitants  being  all  of  Italian  descent,  and  having 
many  causes  of  jealousy  at  the  immigration  of  the  Germanic  races, 
by  which  many  of  them  had  lost  their  employment,  had  joined 

■  eagerly  in  the  democratic  movement.  One  circumstance  operated 
prejudicially  to  the  Austrians  in  this  quarter*  which  was  their 
having  lost  by  the  revolt  of  Venice  the  command  of  the  Adriatic. 
The  greater  part  of  their  small  marine  had  there  fallen  into  the 
power  of  the  insurgents,  who,  being  soon  joined  by  a  strong  Sardi- 
nian squadron,  and  for  some  time  by  a  Neapolitan  one,  not  only 
swept  the  seas,  so  as  entirely  to  prevent  any  supplies  being  con* 
rayed  coasfcwaya  to  the  Austrian  forces,  but  blockaded  their  only 
secure  port  of  Pola.  This,  by  depriving  them  altogether  of  water 
carriage,  added  much  to  their  difficulties,  so  that  it  was  nearly  the 
,  end  of  May  before  Lieut- General  Welden,  to  whom  the  formation 
of  the  new  reserve  corps  had  been  entrusted,  could  collect  either  a 
force  or  supplies  sufficient  to  advance.  At  last,  however,  he  collected 
sixteen  battalions,  four  squadrons,  and  eight  batteries,     The  entire 

iiortion  of  these,  consisting  of  such  as  could  be  spared  from  the 
;ades  above  mentioned,  he  assembled  on  the  Piave.  Hia 
ructions  were  to  bombard  Palma  Nuova,  take  Treviso,  reduce 

Pfche  revolted  mountain  districts,  and  blockade  Venice  from  the  land 
Tq  perform  the  first,  he  had  only  one  mortar  at  disposal,  but 
he  left  it  with  2,500  men  under  Colonel  Kerpen,  who  conducted  the 
blockade  and  bombardment  with  such  skill  and  success,  that  on  the 
29th  of  June  it  surrendered,  with  its  garrison  of  3,000  men,  and 
with  156  guns  on  its  rampartSj  commanded  by  General  Zucchi.  The 
terms  were  the  return  of  the  volunteers  to  their  homes,  and  of  the 
Piedinontese  soldiers  to  their  own  country,  but  not  to  serve  for  a 
year.  Meanwhile,  Welden  waa  engaged  in  the  early  part  of  June 
in  reducing  the  mountain  districts.  For  this  purpose,  he  din 
two  columns  to  advance  against  them,  the  one  on  Ampezzo,  the 
other  from  Belluno.  Both  were  entirely  successful,  and  after  carry- 
ing the  principal  positions,  re-opened  the  communication  between 
Carinthia  and  Belluno,  and  completely  subdued  the  district.  With 
the  remainder  of  his  forces,  Welden  "had  moved  upon  Treviso,  and 
detached  one  moveable  column  towards  Bassano,  while  another 
moved  on  Marostica,  in  order  to  force  the  passage  of  the  Tal 
Sugana,  and  open  the  communication  between  Trent  and  Bassano. 
The  insurgent*  were  here  strongly  posted  in  a  narrow  gorge,  and 
resisted  the  attacks  of  the  Austrians  -  but  in  the  night,  some  com- 

Kanies  having  been  sent,  along  with  a  body  of  Tyrolean  uulitva^  V* 


512 


CAMPAIGN   IK  LOCBABDT, 


[Aug,, 


occupy  the  heights  in  their  rear,  they  were  attacked  on  the  followic 
day  both  111  front  and  rear,  and  after  an  engagement  of  three  hour 
dispersed  with  the  lose  of  four  guns,     This  success  re-estab] 
the  communication  between  Bassanoand  Trent  by  the  Yal  Sugana 
so   important   hi  the  campaign  of  1796.      On  the   13th,   TV 
in  person  reached  Treviso,  and  began  to  bombard  it.     The  follow 
day  it  surrendered,  the  garrison ,  4-,185  strong,  rece!  mn 

conditions  aa  that  of  Viceuza.  Tins  speedy  surrender  was  mainly 
owing  to  the  panic  spread  by  the  fall  of  the  latter  placi 
great  was  the  consternation,  that  resistance  now  almost  ceased. 
Wei  den  moved  from  Treviso  in  the  direction  of  Venice,  and  b} 
occupation  of  Mestre,  Bodenigo,  and  Malcontesta,  in  a  semicircle 
on  the  edge  of  the  Lagunae,  and  of  Cavanella  on  the  Adige,  bad 
by  the  25th  established  an  entire  blockade  of  those  towns  on  the 
laud  side  ;  and  he  made  good  all  his  posts  in  spite  of  repeated 
sallies  from  the  garrison,  who  numbered  20,000  men,  and  were  eon 
manded  by  Generals  Pepu  and  Antonini, 

Nor  was  Asp  re  less  successful  in  reducing  the  country  around 
Yicenza.  It  was  an  object  of  the  utmost  importance,  after  the  fa" 
of  Eivoh",  to  open  the  road  from  that  town  to  Eoveredo  by  tij 
vallies  of  Schio  and  Arsa,  and  restore  Badetzky's  communi 
by  this  line  with  his  right  wing  in  the  Tyrol,  So  early  as  the  7th  ■ 
June,  an  attempt  was  made  to  open  this  pass  from  the  Tyn 
but  the  troops  employ ed,  after  having  overcome  all  obstacles  m 
Arsa  valley,  and  gained  the  crest  of  the  ridge,  finding  that 
support  had  come  up  from  the  Italian  aide,  as  they  had  been  led 
expect,  and  that  the  insurgents  were  closing  in  on  their  flanks 
rear,  retired.  To  effect  this  important  object,  Aspre  now  det 
General  Simbschen  with  a  very  strong  brigade,  He  asceude 
valley  of  Schio  from  the  Vieenza  side,  occupied  the  town  of  fch 
name  on  the  12  tb,  disarmed  its  inhabitants,  forced  the  passage  into 
the  Val  d'Arsa,  and  on  the  15th  reached  Eoveredo,  thus  re-establish- 
ing Radetzky's  communications,  and  reinforcing  at  the  same  time 
his  right  wing ;  fur  he  was  ordered  temporarily  to  unite  his  brigade 
to  the  forces  in  the  Tyrol,  under  Count  Thurn's  command,  which  were 
now  formed  into  a  separate  corps  (the  3rd)*  Simbschen  did  not 
arrive  a  moment  too  soon,  for  ZobeFs  men  had  been  attack 
Brentino,  in  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Adige,  and  driven  back 
Avio.  Aspre  himself  ou  the  13th,  moved  in  person  from  Yh 
with  another  of  his  brigades,  on  Padua,  which  surrendered,  vutbou 
attempting  any  resistance,  on  the  following  day.     Thus  was  efl 

ujly  in  consequence  of  the  consternation  caused  by  the  fall 
Vieenza,   the   reduction   (with  the  exception  of  a  few  blockade 
towns)  of  the  whole  of  the  Venetian  mainland.   The  entire  resource 
of  that  great  and  important  province  were  now  transferred  from  tins 
support  of  the  Italian  to  that  of  the  Austrian  cause. 

After  the  return  of  Badetzky  to  Verona,  upon  the  13th  June,  fix 
nearly  a  month  a  pause  ensued  in  military  operations  between  tin 
main  bodies  of  the  contending  armies.     This  period  was  mark* 
nothing  but  a  t't\\r  insignificant  skirmishes  between  the  output 
front  of  Verona,  and  in  the* rugged  country  between  the  bridge 


1850.] 


CAMFAlSff  IF 


513 


A 

th 

m 


Gnarda  and  the  Adige.  The  rival  armies  ware  too  well  matched  in 
numbers,  and  occupied  too  strong  positions,  to  afford  to  either  an 
opportunity  of  engaging  with  advantage.  The  attention  of  each, 
therein vi\  became  necessarily  directed  to  the  progress  of  events  in 
the  rear— to  establishing  and  securing  their  lines  of  eommitniea* 
tion — to  bringing  up  supplies  and  reinforcements,  and  preparing 
their  respective  armies  to  take  the  field  for  the  decisive  conflict 
which  waft  evidently  approaching,  strengthened  with  every  man 
and  every  gun  that  could  be  collected.  By  Kadetxky  it  was  spent 
in  carrying  on  the  operations  which  ended  in  the  entire  conquest  of 
the  Xv net un  mainland  in  his  rear,  which  has  just  been  described — 
in  strengthening  to  the  utmost  degree  his  entrenched  camp  in  front 
at  \ ' ri-fiini,  at  which  the  whole  army  laboured,  and  where,  by  the 
B  erection  of  redoubts  and  other  works,  lines  were  soon 
formed,  almost  rivalling  the  celebrated  ones  of  Torres  Vedras  in 

^  strength  and  importance,  and  in  strengthening  the  fortified  post  of 
Kiva  at  the  upper  end  of  the  Lake  of  Guarda,  and  establishing 
upon  that  inland  sea  a  flotilla,  which  soon  amounted  to  four  large 
and  twelve  small  gun  boats-  By  Charles  Albert,  this  period  of 
ion  was  mostly  occupied  in  making  arrangements  for  the  block- 
ade a  of  Mantua,  and  restoring  the  defences  of  Pesehiera, 
and  in  urging  on,  hj  all  the  means  in  hiss  power,  the  raising  and 
forwarding  of  reinforcements.  This,  the  second  pause  in  the  campaign, 
I'cu  the  second  and  the  last  act  in  the  drama,  we 
may  take  advantage  of,  to  cast  our  eyes  over  the  comparative  results 
of  the  operations  described  in  the  last  chapter  to  the  two  armies,  and 
then  glance  at  the  aspect  of  political  atfairs,  which  now  came  to 
exercise  a  great  and  decisive  influence  upon  the  fate  of  the  campaign 
and  the  views  of  the  commanders. 

TCadetzky  began  the  second  period  of  the  campaign  with  an  army 
not  producing  30,000  combatants  in  the  field,  occupying  an  en* 
tmtibfel  cariiji  at  Verona,  with  only  one  exposed  and  dangerous  line 
of  communication,  leading  from  his  right  ftank  into  the  Tyrol,  and 
ground  in  bia  rear  which  he  could  call  his  own,  except  tho 
J  triangle  formed  by  the  Adige,  the  Aplon,  and  the  Alps ;  but 
he  held  in  advance  of  his  position,  Mantua  and  Pesehiera.  The 
fkk  Wnotian  mainland,  up  to  the  town  of  Vicenza  directly  in  his 
rear,  with  all  its  resources  was  at  the  disposal  of  his  adversaries,  and 
the  line  of  the  lower  Adige  was  in  their  possession,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  fortress  of  Legnago.  He  ended  it  with  40,000  men 
ready  lor  action  round  the  ramparts  of  Verona^  with  secure  comma* 
mentions  leading  from  his  rear  by  Yicenza,  to  Eoveredo,  in  the  Tyrol 
OD  (he  one  hand,  and  through  Carinthia  and  Carniola  to  Vienna  and 

I  Croatia  on  the  other.  The  whole  of  eastern  Italy,  from  the  b  niki 
of  the  Po  to  the  Alps,  from  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic  to  the  Ad 
was  iu  his  possession,  with  all  its  manifold  resources  for  themainten- 
of  his  army ;  the  strong  line  of  the  Adige,  from  the  mountains 
of  the  Tyrol  to  the  sea,  was  guarded  by  his  troops,  strong  reinforce- 
ments were  on  their  way  to  join  him  irora  the  Imperial  states,  and 
12,000  merij  disengaged  by  the  subjection  of  the  Italian  territory  in 
hifl  rear,  were  preparing  to  advance  to  his  support.     On  tha  otkart 


514 


CiMPAlGK   IN   LOMBARDT. 


[Am.? 


hand,  Peschiera  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  his  adversaries,  and  his 
more  direct  communication  with  the  Tyrol  by  Itivoli  was  lost. 
Charles  Albert's  position,  on  the  other  hand,  was  also  changed  for 
the  better.  True,  Peschiera  had  fallen  j  true,  Rivoli  was  won  |  true 
the  Austrian  army  had  retired  battled  from  the  heights  of  Got  to; 
true,  he  still  maintained  his  numerical  superiority  in  the  field,  ye 
Bivoli  and  the  states  of  Venice  were  lost,  the  Papal  troops  and  in- 
surgent levies  hurled  with  disgrace  across  the  Po,  the  co-operation 
of  the  Neapolitan  large  auxiliary  force  hopeless,  there  was  little 
energy  and  activity  displayed  by  the  Milanese  and  other  Italian 
states  in  his  rear  and  on  his  right,  in  providing  cither  troons  or 
money  for  the  contest,  and  he  was  driven  to  rely  almost  entirely  OH 
his  own  kingdom  for  the  means,  both  in  men  and  specie,  of  contend- 
ing for  the  freedom  of  Italy.  These,  indeed,  were  largely  put  tWtli, 
and  great  numbers  of  good"  troops  were  hurrying  up  from  b 
but  they  were  the  last  that  could  be  relied  on— behind  them  then, 
was  nothing*  He  was  staking  his  last  man  and  his  last  guinea  on 
the  throw*  His  adversary  instead  of  being  almost  surrounded  and 
cut  off  in  his  entrenched  camp,  was  now  in  complete  possession  of 
the  most  formidable  military  line  of  defence  in  Italy,  with  all  his 
communications  with  the  Imperial  states  restored,  with  the  retonrat 
of  a  rich  province  gained,  and  with  large  reinforcements  coming  up* 
The  beam  which  in  May  had  trembled  in  the  balance,  or  ra 
seemed  to  turn  against  the  Austrians,  by  the  end  of  Juoe  had 
iiieliued  the  other  way.  To  every  impartial  observer,  it  was  evident 
that  the  object  of  the  contest  had  changed.  To  Austria  the  struggle 
was  no  longer  defensive,  it  was  offensive*  Charles  Albert's  o1 
now  wTas  not  to  win  the  crown  of  Italy,  but  to  maintain  his  position 
on  the  banks  of  the  Mineio*  Radetzky  having  proved  his  skill  in 
defensive,  was  now  to  display  his  power  in  offensive  war,  and  how  be 
did  so,  let  the  events  of  the  next  month  tell. 

About  the  middle  of  June  the  first  decided  cheek  was  received  by 
the  hitherto  triumphant  revolutionary  party  in  Austria,  in  the  bom- 
bardment of  Prague  by  Priuee  Windischgraty,,  and  the  eon  sequent 
dissolution  of  the  democratic  party  in,  and  submission  of,  Bohemia. 
This  was  the  first  successful  stand  made  against  the  democratic  | 
on  the  continent,  the  first  dawn  of  the  reaction  which  was  now 
ting  in.     Its  influence  was  immediately  felt  in  Italy,  as  it  enabled 
the  war  minister.  Count  Latour,  at  Vienna,  to  forward  great 
iorcements  across  the  Alps,     The  Austrian  empire  was  still  in  a 
state  of  the  greatest  danger  and  weakness,  but  symptoms  of  improve- 
ment were  visible*     Hungary,  indeed,  waa  with  a  matchless  ineonsis* 
tency  declaring  at  once  its  own  independence  of  Austrian  rule, 
its  complete  and  unlimited  dominion  over  Croatia  ;  but  this  h;i 
to  a  violent  reaction,  and  Jellachich  was  preparing  to  assert  in  arms 
that  independence  of  the  Slavonic  race  towards  the  Magyar  which 
the  latter  claimed  for  themselves  from  the  House  of  Hapsburg. 
Vienna,  indeed,  was  still  in  a  state  of  smouldering  insurrection,  but 
Bohemia  was  subdued,  the  Tyrol  enthusiastic  in  the  Imperial  cause, 
and  all  the  force  of  united  Italy  had  failed  to  drive  Radetzky  from 
its  plains.    The  first  waxe  of  the  revolutionary  tempest  had  rolled 


iu  ioiieu 


1859.]  THE  ADMI1UXTT— OLD  iJTD  JTBW,  515 

over  the  land,  and  the  rocks  were  again  beginning  to  appear  amidst 
the  subsiding  waters. 

Of  still  more  importance  was  the  terrible  contest  and  great  victory 
gained  by  Cavaignac  in  the  streets  of  Paris  at  the  end  of  the  month. 
That  victor j  saved  France  from  a  second  reign  of  terror,  Europe 
from  a  second  revolutionary  war,  For  lour  days  the  streets  of  Paris 
ran  red  with  blood ;  ten  thousand  men  were  killed  or  wounded  in 
the  struggle,  but  the  victory  was  complete  j  the  red  republic  wTas 
vanquished.  The  revolutionary  party  had  thrown  off  the  mask, 
engaged  in  a  fierce  fight,  and  been  subdued.  The  ultimate  resurrec- 
tion of  Europe  was  secure.  Its  immediate  escape  from  a  war  of 
propagandist!  certain.  Great  was  the  encouragement  which  this 
afforded  to  Badetzky,  for  he  could  now  depend  upon  the  non-inter- 
vention of  France  in  the  struggle.  Hitherto  the  army  of  the  Alps 
under  Oudinot,  had  hung  like  a  thunder  cloud  over  the  frontier  rf 
Italy,  and  there  was  every  reason  to  fear  that  on  the  first  serious 
check  of  the  Sardinian  arms,  they  would  pour  down  once  more  into 
the  Italian  plains,  and  unite  with  their  fellow  revolutionists.  Then 
the  fight  would  have  been  too  unequal >  then  the  Austrian  engle  must 
have  taken  wing  for  its  mountain  home.  Now  that  danger  was  past 
and  Hadetzky  could  look  to  Charles  Albert  atone,  without  being 
obliged  to  east  a  far  distant  ga^e  beyond  the  summits  of  the  Alps. 


THE  ADMIRALTY— OLD  AND  NEW. 


Another  of  those  changes  which  convulse  the  naval  service  at 
uncertain,  but  too  frequent,  intervals,  has  just  taken  efleet.  The 
scats  at  the  Beard  of  Admiralty  have  been  vacated  and  refilled  bv, 
with  one  exception,  a  new  set  of  men.  Tbe  First  Lord,  who  had 
just  awakened  to  the  full  consciousness  of  the  great  necessity  for  a 
sweeping  change  in  the  whole  of  the  arrangements  of  the  navy,  and 
who  had  discovered  that  instead  of  being  assisted  he  mm  thwarted 
by  the  board  over  which  he  presided,  was  about  to  take  a  strong 
course,  when  it  pleased  Parliament  to  place  Lord  Derby's  government 
in  a  minority,  and  all  his  plans  were  forthwith  "committed  to  the 

■  waste  paper  basket. 
We  never  remember  a  change  so  generally  accompanied  by  regret 
as  that  which  removed  Sir  John  Pakington  from  Whitehall.  Sir 
John  entered  the  Admiralty  a  perfect  neophyte.  Many  sneered  at 
him  as  a  country  gentleman  —  "the  chairman  of  the  Worcester 
Quarter  Sessions.*11  They  remembered,  indeed,  that  under  the  nre- 
vious  Derby  administration  he  had  been  Secretary  of  the  Colonies, 
and  knew  that  he  represented  the  small  and  unimportant  borough  of 
Droitwich.  His  antecedents  inspired  no  hopes.  He  had  not  been 
long  in  office,  however,  before  he  displayed  independence,  energy, 
and  talent  in  an  extraordinary  degree.  He  took  up  the  estimates 
carefully  prepared  by  and  for  Sir  Charles  Wood,  and  by  dint  of  much 
study  gained  a  large"  insight  into  the  contents.  He  would  have  d> 
better,  n;any  thought,  had  he  taken  them  as  they  stood  :  for  although. 


516 


THE   ADMIHAXTY— OLD   ASH   EYW, 


[Am., 


formed  on  too  economical  a  basis*  they  had  been  ably  drawn,     Sii 
John  undertook  to  strike  off  certain  Heme  of  expenditure,  wbi 

wards  saw  cause  to  regret,  By  degrees  he  became  acquainted 
with  the  state  of  the  navy,  although  it  was  a  long  lime  before  he  h*d 
gathered  information  enough  to  induce  him  to  recommend  the*  intro* 
auction  of  the  startling  phrase  into  the  Queen's  Speech  from  the 
throne — the  ^  reconstruction  of  the  navy." 

The  immediate  cause  of  hiss  employing  towards  the  navy  the  sweep- 
ing word  **  reconstruction  "  may  be  gathered  from  a  perusal  of  the 
Report  of  a  Committee  appointed  in  December  last  by  the  Treasury, 
to  inquire  into  the  navy  estimates  from  1852  to  1858,  and  into  the 
comparative  state  of  the  navies  of  England  and  France.  This  i 
was  ordered  to  be  printed  on  the  12th  Apri'.  It  served  to  show  the 
grounds  upon  which  Sir  John  Pakington  had  based  his  alarmist 
li  on  the  navy  estimates,  and  was  a  sufficient  answer  to  thoro 
m  asserted  thai  the  First  Lord  had  no  foundation  for  his  sj 
ments.  This  Eeport  has  already  been  reviewed  in  .the  United  (kf* 
Aftif/azinc,  and  it  is  therefore  unnecessary  even  to  glance  at  the 
contents  of  that  paper.     The  only  objection  that  could  <»d  to 

the  entire  reception  of  the  facts  and  figures  embodied  in  the  Eeport, 
is  to  be  found  in  the  names  of  the  gentlemen  forming  the  Committee. 
They  were  civilians,  and  nothing  more,  and  although  perfectly 
petcnt  to  certify  as  to  the  expenditure  of  tlie  ^ums  voted  for  the 
estimates,  it  was  clear  that  they  were  in  entire  ignorance  as  i 
relative  degrees  of  force  and  capability  of  the  French  and  English 
navies,  and  that  chance  directed  them,  if  they  were  directed,  to 
correct  conclusions. 

But  it  was  not  to  the  materiel  of  the  navy  only  that  Sir  John 
Pakington  directed  his  attention.  The  manning  of  the  fleet  was  a 
subject  far  too  important  to  escape  his  ken.  In  fact,  ha4  he  been 
dull  as 

"the  Eat  weed 
That  rota  itself  in  eaie  cu  Lethe  wharf/' 

mid  scarcely  have  been  unconscious  of  the  fact,  that  though  we 
had  comparatively  frff  ships,  we  had  even  yet  fewer  men.     The 
i-esult  of  thin  riiiiviclion  was  an  assent  to  the  motion  of  Admir 
diaries  Napier,  and  the  appointment  of  a  Hoyal  Commissi^ 
inquire  into  the  best  means  of  manning  the  navy. 

We  have  already  referred  to  the  Eeport  of  the  Eoyal  Oauorifr- 
sioners,   and   will   again  advert  to  it,   particularly  to  the  Bet 
mo  in  mended.     With  regard  to  the  first  portions  of  the  Report,  it 
is  witb  regret  wc  find  the  realisation  of  our  predicted  failure 
reference  to  our  pages  for  May  will  show  that  we  considered 
ivl  .mmendations  of  the  Commission  fell  very  short  of  the  nee* 
of  the  case*     We  considered  the  conclusions  of  the  CoiuintaBioaers 
to  be  illogical,  insufficient,  and  u u supported  by  the  evidence.     The 
month  which  ushered  in  our  observations  had  not  ended,  ere  it  be< 

nt  that  the  recommended  li  Mode  if  Manning  the  Navy  in  time 
of  Peace,"  was  a  complete  failure.     The  paltry  measures  of  giTUM  a 
quarter  pound  KBOW  of  meat  which  could  not  be  awticatei 
more  of  bread,  and  a  bed  and  blanket,  but  without  raiding  the  rate 


1859.]  THE  ADM1BAXTT— OLD  AffD  NEW.  5lt 

of  pay,  were  treated  by  the  sailors  to  whom  they  were  offered  with 
scorn.  The  commissioned  and  petty  officers  attached  to  the  several 
rendezvous,  were  everywhere  treated  with  insult  and  contumely. 
The  navy  stank  in  the  nostrils  of  the  few  good  merchant  seamen  td 
be  met  with,  and  the  system  of  corporal  punishment  so  jealously 
retained  by  the  Royal  Commissioners,  was  on  all  occasions  cast  in 
the  teeth  of  those  who  ventured  to  advocate  service  under  the  pen- 
dant. 

Several  naval  officers  undertook  to  go  among  the  sailors  and 
espouse  the  cause  of  the  navy.  Sir  Charles  Napier  harangued  the 
men  in  Sailors'  Homes,  and  was  laughed  at  for  nis  pains.  His  de- 
fence of  corporal  punishment  was  flatly  contradicted,  for  he  asserted 
that  no  man  was  ever  flogged  without  good  and  sufficient  reason.  It 
was  useless  to  put  ships  in  commission.  The  large  blue  posters 
displayed  at  the  Admiralty  and  in  our  sea  ports,  and  the  invita- 
tion of  the  decoys — 

"  Come  all  ye  jolly  sailors  !" 

went  just  for  what  they  were  worth. 

Sir  John  Pakington  felt,  if  he  did  not  confess  it,  that  the  Royal 
Commissioners  had  wasted  much  valuable  time,  spent  a  great  deal  of 
money,  and  done  infinitely  more  harm  than  good.  And  how  was 
this  to  be  remedied  ?  Another  set  of  Royal  Commissioners  could 
not  be  assembled  to  make  up  for  the  shortcomings  of  their  prede- 
cessors, and  how  was  "  Jack "  to  be  told  in  plain  terms  that  the 
Government  considered  the  Report  to  be  chaff,  and  fit  only  to  be 
winnowed  from  the  solid  grain?  Simply  by  the  offer  of  a  ten 
pound  bounty. 

A  very  old  friend  to  the  merchant  service,  an  officer  of  the  navy, 
holding  an  important  position  in  connection  with  the  merchant  sea- 
men, put  the  best  possible  face  upon  the  royal  service  in  order  to 
make  the  bounty  succeed.  A  little  tract,  entitled  "  A  Few  Words  of 
Advice"  was  printed  and  circulated  in  every  sea  port  in  the  king- 
dom, and  certainly  to  judge  from  what  the  author,  "  A  Seaman's 
Friend,"  wrote,  the  navy  is  little  short  of  Paradise,  in  comparison 
with  any  other  maritime  service.     We  make  a  few  short  extracts. 

Si  It  has  been  proved  by  a  careful  investigation  when  estimating 
the  income  to  be  derived  from  a  monthly  levy  upon  wages  for  the 
support  of  a  merchant  seaman's  fund,  that  the  average  employment 
of  the  merchant  seaman  in  foreign-going  ships,  being  that  branch  in 
which  the  greatest  portion  are  engaged,  is  nine  months  in  the  year : 
for  the  other  three  months,  during  which  he  is  waiting  for  a  settle- 
ment, or  for  a  new  engagement,  or  spending  his  money,  he  earns  no 
wages,  and  is,  moreover,  thrown  upon  his  own  resources  for  food  and 
lodging ;  and,  taking  the  average  of  wages  at  the  present  inordinate 
rate,  to  be  sixty  shillings  per  month,  the  merchant  seaman  earns 
twenty-seven  pounds  in  the  year,  supposing  that  he  has  incurred  no 
fines  during  the  voyage  for  misconduct,  and  made  no  sacrifice  in  cash- 
ing his  advanced  note. 

"  This  is  presuming  he  has  engaged  for,  and  proved  equal  to,  tha 


518 


TttE  ABMIRAXTI— OLD   AXD   Wf. 


[AtJG,, 


duty  of  able  seaman ;  for  if  found  deficient  in  this  respect,  the  law 
permits  zi  reduction  of  his  wages  to  a  lower  rating. 

"  The  seaman  in  thr  Eoyal  Navy  is  subject  to  no  such  deductions ; 
for  even  whfiSi  sick,  or  on  leave  of  absence,  his  pay,  ami  al>o  his  time 
for  pension,  go  on  accruing  during  the  whole  term  of  his  engagement, 
In  the  rating  of  able  seamen,  he  earns  in  the  year  twenty-eight 
pounds;  seventeen  shillings,  and  elevenpence,  while  superior  con- 
duct will  insure  him  good  conduct  pay  as  hereafter  shown,  and  im- 
proving capacity  will  assuredly  advance  him  to  higher  ratings,  when 
he  will  earn  considerably  move.*' 

Under  the  head  of  additional  allowances  the  gallant  writ- 
the  following: — 

u  Seamen  gunners,  who  are  men  trained  in  the  Excellent,  receive 
threepence  per  day  in  the  first  class,  and  twopence  per  day  in  thw 
second  class,  in  addition  to  all  other  pay  of  their  ratings  ;  and  even 
five  years  in  these  ratings  reckon  for  six  years  time  towards  long 
service  pension. 

u  Mechanics  and  artificers  have  higher  rates  of  pay  than  the  first 
and  second  class  petty  officers,  and  have  also  from  twopence  to  three- 
pence per  day  additional  for  tools, 

"  Petty  officers  may  be  promoted  to  warrant,  and  warrant  to  com- 
mission oflieers,  with  an  ant  pie  sum  for  outfit, 

"  Petty  officers  of  all  classes  wear  distinctive  badges  on  the  left 
arm,  and  are  entitled  to  badge  pay  for  length  of  service, 

u  Badges  for  good  conduct  not  only  distinguish  the  most  effi- 
cient and  best  conducted,  but  give  them  substantial  advantages  in 
the  shape  of  pay.  Thus,  with  one  badge  or  gold  stripe  on  the  arm, 
an  aide  seaman  would  be  entitled  to  two  shillings  and  sevenpenee  ; 
with  two  badges,  to  five  shillings  and  twopence;  and  with  three 
badges,  to  seven  shillings  and  ninepence  per  month,  or  four  pounds 
eleven  shillings  and  threepence  per  year,  which,  in  addition  to  the 
m  of  a  continuous  service  man,  would  be  altogether  thirty -three 
pounds  nine  shillings  and  twopence  per  year,  and  he  is  now  all 
bo  receive  the  badge  money  when  he  becomes  a  petty  officer;  and 
time  in  the  merchant  service,  with  good  character  duly  verified, 
counts  for  badges  and  pay. 

"  The  pension,  after  twenty  years'  service,  is  certain  ;  but  the 
pensions  for  ten  and  fifteen  years1  service  are  granted  at  the  discre- 
tion of  the  Admiralty ;  and  as  it  is  to  be  expected  that,  with  the  in- 
ducements now  offered,  the  navy  shall  never  henceforth  want  volun- 
teers, the  opportunity  will  occur  for  maintaining  a  reserve  of  some 
thousands  of"  these  short  service  pension  men  well  skilled  in  naval 
duties,  under  obligation  to  serve  when  called  upon,  should  the  neces- 
sity arise,  but  at  liberty  to  follow  their  inel  mat  ions  in  all  i 
respects,11 

The  craving  maw  of  the  service,  however,  was  still  unsatiated ; 
but  the  mystery  has  by  this  time  been  pretty  well  cleared  np,  not 
satisfactorily,  but  certainly  the  merchant  navy  has  comparatively  no  able 
seamen  to  give.  The  vaunted  150,000  dwindles  down  to  50*000,  and 
out  of  the  50,000,  three-fourths  are  out  of  the  country,  and  the  other 
fourth  in  good  employ  in  our  large  companies  and  principal  ship- 
owners.    Take  the  following  dialogue  as  an  illustration ;— 


1859.]  THE  ADMIRALTY— OLD  AKD  NEW.  519 

Meeting  a  fine  sailor-like  looking  individual,  evidently  just  re- 
turned from  sea,  his  feet  ensconced  in  carpet  slippers,  a  blue  Indian 
jacket,  a  straw  hat,  a  copper -coloured  face,  and  a  beard  which  would 
nave  given  rise  to  immense  envy  in  the  array  of  our  "  dear  ally,"  we 
thus  accosted  him  : — - 

"  You  are  just  returned  from  a  voyage,  friend  ?" 

Sailor  (with  a  consequential  air,  as  much  as  to  say,  I  have  not 
spent  my  money) — Yes. 

Enquirer — What  ship,  and  where  from  ? 

Sailor — Bucephalus.     India. 

Enquirer — What  were  you  on  board  ? 

Sailor  (rather  proudly) — Boatswain  ! 

Enquirer — You  have  been  a  man-of-war's  man,  I  think  ? 

Sailor — Yes  ;  and  I  have  a  good  pension. 

Enquirer — You  are  a  young  man  yet. 

Sailor — Forty-five,  sir ;  but  I  stuck  to  the  service  till  I  could  get 
a  pension. 

Enquirer — What  sort  of  a  crew  had  you  ? 

Sailor — Like  the  rest  of  the  merchant  ships,  I  suppose,  not  worth 
their  salt.  There  are  no  sailors  in  the  mercaant  service  now,  but  a 
lot  of  frightened  animals,  of  no  use  the  moment  a  breeze  of  wind 
springs  up. 

Enquirer — But  you  say  you  had  bad  weather  ? 

Sailor — Yes  ;  aud  we  lost  all  our  masts  on  the  voyage  out  and 
home.  We  had  enough  to  try  our  crew ;  but  had  they  been  good 
for  anything  we  should  not  have  sustained  half  the  damage.  I  have 
often,  as  the  boatswain  of  the  ship,  been  obliged  to  go  up  to  furl 
a  top-gallant-sail,  because  I  could  not  get  a  man  to  go  aloft  to  do  it 
for  me. 

This  digressive  dialogue  will  serve  to  show  the  reason  why,  not- 
withstanding all  the  arguments  of  "  A  Sailor's  Friend  "  and  the  elo- 
quence of  Sir  Charles  Napier,  only  about  one  thousand  A.B.'s  were 
found  to  take  the  ,£10  bounty ;  but  including  ordinary  seamen  and 
landsmen  about  7000  were  entered. 

But  Sir  John  Pakington's  attention  was  not  yet  entirely  engrossed. 
A  question  of  officers  obtruded  itself  upon  his  mind.  The  increased 
rank  and  pay  allotted  to  army  medical  officers,  together  with  the 
large  demand  in  the  east  for  medical  men,  had  completely  shut  up 
the  navy.  The  Medical  Director- General's  candidate  book  was  a 
blank,  and  many  of  the  young  doctors  who  had  accepted  naval  com- 
missions, had  applied,  and  were  continually  applying  for  their  dis- 
charge. The  active  list  of  surgeons  was  exhausted,  for  it  had 
become  necessary  to  appoint  surgeons  to  do  the  duty  of  assist- 
ants. 

But  what  was  to  be  done?  Sir  John  found  that  the  medical 
officers  of  the  navy  were  not  alone  discontented  in  the  service ; 
captains,  commanders,  and  lieutenants  complained  that  there  was 
"  no  promotion ;"  that  the  list  was  at  a  dead  lock,  for  that  Admirals, 
although  long  passed  the  limit  of  three-score  and  ten,  still  clung  to 
this  world.  The  masters  petitioned,  showing  that  the  Order  in 
Council;  which  had  emanated  from  Her  Majesty  in  May,  1846,  had 


520 


THE   ADMIHiiTT— DID   AlTD   H1W. 


[Am, 


never  been  acted  upon,  and  that  no  conduct  on  their  part  was  ever 
held  to  be  worth  mentioning  as  a  claim.  Their  appeal  was  at  once  so 
firm  and  so  just*  that  the  First  Lord  felt  it  most  be  attended  to.  The 
chaplains  adduced  the  example  of  the  treatment  accorded  to  army 
chaplains,  and  craved  to  receive  equal  consideration .  The  pay  mast  era 
compared  their  position  with  that  of  the  Commissariat,  and  claimed 
to  he  similarly  advanced  in  civil  rank.  The  engineers,  a  large  and 
important  body,  upon  whose  skill,  dexterity,  and  steadiness, 
drprmls  the  cure  of  the  rosily  machinery  they  are  charged  frith, 
prayed  for  an  improvement  in  their  position. 

And  all  these  questions  came  pressing  one  npon  the  other  with 
irresistible  force.     How  under  these  circumBtan/^es  was  he  to 
Unhappily  he  had  no  one  in  a  posit  inn  to  help  him.     Except  a 
private  secretary,  whose  name  will  ever  be  held  in  grateful  remem- 
brance by  all  lovers  of  the  service — Mr,  Herbert  Murray — he  had 
scarcely  one  near  him  who  conld  or  would  be  troubled  with  el 
so  importunate  and   just.      The   private  secretary   was   him- 
»l ranger  to  the   navy,   and   could   only  rely  upon  a  good  sound 
common  sense  understanding,  and  upon  the  assistance   of  a  lii 
circle  of  naval  friends.     What   Sir  John  actually  did  under 
rirrmnfttancefl  may  be  gathered  from  the  defence  of  his  conduct  from 
attacks  of  Sir  Charles  Napier.     It  may  be  as  well  to  state  here, 
that  Sir  John  Paltingtou,  advised  by  what  he  thought  the  most  liberal 
and  enlightened  officers,  bad  drawn  up  a  scheme  of  naval  reform  and 
retirement*      This,    with   a  caution   of  "  most  confidential,"    waa 
passed   on   from  one  officer  of  rank  to  another,   more  as  a  1 
it  would   appear,    than    with    the   intention   of   carrying   it  into 
immediate    operation.      It    related    to    nearly,  if  not  all   elapses, 
but   the  "head   and    front1'  of  Sir   John's   offence   was   the  pro- 
posed retirement  of  all  ting  officers  who  had  turned  the  com 
seventy. 

The  ^eheme  was  a  broad  on c\  and  although  not  chimin 
mining  the  favoured  few,  whose  imaginations  wore  pennitte 

d    the    tempting    morceemc,  wo    are    not    unacquainted 
the  leading  features   of   the    proposed   changes,       These  proposi- 
tions   embraced  not    only  the  retirement  of  the  old    Admirals,   a 
considerable     reduction   of    the    number    of  the   active   list, 
promotion    of    twenty    captains,    ami    a    move    upon    the    oiler 
lists;  hut  the   absorption  of  the  roasters  into  the  lieutenants' 
commander*'   lists,  with   an   entire  rearrangement   of  naval  titles, 
The  arguments,  from  time  to  time  adduced*  in  favor  of  an  ame; 
BCheme  of  naval  d  iftj  which  should  make  the  rank  of  o 

-a  as  well  known   as  the  rank    of  army   officers   is,    h* 
eeems,  gained  favor  in  the  eyes  of  Sir  John  Pakiugton,  and  n 
the  impression  that  such  a  change  would  give  general  satisfi 
the  |  ,    and   enable  him  at  the   same  time  ti  naval 

ieal  officers  upon  a  footing  with  the  military,  without  umbrage 
to  other  classes,  he  gave  it  his  support. 

Judging  from  the  acqnelj  we  imagine  that  the  , 
irculaied  so  en 
ivAe/j  or  cars  of  the  senior  ft&mmita  untifou  *hc  *  . 


1859.]  THE  ADMIBALTT— OLD  AJTD  NEW.  521 

adoption.  Sir  John  Pakington  had,  in  fact,  reckoned  without  his 
host ;  and  when  the  latter  came  to  hand  in  the  little  bill  of  exceptions, 
he  found  he  had  better  not  proceed. 

Unfortunately  for  the  credit  of  his  administrative  abilities,  but 
happily  for  the  cause  of  naval  reform,  the  first  Lord  of  the  Admiralty 
had  obtained  the  order  in  council,  giving  additional  army  rank  to 
naval  medical  officers,  and  the  circular  had  passed  through  the  board. 
The  order  in  council,  dated  May  13,  appeared  forthwith  in  the 
London  Gazette,  thereby  securing  to  that  branch  of  the  navy  a  just 
and  liberal  understanding. 

Owing,  one  may  conjecture,  to  the  non-adoption  of  the  remaining 
portions  of  the  scheme,  the  change  instead  of  removing  the  objections 
of  the  medical  officers,  only  placed  them  in  a  more  anomalous  rank. 
No  order  or  circular  has  come  out  to  tell  what  is  to  be  the  officer's 
naval  rank.  Like  the  Captain  of  the  Eoyal  Marines  holding  army 
rank  of  Lieutenant-Colonel,  the  Naval  Inspector  General  ranks 
with  a  Major-General,  or  Brigadier- General  in  the  army,  but  "  after" 
a  Captain  in  the  navy.  The  Deputy  Inspector  General  in  the  field, 
would  take  rank  with  a  Colonel,  if  of  sufficient  standing ;  but  on 
board  ship  ranks  in  the  absurd  position  of  "  with  but  after "  a 
Commander.  The  naval  medical  officers,  it  is  said,  only  asked  for  a 
footing  corresponding  with  that  enjoyed  by  their  army  brethren,  and 
Sir  John  Pakington  may  be  accused  of  having  taken  them  at  their  word. 
Injustice  to  that  liberal- ininded  statesman,  however,  we  entertain 
a  different  opinion,  and  consider  that  he  relied  upon  carrying  out 
his  whole  plan,  and,  consequently,  allowed  the  medical  warrant  to 
come  out  accompanied  only  by  that  intended  to  be  for  the  benefit 
of  the  naval  chaplains. 

The  naval  chaplains'  warrant,  which  was  issued  with  the  medical 
warrant,  is  the  moat  egregious  failure  on  record.  Those  who  under- 
stand the  naval  service  are  aware  that  hardly  one  clergyman  in 
twenty  enters  the  Eoyal  Navy  with  the  intention  of  serving 
in  it  for  more  than  ten  or  fifteen  years  at  the  outside.  Before 
taking  priest's  orders  he  must  have  completed  his  twenty-fifth 
year,  but  seldom  accomplishes  the  object  so  soon.  Service  in 
the  navy  is  not  continuous  for  chaplains,  any  more  than  for  other 
officers ;  but  the  chaplain  labours  under  the  particular  disadvantage 
of  not  being  allowed  half-pay  when  not  in  commission.  The  old 
regulation  compelled  a  chaplain  to  complete  eight  years  service  at 
sea,  or  ten  in  harbour,  before  being  entitled  to  half-pay  at  all,  and 
then  only  to  fi\e  shillings  a  day,  which,  however,  was  to  increase  at 
the  rate  of  sixpence  per  diem  for  every  year  served  until  it  attained 
the  maximum  of  ten  shillings  a  day.  There  was  another  peculiarity 
about  the  treatment  of  naval  chaplains.  If  they  wished  that  their 
widow  should  be  entitled  to  a  pension,  they  must  have  taken  care  to 
secure  the  nuptial  knot  three  years  before  going  on  half- 
pay.  If  they  married  after  going  on  shore  to  live,  their 
naval  position  and  services,  however  long,  gave  no  such  pro- 
spective claim. 

JWe  believe  that  the  chaplains  required  only  that  these  e\iU%tarc&. 
be  remedied;  that  ur;  they  desired  that  YAien  paiflt  oft,  ud&  \&sMVs>  \fc 


522 


TUE  ADMITtALTT— OLD  AtfD  NEW. 


[Arc, 


obtain  re-employment,  they  should  be  allowed  half-pfty ;  that  the 
widows'  pensions  should  be  secured  by  one  year's  sea  service?  after 
marriage,  and  that  the  period  for  retirement  should  be  fifteen  years, 
at  which  a  respectable  rate  of  retired  pay  should  be  receivable, 

The  difference  between  the  duties  of  navy  and  army  chaplains  is 
considerable,  The  one  has  to  submit  to  a  very  irksome  ordeal  shut 
up  in  a  ship,  and  surrounded  by  boisterous  aud  uncongenial  spirits 
The  chaplain  who  has  tact  and  good  sense,  will  always  secure  for 
himself  respect  and  attention;  yet  ii  his  position  very  different  from 
the  army  chaplain,  The  latter  has  comfortable  quarters  on  shore, 
and  only  meets  those  under  his  cure  in  the  garrison  chapel,  or  in 
positions  becoming  his  ministerial  occupation.  A  chaplain  enters 
the  anuy  as  he  would  take  a  curacy  or  rectorship,  with  the  intention 
of  devot -ing  his  life  to  the  profession ;  not  so  the  naval  chaplain, 
who,  from  being  at  best  unpleasantly  located  in  a  ship,  serves  for  a 
time  in  anticipation  of  rejoining  his  friends  while  still  able  to  under- 
take clerical  duties. 

All  Dmd   hopes  were  dashed  to  the  ground  by  the  Warn*; 
May  13th,  for  they  found  that  they  gained  little,  or  little  better 
than  nothing.  After  ten  years1  full-pay  service,  a  period  beyond  which 
few  coutempl  TlQgj  they  were  to  enjoy  increased  rank,  to 

them  at  any  time  worthless  ;  after  twenty  years,  so  much  more,  am! 
after  twenty-five  years  a  retirement,  Thus  the  clergyman  would 
have  to  devote  himself  to  a  ship  life,  where  he  never  can  feel  at 
home,  and  taking  broken  service  into  account,  would  probably 
attain  a  patriarchal  age  before  completing  the  time  for  d 
merit 

Let  us  now  hear,  however,  how  Sir  John  Pakington  accounts  for  his 
projected  dealings  towards  the  admirals.     The  interference  wit 
supposed  vested  rights  of  the  admirals,  as  we  have  just  said,  in\ 
weighty  considerations,  and  drew   upon  him  much  <  Wet 

therefore,  quote  his  defence  from  the  imputations  of  Sir  Charles 
Kapler  : 

"  1  anxiously  hope/*  said  Sir  John,  in  the  House  of  Commons  on 
Thursday,  the  14th  July,  "  that  the  new  Board  of  Admiralty  will  do 
their  best  to  obviate  the  present  stagnated  state  of  naval  promotion. 
It  is  absolutely  ^nential,  looking  to  the  efficiency  of  the  ; 
vice,  that  something  should  be  done,  ami  1  have  seen  enough  to  know- 
that  nothing  will  be  done  to  effect  that  must  important  object  unless 
the  miniHtur  la  prepared] to  approach  it  in  a  bold  and  determined 
spirit  Hir  Charles  Lanier  referred  a  few  nights  ago  to  apian  which 
I  put  forward  with  a  view  to  correct  this  evil,  but  as  I  never  pub- 
lished that  paper  the  admiral  had  no  right  to  make  comments  on  it 
I  shall  not  enter  into  the  details  of  th<:  plan  now,  but  the  principle 
of  it  was,  that  some  age  should  be  laid  down — the  same  age  not  to 
bti  applicable  to  alt  ranks— at  which  officers  should  be  compelled  to 
retire,  receiving  an  compensation  for  that  compulsory  retirement  a 
step  in  rank  and  an  amount  of  half-pay— due  regard  being  bud  to 
their  services  fcfl  the  country.  1  also  proposed  to  fix  b 
at  which  offifien  should  have  it  »u  their  power  to  retire  volunl 
with  ihc  smaae  advantage*.    Such  was  the  principle  of  the  plan 


1859.] 


THE  ADMIHALTY— 01D  AND  NEW, 


-523 


Charles  Napier  has  seen  my  paper,  though  I  never  made  it  public*  I 
showed  it  to  a  considerable  number  of  officers  of  all  ranks,  to  ascertain 
their  opimouon  the  plan.  The  gallant  admiral  expressed  an  opinion  that 
it  would  bear  hardly  on  officers  of  his  own  rank  ;  but  I  am  prepared 
to  contend  that  officers  of  his  distinguished  rank  would  not  nave  had 
the  least  reason  to  complain.  Every  man  filling  the  office  which  I 
held  would  have  felt  it  his  duty  to  pay  the  utmost  possible  respect 
to  the  high  claims  of  those  gallant  officers  who  had  risen  by  their 
merit  to  the  high  and  distinguished  station  of  the  lion,  and  gallant 
admiral.  No  man  is  willing  to  make  that  admission  more  broadly 
than  myself.  But,  at  the  same  time,  any  man  who  undertakes  to 
deal  with  this  difficult  subject  must  not  limit  his  regard  to  officers  of 
exalted  rank.  The  poor  lieutenant  is  as  much  entitled  to  considera- 
tiou  as  any  one.  Nothing  was  more  painful  to  me  than  the  numerous 
eases  of  this  class  of  officers,  who  had  served  their  country  well,  but 
who  in  the  race  of  promotion — the  difficulties  of  waick  they  all 

—bad  not  advanced  from  want  of  interest.  Yes,  too  true,  from 
the  want  of  interest.  But  in  any  case,  in  making  a  selection  from 
the  large  body  of  men  who  were  seeking  for  promotion,  there  must 
remain  a  large  residuum  unemployed  and  unpromoted.  There  are  men 
vvlin  have  held  the  rank  of  lieutenant  for  years  and  years,  till  they 
have  become  old,  and  who  are  now  struggling  to  maintain  them- 
a  as  officers  and  a*  gentlemen  on  means  wholly  inadequate.  It 
would  be  impossible  tor  any  one  not  to  feel  wounded  and  grieved  by 
the  numberless  eases  of  that  kind  which  came  before  the  First  Lord. 
It  therefore  behoves  men  who  have  been  more  fortunate  in  the  profes- 
sion, and  who  have  obtained  its  highest  rewards,  not  to  stand  out 
with  too  much  punctilio  about  their  own  position,  and  to  show  some 
consideration — to  make  some  sacrifice,  for  their  less  successful 
brethren  of  the  profession.  The  plan  I  drew  up  was  cordially  and 
thoroughly  adopted  by  the  cabinet,  and  had  I  remained  in  office  I 
should  have  exerted  myself  to  carry  it  into  operation  with  such  modi* 
tieations  as  might  be  deemed  advisable,  8ir  Charles  Napier  has  slid 
the  plan  was  opposed  by  many  of  the  most  distinguished  officers  of 
the  navy,  and  by  some  members  of  my  own  board*  That:  is  a  strong 
statement  which  I  ought  not  bo  paw  by  unnoticed-  I  will  tell  the 
gallant  admiral  that  as  far  as  I  know,  the  disapproval  of  that  plan 
was  mainly,  1  will  not  say  exclusively,  confined  to  the  very  small 
number  of  officers  at  the  head  of  the  Hat,  and  of  the  same  rank  as 
the  gallant  admiral,  who  took  what  I  consider  a  very  mistaken  view, 
and  one  which  1  much  regret. 

"  The  professional  members  of  my  own  board  also  diftered  on  the 
subject*  But  I  did  not  limit  iny  inquiry  to  the  members  of  my  own 
board,  or  to  a  few  distinguished  men  who  stood  at  the  head  of  the 

profession*  I  consulted  officers  of  all  ranks— flag  officers  and 
captains,  and  all  whom  I  thought  would  give  me  a  competent 
opinion  on  the  mailer;  and  I  QUI  tell  the  gallant  admiral  thai  an 
overwhelming  majority  gave  their  cordial  and  decided  approbation, 
and  expressed  a  strong  hope  that  I  should  pursue  the  plan  and  carry 
ji  out,      \  of  that  something  mint  he  done,  I  will  state  that 

during  twelve  mouths  that  1  held  the  office  uf  head  of  the  Admiralty 


524 


TBI  ABMIUAXTY—  OLD   AKD  1T&W, 


I  was  able  to  promote  only  fire  lieutenants  to  be  commander- 
two  commanders  to  be  p#st  captains.     Some  promotions  were 

hg  board  in  consequence  of  the  trnn^mlions  in  01  k  that 

was  an  exception.  As  to  as  the  regular  promotion  waa  concern*  ■!, 
it  was  confined  to  the  seven  cases  I  mention  between  April  1S5S  and 
1S50,  Is  it  to  be  supposed  that  in  a  great  profession  like  the  navy 
there  can  be  any  contentment  when  soch  ;v  stagnation  of  promotioii 
exists  ;  or  that  young  men  of  ability  will  be  tempted  into  the  sea 
if  something  is  not  dono  fto  put  an  end  to  the  *ril?  The  gallant 
admiral  says  that  the  old  generals  of  the  army  arc  not  asked  to  give 
way  at  a  certain  age.  But  the  gallant  officer  loses  sight  of  the  IVu  -t 
that  t lie  two  professions  are  governed  by  totally  different  principles, 
The  generals  of  the  army  do  not  stop  promotion  -  the  admirals  in  the 
navy  do.  There  are  hundreds  off  officers  who  leave  the  array  every 
year  by  the  sale  of  their  commissions.  Every  year  young  men  art* 
entering.  There  has  indeed  been  some  restrictions  of  late  years, 
and  a  short  time  since  the  Queen's  ships  were  commissioned  with 
three  or  four  hundred  short  of  their  complement  of  officers  in  the 
junior  ranks.  But  while  these  young  men  were  coming  in  none 
went  out  of  the  top.  The  result  was  of  course  stagnation,  and  they 
must  adopt  some  mode  which  will  produce  the  same  result  as  the 
system  of  sale  in  the  army,  and  get  rid  of  the  stagnation  which  is 
embarrassing  and  almost  endangering  the  navy,  I  am  not  the  first 
head  of  the  Admiralty  who  has  felt  this.  "Year  after  year  new 
schemes  of  retirement  have  been  adopted,  and  in  the  navy  were 
three  or  four  and  twenty  retired  lists.  Each  retirement  gave  relief 
for  a  time ;  but  after  a  Jew  years  the  list  got  choked  up  again  and 
came  to  a  dead  lock.  Some  self-acting  system  must  be  adopted 
which  will  relieve  the  top  of  the  list  I  wished  to  establish  a  system 
of  retirement  by  age,  with  proper  compensation  for  the  disadvain 
indicted  on  officers,  hut  have  been  obliged  to  leave  office  be: 
could  introduce  it.  My  plan  may  be  objectionable  in  some  details, 
but  it  is  sound  in  principle,  I  have  left  it  in  the  hands  of  the  Duke 
of  Somerset,  with  an  earnest  request  that  he  would  carefully  eon* 
eider  it,  and  endeavour  to  devise  some  remedy  for  the  evils  that  now 
exist," 

TheTB  is  something  very  ingenuous  about  Sir  John  PakingW* 
defence,  and  all  who  have  an  interest  in  this  noble  arm,  im 
deplore  his  removal  from  his  important  post  at  a  time  when  the 
reforms  he  had  in  hand  were  so  near  completion, 

A  vote  of  want  of  confidence  placed  the  Derby  Government  in  a 
minority  of  13,  in  the  largest  house  ever  assembled.  Resignation  ins 
the  immediate  consequence,  and  Sir  John  PaJdugton's  pla< 

pied  by  a  distinguished  nobleman,  the  representative  of  tbfl 
second  dukedom  in  the-  kingdom.     The  new  board  includes  on? 
of  the    naval  lords,  Yicc-Adiuirnl  the  Honourable  Sir  Richard  8- 
Dimdas,   K.C.B.     The  character  of  this,  the  senior  sea  lord,  has 
been  variously  estimated.     Some  contend  that  he  is  cold,  arista* 

id  illiberal,  dim1  cult  to  move,  and  slow  to  discern  the 
of  the  times,    Others  think  that  though  slow,  he  is  sun 
apparently  cold,  arid  unquestionably  reserved,  he  km  a  irarm  i 


1859.] 


THE   ADM  Tit  ALT*— OLD   AWD   UTEW, 


525 


and  is,  in  the  main,  a  steady  advocate  for  real  improvements.  No  one 
can  doubt  his  earnestness,  nor  deny  that  he  has  sterling  merit. 

Unfortunately,  Sir  Richard  Dun  das  baa  never  felt  the  stings  of 
the  service*  As  the  son  of  tlie  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  he  never 
had  to  wait  a  day  for  a  promote]  commission,  nor  to  beg  aud  pray  in 
vain  for  employment-  The  WBTiibQ  has  been  to  him  all  plain  sailing, 
and  smooth  water  ;  in  nine  year s  from  his  entry  into  the  navy  he 
became  t  post  captain.  His  commissions  were  dated  as  follow  : — 
Lieut*  18th  of  June,  1821,  commander  23rd  of  June,  1823,  captain 
17th  of  July?  1S24,  But  it  was  no  small  merit  on  his  part,  backed  up 
as  he  was  by  all-powerful  interest,  that  he  invariably  made  the  pro- 
fession his  study,  HU  ambition  was  to  become  a  seaman  and 
a  navigator,  and  he  so  far  accomplished  this  that  no  one  knew 
better  how  to  sail  or  navigate  a  ship.  Still,  there  is  a  total  absence 
of  that  deep-seated  anxiety  which  pervades  the  heart  of  the  friend- 
less officer.  He  may  assist  a  poor  officer,  but  cannot  feel  for  hi  in. 
He  may  n  the  need  for  improving  the  collateral  branches  of 

the  Berried^  parttoularly  when  he  Hnds,  n  in  the  case  of  the  medieal 
officers  and  master*,  the  imperative  necessity  for  improvement, 
arising  from  a  want  of  those  offioflNj  but  there  will  he  no  heart 
about  his  proceedings,  and  bis  movements  will  be  more  those  of  a 
machine,  than  of  a  warm-blooded  human  being,  Such  at  least  w* 
Bather  from  an  extensive  study  of  tlju  character  of  Sir  Kichard 
Dun  das. 

The  second  sea  lord  is  Bear- Admiral  the  Honourable  Frederick 
T.  Pcllmrn.  l\B,     The  advancement  df  this  officer  was- not  so  rapid 
that  of  Sir  B.  Duodas,  for  ten  yeaw  elapsed  between  his  lieu- 
ant's  and  captain's  commissions     He  has  been  actively  employed 
lu  various  services,  and  during  the  Duke  of  Northumberland's  reign 
at  Whitehall  officiated  as  his  Grace's  private  secretary.      He  ia 
ally  reckoned  au  agreeable,  gentlemauly  officer,  although  rather 
deficient  in  cm 

The  third  in   order  of  seniority  is  Commodore  Eden,  late  of  tin* 

no  longer.  His  title  at  OOTpmodoTQ 
I  with  the  lowering  of  his  broad  pennant,  and  he  became  a 
LLin"1  Eden,  and  will   probably  be  included  in  the  next  list  of 
visitors  to  the  Queen's  ball   in  the  same  category  with  officers  in 
realty  three  grades  below   him  m  army  rank.     In  act  i 

atelligextce,   Captain  Eden  baa  few  equals,  and  no  supei  i 
He  has,  liowiurr.  two  or  three  dangerous  crotchets,  which  hitherto 
he  has  supported  with  all  his  might  and  main.     Wo  allude  to  the 
Coast  Guard  d  md  to  that  phantasmagoria]  body,  the 

olunteera,  tYal    Volunteers,"  a*  they  arc 

deaigmtti 

one  questions  tht>  value  of  the  Coast  Guard  as  a  defensi 
hotly.   The  officers  and  men  composing  it  are  well di  I,  gallant, 

during,  but  I  or  the  most  part  old,  and  far  more  valua- 

ble wl  Battery  No.  2V1  than  as  forming  a  portion  of  a 

's  company,  A.s  a  reserve  to  man  ginvboats,  or  block- 
ships  invaluable  -  bul  as  seamen pf  the  fleet,  ne  ak»*, 
The  Naval  \'< »1  m n i ■              $t  chiefly   an  paper.  &u&*fli^fc1^:jfca^* 


62G 


THE  ADMlBiXTT— OLD  AffD  5IW, 


[Aug., 


Lord  Clarence  Paget  said  a  short  time  since,  in  the  House  of  Com* 
mons,  that  every  man  of  the  6,000  enrolled  would  come  when  ca 
each  one  bringing  a  friend  with  him,     We  trust  the  country  will 
t  be  in  a  position  to  rely  upon  the  services  of  the  12,000  "  men  in 
buckram  suits," 

Captain  Eden  has  professed  very  liberal  sentiments.  Tnbis  evidence 
before  the  Manning  Commissioners,  we  find  him  advocating  promo- 
tion for  nil  ranks,  without  exception,     Let  us  hope  he  will  sue 
fully  urge  that  principle  at  the  Board  of  Admiralty,  so  that  every 
bar  which  now  stands  in  the  way  of  advancement  may  be  remo 

Captain  Charles  "Frederick,  the  fourth  on  the  list,  is  known  as  an 
excellent,  practical  officer.  It  has  been  said  that  every  new  man  goinjj 
to  the  Admiralty  undergoes  a  process  of  tarring,  by  being  immersed 
i'i  a  barrel  of  that  commodity  prior  to  taking  his  place,  and  hence 
those  who,  previously  to  their  becoming  initiated  into  Admiralty 
mysteries,  were  looked  upon  by  messmates  and  shirm*  good 

fellows,  turned  out  no  better  than  their  predecessors.  We 
trust  Captain  Frederick  may  prove  that  he  has  escaped  the  on 
and  that  lie  will  preserve  t lie  high  character  which  lie  had  before 
becoming  a  Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  The  lay  Lord,  Mr,  Wliili 
is  a  gentleman  who  has  shown  remarkable  industry  and  aptitude  for 
business.  He  will  have  enough  to  do  if  he  attends  fully  to  one  half 
of  the  departments  entrusted  to  him. 

For  the  feat  time  since  the  days  of  the  Honoural 
we  have  a  naval  officer  in  the  position  of  political  secretary.     Bui 
K- ar-Aflmiral  Lord  Clarence  Paget,  C.B,,  is  not  only  the  Secretary, 
he  is  the  mouthpiece  of  the  Admiralty  in  Parliament,  imon  all  pro- 
fessional  subjects.     Not   long  ago  he  brought  forward   the    Ji 
Estimates,  evincing,  by  the  way,  much  self-command  and  know 
of  his  subject.     His  task  is  an  arduous  one  :  but  it  is  that  whi<  i 
Secretary  of  the  Admiralty,  as  a  general  rule,  ought  to  be  compe- 
tent to  undertake.     The  lirst  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  as  the 
administrator,  should  be  felt  by  hi*  measures  rather  than   i 
by  his  speeches,     Eight  or  wrongj  this  is  likely  to  be  the  ease.   Th. 
Duke  of  Somerset,  though  supposed  to  be  gifted  with  e 
nary  powers  ay  an  administrator,  is  no  orator.     He  can  peri 
better  than  he  can  explain  what  he  wishes  to  have  done,  ami  Ins 
grace  will  find  ample  employment  in  his  office,   in  superintending 
and  controlling  the  ytmt  complicated  machine  of  the  British  > 

The  Duke  has  been  fortunate  in  his  selection  of  a   private  a 
tnry.      Captain   John   Moore,    C.B,,    who   now  tills  ilisit 
greatly  esteemed  in  the  service,  and  assisted  ua  he  will  be  by 
of  the  cleverest  officials  the  country  can  produce,  connected  wit! 
private  office,  he  will  be  at  no  lu^s  to  advise  the  Duke  upon  all 
fessional  points. 

The  new  bonrd  has  lots   of  work  cut   out.     The  hollow  peace  bfw 
twecii  France  and  Austria  may.  for  all  that  is  known  to  the 
trory,  have  some  sinister  object  in  vietv.     Who  can  say  thai  tin 
&  convert  tin-  Mediterranean  into  a  French   lake,  or  to  humbl 
notions  of  Greai  Britain  by  nn  attempt  to  take  command  ol 
British  Channel,  may  not  be  at  the  bottom  of  the  defrij 


1850/ 


THUEE   CATS   AT  WOGtltEE, 


527 


The  duty  of  whatever  Grovemmeutj  or  whatever  Admiralty  is  in 
power  is  a  clear  and  definite  one — to  place  the  British  navy  in  a  con- 
dition to  assert  the  independence  of  Great  Britain  on  the  broad 
ocean,  and  in  the  narrow  seas.  Ours  is  no  dream  of  conquest,  hut 
a  waking  sense,  and  an  earnest  desire  for  the  peace  and  prosperity 
of  the  entire  world.  Can  we  achieve  that  object  without  an  all  pow- 
erful navy  ?  And  a  navy  in  the  full  acceptation  of  the  term  means  more 
than  ships.  At  this  time  we  have  no  effective  reserve.  We  have,  it 
is  true,  nearly  thirty  sail  of  the  line  in  commission,  with  a  fair  pro- 
portion of  frigates  and  smaller  vessels  ;  hut  they  are  imperfectly 
manned  and  badly  officered.  An  addition  of  five  hundred  subordi- 
nate officers  would  be  immediately  absorb  ed?  and  not  one  ship  have 
a  superabundance,  A  reserve  of  ameers,  as  well  as  a  reserve  of  sea- 
men ia  absolutely  necessary  before  the  navy  van  be  placed  upon  a 
safe  footing ;  and  ere  the  present  session  closes  we  hope  some  mean* 
will  be  adopted  to  compass  this  most  important  design.  The  Admi- 
ralty have  done  well  to  extend  the  bounty  to  the  seamen  now  ser- 
ving. Less  than  that  would  not  have  been  just  j  but  if  the  new 
Board  of  Admiralty  would  gain  the  con  tide  nee  of  the  country 
must  make  up  for  the  shortcomings  of  their  predecessors,  and  so  re- 
model the  general  character  and  discipline  of  the  naval  service,  as  to 
make  it  sought  after  by  all  classes. 


THREE  DAYS  AT  WOOLMEE. 
By  One  wiro  was  Tabbe. 

Tula  summer  the  Government  made  arrangements  to  have  T\rool- 
mer  Forest  as  a  kind  of  supplementary  camp  to  Aldershott,  where 
the  brigades  could  be  marched  in  turns,  and  ihi  11  an  in- 

sight into  camp  life,  as  it  would  be  were  we  on  serviee.      This  I 
understand  was  the  intention  at  first,  hut  from  the  force  that  has 
proceeded  there  lately,  I  suspect  it  must  have  been  m  some  di 
modified. 

Agreeably  with  division  orders,  on  Saturday,  the  9th  instant,  a 
brigade  composed  of  the  three  anus,  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
Ellis,  of  li.  M.  24th  Foot,  proceeded  from  Aldershott  to  Woolmer 
Forest,  The  brigade  consisted  of  a  wing  of  the  10th  Hussars,  a 
battery  uf  Artillery,  a  detachment  of  the  Military  Train,  H.  M.  24th 

and  the  Wiltshire  Militia*  The  revielle  sounded  about  2  a.m. 
fur  us  of  the  10th  Hussars ;  by  3  ra.  we  were  saddled  and  ready  for 
breakfast,  which  had  been  ordered  at  this  hour,  but  we  were  doomed 

disappointed,  as  regards  our  rations  of  bread  and  meat ;  coffee 

there  certainly   was,   and  hot,   hut  coffee  ii   a  poor  breakfast  by 

But   it  was  no  use  grumblings  hoping,  like  Jacob  Faithful, 

*f  to    haw    better    Inch   mxt    time;*1  and  as   we  can  even    derive 

Utiou  from  the  misfortunes  of  others,  we  reflected  that  we 
should  not  be  so  ill  off  as  the  first  brigade  that  went  to  ^JT^ssvKt  fast 


DATA   AT  WOOLMEH. 


[Auo,, 


on  their  arrival  they  found  to  their  dismay  thai  there  were  no  rations 
at  alt  as  those  at  Aldershott  thought  they  would  draw  them  at 
WofitafiH^  ami  fan  it  Woolmar  thought  they  hid  brought  rations 
with  them,  i*>  I  to  starve  for  the  day,  and  grin  and  bear  it. 

W<  ifearted  about  1  o'clock,  and  pasied  through  Farnhain  v 
swords  drawn,  drums  beating,  and  banners  waving,  before  the  good 
people  of  that  town  had  eveu  dreamt  of  rising.  Jt  was  a  lovely 
morning,  and  none  envied  the  Farnhamiteei  their  rest.  As  »>ur 
hanoi  walked  loo  fast  for  the  infant ry,  we  were  obliged  to  halt  atid 
dismount  several  times,  to  allow  them  to  come  up,  and  this  delayed 
*  mi-  arrival  at  "W'oolmer  untd  about  10  o'clock. 

The  tirbt  appearance  at  Woolmer  Forest  was  by  nomeajia  cbeeriafc 
as  it  lnoked  too  much  like  the  place  we  had  leit  behind;  but  as  wa 
proceeded  it  lotfc  in  a  great  measure  its  wilderness- like  look,  and  we 
could  perceive  that  our  lot  would  be  better  than  we  had  at  first 
anticipated. 

The  position  was  taken  up  by  the  infantry  and  artillery,  the  24th 
being  on  the  right,  the  Wiltshire  on  the  left,  and  the  Artillery  in  the 
centre  \  the  Military  Train  took  up  a  position  to  the  left  of  the 

it  right  angles  to  it ;  we  were  about  three  hundred  yards  in  ad* 
Vance  of  the  line,  and  parallel  to  it. 

On  arriving  at  our  ground  we  were  delayed  some  time  waiting  for 
the  waggons,  there  being  one  for  each  troop  to  carry  the  tents,  cook* 
ing-kettles,  horee-blankets,  picket-posts  and  ropes,  &eM  &c.;  a  longer 
time  elapsed  in  getting  them  out  and  measuring  the  lines.  At  last 
we  made  a  start,  and,  linking  our  horses  together,  left  them  in  charge 
of  eight  men  ;  the  remainder  of  the  men  were  told  off,  some  to  draw 
forage,  others  to  put  down  the  picket-posta  and  ropes,  heel- 
head-ropes.  When  all  this  was  done,  and  the  horses  watered  and 
brought  up,  two  hours  had  gone  — two  hours  in  doing  what 
could  have  done  foanerlj  in  fifteen  minutes  ;  but  in  those  days  there 
was  no  delay  waiting  for  a  military  train — no  time  lost  in  driving 
picket-posts  in  tlie  ^rcmafl  with  sledge  hammers,  or  hauling  the 
picfeet-ropea  lauk  Every  man  then  carried  his  head  and  hcel-i 
and  head  and  heel-pegs  on  the  horse  :  the  head-rope  fastened  round 
the  horse's  neck,  and  heel-rope  attached  by  a  ring  to  the  saddle  on 
the  near  side,  rolled  up  and  doubled  in  a  circle,  hung  over  the  shoe- 
ease*     The  bead  and  heel-pegs  were  strapped  on  the  top  of  val; 

At  one  time  it  earnc  like  ABCto  us,  for  when  the  lines  Were 
marked  out,  the  men  tiled  in  at  one  end,  the  rear  rank  on  one  side, 
the  front  rank  on  the  other  ;  on  arriving  at  the  other  end  the  leading 
files  turned  inwards,  the  remainder  taking  up  their  position  and  dis- 
tance, as  it  came  to  their  turn,  and  dressing  towards  the  hand  they 
formed  to  ■  the  order  was  then  given  to  demount,  and  ever*  man  was 
in  his  place;  bead  ami  heel -pegs  were  now  driven  in,  the  head-ioj*  a 
were  fastened,  and  li. vl -mpea  put  down,  the  ehacklef  nott  fastened 
on,  and  the  hone  WAS  heeure. 

But  what  a  difference  there  is  between  the  shackles  then  audi 
that  were  now  before  ufl;  the  former  wire  light,  strong,  and  u 
quite  the  reverse,  heavy,  eumb  md  useless.     Don 

there  are  plenty  of  booties,  straps,  and  ring*,  neither  of  which  were 


1859.] 


THHEE   DATS  AT  TTOOtlCEB. 


529 


used  to  the  Indian  nfcmli¥»    HJilj   leatLer ;   and  yet  with  all  the 

-,  &&*  they  were  br<Aen  by  the  least  plunge  of  a  borsc— either 
the  strap  gave  way,  or  the  leather  which  joined  the  ring  to  the 
shackle;  to  appearance  it  was  strong  enough  to  hold  an  elephant, 
still  they  were  scarcely  serviceable  with  these  quiet  horsey  and  would 
have  been  utterly  nselees  to  fasten  our  little  Arabs  withr  that  we  had 
once  upon  n  time. 

The  principal  fault  lies  in  a  piece  of  leather  being  used  to  01  >nneet 
t  bfl  ring  and  shackle ;  as  the  rope  is  fastened  to  the  rbigall  the  strain 
is  upon  the  leather.  The  Indian  shackle  is  very  aim  pie  in  its  contri- 
vance, and  of  great  strength,  and  free  from  buckles,  straps,  or  rings. 
It  is  made  from  a  atrip  of  leather  about  fourinc  hes  wide,  the  sides  arc 
folded  in,  the  e&gps  meeting  in  ihe  centre,  a  button  is  formed  at  one 
end  by  doubling  it  back  and  rolling  about  an  inch  and  a  half  up 
!y ;  this  is  made*  secure  by  cutting  a  hole  close  to  it,  and  just 

enough  to  pass  the  roll  through,  then  let  it  be  pulled  tight,  and 
that  end  is  finished.  The  other  end  m  doubled  in,  large  enough  and 
no  more  than  will  hold  the  button  :  this  is  sewn  together  with  I 
leather  thong  ;  a  loop  is  now  formed  for  the  rope  to  be  fastened  to^ 
by  again  doubling  up  the  button  hole  end ;  this  is  likewise  fastened  by 

:\  and  a  leather  thong  is  tied  tight  round  all,  which  makes  it 
as  it  ought  to  be,  the  strongest  part,  as  on  it  and  the  button  lies  all 
the  strain :  when  thus  fastened  the  rope  might  break,  but  the  shackle 
never. 

Iron  heel- pegs  ar>  failure,  for  long  as  they  are,  the  leant 

exertion  ( v  hich  any  person  can  prove  by  trying)  draws  them  out  of 
the  ground  ;  another  disadvantage  is  their  weight,  for  ring  and  all,  one 
would  weigh  half-a-dozen  wooden  pegs.  A  wooden  peg  has  the  ad- 
age of  being  light ;  if  lost  or  broken  it  is  easily  replaced  ;  when  in 
the  ground  it  swells  from  the  damp,  and  oners  great  resistance  when 
attempted  to  be  got  up. 

«e  may  consider  that  the  dragoon'!  horse  has  now  too 
much  to  carry,  but  the  horses  we  took  with  us  to  the  Crimea 
were  much  less  than  the  English  trooper,  seldom  measuring  over 
fourteen  hands,  yet  they  carried,  and  carried  with  ease,  in  addition  to 
what,  is  now  borne  by  the  .Knglish  trooper,  two  blankets,  one  under  the 
■Idle,  the  other  in  the  top  of  the  cloak,  head  and  heel  ropes,  head 
and  heel  peg*?  a  water  dttfk}  and  forage  net  and  eord  \  still  with  all 
this  additional  weight,  twenty  or  thirty  miles  a  day  was  easy  work 
to  them. 

It  may  be  urged,  that  as  they  were  entire  horses,  there  is  no  com* 

>n  between  those  and  these,  but  the  late  and  lamented  Captain 
Nulnn,   in  his  work  on  Cavalry  Ta  vm  the  preference  to 

geldings  far  lasting  power  on  the  march.  He  relates,  when  the 
15th  Hussars  were  in  India,  two  squadrons  were  ordered  to  march 
from  Bangalore  to  the  Deceanee  Hyderabad,  a  distance  of  some  live 
hundred  miles  ;  this  opportunity  ITU  embraced,  for  the  purpo^ 
testing  the  respective  qualities  of  the  stallion  and  gelding,  a  squadron 
of  each  formed  the  wing,  but  the  latter  proved  themselves  superior 
to  the  farmer,  m  marching  and  enduring  fatigue.  As  regards 
superiority  of  the  breed,  it  i*   lb*  duty  of  UoveromfcTft  \*  %*&  ^R 


exer 

If  he  | 
won 
the. 


J1IUEE    DAYS   AT   WOOLMO. 


[Arc^ 


best  procurable  for  fettti  work  and  duties  of  the  cavalry  service,  t  am 
decidedly  in  favour  of  a  email  horse  for  cavalry,  for  by  what  I  have 
Been  they  are  more  compact  and  better  made  about  fourteen 
hands  than  at  sixteen  ;  of  course  I  mean  taking  them  generally,  for 
there  are  exceptions  to  every  rule. 

If  we  look  at  the  French,  Russian,  Sardinian,  or  Turkish  cavalry, 
Wfl  find  them  all  mounted  on  what  amongst  us  would  to  called 
ponies.  Colonel  Mncdougall,  m  his  "  Theory  of  War,"  states,  that 
lt  the  effective  force  of  cavalry  is  in  direct  proportion  to  the  me 
turn  of  its  charge.  The  definition  of  l  momentum,1  is  the  weight 
of  a  body  multiplied  by  its  velocity.  Hence  velocity  and  weight 
may  be  considered  as  elements  in  the  effect  of  a  charge.  The 
greatest  momentum  will  be  obtained  by  light  men  on  powerful 
horses."  Now,  with  all  due  deference  to  the  gallant  Colonel,  I  must 
beg  to  ditfer  from  his  last  assertion,  for  the  smallest  horses  ia 
the  10th  Hussars  are  the  swiftest ;  large  horses  may  look  well  ant! 
imposing,  but  they  lose  in  speed,  when  it  comes  to  the  push,  the 
little  horses  always  being  to  the  front,  I  would  put  light  men  on 
light,  active  horses,  and  in  the  summer  months  have  no  stabling  fcf 
them,  but  let  them  rough  it  in  the  open  air,  in  winter  let  the 
stabling  just  give  shelter  from  the  weather  ;  they  would  not  look  so 
well  I'll  allow,  their  coats  would  not  be  so  glossy,  but  they  would 
be  far  more  fit  for  service,  should  we  be  called  on,  whether  it  was  to 
meet  the  enemy  in  a  foreign  land,  or  to  repel  an  invader  from  our 
own  shores.  But  I  hope  that  there  will  be  no  such  things  to 
delay  us  as  picket  posts,  &c*a  for  on  service  a  cavalry  regiment  of 
six  troops,  requires  no  leas  than  fifteen  mules  to  convey  those 
articles. 

I  find  I  have  digressed  greatly  from  my  subject,  and  got  far  away 
from  Woolmer,  to  which  I  will  return.  Alter  the  horses  were 
picketed  and  fed,  to  look  after  ourselves  was  the  next  consideration, 
so  tent-pitching  became  the  order  of  the  day.  We  had  four  tent?, 
one  to  every  ten  meu,  these  were  pitched  at  the  top  of  the  horse 
lines,  and  across  them  ;  the  officers'  tents  in  rear  of  ours.  It  being 
the  first  time  for  many  of  our  young  hands  to  be  under  canvass, 
more  time  was  occupied  at  this  than  there  ought  to  have  been,  but 
taking  all  into  consideration  it  was  not  done  amiss.  We  now  h;nl 
dinner,  and  tasted  the  commissariat  rations  of  bread  and  meat, 
of  which  were  first-rate  in  quality,  the  bread  especially,  it  I 
the  best  I  have  ever  eaten  hi  England,  and  was  quite  a  relief  from  the 
sour  stale  stuff  we  get  at  Aldershott. 

The  ovens  and  shambles  here  are  ouite  in  the  primitive  style. 
first  being  all  or  nearly  built  of  clay — the  shambles  are   ■» 
gallows,  to  which  the  cattle  as  they  are  disposed  of  in  an   oil-hand 
manner,  are  hung  up  and  dressed  ;  all,  of  course,  are  in  the  open  air. 
After  dining  we  finished  our  horses,  and  then  the  intrenching  o! 
our  tents  was  the  next  thing  to  be  looked  to  ;   at  this  \\v  all  w 
well  and  with  a  will — pickaxes  and  shovels  Hying  merrily — and  all 
was  done  in  about  the  twinkling  of  a  bed-post/    Intrenching  his  tent 
ought  to  he  the  first  thing  a  soldier  docs,  after  he  has  looked  t<>  Ins 
horscvand  should  the  appearance  of thewcat  her  be  uidavour&ble,  i  t  is  done 


lssa] 


TnBEE  DAYS  AT  WO0LMEB, 


531 


immediately  the  tent  is  pitched ;  in  this  case,  however,  as  the  weather 
was  so  remarkably  fine,  we  put  it  off  until  after  dinner  and  stables, 
As  an  instance  of  what  may  happen  when  this  is  neglected,  I'll 
mention  what  occurred  to  the  12th  Foot,  who  marched  into  Alder- 
shott  about  a  fortnight  since,  taking  up  their  quarter*  close  by  the 
5th  J}ragoori»,  on  Covi' (1uininoii.  When  their  tents  were  pitched, 
j  they  did  not  intrench  round  them,  owing  to  their  receiving  an  order 
that  the  ground  was  not  to  be  cut  up  ;  taking  this  order  in  the 
literal  sense  the  regimental  authorities  would  not  allow  the  men  to 
put  a  pickaxe  or  shovel  in  the  ground.  That  night  (it  was  a  Satur- 
day) one  of  the  heaviest  and  severest  thunder  storms  came  on  that 
has  been  experienced  for  years,  nothing  I  ever  witnessed  could  be 
at  all  compared  to  it,  except  the  opening  of  the  south-west  monso<<n 
in  India.  The  lightning  Hashed,  followed  by  the  sound  of  t 
thunder,  which  low  at  first,  would,  as  it  rolled  nearer,  increase,  until 
it  burst  over  our  heads  in  a  deafening  peal,  which  shook  all  around  ; 
during  the  intervals  the  rain  could  be  beard  pouring  down  in  tor* 
rents,  and  in  ail  this  was  the  unfortunate  12th,  lying,  or  J  ought 
to  say,  standing  in  their  tents,  through  and  under  which  the  water 
ran  in  floods*  I  saw  them  next  day,  and  it  was  pitiable  to  mark  the 
drenched  appearance  they  had,  everything  wet  through,  When  the 
storm  was  over  they  were  allowed  to  dig  round  their  tents,  and 
we  have  had  no  rain  since,  "  They  lock  the  stable  door  after  the 
horse  is  stolen." 

Having  been  up  from  two  o'clock  in  the  morning,  there  were  none 
of  us  required  rocking  to  sleep  that  night,  and  with  a  little  straw, 
our  cloaks  and  a  blanket,  slept  a  sounder  sleep  than  we  could  have 
done  on  a  bed  of  down;  in  truth,  an  old  soldier  can  no  more  sleep 
mmfortahle  on  a  feather  bed,  than  a  civilian  accustomed  to  such 
luxuries  all  his  life,  could  do  on  a  hard  straw  mattress.  I  BeooHi 
when  on  furlough,  that  my  poor  mother,  God  bless  her,  would  put 
me  intn  the  best  bed  in  the  house,  thinking  it  would  be  a  treat,  hut 
1  could  no  more  sleep  among  that  sea  of  leathers,  than  fly — through 
tossing  and  tumbling  about  I  very  soon  had  all  the  clothes  off — cold 
weather  as  it  was,  it  got  at  last  quite  insupportable,  I  e&uld  bear  it 
no  longer,  and  with  a  portion  of  the  clothes  on  my  arm,  I  sallied  out 
and  took  possession  of  the  sola,  which  I  insisted  on  retaining  for 

»  remainder  of  my  stay* 

The  next  day  being  Sunday,  we  expected  to  have  but  little  to  do, 
there  was  only  church  parade  in  orders,  and  that  over,  we  were  looking 
forward  to  some  ease  and  comfort  far  the  remainder  of  the  day, 
but  our  anticipations  were  not  realized.  After  dinner,  a  raeasui 
came,  intimating  that  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  would  visit  the  camp 
in  the  evening,  and  now  the  hurly-burly  began;  the  tents  all  put 
square,  blankets  thrown  over  the  straw  for  carpets  ;  places  that  had 
been  already  swept,  were  swept  again.  Then  ail  the  saddles  had  to 
be  placed  in  line,  on  endT  and  there  was  such  pulling  up  and  pushing 
back  of  those  unfortunate  saddles,  propping  up  those  that  from  the 

Iiincvennesa  of  the  ground  would  not  stand  in  line— they  were  not 
iu  t  heir  dressing.— Oh  !  how  I  detest  that  word.  Then  the  horses  were 
tried  if  they  could  not  be  brought  straight  and  even  ♦,  but  t&m  ^\\*»% 


532 


THREE  SITS  AT  TF00LMH1. 


[Arc*. 


them  a*  near  to  that  as  made  no  matter,  the  obstinate  brutes  would 
not  remain  bo,  unless  every  man  stood  to  the  bead  of  hie  horse,  and 
kept  him  to  the  toe-line?  and  that  could  not  be  done,  as  we  were 
required  elsewhere,  for  a  crusade  was  ordered  against  some  poor 
inoffensive  bushes,  not  because  they  were  in  our  way,  our  horses' 
way,  or  any  one's  way  ;  but  simply  because  they  had  obeyed  nature, 
and  got  beyond  their  original  line  of  dresxitig  thegrownd* 

We  had  thus  one  way  and  another  but  little  peace  until  Bar 
Majesty's  arrival,  when  we  were  told  to  remain  inside  our  tents,  and 
nlioukl  the  royal  cortege  pass,  to  fall  in  in  fcimi  mills' fin  Lucky  dogs 
were  we  that  our  position  lay  in  advance  of  the  others,  for  the 
remainder  of  the  brigade  were  all  on  parade  awaiting  Her 
Majesty's  coming,  for  a  couple  of  hours,  which  event  happened 
about  iwe  or  six  t'doct  Her  Majesty  then  passed  slowly  along  the 
line  (brined  to  receive  her,  bands  playing,  and  people  cheering,  as 
only  the  loyal  hearts  of  Old  England  cau  do. 

When  Her  Majesty  arrived  at  the  extreme  flank,  some  of  the 
soldiers'  tea  and  bread  were  presented  to  her,  which  she  conde- 
seended  very  kindly  to  partake  of,  and  I  understand  spoke  favoura- 
bly of  it.  But  I  guesa  that  it  was  about  as  good  of  the  kind  as  a 
soldier  ever  gets.  I  have  had  stuff  served  out.  said  to  he  tea  (there 
was  certainly  no  Act  of  Parliament  against  it  being  called  so),  which 
I  should  find  it  difficult  to  describe.  The  best  idea  1  can  eonvi 
in  the  words  of  an  orderly  officer  to  whom  the  tea  had  been 
reported  bad :  coming  into  the  room,  and  taking  up  a  mess-tin  full  of 

tasted  it,  then  turning  to  the  f orderly  angi 
inquired  in   an   undertone   what   it  was,   whether  tea    • 
Tea,  was  the  whispered  reply  of  the  sergeant.     Then  the  of 
turning  to  the  complainants  said;  u  It's  very  good.     I  never  taafced 
better  in  my  life  "     If  this  was  the  case,  it  must  have  bem  th> 
he  aver  tasted. 

But  s  soldier's  rations  are  seldom  or  never  first  rate,     bi 
the  contract  only  specifies  the  second  quality.     In  Aldershott,  how- 
ever, they  ought  to  have  at  least  good  and  bad,  a  little  of  both.     But 
I  am  surry  to  say  that  the  meat  here  is  like  the  nigger's   wife,  who 
was  all  worsen     One  day  the  rations  wen*  very  bad,"  and  wore 
by  a  board  of  officers,    This  was  of  no  use;  and  a  board  of  medical 
officers  then  inspected  the  meat,  and  came  to  the  same  decision.     It 
was  now  sent  back  to  the  commissariat,  and  the  proceeding 
boards  forwarded  to  the  authorities.     We  waited  anxiously  enough 
for  another  lot  of  meat  to  come ;  but  one,   two,  three,  and  four 
o'clock  passed,  and  no  signs  of  it.     At  last,  about  fat  nVlock.  back 
MM  the  same  lot  again  to  us.     A  board  of  field  officers  had  usaem- 
hled  at  the  request  of  the  Commissary- General,  and  as  they  did 
have  to  eat  it5  brought  in  a  verdict  against  us,   by  saying  that  the 
meat  was  of  a  fair  average  quality.     I  suppose  they  meant  by 
that  there  was  both  better  and  worse  in  (fas  world  than  what  I 
1 'ukedat 

From  this  we  were  satisfied  that  it  was  useless  complaining  of  ow 

Ins  in  Tut  Lire;  and  although  we  have  had  wry  indifferent  mejtt 
and  sour  bread  frequently  since,  we  make  no  complaints,  but  take 


1859.  J 


THHEE   BATS  AT  W00LM3E1L 


533 


it,  con* 
bet 


t 

i 


consoling  ourselves  with  the  thought  that  it  is  a  deuced  sight 
fatal)  dm 

Bat  I  have  wandered  tar  away  again  from  my  subject,  to  which  1 
must  return-  Ker  Majesty  made  no  further  inspection  than  passing 
those  that  were  formed  up  to  receive  her,  hut  immediately  returned 
to  Aldershott.  1  fancy  that  Woolmer  would  have  pleased  Her 
sty  moret  had  the  parading  of  those  troops  been  dispensed 
with  ;  at  Aldershott  there  were  plenty  of  men  under  arms  to  took 
ats  mid  after  a  drive  of  so  many  miies,  our  Queen  should  have  seen 
ua  in  our  rough  state,  with  jackets  off  and  shirt  sleeves  tucked  up, 
going  about  our  occupation,  if  we  had  anything  to  do,  or  lounging 
about  smoking  or  talking  wTlth  our  comrades,  with  a  twifiiwil  look 
among  u^  as  it'  we  knew  we  were  far,  far  off  from  the  view  of  all 
barracks  and  barrack  regulations ;  it  is  this  that  makes  camp  Hfe  so 
ible,  there  is  a  freedom  from  restraint,  a  feeling  something 
similar  to  what  is  when  the  stock  and  belts  come  off  after  a  long 
guard  on  a  sultry  day.  When  situated  thus,  one  can  partly  imagine 
that  strong  love  the  Arab  hm  faff  ilie  desert,  and  the  gipsy  for  his 
tent,  and  we  soldiers,  from  our  life,  have  something  akin  to  this  in 
them,  their  very  existence  speut  going  from  town  to  town,  from 
country  to  country*  from  one  quarter  of  the  globt  to  another,  all 
tending  to  j!u  theiu  a  liking  for  change,  a  dislike  to  be  settled,  or 
stay  too  long  at  any  place,  and  from  tins  a  sort  of  vagabondism 
springs  up,  and  becomes  inherent  in  their  nature. 

Just  watch  a  soldier  when  he  gets  leave,  whether  it  is  for  a  day  ■ 
mouth  ;  as  soon  as  he  clears  the  barrack  gate  he  feels  a  new  man,  his 
sp  at  the  highest,  and  resemble  a  school  boy  just  let  out 

ihool,  he  goes  bounding  forward,  trying  to  forget  all  that  lies 
behind,  and  it  is  something  of  this  we  feel  under  canvas ;  there,  there 
m  not  that  formality,  that  martmetism,  which  can  only  be  satisili  A 
by  whit  are  termed  orders  and  discipline,  but  which  are  only 

>  remains  of  the  soldiering  times  some  seventy  years  back,  those  good 
old  tines  when  Hogging,  cocked  hats,  queues,  tights  and  gaiters, 
.were  what  made  a  soldier  good  in  quarters  and  brave  in  the  field. 

There  is  a  strong  leaven  of  these  obsolete  times  still  with  us,  and 
those  infected  can  he  easily  seen  by  the  pertinacity  with  which  they 
cling  to  their  duties,  their  Brahma  and  Yishi  pipeehiy  and 

leather  stock.  If  half  the  attention  was  paid  to  other  things  of 
more  imparl  unci'  that  is  done  to  pipeclaying  of  belts,  it  would  be 
much  better  for  us  all, 

We  turned  out  on  Monday  morning  at  nine  o'clock,  and  had 
smh  a  splendid  ride  among  HiQ  woods,  roundthe  woods,  and  thmu-li 
the  woods,  then  across  a  wild-looking  part  of  the  country,  ffatt  ■ 
house  could  not  be  seen  for  ever  so  far,  until  we  were  among  the 
trees  again,  the  lark  singing  overhead,  the  plover  starting  from  under 
uur  feet,  or  perhaps  I  nest  of  young  m  dd  be  frightened,  and 

in  trying  to  get  clear  away  from  us,  would  double  back  and  run 
between  the  horses1  legs,  while  the  old  ones  would  be  living  round 
and  round  us,  screaming  their  wild  notes,  beseeching  us  to  be  care- 
ful of  those  that  could  not  as  yet  take  care  of  themselves.  We  now 
had  "wandered  into  one  of  those  very  beautiful  narrow  ^ra^  ^asra. 


584 


TILBEE   DAYS   At   WOOLMEE. 


lanes,  with  trees  on  either  aide,  whose  branches  entwining  one  another, 
made  a  perfect  shade  from  the  noon- day  sun,  and  BUch  beautiful 
places  are  only  to  he  nu  t  with  in  our  own  land. 

And  what  a  healthy  place  this  Woolmerrnustbe*  I  d&dlffl  I  Have 
Bean  a  grave  yard  about  the  place  ;  and  a  person  might  really 
imagine  from  the  healthy  look  of  all  the  people,  that  i" 
I  «m  certain  that  an  undertaker  does  not  earn  his  a  alt  about  this 
place*     The  young  folks  have  so  rosy  and  robust  a  glow  in  their 
i-lireka  that  would  shame  a  Londoner  could  he  see  them  ;   and  loufc 
at  the  old  people,  how  firm  they  walk  about:  there  is  an  old  fflti 
HOW  in  front  of  me,  that  would  puzzle  any  one  to  guesa  his  n-. 
might  he  a  hundred,  or  it  might  be  a  hundred  and  fifty,  yet  he  steps 
along  cheerfully. 

A  hearty  laughing  country  lass — in  answer  to  our  good  morning — 
wished  that  we  ware  always  to  remain,  and  mine,  1  am  sure,  w:i 
the  only  response  to  it,  that  I  wi%h  tv.     By  this  time  w 

had  got  close  to  the  village  of  Liphook,  but  did  not  vnUv  it,  which 
I  was  sorry  for;  but  time  would  not  permit  of  it,  so  filing  about, 
\w  retraced  our  steps  to  camp,  feeling  sorry  to  dniL,r  oursi 
from  bo  much  that  was  lovely. 

On  Tuesday  morning  we  left  at  an  early  hour  for  Aldershott, 
where  all  that  was  gone  through  was  again  enacted  ;  all  the  blankets, 
water  decks,  picket  posts  and  ropes,  head  and  heel  ropes,  heel  pegs, 
nose  bags,  tarpaulin,  &&,  had  to  be  collected  and  counted.  The 
same  mistake  aWit  the  breakfast  happened, — there  was coffee  butuo 
bread,  we  had  to  get  that  at  Aldershott,  so  off  we  marched  hungry 
as  before  ;  huw  rmieh  more  like  common  sense  it  would  have  been 
had  we  drawn  our  rations  in  Aldershott  the  day  we  marched  out  and 
from  Wo^hiHT  the  day  we  marched  in;  it  would  have  made  n> 
difference,  for  we  should  still  have  had  three  days  rations  from 
Woolrner, 

We  arrived  at  that  splendid  specimen  of  the  skill  of  the  B   B    I ' 
the  "West  Cavalry   IJarraeks,  at  about  half-past  eight  a.m..  all   pal 
and  sound,  and  I  daresay,  all  weighing  a  pound  or  so  he:i 
when  we  left.     There  had  been  a  forward  movement  during  t  bo  three 
days  we  had  been  away,  they  had  got  the  water  pipes  laid  down 
we  have  now  water  at  the  door  ;  but  for  all  the  good  it  is,  barring 
for  the  Qfiti  of  the  horses,  it  might  ;ls  well  have  remained  in  the  i 
voir;  no  one  can  drink  it,  or  use  it  for  any  cooking  purpose,  it  i 
dirty,  and  quite  tepid  j    for  the  first  day  or  two  we  thought  tb 
pipes  might  he  foul  at  Brat,  but  up  to  the  present  time  there  if  EN 
alteration  in  the  t&aiti  or  temperature  of  the  Btuif. 

<nn  eminent   has  been  at   great  expense  for  these   barra* 
it  is  wonderful  that  some  one  did  not  inquire  where  good  wat 
J"  come  from;  it   is,   in  fact,   a  bungled  up  ati  h|ici\  th 

blocks  are  built  upon  a  fashion,  being  too  large  for  one  regimen 
not  near  large  enough  for  two,  and  so  on  with  the  whole  concern 


! 


1869.]  535 

THE  IMPOBTANCE  OF  A  COEEECT  OFFICIAL  NAVY 

LIST. 

By  Theseus.    Late  E.N. 

There  has  not  been  a  time  for  many  years  past,  when  there  has 
been  so  much  interest  felt  by  the  English  public  as  to  the  effective 
strength  of  the  Royal  Navy,  as  at  the  present  period.  The  daily 
newspapers  have  all  got  their  column  of  naval  intelligence ;  and  in 
addition,  frequently  publish  leading  articles  criticising  the  condition 
of  the  Navy.  The  statement  that  has  gone  forth  as  to  the  equality 
of  the  French  Navy  with  our  own,  has  roused  a  spirit  of  inquiry  in 
the  minds  of  many  Englishmen,  who,  relying  upon  the  old  undoubted 
naval  superiority  of  England,  never  before  took  particular  interest  in 
naval  matters. 

The  speeches  of  all  naval'  men,  and  especially  those  of  Sir  John 
Pakington,  the  late  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  have  been  read 
with  great  eagerness.  But  there  are  many  persons  who  are  not 
exactly  satisfied  with  the  views  taken  by  official  persons,  and  they 
wish  to  examine  the  details  themselves.  Naturally  enough,  the  first 
record  they  refer  to  is  the  official  Navy  List,  but  unless  they  have 
some  experienced  naval  officer  to  explain  the  errors  and  omissions  in 
that  publication,  they  will  certainly  not  be  able  to  make  the  official 
statements  agree  with  the  details  in  the  Navy  List.  Now  this  ought 
not  to  be  the  case,  and  we  have  no  doubt  that  had  Sir  John  Paking- 
ton remained  some  time  longer  at  the  Admiralty,  he  would  have 
caused  the  details  in  the  Navy  List  to  be  as  correct  and  as  clearly 
understood  by  the  public,  as  were  the  statements  made  by  him  when 
introducing  the  Navy  estimates  this  year.  In  the  earnest  hope  that 
the  Duke  of  Somerset  will  tread  in  the  footsteps  of  his  predecessor, 
we  beg  to  draw  his  attention  to  the  importance  of  a  correct  official 
Navy  List,  as  one  out  of  the  very  many  reforms  still  wanting  to 
increase  the  efficiency  of  the  Naval  service.  We  can  assure  the 
noble  Duke,  that  if  he  wishes  his  administration  of  the  Admiralty 
to  obtain  the  confidence  of  his  fellow  countrymen,  he  must  be 
explicit,  and  give  them  correct  information  as  to  the  real  condition 
of  the  Eoyal  Navy.  It  is  well  known  that  up  to  a  late  period  foreign 
powers  possessed  more  accurate  intelligence  regarding  the  strength 
of  the  British  Navy,  than  the  English  people  themselves.  We 
understand  that  there  are  two  clerks  at  the  Admiralty  whose  sole 
duty  it  is  to  keep  a  register  of  naval  officers,  and  prepare  the  Navy 
List  for  publication,  aud  we  believe  that  two  persons  are  quite  suffi- 
cient for  the  task,  and  that  it  is  as  easy  for  them  to  issue  an  accurate 
Navy  List  as  one  full  of  errors  and  omissions.  That  we  are  not  the 
only  persons  who  complain  is  easily  shown  by  a  reference  to  the 
United  Serriee  Gazette,  which  frequently  contains  letters  pointing 
out  errors,  but  which  are  seemingly  taken  no  heed  of,  as  they  recur 
in  the  succeeding  editions  of  the  Navy  List. 

A  short  time  ago,  Sir  John  Pakington  and  Lord  Clarence  Paget 
both  stated  that  the  British  Navy  now  possessed  fifty-six  screw  line 
gf  battle  ships,  but  the  July  Navy  List  only  enumerate*  fcrtq-\kafc 


m 


IMFOETAtfCE  OP  A  COBBECT  TTATT  LIST. 


[Am 


screw  steam  ships  as  carrying  more  than  seventy  guns.     The  ship 
omitted  are  the  Windsor  Castle  105,  being  fitted  with  her  enpi 
Devon  port ;  the  Bulwark  91,  building  at  Chatham  ;  the  Bepul 
building  at  Woolwich ;  and  the  following  sailing  three-deckers  bets 
converted  into  screw  two-deckers :   the  Nelson  91 ,   Water! 
\i\yn)  Frederick  91,  and  Royal  William  91.     All   these  ships  hau 
been  called  screw  ships  in  the  different  official  statements  lately 
lished  hf  the  Surveyor  of  the  Navy:  and,  therefore,  !< 
e_\mse  for  there  not  being  inserted  correctly  in  th  List, 

Then,  again,  there  is  the  following  heading,  "  List  of  the  .■ 
ships,  Koyal  Navy,  with  their  present  stations,"  and  yet  in  this  lit 
we  find  tfle  names  of  no  less  than  forty-three  sailing  line-of-1 
ships,  while  it  was  only  a  short  time  ago  that  the  Surveyor  of  th 
Navy  stated  in  a  public  document \  that  the  navy  only  containe 
thirteen  effective  sailing  3ine-of*battle.  ships.     A  difference  of  thirl 
sail  of  the  line  in  two  official  statements  is  sufficient  to  surprise  any 
person  unacquainted  with  the  naval  seraee,  and  it  is  in  this  kind  i 
way  that  our  Government  officials  have  tried  to  blind  the  public  i 
to  the  real  strength  of  the  Koyal  Navy.     There  is  the  same  I 
delusion  practised  in  regard  to  sailing  frigates  ;  for  whilst  Sir 
Walker  enumerates  fourteen  as  being  effective,  the  Navy  List  cot 
tains  in  the  list  of  effective  ships  the  names  of  eighty-four  fri 
making  a  difference  of  seventy.     The  smaller  classes  of  saili1 
sels  are  named,  as  heedless  of  their  real  condition,  as  the  lar 
ships.     The  Navy  List  contains  the  names  of  only  twenty -five  screw 
frigates,  whereas  there  are  really  thirty- two,  and  the  following  an 
those  omitted:  Narcissus  50,  building  at  Devonport ;  Bristol  50 
building  at  Woolwich  ;  Undaunted  50,  building  at  Chatham  ; 
the  following  sailing  frigates  at  present  being  converted  into  screw 
stops :  the  Phaeton  50,  Phrehe  50,  Severn  50,  and  Stttlej  50. 

The  Navy  List  also  contains  no  information  about  the  steam 
lately  ordered  to  be  built  by  the  Thames  Iron  Company,  or  of  ti. 
eighteen  screw  gun-boat-  which  are  building  for  the  purpose  of  carry* 
ing  the  Ararat  ma.     The  following  screw  corvettes  and  sloofr 

are  also  omitted:  the   Wolverene   i2,  building  at  Woolwich 
Hattlesnake  22,  and  Reindeer  17,  building  at  Chatham;  an 
Rosario  10,  building  at  Deptford.     The  Spider,  screw  gun 
also  not  been  inserted  in  the  list  of  screw  gun-boats,     V 
believe  that  the  navy  possesses  snme  150  mortar- floats  and  floats  tha 
were  built  during  the  Kussian  war,  &nd*yefc  there  ie  no  mention  nut  J 
of  them  in  the  olUcial  Navy  List.     Then  again  there  are  sei 

Sit  the  stations  of  different  ships.    Thus  the  Agamemnon 
Portland  and  not  ill  the  Mediterranean ;  the   Eurydico   is   at  Port 

i th  instead  of  Chatham ;  the  Yolcaitu  at   Portsmouth   instead 

Woolwich;  the  Ariadne  al  Woolwich  instead  of  building  at  Dept 
ford;  the  Revenge  at  Devonport  instead  of  building  at  Pern! 
the  Kite  is  at  Bermuda  instead  of  Woolwich  ;  and  the  &1 
the  Indian,  Guluare,  and  Rose  are  omitted.     It  would  be  ad1 
also,  to  give  the  stations  of  the  small  gun-boats,  and  we  thin  k 
might  certainly  be  classed  among  the  effective  ships,  ns   i 
ikr  mote  use  than  the  old  emlifl^  hulks  and  steam  tugs  wliicn 


1859.] 


QtPOHTASCE  OF  A  COBltECT  3KATT  LIST. 


537 


m 


place  in  that  list.  The  Eattleanake  S.  and  Resistance  (old  troop 
ship),  are  still  retained  on  the  list,  although  the  newspapers,  seine 
months  ago,  reported  that  they  had  been  Broken  up,  Many  other 
errors  and  omissions  might  he  pointed  out  in  this  part  of  the  Navy 
List,  but  enough  have  been  shown  to  warrant  our  complaint. 

In  reference  to  the  lists  of  naval  officers,  we  consider  the  Navy 
List  would  be  rendered  much  more  intelligible,  if  the  officer*  on  the 
0  list  were  separated  altogether  from  those  on  the  reserved  and 
retired  lists.  The  present  plan  of  mingling  them  altogether,  and 
heading  the  different  sections  with  A.  B,  C,  D.  &c,,  can  serve  no 
good  purpose,  as  the  reserved  and  retired  officers  are  still  on  the 
yellow  list,  however  close  they  may  be  placed  to  the  active  list. 

There  are  as  numerous  errors  in  the  list  a  of  officers,  as  in  the  lists 
of  ships.  The  name  of  Samuel  Thornton  is  still  continued  on  the 
list  of  reserved  rear-admirals,  although  this  officer  was  drowned  some 
months  ago  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay, 

The  subordinate  officers  of  the  Heron,  lately  lost  on  the  coast  *.*f 
Africa,  are  still  continued  on  the  list,  although  the  name  of  the  ship 
and  her  commander,  W.  H,  Truscott,  have  been  left  out,  Tfeo 
following  names  have,  therefore,  to  be  struck  out: — Lieutenants 
T,  IL  Collingwood,  M.  L,  Porter,  P.  H.  Blair  ;Master,  C«  A.  Smart  • 
Paymaster,  W.  S.  E,  Freeman;  Surgeon,  Robert  Sproule ,  unci 
Assistant -Surgeon,  Samuel  Eeid. 

Then  we  have  the  names  of  several  officers  omitted,  viz. — W.  D. 
Jeans,  paymaster  of  1850,  and  late  secretary  to  Sir  Michael  Seymour, 
J.  M,  D'  Elphinstone,  mate  of  1859,  belonging  to  the  Indus ;  and 
the  following  assistant  surgeons  : — 8,  Grose,  of  the  Cadmus  ;  J.  W. 
Belcher,  of  the  Agamemnon  ;  W,  Roche,  of  the  Falcon  -  and  T, 
Fulton,  of  the  London.  We  should  like  to  know  the  reason  why 
the  names  of  acting  second  masters  are  omitted  from  the  list,  whilst 
those  of  the  acting  mates  and  acting  assistant  surgeons  are  inserted  ? 

It  would  be  an  improvement  also  if  there  was  some  mark  made 
against  the  names  of  those  officers  who  are  employed  id  --thcr 
departments  under  Government.  Thus  Captain  C,  Edmunds  is 
Captain  of  the  Port  of  Gibraltar;  Captain  T.  E.  L,  Moore  is 
Governor  of  the  Falkland  Isles  ;  Captain  J,  Caffin  and  Captain  Sir 
W,  S.  Wiseman  are  employed  in  the  Ordnance  department ;  Captain 
(f.  (J.  Wellealey  is  Superintendent  of  the  Indian  navy,  and  many 
others  hold  appointments  similar  to  these. 

The  last  portion  of  the  Navy  Lift  comprising  the  Ml  and  hulf- 
pay  lists  and  circulars  is  still  more  confused,  Some  of  the  circulars 
aate  back  some  twenty  years,  and  have  long  since  been  msu  ellfid, 
bur  i  he  whole  of  them  are  so  mingled  together  as  to  render  them 
quite  unintelligible. 

As  we  fear  that  this  subject  will  not  prove  very  interesting  to  the 
general  reader,  we  forbear  to  extend  oar  observations  any  further, 
AYe  believe  that  we  have  pointed  out  numerous  and  serious  errors 
and  omissions  in  the  present  official  Navy  List,  and  for  the  benefit 
if  naval  officers  and  the  English  public,  woVaU  upon  the  Admin 

itc  a  correct  publicaliou.    The  details  published  mi  t lie  list 
should  be  so  complete  and  clear,  that  the  public  \s^j  ^tecWM^to  \V 


saa 


THE  FIRST  HOTIGE  OF  TITl!  MALASOFF. 


[Auc 


should  be  able  easily  to  comprehend  the  naval  debates  in  the  Houbf 
of  Commons.  Of  course  to  obtain  this  satisfactory  point,  a  g 
deal  of  U9efil3  information  will  have  to  be  added,  as  the  nan* 
estimate*  for  the  year,  &C]  but  as  the  public  want  to  know  the 
real  condition  of  the  navy,  every  endeavour  should  be  made  by  the 
Admiralty  to  comply  with  their  wishes. 


THE  FIBST  NOTICE  OF  THE  MALAKOFF. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  United  Srrvtee  Magash 

By — In  consequence  of  the  appearance  of  a  letter  from  Captain 
Leicester  Vernon,  in  the  Illustrated  Loudon  New*  of  the  16th 
which  sets  forth,  that  long  before  General  Nicl  arrived  in  the  Crimea 
Sir  John  Burgoyne  expressed  his  opinion  that  the  Malakoff  h( 
was  the  key  of  Sebastopol,  without  questioning  the  correctness  rf 
this  assertion,  I  beg  to  place  before  you  the  following  narrative  i 
facts  in  connexion  with  this  subject : — 

In  18S4  1  visited  ftebastopol,  and  with  several  of  the  officers  then 
employed  in  superintending  the  construction  of  docks  ibr  ships  of 
war  at  that  place,  after  inspecting  their  proceedings  below,  I  ascended 
to  the  summit  of  the  height,  since  named  the  Malakoft",  in  order  to 
have  a  genera]  view  of  the  dockyard  from  thence,  and  of  the  town 
and  harbour  beyond  it-  "While  standing  there  1  immediately 
nivcd  that  we  were  on  the  nearest  height  to  the  dockyard,  which  it 
perfectly  commanded,  as  well  as  the  town  and  the  harbour  g 

aching  Constantinople  soon  after  this,  I  stated  tq  the  then 
Ambassador  at  that  court,  that  Russia  was   establishing  a 
stronghold  in  the  Black  Sea,  at  little  more  than  twenty -four  horn 
run  from  the  Turkish  capital  j  and  in  my  report,  which  that  Minisii 
forwarded   fco  the  Secretary  of  Stair  for  Foreign  Affairs,   1   fully 
described  Sevastopol  with  its  new  dockyard  in  the  inner  harbour, 
well  ai?  the  Crimea  generally,  and  referred  to  the  projected  for 
lions  and  the  height  in  question  in  the  following  words: — 

"The  New  Works,"  (then  traced  out,  but  not  constructed  till  th 
war,)  M  are  to  extend  as  nearly  as  possible  in  the  direction  ivr 
will  completely  cover  the  town  and  harbour,  if  executed  ;  at  p rest 
thr  inner  harhour  is  commanded  J  row  the  height  d,  as  marked  in  the 
accompanying  sketch.1' 

Yon  will  perceive  that    m  the  sketch,  iA'  which   1   scud  a  copy 
herewith,  the  letter  d  indicates  the  MalakotF*  and  h  in: 

the  close  of  the  war  ascended  that  height  and  visited  the  tow> 
other  works  upon  it,  I  found  thai  they  occupied  the  identical  sp 
from  whence  1  had  viewed  the  dockyard  on  my  visit 
twenty  years  before,  which  had  led  to  mv  making  the  statement 
the  Ambassador  al  Constantinople, 

In  1858,  when  the  prospect  of  war  in  that  quarter  appeared  immi- 
nent. I  called  attention  to  my  report  of  ]!s:HT  and  copies  of  it  wen 
laid  before  the  General,  then   Commanding  in-Chief;   the    1 
Secretary,  and  Lord  Raglan,  as  well  as  other  reports  furtmhedl 
1  various  localities,  which  soon  became  the  seat  of  wwt 


hen 
uvnl 
nirn 
*ter 


,opy 
ui  al 

zi  to 


1859.]  THE  FIBST  HOTIOH  01  THE  UALAXOYV.  589 

Perceiving  that  as  late  as  the  close  of  December,  1854,  no  attack 
had  been  commenced  on  the  height  I  had  pointed  out  as  the  key  of 
the  place,  marked  with  the  letter  d,  and  where  recent  plans  placed  a 
tower  and  other  works* — a  delay  which  I  afterwards  learned  was 
caused  by  the  opposition  of  the  French  engineers,  Bizot,  &c. 
— trusting  to  my  authority  as  an  eye  witness  being  considered  of 
value,  I  wrote  to  Lord  Raglan  from  Corfu,  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1855,  to  draw  to  his  recollection  and  notice  the  following  passage  in 
my  report  of  1834 : — 

"  There  is  a  height  which  was  marked  d  in  a  small  plan  which  ac- 
companied a  memorandum  of  mine,  written  a  good  many  years  ago— 
which  your  Lordship  has  seen — near  the  head  of  the  dockyard  harbour 
which  appeared  to  me  entirely  to  command  it,  and  although  some 
fort  or  other  work  may  now  be  constructed  on  this  height,  the  know- 
ledge of  such  a  circumstance  might,  I  think,  add  importance  to  its 
early  capture.  The  immediate  object  being,  I  presume,  to  destroy 
the  fleet,  it  has  occurred  to  me,  especially  if  the  works  towards  the 
country  on  the  Inkerman  side  of  the  harbour  are  not  so  strong  as 
those  on  the  city  side,  that  an  attempt  to  seize  on  the  dockyard,  bar- 
racks, &c,  and  in  short  the  whole  ground  between  the  dockyard 
harbour  and  Inkerman,  merely  blockading  the  city  itself,  would  lead 
to  the  destruction  of  the  fleet  and  the  general  objects  in  view." 

This  letter  was  forwarded  per  steamer  on  the  same  day  to  the  Bri- 
tish head  quarters,  and  its  receipt  acknowledged  in  an  autograph 
letter  from  Lord  Eaglan. 

My  letter  thus  reached  his  Lordship  before  General  Niel's  arrival, 
which  occurred  in  the  beginning  of  February,  and  I  have  never 
doubted  that  the  initiative  on  that  occasion  as  to  attacking  the  Mal- 
akoft*  lay  with  Lord  Raglan  and  Sir  John  Burgoyne,  and  that  although 
General  Niel  came  with  special  powers  from  the  Emperor  to  advise 
as  to  the  conduct  of  the  siege,  these  were  of  a  general  nature,  and 
on  that  occasion  I  believe  that  he  only  overruled  the  previous  oppo- 
sition of  the  French  engineers. 

I  have  just  seen  Sir  John  Burgoyne's  "Military  Opinions,"  which 
I  have  read  with  great  interest ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  I  must  ob- 
serve, in  justice  to  myself,  that  the  information  contained  in  that 
portion  of  the  work  which  is  headed  "  Turkey  and  Russia  in  1854," 
and  said  to  have  been  written  at  Constantinople,  in  February  that 
year,  had  been  communicated  to  the  British  Government  by  myself, 
previous  to  that  period,  after  personal  examination  of  the  localities 
which  are  treated  of. 

I  am,  Sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

A.  P.  MACINTOSH, 

18th  July,  1859.  Lt.-Genbbal. 


*  The  tower  was  finished  on  the  18th  of  August,  1854,  and  works  surrounding  it 
partly  completed  by  the  end  of  September.  See — "  A  Voice  from  within  the  walls 
of  Sebastopol." 

"We  regret  that  we  are  unable  to  find  room  for  the  sketch  accom- 
panying this  letter. 

U.  S.  Mag.,  N&.  369,  Aug.,  1859  *  * 


540 


THE  TWO  NAPOLEONS. 


[Air^ 


lurom-nous  la  Querre,  was  the  title  of  a  pamphlet  which  appeare 
in  Paris  previous  to  the  premeditated  war  with  Austria,  Aaron* 
nom  la  paix  may  bo  asked  with  equal  propriety  now  that  an  un  pre 
meditated  peace  is  signed.  Doubt  and  uncertainty  still  pr 
but  we  evidently  expect  war  sooner  or  later*  In  anticipation  uf 
coming  struggle  we  are  manning  our  ships  and  strengthening  ou 
battalions.  Indeed  war  seems  to  be  foreshadowed,  for  in  the  1 
of  the  world's  great  drama  scenes  occasionally  occur,  in  which  ti 
Ulna  events  appear  to  be  performed  a  second  time.  There  are 
stances  when  tut  for  a  change  of  names  one  might  almost  una 
that  the  page  of  history  which  instructed  our  youth  was  again  pro 
duml  for  the  edification  of  our  manhood, 

A  familial1  example  of  the  reproduction  of  events  baa  just  be 
played  out  before  our  eyes.  Let  us  lift  the  curtain.  See — The 
Estate  and  the  actors  are  both  the  same,  for  a  Napoleon  is  again  the 
chief  performer,  Austria  is  his  victim,  and  Italy  is  his  prize.  Th 
marvel  is  that  as  nature  brings  all  things  about  in  due  season  tb 
so  much  blood  and  treasure  should  so  soon  have  been  again  retjn 
But  the  war-whoop  that  so  recently  was  ringing  in  the  ears 
Christendom  has  ceased^  and  during  the  pan>>  enquire  v. 

hand  it  was  that  first  lifted  the  club  of  Cain.     Let  who  will  ask  this 

tion  there  seems  to  be  but  one  upon  whom  all  lingers  are  poink 
at.     All  inquiries  and  all  explanations  upon  this  subject  echo  bu 
uiie  name—  Napoleon  III.     He  has  followed  the  instincts  < 
founder  of  his  house.     The  miasma  of  the  dead  hero  has  pe : 
the  air,  and  under  its  influence  men  leaped  at  each   i 
The  misunderstanding  between  France  and  Austria,  tike  fl  smoulder 
ing  fire,  might  have  died  out,  but  that  the  ambition  of  Napoleon  7 
sought  to  produce  a  historical  parallel, 

"Without  pretending  to  penetrate  his  mysterious  policy,  it  is  non 
evident  that  his  recent  campaign  in  Italy  was  conducted  after  an 
approved  model.  The  shadow  of  Napoleon  the  past  was  the  guide  of 
W tpoleon  the  present.  However,  with  infinitely  grander  means  he 
has  produced  very  doubtful  results.  It  is  the  fate  of  all  copyists 
be  feeble,  He  has  paralyzed  mankind  by  his  butcheries,  but 
look  in  vain  for  I  1m*  consequences  of  a  Marengo,  or  an  Aust 
amid  the  profitless  shambles  of  JuV  r  Solferino. 

Imperial  manufacturer  of  events  imagine  that  men  are  blind  ? 
that  they  cannot  see  that  imitation  it*  the  s in cerest  praise  ?  for 
one  of  the  million  readers  of  the  anecdotes  and  memoirs  of  the  eld 
Napoleon  can  see  how  tin:  nephew  copies  the  uncle,  and  they 
learn  what  the  living  Napoleon  will  be  likely  to  attempt  if  the 
will  study  for  a  moment  the  character  upon  which  he  hopes  to 
Hg  own." 

Fortunately  for  mankind  the  character  of  the  original  Xapolec 
hm  been  drawn  by  various  hands.     Hr  has  been  sketched 
jiuw— &i   citizen,  soldier,  and  king— by   German,  French,    ) 
American,  and  Italian  mastera.     Every  action  of  his  dazd 
has  been  studied  ami  pourtrayed,  every  tint  aud  altad< 
mug  imd  during  pulley  brought  out  ia  utiuii^  odour*. 


1859.]  THIS  TWO  NAPOLEONS.  541 

acknowledged  by  all  that  he  was  the  most  eminent  man  of  the  past 
or  present  century.  He  was  a  thoroughly  modern  hero,  but  not  in 
a  high  or  lofty  sense.  "  His  mind,"  says  an  eminent  American,  "  was 
largely  receptive,  and  he  was  so  placed  that  he  became  the  receptacle 
of  all  the  wit,  intelligence,  and  power  of  his  age  and  country,"  so 
that  every  sentence  spoken  by  him,  and  every  line  of  his  writing 
deserve  attention,  as  it  is  the  sense  of  France.  Emmerson,  in  his 
"Bepresentative  Men,"  says,  "He  was  the  idol  of  common  men  because 
he  worked  with  that  great  class  for  wealth  and  power.  But  he  was 
specially  without  any  scruple  as  to  his  means.  He  renounced  all 
sentiments  and  affections,  and  helped  himself  with  his  hands  and 
his  head." 

To  fully  comprehend  the  wondrous  power  which  this  man  ob- 
tained, we  must  contemplate  him  in  all  his  phases.  He  was  a 
worker  in  earth,  roads,  buildings,  money,  and  troops ;  and,  more- 
over, he  was  a  master  workman.  He  acted  with  the  precision  and 
solidity  of  natural  bodies,  and  men  gave  way  before  him  as  before 
natural  events.  "  He  was,"  says  the  same  vigorous  writer,  "  a 
ciphering  operative,  and  knew  what  he  was  working  with,  and  whet 
would  be  its  product."  This  artisan  Emperor  knew  the  properties 
not  only  of  metals — gold  as  well  as  iron — machinery  as  well  as 
ships,  but  he  well  understood  the  duty  of  troops  and  diplomatists, 
and  he  required  that  each  should  do  after  its  kind.  Indeed  the  art 
of  war  was  the  game  in  which  he  excelled.  By  his  skilful  manoeu- 
vring he  could  beat  a  large  force  with  a  small  one.  His  tactics  were 
simple  and  efficacious ;  they  consisted  in  bringing  two  men  to  bear 
upon  onetf  a  critical  point  in  a  battle. 

The*D??PR*aad  shining  spots  in  this  man's  career  still  dazzle  men's 
eyes  on  the  continent,  and  blind  them  with  a  flood  of  false  light. 
He  is  to  thousands  a  pattern  democrat ;  he  had  their  virtues  and 
activity.  He  was  a  man  of  iron  frame  and  will.  He  could  sit  on 
horseback  throughout  a  long  day  without  rest  or  food.  His  hand  of 
iron,  he  said,  was  not  at  the  extremity  of  his  arm ;  it  was  imme- 
diately connected  with  his  head.  Unembarrassed  by  scruples,  he 
was  selfish  and  prudent ;  but  he  was  superstitious,  and  alluded  to 
his  "  Star,"  and  was  pleased  when  he  was  called  the  "  Child  of 
Destiny." 

It  would  not  have  been  expected  that,  with  a  weakness  of  this 
sort,  so  much  directness  of  action,  combined  with  so  much  compre- 
hension, would  have  been  found  in  the  same  man.  But  Napoleon 
saw  at  a  glance  where  a  matter  hinged,  and  threw  himself  body  and 
soul  upon  the  precise  point  of  resistance.  "  He  wras  strong  in  the 
right  manner,"  continues  Emmerson,  "namely,  by  insight."  He 
never  blundered  upon  victory,  but  won  his  battles  in  his  head  before 
he  won  them  in  the  field.  His  actions  were  as  prompt  and  secret  as 
his  thoughts.  In  the  plenitude  of  his  resources  every-  obstacle 
seemed  to  vanish.  "  There  shall  be  no  Alps,"  he  said,  "  and  he 
made  his  perfect  roads,  and  by  graded  galleries  climbed  their 
flteepest  precipices  until  Italy  was  as  open  to  Paris  as  any  town  in 
JVance" 

The  character  of  Napoleon  the  First  haa  a#  diteet  \s&\^t^^y?&. 


THE  TWO  NAPGLEOKa, 


ura, 


our  times,  for  it  is  natural  to  believe  in  great  men.    Besides,  lie  is  a 
lense  through  which  the  niost  powerful  despot  of  the  day  reads  the 
future*    The  master  of  "  Thirty  Legions* !  of  practised  warriort 
tried  his  hand  at  war.     lie  has  his  ambition;  he  may  hope  to  p 
duee  a  historical  parallel— In  Marengo,  Auaterlitz,  and  Jena.   He  is 
reported  to  have  said*' he  will  avoid  the  mistakes  of  his  ui 
Doe*  he  allude  to  Moscow,  Waterloo,  and  Trafalgar?    His  Kussi 
alliance  and  hia  superb  steam  fleet  of  line-of-battle  ships  are  nidi 
tions  of  his  future  policy,  which  time  alone  can  develope. 

It  fighting  be  the  best  mode  of  settling  differences  of  opini 
then  Napoleon  the  First  was  right  in  making  it  thorough,     u. 
arm v,"  he  said,  "ought  always  to  be  ready  by  day  and  by  i 
all  times  and  seasons,  and  at  all  hours,  to  make  all  the 
is  capable  of."     Ho  well  did  his  system  work,  that  he  made  w  < 
port  war.    Every  victory  to  bini,  says  the  author  of  *£  Kepi 
Men/1  u  was  anew  weapon.'*   However,  he  seldom  calculated  upon  ;i 
reverse,  and  when  it  came,  he  was — not  a  hero. 

But  his  chief  ability  seemed  to  be  his  thorough  insight  into  t 
character  of  the  French  people.  He  was  the  representative  of  tb 
genius,  He  could  do  what  he  pleased  with  them.  They  submit 
to  be  decimated  by  couseriptionn;  to  have  their  laud  sucked  of 
nourishment ;  to  see  their  commerce  decay,  and  their  national  ere- 
reduced  to  bankruptcy,  so  long  as  he  kept  open  a  market  far  fct* 
vanity  and  military  taste.  A  few  brilliant  prices  made  the  ignofi 
masses  blind  to  the  millions  of  blanks.  Seventeen  men  only  tn 
raised  from  common  soldiers  to  the  rank  uf  king,  marshal,  duke, 
general,  u  I  made  my  generals  out  of  mud,"  was  his  reply  0] 
occasion,  when  solicited  to  rely  mure  upon  the  inteliig  ar 

toeracy   of  France.     Of  a  truth  Ms  only  nobilil 
"  the  rabble  of  the  Faubourgs,"  and  i he* unbounded  e  made 

by  this  class,  can  only  be  reckoned  by  millions. 

Napoleon's  moftj  character  also  has  a  great  influence  upon  o 
times,  for  so  sincere  an  imitator  in  his  nephew  may  bo  tempted  or  W 
blinded  by  his  admiration  of  his  idol,  to  follow  his  example, 

A  stern  but  impartial  writer  has  thus  described  the  elder  Ki 
IfiOn,  it  is  for  the  student  of  passing  events  to  see  if  be  reeogn_ 
in  the  following  portrait  any  that  will  dovetail  with  his  own  sugg 
tions,  He  mot,  "Bonaparte  wan  singularly  destitute  of 
sentiments.  The  highest  placed  individual  in  the  most  cultiva 
age,  yet  he  had  not  the  merit  of  common  truth  and  honesty 
a  boundless  liar.     The  oflieial  paper  his  Monii  d  all  010  b 

tins,  are  proverbs  for  laying  what  lie  wished  to  be  believed; 
worse,  he  sat  in  his  premature  old  age,  in  his  lonely  isle,  coldly  fi_„ 
fyfog  facie,  and  dates,  and  characters,  and  giving  to  history  a  thea 
trical  eclat.     Like  all  Frenchmen,  be  had  a  passion  I  die* 

Every  net  ion  that  breathes  of  generosity  was  poisoned  bv  this  calc 
lation.     His  '*to-/  his  *  destiny,'  his  love  of  glory',  his"  doctri 
the  immortality  of  the  soul,  are  all   French,"     Ho  said,  N  I  ED 
daizle  and  astonish.     Jf  I  were  to  give  the  liberty  uf  . 
power  couht  mt  latt  three  <%*."     The  same  writer  further  i 

Ilu  would  steal,  slander,  a^  drown,  and  poison, 

mtorwt  dictated.1*    When  ailu&ion^^iaa^fc  to  the  nreeioua 


1^  i» 


He 


1  966  ] 


Tin  TWO  ffAIOlEOTTS. 


543 


of  centuries  which  was  spilled  by  the  murder  of  the  Due  d'Enghieu, 
he  replied,  u  Neither  is  my  blood  ditchwater," 

We  close  our  remarks,  with  the  concluding  observations  of  the 
same  eloquent  writer:  "  he  was"  alluding  to  the  elder  Napoleon, 
;ib!e  of  vulgar  hatred,  intensely  selfish,  and  perfidious;  he 
cheated  at  cards  ;  he  was  a  prodigious  gossip  and  opened  letters ; 
and  delighted  in  his  infamous  police,  and  rubbed  his  hands  with  joy 
when  he  intercepted  some  morsel  of  intelligence  concerning  the  men 
and  women  about  him,  boasting  that  he  knew  'everything;'  be 
interfered  with  the  cutting  of  women's  dresses,  and  listened  after 
the  hurrahs  and  the  compliments  of  the  street  incognito.  Jt  does 
not  appear  that  he  listened  at  keyholes,  or  at  least,  that  he  was 
caught  at  it.  In  short,  when  you  have  penetrated  through  all  the 
circles  of  power  and  splendour,  you  were  not  dealing  with  a  gentle- 
man at  last,  but  with  an  impost er  and  a  rogue ;  and  he  fully  deaerves 
tliv  epithet  of  *  Jupiter  Seapin,*  or  a  sort  of  Scamp  Jupiter." 

And  what  was  the  result  of  this  vast  talent  and  power  ?  What 
became  of  his  immense  armies,  with  which  he  burned  cities,  squan- 
!  treasures,  immolated  millions  of  men  [and  demoralised  Eu- 
rope? AH  has  passed  away,  and  left  no  trace,  except  that  he  left 
France  poorer  and  feebler  than  he  found  her.  It  was  the  result  of 
an  experiment  worked  out  with  a  sensual  and  selfish  aim. 

And  what  is  the  consequent'  f  We  see*  after  a  lapse  of  forty 
vears,  that  the  whole  contest,  has  lo  be  begun  again.  For  this  man 
is  re-produced*  Napoleon  the  Third  hopes  to  be  another  Napoleon 
the  First.  The  points  of  identity  are  curious.  He  sprang,  like  hia 
^reat  prototype,  from  the  throes  of  a  revolution  to  a  throne.  The 
rabble  of  the  Faubourgs  is  also  his  "true  nobility.*1  They  look  on 
him  as  u  flesh  of  their  Bean,"  and  the  creature  of  their  party-  His 
elevation  to  the  Tuilleries  is  due  to  them ;  he  is  their  captain  and 
king. 

But  this  "  remarkable  man"  ia  our  *  faithful  ally/*  He  is  the 
master  of  a  hundred  victorious  legions,  and  we  must  poise  our  words 
even  while  we  sketch  his  portrait.  Napoleon  the  Third,  like  hi* 
uncle,  is  a  working  king  ;  like  him  too,  lie  represents  the  genius  of 
France ;  and  it  is  impossible  not  to  admire  how  his  ready  hand  takes 
*f  occasion  by  the  beard/'  He  is  also  the  most  eminent  man  of  his 
day,  as  well  "as  the  most  powerful. 

While  acknowledging  his  abilities,  Englishmen  wiU  do  well  to 
remember  that  he  expresses  the  tone  of  thought  and  belief  of  the  gtttti 
i  of  France  ;  and  her  tone  is  antagonistic  to  England.  He  is 
the  leading  spirit  of  a  country,  which  from  its  geographical  position, 
and  according  to  its  government,  must  always  be  a  curse  or  the  rege- 
nerator of  Europe*  He  is  just  the  man  to  plav  a  desperate  game, 
for  he  is  a  dexterous  politician.     At  Bordeaux  lie  said  :  "  &  Empire 

but  it  suits  him  now  to  say  \  kL  L' Empire  tfeti  tap 
The  words  are  very  similar  in  sound,  but  they  admit  of  a  different 
signification.     Until  recently,  Napoleon  was  France;  he  now  B6 
to  be  European.    He,  like  his  uncle,  believes  in  his  u  star,11  and  that 
it  is  his  ''destiny"  to  humiliate   England.     It  would  seem  that  a 

erstifcious  weakness  was  common  to  both  uncle  wn&  wq2te*  ^w 
this  point    Jlfotfs  vermis*     However,  we  oiig\it  to  ^Q^^^^^^ 


for  the  Emperor  only  echoes  the  voices  of  ail  parties  in  Fran 
whether  Republicans,  Imperialists,  or  Orlcani&ts,  when  he  threate 
us  with  invasion.     A   war  with  Engla 
France  ;  it  would  drain  all  discord  run  of  Ji, 

puleon  tin-  Third  in  common  with   N&poUon  the   First,   is  * 
realist.     Hii  principal  adviser,  is  nicaselfj  he  seeks  no  counsel  froi 
others;  he  is  tin  self-denying,  sucrincing  ever) thing  to  " 

aim.     Like  his  model,  he  has  strangled  public  opm  need  tl 

press,  and  driven  liberty  from   France*     As  President;  be 
willi  the  motto:  ,s  Liberty,  Bgalit^  BVaternit^."    The  ' 
plained  by  Frenchman  is  uuw  only  an  article  ortft&OlL  and 

i  p  seen  in  Pane,  except  in  some  pl-acarde,  wh 
uer  of  the  at*  ji  the  Lids  of  tobacco  boxes.     Aueedut 

may  he  collected  tu  prove  this,  but  hia  celebrated  roiq 
enough  to  convince  any  one  how  much  liberty   he  allows   to  a  n 
bold  enough  to  have  an  opinion  of  his  own. 

The  points  of  similarity  between  the  two 
numerous  to  be  individualised ;  but  a  few  more  of  the  most  signi 
are  too  curious  to  be  passed  over  in  silence.     Like  his  pattern,  to  tl 
gifts  which  nature  has  endowed  him,  he  adds  the  advantage  of  I 
passed  through  the  vicissitudes  of  poverty  and  privation.     H« 
prisoner  and  an  exile  before  he  was  a  king  ;  his  model  was  a  & 
passed  through  ail  the  subordinate  ranks,  and  h 
The  rough  school  ■  i  ty  was  of  immense  adva  It  v 

the  key  of  the  present  Emperor's  powers  il  him  to  u 

Idle  classes,  so  that  when  Uh  "true  ixobitil 
vfthe  Faubourgs,  strike  tor  bread,  he  docs  not  give  them  bav 
as  some  kings  have  done. 

lie  is  a  good  '*  second  edition"  of  the  first   Emperor,  in  his  taste 
for  the  improvement  and  embellishment  of  Paris,  for  he  is  a  \s 
in  brass  and  in  iron,  in  earth  and  in  wood,  in  roads  ami  buildin 
money  and  in  troops,  He  also  is  a  "  ciphering  operative 5*— an  an 
He  has  raised  an  army  of  prodigious  strength,  and  wh< 
say,  that  in  seven  years  be  has  produced  a  screw  steam  i 
has  given  to  the  first  maritime  powers  on  earth  considerable  un 
,ness,  we  shall  only  praise  him  in  a  mild  form. 

It  is  obvious  that  we  cannot  pursue  the  comparisons  any  fur 
The  conditions  are  not  complete.     The  "  destinv  poleoo  111 

is  not  fulfilled.     Future  historians  may  finish  the 
pestilent  malady  which  he  fostered  in  Italy  is  for  a  time  s1 
who  believes  that  the  scourge  will  not  break  out  ag 
great  prototype,   Napoleon  111 
by  fits  and  starts.     He  is  impulsive,  and  lives  bv 
catch  the  admiration,  or  to  surprise  mankind.  *  His  w 
history  is  an  eccentric  wonderment,      Like  a 
jerked  himself from  the  stagnant  vapours  of  a  prison,  an 
bovers  witti^  a  garish  light  upon  a  glittering  throne  japed 

with   incredulous   wonder   when,   with   the 
boomerang  he  aimed  at  empire  at  Strasbourg  \uid    ! 
flew   at    a   throne  and   found    himself  in   a   \, 

r»  the  fortress  of  Ham  was  another  nine  days*  v, 
exile  in  London  he  excited  our  a&m\nvti.m  %%  ^  %y  4>le; 


lift 


1859.] 


THE   TWO   NAPOLEOXS. 


Mf 


but  he  soon  amazed  the  world  again  by  jumping,  staff  in  hand,  into 
the  throne  of  the  Tnfllfliiii  Ho  then  became  a  Jupiter,  and 
thundered  accordingly.  He  stunned  us  with*  hm  coup  d'efat,  and 
struck  us  dumb  when  be  gagged  the  press  of  France.  He  bewildered 
us  into  a  war  with  Russia,  and  vexed  us  with  his  anxiety  for  an 
early  peace.  We  were  amazed  when  he  kissed  our  most  gracioua 
Sovereign's  cheek  at  Windsor.  He  astounded  us  with  his  impudent 
braggadocia  after  Orsim's  affair.  Took  us  aback  with  his  auprrb 
screw  lines-of-battle.  Bullied  us  in  the  Portuguese  *lave  question. 
Fascinated  Qfl  at  Cherbourg,  Struck  us  dumb  with  his  secret  treaty 
with  Russia,  Staggered  us  with  the  Austrian  war.  and  we  are  now 
in  a  state  of  stupefaction  at  the  surprising  way  he  has  "freed" 
Italy,  and  as  a  conqueror  sued  for  peace.  At  the  present  moment 
it  is  doubtful  whether  we  are  standing  on  our  bead  or  our  heels  j  the 
only  thing  certain  is,  that  we  are  again  all  agape,  expecting  a  new  sur- 
prise from  this  royal  conjuror.  However,  the  moves  on  the  political 
chessboard  are  not  easily  divined,  and  whether  Napoleon  III,  will 
lunate  the  world,  or  be  checkmated  himself,  posterity  alone  can 
determine* 

It  is  enough  for  us  to  knttw  tint  fetich  is  the  man  who  is  said  to  be 
>ur  "faithful  ally,"     But  the  most  singular  phase  of  the  aft-il 


OUJ 


: 

i 


the  standing  antagonism  that  exists  between  England  and  her  power- 
ful friend.     We  are, arming  as  fast  at  we  can,  ami  however  Lord  Pal- 
merston  may  boast  of  his  intimacy  with  his  Imperial  despot,  it  it  from 
our  "faithful  ally"  that  we  expect  the  blow.     The  insii 
iiinde  throughout  these  realm*,  [mints  to  Napoleon  as  the  disturber 
of  our   peace,  if  not  the  invader  of  our  uoih     Our  timid,  lalfiafc 
ministers  rely  upon  the  promises  of  a  Buonaparte  ;  but  the  bold  and 
of  Englishmen,  upon  whom  the  brunt   of  the 
difficulty  will  fall,  disbelieve  all  such  assertions,  and  we  trust  will 
■illy  ivlv  upon  themselves* 
History  is  full  to  this  day  of  the  imbecility  of  kings,  miniBti 
ami  governors;  but  Tvapoieou  III.  is  an  exception,     He  oilers  a 

(Striking  e  to  the  universal  indecision,  indolence,  and  party 

spirit  of  our  public  men.  Our  system  of  routine  has  become 
fossilised,  and  our  statesmen  petrifactions,  What  we  may  expect 
with  such  rulers  as   Gladstone,   Newcastle,  aud  Herbert,  men  who 

P  sacrificed  our  gallant  army  in  the  Crimea,  w\mn  pitted  against  thia 
•  rluuan  is  deplorable  to  contemplate.    It  may  be,  thai.  I 
may  be  nwre  sensitive  tu  ihe  danger  of  reducing  our  defences  ti 
arer©,  but  we  remember  the  traditions  of  Woolwich,  and 
deficient  state  of  our  ordnance  just  before  the  Buasian  war,  and  then 
our  fiutta  sinks  like  quicksilver  in  a  hurricane. 

Lord  Derby's  administration  was  putting  the  nation  in  a  good 

kfigh ling  condition      In  a  few  months  Sir  John  P&kington  doubled 
I  b  of  the  British  fleet,  which,  it  wiLl  be  remej 
d  to  a  shameful  condition  of  weakness  by  the  Palmer 
rnrnenl  al  the   period  when  his  attempt  to  pass  h 
ill,  fortunately  for  EnglamL,  relievedhim  from  official  rognonaibilil 

en  began  to  count  ships  with  France,  and  in  ilic  ftmfcofet- 
we  appeared.     Thanks  to  Six  -VvYuv  ViaVm^Vcvtv,  ^Vi 
&q  now  equal  to  our  "faithful  ally"  upon  the  \\\$i  «w,tto&"M 


546 


FBOM   CAMP   TO  QUAETEBS. 


[AtTC, 


trust  that  the  present  administration  will  not  reduce  our  navy  so  as 
to  render  such  a  wealthy  country  as  England  a  mark  for  the  cupidity 
of  franco  and  Bussia.     Our  tree  institutions  aare  a  plague  Bp 
these   despotic    powers,     We    must  pay    Ihe   penalty    alt  ached   b9 
wealth  as  well  as  liberty,  for  tliey   have  their  drawbacks  as  1 
their  manifold  advantages.     The  first  point,  indeed  the  only  [ 
by  the  side  of  which  all  others  sink  into  insignificance,  is  to  be  pre- 
pared for  the  tiger   spring  that  will  some  day  be  made  at  us,  for 
preparation  with  Englishmen  is  security.  B.  P. 


FROM  CAMP  TO  QUABTEBS. 

Oil,   LTFE   m  AN   INDIAN   CANTONMENT   AFTEH    TIELD   SEBVrCE 

The  Climate  of  India— The  IIoHjiitul— No  Authority— How  to  Support "  Dignip" 
—Fatalism  arid  its  licsults — An  Adventure — Comfort  of  Out  Door  Life— 
Habits — "  Chota  Hazree  ,f — Tea — Oases  in  the  Desert— Routine,  of  life — India'* 
Characteristic — The  Baud — Indian  **  Ladies  *'  and  Indian  Children. 


We  concluded  the  previous  part  of  this  narrative  in  considering 
some  respects  in  which  the  manner  of  life  in  India  of  the  Bi 
soldier  and  those  dependent  upon  him  does  not  quite  realise  the  im- 
pressions entertained  on  the  subject  by  the  uninitiated  at  home, 
The  subject  is  by  no  means  an  agreeable  one,  yet  is  fertile  in  capa- 
bilities of  illustration.  We  have  alluded  to  the  comfort  and  the 
care  bestowed  upon  the  sick  soldier  in  India,  and  no  doubt  very 
great  and  very  praiseworthy  they  are.  Yet  they  approach  but  in  a 
very  distant  degree  what,  according  to  popular  opinion,  they  are 
believed  to  be. 

Many  persons  take  a  vast  deal  of  trouble  to  impress  upon  others 
what  they  themselves  cannot  possibly  believe  to  be  true  ;  they  v 
have  us  convinced  that  there  is  nothing  in  the  circumstances  <rf  a 
soldier's  service  in  India  to  render  his  chances  of  health  and  liH 
than  they  are  at  home,  and  some  do  not  hesitate  to  assert  that  not 
only  is  the  climate  in  itself  not  less  salubrious  than  that  of  Britain, 
but  that  it  quite  equals,  if,  indeed,  it  does  not  excel  it.     Do  not, 
however,  let  us  be  carried  away   by  the  fair  speeches  of  any  such 
Indophilus — India  is  not  favourable  to  British  constitutions,  woi 
belonging  to  officers  or  soldiers  ;  neither  are  the  proportions  of  deaths 
from  intemperance  anything  like  so  numerous  as  he  would  hi 
suppose. 

Tear  not,  reader,  no  medical  dissertation  is  about  to  be  passed  off 
upon  yon  clandestinely,  and  under  false  pretences.  I  could  not  write 
one  if  I  wished,  nor  would  you  probably  read  it  if  I  did.     I  I 
however,  you  will  not  object 'to  take  in  imagination  at  least  a  walk 
with  me  through  the  hospital  of  Dandgunge. 

We  approach  the  building.     It  jm  a   Icing,  dreary-looking  | 
surrounded  by  a  high  wall  j  thus  aa  effectively  as  possible  - 


r 

I 


1859,] 


FBOM  CAMP  TO  QrAETEES. 


547 


free  circulation  of  the  air  of  heaven.  The  guard  at  the  gate  permit 
us  to  pass,  and  we  find  ourselves  within  the  grounds,  which  are 
covered  with  cow  dung;  small  cesspools  for  th«?  temporary  retention 
of  refuse  appear  he:  re,  a  few  natives  walk  languidly  to  and 

fro,  and  mayhap  a  few  more  are  busy,  that  is,  as  much  so  as  a  native 
can  be,  milking  cows.  (i  Good  heavens  t"  we  exclaim,  u  who  is  re- 
sponsible for  th [a  ?  Hs  surely  ought  to  be  brought  to  book  for  such 
palpable  neglect  of  all  sanitary  rules. ,J 

|  A  mong  the  train  of  followers  that  has  already  increased  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  about  us  is  a  hall- caste,  pert-looking  young  lad, 
dressed  in  the  style  of  costume  called  rf  loud,"  and  evidently  holding 
an  elevated  position — in  his  own  estimation.  His  hat,  a  regular 
chimney  pot,  is  sufficiently  to  one  side  to  be  what  he  rather  flatten! 
himself  is  "just  the  thing'"  and  with  a  hand  on  each  hip  he  at  once 
and  without  hesitation  informs  us  in  unexceptionable  chec  ehee 
accents,  that  Dr.  Cheek  is  the  surgeon  in  charge  of  the  Queen's  corps, 
hut  Dr,  Snooks  is  the  one  in  charge  of  the  Company  'a  troops,  for  at 
this  time  there  was  an  East  India  Company,  and  a  few  troops  had 
still  been  left  to  them, 

Enlightened  so  far,  we  continue,  "  Very  good,  but  who  ia  the 
senior  r  who  is  responsible  for  the  whole  ?" 

**  Well,  sir/1  is  the  response,  "  I  don't  exactly  know  who  ia  ><  nior; 
Dr.  Cheek  looks  the  oldest  man,  but  he  has  nothing  to  do  with  OUT 
side  of  the  compound,  we  always  keep  the  Queen's  corps  separate. N 

It  were  needless  further  to  follow  I  lie  colloquy,  the  upshot  of 
which  was,  that  the  station  authorities  having  shrunk  "from  the  idea  ^f 
permitting  a  medical  servant  to  be  dictated  to  by  one  of  her 
Majesty'*  service,  the  result  was  as  described,  and  considerably 
worse  than  has  been  described,  inasmuch  as  no  person  cared  to 
maintain  discipline*  Irregularities  committed  on  one  side  were 
speedily  repeated  on  the  other  \  no  person  cared,  because  no  person 
had  authority  to  act,  and  so  matters  went  on  from  bad  to  worse. 

But  we  must  hurry  in  and  visit  the  interior  of  this  long,  dn 
place,  that  may  indeea  be  likened  to  a  ch&rnel  house. 

At  the  door  a  heavy  sickening  smell,  indicative  of  organic 
disease  and  decomposition,  ere  yet  vitality  has  ceased,  striken  offen- 
sively our  olfactories ;  we  have  seen  such  scenes  before,  and  need 
not  to  ask  whence  the  eiHuvia  arose,  we  know  its  haunts  to  be  the 
fever  and  the  dysentery  which  fill  the  wards,  and  also  alas !  the  two 
graveyards  that  are  now  so  crowded  with  dead  that  a  third  has  hit  el y 
Jied. 

The  stone  Hugs  with  which  the  floor  is  paved  look  damp,  a  sickly 
B  of  fungus  tin-es  the  inner  walla  to  a  height  of  a<We 
OT  three  feet,  and  along  each  side  of  the  dreary-looking  v 
which  is  not  less  than  200"  feet  from  end  to  end,  see  ranged  our 
fellow  countrymen,  prostrated  by  disease  in  all  its  possible  formsr 
the  greater  port  ion  to  rise  iin  more  from  their  beds  of  agony, 

AfiCUStoraed  as  we  an*  to  trying  seine*,  we  cannot  behold  the  prc- 

Isent  without  a  sigh.     It  is  now  the  mouth  of  August;  the  ten  i  pern- 
exceeds  90°;  the  nh\  saturated  with  moisture,  refuses  to  take 
up  the  ordinary  perspiration  which,  therefore,  ata^WVrv^  kw^ 


54S 


FSOM  CAMP  TO  QCAETEttS. 


[AP(3,, 


nekles  down  the  faces  of  the  unhappy  sufferers,  the  drops 
rendered  bigger,  and  the  streams  more  profuse,  by  the,  pain  and 
bodily  suffering  induced  by  their  disease  ;  wddly  and  restlessly  they 
toss  their  arms  about,  or  throw  off  the  flimsy  sheet  that  had  formed 
could  bear.  We  now  see  that  their  bare 
arms  and  exposed  chests  present  one  mass  of  that  most  irritating 
complaint  called  -  prickly  heat.11  Their  mouths  are  parched  with 
thirst — many  open,  while  flics  innumerable  harass  them  in  a  manner 
more  intolerable  than  the  disease ;  above  them  arc  suspended  punkahs, 
which  move  gently  and  slowly  from  side  to  side,  drawn  by  natives 
than  half  asleep,  their  motion  is  too  inconsiderable  to  produce  natural 

iron  of  the  air,  and  even  if  it  did  there  would  be  little  use 
as  I  have  said,  evaporation  could  not  take  place, 

Hut  ludophilus  no  doubt  asks  what  has  become  of  the  enormous 
establishment  of  what  are  en] led  medical  subordinates  and  native  at* 
aidants  that  he  knows  are  attached  to  all  European  corps,  for  he  is 
an  old  Indian — a  very  old  Indian,  and  will  not  call  them  what  they 
really  are— British  regiments, 

I  will  tell  you  what  has  In  wine  of  them*  They  still  exist,  per- 
haps not  much  changed  from  what  they  were  many  years  ago  as  re- 
gards appearance,  but ,  apparently,  muefa  altered,  and  not  by  any 
means  to  the  better  as  regards  estimate  of  their  own  dignity  and 
importance,  and,  in  consequence,  not  a  little  degenerated  as  regards 
efliricncy;  it  being  their  ruling  doctrine,  that  in  order  to  sun 
this  supposed  dignity,  one  of  the  moat  Important  points  is  to 
neglect  this  particular  duty  as  much  as  possible. 

A  little  inquiry,  or  a  little  experience,  soon  teaches  us  how  tins 
object  is  achieved.     No  sooner  do  the  medical  officers  leave  their 
wards  than  the  prescriptions  to  be  prepared,  and  instructions   i 
followed,  are  passed  on  by  the  senior  subordinate  to  his  immediate 
junior  whilst  he  retires  to  his  breakfast,  or  his  flute,  or  his  e 
,  or  his  friends  who  have  come  even  at  the  early  hour  of  m 
mg  **  visit  "  to  have  a  "  rubber .*' 

The  next  junior,  in  like  manner,  oasses  the  orders  down  to  soma 
one  else,  who  repeats  them  to  his  4i  inferior/1  at  last  they  arri 
Coolies,  who  kriuw  nothing  about,  and  care,  if  possible,  less, 
that  for  any  subjects  whatever,  except  pice,  rice,  and  hookah,  and, 
eouBOqucnUv,  never  carry  out  whatever  orders  they  receive,  unlets, 
in  as  far  as  they  have  a  direct  bearing  upon  either  of  these,  to  them 
necessities  of  life, 

h\-ttalisU  they  are,  too,  in  every  sense  of  the  word,  and  if  they 
ever  reason  at  all,  which  is  more  than  doubtful,  do  so  somewlmt  thus  : 
u  If  it  so  happen  that  the  fate  of  this  dog  of  a  Feriughee  (alluding 

Jie  unfortunate  sick  soldier  in  hospital)  J  why,  he  n 

die,  and  what  use  is  there  in  my  giving  up  my  hooka,  or  my  game  at 
Picheesee,  to  go  and  attend  him,  besides  which*  if  he  die,  1 1 
be  one  L  gora  '  less  in  the  land  of  my  forefathers,  and  his  death  mav 
be  received  by  the  great  goddess  Dever.  i  shipper  1  aiu,  as 

an  acceptable  sacrifice  from  her  votary, 

"But  if,  onine  other  hand,  his  'kuainat'  be  to  live,  why,  h* 
must  live.     What  signifies  it  that  he  now  lies  prostrate,  muttering 


1859.]  FROM  CAMP  TO  QXTABTEBS.  540 

to  himself  in  the  delirium  of  fever,  teeth  and  lips  parched,  and 
covered  with  black  incrustation,  the  odour  from  which  is  that  of 
death  ?  What  signifies  it  that  the  horrible  '  flux '  that  has  already 
claimed  as  victims  some  of  his  comrades,  has  now  prostrated  him 
to  the  last  extremity  of  feebleness  ?  If  so  be  that  he  shall  live,  he 
shall  live.  So  why  should  I  leave  my  comfortable  mat,  on  which  I 
sleep  away  five-sixths  of  my  time,  to  administer  medicine,  or  moisten 
the  parched  lips,  or  support  failing  strength  by  small  quantities  of 
wine  often  repeated,  or  beef  tea,  or  to  change  the  clothes  of  a 
patient  rendered  loathsome  by  disease,  when,  if  he  is  to  live,  he 
shall  live." 

This,  be  it  understood,  is  no  garbled  account  of  the  maner  in 
which  sick  soldiers  are  treated  by  the  native  attendants  in  India, 
and,  as  a  consequence,  many  and  many  a  noble  fellow  falls  a  sacri- 
fice to  the  low  estimate  of  the  value  of  human  life  entertained  not 
only  by  the  natives  themselves,  but  by  the  half-caste  population 
from  which  the  ranks  of  the  subordinate  medical  department  are 
principally  recruited ;  and  to  the  horrible  doctrine  of  fatalism  that 
leads  its  believers  to  act  literally  as  I  have  described. 

Do  these  matters  not  come  under  the  cognisance  of  the  medical 
officer,  and  is  it  not  his  duty  to  stop  them  ? 

It  is  seldom,  indeed,  that  they  do,  and,  even  when  they  do,  it  is 
not  in  his  power  to  put  a  stop  to  them.  Nothing  will  rouse  the 
energies  of  the  half-castes  of  India.  Praise  and  censure  are  alike 
received  by  them  with  the  most  perfect  indifference,  and  as  to  ex* 
erting  themselves  in  the  slightest  degree  beyond  what  thev  are  re- 
quired to  da  in  order  to  keep  their  positions,  that  is  what  they  never 
will  do.  Added  to  these  defects  of  character,  it  must,  I  fear,  be 
said  of  them,  as  a  class,  that,  small  as  is  their  regard  for  the  lives 
of  British  soldiers,  it  is  in  this  respect  not  smaller  than  their  regard 
for  truthfulness.  The  immediate  effect  of  this  is,  that  whatever 
orders  are  given  to  them,  there  can  be  no  certainty  of  these  orders 
being  carried  out,  the  report  furnished  to  the  medical  officer  not 
being  always  in  accordance  with  facts. 

A  change  in  this  particular  department  is  much  needed,  but  as 
yet,  it  is  to  be  feared,  is  far  distant,  and  for  this  simple  reason,  that" 
the  old  Indian  medical  officers,  few  of  whom  know  anything  practi- 
cally regarding  British  regiments,  and  their  love  for  everything 
native  and  Indian  being  all  powerful,  they  will  not  be  convinced 
that  the  whole  system  of  the  present  hospital  establishments  are 
faulty  in  the  extreme,  and  much  in  need  of  most  thorough  and  com- 
plete reform. 

This  is  not  the  place  to  enter  at  length  into  such  a  subject,  but 
as  having  a  powerful  bearing  upon  the  well-being  and  sufficiency  of 
the  British  soldier,  a  brief  notice  may,  perhaps,  be  permitted  in  a 
Magazine  that  devotes  itself  to  military  subjects. 

Prom  this  subject  I  turn  for  a  little  to  one  of  a  less  technical 
nature.  Our  service  had,  as  already  mentioned,  been  long  and  ar- 
duous, we  had  suffered  much  exposure  to  most  trying  weather  at  a 
most  trying  season,  and  for  some  time  had  looked  forward  with  no 
little  curiosity,  as  well  as  anxiety,  to  the  t\m©  "k\&&  ^Wfc  ftoRwkk  ot$i^ 


350 


FROM    VAMV  TO  QUAETEllS. 


[AtT0.( 


the  luxury  of  sleeping  in  a  house.    Buts  alas!  for  all  human  antici- 
pations.    As  in  many  other  respects,  we  found  that   In  this  the 
actual  realisation  of  our  hopes  fell  far  short  of  their  anticipation , 
Accustomed  as  we  had  been  for  months  to  the  free  air  of  heaven, 
wn  experienced  a  feeling  of  oppression  and  confinement  ube 
attempted  at  first  to  sleep  in  a  house.    The  walls  looked  disagree! 
solid ;  we  fancied  we  did  not  obtain  a  sufficient  supply  of  air 
punkahs  that  swung  above  annoyed  us  by  their  slow  and  monotonous 
oscillation,  while  they  did  not  give  the  slightest  relief  from  the 
stilling  aud  muggy  heat  that  oppressed  us, 

What  was  to  be  done,  thought  we  ?     Could  we  ever  hope  ol 
ubmit   to  the  Inconvenience  of  sleeping  within  doors?      We 
could  only  hope  to  do  so,  from  the  knowledge  we  had  previously 
J  by  personal  experience  of  how  our  nature  can,  when  re- 
quired,   accommodate  itself  to  circumstances;   and  so  we  wished 
to  be  able,  bye  and  bye,  to  reconcile  ourselves  to  living  in  a  house. 

Our  first  night's  attempt  was,  however,  a  decided  failure*  Wc 
I  about — wTe  stretched  ourselves — we  got  up — walked  about  — 
then  went  to  bed— then  got  up  again.  It  was  of  no  use — we  could 
succeed  in  our  numerous  attempts  to  secure  the  drowsy  god  ;  at 
but  we  resolved  to  remove  OUF  beds  once  more  from  the  confined 
pivi.-incts  of  brick  and  mortar,  and  place  them  under  the  star  to 
spangled  [iniirniniit,  to  which  we  had  become  accustomed.  No  bo 
was  the  resolution  taken  than  executed  i  aud  no  sooner  exec 
than  followed  by  a  degree  of  success  we  had  scarcely  calculated 
upon.  Sleep,  heavy  aud  sound,  now  stole  over  us,  burying  in  a 
oblivion,  for  a  time,  our  cares,  our  troubles,  and  annoyances.  How 
long  we  should  have  remained  thus  enshrouded  in  forget  fulness  it 
is  difficult  to  say  ;  for  somet lines  we  lay  utterly  unconscious  of  al) 
lifers  troubles,  cares,  and  pleasures,  only  to  be  roused  into  a  con- 
dition of  half  dreaminess  by  the  heavy,  dull  report  of  the  morning 
gun  as  it  proclaimed  the  approach  of  daylight, 

Weustomed  as  we    had  been  to  sounds  of  this  description 
wcrr  soon  sound  again  in  repose,  when  a  rolling  as  of  wheels  upon 
a  hard,  well  metalled  road  came  upon  our  ears.     This  was  some; 
altogether  new — -it  was  unlike  the  rattle  of  guns,  as  they  sped  ftc 
cultivated  fields,  or  over  dry  arid  plains,    It  was  altogether  different 
from,  and  unlike  the  creaking,  teeth-setting-on-edge  sound  of  native 
bullock  hackeries.     It  was,  in  fact,  something  to  which  we  had  for 
months  ceased  to  be  accustomed,  and  ere  we  had  in  our  minds  solved 
the  mystery,  it  was  unravelled  for  us  by  an  open  carriage  and  pail 
sweeping  dowa  upon  us.     With  half-opened  eyes  we  beheld  the 
sylph-like  figures  of  two  young  ladies,  as  reclining  upon  and  half 
buried  in  spring  cushions*  they  proceeded  on  their  morning  dri  i 
in  t  >ricntal  phrase,  "  to  eat  the  air."     The  moment  was  a  trying  one, 
requiring  an  amount  of  decision  and  presence  of  mind,  which,  had 
thrv  been   displayed  as  now  in  calmer  moments  1  see  they  might 
u,  would  h  .1  us   from  making  a  sad  expose  of  our- 

selves, and,  perhaps,  also  of  having  atforded  the  unexpected  an 
ment,  if  nothing  else,  we  on  that  unlucky  morning  did  to  th« 
beauties  of  Ditndgunge, 


1859.] 


FBOM   CAMP  TO   QUARTERS. 


551 


Fennit  me,  my  most  sedate  and  "proper*'  reader,  to  ask  what 
would  you  have  done  under  the  trying  circumstances  ?  But  the 
question  is  needles?.  You  would  have  done  what  we  did  not.  You 
would  have  remained  stretched  upon  your  couch,  would  have  dr. 
tin-  riiverki  over  your  face,  and  thus  concealed  from  augelic  gase, 
have  enjoyed  your  quiet  titter,  while  outsiders  enjoyed  theirs  at  a 
figure  they  could  not  afterwards  identity.  We,  on  the  contrary, 
with  horror,  be  it  confessed,  rushed  frantically  across  the  road  in 
front  of  the  approaching  carriage,  dressed  as  we  were  in  scant  and 
airy  habiliments ;  and  as  we  disappeared  into  the  inner  recesses  of 
what  ought  to  have  been  our  bed  room,  found  our  ears  assailed  by 
Btinndi  much  more  like  a  hearty  laugh,  than  screams  of  alarm  nttered 
by  our  fair  disturbers. 

This  small  adventure  taught  us  the  necessity  of  once  more  dia- 
ciplining  our  gipsy  habits  that  even  already  were  fast  becoming,  if 
had  not  actually  become,  fi*  second  nature/*  so  that  we  should 
not  again  shock,  if  we  did  shock,  the  delicate  sensibilities  of  the 
elUe  of  1)  and  gunge.  We  must  become  once  more  civilised,  and  to 
that  end  must  as  a  set  oft'  sleep  in  the  house. 

And  while  night  after  night  we  deposit  our  cot  nearer  and  nearer 
the  door,  until  we  finally  succeed  in  keeping  it  inside  altogether,  let 
me  muse  for  o  little  on  what  in  our  earlier  experience  of  Indian 
habits  we  looked  upon  as  the  most  undomestie  of  all  customs,  that 
of  the  natives  spending  the  greater  part  of  their  time  in  the  open 
air,  and  their  very  houses  being  generally  from  construction  and 
materials  ill  calculated  to  allbrd  shelter  and  protection  from  the 
rains  that  periodically  fall, 

Never,  until  now,  could  I  understand  the  greater  personal  com  furl 
tag  in  the  open  air  than  in  a  house*  there  is  a  freedom  and 
cheerfulness  about   the  former   that   cannot   be   experienced    ni  a 
building  ;   the  very  atmosphere  in  the  country,  away  from  crowded 
habitations  is  never  so  oppressive  and  exhausting  in  it  as  in 

the  vicinity  of  stations,  and  that  it  is  actually  more  health 
indicated  by  the  fact  that  exposure  to  the  sun  under  such  circum- 
stances is  tar  less  dangerous  than  in  the  neighbourhood  of  canton- 
ments. Thus  we  see  how  very  healthy  as  a  body  are  Europeans, 
a  as  indigo  planters,  whose  avocations  oblige  them  to  be  much  in 
the  open  air,  and  how  great  an  amount  of  sickness  atfeets  soldiers 
and  other  residents  of  a  crowded  cantonment. 

We  observe  that  every  native  hut  in  the  vicinity  of  Dandgunge, 
mid  in  fact  all  over  the  lower  portion  of  Bengal,  is  provided  with  a 
large  open  verandah,  in  which  by  day  sit  cross  legged  the  or- 
pants,  the  male  portion  engaged  in  vending  such  goods  as  form  their 
stock  in  trade,  from  the  hnmble  dealer  in  earthen  vessels  that  cost 
less  than  a  fart hiug  each,  to  the  wealthy  merchants  who  deal  in  silks 
a n d  j e wellery  of  exquisite  finish  an d  c os 1 1  y  value,     Be  v e  t hey  rec a  i 

sir   \  isitors,  discuss  the  scandal  of   their   own   community    ami 
politics  of  the  country,  while  the  menial  females  of  the  establish- 
ment keep  the  vicinity  tidy  by  besmearing  it 
night,  the  stores  art  left  as  they  had  been  during  the  day,  the  rude 
sliding  doors  that  are  then  put  up  la  front  &<At<s2wj  ^*xse\A  « 


552 


FHOM  CAMP  TO  QXTABT1BB. 


[Atr©., 


the  space,  in  which  the  occupants  of  the  hut,  if  they  do  not,  as  they 
often  do,  sleep  in  the  very  places  they  had  occupied  during  the  day, 
di^tri!'ute  themselves  about  among  the  articles  of  merchant!) 
so  promiscuous  a  manner  ai  would  astonish  the  uninitiated,     Pe 
in  India  are  not  very  particular  in  their  tastes,  otherw  ■  I  ottU 

not  he  inclined  to  relish  confectionary  that  had  been  tbllfl  Savov 
especially,  when  in  addition  to  this,  it  is  further  impregnated 
i  be  dust  of  a  bazaar,  to  which  it  is  continually  exposed. 

In  the  larger  native  towns,  the  inhabitants  are  in  i  great  measure 
precluded  from  Bleeping  outside  their  houses,  except  upon  tin* 
whew   they   still  assemble   in   groups,   as   n 

ry,     hk  the  scattered  villages,  however,  that  occur  in  country 
disf  nets,  or  Mofuasil,  as  the  provinces  are  here  called,  the  hi r 
of  the  huts  are  almost  entirely  deserted  during  the  night,  ami  it  « 
by  no  means  an  uncommon  occurrence  to  (iml  that  while  \h 
have  been  sound  asleep,  a  child  has  been  carried  away  b\ 

Thin  being  tbe  case  with  the  natives,  it  is  scarcely  to  be  wondered 
at  that  we   should  soon  become  habituated  tu   an   out-door   life. 
Where  houses  are  obtainable,  surrounded  by  large  enclosure** 
the   almost  invariable  custom  for  gentlemen  during   the   dry 
weather  to  sleep  outside.      Ladies  cannot  well  do  this,  and  - 
men  do  not  adopt  the  practice  for  fear  of  flight  duee  and  ma! 
but  there  arc  mane  respects  in  which  they  follow  with  comfort  to 
tin -m selves  the  eastern  habit  of  sitting  outside, 

f  ml  months  in  the  year  the  tea  table  holds  it*  tber 

on  ■  "chebutra"  of  masonry  at  a  little  distance  from  the  In 
an  open  verandah.  Here  tbe  lady  enjoys  after  a  morning  drive, 
w  ehota  Imzree,"  or  small  breakfast,  consisting  of  tea  and  buttered 
toast.  Here  she  and  her  husband  receive  their  letters,  should  the 
servant,  instead  of  themselves,  have  called  for  them  at  the  post* 
office.  And  bere  it  must  I  fear  be  confessed,  advance  and  ripen  an 
occasional  acquaintance,  that  in  this  country  sometimes  ends  disas- 
trously; 

80  after  dinner,  unless  when  the  presence  of  a  large  party  renders 
it  incumbent  to  remain  in  a  stifling  drawing-room,  listening  to  bed 

ks   and   uninteresting  conversation,  it  is   customary   to   n 
"outside,"  where  the  ladies  have  tea,  listening,  it  may  be,  to  . 
regimental  band  as  it  plays  at  a  neighbouring  meoa-rooin,  and  where 
many  a  pleasant  hour  is  spent, 

There  are,  it  must  be  contested,  agreeable  points  in  the  manni 
our  life  in  cantonments— oases  in  the  desert  of  monotony  and  ennui 
of  our  existence,  and  being  agreeable,  their  recollection  clings  to  m 
with  fortunate  pertinacity ;  for  is  it  not  indeed  fortunate  thai 
sooner  forget  in  nfler  days  the  painful  episodes  of  our  life,  than  we 
do  tbe  chapters  that  have  at  the  time  been  most  agreeable  ? 

In  the  daily  routine  of  life  at  an  Indian  station,  then 
tbe  serv  minimum  of  useful  occupation  01  ni  «••  tin 

for  ire  Bftntt  net  include  in  our  re  marks  the  officer 
by  virtue  of  appointments  of  responsibility   and  trust,   h; 
time  more  Umn  fully  occupied,  nor  the  ladies,  upon  whou 
rbo  e  ;  onsibilitieSj  anxieties,  mid  pleasures  of  a  family,  and 


185&] 


IEOM    CAMP   TO  QrAETEBS. 


553 


who  are  upright  and  honourable  enough  to  discharge  to  the  befit 
of  their  ability,  their  various  duties  towards  them.  Excluding  these 
classes,  who  certainly  constitute  the  minority  at  a  military  station, 
1  will  briefly  run  over  the  chief  events  of  a  day  ;  and  those  of  each 
are  but  a  repetition  of  the  preceding,  and  such  as  the  succeeding 
will  in  all  probability  be. 

No  sooner  does  morning  gun  fire,  than  almost  all  the  white  popu- 
lation are  astir — soldiers  preparing  for  parade,  and  so  their  ofheers ; 
the  ^disengaged"  to  take  their  morning  drive,  on  which  they  start 
shortly  after  daylight,  and  unless  in  an  exceptional  instance,  they 
happen  to  meet  with  a  spectacle,  such  as  happened  to  the  fair  ones 
already  mentioned,  they  wile  away  a  couple  of  hours  with  nothing  to 
amuse  or  even  interest.  On  the  contrary,  until  the  native  army 
destroyed  itself,  and  even  since  then,  although  in  a  minor  degree, 
their  morning  drive  was  rendered  disagreeable  and  often  revolting,  by 
one  of  the  many  filthy  observances  of  the  petted  Sepoys,  who  were 
permitted,  nay  encouraged,  by  their  own  officers,  to  outrage  public 
decency,  because,  forsooth,  any  interference  would  be  hurtful  to  their 
feelings  - 

The  morning  drive  over,  "chota  hazree"  makes  its  appearance, 
after  which  time  is  spent  variously  till  ten,  when  in  early  families 
breakfast  ia  served  up  ;  but  hi  many,  not  for  an  hour  or  two  after- 
wards. From  this  till  ''tiffin,"  how  the  idly  inclined  waste  their 
i  calls,  as  already  mentioned,  are  made  between  twelve  and  two, 
after  which  luncheon  is  served  up,  and  then  a  siesta,  or  trifling  fiUs 
uj.  the  time  till  towards  Bunset,  when  really  commences  the  Indian 


d:iv. 

Wi 


ith  the  disappearance  of  the  last  rays,  carriages,  bu 
equipages  of  all  descriptions,  equestrians  upon  all  sorts  o 
from  the  magnificent  Arab  to  the  wretched  tattoo,  appear  upon  the 
mall,  but  there  are  no  pedestrians  to  be  seen,  unless,  mayhap,  a  mili- 
tary band  plays,  on  which  occasions*,  etiquette  permits  kt  society"  to 
walk  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  stand,  if  so  inclined.  "  And 
now  we  approach  India's  chief  characteristic,  in  as  far  as  social  habita 
are  concerned. 

On  the  mall,  the  equipages  are  driven  alone:  at  the  slowest  possible 
pace  consisteut  with  locomotion.  Occasionally  a  buggy  may,  at  an 
unfaAhionably  rapid  pace  drive  past ;  but  if  it  merely  contain"  gent  le- 
mon, no  further  attention  is  deigned  than  a  languidly  expressed, 
cub*  that  they  are — Queers  officers  1"  But  if  by  chance  a 
lady  is  being  driven  past,  delicate  it  may  be,  or  her  husband 
oppressed  by  arduous  duty  throughout  the  long  tedious  day,  and  now 
on  breathing  a  little  country  air  before  dinner,  then  woe 
the  unlucky  couple,  "Ah!  there  they  go,  those  stuck- up 
Spences,"  drawls  out  oue  languid  deui^en  of  the  barrack,  "This 
place  is  too  small  for  them,  forsooth ;  they  cannot  breathe  the  same 
us— but  let  them  go.  I  dare  say  we  can  exist  without  them* 
Then  again  it  may  so  hapuen  that  the  husband 

it  him  on  that  particular  evening  from  taking  has  accustomed 
drive.  A  press  of  business  as  office  is  about  to  close,  delays  huw\ 
the  post  is  about  to  start  -t  some  corres^ondtn^  «BMfcto  \s<a  -aktoA^ 


554 


FEOM  CAM*  TO  QTL1ETEBB. 


[Am, 


to.  His  wife  walks,  ready  dressed,  up  and  down  the  verandah  ;  he 
hurries  through  his  work,  hut  the  more  he  hurries  the  more  he  finds 
his  inability  increases  to  get  through  the  heap  of  papers  that  lie 
before  him.  It  perhaps  so  happens  that  a  gentleman  friend  at  the 
time  drives  up.  Unthinkingly  he  asks,  lf  I  say  old  fellow,  I'm  btt*¥ 
just  now,  and  my  wife  requires,  a  drive;  will  you  just  take  her  out 
lor  an  hour  P1  Alas,  atas  1  The  fruits  of  such  an  imprudent 
request  soon  become  gall  and  bitterness,  As  Mrs.  Spenco  is  b 
driven  along  the  mall,  ill-natured  and  unkind  remarks  do  not  take 
long  tr>  reach  her  ears. 

u  Oh,  dear ;  just  look  at  this ! f1  exclaims  one  lady  whose  own 
house  is,  if  report  speaks  true^  made  of  most  delicate  and  transpa- 
rent glass.  ■*  Just  look  here,  Mrs.  Spence  has  ut  hist  picked  up  a 
beau;  and  see  how  well  they  seem  to  be  matched,  how  happy  they 
appear.  1  should  not  wonder  if  they  were  going  straight  away 
along  the  road*" 

Should  they  in  reality  prolong  their  drive,  the  circumstance 
becomes  the  subject  of  talk  that  very  evening  at  the  band  stand. 

u  Aha !  n  says  one  lady,  M  you  may  depend  upon  it  that  couple  are 
much  more  agreeably  engaged  in  the  buggy  by  themselves,  than 
coming  here  as  other  people  do," 

"And  the  husband ! 1J  chimes  in  a  second*     "  How  sad  it  is  that 
he  allows  his  wife  to  drive  with  everybody  but  himself;  I  shout 
not  wonder  if  he  has  been  made  to  stay  at  home  on  purpose." 

In  this  style  runs  on  the  commentary,  the  remarks  becoming  more 
and  more  uncharitable  as  one  crowd  after  another  rolls  on  the  ball 
of  scandal.  But  it  may  so  happen  that  while  the  conversation  pro- 
ceeds, the  errani  pair  drive  up,  and  the  husband  having  finished  the 
work  in  which  he  was  occupied,  makes  his  appearance  at  the  same 
time. 

But  even  this  does  not  mend  matters;  if  anything,  the  remarks 
that  are  banded  about  become  even  more  uncharitable  than  before. 
]  t  were  useless  here  to  follow  the  usual  current  of  conversation  on 
such  occasions,  I  have  at  different  times  heard  more  than  was  desi- 
rable, and  seen  coteries  of  ladies — let  us  call  them  ladies  for  the 
nonce — assembled  upon  one  of  the  seats  or  long  forms  that  KM 
placed  ut  intervals  near  the  band  stand  si  Dandgungc*  mimisUkc- 
ably  pointing  at,  and  as  unquestionably  pulling  to  shreds,  the  r 
tali* in  «>f  some  sister  more  interesting  and  attractive  than  thems* 
who  obtains  the  ■  attention  *  that  they  find  it  impossible  to  command, 

1 1  depends  upon  the  number  of  regiments  at  the  station  how  often 
scenes  such  as  these  are  enacted.     Each  baud  usually  plays  on  two 
nights  a  week,  so  that  if  there  are  two  corps  as  at  Dandgungc,  four 
lines  a  week  are  spent  in  this  wtt. 

With  the  evening  breeze,  comes  the  first  relief  from  the  heat  and 
oppression  of  an  Indian  day.  Need  we  wonder,  then,  if  people  are 
inclined  to  linger  till  a  tolerably  late  hour  at  the  hand  ?  Dim 
usually  at  half- past  seven  or  eight  o'clock,  that  is  fully  an  hour  after 
complete  darkness  has  closed  in,  or  the  pale  moonlight  has  i 
the  place  of  the  glare  and  dazzling  intensity  of  the  sun* 8  rays,  J  u 
tolerably  cool  evenings,  it  may  be  that  people  stroll  quietly  home, 


; 


1869.]  PEOM  OAMP  TO  QUABTEBS.  655 

but  more  generally  the  temperature  is  too  high  for  even  this  small 
amount  of  exercise,  and  they  are  driven  home  in  their  different 
conveyances. 

Bachelor  officers  now  proceed  to  their  various  messes,  unless 
during  the  afternoon  they  nave  had  the  good  fortune  to  obtain  an 
invitation,  of  which  they  seldom  indeed  omit  to  avail  themselves, 
especially  if  there  be  a  lady  in  the  case ;  nor  is  there  anything 
strange  in  this,  all  things  considered !  Married  families  when  alone, 
after  partaking  of  their  quiet  dinner,  bestow  the  remainder  of  the 
evening  upon  their  children ;  this  being  the  only  period  of  the  day 
when  the  father  can  usually  pay  his  family  any  attention. 

It  may  sound  strange  to  home  ears,  that  children  in  India  sit  up 
till  a  late  hour.  Few,  indeed,  retire  so  early  as  they  do  in  England ; 
but  then  there  is  no  necessity.  Within  doors  all  day  long  as  they 
are  obliged  to  remain,  there  is  in  reality  to  them  very  little  difference 
between  day  and  night,  unless  in  so  far  as  sunlight  characterises  the 
one,  and  lamplight  the  other.  The  intervals  of  sleeping  and  waking 
are  tolerably  equally  distributed  over  the  twenty-four  hours,  and 
although  children  are  almost  invariably  up  and  astir  with  the  first 
dawn  of  day,  they  perhaps  upon  the  whole  sleep  during  a  greater 
number  of  hours  before  sunset  than  they  do  from  that  time  till 
sunrise. 

In  a  narrative  of  our  mode  of  life  in  cantonments,  we  could  hardly 
pass  over  in  silence  such  a  subject  as  that  upon  which  I  am  now 
touching.  On  field  service,  ladies  or  children  do  not  often,  if  they 
ever,  come  across  our  path  ;  or,  to  speak  more  gallantly,  we  are,  for 
the  time  being,  debarred  from  the  enjoyment  of  their  society.  There 
may,  therefore,  be  the  greater  excuse,  if  any  apelogy  at  all  be  neces- 
Bary,  why  we  should  doubly  appreciate  the  privilege  we  enjoy  in 
quarters,  of  being  brought  under  their  civilising  influence. 

But  I  was  talking  of  children — Indian  children— poor  little  mor- 
tals that  they  are  !  Not  for  them  are  any  of  the  lightsome  joys  that 
consecrate  in  after  years  the  recollection  of  that  most  blest  of  life's 
changing  scenes,  to  their  more  fortunate  cousins  whose  happy  lot  it 
is  to  be  born  under  a  western  and  more  temperate  clime.  The 
bird's-nesting,  the  "  prowling  in  the  burn,"  the  games  at  romps, 
the  blithesome  race  through  hill  and  dale ;  these,  and  the  thousand 
other  pastimes  of  the  children  of  our  own  happy  land,  are  to  those 
of  India  as  if  they  had  no  existence. 

In  their  stead,  the  Indian  child  is  taught  by  the  native  servants  to 
pass  its  time  as  they  themselves  do,  in  listless  inactivity.  If  per- 
chance its  infantile  instincts  should  at  any  time  lead  it  away  at  a 
pace  at  all  approaching  a  romp,  it  is  at  once  pulled  back,  shaken,  and 
mayhap  pinched  slyly,  but  severely,  by  the  mild  and  gentle  looking 
swarthy  being  who,  to  all  appearance,  is  intently  solicitous  regard- 
ing it. 

To  sit  monkey  like  in  the  arms  of  a  nurse,  playing  with  rude  toys 
that  evidently  give  as  much  amusement  to  the  ayah,  or  the  bearer, 
as  to  the  child  itself ;  to  "  hum  "  snatches  of  Hindostanee  songs,  to 
listen  to  lascivious  anecdotes  of  Hindoo  gods,  to  speak  disrespect- 
fully of  their  mother,  to  lie,  cheat,  and  steal  \  these,  asi<i  mwo^  <atiust 

IT.  ft  Mag.,  No.  369,  Aug.,  1859.  o  o 


656 


GltEEHWlCH   HOSPITAL   A  8  IT  Ii. 


[AttO. 


amusements  scarcely  leas  reprehensible,  form  the  early  eduction  > 
n  British  child  left  to  the  tuition  of  native  servants  of  India. 

Talk  then  of  colonizing  the  country  !  Imagine  to  yourself*  who- 
ever you  may  he  whom  I  have  the  honour  to  address,  a  race  of  wea" 
apathetic  men  and  women  growing  up,  whose  early  ideas,  feeling 
and  trains  of  thought,  have  Bean  formed  on  the  model  now  brietlv 
noted  ;  and  picture  to  yourself  what  would  be  the  characteristics  i 
the  race  of  "  colonists  "  a  eenturv  hence  I 


GBEENWICH  HOSPITAL  AS  IT  IS. 


BY   Atf  ATCTEKT   MAEltfEB. 

HI. 

>  nw  days  after  the  visit  to  Greenwich,  the  particulars  of  which 
I  narrated  m  my  last  paper,  I  received  the  following  epistle  written 
in  a  fine,  hold,  old-fashioned  hand.  It  was  from  my  old  shipmat 
Ben,  and  with  a  few  orthographical  corrections,  I  give  it  verbatim  : — 


u  Greenwich  College  Infirmary,  Jum  1,  1859, 

M  Honoured  Sir, — I  was  told  on  Sunday  by  one  of  my  wardmat 
who  came  to  see  me  in  the  afternoon,  that  a  gentleman  had  been 
making  enquiries  about  me,  and  afterwards  an  old  shipmate*  Bc*t- 
Mvain  Johnson,  came  in  and  gave  me  your  direction,  and  told  me  of 
your  kindness  to  him  and  his  poor  dear  old  woman,  for  which  I  thank 
vmL  ■§  I  am  alwuye  glad  to  hear  about  those  who  help  these  poor 

mres,  so  I  suppose  that  you  are  the  gentleman.     1  write  the 
few  hues  to  say  that  I  am  in  the  doctor's  list,  and  that  is  I 
why  you  could  not  find  me,  because  you  did  not  ask  at  the 
guard  when  you  was  down  here  the  other  day. 

41 1  have  been  in  the  infirmary  ever  since  the  day  after  I  ft 
t\w  you  must  know,  honoured  sir,  that  after  you  went  awnv,  I 
with  an  old  shipmate,  and  having  a  trifle  of  money  in  noy  pocket, 
owing  to  your  kindness,  I  a^ked  him  to  have  a  glass  with"  me,  uud 
Wfl  accordingly  went  into  The  Cricketers,     We  stopped  there  till 

fjast  ten  o'clock,  and  when  I  got  outside  the  house  to  go  into  tin 
cgc,  I  felt  my  head  rather  dizzy,  although  I  had  only  ta^  >lut « 

beer.     I  and  my  shipmate  got  to  the  gate,  and  that  policeman  that 
we  spoke  to  going  out  about  the  hat,  made  some  remark  about  my 
not  beijig  sober,  but  he  let  me  pass,  and  I  went  on  towards  my 
Shortly  afterwards  I  felt  giddy  again,  and  fell  down  on  t ho  pavement 
just  by  th<^  comer  of  the  infirmary,  and  hurt  my  face  very  in 
and  the  next  thing  I  remember  was  finding  myself  in  the  infin 
a  stck  attendant  washing  the  blood  off  my  (ace* 
11  Next  day  I  was  toJd  that  I  was  down  to  ^o  befbr 
M  the  Month,  but.  as  I  told  you  I  never  would  go  again  b 


1859.]  GBEEffWICH  H0SPIT4X  AA  IT  IS.  557 

council,  and  my  leg  being  bad,  I  asked  the  doctor,  a  nice  civil  young 
man,  to  keep  me  in  the  infirmary.  My  liver  is  diseased,  so  the 
surgeon  says,  and  I  am  here  still,  and  likely  to  remain  for  some 
time. 

"  Honoured  sir,  if  you  can  spare  an  hour  or  two  to  come  and  see  me, 
I  shall  be  very  thankful,  for  I  mean  to  apply  for  the  outbread  when 
the  doctor  discharges  me,  and,  perhaps,  you  may  know  some  way  of 
getting  a  living  or  to  help  keep  me. 

"  This  is  a  very  long  letter  for  me  to  write,  but  we  have  every 
convenience  in  here  to  write  letters,  which  is  more  than  we  have  in 
our  ward,  and  I  thought  I  would  fill  up  the  sheet  of  paper  and  tell 
you  all  about  my  trouble,  and  to  say  that  if  in  trouble  it  was  quite 
an  accident,  and  no  fault  of  mine,  and  that  I  have  not  disgraced  you, 
sir,  as  your  old  shipmate. 

"  I  remain,  honoured  sir,  yours  respectfully, 

"Beit  TouKa. 

"  I  am  on  the  middle  floor,  east." 

"  So  you  are  going  to  Greenwich  again,"  said  my  affectionate  rib, 
having  heard  me  express  an  intention  to  do  so,  "  and  you  do  not 
want  me  to  go  with  you.     Very  well  then,  and  I  shall  go " 

"  You  need  not  be  angry,"  said  I,  most  dutifully,  not  waiting  to 
hear  the  determination  of  Mrs.  B.  "  I  only  want  to  make  enquiries 
into  this  business,  because  if  Ben  is  not  a  notoriously  bad  character, 
I  think  I  could  get  him  a  little  employment  although  he  is  so  old." 

On  arriving  one  fine  afternoon  at  the  infirmary  gate,  1  was  stopped 
by  one  of  the  "  white  coliarmen."  I  told  him  that  my  business  was 
to  see  a  patient,  and  he  very  civilly  went  in  with  my  card  and 
obtained  permission  of  the  medical  officer  on  duty  for  my  admission. 
I  found  tnat  there  was  a  regulation  to  prevent  the  patients  from 
being  visited  at  all  times,  unless  in  a  dangerous  state,  and  I 
acquiesced  in  the  wisdom  of  the  plan  for  their  sake. 

I  found  my  old  shipmate  on  what  he  called  "  the  leads."  A 
passage  extending  across  from  one  side  of  the  quadrangle  to  the 
other.  He  was  smoking  his  pipe,  and  looking  very  well.  When  he 
saw  me,  his  countenance  flushed  up  with  joy. 

"  So,"  said  I,  after  shaking  my  old  Quartermaster  by  the  hand, 
"  You  are  trying  the  old  man-of-war  dodge,  and  shamming  Abraham — 
Sly  old  dog  you." 

Ben  grinned  extensively,  showing  the  remains  of  what  had  been 
a  good  set  of  teeth. 

"  It's  no  good  denying  it  to  you,"  said  he.  "  Fact  is,  sir,  I  think 
my  doctor  knows  that  I  have  some  reason  for  not  wishing  to  go  out, 
and  he  don't  seem  anxious  to  discharge  me.  He  says  I  have  got  an 
obstinate  old  complaint  that  requires  careful  watching,  and  that  I 
am  better  here  than  outside." 

"  So  you  prefer  being  in  here  then  ?  " 

"  I  should  wonder  who  would  not  ?  I  have  every  comfort  a  poor 
man,  or  a  rich  man  either,  could  desire.  £  can  come  out  ot  my 
cabin,  and  smoke  my  pipe.  I  have  a  pound  of  meat  and  potatoes, 
trice  puddingr,  if  on  low  diet,  and  everything  the  doctor  orders, 


558 


GBEEITWICH   HOSPITAL  *B    IT  IS, 


and  if  I  want  to  go  for  a  walk  in  the  town  the  doctor  will  give  me 
leave  " 

"  And  I  see  you  have  different  clothes  too." 

i£yeB,'T  said  Ben?  **  and  a  pocket  to  pat  my  handkerchief  in,  which 
is  more  thnu  1  can  find  in  the  College  clothes.     The  things  wo  have 
are  light  and  comfortable,  and  a  man  feels  able  to  breathe,  and 
then  you  see  we  have  caps  to  wear,  not  those  heavy  hate." 

"  And  you  have  a  servant  to  attend  upon  you,  I  suppose  r" 

H  Yes,  at  any  hour  of  the  night.     There  is  always  some  one  OQ 
watch,   and  ready  to  attend  to  our  wants.     Com*1   in  and   M 
cabin,  sir.     I  can  ask  you  to  sit  down  in  my  cabin  her©3   vvhid* 
know  1  did  not  like  to  do  when  I  saw  you  last.** 

I  gladly  availed  myself  of  the  offer,  and  I  must  Bay  I  never  wa« 
more  pleased  than  with  what  I  saw.     Truly,  as  old  •  ?,  the 

rich  man  could  enjoy  no  more      A  beautifully  clean  white  <  ijiuter- 
pane,  clean  curtains,  bedside  table,  nice  soft  mat  trass,  swet  i 
linen,  ami  no  vermin,  bedside  carpet,  and  everything  denoting 
fort.     The  cabin,  or  room,  contained  four  beds,  but  only  one   fen 
Ben's  was  occupied.     The  floor  was  as  clean  as  soap,  water,  and 
manual  labour  could  make  it,  and  the  atmosphere  of  the  room  bad 
uot  the  smallest  disagreeable  taint  or  odour  about  it,  that  I  could 
perceive.     A  deal  tahle  was  by  the  side  of  the  bed,  upon   w 
books    and    an  inkstand — private    property    I    understood— were 
placed* 

" Here,11  said  Ben,  putting  his  hand  on  the  table,  "is  where  1 
wrote  my  long  letter.  I  have  no  such  comfort  over  there,'1  pointing 
to  the  College,  "  for  my  cabin  is  so  dark  J  cannot  see  to  read  in  it, 
much  less  write.  Won't  you  sit  down,  sir  ?  there  is  a  nice  chair  " 
pointing  to  a  Windsor  chair  of  goodly  dimensions,  u  and  I  will  sit 
on  my  bed  and  talk  to  you.  for  it  is  a  treat  to  meet  an  old  ship- 
mate. The  only  thing  against  being  in  the  infirmary  for  a  Biaglti  man," 
continued  Beo,  "is  that  there  is  snmc  nuiiinemeiit,  and  visitors  are 
only  allowed  to  come  in  on  certain  days.     How  did  you  ma] 

f  told  him,  aud  he  was  much  pleased  that  1  had  m  little  difficulty. 

u  A  policeman  would  not  have  taken  bo  much  trouble,11  said 
Een. 

"  I  have  been  thinking,"  said  I,  "  since  I  saw  you,  and  more 
since  my  last  visit  on  the  Queen's  birthday,  that  there  are  a 
many  ways  want  mending  here ;  but  then  the  people  who  are  to  do  it 
must  know  what  they  are  about,  or  they  will  do  more  harm  than 
good.     It  is  not  money  altogether,  nor  lax  discipline,  that  will  du 
what  is  necessary." 

-  Money  would  do  a  great  deal,"  said  Ben. 

M  Von  are  an  instance  to  the  contrary,"  said  L  "  If  you  had  had 
no  money  you  would  not  have  tumbled  down  perhaps/1 

"True  tor  you,  sir/'  said  Ben,  somewhat  abashed,  uyou  to 
that  if  you  had  not  given  me  the  money  I  could  not  have  t  n 
my  friend,  nor  yet  have  taken  the  last  pint  which  made   me  feel  ao 
giddy.     3 1  is  very  true,  sir,  and  I  know  very  well  that  ;. 
of  the  College  men  don't    know  thai   money   is  of  any  other 
than  to  pay  away  for  drink ;  but  yet  money  is  not  all  to* blame." 


1859.]  GBEEKWICH  HOSPITAL  AS  IT  IS*  059 

"  Why,  surely,  if,  as  you  say,  the  College  men  don't  know  the  use  of 
money  except  to  get  drunk  with  it,  money  is  to  blame." 

w  You  don't  understand  me,"  said  Ben.  "  This  is  how  I  take 
it.  If  a  man  has  money  now,  it  is  so  little  that  he  says  it  is  no  use 
making  two  bites  of  it.  After  paying  for  one  little  thing  and 
another,  blacking  and  soap,  and  an  ounce  or  two  of  tobacco,  there  is 
only  enough  left  for  a  glass  of  grog,  and  it  goes  for  that ;  and  then 
it  makes  him  eager  for  more,  for  an  old  sailor  has  always  been 
brought  up  to  like  it,  and  there  are  some  fellows  who  would  go 
without  grub  for  a  week  to  get  a  glass  of  grog ;  but  if  they  were 
not  so  close  hauled,  they  might  think  of  other  things,  and  eat  instead 
of  drinking." 

"What  things P" 

"  Why  if  we  felt  more  at  home  in  our  wards,  and  had  our  little 
amusements  there,  and  men  of  the  same  sort  as  ourselves  for  ward- 
mates,  we  might  purchase  newspapers  and  books,  or  go  up  to  see  our 
friends  in  London,  and  not  think  so  much  as  we  now  do  about  the 
glass  of  grog,  which  is  the  only  sort  of  comfort  like  we  have." 

"  You  think  there  ought  to  be  a  ward  for  petty  officers,  like  Charley 
Johnson  proposed." 

"  I  did  not  know  that  he  had  mentioned  it  to  you  sir,  but  I  know 
that  nothing  is  so  disagreeable  for  men  who  have  seen  better  days 
as  to  be  mixed  up  with  the  scrapings  of  workhouses,  and  fellows 
who  have  not  long  been  out  of  gaol.  Money  won't  do  all,  sir,  but 
it  will  do  a  good  deal ;  and  if  we  were  sorted  like,  and  the  decent 
sailors  were  separated  from  the  blackguards,  money  would  make  us 
very  happy  ;  and  we  should  feel  a  pride  in  ourselves." 

"  And  you  don't  think  it  would  increase  the  drunkenness  ?" 

"  Not  if  we  were  to  take  the  money  once  a  week.  I  can't  answer 
for  the  best  of  us  if  we  felt  flush  ;  for  somehow  a  sailor  can  never 
be  a  miser,  or  keep  gold  by  him." 

"  Perhaps  you  think  you  ought  to  have  your  pension  ?"  - 

"  No  doubt  we  ought,  sir,  if  we  had  fair  play.  The  Governor  and 
all  the  officers  enjoy  their  pensions,  and  half-pay,  and  good  salaries, 
and  fine  apartments,  and  why  should  not  the  men  have  their 
pensions  ?" 

"  Only  because  they  would  not  know  how  to  use  the  money,  I 
suppose,"  said  I. 

"  There  is  a  good  deal  in  what  vou  say,  sir;  but  fair  play  is  fair 
play,  and  if  a  man  did  not  know  how  to  use  his  money,  he  ought 
not  to  have  it.  But  what  I  should  like  better  than  taking  the  pen- 
sions ourselves,  would  be  to  put  all  the  pensions  in  a  general  bag,  if 
the  Institution  can't  afford  to  pay  us  more,  and  put  the  men  in 
ratings  like  petty  officers.  If  I,  as  an  old  petty  officer,  could  get 
my  sixpence  a  day,  I  should  not  think  so  much  of  the  fourteen  pence 
I  gave  up  when  I  came  in,  because  I  have  board  and  lodging  in  the 
bargain." 

"  And  you  think  most  of  the  men  would  like  it  better  ?" 

"  Yes,  I  think  it  would  be  more  satisfactory,  for  I  know  several 
men  with  twenty  or  thirty  years'  service,  only  because  they  have  an 


660 


©B11FWICU   HOSPrtAL  AS   IT   IS. 


[Am., 


"  It *  against  them  for  one  part,  they  hat©  no  pension ;  yet  they 
are  as  good  as  any  of  the  men  who  have  pension*/ 

*  But  some  sav  that  the  men  who  have  lost  a  limb  should  enjoy 
their  pensions/1 

*  And  so  should  men  of  long  service,  then/'  returned  Ben,  u  > 
sir,  1  will  give  you  an  instance.     One  of  my  wardmates  not 

ago  was  a  young  chap  who  had  only  been  air  months  at  sea,  bat 
through  an  accident  he  lost  an  arm,  and  got  a  pension  of  £26  a-year. 
I  served  twenty-five  years,  and  was  in  half-a-dozen  hard  battles,  and 
I  earned  my  pension'of  £21  4s.  by  long  service.  Now,  have  I  not 
as  good  a  right  to  my  pension  for  my  long  servitude  in  the  navy,  as 
this  young  fellow,  and  yet  you  say  he  is  to  have  all  his  £26  and  not 
roe.  *  That  is  not  fair,  sir.  No,  tar  us  all  alike  as  to  pensions,  and 
let  a  petty  officer  be  treated  like  a  petty  officer/* 

"  Do  you  think  the  marines  ought  to  be  parted  from  the  blue 
jackets  r* 

*  Certainly,  answered  Ben,  H  but  I  expect  you  would  have  to  give 
up  three  parts  of  the  College  to  the  marines,  as  they  are  three  to 
one  nearly,  I  should  think/1 

§i  They  don't  agree  with  the  sailors,  do  they 

""Why,  1  cannot  say  who  is  in  the  wrong  sometimes*  Many  of 
the  marines  are  very  respectable  men ;  but  the  blue  jackets,  you 
know,  have  never  been  used  to  live  and  mess  with  marines.  We 
were  always  separated  on  board  ship,  and  sailors  and  marines  were 
never  the  best  of  friends,  except  in  an  action,  when  all  worked  and 
fought  together.  It  would  be  a  very  good  plan  to  separate  us  J 
am  sure  the  jollies  would  be  happier  by  themselves,  for  what  il 
marine  care  for  a  sailor's  lingo,  or  n  sudor  for  a  marine's  yarn  about 
Sergeant  Smith,  Corporal  Budgiogs,  or  Colonel  Tomkius  ?  Ma- 
rines and  blue-jackets  are  like  oil  and  water,  they  won't  mix/* 

"And  who  is  that  fine  old  fellow  with  long  white  hair,  that  came 
into  the  cabin  just  now  p*  I  enquired. 

M  lie's  u  marine,  sir,  and  a  very  clean,  respectable  man." 

"He   does   not   seem  to  have   much   the   matter   with    him/'  1 
irked,     M  I  think  he  must  be  suffering  from  your  complain  ■■ 

"Perhaps  he  is/1  said  Ben,  reddening,      "I  think  he  is 
on  for  a  helpless  ward." 

But  ho  docs  not  look  helpless/1 

m  No,     But  he  has  a  weakness  upon  him  which  has  got  him  in1 
many  scrapes/1 

"  ilow  so  Pw 

*  Well,  sir,  the  nurse  in  his  ward  has  complained  of  him  very  ofte 
and   he   has   been   several   times   before   the    Council   and  ] 
the  yellow/1 

J  ore  than  once  P" 

H  Oh  yes,  six  or  seven  times  and  more;  and  his  money  has  been 
stopped  to  pay  the  nurse  ;  and  he  has  been  mulcted  in  the  bargain ; 
hut  at  the  last  the  doctors  examined  the  man,  and  found  that  he  had 
been  injured  in  tin*  back,  and  that  the  crime  for  which  he  bad  beta 
so  severely  punished  he  couldn't  help/1 

1  And  what  wa«  done  then.  r:t 


in 


1859.]  GBEMTWICH  H0SMT1L  AS  IT  IB.  56l 

"  Why,  the  poor  fellow  had  some  of  his  money  returned  to  him, 
and  the  doctor  has  now  taken  him  under  his  own  charge ;  but  the 
man  feels  his  having  been  disgraced  by  these  abominable  yellow 
sleeves." 
"  ~ "  I  said  nothing,  as  I  did  not  wish  to  exasperate  the  old  man,  who,  I 
could  see,  could  hardly  keep  his  temper  while  telling  his  story,  but 
I  thought  a  good  deal. 

Ben  now  proposed  that  I  should  have  a  walk  round  the  building, 
and  we  descended  the  wide  staircase,  and  made  a  tour  of  the  exte- 
rior within  the  railings.  The  grounds  are  very  contracted,  but  cheer- 
ful, and  well  kept  up.  Grass  plots,  and  flower  beds,  and 
benches,  are  placed  in  convenient  situations  for  the  old  men.  We 
Went  into  a  ground  floor  building  for  men  who  are  quite  helpless, 
and  here  every  possible  comfort  was  observable. 

"  How  is  it,"  I  asked,  "  that  everything  here  seems  so  orderly,  and 
clean,  and  comfortable,  while  from  what  I  have  seen  in  the  College 
wards,  men  seem  to  have  so  much  to  complain  of  ?  I  suppose  you 
are  all  under  the  same  commanding  officer  ?" 

"  The  reason  I  take  it  is  this,  sir :  the  Infirmary  is  under  the  orders 
of  the  doctor,  and  you  know  that  these  doctors  always  take  care  of 
the  sick,  and  keep  thein  out  of  harm's  way  whilst  under  them.  But 
when  I  first  came  into  the  College,  the  infirmary  was  very  different 
from  what  it  is  now,  and  the  men  had  a  great  dislike  to  go  into  it* 
All  that  you  see  has  been  done  by  the  medical  officers,  these  infir- 
mary clothes  and  all  that.  The  men  "used  to  have'a  sort  of  soldier's 
great  coat  when  1  first  came  here." 

"  And  you  can  stay  here  as  long  as  you  like  ?" 

"  No,  not  so  long  as  we  like,  but  until  the  doctor  discharges  us  j 
but  he  always  consults  the  men  before  sending  them  out.  If  it  was 
not  for  the  restraints  upon  our  libertv,  I  could  never  wish  to  leave 
this  place.  I  don't  consider  I  am  skulking ;  I  never  was  a  skulker, 
you  know  ;  but  as  I  am  on  the  sheet  for  Council,  I  consider  that 
when  I  am  discharged  from  here  I  must  leave  the  institution." 

"  But  are  you  sure  that  the  Council  would  punish  you  for  falling 
down  ?" 

"  No,  not  for  falling  down,  but  because  that  policeman  will  swear 
I  was  drunk." 

"  Well,  but  the  Council  may  take  a  lenient  view  of  your  case,'1 
said  I.  "  Surely,  old  officers  would  not  bo  hard  upon  an  old  tar  like 
yourself  ?  " 

"  They  can't  help  me,  sir.  The  rules  of  the  hospital  that  we  have 
got  hanging  up  in  our  wards,  tell  us  that  a  man  must  be  punished  it  9 
found  guilty ;  and  how  can  I  get  to  windward  of  that  policeman  ? 
No,  sir,  as  soon  I  go  out  of  this,  I  go  out  of  the  gates,  for  sooner 
than  put  on  the  bauyan,  I  will  do  as  lots  of  good  fellows  have  done 
before  me,  suffer  myself  to  be  expelled.  I  would  sooner  sweep  a 
crossing." 

"  And  will  not  you  being  so  long  in  the  infirmary  plead  in  your 
favor." 

"  No,  it  will  be  all  against  me.  The  Council  will  say  I  stopped  in 
here  on  purpose ;  and  will,  perhaps,  accuse  me  of  «k\\ltav«  V 


GBEFKWICH    HOBl'lTAL   AS   If   IS, 


[Am, 


We  sat  down  on  a  bench,  and  next  to  me  was  a  f>oor  decrepit  old 
man,  who  seemed  quite  worn  down  with  rheumatism  and  general 
debility,  "Your  work  is  almost  done,  my  man;1  said  I,  addressing 
him, 

44  Almost,  I  am  afraid/air  ;  but  for  my  old  woman's  sake.  I  hope 
to  get  better.** 

"  And  have  you  to  work  for  your  bread  still  f  " 

h  Not  for  my  own  bread,  sir,  for  the  institution  finds  it  for  me; 
but  I  must  work  for  my  wife" 

"  But  what  can  you  do?'* 

"  Oh,  sir/'  said  the  old  fellow,  lifting  bis  emaciated  crippled  hand, 
"  I  hare  worked  until  the  last  two  weeks  ;  but  I  caught  a  cold 
iny  limbs  would  not  support  me  any  longer/' 

"  What  situation  did  you  hold  then  f  " 

n  I  was  a  kitehenman.'1] 

"  And  what  did  you  get  for  that  F" 

11  Ninepence — leastways,  elevenpence  altogether,  a  day," 

"And  what  else?*' 

"  Why,  there  was  my  tobacco  money,  which  is  a  shilling  a  w 
and  butler's  list  money,  about  tenpence  a  day  Ittftfe,1' 

11  So  you  made  up  about  thirteen  shillings  a  week." 

"Yes,  sir;  but  ior  that  I  had  to  work  from  five  o'clock  jii  the 
morning  till  six  o'clock  at  night ;  but  I  did  not  care  for  the  work  so 
long  aa  I  could  do  it,  I  used  to  put  by  a  shilling  a  week,  so  that 
the  poor  old  woman  should  have  a  trifle  of  a  few  shillings  when  1 
died  ;  but  she  must  live  upon  that  nowr  until  I  can  go  to  work  again." 

"  That  will  be  a  long  time  first,  I  am  afraid,' '  said  I. 

tl  I  hope  not,  sir*  I  hope,  please  Providence,  to  get  my  breath  a 
little  better,  for  I  am  rather  asthmatic  just  now,  and  then  the  doctor 
gays  I  shall  go  out ;  he  gives  me  all  sorts  of  nourishing  things." 

11  Have  you  no  one  to  assist  your  poor  wife  while  in  here  ?  how 
does  she  live  P" 

^  No  one,  sir,  but  One  above.  Our  children  are  all  dead,  or  dead 
to  us*  My  wife  is  on  the  main  guard  list,  and  gets  some  cocoa  and 
a  bit  of  meat  every  day— more  or  less,  but  she  manages  to*  live  upon 
it,  and  she  pays  the  rent  of  the  room  out  of  the  few  shillings  we  hkfe 
saved,  "  I  am  seventy  -eight  years  of  age,"  said  the  poor  man  in  reply 
to  niy  question,  and  I  have  been  married  over  forty  years ;  my  wife  is 
seventy-five,  and  strong  for  her  age,  but  not  able  to  work.  I  hope 
for  her  sake,  I  shall  get  better,  for  she  must  go  to  the  union  when  I 
die,  and  that  may  be  very  soon,"  Here  a  fit  of  coughing  interrupted 
his  plain  but  touching  story. 

Some  of  my  readers  will  perhaps  question  the  truth  of  these 
sketches,  Let  those  who  arc  sceptical  go  and  see  ibr  themselves. 
Not  a  character  is  overdrawn,  not  a  scene  over-coloured : — 

"  Nutliitig  extenuate  nor  act  down  aught  m  malice," 

is  my  maxim.    They  are  plain  matter-of-fact  sketches  of  every-day 
life.  "  Do  they  not  seem  to  show  that  li  Greenwich  Hospital  as  il 
is  very  different  from  M  Greenwich  Hospital  a$  it  should  be  f T* 


1850.] 


Th 


m 

NOTE3  ON  MILITARY  SCIENCE. 
LECirEE  XXIV, 


The  next  memorable  battle  to  be  noticed  is  that  of  A  gin  court,  for 
a  trustworthy  description  of  which  reference  has  been  made  to  "  The 
Chronicle  of  John  Hapdyng,1*  find  li  Holinshed's  Chronicles;1*  from 
which  antiquated  and  valuable  publications,  I  will  endeavour  in  a 

I  brief  manner,  to  describe  the  heroic  deeds  of  the  English  troops. 
Battle  of  AgiiLCQurt,  October  25///,  1115. 
At  the  time  when  this  engagement  was  about  to  take  place,  the 
army  of  Henry  Y.  had  been  so  diminished  by  sickness,  that  it  only 
amounted  to  2,000  horsemen,  and  13,000  foot  soldiers,  in  which  were 
included  archers,  billmen,  Ac  Moreover,  "the  Englishmen  were 
brought  into  some  distress  in  this  journey,  by  reason  of  their  victuals 
in  manner  spent,  and  no  hope  to  get  more:  for  the  enemies  had 
destroyed  all  the  corn  before  tbev  came.  Best  could  they  none  take, 
for  their  enemies  with  alarms  did  so  infest  them :  daily  it  rained,  and 
nightly  it  free/,ed  ;  of  fuel  there  was  great  scarcity,  of  floods  plenty  ; 
money  enough,  but  wares  for  their  relief  to  bestow  it  on  had  they 
none.  Yet  in  their  great  necessity,  the  poor  people  of  the  country 
were  not  spoiled,  nor  anything  taken  of  them  without  payment,  nor 
any  outrage  or  oifeuee  done  by  the  Englishmen,  except  one,  which 
was  that  a  soldier  took  a  pix  out  of  a  church,  ibr  which  he  was 
apprehended,  and  the  king  not  once  removed  till  the  box  was 
restored,  and  the  offender  strangled.  The  people  of  the  countries 
thereabouts,  hearing  of  such  zeal  in  him  to  the  maintenance  of  jus- 
tice, ministered  to  his  army  victuals  and  other  necessaries,  although 
■  by  open  proclamation  so  to  do  they  were  prohibited.11 
The  foregoing  extract  exhibits  not  only  the  hardships  patiently 
endured  by  the  English  army,  but  also  their  lii^h  state  of  discipline, 
to  the  latter  of  which  may  be  attributed  their  success  in  the  subse- 
quent battle.  The  strength  of  the  army  of  tbe  French  monarch  is 
stated  to  have  been  60,000  horsemen"  in  addition  to  a  numerous 
body  of  foot  soldiers,  altogether  amounting  to  fcix  times  the  force  of 
the'Euglish  combatants.   In  the  morning,  the  French  were  drawn  in 

■  three  lines  of  battle,  the  van  consisted  ©J  S,000  knights  and  squirm 
4,000  archers,  and  1,500  cross-bow  men;  l,GO0  men-at-arms  formed 
a  right  wing,  and  8,000  selected  men-at-arms  the  left  wing;  and 
these  were  further  strengthened  by  800  men-at-arms.  The  second 
order  of  battle  was  formed  by  the  same  number,  or  more  than  the 
preceding  i  and  in  the  rear  order  were  the  remaining  men-at-arms. 
The  following  is  the  interesting  description  of  the  English  order  of 
battle : — "  King  Henry,  also  like  a  leader,  and  not  as  one  led ;  lik< 
sovereign  and  not  an  inferior,  perceiving  a  plot  of  ground  very  strong 
and  meet  for  his  purpose,  which  on  the  back  half  was  fenced  with  the 
village,  wherein  he  had  lodged  the  night  before,  and  on  both  sides 
defended  with  hedges  and  bushes,  thought  good  there  to  embattle  his 
host,  and  so  ordered  his  men  in  the  same  place,  as  he  saw  occasion, 
and  as  stood  for  bis  most  advantage.  First  he  sent  ^rm^S  ,  Wa\ixe&- 
dred  archers  into  a  low  meadow,  which  w&s  nm  to  Vha  ^m  ^joax^  ^ 


504 


KOTE0  OK  MtLITAEt   BCICTCI. 


[Ar/3.( 


his  enemies,  but  separated  with  a  great  ditch  j  commanding  them  to 
keep  themselves  close  till  they  had  a  token  to  them  given  to  let 
drive  at  their  adversaries  :  besides  this,  he  appointed  a  vanguard,  of 
which  he  made  captain,  Edward  Puke  of  York,  who  of  a  haughty 
courage  had  desired  that  office^  and  with  him  were  the  Lords  Beau- 
mont, Willoughby,  and  Fanhope,  and  this  battle  was  all  of  archer.^ 
The  middle  ward  was  governed  by  the  king  himself,  with  his  brother 
the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  and  the  Earls  of  Marshall,  Oxen  font,  and 
Suffolk,  in  the  which  were  all  the  strong  bill-men.  The  Duke  of 
Exetert  uncle  to  the  king,  led  the  rear-ward,  which  was  mixed  with 
both  hill-men  and  archers.  The  horsemen,  like  wings,  went  on  everv 
side/' 

Having  thus  judiciously  drawn  up  his  army,  Henry's  next,  objec 
was  to  protect  his  archers,  on  whom  he  mainly  relied  for  ^i 
he  therefore  encircled  them  with  palisades,  which  were  so  constructed 
as  to  be  quickly  removed  when  not  required  to  cover  the  bowme 
from   the   charge   of   horsemen.      The   numerical  strength   of  tb 
Bnglxafc  being  so  very  interior  to  that  of  the  French   King,   Herc 
placed  his  own  raa-gvri,  led  by  himself,  on  the  right  id  the  matr 
order  of  battle,  the  distance  between  the  two  guards  being  ver 
short,  in  order  to  support  each  other,  the  roar-guard  being  posted 
the  left,  and  with  similar  directions.     A  small  body  of  men  werele 
for  the  protection  of  the  camp. 

Each  of  the  sovereigns  eloquently  addressed  his  troops,  exhortin 
them  to  do  their  duty  manfully.     Alter  both  armies  had  conplsfcc 
the  order  of  battle,  each  hesitated  to  begin  the  conflict ,  a  few  hors 
men  of  the  French  moved  forward,  but  these  were  speedily  re 
by  the  Engbsh  archers;  at  length  the  courageous  English  monarch 
boldly  ordered  his  troops  to  advance,  and  commenced  the  gene 
combat.     The  archers  concealed  in  the  meadows  lost  not  an  insta 
iu  showering  arrows  on  the  French  van-guard,  who  were  unable 
avoid  or  repel  voUies  so  unexpected  and  bo  destructive,  in  cxmasq 
ol  the  ditch  and  palisades  between  the  horsemen  and  themselve 
the  former  of  whom  continued  their  deadly  storm  of  arrows  unt 
horsemen,  footmen,  and  horses  were  so  galled,  wounded,   and  kille 
that  the  whole  body  became  utterly  confused  and  discomfited,    Th 
van-guard  of  the  French  army  having  been  routed^  the 
army  cast  away  their  bows,  and  rushed  forward  to  com]' 
destruction  with  axes,  awards,  bills,  &e.     Having  effected 
taring  advanced  towards  the  next  order  of  battle,  they  were  j 
by  the  king  at  the  head  of  his  division  of  the  army,  and  the  English 
troops,   encouraged   by   their   first   success,    assaulted    the   seeoo 

of   the    French,   which   similarly  to  the   preceding   one 
speedily  overthrown  and  dispersed.     Well  was  it  Unit  the  EngJi&h, 
notwithstanding  all  their  good  fortune,  preserved  their  !  i 
throughout    for  the   Frenchmen   boldly    engaged    their    adver 
ries  iu   hand   to  hand   combats,   and   victory   was   not   be    gaioe 
without  a   severe    struggle.     At  length,   after   three    hours*   ha 
fighting,   at  the  termination    of  which   the   French    boi 
endeavouring  to  charge  the  English  over  the  pit  falls,  wi 
into  eoofuaioil  and  slaughtered,   the    battle  was  wmi;    for    th 


1859]  soraa  ok imiTABY  bciehcb.  568 

King,  seeing  that  the  opportune  moment  had  arrived  for  securing 
victory,  ordered  his  horsemen  to  make  a  circuit,  and  take  the  French 
rearward  in  reverse,  while  he,  with  his  resolute  followers,  attacked 
them  in  front.  The  disheartened  French  troops  perceiving  the 
manoeuvre,  and  anticipating  the  successful  result  that  would  attend 
it,  broke  and  fled,  casting  away  their  armour ;  and  many  of  them  on 
their  knees  imploring  the  clemency  of  their  conquerors.  Thus  was 
the  battle  of  Agincourt  gloriously  won  by  the  English  troops  against 
fearful  odds,  and  at  a  time,  too,  when  the  soldiers  were  suffering 
severely  from  hardships  and  diseases.  It  is  unnecessary  to  advert 
to  the  attack  on  the  English  camp,  or  the  subsequent  retaliating 
onset,  which  terminated  fatally  for  the  French,  many  of  whom,  as 
well  as  the  prisoners,  were  slain  by  their  excited  victors. 

Much  comment  would  be  superfluous  on  this  battle,  as  from  the 
very  opening  of  it,  the  judicious  arrangements  of  England's  King 
were  such  that  the  disparity  in  numbers  was,  in  a  great  measure, 
counterbalanced  by  the  mode  in  which  he  had  drawn  up  his  forces  ; 
added  to  which  the  steady  discipline  of  his  troops  throughout  the 
whole  battle,  the  courage,  firmness,  and  obedience  to  orders,  exem- 
plified by  every  combatant,  would,  combined  together,  almost  have 
sufficed  to  produce  the  glorious  results  of  this  day's  severe  contest. 

Battle  of  Bos worth. 

England  is  once  more  our  battle  ground,  and  the  hands  of  brother 
countrymen  are  raised  against  each  other  in  deadly  strife.  Far  more 
satisfactory  would  it  be  to  coufine  our  attention  to  the  records  of 
engagements  in  which  English  troops  were  opposed  to  foreign ;  but  in 
doing  so  I  should  pass  over  battles  that  exemplify  the  progress  of  mili- 
tary science  in  tactical  movements,  &c. ;  and,  therefore,  it  would  not  be 
advisable  to  shrink  from  the  relation  of  these  internecine,  fratricidal 
combats.  Let  me,  therefore,  now  briefly  bring  before  you  the 
eventful  battle  of  Bosworth,  for  the  relation  of  which  I  am  indebted 
to  the  venerable  chronicles  of  the  ancient  historians.  It  is  unneces- 
sary to  allude  to  the  causes  which  induced  the  Earl  of  Richmond  to 
oppose  Richard  III.,  and  to  meet  him  on  his  own  ground.  I  will, 
therefore,  commence  my  narrative  at  the  period  when  the  Earl  sailed 
from  Harfleur  with  but  2,000  men,  fully  determined  to  meet  King 
Richard  on  the  field  of  battle.  The  Earl  landed  at  Milford  Haven, 
and  his  forces  were  soon  strengthened  by  bodies  of  "Welshmen ;  en- 
couraged by  this,  and  by  reports  favourable  to  his  enterprise,  he 
commenced  his  march,  arrived  at  Lichfield,  and  from  thence  pro- 
ceeded to  Tamworth.  After  a  conference  with  Lord  Stanley  and 
others  at  Aderston,  the  Earl's  army  was  considerably  increased  by 
deserters  from  that  of  Richard,  who  had  collected  his  troops  together 
and  had  encamped  near  the  village  of  Bosworth,  not  far  distant  from 
Leicester.  Earl  Richmond  was  not  long  in  arriving  in  front  of  his 
opponent,  and  the  position  being  eligible  for  a  battle,  both  armies 
resolutely  prepared  for  action. 

The  following  day  King  Richard  moved  all  his  soldiers  out  of  the 
camp  into  the  plain,  extending  his  front,  consisting  bot\v  o£  V<s**ft 
and  foot,  as  far  as  possible,  intending  \>y  tiua  mote  ot  fcx«wva%^ 


KOfEi  6^  MTLITAUT   SCIENCE. 


[A! 


TT<J., 


liia  army  to  exhibit  his  great  numerical  superiority,  and  thus  to 
intimidate  and  dishearten  his  adversaries.  In  advance  of  this  line, 
the  archers  were  posted.  The  vanguard  was  commanded  by  the 
JDnke  of  Norfolk  and  the  Earl  of  Surrey,  and  the  rear  line,  consist- 
ing of  a  strong  body  of*  selected  men,  with  horsemen  on  each  wing, 
was  led  by  the  King  himself. 

The  Earl  of  Richmond  prepared  to  draw  out  his  forces,  and  called 
upon  Lord  Stanley,  who  was  posted  with  his  troops  in  the  vicinity 
01  both  armies  to  approach  and  join  his  line  of  battle*  To  the  dis- 
appointment of  the  Ear)  #  Lord  Stanley  objected  to  this,  stating  that 
he  would  marshal  his  own  men,  and  aid  the  Earl  at  a  suitable  moment. 
Disconcerted  in  some  measure  at  this  unexpected  resolution,  Earl 
Richmond  was  obliged  to  form  hia  order  of  battle  as  strong  as  oi 
could  with  tin?  small  body  of  men  under  bis  im mediate  command. 
This  line  was,  therefore,  very  weak,  the  front  was  covered  by  archers, 
the  right  wing  led  by  Sir  Gilbert  Talbot,  the  left  wing  by  Sir  John 
Savage,  the  Earl  of  Richmond  himself  directing  the  hattl 
under  his  special  command  a  strong  corps  of  horsemen,  but  a  email 
body  of  Boot  soldiers,  The  whole  strength  of  the  Earl's  forces  did 
not  exceed  5,000  men,  in  addition  to  the  M,000  troops  in  the  field 
under  Sir  William  Stanley,  and  those  under  the  detached  comma  ml 
of  Lord  Stanley.  The  array  of  King  Richard  was  more  than  double 
the  strength  of  that  of  his  opponent.  Preparatory  to  the  battle  each 
cosnuanoer  addressed  his  followers,  and,  from  their  rather 
speeches,  I  extract  the  following  mtereethlg  passages. 

Oration  of  King  Richard. 

<l  I  doubt  not  but  you  know  how  the  devil  (continual  enemy  to 

human  nature,  disturber  of  concord,  and  source  of  sedition,)  hath 
entered  into  the  heart  of  an  unknown  "Welchman  (whose  father  I 
never  knew,  nor  him  personally  saw),  exciting  him  to  spite,  and  to 
covet  our  realm,  crown,  and  dignity-,  and  thereof  clearly  to  dej 
and  spoil  us  and  our  posterity.     lou  see  further  bow  a  company  of 
traitors,  thieves,    outlaws,  and    runagates  of  our   own  nation,  be 
aiders  and  partakers  of  hia  feat  and  enterprise,  ready  at  hand  to 
overcome  and  oppress  us.     You  see  also  what  a  number  of  beggarly 
Britons,  and  faint-hearted  Frenchmen  be  with  him  arrived  to  destroy 
us,  our  wives,  and  children.     Which  imminent  mischiefs  and  appa* 
rent  inconveniences,  if  we  will  withstand  and  repel,  we  must  live 
together  as  brethren,  fight  together  like  lions,  and  fear  not  to  die 
together  like  mem     And  observing  and  keeping  this  rule  and  pre- 
cept, believe  me,  the  fearful  hare  never  fled  faster  before  the  gi 
greyhound,  nor  the  silly  lark  before  the  sparrow-hawk,  nor  yet  the 
simple  sheep  before  the  ravenous  wolf,  than  your  proud,  bragging 
adversaries,  astonished  and  amazed  only  at  the  sight  of  your  m 
visages,  will  flee,  run,  and  scour  out  of  "the  field.     For,  if  you  con- 
sider and  wisely  ponder  all  things  in  your  mind,  you  shall  perceive 
that  we  have  manifest  causes,  ami  apparent  tokens  of  triumph 
victory,     And  to  begin  with  the  Earl  of  Richmond,  captain  of  this 
rebellion,  he  is  a  Welch  milksop,  a  man  of  small  courage,  and  of 
experience  in  martial  acts  and  feats  of  war;  brought  up  by  my 


1859.]  NOTES  OK  MIL1TABY  SCIENCE.  567 

mother's  means  and  mine,  like  a  captive  in  a  close  cage,  in  the  court 
of  Francis  Duke  of  Britaine ;  and  never  saw  army,  nor  was  exer- 
cised in  martial  affairs,  by  reason  whereof  he  neither  can,  nor  is  able 
by  his  own  will  or  experience,  to  guide  or  rule  an  host.  For  in  the 
wit  and  policy  of  the  captain  consisteth  the  chief  adoption  of  the 
victory  and  overthrow  of  the  enemies.  Secondly,  fear  not,  but  put 
away  all  doubts ;  for  when  the  traitors  and  runagates  of  our  realm 
shall  see  us  with  banner  displayed  come  against  them,  remembering 
their  oath,  promise,  and  fidelity  made  unto  us,  as  unto  their  sove- 
reign lord  and  anointed  king,  they  shall  be  so  pricked  and  stung  in 
the  bottom  of  their  scrupulous  consciences,  that  they  for  very  re- 
morse and  dread  of  the  divine  plague,  will  either  shamefully  flee,  or 
humbly  submit  themselves  to  our  grace  and  mercy." 

From  the  oration  of  the  Earl  of  Bichmond. 

"  If  ever  God  gave  victory  to  men  fighting  in  a  just  quarrel,  or  if 
he  ever  aided  such  as  made  war  for  the  wealth  of  their  own  natural 
and  nutritive  country,  or  if  he  ever  succoured  them  which  adven- 
tured their  lives  for  the  relief  of  innocents,  suppressing  of  malefac- 
tors, and  apparent  offenders  ;  no  doubt  my  fellows  and  friends,  but 
he  of  his  bountiful  goodness  will  this  day  send  us  triumphant  victo- 
ries, and  a  lucky  journey  over  our  proud  enemies  and  arrogant 
adversaries ;  for  if  you  remember  and  consider  the  very  cause  of  our 
just  quarrel,  you  will  apparently  perceive  the  same  to  be  true, 
godly,  and  virtuous.  In  the  which  I  doubt  not  but  God  will  rather 
aid  us  (yea,  and  fight  for  us)  than  see  us  vanquished  and  over- 
thrown by  such  as  neither  fear  him  nor  his  laws,  nor  yet  regard  jus- 
tice nor  nonesty.  Wherefore  let  all  fear  be  set  aside,  and,  like 
sworn  brethren,  let  us  join  in  one ;  for  this  day  shall  be  the  end  of 
our  travail  and  the  gam  of  our  labour,  either  by  honourable  death 
or  famous  victory.  Eemember  that  victory  is  not  gotten  with  the 
multitude  of  men,  but  with  the  courage  of  the  heart,  and  the  valiant- 
ness  of  minds.  The  smaller  that  our  number  is,  the  more  glory  is 
it  to  us  if  we  vanquish ;  if  we  be  overcome  yet  no  laud  is  to  be 
attributed  to  the  victors,  considering  that  ten  men  fought  against 
one.  And  if  we  die  so  glorious  a  death  in  so  good  a  quarrel,  neither 
fretting  time,  nor  conquering  oblivion,  shall  be  able  to  darken  or 
raze  out  of  the  book  of  fame,  either  our  names,  or  our  godly 
attempt.  And  this  one  thing  I  assure  you,  that  in  so  just  and  good 
a  cause,  and  so  notable  a  quarrel,  you  shall  find  me  this  day  rather  a 
dead  carrion  upon  the  cold  ground,  than  a  free  prisoner  on  a  carpet 
in  a  lady's  chamber.  Let  us,  therefore,  fight  like  invincible  giants, 
and  set  on  our  enemies  like  untimerous  tigers,  and  banish  all  fears 
like  ramping  lions.  And  now  advance  forward,  true  men  against 
traitors,  true  inheritors  against  usurpers,  the  scourges  of  God 
against  tyrants.  Display  my  banner  with  a  good  courage,  march 
forth  like  strong  and  robust  champions,  and  begin  the  battle  like 
hardy  conquerors.  The  battle  is  at  hand,  and  the  victory  approacheth  ; 
and  if  we  shamefidly  recede,  or  cowardly  flee,  we  and  all  our  sequel 
be  destroyed  and  dishonoured  for  ever.  This  is  the  day  of  gain,  and 
this  is  the  time  of  loss :  get  this  day  victory,  and.  bfc  cavia^xOTfc  \  *st 


KOTBfl   OX   MILITABT   tGMCX. 


Uo., 


lose  this  battle,  and  be  villains.  And,  therefore,  in  the  name  of 
God,  and  St.  George,  let  every  man  courageously  advance  forth  his 
Standard/* 

Highly  excited  by  the  encouraging  exhortations  of  their  respective 
commanders,  the  men-at-anns  prepared  for  conflict;  the  archers 
having  ready  their  arrows,  and  the  bill  men  their  deadly  weapons  ; 
and  every  soldier  anxiously  awaiting  the  blast  of  the  trumpet  that 
was  to  announce  the  opening  of  the  battle.  An  extensive  marsh 
was  between  the  two  armies,  which  Earl  Richmond,  on  the  advance 
of  his  troops,  left  on  his  right  handt  to  afford  cover  from  a  flunk 
attack ;  he  bad  also  an  advantage  in  having  the  rays  of  the  sun  in 
his  hack,  the  bright  sunshine  being  in  the  faces  of  his  antagonists. 
The  marsh  having  been  passed  by  Richmond's  troops,  King  Richard  e 
bowmen  showered  their  arrows  on  them,  and  these  were  responded 
to  by  the  archers  of  the  EarL  This  distant  warfare  was  of  short 
duration,  soon  did  hand  meet  hand,  and  sword  and  bill  hook,  used 
by  bold  and  resolute  men,  covered  the  field  with  a  gory  harvest  ot 
vanquished  combatants.  In  the  midst  of  this  strife,  Lord  Stanley 
most  opportunely  joined  his  forces  to  the  severely  pressed  soldiers 
of  the  Earl  of  Richmond,  and  the  Earl  of  Oxford  directed  his 
followers  to  close  in  to  their  standard,  in  order  that  they  might  not 
he  individually  surrounded,  and  cut  to  pieces  by  their  numerous 
assailants.  This  movement,  having  disconcerted  their  opponents, 
and  caused  them  to  pause  in  their  attacks,  the  troops  of  Oxford  in 
a  firm  body  resumed  the  conflict*  and  their  enemies,  hard  pressed, 
similarly  strove  for  victory,  diminishing  their  frontage,  and  fiercely 
opposing  the  solid  formation  of  Oxford's  troops  in  the  form  of  a 
wedge.  While  this  well  contested  engagement  was  in  progress,  the 
King  was  informed  that  the  Earl  of  Richmond  was  not  far  di 
from  him  ;  directing  his  course,  therefore,  to  the  position  pointed  out, 
the  two  rivals  obtained  ;l  light  of  each  other,  and  both  manfully  deter* 
mined  to  decide  the  fute  of  the  day  by  a  personal  encounter, 

The  heroic  regal  duel  is  thus  described  ■ — st  Now  being  iufli 
H  u!i  ire,  and  vexed  with  outrageous  malice,  the  King  put  his  spt 
to  his  horse,  and  rode  out  of  the  side  of  the  ran^c  of  his  battle, 
leaving  the  vanguard  fighting ;  and  like  a  hungry  lion,  ran 
spear  in  rest  towards  him.  The  Earl  of  Richmond  perceived  well  the 
King  furiously  coming  towards  him,  and  because  the  whole  hope  of 
his  wealth  and  purpose  was  to  be  determined  by  battle,  he  gladly 
preferred  to  encounter  with  him  body  to  body," and  man  to  man. 
King  Richard  set  on  so  sharply  at  the  first  brunt,  that  he  overture 
the  Karl's  standard,  and  slew  Sir  William  Brandon,  his  standard 
bearer,  and  matched  hand  to  band  with  Sir  John  Ch 
a  man  of  great  force,  and  strength,  who  would  have  rea 
him  ;  but  the  said  John  was  by  him  manfully  overthrown.  And  so 
he,  making  open  passage  by  dint  of  sword  as  he  went  forward,  the 
Earl  of  Richmoud  withstood  his  violence,  and  kept  htm  at  the 
sword's  point,  without  advantage,  longer  than  his  companions  e 
thought  or  judged  i  which  being  almost  in  despair  of  a  victory 

danly  I'CLomforted  by  Sir  William  Stanley,  which  can 
auceour  with  3,U00  tall  men;  at  which  very  instant  King  Rich 
tneu  were  driven  back,  and  fed,  tti4\i^\raaw^l  tow&vWj  ^\V 


1869.]  BEiaansoEHCBB  op  a  veteran.  609 

the  middle  of  his  enemies,  was  slain,  and  (as  he  worthily  had 
deserved)  came  to  a  bloodr  death,  as  he  had  led  a  bloody  life." 

The  death  of  King  Baehard  terminated  the  battle,  leaving  the 
throne  of  England  as  a  guerdon  for  his  conqueror.  In  thiB  engage- 
ment the  Earl  of  Bichmond  evinced  sound  judgment  in  his  advance 
to  the  attack ;  and  the  Earl  of  Oxford,  and  his  immediate  adversaries, 
also  proved  their  worth  as  good  and  well-trained  soldiers.  The 
odds  were  much  against  the  success  of  Bichmond,  and  to  the  firmness 
of  his  troops,  to  the  opportune  arrival  of  Lord  Stanley,  with  his 
followers,  and  mainly  to  the  death  of  King  Bichard  must  be  attri- 
buted the  successful  result  of  this  battle,  in  which  the  victorious 
troops  were  in  number  but  half  those  of  the  vanquished. 


BBMINISCENCES  OP  A  VETEBAN. 

BEING  A  NABBATIVE   OF  PERSONAL  ADVENTURES  DURING  A  PERIOD 

OF  FORTY-THREE   TEARS   IN  PORTUGAL,   SPAIN,   FRANCE,    MALTA, 

NBW  SOUTH   WALES,  NORFOLK  ISLAND,   NEW  ZEALAND,  ANDAMAN 

ISLAND,   AND   INDIA. 

i 

(Continued  from  page  430.) 

The  Portuguese  Wine  Company  ("  a  Companhia  cTalto  Douro")  was 
intended  to  benefit  the  wine  grower  of  a  certain  district,  where  the 
port  wine  of  commerce  only  is  grown,  by  breaking  up  any  combina- 
tion entered  into  by  the  British  merchants,  and  maintaining  the 
price  fixed  each  year  by  the  company,  who  named  the  minimum  of 
each  quality.  If  there  was  no  demand  for  the  wine,  or  the  British 
merchants  would  not  pay  the  price  fixed,  then  the  company  were 
obliged  to  become  the  purchasers ;  they  reserved  the  privilege  of 
paying  two-thirds  of  the  amount  in  paper  currency,  which  was 
always  at  a  considerable  discount,  at  the  same  time  engaging  to  keep 
the  roads  in  repair.  Such  wines  as  the  company  did  not  require  for 
exportation  were  converted  by  them,  at  Oporto,  into  aqua-ardente. 
The  growers  were  on  no  account  permitted  to  sell  their  wines  at  a 
less  price  than  the  tariff  stipulated,  but  they  might  demand  as  much 
more  as  they  chose,  and  generally  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  higher 
price  from  the  merchant  for  the  choicest  wines.  The  wine-growers 
generally  were  great  gamblers  and  very  improvident.  To  prevent 
their  getting  in  debt  and  mortgaging  their  produce  in  advance  to  the 
British  merchant,  the  Oporto  Wine  Company  had  been  established ; 
but  the  whole  of  their  enactments  and  regulations  were  of  the  most 
arbitrary  and  tyrannical  character,  in  return  for  the  supposed  benefit 
they  conferred  on  the  farmer.  In  thie  first  place  they  selected 
and  set  apart  a  certain  quantity  of  the  produce  for  their  own  expor- 
tation, paying  no  more  than  their  own  tariff  They  never  repaired 
the  roads  which  it  was  their  duty  to  l$eep  in  order.  In  no  country 
pf  the  world  was  attention  to  this  particular  more  required,, at  the 
£rhote  district  i»  *  aeries  of  abrupt  and  xiaft^Wxftfe  Wa.^djL  *&& 


570 


SEifliriSCESCES  OF  A  VETEEAtf. 


[Avck, 


earth,  a  very  friable  blae  slate  in  a  state  of  decomposition,  is  eup* 
ported  by  a  succession  of  walls  about  five  feet   in  height.      Thin 
occasionally  gives  way  daring;  the  rains,  ifnrt  the  whole  mass  would 
then  be  precipitated  into  the   yawning  abyss  below.     The  wi 
conveyed,  not  as  id  Spain,  in  pig-skins,  but  in  pipes  on  cars  of  rude 
construction,  the  axle-tree  revolving  with  the  wheels.     Tl 
are  generally  drawn  by  four  oxen  to  lyezo  de  Ragoa  on  the  Don  i 
the  company's  stores  where  the  wines  are  afterwards  embarked  For 
Oporto.     At  a  stated  season  of  the  year  the  company  send  their 
tasters  up  the  Douro  to  Pe^o-de-Kagoa,  whence  they  proceed  to  the 
stores*  of  the  different  wine  growers  in  order  to  taste  their  wines, 
and  fix  their  quality  as  list,  2nd,  or  3rd. 

The  tasters,  carrying  with  them  a  small   silver  shallow 
highly  polished,  by  which  in  pouring  a  small  quantity  of  wine  and 
shaking  it  round  they  are,  by  the  manner  in  which  it  stains  the 
basin,  enabled,  by  the  colouring  matter  which  adheres,  to  judge 
whether  the  wine  be  thin  or  not.     I  observed  they  never  swallc 
the  wine,  which  would  vitiate  the  taste,  but  spat  it  out  again.     The 
wine  in  large  vats  is  then  gauged,  and  the  cellars  closed  until  the 
time  of  the  sales,  and  the  grower  has  no  further  control  over  it.  The 
minimum  price  at  which  the  wine  is  to  be  sold,  is  afterwards 
lushed  by  the  roinpam . 

The  locality  in  winch  the  port  wine  is  grown  is  very  limited 
When  the  vines  are  pruned,  hardly  any  wood  is  left  on  them  i 
arc  seldom  higher  from  the  ground  than  two  feet  at  tl.  I,  and 

are  not  often  allowed  fo  retain  more  than  one  leader  of  aboni  two  eft 
three  inches  in   height,  hut  if  the  sup  or  stock  is  very  strong  and 
healthy,  they  sometimes  allow  two  Leaders  to  remain.     At  a  parti- 
ruhir  season  they  arc  poled,  like  hops  in  England,  with  stakes  a 
five  feet  in  length,  and  when  they  are  earthed  up  it  *s  done  with 
large  heavy  hoe, 

The  growers  are  not  allowed  to  manure  the  laud,  as  it  is  found  t* 
increase  the  quantity,  whilst  the  quality  is  rendered  inferior.     The 
grower  will,  however,  occasionally  sow  lupins,  aud  dig  them  in  clan- 
destinely as  manure,    The  grape  called  the  Bautardo  is  small  find 
of  a  dark  colour,  very  luscious  and  cloying  to  the  taste,  aud 
the  fruit  is  bruised  between  the  fingers,  the  juice  is  very  glutinnw 
and  adhesive.      It   is  a    very  singular  circumstance  beyond  the  ItBB 
of  demarcation,  for  the  growth  of  the  Vinho  da  Fcitoria,  or 
win  e ,  the  wine  is  v  e  ry  di  ft  brent  and  of  i  nferio  r  q  u  alii  y .     1 1 
where  the  aspect  is  towards  the  morning  sun,  the  Let  ar 

grown.     The  walls  or  steeps  I  have  before  alluded  to,  as  gup  pi 
the  earth,  have  large  stones  projecting  so  as  to  form  the  steps  by 
which  the  labourers,  during  the  vintage,  ascend  to  feto  ipefl  hj 

large  baskets.      They  are  subsequently  thrown  into  a  large  shallow 
vixt ;  the  men  jumping  in  after  delivering  their  load,  to  tread  out  the 
juice  from  the  grape.     It  is  this  treading  which  gives  the 
tfii  a  in.  [fee,   which  is  derived  from  the  fibrous  stems. 

treading  and  walking  on  the  vine  juice  generally  continue  ubout 
three  days.     If  the  grape  is  thin  and  interior  it" is  not  U 
much,  or  the  wine  would  be  spoiled.     The  people  who  perform 


1859.] 


BEjmriSOESOES  OF  A  VXTEBAST, 


S71 


bears 


task  are  generally  men  who  come  Annually  as  labourers  for  the 
vintage,  from  the  north  ofSpain,  and  are  called  Gallegos.  This 
process  is  most  disgustip^r  the  vine  growers  here  have  few  cattle, 
and  in  order  to  procure  manure,  straw,  small  heather,  tern,  or  other 
vegetable  substances,  are  spread  on  the  road  before  their  houses,  as 
is  the  case  in  some  parts  of  Ireland.  Tins,  from  the  passing  and  re- 
passing of  travellers,  is  ^oon  in  a  state  of  decomposition,  yet  through 
this  dirt  the  gallegafl  (naturally  not  very  cleanly  about  their  naked 
legs  and  feet)  \  asb  frequently,  without  any  subsequent  clean- 

sing process,  with  their  loatf,  and  thus  enter  the  vat  to  tread  the 
ggjge.     On  ex  i  my  disgust  at  this  part  of  the  process,  I  was 

was  of  no  consequence,  as  the  vine  juice,  when  in  a  state 
tinentntion.  purified  itself,     All  extraneous  substances  would 
9^^H)b  themselves,  and  those  of  less  gravity  than  the  vine  would 
liiJflt  the  pure  juice  of  the  grape  would  be  drawn 
off  below, 

he  sale  of  the  wine  is  one  of  great  gaiety,  with 
gambling.     The  company  keep  an  open  table  at 
tig  this  period,  at  whieh  I  have  dined,  arid  where 
the  tirst  time,  with  stall-fed  beef?  equal  to  any  I  havo 
inland. 
^Hp  da  Feitaria,  or  port  wine  in  the  hands  of  the  farmers, 
n't  resemblance  to  the  port  wine  of  commerce  when  shipped 
from  Oporto,  nor  do  I  think  in  its  natural  state  it  would  be  market* 
able  in   England,  for  it  is  scarcely  drinkable  in  Oporto,  being  too 
fruity  and  cloying.     To  make  their  wines  more  saleable  to  the  mer- 
chants, I  have  heard  it  asserted  that  some  of  the  growers  are  in  the 
of  suspending  in  nets,  small  black  or  Kentish  cherries,  clan- 
uely,  and  others,  highly  roasted  legs  of  muttou  at  the  bung-bole, 
after  t he  fermentation  has  censed  in  the  pipes  or  tun,  but  I  will 
not   vouch  for  the  truth  of  the  statement.     Of  the  manner  of  doe- 
;  the  lines  at  Oporto,  by  which  they  are  so  much  improved, 
I  skill  have  occasion  to  speak  hereafter. 

The  Hrd  C&cadorefi,  to  which  1  now  belonged,  was  one  of  thecorpa 
red  to  hold  themselves  in  readiness  to  join  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton's army  in  France,  but  the  Portuguese  government,  it  is  said, 
could  not  tind  as  many  transports  to  send  their  contingent  round  to 
I  Ire  allies  as  had  been  stipulated.  I  therefore  lost  the  opportu- 
nity of  being  at  Waterloo,  mid  with  that  opportunity  my  chances  of 
gaining  a  gold  chain  or  a  wooden  leg.  I,  however,  obtained  leave  to 
visit  Oporto,  and  on  my  way  down  from  Villa  lleale  stopped  for  a 
few  hours  at  Penatiet,  where  my  old  battalion,  the  6th  Uacjadoree,  was 
quartered.  I  was  desirous  to  see  Lieut.-CoL  Adamson,  as  I  had  re- 
i-ently  received  letters  izomMeam,  Ilibbert  and  Hume,  complaining  of 
his  conduct  in  not  forwarding  to  them  any  money  on  account  of  the 
appointments  they  had  supplied  to  the  diners  of  that  battalion,  and 
requesting  me,  if  I  had  any  influence  with  I  he  commanding  officer, 
to  interest  myself  in  their  behalf     The  Colonel  was  a  Seotehman,  and 

taeenu'd  an  oad,  uncouth  sort  of  fellow.     He  had  assembled  the  offi- 
cers at  the  inn  where  I  was  expected,  and  he  told  me  that  although 
a  sum  of  money  had  been  collected,  and  was  in  the  batoiiErcL  *W^., 
K  $>  *&#.,  $o.  WJ,  Aug,.  1850.  ^  ^ 


57 


IiEHIiniieEWES   Or   A    YFTMUK, 


with  that  which  1  had  left  on  giving  over  the  command,  W  could  not 
conceive  why  Messrs.  llibhcrt  and  Hume  should  expect  any  trouble 
would  be  taken  in  p  matter  which  d  m.     I  ]ioii 

out  the  manner  it   would   ajFe*  the  late  Lit 

neTs  poor  mother,  skofdd  the  amount  not  be  immediately 
bo  thrm.     Qe tbaik  stilted  that  he  did  not  kaacra  wfaei  hills 

payable  in  London,  or  why  hr  should  render  hi xnaelf  liable.     I  re- 
plied there  oguU  be  no  diflieulty  in  getting  bil) 
Oporto  merchants ;  hut  if  he  could  not,  I  bad 
to  take  Use  sum   he  Imd  to  remit,  and  give  him  a  hil1 
Greenwood  qj  r  the  amount,  ;ii  the  L-urrent  rate  of  < 

Thia  was  put  round  to  the  officers  and  agreed  to,  wh< 
ael  remarked  to  them  in  P< 
wrerable,  implying  a  doubt  of  m)  ever  paying  it,    I  v 
iml'i",  nnd  tola  him  that  his  conduct  was  very  unl 
lurly  us  I  hnd  never  required  him  to  become  im 
tended  to  lower  me  in  the  estimation  of  officers  1 
manded,  and  I  trusted  with  credit  to  myself  and  I 
officers  may  have  und< 

on  between  us,  for    Captain  Yais,  with  whom    I    had    i 
good  terms  since  1  supplanted  him  in  tin 

i  be  Liduti*Coloiio]  that  although  he  bad 


Tb.' 


with   Major   iv 


yH   be  believ 


and  one  who  •  trusted  in  money  matters  to  ain  amount  and 

without  stopping  he  again   put    it  round   to  the 
unanimously  carried  with  acclamations.     Of  course   I 
hand,  and  it  stgfnii  we  were  reconciled,  i'< 
terwarda,  whon  I  had  returned   to  the  British 

rendered,  ine  an  BB&entii  j  chant  of 

OpoT  to  for  the  amount,  and  1  thought  thai 

foolish  when   ho  iigned  the  cheque,  at    Ending  that    I    % 

popular. 

\t  Oporto  1  was  staying  with  the  Director  of  the  \\ 
Ninhor  Mello,  who  was  also  President  of  the  Wine  Compi 
had  a  grandson  captain  in  the  battalion,  on  leave  with 

The  old  Bdalgowas  »  row  ofTery  polished  manners,  his  dinncn 
good  and  well  cooked,  mid.  what  seldom  happens  with  opu] 

in  Portugal,  hii  table  was  not  overloaded.     He  was  very  coau 
inunicatit  &  tin-  Wine  Company,  he  one 

"We  trade  a  good  deal  with  merchants  in  England  for  our  wine,  but  I 
iloiioi  recollect  our  <  \*  r  having  more  than  one  private  eorrespoiidi 
tin-  UnloMjf  York,  whom  the)  supplied  direct  with  port  wines.     He 
hnd  a  few  bottl&l  of  the  Duke's  wine  in  the  cellar,  and  he 
one  that  ]  might  try  it.     It  was  what  we  term  at  infantry  u 
good,  itrongi  (ull-bodied  subaltern's  port  a  pint  of  which  iou 

r  towards  making  a  man  drunk  a^  a  bottle  of  ine.     Bu 

L  suppose  it  wanted  age;  !    cam  that  1  approved 

than  did  mine  host,  the  Siuhor  Mello  himself,  win 
Aran)  lighj   country   wine.     Apn  | 

wine  Immediate  vicinity  of  Oporto  it,  tin 

Portugal,     It  is  tiiiu  and  as  sour  as  vinegar.     It 


1859.]  UMiyiBcurczg  of  jl  vstsbak,  5J3 

pollards,  and,  as  much  wood  is  left  in  pruning,  this  method  produces 
targe  crops  of  very  inferior  quality. 

Whilst  I  remained  at  Oporto  I  received  no  civilities  from  any  of 
the  British  merchants,  or  from  Ash  worth,  my  late  brigadier ;  but  at 
this  I  rather  rejoiced.  I  was  so  completely  a  Portuguese  that  I 
found  more  fun  in  their  parties,  where  there  was  a  great  preponder- 
ance of  women,  than  I  should  have  met  with  in  the  stiff  and  formal 
coteries  of  my  pompous  countrymen.  Having  been  joined  by  Cap- 
tains Daniel  and  Sunderland,  of  the  two  Oporto  Infantry  regiments, 
we  hired  a  house  for  the  bathing  season  at  Matozinhos,  a  small  vil- 
lage near  Oporto.  Here  we  found  several  families  from  different 
parts  of  the  country,  at  whose  houses  we  were  always  welcome.  The 
principal  of  these  was  a  family  of  the  name  of  Mellp  from  Oporto, 
who  were,  however,  not  relatives  to  my  other  Oporto  friends  of  that 
name.  They  had  here  a  splendid  villa,  where  they  resided  for  a  few 
months  every  year.  This  Sinhor  Mello  had  three  daughters,  and  the 
eldest  managed  the  household.  She  was  a  nice  lady-like  person, 
though  not  bandsoine.  I  used  to  sentimentalize  with  her,  sit  next 
her  at  dinner  parties,  and  carve  for  her ;  whilst  the  other  two  sisters 
were  flirting  with  my  two  friends,  Daniel  and  Sunderland.  I  say 
flirting,  because  one  or  both  of  my  friends  were  disposed  to  consider 
the  thing  in  a  more  serious  light,  whilst  the  two  girls  were  quizzing 
them  most  unmercifully.  "We  met  there  also  a  family  of  the  name 
of  Brito.  Mrs.  Brito  was  a  first-rate  vocalist.  There  was  a  paucity 
of  beaux  at  these  parties,  and  Mrs.  B.'s  daughter  was  very  assiduous 
in  her  endeavours  to  detach  one  of  us  from  the  Miss  Mellos  ;  she  did 
not  care  wliich  of  us  it  was,  and  it  gave  rise  to  a  deal  of  fun.  The 
latter  ladies,  perceiving  her  drift,  played  all  manner  of  mischievous 
tricks  upon  her.  One  of  them  having  been  brought  up  in  a  convent, 
she  was  particularly  qualified  for  any  mischief;  nor  did  she  hesitate 
to  make  ner  own  beau  a  scapegoat  on  these  occasions.  A  canon  from 
the  cathedral  of  Lamego,  with  his  niece  (generally  supposed  to  be 
his  daughter),  was  always  at  these  parties.  I  had  known  them  be- 
fore. The  young  lady  was  good-looking,  with  light  hair ;  she  went 
by  the  name  of  "  the  Lorda"  a  soubriquet  she  had  acquired  from 
having  been  a  great  favourite  of  Lord  Wellington's,  who  was  so 
much  pleased  with  her  performance  on  the  pianoforte  at  the  convent 
of  Visien,  where  his  lordship  and  staff  were  wont  to  repair  almost 
every  day  during  their  stay  there,  that  he  made  her  a  present,  I  have 
heard  it  said,  of  a  piano,  which  he  had  sent  out  to  her  from  England. 
She  certainly  played  well,  and  was  about  to  be  engaged  as  organist, 
by  taking  the  veil  at  a  convent  at  Oporto,  where  none  but  ladies  of 
rich  and  noble  families  professed.  As  she  was  fond  of  society  I  was 
surprised  at  her  desire  to  immure  herself  for  life  in  a  convent,  and  I 
frequently  talked  to  her  on  the  subject.  It  did  not  appear  to  me 
that  Bhe  was  affected  by  any  particular  religious  veneration ;  on  the 
contrary,  she  was  not  an  enthusiast,  and  I  think  the  salary  of  the  ap- 
pointment, together  with  the  influence  aud  conaequence  it  would  give 
her.  in  the  convent,  and  as  a  provision  for  life,  had  a  great  deal  to  do 
wtfc.jfier.  decisiop,  which  she  told  mv  was. fixed,  an$  that  she  preferred 
fee  society  she  wp\jld  t^ejfe  j}i$et  with,':dejj^ 


574 


OUE  NATAL  POSITION  AHfi   POIICT. 


Uo., 


able  than  any  she  had  ever  met  outside  the  walls.  They  had  even 
theatrical  performances  and  other  amusements  in  the  convent  of  the 
order  she  vras  about  to  enter,  which  was  not  the  case  generally  with 
others,  1  asked  her  if  they  hud  not  also  their  feuds  and  bickerings* 
a*  other  people*     Hhe  said  yes,  but  it  was  only  when  a  new  abbess 

to  be  elected  ;  when  the  choice  was  over  the  nuns  soon  returned 
to  their  former  friendly  intercom*©*.     \  said  to  her  on  one  occasion, 
*;  You  have  been  BO  often  away  from  any  convent*  and  at  libei 
thin  wicked  world  we  live  in  to  do  as  you  please,  pray  tell  me  honestly. 
hare  vim,  when  in  company  with  any  young  gentlemen,  nr 

possessed  of  some  innate  sensation  and  feeling,  that  you  a 

d  on  this  earth  for  some  other  purpose  than  { 
nature,  and  snatch  a  triumph  you  otherwise  never  could  have  gained, 
but  by  shutting  yourself  up  for  life  a  prisoner  in  a  convent  r*  She 
replied,  "  I  know  this  world  is  all  vanity  mid  foil)  ;  but  if  you  are 
going  to  talk  nonsense  I  shall  get  up  and  leave  yon/1  and  thus  our 
conversation  ended 

(To  be  continual.) 


ullt  NAVAL  POSITION  AXD  POLICY* 

T'ndeu  this  title  a  very  interesting  book  has  just  been  publil 
which,  hearing  the  impress  of  a   former  popular  work  on  the 
subject,  will  readily  identify  the  author  as  a  gallant  officer,  who  has 
for  many  years  past  devoted  considerable  talent  to  tht*  elucidation  of 
this  important  subject. 

The  volume,  like  its  precursor,  is  written  in  a  pleasing  colloqui* 
style,  full  of  anecdote,  and  contains  many  statistical 
to  our  own  and  foreign  navies,  constituting  it  a  work  of  roferi 
and  it   contains  many   important  suggestions  connected   with    the 

m  of  a  naval  force.     It  bus,  moreover, 
showing  the  different  bearings  and  distances  of  plaei  which 

an  invasion  of  this  country  may  be  attempted,  and  an  h 
account  of  the  special   arrangements  m ride  by  Napoleon  I,  fo 
concentration  of  an  overwhelming  naval  force  in  the  British  Chan- 
nel, in  order  to  cover  the  transport  of  the  army  he  bad  assembled  at 
Boulogne,  in  1*05,  for  the  conquest  of  England. 

We  shall  probably  have  future   occasion  to  advert  to  much  of  the 
matter  contained  in  this  book,  but  for  the  present  content 
With  reference  to  that  portion  which  nowr  occupies  the  a1 1 
the  public  to  the  exclusion  of  every  other  topic,  namelv,  the  • 
eion  of  our  effective  naval  force,  and  the  defence  of  the  const. 

The  naval  Peer  commences  his  chapter  on  l'  Manning  the 
with  the  following  anecdote: — 

'* A  gentleman  farmer,  well   known   for  his  penurious  h 
petty  economies,  once  complained  that  his  horses  were  nlv 
condition,   and   unable   to  get   through    their   work.      The 
addressed,  with  a  shrewd  appreciation  oj'  "the  reason  why,1'  aosi 
interrogatively,  '  Did  yon  ever  try  oats?  and  he  applies  1 1 
remark  to  the  problem  whirl]  the  Admiralty  have  been  endeavouring 
*  "  Our  Xaval  Position  suul  Pwitey,  by  &  Naval  Few."    Longman,  1  * 


1859.] 


OUB  KATAL   P031TI03T  JLUD   POLICY/* 


573 


to  solve  for  a  century  or  more  ;  how  to  give  a  practical  value  to  our 
costly  naval  machinery  without  an  increased  outlay  of  money  for  pro- 
viding the  element  necessary  to  put  the  whole  in  action. 

In  ex  em  plication  of  this,  the  noble  author  instances  the  answer 
made  by  Sir  Henry  Ward,  when  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty,  to  a 
question  as  to  any  system  that  would  make  the  reentry  of  seamen, 
as  it  was  originally  intended,  available  for  manning  the  fleet. 

Being  asked  by  the  present  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  when  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  oil  Estimates,  in  1 S 1 SH  .juestion  375  "Has  not 
Mr.  Brown,  the  registrar,  laid  before  the  Admiralty  a  plan  for  this 
purpose  ?  "  He  replied,  "  He  has  laid  before  the  Admiralty  several 
plans,  hut  they  are  based  ujjon  an  outlay  of  money,  and  would  occasion 
an  increase  of  national  expenditure  if  they  were  adopted.* 

From  thia  it  appears  to  be  a  rule  with  the  Admiralty  that  any  plan 
for  securing  a  large  available  reserve  of  seamen,  shall  be  so  designed 
as  to  work  without  a  necessity  for  money  influences,  and  as  this 
would  he  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  00  the  voluntary  principle,  we 
need  not  be  surprised  that  such  a  plan  has  not  yet  been  discovered. 

Tins  appears  strange  logic  on  the  part  of  a  Board  pretty  generally 
admitted  to  be  not  over  chary  on  the  score  of  expense;  whose  mem- 
ber^ are  moreover  continually  complaining  of  the  difficulty  of  collect- 
rews,  but  the  truth  is,  that  from  that  time  to  the  present,  or 
until  very  lately,  a  latent  feeling  has  existed  in  the  minds  of  our 
statesmen  that  impressment  would,  as  heretofore,  meet  the  emer- 
gency whenever  it  arose,  and  hence  the  disinclination  to  entertain 
any  plan  that  professes  to  obviate  it. 

It  was  not  many  days  before  the  Earl  of  Hardwicke  was  selected 
as  chairman  of  the  Royal  Commission,  appointed  to  "  impure  into  the 
best  mode  of  manning  the  navy/'  that  his  lordship  took  OOCaaio^  at 
a  public  meeting,  to  express  very  strong  opinions  on  this  point* 
From  the  tenor  of  the  report  of  that  commission  we  must  su[ 
that  this  talented  officer  has  seen  reason  to  alter,  or  quality  hie 
\ii  \\s.  But  Sir  James  (irahjiro,  a  distinguished  statesman,  who  has 
presided  twice  at  the  Admiralty t  and  inaugurated  the  laws  which  now 
apply  to  British  seamen,  evidently  still  indulges  the  feeling,  spite  of 
all  that  has  been  advanced  by  practical  men,  of  the  difficulty,  or 
rather  impossibility  of  enforcing  compulsory  service  until  too  late  to 
be  useful;  for  he  not  only  expressed  himself  to  that  effect  in  his 
examination  before  the  Commission,  but  in  the  late  Parliamentary 
debate  respecting  the  Queen's  Bounty  of  Ten  Pounds,  he  states  that 
the  effect  of  a  smaller  bounty  in  1793  was  bo  provide  an  increase  of 
40,000  men  for  the  fleet  in  six  mouths,  unaware,  we  presume,  that 
the  increase  so  provided  was  comprised  of  those  whom  it  was  usual  in 
those  times  to  call  pressed  volunteer*,  who  accepted  the  bounty  after 
being  impressed. 

The  fact  is,  until  these  views  are  abandoned,  and  all  idea  of  iropres* 
sing  seamen  to  serve  the  Crown — even  supposing  them  to  have  the 
same  money  advantages  as  their  fellow  men  employed  in  merchant 
vessels— are  repudiated,  and  considered  utterly  unwarrantable,  until 
such  an  overwhelming  emergency  arrives  as  shall  render  absolutely 
necessary  the  adoption  of  this  arbitrary  iucmwct^t*V\\\  vv^v^\tt** 


5?fi  OTTO  ^ATAXi  POSmOtf  A5T>   rOLTCY.  [A  I 

the  cordial  assent  or  support of  our  Leading  statesmen  and  leg 
tors  to  any  comprehensive  and  practical  plan  calculated  to  av*  i 
neither  can  we  reckon  on  the  concurrence  of  the  peaee-ftt-any-] 
economists,  for  such  a  measure  to  be  successful  must  necessarily 
in  vol  ve  a  large  annual  outlay  of  IftOfl 

The  chapter  on  Manning  the  Navy  ia  neither  so  comprehensive 
nor  conclusive  aa  other  portions  of  the  book,  t  dlant 

author  enumerates  some  of  the  schemes  that  have  been  pro; 
from  time  to  time,  he  comes  to  no  practical  result.     Ah  hi*  book 
ars  to  have  heen  written  during  the  time  that  the  K< 
jion  Was  sitting,  it  is  to  be  regretted,  however,  that  he  hu 
given  &  supplementary  chapter,  wito  his  views  of  the  Report,  an< 
vast  mass  or  evidence,  &c.?  printed  in  the  Blue  Book  of  that  inquiry. 

The  chapter  upon  Manning  ia  followed  by  another  showing  M  Hew 
they  manage  these  matters  in  France,"  and  in  this  will  be  found 
some  very  interesting  details  of  the  admirable  organisation  established 
for  the  government  of  every  department  connected  with  the  French 
navy.  Hut  there  is  another  navy  whose  organization  and  discipline 
assimilate  more  nearly  to  our  own,  and  as  some  very  important 
changes,  calculated  to  allay  discontent,  and  remedy  the  inconve- 
nient intly  experienced  in  manning  have  lately  been  therein 
adopted  with  great  success,  we  think  some  account  thereof  will  be 
acceptable  to  our  readers,  We  ^hall  therefore  show  "  How  they 
manage  these  matters  in  America,"  M any  of  our  naval  friends,  who 
li:tve  met  American  ships  on  foreign  stations,  are  doubtless  aware  of 
the  severe  discipline  and  restrictions  of  the  United  Stat< 
Not  many  years  ago}  notwithstanding  that  the  wages  were  liberal  as 
compared  with  our  service,  and  that  tor  this  reason  many  of  our  best 
en  resorted  to  them  for  employment;,  such  was  the  dread  of  cor- 
poral punishment,  inflicted  at  the  will  and  caprice  of  the  commander, 
that  it  was  with  great  difficulty,  and  after  long  delay,  that  a  newly 
roin missioned  ship  obtained  a  full  crew.  The  relief  ship  often  sailed 
far  ft  distant  station  under-manned,  trusting  to  make  up  her  full 
complement  by  volunteers  from  the  vessel  to  be  relieved,  or  in  ports 
abroad  ;  and  this  inconvenience  was  felt  the  more,  because  the  term 
nf  the  American  seaman's  entry  is  limited  to  three  years  only. 

The  first  remedy  tried  was  the  abolition  of  flogging,  and  tbia  was 
donebv  a  clause  in  the  annual  ^Naval  Appropriation  Act,  dated  Sep- 
tember 28,  1850, 

It  became  necessary  to  substitute  other  punishments,  in  order  t© 
maintain  discipline,  and  these  were  harassing,  and  exercised  to  such 
ft  degree  as  to  cause  great  discontent,  and  it  was  at  one  time  seriously 
contemplated  to  revive  the  old  system  of  corporal  punishment. 

In  this  extremity  a  sagacious  statesman,  no  doubt  acquainted 
deeply  imbued  with  the  influence  and  value  of  the  remedy  n 
mended  in  the  Naval  Peer's  Anecdote,  suggested  a  "  trial  of  cWj.*' 

The  wages  of  seamen  in  the  United  States   Navv   were  advai 
one-third,  that  is,  from  twelve  dollars  a  mouth,  at  which  rate  they 
stood  for  many  years,  to  eighteen  dollars  a  month  ;  offences,  other 
than  those  of 'trivial  character,  were  made  punishable  by  a< 
general  or  ship's  court-martial  only ;  and  the  punishment  for  rneh 


0V%  KATAL  P08ITI0K  ATO  K>LICY.  4577 

oflfence  was  defined  by  law.  To  accomplish  these  purposes  the  fol- 
lowing regulations  were  established  by  the  Naval  Appropriation 
Act  of  March  2nd,  and  Nary  Offices  (Srcular  of  April  4th,  1855. 

AN  ACT  TO  PROVIDE  A  MORE  EFFICIENT  DISCIPLINE  FOR 

THE  NAVY. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled.  That,  from  and  after  the  passing 
of  this  act,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  commanding  officer  of  any  of  the 
vessels  of  the  navy,  on  returning  from  a  cruise,  to  forward  immediately  on 
his  arrival  in  port,  to  the  secretary  of  the  navy,  a  list  o^  the  names  of  such 
of  the  crew  who  enlisted  for  three  years  as  in  his  opinion,  on  being  dis- 
charged, are  entitled  to  an  "  honorable  discharge,"  as  a  testimonial  of  fidelity 
and  obedience ;  and  that  he  shall  grant  the  same  to  such,  according  to  the 
form  to  be  prescribed  by  the  secretary  of  the  navy. 

Sac.  2.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  if  any  seaman,  ordinary  seaman, 
landsman,  or  boy,  shall  re-enlist  for  three  years,  within  three  months  after 
hie  discharge,  he  shall,  on  presenting  his  honourable  discharge,  or  on 
accounting  in  a  satisfactory  manner  for  its  loss,  be  entitled  to  pay  during 
the  said  three  months,  equal  to  that  to  which  he  would  have  been  entitled 
if  he  had  been  employed  in  actual  service. 

Sec  3.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  commanders 
of  any  vessel  in  the  navy,  in  granting  temporary  leave  of  absence  and  liberty 
on  shore,  to  exercise  carefully  a  discrimination  in  favor  of  the  faithful  and 
obedient. 

Sec.  4.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  summary  courts -martial  may  be 
ordered  upon  petty  officers  and  persons  of  inferior  ratings  by  the  commander 
of  any  vessel  in  the  navy  to  which  such  persons  belong,  for  the  trial  of 
offences  which  he  may  deem  deserving  of  greater  punishment  than  the 
commander  of  a  vessel  himself  is  by  law  authorized  to  inflict  of  his  own 
authority,  but  not  sufficient  to  require  trial  by  general  court-martial. 

Sec  5.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  summary  courts-martial  shall 
consist  of  three  officers,  not  below  the  rank  of  passed  midshipman,  and  of 
some  competent  person  to  act  as  recorder.  Before  proceeding  to  trial,  the 
members  shall  take  the  following  oath  or  affirmation,  which  the  recorder  is 
hereby  authorized  to  administer: — "You,  A  B,  do  solemnly  swear,  or 
affirm,  that  you  will  well  and  truly  try,  without  prejudice  or  partiality,  the 
case  now  depending,  according  to  the  evidence  which  shall  be  adduced,  the 
laws  for  the  government  of  the  navy,  and  your  own  conscience.  So  help 
you  God." 

After  which,  the  recorder  of  the  court  shall  take  the  following  oath  or 
affirmation,  which  the  senior  member  of  the  court  shall  administer : — "  You, 
A  B,  do  solemnly  swear,  or  affirm,  that  you  will  keep  a  true  record  of  ^  the 
evidence  which  may  be  ^iven  before  this  court,  and  of  the  proceedings 
thereof.    So  help  you  God." 

Sec  6.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  commander  of  a  ship  shall 
have  authority  to  order  any  officer  under  his  command  to  act  as  the  recorder 
of  a  summary  court-martial. 

Sec  7.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  testimony  given  before  such 
court  shall  be  given  orally,  on  oath  or  affirmation,  which  the  senior  member 
of  the  court  shall  administer. 

.    That  summary  courts-martial  may  sentence  petty  officers  and  persons  of 
inferior  ratings  to  any  one  of  the  following  punishments,  viz  : — 

First.  Discharge  from  the  service  with  bad-conduct  discharge,  but  the 
sentence  not  to  be  carried  into  effect  in  a  foreign  country. 

Second,  Solitary  confinement  in  irons,  single  ot  &wx\Afcx  c\w\st«^\  wn\ 


678 


OTTK  FATAL  POSITION  A2?D  P01ICT, 


[Are., 


water,  or  diminished  rations,  provided  no  such  confinement  shall  exceed 
thirty  days. 

Third,    Solitary  confinement  in  irons,  single  or  double,  not  exceeding 
thirty  day*. 

Fourth.  Solitary  confinement  not  exceeding  thirty  duys- 

Fifth.  Confinement  not  exceeding  two  months, 

Sixth*  Beduction  to  next  inferior  rating* 

Seventh.  Deprivation  of  liberty  on  shore  on  foreign  station, 

Eigfith*  Extra  police  duties? T  and  loss  of  pay,  not  to  exceed  three  months, 
may  be  added  to  any  of  the  abovementioned  punishments* 

Sec.  8*  And  he  it  further  emcted)  That  no  sentence  of  a  summary  court* 
martial  shall  be  earned  into  effect  without  the  approval  of  Hue  afitaev  order* 
ing  the  court,  who  shall  have  power  to  remit  in  part  or  altogether,  but  not 
i  'inmuteT  any  such  sentence*     And  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  any  etich  coin 
mantling  officer  to  remit  any  part  or  the  whole  of  any  sentence  by  a  summary 
court-martial*  the  execution  of  which  would,  in  the  opinion  of  the  surgeo. 
or  senior  medical  officer  on  board,  given  in  writing,  produce  serious  injury 
to  the  health  of  the  person  sentenced  J  or  in  case  he  Khali  refuse  to  do  so,  it 
shall  be  Ids  duty*  without  delay,  to  submit  the  case  again  to  the  same  or  (o 
another  summary  court -niartiid,  which  shall  hare  power,  upon  tin: 
already  taken,  to  remit  the  former  punishment,  and  to  assign  some  other  of 
thi'  rothojjgfed  punishments  in  the  place  thereof. 

Sec,  9*  And  fa  U  further  ciuittwh  That  the  proceedings  of  summary 
courts-uiartial  shall  be  conducted  with  as  much  conciseness  and  precision  as 
may  be  consistent  with  the  ends  of  justice,  and  under  such  forma  and  rules 
as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  secretary  of  the  navy,  with  the  approval  o< 
the  President  of  the  United  States  ;  and  all  audi  proceedings  shall  be  trans- 
mitted in  the  usual  mode  to  the  navy  department* 

Sec,  10.  And  be  it  further  enacted^  That  any  punishments  authorized  by 
this  act  to  he  inflicted  by  a  summary  court-martial  may  likewise  be  inflicted 
by  any  general  court  martial* 

Sec,  11,  And  he  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  who  Mhali  entice  any 
seaman,  ordinary  seaman,  landsman,  or  boy,  who  may  have  enlisted  into 
the  naval  service  of  the  United  States,  to  desert  therefrom,  or  who  shall 
conceal  any  person  who  may  have  so  deserted,  and  shall  refuse  to  deliver 
him  up  upon  the  order  of  his  commanding  officer,  shall,  upon  legal  con- 
viction thereof,  be  fined,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court,  in  any  sum  not 
exceeding  three  hundred  dollars,  or  be  imprisoned  for  any  term  not  exceeding 
one  year. 

Approved  March  %  1855. 

GENERAL  ORDER, 

Navy  Depabtment,  April  4,  1 855* 

In  conformity  with  the  9th  section  of  the  "  Act  to  provide  a  more  efficient 
discipline  for  the  navy/1  approved  March  2,  1855,  the  following  regu] 
have  been  submitted  to  and  approved  by  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
and  will  be    observed    by   summary   courts-martial  convened   under  the 
authority  of  the  said  act : 

1,  Summary  courts -martial  will  adopt  the  same  forms  of  proceeding  and 
rules  of  evidence  as  naval  general  courts -martial,  so  far  as  they  shall  be  ap- 
plicable and  not  mcou>i*U  nt  with  the  conciseness  and  precision  enjoyed  by 
the  law,  nor  with  the  provisions  of  tins  General  Order. 

2*     The  form  of  convening  &  summary  court-martial  will  be  by  a   I 
written  order  addressed  by  the  commander  of  the  vessel  to  the  senior  mem- 
ber of  the  court,  stating  the  names  and  rank  of  the  members  of  the 
and  of  the  recorder,  and  the  time  and  place  of  meeting ;  and  by  written  or 
reibal  orders  to  the  otter  members  of  the  court  and  the  recorder.    Tbn 


1859.] 


<MTS  KAVAIi  POSITION"  ASM  POLICY. 


579 


written  order  to  the  senior  member  will  be  appended  to  the  record  of  the 
proceedings  * 

3.  Tbe  record  will  stote  that  the  oath  prescribed  by  the  law  was  duly 
administered  to  each  member  and  to  the  recorder,  in  the  presence  of  the 
accused* 

4*  If  objection  is  made  by  the  accused  to  any  member  of  the  court >  It 
will  be  so  stated  in  the  record  of  proceedings,  and  made  known,  if  the 
court  thrnk  fit,  to  the  commander  of  the  vessel,  who  will,  at  his  discretion, 
order  another  member  of  the  court,  or  continue  the  member  objected  to* 

ii*  The  accused  shall  be  furnished,  before  trial,  with  l  written  specifica- 
tion of  the  offence  or  of  fence  s  for  which  he  is  to  be  tried*  The  specifications 
shall  be  as  brief  as  practicable,  without  unnecessary  repetition  or  circumlo- 
cution, or  accumulation  of  epithets,  but  explicit ;  and  all  offences  or  mis- 
conduct committed  at  any  one  time  by  the  same  individual  and  intended  to 
be  charged  sgsmst  him,  shall  be  comprised  in  the  same  specification,  which 
shall  be  approved,  before  trial*  by  the  officer  ordering  the  court,  and  a  du- 
plicate of  it  to  be  annexed  to  the  record. 

6.  The  accused  shall  not  be  required  to  plead  guilty  or  not  guilty  to  the 
specification ;  but  if  a  plea  of  guilty  be  made,  the  court  may,  at  its  discre- 
tion, admit  testimony  a*  to  the  character  of  tbe  offender,  or  in  extenuation  of 
tbe  offence*  And,  in  any  case,  tbe  court  may  find  tbe  accused  guilty  of  the 
whole  nr  any  part  of  tbe  misconduct  charged,  according  to  the  evidence,  and 
adjudge  punishment  for  so  much  us  sliull  be  found  proved. 

7.  Witnesses  shall  be  summoned  by  tbe  recorder  through  the  executive 
officer  of  the  vessel,  and  the  summons  shall  be  obeyed,  unless  disapproved 
bv  tho  commanding  officer  for  some  reason  to  be  stated  in  the  record* 

8.  The  court,  if  requested  by  the  accused*,  may  allow  a  commissioned, 
v^  an  -ant,  or  petty  officer  to  appear  as  counsel)  and  cross-examine  witnesses 
in  his  behalf;  but  no  written  defence  or  argument,  nor  any  protracted  oral 
defence  nr  argument,  shall  be  admitted.  Nor  shall  any  testimony  not  clearly 
relertnt  be  admitted,  nor  any  documentary  evidence  be  read  to  tho 
court  or  appended  to  the  record, 

9.  If  any  more  than  one  case  be  tried  by  the  same  court,  the  record  of 
each  case  eh  nil  be  separate,  the  order  for  convening  the  court  shall  be  op- 
pended  to  the  record  of  the  first  case,  and  be  referred  to  iu  each  subsequent 
record,  BO  as  to  show  that  the  proceedings  of  the  court  are  continuous. 
And  in  each  ease  the  prescribed  oath  shall  be  administered  anew  to  the  mem 
bers  and  the  recorder  of  the  court. 

J*  C.   DOBBIN,  SecnUiry  of  the  Navy. 

AW  former  difficulties  connected  with  manning  have  disappeared 
tinder  these  regulations,  A  large  portion  of  the  crews  of  the  United 
States  Navy  are  now  native  Americana)  intelligent  young  men,  who 
resort  to  that  as  the  beet  paid  sea  service  in  the  world,  for  the  wages 
in  American  merchant  vessels  do  not  average  more  than  twelve  or 
fourteen  dollars  per  month. 

It  is  true  the  American  sailor  has  no  pension*  unless  maimed  in 
the  national  service,  but  he  is,  if  destitute,  provided  for  ia  old  age  in 
one  of  their  numerous  asylums  ;  and  he  nai  gratuities  and  other 
rewards  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  those  established  in  the  British 
Navy. 

It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  seventh  section  of  the  qui 
Appropriation  Act,  that  discharge  from  the  service  with  bad  conduct 
discharge  is  the   greatest  punishment  that  can  be  inflicted  on  an 
offender  in  the  American  service,  and  this  is  looked  upon,  as  in  fact 
it  is,  a  very  heavy  sentence ;  for  it  deprives  a  skilled  seumm  «£  ^^ 


OtTR  7TAYAL   POEmOU"   Alfft  H>LICY, 


[Aro., 


opportunity  of  obtaining  the  highest  wages  of  his  calling,  he  lose?  in 
fact  four  ur  li\e  dollars  a  month,  This  regulation  is  found  to  Operate 
ueessfully  that  their  national  service  has  become  popular  with 
mariners,  ami  instead  of  depending  upon  foreigners,  a  sufficient 
number  of  American  seamen  are  growing  up,  and  attaching  them- 
selves to  the  United  States  navy. 

«r,  why  should  not  we  adopt  the  same  course,  under  like  eircum* 
DOS,     We  know  and  feel  the  evil — and  the  cause  of  the  evil 
why  not  apply  the  remedy  which  has  proved  successful  in 
very  similar  to  our  own.  Let  as  try  oafa,  ami  we  shall  speedily  find 
by  rei  he  naval  service  so  attractive  to  seamen  as  to  make 

<  not  only  a  disgrace,  but  a  penalty  to  he  averted,  the  nec< 
lor  the  brutal  practice  which  disgusts  officers,  degrades  the  sei 
and  deters  our  best  mariners  from  engaging,  will  be  averted.     Those 
found    guilty    of   offence   before  competent    court*,   after    milder 
means  had  failed,  instead  of  being  flogged,  should  be  disehair 
Worthless,  and  in  heinous  cases  imprisoned  with  hard  labour,  mulct 
of  wages,  or  forfeit  of  time  for  pension  might  be  ad-  The 

Queen's  service  would  then  become  popular,  and  have  the  chn< 
volunteers,  and  when  ample  reserves  are  established  as  recommended 
by  the  .Royal  Manning  Gommuftion,  no  compulsory  means  whatever 
W©uld  be  necessary  for  increasing  our  naval  fierce  to  the  full  extent 
nf  our  resource*,  particularly  if  the  men  who  engaged  to  serve  in  war 
were  secured  the  highest  wages  they  could  obtain  in  the  merchant 
service. 

But  a  man  entitled  to  these  advantages  should  be  in  fact  as  in 
name,  he  should  be  trained  and  practised  so  as  to  become  pozm 
of  the  following  qualifications,  which  the  noble  author  has  set  :' 
as  the  beau -ideal  of*  man -of- war's  man  : — 

u  1.  A  man  carrying  his  life  in  his  hand,  at  all  times  to  I 
risked,  not  only  in  conflict  with  4  enemy,  pirate,  or  rebel/  but  subject 
to  all  the  perils  of  fire  and  water  and  those  accidents  peculiar  to  sea- 
men i  falling  from  aloft,1  winch  add  a  considerable  proportion  to  the 
mortality  at  sea. 

"2.  An  able  seaman— that  is,  a  man  who,  having  served  at  least  m 
I  to  his  business,  is  master  not  only  of  all  a  seaman's  duties  on 
deck,  aloft,  or  in  boats,  but  competent 'to  all  that  neat  and  skilful 
handiwork  involved  in  rigging  a  ship  from  'truck  to  keels  on.' 

1  :i.  A .well-trained,  well-disciplined  artilleryman,  perfectly  at  bi 
in  handling  any  kind  of  ordnance,  from  the  huge  eighty-four  pounder 
to  the  light  field  piece  (which  the  modern  seaman  handles  most  ex- 
pertly),  and  familiar  with  shell ar  rockets,  and  all  the  devil's  play- 
1 1 1  i  i  \g ; s  e n i  [  i  h  * y ed  in  mo de rn  warfii  t  v , 

*4  A  well-instructed  and  efficient  infantry  soldier,  trained  to  all 
the  ordinary  company  movements,  handy  with  his  musket  or  rifle, 
though  nut  exactly  equal  to  a  French  or  Russian  soldier  in  the 

superior  to  those  of  the  South  American  States,  or  those  half 
ei v i  1  i zed  p co pie  of  Asia  and  Africa,  w  i th  w  1 1 o m  we  o tlten  c 0 m < 
collision. 

11 S,  A  goodowoTdaman,  a  cool  hand  with  the  pistol,  and,  in  fsi 
man  able  in  ship,  boat,  or  sb 


1830.] 


MTLITABT  0PIFIO5S   0?  %1%  JTGffS  fcTTtaOTlS^ 


mi 


m  these  acquirement*  form  the  qualification  of  the  present  man- 
of-war's  man,  anJ  with  proper  pecuniary  encouragement  and 
considers  r  tent,  tens  of  thousand*  of  our  adventurous  and 

hardy  mariners,  who  now  eschew  the  naval  service,  would  cheerfully 
undergo  the  training  necessary  to  become  skilled  in  these  duties;  and 
when  men  of  this  character  are  ready  to  place  themselves  in  our  firm 
line  to  undergo  the  first  shock,  in  order  to  protect  the  realm  from 
invasion,  to  preserve  our  constitutional  liberties  inviolate,  and  our 
homes  from  spoliation,  he  must  be  a  miserable,  selfish,  miserly,  and 
mptible  wretch,  unworthy  the  name  uf  Briton,  who  could  grudge 
the  meed  to  which  such  men  become  fairly  entitled. 

And  after  all,  what  is  the  sum  required,  in  addition  to  our  present 
expenditure,  to  produce  such  important  results  ? 

The  sum  voted  for  the  £*  wages  to  seamen  and  marines/1  in  the 
present  years  navy  estimate,  is  nearly  three  millions  (£2,960, 75  l)f 
but  as  this  embraces  officers, and  all  other  grades,  including  ordinary 
seamen,  boys,  Ac.,  whose  present  wages  need  not  he  disturbed,  it  would 
probably  require  no  more  than  £200,000  to  effect  what  is  desired, 
that  is,  to  make  the  wage  a  of  the  petty  officers  and  seamen  in  tt(B 
fleet  greater  than  they  obtain  in  the  merchant  service.  A  paper 
is  printed  in  the  appendix  tothe  Koyal  Commission  on  ManningKeport, 
bea f in g  t  h e  si gn a t lire  of  i  *t  rar  of  Seamen t  m ak  i ng  thee om  p u - 

tation  considerably  leas,  but  as  this  is  dated  in  January  last,  b 
the  late  increase  of  men  was  contemplated,  allowance  must  be  made 
on  that  score,  and  possibly  he  may  have  fixed  the  scale  he  suggest* 
too  low. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  it  must  he  admitted  that  double  or  treble  thin 
sum  would  he  well  applied,  to  effect  what  has  been  accomplished  in 
America — the  abolition  of  corporal  punishment,  the  establishment 
♦  if  ship  courts-martial,  assuring  the  offender  a  just  and  temperate 
inquiry,  and  the  adoption  ot  a  system  which  shall  weed  the  service  of 
ha  meters,  on  whom  it  is  now  necessary  to  exercise  restraint* 
■fid  inflictions,  that  will  no  Longer  he  neee^i  K.  N. 


THE  MILITARY  OPINIONS  OF  SIB  JOHN  BUBGOYNE. 

The  conclusion  of  a  peace  in  Italy,  whieh«  in  the  words  ol  a  lead- 
ing journal,  is .  "  made  to  be  broken,"  but  which  we  rather  consider 
as  based  on  some  secret  understanding  dangerous  to  Europe,  natu- 
rally attracts  public  attention  in  an  increased  degree  to  the  military 
position  of  England,  and  the  resources  at  her  disposal  in  the  event 
of  her  being  suddenly  engaged  in  war.     All  men  are  by  this  time 

I  aw  are  that  the  Empire,  manure  the  famous  Bordeaux  declaration,  is 
not  peace.  Founded  on  military  traditions,  how  could  it  be  ?  There 
is  no  pacific  element  in  its  composition.  By  the  army  it  was  esta- 
blished, and  by  the  army  it  is  sustained.  The  Emperor  does  not 
m  his  armvt  not  on  his  subjects,  that  his  power  if 
based,     Tim  very  announcement  of  the  peace  is  made  in  anQutax  sft 


attllTAEY  OPINIONS  OF   SIB  J0H5  BURGOTM- 


the  day  addreised  to  the  usolda£b\n  "  Peace  is  signed  between  the 
Emperor  of  Austria  and  me."  There  is  no  mention  of  the  French 
people.  L*etdt,  c*est  moi—moi  and  my  soldiers.  And  if  we  could 
remain  under  any  delusion — if  words,  deeds,  and  the  course  of  event* 
were  less  convincing  in  their  testimony — a  mere  glance  across  the 
Channel  would  convey  in  .mr  minds  a  distinct  impression  of  the 
truth P  W©  behold  France  transformed  into  a  vast  barrack.  Every 
fourth  man  is  in  uniform  ;  all  l ho  public  functionaries  are  soldi 
the  whole  organization  and  routine  of  the  State  are  military.  I 
now,  when  peace  is  signed,  and  t  h  dm  to  he  no  longer  an  object 

of  at  fcac  k ,  lli  e  a  r  m  a  i  n  c  n  la  con  t  i  n  ue .  T  roopa  a  re  p  on  ri  ng  incest; 
through  the  streets ;  conscripts  are  singing  in  the  railway  trains ; 
artillery  is  being  dispatched  by  night  no  one  knows  when-.  What  is 
more,  the  old  warlike  spirit  of  the  country  is  rekindled.  France , 
after  forty  years  of  slights,  finds  herself  once  more  the  dominant 
power  of  Europe,  Her  soldiers  have  fleshed  their  swords  ;  they  have 
tasted  blood  and  won  glory  \  and,  however  disposed,  the  Emperor  is 
impotent  to  restrain  I  he  passion  within  them.  Henceforward — and 
the  blindest  Grilpin  now  admits  the  fact — the  Empire  is  war. 

We  should  be  wrong  to  assume  that  France  designs  an  early  rup- 
ture with  England.     The  perfidious  man  who  sways  her  destinies  is, 
we  may  feel  pretty  sure,  too  far-sighted  to  venture  on  such  a  step  in 
the  present  situation  of  Europe.     But  that  he  contemplates  a  colli- 
sion, either  as  an  incidental  occurrence,  or  an  eventuality,  the  very 
nature  of  his  armaments  attests.     Possibly  he  may  have  the  forbear- 
ance to  leave  us  till  the  last ;  but,  meanwhile,  he  prepares  to  resist 
our  intervention  with  his  plans  for  remodelling  Europe  and 
ing  the  balance  of  power.     He  did  not  even  attack  Austria  till 
had  confronted  m  with  Cherbourg,  and  constructed  a  fleet  I 
Ilia u  our  own,     Brest  and  Toulon  are  now,  while  BftLvoee 
claiming  peace,  rife  with  naval  preparations?     Against  what  power 
can  these  maritime  armaments  be  directed?     Is  it  not  clear  that  it 
must  be  England ?     All  are  to  have  their  turn.     Onr  alliance  was 
used  to  brmg  down  the  pride  of  rlnssia  \  Eussia  was  brought  to  con- 
nive at  the  humiliation  of  Austria-  Austria,  if  rumour  speaks  tme, 
is  to  wink  at  the  chastisement  of  Prussia;  and  Montaleuibert  gives 
us  warning  that  England  will  not  be  left  out.     In  truth,  the  train  is 
laid,  and  we  know  not  the  moment  when  it  may  be  fired. 

It  is  now  fourteen  years  since  the  defenceless  situation  of  th<i 
country    was  brought   in    all    its    details    under    the    notio 
the  Duke  of   Wellington    by    Sir  John  Burgoyne,    wh; 
munication  drew  from   the    great    Captain   the  memorable   letter 
which  struck  the   first  note   of  alarm   through   England.     Bi 
nearly  the  whole  of  this  period  we  have  been  under  the  domim 
of  family  governments,  composed  either  entirely  of  Whigs,  or  Whig* 
diluted  with  renegade  Conservatives.     Just  as  we  fall  again  under 
such  a  r/  original  memorandum  of  Sir  John   Burgojne  is 

Opportunely  reproduced,  but  now  for  the  first  time  reaches  the  p 
forming  the  opening  paper  in  a  volume  entitled   The  Military    Opi- 
nions of  General  Sir  John  Foe  Burgoyne^  for  which  we  are  indebted 
to  the  editorial  industry  of  his  aide-de-camp,  Captain  Wrotto 


1859.]         MIUTABY  OPINIONS  07  BIB  JOHK  BTTB0OYNB.  588 

Thank  Heaven  we  are  no  longer  in  the  deplorable  plight  which  Sir 
John  describes  in  this  able  and  lucid  report.  The  late  Ministry, 
during  its  short  tenure  of  office,  so  recruited  our  navy,  that  in  the 
event  of  a  sudden  rupture  we  should  not  now,  as  then,  commence 
war  with  an  inferior  naval  force.  Something  has  also  been  done  to 
strengthen  our  coast  defences.  It  is,  however,  still  doubtful  whether 
we  could  muster  in  England  30,000  regular  troops  to  resist  an 
invading  force.  Notwithstanding  the  unwearied  efforts  of  Sir  John 
himself,  as  Inspector- General  of  Fortifications,  Portsmouth,  Ply- 
mouth, and  Milford  Haven  are  still  too  open  to  attack.  Hence 
nearly  all  the  remarks  which  the  gallant  General  made  in  1845 
apply,  with  little  variation,  to  our  present  condition.  They  are 
statements  no  one  can  confute,  for  not  only  do  they  emanate  from  a 
high  military  and  official  source,  but  they  are  stamped  with  the  tes- 
timony of  the  great  Duke  himself.  A  portion  we  may  term  pro- 
phetic, and  a  portion  strategic ;  for  while  there  is  a  foreshadowing 
of  those  outbursts  of  the  martial  spirit  of  France  which  have  illus- 
trated the  last  four  or  five  years,  there  is,  in  connexion  with  our  own 
position,  a  precise  detail  of  the  dangers  to  which  we  are  exposed, 
and  the  measures  necessary  to  avert  them.  There  is  something 
touching  in  the  warning  given  to  us  at  such  a  moment  by  such  a 
man — an  illustrious  veteran  who,  though  full  of  years,  is  fidl  of 
honours — some  won  yesterday  at  the  cannon's  mouth.  It  is  true 
the  nakedness  of  our  land  is  well  known — known  as  well  in  France 
and  through  the  whole  of  Europe  as  in  our  own  military  circles ; 
and,  indeed,  it  is  but  a  couple  of  months  since  we  reprinted  in  our 
pages  a  German  view  of  our  situation,  which  was  only  too  accurate. 
But  here  we  have  an  exposition  which  must  carry  conviction,  and  we 
are  loth  to  believe  that  in  the  present  state  of  the  public  mind  it 
will  not  produce  a  marked  effect. 

There  are  three  principal  points  of  view  from  which  Sir  John  Bur- 
goyne  canvasses  the  question  of  a  French  invasion — 1,  The  force 
readily  available  for  the  purpose ;  2,  The  practicability  of  its  trans- 
port across  the  Channel ;  and,  3,  Our  available  means  of  resistance. 
"With  regard  to  the  first,  it  is  clearly  shown  that  100,000  or  150,000 
men  might  be  assembled  at  any  moment — ay,  to-morrow — at  Cher- 
bourg, without  noise  or  bustle,  without  attracting  the  attention  even 
of  our  newspaper  correspondents,  and  be  as  rapidly  embarked.  We 
have  recently  seen  with  what  ease  French  troops  have  been  concen- 
trated and  embarked  at  Marseilles,  where  the  wharves  and  quays 
afford  no  such  facilities  as  exist  at  Cherbourg,  and  numbers  were 
packed  in  the  same  vessel.  At  Cherbourg  a  network  of  railways, 
leading  to  every  part  of  France,  can  bring  up  troops  in  relays,  while 
the  spacious  quays  will  accommodate  an  army  without  crowding. 
"  France,"  says  Sir  John,  "  could  in  a  very  few  weeks  from  her  first 
preparation,  by  partial  movements  scarcely  to  be  observed,  collect 
trom  100,000  to  150,000  troops  on  the  shores  of  the  Channel,  within 
a  few  hours'  sail  of  the  British  coast,  and  where  every  coaster  or  large 
fisherv  vessel,  aided  by  steamers,  would  be  an  efficient  transport." 
But  the  innocents  will  ask,  how  these  improvised  transports  are  to 
cross  the  Channel  ?    Of  course,  if  we  have  the  least  w^\^s&E--tQD^ 


884 


MILITABT  OPIJTIOJfS  OP   SIB  JOES  BTTHOOTNI. 


[ATG„ 


some  intimation  will  surely  reach  us — we  shall  have  a  good  ftquadron 
off  the  Wight.  This  is  not  so  certain.  At  this  very  moment  our 
lynx-eyed  press  is  announcing  that  great  naval  arm  anient*  are  equip- 
at  Toulon  and  Brest,  yet  Lord  John  Hussell  stoutly  affirms 
such  ia  not  the  case.  It  would  he  the  same  thing  if  boats  were 
being  collected  ;il  Cherbourg — and  boats  are  the  only  part  of  the 
expedition  not  in  readiness.  The  Ebguah  Government  ne\erl>»; 
anything  that-  ia  not  communicated  by  its  own  ambassador,  in  a 
green  despatch -box,  tied  round  with  rod  tape.  We  can  by  no  mean* 
count,  then,  on  the  English  fleet  bein^  ou  the  pri  rirr  when  the 
French  attiimira,  under  cover  of  sight,  tow  over  50JXJO  men  to  Porta- 
mouth.  The  French  have  alwaya  contended  that  it  would  be  stifli- 
eient  for  their  purpose  the  command  of  the  Channel  for  a 

•kt  and  both  our  naval  and  military  authorities  admit  th*- 
But  it  is  a  question  for  consideration  whether  the  work  might  b 

ted  by  surprise,  in  a  single  night.     Or,  supposing  us  ii 
lion  of  attack,  the  French  fleet,  by  manoeuvring  in  another  dire! 
might  draw  oil"  our  squadron,  while  the  descent  was  effected  nude? 
the  convoy  of  a  few  frigates.     Nor  must  we  lose  sight  of  an 
possibility — the  junction  of  the  French  fleet  with  that  of  Rural 
order  to  secure  the  command  of  the  Channel.     This  object  v 
effected  by  the  first  Napoleon,  when  he  mustered  his  forces  at  Bou« 
h'L'Uc,  through  the  union  of  the  fleets  of  France  and  Spain;  and  wan 
only  foiled  by  the  vigilance  of  Nelson,  who  seduced  YiHeneuve 
fighting  Trafalgar,     Our   Channel  squadron  will  probably  so- 
equal  to  any  force  that   France  alone  could  bring  against  it;  hut, 
before  we  can  consider  it  effective-,  it  should  be  strong  enouj 
m©et  both  France  anil  Russia     Even  then,  the  conditio  itime 

warfare  are  so  altered,  that,  as  shown  by  Sir  Howard  Douglas  in  hi* 
Sitt'trf  Warfare  fof  Sfwmr  find  now  by  Sir  John  Burgoynu  in  the 
volume  before  us,  a  fleet  itself  cannot  be  considered  a  safeguard 
John  Burgoync  reminds  us  that,  %*  when  the  French  were  far  lets 
powerful  generally  than  at  present,  and  their  fleets  were  crippled  and 
intimidated,  even  then  an  invasion  was  considered  so  possible 
very  great  efforts  were  made  to  prepare  for  resisting  ii  on  al 
Ttfcfl  gallant  General  states  the  difficulty  of  maintaining 
ades,  now  that  vessels  of  war  are  propelled  by  steam,  which,  tli 
affording  advantages  on  both  sides,  necessarily  give  the  prep* 
to  an  alert  fed,  watching  for  an  opportunity  to  sally.     It  will  not 
be  comparatively  easy  to  break  such  blockades,  but  it  is  doubtful 
whether  they  can  even  be  maintained.     Putting,  however,  this  ecni- 
sideration  aside,  we  will  suppose  there  ia  a  French  squadron  in  each 
of  the  ports  of  Toulon,  Brest,  and  Cherbourg,  and  that  a  blockade 
is  established  by  three  English  squadrons  of  equal  strength,  Sir  J  oka 
still  thinks  the  Toulon  squadron,  by  taking  advantage  of  favouraUi 
circumstniLies,  might  elude  the  vigilance  of  our  Admirals,  and 
its  wriy  to  Brest,  win  re  the  combined  force  might  *o  maiuimvra  a* to 
prevent  ajunctiouof  our  Medil  and  Channel  »tjuadrons, 

■■iporarv  superiority.     'The  conclusion  1  would  1 
Sir  John,     is.  fhat  ii'  not  jjrobtiblej  it  is  at  lvasl  q  pa* 

,  that  a  temporary  superiority  might  be  obtained  in  Lh 


1859.]       hujtjUX  opinions  of  Bin  johk  Buaaoyra,  685 

sufficient  for  the  purpose  of  invasion  in  great  force ;  and  that  if  such 
an  attempt  should  then  be  made,  it  is  more  than  probable  it  would 
be  successful,  and  that  London  itself  might  be  in  the  hands  of  the 
enemy  in  less  than  ten  days." 

Such  is  the  deliberate  opinion  of  one  of  our  most  experienced 
Generals,  an  opinion  endorsed,  moreover,  by  the  great  Duke,  who, 
in  a  letter  addressed  to  Sir  John  Burgoyne,  devoutly  wished  that  he 
might  not  live  to  see  it  verified.  That  it  is  shared  by  high  authorities 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Channel  every  one  conversant  with  France 
can  attest.  A  French  commission  of  officers  in  an  official  report  to 
the  Government,  has  put  on  record  these  remarkable  words  : — "  It 
must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  principal  alterations  in  naval  affairs 
since  the  peace  of  1815,  as  regards  the  relative  position  of  England 
and  France,  are  favourable  to  France."  For  200  miles  the  French 
coast  is  vis-a-vis  with  our  own,  at  distances  varying  from  three  to 
twelve  hours ;  and,  whatever  the  superiority  of  our  fleet,  can  it  be 
believed  that  this  line  can  be  guarded  through  its  whole  length, 
under  every  circumstance  of  weather  and  season,  now  that  ships  by 
the  aid  of  steam  act  independently  of  both  ?  Happily,  such  in- 
fatuation no  longer  prevails  among  the  people.  The  powerful  re*- 
presentations  of  the  press  have  disabused  the  public  mind,  and  there 
is  a  universal  wish  to  put  our  country  in  a  proper  state  of  defence. 
It  is  our  rulers  who  oppose  the  work.  The  Derby  Cabinet  has  the 
honourable  distinction  of  being  exempt  from  this  censure.  Under 
great  difficulties  and  discouragements,  and  with  the  support  of  only 
a  minority,  Lord  Derby  placed  our  naval  aud  military  establishments 
on  a  footing  they  have  never  before  attained  in  time  of  peace.  They 
are  still  miserably  inadequate,  for  we  are  so  affected  by  the  present 
irresponsible  Government  in  Frauce,  that,  as  a  necessity  of  our 
situation,  we  must  maintain  armaments  proportionate  to  those  of 
our  neighbour.  A  time  may  come  when  we  shall  grow  weary  of  th:s 
burden,  and  prefer  actual  war.  Certainly  our  outlay  would  not  be 
much  greater,  and  the  suspense  would  be  diminished. 

But  since  Sir  Howard  Douglas  and  Sir  John  Burgoyne  consider 
a  descent  practicable,  though  the  nautical  bias  of  Sir  Howard 
attaches  more  importance  to  the  operations  of  our  fleet,  let  us  see 
how,  once  the  landing  effected,  the  invaders  are  to  be  met.  "  With 
all  the  resources  to  be  found  in  England,"  says  Sir  John,  "  with  the 
possession  of  the  shores  on  both  sides  of  the  narrow  parts  of  the 
Channel,  and  of  at  least  some  of  the  small  ports  of  the  English  side, 
the  100,000  or  120,000  men  would  be  quite  independent  of  any 
necessity  for  further  commanding  communication  with  France  for 
gome  time."  Heaven  forbid  it  shall  ever  come  to  this  ;  but,  seeing 
such  high  military  testimony  to  the  possibility,  we  must  prepare  for 
the  event.  Sir  John  passes  in  review  all  the  means  at  our  disposal 
for  resistance.  These,  he  tells  us  plainly,  are  as  fully  known  to  the 
French  as  to  ourselves.  In  fact,  the  acquisition  of  such  intelligence 
forms  part  of  the  French  organization.  If  the  French  ever  effect  a 
landing  in  England,  they  will  come  here  with  a  full  appreciation  of 
-wery. resource  we  can  employ  against  them.  That  our  resistor 
will  be  desperate — that  our  resources  may  proNfc  svsti  greatest  >mo&k* 


£80 


MTLITAHT  OTimQTSB  Of  HE  JOHK  BUBGOYinS, 


[Auu, 


the  pressure  than  now,  in  our  calm  momenta,  we  can  estimate — they 
readily  allow,  But,  bo  far  as  our  means  can  be  seen,  they  have 
taken  our  measure.  Sir  John  Burgoyne  is  equally  eiact.  He 
has  no  faith  in  riflemen,  fencibles,  or  even  militia,  except  in  concert 
with  regular  troops  ;  and  he  affirms,  what  recent  statements  in  Par< 
liament  confirm,  that  we  should  he  tillable,  in  ease  of  attack,  to  briiij 
30,000  regulars  in  iy  one  point.     At  the  same 

the  gallant  General  is  not  disposed  to  pooh-pooh  the  aaxiltar 
bodies;  be  wishes  only  to  take  them  at  their  right  value.  We  ft 
gratified  to  Bud  10  great  an  authority  advocating  precisely  the  eann 
application  of  this  force  that  we  have  always  urged,  "The  principal 
and  most  useful  application  of  volunteer  corps/*  we  are  told  at 
p.  106,  "  would  he  by  a  well-considered  system  of  local  organization 
and  training,  exclusively  for  action  in  their  own  and  very  neighbour- 
ing district,  in  case  of  the  extreme  emergency  of  an  attack  upon 
them*  Within  two  or  three  miles  of  any  port  or  town  of  any  an* 
portance,  it  might  be  hoped  that  from  000  to  1,000  such  volunteer 
might  he  ready  to  turn  out,  some  of  them  practised  to  man  an; 
batteries  that  may  have  been  constructed  for  their  protection,  am 
within  ten  or  twelve  miles,  that  is,  in  a  few  hours  after,  at  least 
many  more.  These,  under  the  regulation  and  control  of  some  officer 
experience,  would  afford  great  security  against  the  desultory  attac 
of  any  but  considerable  armaments." 

But  important  as  such  an  organization  would  be  for  the  purpoi 
mentioned,  and  as  a  support,  Sir  John  Burgoyne  contends  that  it 
would  present  no  obstacle  to  a  disciplined  army  in  the  open  field. 
It  may  seem  presumptuous   to   differ  from  the  gallant   General  on 
such  a  question  even  in  the  iHghtesi    degree;    but,  consul 
loiite  in  the  discipline  of  the  Zouaves,  we  are  inclined  to  think  that 
nine  ready-made  suldiers  might  turn  up  amongst  us  on  an  eitier 
gency  than  is  generally  believed.     Not  only  might  we  look  for  mm  1 
from  that  lion-like  spirit  which  Sir  John  proudly  certifies  as  inl 
in  Englishmen — and  in  an  encounter  of  this  character  even  bulUl 
courage  would  go  for  g  -  oul  we  may  believe  that  with  En; 

iien  having  every  sensibility  aroused,  a  little  training  woul 
great  way.     Garibaldi's  exploits  have  made  it  doubtful  whether  di 
eiplined  troops  do  really  possess  such  a  superiority  over  raw- 
Nay,  a  great  part  of  our  army  at  Waterloo  was  composed  of  recruit 
and  we  have  never  had  cause  to  blush  for  their  share  in  that 
Struggle*     But  the  gallant  author  of  the  work  before  us  will  n 
leave  the  destiny  of  his  country  to  a  thread.     He  writes  with  • 
of  responsibility — a  consciousness  that  his  words  will  he  weighed 
his  arguments  measured  by  the  powers  of  the  state.     It  is  for  hi 
therefore,  to  speak  on  the  side  of  caution  and  to  ground  his 
menu,   nnt    en   conjecture — not  on  possibilities,  but  on  facts 

i  the  threatened  invasion  of  the  iirst  Napoleon  the  <J 
of  the  day  did  not  trust  entirely  to  the  fleet— potent  and 
as  it  then  was;  but  the  United  Kingdom  was  garrisoned  by  100 
regular  troops;  the  militia  was  put  into  efficient  training,  and 
bered  S0;00i)  meo;  and  there  was  an  effective  voluntr 


MlLlTAEt  OPINIOXS  OP  BIB  JfOEff  BUBGOIITE, 


589 


300,000 — ia  all,  nearly  half  a  million  of  men.  We  are  now  abso- 
lutely without  deience,  except  for  our  Channel  squadron*  The  volun* 
teer  movement  is  a  failure,  the  people  not  being  improved  with  a 
sense  of  their  danger  j  the  militia  could  not  muster  40,000  -,  and,  in 
faet,  we  are  here  authoritatively  tuld  that  **  a  fear  vwthl  not  suffice, 
%  evert/  effort,  and  any  extent  of  expenditure,  to  put  iff  ia  a  condition 
of  resistances  The  italics  are  Sir  JohnX  not  ours,  and  show  the 
deliberation  with  which  tbe  opinion  h  pronounced. 

Passing  from  the  consideration  of  our  national  defences,  the 
volume  before  u^  enter*  on  numerous  subjects  of  high  import  to  the 
military  world,  and  treats  of  them  in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  a 
at  tidy  for  those  who  seek  a  thorough  knowledge  of  their  profession, 
It  might  be  expected  that  the  gallant  author  would  have  much  I 
on  the  subject  of  engineering  and  fortification — and,  in  truth,  one  is 
wurprised  to  see  the  amount  of  information  he  has  packed  into  a 
saiall  compass,  and  the  very  readable  way  in  which  it  is  presented, 
Tt  seems  natural  to  a  clear  and  logical  loind  to  express  itself,  even  on 
the  dry  est  subjects,  with  a  characteristic  precision,  that  thm 
light  over  the  veriest  technical  details,  rendering  them  generally  in- 
telligible. No  one  possesses  this  happy  art  in  a  higher  degree  than 
8ir  John  Burgoyue.  Perhaps  he  owes  it  in  some  measure  to  an 
hereditary  taste  for  literature,  which  an  arduous  military  career  lnia 
never  prevented  him  from  indulging;  but  it  is  also  singularly  illus* 
trative  of  his  character.  This  volume  would  be  read  with  interest 
for  the  diction  alone,  even  if  its  content*  were  leas  varied  and  com- 
manding. Nor  can  we  withhold  a  word  of  praise  from  its  gallant 
editor,  Captain  \V>otte*ley,  He  has  executed  his  task  with  care, 
ability,  and  judgment,  arranging  the  various  papers  in  such  sequence, 
under  their  several  beads,  that  they  merge  into  each  other,  forming 
a  compendium  of  the  whole  subject.  This  is  particularly  remarkable 
in  the  papers  on  sieges,  which  are  most  complete,  from  a  review  of  the 
preliminary  operations  to  the  estimated  comparative  cost  of  civil  and 
military  artificers,  given  in  a  very  able  paper  by  Quartermaster  Con* 
nollyt  the  well  known  author  of  fchfl  Bmmy  of  the  Royal  Sappers 
and  M f tiers  ami  Romance  of  the  Ranks*  All  the  operations  and  all 
the  routine  of  attack  and  deteuee  seem  to  be  comprehended  in  tha 
gallant  General1  s  lucid  review.  At  the  present  moment  especial  in- 
terest attaches  to  the  paper  on  the  efteet  of  rttied  cannon  on  the 
attack  and  defence  of  fortifications.  Here  we  have  our  ablest  engi- 
neer declaring  that  against  such  ordnance  Vauban's  art  can  make  no 

tftd     u Towers,  <>ld  castles,  and  escarp  waits  in  general  that  are 

rooed  to  riew  will  be  readily  ruined  from  greater  distances  .  .  .  „ 
parapets  will  be  penetrated  and  ruined  with  greater  facility ;  the 
interior  of  works  will  be  plunged  into  from  heights  at  greater  ranges 
than  have  hitherto  been  practicable  ;  and  where  magazines,  barracks, 
or  other  important  establishments  are  exposed  to  such  heights,  and 
have  hitherto  been  safe  from  them,  they  will  now  be  liable  to  direct 
cannonade  or  bombardment.  The  advantage  which  rifled  guns  se- 
cure to  an  attacking  farce  ia  a  siege  by  allowing  it  to  operate  at  a 
distance  of 9,000  yards,  orjapwarda  of  five  miles,  is  not  greater  than 

IX  S,  Mao  .  No*  360,  Aug.,  1859.  <*.  <*. 


58* 


TZZVZ    FROM   THE    LQTJPSOLKS    OF   MTRBAT. 


[At, 


ttiev  atford  to  batteries  over  ships.    Tlie  gallant  Oei 
that,  regular  fortification  being  out  of  the  question, 

isive  establish 
tinu  by  a  free  use    of  bomb-proof  roofing,      All 
this  subject  ii  nt  we  «rusf  will  receive  the  serioue  eon 

tionofthe  authorities.  The  booi  itself  will  be  extensively  r 
the  public,  as  well  as  by  the  professional  man  j  and  it  will  pro 
(Jeep  impression, 

ft  W.  F, 


PEEPS  FROM  THE  LOOPHOLES  OP  RETKEAT. 

Bv  ElTTSiB  Mjjob  Marksman-. 

Mtt»  Bi  Biff  or  era's  knapsack  is  to  bare  a  fair  trial.   It  is  now  sou 
ten  years  since  Lord  Frederick  FitKelarence,  one  of  tho  rnoetpra 
tical  officers  we  have  had  for  a  long  time,  in  high  command 
himsilf  to  the  subject,  of  lightening  the  toils  and  sufferings 
soldiers.     Whether  be  acted  from  the  common  dictates  of  bus: 
or  a  conviction  that  the  teas  a  man  was  burthened  t 
he  became  in  the  held,  docs  not  much  matter.  From  what  I  knew  of  th 
lamented  General  1  should  say  it  was  a  combination  of  1 10th.     Tl 
bis  means  the  bearskin  caps  of  the  Fusiliers  were  diminished  m  siz 
He  worked  hard  to  get  rid  of  the  cross  belts,  and  lie  was  nurlleula 
solicitous  about  the  knapsack,     He  inveatigal 
inventions,  and  at  length  had  experiments  tried  with  Jlr.  J- 
which  simply  differed  from  others  in  being  attached  to  the  shouhlc 
by  broad  metallic  springs,  dispensing  altogether  with  the  abou 
straps  which  cut  the  arms  and  fettered  their  actions,  impeded 
ration,  and  obliged  a  soldier  to  have  the  aid  of  a  comrade  in  p] 
the  article  OH  his  back,      The  experiments,  I%think,  consisted 
making  some  men  march  with  the  Begulationand  the  Berin 
sack:?,  and  then  reporting  the  result  of  their  comparative  i 
The  verdict  was  entirely  in  favor  of  the  Beringtou.     One  serjen 
ii"  I    remember  rightly ,  inarched  twenty -five  miles  and  swam  rive 
with  it,  and  was  almost  unconscious  that  he  had  anything  upon  T 
back  !     Every  endeavour  was  now  made  to  get  the  pack  adopted 
the  authorities,  but  there  rose  up  a  barrier  of  prejudice  and  self*] 
terest,  which   neither    argument   nor  experiment  could   suriuou 
He  Horse  Guards  were  burly  sick  of  model  knapsacks,  They  hadl 
so  many,  and  all  were  failures — the  men  were  colli  U  wi 

they  possessed— the  tiiuc  of  the  authorities  could  not  be  taken 
any  longer  with  such  matters,  &c.     It  was  not  added,  lis  it 
have  been,  that  the  Adjutant- General  had  an  invention  of  his 
andSirThomasSoinethinghadanother;  the  ostensible  obi  eel 
considered  suthoieLitly  valid  to  prevent  the  Bering  ton  being 
accompli*     But  Mr.  Berington  had  friends  and   peraevenu 


18500 


PEEPB   F1XOK  THE  LOOPHOLES   OF   HE  TREAT, 


580 


Duke  of  Cambridge  came  into  office,  and  to  bis  consideration  the 
invention  was  submitted*  Perhaps  no  one  is  more  in  the  habit  of 
judging  lor  himself  than  the  Duke.  In  tins  instance,  however, 
eithij*  his  usual  acuteness  forsook  him,  or  he  adopted  the  opinions 
of  the  staff  I  am  told  that  when  privately  spoken  to  on  the  sub- 
ject he  shut  up  his  interlocutor  by  remarking  that  he  bad  heard 
that  if  the  metallic  spring*  or  straps  are  struck  by  a  musket  ball 
the  knapsack  would  be  rendered  useless.  It  never  occurred  to  him 
that  if  this  contingency  were  to  happen  the  man  would  receive  the 
shot  in  a  vital  spot,  and  thus  become  perfectly  independent  of 
knapsacks  for  the  future,  or  that  the  plate  could  be  temporarily 
supplied  by  a  strap,  leaving  the  soldier  no  worse  off  than  he  was 
belbre  the  Berington  was  adopted*  And  so  Mr*  Berington  was 
east  again  into  the  "slough  of  despond/*  and  the  soldiers  who 
knew  something  of  the  pack  by  report  muttered  a  passing  curse, 
that  red-tape  and  officialism  had  destroyed  their  prospects.  But 
lo !  Mr,  Sidney  Herbert  comes  into  office,  and  a  convenient  question 
from  Captain  Leicester  Vernon,  oue  of  the  best  of  our  military  re- 
presentatives, elicits  from  the  minister  that -although  general  officers 
had  vilified  the  efforts  of  Mr,  Berington's  genius  he  had  resolved  to 
put  the  question  to  a  thorough  practical  test.  He  had  directed  a 
considerable  number  of  the  packs  to  be  issued  to  the  men  of  the 
regiments,  and  by  tJurir  report  Berington  will  live  or  die 

I  used  to  think  the  Secretaries  Car  War  ought  to  be  military  men. 

fancied  that  none  but  soldiers  could  justly  appreciate  a  soldier^ 
feelings,  an  I  minister  to  their  true  welfare,  I  recount  the  notions 
mm  fi$Qi*)  and  I  formally  renounce  the  heresy  at  once  and  for  ever. 
The  humanity  and  common  sense  of  the  black  coat  strongly  eclipses 
"the  fellow  feeling"  of  the  scarlet  tunic.  1  can  understand  it  ail. 
Military  men  habitually  pay  too  much  deference  to  each  other,  We 
see  its  operation  every  day;  the  adjutant  accepts  literally  the  allega- 
tions of  the  serjeant  major  ;  the  lieutenant  colonel,  on  friendly  terms 
with  his  officers,  adopts  the  sentiments  of  the  adjutant  and  captains 
of  com  [j anies ;  the  mspeeior^genaril  of  a  district  finds  everything 
in  the  corps  with  which  he  dines  vonleur  tie  rme  ;  the  general,  com- 
jiiauder-in*chie£,  comparatively  young,  and  naturally  modest,  retv 
itc  hojint fJW,  the  representations  of  generals  in  command  of  corps 
and  divisions,  Courtesy  cornea  in  kid  of  confidence,  the  truth  is 
concealed,  and  the  soldier  sacrificed.  Hence,  the  ^reat  value  of  a 
civil  Secretary  of  State,  who  can  afford  to  hold  opinions  at  nan 
which  have  not  something  else  to  sustain  them  beyond  the  rani 
their  utterers. 

over  military  destinies,  let  me  put  on  record 
a  soldier's  gratitude  for  two  or  thi  l  Sir  Charles 

lyan  has  adopted  since  hfl  became  Governor  of  Madras.     His 
tirst  to    diminish    the    number  of  guards  in   the    town   of 

Madras,     It   is  in  English  theory  that  nothing  should  be  done  hy 
ddiers,  which  properly  falls  within  the  scope  of  a  policeman**  duties. 
On  the  continent  of  Europe  w  i  d  to  see  ehei  \  i  t  ry 

I  boxes  all  over  a  town,  and  to  nice  -//wand  hewj  ta%qgattastS&t 


■ 


■ 


690 


PEEPS   FROM  THE   LOOPHOLES    OF   BETEEAT* 


[AtTCK, 


every  street.  The  doctrine  of  physical  force  is  recognised  m  every  de< 
partmentof  the  state,  andiri  the  whole  scheme  of  public  entertainment. 
In  our  well-ordered  country,  on  the  contrary,  the  government  is  con 
tied.     The  army   is  masked;   it  only  developes  itself,  with  ra 
options  (I  speak  of  peace  time),  on  great  occasions  of  publi 
ceremonial  and  review,  ami  is  then  represented  by  a  battalion  and 
squadron  or  two,     But  these  exceptions  are  partially  objeetiouaul 
Mere  ace  ml-eonted  grenadiers,  where,  in  mercy  to  the  soldier,  there 
should  only  be  policemen.     What  business,  for  instance,  have  the 
Col  list  reams  at   the   doors  of  Drury  Lane   Theatre    whenever  the 
manager  opens  his  establishment  for  performance  ?     Why  are  the 
i  Fusiliers  kept  broiling  at  the  portals  of  the  National  Gallery, 
British  Institution  in  Pall  Hall?     I  know  the  men  like  to  pa 
the  pave  in  front   of  the  theatres  for  six  or  seven  hours,   I 
they  ^efc  one  shilling    per  night    from  the  manager.      Thai 
ever,  is   no  reason  for    the  continuance   of  the  practice*      Flae 
in  the  very  centre  of  vice  and  all  its  allurements,  the  men  contra 
evil  acquaintanceships,  which  lead  to  drink  and  debauchery,  and  the 
are  needlessly  exposed  to  the  damps  and  fogs  of  night,  whir 
fully  increase  the  amount  of  mortality.     Let  there  be  guards  tm 
the  p< ■rsnii  of  the  Sovereign^  over  the  palaces,  the  arsenals,  th> 
yards,  and  the  mint,  tor  these  would  be  the  favoured  points  of 
by  a  wild  mob  or  an  invading  force ;  but  for  all  other  places  on 
respectable  police  would  amply  sufiicc.     It  will  be  a  bright 
Kj0  be   marked  with  a  white  stone,  when  Sir  Charles  Trevelyan'i 
good  example  is  followed  in  this  country.     And  talking  of 
Trevclyan  carries  me  to    promotion  by   purchase.     Three  or   four 
years  ago  Lord  Panmure  procured  the  issue  of  a  warrant  g ranting 
Hm    regulation- value  of  an  o  Dicer's  commission  to  his  widow,  child, 
parent,  or  surfer,  if  lie  should  fall  in  battle,  and  his  heirs  sun 
all  title  to  pension  or  compassionate  allowance.     The  act  was  bailed 
at  the  time  as  one  of  grace,  and  one  of  policy  also,  because  it  ran 
from  the  minds  of  officers  going  into  battle  all  anxiety  respect  u 
condition  of  those  objects  of  affectionate  solicitude  whom  they  migl 
leave  penniless  behind  them,  if  an  unlucky  bullet  gave  them  tbei 
qitietm.     The  Times*  however,  as  if  inspired  by  the  Treasury,  em- 
ployed this  benevolent  measure  as  an  argument  against  promotion  by 
purchase.     Two  or  three  months  ago  I  made  a  few  remarks  o 
fallacy  of   the    doctrines   to    which    Sir    Charles    Trevelyan.  the 
Secretary  to  the  Treasury,  attached  his  name  officially,  when  the 
increase  of  the  pay  of  cavalry  subalterns,  and  the  abolition 
expenses  ware  in  question.     Now  read  this  passage  from  the  3 
which  has  accidentally  fallen  under  my  nose.     It  was  publish 
October,  18M: 

"As  regards  those  who  have  yet  to  purchase  their  way  up  in  th 
army  the  warrant  seems  merely  to  involve  a  heavy  public 
dut  any  corresponding  benefit  to  the  objects  of  its  intend* 
It  is  the  misfortune  of  a  system  of  purchase  that,  so  long  ai 
it  is  impossible  permanently  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  i 
If,  indeed,  the  regulation  and  the  actual  price  wen  me  thing 

that  is  to  say,  if  the  ic^viaXiou  ^ik&vrete  to  remain  the  saj 


n- 

\ 


led 
cd 


1859.] 


n:EP9  PEOM  THE  100THOLES   Or  BETBEAT. 


591 


whatever  extent  the  condition  of  the  officer  might  be  improved — we 
mlrfht  the n  go  on  increasing  pay ^  aUoicances,  and  pension  with  the  most 
perfect  confidence  thai  every  iking  tee  did  tended,  directly  to  the  benefit 
of  the  service ;  but,  unfortunately,  the  value  of  a  commission  is  regu- 
lated, not  by  the  estimation  which  the  Com i nan d or- in- Chief  may 
choose  to  put  upon  it,  but  by  the  number  of  buyers  and  the  price  they 
art-  ready  to  give.  Every  increase,  therefore,  in  the  value  of  a  com- 
mission  acts  as  a  bonus  to  its  present  possessor,  should  he  sell  out, 
and  raises  the  price  proportionately  to  all  future  pur  chasers*  The 
commodity  becomes  more  marketable,  and  those  who  want  to  buy  it 
must  pay  a  hiyht-r  price  for  it,  so  that  a  measure  intended  for  the  per- 
manent relief  of  the  service  may  end  only  in  raising  the  value  of 
commissions  by  the  additional  sum  that  purchasers  will  be  willing  to 
gi?e  for  the  insurance  by  the  public  of  their  lives  against  death  in  the 
held  of  battle.  So  long  as  purchase  is  permitted  it  is  impossible 
permanently  to  benefit  the  condition  of  the  officer,  and  every  attempt 
to  do  so  is  so  far  an  injury  that  U  enhances  the  price  to  be  paid,  and 
thus  places  a  commission  more  out  of  the  reach  of  the  poorer  aspi- 
rants for  distinction." 

If  all  this  be  true  as  an  exposition  of  the  principles  of  political 
economy,  it  has  proved  to  be  utterly  false  in  daily  practice.  I  have 
conversed  with  not  a  few  officers  of  the  British  Army  who  have  been 
engaged  in  the  Bale  and  purchase  of  commissions  since  1855,  and 
they  tell  me  that  they  never  dreamt  of  either  demanding  or  giving  a 
single  shilling  extra  to  what  had  been  paid  and  received  beyond  the 
Regulation,  since  the  violation  of  the  Act  49  of  George  III.  became 
habitual.  Why,  indeed,  should  they  reeogube  a  practice  which  the 
Government  itself  has  not  adopted  ?  If  this  theory  of  proportioning 
prices  to  increased  value  were  applicable  to  the  ■*  sordid  and  degrad- 
ing1' traffic  in  c  ran  miss  ions,*  why  has  not  the  War  Office  augmented 
the  regulation  price  every  time  a  new  measure  has  been  adopted  for 
increasing  an  officer's  income,  or  indirectly  Improving  his  eircum- 
stances  ?  When  my  lather,  rest  his  soul,  paid  £450  for  my  com  mis- 
in  the  — th,  the  pay  was  precisely  what  it  now  remain*,  but  how 
different  were  the  c ire um stances  of  a  subaltern,  and  the  officers  gene- 
rally, in  other  respects  !  We  had  no  Prince  Regent's  allowance  of 
wine — no  medals — much  less  fuel  and  light, — no  brevet  pro  mot  ion  but 
what  came  once  is  six  years;  less  halt-pay  by  two  shillings  a  day  ; 
no  regimental  classes  and  musketry  instructors  ;  no  prospect  of  staff 
appointments  if  we  went  to  India,  beyond  an  accidental  A*  D.  0.  ship, 
or  a  Brigade  Majority  ;  no  chance  of  a  staff  appointment  anywhere 
unless  we  had  great  interest.  I  look  upon  it  that  the  value  of  all 
commissions,  and  especially  that  of  captains,  has  I  at  least 

50  per  cent,  in  the  last  few  years;  and,  yet,  not  one  penny  more  is 
demanded  now  (in  excess  of  the  Regulation)  than  a  man  had  the 
face  to  ask  when  I  was  up  the  Irawaddy  with  Sir  Willoughby 
Cotton,  and  that  is  thirty-five  years  ago!  If  this  fact  were  more 
generally  promulgated,  and  the  fallacy  of  the  politico-economic 
um  Times  doctrine  demonstrated,  we  should  probably  find 

*  See  Major  -General  Lojd  West's  evidence  before  the  House  of  Common's  Cam- 
iiutiee. 


sra 


PEEPS  FROK  THE  LOOPHOLES  OF  BETREAT, 


Sir  Do  Lacy  Evam,  or  Captain  Vernon,  or  no  me-  such  rii 
friend  to  the  army,  pushing  ifip  an  increase  of  pay  to  the  subal f 
HeafflftO  knows  they  need  it,  poor  young  fellows! 

80  the  Volunteer  movement  had  proved  a  failure!  I 
getting  500,000  stalwart  youth  to  arm  and  clothe,  ami  k-arn  to  use 
the  rifle,  we  don't  seem  to  have  got  together  20,000  mult  r 
billons  laid  down  by  General  Peel,  and  followed  by  3Jr,  Herbert. 
It  would  not  have  been  difficult  to  provide  half  a  million  of  \\w 
better  classes  of  young  men  to  drees  like  soldiers  of  a  superior  ap- 
pearance, and  play  at  soldiers  from  time  to  time  at  the  expense  of 
the  State;  but  when  it  eame  to  a  tax  upon  their  purses,  ami 
forming  to  certain  rules  laid  down  hy  the  authorities*,  the  fire  of 
lotism,  so  speedily  lighted  up,  began  to  abate— the  brilliant 
flames  rapidly  subsided,  and  a  little  smoke,  with  an  occasional  flash 
of  nationality,  is  all  which  at  this  present  writing  distinguishes  the 

•lution  to  form  rifle  clubs  and  corps  for  the  defence  of  < 
Britain  against  an  invasion  of  the  Zouaves  and  Chasseurs  de  Vim 
eennes.     I  am  not  sorry  for  this,  because  it  must  open  the  e\ 
the  Government    and  the  country  to  the  absurdity  of  depending 
upon  any  but  regular  troops,  good  fortifications  at  feeble  pa  ri 
the  coast,  and  a  large  and  well-equipped  navy  for  the  maintei 
of  the  integrity  of  our  shores,     Allowing  as  much  as  you  please  for 
the  constant  and  steady  enthusiasm  of  a  limited  number  of  gentle- 
men, and  respectable  yeomen  and  tradespeople,  and  their  iudi\ 
proficiency  at  the  rifle,  where  would  they  be  in  the  hour  of  emcr 
gency  ?  And  if  upon  the  menaced  or  insulted  portions  of  the  coast, 
how  could  they  act  efficiently,  if  they  had  not  been  accus 
sham  fights  in  the  company  of  regulars,  and  wen-  perfect  mast< 
all  the  movements  directed  by  voice  of  commanding  officer,  whistl 
bugle,  or  drum  ?    To  my  thinking,  they  would  be  very  much  in  t 
way,     I  can  only  suppose  them  to  be  actually  serviceable  wh 
behind  a  parapet  near  the  sea  shore>  and  in  full  view  of  the  landin: 
of  a  hostile  force.     Then,  possibly,  they  might  pick  off  a  few  sc 
of  the  many  thousands  who  would  simultaneously  be  let  loose  upon 
the  sacred  soil  of  Britain  only  to  fall  easy  victims" immediately  a 
wards  to  the  French  masses  who  would  advance  into  the  country.  A  n  * 
at  what  price  is  this  very  precious  assistance  to  be  bought 
something,  I  submit,  much  more  considerable  than  it  can  possibly  be 
worth.     Putting  aside  the  expense  of  the  rifles  and  the  outfit^  which 
may  be  purchased  in  lieu  of  any  other  toys,  or  at  the  sacrifice  of  ]f 
than  B  week's  summer  trip,  how  much  of  the  capital  of  the  count r 
be  withdrawn, while  those  who  follow  industrial  occupation 
ing  their  time  in  rifle  practice,  "  turning  to  the  left  and  turning  t 
the  right  f*  how  much  must  be  spent  in  the  useless  consumption 
ammunition,  the  em  ploy  meat  of  rifle   instructors,  the  hire  of  rifl' 
grounds,  the  erection  of  stor^bonsea,  the  extra  drink  which  cxt 
exercise  will  entail,  and  the  extra  efforts  which  will  become  neei- 
sr.ry  to  recruit  for  tho  Imr  and  the  militia.     If  country  gentlemen, 
who  desire  to  figure  m  uniform,  and  to  enjoy  military  "rank,  we 
subscribe  their  money,  in  order  to  raise  and  keep  up  good  riff  eorpi 
in  their  locality,  numbers  of  men  who  would  otherwise  enlist  in 


l 


i&>9;]  PEEPS   FBOM  TnE  LOOPHOLES   OF  JtETBEAT.  59^ 

the  regular  service,  would  remain  at  home,  and  we  shall  then  be 
exchanging  soldiers  who  could  be  made  serviceable  everywhere,  and 
at  all  times,  for  hybrids  who  could  not  be  turned  to  any  practical 
account,  should  an  en2my  happen  to  land  in  their  vicinity. 

To  all  these  objections,  to  a  reliance  on  rifle  clubs,  or  companies, 
or  corps,  or  volunteer  associations,  let  me  add  the  risks  which  inno- 
cent people  run  of  being  shot,  while  the  patriots  are  nourishing  their 
"young  ideas."  A  few  days  ago,  at  Hastings  (I  quote  from  a 
Sussex  paper),  "  the  Eev.  J.  S.  Euddach,  curate  of  St.  Mary  Mag- 
dalen, drew  the  attention  of  the  magistrates  to  the  practice  of  rifle 
firing,  which  he  said  was  carried  on  under  the  East  Cliff,  where 
parties  fired  from  the  shore  down  to  the  rocks  at  low-water  mark. 
He  was  on  the  water  on  the  previous  evening,  and  a  boatman  told 
him  that  as  he  was  passing  previously,  a  ball  came  whistling  past 
at  a  very  short  distance  from  him,  and  the  firing  was  continued  until 
he  was  nearly  in  a  line  with  it.  The  boatman  called  out  to  the 
party  who  were  firing,  and  they  stopped  until  they  had  passed  the 
line  of  firing,  when  they  continued  to  fire  again.  His  worship  was  no 
doubt  aware,  that  when  a  ball  was  lodged  from  a  Minie  rifle,  such  as 
he  believed  was  used,  there  was  no  knowing  where  it  would  rest, 
and  an  accident  might  very  easily  occur,  when  boats  were  passing 
the  spot.  He  got  out  of  the  boat  at  the  time,  and  saw  two  gentle* 
men  with  rifles,  and  they  said  it  was  not  themselves  but  others  who 
were  firing,  and  expressed  their  regret  at  the  occurrence.  He  felt  it 
his  duty  to  bring  the  matter  before  the  bench,  in  order  to  prevent 
the  lives  of  the  public  being  placed  in  danger  by  the  practice.  The 
clerk  expressed  an  opinion  that  as  the  Eifle  Club  had  no  practising 
ground  that  had  been  sanctioned  by  the  Government,  they  had  no 
right  to  practice.  A  conversation  amoug  the  magistrates  ensued, 
and  the  clerk  was  ultimately  instructed  to  write  to  the  secretaries  of 
the  club  on  the  subject.  The  Eev.  J.  S.  Euddach  then  acknowledged 
the  courtesy  that  had  been  paid  him,  and  retired." 

It  is  well  it  was  no  worse.  Let  honest  civilians  learn  that  it 
is  not  merely  in  the  direct  line  of  fire  that  the  danger  lies ;  there  is 
such  a  thing  as  ricochet — a  sort  of  duck  and  drake  oblique  movement, 
which  may  carry  a  ball,  if  it  should  strike  a  piece  of  rock  in  a  diago- 
nal direction,  never  contemplated  by  the  clumsy  marksman.  I  have 
known  windows  broken  and  servants  wounded  at  Southsea  by  the 
eccentric  flight  of  bullets,  even  when  instructed  regulars  have  been 
firing ;  what  then  may  not  be  expected  from  the  unsteady  hands  and 
winking  eyes  of  the  novices  in  grey,  green,  and  drab  ? — Veebum 
sat.  SAP. 

The  trial  of  Mr.  Marshall,  the  tailor,  for  trafficing  in  Army  Com- 
missions, which  occupied  two  days,  and  engaged  the  talents  of  some 
of  the  most  distinguished  men  at  the  bar,  has  been  instructive  in 
two  or  three  points.  "We  learn  from  it  first,  that  he  who  applies  for 
an  army  commission  without  purchase  will  succeed  in  his  applies* 
tion  when  a  vacancy  arises,  if  he  can  bring  forward  satisfactory 
proof  that  his  relations  and  ancestors  have  established  a  claim  on 
his  account  by  their  public  services.  Secondly,  that  the  patronage 
of  the  Prince  at  the  head  of  the  army  is  dispensed  fairly  «xA  ^wak- 
out  favour  or  affection;  aud  thirdly,  that  tne  ^\jia\i&  Ha  Y«^\*  ?tfta»t 


594 


PEEPS  PBOM  THE   LOOTHOLEB   OF  MTHEAT. 


[Atm.' 


in  the  dark  as  to  the  alterations  whk-h  are  made,  from  time  to  time 
in  respect  to  the  age  of  admission  to  the  army.  Two  points  are 
thus  in  favour  of  the  Commander-in-Chief,  Tie  might  resolutely 
adhere  to  one  established  minimum  of  years  in  respect  to  tl 
tliird  ;  and  I  would  humbly  submit  to  him,  to  the  War  Minister 
and  the  Council  of  Military  Education,  whether  it  would  not  be  as 
well  if  they  were  to  definitively  settle  among  them  some  scheme  of 
military  education.  The  chopping  and  changing  of  regulations  on 
this  head  perplexes  the  public,  embarrasses  tutora,  and  the  heads  of 
colleges  and  schools,  and  seriously  diminishes  that  respect  for  the 
authorities  at  the  Horse  Guards,  which  a  steadiness  of  purpose 
would  ensure  to  them 


ton  Tuesday  evening,  the  26thj  the  Fairy,  with  the  Royal  standard  at  tk 
main,  and  the  Admiralty  dag  At  the  fore,  with  the  Elfin  paddle  yacht  in  ntten 
ance,  steamed  up  to  Spithead  from  Osborne*  on  a  visit  to  the  fleet*  II 
Majesty  was  received  with  a  Royal  salute,  and  manned  yards  from  each 
ship  aa  the  Royal  yacht  steamed  slowly  past*  the  Russian  frigate  Folkan 
joining,  in  the  demonstration.  After  steaming  from  cast  to  west  of  the 
outer  line  of  the  ileet,  the  Fairy  passed  down  the  inner  line  and  round  tbe 
I'olkan,  after  which  Her  Majesty  returned  to  Osborne.  The  fleet  is  now 
anchored  at  Spithead,  in  two  divisions.  The  outer  line,  or  division  com- 
ing from  the  west  part  of  Spithead,  is  Anchored  in  the  order  named : — 
The  James  Watt,  the  Hera,  the  Algiers,  the  Royal  Albert,  the  Edgar,  and 
the  Neptune,  The  inner  line  h  formed  with  the  Emerald  and  the  Mi 
also  commencing  from  tlie  westward  with  the  Flying  Fish,  6,  arid 
Pioneer,  G,  anchored  rather  closer  inshore  in  shoaler  water.  Th 
squadron,  consisting  of  the  Retvistttn,  90;  the  Gromoboi,  50;  and 
l*olkar.T  44,  are  brought  np  to  the  eastward  of  the  squadron,  Signal  v 
made  yesterday  from  the  Royal  Albert  for  one -fourth  of  each  ship's  corn 
pany  to  have  48  hours'  leave  ashore,  which  has  been  accordingly  gran 

Rear*  Admiral  Pel  ham,  C.B.,  and  Captain  Frederick,  two  of  the  Lords 
the  Admiralty  were  at  Devonport  on  Tuesday,  the  2 7th,  inspecting  ships 
war  in  Jlumoaxc.  They  visited  the  screw  steamship  Royal  George,  I C 
stnd  several  gunhoats  attached  to  the  steam  reserve.  Their  Lordships  land 
i  n  t  he  e  v  e  n  i  n  g  fro  m  the  te  ti  der  Sy  1  ph  at  Do  v  on  port ,  Th  ey  w  t  re  a  1 1  l  D  d 
by  several  naval  officers,  among  whom  was  Uapt*  Sp  BLohinson,  o; 
guard&hip  of  steam  ordinary  Wellington,  72. 


and 


185d.]  60S 


EDITOR'S    PORTFOLIO; 

OB, 

NAVAL    AND    MILITARY    REGISTER. 


England  and  Fbance.— The  text  of  the  peace  of  Villafranca  is  now 
before  the  world,  and  there  can  no  longer  be  a  doubt  that  the  Em- 
peror Napoleon  has,  for  some  reason  of  his  own,  fraternised  with 
Austria,  and  abandoned  Italy.    It  is  impossible  to  conjecture  the 
Imperial  motives,  but,  although  our  Foreign  Secretary  has  pro* 
nounced  the  peace  to   be  "just,"  they  are  suggestive  of  a  policy 
anything  but  ingenuous.     Since  Austria  is  to  retain  Venetia,  it  is 
obviously  not  fair  that  she  should  be  despoiled  of  Lombardy,  nor  is  it 
made  clear  why  this  province,  torn  from  its  rightful  lord,  is  to  be 
ceded    to    Sardinia.      The    Government    of   Victor    Emmanuel 
seems   to  consider    that  its    mission    is   to    foment    disturbances 
in  all  the  neighbouring    states,    and    then   take    possession.      In 
Lombardy    it    has    been    successful;    but,    pursuing    the    same 
tactics    in    Central  Italy,    Count    Cavoub  and  his   master    have 
overstepped    the    programme,    and    so    prevented    its    fulfilment. 
Louis     Napoleon     was     probably      as     much     influenced     in 
making  peace  by  the  growing   hydra  of   revolution,  as  by  the 
phantom  of   the  Prussian  army.     It  is  understood  that  he  had 
received  an  avertissement  from  the  French  clergy,  and  a  friendly 
warning  from  Russia.  As  a  consequence  of  this  two- fold  interposition, 
the  Papal  authority  is  to  be  preserved  inviolate,  and  the  Duchies  are 
to  receive  back  their  former  rulers.  We  presume  the  task  of  restoring 
the  latter  will  be  intrusted  to  the  Austrians,  and  that  France  will  en- 
force obedience  in  the  Legations.     In  Modena  and  Tuscany,  the 
popular  party,  if  any  faith  can  be  placed  in  appearances,  intend  to  give 
battle,  and,  led  on  by  Gabibaldi,  they  will  not  be  easily  vanquished. 
But  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  powers  that  concluded 
the  treaty  are  prepared  to  enforce  its  provisions,  and  Sardinia 
may  have  to  stand  in  the  humiliating  position   of  suppressing, 
in  conjunction  with  France  and  Austria,  the  movement  it  has  so 
openly  abetted,  and  to  this  moment  sustains.    The  exposed  plains  of 
Lombardy,  commanded  by  Mantua  and  Peschiera,  are  a  poor  set-off 
against  the  sacrifices  entailed  by  the  war — a  decimated  army,  a 
ruined  commerce,  and  an  exhausted  exchequer ;  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  Lombards  will  not  long  rejoice  \a  Wttfcr  &&gu^<&  \s»afc*5^ 


:>\M 


EDITORS   1*OBTFOIiTO;    OK 


[Arc; 


when  they  find  themselves  burdened  with  the  debts  of  both  Austria  ami 
Sardinia,  while  their  country  ia  still  only  a  province. 

These  arrangements  may  or  tnay  not  be  termed  "just,"  but  no.  me 
expects  them  to  be  lasting  \  uml  already  It  is  debated  whah. 
will  first  break  the  peace  by  re- occupying  Lnmbardy,  or  France  by  M- 
tacking  Prussia  or  England,  It  were  absurd  to  denj  that  the  rcla* 
fcween  France  and  England  are  on  a  precarious  footing* 
Recent  articles  in  the  French  journalSj  and  particularly  the  cotnn 
on  our  armament*  in  the  Moniimir,  and  the  <  Mar- 

teiUeSj  believed  to  have  been  got  up  by  the  police)  are  uidicatio 
a  very  unfriendly  disposition,  it"  not   in   the  French  people,  in  the 

rnmeaf.  The  immediate  object  is  doubtless  to  intimidate 
England  into  taking  part  in  the  meditated  Congress,  and  thus 
wvrering  the  retreat  of  the  French  Emperor,  by  gii 

t  name  to  his  compact  with  Austria.  But  in  view  of  the  n&vi] 
armaments  still  in  progress  at  the  French  ports,  and  which  havi 

brought  into  requisition  during  the  late  war — as  if  reserved 
for  some  u  1  terio  r  pu  r  pc  »se  —we  a  re  convi  uced  the  re  ia  a  d  el  \  \ ) 
design  to  assume,  sooner  or  later,  a  hoi 

country  ;  and  it  will  indeed  fare  wofully  with  out  rulers  if,  after  all 
the  warnings  they  have  received,  we  are  at  the  critical  moment  found 
unprepared. 

Disuei.isi-:  of  the  Maty. — It  was  hardly  to  be  expei 
the  10,000  mimeii  collected  from  Ihe  four  winds  of  Heaven  to 
Vavy,  under  the  recent  proclamation,  ahould  all  settle  d 
in  their  berths  without  souk-  little  outbreak,    After  all,  with  i 
amelioration  that  has  been  introduced,  and  every  indulgence  granted, 
the  discipline  of  a  man-of-war  is  necessarily  tight.     It  imposes  a 
restraint  which,   from  being  less  personal,  is  not  so  apparent   in 
merchant    service,    and,    at   the   first  start,  this   is    severely 
But  the  disagreeable  impression  soon  passes  away,  and  the  y< 
seaman  becomes  reconciled  to  his  situation,  as  he  sees  everyoj 
his  place,  and  all  move  the  easier  for  an  overruling  authority, 
produce  such  effect,  however,  discipline  must  be  consistent,  and  in 
unison  with  the  spirit  of  the  times.     Physical  power  may  accomplish 
its  object,  but  it  will  be  by  sheer  force,  and  through  the  influence  o£ 

r:  lor  moral  results  we  must  employ  moral 
alone.     But  it  ia  the  routine  of  the  service  to  res",  rarity, 

and  then  try  coaxing :  to  commence  aa  unyielding,  and  end  by  gi 
way.     Why  could  not  the  crew  of  the   Liffky  be  alloi  goon 

shore,   and  take   leave  of  their  friends,  previous  to  quitting  their 

land  for  years  on  foreign  service  r    Lord  Clakksce    P 
would  have  thought  it  no  great  indulgence  in  bis  own  case. 
would  have  been  extremely  indignant  had  a  wish  so  reasonable 
denied.     There  was  no  fear  that  the  men  would  not  return  to  their 
duty,  as  they  had  a  good  Captain,  were  well  satisfied  with  their  ship, 
nnd,  to  u»e  their  own  words,  were  u yery  happy  and  comfortable/* 
But  they   possess   human  affections   t\>  well   ae   the    Lords  of  the 
Admiralty  s  and  it  wa*  natural  they  should  desire  to  say   fart 
to  their  friends,  before  a  separation  which,  in  every  ea  with 


1869.] 


NAVAL  AWB  MILITARY  EEGTSTEK. 


some  will  be  Itual.  The  Admiralty  refused  this  indulgence,  and,  In 
consequence,  some  shot  were  rolled  about  the  took.  Captain  Pm 
attributes  the  act  to  a  few  bud  characters,  whom  he  ha  a  been  unable 
fro  discover,  bat  this  very  fact  evinces  a  certain  sympathy  in  the  enw. 
Whether  the  Admiralty  are  of  the  same  opinion  we  are  not  informed, 
but  its  sapient  junta  has  conceded  to  insubordination  what  it  denied 
to  good  conduct  ■  And  the  eresv  of  the  Litfi-y  ;  I  leave  to 

go  on  shore. 

A  similar  demonstration  waa  made  on  fa  Sera  at  Portland, 

and  was  as  promptly  quelled  by  tbo  officer  in  command,  Lieutenant 
Sriu  cklano,  Here  the  crew  seem  to  have  had  lees  ground  for  com- 
plaint, and,  indeed,  their  conduct  can  only  be  attributed  to  a  prevail* 
ing  spirit  of  insubordination.  They  appear  to  have  received  from 
too  much  liberty  the  same  impulse  which  the  crew  of  the  Li/fry 
derived  from  too  much  pftfitrwnt*  The  Eight  mean,  the  balance 
between  rigour  and  lire  nee,  seems  out  of  our  reach ,  and  we  are  either 
all  drive  or  all  drift.  Surely,  a  sailor's  position  on  board  a  roan-ofr 
war  may  be  made  sufficiently  clear  to  be  brought  home  to  his  com- 
prehension, BO  that  he  may  understand  what  is  expected  from  him, 
and  what  he  is  to  receive  in  return.  These  squabbles  about  Leave 
would  never  have  occurred,  if  leave  were  known  to  hinge  on  established 
principles,  instead  of  depending  on  the  will  of  Commanding  Officer*, 
or  the  caprice  of  the  Admiralty*  It  is  not  by  being  lax  at  one  time 
and  too  strict  at  another — by  giving  a  margin  to  a  ship's  crew  here 
and  enforcing  the  letter  of  the  bond  there — that  we  shall  make  the 
service  attractive,  and  raise  the  tone  of  our  seamen.  Let  the  nature 
of  the  contract  be  manifest,  in  all  its  phases,  and  all  its  relat  i 
The  authorities  may  then  act  with  firmness,  because  they  will  he 
supported  by  right ;  and  the  sailor  will  comprehend  that  it  is  by  good 
conduct,  not  by  breaches  of  discipline,  that  he  will  obtain  indulgence 
and  consideration. 


FLOOiHvn  ik  the  Navw — At  length,  there  is  some  hope  that  the 
sweet  little  cherub  who  sits  up  aloft,  aud  who  operates  through  the 
press,  will  effectually  deliver  poor  Jack,     It  is  announced  in  Parlia- 
ment that  the  lash  is  to  be  allowed  to  "  die  a  natural  death/1     Who 
can  paint  the  horror  of  Admiral  Mabti>et,  or  the  rage  of  Captain 
8m item  t     For  years  these  gallant  officers  have  warned  us  that  the 
•errioe  was  going  to  the  devil;  hut  now  the  thing  is  consummate.]. 
Erery  one  knows  that  the  bsli  is  to  the  British  Navy  what  the  pal- 
ladium waH   to  TrOY.      It  gives   us   the    dominion  of' the   sea?  ;   and 
nl  of  representing  Bimtanma  with  a  tridrnL  which  ii  a  purely 
nary  instrument,  W© ought  to  depict  her  withaeat-o-nine-tailH. 
True,  Hogging  is  repudiated  by  many  Of  our  officers,  who  insist  on 
ding  sailors  as  men,  and,  somehow*  or  other,  dc  I  in  main- 

tabling  discipline,  and  even  preserve  their  ships5  companies  in  the 
bait  order,  without  resorting  to  ttfl  Use.  But  is  no  deference  due  to 
tin  wisdom  of  our  ancestors  ?  la  this  time-honoured  institution  to 
Lished,  and  not  a  hand  raised  in  its  defence  J  At  this  crisis, 
we  may  ask  where  arc  the  eluuuent  advocates  of  the  lash? — wl 
among  other?,  the  quondam  Captain  of  the  Pnacm  Itotpv^^ofcX^  <&& 


593 


EDITORS   rOETFOLlQ. 


and  meritorious  officer,"  as  he  is  described  by  Lord  Clarehce  Paget, 
who  flogged  every  man  be  could  plausibly  lay  hands  on  ?  It  would 
now  be  easy  for  any  of  these  disciplinarians  to  effect  a  diversion 
in  public  opinion,  by  peeling  off  their  coats,  and  submitting 
to  a  sound  three  dozen,  in  order  to  prove  the  wholesomeness 
of  such  correction.  Let  them  take  up  their  parable  when  the 
Boatswain's  stroke  descends,  and  their  mangled  flesh  is  flying  in 
the  air.  We  in  ay  then  be  convinced — not  that  we  are  in  the  wrong, 
but  that  they  really  believe  themselves  in  the  right,  and  are  not 
merely  influenced  m  a  brutal  disposition.  After  the  recent  affair 
nt  Pevonport,  it  wilt  hardly  be  contended  that  the  lash  is  the  best 
MwroB  for  our  sailors.  Here  corporal  punishment  was  administered 
in  presence  of  the  dockyard  men,  who  naturally  became  excited,  and, 
as  it  proceeded,  evinced  their  disgust  byhiareen  and  groans  ;  but  the 
ship's  company  lent  no  encouragement  to  this  demonstration,  butv 
on  the  contrary,  maintained  the  most  perfect  discipline.  Are  such 
men,  we  ask,  only  to  he  kept  in  order  by  terror— by  the  scourge? 
We  shall  have  some  of  our  three-dozen  champions  flogging  sailors 
in  the  streets  next,  and  Englishmen  will  be  expected  to  look  on,  and 
hold  their  tongues.  The  punishment  on  this  occasion  was,  if  ever, 
well  merited,  but  to  inflict  it  in  such  a  place  was  a  gross  breach  of 
public  decency.  Nor  is  it  credible  that  a  penalty  which  has  to 
veiled  from  the  public  eye,  because  it  provokes  a  tumult,  can  ever 
produce  a  good  c fleet  on  men  who,  while  witnesses  of  its  horrors, 
know  they  are  liable  to  its  infliction.  Punishment  is  useless  as 
geanee;  its  great  object  is  example;  and  neither  our  soldiers  nor  sailor 
will  attain  their  full  mora!  stature— all  our  efforts  at  raising  them  f 
the  scale  will  he  crippled,  until  corporal  scourgiug  is  abolished, 
"old  and  meritorious  officer91  who  commanded  the  Princess  Ro$ai 
belonged  to  another  day,  and  another  system ;  and  we  may  leave 
him  in  the  obscurity  from  which,  after  flogging  so  many  better  nui 
than  himself,  he  thinks  it  prudent  nut  to  emerge.  But,  thank  Hea- 
ven ,  our  navy  boasts  officers  who  are  of  another  stamp,  and  who  wi 
hold  and  fight  our  ships  when  the  lash  has  died — "a  natural  death.1 


GtasEirwiCH  Hospital. — We  observe  that  Sir  Charles  Napiej 
on  Wednesday,  the  27th  ult.,  persisted  In  bringing  forward  hi 
ikmi  for  an  address  to  Her  Majesty,  to  grant  a  Commission  to  inquire 
into  the  management  of  Greenwich  Hospital.  The  Admiral,  under 
all  the  circumstances,  was  well  supported— eighty- two  members 
voting  with  him.  Sir  Charles  lost  his  motion,  but  upon  the  express 
condition  that  the  Admiralty  would  undertake  the  inquiry  forthwith. 
Our  readers  will  iiud  some  faithful  pictures  of  this  very  interesting 
institution  in  our  numbers  for  March,  June*  July,  and  the  current 
month  of  August,  Those  who  desire  to  arrive  at  a  correct  knowled 
of  "  Greenwich  Hospital  as  it  is"  should  read  these  papers. 


1859.]  599 


CRITICAL  NOTICES. 

Helix  Lindsay  ;  on,  the  Trial  of  Faith.    By  a  Clergyman's  Daughter. 

It  is  not  always  that  the  title  of  a  book  indicates  its  character,  but  in  the 
present  case  this  object  is  effected.  At  the  same  time,  we  are  not  presented 
with  a  mere  religious  novel,  but  a  story  of  considerable  interest,  related  with 
pathos  and  feeling.  The  career  of  a  young  girl,  whose  first  desire  is  to  do 
ner  duty  in  life,  At  whatever  cost,  does  not  promise  much  excitement,  yet  it 
is  sure  to  inspire  interest.  Helen  Lindsay  is  a  spirit  of  this  class,  brave  and 
enduring,  but  withal  gentle,  rcadj  to  make  any  sacrifice  on  the  side  of  right. 
She  is  first  introduced  in  prosperity,  as  the  heiress  of  a  competent  fortune. 
George  Weston  seems  an  unexceptionable  lover,  and  their  attachment  is  mu- 
tual and  of  the  tenderest  kind.  But  the  bright  prospects  thus  presented  are 
suddenly  overcast.  The  losses  and  the  death  of  her  father  reduce  Helen 
to  poverty,  and  she  then  becomes  sensible  of  a  greater  misfortune  in  the  lax 
principles  of  her  lover.  After  an  explanation,  which  confirms  all  she  had 
feared,  she  breaks  of!  the  engagement,  preferring  the  lot  of  servitude  to  a  mar- 
riage which  can  bring  no  happiness.  The  trials  to  which  she  is  now  exposed 
are  severe,  but  they  are  met  with  courage,  and  endured  with  meekness. 
This  affords  room  for  a  charming  delineation  of  character,  bringing  out  all 
her  noble  qualities,  and  all  her  little  blemishes,  which  to  the  last  give  a 
colouring  of  truth  to  the  portraiture.  Helen  proceeds  to  the  Crimea,  and 
becomes  a  nurse  in  the  hospital,  where  a  dying  officer  informs  her  that  he 
had  been  perverted  by  Weston,  and,  through  her  reasoning,  is  brought  back 
to  the  Christian  belief  Meanwhile,  Weston  himself  is  reclaimed ;  he  appears 
at  the  bedside  of  his  friend,  and  receives  his  forgiveness  ;  and,  in  the  end, 
the  lovers  are  reconciled,  and  the  story  is  brought  to  a  happy  conclusion. 
Out  of  these  simple  elements  the  author  has  constructed  a  most  entertaining 
tale ;  and  the  religious  element  is  so  well  managed,  that  it  is  never  allowed 
to  interrupt  its  progress. 

The  Lees  op  Blendon  Hall.    By  the  Author  of  Alice  Wentworth.  3  vols. 

No  one  excels  the  author  of  this  work  in  the  delineation  of  the  dark  side 
of  domestic  life.  She  seems  to  write  under  peculiar  inspiration,  which  keeps 
her  to  the  one  theme,  though  in  a  diversity  of  aspects.  In  all  her  works, 
she  shows  us  nature  in  its  frailty  and  fragility,  cast  down  and  broken,  as  if 
to  give  a  broader  contrast  to  virtue.  Her  pages  take  us  into  the  eddies  of 
the  family  circle,  where,  unobserved  and  unsuspected,  evil  passions  may 
sweep  round,  and  leave  no  influence  untouched.  The  details  and  characters, 
what  may  be  called  the  properties  of  the  plot,  are  all  marked  out  with  an 
eye  to  effect.  But  the  colouring,  though  deep,  is  natural,  and  reveals  a 
powerful  touch.  Such  subjects  could  not  be  so  well  handled  with  one  less 
conversant  with  human  impulses,  and  the  secret  mechanism  of  the  heart. 
Whoever  the  author  may  be — and  her  name  is  not  even  suspected,  she  bids 
fair  to  take  her  place  among  the  foremost  of  our  lady  novelists,  and  she  has 
well  earned  the  distinction.  The  plot  of  the  present  work  is  not  easily 
sketched.  "  The  Lees  of  Blendon  Hall,"  whose  history  it  relates,  live 
together  very  unhappily,  mainly  in  consequence  of  a  second  marriage,  and 
the  introduction  of  a  step-mother.  There  is  soon  reason  to  suspect  that  this 
woman  has  formed  a  guilty  connection  with  a  hanger-on  of  the  family,  who 
becomes  odious  to  all  its  members.  Mr.  Lee  is  on  the  point  of  making  a 
discovery,  when  he  is  removed  from  the  world  by  a  bullet,  supposed  to  be 
fired  by  his  own  hand,  but  it  is  afterwards  proved  that  he  was  shot  by  bia 


600 


OEIHSHAXi   ecmBESrOtfDBNCE. 


iVO.y 


betrayer.     This  man  becomes  ft»  husband  of  his  widow,  and  the  family  IS 
broken  up.     But  the  half-brother  and  sister  meet  again,  and  live  under  the 
same  roof.      Each  forms  new  ties,  which  lead  to  fresh  trials ;  but,  Kiln 
by  high  principles,  they  pursue  their  w?  together  throng   every  diffii 
The  rft'iwufiMvitt  we   must    not  reveal,    WW   all   W*bo  like   HI  exciting 
should  rend  the  book,  and  we  will  not  mar  their  enjoyment. 


Zerlfi,  Ph.  l}i\ 


With  Critical  and  Explanatory   Notes.       By  G 


Rotas. 


A  very  good  edition  of  Gmtbe's  famous  poem,  copiously  illustrated  by 
tea,  which  display  an  extraordinary  amount  of  research  and  critical  ac 


To  (hose  who  dewire  thoroughly  to  Appreciate  the  genius  and  compositions  of 
;M>ett  this  work  will  prove  a  desideratum.     It   ta  prefaced  by  ad* 

inirable  introduction,  replete  with  valuable  and  interesting  information. 


pvm.  a  vl« 
lotU  ant 
the  aptntc 


GENBEAL  CORRESPONDENT!  K 

rooting  tbe  InterctU  of  the  Scrvte<\  this  iiepurrTnenl  of  the  Mtgailne  I 
■•;-,  iintl.  therefore,  the  Editor  can not  tiuM  litan 


WHAT  HAVE  THE  BARRACK  MASTERS  DONE  * 
To  the  Editor  of  the  United  Service  MagtadMt 

Sin, — In  behalf  of  that  unfortunate,  hard- worked,  an^  neglected  depart- 
ment, the  barrack,  may  I  in  the  name  of  fair  play  and  common  justice,  n| 

<i,  if  viHj  ibould  be  aware  of  the  cause,  to  he  informed  I  why  the] 
■lone  either  been  left  out,  and  studiously  neglected,  when  a  most  liberal 
Warrant  has  appeared  in  favour  of  [  believe  many  other  departments* 
Medical,  Army  and  Navy,  Clerical,  Commissariat,  k?^  whose  deserts  d<«  not 
appeer  greater  to  an  impartial  though  perchance  ignorant  person  like 
self,  fur  I  beg  to  state,  thank  God,  I  am  nu  barrack  master,  although  I  know 
several  intimately  that  are,  and  conscientiously  assert  that  among? t  them  are 
ii m  deserving  a  set  of  men  as  can  be  found  in  any  department,  many  of  lliem 
most  meritorious  old  soldiers,  as  well  as  civil  servants  tor  a  great  number  of 
years,  and  whoia  duties  and  responsibilities  are  so  great  I  am  utterly  as- 

n  d  how  any  prudent  man  ooidd  be  fouad  to  undertake  the  latt 
the  mimralile  pay  and  advantages  to  which  tbey  are  entitled  :  indeed  it  could 
not  be  more  forcibly  expressed  than  some  .  by  an  officer  of  the  highest 

rank,  thai  a  b&rraek  master  might  go  to  bed  without  owing  a  shilling,  at; 
up  a  ruined  man,  so  great  were  his  responsibilities,  From  being  employed  as  a 
civil  servant  of  the  crown,  X  am  intimately  acquainted  and  informed!  »oih 
with  many  barrack  master*,  and  as  to  their  various  and  onerous  duties,  and 
on  a  late  tour  of  mepeetbn,  baring  inquired  if  they  were  always  erjuallr 
ue^lirted  and  put  upon,  I  was  informed  by  one,  the  best  and  oldest  in  the 

it  it  was  not  quite  to  such  an  extent  even  now  an  I  imngini 
lately  they  had  h eon  honoured  with  the  expense  of  a  new  uniform  (with 
reference  to  tin  of  humbug,  comparative  rank),  and  that  there  is  a 

question  of  depriving  them  of  their  bouses  or  qua:  over  their 

beads,  built  expressly  for  their  accommodation,  and  of  which,  unless  might 
made  right,  they  could  not  be  deprived,  and  the  only  explanation  or  answer  I 
could  get  on  the  subject  was,  "My  dear  fellow,   we  arc  an  nnh tippy  race, 
and  have  no  friend  since  we   lost   our  head,    the    Mtf 
Ordnance,  and  were  unfortunately  handed  over  to~a  d< 

v*  been  most  hostile  and  unnrkn&ly,  and\  under  tbe  late  ministry,,  most 


■ 


1859.}  GENEBAL  C0BBE8P0tfDEtfCE.  601 

pointedly  and  particularly  so,  in  every  possible  way."  It,  however,  seems 
to  me  that  the  Barrack  Masters  arc  not,  or  were  not,  totally  friendless,  as 
Mr.  Warren,  their  late,  and,  I  fear,  their  only  champion,  who  is  unfortu- 
nately for  them  no  longer  an  M.P.,  put  a  question  to  the  Secretary  of  State, 
for  War,  and  elicited  an  answer  that  was  construed  into  giving  some  hope 
that  something  favourable  was  in  consideration  ;  but  the  mountains  have  not  * 
as  yet  brought  foith  even  a  miserable  mouse.  We  have,  however,  now  a 
liberal,  and,  1  trust,  an  impartial  ministry,  and  they  may  again  hope  that 
something  may  be  done  towards  which,  if  you  would  add  the  assistance  of 
your  powerful  pen  and  influential  iournal,  for  I  can  hardly  diopc  you  will 
find  space  for  this  letter,  you  will  be  doing  an  act  of  justice  and  mercy, 
from,  dear  Mr.  Editor,  with  much  reapect, 

"Might  Should  Make  Eight.1' 


To  the  Editor  of  the  United  Service  Magazine. 

Waterford,  June  14M,  1859. 

Sib, — In  the  "  Reminiscences  of  a  Veteran,"  for  June,  I  find  that  the 
author  states  that  in  the  enemy's  sortie  "from  Bayono^  I  was  shot  in  the 
heel,  and  as  the  remark  follows  an  obstgrviflkm,  "  that  he  conceived  that  the 
5th  Cacadores  must  have  been  rou£hlpfiandled,"  it  might  be  supposed  that 
we  were  running  away,  I  beg  you  will  allow  insertion  to  the  followjftg  facts  : 

On  the  evening  before  the  sortre,  wo  heard  of  the  peace  concluded  at 
Paris,  as  also  did  the  governor  of  Bayonne.  Having  gone  to  bed  under  the 
impression  that  the  last  shot  of  the  war  had  been  fired,  I  was  not  a  little  sur- 
prised by  being  awakened  by  the  enemy's  shots  flying  through  my  windows. 
Being  in  support  of  the  advanced  posts,  we  were  under  arms  in  a  few 
minutes,  and  advanced  on  the  left  of  the  Germans  to  the  relief  of  the  guards, 
and  part  of  the  5th  division,  who  had  suffered  severely  in  the  sortie,  and 
having  driven  the  enemy  into  the  citadel,  I  was  in  command  of  a  wing  of  the 
regiment  opposite  to  it,  waiting  to  see  if  they  would  make  any  further  attack. 
The  companies  were  in  column  of  subdivisions,  and  a  ball  from  the  walls 
having  hit  one  of  my  men,  I  moved  the  column  behind  a  house  on  our  left 
flank,  and  remained  on  the  look  out,  never  dreaming  of  getting  shot,  when  I 
felt  a  blow  on  the  shin,  and  on  looking  down  found  that  I  had  received  a 
shot  between  the  two  bones,  the  ball  carrying  in  the  trousers  with  it.  And, 
it  appears,  that  the  last  shot  of  the  war  was  the  one  received  by  your 
humble  servant, 

JOHN  DOBB, 
Late  Captain  of  5th  Cacadores  and  52nd  Regiment. 


602 


XAVAL  AND  MILITARY  OEDEKS  AND  CIRCTJLAES. 


MEDALS  AND  GRATUITIES, 

Ctscf'L.tR   Mumo&akiwm. — Bomb  Guaihw,   1st  June,  1859, — It  being 
nble    that    the   principles   which  regulate  the  grant  of  miuuiltes  and 
medal*  to  Serjeants  who  may  be  already  in  possession  of  medals  and  graini- 
ties  should  be  more  clearly  defined  than  thftj  arc  at.  present,  the  foflo 
rules  have  been  framed  by  His  Royal  Higbftti 

in -Chief,  in  ooncarrenee   with  the  Secretary  of  State  for  War    for  the 
guidance  of  the  Army  generally, 

1st.  The  medal  accompanying  the  annuity,  and  inscribed  for  "  meritorious 
service,"  is  to  be  considered  as  given  for  service  of  the  same  nature  as   thru 
aeconipanving  the   gratuity    u  for  long  service  and  good  conduct;' 
former  being  nek!  by  Serjeants  only,  the  latter  by  nou-coimuissioned  officers 
and  privates  iudiJIercutly. 

2nd.   Hut  It  annuity  and  gratuity  are  also  piven,  tinder  Npecial  circum- 
stances, accompanied  by  medals  siniUsrlv  inscribed   l*  for  distinguished 
duet  in  the  field/T 

3rd,  When  a  serjeant,  on  becornmg  m\  annuitant,  receives  a  medal 
ddnoti&g  by  its  inscription  that  it  is  given  nV  service  similar  to  that  fin 
which  he  bus  already  received  a  medal,  he  will  be  required  to  relinquish  the 
latter  medal,  together  with  its  accompanying  gratuity,  and  to  sign  a  dechirn- 
tiou  that  be  does  so  voluntarily. 

4th.  When,  however,  the  inscription  on  the  medal  granted  to  a  serjeant* 
together  with  an  annuity,  shows  that  it  is  given  for  service  of  a  ditj 
nature  from  that  tor  which  he.  already  holds  a  medal,  he  will  be  required  to 
relinquish  the  gratuity  only,  making  a  like  declaration  as  to  the  voluntary 
reJinauiahment 

Sift.  Commanding  Officers  are  at  liberty  to  recommend  the  re-approi 
tion  of  a  relmqui>lu>d  gratuity  to  any  other  deserving  soldier   er   soldiers, 
provided  they  shall  huve  been  serving  in  the  year  for  which  the  gratuity 
originally  awarded,  and    shall   hive  fulfilled   the    required  conditions  as    DO 
service  ami  enmraeter  in  that  year. 

By  command,  G.  A.  AVetiuvRall, 

Adjutant  Gen  crab 


MUSKETRY  PRACTICE. 

Gicsebal  OftDtJU— Moxsfl  Claris,  11th  June,  1859.— The  Gcj 
Cunnnan ding-in -Chief,  with  a  view  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  accidents 
during  ball  practice,  his  directed  the  accompanying  rules,  which  have  been 
for  some  time  past  in  use,  and  with  the  best  success,  at  the  School  of 
Musketry  at  Ilythe,  to  be  circulated  tor  general  information  and  guidance. 

Any  alteration  in  these  rules  which  local  circumstances  may  render 
advisable  of  necessary,  must  be  submitted  through  the  officer  commanding 
on  the  spot,  to  General  Officer  commanding  the  division  or  district  :  and, 
when  sanctioned  bv  his  authority,  must  be  communicated  to  the  Adjutant 
General  fur  the  information  of  the  General  CommandUn<r-in-€hje£ 


1850.]  NAVAL  AND  MILITAHT  INTELLIGEKCE.  603 

TARGET  PRACTICE. 
Orders  for  the  Non-Commisioned  Officer  marking  in  the  butt. 

1 .  Not  to  allow  any  practice  to  take  place,  until  the  large  red  flag  is 
hoisted  on  the  long  signal  staff,  or  where  no  such  staff  exists  then  not 
until  the  sentries,  or  look-out  men,  are  posted  to  warn  persons  against 
crossing  the  range. 

2.  To  see  that  the  following  flags  are  hoisted  to  signal,  first,  "the 
position  of  hits" — second,  "  ricochets,  — third,  "  danger"  and  "cease  fire" 
viz — 

(White  flag Outer        *)  ,  .  «  0fwl ") 

1st.     X  Dark  Blue  flag       Centre       \  ruJIt    \  3rd  Class. 

(.Red  and  White  flag...         ...  Bull's  eye  J   ^lasses-  J 

(Red  flag  waved  horizontally  "J 
2nd.    <      twice  to  and  fro  in  front  of  >  Ricochet 

(     the  target  ...         ...         ...J 

3rd . .  .lied  flag Danger  and  cease  firing. 

3.  To  see  that  the  signal  flags  are  invariably  waved  when  the  wind 
blows  up  or  down  the  range ; — and  whenever  a  shot  strikes  the  target  to  the 
right  of  the  centre,  that  the  flag  denoting  its  value  is  inclined  to  the  right 
and  vice  versa ; — also,  when  a  shot  strikes  the  target  high,  that  the  flag  is 
raised  as  high  as  possible,  and  upright ;— and  when  low,  that  it  is  only  raised 
high  enough  to  be  easily  visible  above  the  butt. 

4.  To  see  that  the  "  danger "  flag  is  hoisted  whenever  it  is  necessary  to 
cease  firing  to  re-colour  the  target,  or  for  any  other  purpose ;  and  to  allow 
no  man,  on  any  account  whatever,  to  leave  the  marker's  butt  until  the  "  cease 
fire  "  has  been  sounded,  or  the  danger  flag  has  been  raised  at  the  firing 
point,  in  answer  to  the  danger  signal ;  also  to  see  that  the  red  flag  is  kept  up, 
and  waved  so  as  to  attract  attention,  as  long  as  the  markers  are  out  of  the 
butt,  or  any  person  is  in  the  line  of  range. 

5.  To  see  that  the  danger  flag  is  lowered  directly  the  range  is  clear. 

6  To  allow  no  person  to  enter  the  marker's  butt,  except  on  duty  without 
an  order  from  tho  senior  officer  on  the  range, — and  to  allow  no  one  to  enter 
or  leave  the  butt,  except  by  the  regular  path. 

7.  To  check  all  talking  or  noise  in  the  marker's  butt,  as  tending  to  disturb 
the  attention  of  the  person  whose  duty  is  to  hoist  the  signals. 

8.  To  see  that  the  "  danger  "  flag  is  hoisted,  and  shaken  about,  imme- 
diately the  look-out  man  on  the  tower  or  elsewhere,  either  hoists  his  fla^,  or 
gives  notice  that  persons  or  boats  are  within  the  line  of  fire,  and  kept 
up  until  the  range  is  clear,  and  the  flag  on  the  tower  or  elsewhere  is 
lowered. 

9.  When  tho  1st  and  2nd  Class  shots  arc  firing,  to  see  that  all  persons  in 
the  marker's  butt,  stand  as  close  as  possible  to  the  interior  slope,  to  avoid 
the  chance  of  being  struck  by  the  bullets  when  falling. 


TARGET  PRACTICE. 
Orders  for  the  Senior  Officer  at  the  Firing  Point. 

1.  Not  to  allow  any  practice  to  take  place  until  the  large  red  flag  is  hoisted 
on  the  long  signal  staff: — or  where  no  such  staff  exists,  then  n  ot  until  the 
sentries,  or  look-out  men,  are  posted  to  warn  persons  against  crossing  the 
range. 

2.  To  see  that  the  men  load  properly  in  the  ranks,  and  by  word  of  com- 
mand. 

3.  Not  to  allow  a  man  to  fire  until  the  shot  of  the  previous  man  (should 
it  strike  the  target)  has  been  signalled. 

77.  S.  Maq.,  No.  369,  Aug.,  1859.  ^  ^ 


HAY AL  AKT>  MIIITAftY   wmilttEKCX. 


4*  To  order  the  li  cease- fire"  to  be  sounded,  and  the  ll  doHgif"  ft&g  to  be 
hoisted,  immediately  til*  red  tag  in  raised  from  the  iifctifkof*!  hurt,  or  when 
any  person  or  animal  appears  in  front  of  the  firing  party  \  and  on  no  ■£ 
to  allow  any  firing  to  proceed  s  flag  is  up  at  the  max 

butt.     When  the   ftftid  flag  is  lowered  to  order  the  ^  jfrf  "  to  be 

sounded,  and  the  li  danger  *f  flag  at  the  point  to  be  drop; 

&  On  ranges  situated    in  pairs,  the  partis   are  to   fire  fej  it  the 

istances,  and  not  one  class  in  front  ofanotl 
6,  Wlieii  the  **  rra.sp-firc  w  sounds,  the  firing  at  both  ranges,  (occupi 
\  is  to  Ijo  discontinued  until  the  danger  flag  at  the  markers  butt  is 
d,  and  tlit^  *  mmwrnce-jira  **  Is  again  sounded. 
7-  To  seo  that  all  persons  who  desire  to  watch  the  practice,  stand  to  tins 
ripht  and  clear  of  the  party: — Mid   on   no   account  t<»  allow  any  n> 
talking  among  the  men,  whose  attention  is  to  be  fixed  on  tin 

8*  To  allow  no  irrejrularity — to  he  most  particular  that  the  men  keep  then 
places  in  the  ranks  while  the  practice  is  proceeding — and  to  be  alert  to  pre- 
ant  aooiajentg, 

0.  To  fee  that,  on   the  hi  f$  red  flot*  •  'i  fii 

are)  is  used  in  the  matter's  butt,  to  signal  >'  dm% 


MUSKETRY  INSTRUCTION. 

Hobse  Oarth,  S.W..  $M  Jnne,    1850.— The  Genera)  Commending  in 
Chief  tmderstsmd?  thj»t  it  is  ciistoii!  ents   for  Captaim  to 

bestow,  from  their  private  fund*,  rewards  to  the   I 

lies* 

lornetiro,  tlouLdi  eowrmendflble  in  those  who  can  afford  if,  as 
thi-i  i  corpse   is,  in  other  respects,   rn victim  i  who 

with  every  disposition  to  bestow  like  reward*,  are  unable  to  nceou 

loivemmeut  fctS  libi  ndly  gt anted  dfetiftctionf,   and   attendant  pecuniar 
advantages,  to  those  who  excel  in  rHh  Bhootmg.     His  Royal  Highness, 
therefore,  requests  that  you  will  prohibit  the  practice  above  alluded  to — 
being  confident,  from  the  return*  Of  Kejriments,  and  from  the  reporti  of  th 
inspector  General  of  Musketry,  that  Soldiers  possess  in  themselves  suthcie 
emulation  to  attain  perfection  in  that  most  important  part  of  their  instruction 
Without  other  inducements  than  thn,*c  provided  by  regulation. 

By  Command, 
ft.  A*  WrnuraAM,,  Adjutant  tuneraL 


(iEXEllAL  ORDKli 

IIobse  QcAtDQ,  S/tV.<  !>th  July,  ].s.>0.— The  General  Commanding-iii- 
Chief  lias  received  fiom  the  Secrcrary  of  State  for  ^Vart  a  report  from  the 
Board  of  Trade  of  the  investigation  held  to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  the 
destruction  by  lire  of  the  t  roup  ship  Eastern  Monan  -A,  and,  having  submitted 
the  sjime  to  the  Queen,  has  much  crntifieation  in  announcing  to  the  CM 
and  Men  who  were  on  board  that  ship,  and  to  the  whole  Army,  Her  M« 
approbation  of  the  discipline  ftnd  good  order  displayed  hy  them  und 

circumstances,     The  Officers  and  Men  were  "principally  Invalids' 
India,   and  belonged   U*  vnrtom  Regimental    but  all  behaWl  a 
Soldiers  arc  went  to  dr>  in  sneliperilous  situations,  and  exhibited  a  grai 
proof  "1  the  good  discipline  and  manly  spirit  of  the  Army 

luroughout  1 1  i s ■  eventfUl  cat  r,  there  h 

tic  carl   be  placed  where  fortitude  and  obi 

vsmrUn))  or  more  cuuitpicuoii^  than  upon  hkIi  o>  &  tJr  i 


1859.]  NAVAL  AND  MILITABY  nTTELLIGElTCE.  60S 

at  sea.  The  display  of  those  qualities,  in  the  instance  now  adverted  in  is 
most  creditable,  and  does  honor  to  Lieutenant- Colonel  Allan,  of  the  18th 
Regiment,  in  command,  and  to  all  the  Officers  and  Soldiers  who  shared  in 
that  dreadful  calamity. 

Military  Chaplains. — The  following  Circular  has  been  issued : — "  Mis* 
apprehension  having  occurred  on  the  part  of  some  Commissioned  Chapl  ains 
as  well  as  officiating  clergymen  to  the  Troops,  in  regard  to  the  nature  and 
extent  of  the  duties  which  are  expected  to  be  performed  by  them  in  consider- 
ation of  the  remuneration  which  they  receive  from  the  Government,  the 
Secretary  of  State  for  War  wishes  it  to  be  distinctly  understood  that  this  re- 
numeration  is  not  given  as  a  seat  rent  for  Sunday  services  only,  but  as  an 
equivalent  for  the  ordinary  ministerial  duties,  which  include  baptisms, 
churchings,  and  funerals.  Commissioned  Chaplains  and  officiating  clergymen 
are,  therefore,  not  to  exact  fees  for  the  performance  of  any  of  these  duties, 
— B.  Hawes."  J 


THE  COAST  GUARD. 

The  following  General  Memoranda,  dated  the  28th  ult.  have  been  issued 
to  the  Captains  and  Officers  commanding  Coast  Guard  Districts  and  Divisions 
by  Commodore  Eden  on  leaving  that  Force. — 

u  The  Commodore  Comptroller  General,  having  been  removed  from  the 
command  of  the  Coast  Guard  to  the  Board  of  Admiralty,  cannot  resign 
that  command  without  expressing  to  the  Captains  of  Districts  his  most 
grateful  thanks  for  the  valuable  assistance  he  has  received  from  them  under 
circumstances  of  no  ordinary  importance.  He  is  fully  sensible  of  the  hearty 
and  zealous  co-operation  he  has  at  all  times  received  from  them,  and  this 
enables  b\v.\  to  commit  to  his  successor  a  Force  which  is  in  every  way  most 
efficient  and  creditable  to  them 

"  He  therefore  offers  his  sincere  thanks  for  the  zealous  and  cordial  co- 
operation which  the  Captains  of  Districts  have  afforded  him  in  re-organising 
the  Coast  Guard  Service,  so  as  to  make  it  a  valuable  and  efficient  reserve  for 
the  Royal  Navy,  whenever  the  men  may  be  required  to  embark  for  the 
defence,  or  in  the  service  of  their  country. 

"  Hie  Commodore  Comptroller  General  is  much  indebted  to  the  Inspecting 
Commanders  of  Divisions  for  their  assistance,  and  will  ever  entertain  a 
recollection  of  the  hearty  and  efficient  aid  he  has  received  at  their  hands. 
To  the  Officers  in  command  of  tenders  and  stations  he  feels  the  same,  for  the 
manner  in  which  they  have  performed  their  duties.  To  the  Chief  Officers 
of  2nd  class  who  have  been  established  under  his  recommendation,  he  is  happy 
in  being  able  to  say  that  they  have  in  every  way,  and  under  all  circumstances, 
justified  him  in  the  recommendation  he  has  made  in  their  behalf.  He  trusts 
that  hereafter  they  will  not  forget  that '  good  service  and  good  conduct'  were 
the  sole  grounds  upon  which  he  was  induced  to  obtain  for  them  their  pro- 
motion to  the  rank  they  now  hold. 

u  He  fully  appreciates  the  zealous  conduct  of  the  Chief  Boatmen  in  charge 
and  Chief  Boatmen  of  Stations,  and  the  example  they  have  shown  ;  whilst  to 
the  remainder  of  the  Force  he  expresses  his  admiration  of  their  exemplary 
conduct  under  all  circumstances. 

'•  The  Commodore  Comptroller  General  now  takes  his  leave  of  the  Officers 
and  men  he  had  the  honour  to  command  nearly  four  years ;  he  does  so  with 
the  most  sincere  regret,  but  with  tho  fullest  assurance  that  he  leaves  a  body 
of  men  who  will  ever  prove  themselves  the  "  Coast  Guard  of  England" 
whenever  their  services  may  be  required,  either  on  shore  or  afloat/' 
*  Commodore  Eden  has  &6  addNsied  the  Mowing  to  4fc*  &aM&  Sk«^ 
Office :  -- 


etw 


KAVAL  AtfD  MILITABT  IXTELLIGMXJB. 


[KVQ.> 


uC.G,0.i  29th  June,  1S59, 
u  It  is  with  most  sincere  regret  that  the  Commodore  Comptroller  Qamr 
takes le^ve  of  tbe  Dejratj   I  comptroller  General  and  the  gentlemen   of 
Coast  Guard  Office.     He  will  ever  remember  with  feelings  of  ^ 
jealous,  efficient,  and  hearty  assistance  he  has  received  Irniii  all,  and  no 
leaves  them  with  hil  very  best  wishes  for  their  happiness  and  prospers 


INDIA. 

EtKOl-BAX      NoK-CoMAtlSSK»EI*      OFFICEBS      OF       THE       Ijfl>l  AN      ArmV, 

(iriM.iiM    Oreee.— The   Commander-in-Chief  has  the  satisfaction  of 
nouneing   to   (he  army,    that  1 1  is  Excellency   the  Viceroy  and  Goi 
G  on  end  of  Iridic  btt  been  pleased  to  decide  that  furlough  to  Europe  shall  * 
granted  to  well-conducted  and  deserving  European  non  rot umis turned  offic 
Ol  ili"  Indian  army,  on  the  following  condition  : — 

Each  case  is  to  be  made  absolutely  special  and  referable  to  the  Con 
itJLiuder-iii-Chief  for  approval ;  and  cases  of  sickness,  where  the  men  are  I 
likely  tn  recover  without  change,  will  bo  regarded  as  special* 

Furlough  iv ill  be  grunted,   subject  to  the  men    reporting  themselves 
arrival  in  London  at  the  India  office,  ior  =uch  orders  as  they  may  receive* 
and   with    tin-  understanding  that   they   cannot   decline  to  take  charge  of 
recruits  if  ordered  by  the  Secretary  of  State  fm  India  to  d« 

Kiennuiiendations  may  be  lubmlrted  at  any   period  of  the  year,   and 
mi  n  will  he  provided  with  a  passage  to  and  from  England.  The  appitcstfa 
to  be  submitted  through    the   station    and   divisional   authorities,    ;. 
nil.  il  bj  certificates  of  character,  signed  by  the  commandtn 
and  in  vnw*  ofsieines*,  the  medical  officer  of  the  regiment  will  State 
opinion  of  the  necessity  of  the  measure, 


THE  MEDICAL  AND  COMMISSARIAT  SERVICES  IN  END 
Imi>ia  Office,  June  27. — The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council  hw 
received  the  following  pagan : — 

No.  1. — General  Ubdeb. 

Fort  William,  Mar 
1  His  Excellency  the  Governor  General  in  Council  lias  much  satis i' 
in   publishing  the   accompanying  letter  from  the   Hight   Honourable  the 
Commander-in-Chief,    in    which    Lord    Clyde    warmly    recommend*    th 

ledical  and  Commissariat  Department  to  the  notice  of  the   Government 
India. 

"The  Governor  General  in   Council  desires  to  express  to  the  Direc 
General,  Dr.  Forsyth;  to  the  Inspector  General  of  Her  Majesty 3  H02 
Dr.  Linton,  C.H, ;  to  Col,  Ramsay,  late  Commissary  General ;  mid  to  Lieut, 
Col.  Thomson,  C.B.,  the  present  Commissary  General  of  the  Bengal 
and  to  all  the  officers  of  t be  Medical  and  Commissariat  Departments  wno 
have  been  employed  in  the  field,  or  who  have  elsewhere  furthered  the  service 
by  (heir  exertions  in  providing  for  the  welfare  and  the  wants  of  the  troop* ; 
the  cordial  acknowledgements  of  the  Government  of  India  for  the  important 
services  they  have  rendered/1 


183 

he 


HU^Ul  M»W 


Til  H  COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF  IN  INDIA  TO.THE  GOVERN  ORG  EZ 

"Luck now,  Feb. 

"My  Loan — The  Military  operations  in  the  Presidency  uf  Bengal  which 
ensued  on  the  great  mutiny  of  1 S57,  having  happily  been  now  brought  to  i 


1859.] 


idYAL  AST!)  1HLITABY  IKTBLLIGBITCB. 


Wt 


close,  I  have  the  greatest  satisfaction  in  recommending  warmly  to  your 
Excellency's  protection  two  great  departments  of  the  Military  administration 
to  which  the  Troops,  and  the  Officers  who  have  commanded  them  in  their 
long  campaigns,  are  under  real  and  great  obligations.  I  allude  to  the 
Medical  and  Commissariat  Departments. 

"The  former,  being  composed  of  Officers  belonging  to  the  two  services, 
has  shone  equally  in  the  matters  of  general  organization  and  of  regimental 
arrangements.  The  Director  General,  Dr.  Forsyth,  and  the  Inspector 
General  of  Her  Majesty's  Forces,  Dr.  Linton,  C.B..  in  Calcutta,  have  worked 
successfully  to  meet  the  great  requirements  made  on  them,  and  the  Staff  and 
Regimental  Medical  Officers  have  well  maintained  the  credit  of  their  noble 
profession  and  the  reputation  for  self-sacrifice  which  belongs  to  the  Surgeons 
of  Her  Majesty's  Armies — a  reputation  which  is  maintained  in  the  field  on 
all  occasions,  as  well  as  in  the  most  trying  circumstances  of  the  hospital. 

"It  hiss  been  remarked  throughout  the  Army  that,  from  the  time  of  the 
slender  Forces  taking  the  field  against  Delhi,  and  Allahabad,  in  the  summer 
of  1857,  the  system  of  the  Indian  Commissariat  has  been  found  equal  to  the 
tasks  imposed  on  it,  in  spite  of  the  extraordinary  circumstances  in  which  it 
was  suddenly  placed,  and  of  the  actual  loss  of  the  resources — viz.,  the  great 
contractors  and  agents,  with  which  it  had  been  the  custom  to  work. 

u  For  this  system  the  Army  is  in  great  measure  indebted  to  the  late  Com- 
missary General  Colonel  Ramsay,  and  his  successor,  Colonel  Thomson.  The 
latter  Officer,  bein^  a  personal  charge,  supplied  the  field  Force  of  Delhi 
under  unexampled  circumstances,  when  Sir  A.  Wilson  stood  before  that  city 
almost  cut  off  from  the  rest  of  India. 

"The  Commissary  General  has  been  nobly  supported  by  his  subordinates  ; 
and  I  do  but  speak  the  truth  when  I  affirm  that  no  department  has  ever  pos- 
sessed a  more  efficient  Staff  of  Officers  than  those  forming  the  establishment 
of  the  Bengal  Commissariat.  I  have,  &c, 

"CLYDE, 
"  General,  Commander-in-Chief,  East  Indies." 


The  Sarah  Sands. — A  gold  watch  and  purse  of  150  sovereigns  havo 
been  presented  to  Captain  Castle,  of  the  Sarah  Sands,  as  a  testimonial  to 
the  gallant  conduct  he  evinced  when  his  ship  with  450  troops  on  board,  took 
fire  at  sea  in  November  last. 

Pensions  on  Lord  Clive's  Fund. — From  a  return  to  the  House  of 
Lords  it  appears  that  last  year  in  England  there  were  101  officecs,  2,770 
men,  and  774  widows  receiving  pensions  from  Lord  Clive's  fund  to  the 
amount  of  £86,062. 

State  of  the  Executive  of  the  Royal  Navy,  1st  July,  1859. 


Denominations. 

Euiplojed. 

The  Active  Lists. 

Excess. 

o 

3 

o 

O 

Lft 

1 
o 

a 

Eg 

IT 

I 

t*8 

w 

E 

Admirals  .i,„,.,. 

16 
113 
118 

4 

7 

65 

20 

120 
183 

80 
1  237 

319 

100 
357 
502 

60 
200 
275 

80 
237 
319 

98 
100 
132 

ITS 
337 
451 

Captains  ........* 

Commanders   ... 

Lieutenants...... 

604 

168 

772 

282 

1054 

850 

282 

532 

814 

Master*    

228 

61 

289 

64 

353 

375 

64 

m 

188 

Mates  

73 

Mi 

73 

... 

134 

850 

... 

... 

L           k"i»*  ^ 

Second  Masters 

i 

63 

5 

68 

i  i  - 

\    Xl$\    A    -\    - 

1       Tot&la , 

1215 

310 

1525 

1)8^257 

ft\  9B&6  \  *»  *W» 

eos 


KAY-AX  A2X3  JUlITABf  THXELIIOENCE, 


[Avo,, 


African  Fevejl— We  regret  to  hear  that  several  of  the  ship 
west  coast  of  Africa  have  been  attacked  with  yellow  fever,  prini'ipiuly  owin 

the  closeness  with  which  Commodore  Wise  has  kept  m  to  th 

west  coast.  Ships  ate  not  allowed  to  go  to  Ascension  or  St.  Helena  to  r 
the  health  of  their  crews,   until  nearly  nil  hands  arc  down 
was  the-  case  with  the  Merlin  last  year— and  too  late  to  save  many  valuable 
hires, 

Tin:  Ahmstboso  Gun. — The  new  department  of  rifled  Grdnanc' 
manufacture  of  Sir  W.  Armstrongs  gun  is  now  in  practical  operatimi, 
Woolwich  Arsenal,  so  far  as  circumstances  will  permit*  and  a  number 
these  weapons  will  shortly  be  turned  out,  under  tho  immediate  superintend- 
ence of  Mr.  Anderson.     As  a  result  of  various  experiments,  this  gun  will  hi 
introduced  extensively  into  the   Naval  Service,  and  a  new  descrinr 
carriage  is  now  being  constructed  from  a  design  by  Colonel  Xullocn,  EJL 
which  will  obviate  any  inconvenience  which  might  arise  from  the  roll  inn 
a  ship  at  sea,  By  means  of  this  invention,  a  practised  gunner  will  be  euabl 
without  assistance  to  fire  the  gun  at  any  range,  and  to  lower  or  elevate, 
move  the  weapon  from  right  lo  left,  as  may  be  required,  with  the  utm. 

ease. 

Soldiers*  ani>  Skamkn's  Lettebs. — As  some  misapprehension  is  believi 
to  exist  with  regard  to  the  charge  upon  Soldiers'  and  Seamen's  letters  se 
from  or  brought  into  the  United  Kingdom,  the  Postmaster  General  :■ 
necessary  to  call  attention  to  the  following  regulations: — Letters  sent 
Soldiers  and  Seamen  may  be  forwarded  on  payment,  of  n  British  rate  of 
penny  to  any  part  beyond  sea  with  which  there  is  a  direct  cornmuni 
by  means  of  British  Mail  packets,   Letters  addressed  to  a  Soldier  or  Seamen 
brought  to  the  United  Kingdom  by  the  British  mail  packet,  without  passing 
through  a  foreign  country,  are,  in  Like  maim  r,  subject  to  no  higher 
than  one  penny.    Hut,  it  this  sum  of  one  penny   be  aot  prepaid!  the 
are  chargeable  with  a  rate  of  twopence.  Upon  Soldiers' and  Seamen's 
addressed  tot  or  ori  In,  i  place  with  which  there  is  no  diivn 

munication  by  British  packet,  and  which  letters  are,  therefore  sent   bv 
private  ship,  as  well  as  upon  letters  specially  directed  to  be  forwarded  by 
private  ship,  the  gratuity  of  one  penny  payable  to  the  Commander  u£  su< 
ship,  must  also  be  paid.     When   letters  sent  by  Soldiers  or  Seaman  jwisb 
through  a  foreign  country,  the  transit  rate  due  to  such  country  u . 
Upon  them,  in  addition  to  the  British   rale  of  one  penny,  and  the  following 
table  shows  the  mount  of  the  transit  rate  in  each  ■  »t"  the  instances  specified; 
—Soldiers1  or  Seam  en's  letters  sent  to  or  from  Malta*  Ionian   Islands,  Inliii, 
Ceylon,  Mauritius,  China,  Japan,  or  Australia,  vis  Marseilles,  when  □ 
needing  1  oz,  3d,  (hi  addition  to  the  British  rate  of  one  penny )  ;  above  ^  o: 
and  not  J  oz„  (id.     Panama,  or  any  other  place  on   tin-  Pacific  side  of  N* 
(iranada;  Valparaiso,    or  any  other  place   in  Chili;  Callao,  or  any  oth 
place  in  Peru,  via  Panama,  when  not  exceeding  ^  oz..  Gd. ;  abo\  i 
not  exceeding  i  ok,,  6d.     Vancouver's  island  or  British  Columbia,  vi 
York  and  Panama,  Conveyed  between  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  I 


I 

-IS 


States  by  British  packets  when  not  exceeding  -{  ozt1  M.  j  ubov 
i  cz,,  and  not  exceeding  £  oz,,  5d»,  via  New  York 
Panama,  conveyed  between  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  Unite 
States  by  United  Slates  packets,  when  not  exceeding  ^  oz..  Is.  Id. ;  abovi 
£  oz.,  and  not  exceeding  £  oz.,  Is.  Id.  ;  via  St.  Thomas  and  Panama,  whe 
not  exceeding  i  oz.,  Is.  4cL,  above  £  oz.,  and  not  exceeding  £  os^  J>, -id, 
Canada  via  United  States,  when  not  exceeding  £  oz*,  2d. ;  above  £  i 
not  exceeding  {  oz.,  2d.  Upon  paid  letters  sent  by  Soldiers  and  E 
from  any  of  the  places  above  specified  to  the  United  Kingdom,  and  uj 
letters  sent  from  any  of  those  places  addressed  to  Soldiers  or  Seamen  in 
United  Kingdom,  the  same  transit  rates  will  be  chargeable,  in  addition  L 
-British  rate  of  twopence. — By  command  of  the  Postmaster- General, — 
Mqwlaud  Hill,  Secretary,— &SMS&  Y^-taffivws.,  i^\*u 


,  and 

1 


181 


NATAL  JOH)   mUTAET   IKTELLTGEKCE, 


Staff  College. — The  examination  of  Gfljcera  for  admission  to  the  Staff 
College  will  be  held  at  the  Hojd  Hospital,  Chelsea,  commencing  on  the  1st 
of  the  present  month,  befi' re  Major-Oi.Mieral  Cameron,  Vice-President,  and 
the  following  members  of  the  Council  of  Military  Education: — Major* 
General  Portlock,  Lieutenant- Colonel  Addison,  and  Colonel  Elwyu.  The 
examination  will  extend  over  seven  day 9* 

Snrrs  is  OftDivrAiiY. — There  are  now  lying  in  ordinary  in  the  Royal  Navy 
ah  ml  120  vessels,  exclusive  of  mortar  vessels  and  floats  \  17  of  these  arc  to 
he  converted  into  ki  and  the  conversion  of  seven  is  under  consider* 

at  ion.     There  is  also  n  list  of  67  reccivr  ig  hulks,  &e.     1  ^ur 

ships  have  bom  broken  up  or  sold  since  January,  1S/0,  without  having 
been  commissioned. 

Wmmmcm  Ship  of  Wak  in  Yarmouth. — The  avtm  of  his  Imperial  Majesty 
the  French  Emperor's  paddle  steamer  Galilee,  carrying  two  guns,  is  still 
lying  in  Yarmouth  harbour.  Her  object  is  to  prevent  the  French  fishing 
boats  buying  the  fish  of  English  ships,  which  would.,  as  foreign  goods,  be 
liable  to  duty,  and  casing  them  into  French  porta  as  their  own  goods  free 
of  duty.  Tin.'  Galilee  baa  an  engine  and  boiler  on  board  for  trying  the 
propulsive  power  of  evaporated  chloroform;  and  we  are  assured  by  the 
Engineer  and  the  Krat  Lieutenant  that,  so  far  as  the  experiment  bus  gone, 
there  is  m  the  use  of  chloroform  a  wring  of  40  per  cent,  in  fuel  The 
lialilee  came  into  harbour  without  the  assistance  of  a  pilotj  and  upon  some 
surprise  Wing  expressed  to  one  of  the  Oflieers,  it  was  answered  that  no  ship 
of  the  French  Navy  was  allowed  to  take  an  Enguab  pilot  to  enter  any  of  our 
ports,  with  which  thjy  were  expected  to  be  thoroughly  acquainted — a 
knowledge  which,  it  ifl  suspected,  would  not  be  found  in  some  of  our  own 
Commanders* 

Bol'Ntv  to  Seamen.—  A  supplement  to  fee  L<mIon  Gazette  of  the  loth, 
euniained  the  following  ; — At  the  Court  ai  Buckingham  Palace,  the  8th  day 
of  July,  Ifctol>,  present,  the  Queen's  Most  Excellent"  Majesty  in  Council:  — 

*'  Whereas  Her  Majesty  was  graciously  pleased,  br  her  Royal  I'roclamulion, 
bearing  date  the  30tfc  day  ni"  April  Laat,  to  prcmiati  and  declare  that  the 
bounties  of  £10  for  every  Able  Seaman,  and  £5  for  every  Ordinary  Seaman, 
and  40s.  for  every  landsman,  should  be  paid  iu  the  manner  therein  directed, 
to  every  such  Able  Seaman,  Ordinary  Seaman,  and  uvndsinrui,  not  :l  qvg  the 
age  of  4.3,  nor  under  the  age  of  20  years,  who  should  enter  themselves  to 
serve  in  Her  Majesty's  Navy  j  andit  being  judged  expedient  for  Iter  fid  ijasty1* 
Service  that  a  gratuity  should  be  granted  to  Able  Seamen,  and  Ordinary 
Seameu,  who  are  not  Pensioners,  now  serving  in  Her  Majesty's  Fleet,  Her 
Miijfsty,  by  and  witli  the  advice  of  her  Privy  Council,  is  pleased  to  order, 
and  doth  hereby  order,  that  u  gratuity  equal  to  hah'  of  the  respective 
bounties  mentioned  in  Her  ftfajeefy'a  s&ld  Royal  Pi  i.  dated  the  30th 

day  of  April  last,  shall  be  paid  to  all  S  amen  above  -<>  vears  of  age,  noL 
being  Pensioners,  according  to  their  Kveml  ratings,  who  have  now  at  least 
five  years  to  serve  in  llcr  Majesty's  Navy,  and  have  not  received,  nor  are  en* 
to  receive,  any  bounty  under  Her  Majesty's,  said  ProcI  tmation^or  under 
the  Order  of  Iler  Majesty  m  Council  ot  the  lUh  day  of  June  lost,  relating 
to  «uch  Proclamation;  and  Her  Majesty,  by  and  with  tlie  advice 
aforesaid,  is  also  plaaied  to  Order  th;it  one-half  uf  the  said  respective  bounties, 
so  mentioned  in  Her  Majesty's  said  Pro  e  la  mat  ion,  shall  be  paid  to  all  oilier 
Seamen  above  *2"  I,    according  to   their 

respective  ratings  who  have  now  less  than  five  years  to  serve  in  Her 
llftjeat/fl  Navy,  and  who  have  not  received,  nor  are  entitled  to  receive,  any 
bounty  under  Her  Ms  Ifl  IVoeUmatioo,  or  under  the  said  Orde  in 

Council  uf  the  1  tth  day  of  dune  last,  relating  to  such  Proclamation,  on  con* 
dition  of  their  engaging  to  Berra  in  Her   Mnjr-hV   Navy  lor  five  years, 
required,  from  the  date  of  this  present  Order  of  Her  Majesty  in  CouaedJ  — * 
\VM,  L,  BATHURST,  J 


610 


yATAL  A3TD  mXITAVT   INTELLIGENCE, 


[Am, 


The  Army. — General  Peel  read  a  memorandum  on  Tuesday  evening  of 
the  Military  forces  constituting  our  home  establishment,  which,  we  fear, 
must  be  strangely  at  variance  with  facts.  The  Gallant  General  said  that,  ex- 
eluding  the  Marines  on  shore,  the  enrolled  Pensioners,  and  the  Recruits  for 
India,  the  force?  in  the  tTnited  Kingdom  on  the  1st  of  June  were  thus  made 
up:—  11,698;  Foot  Guards,  6,184;    Infantry,    50.032;  Hone 

Artillery,  1,7 49;  Foot  Artillery,  12,669  :  Royal   Engineers,  l,B54;  Military 

li;nti,  1,8ft  ;  Medical  Staff  Corps.  375;  nnd  embodied  Militia  23,218; 
total,  109T640  ;  or,  excluding  the  embodied  Militia,  80,432."  Now  we  must 
take  Wave  to  question  tin  -nine  of  the  most  important  of  thesG 

Take  the  first— -the  Cavalry.  There  are  in  the  United  Kingdom 
three  Regiments  of  Household  Cavalry,  and  the  following  Regiments  of  the 
Line— viz, T  the  4th  and  5th  Dragoon  Guard?,  1st  and  2nd  Dragoon?,  3rd, 
4th,  and  13th  Light  Dragoons,  5lh  and  Ififh  Lancers,  and  the  10th.  11th, 
15th,  and  18th  Hussar?.  These  16  Regiments  have  an  enlistment  of 
all  rank*  each,  so  that  if  they  iwto  flfl  up  to  the  establishment  (which  we 
doubt  vi-rv  much)  tin-  aggregate  strength  would  be  8,320  men.  Throwing 
in  the  Depot  of  the  9th  Lancers,  which  cannot  be  classed  under  the  head  of 
,  i lit-  for  India,"  inasmuch  as  the  Regiment  is  on  its  way  homo,  we  may 
call  the  whole  Cavalry  force  at  home,  8,500  nienT  or  moTe  than  3,000  les* 
than  it  is  represented  to  be  in  General  Fed's  memorandum.  A  much  more 
important  mis-statement  is  that  respecting  the  Infantry  of  the  Line,  which 
the  memorandum  luakea  amount  to  50,032,  The  Infantry  Regiments  at 
home  are— the  8th  (1st  Battalion),  10th  (2nd  Battalion),  11th  {two  I 
JionsJ,  12th  (2nd  Battalion),  1  tth  (2nd  Battalion),  I5tb  (1st  Battalion \ 

two  Battalions),  17th  (2nd  Battalion),  18th  (2nd   Battalion),  19th  (2nd  Bat- 
talion). 30th   (2nd  Battalion),    21st  (2nd  Battalion},    22nd,  (1st  Battn 
24th  (2nd  Battalion),  80th,  80th,  46th,  47th,  65th, 58th,  60th,  (4th  Battalion), 
76th,  96th,  and  Eifle    Brigade  (1st  Battalion),     These  26  Battalions,  with 
their  Depots,  eannot  certainly  be  put  down  at  more  than  1,000  men  each,  or 
26,000  in  the  aggregate.     Adding  32   home  Depots  of  Regiments  serving  in 
the  colonies,  which   average  about  200   men  each,  or  6,409  alto, 
have  u  force  of  Infantry  of  the  Line  of  32,000,  or  nearly  18,000  less   than  it 
ii  represented  in  the  memorandum    read   by    General  Peel.     We  i 
speak  with   equal  certainty  of  the  strength  of  the  embodied  Militia  Regt- 
ments,  which  is  stated    to  be  23,218  ;  but  we  have  very  strong  reasoi 
thinking  that  it  does  not  come  up  to  16,000  men  at  the  outride. 


On  Monday  the  25th,  Her  Majesty's  ship  Ajax  arrived  in  Belfast  L* 
from  Kingstown,  for  the  puqmse  of  receiving  volunteers  for  the  navy.  The 
Ajax  has  tor  sometime  pa>t  been  engaged  in  her  pro^nt  service  as  a  Coast- 
guard vessel  and  receiving  volunteers  for  the  navy.  She  mounts  60  guns, 
and  carries  a  complement  of  about  500  seamen  and  Marines,  but  is  not  tilled 
up  to  that  complement  at  the  present  time.  The  Wellington  Cutter  also 
arrived  at  Belfast  on  Monday  for  the  same  purpose. 

Tho  Russian  screw  frigate  Gromobi,  50  guns,  Rear- Admiral  Istotnin,  and 
the  screw  line-of-baUle  ship  Retvizan,  Captain  Baron  Taube,  arrived  at  Spit- 
head  on  the  STtl^  from  Cadiz  and  Cherbourg.     The  Grand  Duke  Constan- 
i  at  present  at  St  Petersburg',  Y-ut  it  is  expected  to  arrive  at  Spithead 
ot  he  4th  of  August     It  is  also  expected  that  several  other  Russian  men  of 
war  will  call  at  SpUhead  on  their  way  to  the  Mediterranean  from  the  Baltic, 


DISTRIBTTTION  OP  THE  BOMBAY  AJOIT. 


The  following  is  the  distribution  of  the  Bombay  Army,  corrected  to 
the  1st  February. 


HER  MAJESTY'S  HOME  TROOPS. 
3rd  (The  Prince   of  Wales') 

Dragoon  Guards        -    -    Ahmednnggur 
Squadron  Field  Service-    -    Field  Service 
Detachment     -    -    -    -    -    Sattara 

Detachment    -----    Sholapore 

6th  Inni&killing  Dragoons  -    Kirkee 
8th  Hussars      -----    Seepree 

Left  Wing   ------    Nusserabad 

14th  Light  Dragoons      -    -    Gwalior 
Detachment     -----    Field  Service 

Depot Kirkee 

17th  Lancers    -----    Mhow 

Royal  Regiment  of  British  Artillery. 
D  Troop  Horse  Artillery  -    -    Mhow 
8th  Company,  1st  Battalion      Rajpootana 
2nd  Company,  3rd  Battalion    Poona 
3rd  Company,  4th  Battalion    Neemuch 
2nd  Company,  11th  Battalion  Aden 
7th  Company,  11th  Battalion  Mhow 
2nd  Company,  13th  Battalion  Baroda 
6th  Company,  14th  Battalion  Calpee 
8th  Company,  14th  Battalion  Kulladghee       and 
Dharwar 

Rotal  Corps  of  Engineers. 
11th  Company  -----    Rajpootana     Field 
Force 

21st  Company Gwalior 

Royal  Regiments  of  British    Infantry. 
4th  (The  King's  own  RegtJ    Ahmedabad 
18th  Royal  Irish  1st  Battalion  Field  Service 
28th  (North  Gloucestershire) 
Regiment     -----    Bombay 

Detachment     -----    Nassick 

31st  Huntingdonshire  Regi- 
ment -------    Poona 

83rd  (The  Duke  of    Welling- 
ton's Regiment)  -    -     -    Baroda 
46th  (South  Devonshire)  Regi- 
ment   -------    Kurrachee 

61st  Regiment-    -    -    -    -    Mooltan 

66th  West  Essex  Regiment  -    Belgaum 
Detachment      -----    Kulladghee 

Detachment      -----    Sholapore 

Detachment     ....    -    Sattara 

67th  Regiment Field  Service  Khan- 

deish 
Detachment     ....    -    Malligaum    and 

Dhoolia 
Wing-    -------    Aden 

64th  Regiment  Foot  -    -    -    Futteghur 
Depot      -------    Belgaum 

71st  Highlanders  -    -    -    -    Gwalior 

72nd  Highlanders     -    -    -    Field  Service,  Raj- 
pootana 
74th  Highlanders  DetachmentDharwar 
78th  Highlanders  -    -    -    -    Bareilly 

Depot Poona 

83rd  Regiment  Foot  -    -    -    Rajpootana 
Depot     -------    Deesa 

86th  Regiment  Foot  -    -    -    Gwalior,  under  or- 
ders to  Poona 
Depot      -    -    -    -    -    -   -    Poona 

89th  Regiment  -----    Rajpootana     Field 

Force 
92nd  Highlanders-    -    -    -    Mhow 

Detachment     -----    Indore 

96th  Regiment  Wing     -    -    Seepree 
Depot      -------    Deesa 

German  Legion     ....    Poona 

HER  MAJESTY'S  INDIAN  BRITISH  TROOPS 

Regiment  of  Artillery. 
Horse  Brigade,Head  quarters  Poona 
1st  (or  Leslie's)  Troop,  Head 
Quarters  ------   Jhansi 


2nd  Troop    -        -    -        -    Rajpootana 

3rd  Troop    ------    Central  India 

4th  Troop    -----         Booranpor 

1st  Battalion,  Head-quarters    Ahroednuggur 
1st  Company    -----    Ahmedabad 

2nd  Company  -----    Belgaum 

3rd  Company  -----    Hydrabad 

4th  Company  -----    Bombay 

2nd  Battalion,  Head-quarters  Bombay 
1st  Company    -----    Rajpootana 

2nd       Do.       -----    Sattara 

3rd       Da       -----    Sholapore 

4th       Da       Gwalior 

Reserve  Artillery. 
1st  Company    -----    Shikarpoor 

2nd        Do.       -----    Gwalior 

Detachment     -----    Jaulna 

3rd  Company    -----    Kolapoor 

4th       Da       -----    Kurrachee 

Corps  of  Engineers. 
Head  Quarters      ...    -    Poona 

Infantry. 
1st  European  Regiment  (Fusi- 
liers) Head  Quarters   -    -    Mooltan 
Detachment      -----    Umritseer 

Depot      -------    Kurrachee 

2nd  European  Regiment  L.  L  Belgaum 
Wing       -------    Kolapore 

Detachment     -----    Sanglee 

3rd  European  Regiment     -    Jhansi 
Depot     ...--..    Ahmednnggur 
HER  MAJESTY'S  NATIVE  TROOPS. 
Artillery. 
3rd  Battalion,  Head-quarters  Ahmedabad 
1st  Company     -----    Ahmedabad      and 

Rajcote 
2nd        Da        -----    Ahmedabad 

3rd        Da        -----    Deesa 

Detachment     -----    Field  Service 

4th  Company   -----    Rajpootana      Field 

Force 
6th        Do.        -----    Ahmedabad 

6th        Do.       Aden 

4th  Battalion,  Head  Quarters  Ahmednnggur 
1st  Company     -----    Booranpoor 
Detachment      -----    Chopra 
2nd  Company    -----     Ahmednuggur 

4th       Da        Mhow 

6th       Da        .....    Booranpore 

Corps  of  Sappers  and  Miners. 
Head  Quarters  (Bombay)    -    Poona 
1st  Company    -----    Poona 

2nd       Do.       -    -    -        -    Aden 

Detachment     -   -    -    -    -    Jhansi 

3rd  Company   -----    Rajpootana 

4th       Do.       -----    Poona 

6th       Da       -----    Poona 

Detachment    -----    Jhansi 

Light  Cavalry.       ^ 
2nd  Regiment  Madras  Light 
Cavalry    ------    Sholapore 

1st  Regiment  (Lancers)      -    Gwalior 
Wing      -------    Nusserabad 

2nd  Regiment  Light  Cavalry  Rajpootana 
Detachment     -----    Deesa 

3rd  Regiment  Light  Cavalry  Jhansi 

Infantry. 
1st  Regiment  N   1.  (Grena- 
diers) -------    Bombay 

2nd       da       do      -    -    -    Ahmedabad 
3rd  Regiment  N.  I.  -    .    -   Sholapore,  under  or- 
ders to  Mhow 

Detachment Malligaum 

4th        do.       da  (Rifles)-      Sehore 

6th        da  N.  L.  I.       -         MnBAdssuuGK 

ttU         OX>.^.l.     ---  ^WSOfc 


012 


DISTEtBtJTlOtf  OP  THE  MADBAB  AB1 


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do, 

• 

•nm 

1 

Detucltnunt 

. 

. 

Pttechinfi     - 

19th        dr». 

dn. 

_ 

Hitari  I'liuioii 

2  nd  ii  e  crimen  t  Son  them   SI  jiI  1  - 

20th         d... 

•■ 

Djuurwax 

iBttii  [rtegulnr  Hume 

v-;i»d      do. 

rk>. 

. 

Batou* 

Detachment     - 

Detlll., 

_ 

_ 

Miihjilih'Hhwur 

timent 

* 

_ 

I'lintli.'tpvrv 

Murine  Battalion 

ttomtiny 

a:ir-l        do.  N\  L,  I. 

_ 

I  Sill  eg 

ihad 

*J4ih  Regiment  x.  i. 

- 

,J]ninsl 

Ilt-pot 

- 

- 

Khow 

Native  Veteran  b»^ 

Uo 

2.-th          do. 

do. 

, 

Gwfdtor  trader  or- 

I \nJ 

ders  to  I'oond 

>          rt  [rregnlvr  B 

Depot     - 
SUMi          fa 

_ 

. 

Kttbch  InrjruUir  Jlojia 

- 

- 

ssth        dft 

. 

Uouerat  I'crtice- Corps 

Kalrn 

do. 

K, 

. 

Aden 

i  con>» 

DhAI  rmiipnuin 

dn. 

(to. 

• 

■ 

Slid  Kli:ind«UU  lliieel  Cuilui 

Dtmrnunnw 

. 

- 

Aiwrglmr 

tit! 

8ft. 

. 

•if* 

1st  Extra  B*ttaUffl 

_ 

Kurraejuje 

Kolaporv  In  I..: 

2nd  Kxl 

a 

llMindlV 

i 

flrd  Exlrn  Butts]  inn 

- 

BetauuA 

Qtuemi                  ■  p  Corpt 

lit  Helrnx-h  kiti-a  Bntthllori 

laimd 

f'dk'i?  Troop   - 

4p«ol«l        Scr»iet 

- 
and  ft  : 

- 

• 

ftydr&bftd 

Exim  liatui 

Sunt  Extra  BaMaUdii 

Eg  rout*  to  Ium* 

Depot      - 

. 

" 

BHttuapMi 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  Til i;  MAI .) II AS  ARMY. 

The  iUUufrbg  k  the  Distribution  List  of  the  M&dfJI*  Army,  corrected  up  to 

October,  18,58. 

BtVAUtti  H  Troop.*,.  ...... ; 

Right  Hon  ttic  (iovcraor'a  Body  .,  „, 

Snifd     ,„K*dfM  Klroop  ..,..„, 

H.M.  UtDrajf-xm  tiunnls  .. .  J^ntfalort 

quartern  Br.i  Iff.  \\ 

Lvn  Wlnjf— Field  _  lt 

WtU  ''  ^ 

lut  IIblm.  .\ntivc  Light  Cavalry.  .Tviclilnnpoly  '  ';1 1:|  \,,lh 

Sudd-.  ...."...SiM.ln,^  tl,U'J-  ■ 

(iinrtOT  ordi'ifi  to  Set- under. iiiui, 

3rd  Reel  Nitirc  Liffht  CAv»irr,  Nl'-  c;t  py^ |Iat  3 

uiijht  u  intf  i  Hfi»4ottarters,,.^ ,„.♦  Stllio*. Mfauri 

tii  Ki^t.  Niillvl'  UghttJ»ralry^Bwi5ftl  l'l*id  i  ll**d  ipurtsn  *fc 

Hi     do.  do Itelltfy  Atanipm...     ,        ,:   ,  (1M^ 

«th    dtt.  d Field  V  J  John Anient  ....    ' 

Bejri  &.  Oonapftoy  ...... MU..M.... ....  ktotila 

7tli    d,f.  do.,^...>.Kn!i  ]•  *\  Co   (No   7  Hm»  »'nU*ry) tU:J; 

1  aqtiudjoii  ^Lt'mHkrulnirl  D  i  oni  [iatt<ry)-..KxB|pon 

S:;i  n 

II  Troopi  Koyal  Bn«u  ArtUien 

I  [cud    qnartoni    Mu>  A.  Cop.  (Xu  8  Jtullu 

Aitllltirj [JMhfaloro  11.  Co  IUj.. 

A,  Truop,    Yte\d   Scnlcc    Oon,     Wlm  ll,ii{  <  ^mjt/ktm 

I'ivislon  ■  ifip.  (Su.  o  J! 

B.  Troop    ■«!»*.■. «..»t.+  ^** SiruTidcmbud  1»,  Copj 

C.  TrOOp    .4.„»»'&4bgfi1ore  Hendqnartciff andl 

D,  Trooo  ,ltt,„„;MM"f».M Kuniplee  Balf  Compaitf.. 


1869.] 


DISTBIBTJTION  OF  TJLB  MADRAS  ABMY. 


613 


Third  Battalion  Madras  Artillery. 

Head  quarters ..Rangoon 

A  Company  (No.  2  Hone  Bat)  Bengal  Service 

B.  Company  (No.  4  Horse  Bat)  Tongho 

C.  Company  (No.  2  Bullock  Bat)  Thayettnew 

D.  Company  (No.  *  Bollock  Bat)  Field  Servloc 

Gen.  Whitelock's  Division 
Fourth  Battalion  Madras  Astuxeet. 

Head  quarters .Secunderabad 

i,  Company  (No.  1  Horse  Bat  )...Field  Service 
Gen.  Whitelock 

B.  Company  (No.  10  Bulk.  Bat)  Ditto 

C.  Company  (No.  3  Balk.  Bat)..  .Secunderabad 
...  Company  Head  quarters  and 

two-thirds Rangoon 

One-third Bassein 

Fifth  or  Golundauze  (Native)  Battalio* 

Madras  Artillery. 
Head  quarters St/ThcV  Mount 

A.  Company  Head  quarters  and 
two-thirds  Company Penang 

One-third  Company  ...............Malacca 

B.  Company ....Singapore 

C.  Company  (No.  1  Bulk.  Bat)  Bengal  Service 

D.  Company  (No.  7  talk.  Bat  J.-Cannanore  and 

Mangalore 

E.  Company  (No.  9  Bulk  Bat)...Cuttack  and 

Sombulpore 

F.  Company Meeaday 

1st  Supplemental  Company  ......StThos.'  Mount 

2d      da  da.. Vlsianagram 

Details  of  several  Companies  ...Labuan 
Madras  Emqixeers. 

Head  quarters Fart  St  George 

Madras  Sappers  and  Mixers— Native. 
Head  quarters Dowlaisbweram 

A.  Company Ditto 

One  Section  with  Gen.  W  hillock's  Field  Service 

B.  Company Nerbndda 

(Bombay)  Field  Service 

C.  Company Bengal  Service 

D.  Company Rangoon 

E.  Company Dowlaishweram 

One  Section  with  Gen.  Whitelock's  Division 

F.  Company .Secunderabad 

One  Section Paanibum 

Gi  Company .Padoungrayo 

II.  Company .Thayejmew 

I  .Company Tongho 

K.  Company    Dowlaishweram 

I*  Company Field  Division 

Gen.Whitelock 

M,  Company  .  „. Dowlaishweram 

Ikfamtht. 

European. 

H.M.  1st  Royal  Regt.  (1st  Bat),. Secunderabad 

H.M.  43rd  Light  Infantry Gen. Whitelock's 

Division  Field  Service 

H.M.  44th  Regiment Fort  St.  George 

II. M.  60th  Royal  Rifles  (3d.  Bat)  Bangalore 

3  Companies .Bellary 

I      da  - .....Mysore 

1      do •• Hurryhur 

H.M.  66th  Regiment Cannanore 

1  Company  Mangalore 

1        do M Sircee 

H.M.  68th  Regiment     Rangoon 

H.M.  69th  Regiment Tonghoo 

H.M.  74th  Highlanders ^Berhainpore    * 

1  Company    Sholapore 

3  Companies Field  Service 

Southern  Mahratta  Country 

The  Madras  Fusiliers Bengal  on 

Field  Service 
2nd  European  Light  Infantry  .  Tricliinopoly 
3id  Madras  European  Regiment  Field  Division 
under  Gen.  Wbitlock 
Native  Ikfamtky. 
1st  Regiment  N.L  (Rifle  Coin  p.)  Serviee  Gen. 

to  hftetock's  Division 

2nd  Regiment  N.  I....~...... Qullon 

3rd  N.  I.  or  Palamcottah  Light 

Infantry. Cannanore 

4th  N.l < . .  .Tbayetmew 


5th  N.  I.  (Rifle  Company)  Head 
quarters  Bigot  Wing  ...... ....Mangalore 

Left  Wing  Sombulpore 

6th  N.L  ..•-,...„. Rangoon 

7th  N.  L Secunderabad 

mh  N.  L .......... ........Tongboe 

9th  N.  L  Secunlerabad 

10th  N.I ........Secunderanad 

11th N.L  „ Bellary 

12th  N.L  -....„ -Rangoon 

13th  N.  L Maulmein 

14th  N.  I ^..............Singapore 

15th  N.  I .....Thayetnww 

16th  N.  I.    (Rifle  Company)  ......Mangalore 

17th  N.  L  Bengal  Field 

Service 

18th  N,  I .............BeHary 

19th  N.  I -... Serviee  Gctt, 

Whitelock's  Division 

20th  N.  I Bangalore 

21st  N,  I .....Trichinopoly 

22nd  N  I „.~Penang 

23rd  N.  L  (or  Walajahbad  Light 

Infantry)  .......Rangoon 

24th  N.  L  (Rule  Oompany)  ......Henzedalt 

25th  N.  L  «. Madras 

26th  N.  I  ........Kamptac 

27th  N.  I ...Bengal,  on 

Serviee 

28th  N.  I M Hoosingabad 

29th  N.  I Masnlipatam 

30th  N.  I « Bellary 

31st  N.  I.,  or  Trichinopoly  Light 

Infantry Visianagram 

82nd N.  I ~ ...Karaptee 

33rd  N.  L. M Kamptee 

34th  or  (ChicacaleLt  Infantry)  Trichinopoly 

35th  N.  L  Hurryhur 

86th  (Rifle  Company)   Knrnool 

87th  N.  L,  (Grenadiers;   Head 

quarters .Shnaygheea 

Left  Wing    ....Tonghoo 

38:  h  N.  I.  (Rifle  Company) Visagapatam 

39th  X.  I.  ~ .Thayettnew 

40th  N.  I Cnttack 

41st  N.  I,  Bunnah 

42nd  N.  L « Ralchoor  Fie* 

Service 

43rdN.I ..4... Russelcondah 

44th  N,  I   Thayetmew 

45th  NI     Madras 

46th  N.  I Visagapatam 

47th  N.  L  Bellary 

48th  N.  I Jioulraeln 

49th  N.  I.  (Rifle  Company) Secunderabad 

50th  N.  L Service  Gen. 

WhlUock'sDivisi 

51st  X.  I.  „ Palamcottah 

52nd  N.  L Mercara 

Left  Wing  French  Rocks 

1st  Extra  Regiment  N.  L    Samulcottali 

2nd  Extra  N.  I .Trichinopoly 

3rd  Extra  N.I Cuddapah 

Sappers'  Militia , Madras 

Madras  Rifles,  temporarily  formed  for  Servica 

in  Bengal  by  the  Rifle  Companies  of  the  1st, 

5th,  16th,  24th,  SOtn,  49th,  Regiments  N.  I., 

and  2  Companies  34th  N.  I.— Serviee  Bengal. 

VETERANS'   ESTABLISHMENT. 

European  Veterans 

Artillery  Company Palaveram 

Infantry  Company Visagapatam 

Native  Vstkaaks 
1st  or  Madras  Native  Vet  Bat  .Madras 
2nd  or  Arnu  Native  Vet  Bat  .Arcot 
Depots. 

For  H.M  Regiments PoonamaHee 

European  Infantry  ...... ......Arcot 

Native  Infantry Palaveram 

Native  Infantry  R*CKum&*  VWsw*. 
Ko.  \  B«aroitixi%T>«^ SKaM^ 


\AV4; 


STATIONS   OF  THE  BEITISK   AEMY, 

[Corrected  up  to  27  fA  Jtdyt  1859,  inclusive*} 
[Where  two  places  are  mentioned,  tlie  last-named  In  that  at  which  the  Drpot  Is  stationed.] 


lit.  Life  Guards— A ldershot 

2nd  do,— Regent's  Park* 

Hay  til  Horse  Guards— Hyde  Park, 

1  at  Dragoon  0 1  imM iJb— Mad  ra* :  Cant  crbury. 

2nd  do,— Bengal;  Canterbury. 

3rd  da — Bom  Day  ;  Canterbury. 

4th  da— Aldcrsbott 

oih  da — Alden 

tith  do, — Bengal;  Maidstone. 

7th  do. — Bengal.'  Canterbury. 

1  it  Dragoon*— Curregh. 

2nd  do. — Newbridge. 

3rd  do  —  Dublin. 

4th  do.—  BirmbflghABh 

5th  da— Newbridge, 

fith  do,— Bom  iode* 

7th  Hussars— Bengal:  Canterbury. 

Srh  do. — Bombay :  Canterbury, 

9th  Lancen— >Emb,  for  England  i  Mtii.i 

lfjth  Hussam— Aldcrahott 

11th  Huwiat-a— Aldershot. 

I '2th  l4*oeer»— Madras:  Maidstone, 

13th  Lieht  Drnguons— Dublin, 

14th  do, — Bombay   :  Maidstone. 

lath  Husiurs— Ala.'. 

Hkh  Lancers—  Edinburgh. 

17th  do,—  Bengal :  Canterbury* 

iHth  Dragoons— Manchester. 

Military  Train  [lot  bat,]— Shomcllffce. 

Do,  Hnid  baa,}  *  On  piiBsage  home, 

Do,  [3rd  But.]— Woo! with 

Do,  [4th  Imt.]  — Alilcrilwtt.) 

Da  f nth  1 1  nt  ]  — f 2  n  rru  «h.     }■  Depo  t  al  Al dershot 
Do.  (iitn  bat  J  f  Woolwich.   > 
Grenadier  Guard n  [Em  bat. J— Wellington  Bar. 
Du  [2nd  bat)— Tower, 
Do.  [;ird  bat. J— St.  Heorge1*  Barracks. 
Coldstream  Guards  [1st  bar.]— Wellington  Bar. 
Do.  [2nd  bat]— Aldcrshot. 
Heats  1  u*.  Guards  [lat  bat.]— Windsor, 
rna.  [2nd  bat,]-Curragh. 
lit  Foot  [1st]  —  Maura*:  Colchester. 
Da  [2nd  bat.  ]— China  t  Birr, 
2nd  du,  1st  [bat]— C.  ol  G.  Hope:  Walmer. 
Do,  [2nd  bat]—  Corfu :  Walmer. 
3rd  1st  [hai .]-  nerlek. 

Do.        do.        Malta  i  limerick. 
4th.  do.  [1st  bat] -Bombay  t  CMehesier, 
Do.  [jtid  tjat]-Corra:  Chkhester, 
0th  el ■•.  [1st  bat.]— Bengal :  Colchester* 
] -Mauritius,  Pembroke. 
«th  do.  [1st  bat]—  Bengal:  Colchester. 
Do,  [2nd  hat]— Gibraltar;  Cork. 
7th  da  [1st  bat]— Bengal :  Chatham, 
Do,  [2nd  bat.]— Gibraltar;  Walmer. 
Hth  da  [1st  bat]-  Bengal :    Chatham. 
Do.  [2nd  bat]— Gibraltar :  Tempi 
eih  do,  [1st.  bat]  -AJderabott  :  Umerkk. 
Do,  [J nd  but]— Corf u  :  Lhnorkk, 
10th  da  [1st  bat— Plymouth, 
Do.  [2ndbat]-Curragk 
11th  do.  [1st  but, }-AMei shut:  Fermoy. 
Da  pnd  bat,]— Aldcrahott, 
12th  da  [1st  bat]-N.  S.  Wales:  Walmer. 
Do.  [2nd  bat]— Aide  t?hot 
13th  do  [1st  bat,]— Bengal:  Fermof- 
D<j.  [2nd  hut.]— Cape  of  Gil  Hope  and  Fermoy. 
14th  do.  [1st  bat-]—  Cc-phahmlu:  Fermoy, 
Do.  [Snd  but.]— Cnrragh, 
1Mb  de.— Jersey  t  Pembroke 
Do,  [2nd  bat]— Malta,  Pembroke. 
Itith  do.— Dublin:  Tenipkmorc 

id  1st.]— CarrARb 
17th  do,— Canada;  Limerick. 


Do.  [2nd  but]— Alderthot. 
lath  do.— Bombay:  Butternut 
1 1...  [jsid  bet] — Cnrragh. 
19th  do.— Bengal :  Chatham. 
Do.  [2nd  bat.}— Shorn.  unt., 
20th  do.— Bengal :  Chatham. 
Da  [2nd  bat]— Dublin. 
2l*t  da— Malta:  Birr. 
Do.  [2nd  bet.}— Newport 
22nd  do.— Manchester:  Parkhurst, 
Do.  [2nd  bat]— Malta':  Farkhtirst 
28rd  do.—  Bengal:  CbfjttMOV 
Do.  [2nd  bat.]— WtilrntT  ;  Slahii. 
24th  do,— Bengal ;  C I  j  ,  1 1 J  tani . 

I  haL}—  Akkrshm, 
25th  do.- -Gibraltar-.  Athlona 
Sfith  da— Bermuda :   BelfiiSt. 
27th  da  -Bengal:   Butte  taut. 
2Sth  da—  bom  bay .  Fermoy. 
2!'th  da—  Embarked  for  England  :  Chatham 
riuth  do.— Dublin .  Paikhnrat, 
31  at  do  —  Bombay :  Pembroke, 
32nd  da— Bengal :  1 1 
33rd  da— Bombay ;  Fermoy, 
34  th  do.— Bengal :  Colchester, 
3itb  da— Bengal  i    Gbathiftlt 
30th  do.— Aldendiott :  Athhme. 

'.i.— Bengal :  Colcheter, 
'53th  do, — Bengal:   Caleb' 
;i9th  do.— Canada  i  Templemara, 

do.— N.  S.  Wains  ■  Birr. 
■tbt  da— Jamaica:  Devonport, 
42nd  do,— Hen  gal:  Sterling. 
43rd  do.— Madras:  Chatham, 
t  It Jt  do.— Madras :  Colchester. 
Utb  do.— Preston  j  Parkhurst 
4flth  do.— Bengal :  Temnlemore. 
47th  do,— Aldersbott:  Cork. 
4»th  do.— Bengal :  Cork. 
49  th  da— llarbndocs:  Bo!  fast. 
fii>th  do.— Ceylon  :  Parkhurst 
» I  st  do.^—Be  n  gal  t  C  hichetter. 
S2nd  do.— Bengal :  Chatham 
oard  da— ditto:  ditto 
a4th  do, — Bengal :  Cnkhester 
f>3th  do. — ^Cnn-agli:  Devon  port 
fifith  da— Bombay :  Colchester 
t7th  do. — Bombay:  Cork. 
58th  do.— Tyhurncliffot  Birr, 
fiyth  do,— Cape :  Athlone 
60th  da— [1st  bat,]—  Bengal :  Wlncheater 
Da  [2nd  but] — Bengal.    Winchester 
Do.  [3rd  hat.]— Madras:  Winchester 
Do.  [4  th  bat]— AJdershot 
Gltt  do.— Bengal :  Chatham 
<;2nd  i la— Nova  Scotia:  Bellas t 
fiSrd  da— ditto:  BeUast 
B4th  do, — Bombay-  Canterbury 
tlBtb  do.— Now  Stealand:  Bin, 
CGth  do.— Madras :   CoUhcater 
f.  7 1 1 1  d  II.— Ben  gal  :    A  tbtone 
GKth  do.— Madras:  Fermoy 
ii'Jth  do.— Madras;  Fennoy 
Toth  da— Bengal  ;  Canttirbmy 
71  »t do.— Bengal;  Perth, 
72nd  do.— Bombay  5  Aberdeen 
73rd do— Bengal :  Devonport. 
74th  do, — Madras  x  Aberdeen 
7Sth  da — Bengal:  Chatham 
76th  da— Cnrragh :  Bdfks* 
77th  da — Bengal :  Chatham. 
78th  da— Embarked  ioi  England :    Aberdeen 
7»th  do,— Bengal  l  Stirling 
80th  da— ditto :  BnUcvant 


1859.] 


STATIONS  OF  TH3  BMBODIED  MILITIA. 


615 


81st  do.— Bengal :  Chatham 

82nd  do.— Bengal :  Canterbury 

83rd  do.— Bombay :  Chichester. 

84th  do.— On  passage  home:  Chatham 

85th do.— Cape:  Pembroke 

86th  da— Bombay:  Buttevant  (on  passage  home) 

87th  do.— Bengal :  Battevant. 

88th  da— Bengal:  Colchester 

89th  do.— Bombay :  Fermoy 

80th  do.— Bengal :  Canterbury 

91st  da— Madras :  Pembroke 

92nd  da— Bombay ;  Stirling 

93rd  da— Bengal;  Aberdeen 

94th  do.— ditto:  Chatham 

95th  da— Bombay :  Fermoy 

96th  da— Plymouth :  Parkharst 

97th  da— Bengal:  Colchester 


98th  da— Bengal:  Canterbury 

99th  da— Bengal:  Cork 

100th  do.— Gibraltar  [Parkhust. 

Rifle  Brigade  [1st  bat. ^-Portsmouth. 

Da  [2nd  bat]— Bengal:  Winchester 

Da  [8rd  bat]— Bengal:  Winchester 

Da  [4th  bat]— Malta,  Winchester 

1st  West  India  Regiment— Bahamas 

tad  do — Jamaica 

3rd  do. — Barbadoes 

Ceylon  Rifle  Regiment— Ceylon 

Cape  Mounted  Rifles— Cape  of  Good  Hope 

Royal  Canadian  Rifle  Regiment — Canada 

St  Helena  Regiment— St  Helena 

Royal  Newfoundland  Corps— Newfoundland 

Royal  Malta  Fencibles— Malta 

Gold  Coast  Corps— Cape  Coast  Castle 


STATIONS  OF  THE  EMBODIED  MILITIA. 


Bedford — Aldershott 
2nd  Cheshire— Portsmouth 
Durham  Artillery— Gosport 


Hampshire  Artillery— Pembroke 
East  Kent— Portsmouth 
Lancashire  Artillery— Dover 

Edinburgh  Artillery:  Edinburgh 
Forfar  Artillery— -Shecrnera 
Fife  Artillery — Pendennls 

Antrim  Rifles— Aldershot 
Antrim  Artillery— Kinsale. 
North  Cork— Aldershot 
Donegal— Dover 


ENGLAND   (18). 
Norfolk  Artillery— Sheernesa 
North  Lincoln— Curragh 
5th  Middlesex— Dublin 
Northumberland  Artillery— 

Tynemoutb. 
Oxford— Aldershott 
1st  Stafford — Aldershott 
2nd  Stafford— Curragh. 

SCOTLAND  (3). 
2nd  Lanark— Dublin 


Suffolk  Artillery— Portsmouth 

Sussex — Glasgow 

1st  Tower  Hamlets— Cork " 


2nd  Warwick.— Plymouth 
Wflts— Aldershot 
1st  York,  (W.  R.)— Edinburgh 
8rd  York— Newcastle  on  Tync 


Stirling— Aldershott 


IRELAND  (12). 
Dublin  (city)— Shorndiffe  Limerick  (County)  Ptamouth 

Dublin  City  Artillery— Colchester.  Louth  (Rifles)— Yarmouth 
Fermanagh— Chester  Tipperary  ArtiL— Gosport 

Kerry— Bradford  Watcrford  Artillery— Prkhrst 


STATIONS  OF  THE  B03TAL  NAYX  IN  COMMISSION 

(Correct  to  27th  J 
With  th*  AbCH  <*f  Cwnm  i«»on  of  th  ,  M  „,/ 


[ON, 


Aboukir,  »1,  «,,  Cipt  C*  F.  SctMMaberg,  1*51, 

CJlrt 

Acorn,     II*.   Cuim  R.    B.    I'CftfM,   1MB,    E**E 

Indie* 
Actoon,  28,    Com  .,'  i,  1858,    East 


Adventure,  ae,  troop- »hi|i.  Com.  E.  Lacy,  WW, 

K.ul  I 

nnon,   01,  it,   Capt    T. 

Mediterranean. 
A jiin,  GO,  screw.  Captain  J.  McNeil,  Boyd,  184G, 

Coojit  i 
Alarm.  21,  Capt  D.  Cutty,  1810,  Faetnc 
Alert,  17.  screw,  Com,  W,  A.  &  Fearae,  ISJA, 

ine 
Algorlne,  se.  gunboat.  Lieut  -Com.  W,  Arthur, 

1854,  '  a*t  Indie*. 
Arfieri,  91,  screw,  Capt  Q.  W  P.  O'CaBaghan, 

1846,  Channel  Fleet 
Amethyst,  2«,  Capt  3.  Gran  fell.  IB50,  Pwlfto. 
,    at,    Capt,   T.    Cochran,   1 857, 

Shcfi  i 
Antelope,  3,  st. -vessel.  Lieut -Com.  J.  W.  Pike* 

iS,  Cnut  of  Africa. 
Araetmn,  la,  Com.  J,  E,  Mantjromeile,  1855, 

ftorlh  America  nud  West  I  miles. 
Archer,  13,  screw,  Cap*.  J.  Sanderson,   tAM, 

Coast  of  Africa, 
Arffus,  6.  »t.-vcJW!l,  Com.  It.  F.  W,  Ingrain, 

1856.  Med  Iter  ran* 
Arrojrant,  47.  screw,  Cipt    L,   G.    Heath,    CD, 

Asia,  64  -month, 

hip.  Com,    W.   A,    J, 

Ffoath.  1856,  I* a*t  Indies. 
Assumum.  4.  wrcw,  Com.  C,  If.  Ajnalay,  1856, 

Mediterranean. 
Atalinta.  16,  Con  T.  M.  JL  Fasler,  18/* 

America  and  Watt  Indies. 
Atholl,   4.  Com,  E.  Wilson.  IMS,  tfreennek. 
Banshee.  2.  at -vessel,  Com.  0.   A.  Campbell, 

IMS,  Mediterranean, 
Banterer.  scFimnt.  Lieut  *-Cmn.  .1.  Jenkins. 

lflSJI,  East  Indie*. 
Basin**,  f>,  st  -vessel,  Com,  G,  A>  Phayre,  1854, 

N?rth  America  ami  Weal  Indie* 
Ballelsle.  hospital  ship,  Com.  J.  jr.  ft* 

Chatham. 
Bittern,  tender  to  Calcutta,  East  Indies. 
Black  Rajjle,  it.-yarht  Miut*C«m,  J-  E.  retley, 

1944,  particular  service 
Blenheim,  60,  (erewl  Capt  F,  BooU,  C.&.  1848, 

Coast  Guard. 
Boeoawen,  70,  Rear  Admiral  the  linn.  Sir  F. 
3rty,  Iv.C.B..  Capt  It  A.  Powell,  C.B., 

1 845,  Cape  of  Good  Hope- 
Brisk,  Ifl,  se„  Capt  A  F.  R.  D'Horaev*  1857, 

Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Britannia,    Training    Ship.   Capt    B.    Harris, 

1849,   I 
Brune.  st .-vea.  Lieut-Conn.  E.  F.  Ladder,  1854, 

Coast  of  Africa 
Brunswick.  80,  nc  ,  Captain  E,  Qtnmtvnney,  1840, 

Mediterranean, 
BnffaH  seww,  Kafc-fJom,  A.  Brown,  1854,  par- 
ticular service. 
Baited,  t.  M   k'unbt,  LL-Cott.  F,  W.  Hallowea* 

Buaard,  fl,  st.*vfa*el,  Com.  T.  Peal,  1855,  &E. 

Coast  of  America, 
r^imui,  it  »*,i  Copt  H,  S.  llilt>"»r,  C,B„  1844, 

Mediterranean. 
Cwar,  1W.  screw,  CaptT.  ]LM»BDti,lMOtCtiai> 
l      Ad  Fleet. 


Calcutta,  81,  Capt  W.  K-  TlaltCB^  18M,  E*ii 

Tudlcj*. 
Calypso, 
Camlulan.  40.  Capfahi  J,  J,  U'r 

1«I8   Fan*  Imll«l. 
Cambridge,  GunDoryShlp,  Capt  A.  If,  Jenxinc* 

bum,  1851,  ['cv>npi!rt. 
Cnuiihi,  II,   Com*  Q.   T.  CwiTtlle,  1854,  East 

Inrli 
Caradoe.  2,  it-Taa»  Lleut*Cotn.  C,  M,  Buekla 

1847,  Mediterranean. 
Centurion,  80,  it,  C*]*t  C.  O.  E,  Pat( 

Mediterranean. 
Chesapeake,  51,  screw,  ftear-AtimlraJ  J,  n,ipr. 

C-BL,Capl.  ^  185K,  East   Indl«. 

CHo,  it,  screw,  Capt  F.  MUIot,  1855,  Sit, 
Clown,  sc-ffunnt ,  lieut.-Com.  W.  F.  Lei 

1812,  Eafll  Indies. 
Ooofltot,  8,  Be..  Com.  H.  W,  Courtenij,  1854, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Conqueror,  101,  screw.  CApt  W.  J.  C  Clifford, 

C.B,,  1847,  Mediterranean. 
Connctte,  4.  sc.    Com.  the  Hon.  F,   A.  Folo) , 

1855,  Mediterranean. 
Corddia,  11,  sc^  Cora.  C,  1.  H,  Vemor 

Australia, 
Cormorant,  4,  at,  Cora.   A,  Warehouse,  1«H 

Fast  Indies. 
Cornwall!^  eo,  »c»,  Captain  O.  G,  HandoIph.CB  , 

1854,  Coast  '■ 

it-Toud,  Second  JlMJer  W.   1L 

Vine  fneting.  Rnut  I 

,  It  Moorman,  1957. 

aeea 

80,  screw.  Capt  the  lion.  C,  G.  J.  It 

Elliot  C.B.,  1841,  Mediterranean. 
Crocodile.  «.  rec  *hlp.  Com    W. 

of  the  Tower, 
Crator.  l7,ac.»Coii].J.    Bythcsea,  185 

Coa*: 
Cumberlond,  70,  Capt.   II     L>.    Be^an 

1854,  South  America 
Curoeoa,  31,  screw,  Capt  A.  rhtitimn 

Devouport. 
Cyclops,  G,  dt-v.,  Capt  W.J.  S.  Pnll«n,  1856, 

East  lodge*. 
Duker,  2,  st.*  vessel,  Com.  E.  Q.    Hot*,  1854. 

Portsmouth 
Daunt  less,   31,  ae.,  Capt  W.  Kdmonstone.  1853, 

Portsmciutli. 
Dee,  4.  troop  iblp,  Kaafc>Cooi    T  C,    Tullen, 

1844,  particular  servi,  c. 
Dcvs  station,  6,  at  .vet,  Cora.  C.  Walu, 

North  America,  and  West  Indies, 
Diadem,  23,  t<\,  Capt  P.  W.  Meorsom,  CTV, 

Devonport, 
Doneffal,  101,  ae.t  Capt,   W.  F.  GlaaHttf.  Ik4A, 

Dfvouport, 
Doris.  3i,  screw,  Capt.   E.  Heaihcota,  18W. 

Mediterranean, 
Dove,  screw  (ranbt,  Ueot  C,  J.  Bulloek,  1855, 

Eut  Indies 
Drake,  sc   (rnnht.  td?ut-Com.  A.  B,   Plsn<v 

{■  sat  Indies 
Eagle,  M,  Capt  E.  Tat  ham,  1854,  Ceaat  i 
Edffar,  M,   IC,  Bear- A  din.  J.  E  Cnkfrn 

J.  E.  Kat(  ineJFIeet 

Edlnluir^h,  5A,  §crew,  Cant   E.   C  T.  D'Eirn- 

iom-t,  184!>,  Coast  Guard. 
Elk,  19,  Com.  II,  Campion,  1855,  Australia, 
Exmrald,    51,    ac,  Capt    A.    CttDnuln? 

ChaonelFleet. 
Eak,  20,  st.  Sir.  It.  .1.   Lti  SI.  M'Clurr,    1 


1889.1 


BOTAX   KAVT  XtT  COMMTSBIOW 


§17 


Enryalus,  51,  sc,  Capt  J.  W.  Tarleton,  OB.,1852, 

Mediterranean. 
Excellent,  46,  gunnery  ship,  Capt  B.  S.  Hewlett, 

C.B ,  1850,  Portsmouth. 
Exmouth,  90,  sc,  Capt  J.  J.  Stoptord,  1841, 

Mediterranean. 
Fairy,  sc  yacht,  tender  to  Victoria  and  Albert 

yacht,  Portsmouth. 
Falcon,  17,  sc,  Com.  A.  G.  Fitx  Roy,  1807,  Coast. 

of  Africa. 
Ferret,  8,  Com.  W.  E.  Fisher,  1856,  particular 

service. 
Firebrand,  6,  st- vessel,  Com.  J.  Dayman,  1858, 

particular  service. 
Firm,  so.  gunbt,  Lieat-Com,  W.  R.  Boalton, 

1854,  East  Indies. 

Firefly,  4.  st-vesael,  —— —Woolwich. 
Fisfuard,  42,  Commodore  the  Hon.  J.  R.  Drum- 

mond,  C.B.,  Woolwich 
Flying  Fish,  6,  c.  Com.  C   W.  Hope,  1854, 

Portsmouth. 
Forester,  2,  sc  gunbt,  Lieut- Com.  A.  J,  lanes, 

1853,  East  Indies. 
Formidable,  84,  J.  a  Fitzgerald,    1840,  Sheer- 

ness. 
Forward,  2,  sc,' Lieut -Com.  C.  It  Robson,  1851, 

Devonport 
Furious,  16,  st-ves.,  Capt  0.  J.  Jones,  C.B.,  1855, 

East  Indies. 
Fury,  6,  st-ves.,  Com.  J.E.  CommereII,1855,  E. 

Indies. 
Ganges,  84,  Rear-Adm.  R.   L,  Baynea,  CB., 

Capt  J.  Fulford,  1848,  Paciflc 
Gannett  11,  Com.  E.  H.  G.  Lambert,  1854, 

Mediterranean. 
Gladiator,    6,    st -vessel,   Commander   H.   D. 

Hickley  (1858).  Devenport 
Gorgon,  6,  st-ves.  Com.  B.  C  T.  Pirn,  1858,  Ports- 

mouth. 
Growler,  2,  sc    gunboat,    Lleut-Com.  IT.  E. 

Crosier,  1854,  Mediterranean. 
Grapler,  2,   sc,  Lieut-Corn.  A.  P.  H.  Helby, 

1X49,  Devonport. 
Hannibal,  91,  sc,  Rear-Admlral  G.  R.  Mundy, 

Capt.  M.  Connolly,  1858,  Mediterranean. 
Harrier,  17,  screw,  Com.  Sir  M.  MacGregor,  Bart., 

(1856),  South  America. 
Hastings,  60,  screw,  Captain  W.  R.  Mends,  CB., 

1852,  Coast  Guard. 

Haughty,  2,  sc  gunboat,  Lieut -Com.  G.  D. 

Broad,  1851,  East  Indies. 
Havannah,  19,  Capt  T.  Hanrey,  1848,  Paciflc 
Hawke,  60,  sc,  Capt    W.  Crispin  1852,  Coast 

Guard. 
Herald,  8,  surv.-ve&,  Capt  H.  M.  Denham,  1846, 

Feejee  Islands. 
Hermes,  6,  st-v.,  Com.  W.  E.  A.  Gordon,  1854, 

Cape  of  Cood  Hope. 
Hero,  91,  screw,  Capt  G.  H.  Seymour,  CB, 

1844,  Channel  Fleet 

Hesper,  sc  st-ship,  Mast. -Com.  J.  Loane,  1846, 

East  Indies, 
Hlbernla,  rcc-shlp,  Rear-Admlral  H.  J.  Cod- 

rington,  C.B.,  Captain  F.  Warden,  C.B., 

1845,  Malta. 

Highflyer,  21,  sc,  Capt.  C.  F.  A.  ShadweR,  C.B., 

1853,  East  Indies. 

Himalaya,   sc  store-ship,  Com.  J.  Seccomfee, 

1855,  particular  service 

Hogne,  60,  screw,  Capt  R.  J.  J.'G.  Macdonald, 

1854,  Coast  Guard 

Hydra,  6.  st.-vessel,  Com.  R.  V.  Hamilton,  1857, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Illustrious,    72,    Com.    H.  C.  Harston,  1845, 

Portsmouth. 
Imanm,  72,  Commodore  H.  Kellett,  CB.,  Com. 

H.  J.  Grant  1855,  rec-shrp.  Jamaica. 
Impregnable,  104,  Vlce-Adm.  Sir  B.  Reynolds, 

K.C.B.,  Capt  W.  H.  Stewart,  CB.,  1954, 

Devonport. 


Xmpereoie,  51,  screw,  Gent  B.  Megifre,  MM, 

Portsmouth. 
Indus,  78,  Rear-Admlral  8tr  H.  Stewart,  K.CB. 

Capt  J.  C  D.  Hay,  1850,  North  Americ, 

and  West  Indies. 
Industry,  st-ves.,  2,  st-ship,  Hast-Cem.  G.  J. 

Hodges,  1841.  South  America. 
Inflexible,  6,  st-veai.  Com.  G.  A.  C  Brooker 

1856,  East  Indies. 
Intrepid,  6,  screw,  Com.  J.  H.  Marry**,  1855, 

Mediterranean. 
Iris,  26,  Commander  W.  Loring,  C.B.,  Australia. 
Jackal,  4,  st -vessel,  Lleut-Com.  A.  G.  E.  Murray, 

1846,  particular  service. 
James  Watt  91,  screw,  Capt  E.  Codd,  1851, 

Channel  Fleet 
Janus,  sc  gunboat,  Lieut -Com.  H.  P.  Knevitt, 

1855,  East  Indies. 

Jasper,  sc.  gunboat  Lleut-Com.  W.  H.  Pym, 

1849,  W.  Indies. 
Kestrel,  sc  gunboit  Lieut -Com.  G.  D  Bevan, 

1858,  East  Indies. 
Lapwing,  4,  screw,  Com.  M.  F.  0.  BelHy,  1856, 

Mediterranean. 
Lee,  sc  gunbt,  Lieut -Com.  W.  H.  Jones,  1852, 

East  Indies. 
Leopard,   18,    st-ves.,    Rear-Admlral   Sir    S. 

Lusbington,  C.B.,  Capt  J.  F.  B.  Wain- 

wright 

1856,  &  E.  Coast  of  America. 

Leven,    sc  gunboat,  Lieut -Com.  J.  &  Hudson, 

1854,  East  Indies. 

Lifley.  51,  screw,  Capt  G.  W.  Preedy,  CB.,  1855, 

Mediterranean. 
Locust  3,  st-ves.,  Lieut -Com.  J.  B.  Field,  1846, 

particular  service. 
London,  90,  screw,  Capt  H.  Chads,  1848,  Mediter- 
ranean. 
Lynx,  4,  screw,  Lieut  Com.  H.  Berkeley,  1854, 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Lyra,  9,  sc  Com.  R.  B.  Oldfleld,  1855,  Gape  of 

Good  nope. 
Madagascar,  receiving  ship,  Commander  E.  M. 

Leycester,  1856,  lilo  Janeiro. 
Magicienne,  16,  st -vessel,  Capt  N.  Vansittart, 

C.B.,  1854,  E.  Indies. 
Marlborough,  131,  sc,  Vice  Adm.  A.  Fanattawe, 

C.B.,  Capt  the  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  P.  H.  Kerr, 

1852,  Mediterranean. 
Mars,  80,  sc,  Capt  J.  N.  Strange  (1854),  Sheer- 

ness. 
Medina,  st-ves.,  4,  Capt  T.  A.  B.  Sprats,  CB. 

1855,  Mediterranean 

Medusa,  4,  steam-vessel,  Com.  W.  Bowden,  1854, 

Coast  of  Africa 
Melpomene,  50,  screw,  Capt  C  J.  F.  Ewart, 

1855,  particular  service. 
Mersey,  40,   screw,  Capt  H.  Caldwell,  C.B., 

1858,  Channel  Fleet. 
Minotaur,  Capt  E.  P.  Halsted  1849,  Sheerness. 
Mohawk,    4,     screw.     Com.  ■   ■    East 

Indies. 
Monkey,  steam  tug,  Sec  Mas.  G.  Syndereomb, 

(acting),  Woolwich. 
Naiad,  42,  store-ship,  Mast-Corn.  W.  W.  Dillon, 

1848,  Callao 
Nautilus,  6,  Lieut- Cora.  W.  B    Grant,  1852, 

apprentice  ship,  Portsmouth 
Neptune,  91,  screw,  Capt.  Sir  W.  Hoste,  Bart., 

1848,  Portsmouth. 
Nereus,  42,  store- depot,  Mast -Com.  J.  C.  Bar- 
low, 1835,  Valparaiso 
Niger,     14,    sc,    Capt    C.  P.  Meads,    1859, 

East  Indies. 
Nile,  90,  sc,  Rear-Adm.  C.  Talbot  Caps.  A.  P. 

E.  Wllmot  CB.,  1854,  Devonport 
Nlmrod,  6,  sc,  Com.  R.  J.  Wynatets,  Acting, 

East  Indies. 
Oberon,  3,  st.-vessel,  Ueut-Coin.F.Q»<3v*%*£&N 

l%tti&wfti<>MJ*.<&  Karate*. 


618 


BOYAX  1TAVT  IK  COMMISSION. 


[Aug,, 


Opossum,   3,  ftt  gunboat  LiemVCom,  C.   J. 

Balfour,  1850,  East  Indies. 
Orion.  31,  screw,  0  Ftere    I(J54, 

>J"  lLtcrranean. 
Osborne,st. -vessel.   Mo|.  Cora.  G.  II.  K,  Bower 

1842.  Portsmouth. 
Qsprey,  4,  screw.  Con).  II.  J,  Blame  ebt  1855, 

Mediterranean 
reform,  31  st,  Capt  F.  E,  P.  Seymour,  lH51t 

East  Indies, 
Pembroke,  60,  Capt.  E.  P.  Ch  arte  wood,  IS8S, 

Coast  Guard, 
Fttimvrmm,  *  troop  ship.  Cora,  K  R,  Power, 

particular  aerriec 
Persian,    12.      CommanderE.    Harding*    lSSft, 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
PfaPftgr,  fi,  screw.  Coin.  C.  H.  May,  1854,  Chan- 

ocl  Fleet. 
iloTSr,  2,  *e.  gunboat  Lieut -Com.  W.  H.  Kason, 

1455,  East  Indies 
Plumper.  9,  screw,  Capt  C.  IT,  Richards,  li54, 

Pacific. 
Pluto,  4,  st-*esset,  Liout.*Cora.  C.  H.  Simpson, 

1 848.  Coast  of  Africa 
Porcupine,  3,  staves,  Capt  fL  C-  Otter,  1054  , 

particular  service. 
Princess    Charlotte,    104    Maat-Coni.   IL    G 

Thomsett  1854,  Hong  Knng. 
Princes  Royal,  81,  sc,  Capt  T.   Balllle,  1841, 

Mediterranean 
Py  lades,  screw,  21,  Capt  M.  de  Ceurey,   1SA2, 

Pidflc 
Qua'l  %  at  gunboat.  Lleut-Com.   X.  Oaborn 

1B5S,  Mediterranean. 
Queen  Charlotte,  104,  Vicc-Adm.  E.  liarvr-r, 

Capt  H.  Hurv,  v,  H.y>,  SheetMO. 
Racer,  li,  screw.  Com.  tho  Hon.  T..V,  Pakenbarn 

18513,  NnrtU    inter! 6ft  ri I v  1  W ■ -r  '.;•  II 
Pacocm,  2 J,  screw,  Captain  J.  A.  I'iivn; 

literrmnean. 
Recruit  fl,  «.-▼-,  Com.  D.  Spain,    1S5C,  Medi- 
terranean, 
Renown,  91,  screw,  Capt,  A,  Forties,  1846  Medi- 
terranean. 
Retribution,    2S,  *t  vessel   Commodore  It  £. 

Ed  gel  I,  East  In  (Una. 
Kh&d&mantlms,  4*  sL  vea.,    Maslor-Ccim,  F.  R 

Sturdee,  1843,  particular  sen  Ice, 
Roebuck,  fi,  se.,  Com.  E,C  SyffioeA,  acting,  E.I 
Italia,  ti,  Lieut -Com.  C.  G.  Nelson,  1*54,  Parts* 

mouth. 
Royal  Adelaide,  104.  Rr.-Ad    Mr  T.  &    Pasley. 
Bt ;  Cant  W.  ,1.  Williams,  1811,  Davenport. 
Royal  Albert,  121,  «c.  Rear*  Admiral  Sir  C  H. 
I -ri ■cmantlc  K.C.IL,  Capt  E.  B.  Jllcc  I 
Chancel  Fleet - 
Russell,  GO,  *i,  Cape  ft  Wodehouse,  1854,  Coast 

Guard. 
St.  .lean  DAcre,  l&L  screw,  Capt.  T.  P.  Thomp- 
son, 184T,  Mediterranean. 
9t  Vincent,  102,  Near  Admiral  G.  Grey,  Capt 

T.  Wilson,  188%  Portsmouth. 
Sampson,  6,  at- v.,  Capt.  G,  S.  Hand,  1H52,  S.E. 

Coast  of  Abu 
Saracen,  4,  Mast -Com,  W,  Stan  ton,  1852,  East 

ladles. 
SatellUy  sc,,  21,  Capt  J.  a   PreTwt,  185G 

Pacific. 
Saturn.    J2.    Cspt    G.    Ramsay,    C.B.,    1843, 
Tem  broke. 

fi,  sc ,  Com.  Prince  of  Laji^enberg 
1847.  Jtolfl*rraaean. 
BflOBt,  21.  PCv.Capt  J.  Corl»ttt  IS^7,  Sbeerneis 
Scjlla,  2iT  sc..  Card.  R.  Lambert,  tt*A5,  Sheer- 

ncas. 
SangiiU.  sc.  jrunbt,  llcut-Coin.  W.  Chimmo, 

18JKJ,  peitlcubr  ia 
Sharpshooter,  s,  screw,  Lieut *Coto.  C  GlbeotiK, 
1S16,  Coaal  of  Africa. 


IPSA* 


South 
wuit^ 


: 


Sidonr  22,  at-ves.,  Capt  R.  B.  Crawford, 

PortsmoutlL 

Simoom,  a,  sc,   Com.  J.  M.  Cooke,   IS52,  par- 
ticular serrlc*. 
Siren,  !«,  Com.  G.  !i  DaHouf,  ISafi,   South 

East  Coast  of  America. 
Skipjack,  as.  gunbt.   Lieut -Com.  J.  Murray, 

1848.  Chimuel  1 
Slancy,  2,  sv.   ipuihb,  Lt-Com.  II.  IL    Leer. 

law,  East  Indies. 
Sparrowhawk,  4,  *c,  Com-  J.  C.  Byug,  185B, 

East  Indies. 
Spitfire,  ft,  st-T.,  Lleut-Com.  W.  C.  Chapmao, 

1^4-1,  Coast  of  Africa. 
Spy*  3,  Lieut -Com.  T.  U.  Colllasoti,  isfrrt, 

East  Coast  of  America. 
Starling,  sc.- gun  boat,  Lieut. -Cum.    1.  A. 

shed,  1354,  East  Indies. 
Staunch,  2.  se,-t:uni>rjAt>  Lt.-Com.  E.  J.  Pollard, 

1855,  East  Indies. 
Stji,  t\  jtt.ves.,  Com. C.  Vesey,  laA-l  N.  Aiqer1c4 

and  W,  Indlea. 
Supply,  st.-sh..  Mast. -Com.   W,    H.    BaRiston, 

lw|5,  particular  serrtce. 
Surprise,  4,  §c,Cool  Lord  IL  IL  Cecil,  1857,  C.  of 

Africa. 
Tartar,  20,  se.,Capt  If,  Dun  lop,  1S30,  W.  Ini 

and  X.  AmL'rlL-a. 
Tartarus.  4,  St,  Com.  A  L  Mauaetl,  1655,  M 

terraueau. 
Tennajfaut    25,    acrew,  Capt.    R,    HatL   1855, 

i>evonport 
Terrible,   21,  st^veB9cl,  Capt-  F.  II.  IL  Glaase, 

C.  B.,  1SI«J,  MedltenauLMn. 
Terror,  16,  Capt  F.  Hutton,  1814,  Bermuda. 
Topoze,  51.  »t,  CapL  the  Hon.  J.  W.S  Spence 

is;>4,  Deronport, 
Tortoise,   12,  *tgrc-»hlp.  Capt    W.  F    Cum. 

1S94,  Ascension. 
TraJWffar,  n,  sc,,  Capt.  E.  G.  Fauahawe,   I 

£hcerncsa. 
Tribune,  30.  screw,  Captain  G,  T,  F 

IB1«,  Padflc. 
Trident  &>  st-v,  Com.  F,  A.  Close,  1851, 0 

of  AlTlca. 
Triton,  3,  at^es,  Llnnt*Conu  it   H.   B 

1849,  Coast  of  Africa 
Urgent;  so.  troop  ship,  Com.  BL  W.  Hire,  1 854, 

Portsmouth, 
Valorous,  ltf,  st-veg,,  Capt  W.C  Aldbam,  C,B 

1853,  West  Indies. 
Vesuvius,  0,  atcam-vcsael,  Commodore  C  Wl 

Coast  of  Africa. 
Victor  Emanuel,  »1,  sc.^Cnpt.  J,  Willcoi,  C. 

\<"t{\  Mediterranean. 
Victoria  and  Albert,  2t  atenm  yacht  Captain  t 

Hon.  J    Den  man,  1841,  Portsir: 
Tlctor>.  irtl.  Admiral  W.  Bowlea,  C.B,;  Cspt 

A.  Faiquhar,  1I4»,  l^rtsmonth. 
Vigilant  <,  ac.,  Com,  W.  Amij  tayc,  l«55,  M. 

terranean. 
Viper,  4.  «crew,  Com.  W. 

Lit,  1858,  Coaat  of  At. 
Virago,  6,  st-vea.,   Com.  M.  R,  Dunn,  n 

porttidar  service. 
Visen,    a,    flt.-rei,    Com.  L.  Lambert, 

Pacific 
Vulture,  «,  st-YM  Captain  F,  A.  Cauipbi 

Mediterranean. 

rer,  4, screw,  Com.  U.  ir.  IVlSkII,  }i7> 

Mediterranean. 
Watchful,  2,  sc-gunbt  *T,  I 
Welleslcv,  72.  Captain  Superintendent  G.  G 

smith,  C.B..  1842,  Chatham. 
Wellington,    72,  Capt   R,   S.  Robin *«~ 

riport 
Woodcock,  2.  sc,  gunbt,  Lt^Coxn.  G.  a 
Banquet,  1435,  East  Indies. 


1889.]  610 

LIST  OF  H.  M.  INDIAN  NAVr  IN  COMMISSION. 


(Corrected  to  t  e  13rd  Jane,  1859.) 


With  the  dates  of  Commission  of  the  Officers  in  command. 


Acbar,  29,  Flag-ship  of  Commodore  G.  G.  Wal- 
lesley,  C.B.,  R.N.  Commander-in-Chief 
I.  N.;  Capt  J.  W.  Young,  C.B.,  1856,  Bom- 
bay; Maa-Com.  H.  W.  Grounds,  1856,  Gun- 
nery Officer. 

Auckland,  6,  paddle,  Com.  J.  Stephens, 
1848,    Red  Sea. 

Assyria,  2.  paddle,  Master-Corn.  E.  Davies, 
1858,  River  Indus. 

Assaye,  10,  paddle,  Commander  J.  N.  Adams, 

1857,  Bombay. 

Augusta.  6,  scn.-yacht,  tender  to  Acbar,  Bom- 
bay. 

Australian,  screw  troop  ship,  Master-Corn.  — 
Boon,  1858,  Bengal 

Berenice,  2,  paddle  troop  ship,  Lieut-Com. 
A.  W.  Chitty,  1847,  Bombay. 

Becas,  6,  flat,  Master-Coin.  E.  Nash,  1851, 
River  Indus. 

Charlotte,  4,  Lieut-Corn.  W.  Collingwood, 
1855,  Persian  Gulf. 

Clive,  12,  Lieut-Corn.  J.  Sedley,  1847,  Trau- 
zibar. 

Constance,    3,    Lieut-Corn.    J.    B.    Dickson, 

1851,  Red  Sea, 

Comet,  5,  paddle  gunboat,  Com.  W.  B.  Selby, 

1855,  River  Euphrates. 
Conqueror,  2,   paddle,  Master-Commander  T. 

Linton,  1849,  River  Indus. 
Coromandel   screw  troop   ship,    Lieut-Corn. 

H.  A.  Fraser,  1846,  Bay  of  Bengal 
Chenaub,  2,  paddle,  Master-Com.  T.  Gourley, 

1858,  River  Indus. 

Cursetjee,  Flat,  Mastcr-Com. ,  Indus. 

Clyde,  4,  sc  gunboat,  Lieut-Com.  J.  G.  Nixon, 

1847,  Bombay. 

Dalhousie,    screw  troop   ship,    Com.    F.    W. 

Hopkins,  1858,  Bay  of  Bengal 
Dromedary,  Flat,  Master-Com. ,  River 

Indus.  «         r,  „    « 

Elphinstone,  12,  Lleut.-Com.  C.  L.  Brooman, 

1848,  Bombay. 

Euphrates,    Flat    Master-Com.    W.    Walton, 

1858,  River  Indus. 
Ethersey,  Flat,  Master-Com.  T.  Jones,  1858, 

River  Indus. 
Ferooz,  10,  paddle.  Commander  C.  J.  CruU 

tenden,  1855,  Bombay. 
Freere,  2,  paddle.  Master  Commander  J.  McNeil, 

1852,  River  Indus. 

Falkland,  12,    Commodore  G.  Jenkins,  C.B., 

Persian  Gulf. 
Goolanair,    paddle  yacht,  Master-Commander 

T.  KeimeDy,  1850,  Bombay 


Georgian*  2,    Lieut-Com.  F.  Warden,   1856 

Andaxnans. 
Indus,  2,  paddle,  Master-Commander  E.  A.  S. 

Neale,  1853,  River  Indus. 
Jhelum,  2,  paddle,   Master-Corn.  R.  L.  Law- 
son,  1856,  River  Indus. 
Keddywarree,  guard  ship,    Lieut    E.    Giles, 

1847,  Port  Officer.  Kurrachee. 
Lady  Falkland,  paddle  tender  to  Acbar. 
Lady  Canning,  4,  paddle,  Lieut-Com.  E.  Peevor, 

1846,  Red  Sea. 
Mahi,    3,  Lieut-Com.    R.   W.  Whisk,    1849, 

Persian  Gulf. 
MariS,  3,  Lieut-Com.  C.  G.  Constable,  1845, 

Surveying  Vessel  Persian  Gulf. 
Mootree,  1,  pendant  ves.,  Capt  E.  W.  Daniell, 

1857,  Kotree. 
Napier,     2,    paddle,    Master-Commander   J. 

Forster,  1851,  River  Indus. 
Nimrod,  2,  paddle,  Master-Commander  J.  B. 

Butter,  1856,  River  Indus. 
Nitocris,  Flat  Master-Corn.  A.  Harrison,  1856, 

River  Indus. 
Outram,  2,  paddle,  Mast-Corn.  W.  Flrey,  1858, 

River  Indus. 
Planet     2,     paddle,     Master-Com.      T.     K. 

Fletcher,  1853,  River  Indus. 
Punjaub,  10,  paddle,  Commander  A.  Foulerton, 

1857,  Calcutta 
Prince   Arthur,    screw   troop-ship,  Com.   J. 

Tronson,  1858,  Bombay. 
Pleiad,  2,  screw,  Mas.-Com.  D.White,  1858, 

Bombay. 

Ravee,  Flat  Master-Corn. ,  River  lodns. 

Sutledge,  Flat,  Master-Com. ,  River  Indus. 

Satellite,  2,    paddle,  Master-Com.   A.  Wilklns, 

1852,  River  Indus. 
Semirarais,  10,  iwddle,  Corn.  W.  Balfour,  1855, 

Bombay. 
Snake,  paddle,  tender  to  Acbar,  Bombay. 
Sir  H.  llavelock,  2,  paddle,  Master-Corn.  D. 

Morrison,  1858,  River  Indus. 
Sir  H.  Lawrence,  2,  paddle,  Master-Corn.  C. 

Tickel  1845,  River  Indus. 
Sydney,     screw     troop     ship,    Master-Com, 

-,  Bay  of  Bengal 
Tigris,  5,  Lieut-Com.  G.  T.  Robinson,  1847, 

Persian  Gulf. 
Victoria,    5,    paddle,    Lieut-Com.   T.  S.  II. 

Twynham,  1845,  Bombay. 
Zenobia,    10,  paddle,    Com.  F.  E.   Manners, 

1857,  Persian  Gulf. 


BENGAL  NAVAL  BRIGADE. 


Head  Quarters,  Calcutta,  Capt  C.  D.  Camp- 
bell 1857. 

1st  Company,  Fort  William,  Lieut-Com.  J. 
Huclock,  1858. 

2nd  Company,  Moot jhary,  Lieut-Com.  J.  Il  B. 
Bavon,  1859.  n  „   n 

3rd  Company,  Chuprall  Lieut-Com.  C.  B. 
Templer,  1857. 

4th  Company,  Allipore,  Lieut. -Com.  R.  Carey, 
1850. 

5th  Company,  Dumdum,  Lieut  Com.  H.  W. 
H.  Barnes,  1857. 


Cth  Company,  Dacca,lLieut-Cem.  H.  W.  Ethe- 

ridge,l347. 
7th  Company  Sasseram,  Lieut-Com.  G.  O.  B. 

Carew,  1855. 
8th       do.     Barackpore,  Lieut-Com.  W.  H.  M. 

Davis,  1849. 
9th  Company,  Patna,  Lieut-Com.  D.  &  Duval 

1854. 
10th  Company,  Jeypore,  Lieut-Com.    A.    T. 

Windus,  1851. 
11th  Company,  Andaman  Islands,  Lieut-Com. 

H.  Jackson,  1955. 


U.  S.  Mag.,  No.,  369,  Aug.,  1S59. 


*  % 


620 


INDIAN  NATAL  BRIGADE. 


[Aug., 


TOOJCOTMJW  AMP  APPOINTMENTS. 

Commander  to  be  Captain—John  Stephens, 
1848. 

Lieutenant  to  be  Commander— B.  A.  Strad- 
dling, 1844. 

Mates  to  be  Lieutenant*—  R.  B.  Leefe,  1864; 
H.  J.  Edward**,  1856. 

APPOINTMENTS. 

Captain— J.  W.  Young,  C.B.,  1856,  to  Acbar, 
Flag-ship. 

Lieutenants— L.  G.  Levis,  acting,  1856 ;  C.  E. 
Beddome,  acting,  1859;  C.  Forster,  1856 ; 
A.D.  Taylor,  1847;  R.  Williams,  acting, 
1855,  to  Acbar;  J.  G.  Nixon,  1847,  to  com- 
mand sc.  guabl  Clyde;  C.  E.  Brooman, 
1848,  to  command  Elphinstone  ;  F.  W. 
Shottoare,  1856,  to  Semlramis ;  J.  Brebner, 
acting,  1859,  to  ftemiramis;  C.  Y.  D'Arcy, 
acting,  1858,  to    Elphinatono ;  B.    Cb,  & 


Clarke,  acting,  1859,  to  Elphinstone;  F.  L. 
Beaton,  acting,  1857,  to  Feroos;  J.  Clarke, 
1857,  to  Auckland  ;  J.  B.  Dickson,  1851,  to 
command  Constance;  C.  E.  Beddome, 
acting,  1859,  to  be  Inspector  of  the  Bom- 
bay Steam  Navigation  Company;  R.  B. 
Leefe,  to  be  Superintendent  of  Pattimars. 

Acting  Masters—  D.  White,  1858,  to  command 
Pleiad. 

Midshipmen— J.  D.  Bndd;  H.  W.  Eatridge ; 
H.  Hewer  to  Acbar;  W.  Marshall;  J.  A 
Kettley  to  Elphinatono;  C  William*;  R. 
Richmond  to  Semlramifl;  A  Cambell  to 
Aasaye. 

Clerks— F.  W.  DanieU,  to  Indus  Flotilla;  H. 
Barrett  to  Asaaye ;  A  T.  Shottfeworth, 
1855,  to  Clyde,  in  charge;  A  8,  Finlinaon. 
to  SemiramJs,  in  charge. 


1859.] 


621 


PBOMOTIONS  AND  APPOINTMENTS. 
NAVY. 


Admiralty,  June  7. 
Corps  of  Royal  Marines— Capt.  R. 
M.  Curry  to  be  Lieut.  Col.,  vice  A. 
Fleming,  to  retired  full  pay:  First 
Lieut,  and  Adjutant  H.  L.  Searfe  to  be 
Capt.,  vice  Curry,  promoted ;  Second 
Lieut.  M.  Hoggeto  be  First  Lieut.,  vice 
Searle,  promoted,  July  11th;  First 
Lieut.  U.  L.  Morris  to  be  Adjutant. 

Admiralty,  July  12. 
Corps  of  Royal  Marines — Captain 
Edward  Stanley  Brown,  to  be  Lieutenant 
Colonel,  vice  Fleming,  retired  on  Full 
Pay ;  First  Lieut.  H.  Lewis  Evans  to 
be  Captain,  vice  Browne,  promoted  ; 
Second  Lieut.  Joseph  Phillips  to  be 
First  Lieut.,  vioe  Evans,  promoted. 

Admiralty,  June  17. 
Corps  of  Royal  Marines — Gentleman 
Cadet  E.  M.  Messiter  to  be  Second 
Lieutenant. 

Admiralty,  June  18. 
Corps  of  Royal  Marines — Cadet  J. 
L.  Needham,  to  be  Second  Lieutenant ; 
Cadet  J.  Inman,  to  be  Second  Lieute- 
nant ;  Cadet  W.  G.  T.  Bickford  to  be 
Second  Lieutenant ;  Cadet  6.  A.  G. 
Martin,  to  be  Second  Lieutenant ;  Cadet 
H.  B.  Isaacson,  to  be  Second  Lieute- 
nant ;  Cadet  J.  M.  Dyer,  to  be  Second 
Lieutenant. 

Admibalty. 
Whitehall,  June  27.— The  Queen 
has  been  pleased  to  direct  letters  patent 
to  be  passed  under  the  Great  Seal  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  constituting  and  appointing  the 
Most  Noble  Edward  Adolphus,  Duke 
of  Somerset ;  Vice  Admiral  the  Hon- 
ourable Sir  Richard  Saunders  Dundas, 
K.C.B. ;  Rear  Admiral  the  Honourable 
Frederick  Thomas  Pelham,  C.B. ;  Cap- 
tain Charles  Eden,  C.B.  ;  Captain 
Charles  Frederick  ;  and  Samuel  Whit- 
bread,  Esq.,  to  be  Her  Majesty's  Commis- 
aioners  for  executing  the  office  of  Lord 
High  Admiral  of  the  said  United  King- 
dom of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and 
the  dominions,  islands,  and  territories 
thereunto  belonging. 

Admiralty,  June  27. 
Vic*  Admiral  of  the  Bhie  George: 
Frederick  Rich  has  been  appointed  to 


receive  a  pension  of  £150  a-year,  as  pro- 
vided by  Her  Majesty's  Order  in  Council 
of  25th  June,  1851,  vacant  by  the  death 
of  Vice  Admiral  Sir  David  Dunn, 
K.C.H.,  and  the  name  of  Vice  Admiral 
Rich  has  been  removed  to  the  Reserved 
Half  Pay  List  accordingly,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  this  removal,  the  following 
promotions,  to  date  from  the  17th  inst., 
have  this  day  taken  place  :  Alexander 
Thomas  Emeric  Vidal  to  be  Vice  Ad- 
miral of  the  Blue ;  Charles  Talbot  to 
be  Rear  Admiral  of  the  Red ;  the  Hon. 
Sir  Henry  Keppel,  K.C.B.,  to  be  Rear 
Admiral  of  the  White. 

Captains  Francis  Decimus  Hastings, 
and  George  Hathora,  to  be  Rear  Admi- 
rals on  the  Reserved  List. 

Captain  Lewis  Tobias  Jones,  C.B.,  to 
be  Rear  Admiral  of  the  Blue. 

Admibalty,  May  12. 

Corps  of  Royal  Marines— Gentlemen 
Cadets  to  be  Second  Lieutenants— St. 
Andrew  St.  John,  Charles  Rowley 
Brand,  Edward  Willoughby  Grenvflle, 
John  Ignatius  Morris,  Gerald  Altham 
Heseltine,  Henry  Seton  Bourchier,  John 
Holland,  Henry  Luzmoore  Stirling,  Ed- 
ward Benjamin  Steele  Perkins,  William 
Murray  Swinton,  George  John  Airey, 
Francis  Fosbery  Evans,  Robert  William 
Francis  Holt. 

May  17.-— Gentleman  Cadet  Robert 
Hoare  Dwyer  to  be  Second  Lieutenant. 

Admiralty,  June  17. 
Corps  of  Royal  Marines— Gentlemen 
Cadets  to  be  Second  Lieuts. :  Alexander 
George  Anson,   Robert  Calder  Allen, 
Alfred  Wilmot  Johnston, 

PROMOTIONS. 

Commander  to  be  Captain  —  C.  H. 
May,  1854. 

Lieutenant  to  be  Commander — Hon* 
Armar  L.  Corry,  1856,  and  A.  P.  Ark- 
wright,  1845. 

Mates  to  be  Lieutenant* — James  E. 
Erakine,  Henry  Waller,  W.  N.  Tufnell, 
H.  H.  Washington,  C.  E.  D.  Willoox, 
H.  C.  Onslow  and  Francis  Stirling,  1858 ; 
A.  Marknam,  1858. 

2b  be  Pavmtutm-9  IB.  0.  Tunmne, 
A  H.  Marti*  J.>Wo4*e*>C:<3^T&»QL, 
and  A.  Thom\»wni,  «&  <&  \fcSfo, 


022 


MOMOTI0KS  A3TB  ANOINTMENTS, 


[AM-i 


Surgeon  tale  Deputy  In  *j  veto*  General 
a/  Hospital* — James  Rae  \h),  1850. 

Assistant  Surgeon  to  he  Surgeon— John 
P,  Macdonald,  1640, 

A  Mutant  Surgeon-*  Edwd4  McCarthy, 
1856#  has  boon  confirmed  in  that  rank. 

APPOINTMENTS 

Cajrtaiiw— Thorrcaa  H,  Mason,  184R, 

to  t?ir#f*r  ;  Augustus  Fhillluiore,  1855, 

;  R«   J.   J*  G.  Maodonald, 

1854,  to  Ifogite  j  W,  J.  0.  Clifford,  CJR, 

1847,  Id  t'win» 

Commanders— \\\  C.  De  Vere, 

awiMWOHj  Hugh  A.  IMih\  1858, 
MM*;   J.  K.  £.   Baird,    1857,  to 

Ikvttitntiuii  ;   A.  0.  Strode,  \^ 
Vntcitn  ;     I     II.    Fiiroemx,     1856*  to 
Jhtfnj'tt  ;  C.   En  Si-Lbottoni,  1856,  to 

'«/* rwte  —  Joaiah  11.  Hatehavd, 
18.>4,  to  Cwmdi  j  P.  W.  Stephens  1856, 
to  I'wteuw  :  Williiuu  Howortb,  18 j6,  to 
Im-jirrytuibfe  ;  EL  Efcwfcm  1857,  to /m> 
periente  ;  Henry  E.  Stephens,  1857,  to 
OfgNfti  ;  John  S.  Keats,  1855,  to  Git*- 
■Mtfitt,  for  Kmce  in  Spanker  %  C.  T* 
Williamson,  1855,  to  Jmxyaiii;  EL  E, 
Kichiird*,  LS60,  |o  ImpvtimM  j  Marcus 

«teUo,  1858,  to  Curaroa  ;  H.  B. 
Burnaby,  1849,  to  Nik  ;  II,  G.  Belson, 
1854, to  Sidoni  T,  P.  Stiu}dcrt,  1855, 

nfem  ;   Louie  Geneste    to  Excel- 

lent ;  B,  B.  EL  Franklin,  1854,  to  Impt- 

A.  Brine,  1845,  to  Donegal ; 

EL    T.    XidioUai,  1 05  7  j  to    Trafalgar  ; 

Fred.  J.  l'rotheroe,  1849,   to   Welling* 

Charles  N+  Streatficld,  1859,  to 
f7u  -,  R.  O.  Kinahan,  185U, to  fimi  ; 
Arthur  J.  Day,  1854,  to  Amphion  ;  H. 
H.  Waafaincton,  is;><>t  to  frnptrmmm% 
If,  Rogers,  1853,  to  Brwuwwk  \  W.  N. 
Tufnell,  1859,  to  TM&fc  ;  II.  fc.  Nicho- 
letts,   1859,    to    Aw  pit  ion;   R.   Mansel, 

to  iVflai  .1.  E,  Enkine,  1859,  to 
Edgar  m  Flag  Lieutenant  to  Rear 
Admiral  Enskmt*;  A.  J.ChatneId,1854, 

rwmaHk  ;  W.  B.  A.  F,  Paterfton, 
1854,  to  Spate- \  H,  Ktrnt,  1853,  to 
Sfmoom  ;  F.  Stirling,  1S59,  to  Mars  ; 
)J>>n.  F*  G.  Oof  ton,  1857,  to  A  i  tip  ft  tun, 

.i/^-W,  Mills,  1841,  to    V 
Irwr  ;  J+  E.  Mills,  1829,  to  W elfiugtau  ; 
$8,  to   Gladiator  j  John 
E.  Scudamore,  1858,  to  Daunt  If, 
E,   Pu  .   to   (iorgw  ;  John  S. 

Tavlor,  1854,  additional  to  Fit^rd ; 
John  15.  Chappie,  11*58,  to  Stmoom  ;  S, 
J,  W\  Ifomity,  1S51,  additional  to 
Wellington ;  Audruw  J,  Arrostnnig, 
l*M»,  "to  ffarffOfl  j  Hichard  T,  Saumtei, 
1^4S    (additional,)    to    Atta  ;    Arthur 


Thomaa,     1854,    to     Vuknn ;    Francis 
Taylor,  1855  (additional),  to  Asia, 

Second  Alasfers — Henry  Aquilar,  to 
W  i  John  Williami,  to  Forward ; 
William  L,  Dodds,  1858  (additional),  to 
Atui  ;  Thomas  IL  Hayman,  1858,  to 
Rhndamanthut  \  William  H,  WUling,  to 
Dashte. 

— J.  M'Kie,  1S55,  to 
Hood;  0.  Tucker,  1847,  to  Donegal ;  J, 
R.  Johnson,  1855,  to  Gladiator  \  M 
Kidd,  1858,  to  Vulcan  ;  J,  I'attetwm, 
1854,  to  Ariadne. 

Chaplain  —  E.  A.  Williaii  .  MA, 
1854,  to  EmcrM 

Deputy  Inspector  of  ffoapUdU — Ales* 
aoder  Armstrong,  M.D.,  185Sf  to  ba 
Deputy  Insj>ector  General  of  the  Naval 
Hospital  at  Malta. 

rattx—C.  K.  Nutt,  1840,  taPortt- 
inouth  Dockyard  ;  Frederick  W-  Blake, 
M,t>.,  1855,  to  Clio;  J.  Mitchell,  MLD*, 
1847,1  R  Fulton,  M;r»  , 

to  lopaze ;  Frederic  Harvey,   1S49,   l> 
Hrro  ;  John  Jack,  185 1 

AsBtttfinr  5WywW'  ■  Roht.  Edwardes, 

1857,  con  firmed  in  Pelorus  i    Andrew 
Mullan,  1857,  eon  firmed  in  Tn"5tf!te, 

Awixttatt  Surgeoni  i  A  ding  ) —  H  enry 
A,  Ci  a ;    Henry  Hadlov  ia 

ScyUa  ;  Georffe  11.  Uulirint'cr  to  diladi* 
at  or  ;    Thomas  L.    Biekford    to 
Richard  W,  Brigufcoeke  to  Sidon  ■   Wsl 
J,  A«sHn  to  Couaeh  ;   B.  Gregory  10 
Amphiov, 

Pujpivtstera— \\\  II,  Turn. 
Edinburgh  %    John  Tompkins,    3 
Vttlttin  :  William  F.  lApidfe,  18 
Trafalgar  \    Charlei  V    Ick,  1854,  ti» 
Lyckpti    Charlee  C.  Ick,    1854 
ttoual).  t.<i  Erhjttr 

fbmt  I\i*ftw>*te}'«—Y,  M.  Wrfgfatj 
1S53,  to  BV/Wf//  j  Corbet  C.  Edward*, 

1858,  to    I  lepfc   H.   Mftuky. 

W,  H,H< 
t->   6)moom  *,    H,   V.   Forrest,    1S50,  to 
Donegal  \  Thomas   Goodmai 
Btenktm\    H.    F.  AlMricks,  is 
Sido*]  George   F.    Norman,    188 
Impregnable  ;  Hemy  M*  Bernard 
to  Edgar-,  John  T,  Farwell,  to  Ai\ 

phian. 

t  V*-#7f.+ — J.  \\\  Thompson  to  Ctw  j  T- 
W  ,  Johnson  to  Edgar  ;   Jaraea  Wi 
to  NepluMe  ;  William  J.  Ellis  to  In 
rieutf  ;   Raohaid  Wtlliains  to  CWot, 

^ajiis^airi  Clerk*— E,  Barker  to   Jfd 
HA.    HaawaH    to    Topair ; 
David  Acheson  «»  Himalaya  ;  A,  Hun* 
terto  Irafalgar  \    W,   Barne*  ar 
NoUidge  to   Qn/oj  CKarbth      P,  H 
French  to  Jlfnjji  ;  W.  \V.  Murh  to///r<f; 


1859.] 


PEOM0TIOK8  AJTD  A*FGI2m£ENTS. 


63 


G.  W.  Aldrideeto  Vukan  \  J,  T.  Price 
to  Donegal;    James  K.  Bell  to  Diadem. 

AtsUttmt  Engineer*— \»t  Class  —John 
Beardcn  to  A  mpkum  ;  J.  A .  Clarke  to 
Donegal;  J.  Humphries  to  Snap\  W. 
P.  Dawe  to  Z*i%  ;  J.  Hughes  to  <?£»- 
dta tor  -,  W.  Brown  to  Afar*  ;  2nd  Class 
— E.  Pearce  to  Donegal ;  J,  Charlton  to 
Topax  ;  3rd  Class—  P,  Rosewame,  J. 
M.  Brnnkstone,  W.  Russell,  and  J. 
Turner,  to  Donegal]  T.  H.  GftrrT,  F, 
Wheeler,  W.  B.  Tadd,  to  Gladiator  ; 
J,  B.  LiddEe  and  J.  Young  to  Diadem  ; 
J,  E.  Julian  to  Wellington. 

A msta n  t  Ent/inn  rs — 1  at  C lass — IV. 
H.  Symona  to  Lark.  2nd  Class— G. 
Fitzgerald  to  Grapple?  ;  G.  W.  Cress- 
Well  to  Forward.  3rd  Class— W.  Smith 
and  M,  Blank  to  Grapple?  ;  J.  0.  Shep- 
herd and  .1.  S.  Smith  to  Forward* 

Midshipmen— Til.  H.  Edwards  and  U. 
A.  Arundell  to  Sxmtt  Paul  Storr  and 
A.  B.  Glanville  to  Topazt  ;  Hon.  V.  A, 
Montague  and  E.  C.  Tiuling  to  /r«/*c- 


rUm ;  It  F.  Stephenson  to  Neptune  -r 
C.  E.  Foot  to  Atyttr* 

Motto*'  A**iatantt^R>  K.  Hawea 
(additional)  to  Fltgnrd  j  F.  C.  H.  Peleh 
to  ftpcisf  j  E.  F,  H.  Mere  wether  to 
Mart ;  Sinclair  J.  Rogers  to  Mdgar  ; 
Thomas  H.  Smith  to  Impericute. 


COAST  GUARD. 
A  l-  poiwtm  b  NTS  —  Inspect  intf    CvM  - 
mamkr — Commander  H.    F.   McKillop 
to  Clifden  Division,   vice  Campbell,  pe- 
riod of  service  expired. 

Comma  nder — H.  F,  McKillop  to  b* 
Inspecting  Commander. 

J b  h - » \ -a lh—  Ckitf  OjEeers— Mr ,  Tho- 
mas t0smer,  Master,  from  Swanage  to 
Hyde  ;  Mr.  John  Underwood  from  Lam- 
lash  to  West  Mersea  Station. 

Liutfrritwte — William  Colls  from  Ab- 
bo  tabu  ry  Division  to  Weymouth  station; 
Mr,  Adolphus  Tudor  from  Ryde  to  Ab- 
botsbury  Division  as  Inspecting  Chief 
Officer. 


ABUT. 


WAR  OFFICE,  July  1. 
( The  fatltniimi  C ommittiotis  to  bear  date 

4th  Light  Dragoons — Gentleman  Ca- 
det H.  Youl,  from  the  Royal  Military 
College,  to  be  Cornet,  without  purchase, 
vice  Jones  promoted. 

7th  Light  Dragoons— Cornet  H.  A. 
Bushman,  from  the  9th  Light  Dragoons, 
to  be  Cornet,  vice  the  Hon.  W.  Har* 
Wtl,  promoted, 

i'th  Light  Dragoons— C.  A.  Floyd, 
gent*,  to  be  Cornet  by  purchase,  vice 
Buabman,  appointed  to  the  7  th  Light 
Dragoons- 

1  :;th  Light  Dragoons  —  Gentleman 
Cadet  J.  E.  Maeaulay,  from  the  Royal 
Military  College,  to  be  Cornet,  without 
purchase,  in  succession  to  Lieut,  Gultiie, 
dismissed  the  Service  by  the  sentence  of 
a  General  Court- Martial. 

15th  Light  Dragoons  — Lieut,  S.  D. 
D.  Cart wright,  from  the  15th  Foot,  to 
be  Lieutenant,  paying  the  difference  be- 
tween Infantry  and  Cavalry,  vice  Hera- 
fall,  who  exchanges,  receiving  the  same. 

17th  Light  Dragoons  — Major  A.  Lear* 
mouth  to  be  Lieut.  Colonel,  by  purchase, 
vice  H.  Rose,  who  retires;  Brevet  Major 
Sir  W.  Gordon,  Bart,,  to  be  Major  by 
purchase,  vice  Leaxmouth ;  Lieut.  H. 


Marshall  to  be  Captain,  by  purchase, 
vice  Sir  W.  Gordon,  Bart. 

Military  Train — Cornet  M,  Cain,  from 
Half-Pay  late  Land  Transport  Corps,  to 
lie  Ensign,  vice  Churcher,  who  revert** 
to  Half  Pay  as  Comet  of  that  Corps. 

(The  following  Commitsiont  to  bear  date 
June  2± ) 

Royal  Artillery— The  undermentioned 
gentlemen  Cadets  to  be  Lieut*.,  \iz.: — 

C.  Crosthwaite,   A.  0.  Molesworth,  II, 

D,  Evans,  J.  M.  Murray,  N.  S.  Perceval, 
W.  J,  Tatham,  H.  F.  P,  Lewis,  J.  M. 
Douglas,  F.  L.  G.  Little,  J,  R.  Wilmer, 

D.  M.  Wilson,  R.  H.  Grant,  H.  A. 
Mackcy,  P,  C.  Whalley,  T,  B.  Tyler, 
D.N,  Allan, 

Royal  Engineers— Brevet  Col.  J. 
Walpole,  to  he  Colonel,  vice  Bolton, 
removed  as  a  General  Officer,  June  20, 
ft  Major  G,  F.  Mann  to  he  Lieut. 
Colonel,  vice  Wal pole,  June  20.  Lieut. 
A.  R,  Lempricre  to  be  Second  Captain, 
Nuholson,  June  20. 

Hue  undermentioned  gentlemen  Ca- 
dets to  be  Lieutenants,  with  temporary 
rank,  viz.:— A.  B.  Haig,  H.  Cautley,  A. 
Featberfltonhaugh,  J.  H.  Sattartbwaite, 

E.  M.  Lloyd,  J.  C,  Macphemon,  T, 
Howard,  F,  Bailey, 


024 


PEOMOTIOSS  A3TD  APPOHTTlIEKtS, 


[Aug,, 


1st  Foot— Serjeant  Major  J*  Moore  to 
he  Quartermaster,  vice  J.  Swain  c,  who 
retire*  on  Half  Pay;  Ensign  A.  |fo- 
berly  to  be  Instructor  of  Musketry. 
June  15. 

nth—  Lieut.  F.  W.  H.  Petrie  to  be 
Captain  without  purchase,  vice  Raven  - 
hill*  deceased,  May  U;  Ensign  T.  G' 
Miles  to  he  Lieutenant  without  purchase, 
?loe  Petrie,  May  14. 

14th — Lieut.  11.  Harmon  to  be  Cap- 
tain by  purchase,  vice  Itods,  who  retires; 
Ensign  J,  Laing  to  be  Lieutenant  by 
purchase,  vice  Harman. 

15th— Lieut,  T,  11  Horsfall,  from  the 
15th  Light  Dragoons,  to  be  Lieutenant, 
lice  Cartwright,  who  exchanges. 

i>— Ensign  R.  G.  Traill  to  bo  In- 
structor of  Musketry,  June  15, 

24th— Major  the  Hon.  D.  G.  Finch, 
from  a  Depot  Battalion,  to  be  Major, 
vice  Brevet  Lieut.  Colonel  J*  H,  Lnye, 
who  vxehanges  ;  Assistant  Surgeon  J* 
8.  Johnston,  M.D.,  from  the  Stuff,  to  be 
Assistant  Surgeon,  vice  WolseLey,  ap- 
pointed to  the  $tafT. 

Slat— Capt,  T.  M'C'mdy,  from  Half- 
Pay  Unattached,  to  be  Captain,  vice 
Hut ton  t  promo  ted  without  purchase  to 
an  Unattached  Majority  ;  Lieut.  A* 
Gary  to  bo  Captain  by  purchase,  vice 
M 'Curdy,  who  mires  ;  Lieut.  W.  B. 
James,  trcra  the  16th  Foot,  to  he  Lieu- 
tenant, vice  Csry, 

62nd— Lieut,  U.  Keyworth  to  lie  In- 
ntrnctor  of  Musketry,  June  15. 

fieth— Lieut.  J.  Horner  to  be  Captain 
without  purchase,  vice  Ward,  deceased, 
June  15;  Ensign  and  Adjt.  W.  Boiled, 
to  have  the  rank  of  Lieutenant,  June  15; 
Ensign  J,  V,  Hesse  to  be  Lieutenant 
withuut  purchase,  vice  Homer,  June  15, 

63rd— D.  F.  Tarratt,  gent.,  to  be  Bfe 
sign  by  purchase,  vice  Einahan,  pro- 
moted. 

7&th—  Ensign  A.  N.  Clay  to  be  lieu- 
tenant by  purchase,  vice  DuranS,  who 
Fetires. 

8 3rd— Ensign  Ht  G.  Fuller,  from  the 
4th  Foot,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Blathwoyt, 
deceased. 

&9tb— Gentleman  Cadet  J.  H.  Green, 
from  the  Royal  Military  College,  to  be 
Ensign  without  purchase,  vice  Sealy. 
promoted ;  Lieut.  B.  Helme,  to  be  In- 
structor of  Musketry,  April  20, 

Cape  Mounted  Riflemen— Lieut.  T» 
J.  Lucas  to  be  Captain  without  purchase, 
vice  Hunt,  who  retires  j  Ensign  0,  C  ur- 
rie  to  be  Lieutenant  by  purchase,  vice 
Lucas. 

DxTOt  Battauok — Brevet  Lieut. 
Colonel  J,  H,  Lave,  from  the  24  th  Foot, 


to  be  Major,  vice  the  Hon.  TK  G.  Finch, 
who  exchange*  j  Ensign  T,  Lee,  from 
the  SOth  Foot,  to  be  Quartermaster,  vice 
Scott,  appointed  Paymaster  Royal  Ar- 
tillery. 

fi i w .-wtrmaro  District — Brevet  Col. 
J.  K+  BmyttU  C.B.,  from  Half  Pay  Un- 
attached, to  lie  Inspecting  Field  Officer, 
vice  Brevet  CoL  G.  Bell,  C.R.,  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  Major  General. 

Hospital  Staff — Assistant  Surgeon 
R.  Wolseley,  from  the  24  th  Foot,  to  be 
Assistant  Surgeon  to  the  Forces,  vice 
Johnston  j  appointed  to  the  24  th  Foot/ 
Assistant  Surgeon  J,  Greatorex  has  been 
permitted  to  resign  bis  commbshn- 

itachei>—  Quartermaster  J.  Bel- 
combe,  57  th  Fool,  having  been  appointed 
a  Captain  in  the  late  Land  Transport 
Corps,  by  General  Orders,  in  the  Crimea, 
pending  Her  Majesty's  pleasure,  to  be 
Captain  without  purchase. 

B&evet— Col.  D.  Bolton,  of  the  Hoyal 
Engineers,  to  h<z  jtoajor  General,  vice 
Blanc-hard,  deceased.  June  20 j  Brevet 
Lieut.  Colonel  J.  M.  Wood,  late  of  the 
5  th  Foot,  to  be  Colonel  in  the  Army, 
-S,  1654  %  Cant,  W.  H.  Orme,  65th 
Foot,  to  be  Major  in  rhe  Anny;  Capt. 
H.  E.  Jerome,  19th  Foot,  to  be  Majur 
in  the  Army  ;  Quartermaster  J.  *Sivaine, 
retired  on  half  pay  1st  Foot,  to  have  the 
honorary  rank  of  Captain,  under  the 
Royal  Warrant  of  17th  Dec,  1&>5, 

THE  MILITIA  GAZETTE. 

2nd  Middlesex— Capt.  E.  M.  L 
late  60th  Rifles,  to  be  Adjutant,  vice 
Bowie,  resigned,  April  1  & 

Victoria  Rifles— Capt.  E.  Clifford  lo 
be  Major,  vice  the  Karl  of  Perth,  re- 
signed j  Lieut.  A.  Trew,  to  be  i 
vice  Clifford,  promoted,  June  13. 

4th  South  Middlesex  —  T.  Hunt, 
Gent,  to  be  Eneign,  vice  Burrell,  re* 
signed,  May  1&. 

1st  East  Middlesex— The  Queen  hut 
been  graciously  pleased  to  accept  the 
resignation  of  the  commissions  in  this 
Regiment,  held  by  Ensign  Rf  HsU  and 
Lieut.  A,  J,  M  Gregor. 

Victoria  Rifles — The  Queen  has  been 
graciously  pleased  to  accept  the  resign*' 
ation  of  the  commission  in  this  Corps 
held  by  Capt,  H,  Cook. 

Kent  Artillery^- First  Lieut,  W.  Bar- 
tram  to  be  Capt.,  vice  Mitford,  resigned, 
June  25, 

North  Durham— H.  D.  Gay  nor,  Esq., 
to  he  Capt.,  vice  Biamwell,"  resigned, 
June  13. 


1859,] 


PaOHOTIOKS   AHU   AFPOITOttEffTS. 


G25 


Royal  Aberdeenshire  Highlanders— 
C.  Frescr,  Genfc,,  to  be  Lieut,,  rice  R, 
Macfarianc,  promoted,  June  22. 

Fifeshire  Artillery— J,  8.  Tulloh,  to 
he  Cap t,  vice  G.  J,  Simpson,  resigned, 
June  *0-  A,  IL  Beveridge,  Gent,,  to  be 
Second  Lieut.,  vice  L.  K.  Conuach,  re- 
signed, June  l&. 

Renfrew  —  A,  Boyd,  Gent.,  to  be 
Lieut.,  vice  Motherwell,  resigned,  Juno 
18. 

Forfar  and  Kincardine  Artillery— I 
E.  Ilderton,  Gent.,  to  be  Second  Lieut., 
rice  C.  B.  Fisher,  promoted,  June  20. 

Edinburgh — Lieut.  A.  IScott  to  be 
Capt,  vice  G.  A.  Coventry,  resigned  ; 
W.  Currie,  Gent,,  to  be  Lieut.,  vice  Sin- 
clair, resigned  ;  CL  Dyer,  Gent.,  M.D., 
to  be  Assi&tant  Surgeon*  vice  F,  A . 
Palmer,  deceased,  June  23. 

Her  Majesty  grants  permission  to 
Major  Coss,  late  of  West  Suffolk  Militia, 
Capt,  J.  Whitbread,  late  of  the  Suffolk 
Artillery,  to  retain  the  rank,  and  wear 
their  uniform,  in  consequence  of  their 
long  services  in  their  respective  Regi- 
ments. 

Camber  well  or  1st  Surrey  Company 
of  Volunteer  RifltJ  Corps— J*  Boucher, 
Esq.,  formerly  of  the  5th  Dragoon 
Guards,  to  be  Capt.,  June  14.  R> 
House,  E*>\,  lone  Lieut,,  June  15. 

GrayflOn  OT  Jnd  Surrey  Comj>auy  of 
Volunteer  Itiflc  Corps — J,  IL  i 'mnpheLl, 
Esq,,  Coi.,  Bengal  Artillery,  retired,  to 
be  Cant.,  June  16*     A.  Steuart,  Esq.,  to 

■  ^ut.,   June  17  j  J*  T.  Uytl 

to  be  Ensign,  June  13. 
1st  Company  of  Pembroke-hire  Vol- 
unteer  Utiles— Col.    the    Hon.    R.    F. 
UivvUle  to  be  Capt,.  June  9& 

WAli  OFKiCIC,  Jn 
1  Hie  following  Commit 

Jn!)t  8  J 

1st  Regiment  of  Dragoons — Ottnet 
It,  Stuart,  from  Ha^  Pay  late  Laud 
Transport  Corp**,  to  be  Cornet,  vice 
W nod  ward,  appointed  to  the  '2n<l  ffooti  ; 
Comet  EL  Stuart  has  been  permitted  to 
retire  boa  the  Service  by  the  sale  of  his 
Commissi'  m, 

latli  Li^ht  Dragoons— Cornet  W. 
Gore  to  be  LiuuU-uant  by  purchase,  rice 
Gark«,  promoted. 

il  Artillery— i -ol.  W.  0.  1'ieWr- 
.  hi  the  |ta ; ffri j i i merer/  till , 
CoL  vice  St.  George,  removed  to  thi 
Supernumerary  List,  June  25;  Brevet 
Major  J,  F.  Fenny cukk  to  be  Capt.. 
vice  FreeUng,  placed  on  the  See 
List,  June  23  j  Lieut,  J,  T.  bftttbm  w 


be  Second  Captam,  vice  Penny cuick, 
June  28  ;  Capt.  W.  P.  Briflley,4th  Royal 
Middle*?*  Militia,  to  be  Paymaster; 
l\  R.  .Griffiths,  Adjt.  and  Pay- 
master, Edinburgh  Artillery  Militia,  to 
be  Paymaster  j  N.  E,  Robbins,  Esq,, 
formerly  Lieut.,  in  the  2nd  Dragoon 
Guards,  to  be  Paymaster. 

lloyal  Engineers — The  second  Chrir 
tian  name  of  Lieut.  Jones,  appointed  in 
the  Qasstit  of  iTth  August,  1  Boo,  ia 
Helaham,  not  Hilsham,  as  therein  stated, 

5th  Foot— Lieut.  E.  Bolger,  from  the 
13th  Foot,  to  be  Lieut.,  vice  Herrick, 
who  exchanges,  May  IL 

13th— Major  W*  L.  Pete,  from  the 
73rd  Foot,  to  be  Major,  vice  Jones,  who 
exchanges,  May  11  ;  Lieut>  CL  Fraser, 
from  tba  Si.thFoot,  to  be  Lieut.,  vice 
vt  who  exchange*,  May  1 1 ;  Lieut. 
G.  Herrick,  from  the  5th  Foot,  to  he 
Lieut. ,  vice  Bolger,  who  exchanges, 
May  11. 

l*SLh — Thn  Commission  of  Assistant 
Surgeon  J.  H.  H.  To  thill,  appointed  in 
the  Qamtti  of  the  17  th  June,  to  bear 
date  13th  June. 

19th— Lieut.  W.  J.  Foster  to  be  Capt* 
by  purchase,  vice  Madden,  who  retiree* 

24th  —  Captain  E.  F.  Tar te,  from  the 
2 oil  West  India  Regiment,  to  be  Cap- 
tain, vice  Wyatt,who  exchange*. 

90&-~ Ensign  A.  ilumfrey  to  be 
Lieut,  without  purchase,  vice  lligmait, 
deceased,  June  I'). 

tar  G+  F.  LaTnert,  from 
th  foot,  to  be  Paymaster,  vice 
Grant,  who  ejtebaoges. 

45th — The  Commission  of  Assistant 
Surgeon  J.  A.  1 1  an  bury,  M.R.,  ap* 
pointed  in  the  Gazette  of  the  24th  June, 
to  bear  date  June  13, 

I  jeant  Major  W.  Nunniiig- 
ton  to  b^  Ensign  without  purchase,  vice 
,  promoted.     The  fit- 

Kceves  is  Conway,  and 
►nray,  as  stated  in  the  Ga&itt  of 
June  17. 

GtHh— Paymaster  K  C.  Grant,  from 
the  tfflth  Foot,  to  be  Paymaster,  vice 
Lamert,  who  exchajir 

osih- Lieut.   Colontd   R,   K\    Lloyd, 
fi  -in   the  7<5t!i  Foot,  to  he  Lieutenant 
L  vice  Brevet  Colonel  II.  Siu/th, 
C.B.,  who  exchanges. 

7ot!i — Lieut.  11.  Leake  to  be  Instruc- 
tor of  Musketry,  April  it. 

7Srd— Major  H.  M.  J  ones,  from  the 
13th  Foot,  to  he  Major,  vic^  Peto,  who 
exclianjje*,  JMay  11. 

76th— Lieut."  T.  Carlisle  to  be  In- 
structor oi  Musketry,  Nov,  l^  l§&4% 


*BOM0TIOK3  AKD  APKH*TMX1TTB, 


[Atr&.» 


76th  — Brevet  Colonel  H.  Smvth, 
C»B.,frosn  the  68  th  Foot,  to  be  lieu  t. 
Colonel,  vice  K,  C.  Lloyd,  who  e* 
exchangee. 

86th— Lieut.  T.  Yardley,  from  the 
13th  Foot,  to  be  Lieut.,  vice  Frnser,  who 
exchanges,  May  11, 

87th — Lieut.  C,  Lynch  to  be  Captain 
by  purchase,  vice  Campbell,  promoted. 

01st — The  Commission  of  Assistant 
Surgeon  J.McL.  Marshall,  appointed  in 
the  Gazette  of  the  24th  June,  1859,  to 
bear  date  13th  June, 

VM'th— Ensign  H.  Houghton  to  ha 
Lieut  by  purchase,  vice  J.  1L  Thomp- 
son* who  retires, 

9&th — Lieut.  W.  Langmead  Lewes  to 
be  Captdin  by  purchase,  vice  Brevet 
Major  Sir  D.  ftaird,  Bart,  isrho  retires, 

*Jud  West  India  Regiment — Captain 
F,  D.  Wyatt,  from  the '24th  Foot,  to  be 
Captain,  vice  Tarte,  who  exchanges, 

Unattached.— Captain  J.  D.  Bra- 
bazon,  from  the  1 7th  Foot,  to  be  Major 
by  purchase;  Lieut.  J.  O'NelU,  from 
Adjutant  of  a  Recruiting  District,  to  be 
Captain  without  purchase. 

Hospital  Staff,  —To  be  Assistant 
Surgeons  to  the  Forces— J.  Adsette, 
Gent.,  E.  H.  Lloyd,  M.B. ;  J.  Y,  Don* 
aldsnn,  M,D.,  vice  Tonnere,  cashiered  -f 
Urington,  Gent,  vice  Pennington, 
appointed  to  the  34th  Foot  |  E.  Drew, 
Gent,  vice  Marston,  appointed  to  the 
34th  Foot  j  J.  Adcock,  M.D.,  vice 
Baker,  appointed  to  the  10th  Foot ;  II, 
Y.  Howisen,  M.D.,  -rice  Gardinoi,  tp- 
pointed  to  the  16th  Foot;  E,  F,  S«y, 
Gent.,  vice  Ramsbotham,  appoinud  to 
the  <5 9th  Foot ;  J.  T.  Milburn,  Gent,, 
vice  Buen,  promoted  on  the  Staff;  A. 
Iliing worth,  Gent.,  vice  TuthilL  ap- 
pointed to  the  18th  Foot ;  R.  A.  P. 
Grant,  Gent.,  vice  O'Connell,  appointed 
to  the  83rd  Foot ;  A.  H.  Orpen,  Gent., 
vice  Han  bury,  appointed  to  the  45th 
Foot  j  A.  Thompson,  M.D.,  vice  Mftt- 
sliiJ,  appointed  to  the  Bin  Fool  j  Gk 
H.  Dyer,  Gent.,  vice  Griffith,  deceased, 
June  13. 

VEMBnuRT  Medical  Department. 
— *To  Le  Acting  Veterinary  Surgeons — 
J,  Mills,  Gent.,  vice  Hart,  appointed  to 
the  2nd  Dragoons ;  H.  Dunaforri,  Gent., 
vice  Lambert,  appointed  to  the  Royal 
Artillery. 

B&KTOff —  Major  Stephen  Francis 
Charles  Annesley,  loth  Foot,  to  bo  Co- 
lonel la  tliv  A  nay,  Juno  24. 

Captain  George  E.  Uolliday,  82nd 
Foot,  to  be  Major  in  the  Army,  April 


Captain  William  R.  Farmar,  S2ntJ 
Foot,  to  be  Major  in  the  Army,  April 
36. 

Brevet  Colonel  Augustus  Flemjng, 
Retired  Full  Pay  Royal  Marines,  to 
have  the  honorary  rank  of  Major  Ge- 
neral, under  Her  Majesty*  Order  in 
Council  of  13th  November, 

The  undermentioned  promotions  to 
take  place  consequent  on  the  death  of 
General  fJ en  tin*  on  the   1 1th 

ftffln,  1859  :— 

-  lieutenant  General  Sir  James  Archi- 
bald Hope,  K.C.B.,  Colonel  of  the  9th 
Foot,  to  be  General,  Jane  19, 

Major  General  Dennis  Daly  to  be 
Lieutenant  General,  Juu«  12. 

Brevet  Colonel  Samuel  Braybrooke. 
Ceylon  Rifle  Regiment,  t»  be  Major 
General,  June  12, 

Brevet  Lieutenant  Colonel  James 
Stuart.  Captain  Half  Fay  S4th  Foot, 
Staff  Officer  of  Pensioners,  to  be  Colo- 
nel, June  12. 

Brevet  Major  William  Carruthera, 
Captain  Half  Pay  Unattached,  to  be 
Lieutenant  Colonel,  June  12. 

Captain  Thomas  Bourkc,  Half  Pay 
37th  Foot,  Staff  Officer  of  Pensioners* 
to  be  Major,  June  12. 

The  undermentioned  promotions  take 
place  consequent  on  the  promofci 
Colonel   D.  Bolton,  of  the  Royal  Engi- 
neers, to  he  Major  General,  in  sue- 
to  Major  General  T.  Bknshard. 
deceased,  on  the  lftth  June,  1859:— 

Brevet  Lieutenant  Colonel  Henry  An- 
derson, Major-Superintendent  of  the  In- 
fantry and  Invalid  Depots  at  Chatham, 
to  he-  Colonel.  June  20* 

Brevet    Major    Henry     Clariugltold 
Powell,  Half  Pay  Unattached,  Su 
cer  of  Pensioners,  to  be  Lieutenant  Co- 
lonel, June  20. 

Captain  J.  G,  Cavendish  Dbl> 
43rd  Foot,  to  be  Major,  J  or, 

The  undermentioned  Gentlemen  Ca- 
det* of  Her  Majesty's  Indian  Forces,  at 
present  doing  duty  at  the  Royal  Engv 
neer  Eatahliahinent  at  Chatham,  with 
the  rank  of  Ensign,  to  have  the  Jocol 
and  temporary  rank  of  Lieutenant  while 
employed  at  that  establishment. 

A.  W.  Elliott,  H,  C  C.  V 

Riddle,  W.  J.lleaviside,  F.  P.Spragg«, 
,1.  L,  L.  Morant,  E,  L.  Marry  at,  C.  F, 
Baldwin,  M.  J.  Macartney,  A.  R.  Edg- 
come. 

Memorandum.— Brevet  Lieut.  Colo- 
nel A,  Watson,  upon  Hatf  Fay,  as  Major 


1869.] 


PE0M0TI0S3  ASD  APPOIKTHlHTa. 


637 


Unattached,   has  been   permitted  to  re* 
tire  from  the  Service  by  the  Sale  of  his 

JCoimmarion,  he  being  about  to  become  a 
settler  in  Ceylon* 
"   Thi 


WAR  OFFICE,  Jult  I, 


The  undermentioned  Quartermasters 
who  retired  upon  Half  Pay,  previous  to 
the  declaration  of  war  with  Russia,  and 
who  had  completed  in  all  a  service  of 
thirty  years,  ten  of  which  as  Quarter- 
tcrs,  to  have  the  honorary  rank  of 
Captain,  viz, :— Quartermasters,  J.  Mia- 
set,  Half  Fay,  1st  Dragoon  Guards ;  J. 
Andrews,  Half  Pay,  4th  Dragoon. 
'Juarda;  A.  Langford,  Half   Pay,   5th 

■  Dragoon  Guards  j  J.  Partridge,  Half 
Pay*  1st  Drafoons  $  M.  Nelson,  Half 
Pay,  a  J.  Landers,    Half 

Pay,  8  th   Light  Dragoon*  ;   J.  C\  Mae 

■  CleUan,  Half  Pay,  10th  Light  Dragoons; 
F.  Collins,  Half  Pay,  10th  light  Drags, ; 
C,  Armstrong,  Half  Pay,  iSth  Light 
Dragoons  ;  William  II fill,  Half  Pay, 
17th  Light  Dragoons  j  R,  France,  Half 
Poyr  Grenadier  Guards ;  Q.  Gopelanrt 
Half  Fay.  Scots  Fusilier  Guards  j  J 
Scott,  Half  Pay,  9th  Foot ;  C,  Grant 
Half  Pay,  23rd  Foot ;  J,  Ward,  Half 
Pay,  30th  Foot;  G.  Cole,  Half  Pay, 
55th  Foot;  R.  Hamilton,  Half  Pav, 
37th  Foot;  J.  Witlox,  Half  Fay,  54  in 
Foot  j  J,  Duke,  Half  Pay,  59th  Foot; 
J.  Brannan,  Hall  Pay,  60th  Foot  -f  lx 
Joyce,  Half  Pav.  SSrdFort  ;  J.  Hollis, 
Half  Psv.  fifth  Footj  J.  Earrell,  Half 
Pay,Mtu  Foot  ;  W.  N, AM  Half  Fay, 
85th  Foot;  J.  Jerome,  Half  Pay,  Sffth 
Foot  -II.  Mayne,  Half  Pay,  49th  Foot; 
S.  Goddard,  Half  Fay,  14th  Foot  ,  J* 
W.  Preston,  Half  Pay,  76th  Foot ;  T. 
Wright,  Half  Pay,  9th  Light  Dragoons; 
D,  Pratt,  Half  Pay,  16th  Light  Drugs. ; 
P.  Conolly,  Half  Pay,  2ftfo  loot;  J, 
Murray,  Half  Pay,  24th  For*t ;  J, 
Stubbs,  Half  Pay,   4Sth  Foot ;  J.  Mor* 

■  ean,  Half  Pay,  bind  Foot ;  J*  Booth, 
Half  Pay,  flOthFoot ;  W,  Hornby,  Half 
Pay,  Gtfth  Foot ;  B.  Wnllia,  Half  Pay, 
69th  Foot;    D,   McCurdy,  Half   Pay, 

■  74th  Foot ;  T.  W.  Edwards,  Half  Pay, 
84th  Foot ;  G.  Edwards,  Half  Fa 
Foot ;  W,  Mackintosh,  Half  Pay,  03rd 
Foot;  J.  Black,  Half  Pay,  Ceylon  Regi- 
ment; 8,  Fox,  Half  Pay,  0Sth  Foot; 
W.  Gates,  Half  Pay,  Royal  Artillery  ; 
S^  Barnes,  Half  Pay,  Roy  at  Artillery  ; 
J.  Hilton,  Half  Pay,  Boyu  Engineers. 


THE  MILITIA  GAZETTF. 

West  York  Rifles— Lieut,  T.  S,  Rus- 
sell to  be  Captain,  vice  M  H,  Nepcan, 
Bart,  resigned;  Ensign  T.  A.  Whittle 
to  be  Lieu  tenant,  vice  Russell,  promoted, 
June  30. 

3rd  West  York— F,  A.  Roberts,  gent., 
to  be  Ensign,  vice  G.  J.  Douglas,  pro. 
mo  ted  f  June  3.  J.  R,  Clarke,  gent., to 
be  Ensign,  vice  J.  H.  Palmer,  promoted, 
June  P>, 

5th  West  York— Ensign  E.  Morrison 
to  be  Lieutenant,  vice  T.  A.  F  Leitfa, 
resigned  ;  Ensign  H,  Broorahead  to  be 
Lieutenant ;  Ensign  0*  Broomhead  to  be 
Lieutenant  ;  Ensign  H.  Kayo  to  he 
Lieutenant,  June  24. 

6th  West  York— 11.  J.  Hunter,  gent,, 
to  be  Assistant  Surgeon,  June  24. 

Memorandum — 3rd  West  York — The 
Queen  has  hum  pleased  to  accept  the 
n.^ighution  of  the  commission  held  in 
this  regiment  by  Capt,  Thomas  Shear- 
bum, 

1st  West  Korf oik— Lieut.  Rt  Morris 
to  beCaptain,vieetbeHoii.  F,  Walpoie, 
promoted,  J.  H.  Warnes,  gent,,  to  be 
Ensign,  June  30, 

.oranda  — Worcestershire  —  Her 
Majesty  has  been  graciously  pleased  to 
aecept  the  resignation  of  the  commission 
held  by  Lieut.  H,  D,  Mitchel.  Her 
Majesty  has  been  graciously  pleased  to 
the  resignation  of  the  com  mis* 
sion  held  by  Ensign  W,  Mason,  Her 
Majesty  has  been  graciously  pleased  to 
Agnation  of  the  commission 
held  by  Gap*.  J .  Oldham.  Her  Mi 
has  been  graciously  pleased  to  acre; 
resignation  of  the  commission  held  Uy 
Ensign  Edward  W.  Tayter, 

2nd  Middlesex— LieLtt.  C.  R.  Todd  to 
be  Captain,  vice  the  Viscouut  Bury,  re- 
signed, June  24, 

ltoyal  North  Gloucester — Capt.  II, 
B.  Williams  to  be  Major,  vice  Savile,  re- 
signed ;  Lieut.  R.  B,  Hunte  to  be  Cap- 
tain, vice  Williams,  promoted  j  Ensign 
W ,  R.  Gee  to  be  Lieutenant,  vice  Hunte, 
promoted  ;  June  30. 

Royal  South  Gloucester — Ensign  J 
W,  Berriugton  to  be  Lieutenant,  vice  H. 
\\\  Millet,  resigned  ;  Jtn*a  2y.  Memo- 
randuin-  Her  Majesty  has  been  pleased 
to  accept  the  resignation  of  the  commis- 
sion held  by  Ensign  R,  Butke  in  the 
last-mentioned  Regiment, 

5th  Royal  Lancashire— J,  J.  Mills, 
gunt,,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  R,  Black  lerl^e, 
resigned,  July  I. 

Royal  Radnor — Lieut.  H.  P.  P  tick  aid 
to  be  Captain,  vice  Rickctts,  vmi^psA*  \ 


PROMOTIONS  AICD   AJPOiyTMEKTS. 


[Aro., 


Ensign  R.  W.  Orrfierod  to  be  Lieutenant, 
vice  Prickard,  promoted;  June  25, 

Leicestershire— T,  A  L.  Knipij  gout,, 
tci  be  riwwtfunnt.  vice  H.  Akennan,  iv- 
fdgued  ;  A,  D  Rawlins,  gent.,  to  be 
riant,  vice  J\  A,  W.  Wilton,  re- 
iigned;  T,  S,  Hardin-^  gont,  to  be  Lieu- 
tenant, vice  C.  F.  Po«  .  ■  L  ;  T. 
J.  S,  Hofackirt,  gflQi*,  to  he  Lieutenant, 
vice  G.  H.  Morrin,  promoted  j  J,  G, 
Knight,  gen  •  <i4i.gn,  Tiot  Kuipe, 
promoted  ;  June  28 

Herefordshire— Capt.  1\  P.  Sytnonds 
to  be  Major,  Viet  Sir  V,  Corn  well,  re- 
signed; Capt.  J.  Ik- ring  ton  to  be  Second 
Major;  Lieut.  J,  H.  Gri 
tain,  vice  Symouds,  promoted ;  Lieut-  E. 
Williams  to  be  Captain,  vice  Berington, 
promoted. 

Dumfries,  Roxburgh,  and  Selkirk 
Regiment— W,  H.  Gamer,  Kaq.,  A.B., 
Licentiate  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
t£«onJ  in  Ireland,  to  fa  Surgeon,  vice 
Adam,  resigned  j  June  28. 

Artillery-  T.  W.   fftfafa   h 
Flint   Lieutenant,  TiOi  Hai^,  promoted; 

C  Lyon,  gent,,  to  boSeaond  Li-.ui 
vice  W  ;  .in  'r-  i~t. 

t  [jr%T¥i  jw  hi  re  Arti  Her y  -  J ,  Frost,  gen  t. , 
Ldjutant  bora  the  nth  May. 

Cornwall  Rangers— R,  Kelly,  l£iq., fen 
mast, 

Eaatom    SuHolk   Artillery — Q,  Hay- 
wood, gent,  late  of   the   Army  M 
Start;  to  be  Assistant  Surgeon  ;  F,  G. 
Wilkinson,  gent.,  to  be  First  Lieutenant; 

rtamuumUj,  gent.,  to  be  B 

Lieutenant. 

"ith  Kuval  Lancashire— H.  J,  Barker, 
gent,,  to  be  Lieutenant,  vice  W.  KL  Og- 
CMS,  deceased. 

Ihike  of  Lancaster' h  own  Regiment  of 
Yeomanry  Cavalry— &    l ,  \\  ,   Patten, 
i  'i  be  Lieutenant,  fiat  Jncaon,  pro- 
moted. 

1  at  Company  of  Lancashire  Volunteer 
Rifles^J.  11  Taylor,  gent,,  to  be  Lieu- 
tenant. 

West  Kent  Light  Infantry— W,  D. 
0,  i*  \bnicypenny,  tote  Ca] 
Sir  Edmund  FiJniar,  Bart,,  M.P.,  re- 
signed ;  J*  i  I.  Viuter,  to  be  Ensign,  vice 
Garsia,  appointed  to  the  1st  West  India 
Regiment . 

Royal  North  Lincoln— J.  Whitney, 
geut.,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  R  Waller,,  pro- 
moted ;  H.  S.  Waller,  gent.,  to  be  En- 
■ign,  vice  A.  L^usada,  promoted. 

0th  West  York— R,  M.  Hammond, 
Esq,,  to  be  Captain,  vice  Connel,  who 
retire*,  July  J. 

Cambridgeshire— M.  J,  Masters,  late 


Army  Medical  Staff  to  be  Surgeon,  in 
the  room  of  W,  A,  Jobeifii,  June  $S* 

2nd  8omerset— E.  O.  H  Salter,  [aft 
of  73rd  Regiment  of  I  Lient 

viee,  Poole,  appointed  to  the  I8t' 
June  25,     Enalgn  W.  F,    Holt  to 
IJeut.,  nee  Gyl  ed,  Jun*s  27 

vice  Frasur,  resigned,  r' 
Rawlins,  Gent.,  to  be  Enfigfi,  vice  Car- 
gill,  appointed  to  Kbe  East  India  Com- 
pany 'b  Artillery, 

1  it  Somerset — A  Do  L,  Patton,  Gent*, 
to  be  Ensign,  vice  Hawker, 
June  29, 

1st  King  a  Own  StanWUhire— C* 
Carter,   Gent,,  to  be  Lieut,,  viee  Akcr- 
inau,  resigned,  June  Iff. 

Enat  Kent— Lieut,  H.  E,  Enal 
to    be    Captain,  vie*  sign* 

July  4P    Ensign  1).  GDaly  u>  be  Li'-ut 
vice  K  natch  bull,  promoted,  -July  -J 

Northumberland  —  P. 

Stanhope,  Est].,  .  vice  i 

C.  Allhuten,  toai^ncd,  -f  u: . 

let  Company  of  Penibrokeaniro  Vol- 
unteer Rilliis— A,  B.  Htarbuck  to  1* 
Lieut,,  July  1.  Ht  F,  Shute  to  be  En- 
sign, July  1, 

3rd  Royal  Surrej  — finaig^  F.  O.  Wal 
to  bt*  Lieut,,  viee  Green,  app 
to  the  Rifle  Brigade,  June  80,     b\  G. 
Smith,  Gent,,  to  be  En  l^rry, 

appointed   to  GOtl  Kily   1,     F. 

mown,  Crent.,  *.o  be  Knsigu,  vice  Chap 
man,  resigned,  .'  u 

1st  Royal  Surrey—  Reaignatiou  - 
Queen  has  been  graeiou*ly  pk\L- 
accept  the  resignatiun  of  Ensign  A,  tto 
Vwt  BoandaiC 

: "  r<  1  Duke  of  Lancaeter a  Own  -  \V*+ 
Gardner,  (Jent.,  to  be  Ensign,  July  4* 

0th  Roy ul    Lancashiro — It.    L. 
E.^],,  to  he  Captain,  viee  W.  Bud.anan, 
repic;upHir  Jidy  1, 

rth  Linn  :itibire— L,  Run,  Geatt  to  be 
Liout,,  July  4. 

[Hie  followi  itment  in  qiilnU 

tuted  for  that  which  appeal 

!tc  on  the  1st  July  imiLinl  J 

Gth  lloyal  1  .i.i.  :-',!«  ^— Ensign  1L  J, 
Barker,  to  be  Lieur,,  rice  W\  \i.  t 
doceasLvl.  Fabmory  1,  1858. 

Royal  Ayrshire  RifloB—E,  Fattisou, 
Gent*,  to  be  Lieut,,  vice  Langtoo,  re- 
signed, June  30, 

Royal  Stusex  Artilkry    BatUii: 
W,  R,  Lewk,  Gem,,  to  be  Se*. 
vice  Bethune.  reviigiied,  June  25.     D,  J, 
Hall,  Esfl.(  M.D,  U  be  Surgeon,  nee 
Smythe,  resigned,  July  l, 


1859.] 


PKOMOTIOHS  ASK  ArPOIUTttBlTTB. 


Herefordshire — Ensign  F.  Aldrich  to 
l>e  Lieut.,  rice  J,  H,  Griffiths,  promoted. 
Ensign  E,  M,  Cheese  to  be  Lieut  t  rioe 
E>  William*,  promoted.  Ensign  H,  if. 
U 'illt-rt,  to  be  Lieut.,  vice  T.  B.  Myner*, 
resigned. 

^  fed   Royal  Surrey— W.    F.    Rogers, 
Gent,  to  bo  Ensign,  July  I. 

Merionethshire^Licut  0.  II.  L.  Lea 
to  be  Captain,  vice  Walker,  resigned  ; 
Ensign  E.  G.  Jones  to  be  Lieut.,  vice 
K\[[<.  iml&\\t*\  July  il 

4th  Company  of  the  Lancashire  Vol" 
untccr  Rifles — R.  Munn,  Esq.,  the 
younger,  to  be  Capt,  July  4. 

Royal  North  Lincoln — F.  J,  Murray, 
Gent,,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  A,  F,  Holds- 
worth,  promoted,  July  6. 

■rdahire— G.  M  Buckle,  Gent,  to 
be  Ensign,  vice  Phillips,  promoted, 
July  0. 

pTht  following  appointment  is  substi- 
tuted for  that  which  appeared  in  the 
'*  on  the  8  th  July  instant  J 

3rd  Duke  of  Lancaster  s  Own — W, 
G.  Bird,  Gest,  to  he  Ensign,  Julv  4. 

Norfolk  Artillery  — A,  Russell,  Gent., 
to  be  Quartermaster,  June  14, 

Shropihire— Quartermaster  Serjeant 
J.  Armstrong,  late  Renfrew  Militia,  to 
be  ^<iartermaster,  vice  W,  Boyce,  re« 
signed,  July  8, 

Herefordshire — Ensign  F<  Aldnch  to 
be  Lieut,,  vice  J.  H  Griffiths,  promoted. 
Bung  K,  X,  Gbsoce  bo  bs  Lieut.,  vipe 
E.  Williams,  promoted  *  Ensign  H.  W, 
Willett  to  be  lieut,  vice  T.  B,  Mynors, 
resigned. 

Royal  CsaTiarvonabire  —  H,  Ence* 
shaw,  Gent.,  to  be  Ensign ,  July  2. 

East  Suffolk  Artillery— M.  WMt- 
bread,  Esq.,  to  be  Capt,  July  L 

Worcestershire — Capt,  C,  S,  Haw- 
kins to  be  Second  Major  j  Capt.  T  I  . 
N.  Norbury.  late  Captain  Oth  Dragoon 
Guards,  to  he  Senior  Major,  vice  K. 
Winnington,  resigned,  Lieut.  &  Feci 
to  be  Captain,  vice  Nor  bury*  promoted* 

1st  Devon— T.  W.  Northmore  to  be 
Ensign,  May  15  ;  R.  A.  Brine  to  be 
Ueut.,  rice  Yates,  resigned ;  J.  U,  D. 
Agar  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Brine,  pro- 
moted, June  2d  ;  T.  D.  Hogg  t  %  be 
Capt,  vice  Webber,  resigned,  July  1  ; 
J.  Tyrrell  to  be  En%n,  July  4  ;  i 
Pollard  to  be  Ensign,  July  5. 

2nd  Devon — H,  C,  Vaughan  to  be 

UtOtm  vice  Parr,  promoted  i  G.  Marker 

to  be  Ensign,  vice  Vaughan,  promoted  ; 

!  a  l  >.  j  nal  Maepherson  to  be  Lieut ., 

vice  Bower,  resigned,  Jane  28* 


Devon  Artillery — Richard  Bnry  Rus- 
sell to  be  Major,  vice  Hole,  deceased* 
June  29  ;  J.  C.  New  to  be  Captain,  vice 

BomD,  piomofrwl  i  T.  R.  famit  to  be 

First  Lieutenant,  vice  New,  promoted, 
Juh  4, 

2nd  West  York  — Ensign  E.  T.  C. 
Woittell  to  be  Lieut.,  vice  Wynne,  who 
retires  *  Ensign  W,  Whitaker  to  be 
Lieut- 1  Ensign  A.  Darley  to  be  Lieut. ; 
Ensign  J.  T.  Daniel  to  be  Lieut.,  July  4. 

3rd  West  York— B.  Loftus,  Gent, 
late  Lieut  in  the  Grenadier  Guards,  to 
be  Captain,  vice  Searbum,  resigned, 
July  & 

1st  West  Yorkshire  Yeomanry  Cav- 
alry—The  Right  Hon.  E.  M>  G,  Stuart, 
Barnn  Wharutdiffo,  to  be  Lieut 
rice  the  Earl  of  Scarborough,  who  re- 
tires, July  8. 

Royal  London — Ensign  A -  Newton  to 
be  Lieut.,  vice  A.  C.  T.   Barrow,  pro- 
moted, July  9 ;  Ensign  F,  R.  F,  Keatea 
Lieut.,  vice  F.  Peto,  promoted, 
July  11  ;  Ensign  T.  Smith  to  be  Lieut., 
viee  T,  W,  Andrews,  promoted  ;  Ensign 
I  bill  la  to  be  Lieut.,  vice  A.  B.  do 
Losalle,  resigned  ;  Lieut ,  J.  V.  J  lone- 
ton,  late  1st  Welsh  York  Rifle* .  to  be 
Lieut*,  vice  J.  L,  Vivian,  resigned,  July 
W,  H.  Howse,  i«n.,  Gent,,  to  be 
Ensign,  vice  A.  H.  Garland,  promoted, 
July  &. 

1st  Middlesex— E.  Parker,  Gent,  to 
be  Ensign,  vice  Christian,  removed, 
June  22, 

2nd  Middlesex— C,  L.  PeW,  tat, 
late  7th  Hussars,  to  lie  Lieut.,  vice 
Phillips,  retired,  June  23 :  C.  H.  Read, 
late  Lieut,  Ceylon  Rifle  Regiment,  to  lie 
iin,  vie*  Tupper,  resigned,  June  24, 
[The  folio  wing  appointment  is  substi- 

tuted  for  that  which  appeared  in  the 

Gaxtte  on  the  5th  July,  1&59.] 

2nd  Middles— Lieut.  C.  R.  Todd  to 
he  Captain,  vice  Viscount  Bury,  re- 
signed, July  24. 

WAR  OFFICE,  Jclt  19. 
{The  foUvmvrf  Co  ft  btar  date 

JhUj  Mi  i 
(>th  Dneoon  Guards— Cornet  W.  D. 
Fereira  to  be  Lkut.,  by  purchase,  vice 
!,  promoted,  by  purchase,  to  an 
Unattached  Company  ;  Cornet  T,  M. 
Turner  to  he  Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice 
Bird,  promoted. 

1 0th    Light   Dragoons  —  Corn  c 
Houstoun  hjis   been   superseded,   being 
absent  ivithoot  leave. 

15th  Light  Dragoons— Comet  T, 
Churcher,  from  hall  v^1>  ^&*  \aj&& 


630 


PE0M0TI0N3  AKH  APPOINTIVE  KTS, 


[Aug.1 


Transport  Corps,  to  be  Comet,  vice 
Mann,  promoted ;  Cornet  T.  Churuher 
has  been  permitted  to  retire  from  the 
Service  by  the  sale  of  his  Com  mission. 

With  Light  Dragoons — Cornet  E.  A* 
*  ttrbet,  tram  the  17  th  Light  Dragoons, 
to  be  Comet,  rice  Bagonal,  appointed  to 
the  ]  3th  Light  Dragoons. 

Scots  Fusilier  Guards — H.  Farquhar- 
hoii,  Esq.,  Page  of  Honour  to  the  Queen, 
to  be  Ensign  and  Lieut ,  without  pur* 
rhift 

Military  Train — Comet  R.  Davits, 
fro  in  hall'  pay  bite  Land  Transport 
Corps,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Baird,  whose 
appointment  was  cancelled  in  the  Ga- 
zette of  May  31 ♦ 

Ro/ftl  Artillery — The  surname  of  the 

*>n  April  1  is   Lough* 

nam,  as  stated  in  the  Gazette  of  April  S, 

l:>tli    Foot  — Surgeon    T,     R.    Dyce, 

having  completed  twenty  jetxtf  full  pay 
service,  to  be  Burgeon  Major,  under  the 
Royal  Warrant  of  1st  October,  18iS, 
June  7. 

17th— Gentleman  Cadet  F+  N.  B,  G. 
Benson,  from  the  Royal  Military  Col- 
lege, to  be  Ensign,  without  purchase, 
harpe,  appointed  to  the  34th  Foot, 

34th — Ensign  H.  E.  Sharp,  from  the 
17tb  Foot,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Jones,  de- 
ceased, 

35th — Assistant  Surgeon  J.  Mahoit, 
from  the  Staff,  to  be  Assistant  Surgeon, 
vice  Patterson,  who  exchanges. 

-40th— Ensign  E,  Toseland,  from  the 
Bedfordshire  Militia,  to  be  Ensign,  with- 
-isi-chasc,  vice  Gwyn,  appointed  to 
the  2nd  1  ■ 

41st— Lieut*  H,  D,  J,  Macleod,  from 
halt'  pay  Unattached,  to  be  Lieut.,  vice 
J*  M'Kav,  promoted  to  be  Capt.  of  the 
Bchool  of  Musketry.  Lieut.  H.  D.  J, 
Macleod  has  been  permitted  to  retire 
from  the  Service  by  the  sale  of  his  com- 
mission. 

5 2nd — H.  F,  Barker,  gent.,  to  be  En- 
sign  by  purchase,  vice  Cow  burn,  pro- 
looted, 

60th — Lieut.  J.J.  Collins  to  ba  Capt., 
by  purchase,  vice  Roe,  promoted  ;  En- 
sign W,  K.  Murray  to  be  Lieut.,  by 
purchase,  vice  Collins. 

64th— The  Christian  names  of  Gentle- 
man Cadet  Aleton,  appointed  to  an  En- 
Mgiic\\  without  purchase,  on  the  24th 
June.  1369 *  are  *  Arthur  Richard/' 

70th — Lieut.  U  Whighamto  be  Capt,, 
without  purchase,  vice  Brevet  Col.  IS. 
L'Estrange,  who  retires  upon  foil  pAy. 
The  Christian  names  of  p Gentleman  Ca- 
det Feneran,  appointed  to  an  Eiiaigucy, 


to  |»S 

Lieu 
ienL 

-kof 

t 

fie; 


without  purchase,  on  24th  June,  1&59, 
iu<e  **  William  founder*  I 

i) 2nd—  Surgeon  T.  B.  Eeid,  from  the 
Stuff,  to  be  Surgeon,   vice  Stewai 
ceased,  May  ]L 

S9ih- Lient*  C.  Burton  to  be  Cap- 
tain, without  purchase,  vice  Williams 
deceased ;  Ensign  H.  R.  Sayoe  to  #be 
Lieut.,  without  purchase,  vice  Button, 
May  ir>. 

100th — B.  E.C.  Jarvis,  Gent.,  t 
Ensign,  without  purchase. 

Ceylon  Rifie  Regiment— Brevet  lie 
tenant  Col.  W.   T,  Lavuni  Bo  ba  Lie 
Ool. .  without  purchase,  vice  Brev> 
B*  Bwtybrooke,  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Major  Gen.;  Brevet  Major  Li.  R.  Camp* 
eie  to  be  Major,  without  purchase,   vie 
Layard ;  Lieut.  W,   J.  Gorman,  to 
Capt.,  without  purchase,  vice  Campsie  ; 
Ensign  A.  Hansard,  to  be  Lieut,,  with- 
out  pr  ;ce  Gorman,  Jur: 
Lieut,   A.  Randall,  from  the  Royal  £1- 
thomc  Militia,   to  be  Ensign,    without 
purchase,  vice  Hansard. 

Gold  Coast  Artillery  Corps^*Licut.  IL 
i\.  l(.  Gatehouse  to  be  Capt.,  without 
j  mr  chase,  vice  Taylor,  who  retires  upon 
Half  Pay  ;  Ensign  E,  W.  Smyth  lobe 
Lieut.,  without  purchase,  vice  Gate* 
house  ;  J+  Thompson,  Gent.,  to  be 
lign,  without  purchase,  nee  g 

Royal  Milita by  College — Dep 
Inspector  General  of  Hospitals  E,  Brad* 
ford  upon  Half  Pay,  to  be  Soma 
J.  Pickering,  M.D..  who   reran 
Half  Pay,  as  a  Surgeon  Major,  uudi 
the  Royal  Warrant  of  1st  October,  ]85 

Hospital  Staff— Deputy  Inspector 
General  of  Hospitals  D.  Dumbreck,  M. 
D,,  C.B.,  to  be  Inspector  General  of 
Hospitals r  vice  J,  Barry,  M.DM  ph 
upon  Half  Pay, 

Surgeon  Major  R.  J,  OTlaherty  I 

be  Deputy  Inspector  General  of  Ho 
tids,  vice  Dumbreck, 

Surgeon  W,  W,  Weld,  from  the  ] 
tary  Train*  to  bo  Surgeon,  vice  Beid,  up 
pointed  to  the  92nd  Foot. 

Assistant  Surgeon   L.  C   Palb 
from  the  35th  Foot,  to  tie  Assistant  Su 
geon,  vice  Mahon,  who  exchangee. 

Acting  Assistant  Surgeon  J.  Masters 
has  ceased  to  do  duty,  there  being 
longer  occasion  fur  bin  services,  June  f 

Brevet— Btevet  Col  E.  IT 
retired  Fub1  Pay,  7  0th  Foot,  to  1 
General,  the  rank  beiug  honorary  < 

Capt,  F.  W.  Lambton,  of  the 
Foot,  to  be  Major  in  the  Army, 


UaW- 
B  En- 

epnty 
*lrad* 

1658, 


1859.] 


roOHOTIOXS  A3TD  APPOIKTMIHTI. 


681 


Lieut.  H.  W.  Norman,  of  the  81st 
Bengal  Native  Infantry,  and  having  the 
local  rank  of  Brevet  Captain  in  India, 
to  have  the  local  rank  of  Lieut.  Colonel 
in  the  East  Indies. 

Capt.  G.  R.  Weston,  of  the  65th  Ben- 
gal  Native  Infantry,  to  be  Major  in  the 
Army,  March  24, 1858. 

WAR  OFFICE,  July  22. 

(The  /(Mowing  Commissions  to  bear  date 

July  22.) 

2nd  Regiment  of  Life  Guards — Lieut. 
R.  Palmer  to  be  Captain  by  purchase, 
vice  the  Hon.  C.  S.  B.  Hanbury,  who 
retires;  Cornet  and  Sub-Lieut.  H.  P. 
Ewart  to  be  Lieutenant  by  purchase, 
vice  Palmer. 

5th  Dragoon  Guards — H.  Darley, 
gent.,  to  be  Cornet  by  purchase,  vice 
Feilden,  who  retires. 

3rd  Light  Dragoons — T.  Donaldson, 
gent.,  to  be  Cornet  by  purchase,  vice 
Grant,  promoted. 

13th  Light  Dragoons — J.  Saunders, 
gent.,  to  be  Cornet  by  purchase,  vice 
Gore,  promoted. 

Military  Train— Capt.  E.  R.  Berry, 
from  the  61st  Foot,  to  be  Captain,  vice 
Hamilton,  who  exchanges. 

Scots  Fusilier  Guards — Lieut,  and 
Capt.  and  Brevet  Major  R.  J.  Loyd- 
Lindsay  to  be  Captain  and  Lieutenant 
Colonel  by  purchase,  vice  the  Hon.  A. 
E.  Fraser,  who  retires. 

14th  Foot — Ensign  C.  Day,  from  the 
36th  Foot,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Pigott,who 
exchanges. 

1 5th— Lieut.  F.  S.  U E.  FitzRoy  to  be 
Captain  by  purchase,  vice  the  Hon.  H. 
J.  Liddell,  who  retires  ;  Ensign  R.  S. 
Liddell  to  be  Lieut,  by  purchase,  vice 
FitzRoy. 

16th — Lieut.  Col.  O.  Langley,  from 
the  27th  Foot,  to  be  Lieut.  Colonel,  vice 
Baumgartner,  who  exchanges. 

17th— Lieut.  D.  F.  Allen  to  be  In- 
structor of  Musketry,  vice  Lieut.  W.  F. 
A.  E.  Pressgrave,  ordered  to  return  to 
duty  as  Lieut,  of  a  Company,  July  23. 

27th—  Lieut.  Col.  R.  J.  Baumgartner, 
C.B.,  from  the  16th  Foot,  to  be  Lieut. 
Colonel,  vice  Langley,  who  exchanges. 

36th — Ensign  S.  H.  Pigott,  from  the 
14th  Foot,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Day,  who 
exchanges. 

55th— Captain  R.  England  to  be  Ma- 
jor by  purchase,  vice  Barnston,  who 
retires. 

57th — Quartermaster  T.  Martindale, 
from  Half  Pay  2nd  Light  Infantry,  Bri- 
tish Swiss  Legion,  to  be  Quartermaster, 


vice  Balcombe,  promoted  to  an  TJnat* 
ticned  Company  for  services  in  the  late 
Transport  Corps. 

60th— F.  W.  Robins,  gent.,  to  be  En- 
sign by  purchase,  vice  Murray,  promoted. 

61st—  Lieut.  T.  J.  Sadlier,  to  be  Cap- 
tain  without  purchase,  vice  Bracken- 
bury,  deceased,  May  28 ;  Capt.  T.  R. 
Hamilton,  from  the  Military  Train,  to 
be  Captain,  vice  Berry,  who  exchanges; 
Ensign  A.  K  Flood,  to  be  Lieutenant 
without  purchase,  vice  Sadleir,  May  28. 

62nd— Ensign  J.  L.  Bland,  from  the 
24th  Foot,  to  be  Ensign,  vice  Colclong, 
promo  sed  in  the  19th  Foot. 

69th — The  name  of  the  Ensign  ap- 
pointed on  the  24th  June,  1 859 , is  Thomas 
Lander  Mitchell-Innes,  and  not  Thomas 
L.  Innes,  as  then  stated. 

73rd— Lieut.  P.  F.  Shuldham,  to  be 
Captain  by  purchase,  vice  Cook,  who 
retires. 

7Cth— Ensign  T.  T.  Hodges,  from  the 
88th  Foot,  to  be  Lieutenant  without 
purchase,  vice  Wigelsworth,  cashiered 
by  sentence  of  a  General  Court-Martial. 

85th— Quartermaster  W.  H.  Watts, 
from  Half  Pay  of  the  late  4th  Regi- 
ment, British  Italian  Legion,  to  be 
Quartermaster,  vice  Rouse,  appointed 
Paymaster. 

91st— Ensign  W.  H.  Baillie,  to  be 
Lieut.,  without  purchase,  vice  Allen, 
deceased,  July  2. 

94th— J.  Mackinlay,  Gent.,  to  be  En- 
sign by  purchase,  vice  Butler,  promoted ; 
Lieut.  S.  Mai  thus,  to  be  Adjutant,  vice 
Gaskell,  promoted,  May  21. 

99th — Major  M.  H.  Dowbiggin,  from 
a  Depot  Battalion,  to  be  Major,  vice 
Deering,  who  exchanges  ;  Lieut.  M.  B. 
Purcell,  to  be  Captain  by  purchase,  vice 
Molson,  who  retires ;  Ensign  II.  R 
Sayce,  to  be  [Lieut,  without  purchase, 
vice  Bond,  deceased,  May  6 ;  Ensign  H. 
Townsend,  to  be  Lieut,  without  pur- 
chase, vice  Sayce,  whose  promotion 
without  purchase  on  the  15th  May, 
1859,  has  been  cancelled,  May  15  ;  En- 
sign C.  Coates,  to  be  Lieut,  by  purchase, 
vice  Purcell ;  J.  A.  Stanford,  Gent.,  to 
be  Ensign  without  purchase,  vice  Town- 
send  ;  Lieut.  G.  R.  S.  Black,  to  be  Ad- 
jutant, viee  Bond,  deceased,  May  6. 

Rifle  Brigade— G.  Caulfield,  Gent.,  to 
be  Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Arbuth- 
not,  promoted ;  A.  Ames,  Gent.,  to  be 
Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice  Winterscale, 
promoted,  July  23.  L.  V.  Swaine, 
Gent.,  to  be  Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice 
Seymour,  promoted  in  the  Grenadier 
Guards,  July  11 


632 


PB0M0TI0H8  AKD  OPOnTTMEMS. 


[Aro. 


1st  Weil  India  Reeunent-H,  H, 
Smith,  Gent,  to  be  Ensign,  without 
purchase,  vice  Forbes,  promoted  ;  As- 
sistant Surgeon  C,  F.  S.  Macauley,  from 
the  Staff,  to  be  Assistant  Surgeon,  vice 
O'Brien,  appointed  to  the  Staff* 

3rd  West  India  Regt  — W.  T\  Croft* 
Gent.,  to  be  Enaign,  by  purchase,  vice 
Dugmore,  promoted  ;  G.  F  J  O'Grady, 
Gent.,  to  be  Ensign,  without  purchase, 
vice  Duncan,  promoted,  Julv  2.3, 

Ceylon  Rifle  Regimen  t — E,  N.  Wood, 
Gent,  to  be  Ensign,  by  purchase,  vice 
Hort,  promoted* 

DSFOT  BaVEafiUHL— -i Maj.  It.  IVor- 
ing,  from  the  99th  Foot,  to  bo  Major, 
vice  Dowbiggin,  who  exchanges. 

Hospital  St  at  p.— Surgeon  Major 
T.  G.  Ballour,  M.D.,  from  Surgeon  of 
the  Royal  Military  Asylum,  Chelsea,  to 
be  Deputy  Inspector  General  of  Hos- 
pitals, 

Assistant  Snnwn,  T«  B.  P.  O'Brien, 
bom  the  2nd  West  India  Regiment,  to 
be  Assistant  Surgeon,  vice  Macauley, 
appointed  to  the  2nd  West  India  Regi- 
ment, 

Buv£T. — Lieut,  CoL  II,  Fleming, 
Retired  Full  Pay  of  the  Koyal  Marines, 
to  be  CoL  under  the  Order  in  Council  of 
13th  Nov.  1858  ;  Capt  W.  J.  Geils,  of 
the  25th  Madras  Native  Infantry,  to  be 
Major  in  the  Army,  Jan,  15* 

MILITIA  GAZETTE. 

Durham  Artillery  —  Captain  C.  G. 
McGregor  SIdnner  to  bo  Paymaster, 
June  25. 

lot  King's  Own  Staffordshire— M. 
Blake,  Gent+,  to  be  Lieut.,  vice  Doyle, 
resigned,  July  9  j  R.  G.  Marshall,  Gent., 
to  be  Ensign,  vice  Mott,  promoted  ;  11. 
H,  Pl&yfair,  Gent.,  to  be  En  sign  t  vice 
Hickman,  promoted  ;W,  J,  I&ldwin, 
to  be  Ensign,  vice  Lambarde, 
promoted,  June  22. 

2nd  Royal  Cheshire— Capt.  R,  Smyth, 
late  of  the  17th  Foot,  to  be  Captain,  vice 
W.  E.  G.  Thomas,  resigned,  July  15. 

7th  Lancashire — H.  W.  Matthews, 
Gent,  to  be  Lieut.,  June  h 

3rd  Royal  Surrey— Ensign  H,  C, 
Rivers  to  be  Lieut*,  vice  C.  Kirk,  re- 
signed, July  8, 

Royal  Pembrokeshire  Artillery— H, 
Aekland  to  be  First  Lieut.,  July  4. 


North  York  Rifles -The  Queen  ha* 
been  graciously  pleased  to  accept  the  re- 
signation, by  Major  J,  M.  Jeffery  and 
Capt.  the  Marquis  of  Caennarthen,  of 
the  Commissions  held  by  them  ;  and  ht 
Majesty  does  not  disapprove  of  Lieut, 
Col.  H.  C.  Wade  bearing  the  title 
Lieut.  Col.  Conjmandant  of  the  Regi- 
ment 

Royal   Berks — H.    Morris,  Gent,, 
Member  of  the  Royal  College  ol 
goons  in  Loudon,  to  be  Assist.  Surgeon, 
vice  Alder,  resigned,  July  15, 

Huntingdonshire  —  S.     R.    Wonlfe, 

to  be  Captain,  vice  H.  Jt  Tbon 

hill,  resigned,  Jaly  3  ;  M.   Vane,  fiq., 

to  be  Ensign  ;  T.  Tbornhill,  the  younger, 

Esq.,  to  be  Ensign,  July  12. 

Royal     North     Gloucester— D*      H. 
Parry,  Gent.,  to  be  Ensign,  lice  Ge 
promoted,  July  13. 

latlJiddlesex— Ensign  C.  W,  B.  Weils 
to  be  Lieut.,  vice  Bent,  promoted,  June 
30. 

3rd  Middlesex — W.  Hurman,  Gent , 
to  be  Assist  Surg.,  vice  Dixey,  resigned, 
July  3. 

4  th  Middlesex— Count  W.  C.  Ri**- 
rola,  late  Captain  67th  Regiment,  to  bo 
Captain,  vice  Brialey,  resigned,  July  & 

Leicesterfthire— H.  Barber,  Gent,  to 
be  Ensign,  July  14. 

1st  Devon— Rev.  J.  B.  Kitson  to  be 
Chaplain,  M:ty  S  ;  F,  Coleridge  to  be 
Cornet,  vice  Phillpotts,  resigned,  July 
14. 

Devon  Artillery— H.  C.  Devon  to  be 
Captain,  vice  Chichester,  resigned;  R, 
G.  Palmer  to  he  First  Lieutenant,  vice 
Devon,  promoted,  July  14, 

Dumfries  Roxburgh,  and  Selkirk 
Regiment — Ensign  W.  R.  Tbornhill  to 
be  lieutenant,  vice  Thomson,  resigned, 
July  13  ■  R,  L+  Gledataues,  Gail  to  be 
Ensign,  vice  Thornhill,  promoted,  July 
13. 

Royal  Mid-LotMan  yeomanry  Ca- 
valry— Assistant  Surgeon  T.  Peacock 
to  be  Surgeon,  vice  Burt,  resigned  ;  W, 
Q  Fnwler,  Esq.,  Doctor  of  Medicine,  to 
be  Assistant  Surgeon,  vice  Peacock* 
promoted  ;  Conn  bo  be  Lieut, 

vice  Cockbura,  resigued ;  T.  E.  0. 
Home,  Gent,  to  be  Cornet,  vice  fljif, 
promoted,  July  14, 


INDEX 


TO  THM 


SECOND    PART    FOR    1859. 


A  Professional  Visit  to  Portsmouth,  494 
Admiralty,  the,  Old  and  New,  515 
Administration,   our  Military,  and  the 

Recruiting  of  the  Army,  15 
Admiralty  Circular,  Important,  relative 

to    Volunteers  from    the    Merchant 

Service  to  the  Roval  Navy,  224 
Alfred  Prince,  Portrait  of,    Mitchell's, 

282 
Allen,  Lieut.  William,  82nd  Regt  Foot, 

Court- Martial  on,  439 
Antwerp,  Fortification  of,  38 
Appointments  and  Promotions,  146, 305, 

461,  621 
Armstrong  Gun,  the,  120,  225 
Army,   British,   Stations  of   the,  140, 

299.  455,  614 
Promotions  and  Appointments, 

147,  308,  463,  621 

Bombay,  Distribution  of  the, 


137,  296,  452,  611 

Madras,   Distribution    of   the, 


138,  298,  454,  612 

Improved  Mode  of  Cooking  tor 


the,  289 
Indian,    Observations  on    the 

Report  of  the  Commission  on   the 

Re-organization  of  the,  229,  364 
Indian,  Thanks  of  Parliament 

to  the,  118,  127 

Recruiting  of  the,  and  our  Mi- 

.  litary  Administration,  15 
Schools,  Religious    Instruction 

in,  War-Office,  129 
Artillery,  Royal,  Recent  Changes  in  the 

Organization  of  the,  159 
Volunteer  and  Rifle  Corps,  a 

few  Observations  on  the  Formation 

of,  178 
Austrian    and  French   Armies  in   the 

I-ast  War,  397 


Bath,  Investiture  of  the,  285 

Battle  of  the  Lines  of  Battle,  the,  81 

Battle,  Order  of,  and  Convoy  of  Troops, 
General  Shaw  Kennedy  on,  417 

Bombay  Army,  Distribution  of  the,  1 37, 
296,  452,611 

Brevet,  150,  153,  156,  308,  311,  316, 
465,  467,  468, 626,  630,632 

Brigade,  Naval,  Stations  of  the,  145, 
304,460,  471,474,619 

British  Army,  Stations  of  the,  140,  299, 
455,  614 

British  Navy,  Summary  of  the,  by 
Theseus,  late  R.N ,  204 

British  Troops  in  Lisbon,  the  First,  by 
Port-fire,  254 

Bounty  for  Seamen,  Royal  Proclama- 
tion, 285 

the  Ten  Pound,  172 

Borgoyne,  Sir  John,  the  Military  Opi- 
nions of,  581 

Camp  to  Quarters,  from  ;  or  Life  in  an 
Indian  Cantonment  after  Field  Ser- 
vice, 84,  244,  376,546 
Campaign  of  1848,  in  Lombardy,  213, 

338.  501 
Carnegie,   Captain,   the  Case  o£   119, 

436 
Channel  War,  Ports,  and  Naval  Stations, 

the,  183 
Coast  Guard,  Appointments  and  Remo- 
vals, 147,  463,  622 
Commissariat  Corps,  the,  446 
Commission,  Military  for  India,  422 
Correspondence,  General,  125,  283, 600 
Critical  Notices,  124,  280,  437,  599 

Deaths,  158 

Defence  of  London,  the,  475 


if 


INDl 


Defences ,  our  Home  ;  on  the  Formation 

of  a  8team  Flotilla  to  be  manned  by 

a  Maritime  Militia,  26 
Diaphragm  Shell,  the,  Adopted  in  the 

Artillery  Service,  131 
Dmapore,  Garrison  Order  at,  132 
Discipline,  Naval,  on,  by  Theseus,  late 

R.N,,  328 
Douglass,  Sir  Howard,  Screw  Propeller 

of,  435 

Editor's  Portfolio  -t  or  Naval  and  Mili- 
tary-Register,  LIS,  277,  431,  595 

Efficiency,  Military,  and  Military  Re- 
form, 317 

Enpjtand  and  France,  Naval  Statistics  of, 
from  1852  to  1858,  63 

English  in  India,  French  View  of  the 
Military  Power  of  theh  94 

Examinations,  Staff]  Horse  Guards, 
4ft 

First  Notice  of  Malakoff,  the,  538 

Fortification  of  Antwerp*  33 

France  and  England,  Naval  Statistics  of, 

from  1852  to  1858,  63 
Franch    and   Austrian   Armies  in   the 

Last  War,  the,  397 
French  View  of  the  Military  Power  of 

the  English  in  India,  94 
Furlough     Par,   Rates,    Artillery    and 

Engineers,  General  Order,  441 
Future.  Past,  Present,  255 

Gazette,  Militia,  148,  15(1, 153,  155, 157, 
310,  312,  314,  315,  467,  468,  471, 
474,  624,  627,  632 
General  Correspondence,  125,  2 S3,  BOO 
General  Orders  and  Circulars,  129,  441 
Good  Time  Coming  A.  by  the  Author 

of  "Matthew  Paxton,"'  noticed,  124 
Greenwich  Hospital  a*  it  is,  by  an  An- 
cient Mariner,  195.  386,  556 
Guard  Coast,   Appointments   and  Be* 

movals,  147,463,  623 
Gun,  the  Armstrong,  120,  225 

Great,  at  South  sea  Castle,  408 

Gunnery,    School    of,    Horse    Guards* 
Circular,  391 

Hardinge,  Lord,  Monument  to  the  Late, 

435 
Hal  ton,  the  late  Admiral,  the  Will  of, 

proved,  132 
Havel ock,  the  Charterhouse  Memorial 

to,  133 
Haron,   Loss   of  the,   Official   Report, 

440 
Home  Defence*,  our,  on  tha  Formation 

of  a  Strain  Flotilla,  to  he  manned  hy 

a  Maritime  MUiiin.  3ti 


Importance  of  a  Correct  Official  Navy 
List,  the,  535 

India,  Court  Martial  in,  439 

French   View  of  the  Military 

Power  of  the  English  in,  94 

—  Sanitary  Commission  for,  422 

Thanksgiving  for  our  Successes 

in,  Royal  Proclamation,  127 

— Armv,  Observations  on  the  Re- 
port of  the  Commission  on  the  Re* 
organisation  of  the,  229,  364 

Thanks  of  Parliament  to 

the,  118,127 

Mutiny,  List  of  the  Dis- 
affected   and    Mutinous    Regiments, 


1U4 
— Mutiny    Relief    Fund, 

the,  133 
Navy  in  Commission,  Stations 

of  the,  144,  3113,  460,  616 
-  —  Telegraph,  Difficulties  of  the, 

134 
Installation  of  a  Provisional  Govern* 

ment,  431 
Intelligence,  Naval  and  Military,  121 

285,439,602 
Italy,  the  Operations  in,  279 

Jacobs,  Major,  Resignation  of,  459 
JearFresun,  J.  C,  ;  William  Uople 

uottctdt  437 
dews  in  the  East,  the,  mHced,  i8fl 

Karanagh,  Julia,  Nathalie  by,  noticed, 
282 

Life's  Foreshadow!  ngg,    noticed*    134 
Lines  of  Battle,  the  Battle  of  rhe,  81 
Lisbon,   the  first  British  Troops  in,  hy 

Portfire,  254 
Lombard  v,  Campaign  of  184S  in,  213, 

338,  501 
London,  the  Defence  of,  475 
Loopholes  of  Retreat,  Peeps  from  the, 

by  Retired  Major  Marksman,  77,  411, 

588 
Macintosh,    Lieut.-Gen.,    on    Piaceuia, 

and  other  Localities  in  Northern  Italy, 

by,  115 
Madras  Army,  Distribution  of  the.  138, 

298,454 
Malakoft",  the  First  Notice  of,  538 
Manning  the  Navy,  1  j  General  Correa* 

pondence,  1 25 
Marines,  Roval,  Appointments  and  Re- 
movals, 14G,  305,461 
Marksman,  Retired  Major,  Peep*  from 

the    Loopholes   of  Retreat,   by,   7", 

411,588 
Medical  Office rm  and  Naval  Chaplain*. 

44-1,  445 


ISDEI. 


Messes  and  Messmen,  283 

Midshipman's  Grievance,  A,  126 

Military   Administration  and  the  Re- 
cruiting of  the  Array,  15 

Military  Organisation*  owr«  The  War- 
Office  and  the  Horse  Gnards,  476 

MMitaiy  Opinions  of  Sir  John  Bur- 
poyne, 581 

Military   and  Naval   Intelligence,  127, 
285,  430,602 

Orders  and  Circu- 
lars, 287 

. Register,  or  Edi- 
tor's Portfolio,  118,277,  431,  595 

Power  of  the  English  in  India, 


French  view  of  the.  94 

-  Reform  and  Mili  tan'  Efficiency, 


317 

Savings  Bank,  1 34 

— — • Science,  Notes  on.  259,  563 

Militia  Gazette,  the,  148,  150,  153,  156, 

137,310,312,314,315,467,468,471, 

474, 624, 627,  G'i'2 
Stations  of  the  Embodied,  1 4 1 , 

300,  456, 615 
Miriam   Copley,  by  J.   C.  Jeaffreson, 

notuwit  437 
Murray,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  Sixteen  Years 

of  an  Artist's  Life  in  Morocco,  Spain, 

and  the  Canary  Islands,  noticed,  438 

Nathalie,  by  Julia  Kavanagh,  nri 

282 
Napoleons,  the  Two,  539 
Naval  Position  and  Policy,  our,  574 
Nnvul  Brigade,  Stations  of  the,  145,304, 

460,619 
Chaplains  and  Medical  Officers, 

Royal  Warrant,  444 

Discipline,  on,  by  Theseus,  late 

R.N 

and  Military  Intelligence,  127, 


295,  439,602 
Iars,2S7 


■  Orders  and  Circu- 
-  Register,  or  Edi- 


tor's Portfolio,  118,  277,  431,  595 
—  Officers'  Messes,  Admiralty  Cir- 
cular, 288 

Prize  Money,  290,  294 

— School,    the     Royal,    Annual 

Meeting  of  the  Friends  and  Suupor- 
ters,  295 
— Stations  and  the  Channel  War- 
ports,  IBS 

Statistics  of  England  and  France, 

from  1852  to  1858,  63 

■ Royal,  in  Commiasiou,  Station* 

ofthe,l  42,301,457,616 
—  and  the  Admiralty,  the,  278 
Armstrong**  Guns   for   the.   h\ 


Navy,  Indian   in  Commission,  Statioui 

of  the,  144,301,  457,619 
Manning  the,  1  ;  General  Cor 

respondence,  125 

Sailing,  oar,  by  Theseus,  late 


RN.,52 

*  United  States,  Pay  of  Officers  in 


Theneus.  late  R,N„  204 


the, 102 
Neutrals,  the  Trade  of,  358 
Newton  Dogvane,  noticed t  281 
Notes  on  Militurv  Science,  259,563 
Notices,  Critical,*  124,  280,  437,  592 

Observations,  A  few  on  the  Formation 
of  Volunteer,  Artillery,  and  Rifle 
Corps,  176 

-— on  the   Report  of    the 

Commission  on  the  Re -organization 
of  the  Indian  Army,  229,  364 

Orders  and  Circulars,  General,  129, 
441 

_ Naval    and 

Military*  237 

Organization  of  the  Royal  Artillery, 
the  Recent  Changes  in  the,  1 59 

Official  Navy  List,  the  Importance  of  ft 
Correct,  535 

Our  Military  Organisation— the  War- 
Office  and  the  Horse  Guards,  476 

Oar  Naval  Position  and  Policy,  574 

Past,  Present,  and  Future.  255 

Pay  of  OftHeers  in  the  United  States* 
Navy,  102 

Peeps  from  the  Loopholes  of  Retreat, 
by  Retired  Major  Marksman,  77. 
411,583 

Piacenxa  and  other  Localities  in  North- 
em  Italy,  by  Lieut. -Gem  Macintosh, 
115 

Portfolio,  Editor's  ;  or  Naval  and  Mili- 
tary RctfiMi-r,   118,  -7",  ;;U,595 

Portsmouth,  a  Professional  Visit  to,  494, 

Promotions  and  Appointments,  146.  305 

Quarters,  from  Camp  to  ;  or  Life  in  an 
Indian  Cantonment  after  Field  Ser- 
vice, 84,  244,  376,  546 

Recent  Changes  in  the  Organization  of 
the  Royal  Art! lien-,  the,  159 

Reform,  'Military,  and  Military  Effi- 
ciency, 317 

Register,  Naval  and  Military  \  or  Edi- 
tor's Portfolio,  118,  277,  481,  595 

Ki'iiiiriiseeoccs  of  a  Veteran  \  being  a 
Narrative  of  Personal  Adventures 
during  a  Period  of  43  Years  in  Por- 
rivuri],  Spain,  France,  Malta,  New 
South  Wales,  Norfolk  Island,  New 
Zealand,  Andaman  Mann1,  and  In- 
dia, 107,  264,  427,  *&<* 


VI 


inhi:x, 


Retreat,  Peeps  from  the  Loopholes  of, 
bv    Retire  J    Major   Marksman,    77, 

Rifle  Corps,  Artillery  and    Volunteer, 

a  few  Observationa  on  the  Funimtimr 

OC  178 
Romance  of  the  Banks,  241} 
Royal  Artillery,  Recent  Changes  in  the 

Organisation  of  the,  159 
Staff  of  the  j    Horse 

Guard's  Circular,  291 
Murines  Appointments  ami  Ra* 

morals,  14fi,  305,4fil 

Gratuitous    Issue    of 


Bedding  to  the,  444 

Navy  in  Commission,  Stations 

ofthe,942,30l,  457,616 

— • Promotions  and  Appoint- 
ments, 146,  305,  461,  621 


late 


Hailing  Navy,  our,   by  Theseus, 

R.N.,  52 
Sanitary    Commission    for  India,  the, 

422 

iflft,  Expedition  up  the  River,  286 
Science,  Military,  Notes  on,  259,  MS 
Shuw,  Kennedy,  General,  on  Order  of 

Settle  tnd    the   Convoy   of  Troops, 

•Shores  of  the  Channel,  the,  in  a  Mili- 
ary Point  or  View,  41 

KixU*n   Yean   of  an  Artist's  Life   in 
Morocco,  Spam,  ami  the  Canary  Is- 
land*,   by    Mrs.    EliznU-th  Mil- 
ftOflZ,  4-48 

Botferrno,  tin-  little  of,  431 

Sii,]|  Kxumhmtions,  llorw  G  minis,  450 

Rtatfong  of  \hv  British  Army,  140,  £90, 
455,  Gil 

Embodied   Militia,   HI, 

800,  436,1115 

Indian  Navv  m  Connm*- 

*umt  144,  3n:;,  4 fin,  619  * 

Royal  Navy  in  Coram  i*- 

•1 t«,  801,  457, 61 U 


Statistics,  Naval,  of  England  and  France, 

from  18Sa  to  1 858,  6a 
Steam  Ram,  the,  4B9 
Summary  of  the  British  Navy,  by  The* 

-,  Iste  K.N,,  204 

Ten  Pound  Bounty,  the,  172 
Thackwell,  Lieut, -General  Sir  Jonejti, 

aCB.  and  R.H.,  Memoir  of,  105 
Through  the  Shadows,  by  the  auttior  of 

Sidney  Grey,  noticed ,  437 
Trade  of  Neutrals,  the,  358 
Traffic  in  Commissions,  the   Alleged, 

121 
Trial,  a  Mother's,  by  the  author  of  Tb* 

Discipline  of  Life,  ftntked,  438 
The  Admiralty,  Old  and  New,  51  o 
Two  Napoleons,  the,  539 
Threw  Days  at  Woolmar,  527 
Troops,  Convoy  of,  and  Order  of  Battle, 

General  Shaw  Kennedy  on,  417 

United  States'  Navy,  Pav  of  Officers  in 

the,  102 

Veteran,  Reminiscences  of  a  ;  bein^  a 
Narrative  of  Pergonal  Adventure* 
dming  a  period  of  43  Years  in  Portn- 
gaJ,  Spain,  France,  Malta,  New  Sooth 
WaleFT  Norfolk  Island,  New  Zealand. 
Andaman  Island,  and  India,  107, 
JJ7.569 

Victoria  Cross,  Distribution  of  the,  439  * 
List  of  Recipients,  12*.  472 

Volunteer  Corp  }  War-Office,  293,  442 

Artillery  and   Rifle   Corps,  a 

few  Observation*  on  the  Formation 
of,  173 

Wa?  between  Austria  and  Italy,  118 
AVjir    Ports  and    Naval    Stations,    the 

mneii  183 

Woodlctgh,  by  the  author  of  The  House 

of  El  more,  noticed*  28d 
Wbolmer,  Three  Days  at,  527 


CONTEXTS 


TO  THE 


SECOND  PAET  FOR  1859. 


PAGE 

Manning  the  Navjr  .  .  .  .  .  1 

Our  Military  Administration,  and  the  Recruiting  of  the  Army     .  15 

Our  Home  Defences :  on  the  Formation  of  a  Steam  Flotilla  to  be 

Manned  by  a  Maritime  Milicia        ....  26 

Fortification  of  Antwerp   .  •  •  •  .  33 

The  Shores  of  the  Channel  in  a  Military  Point  of  View    .  .  41 

Our  Sailing  Navy  ......  52 

Naval  Statistics  of  England  and  France  from  1852  to  1858  63 

Peeps  from  the  Loopholes  of  Retreat.    By  Retired  Major  Marks- 
man .  .  .  77,411,  588 
The  Battle  of  the  Lines  of  Battle  .            ....  81 

From  Camp  to  Quarters ;  or  Life  in  an  Indian  Cantonment  after 

Field  Service  ....  184,244,376,546 

French  View  of  the  Military  Power  of  the  English  in  India  94 

Pay  of  Officers  in  United  States  Navy  .  .  .  102 

Reminiscences  of  a  Veteran.    Being  a  Narrative  of  Personal  Ad- 
ventures during  a  Period  of  43  Years  in  Portugal,  Spain, 
France,  Malta,  New  South  Wales,  Norfolk  Island,  New 
Zealand;  Andaman  Island,  and  India  .  107,  264,  427,  569 

On  Piacenza,  and  other  Localities  in  Northern  Italy.    By  Lieut. - 

Gen.  Macintosh       ,  .  .  .  .  .  115 

The  Recent  Changes  in  the  Organization  of  the  Royal  Artillery  .  159 

The  Ten  Pound  Bounty    ......  172 

A  Few  Observations  on  the  Formation  of  Volunteer,  Artillery, 

and  Rifle  Corps       ......  178 

The  Channel  War-ports  and  Naval  Stations  183 

Gt*enwich  Hospital  as  it  is.    By  an  Ancient  Mariner  195,  386,  556 

Summary  of  the  British  Navy.    By  Theseus,  late  R.N.     .  .204 

Campaign  0f  1848  in  Lombardy.  .  .         213, 330, 501 

Important  Admiralty  Circular       .....  224 

The  Armstrong-  Gun  ......  225 

Observations  on  the  Report  of  the  Commission  on  the  Reorganiza- 
tion of  the  Indian  Army     .....    229,364 


TON  TENT*. 


Btiouuftoe  of  thp  Hanks      .  ...  140 

The  First  British  Troops  in  Lisbon.     Hy  Purt6r«  -  *  254 

Past,  lYescnt.  Future         ......  255 

Notes  on  Military  Science.  „  .  .  259,  563 

Military  Rafbnn  wad  Military  Efficiency    .  *  .  ,  317 

On  Nuval  Discipline.     By  Theseus,  late  R.N,       .  ,  .  329 

The  Trade  of  Neutrals       ...... 

The  French  and  Austrian  Annies  in  the  Last  War 

The  Great  I  ion  at  Souths  Castle  . 

General  Shaw  Kennedy  on   Order  of  Battle  and  the  Convoy  of 

Troop*         .  ..... 

The  Sanitary  Commission  iiir  India  .... 

The  Defence  of  London  .  .  .  , 

Our  Military   Organization.    The   War    Office  and  the    Horse 

Guards         .... 
The  Steam  Ram 

A  Professional  Visit  to  Portsmouth 
The  Admiralty*— Old  and  New 
Three  Days  at  Woohm- r 

The  Importance  of  a  Correct  Official  Navy  List 
The  First  Notice  of  the  Malnkoff 
The  Two  Napoleons 
Our  Naval  Position  and  Policy 
The  Military  Opinions  of  Sir  John  Burgoyne 
Editor1*  Poutfoijo  ;  or  Naval  and  Military  Register  1 1 8,  277*  ^h  595 


Deaths, 
Brevet 


124,  280,  437,  5m 
125,283,600 
127,  285,  439,  602 
137,  296,  452,  611 
138t  298<  454,  612 

140,  200,  453.  614 

141,  300,456,  61fi 
142,301,457,616 

144,  303,  460  till! 
145,  304,  461,61ft 
158 
150,  153,  156,  308,  311,  016,  465,  467,  468,  471,  47  4 


i  kitical  Notices 

General  Correspondence 

Naval  and  Mi  lit  ar*  lHTasj.t.irtE>-<;is 

DISTRIBUTION  OE  THE  BottEAY  ARMY 
DuTRincTtON  OF  THE  MADRAS  ARMY 

Stations  of  tiik  British  Army. 

Embodied  Militia 

*  RorAL  Navy  in  Commission 

Indian  Navy  in  Commission 

Naval  Brigade 


MAR  2  8   1917 


r