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DEPOSITORY

Vol. Ill- pt. 12

METHODS and
PROCEDURES

SPECIAL REPORTS

1954

Census
Agriculture

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • BUREAU OF THE CENSUS • WASHINGTON • 7956

U. S. Department of Commerce

Sinclair Weeks, Secretary

Bureau of the Census

Robert W. Burgess, Director

United States

ensus

Agriculture

1954

Volume

SPECIAL REPORTS

Part 12

Methods and Procedures

Soston Public Library Q *?// J //#. J/

rinrpnHpnt of Documents '

ffSV

Boston

Supe

NOV 5 - 1957

/•-?

&■/£-

Prepared under the supervision of

RAY HURLEY

Chief, Agriculture Division

HOW THE CENSUS WAS TAKEN • DESCRIPTION OF
METHODS AND PROCEDURES •

* tew, y\jj

IS 3

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

pr?X

ROBERT W. BURGESS, Director

A. Ross Eckler, Deputy Director
Howard C. Grieves, Assistant Director

Robert Y. Phillips, Special Assistant
Conrad Taeuber, Assistant Director

Jack B. Robertson, Special Assistant
Morris H. Hansen, Assistant Director for Statistical Standards
Walter L. Kehres, Assistant Director for Administration
Calvert L. Dedrick, Coordinator, International Statistics
A. W. von Struve, Acting Public Information Officer

Agriculture Division —

Ray Hurley, Chief

Warder B. Jenkins, Assistant Chief
Administrative Service Division — Everett H. Burke, Chief
Budget and Management Division — Charles H. Alexander, Chief
Business Division — Harvey Kailin, Chief
Census Operations Division— Marion D. Bingham, Chief
Field Division — Robert B. Voight, Chief
Foreign Trade Division— J. Edward Ely, Chief
Geography Division — Clarence E. Batschelet, Chief
Governments Division — Allen D. Manvel, Chief
Industry Division — Maxwell R. Conklin, Chief
Machine Tabulation Division — C. F. Van Aken, Chief
Personnel Division — Helen D. Almon, Chief

Population and Housing Division — Howard G. Brunsman, Chief
Statistical Reports Division— Edwin D. Goldfield, Chief
Statistical Research Division — William N. Hurwitz, Chief
Transportation Division— Donald E. Church, Chief

SUGGESTED IDENTIFICATION

Bureau of the C

ensus. U. S. Census of Agriculture: 1954.
Part 12, Methods and Procedures

Vol

III,

Special Reports,

u. s.

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.

1956.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington
25, D. C, or any of the Field Offices of the Department of Commerce, Price 60 cents (paper~cover)
II

PREFACE

Volume III, Special Reports, comprises one of the volumes presenting final summaries
and results for the 1954 Census of Agriculture. The purpose of Part 12 is to outline the
methods and procedures used in taking and compiling the results of the 1954 Census of
Agriculture.

Since 1920, the Bureau of the Census has taken once each 5 years a Census of the Nation's
farms and agricultural production. The increasing complexity of agriculture, and the
accelerated rate of agricultural changes, resulting from increased technological developments
and mechanization, have made the taking of a Nationwide Census of Agriculture a complex
and difficult task. This report describes briefly the methods and procedures devised and
used for meeting the many problems involved in the 1954 Census of Agriculture of the
United States.

This report was prepared under the supervision of Ray Hurley, Chief, Agriculture
Division, and with the assistance of Orvin Wilhite, J. Thomas Breen, and Henry A. Tucker.

December 1956

III

UNITED STATES CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE: 1954

REPORTS

Volume I. — Counties and State Economic Areas. Statistics for counties include number of farms, acreage, value, and farm operators;
farms by color and tenure of operator; facilities and equipment; use of commercial fertilizer; farm labor; farm expenditures; livestock and
livestock products; specified crops harvested; farms classified by type of farm and by economic class; and value of products sold by source.

Data for State economic areas include farms and farm characteristics by tenure of operator, by type of farm, and by economic class.

Volume I is published in 33 parts.

Volume II. — General Report. Statistics by Subjects, United States Census of Agriculture, 1954. Summary data and analyses of
the data for States, for Geographic Divisions, and for the United States by subjects.

Volume III. — Special Reports

Part 1. — Multiple-Unit Operations. This report will be similar to
Part 2 of Volume V of the reports for the 1950 Census of Agri-
culture. It will present statistics for approximately 900
counties and State economic areas in 12 Southern States and
Missouri for the number and characteristics of multiple-unit
operations and farms in multiple units.

Part 2. — Ranking Agricultural Counties. This special report will
present statistics for selected items of inventory and agricul-
tural production for the leading counties in the United States.

Part 3. — Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, District of Columbia, and
U. S. Possessions. These areas were not included in the 1954
Census of Agriculture. The available current data from vari-
ous Government sources will be compiled and published in
this report.

Part 4. — Agriculture, 1954, a Graphic Summary. This report will
present graphically some of the significant facts regarding
agriculture and agricultural production as revealed by the 1954
Census of Agriculture.

Part 5. — Farm-Mortgage Debt. This will be a cooperative study
by the Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture and the Bureau of the Census. It will present,
by States, data based on the 1954 Census of Agriculture and a
. special mail survey conducted in January 1956, on the num-
ber of mortgaged farms, the amount, of mortgage debt, and the
amount of debt held by principal lending agencies.

Part 6. — Irrigation in Humid Areas. This cooperative report by
the Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture and the Bureau of the Census will present data ob-
tained by a mail survey of operators of irrigated farms in 28
States on the source of water, method of applying water, num-
ber of pumps used, acres of crops irrigated in 1954 and 1955,
the number of times each crop was irrigated, and the cost of
irrigation equipment and the irrigation system.

Part 7. — Popular Report — The American Farmer in 1954. This
report is planned to be a general, easy-to-read publication for
the general public on the status and broad characteristics of
United States agriculture. It will seek to delineate such as-
pects of agriculture as the geographic distribution and dif-
ferences by size of farm for such items as farm acreage, princi-
pal crops, and important kinds of livestock, farm facilities,
farm equipment, use of fertilizer, soil conservation practices,
farm tenure, and farm income.

Part 8. — Size of Operation by Type of Farm. This will be a coop-
erative special report to be prepared in cooperation with the
Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture. This report will contain data for 119 economic sub-

regions (essentially general type-of-farming areas) showing the
general characteristics for each type of farm by economic class.
It will provide data for a current analysis of the differences
that exist among groups of farms of the same type. It will
furnish statistical basis for a realistic examination of produc-
tion of such commodities as wheat, cotton, and dairy products
in connection with actual or proposed governmental policies
and programs.

Part 9. — Farmers and Farm Production in the United States.
The purpose of this report is to present an analysis of the
characteristics of farmers and farm production for the most
important types of farms as shown by data for the 1954 Census
of Agriculture. The analysis deals with the relative importance,
pattern of resource use, some measures of efficiency, and prob-
lems of adjustment and change for the principal types of farms.
The report was prepared in cooperation with the Agricultural
Research Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

The list of chapters (published separately only) and titles
for each chapter are as follows:

Chapter I — Wheat Producers and Wheat Production
II — Cotton Producers and Cotton Production
III — Tobacco and Peanut Producers and Production
IV — Poultry Producers and Poidlry Production

V — Dairy Producers and Dairy Production
VI — Western Stock Ranches and Livestock Farms
VII — Cash-Grain and Livestock Producers in the Corn
Belt
VIII — Part-Time Farming
IX — Agricidlural Producers and Production in the

/United Slates — A General View
Part 10. — Use of Fertilizer and Lime. The purpose of this report
is to present in one publication most of the detailed data com-
piled for the 1954 Census of Agriculture regarding the use of
fertilizer and lime. The report presents data for counties,
State economic areas, and generalized type-of-farming areas
regarding the quantity used, acreage on which used, and
expenditures for fertilizer and lime. The Agricultural Research
Service cooperated with the Bureau of the Census in the prep-
aration of this report.

V Part 11. — Farmers' Expenditures. This report presents detailed
data on expenditures for a large number of items used for farm
production in 1955, and on the living expenditures of farm
operators' families. The data were collected and compiled
cooperatively by the Agricultural Marketing Service of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of the Census.

V Part 12. — Methods and Procedures. This report contains an
outline and a description of the methods and procedures used
in taking and compiling the 1954 Census of Agriculture.

CONTENTS

Page
Chapter I — Planning and Preparing for the Census 7

Chapter II — The Enumeration 19

Chapter III — Central Office Processing and Publication 51

CONTENTS

Page

Planning the Agriculture Questionnaire 7

Selecting the questions 7

Establishing enumeration districts 7

Funds for the Census 12

The time schedule 12

ILLUSTRATIONS

The Agriculture Questionnaire (Form Al) 8

Enumeration starting dates, by areas : 1954 Census of Agriculture 14

Chapter I— PLANNING AND PREPARING FOR THE CENSUS

The planning for the 1954 Census of Agriculture was performed
largely by staff members with experience in connection with one or
more prior Censuses of agriculture or other Censuses. The
results of the prior Censuses were available to this staff in the form
of published reports, staff appraisals, records of work performed,
and copies of detailed procedures, and these were used as a basis
for planning.

Planning the Agriculture Questionnaire. — Planning for the
questionnaire content began in connection with the sample
Census of Agriculture taken in 1953 in the States of Virginia and
Utah. The questions proposed for the 1954 Census were pre-
tested in this sample Census taken in October-November 1953.
This pretest involved the use of about 130 enumerators and the
enumeration of approximately 7,600 farms scattered throughout
the two States. The work of the enumerators during this pretest
was observed by technical staff members, the questionnaires were
edited and coded, tabulations were made, and reports presenting
data from this pretest were published in March, 1954.

Selecting the questions. — The questions included in the 1954
Census of Agriculture were selected from requests and suggestions
received from many sources, such as the United States Department
of Agriculture, State Agricultural Colleges, farm publications,
farm organizations, individuals, etc. The first list of questions
deemed by the technical staff of enough importance to be consider-
ed for inclusion in a Nationwide Census of Agriculture was prepared
in April 1953.

The selection of questions to be included in the Census was made
on the basis of the advice and recommendations of a special advi-
sory committee appointed by the Director of the Bureau of the
Census. This special advisory committee included persons recom-
mended by, and representatives of the following organizations:
Associations of Land Grant Colleges and Universities
National Association of Commissioners, Secretaries, and

Directors of Agriculture
American Farm Bureau Federation
Agricultural Publishers Association

Farmers Educational and Cooperative Union of America
Farm Equipment Institute
National Grange

The American Farm Economics Association
Census Advisory Committee, American Statistical Association
United States Department of Agriculture
National Council of Farmer Cooperatives
In selecting questions to be included in the Census, the special
advisory committee and the technical staff gave consideration to
the possibility of obtaining satisfactory information more effi-
ciently in some other way than through the Census of Agriculture,
to the adequacy of the information that might be obtained through
the Census, to the availability of data from other sources, to the
usefulness of the data, and to the cost of securing and compiling
the information. A reduced facsimile of an Agriculture Question-
naire (Al) appears on pages 8 to 11.

The special advisory committee also made recommendations
regarding the publication of data for the Census, and the making of
special surveys and reports in connection with the Census.

Establishing enumeration districts. — In order to secure the
complete coverage of all areas, and to make assignments of work
to individual enumerators, it was necessary to divide the area of
the United States into small areas, called enumeration districts.
The size of these small areas was determined by the amount of
work each enumerator was expected to perform and by boundaries
of existing local minor civil divisions, such as townships, districts,
etc. Generally, it was planned to establish enumeration districts
that would provide 150 to 160 hours of work for each enumerator.
Usually, enumeration districts contained all of one or more minor
civil divisions. Records of the work time, number of farms, and
number of dwellings as shown by the 1950 Censuses of Agriculture,
Population and Housing were used as a basis for estimating the
workload for proposed enumeration districts. Enumeration
districts were established so that all parts were contiguous and so
that natural barriers would not impede travel. Generally, in-
corporated places, unincorporated places, and urbanized areas
having a population of 1,000 or more in 1950 were made separate
enumeration districts. Likewise, incorporated and unincorporated
places of less than 1,000 population were made separate enumera-
tion districts if they had relatively few farms and more than 150
dwelling units in 1950.

In 37 out of the 48 States, enumeration district boundaries were
established to conform to existing boundaries of townships or
similar minor civil divisions. In 5 States, enumeration district
boundaries conformed only in part to boundaries of minor civil
divisions as the enumeration district boundaries were drawn along
township or section lines, roads, or streams. In 5 States, perma-
nent statistical areas had been established using natural features
as boundaries and these areas or combinations thereof were used
as enumeration districts.

The total number of enumeration districts established was
41,221 of which 11,127 were for incorporated or similar urban
places. The 30,094 enumeration districts outside of urban areas
contained an average 153 farms each. The 11,127 enumeration
districts for urban areas contained approximately 170,000 farms
or an average of 15 farms each.

Base maps for use in indicating enumerators' districts were
obtained generally from State Highway Departments. For
areas with a high concentration of farms, the enumerators' maps
were on a scale of approximately 2 inches per mile. For sparsely
settled areas, the enumerators' maps were on a scale of one-fourth
inch per mile. Blue line prints were made of these base maps for
use in outlining enumeration districts. The boundaries of the
enumeration districts were indicated with a colored pencil on the
enumerators' maps. These maps usually covered areas somewhat
larger than the enumeration district so as to facilitate their use
by enumerators in determining location of the enumeration dis-
trict boundaries. In order to maintain records and controls
for enumeration districts, each enumeration district was assigned
an identification number. This identification number contained
two parts — one part identified the county and the other part
identified the enumeration district within the county. Each
enumeration district also contained a label, that identified the
name, if any, of the area comprising the enumeration district.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Tin. inquiry U Mtbofiud uy Art ..I Lonareaa 1 16 Sltt II; 13 ISC 201-21B I whirh requir

j tili- a report Yoi

rtorded ronfidenlnl treatment. iul>j*rl to ihr pro1

ii. .lit ot law, )'.

FORM Al

CENSUS QF AGRICULTURE | OCA

QUESTIONNAIRE: lV*r*

Section I. —PERSON NOW IN CHARGE

(If a inemlier of Ihr? family or anyone elite I
in charge, please be sure thai all the inforrua
CHARGE.)

■ this questionnaire for the peraofl
in in Riven FOR the PERSON IN

(Post ORIer) (Suu)

[ (a) D White

3- H-'Aal it uour raeet J (ft) rj Negro

If) D Other. What race*

Section II.— OWNERSHIP. RENTAL AGREEMENT, AND LOCATION OP LAND
OWNED LAND:

4. How manv acres of land do vou OWN?" Q Nt

(If you own more than one tract of land, INCLUDE
ALL LAND OWNED Include not only cropland but
also pastureland, woodland, wasteland, etc.)

// no land . owned, check the square for

LAND RENTED FROM OTHERS:

5. Do you have a graiing permit* (From the U. 8.
Forest Service, Grazing Service, etc. Graiing lands used
under Government Permit are not to be included as land

ited, but livestock on these permit lands should be|Q No

Idy«

6. How many acres of land do voaRENT FROM others,
including any worked on shareaf L I None

(Include any separate fields, meadows, paatureland,
woodland, wasteland, etc. Include Federal, State,
school, railroad, and other land leased and land used by
you rent free )

// "Sone," cheek and skip to qutition [SJ.

(a) Give the following information (or each landlord:

ncluded in this report I

iWixo.

(List additional i

How many
acres are

rented
from each
landlord?

(Port OOeO ~iBul«>

inder REMARKS Total acres for all landlords must
equal total for question 6.)

7. Does the landlord furnish ALL the work animals <
(as a part of his share in the operation of this place) '

(o) Do you pay to your landlord any cash as r

. . . IDl
ID '

(6) Do you pav to vour landlord anv share of the crops? . . . /Q '

(Such as i; i. i ) in

ihare of the livestock (

IB!

(r) Do you pay to your landlord ■
livestock product*? .....
(Such Ml.*.*)

. ■'(■ Do you have this land under any other arrangement? . . . /D j
(Such as a fixed quantity of any product, upkeep of land arid ' l J
buildings, payment of taxes, keep of landlord, rent free, etc.)

LAND MANAGED FOR OTHERS-:

[91 How manv acres do you operate for others as a

HIRED MANAGER' |

(Enter the name and address of the employer under

LAND RENTED TO OTHERS:

10. How many acres are RENTED TO others, includ-
ing land worked on shares by croppers or tenants? L.I None
(Include any separate fields rented to others. Land
worked by members of your household with your equip-
ment should not be considered as rented to others.)

If -No

' check and skip to question [11]

Acrei in Thia Place:

£11] Adding arret owned and
htn subtracting acres rented to othei
(Question i + quettton t-quest
if managed question 9 — quettn

i rented from others,

in .r. Ihc land for »
to be harvested this

hich

e want a report of the crops harvested

LOCATION OF LAND:

12. Is anv of this land located|D No. // "No," cheek and ikip

outside of this county? .... to question [13].

ID Yes

(a) How many acres are in this county?

(6) Give names of other counties and acres located in each:

1U i

,-•;.,

RESIDENCE AND AGE OF PERSON IN CHARGE.
[13] Do you live on this place?

14. How old were you on vour last birthday*

15. ft'bBtl did vou begin ' . operate this place*

ia No

ID Ye,

Section III.— CROPS HARVESTED THIS YEAR. 19'.*

Report all crops oar*eiled. or to be harvested, this year from these (read anawei
lor question II) acres. II yon rent land from others on sharea Intrude landlord*!

CORN AND SORGHUMS

CORN:

16. CORN for ALL
PURPOSES this year?

(lie not Include «*e*i com, po

(o) CORN for GRAIN? . . . .
(70 lb. ear corn or 66 lb
shelled cornel bu. Report
corn hogged off in question
(c), not here )

(6) CORN for SILAGE*

(e) CORN hogged or graied. or
cut for green or dry fodder
(ears not husked or
snapped)? .

(Tha total ol the acre* (or qualloru

r*^w much was
or will be
harvested*

SORGHUMS: (Kafir, m.lo. hegari
amber, orange, atlas, "redtop,'
etc.)

R POSES except
sirup this year? . . Q None

(Report md uribum lor Mrup In

(b) SORGHUM for SILAGE?

1*1. .■■■'..:■! U

it equal the acrei

XXX

Tons
Tons

(3)
How much of

crop was or
will be sold?

Imiirl- land
lord iihmu

SMALL GRAINS

[18] GRAINS grown
together and threshed as a
MIXTURE? . . . Q None

t Wheal aDd oat*, wheal and barley ■haal and
rjt. oali and barley I

It. WHEAT? . . . D None

20. OATS? D None

21. BARLEY? . . O None

22. OTHER GRAIN
threshed? Emmer,

flaxseed, rye spelt .. D None

acres were
harvested*

11. y

(3)

v much of
this year's crop
was or will be

■old?
i Include landlord!
•hare ai told ei
«pl that uwd

23. SOYBEANS for ALL PURPOSES

this year? Q None

// "None," cheek and skip to
question [24].
(o) SOYBEANS for BEANS?

(6) SOYBEANS for HAY?

(e) SOYBEANS hc*jjjedorgrawd,or cut ior silage'

not graied or otherv

l The total "I I he acrea tar quallonj
muil aqua) the acres lor question XI I

C24] DRY FIELD and SEED BEANS
other than soybeans and mung beans for
BEANS this year? . ........ Q None

25. COWPEAS for ALL PURPOSES
(except for fresh market, or for canning,
f reeling, or other processing) this vear* . Q '

(Include black:res. noidm. whlppoor«illv purple hull!
Report thoee wld lor frur. mart el. or to cannni. Ireeim. or

// "None," check ond tkip I
queitwn [26].
(o) COWPEAS for DRY PEAS? . . .
(6) COWPEAS for HAY?

(d) COWPEAS plowed under for green in
graied or otherwise harvested' . .

[2«J PEANUTS for ALL PURPOSES
this year* Q Noi

(a) PEANUTS for picking or threshing?

Mil be saved for

<b) Vines or tops which v
HAY or FORAGE'

acres were

Tons

XXX

Tons

XXX

FOR OFFICE
USE ONLY

C-l

No.

Color

...

Tenure

C-!

7
8

Irrigation

•"

Cl«u

1
2
3

S
6
7
8
9

Type

2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
O
X
V

REGION

N. Mel.

OkU.

Wot To

Figure 1. — The Agriculture Questionnaire (Form Al).

PLANNING AND PREPARING FOR THE CENSUS

report uitt be uird for

HAY CROPS: If [-0 or more cuttings
count the acres onl. once bui jive
tola! production of ill cuttings.

Were Ant of the Following Hat
Chops Clt This Yea«—

From how How

many acres i many
For each kind of hay cut, oniiMr I »■». h»v eu,1 I toM »«"
thttt quettiom — ""

28. CLOVER, TIMOTHY,
and mixtures of clover and
grasses FOR HAY* . . . . Q None

(Report ••widoiTdii (or bar in quriUon III

11 «h»n npror rn-irly riptfo* frr-llrn '

(3)
' How much ni
1 this year's
crop was or

wilt be sold?

iRrporl landlord i

FOR HAY?
32. Ai>:

iJohnson

Tons _

ALFALFA SKF.D. CLOVER. GRASS, AND OTHER FIELD SEED CROPS:

S3. YYerafiny dfalfaseed, cloverseed. grass jQ No. // "A'o," eheck and tlnp to
seed, and>olrnr field seed crops harvested this tjvtition [38).

year? ID Ye*

Bluestem, jnmi grass, millet, lespedesa, red clover, Sudan grass, winter peas.

COTTON. POTATOES, AND OTHER CROPS

(38) Cotton? □ None

39. Broom corn?

. . . . Q None

40. Sugarcane or Sorghum

for SlrupT □ None

41. Irish potatoes for home use

or for sale T . . □ None

(If less thai 20 bushels were harvested, do not

42. Sweelpotatoea for home use or

for sale' O None

(If less than 20 hushels were harvested, do not
report acre* )

How many acres

harvested T
(Report tenths

;»

How much
»as or will be
harvested

VEGETABLES FOR HOME USE AND FOR SALE

43. Were eny vegetables, sweet corn, or melon* harvested this year —

[D No

ii For home use?

ID Yea

(6) For sale for fresh market or to ID No. // ".Vo." caret and iktp to

canners. freciers, or other processors'. atittUen [491.

ID Yes

t Acre* Were o

I Haivcstbo This Year For Sale—

(Report tenths of an acre, such as tV. iV tV I A- etc. If two or more plantings
of the -aiur crop were made, either on the same land or on different land, report
the total harvested acres of the several plantings. Include acres of vegetables
harvested from land from which other crops were also harvested.)

45. Dry onions?

46. Watermelons?

T BUfl'inin.!.ilto Spinach

l (mi, cowpcas ffcjijMb

t tod plc»le> Hoi prpprn lentil Tomaltm

i.l remain* prppmi Turnips

48. What trai (he rofur of alt otatlablf SOLD or TO
BE SOLD thi* year' . . • » /00

llnflui). It-irtl—.l t \lxmir- I ■•? no I mftu.lf in> value ol Irish [■jUl.n an.l i.wlpoUlait IcW I

HERRIES AND OTHER SMALL FRUITS

[49J IVcWaUiJ Initio or otlirr small |Q No I f \o." rkrfk and tkip to
fruit* Karvr-K-d this vear tor sale* ... v •""on [»]•

ID Vt»

Give I lie name of each km! the acres and quantity harie*tcd in the spaces
provided bdow

{Report tenth- of an acre, -urh a- A. rV ' it. etc Do not include nonhealing
area )

Acre* it . _ Quarts

TREE FRCITS, NUTS, AND GRAPES:

[50] Are any (ruil or nut trees or
grapevines on this place?

ID No // ",Ve," check and itip to
. . question [621.

Id y«

hi, Are there as many as 20 fruit and |D No // "A'o," chtck and ikip to
nut trees and grapevines of all kinds 7. . oucition [621.

ID Yes
SI. How much land is In bearing and nonbearing fruit

orchards, groves, vineyards, and planted nut trees? .... Acres *

(Report tenths of an acre, such as iV I A. etc, Do not ;io
include berry acreage or nurseries.) — j

52. APPLES?

53. PEACHES? .....

54. PEARS?

55. CHERRIES?

56. PLUMS and PRUNES'

57. APRICOTS?

58. CRAPES?

59. IMPROVED PECANS?

(Budded. (nTted. or Up-*/«ktd.)

60. WILD or SEEDLING PECANS?

NOT of

much was

harvested

this

year?

Figs, i

rines, Japanese persim

. planted walnuts.

[62] Are there any other crops (not mentioned before) that were [Q No
or will be harvested this year on this place? Castor beans, dry field [
and seed peas, melons for feed, mung beans, popcorn, root and grain t
crops hogged or graied (other than corn, sorghums, and ann

legumes), sugar-beet seed, sunflower seed ID Yes

If "Yet." give the name of the crop, acres and quantity harvested, and value of
sales.

Value ol this
year's crop
Acres sold or to
harvested * __ be sold 4>8 '00

Section IV.— LAND USE THIS YEAR. 1954

83. (Copy acres from question 111 » Ac

Now we want to distribute the ACRES IN THIS PLACE
according to how they were used this year After you have
accounted for a field or plot do not count this land again
Be sure to account for all the land. Give only whole acres.

CROPLAND:

84a. From how manv acres of land were CROPS
HARVESTED (including hay cut) this year* Q Son

(This area may be obtained' by adding the acres in the
fields from which one or more crops were harvested or
hay was cut this year; acres in nonbearing and bearing
planted tree fruits, nuts, and grapes, and acres in nursery
and greenhouse products.)

To Be Filled by Ceni

■ Enu

(1) Add acre of ail cropi iwith # in Srrtio
HI and Vt) and enter total here . ....

(2) From how- many acres of land were ti
crops harvested this

(3) Subtract the a
enter difference here

(This entry should be
the acres shown for ques

W '

,n >■ (

- of cropland were in cultivated
■ acres of cropland have not been

64/ How m
accounted for?

(Include idle land, land in soil-improvement crops
only, and land on which all crops failed )
WOODLAND:

(Include as woodland all wood lots and timber tracts
and cu lover land with young trees which have or will
have value as mood or timber.)

I None
I None
I None

65a How manv acres or woodlsnd were pastured (or

grazed) this year* D None

85b How manv acre* of woodland were not pastured
(or gruedl this year* D None

OTHER LAND:

86. How many acres were in other pasture (not
cropland pasture and not woodland pasture) * . D None

If "\otie," cheek and iktp to queition [67J.
(a) Of this other pasture, how many acreffv

do vou consider lo be Improved pasture? XD None

(tmproved by liming, fertilizing, seeding to tAwwi
.■■I-- or legumes, irrigating, draining, or by
controlling weeds and brush.)
[67] How many acre* were in house lots, barn lots,
lanes, road*, ditches, and wasteland? . , D None

Add thne atru lourilions 64a, 64b, 64. 64./. 65a.
65b. 66, and 67) and enter the total here p. J

68. Of ihe land from which crop* were harvested (reported

i 64ol. how many acre* i

DibE

// "r/our," rhrrk and itip to our Mi on [69].

| O No If "Xo," ri
(a) Are-there any crop- thai wre not I ouralion [

irrigated* t

llu,.-.!„i«ini, i^^.-Jium-' QVh IfYei/a

{ of lAH ou,

[69] i>f i hi* land u.-i-d unli f.,r pasture or grating itvirortrd

csiiaiM 64'., 65i ami 66). how man* aerr* „,r.

irrigated Ihb war' D Noi

70. How mam arm of HOW CHOI'S or ( I.OSh -NKKDKI)

( Hiirs».r,xn.»i, ..,.tr.,.-il,.- ywlw I , r.,.„.,. , ml! D N'"

71. Hoa main tern ■■< rruiiUmI iisn) f«n < : It \l\ ..r HOW

L». CHOI'S .1 ar ».n far I Iir ■-. r • D N»t

Figure 1. — The Agriculture Questionnaire (Form Al) — Continued.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Section VI.— FOREST PRODUCTS AND NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE
PRODUCTS THIS YEAR, ISM

FOREST PRODUCTS:
72. Was imr firewood, fuelwood, fence poala. jn No. // "No,' check and

iimhpi fir (,r h»f ti\r*nt nr.^rlurt*. put Ihin vpir fnr u ' , ' . .

0 Yes

Q None

(b) How many FENCE POSTS were or will be cut

thin year on thin place' D None

73. How much waa or will be received this year
from the aale of firewood, fence ports, logs, lumber,
pulpwood, piling and poles, bark, bolts, Christmas
trees, hewn ties, mine timber, and other miscellaneous None

forest product* " D aold

NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS, FLOWER AND VEGETABLE
SEEDS AND PLANTS. AND BULBS:

[74] Were any nursery or greenhouse jQ No.
products, flower or vegetable seeds or
plants, flowers, or bulbs grown for sale (Q Yes

// "Wo/' cA«* and tktp U>
qvetiion [78]

75 How many acres of NURSERY
PRODUCTS {trees. shrubs, vines,
ornamentals, etc ) did you have this year? .

7«. How manv CUT FLOWERS.
POTTED PLANTS, FLORIST
GREENS, and BEDDING PLANTS
were grown this year for sale —

(«) Under glass T

(6) In open?

77. How many of the following were
produced this year for saleT Vegetables
grown under glass, flower seeds, vegetable
seeds, vegetable plants, bulbs, and
mush room ■ —

(a) Under glass or in house T

(b) In openT

Area

{Report tenths of an
acre, audi as iV
A. I iV etc.)

Square feet .
Acres *

Square feet .
Acres it

How much was
or wiU be the
value of tales T

Section VII.— LIVESTOCK NOW ON THIS PLACE AND LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION THIS YEAR, 1954

Inclnde all animals on this place owned by yon and by others. Alao, IncJnde
any animals belonging to this place but grazing on national (wests, graiiag
dUlrlcla, or on open range.

CATTLE AND CALVES

[78] How many CATTLE and CALVES of all ages are

on this place? D None

(Include all cows and all other cattle and calves, both dairy
and beef, on this place)

// "Nam," chick and tkip to qtitttion [S3].

OF THIS TOTAL—

(a) How many are COWS* Include heifers, that have calved . .

(b) How many are heifers and heifer calves?

(Do not include any heifers that have calved.)

(r) How manv are b-illa, bull calves steers, and steer calves? .
(The total for questions (a), (6), and (e) must equal the
number for question 78.)

COWS MILKED YESTERDAY:

80. How many MILK COWS were

on this place yesterday T Include dry milk cows and

milk heifers that have calved D None

81. How many GALLONS of MILK were

produced yesterday T

DAIRY PRODUCTS SOLD AND TO BE SOLD THIS YEAR, ISM:

1954) T

(Report all sales from this place whether
made by you or by others. Report as sold
dairy products turned over to or sold for
your landlord. Be sure to include dairy
products which you will sell before
January I, 1955 )

(a) How much WHOLE MILK
was or will be sold
this year* ....... Q Noi

(b) How much CREAM was or

will be sold this year* . Q None

(If cream sold by gallon, multiply the
number of gallons by 2'; to get pounds of
butterfat )

[D No. // "No," check and tktp to

ovation [84].
ID Yea

(I)
Quantity

How much was
or will be the
value of tales 7

SHEEP AND LAMBS:

[Ml How manv EWES, RAMS, WETHERS, and
LAMBS of all agea are on this place? □ N<

// "None." check and tkip to quettton [85],

OF THIS TOTAL—

(a) How many are LAMBS under 1 year old? ,

(6) How many are EWES I year old and over?

(r) How manv are RAMS and WETHERS 1 year old and over
(The total for questions (a), (6). and (r) must equal
number for question 84.)

GOATS AND KIDS, AND MOHAIR CLIPPED:

If ' 'None ." check and tktp to auettion [84].
OF THIS TOTAL—

(a) How many arc ANGORA GOATS and KIDBT

,6. How many are OTHER GOATS and KID8T . . . . .

(The total for questions (a) and <b) must equal the number
for question 85.)

[88] How many goats and kids were CLIPPED
this year? O None

7/ "Nom," check and tktp to fuetiion [87].

(a) How many POUNDS of MOHAIR and KID HAIR were
CLIPPED this year (1954) including both spring and fall
shearings ? ,

MULES AND HORSES:

[871 How many MULES, HORSES, COLTS, and
PONIES are on this place!

// "None." check and tkip to auettion [88].

OF THIS TOTAL—

(a) How many are MULES and MULE COLTST . .

(b)

How many are HORSES and COLTS, including ponies? .

(The total for questions (a) and (5) must equal the number
for queation 87.)

HOGS AND PIGS:

[88] How many HOGS and PIGS of all ages, including
sows and boars, are on this place? Q Noi

// "None," cheek and tktp to quetlion [89a].

OP THIS TOTAL—

(a) How many were born since June 1, this year?

(b) How many were born before June 1, this year?

(The total for questions (a) and (b) must equal the number
for question 88.)

SOWS AND GILTS FARROWING:

[89a] How many sows and gilts farrowed between
ber 1, las

Ho*
this year, o

No.

ANIMALS SOLD AND TO BE SOLD ALIVE THIS YEAR, 1954:

(Report all sales (run
as sola animals turned o
which you will sell before January 1, 1955.)

Mb CALVES sold

O None
r to be sold? . Q None

How many

were or will

be sold this

year?

How much wsa
or will be the
value of aales?

WOOL SHORN THIS YEAR, 1954:

91. How many sheep and lambs were shorn
this year (1954)? Q Noi

// "None," check and tktp to quetlton [92].
(a) How many pounds of wool were shorn this year (1954)?

POULTRY:

(Report all sales from this place whether made by you or by othere. Report aa
sold ull poultry and poultry products turned over to or sold for your landlord. Be
sure to include aa aold any chickena, broilers, eggs, turkeys, etc., which you will
sell before January I, 1955 )

[92] Are there now any chickena, |Q No.

turkeys, or other poultry on this place I

or were there any on thia place thia )

year? ID Yes

93. How many CHICKENS, 4 montha old

and over, are on thia place? Q None

(Hens, pullets, roosters, etc )

94. How many CHICKENS were or will be
SOLD thia year-
fa) Broilers? Q None

(Report all broilers solfl from this place
including those raised Tor others under
contract.)

9Co. How manv TURKEYS and
TURKEY FRYSRS were raised thia
year?

(Include those raised from poults

bought, poults hatched on this place, or

raised for othere under contract, whether

now on hand )

■rM i

w many TURKEY HENS
>w, are you keeping for
i 1955?

DNone
Light breeds
Heavy breeds

D None
Light breeds
Heavy breeds

97. How many DUCKS,
GEESE, and other poultry (not
counting chickens and lurkevs) were
RAISED this year» □ None

(Naaasklnaj

98. How much wan or will be received thia
year from the sale of TURKEYS, DUCKS,
GEESE, and miscellaneous poultry, snd THEIR None

EGGS? O sold

{Do not include chickens and chicken egg")

Color
1

2
3

Tenure

1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
O

Irrigation

1
2
3
X

Out
1

2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
O
X
V

REGION

N. Hex.
Wol T«i.

Figure 1. — The Agriculture Questionnaire (Form Al) — Continued.

PLANNING AND PREPARING FOR THE CENSUS

Section VIII.— FERTILIZER AND LIME

FERTILIZER and FERTILIZING
MATERIALwaapurchasedlhisyear? . | ] Noi

(Do nol Include barnyard manure, itnv, refust
nu t*i lib or rypnun )

dollars "nlji on -

Ij " Viinf ." check and ikip to qutition [101].

. On which crops wu FERTILIZER USED

mi Hay and cropland pasture? . . . . D None

(b) Other pasture (nol cropland)? . . . D None

(rf) Colton? D None

(t) Fruits, vegetables, and potatoes? . Q None

(J) Other crop*? Q None

(Olra nam*)

(1)

acres was
fertiliser
used?

How many
tons were

[101] HowmuchLIMEor LIMING
MATERIAL was purchased this year? D None _
(Include ground limestone,
hydrated and burnt lime, marl,
oyster shells, etc. Omit lime
used lor sprays or sanitation).

» _ /Ofl

i.Tr)l*T<™"l.

dollanoolr .

Section a.— SELECTED FARM EXPENDITURES. THIS YEAB. IffM

Include all eipenses paid, or to be paid before January 1. IVS5. by rou and by jour
landlord for lain place.

102. How much was or will be SPENT this year for

(o) MACHINE HIRE? D

(Include custom work, such as tractor hire,
threshing, combining, silo (ilium, baling,
ginning, plowing, and spraying.)

(b) HIRED LABOR? □

(Do not include housework, custom work,
or contract construction work Include cash
payments only.)

(e) FEED for livestock and poultry? , . . . . Q
(Include coat of grain, hay. mill feeds,
concentrates, and roughages, also, amounts
paid for grinding and miiing feed )

(d) GASOLINE and other petroleum FUEL
and OIL for the farm business* Q

Section X.— FARM LABOR

103. About how many hours the week of
Sept. C6-Oct. 2 did you (the person in charge of
this place) do farm work or chores on this place?
(Caret one)

1. □ None

2. O 1 to 11 hours

3. D IS hours or mo

(a) How many OTHER MEMBERS OF YOUR
FAMILY did 15 hours or more of farm work or chore*
on this plaw the week of Sept 26-Oct. 2 WITHOUT

RECEIVING CASH WAGES''

(Do not include housework.)

(6) How many HIRED PERSONS did any farm work or
chores on this place the week of Sept 26-Oct. 2T.

Q None

(Include members or your family receiving cash wages )

// "Son*," cluck and tkip to quetUon [104].

IOW MANJ' OF THESE HIRED PERSONS WORKINC THE
WEEK OrSEPT 26-OCT 2 WERE EMPLOYED FOR—

(e) 150 days or more during this year? Q None

Q None
nber

e of pay and hours of work of these hired
103(b))* (Enter information below.)

(d) Less than 150 days during this year?

(The total for questions (r) and (<f) must equal the n
for question 103(b).)

(t) Whkt were the
persons (questic

How nianv of these hired
person- were paid on a—

Weekly

Daily
basis?

Hourly

What was the agreed cash

rata of pay ? (If more

than one person, give

average)

I Palters only)

» J0«

How many hours per

person were these

workers expected to work

to earn this pay*

hours
_per month

Section XL— OFF-FARM WORK AND OTHER INCOME

[104] How many days this year did you work off your l\ D None

farm? Include work at a nonfarm job, business, 2, Q 1 to 49 days

profession, or on someone else's farm {Check one) . (3. Q 50 to 99 days

(Do not include eichange work Include days you 4 Q 100 to 199 days

expect to work off your farm before Jan. 1, 1955.) Is. Q 200 days or more

(o) Did any other member of your family living with you have a non-
farm job, business, profession, or work on someone else's farm this year? ,

(b) Have you anyincome this year from any of the following sources—
sale of products from land rented out, cash rent, boarders, old-age assist-
ance, pensions, veterans' allowances, unemployment compensation,
interest, dividends, profits from nonfarm business, and help from members
of your family?

// "None" for question 104 and "No" for both questions
(a) and (b), ikip to question [106].

105. Will the income which you and your family receive from work off
the farm and from other sources (listed in questions 104, (a), and (b)) be
greater than the total value of all agricultural products sold or to be sold I Q No

from your place this year? ;

ID Yes

p No
ID Yes

D No
D Yes

Section XII.— FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT NOW ON THIS PLACE
Include equipment and facilities tbat are temporarily oat of order.

1106] Do you hai
(a) Telephone? . .

(b) Piped mooing water?

(t) Electricity?

(d) TelerialoD aetT . . .

ID Yes
ID No
ID Yes
ID No
ID Yea
fO No
ID Yes

(e) Home freer, er (for quick [D No

freezing and storing foods. I

Do not include refrigerator) ? lO Yes

(J) Electric Hi brooder?
(p) Milking machine?

ID No
ID Yes

ID No
In Yea

[D No

(A) Power feed grinder

(suitable for grinding and

crushing grain)? ID Yes

107. HOW MANY OF THE FOLLOWING ARE ON THIS PLACE—
Include equipment, whether owned by roo or by others, hept on thii place.

(a) Grain combines (for
harvesting and threshing
grains or seeds in one
operation)?

(t>) Cora picker*?

(d) Field forage harvesters
(for held chopping of silage
and forage crops) r

(f) Motortrucks (include

ban garden?

(o) Garden tractors?

(ft) (rswiw traciara(track-
laying, caterpillar)? . , .

(■) Ailomobile* (belonging
to you, to hired workers, or to

other* living on this place)?

(j) Artificial ponds.
reservoirs, and earth
Unka?

Section Xm.— MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

FARM VALUE. MORTOACE DEBT, AND CASH RENT:

106. About how much would the land and the buildings on it sell for?

(o) LAND OWNED BY YOU? D None
(from question 4)

(6) LAND RENTED FROM

OTHERS? D None

(from question f )

OTHERS? D None

(from question t)

(rf> LAND RENTED TO

OTHERS? (from question 10) D None

Acres

1M. Is there any MORTGAGE DEBT on land and
buildings owned by you?

No land owned

'iTUknarJ/l
|D No land rented
I for cash.

111. On that dole va* tin ourtfionnairc f&ltdt

112. Who furnished Ike information given in thu
D Operator

O Wife or other member of operator's famili
□ Landlord

(Gin month «nd <Ur!

tportt [Check wWA)
D Hired laborer
D Neighbor
D Other
Name

ENUMERATOR'S RECORD— To be filled by Census Enumerator:

STATF, COUNTY K, D No.

TOWNSHIP OR PRECINCT

Have you reviewed each seel ion of this questionnaire*

Certified by Dale _

Checked by Date .

ON.
ID Yes

_. I9M
_, 1954

Figure 1. — The Agriculture Questionnaire (Form Al) — Continued.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

For example, if the enumeration district comprised an entire
township, the enumeration district description consisted of the
name of the township. The boundaries of enumeration districts
were indicated on a copy of a county map retained for office use.
A negative photoprint copy was made of these county maps for
use by Crew Leaders. The preparation of enumerator maps was
started in the latter part of May and completed in early September
1954. A reduced facsimile of a typical map furnished an enu-
merator is shown in figure 11.

Funds for the Census. — General specifications and costs for
the various phases of the 1954 Census of Agriculture were pre-
pared in 1953. However, in 1953 a decision was made that the
1954 Census of Agriculture would be taken for only a sample of
the farms, and the budget request submitted to Congress in
January 1954 provided for the appropriation of $2,400,000 for the
fiscal year beginning July 1, 1954 for the taking of this sample
Census. However, the Congress decided that a complete Census
of Agriculture should be taken in 1954 and an appropriation of
$16,000,000 was made by Congress on July 2, 1954. During the
last week of May 1954, it appeared likely that Congress would
approve the taking of a complete Census rather than a sample
Census of Agriculture, and the plans that had been developed for
a sample Census were modified and work on preparing for a
complete Census was started during the last week of May 1954.
However, lack of funds limited preparatory work during June
1954 to the starting of the preparation of enumerators' maps,
revising plans, and getting proof copies of questionnaires and some
instructional materials.

The plans for a complete Census of Agriculture prepared in 1953
called for an expenditure of approximately $18,000,000 for the
fiscal year beginning July 1, 1954, and for the expenditure of an
additional $6,000,000 to complete work on the Census. The
appropriation of $16,000,000 for the fiscal year beginning July
1954 required a revision of the plans and specifications of the
Census. The necessary changes in plans because of the reduction
in appropriation were made during July and August 1954. A
total of $6,000,000 was requested to complete work on the Census
during the period July 1955 to December 31, 1956. Congress
appropriated $5,500,000 of this amount. However, because of
economy in Census operations and reduced costs, $1,000,000 of
the $21,500,000 funds appropriated were not expended for the
Census of Agriculture and the increased cost, of $400,000 to
$500,000, arising from the pay raise of approximately 7 percent
approved by Congress effective March 1955, was absorbed.

The time schedule. — The satisfactory and efficient performance
of a large number of different jobs required in connection with a
Nationwide Census, many performed at different locations, re-
quired the establishment of a detailed time schedule so that each
job was scheduled, and so that personnel, machines, instructions,
and materials were available when required. A detailed time
schedule for most operations connected with the Census was
prepared in 1953 and was revised May 20, 1954, when it appeared
that funds would likely be appropriated for the Census. The
following outline shows the time schedule for many of the major
parts of the job:

I. General:

1. Questionnaire content determined — May 20, 1954

2. Preparation of enumerator maps — May 20 to October 2,

1954

3. Shipment of materials for enumeration to field offices —

August to October 2, 1954

4. Recruitment of field personnel — August 9 to October 27,

1954

5. Enumeration — October 2 to December 15, 1954

I. General — Continued

6. Editing and coding of questionnaires — December 1954 to

August 1955

7. Punching of tabulating cards — December 1954 to Septem-

ber 1955

8. Tabulation of data for counties and States — March to

October 1955

9. Issuance of preliminary county and State data — March

1955 to January 1956

10. Issuance of final reports containing State and county

data — October 1955 to September 1956

11. Issuance of subject report presenting State and United

States data — December 1956

12. Completion of special tabulations — November 1956

13. Completion of special reports — December 31, 1956

14. End of Census work — December 31, 1956
II. Planning and policy :

Revised plans and detailed specifications for the Census —

June to September 1954
Qualification of field personnel established — June 4, 1954
Location for office processing determined — July 1954
Personnel policy regarding employment, promotions, etc.,

of temporary office personnel established — June 30, 1954
Preparation of budget for completing work during period
July 1, 1955 to December 31, 1956— August 1954
III. Operations related to the enumeration:

Enumerator maps prepared — May 20 to October 2, 1954
Forms and instructions for use in the enumeration sent for
printing:

Agriculture Questionnaires for enumerators' use —

Approved for printing, July 29 to August 16, 1954
Agriculture Questionnaires for mail distribution —

August 6 to August 16, 1954
Enumerators' record book — July 20, 1954
Employee appointment forms — June 1954
Portfolio for use by enumerators — June 1954
Enumerators' Instruction Book — June 21, 1954
Crew Leaders' Instruction Book — August 5, 1954
Instructions for supervisors of Agriculture Field Offices —

July 24, 1954
Training materials for enumerators — July 5 to 25, 1954
Shipment of materials to field offices:

Office forms and supplies — August 28, 1954
Enumerators' portfolios and training materials — August

28 to October 2, 1954
Materials for publicity regarding Census — September 1,
1954
Appointment of Agriculture field supervisors — August 9, 1954

to September 13, 1954
Training of technical instructors — August 23 to 28, 1954
Training of Agriculture field supervisors — August 10 to

September 13, 1954
Appointment of crew leaders — August 23 to October 11, 1954
Crew leader training — September 23 to October 11, 1954
Enumerators appointed — September 27 to November 1, 1954
Enumerator training — September 27 to November 8, 1954
Packaging of Agriculture Questionnaires for mail distribu-
tion— September 7 to October 28, 1954
Distribution of Agriculture Questionnaires by mail — Septem-
ber 21 to October 30, 1955
Training of enumerators of quality check for Census — Janu-
ary 2 to 10, 1955
Enumeration for quality check for Census — January to June
1955

PLANNING AND PREPARING FOR THE CENSUS

IV. Operations related to editing, coding, tabulating, and publi-
cation of data:
Receipt, editing, and coding of questionnaires:

Recruitment of office personnel — October 1954 to March

1955
Training of supervisors — October to December 10, 1954
Instructions printed — November 1954
Training materials prepared — November 1954
Editing and coding starts — November 24, 1954
Editing and coding completed — July to August 1955
Punching of tabulating cards:

Card forms outlined — May 27, 1954

Card forms designed and ordered — July 14, 1954

Machine requirements determined and machines rented —

September 29, 1954
Instructions for punching prepared — November 1954
Training materials prepared — November to December

1954
Training of supervisors — November 1954
Punching begins — December 9, 1954
Punching completed — August 25, 1955
Correction of punch cards:

Specifications for selection of cards with possible errors

completed — August 15, 1954
Selection of cards — February 5 to September 24, 1955
Correction of cards — March 5 to October 22, 1955
Making of tabulations:

Outline of tabulation plans completed — June 29 to July

13, 1954
Tabulation forms designed and ordered — October 1954

to February 1955
Machine requirements determined and machines or-
dered—July 1954
Tabulation of county data — March 19 to October 14,

1955
Tabulation of State economic area data — June 1955 to

April 1956
Tabulation of subregion data — May 1956 to December
1956
Checking and review of tabulations:

Instructions completed — March 16, 1955

County tabulations — April 16 to November 19, 1955

State economic area tabulations — July 1955 to March

1956
Economic subregion tabulations — May 1956 to October
1956
Preparing statistical tables for typing:
Table forms sent for printing:

Preliminary reports — January 27, 1955 to April 5,

1955
Final reports— March 20, 1955 to July 29, 1955
Preparation of county tables:

Preliminary reports — April to December 1955
Final reports — June 1955 to April 1956
Preparation of State economic area tables — August 1955

to April 1956
Preparation of subregion tables — May 1956 to October
1956

IV. Operations related to editing, coding, tabulating, and publi-
cation of data-Continued
Typing of statistical tables:

Preliminary reports — May to December 1955

County, State economic area, and State — August 9,

1955 to May 26, 1956
Subregions — August 1956 to November 1956

Printing of reports:

Preliminary — April 30 to December 24, 1955
Final — County, State economic area, and State — De-
cember 1956
Subregion — March 1957
Final — State and United States Summary — December

1956
Special reports — August 1956 to June 1957

Very detailed time and progress schedules were established for

each operation. For example, the time schedule established for

the issuance of preliminary reports for States and counties was as

follows:

Number of
preliminary

1955 week ending- &'<?

May 14 20

May 21 30

May 28 40

June 4 1 60

June 11 80

June 18 100

June 25 100

July 2 100

July 9 100

July 16 100

July 23 100

July 30 100

Aug. 6 100

Aug. 13 100

Aug. 20 100

Aug. 27 100

Sept. 3 100

Sept. 10 100

Sept. 17 100

Sept. 24 100

Oct. 1 100

Oct. 8 100

Oct. 15 100

Oct. 22 100

Oct. 29 100

Nov. 5 100

Nov. 12 100

Nov. 19 100

Nov. 26 130

Dec. 3 140

Dec. 10 150

Dec. 17 150

412357 O — 57-

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

The time schedule for operations related to the enumeration
was varied according to areas of the country as the date for the
start of the enumeration varied. The Act of Congress setting
the date for the enumeration for the 1954 Census of Agriculture
permitted some variations in the date for starting of the enumera-
tion. In areas where the harvesting of crops was completed
early and where weather and road conditions made travel in

early winter difficult, the enumeration was started in October.
The dates for the beginning of the enumeration for various parts
of the country are shown in figure 2.

Adherence to the time schedule was checked periodically and
administrative action was taken to correct situations that were
delaying the work. The established time schedule was adhered
to in almost every case.

^-^ENUMERATION STARTING DATES, BY AREAS: 1954 CENSUS

OF AGRICULTURE

' T>

/Q//8 <U~

<s>

I0/B5

'0/4

10/4

I0>

\0/

\8r

?^5$"~

10/11

10/25

I0/2J

lO/li

11/3

1/8

11/3

■ 10/18

\o/£5p?

U/8

10/25

10/4

'0///

'i'£l

11/8

,0/'8 fioT?

10/4 {

11/3

11/8

"/3

11/3

t\/8

\\/8
1/3

V'6ZIB

H\/8
-\l/8

1/3

10/18

10/25? =

11/3

//.

MAS

JO/25,

Figure 2. — Enumeration starting dates, by areas: 1954 Census of Agriculture.

CHAPTER II— THE ENUMERATION

CONTENTS

Page

The enumeration 19

The job 19

Organization of field staff 19

The Regional Offices 19

Field Processing Offices 19

Agriculture Field Offices 20

Selection of personnel 22

Training personnel 22

A. Outline of training of Agriculture field supervisors and assistants 22

B. Training of crew leaders 22

C. Training of enumerators 25

Office space, supplies, and equipment 25

Packaging and distributing enumerator's supplies 25

Distribution of Agriculture Questionnaires by mail 27

Enumeration procedures 27

Record of work and travel 34

Enumerator's daily report 34

Record of telephone and other costs 34

Record of A2 listings requiring crew leader action 34

Enumerator's callback record 34

Supervision of the enumerator and checking of his work 34

Control over time schedule and cost of the enumeration 43

ILLUSTRATIONS

Field organization chart 18

Flow chart of reporting system for enumeration work 21

Selection aid for enumerators (Pers. 165 Form B) 23

The portfolio 26

Letter accompanying self-mailer, Al, Agriculture Questionnaire 28

Address label, self-mailer A 1 Agriculture Questionnaire 28

A 2 listing form 29.

A3 Landlord- Tenant Questionnaire 30

A2 listing form (illustrative example) 31

Reduced facsimile of enumerator's map 32

Map for checking enumeration of farms in specified township and range survey areas (Form FA-100) 33

Record of production and travel (Form FA-3) 35

Enumerator's daily report (Form FA-7) 35

Record of telephone calls and road, bridge, and ferry tolls (Form FA-4) 37

Enumerator's record A2 listings requiring crew leader action (Form FA-5) 39

Enumerator's callback record (Form FA-6) 40

Crew leader's daily activity report (Form FA-18) 41

Record of enumerator (Form FA-1 7) 42

Record of portfolio review (Form FA-91) 44

Coverage evaluation by ED's (Form FA-88) 45

Crew leader authorization for enumerator recruitment and record of piece rates and mileage allowances, 1954 Agriculture Census (Form

FA-32) _ 46

D
H

D
O

I— I

w
O

->*■

«n

H
<
N

o
Pi

9
a
o

'5b
o>

Region V

Los Angeles, California

14 Agriculture Field Offices

14 Supervisors
14 Assistant Supervisors
27 Clerks
228 Crew Leaders
2, 754 Enumerators

4 Processing Offices

4 Supervisors
51 Clerks

Region IV
Dallas, Texas

23 Agriculture Field Offices

23 Supervisors
21 Assistant Supervisors
45 Clerks
451 Crew Leaders
6, 076 Enumerators

4 Processing Offices

4 Supervisors
119 Clerks

*03
'>

Region III
Atlanta, Georgia

28 Agriculture Field Offices

28 Supervisors
28 Assistant Supervisors
56 Clerks
516 Crew Leaders
7, 725 Enumerators

6 Processing Offices

6 Supervisors
163 Clerks

Region II
Chicago, Illinois

40 Agriculture Field Offices

40 Supervisors
39 Assistant Supervisors
80 Clerks
719 Crew Leaders
9,998 Enumerators

8 Processing Offices

8 Supervisors
201 Clerks

Region I
New York City

14 Agriculture Field Offices

14 Supervisors
16 Assistant Supervisors
28 Clerks
245 Crew Leaders
3, 586 Enumerators

4 Processing Offices

4 Supervisors
65 Clerks

.a
O

a
o

03
be

CHAPTER II— THE ENUMERATION

The job. — The enumeration required the organization of a
field staff for the purpose of visiting all areas in the United States
and obtaining the required information regarding each place
and farm, the setting up of temporary offices, the selection and
training of personnel, the supervision and control over personnel
and operations, the actual enumeration, the checking of the
enumeration, and the paying of personnel.

Organization of field staff. — The field staff was organized by
function and by area. The outline on page 18 shows the organiza-
tion and size of the field staff used for the 1954 Census of Agri-
culture.

The 5 Regional Offices and a considerable part of their personnel
existed before work on the Census of Agriculture was undertaken
and formed a part of the permanent staff of the Bureau of the
Census. The entire organization below the level of Regional
Offices was established temporarily for the 1954 Census of Agri-
culture. The 26 processing offices were supervised largely by
permanent field personnel, who were reassigned temporarily from
the permanent jobs of supervising current field activities of the
Bureau of the Census. Except for the personnel of the Regional
Offices and the supervisors of the 26 processing offices, a tempo-
rary field staff was recruited and employed for a limited period
for work on the 1954 Census of Agriculture.

The Regional Offices. — The Regional Offices exercised general
control over all field work. They assisted particularly in obtaining
office space, selection of supervisors and other personnel for proces-
sing offices and Agriculture Field Offices, and for the handling of
unforeseen problems. The personnel for each regional office, the
average days of employment, and their average salary per 40-hour
week were as follows:

Kind of personnel

Supervisors...

Assistant Supervisors
Clerks.

Number
employed

Average
days of
employ-
ment

85
100
100

Average

salary per

week

$170
105
61

Field Processing Offices. — Processing offices were established
to provide trained supervisory personnel for the purpose of select-
ing, appointing, controlling, paying, and checking the work of the
large number of temporary employees, most of whom did not have
any prior experience in Government work and procedures.

The supervisors of processing offices were appointed during the
period July to September 1954 and were employed on an average of
20 weeks. A brief outline of the work the supervisor performed
during these 20 weeks follows:

First week:

Obtain space, supplies and equipment for processing

office
Recruit administrative clerk

Second, third, and fourth week:

Organize office and train administrative clerk

Recruit and train clerk-typist and payroll clerk

Assist supervisors of Agriculture Field Offices in recruiting

crew leaders
Supervise the processing of crew leader appointments

Second, third, and fourth week — Continued

Supervise preparation of payroll work sheets for per-
sonnel in processing office and in Agriculture Field
Offices
Fifth through eighth week:

Submit progress reports as required

Assist supervisors of Agriculture Field Office to recruit
enumerators

Process enumerator appointments

Recruit and train shipping clerk for processing office

Supervise the preparation of payroll work sheets for
personnel in processing office and Agriculture Field
Offices
Ninth and tenth week:

Recruit and train editing and tabulating clerks

Supervise the preparation of payroll work sheets for pay-
ing enumerators for training and for enumerators
employed by the hour

Supervise the preparation of payroll work sheets for
personnel in processing office and in Agriculture Field
Offices
Eleventh through sixteenth week:

Supervise the editing and tabulation of data for com-
pleted enumeration districts

Return incomplete and not acceptable work of enumer-
ators for completion and/or correction

Inform supervisors of Agriculture Field Offices of unsatis-
factory work and advise crew leaders on how to handle
unsatisfactory work of enumerators

Supervise the preparation and approval of payrolls for
work completed by enumerators

Supervise the preparation of payroll work sheets for
personnel in processing office and in Agriculture Field
Offices

Prepare summary of completed enumeration districts by
county and submit summary to Washington for
approval

Ship materials for counties completed to central proces-
sing offices

Seventeenth through twenty-fifth week:

Supervise the editing and tabulation of data for completed

enumeration districts
Return incomplete and not acceptable work of enumer-
ators to crew leader for completion and/or correction
Inform crew leaders of unsatisfactory work performed by

enumerators and how to handle this unsatisfactory

work
Supervise the preparation and approval of payroll for

work completed by the enumerators
Prepare summary of completed enumeration districts by

counties and submit the summary to Washington for

approval
Prepare a final report on all work completed
Terminate all employees and close office

The administrative clerk supervised the clerical operations in
the processing office particularly during the frequent periods when
the supervisor was away checking on field operations and progress.
All payrolls for enumerators, crew leaders, personnel in Agriculture

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Field Offices, etc., were checked and in most cases prepared in the
office of the Field Processing Office supervisor by the payroll
clerk. Payrolls of employees employed by the month and day
were prepared once every two weeks, separate payrolls were
prepared for each enumerator for his training and for each enumer-
ation district he completed. Payrolls were sent to the Washington
office for final audit and for the issuance of checks.

The appointments of all field personnel were prepared in the
processing office. This work was performed by the appointment
clerk. A description of the work of the tabulating clerks is given
on page 69.

The personnel used in each processing office, the average length
of employment, and average salary were as follows:

Kind of personnel

Supervisors and assistant

Administrative clerk

Payroll clerk

Receiving and shipping clerk.

Tabulating clerks...

Typist

Number
employed
per office

1-2

= 15

Average days
of employ-
ment (in-
cluding
overtime)

161
9534
74Ji
343i
24K
23

Average

salary per

40-hour

week

$117
66
61

57
57
57

' Total days for all 26 offices were 6,778.

' Number per office varied from approximately 10 to 50.

3 The number varied by office. The total number for the 26 offices was 114.

Agriculture Field Offices. — Agriculture Field Offices were
established for the purpose of supervising and controlling the
enumeration in a specific geographic area. In some cases, this
area included as much as a State and in other cases only a few
counties. In determining areas for which agriculture field offices
would be established, the workload both in terms of the number
of farms to be enumerated as well as the total land area to be
covered were considered. The average number of farms per
agriculture field office was approximately 40,000

The number of personnel for each Agriculture Field Office, the
average days of employment, and the average salary per 40-hour
week were as follows:

Kind of personnel

Supervisor..

Assistant supervisor.
Administrative clerk

Clerk

Crew leaders

Enumerators

Number
employed
per office

1
1
1
1
'18
l 253

Average

days of

employment

(including

overtime)

884

87J4

59H

17H

Average

salary

per 40-hour

week

$97
82
67
57
66
46

' The number varied by office.

The work performed by the supervisor and assistant supervisor
of the Agriculture Field Offices varied by weeks as follows:

First week:

Arranged for office space and equipment
Recruited administrative clerk
Arranged for appointment of assistant supervisor
Issued press releases and provided newspapers etc., with
information about Census

Second week:

Attended training classes

Third, fourth, and fifth weeks:

Organized office and trained administrative clerk
Contacted persons for obtaining lists of enumerators in

each county
Recruited crew leaders
Arranged for crew leader training
Issued press releases and provided newspapers etc., with

information about Census

Sixth week:

Supervised crew leader training classes
Issued press releases and provided newspapers etc., with
information about Census

Seventh, eighth, and ninth week:

Supervised crew leaders in selection of the enumerators
Issued press releases and provided newspapers etc., with
information about Census

Tenth week:

Supervised enumerator training

Issued press releases and provided newspapers etc., with
information about Census

Eleventh to the fourteenth week:
Supervised the enumeration
Prepared and submitted progress reports
Visited crew leaders and enumerators

Fifteenth and sixteenth week:

Terminated appointments of enumerators
Supervised crew leaders in checking work of enumerators
for completeness and coverage

Seventeenth and eighteenth week:

Supervised the completion of work in enumeration dis-
tricts where work was not fully satisfactory
Terminated appointments of crew leaders
Closed office as instructed
Terminated all employees

The administrative clerk usually served as a secretary for the
Agriculture Field Office and assisted the office clerk in preparing
the various required reports. These reports, to whom submitted,
and their frequency are shown in figure 4.

The work of the supervisor and assistant supervisor required
considerable travel. During the period of their employment the
supervisors or assistant supervisors were away from their head-
quarters on the average for 19 days and traveled an average of
5,013 miles.

The job of the crew leader was concerned largely with the selec-
tion, training, and supervision of enumerators. One crew leader
was appointed for each 10 to 18 enumerators. The area assigned
each crew leader usually consisted of a county or combination of
one county and a part of another county.

Crew leaders were appointed 5 weeks before the actual start of
the enumeration. The distribution of the crew leaders' 52 days'
work was as follows:

Attending training class 5 days

Recruiting enumerators, obtaining enumerator train-
ing space and materials, and making a list of 15

places in each enumeration district 16 days

Training enumerators 4 days

Recruiting and training enumerators for replace-
ment, etc 3 days

Supervising enumerators during enumeration 19 days

Checking enumerators' work and shipping ma-
terials 5 days

Crew leaders were required to visit enumerators at least twice and
to check their work on the job. The miles traveled by crew
leaders during their employment averaged 927.

The duties of enumerators are described under "The Enumera-
tion." Enumerators were paid $14 for completing the training
and either $1.25 per hour worked plus $0.07 for each mile of travel
by personally owned automobile or $0.07 for each line filled
on Form A2, $0.40 to $1.00 per Agriculture Questionnaire filled
plus $0.07 per mile for use of their personally owned automobile
plus $0.04 per mile traveled in personally owned automobile for
the time spent in traveling. Enumerators worked on an average
of 17.25 days each.

THE ENUMERATION

lit!

ESfSS

■s J t » ssH?

i.-.-Is »■ ?;i"t

', - Zi £ 2 "'

?I*l-!"jji

!I-?->Tsi:

:?t;

o
a

£ ""fi-
lial

;•*"

"""Six?

3 « 5 5 » s i

-Ml

"•22 o 82 S

[8*11

mil

.ill-

«;ir?i?s

H'*tA

Hlnnmys

Eii*iel{*l!l

i*4*aiiti i~

• »1 til- » C|

fiJisJlllM

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Selection of personnel. — Except for supervisors and personnel
of Regional Offices and supervisors of processing offices, all field
jobs for the 1954 Census of Agriculture were temporary and were
not under the civil-service system. Personnel for these jobs
were usually selected from lists of candidates recommended by
Senators, Congressmen, or by State and local political organiza-
tions. Qualifications were established for supervisors and assist-
ant supervisors of Agriculture Field Offices. These qualifications
were evaluated during and after a personal interview. Further
evaluation was made of these personnel during the training classes
prior to their beginning the performance of their jobs. Crew
leaders, clerks, and enumerators were required to take tests. The
tests given clerks were similar to those given to civil-service
applicants. An example of the test given crew leaders and enumer-
ators is shown in figure 5. Minimum grades were established for
crew leaders and enumerators and persons whose grades were less
than these minima were not considered for appointment, unless
no other qualified person could be recruited.

Both crew leaders and enumerators were required to be citizens
of the United States, to have at least a high school education or
its equivalent, to be physically able to discharge the duties in-
volved, to be able to write neatly and legibly, to be able to do
simple arithmetic quickly and accurately, to be able to talk
easily with people and gain their cooperation, to have some
knowledge of farming and farm operations, and to have the use of
an automobile. Preference was given to qualified veterans.

Most of the crew leaders and enumerators had no previous
experience in collecting data. Farmers and farmers' wives made
up the largest group. Persons previously associated with law
enforcement or tax assessment or collection were not employed
because respondents might associate them with their previous
jobs and hesitate to give required Census information.

Training of personnel. — Nearly all the personnel used for the
1954 Census of Agriculture did not have prior experience in con-
nection with a Census and many did not have any prior experience
working at a government job. Therefore, all personnel were re-
quired to attend and satisfactorily complete a training course.
The training of supervisors, assistant supervisors, crew leaders,
administrative clerks, payroll clerks, and tabulating clerks was
performed largely by personnel from the Washington Office of the
Bureau of the Census or other cooperating government agencies.
The training of enumerators was given by crew leaders.

The training classes usually were limited to less than 20 persons
and in the case of enumerators to less than 10 persons. Training
guides and training aids were provided for training at all levels.
In order to insure uniform training for all personnel and to appor-
tion training in accordance with the various parts of the job, the
persons who performed the training were required to use training
guides. These training guides provided detailed time schedules
for the training, an outline and in some cases the actual statement
of the material to be presented to the trainees. In order to insure
uniformity of training and to facilitate the adherence to time
schedules, a considerable part of the crew leader and enumerator
training was given by the use of recordings and film strips. The
training program also included the use of exercises, practice work,
and trainee participation in training class exercises. The training
program for crew leaders and enumerators required not only the
filling out of a training questionnaire but also some actual enumera-
tion. In the case of the enumerators, the training periods were
limited to 4 hours each day in order to facilitate learning and
the retention of the learning.

A. Outline of Training of Agriculture Field Supervisors
and Assistants

Duration of training:

Four days — 9 a. m. to 4 p. m. with 1 hour for lunch and two
15 minute rest periods

First day:

1. Description of his job (1 hour)

2. Technical training (4% hours). (This consisted largely

of a description of the job to be done, a description
of the forms and questionnaires to be used by enumera-
tors, an outline of the crew leader and enumerator train-
ing programs, methods used for determining how much
enumerators were to be paid, etc.)
Second day:

1. Description of training program for subordinates (}i hour)

2. Description of crew leader responsibility Qi hour)

3. How to select and recruit personnel (4'/2 hours)
Third day:

1. Obtaining space, equipment, supplies and services (1 hour)

2. Preparing payrolls, etc. (% hour)

3. Conducting publicity in connection with the Census

(H hour)

4. Preparing of correspondence, etc. (% hour)

5. Confidential nature of Census data (% hour)

6. Supervisor's responsibilities for managing personnel (%

hour)

7. Questions (1J4 hours)
Fourth day:

1 . Preparation of reports and use of controls (4>4 hours)

2. Questions regarding work; other duties (1J4 hours)

B. Training of Crew Leaders

Duration of training:
Five days

First day:

1. Description of his job (V/i hours)

2. Participation in a training program that comprised the

same training programs given enumerator
(a) How to use maps (J4 hour)

(6) Discussion of Agriculture Questionnaire Al and
form A2 {V/t hours)

naire (l/i hour)

(d) How to enumerate (1 hour)

(e) Practice in enumeration in class room (2)4 hours)
(/) Assignment of enumeration district for enumera-
tor and for practice training (}£ hour)

Second day:

1 . Eight hours of actual enumeration in an area nearby to train-
ing location, under the field supervision of instructor

Third day:

1. Discussion of problems encountered during actual enumer-

ation (1J4 hours)

2. How to review each enumerator's work {l\{ hours)
Fourth day :

1. Practice presentation as an instructor using materials to

be used in training enumerators (3 hours)

2. Hours of work, pay rates and inquiries relating thereto

(Yi hour)

3. Locating training space {)i hour)

4. Selecting enumerators (1 hour)

THE ENUMERATION

■AP lElDINg (All questions or. this p„ „,„ .„ „

F»«e reier to mqj on p. 3. )

1. Pl.c an •)(■ beside the *.//,„,, „„„., .1.

<&» 1.^ for U,. ^W i'.^",?,"1 °»»" '«■
line m. tk. i . a*e,lm8- Locate east count-

o ti,r.^, *■ ^c"r "" d-"'"« "»>»' *« ■» ».

to the east county line.)
2. Place „ -X- be.id. *. .<*„, „.„,„ . Mtldw| „,,,_

'• ^"^"r"*™ ■**!■ on' ,u miu °f *■ -* «-«» ~

otner , rtTeh, 7 "' °nly-"»' ""» ■■=•!« -d . pencil or
°t»« "ra,„ht edge to measure the distance.! H *„„

4. Ho. „»y daellings m lo„t.d ; A .

north of the railroad' -"tofth. ,„„ „

S' *£."*'*' '"*"*<■>"' d""»« (- th, nearest afcej. -U,
■Ml. -d p=,„l ., other straight edp, to «.„« „,„„„"

(Ais. to nearest whole mile)

(Ms. to nearest -hole raile)_

Indict, th. fo,Wn» changes on th. „ by dr.„„g ,„ ^ ^^ ^
?..«.i™. „«, fra, d«ll, ng-1- to d-,Hi„. -2.. (S.. ,„_d
or th. s,»u»l hr „ .B,t„1„o(„ „«,. . r^. that sy^, *"„
the location specified. ) ^^

10. i '"*«ri.J h„i,rf/„, ,•„,„ ,cn>33 the ^

-th of the c_.rc.al «„ .h.ch 13 „„d .,.. "«" ^ „

Figure 5. — Selection Aid for Enumerators (Pers. 165 Form B).

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

TEST J

FOlLOIINe I«STBJCtI0H8

r* *. b-i..f*. -<=n-t.oo fcnOri-d. *~ ™ u, «**!«. *. .«"•" ■=■»"

for below.

For **aa«?le-Given U« following infor-ation-

Cowplete trie following entries:

HKHIUKNCK AND MIK Or I'KIISON IN MIAIU11

l>o yiw live 01. Hi- |h»v«? . . .

1I»

V.L l„

When dill yirtl '"'ill" 1o»|«t.iI.' Hii- [•'■J*' • -,M AT. ,.,

•YES- .. d«ck.<l .L.c. the .nfon-tior. uuUc.t.. th.t Mr. Jon.. .. th.
,h.r« T.0 th.t h« 1».» on the f.r. ■- V-t.on. Hi. .«.

for the P«t 4 years which -an. th.t he begin to operate tHe «■
r^. ^e Jth i. no>.hoan since the -£"»-£»- %£
not neces.ary if the person begnn to operate the fan. prior to 1952.

Complete the following entries in • aiaulax -ay.

Mr. Jones has 3 horses. 2 colts, and 2 ^les. One of his sons has . pony I
«„d in nddition he boards 2 horses for friends.

Fill in the following.

Include .11 -i-U on this place owned by you and by others.

Ml I.I >

I'
[HIS IKS

v MUI.KS. IIORKKH

TEST 3— roatlaaed

Mr. Jones indicates th.t be owns 1 tr»ct of 12 were, of cropland and 1 tract
conaiating of B acre* of cropland, 2 acres of woodland and 2 acres of wasteland.
He has also been using rent-free 6 acres of pasturelsnd belonging to Mr. Smith.

Fill in the following:

OWNED UND »»wwa»wi

*• Ho» mam acre- of land do rou OWN? - None '

ilf you o»n more than oi.e irarr ..( land, INCU [U
ALL LAND 0« NED Inrlude ... t oi I. froi.Ui.d hill

■ ■•" ['«.- 1 j"-i«' .I ».-»li»?.ii *a--ielai>d rlr

LAND RENTED FROM OTHER?

Howm.nv acres of land do »r,u RENT FROM othem

including any morked on »ha.rr- .
ilnrlude an> 'i'«r»if r.fM

■ il»-. I wasteland, etc .At.

tun reni free )

During Boat of the week of Oct. 24-30 Mr. Jones w ill. H* worked about 3
hours a day on Monday and Tuesday and an additional 4 houra over the week-end.
One son worked full time and another son worked4hours a day for 4 dava. Neither
of theo received any pay. Hia third son worked about 10 houra during the week
for which he was paid 112.00.

- _ I to I* . ..'

, Will \ <1ul I

i-Tllt .It Ml Mill US OF \Ol R

>ir> or more ,-f farm « ..rh or , horr.

»rvk of iVr 24-30 » ITIliM T
RECEIVING Ci?H WAl'.ES? - \01

Do not include h.m-e-.Tk '

,(. How mam HIRED PERSON* .li.laio ranti«orkor

rhom .'ii this pin* ih* «c?ek ..f On 24-30? — \..„

oh TIMS TllTM.-
2. in) ||u« IUWI> ar.- Ml I.I >

3_ iM 11,111 HtHii «■■ IIUKSI

Fill m the following"

|n,kP.IHMll'

iruin 20 bushel* arel

S-relawiataea for home .«* or ^ ^^ | #
"lltaw ihil. » l>**h*\> were harried, do no,
i acre*

h.„ -a 115 for fillip . -ta. H. J2 VbI-M th. ,.« for -H. oo th.

lor. th. o>a of th. v..r.

Ho. n,«h «- o. •■" he SPENT ,h,. ,«. IT-

••' NJ*!'15,x,L.omR5iri. .if* - "*"» !;'"•■

Si'"™1''™'"'1' *lu""' b*'",,'

TEST 3 — Coatlaaed

1 ton on 7 acres of corn

2 tons on n acres of potatoes
1/2 ton on 3 acres of oats
1/2 ton on 4 acres of hay

Fertiliser was not used on any other crops or acreage.

NOTF. Convert all fr.ct.ons of tons to tenths. ,..., 1/10, 2/10, 3/10. etc.

I - »a- H IITII IZI It | sl.D

111

On bow

ferliliK-r
used"

tail

12)
uw many

...

:■•

Figure 5. — Selection Aid for Enumerators (Pers. 165 Form B) — Continued.

THE ENUMERATION

Fourth day — Continued

5. Preparing for the checking of coverage (% hour)

6. Preparing for making assignments of enumerators to

enumeration districts {% hour)

7. Training enumerators ('/i hour)

8. Questions (}{ hour)

Fifth day:

1. How to review enumerator's work (2 hours)

2. How to replace enumerators and make reassignments

(Yt hour)

3. Completing the job (% hour)

4. Issuing materials and supplies to the crew leader for

his area (1% hours)

C. Training of Enumerators

Duration of training:

A total of 12 hours on 4 different days

First day :

1. Description of his job (V/i hours)

2. How to use enumerator's map (Training given by presenting

film strip and recording "Your Map is Your Guide")
(% hour)

3. Explanation of Agriculture Questionnaire (Al) (V/i hours)

4. Review Agriculture Questionnaire filled out at home by

each enumerator Qyi hour)

5. Explanation of how to fill questionnaires (Instruction given

by film strip and recording) (1 hour)

Second day:

1. Instructions on how to fill questionnaires, continued

(Instructions given by film strip and recording) {% hour)

2. Practice enumeration in class room. The enumerators

acted as the enumerator and the crew leader as the
respondent (3 hours).

3. Assignments of enumeration districts and distribution of

supplies for enumeration on third day (l/i hour)

Third day:

1. Actual enumeration in an assigned area

Fourth day:

1. Discussion of problems encountered during enumeration

on third day (1% hours)

2. Individual review of each enumerator's work (IJ2 hours)

3. Assignment of enumeration districts and delivery of work

materials (1% hours)

Office space, supplies, and equipment. — It was necessary not
only to obtain office space, but also equipment and supplies for
the use of the large number of temporary personnel required for
taking the Census. Office space was secured only for Field
Processing Offices and Agriculture Field Offices. It was necessary
for crew leaders and enumerators to use their own homes as their
headquarters and offices.

In obtaining office space for Field Processing Offices and
Agriculture Field Offices every effort was made to obtain free
space. The first source explored was space in Federally owned or
controlled buildings, such as Post Office buildings. Local govern-
ments and civic organizations were asked for free space in such
public buildings as court houses, city halls, and schools. Free
space was obtained for 82 of the 145 Field Processing and Agricul-
ture Field Offices. The space used by Field Processing Offices
averaged about 2, 100 square feet per office. For the Agriculture
Field Offices, about 975 square feet were used per office.

Several methods were used to obtain furniture, equipment, and
supplies for the Field Processing and Agriculture Field Offices.
Furniture was borrowed from Post Offices, other Government
agencies, and local organizations. Much Government-owned
used furniture was obtained free by transfer from regional gov-
ernmental warehouses. When free furniture was not obtainable,

items of reconditioned furniture were procured from regional
supply centers of Federal Supply Service.

Reconditioned adding machines and typewriters also were
purchased from Federal Supply Service regional supply centers.
Some reconditioned office machines from the Department of
Commerce stock were shipped to field offices, and, upon comple-
tion of the enumeration, returned to Washington for use during
the central processing operations. In other cases, adding ma-
chines and typewriters were rented locally by the Field Processing
and Agriculture Field Office Supervisors.

Record players and film projectors were required for training
crew leaders and enumerators. This equipment was supplied
from stocks returned from the 1950 Census and was shipped to
the Agriculture Field Offices for distribution to the crew leaders.
Two training records and film, strips were prepared for training
crew leaders and enumerators. One, "Your Map is Your Guide",
with a running time of 12 minutes, explained and illustrated how
to use the maps provided for each enumeration district. The
other, "Enumeration Instructions," with a running time of
54 minutes, was shown to the enumerators in two separate sessions;
Part 1, in the last period of the first day's training session; and
Parts 2, 3, and 4 at the beginning of the second day's training
session. This film strip explained and illustrated the use of the
various enumeration forms and how to conduct an interview by
the device of having the training class accompany an enumerator
from his breakfast table at home until the end of his first interview.
Paper, pencils, paper clips, and other standard office supplies
were purchased from Federal Supply Service. These supplies were
purchased and distributed by two different methods. Under the
first method, the anticipated needs of each field office, conserva-
tively estimated, were reported to regional supply centers of the
Federal Supply Service, where packages containing the requested
supplies were prepared for each field office to open in their regions.
When the field office was ready to open, the supply centers shipped
the supplies and usually, these supplies arrived the day the field
office opened. Under the second method, the supplies were
purchased in bulk for delivery in Washington. These bulk supplies
supplemented the "packaged" supplies delivered direct, and were
shipped to field offices as required.

Most of the supplies used by the enumerator, including the
questionnaires, were assembled in Washington and placed in
each enumeration district portfolio. A reserve supply of enumera-
tion forms was sent to each Agriculture Field Office and to each
crew leader.

Packaging and distributing enumerator's supplies. — Most of
the supplies used by the enumerators, including the questionnaires,
were assembled in Washington and placed in the enumerator's
portfolio.

A separate portfolio (see fig. 6) was prepared for each enumera-
tion district. The portfolio was made of two pieces of heavy card-
board, 13 inches wide and 20 inches long, attached together by a
canvas hinge to form a folder. An open-topped, accordian-pleated
heavy paper envelope was fastened inside the cardboard folder,
with the opening in the envelope next to the canvas hinge. Thus
the top piece of cardboard, when folded over, formed a full-length
flap to help hold the contents securely. An elastic cord, attached
to the back piece of cardboard, could be stretched around the
portfolio to hold it closed.

The exact contents of the portfolio varied according to the
location and expected number of farms in the enumeration district.
In general, supplies of the following items were included:

Enumeration district map

Enumerator's Record Book

Agriculture Questionnaires

Enumerator's Daily Report (preaddressed post card form)

Specified Farm Coverage Cards (if required)

Writing board and clip

Blank envelopes

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

UNITED STATES
CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE
1954

R1U lI.M'ER

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THE ENUMERATION

Forty-two thousand enumerator's portfolios required for the
Census were assembled and packaged in Washington. The forms
and supplies were inserted in the portfolios at successive stations
along a waist-high rack composed largely of roller wheels. Bulk
supplies of a given kind were brought to each station on "skids"
by hydraulic-lift trucks. As the portfolios moved from one end
of the rack to the other, the required number of each type of sup-
ply was inserted. Forms required in small numbers were counted.
The number of forms, such as the Agriculture Questionnaire,
required in large numbers for each enumeration district, was
determined by use of a measuring "spoon".

The filled portfolios were labeled for specific enumeration dis-
tricts, packed by crew leader districts into wooden or cardboard
boxes, and shipped to the Agriculture Field Offices. The port-
folios for enumeration districts in each area were given to the
respective crew leader on the last day of his training. He took
these in his automobile and distributed them to enumerators on
the last day of enumerator training. The wooden boxes were
stacked and used as shelves in the Agriculture Field Offices.
After enumeration had been completed, the portfolios were packed
in the same wooden boxes for shipment to the Central Operation
Offices.

Distribution of Agriculture Questionnaires by mail. — Approxi-
mately 7,900,000 copies of the Agriculture Questionnaire were
distributed by mail to boxholders on the rural routes in all States
except Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and 53 of 75 counties in Arkansas. These ques-

tionnaires, mailed about 2 weeks before the enumeration began,
were accompanied by a letter asking the farm operator to examine
the questionnaire and to answer the questions prior to the visit
of the enumerator. (See fig. 7 for copy of letter.) When the
enumerator made his visit he was instructed to ask for the ques-
tionnaire, check it, and obtain whatever information was needed
to complete it. This procedure enabled the farmer to know in
advance what information was required and provided some leeway
of time within which he could supply the answers at his own
convenience. This procedure was of particular importance to
those farmers who preferred to supply the information on the basis
of their records. Expected results were that the quality of the
information would be improved and the work of the enumerator
expedited. Records show that in the area in which the Agriculture
Questionnaire was distributed by mail, the enumerator obtained
and used the mailed questionnaire in 43 percent of the cases and
that the questionnaire had been filled out completely by 23 percent
of the farm operators in the area.

The questionnaires for distribution by mail were printed in
Chicago, 111. Consequently, arrangements were made for dis-
tribution from Chicago to the local post offices in all parts of the
country. A crew of about 25 temporary employees was recruited
to pack the questionnaires into bundles of 50, and to tie, label,
and sack them for delivery to approximately 34,000 post offices.
This operation was performed from September 2 to November
2, 1954 and required 3,851 hours of work by clerical and super-
visory personnel.

ENUMERATION PROCEDURES

The enumerator was assigned a specified area or an enumeration
district for which he was to perform the enumeration. For this
area he was furnished a map.

Enumerator maps were used to insure the completeness of the
work of the enumerator. Thus, enumerators were usually required
to visit and to make a record of all dwellings indicated on the map.
However, in order to keep the cost of the Census within reasonable
limits and to make the enumerator's job appear reasonable to him,
exceptions were made to this requirement. In the 11,127 enumer-
ation districts comprising incorporated places and urban areas,
the enumerator was provided with a list of the names, addresses,
and description in terms of acreage and kind of farm for all farms
included in the 1950 Census of Agriculture. For these enumera-
tion districts the enumerator was required to visit and locate only
the farms listed for the 1950 Census and any other places which,
on the basis of information he obtained, were likely to be engaged
in farm production. Also in 14,798 enumeration districts in rural
areas, the enumerator was permitted, with the approval of his
crew leader to omit the listing and mapping of dwellings in built-up
areas containing 50 or more dwellings. The crew leader was to
indicate on the enumerator's map the part of the enumeration
district in which the enumerator was to begin his work. The
instructions to the enumerator outlined a systematic method for
the enumerator to follow in making his visits in order to insure

the complete coverage of all parts of the enumeration district.
The enumerator was required to list each dwelling and place in
his enumeration district on Form A2 (see fig. 9) and to enter
answers, as required, for columns 1 to 16. The answers to the
questions in columns 3 to 13 of Form A2 provided the basis for the
enumerator to determine when he was to fill an Agriculture
Questionnaire (Form Al), and a Landlord-Tenant Questionnaire
(Form A3). (See fig. 10. This questionnaire was used in
approximately 900 counties in the southern part of the United
States where a considerable proportion of the farms were operated
by croppers and share-tenants.) Form A2 was also used to
designate a sample of places for which additional information was
to be obtained and to record notes about places to which another
visit would be required. Form A2 was used to designate a sample
of places through the use of shaded squares that appeared on every
fifth line. Enumerators were required to indicate by means of
placing an "X" in a square, the size group in terms of acreage of
the place for which the Agriculture Questionnaire was filled. If
the size group was indicated in a shaded square, then the enumer-
ator was required to obtain additional information on the Agricul-
ture Questionnaire for the place listed on that line. Columns 16
and 17 of the Form A2 were used as a record to indicate when the
enumeration for the line had been completed as well as when
another visit would be needed to complete the enumeration.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
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OFFICIAL BUSINESS

MALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID
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RURAL-, STAR-ROUTE OR POST-OFFICE

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HUIXLU OF THE CENSUS
WASHINGTON

LANDLORD-TENANT QUESTIONNAIRE

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1

THE ENUMERATION

Generally, the enumerator was required to list on Form A2 all
dwellings and places in his enumeration district. The line num-
ber on Form A2 on which each dwelling or place was listed, was
to be entered on the enumerator map, near to the location of the
dwelling or place on the map. An illustration of the listing of
places on Form A2 is given in figure 11 and an illustration of the
enumerator's map showing the line numbers corresponding to
dwellings and places is given in figure 12. This method used for
indicating places enumerated on the enumerator's map aided in
insuring that the enumerator had visited all places in the enumera-
tion district and that the coverage of all parts of the enumeration
district was complete.

In approximately 225 counties where there were a consider-
able number of farm operators who did not reside on their farms
and where the farms were relatively large, enumerators were re-
quired to indicate on Form FA-100 (see fig. 13) the line number
on Form A2 on which the operator of each 40 acres comprising
the farm was located.

When an Agriculture Questionnaire or a Landlord-Tenant
Questionnaire was required, the enumerator obtained, when avail-

able, the copy of the Agriculture Questionnaire the operator had
received by mail, or took a questionnaire from his portfolio and
asked whatever questions were required for completing and check-
ing the filling of the questionnaire. The enumerator was instructed
to make his entries on the questionnaires and other records legible
and make entries only when necessary or required by the question-
naire. (For example, if the answer to a question was "0", the
enumerator was instructed to make no entry.)

Sections VIII through XII of the Agriculture Questionnaire
were to be filled only for a sample of farms. This sample consisted
of places listed on the Form A2 with the size of the place indicated
in a shaded square and in addition, in selected States, places
having an exceptionally large entry for a specified item. The
specifications determining the additional places that formed a
part of the sample when the entry for a specified item was excep-
tionally large, were given at the beginning of Section VIII of the
Agriculture Questionnaire.

Enumerators in the selected counties in which the Landlord-
Tenant Questionnaire was used, were provided with special instruc-
tions for filling this questionnaire.

Form

Far each place wiih anr land located In the ED—

A. WHEN SOMr.n\F LIVT-S ON THE
LAND IN THIS ED

Enter name of Itead of household.

a WHEN NO ONE LIVES ON THE LAND
IN THIS ED

(a) Enter name of person who rent* land,
groan erapa on shares, or uec* land

<6) If no one rents the lai.d or use* the
land for livestock, enter the name
of the owner of the land

Part I — AGRICL'LTIRAL OPERATION fi
(11 " Ytt" rot ang column* 1 to 8. .tip fo cot. ff.
/' "Afa" tot all column* J fo 8. Ml It and a )

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Part 1! - SOLRCE (J

Peraon from whom infor-
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300 to i 1,000
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7
S

9
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II
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14

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;

Vomr

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No j Yea

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NojYo

No ; Yet

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Name

Nam*

Name
Person on line

Nam

_ l~

No j Yc

;

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No ; V«

No i Ye*

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Vaam»\ <o-a* j i.f -v : xo-tg* i uaaw

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. \

Name

fa*

s.,„r->XM.CJUU>£L

— i

aCLu^ca^ 2ra^Z£mS

Figure 11. — A2 Listing form (illustrative example).

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

THE ENUMERATION

Fori

(7-1

FA -100 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
54) BUREAU OP THE CENSUS

1954 CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE

State

K^^/5^5

County

E.D. No.

Sheet 2. of -3 Sheets

HAP FOR CHECKING ENUMERATION OF FARMS IN SPECIFIED
TOWNSHIP AND RANOE SURVEY AREAS.

Enumerator ,-,«-. . « 1

^LFRE.-D L. PrXTTOM

TOWNRHTP <^ IV RANOR

3 VJ

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Com -DC 27517

Figube 13. — Map for checking enumeration of farms in specified township and range survey areas (Form FA-100).

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

In order to facilitate his work or provide records needed for
control and payment for work, the enumerator was required to
keep five other records. All except one of these were bound
together with Form A2, to form a single booklet, called the
Enumerator's Record Book. The records and the purpose of
each were as follows:

Record of Work and Travel (Form FA-3). — This record provides
a detailed record of the enumerator's travel, hours of work, and
amount of work accomplished each day. The summary in part
B of this record, was used for the calculation of the payment due
the enumerator for his work in a completed enumeration district.
(An illustrative copy of Form FA-3 appears in fig. 14.) This
record also provided the information the enumerator needed for
filling out his daily report of work. (See Form FA-7 in fig. 15.)

Enumerator's Daily Report (Form FA-7. See fig. 15). — This
form was a preaddressed post card to the Agriculture Field
Supervisor. The information needed for filling out this report
was obtained from the Record of Work and Travel (Form FA-3).
The enumerator was instructed to mail this report each day.
This report served as a basis for indicating the amount of work
performed each day and for measuring the progress of the enumera-
tion.

Record of Telephone and Other Costs (Form FA-4. See fig.
16). — This record was maintained by the enumerator for the pur-
pose of providing a basis for the payment of charges paid for
telephone calls, etc.

Record of A2 Listings Requiring Crew leader Action (Form
FA-5. See fig. 17). — This form was used to list the names and
addresses for operators living more than 15 miles outside the
enumeration district, operators who refused to give the necessary
information, and operators of places for which the enumerator
was unable to obtain the required information. The purpose of
this form was to secure a record for the crew leader of cases
where the crew leader was required to take additional action in
order to complete the enumeration.

Enumerator's Callback Record (Form FA-6. See fig. 18). —
This record provided a summary, at a convenient place, of the
places for which the enumerator was required to make other visits
in order to complete his work.

Supervision of the enumerator and checking of his work. — The
actual supervision of the enumerator by the crew leader began
during the training period. The enumeration work performed by
the enumerator during the training period was reviewed during
the last day of the enumerator's training. After the completion
of the training, crew leaders were required to devote full time
during the enumeration period to visiting the enumerator while he
was working in his enumeration district. The first of these visits
was to be made, if possible, during the first few days of his work.
The least capable enumerators were to be visited first. The
duration of the crew leader's first visit was to be at least 3 hours
and that of subsequent visits 1 to 2 hours. On the last visit the
crew leader checked the work for the enumeration district com-
pleted by the enumerator and if the work was acceptable, took
the materials for the completed enumeration district with him.
Records indicate that the average number of visits by crew
leaders to enumerators was 4.1. The kind and amount of review
of the enumerator's work at each visit of the crew leader were
outlined by the crew leader's instructions. At the first visit, the
crew leader was instructed to observe at least one interview by
the enumerator when he was filling out an Agriculture Question-
naire, and to help and to suggest improvements in interviewing.
The crew leader was also required to review all the questionnaires
and forms filled by the enumerator during his first day's work and

to check the enumerator's map to see that it was being used
properly.

The review of questionnaires and forms involved the checking
of Form A2 to see that entries were being made properly ; that the
indication of lines comprising the sample was being accurately
made; the checking of Agriculture Questionnaires to determine
that all entries were legible, that all required questions had been
answered, and that Sections VIII through XII had been filled
where required; and the comparison of entries for items that could
be checked with the entries for other items on the questionnaire.
The crew leader made a record of his checking on Form FA-18
(see fig. 19) and indicated on Form FA-17 (see fig. 20) the items
which he thought would need checking on his subsequent visits.
If the crew leader found the enumerator's work satisfactory, he
was instructed to review every tenth Agriculture Questionnaire
filled after his first visit. The crew leader was required to sign
each Agriculture Questionnaire that he checked. In his review of
materials for completed enumeration districts, the crew leader
was instructed to make a complete review of the Enumerator's
maps to see that the entire enumeration district had been covered,
the Form FA-2 and the Agriculture Questionnaire had been com-
pleted satisfactorily, all specified farms had been accounted for,
all callbacks had been made, and that the Forms FA-3 and 4 had
been filled out accurately. The crew leader checked and com-
pleted the filling of part B of Form FA-3, so that the information
in this part could be used as a basis for paying the enumerator for
his work.

A review and summary of each enumerator's work was made in
the Field Processing Office before the payment to the enumerator
for his work was approved. This review and summary was made
primarily by tabulating clerks. When work for an enumeration
district was completed and approved by the crew leader, the
completed work was mailed by the crew leader to the Field
Processing Office. The crew leader was provided with cardboard
boxes for mailing each enumerator's portfolio.

The first checking of the enumerator's work in the Field Proc-
essing Office consisted of the verification of the amount of work
completed, miles traveled, hours worked, etc., in order to provide
data for preparing the enumerator's payroll.

The work submitted for the first 3 enumeration districts by
the crew leader was given a detailed intensive review in order to
insure that the crew leader was making an adequate review of
each enumerator's completed work. This review consisted of the
checking to see that (1) each farm listed on the list of specified
farms had been enumerated or satisfactorily accounted for,
(S) an Agriculture Questionnaire had been obtained for each place
for which the entries on Form A2 indicated that an Agriculture
Questionnaire was required, (3) the designation of places in the
sample had been performed accurately, (4) Section VIII-XII of
the Agriculture Questionnaire had been filled completely, (S) the
A2 line number had been entered for each place on the enumerator's
map, and that all callbacks listed in Form FA-6 had been com-
pleted or a satisfactory explanation given. The results of this
intensive review were recorded in Section II of Form FA-91 (see
fig. 21).

For all enumeration districts except the first 3 received from
the crew leaders, a review was made to determine (I) how many
Agriculture Questionnaires were missing, (2) that the enumerator's
section below Section VIII of the Agriculture Questionnaire had
been properly filled, and (3) that the enumerator's map and other
forms were present. If Agriculture Questionnaires were missing,
form letters were mailed to the farm operators requesting that a
report be submitted. A summary of the results of this review
was recorded in Sections 3 and 4 of Form FA-91.

THE ENUMERATION

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE

DATE

II -11-5*

CREW LEADER'S NAME

zi-\

' Qdmthj

JtnAiMiAJ

Instructions: Complete and mail to your Field Office at close of each workday.

Transfer these
entries from
FA-3.

OPERATIONS

TOTAL INCLUD- \
ING TODAY

ki>

Is This E. D. Now Complete?
L3 No

J Except for Callbacks
D Yea

/^njnrlj Ql G&uJuorU

(EDumerator's Signature)

Form FA-7 Enumerator's Dally Report

Figure 15. — Enumerator's daily report (Form FA-7).

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

1. Agriculture quest. (Al) — Total

2. Al. — Sample not required

3. Al. — Sample required and completed T\*

4. Landlord-tenant quest. (A3)

5. Listings completed (A2)

6. Transit time (miles driven)

7. Hours worked at hourly rate

8. Total— Lines 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6-1-7

9. Total miles driven

10. Total telephone charges

11. Road, bridge, and ferry tolls

12. Total— Lines 9+10+11..

Must equal the
number of the last
line filled minus
any lines crossed
out.

CERTIFICATION OF COMPLETION

This is to certify that I have, on this date, completed the enumeration of the district indicated above and the returns, in the quantities shown,
have been duly and truthfully made in accordance with law and my oath of office. I further certify that miles shown and telephone calls and
other toll costs on which reimbursement is claimed, were authorized and were completed for purposes of official census business, and that hours
reported were worked on the days specified.

.^cu^d/.CUt.<jlkuJjbkU...

I !- imiiK. I .ii. ii '■■. signature;

^lajMnAaJso

1954

I certify that I have received the completed portfolio with all the documents accounted for; that I have reviewed the material submitted and
find the enumeration has been completed satisfactorily for this enumeration district. I further certify that the amount shown for number of
questionnaires, hours worked, miles driven, and other charges should be paid.

V (Crei

{Crew4,eader's Signature)

lalure) ' ^-

Figure 14. — Record of production and travel (Form FA-3) — Continued.

THE ENUMERATION

Form FA-4

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Bureau of the Censub

RECORD OF TELEPHONE CALLS AND ROAD.
BRIDGE. AND FERRY TOLLS

state l-jgynMiAJ

County

CbdjoacJki

ED Number 2./ 7

INSTRUCTIONS
Part A: Use a separate line for each paid toll call, completing columns 1 through 6. Enter local calls made on any one day on a separate line,
completing column 1 and columns 7 through 9. Attach receipts for all toll calls in excess of $1.00. Enter total of all telephone cost in column
10 when ED is completed.
Part B: Enter road, bridge, and ferry tolls in part B, and attach all receipts.

Part A.— TOLL AND LOCAL TELEPHONE CALLS. (Receipt must be attached for each toll call of more than $1.00)i

Figure 16. — Record of telephone calls and road, bridge, and ferry tolls (Form FA-4).

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

I hereby rerlifv lhal telephone posts nml rua<!, bridge, ami firry tolls claimed heroin wore pair! by ino and .vcnkiueiirrcd in the conduct of official
husinnHS for tlic liureau of the Census. —^ , i ^~. ^_ _,

TLcwMdheAJ 30 , /fs^_ AJaMa^.UJ:.s^QaikmJ

,!)„;,.; (Slsnalorr of Knumoratirl

Figure 16. — Record of telephone calls and road, bridge, and ferry tolls (Form FA-4) — Continued.

THE ENUMERATION

Form FA-S

U. S.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Bureau of the Census

ENUMERATOR'S RECORD OF A2 LISTINGS REQUIRING
CREW LEADER ACTION

state j-CasnMLAJ

County

CLduciochj

ED Number 2,/ 7

List at the end of each day any A2 Listings with "No" in Column 3 and "No" or "Don't know" in Column 10 or where the person lives more than 15
miles outside your ED. (Where the person lives less than 15 miles outside your ED, you will visit the person to obtain the necessary infor-
mation and to complete the AI if an Al is required. Also list any incomplete callbacks within your ED for which you have made repeated calls
(personal or telephone) but have failed to locate a responsible person who could give sufficient information to complete the AI questionnaire.
Also list any refusals. Discuss this listing with your Crew Leader each time he visits you.

Date

(1)

II -1

A2 line
No.

(2)

Name and mailing address
of operator or owner

(3)

tftcuujiynj^. William**

Reason not completed
(4)

aln±lJ2S/rmluJ
cuJAUzLu/rrLL/

E.D.

Crew Leader's action
and date

(5)

/ I -io

JmjjMJEDzi-f.

1-12,

Jtnr

11-13

zZJTTj

11-13

\tOMAJ2WCllUJ/Jr!auMAJ

£T.X).

11-18*

/nm

n-n

l) Ir' /T\ . , k ,n a / *

AniAi

l&l*UiMJ

f^adJU/niMkjJiiyimli'
MjcexMu-MU

JlOJUtynl^ 'JLstlMJ

oMuJjyJjtwiU

/DjLttutt'.

WIUJCjCmMlLU

F.rV Z\

I i-zo

^awtJu^i

u^m^ntati^MJ-

Enumerator fills columns
(1), (2), (3) and U).

Crew Leader enters action
he is going to take and
date of his discussion.

Figure 17. — Enumerator's record A2 listings requiring crew leader action (Form FA-5).

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Form FA-6

ENUMERATOR'S CALLBACK RECORD

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Bureau of The Census

INSTRUCTIONS

Use this Form FA-6 as a check list of ALL callbacks which you have indicated in Column 15 or 16 of the Listing Form A2.

AT END OF EACH DAY, enter in Column 2 the A2 line number for each place on which you will be required to make another call to obtain
information to complete the listing and/or Agriculture Questionnaire.

DURING EACH DAY that you make an attempt to interview persons on your callback list, enter the date in Columns 3 through 9.
Identify telephone callback by the letter "T" preceding the date entry.

NOTE: If you have referred a callback to your Crew Leader on Form FA-5, use Column 10 to record the date such referral was made.

Date
(1)

A2
line
No.

(2)

Date of personal visit or telephone call

First
callback

(3)

Second
callback

Third
callback

(6)

Fourth
callback

(«)

Fifth
callback

(7)

Sixth
callback

(«)

Date

callback

completed

(»)

Remarks
(10)

T 11-13

11-15

T 1 1 'lb

//-/?

.U-.^....JL..

CcdbaJJMJ 6>:QO

Identify telephone calls by
placing the letter T before
the date entry.

Use Remarks Column to record
useful information.

Additional remarks or footnotes

Figure 18. — Enumerator's callback record (Form FA-6).

THE ENUMERATION

«* 3 «3 -3 a . .

Sh 3 O O D I

a a U a) .« -3 «*

o
Pn

■a

•a

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

FA-17

Enter an «X" in (A)
if Enumerator's
Oath of Office ia
completed and an
"I" in (B) if You
nave entered Enum-
erator' s training
class rank in the
apace provided.

u S. Department of Commerce

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

RECORD OF ENUMERATOR

1 ENUMERATOR

CHf\RLES C. OLIVER

2 AOORESS

303 ET. Hl&H ST.
LIBERTY VILLE , Kf\NSf\S

3 FHOHt NO

■5tf> Lll^RT^VW-V

7 EOS ASSIGNED

4 TRAINING

(A) S 0»TM OF 0*TICt CO*»»T«TtO

ZZ-2-

Enter ED" assign-
ment and rate of
pay.

"■ 5o4 TO*

(■) [fi RANK
5 COLOR OF AUTOHOeiLE

LOR Of AUTOMOBILE ^_

DK. &REETM CHEV.
USOLo

• LICENSE NO

Enter color, make
and license num-
ber of Enumerator's
car.

I RECORD OF VISITS

Enter date and
summary of visit
as reported on
FA-18.

\\-Lo

l\-IO

n-n

SUMMARY OF I RRI ■ . I *..'.- U.fs IX «•-,., Is''.

Did-nL zjLTide>sten-\d Tneacnvrci e^ shaded squmes.
Reviewed aAl wavK txrvd "madej co>>ec±.ior\s. Emim.
will -veVuvn ard pcVc uup rrr^o. -^ov Sects "SEr'SnE.
Didrit understand how to plot f\Z Taimbevs an

TT\Q.p.

Reviewed axd cawected e-riK*es an FrV3.

Seems +o be; takmq +00 much tvmeJ pcv M.

"Discussed WQxis e&- e.T\ixmeTa.t.iTiq -^a=>Tje.v.
E-vvcirS ot\ FF\-3. Covvected e.-n\-Vies and ex -
plained TnistoaVces . E-nixrn. dumb, LcndcvsVand
•ve\cxt\oT\sVnp between ,Ff\-T crnd FtV3.
E-n-LLxnexcVed auVsidej Wvs ET). Werrit ove> ED baiod"
a>ics + discussed trveaj, Cheek du.vmq Tie^b visit.

E7D bouxidcXMes obsewed - OK .

E^cessivo caUbacKs o^fcstandmq. Discussed
w\tb Errucrn. ~me\hods -^ov- -vcducmq ca.Mbar:Ks.

Figure 20. — Record of enumerator (Form FA-17).

THE ENUMERATION

Records of unsatisfactory work by the enumerator were recorded
on Form FA-91 and the crew leader was informed immediately of
the errors and inadequacies found during the review of the enumer-
ator's work. If the review indicated 5 or more Agriculture
Questionnaires (other than those for absentee farm operators)
were missing, then the enumerator's work was returned to the
crew leader with instructions to have the missing Agriculture
Questionnaires obtained.

When the material for all enumeration districts in a county had
been received and recorded, an additional review of the enumera-
tion was performed before the enumeration was considered satis-
factory. This review included the checking to see that all speci-
fied farms in the county had been enumerated or satisfactorily
accounted for, the insertion into the proper enumeration district
of any Agriculture Questionnaires received by mail from absentee
operators or operators of farms not enumerated by the enumerator
and the preparation of a county summary on Form FA-88.
(See fig. 22 for an example of FA-88.) The data on FA-88 for
1954 was obtained by adding information from the Agriculture
Questionnaire. The data for 1950 and for the check item 1954,
were entered on the Form FA-88 before it was sent to the Field
Processing Office. The data for 1950 were taken from tabulations
for the 1950 Census of Agriculture. The data for the check item,
1954, represented, when available, the acreage of a selected crop —
usually one of the following: corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco or rice.
The check data were available only for the county and were ob-
tained from the Commodity Stabilization Service of the United
States Department of Agriculture. The acreage for the crops
selected for check items represented the measured acreage before
harvest.

The data on Form FA-88 were compiled for two purposes: (./)
To determine that the sampling procedures had been followed and
(#) to determine that the coverage of the Census was reasonably
complete. Criteria for the acceptability of the Census was
established prior to the enumeration for each of these two purposes.
The following table was used for determining the acceptability of
the sampling procedure.

Acceptance Table for Percent of Farms in Sample

Total in column (7) of FA-88

Less than 100. .
100 to 199......

200 to 299

300 to 399

400 to 499

500 to 699

600 to 699

700 to 799

800 to 899

900 to 999

1,000 to 1,249..
1,260 to 1,499..
1,500 to 1,749..
1,750 to 1,999..
2,000 to 2,499. .

2,500 to 2,999- -
3,000 to 3,999- .
4,000 to 4,999. .
5,000 to 7,499-.
7,600 and over

Acceptable limits
(in percentages)

Not less
than—

13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0

16.6
16.8
17.1
17.3
17.4

17.6
17.8
18.0
18.1
18.3

18.6
18.7
18.8
19.0
19.2

Not more
than—

27.0
26.0
25.0
24.0

23.4
23.2
22.9
22.7
22.6

22.4
22.2
22.0
21.9
21.7

21.5
21.3
21.2
21.0
20.8

•All counties to be accepted.

Acceptable percentages for the coverage of farms, land in farms,
and for the check items were established for each county and were
indicated on the FA-88 when it was sent to the Field Processing
Office.

Form FA-88's for all counties, including those not meeting th°
established standards, were sent to Washington for review and
approval by the Chief of the Agriculture Division. Of FA-88's
for 3,100 counties, 2,389 were approved when they were submitted
to Washington. For 711 counties, additional checking and work
were required before they were approved. The additional work
included the obtaining of missing questionnaire for specified
farms, the checking of enumerator maps for indication of areas
not enumerated, the reenumeration of areas, and the obtaining of
the required information when the Section VIII through XII of
the Agriculture Questionnaire was not filled.

Control over time schedule and cost of the enumeration. — The
enumeration involved the employment of a large number of persons
at one time and the expenditure of as much as $350,000 eacn work
day. In order to insure that the enumeration would be com-
pleted within the planned time period and with the funds allotted
for this purpose, time schedules were established for all important
operations, and the number of employees, maximum length of
employment, and the rates of pay of all personnel were prescribed.
Checks on the compliance with established controls both for time
of performance of jobs and the employment of personnel, and for
the expenditure of funds were made on the basis of required
reports. For enumerators, the number of employees authorized,
the rate of pay, the maximum mileage and the maximum hours of
employment, were furnished each crew leader on Form FA-32.
(See fig. 23.) Most enumerators were paid on a piece-rate basis
and for miles traveled in personally owned automobiles. These
piece rates were established on the basis of records of work per-
formance for prior Censuses, distance to be traveled, and the
estimated time that would be required to fill questionnaires. In
areas where the distance between farms was great, and in urban
areas, enumerators were paid $1.25 per hour of work plus $0.07
per mile traveled by personally owned automobiles. The average
hourly earnings for enumerators employed on a piece rate was
$1.15 plus payment for mileage traveled by automobile.

The date when enumerators were to begin the work was pre-
scribed, and enumerators were required to work at least 8 hours
each day until they had completed their jobs. Checking on the
amount of work performed, hours of work, miles traveled, etc.,
was accomplished through the review and summarization of Form
FA-7. This enumerator's daily work report was mailed at the
end of each day to the supervisor of the Agriculture Field Office
and the Form FA-3 was reviewed by the crew leader each time he
visited the enumerator. Supervisors of Agriculture Field Offices
notified crew leaders whenever it appeared an enumerator's work
was not being performed on schedule and twice each week super-
visors of Agriculture Field Offices were requested to submit to
supervisors of Field Processing Offices and to Washington a
summary showing number of enumerators working, Agriculture
Questionnaires filled, miles traveled, hours worked, etc. These
reports were reviewed carefully and immediate action was taken
when the work was not being completed as scheduled.

The number of crew leaders, field supervisors, assistant field
supervisors, and the number of each kind of clerical employee, as
well as the duration of their appointment, were prescribed in
advance of their employment and appointment. Extension of
appointments were made in case of some employees but only upon
approval from Washington. During the period of recruitment
and hiring, crew leaders and supervisors were required to submit
reports showing the number of employees recruited. Action was
taken whenever necessary to insure that the authorized staff
had been recruited and were trained and on the job on the day
scheduled.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

F. m H-91 U.S. APARTMENT OF-' COMMERCE
(10-20- 54) BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

State

1954 CLNSUS OK AGRICULTURE

RECORD OF PORTFOLIO REVIEW

County

E.D. Number

Section 1 - PAYROLL VERIFICATION REVIEW

A. Incomplete Section IV of Al's

None

Number

A2 line Nos. ;

B. Sample within 5^

Yes

If "No."" %

C. A3" s missing

None

Number

D. Hrs. claimed within 10/$ (hourly ED'S)

Yes

If "No," Allowed

Claimed

E. Miles claimed within 10%

Yes

Tf "No, ■ Allowed

Claimed

P. Receipts or certifications missing

Yes

If "Yes, " describe:

Section 2 - INTENSIVE REVIEW

A. Hissing FA- 101' s

None

Number

B. Missing M's lor A2 line Nos.

None

Number

A2 line Nos. :

C. Sampl ing correct

Yes

If "No. " A2 line Nos. :

D. Sample sections missing

None*

Number

A2 line Nos. :

E. E. 0. Map completed

Yes

F. FA- 100 completed

Yes

G. FA- 30 completed

Yes

H. FA-17 in portfolio

Yes

I. FA-5 column (5) completed

Yes

J. FA-6 columns (9) or (10) completed

Yes

Section ?. Completed b.V (Review clerk)

Section 3 - TABULATION REVIEW

A. Missing Al's for followup

None

Number

A2 line Nos. :

B. E.D. Map in portfolio

Yes

C. FA- 100 in portfolio (if required)

Yes

D/FA-30 in portfolio ("C" ED' s)

Yes

Section 4 - FOLLOW-UP REVIEW

A Requests for missing receipts, certifications or materials mailed on (date)

[^J None

B. FA-92's mulled (if required) on (date) _ . .

[ ' None

C. FA-93's mailed (if required) on (date)

None

u> ^A-94's mailed (if required) on (date) — —

L_; None

Section 4 completed by (Review clerk)

Section 5 - SUPERVISOR* ACTION

Describe corrective action taker, by' Supervisor, if any r

Supervisoi

squired by review entries above:

Comm-DC-4 279fl

Figure 21. — Record of portfolio review (Form FA-91).

THE ENUMERATION

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412357 0—57-

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

FORM FA-J2 U.S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
(7.22-54, BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

CREW LEADER AUTHORIZATIONS FOR
ENUMERATOR RECRUITMENT AND
RECORD OF PIECE RATES AND

MILEAGE ALLOWANCES
1954 AGRICULTURE CENSUS

A. CREW LEADER DIST. NO. 5

b county Adoock

c- ST»" Kansas

E. C.L. NAME l^pgjjgg s< 'QXLeT

F. NUMBER OF ENUMERATORS AUTHORIZED

T0T»c

RURAL

URBAN

NO .
HI

PRO-
CEDURE
COCE

(2)

MFTHOD OF PAYMENT

HIMKR

OF ACS
1950

(7|

KUMBI H

DWELL INMJ
1950

(»l

MAXIMUM

MILEAGE

ALLOWAMCl
(91

MAXIMUM

Mn. r*«

ALLOWANCE
PER Al

MAKIMUM

HOURS

ALLOWED

IF RAID

AT HOURLY

RATE

HOU»l 1

Bate
11 25
PEN
HOUR

(31

ruc( RATI

[«>

for Al ' s nm

SECTIONS
VI I 1 THRU
■111 NOT

REQUIRED
(41

FOR Al ' S Rl TM
SECTIONS
V| | | THAU

kill

AEOU'FICD

(51

.50

.70

132

193

343

2.6

.50

.70

153

373

398

2.6

1.25

,**

202

2.4

,63

1.25

it:

2.4

1.25

If:

2.4

1.25

W-

2.4

/lO

.50

.70

J249

351

697

2.8

.50

.70

J 226

348

633

2.8 ;

.50

.70

J 152

382

395

2.6 J

• 50

.70

152

222

426

2.8 /

.50

.70

165

231

429

2.6/

■ 9

/ 3

. /D l~ T7 c& ibn/Jvu

\ 1

h / ^J

- O i

r J v>-

J. w

In 1 hour an enumerator could do
1 1/3 Al's; BUlUplylng bry 8,
you get 10.6 Al's which would be
the standard of production ex-
pected for the 3rd. ED in Adcock
County.

TO.

TAL

1361

3638

100

OIIIGIIUl.: TO PROCESSING OFFICE. cc: TO A.F.O. cc: TO CREW LEADER

Figure 23.— Crew leader authorization for enumerator recruitment and record of piece rates and mileage allowances, 1954 Agricultu

Census (Form FA-32).

CHAPTER III— CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING AND PUBLICATION

CONTENTS

Page

Central Office processing 51

The job 51

Organization for the job 51

Receipt and control over questionnaires 51

Editing and coding the Agriculture Questionnaire 54

General 54

Section I 54

Section II 54

Section III 54

Section IV 55

Section V 55

Section VI 55

Section VII 55

Section VIII 55

Section IX 55

Section X 55

Section XI 55

Section XII 55

Section XIII

Coding for economic class of farm and type of farm

Training of editing and coding clerks

Editing of 10 training questionnaires

Editing of the first portfolio

Punching

Correction of punching and other errors prior to publication

All cards

Card A

Card C for corn

Card C for sorghums

Card C for crops other than corn and sorghum

Card G

CardH ...

Card I

Card J

Card K

Card L

Card M

Card N

Adjustment of data for the sample prior to tabulation

Description of the sample

Adjustment of the sample

Tabulation

Evaluation of the completeness of the Census

Preparation and publication of reports

The publication process

Printing

Appendix 85

Description of Series AC54-1, AC54-2, AC54-3, and press releases 86

CONTENTS 49

ILLUSTRATIONS

Pane

Organization chart — Central Operations Office 50

View of Interior of Central Operations Office, Pittsburg, Kans 52

Portfolio cover — Al Agriculture Questionnaire 53

Reference note (Form 2-36) . Used for referring questions for technical review 56

Verification record (Form 2-43). For recording errors for editing and coding 58

Punch cards used for the 1954 Census of Agriculture 60

IBM type 024 Punching Machine 61

C cards punched per hour by weeks of experience, Pittsburg Operations Office 62

H cards punched per hour by weeks of experience, Detroit Operations Office 63

Machine used for verifying punched cards 64

IBM type 077 collator 70

IBM type 082 sorting machine 70

IBM type 101 counting and tabulating machine 71

IBM type 402 tabulating machine 71

IBM type 407 accounting machine 72

IBM type 514 reproducing, gang-punching, summary punch machine 72

Census machine 487 and 489, multi-column sorter and unit tabulator 73

Census machine 488, multi-column sorter 73

Census machine 581, unit tabulator 74

Census machine 582, multi-column sorter and unit tabulator 74

Illustrative example of wiring diagram, type 101, control panel 75

Illustrative example of wiring diagram, type 402-403, control panel 76

Illustrative example of wiring diagram, type 407, control panel 77

Illustrative example of wiring diagram, unit counter 101 78

Test decks of cards used to discover tabulating machine errors 80

Evaluation program — Location 319 counties comprising sample used in evaluating completeness of enumeration 81

Aerial view with sample segment delineated 82

APPENDIX

Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-1 87

Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-2 91

Facsimile of work sheet or posting form County Table 1 93

Facsimile of preprinted form for offset typing of County Table 1 95

Facsimile of county tabulation sheets. 96

Table of costs 102

CENSUS OPERATIONS OFFICE
Detroit, Mich. Pittsburg, Kans.

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF

1 Supervisory Survey Statistician (Agriculture)

1 Secretary

1 Supervisory Survey Statistician (Agriculture)

1 Secretary

TECHNICAL SERVICES SECTION*

3 Statisticians (Agriculture)
3 Agricultural Economists

MANAGEMENT SERVICES SECTION

1 Supervisory Administrative Officer

1 Personnel Assistant

1 Secretary (Stenographic)

1 Appointment Unit Supervisor

1 Supervisory Appointment Clerk

1 Appointment Clerk (Typing)

3 Appointment Clerks (Typing)

1 Supervisory Administrative Assistant

1 Supervisory Clerk

2 Mail Clerks

2 Messengers

2 Laborers

2 Clerk-typists

1 Nurse

1 Switchboard Operator

EDITING AND CODING SECTION

1 Supervisory Statistical Assistant

2 Clerk-typists

10 Supervisory Statistical Clerks
10 Supervisory Statistical Clerks
12 Supervisory Statistical Clerks
12 Supervisory Statistical Clerks

120 Statistical Clerks

240 Statistical Clerks

SCHEDULE

FILES AND

SHIPPING

SECTION

1 Supervisory

Clerk

3 Supervisory

Clerks

3 Supervisory Clerks

60 Clerks

6 Laborers

CARD PUNCHING SECTION

1 Card Punch Operator Supervisor

2 Clerk-typists

5 Card Punch Operator Supervisors
5 Card Punch Operator Supervisors
10 Clerks
240 Card Punch Operators
2 Laborers

*This staff was supplemented by detail of technical personnel from the Washington office.

Figure 24. — Organization Chart — Central Operations Office.
50

CHAPTER III.— CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

AND PUBLICATION

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

The job. — The objective of central office processing was to
record the information obtained by enumerators so that data could
be summarized and published in a useable and meaningful form.
The job involved the inspection of questionnaires for completeness
and consistency of information, arrangement of questionnaires by
geographic areas, the entering of codes to provide for the meaning-
ful classification of data, the preparation of punch cards, the
detection and correction of errors arising both during the enumera-
tion and during the office processing, the tabulating of the data, and
the preparation and printing of statistical tables and reports.

Organization for the job. — The conversion of information
obtained by enumerators for individual farms into published
releases and reports required the organization of groups of trained
personnel for performing the major central office operations.
Since these operations were performed during a relatively short
period, a considerable number of temporary employees were re-
quired. During this period of large-scale central office processing,
the available permanent staff comprised less than 5 percent of the
total personnel employed and were used largely for preparing
plans and instructions, training personnel, technical review, over-
all supervision, and direction of the work. The major operations
involved in central office processing were receipt and control of
questionnaires, etc., editing and coding of questionnaires, punching
tabulating cards, checking tabulating cards and tabulations for
errors and consistency, the preparation of tabulations and the
preparation and printing of statistical tables and reports.

The following table indicates the approximate number of
employees engaged in operations related to central office proc-
essing for the first month in each quarter.

Month

Number of
employees

Montb

Number of
employees

July 1954

116

139

960

1,560

1,325

October 1955

880

680

January 1955.

April 1956

640

April 1955

July 1956

400

July 1955

2.50

The temporary staff was recruited in accordance with civil-
service regulations, largely from registers established from exam-
inations given primarily to provide personnel for Census work.
The temporary staff was given temporary appointments usually
not to exceed 1 year. When the work required employment for
more than a year, an extension of employment was made of
personnel who had been trained for the performance of the work
yet to be performed. In all central office processing, specialization
and mechanical devices were used whenever possible to expedite
handling and to reduce costs. A large part of the supervisory
staff for clerical and machine operations consisted also of tem-
porary employees. Permanent personnel occupied only key
positions and positions requiring detailed knowledge of procedures
or technical knowledge of agriculture.

The technical staff comprised a very important part of the total
staff although the costs for the technical staff amounted to less
than 3 percent of the total cost of the Census. The employment
of the technical staff totaled approximately 1,100 man-months.
About 70 percent of these man-months were provided by per-
manent staff.

All personnel were given special training for the work and the
kind and duration of this training is described under the various
operations. Standards for both quantity and quality of work were
established for all major processing operations and all personnel
were required to meet these requirements in order to retain their
jobs. For many operations, employees, whose work performance
exceeded substantially the minimum work requirements, were
given incentive payments.

Because of lack of office space, central operations offices were
established for about 11 months in Pittsburg, Kans., and Detroit,
Mich. All Agriculture Questionnaires were received, edited and
coded, and cards punched at those two offices. All other opera-
tions were performed in Washington, D. C.

RECEIPT AND CONTROL OVER QUESTIONNAIRES

After the checking had been completed in the 26 Field Process-
ing Offices, the questionnaires were arranged by counties and
shipped in boxes to one of the two central operations offices. The
number of counties for which the questionnaires, materials,
etc. were received at the 2 central operations offices by months
were as follows:

Month

December or earlier, 1954

January 1955__ ..

February 1955

March 1955

April 1955

May and later, 1955

Number of counties for which
questionnaires were received —

During month

949
1,059
329
439
242
72

To date

949
2,018
2,347
2,786
3,028
3,100

When the materials and questionnaires were received at the two
central operations offices, they were checked to determine that all
the required materials for a county were present and the Agricul-
ture Questionnaires were separated and placed in portfolio covers
(these were cardboard covers, see fig. 26). Approximately 400
Agriculture Questionnaires were placed in each portfolio and the
portfolio was properly labeled. Portfolios comprised the unit for
work assignment for subsequent operations and the portfolios
for a county were transmitted to the next operation as a unit.
The portfolios were kept in a central file when not in use and
records were maintained of the location and status of processing
for each county.

After the completion of the editing and coding, the question-
naires for a county were rearranged. The Agriculture Question-
naires comprising the sample (questionnaires for which information
in Sections VIII through XII was required) were numbered with
a numbering machine, for the purpose of having a means of identi-
fication for the punching of tabulating cards, and were then
placed in portfolios separate from those questionnaires not in the
sample. All questionnaires were arranged by minor civil divisions
and a sheet containing the minor civil division name and code
was inserted in the portfolio in front of the first questionnaire for
the minor civil division. For each county, questionnaires com-
prising the sample were numbered consecutively starting with the
number 8,000 while questionnaires not in the sample were num-
bered consecutively starting with 1. Questionnaires for "specified
farms" were numbered consecutively starting with X001.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

•c

to
<

CO
N

a
a
5
o

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

EDITING AND CODING THE AGRICULTURE
QUESTIONNAIRE

Each individual questionnaire was checked, edited, and coded
by clerks. The checking consisted of seeing (/) that the question-
naires were completely filled out; (2) that the acreage of individual
crops harvested was in reasonable agreement with the acreage of
cropland harvested when 100 or more acres of cropland harvested
were reported ; (S) that the acres of land classified according to use
accounted for the entire farm acreage of farms having 200 acres or
more; (4) that the total of the acreage for the various uses of corn,
sorghum, soybeans, cowpeas, and peanuts was in reasonable
agreement with the total acreage reported for all purposes for
each of these crops; (5) that the age and sex breakdown for cattle,
hogs, and sheep, added to approximately the total number of such
animals of all ages; and (6) that all entries for related items were
reasonably consistent.

Editing consisted of the identification and withdrawal of
questionnaires filled for places not qualifying as farms; the selection
of questionnaires with entries of unusually large size for review by
the technical staff; the selection of groups of questionnaires with
common reporting errors in an individual enumeration district
for referral to technical personnel for review; and the correction of
obvious inconsistencies, such as reporting in an incorrect unit, or
reporting in an improper place on the questionnaire. Entries
determined to be in error were often referred to the technical staff
and corrected on the basis of relationships existing on nearby
farms, or, if the entries were large, on the basis of correspondence
with the farm operator. In case of information missing for a
group of questions, estimates were prepared on the basis of adja-
cent questionnaires for farms with similar operations, and, in some
cases, on the basis of information obtained by mail from the
operators. When estimates were made, letters were mailed to the
farm operators to verify the information and, if the estimates
were not in reasonable agreement with the information contained
in the replies, the entries were corrected before the tabulations
were made.

The detailed instructions for editing and coding of the Agri-
culture Questionnaire were as follows:

General. — Each Agriculture Questionnaire was to be examined
individually. Figures written so poorly that they might not be
read correctly were to be rewritten. Fractions were to be canceled
for all questions for which the Agriculture Questionnaire did not
provide for the reporting of fractions. For questions for which
the questionnaire provided for the reporting of fractions, all
fractions were to be converted into tenths. All entries for cents
except for wage rates of hired employees working by the hour were
to be canceled. Questionnaires with entries of 10,000 acres or
more for acres in the place; $25,000 or more of forest products
sold; 1,000 or more cattle; 10,000 or more sheep, goats, or poultry;
$20,000 or more expenditure for fertilizer, hired labor, or feed;
an expenditure of $5,000 or more for lime; a value of land and
buildings of $1,000,000 or more; or for Indian Reservations were to
be referred for review by the technical staff.

Misplaced entries were to be crossed out and entered in the
proper space. Entries in a unit of measure different from the
unit of measure shown on the Agriculture Questionnaire were to be
converted into the appropriate unit of measure.

Questionnaires for places that might qualify as farms were to
be selected for review by the technical staff. Questionnaires that
did not contain entries of at least one of the following were selected
for examination in regard to meeting the criteria of a farm:

(1) $150 or more for total value of sales for vegetables, other
field crops, nursery and greenhouse products, livestock
and poultry and poultry products, and for forest
products.

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

One or more cows, or two or more calves on hand.

Three or more hogs on hand.

Five or more sheep on hand.

Fifty or more poultry on hand.

Three or more acres harvested for corn, sorghum, small

grains, soybeans, cowpeas, peanuts, dry field and seed

peas and beans.
Five or more acres of hay other than sorghum, soybean,

cowpeas or peanut hay.
One or more acres of tobacco, cotton, potatoes, vegetables

for sale, orchard, nursery and greenhouse products, or

irrigated land.
Five or more acres of cropland of all kinds.

Section I. — The editing and coding clerk entered a code for
color of operator. The code was 1 for white operators, 2 for
Negro operators, and 3 for other.

Section n. — The editing and coding clerk was furnished the
following guide for determining the tenure of the farm operator:

(7)

(8)

(9)

Ques-
tion 4

Ques-
tion 6

Ques-
tion 9

Other conditions

Classification

Code

Acres
Acres
None
None

None
Acres
None
Acres

None
None
Acres
None

Q.-j-Q./O-Acres in This Place

(Section IV).
Q.4+Q.6-Q.!0-Acres in This

Place (Section IV).
See instructions preceding the

table.
Q.6-Q./0-Acres in This Place

(Section IV).

Full owner..
Full owner..

Manager

Tenant

See
below.

Question

Question 8

Class of tenant

Code

Yes

No
No

Cash _

Yes in either or both

Share
Crop-

Yes

No
Yes

Yes

No
No

Yes

Other
Unsp(

cified....

9
0

Questionnaires that would be coded "manager" were to be referred to the technical
staff for review unless:

a. The value of all farm products sold was $5,000 or more.

b. The acres in the farm were 1,000 or more.

c. There were reported on the questionnaire, 10 or more acres in orchard, or nursery

and/or greenhouse products, or 50 or more cattle of all ages, 25 or more milk
cows, 1,000 or more poultry on hand, sold or raised.

Possible code numbers for the classification of the farm by color,
tenure, irrigation, economic class of farm and type of farm were
printed in the center column of the Agriculture Questionnaire.
Coding was performed by circling the number representing the
appropriate code.

Section III. — In the case of such crops as corn, sorghum, soy"
beans and cowpeas, for which the questionnaire provided for
reporting the total acres for all purposes, the editing clerk was
required (/) to enter a total acres when this total was not entered,
but acres were reported for the various uses, (2) to enter acres and
quantity harvested when total acres were reported without acreage
and quantity harvested being reported for any use, and (3) when
the total acres for all purposes was 100 or more, to add the acres for
the several uses, check the added total against the total for all
purposes, and to refer the questionnaire for review by the technical
staff if the difference in the two totals was 20 acres or more.

Questionnaires for which the yield per acre exceeded 100 bushels
for popcorn, sorghum, small grains, soybeans, cowpeas, or 10 or
more tons for any hay crop or 50 bushels, 1,000 pounds or M ton
per tree for any fruit were to be referred to the technical staff for
review.

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

The quantity sold was to be checked against the quantity
harvested and if the quantity sold exceeded the quantity harvested,
the quantity sold was to be reduced to equal the quantity har-
vested.

If the quantity sold was not reported, estimated quantities sold
were to be entered when the quantity harvested was (/) 100 bushels
or more for rice or flaxseed, or (2) 200 bushels or more for corn,
grain sorghums, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat or barley, and there
were no livestock or poultry reported on the farm, sold or raised.
Likewise, estimated quantities sold were to be entered when the
total bushels of corn, grain sorghums, oats and barley harvested
but not sold were more than 30 times the number of cattle, horses,
and hogs on hand or sold. However, no estimates of quantity
sold were to be entered unless the estimate was at least 100 bushels.
When the quantity of hay harvested was 25 tons or more, and none
was reported as sold, the entire amount harvested was to be
entered as sold when the number of horses, mules, sheep or cattle
on hand or sold, did not exceed 1.

The acreage of land in fruit orchards, etc. (question 56) was to be
estimated when there was no entry and the number of trees was 50
or more, or the number of grapevines was 500 or more. The
editing and coding clerk was furnished a table of the number of
trees per acre for various kinds of fruits for use in calculating the
acreage.

Codes were to be entered for the crops reported in questions
35, 50, 54, 64, and 65. An example of these codes for question 54
is as follows :

Crop Code.

Blackberries 186

Cranberries 192

Currants 199

When there were no entries for acres in Section III, and there was
an entry of 10 or more acres for question 67a, entries were to be
estimated for Section III.

Section IV. — The entry for question 66, Acres in The Farm was
to be checked with the acres reported for questions 4 to 6, 10 and
11. If there were no entries for questions 67 to 70, the entries
were to be calculated. If the entry for question 67a was 100 acres
or more, the entry was to be compared with the total of the
acreages of crops harvested as listed in Section III. Differences of
20 acres or more, not accounted for by the harvesting of two or
more crops from the same land, were to be referred for review by
the technical staff.

Section V. — Acres for question 71 were checked to acres in ques-
tion 68 and were corrected if greater than acres for question 68.

In the 20 States where irrigation was important additional
coding was performed to provide for tabulation of data for irrigated
farms and irrigated crops. Each questionnaire was coded to
indicate whether all the cropland harvested was irrigated, part of
the cropland harvested was irrigated, or none of the cropland
harvested was irrigated. On farms on which part of the cropland
harvested was irrigated, the crop code in Section III for each crop
that was harvested from irrigated land was changed by adding 4
to the hundreds digit for the code. For example, the code number
for cotton was 270. If the cotton was harvested from irrigated
land, this code was changed to 670.

Section VI. — Estimates were to be entered for sales if none were
reported by the enumerator when the entry exceeded 50 cords for
firewood, 1,000 for the number of fence posts or 25,000 boardfeet
for sawlogs and veneer logs. If area (acres or square feet) was
reported and no sales reported or vice versa, for nursery or green-
house products, the questionnaire was to be referred for review by
the technical staff.

Section VII. — For cattle, sheep, and hogs, the questionnaire was
to be inspected to see if there was an entry for a total when there

were entries for the various age and sex groups comprising the
total, or vice versa. Entries were to be made when there was a
total but no entry for the various age and sex groups, and vice
versa. If the total was 100 or more, the age and sex groups were
to be added and the sum checked with the total. Differences
of 20 or more were referred for checking by the technical staff.

For questions 81 and 83 entries for cows milked or milk produced
yesterday were estimated when there was an entry for one
question and no entry for the other question. Entries were to be
corrected for question 82, when the entry was less than for question
81.

Questionnaires with 5 or more cows milked (question 81) and
no dairy products sold were referred for review by the technical
staff.

Questionnaires with probable errors in value of dairy products
sold and number of animals sold were to be referred to the technical
staff for checking. Questionnaires to be referred included those
with a value of whole milk sold of less than $0.01 or more than
$0.10 per pound; of less than $1 or more than $100 per head
sold for hogs, sheep or calves; of less than $10 or more than
$1,000 per head for cattle, horses, or mules; of less than $0.25 or
more than $2.00 per chicken sold; or of less than $0.10 or more than
$1.00 for each dozen of eggs sold.

Questionnaires with 2 or more sows farrowing or 10 or more
hogs on hand, and no hogs reported as sold; 10 or more cattle or
5 or more cows and no cattle or calves sold; 10 or more sheep
and no sheep or lambs sold; or with 10 or more sheep, and no wool
shorn were to be referred for review by the technical staff.

Estimates were to be entered when 100 or more chickens and
no sales of eggs or chickens were reported and when there were
20 or more turkeys, ducks or geese and no sales were reported.

Codes were to be entered for each kind of poultry for question 97.

Section VIII. — Sections VIII to XII were edited by the review
clerk as the editing of these sections was performed only for
questionnaires in the sample and as the sorting of the question-
naires into sample and nonsample groups was not performed until
after the review of the work of the editing and coding clerk.

For questions 100 and 101, entries for acres were estimated
when there were entries for tons or dollars, and vice versa. For
question 100 entries of less than $10 or more than $100 per ton
and for question 101, entries of less than $1 or more than $20
per ton were referred for checking by the technical staff.

Section IX. — When there was no entry for question 102, and
there were hired workers reported for question 1036, estimates
were entered. Questionnaires with no report for question 1026
and, with reports of $10,000 or more for the sale of vegetables, or
nursery and greenhouse products, or 10 or more acres in orchards,
were referred to the technical staff for review.

Section X. — The entry for 1036 was checked with the entries
for 103c and 103d, and inconsistencies were corrected.

Section XI. — Usually no special editing was performed for this
section.

Section XII. — Usually no special editing was performed for this
section.

Section XIII. — The entries for acres in this section were checked
with the entries in Section II and the required corrections were
made. For question 108, the total value was computed and
entered if only the average value per acre was reported. When
both total value and value per acre were given, the calculation of
the total value was checked, but changes were made only when
the calculated value exceeded the reported value by $10,000 or
when the reported value was double or more the calculated value.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Coding for economic class of farm and type of farm. — The
coding of farms by economic class of farm and by type of farm
required estimating the total value of faun products sold. The
estimates for the various groups of farm products sold were entered
when required under the "Remarks" section of the Agiiculture
Questionnaire. The questionnaire contained the value of farm
products sold for:

Vegetables

Other'field crops

Forest products

Nursery and greenhouse products

Dairy products

Livestock

Poultry and poultry products

For many crops the quantity sold was shown in Section III.
The value of each crop sold was calculated by multiplying the
quantity sold by State average prices. The State average prices
were obtained in cooperation with the Agricultural Marketing
Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, from a
sample of dealers, buyers, farmers, etc.

For crops for which the quantity sold was not shown in Section
III, the value of sales was to be calculated by multiplying the
quantity harvested by State average prices, if the calculated value
for the crop would amount to $100 or more.

Except for farms operated by institutions, etc. (those were
coded 9 for economic class), the economic class of farm for question-
naires with a total value of $1,200 or more or under $250 was
determined by the amount of the value of all farm products sold.
The code was as follows:

Total value of farm products sold Code

$25,000 1

$10,000 to $24,999 2

$5,000 to $9,999 3

$2,500 to $4,999 4

$1,200 to $2,499 5

Under $250 8

If the total value of farm products sold was $250 to $1,199, the
code for economic class was determined by the entries for questions
104 and 105. If the entry for question 104 was 100 days or more
or if the answer for question 105 was "Yes", the code for economic
class was 7. All other questionnaires with a total value of farm
products sold of $250 to $1,199 were coded 6 for economic class.

The coding of type of farm was performed only for question-
naires with an economic class code 1 to 6, or 9. The type of farm
was determined by comparing the value of the sales for a farm
product or a group of farm products with the total value of all
farm products sold. Usually, the type of farm was determined
by the farm product or group of farm products that accounted for
50 percent or more of the value of all farm products sold.

Training of editing and coding clerks. — At the beginning of
the training period each employee was given a memorandum
outlining the work requirements for the training period. Briefly
these requirements were as follows:

(iy Editing and coding 10 training questionnaires during the
training period with not more than six coding errors, nor
more than ten other errors.

{$) Editing and coding a portfolio of 350 or more Agriculture
Questionnaires in 5}i working days with less than 15
coding errors per 100 questionnaires and less than 50
other errors per 100 questionnaires.

Each employee was provided with the following materials:
(/) Instructions for editing and coding Al's.

(2) A code card giving all the codes to be used.

(3) A copy of a reference note for referring questions. (See
fig. 27.)

(4) A sheet containing various conversion factors for weights
and measures.

(5) A slip to be inserted in place of questionnaire removed
from a portfolio

(6) A training questionnaire.

(7) A Landlord-Tenant Questionnaire.

(8) Red pencils.

FORM 2-36
(1 1 -6-54)

REFERENCE

1 1 EDITING

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

NOTE (Fol io)

1 1 REV IE* ING

STATE

COUNTY

FOL 10 NO.

E.D.

A2 LINE NOS.

E.D.

A2 LINE NOS.

E.D.

A2 LINE NOS.

E.D.

A2 LINE NOS.

E.D.

A2 LINE NOS.

REMARKS

TECHNICIAN <"«•

me )

DATE

comm-oc 42914

Figure 27. — Reference note (Form 2-36). Used for referring questions for technical review.

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

Generally, editing and coding clerks were trained in groups of
10 to 20. The instructor, after asking the trainees to follow along
with him, read the instructions from the beginning, holding up
each form as it was mentioned in the instructions so that the
clerks would become familiar with the terms used. A black-
board was utilized as much as possible. Its use was particularly
effective in explaining the following procedures:

(/) Rewriting or canceling entries.

(2) Converting fractions.

(3) Converting units of measure.

(4) Entering codes.

(5) Presenting editing problems,
(fj) Filling out reference notes.

(7) Illustrating incomplete or impossible entries.

The giving of instructions required about 8 hours.

Editing of 10 training questionnaires. — The use of the instruc-
tions was emphasized. The first Agriculture Questionnaire was
given out for editing and coding. The trainees were not per-
mitted to discuss the questionnaire with other clerks. No ques-
tion covering a specific point was answered by the instructor.
General questions which seemed appropriate were answered so
that the whole training group could hear both the question and
the answer. When most of the group had completed the editing
of the first training questionnaire the editing of the questionnaire
was discussed and the correct editing entries on the training
questionnaire were given. Clerks were told where to look in
their instructions to find why they had made errors. If the
same error was made by several clerks the appropriate para-
graph in the instructions was read by the instructor. After the
trainees signed their names on the questionnaires, these were
collected for recording the number of errors.

The remaining 9 training questionnaires were given out in groups
of three. The same procedure was followed as outlined for the
first training questionnaire.

The 10 training questionnaires were corrected as soon as possible
and the number of errors recorded. The corrected questionnaires
were given back to the trainees so that they could see their errors.

Editing of the first portfolio. — During the editing of the first
portfolio, the supervisors were instructed to circulate through the
group of trainees to:

(1) Answer necessary questions concerning procedures.

(2) Help clerks find the paragraph in the instructions needed

to determine whether entries on the questionnaire were
correct.

(3) Observe clerks to see if they were working systematically

and following procedure as outlined in their instructions.

(4) Check codes to make sure editors were coding correctly.

(5) Review several edited and coded questionnaires.

(6) See that reference notes were made correctly when

required.

The progress of editing and coding clerks in learning and
becoming proficient in the performance of their work is indicated
by the following data on questionnaires edited and errors made by
weeks of experience.

Weeks of experience

Number of
Agriculture
Question-
naires edited
and coded
per hour

Number of errors per 100
Agriculture Questionnaires

Total

Coding
errors

Other
errors

11
20
20
21
23
24
25
27
27
30
30
31
33
34
35
36
36
36
37
36
39
40
41
42
42
44
45
46
47
49
49
51
52
56

18.7

17.3

14.1

11.6

8.8

6.7

5.1

4.6

3.9

3.5

3.3

3.4

2.7

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.0

1.7

1.5

1.1

1.2

1.0

1.2

l.-Z

1.2

2.0

1.0

5.2

4.8

3.6

2.8

2.1

1.6

1.3

1.2

1.1

13.6

2 ..

12.5

10 5

4...

8.8

6.6

5.2

3.8

3.5

9__

2.9

2.6

11...

2.6

12...

2.5

2.6

14...

2.0

15...

2.1

2.0

1.8

18...

1.5

19...

1.3

1.1

22 ..

31...

32 .

1.4

The work of the editing and coding clerks was reviewed. Clerks
were selected for review work from the editing and coding clerks.
The review clerks were given 4 hours of additional instruction.
These 4 hours were devoted to reading of the instructions, making
out a sample verification record (see fig. 28), observing a demon-
stration of how to sort the Agriculture Questionnaires representing
the sample from other questionnaires, and to practicing the deter-
mination of codes for economic class of farm and for type of farm.

The job of the review clerk was to review either on a complete
basis or a sample basis the work performed by the editing and
coding clerks, to prepare a record of errors found in the work of
the editing and coding clerks, to sort the questionnaires into two
groups — those comprising the sample and those not comprising
the sample — and to determine and enter the codes for economic
class of farm and type of farm on questionnaires comprising the
sample.

Until the error records indicated each editing and coding clerk
was performing work of a satisfactory quality, all editing and
coding work was verified completely. Editing and coding work
was considered satisfactory if there were less than 3 coding and
8 other errors per 100 Agriculture Questionnaires. When the
quality of editing and coding became satisfactory, only every
tenth questionnaire was completely verified. If the verification of
every tenth questionnaire indicated the work was not of acceptable
quality, then all questionnaires were reviewed and all subsequent
work of the editing and coding clerk was reviewed until the record
of errors indicated that the work was of acceptable quality.

The performance of review clerks improved as their knowledge
and skill improved and also as the work of editing and coding

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Form 2-43
(11. 18-54)

I). S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

State

VERIFICATION RECORD

County

Name

□ Editor

□ Reviewer

Unit number

Folio number

Date edited

□ Sample of Al's verified
(A2 line numbers ending

in 1

Number of questionnaires

■type of error

Sect ions

I-II

Color- tenure

(a)

Section

III

Crops

<b>

Sections

IV-VI
lrrigat Ion

(c)

Section
VII

Livestock

(d)

Total
(Non- mmmpl e )

(e)

Sections
VI1I-XI II

( S a mp 1 e )

Class
and
type
(f)

1. Poorly written figures not
corrected

2. Figures entered by editing
clerk, illegible

3. Fractions and decimals not
cancelled

4. Fractions not converted or
incorrectly converted

S. Correct entries changed
unnecessarily

6. Rum of detail - 20 does not
equal total

7. Sum of detail - 100 does not
equal total

8. Specified cross-checks not
made

9. Sizeable production or inventory
and no value of products sold

10. other relationships not
questioned

11. Not coded

12. Coded incorrectly

13. other (Sped ry>

Total

Remarks

Name of reviewer

Unit number

Date

Conn-DC 43246

Figure 28. — Verification record (Form 2-43). For recording errors for editing and coding.

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

clerks improved. The following data indicate work performance
by review clerks by weeks of experience on the job.

Number of question-
naires reviewed per hour

Weeks of
experience

Number of question-
naires reviewed per hour

Weeks of
experience

On a com-
plete basis

On a sample
basis (10
percent of
question-
naires)

On a com-
plete basis

On a sample
basis (10

percent of
question-
naires)

11
24
25
29
34
38
43
50
50
47
53
56
58
63
61

42
60
66
71
70
79
72
76
80
84
86
93
96
90
97

16..

60
62
64
66
64
63
55
67
79
62
91
60
71
88
79

103

4...

20..

5... .

101

106

25..

105

102

110

11..

26.

115

125

13 ----

14..

128
142

135

The use of sample verification of editing and coding resulted in
the saving of approximately 45,000 man hours in reviewing. The
number and proportion of the Agriculture Questionnaires reviewed
on a complete basis by week, after review on a sample basis was
started, were as follows:

Agriculture Questionnaires
reviewed

Week

Total

On com-
plete
basis

On a sample
basis (10
percent of
question-
naires)

Number
56.244
142. 992

128, 526
119.783
130, 278
153, 067
162, 567
184. 742
201. 976
206, 372
210. 533

221, 399
214, 820
210, 864
213, 337
197, 176
212, 481

222, 535
206/793
193; 669
167,560
144, 338
157, 805
167, 526

129, 592
90,957
96, 759

. 113,608
65, 393
26, 111

Percent
85.8
84.3
74.8
78.7
73.2
80.0
76.9
63.2
55.7
49.6
46.6
42.5
38.5
35.1
26.5
29.5
27.3
26.6
22.8
14.2
14.2
10.5
13.0
9.2
9.1
5.0
7.8
13.0
18.5
24.3

Percent

14.2

15.7

25.2

21.3

26.8

6 -_-

20.0

23.1

36.8

44.3

10._

50.4

53.4

57.5

61.5

14 - ..

64.9

73.5

16.: -.-.

70.5

72.7

73.4

19...

77.2

85.8

89.5

87.0

90.8

90.9

96.0

92.2

87.0

29 . ./

81.5

75.7

PUNCHING

In order to provide for compilation of data, all information in the
Agriculture Questionnaires was transferred to punch cards.
Ten separate punch cards were used. (See fig. 29 for copies of
these cards.) The punch card used for each part of the Agriculture
Questionnaire is indicated in the column "Office use only" on the
questionnaire. (See fig. 1.) For example, the information for
questions 66 to 72 on the Agriculture Questionnaire was punched
on the A card. The number of cards punched for all Agriculture
Questionnaires was as follows:

Card type

Number of

cards
(thousands)

Card type

Number of

cards
(thousands)

Total

30, 136

3,831

398

3,522

1,101

4,856
9,889
1.142
3,674

C__

G..

1,082
642

H...

Cards L, M, and N were required only for Agriculture Question-
naires in the sample. The punching was performed on Inter-
national Business Machine Company's type 024 punching machine.
(See fig. 30.)

All the personnel employed for card punching were temporary
and none had any prior experience in punching. All employees
were given a training course consisting of approximately 80 hours.
During the first 40 hours the punching machine operator was
trained, in how to use the punching machine, by means of a series of
punching exercises and 6 tests. The second 40 hours of the train-
ing consisted of punching cards from a portfolio of Agriculture
Questionnaires prepared for training purposes and the completion
of 3 tests. The appointments of operators who did not satis-
factorily complete tests given during training were terminated.

Generally, punching machine operators were trained to punch,
and punched, only one of the 10 types of cards. Work units
assigned to punch operators consisted of one or two portfolios of
Agriculture Questionnaires (400 to 800 Agriculture Question-
naires).

The number of cards punched per hour varied according to the
experience of the punching machine operator and the type of card.
The average number of cards punched per hour for each card type
was as follows:

Type of card

Average
number
punched
per hour

Type of card

Average
number
punched
per hour

147

150

A..
C.
G..

134
158
133
167

L...

M...

187
102
162

H_.

114

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

tr
O

.■

<a lo

<
►-

Z
3
O

H 3

■

CATTLE AMO CALVES

* <

-. a

5 a

* ul

o <
ux

* z
d O

o
u

= i
s =

■- <•

x M
_j ^

WHOLE MILK SOLO

C*CAM SOLO

TOTAL

COWS

z >

St £

w —

£ O *

tfi * *

*-
■
3

QUANTITY

VALUE

OF
SALES

POUNDS

BUTTE RF AT

VALUC

OF
SALES

M
UJ

VALUE OF

SMfS Of

C"!ER

FCaiTST ilD

POaLTBi

PRODUCTS

OJ
UJ

! =

iHs

EQUIPMENT -NUMBER

LANO OWNED

VALUE OF
LANO AND
BUILOINBS

VALUE OF
LANO AND
BUILDINGS

hid Hint 10 cms

VALUE OF
LANO ANO

BUILDINGS

CASH
RENT

z
z
2a

a
o

3
Z

o
u

3 3

MACHINE
HIRE

CASH EXPENDITURES

HIREO
LABOR

Kit FOR

uvsstoci
rouLTir

(•SOI HE
Oil !tC

HIREO W C

R KERS

MONTHLY BASIsi WECH.Y BASIS

DAILY BASIS

MOUdLV

BASIS

■ Tec

a
cc
u
a
o

SOIS

RATE
OF
PAY

noons

•0»E0

PEI

SDK

HATE
OF
PAY

tOUHS

• WHO

HI-

SGKS

RATE
OF
PAY

HH1

KMIC

PE«-

soe

RATE
OF
PAY

COMMERCIAL .[fi.maif PURCHASED

TONS TOTAL COST

*C»CS
ON

WMiCH
USED

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER USED

HAY CROPS

ACRES TONS .y*

on ir

HfM.CH Is

USC 0 t

WHICH

USED

ACHES
ON

WHICH

USED

USEO

OTHER CROPS

LIME PURCHASED

TOTAL
COST

■

Figure 29. — Punch cards used for the 1954 Census of Agriculture.

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

o
a

ffl

IS
p

412357 0—57 5

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Figures 31 and 32 indicate the relationship of the weeks of
experience of punching machine operators to the number of cards
punched for C card at the Pittsburg Operation Office and for
the H card at the Detroit Operation Office. The quantity of
cards punched per hour was influenced by a system of incentive
pay. Operators who punched more than a prescribed number of
cards of acceptable quality during a 2-week period were given
extra pay for each 100 cards punched above the established
standard. Incentive pay was paid for approximately one-third
of all cards punched and approximately 71.4 percent of all cards
were punched by operators during periods for which they received
incentive pay.

The punching of cards was verified either completely or on a
sample basis. The purpose of verification was not to eliminate
all errors but to insure that the level of errors was kept within
acceptable levels. Until the verification of punched cards indicated
the work was of satisfactory quality, the work of each punching
machine operator was verified 100 percent. Verification was
performed by the use of a manually operated verifier. (See fig. 33.)
All cards found in error were corrected.

As soon as it was determined that less than 6 percent of the
cards punched by a punching machine operator contained errors
and that the number of cards not punched did not exceed 1.2
percent, only a sample of 4 percent of the work of the card punching
machine operator was verified. However, when the errors found
in the 4-percent sample indicated that the quality of the work
was not acceptable, the work of the operator was verified 100
percent, until the record of errors indicated that the work was
of satisfactory quality. Card punching machine operators were
required to produce work of acceptable quality within a given time
period in order to be retained as an employee and in order to
receive incentive payment for the work performed in excess of es-
tablished standards. Card punching machine operators with the
poorest work performance were assigned to verification work.
Except for excess cards (cards representing unusually large quanti-
ties for an item), cards found in error during verification on a
sample basis were not corrected.

The use of sample verification of cards resulted in a saving of
approximately 140,000 man hours. The number and proportion

CABDS
PER
HOUR

DISTRIBUTION OF OPERATORS BY CAROS PUNCHED PER HOUR,
BY WEEKS OF EXPERIENCE

ICCARD PITTSBURG OPERATION OFFICE!

370
550

•

330

•

■

310

• •

•

: '

290

—

•

: ' •

270

—

•

—

2 SO

- —

• •

•

. ; i

•

\ —

230

—

• t

• /

• \ — ■

210

i ;

1 ;

e~-

•\

190

•

■

.■

i ■

■

.. •

■ : ';

1 70

•

.1 *

>i • •

; ! : ; ;

■

ISO

■

•1

i i

.■. .

i
•i

•

ISO

•i

. ■

— ■

••

-1

•I

„

110

- 1

•

1
1^

t
•

• ;

t •

•

• t

•

/ i

■

» *

*••»» of Eip«rl«nc«

Figure 31. — C cards punched per hour by weeks of experience, Pittsburg Operations Office.

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

of the cards verified on a 100 percent basis and on a sample (4
percent) basis by two-week periods were as follows:

Period

Prior to Mar. 13....
Mar. 14 to Mar. 26.
Mar. 27 to Apr. 9..
Apr. 10 to Apr. 23.
Apr. 24 to May 7..
May 8 to May 21...
May 22 to June 4..
June 5 to June 18..
June 19 to July 2. .
July 3 to July 16..
July 17 to July 30.
July 31 to Aug. 13.
Aug. 14 to Aug. 26

Cards verified

On 100

Total

percent

basis

Number

Percent

4, 873, 279

23.9

2, 567, 911

6.1

2, 732, 089

4.2

2, 346, 108

4.7

2, 476, 149

4.1

2, 169, 117

4.6

2, 278, 096

3.6

2, 470, 653

3.9

1, 885, 249

27.6

1,986,001

3.7

1,909,290

2.7

1,392.863

0.7

1, 049, 598

0.5

On a

sample

basis

Percent
76.1
93.9
95.8
95.3
95.9
95.4
96.4
96.1
72.4
96.3
97.3
99.3
99.5

Correction of punching and other errors prior to publication. —
The checking for errors before the publication of data was per-

formed at three stages — before tabulation, after tabulation, and
just prior to publication.

Before tabulation, all punch cards were subject to an examina-
tion by means of electric statistical machines for possible errors.
Mechanical methods were used to select punch cards which lacked
required information, those on which the data punched were in-
consistent or unreasonable, and those with data of sufficient im-
portance to warrant further verification. Specifications were
established for each card type so as to select cards having any of
the characteristics of these three groups and all cards were passed
through the Census Multicolumn Sorter for the purpose of selecting
these cards. Before the selection of error cards was made, repro-
ductions of C cards were made, so that the information for only
one crop appeared on a C card. (The information for as many as
3 crops was punched on a C card. See fig. 26.) The specifications
for the selection of cards for further verification were as follows:
(See fig. 26 for copies of the cards and fig. 1 for a copy of the
Agriculture Questionnaire.)

pen

HOUR

DISTRIBUTION OF OPERATORS BY CARDS PUNCHED PER HOUR,
BY WEEKS OF EXPERIENCE

|H C6R0- DriROlT OPtRMiON u^i.F )

Figure 32. — H cards punched per hour by weeks of experience, Detroit Operations Office.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

■ -

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

All Cards

1. All excess cards. (These were cards punched for entries with

figures larger than the maximum number that could be
punched in the column or columns provided on the punch
card.)

2. All cards with misplaced "X". If there was no entry on the

questionnaire for an item, an "X" was to be punched in the
first column provided for punching the item on the punch
card. Cards with the "X" punched in a column other than
the first column would contain errors, and hence were
selected.

Card A

1. The number of acres for any land use greater than the total

acres in the farm.

2. "Total land" divided by ten (10) greater than any use.

3. Acres reported as "improved other pasture" greater than all

other land used for pasture.

4. 1,000 or more acres in any CROPLAND group.

5. 20 acres or more of cropland harvested for a card with a code

of 8 for economic class.

6. Cards classified as "cropland wholly irrigated" with a number

for "acres of total cropland harvested" in excess of "irrigated
cropland harvested."

7. Cards classified as "cropland partly irrigated" with the same

entries for "total cropland harvested" and "irrigated crop-
land harvested."

8. Any entry for "acres of irrigated cropland harvested" in excess

of "total acres of cropland harvested."

9. No number for "acres of irrigated land" with an "irrigated-

farm" code.

10. Any entry of less than 10 years for "age of operator."

11. Any entry for "year began operation" between 55 and 99
indicating the years 1855-1899 or 1955 to 1999.

12. All cards for farms of less than 3 acres.

13. All entries for color code, tenure code, or class code other than

those provided for by the coding scheme.

14. Any entry for "irrigated pasture," greater than the entry for

"cropland pastured" or the entry for "improved pasture."

15. The number for acres in either "conservation practices"

greater than the acres for "cropland harvested."

16. The economic class code of 9 with a code for type of farm other

than 12.

17. Any "crop" type of farm code and no entry for "acres of crop-

land harvested."

18. 1,000 or more total acres in farm not classified as a "specified

farm."

Card C for corn

1 . Total acreage of corn for all purposes reported without an entry

of acres for grain, silage, or hogged off.

2. Total acreage for all purposes less than the acreage reported for

any use.

3. Any "total acreage" report of 400 or more acres.

4. All reports with quantity harvested without acreage harvested

or acreage harvested without quantity harvested.

5. All reports of 1,000 or more bushels of grain per acre harvested

for grain.

6. Any total production of 1,000 bushels of grain on a farm having

$1,200 or less "value of all products sold."

7. 100 or more tons of silage produced per acre harvested, or 200

tons or more in total.

8. Less than 1 ton of silage per acre harvested.

9. Bushels of corn sold exceeding bushels of corn harvested for

grain.

Card C for sorghums

1. Total acreage for all purposes without an amount either for

acreage for grain, acreage for silage or acreage hogged or
grazed.

2. Total acreage for all purposes less than the acreage for any use.

3. Any total acreage for all purposes of 400 or more acres.

4. All reports with quantity harvested without acreage or acreage

harvested without quantity harvested.

5. All reports of 1 ,000 or more bushels of grain per acre harvested,

100 or more tons of silage per acre, or 10 or more tons of hay
per acre harvested.

6. Acres exceeding the corresponding quantity harvested except for

acreage hogged off which required no quantity harvested
entry.

7. Bushels of grain sold in excess of bushels of grain harvested.

Card C for crops other than corn and sorghum

1. Quantity harvested without acreage. When space for quan-
tity was provided for on the questionnaire, all reports of
acreage without quantity harvested.
In addition to the general specifications for all crops there were
additional conditions for specific crops as follows:

Small Grains, Sugarbeets, Tree Fruits

1. Production in excess of 100 units per acre or per tree of bearing

age.

2. Quantity harvested less than quantity sold or acreage har-

vested.

Hay Crops, Cotton

1. Production in excess of 10 units per acre harvested.

2. Less than one-tenth unit of production per acre harvested.

Tobacco, Seed Crops, Potatoes

1. Production in excess of 1,000 units per acre harvested.

2. Less than 1 unit of production per acre harvested.

Small Fruits
1. Production of 100 or more units without acreage.

Vegetables
1. Ten or more acres of any crop.

Other Crops

1. Twenty or more bushels of potatoes without acreage.

2. Production of tree fruits or nuts with entry for trees of non-

bearing age only.

3. Trees of bearing age in excess of 100 with no entry for quantity

harvested.

4. Entries of acreage harvested without quantity harvested.

Card G

1. All sales of $1,000 or more.

2. More than 100,000 board feet of lumber cut with no entry for

the sale of forest products.

3. No dollar amount representing sales but with an entry of 100

or more cords of firewood cut, or 1,000 or more fence posts
cut or any number of cords of pulpwood cut.

4. Maple trees tapped without report for maple syrup made; or

gallons of syrup or pounds of sugar made and no number
for number of trees tapped.

5. More than 1 gallon of syrup or one-tenth pound of sugar per

tree tapped.

6. Any report of $50,000 or more for sales of horticultural products.

7. Any report of acreage or glass area in horticultural specialties

with no number for "value of sales"; or value of sales and no
amount for area.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Card H

1. Number of total cattle reported without a number for any

age-sex subgroup.

2. 100 or more cows on hand with no calves or heifers on hand.

3. Number of cows milked yesterday greater than total number

of cows on hand.

4. Number in any age-sex subgroup greater than number of total

cattle.

5. Number of milk cows on hand exceeding total of all cows.

6. Less than one-tenth of milk cows on hand reported as having

been milked yesterday.

7. Milk cows on hand numbering five or more and none reported

as having been milked yesterday.

8. More than 10 gallons of milk production per cow milked yester-

day.

9. An amount punched for quantity of whole milk or cream sold

without an amount for dollars or the number of dollars
without the quantity sold.

10. Ten or more cows milked yesterday with no amount of dairy

products sold for the year.

11. More than $1,000 income from dairy products sold for every

cow milked.

12. Milk reported as being sold for less than 10 cents a gallon or

less than 1 cent a pound.

13. Value of cream sold more than $10 per pound of butterfat or

less than 10 cents per pound of butterfat.

Card I

1. Number of horses or mules greater than the total of both

kinds.

2. Number of hogs in either of two age groups larger than total

for both groups.

3. A number for total hogs with no number for either age sub-

group.

4. Ten or more total hogs on hand and none sold.

5. The number of "hogs born before June 1" less than the total

of all ages without a number for "hogs born since June 1."

6. The number of "sows farrowed or to farrow" greater than

"total hogs on hand."

7. Two or more sows on hand but no report for "hogs sold."

8. The average value of hogs sold less than $1 each.

9. The average value of calves sold less than $1 each.

10. The average value of cattle sold less than $1 each.

11. The average value of sheep or lambs sold less than $1 each.

12. The average value of horses or mules sold less than $1 each.

13. The value of hogs sold averaging more than $100 each.

14. The value of cattle or calves sold averaging more than $1,000

each.

15. The value of sheep sold averaging more than $100 each.

Card J

1. All cards with a number for sheep 1 year of age or over with no

number for "wool shorn."

2. All cards with number for total sheep with no number for the

age-sex classification. All cards with the number for the
age-sex group exceeding the total sheep.

3. All cards with 100 or more pounds of wool per sheep shorn or

less than 1 pound per sheep shorn.

4. All cards with total goats and with number for kind of goats

not shown.

5. All cards with more than 10 pounds of mohair per goat clipped

or less than 1 pound of mohair per goat clipped.

6. All cards with a report for goats clipped less than one-tenth

of the number of Angora goats on hand.

Card K

1. All cards with 100 or more chickens on hand with no number for

either chickens sold or eggs sold.

2. All cards on which the amount for "value of other chickens

sold" or amount for "value of broilers sold" is less than one-
tenth of the number punched for "number sold."

3. All cards on which the amount for "value of other chickens sold"

or the amount for "value of broilers sold" is more than ten
(10) times the number punched for "number sold."

4. All cards on which the amount for "value of eggs sold" is more

than ten (10) times or less than one-tenth (1/10) the number
representing "dozen sold."

5. All cards with ten or more turkeys raised or 100 or more of

"poultry other than chickens or turkeys" raised without a
report of sales for "other poultry and poultry products" or
miscellaneous poultry reported as sold and no entry for
"number raised."

6. All cards with 1,000 or more chickens on hand.

Card L

1. Numbers for value of land and buildings larger than 1,000 times

the number for acres.

2. Land values of less than $1 per acre provided value was re-

ported.

3. Acres of "land rented to others" in excess of entry for "land

owned" or "land rented from others."

4. Entry for "cash rent paid" greater than 10 percent of "value

of land rented from others," or no entry for acres rented
from others but with an amount for "cash rent paid."

5. Any column for farm facilities punched other than "yes" or

"no."

6. "Yes" report for "mortgage debt" with no number for

"acres owned."

7. A card coded as "livestock-share tenant" with a crop type of

farm code.

8. Cards with incorrect tenure codes such as:

Full owner with no "land owned."

Part owner with no entry for either land owned or land
rented from others.

Tenant with no entry for "land rented from others"
or with entry for "land owned."

Manager with no entry for "acres managed."

Economic class codes 8 or 9 with entry "other than mis-
cellaneous" for type of farm.

9. Report of "value" without an accompanying acres entry.

10. Ten or more ponds, 3 or more garden tractors.

11. Any digit in column for class, color, tenure, type of farm codes

other than that specifically provided by the code.

Card M

1. All cards representing $20,000 or more for any expenditure.

2. Hired labor expenditures of S5,000 or more without hired

workers on farm or any number of hired workers with no
amount shown for cash expenditure for hired labor.

3. All reports of $5,000 or more of expenditures for gasoline and

oil, or for machine hire, and any hired labor in amount of
$5,000 or more, if the economic class code was 5 or higher.

4. Any number for total hired workers without the number to be

employed "less than 150 days" or "more than 150 days"
or the number of workers in either of these subgroups
exceeding the total or the number of workers unequal to
total workers when only one subgroup was reported.

5. Any card with reports for monthly, weekly, or daily workers

with the corresponding reports for the number of hours,
number of workers, or amount of wages paid missing.

6. All reports for hourly workers with either the number of

workers or the rate of pay missing.

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

Card M — Continued

7. All reports for hours worked by monthly workers of 400 or

more hours or less than 100 hours, for weekly workers of
100 or more hours or less than 20 hours, and for daily
workers of 20 or more hours.

8. Any card representing 10 or more workers for any basis of

pay group.

9. All cards whereon all the expenditure items were punched "X."
10. All punches for color, tenure, economic class, or type of farm

other than that provided by the appropriate code.

Cardiff

1. More tons of fertilizer applied to crops than the total of tons

purchased.

2. More than 200 pounds of fertilizer applied per acre of hay or

pasture.

3. More than 1 ton of fertilizer applied per acre of crop fertilized.

4. Absence of number for either tons, cost, or acres on which

applied.

5. An amount for tons of fertilizer purchased with no entry for

"acres of crops on which used."

6. Absence of number for lime for either tons, cost, or acres on

which applied.

The number of cards selected for each type for further verifica-
tion was as follows:

Card type

Total
number
of cards

Cards selected by
mechanical edit

Number

Percent of
total cards

38, 410, 859

3, 143, 893

8.2

4, 856, 169

2, 961, 609
372, 657

14, 828, 890
1, 141, 986

3, 673, 804
3, 831, 383

397, 529
3, 521, 887
1, 100, 542
1,081,911

642,492

274, 508
215, 494

62,883
1, 188. 824

52, 013
452, 188
160, 862

58,473
101,619
205,288
202,209
169, 532

5.7

C-l (corn)...

7.3

16.9

C-3

8.0

4.6

12.3

4.2

14.7

2.9

18.7

26.4

All cards selected by the mechanical edit were listed on an IBM
type 402 tabulating machine (see fig. 41). These listings were
reviewed by members of the technical staff. Cards that appeared
to be in error were marked on the listings. These cards and all
excess cards (cards containing very large entries) were checked to
the Agriculture Questionnaires and corrections were made when
required. The following table indicates the number and propor-
tion of each type of card corrected.

Cards corrected

Type of card

Total

number of

cards

Percent of

cards

selected

Percent of
total cards
punched

1,327,918

42.2

3.3

A..

152,600
117,940

22,091
394,100

11,947
198, 839

75,881
6,784

50,712

70, 470
152, 869

73, 785

55.6
54.7
35.1
33.2
23.0
44.0
46.4
11.6
49.9
34.3
75.6
43.5

3.2

C-l (corn)

4.0

5.9

C-3

2.7

1.0

5.4

2.0

1.6

1.4

6.5

14. 1

J1.5

Checking for errors after tabulation involved the checking of
totals for counties, minor civil divisions, or other geographic areas
for possible mistakes. Part of this checking was clerical in nature,
and involved the checking for consistency of totals for the same or

similar item on various tabulations. The major part of this
checking was performed by technical staff and involved comparison
of totals, averages and ratios for adjacent areas, for the 1954 and
prior Censuses, and of totals and averages with data secured from
other sources.

Prior to publication, the data in statistical tables were checked
and reviewed. Checking comprised the comparison of data in
various tables for consistency and the review involved the visual
examination of the data by the technical staff.

ADJUSTMENT OF DATA FOR THE SAMPLE PRIOR TO
TABULATION

Description of the sample. — The sample used for the 1954
Census of Agriculture consisted of specified farms and one-fifth
of the remaining farms. Thus, the sample for most areas com-
prised somewhat more than 20 percent of all farms and in fact
represented 22.5 percent of all farms in the United States. Farms
in the sample comprised a larger proportion of all farms in the
Western States than in other geographic areas.

The actual selection of farms in the sample was made by Census
enumerators as part of the enumeration procedure. The enumer-
ator listed the head of each household or each place on a single line
on Form A2 and determined whether an agriculture questionnaire
was to be obtained. If he filled an Agriculture Questionnaire, he
was required to indicate in which one of the 5 size-of-farm groups
the farm belonged. Each line on the Form A2 contained squares
listing 5 size-of-farm groups. The enumerator was required to
indicate for each farm or place enumerated in which of these 5
size-of-farm groups, the farm or place belonged. A random fifth
of the squares for each of four of these 5 size groups was lightly
shaded. (See fig. 9 for a facsimile of a page of Form A2.) If the
farm was indicated as belonging in a shaded square, the farm was
included in the sample. The fifth square, always shaded, was
provided for indicating all farms of 1,000 acres or more; thus all
farms of 1,000 or more acres were included as a part of the sample.

In some States, all farms with more than a specified acreage of
cropland harvested, or irrigated cropland harvested, or more than
a specified number of total cattle and calves on hand, milk cows on
hand, or chickens sold also were included in the sample regardless
of the size of farm. These farms, and all farms of 1,000 acres or
more, were designated as "specified farms."

Adjustment of the sample. — For the 1954 Census of Agriculture,
it was considered desirable to make adjustments in the sample
in order to improve the accuracy of estimates based upon tabula-
tion of data for the sample.

An adjustment in the 20 percent part of the sample was made
by a process essentially equivalent to stratifying the farms in the
sample by size, for the purpose of (1) improving the reliability of
the estimates from the sample on an economic area level, and
(2) for the purpose of reducing the effects of possible biases intro-
duced because some Census enumerators did not follow perfectly
the method devised for selecting the farms in the sample. In
order to adjust the sample for each State economic area, counts
were obtained of all farms except "specified farms" and of sample
farms except "specified farms" for each of ten size-of-farm groups
based on "acres in this place." The 10 size-of-farm groups were as
follows: Under 10 acres, 10 to 29 acres, 30 to 49 acres, 50 to 69
acres, 70 to 99 acres, 100 to 139 acres, 140 to 179 acres, 180 to
259 acres, 260 to 499 acres, and 500 to 999 acres. In determining
the extent of the adjustment the difference between the number of
farms in the sample exclusive of "specified farms" and the total
number of farms exclusive of "specified farms" divided by 5 was
obtained for each size group. The actual adjustment for each size
group in the sample was made by eliminating tabulating cards for
farms when too many were included in a size group and by dupli-
cating all tabulating cards for one or more farms when too few
were included in the sample size group. The farms for which all
the information was eliminated or duplicated were selected at

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

random from counties over- or under-represented in each size
group in the State economic area. Although adjustments were
made in 08 percent of the counties in the United States, the gross
adjustments involved were small, averaging 3.2 percent for farms
eliminated and 4.0 percent for farms duplicated for the United
States. These adjustments are summarized in the following table:

Summary of Sample Adjustment by Size of Farm for the
United States: 1954 Census of Agriculture

Number
of farms

Adjustment in
number of farms

Total adjustment

Size of farm

Farms
dupli-
cated

Farms
elimi-
nated

Farms
duplicated
plus farms
eliminated

Net ad-
justment
(number
of farms)

Total

4, 782, 416

37, 181

29.928

67, 119

+7, 243

484, 291
713, 335
499, 496
346, 323
517, 740
491, 158
461, 651
463, 698
482, 246
191, 697
130, 481

7,676
7,468
5,048
3,204
3,661
3,076
2,562
1,974
1,886
626

977
1,903
1,886
1,768
2,919
3,205
3.253
4,220
5,109
4,698

8,653
9.371
6.934
4,972
6.580
6,281
5,815
6. 194
6,995
5,324

+6, 699

10 to 29 acres

+5, 566
+3. 162

+1, 436

70 to 99 acres

+742

100 to 139 acres

-129

140 to 179 acres

-691

180 to 259 acres ....

-2, 246

260 to 499 acres

500 to 999 acres

-3,223
-4,072

In order to illustrate the sample adjustment process, the actual
calculations for Economic Area 3b in New York consisting of
Chemung, Schuyler, Steuben, Tioga, and Tompkins counties is
described. The following table shows the summary for the State
economic area, of the total number of farms in each size group; the
sample number that would be expected in a 20 percent sample,
obtained by dividing the total number excluding "specified farms"

Expected

Actual

Differ-

number

ence be-

Size group

Total

in sample

tween

(total acres

number

(total

as desig-

expected

Adjustments to be made

in place)

farms '

number

nated by

number

divided

enumer-

and

by 5)

ator

actual
number

Under 10

491

98.2

-8.2

Duplicate information on 8
questionnaires.

10 to 29

596

119.2

-20.2

Duplicate information on
20 questionnaires.

30 to 49

492

98.4

105

+6.6

Eliminate information on 7
questionnaires.

50 to 69

734

146.8

142

-4.8

Duplicate information on 5
questionnaires.

70 to 99

988

197.6

200

+2.4

Eliminate information on 2
questionnaires.

100 to 139

1,379

275.8

258

-17.8

Duplicate information on
18 questionnaires.

140 to 179

1,007

201.4

192

-9.4

Duplicate information on 9
questionnaires.

180 to 259

1,247

249.4

267

+17.6

Eliminate information on
18 questionnaires.

260 to 499

1.103

220.6

230

+9.4

Eliminate information on 9
questionnaires.

500 to 999

199

39.8

+3.2

Eliminate information on 3
questionnaires.

1 Excludes specified farms.

by five; the actual number designated as sample farms, the differ-
ence between the expected number and the actual number, and
the direction of the adjustments specified in each size group.

The direction of the adjustments to be made in each size group
was determined by the direction of the net difference for all coun-
ties in the State economic area. To illustrate the allocation of
adjustments among counties, data are given for size group "under
10 acres" in the preceding table.

County

Total
number
farms '

Expected

number

sample

farms

Actual

number

sample

farms

Difference

78
69
113
121
110

15.6
13.8
22.6
24.2
22.0

10
13
20
25
22

Tioga

+0.8

Total

491

98.2

1 Excludes specified farms.

In this illustration 8 duplications were allocated to Chemung ,
Schuyler, and Steuben counties as the original sample in these
counties was less than 20 percent. Tioga and Tompkins counties
were not assigned adjustments in this size group because the
original sample was equal or greater than 20 percent. The actual
allocation of the adjustments to the various counties was made one
at a time and each adjustment was assigned the county with the
greatest ratio for the difference between expected sample size and
actual sample size to the standard deviation. In this example the
ratios were as follows: Chemung County, 1.59; Schuyler County,
0.24; Steuben County, 0.61. Therefore, the first adjustment was
assigned Chemung County. After this adjustment the new ratio
for Chemung County became 1.30; the difference for that county
continued to be the largest, therefore, the second adjustment was
made in Chemung County. The table at bottom of page indicates
the sequence of adjustments as they were determined.

The selection of the questionnaire for which the tabulating
cards were to be duplicated (or eliminated) was made by a random
process. In this example, 5 questionnaires were selected at
random from the 10 farms with less than 10 acres in Chemung
County, for duplication.

When the questionnaires to be duplicated or eliTiinated had been
selected, colored finder tabulation cards with "ears" were punched
with the identifying information for these questionnaires and these
cards were inserted with the punch cards for the county. These
finder cards readily identified cards for questionnaires that were
to be duplicated or eliminated. Cards to be eliminated were
removed from the file before making the tabulations and cards
to be duplicated were duplicated with a reproducing punch and
placed in the file for tabulating. The adjustments for the sam-
ple were made only when the cards for the sample were to be
used for making tabulations.

Chemung County

Schuyler County

Steuben County

Ratio i

Adjustment

Ratio i

Adjustment

Ratio I

Adjustment

1.59
1.30
1.02
.74
.45
.17

Assigned 1st adjustment (duplication).
Assigned 2d adjustment.
Assigned 3d adjustment.
Assigned 4th adjustment.
Assigned 6th adjustment.

0.24

Assigned 8th adjustment.

0.61
.38
.14

Assigned 5th adjustment.
Assigned 7th adjustment.

Summary

5 adjustments assigned Chemung County

1 adjustment assigned Schuyler County

3 adjustments assigned Steuben County

1 Ratio of the deviation of the sample number from the expected sample number to the standard deviation.

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

TABULATION

All tabulating work was performed by the use of punch cards by
electric tabulating equipment. The table below indicates the num-
ber and duration of use of various types of punching and tabulating
equipment for the Census, including the preparation of special
tabulations for special reports. The tabulations were prepared
using Census-built and International Business Machine Company
statistical machines. (See table below and figs. 34 to 43.)

Tabulation sheets showing tabulations made by counties appear
in the appendix. Tabulations made for State economic areas and
for subregions were similar to those made by counties. Tabula-
tions for the L, M, and N cards at the county level and for all
tabulations for State economic areas and for subregions included
only the cards for farms in the sample. As it was necessary to
multiply the totals for cards for farms, except specified farms, in
the sample by 5 in order to obtain an estimated total for all farms,

tabulating machines were modified to mechanically make this
multiplication during the tabulating. Illustrative examples of the
various diagrams used on the several tabulating machines are
given in figures 44, 45, 46, and 47.

Several steps were taken to maintain quality of the tabulating
work. For most tabulations, card counts were established in
advance and if the tabulation did not show a total card count
within 3 of this control count, the tabulations were not usually
considered acceptable and were rerun. In order to prevent
errors arising because of machine failure, test decks of cards (see
fig. 48) were established for each tabulation. These test decks
were tabulated 4 times each 8 hours and if the tabulation did not
show the correct totals, immediate steps were taken to locate the
cause of the error. Immediately after the completion of tabula-
tions, the tabulated data of a sample comprising one-tenth of the
horizontal lines were examined for evidence of machine errors.

Number of Punching and Tabulating Machines by Type Used by Months for the 1954 Census of Agriculture*

Reproduc-

90 or 120
selector

Census 60
counter

Collator to

112 counter

ing gang-

combina-

Multi-

unit tabu-

Punching

match,

Counting

accounting

punching,

tion multi-

column

lator old

lator

Punching

machine

merge, and

Sorting

and tabu-

Tabulating

machine

summary

column

sorter

type not

combined

machine

used lor

check

machine

lating

machine

capacity

punch

sorter

80 column

combined

with multi-

Month and year

(IBM type

card

sequence

(IBM type

machine

(IBM type

150 cards

machine

and 60

board wired

with multi-

column

024)

correction

of cards

082)

(IBM type

402)

per minute

capacity

counter

(Census

column

sorter with

(IBM type

101)

(IBM type

100 cards

unit tabu-

machine

sorter

moderni-

031)

077)

407)

per minute

(IBM type

514)

lator

(Census

machine

487 and 489)

488)

(Census

machine

581)

zations
(Census
type 582)

1964

November

43
207

1
1

December..

1966

327

•7

328

March

330

April

31S

299

June

299

July....

236

August

116

October

1
1

9
6

21
17

6
5

8
6

5
5

6
5

13
13

5
5

1966

February..

6
13
36

76
18
18
8

8
4
6

7
2
2
1

3
3

11
11

6
6
6
5

5
4
3

3
3
3

6
6
6

4
4

4
2

6
6
6

3
3

1
1

April

June...

July

11
9
7
7

2
2
2
2

5
9
5
5

2
3
2
2

2
3
3
2

1
1
1
1

•IBM refers to machines of the International Business Machines Co.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Figure 34.— I B M type 077 collator.

FIGURE 35. — I B M type 082 sorting machine.

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

Figure 36

I B M type 101 counting and tabulating machine.

FIGURE 37.— I B M type 402 tabulating mat tunc

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

FIGURE 38. — I B M t\p<- 407 accounting machine.

Figure 39. — I B M type 514 reproducing, gang-pun

CENTRAL OFFTCE PROCESSING

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

• O O Io3030300olo O O O O O

3 I O p O ^ * ■— — I«1W ONV 3M H13

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be
03

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

IBM

INTEtNATIONAl BUSINESS MACHINES CORPOBATtON

ACCOUNTING MACHINE. TYPE 407 CONTROL PANEL

Figure 46. — Illustrative example of wiring diagram, type 407, control panel.

412357 0—57-

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

I15M Ct»S«iS Of RfrT.C uYTu-re.
U»i"t CouNttv 10 I

-Ru„s 111-11 TK,U 111- "♦

*$■

,..> =....f-> i.i—t'-i

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Figure 47. — Illustrative example of wiring diagram, unit counter 101.

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

Ak .r t,.

\ l\ l\ 1 1 * .

11 ■"' iti! Jtl! laj Jil

^?.r».« x.

tS-*± »3-J» £.

331

A A A d. ±i i

Cal tf m - £. » TV. o

fT'lTtt l T

JjL jlL *iE~|uimL.t *E~2_ xTTTL sL~TL iLTTL tfTl

j^. -ti f^^LiT-fi-i^^L^f^^^L

3rr,e

V£j 37j 3^J

jtj j

i'-l r'f" ■t'i "fi'i '"'"

0CauN* 1

TJ.T C...T 3

S..T H*„C.Al ..T.TVn.-t- x

— iil . S«V Kc'iT cl SA. Disit

-'£> 5 3

V 1-1
31 7 0

r 1

1 1-1

j*
ji

-'1
if

10 5- i

11 0-1
it- 0-1

li »-!

it J- I t*

13 - 1

It C-<t 47

1(1

J-

yt>.r Been* Oj-

«] [13 3~EI al

*T'.-r...

jt n it. il 4r"3.'

j I j s i | 1

er^^Tzr

«?r„-

fjMjy

TTTT -T-T

fVff

It-

«-i

7»

0-1

— 73

:-i

3_ 1*

_ js

1- 1

- 31

1 - 1

— J7

1- )

=.'7

1 - 7

.11

0, 1 -1

r t

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:•*

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J-t

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sir

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7- 1

3£

Figure 47. — Illustrative example of wiring diagram, unit counter 101 — Continued.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

c
2

a
a

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

EVALUATION OF THE COMPLETENESS OF THE

CENSUS

Generally, reliable data to indicate the completeness of the
Census of Agriculture are not available from other sources.
Programs for providing measures of the completeness of the Census
were a part of the 1950 and 1954 Censuses of Agriculture. These
programs required the making of a special survey to provide
estimates regarding the completeness of the counting of the num-
ber of farms, and the acres of land in farms, cropland harvested,
corn, wheat, and cotton.

For 1954, two samples were used for this special survey. The
first sample comprised 772 small geographic areas or segments in
rural areas in 319 counties. These small areas usually contained

4 or 5 farms each and the total number of farms for all these areas
was 2,800. The location of the 319 counties containing these small
areas is indicated by figure 49.

The sample of segments was selected by grouping the counties
in the United States in 200 groups so that each group had slightly
less than 30,000 farms according to the 1950 Census of Agriculture.
For each of these groups, a sample of counties was selected with
probabilities proportionate to the number of farms in 1950. In
the part of the 200 groups of counties, where the acreage of wheat
and cotton was important, the selected sample was spread among
about 50 additional counties in order to reduce variability of the
sample for the acreage of wheat and cotton. Within the counties
selected for the sample, a sample of segments, each comprising 3 to

5 farms, was selected so that the sample would be self-weighting at
the proportion of 1 in 1,500.

The second sample was obtained after the completion of the
enumeration by drawing the boundaries of the 772 segments on the
enumerator's maps and making a list by the use of the Form A2
of all places which the Census enumerator indicated as located
within the segment area. This list sample, covered to a large
extent, the same places and farms as the 772 segment sample.

This list sample was supplemented by taking a sample of 1 out of
950 farms of 1,000 to 9,999 acres (this resulted in a sample of 120
farms) and a sample of 1 in 20 of all farms of 10,000 acres or more
(this resulted in a sample of 365 farms) .

The evaluation program called for the re-enumeration of all
places in the 772 segments and all places listed in the list sample.
A group of 60 specially selected and trained enumerators were
used for this re-enumeration. They were given 40 hours of training
and were provided with detailed questionnaires for recording the
information. Aerial photographs or other detailed maps were
given them for the 772 segments. The enumerators were required
to indicate on the aerial photograph (see fig. 50 for an illustrative
example) or on special maps, the location, and boundaries of every
field within the segment. Detailed information regarding the area
and agricultural use of each field was obtained. Enumerators were
required to account for the area of the segment. Enumerators
were instructed to fill Agricultural Questionnaires for any place or
farm found in the segment and not included in the list sample.
For places and farms in the list sample, and not located within the
772 segments, enumerators were instructed to obtain detailed
information regarding the area comprising the farm and its
agricultural use.

After the completion of the reenumeration the reports of the
special enumerators were checked against the Agriculture Ques-
tionnaires filled by the Census enumerators by Central Operations
Office personnel. In all cases, when there were significant differ-
ences between the two reports, another special enumerator
was sent to check and obtain a report for the reasons for the
differences.

Estimates on farms missed in the Census were obtained on the
basis of detailed records and maps of all places located within the
772 segments. Estimates on the coverage of land in farms, and the
acreage of cropland harvested, wheat, corn, and cotton harvested
were based on the detailed data for farms included in the list
sample, and located outside the segment as well as on the detailed
data for farms in the 772 segments.

EVALUATION PROGRAM- SAMPLE COUNTIES

H BASIC SAMPLE COUNTIES

g%% COUNTIES IN WHICH A SUPPLEMENTARY
SAMPLE Of FARMS WITH 10,000 OR
MORE AREAS WERE SELECTED

J S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

MAP NO 694994

Bureau Of the census

Figure 49. — Evaluation program — Location 319 counties comprising sample used in evaluating completeness of enumeration.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

CENTRAL OFFICE PROCESSING

PREPARATION AND PUBLICATION OF REPORTS

Reports are the important end product of a Census. The kinds
of data to be published determine not only the content of the
questionnaire but also the kinds of tabulation made.

The form of reports was related to timing. Every effort was
made to make the basic data for counties and States available as
soon as possible. The series of releases AC54-1 and AC54-2
were issued with data for each county and State as soon as the
data became available. (See appendix, figs. 51 and 52, for fac-
similes of these releases.) The time schedule for the issuance of
preliminary release, AC54-1, is given on page 13. Final reports
appeared in three volumes. Volume I contained detailed data
for counties, State economic areas, and States. Volume II con-
tained a summary by subject for States and geographic divisions
of the data presented in Volume I, Volume III comprised special
reports. A list with a brief description of all final publications
for the 1954 Census of Agriculture appears on page IV.

The publication process. — Generally, the offset or multilith
printing process was used for printing reports for the 1954 Census

of Agriculture. The setting of type was limited largely to texts
for all reports and for the preparation of analytical reports.

In preparing copy for printing, work tables were prepared from
the tabulations. These work tables (see appendix, fig. 53 for an
illustrative example) had preprinted stubs and an indication of the
source of the data. The data were posted on these forms and
tables were reviewed by subject-matter technical staff before being
sent for typing for offset printing or multilithing. Preprinted
forms (see fig. 54 for an illustrative sample) were used for preparing
typed copy. The typing was performed with electric typewriters.
After typing, a photoprint was made of the typed table and this
photoprint was used for verification of the typing. Verification of
the typing was usually accomplished by proofreading headings,
notes, and a sample of the lines containing data for each page.
The verification of data was usually accomplished by adding the
typed data and checking with established totals.

Printing. — The printing of preliminary reports was performed
by the Department of Commerce. The printing of final reports
(Volumes I, II, and III) was performed by the United States
Government Printing Office, using either its own facilities or that
of contractors.

APPENDIX

86 METHODS AND PROCEDURES

DESCRIPTION OF PRELIMINARY REPORTS OF THE 1954 CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE

Series AC54-1. — One 4-page report for each county and for each
State in the United States, one summary report for the United
States, one each for the North, the South, and the West.

These reports presented preliminary results on number of
farms, farm characteristics, acreage in farms, value of land and
buildings, uses of land, farm facilities and equipment, specified
classes of livestock, specified crops harvested, and fertilizer and
lime used. Available comparable data from the 1950 Census of
Agriculture were also included.

Series AC54-2. — Value of Farm Products Sold by Source. — This
series supplemented Series AC54-1. There was one report for each
State with data by counties, and one for the United States with
statistics by States. The report presented information on the
value of sales of field crops, vegetables, fruits and nuts, and horti-
cultural specialties; the value of sales of dairy products, poultry
and poultry products, livestock and livestock products; and the
value of sales of forest products.

Series AC54-3. — Consisted of preliminary reports presenting
data on selected items from the 1954 Census of Agriculture as
follows:

No. 1 — Farm Expenditures for Gasoline and Other Petroleum
Fuel and Oil.

No. 2 — Farm-Mortgage Debt Rises with Increasing Farm
Land Values.

No. 3 — Summary of selected items from the 1954 Census of
Agriculture by Congressional Districts, by States. Data
were presented for number of farms, value of products sold,
selected facilities, and principal crops, for Congressional
Districts with 1,000 or more farms.

Press releases. — Several hundred advance reports, on almost
as many subjects, were prepared and issued as press releases.
Among these releases were reports on the following:

Statistics for selected items of inventory and agricultural pro-
duction for the leading 100 counties of the United States.

Sales from farms of different economic classes, for States and
for the United States.

Summary reports for the United States on selected items such as
farms classified by value of farm products sold in 1954; average age
of the American farmer; increase in farm facilities and equip-
ment; expenditures for selected items; etc.

All preliminary and advanced reports or releases were super-
seded by the final volumes of the 1954 Census of Agriculture.
For a description of final reports, see page IV.

APPENDIX

1954 CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE— Preliminary

FARMS • FARM CHAR VCTERISTICS • FARM PRODUCTS

U. S. DEPAKTMENT OF COMMERCE
Bureau of the Census

April 1955

LIBERTY COUNTY, GEORGIA

(57-089) Series AC54-1

This release presents figures from the 1954 Census of Agriculture, together with available
comparative data from the 1950 Census of Agriculture The figures from the 1954 Census
are preliminary and are subject to revision A similar report will lie released for every county
in the United States A preliminary report, carrying State totals only, will he issued following
the publication of figures for all of the counties in the State- After that, final figures for this
county and for other counties in the State will be published in a State Re|x>rt.

Generally, the data for both 19.54 and 1951) are based ujion the tabulation of rctxirts for
all farms in the county. However, the 1954 and 19.50 data for items followed by a star Or)
represent estimates for all farms made on the basis of reimrts from a sample of approximately
20 (icrcent of the farms. These estimates are subject to sampling errors and hence will not
agree exactly with totals obtained by a tabulation of data for all farms.

Inventory items are for Octolier-N'ovember for 1954 and for April for 1950; and production
items are for the calendar years 1954 and 1949.

Item

County total

Item

County total

FARMS, ACREAGE, AND VALUE

Farms number 1934. . .

1950...

Approximate land area..... acres 1954...

Proportion In farms... percent 1954...

Land in farms acres 1954...

1950...

Average size of farm acres 1954...

1950...

Value of land and buildings average per farm, dollars 1954...

1950...

average per acre, dollars 1954...

1950...

Land in farms according to use:

Cropland harvested farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

1 to 9 acres farms reporting 1954...

1949...

10 to 19 acres farms reporting 1954

1949...

20 to 29 acres farms reporting 1954...

1949...

30 to 49 acres farms reporting 1954...

1949...

50 to 99 acres farms reporting 1954...

1949...

100 to 199 acres farms reporting 1954...

1949...

200 acres and over farms reporting 1954...

1949...

Cropland used only for pasture farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

Cropland not harvested and not pastured .. farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

Woodland pastured farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954. . .

1949...

Woodland not pastured farms reporting 1954...

1949...
acres 1954...
1949...
Other pasture (not cropland and

not woodland) farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954.. .

1949...

Improved pasture farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954...
Other land (house lots, roads, wasteland,

etc.) farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

Irrigated land In farms farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

Land in cover crops turned under for

green manure farms reporting 1954...

acres 1949...

Cropland used for grain or row crops farmed

on contour farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954.. .

FARM OPERATORS

Residing on farm operated operators reporting 1954...

1950...

Not residing on farm operated operators reporting 1954...

1950...

With other income of family exceeding
value of agricultural products sold*. . .operators reporting 1954...

1949...

Working off their farm, total* operators reporting 1954...

1949...

100 days or more operators reporting 1954...

1949...

607

548

326,400

31.0

101,029

107,554

166.4
196.3

10,217
6,018
51.81
33.36

488

500

4,038

5,618

385

348

L42

115

1,962

4,389

255

124

2,507

1,167

260

167

57,448

72,491

176

215

13,235

15,537

107

4,175

1,497

2,544

564

499

17,664

6,855

227

580
521

498
342

454
343
398
263

FARMS BY SI2E

Under 10 acres number

Under 3 acres number

3 to 9 acres number

10 to 29 acres number

30 to 49 acres number

50 to 69 acres number

70 to 99 acres number

100 to 139 acres number

140 to 179 acres number

180 to 219 acres number

220 to 259 acres number

260 to 499 acres number

500 to 999 acres number

1,000 acres and over number

FARMS BY COLOR AND TENURE OF 0PFRAT0R

Farms by color of operator:

White operators number

Nonwhite operators number

Farms by tenure of operator:

Full owners number

Part owners number

Managers ....•...*..................*.....*....•.. .number

All tenants number

Proportion of tenancy percent

Cash tenants number

Share-cash tenants number

Share tenants number

Crop-share tenants number

Livestock-share tenants number

Croppers number

Other and unspecified tenants number

SPECIFIED FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT*

Telephone farms reporting

Electricity farms reporting

Television set farms reporting

Piped running water farms reporting

Home freezer farms reporting

Electric pig brooder farms reporting

Power feed grinder farms reporting

Milking machine farms reporting

Grain combines farms reporting

number

Com pickers farms reporting

number

Pick-up hay balers farms reporting

number

Field forage harvesters farms reporting

number

Artificial ponds, reservoirs, and earth

tanks farms reporting

number

1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..
1954..
1950..

1954.,
1950..
1954.,
1950.,

1954.,
1950.,
1954.,
1950.,
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.

1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1954.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1954.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1950.
1954.
1954.

1954.

1954.,

236
159

67
6
169
153
172
175

20
25
15

17
14
14
18

209
166
398
382

550

458

3.5

5.1

1
3
4
1
2
2
2
10
6
6

14
518
380

94
187
124

10
2
1
3
3
3

10
1
10

16
18

Figure 51. — Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-1.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

2_LIBFj)TY C0U.1TY, GEORGIA

FARMS, FARM CHARACTERISTICS, ARE FARM PRODUCTS

Item

SPECIFIED FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT — Continued

Motortrucks farms reporting 1954..

1950..

number 1954..

1950..

Tractors farms reporting 1954..

1950..

number 1954..

1950..

Vheel tractors other than garden farms reporting 1954..

1950..

number 1954..

1950..

Garden tractors farms reporting 1954..

number 1954. .

Crawler tractors farms reporting 1954..

number 1954..

Automobiles farms reporting 1954..

1950..
number 1954..
1950..
Farms by class of work power:

No tractor, horses, or mules.. farms reporting 1954..

No tractor and only 1 horse or mule farms reporting 1954..

No tractor and 2 or more horses and/or

mules farms reporting 1954..

Tractor and horses and/or mules farms reporting 1954..

Tractor and no horses or mules. farms reporting 1954..

FARM LABOR*
Veek of Oct. 24-30:

Family and/or hired workers farms reporting 1954..

persons 1954..
Family workers, including operator. . ..farms reporting 1954..

Operators persons 1954. .

Unpaid members of operator's family. . .farms reporting 1954..

persons 1954..

Hired workers farms reporting 1954..

persons 1954..

SPECIFIED FARM EXPENDITURES*

Specified farm expenditures farms reporting 1954..

1949..

Machine hire and/or hired labor farms reporting 1954..

1949..

Machine hire farms reporting 1954..

1949..

dollars 1954..

. 1949. .

Hired labor farms reporting 1954. .

1949..

dollars 1954..

1949..

Feed for livestock and poultry farms reporting 1954..

1949..
dollars 1954..
1949..
Gasoline and other petroleum fuel and

oil farms reporting 1954..

1949..

dollars 1954..

1949..

Commercial fertilizer farms reporting 1954..

dollars 1954..

tons 1954..

acres on which used 1954. .

Lime and liming materials farms reporting 1954..

tons 1954..
dollars 1954..
acres limed 1954..
Crops on which commercial fertilizer was used, 1954:

Hay and cropland pastured farms reporting..

tons.,
acres on which used..

Other pasture. farms reporting..

tons..
acres on which used..

Corn farms reporting. .

tons..

acres on which used..

Cotton. ...................................... .farms reporting. .

tons.,
acres on which used . .

Fruits, vegetables, potatoes, etc farms reporting..

tons. .
acres on which used..

Other crops farms reporting . .

tons.,
acres on which used..

FARMS BY TYPE OF FARM*
Field-crop farms other than vegetable and

frult-and-nut number 1954. .

1950..

Cash-grain number 1954. .

1950..

Cotton number 1954. .

1950..

Other field-crop number 1954..

1950..

Vegetable farms number 1954..

1950..

Frult-and-nut farms.... number 1954..

1950..

Dairy farms number 1954..

1950..

County total

188

143

225

161

103

196

176

205

198

275
215

473
620
469
444
108
128
25
48

593
475
302
174
200
83

18,264

1,775

167

139

47,641

65,558

505

409

104,043

87,822

107

36,448

18,164

496

56,541

1,290

5,808

595

4,037

655

63
242
938

257

1,205

374

466

2,773

68
155
156

287
121
172
450

FARMS BY TYPE OF FARM —Continued
Poultry farms number

Livestock farms other than dairy and poultry number

General farms number

Primarily crop , number

Primarily livestock number

Crop and livestock number

Miscellaneous and unclassified farms number

FARMS BY ECONOMIC CLASS
Commercial farms number

Class I (value of products sold, $25,000
or more) ........................................ .number

Class II (value of products sold, $10,000-
$24,999) number

ClaBS III (value of products sold, $5,000-
$9,999 ) number

Class IV (value of products sold, $2,500-
$4,999) number

Class V (value of products sold, $l,200-$2,499) .. .number

Class VI (value of products sold, $250-$l,199) .. ..number

Other farms number

Part-time1 number

Residential (with less than $250 value of

products sold) number

Abnormal (public and private institutional

farms, etc.) number

HORSES AND MULES
Horses and/or mules farms reporting

CATTLE AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
Cattle and calves farms reporting

Cowe, Including heifers that have
calved farms reporting

number

Mi Ik cows farms reporting

number

Heifers and heifer calves farms reporting

number

Steers, bulls, and steer calves.. - farms reporting

number
Whole milk sold farms reporting

gallons

dollars
Cream sold farms reporting

pounds of butterfat

dollars
BOOS
Hogs and pigs farms reporting

number

Born before June 1 farms reporting

number

Born since June 1 farms reporting

number

Sows and gilts farrowing farms reporting

number

June 1 to December 1. farms reporting

number
Average date of enumeration

POULTRY AND POULTRY PRODUCTS
Chickens, 4 months old and over, on hand .... farms reporting

number

Chickens sold farms reporting

number

Broilers sold

Hens, roosterB, pullets, etc.

■farms reporting
number
dollars
.farms reporting
number
dollars

1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...

1954...
1950...

1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...

1954. . .

1954...

1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...

1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1954...
1954...
1954...
1954...
1949...
1954...
1949...
1954...
1954. . .
1949...
1954. . .
1949...
1954...

1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1954...
1954...
1954...
1954...
1954...
1954...
1954...
,1954...

1954...
1950...
1954 . . .
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1950...
1954...
1954...
1954...
1954. . .
1954...
1954...

County total

462
418

4,873

4,517
434

2,677
275

2,196
248
696
201
386
11/14-11/20

Ipart-tlme farms include those with value of products sold of $250-$l,199 and operator either reporting 100 days or more of off-farm work or reporting other
exceeding value of agricultural products sold.

Figure 51. — Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-1 — Continued.

APPENDIX

FARMS, FARM CHARACTERISTICS, AND FARM PRODUCTS

LIBERTY C0UNTI, GE0RCIA— 3

I ten

County total

Item

County total

POULTRY AND POULTRY PRODUCTS— Continued

SPECIFIED CROPS HARVESTED— Continued

12 ,670

Annual legumes— Continued

Soybeans grown for all purposes.— Continued

1949...

dozens 1954...

1949. . .

dollars 1954...

5,454

acres grown alone 1954

23
18

97
945

10
97
13

acres grown with other crops 1954...

bushels 1954...

1949...

seres grown alone 1954...

acres grown with other crops 1954. . .

1949. . .

number 1954...

1949. . .

13
2
2

number 1954. . .

11
3

number 1954. . .

300

tons 1954. . .
1949...

13
2

number 1954. . .

Soybeans hogged or grazed, or cut for

acres grown alone 1954...
acres grown with other crops 1954. . .
Soybeans plowed under for green

number 1954. . .

number 1954...

acres grown alone 1954...

ANIMALS SOLD ALIVE

acres grown with other crops 1954. . .

10
86

Cattle, hogs, eheep, horses, or mules sold

1949. . .

173

acres grown alone 1954. . .

284

1949...

253

1949...

420

dollars 1954...

99,936

acres grown with other crops 1954...

105

1949...

137,789

1949...

206

135

1949...

144

1949. . .

171

number 1954. ..

1,507

acres grown alone 1954...

1949. . .

1,327

acres grown with other crops 1954. . .

Cattle sold alive, excluding calvee. . .farms reporting 1954...

100

bushels 1954...

461

number 1954...

674

1949...

663

dollars 195A...

27,048

103

1949...

number 1954...

833

acres grown alone 1954...

185

dollars 1954...

19,831

acres grown with other crops 1954...

tons 1954...

246

192

1949. . .

202

1949...

196

Cowpeas hogged or grazed, or cut for

number 1954. . .

2,861

1949...

2,676

acres grown alone 1954...

dollars 1954...

51,982

acres grown with other crops 1954...

Cowpeas plowed under for green

number 1954. . .

dollars 1954...

1,075

acres grown alone 1954...

SPECIFIED CROPS HARVESTED

acres grown with other crops 1954...

Corn:

426

1949. . .

1949...

464

acres grown alone 1954...

acres 1954...

2,461

1949. . .

1949...

3,022

acres grown with other crops 1954. . .

407

1949. . .

434

Peanuts harvested for picking or

acres 1954. . .

1,801
2,470

1949...

1949. . .

bushels 1954...

21,585

acres grown alone 1954...

1949...

34,099

acres grown with other crops 1954...

pounds 1954...

1,230

1949...

3,218

acres 1954...

Peanut vines or tops saved for hay or

1949...

tons.. green weight 1954...

1949...

1949. . .

acres grown alone 1954...

Hogged or grazed, or cut for green or

acres grown with other crops 1954...

tons 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

655

Velvetbeans grown for all purposes farms reporting 1954...

1949...

552

1949...

103

acres grown alone 1954...

Sorghums:

acres grown with other crops 1954...

308

Sorghum for all purposes except sirup.. . .faros reporting 1954...

bushels 1954...

1949. . .

263

acres 1954. . .

Hay crops, excluding specified annual legumes and sorghum hay:

1949. . .

Alfalfa, clover, and their mixtures cut

Sa.ll grains:

acres 1954...

tons 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

bushels 1954...

1949. . .

1949...

tons 1954...

1949...

Oats, wheat, barley, rye, or other small grains

acres 1954...

1949...

518

1949. . .

bushels 1954...

800

acres 1954...

ISO

1949...

6,932

1949...

tons 1954...

117

1949. . .

acres 1954...

1949...

tons 1954...

bushels 1954...

Other field crops:

1949...

1949. . .

acres 1954...

bushels 1954...

1949...

bushels 1954...

Annual legumes:

1949...

1949. . .

acres grown alone 1954...

acres 1954...

1949. . .

1949...

acres grown with other crops 1954...

pounds 1954...

1949...

110

1949...

1,500

Figure 51. — Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-1 — Continued.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

4— LIBERTY COUNTY, GEORGIA

FARMS, FARM CHARACTERISTICS, AND FARM PRODUCTS

County total

Item

County total

SPECIFIED CROPS HARVESTED— Con t limed
Other field crops — Contirued

Lupine seed harvested farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 195<t...

1949...

pounda 1954...

1949...

Irish potatoes harvested for home use or

for sale farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 19541..

19492 . .

bushels 1954...

1949. . .

Sweetpotatoes harvested for home use or

far sale farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 19541..

19492..

bushels 1954...

1949...

Cotton harvested farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

bales 1954...

1949...

Tobacco harvested farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949. . .

pounds 1954...

1949. . .

Sugarcane or sorghum harvested for

sirup farms reporting 1954...

1949. . .

acres 1954...

1949...

gallons 1954...

1949...

Root and grain crops hogged or grazed, other than

corn, sorghums, and annual legumes farms reporting 1954...

1949. . .

acres 1954...

1949. . .

Vegetables harvested for home use (other than

Irish and sweet potatoes) farms reporting 1954...

1949...

Vegetables harvested for sale farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...
1949. . .

Sold dollars 1954. . .

1949. . .
Snap beans (pole and bush types) farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954...
Green lima beans farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954. . .
Cabbage farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954...
Cantaloups and muskmelons farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954...
Sweet corn farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954...
Cucumbers and pickles farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954.. .
Okra farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954...
B lac ke yes and other green cowpeas ..farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954...
Sweet peppers and plmientos farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954...
Squash farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954...
Tomatoes farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954...
Watermelons farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954...
Other vegetables acres 1954...

Berries and other small fruits harvested for sale:

Strawberries farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949. . .

quarts 1954. ..

1949...

Tree fruits, nuts, snd grapes:

Land In bearing and nonbearing fruit orchards, groves,

vineyards, and planted nut trees farms reporting 1954...

1950...

acres 19544..

1950s..

Apples farms reporting 1954...

1950. . .

Trees of all ages number 1954...

1950...

Trees not of bearing age number 1954...

Trees of bearing age number 1954...

Quantity harvested.. bushels 1954...

1949. . .

637
899

123

284

158

1,908

8,529

109

244

111

137

104

130,525

107,599

212

1,538

6,206

671

128

554
482

44
45
105
67
4,806
4,534
1

(3)

346

SPECIFIED CROPS HARVESTED— Continued

Tree fruits, nuts, and grapes— Continued

Peaches farms reporting

Trees of all ages number

Treeb not of bearing age number

Trees of bearing age number

Quantity harvested bushels

Pears farms reporting

Trees of ell ages number '.

Trees not of bearing age number :

Trees of bearing age ....number !

Quantity harvested bushels !

Cherries farms reporting

Trees of all ages number

Trees not of bearing age number

Trees of bearing age , number

Quantity harvested .pounds

Plums and prunes ...farms reporting '.

Trees of all ages number :

Trees not of bearing age number !

Trees of bearing age number ',

Quantity harvested bushels

Figs farms reporting :

Trees of all ages number '.

Trees not of bearing age .....number '.

Trees of bearing age .....number

Quantity harvested ......pounds

Grapes farms reporting '

Vines of all ages number !

Vines not of bearing age number ',

Vines of bearing age ..............number

Quantity harvested pounds !

Improved pecans (budded, grafted, or
top-worked ) farms reporting ',

Trees of all ages number '.

Trees not of bearing age number

Trees of bearing age number

Quantity harvested pounds

Wild or seedling pecans farms reporting

Trees of all ages number

Trees not of bearing age number

Trees of bearing age number

Quantity harvested .pounds

Nursery and greenhouse products, flower and vegetable seeds
and plants, 1954:

Nursery and greenhouse products, flower and vegetable seedB

and plants, flowers, bulbs, and mushrooms dollars.,

Nursery products (trees, shrubs, vines, ornamentals,

etc . ) farms reporting . .

acres. ,

Sold aollars.

Flowers and flowering plants grown for sale:

Grown under glass farms reporting.

square feet.

Grown in open farms reporting.

acres.

Sold farms reporting.

dollars.
Vegetables grown under glass, flower and vegetable seeds
and plants, bulbs, and mushrooms produced for sale:

Grown under glass or in house farms reporting.

square feet.

Grown In open farms reporting.

acres.

Sold farms reporting.

dollars.

Forest products, 1954:

Firewood (and fuelwood) cut farms reporting.

cords (4'x 4'x 8' ).

Fence posts cut farms reporting.

number.

Sawlogs and veneer logs cut farms reporting.

thousands of bd. ft.

Pulpwood cut farms reporting.

cords.
Value of firewood, fence posts, logs, lumber, pulpwood,

and piling and poles sold farms reporting.

dollars.

1954...

1950. . .

145

1954. . .

115

1950...

613

1954...

102

1954...

1949. . .

1954...

1950...

219

1954. . .

709

1950. . .

1,738

1954...

695

1954. . .

1949...

795

1954...

1950. . .

1954...

1950. . .

1954...

1954. . .

1954...

1949...

1954...

1950...

183

1954. . .

109

1950. . .

1,018

1954...

105

1954...

1949...

1954...

1950...

107

1954...

1950...

238

1954...

1949. . .

1,467

1954...

1950. . .

186

1954. . .

130

1950...

400

1954...

1954. . .

129

1954. . .

1,000

1949. . .

3,301

1954. . .

1950. . .

177

1954...

346

1950. . .

1,029

1954. . .

1954...

330

1954...

839

1949...

3,741

1954...

1950...

1954...

1950...

186

1954...

1949...

267

129
693

11,095

1,338

4,331

72
53,439

For 1954, does not Include acreage for farms with less than 20 bushels harvested.

For 1949, does not include acreage for farms with less than 15 bushels harvested.
'Reported Ln small fractions.

For 1054, d.«.-s not Include acreage for fains reporting less than 20 fruit and nut trees and grapevines;

For 1950, do'-c not include acreage for farms reporting less than 1/2 acre.

Figure 51. — Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-1 — Continued.

APPENDIX

1954 CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE— Preliminary

FARMS • FARM CHARACTERISTICS • FARM PRODUCTS

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Bureau of the Census

March 1956

IDAHO

(No. 82) Series AC.54-2

VALUE OF FARM PRODUCTS SOLD BY SOURCE

The value of farm products sold in Idaho amounted to
$332,125,790 In 1954, an Increase of 18.2 percent from the
sales of $281,025,323 in 1949, according to the results of
the 1954 Census of Agriculture released by the Bureau of
the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce. The value of
farm products sold in 1954 in Idaho, according to source
of sales, was as follows: Field crops other than vege-
tables, fruits, and nuts, $185,145,886; livestock and live-
stock products, other than dairy and poultry products,
$90,654,325; dairy products, $37,731,469; fruits and nuts,
$6,507,486; poultry and poultry products, $5,503,846; for-
est products, $1,551,888; and horticultural specialties
(nursery and greenhouse products), 1,433,936.

A comparison of the value of farm products sold, by
source, for 1954 and 1949 follows:

Source

1954

All crops sold, total $196,684,262

Field crops (other than vegetables

and fruits and nuts) 185,145,886

Vegetables 3,596,954

Frui+s and nuts 6,507,486

Horticultural specialties 1,433,936

All livestock and livestock products

sold, total 133,889,640

1949

$153,836,501

146,027,104
3,345,976
3,201,619
1,261,802

Dairy products .

Poultry and poultry products

Livestock and livestock products
(other than dairy and poultry
products )

37,731,469
5,503,846

126,321,394

27,817,955

6,134,311

90,654,325 92,369,128

Forest products, total 1,551,888 867,428

Data for 1954 for individual counties in the State are
given on page 2.

DEFINITIONS AND

Total v»lue of farm products sold.— The data given repre-
sent the value of farm products sold based on information ob-
tained from farm operators in the 1954 Census of Agriculture .
The total value of all farm products sold represents the to-
tal of sales from each farm regardless of who shared in the
receipts. The landlord's share of the crops and livestock
sold and, also, the livestock which the landlord took from
the tenant's farm were considered as sales from the tenant's
farm. The value of all crops sold represents the value of
crops sold from the harvest of 1954 regardless of when sold .
The sales of livestock and livestock products represent the
sales during 1954 regardless of when the livestock were raised
or produced.

In obtaining the value of farm products sold from farm
operators, census enumerators were instructed to obtain the
gross value of all sales without deductions of any kind. How-
ever, in the case of milk, poultry, eggs, etc., deductions
were often made by the buyers of farm products for hauling,
handling, marketing, etc., before making payments to farmers.
In such cases, farmers often considered the amount received
after the deductions of marketing cost as the gross value of
farm products sold.

The data given for the value of all farm products sold
represent totals for all farms regardless of the amount sold.
In the case of part-time farms, residential farms, etc., the
value of all farm products sold may have been very small .
Therefore, the average value of farm products sold per farm,
computed on the basis of the data given in the accompanying
table, may not indicate accurately the value of all farm prod-
ucts sold by commercial farms . Data cm the number of com-
mercial farms and for all farms classified by economic class

EXPLANATIONS

are given in the preliminary report, Series AC54-1, issued

for each county.

The value of farm products sold does not include income
of farm operators from nonfarm sources, government payments
for soil conservation, lime and fertilizer furnished, nor sub-
sidy payments, etc.

The value of livestock and livestock products sold, the
value of farm products sold, the value of vegetables sold, and
the value of horticultural specialties sold were obtained from
each farm operator at the time of enumeration during the pe-
riod October to December 1954. The values of field crops and
fruits and nuts sold were calculated by multiplying the quan-
tity sold by State average prices obtained by the Agricultural
Marketing Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in
cooperation with the Bureau of the Census. The value of field
crops includes all crops sold except vegetables, fruits and
nuts, forest products, and horticultural-specialty crops
(nursery and greenhouse crops). The value of vegetables sold
does not include the value of Irish potatoes or sweetpotatoes
sold . The value of fruits and nuts sold includes the value
of berries and small fruits sold . The quantity sold for the
principal .crops was obtained from each farm operator, while
the quantity sold for less important crops and for fruits and
nuts was estimated .

The statistics given in this release will be included in
Volume I of the reports of the 1954 Census of Agriculture.
Detailed data for a large number of items for the 1954 Census
of Agriculture have already been published for each county
and the State in Series AC54-1 .

Figure 52. — Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-2.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

VALUE OF FARM PRODUCTS SOLD BY SOURCE: 1954

State

and
county

Ada

Adams

Banno 2J: . . .
Bear Lake.
Benewah . . .

Bingham. . . .

Blaine

Boise

Bonner

Bonneville .

Boundary .

Butte

Camas. . . .
Canyon . . .
Caribou. .

Cassia

Clark

Clearwater .

Custer

Elmore

Franklin.
Fremont . .

Gem

Gooding. .
Idaho

Jefferson .
Jerome ....
Kootenai . .

Latah

Lemhi

Lewis

Lincoln. . .
Madison. . .
Klnldoke . .
Hez Perce .

Oneida. . .
Owyhee . . .
Payette . .
Power ....
Shoshone .

Teton

Twin Falls.

Valley

Washington .

(number

38,735

2,007
283
873
759
440

2,160

321

142

1,150

1,483

596

271

131

4,183

578

1,225

389

290

407

1,098

892

916

1,038

1,090

1,247
1,122
1,324
1,309
491

391
413
902
1,067
938

485
744
1,113
397
168

447

2,406

206

776

Value 3f all farm products sold (dollars)

332,125,790

11,619,157
2,121,150
6,644,395
3,163,872
2,584,708

21,744,327

3,846,727

600,840

1,871,364

16,180,566

2,405,720
2,568,188
1,813,527
32,072,372
6,353,221

13,892,923
1,019,605
1,308,210
2,099,951
3,629,143

5,988,799
10,100,429
6,278,951
8,682,887
9,638,946

9,992,414
15,781,779

4,236,432
11,042,694

3,046,683

6,713,143
3,983,054
8,608,769
12,262,465
9,906,768

4,253,997
8,063,225
7,425,788
5,910,876
207,545

2,894,030
32,371,545
1,373,013
5,821,592

All crops sold

196,684,262

2,802,230
549,265
4,068,913
1,088,676
1,898,917

15,456,133

1,063,904

97,9%

352,259

11,332,636

1,543,461

1,358,719

1,373,476

17,800,659

3,825,607

7,706,287
191,015
897,635
494,423

1,174,509

2,742,441
7,021,041
2,664,365
3,678,685
6,293,851

6,681,582
9,301,911
2,315,007
9,456,914
345,333

6,261,744
2,019,387
5,339,439
8,627,217
8,414,028

2,940,163
3,736,929
3,457,796
4,933,473
18,999

1,611,664

20,828,136

574,561

2,342,826

Field
crops1

185,145,836

2,017,078
192,303
4,050,989
1,087,701
1,898,161

15,402,181

1,058,290

96,376

322,744

11,285,110

1,537,636
1,358,385
1,373,430
14,062,957
3,825,432

7,691,203
190,982
892,044
494,198

1,158,771

2,653,495
7,016,302
550,843
3,628,850
6,278,054

6,656,194
9,270,652
2,181,436
9,422,437
335,332

6,151,219
2,019,147
5,318,976
8,602,410
7,741,611

2,934,790
3,558,972
1,502,109
4,933,005
4,204

1,605,683

20,254,205

573,152

1,956,337

210,390

205

741

216

7,274

231
5,401

40
1,358,207

3,L22

13,234

77,171

716

174,689

33,328

1,410

8,875
11,850
36,075

3,750
806

110,085

816

13,420

561,412

5,373

51,032

397,413

1,463

3,458
249,772

1,000
253,564

Fruits
and
nuts

6,507,486

185,921

356,717

12,933

940

540

24,027
214

1,620
19,244

7,183

3,607

334

1,837,363

175

1,520

2,469

175

2,504

4,975

4,023

1,938,483

3,652

14,387

11,505
3,854

24,081
17,152
7,745

440
150

10,562
907

55,905

109,095

1,515,324

418

337

2,523

212,039

409

111,975

Horti-
cultural
specialties

1,433,936

4,250

22,651
5,400

10,040
34,942

6,800

350
12,855

5,008
15,555
73,415
13,575

1,500 2,701,300

9,065

10,480

55,100

17,830
42,950

12,995

All livestock ano livestock products sold

133,839,640

388,841 8,811,927

1,518,374

2,575,182

2,075,196

478,972

6,288,194
2,782,148
486,816
1,396,204
4,844,963

748,007

1,209,469

439,785

14,266,218

2,527,614

6,186,436

828,590

249,259

1,604,828

2,444,234

3,246,358
3,077,888
3,593,308
5,004,190
3,028,795

3,310,832
6,479,868
1,756,181
1,437,411

380^248
1,963,667
3,269,330
3,635,248
1,403,582

1,313,834

4,326,296

3,967,644

977,403

173,686

1,279,766

11,543,362

786,886

3,469,641

*0ther than vegetables and fruits and

Dairy
products

37,731,469

4.981,566
114,288
611,483
618,195
137,620

1,915,448

235,741

22,934

711,654

1,151,963

405,992
76,435
29,219

6,733,944
498,091

1,236,527

2e,486

41,274

66,852

118,047

1,520,515

480,466

1,543,290

1,435,859

333,419

987,650
1,144,183
812,327
466,899
208,082

24,414
636,673
736,000
881,161
248,280

191,108
7L4.391
1,520,517
198,644
38,845

413,417

2,700,727

56,555

652,288

Poultry

and
poultry
products

5,503,846

473,902
20,341

179,526
43,566
61,799

224,680
16,170
13,022
80,273

219,108

52,036
46,644
7,557

6^0,22?
61,750

Livestock
and

livestock
products2

90,654,325

3,356,459
1,384,245
1,784,173
1,413,435
279,553

4,143,066

2,530,237

450,860

604,277

3,473,892

289,979
1,086,390

403,009
6,932,051
1,967,773

154,738 4,795,171

2,389
28,700
14,416
77,321

615,784
90,315
109,381
170,745
115,139

126,785
82,755
386,638
118,533
68,434

30,307
59,367

226,909
94, 343

133,410

61,890
33,557
112,009
27,978
57,056

16,719

288,371

19,279

79,981

797,715

179,285

1,523,560

2,243,866

1,110,059
2,507,107
1,940,637
3,397,586
i,.580,237

2,196,397

5,252,930

557,216

851,979

2,424,784

325,527
1,267,627
2,256,421
2,659,744
1,021,892

1,060,836

3,578,348

2,335,118

750,781

77,785

849,630
8,554,264

711,052
2,737,372

Forest
product*

1,551,8811

5,000

53,011

300

675

16,028

122,901

2,967

114,252

266
5,*95-

161,316

700

10,400

1,500

21,278

316,300

165,244
148,369

71,151

89,158

14,860

2,600

11,566

9,125

Other than dairy and poultry products.

Figure 52. — Facsimile of preliminary report Series AC54-2 — Continued.

APPENDIX

I
!

a - a a a a

53 a s « a Mij ea»a»B» a ten »s;»aa9» s s a a a

3 s
". » >

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1! Iff:

Si 4 J- 3

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?!!!!!«!

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I" l
ip

\ I j j : £

8 > S

{ i 1 j 5 = j § !

■

s a

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r z

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i i i f 5 J a I

- W 3 — W— 3 FT«

B -J ITW 3 3—3 F—

i i i .' ; ; t : n ^ n » i i ; i » i n nii: ;a

11= II I i I II is i

.: .: B „• „• ^ ^ .: ; =r 5

c c c ** o o* o o a a •

a = t

H Si I

a '. =

ijfH Slfla

: -= : = : =" : i - =' : ;' : I : : i i a" a" i i

i i= gJSaSaSaSSs iliiiiiii

tic

o
a

412357 0—57-

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

!
1

i' '

fj 5
i-. -.

:! I

3 S X S 8 6 S « 8

;«83»8t«te;citgiJ^tBI!!li»il8» mm *~

I I i i ? I

ilia

5 3
e

i I *

i atiti

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: | i |

i i ii i i i i i i i i i i i * i * i \ nil

e a I a i I ? a c a ? a e a f

8 I " i a i * i ' i a | ' | I

•a
v

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o

3
O

o
a

1 I

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r iiMiijiiiiiiii

I « 1 : l J

1*1

4 J

s s

\ J =

• " t J i

>i i <: iii

j 3 j 3 3

■* I •*

4 3 «>

" i;

;«s=

•a'a '

i'iSiiii .

■l-.l-.J '

r
I

i I '

j " i
1 S £

APPENDIX

[MD

STATISTICS FOR COUNTIES

County Table 1. -FARMS, ACREAGE, VALUE, AND FARM OPERATORS: CENSUSES OF 1954 AND 1950-Continued

[Data for items shown in italics are based on reports for only a sample of farms. See text]

(For definitions and explanations, see text)

FARMS, ACREAGE, AND VALUE

Farms number 1954

1950...

Approximate land area acres 1954...

Proportion in farms percent 1954...

Land owned by farm operators acres 1954...

Land rented front others by farm operators. .. .acres 1954...

Land managed by farm operators ncres 1954...

Land rented to others by farm operators
(see text) acres 1954...

Land in farms acres 1954...

1950...
Average size of farm acres 1954...

1950...
Value of land and buildings:

AueraQe per farm dollars 1954...

1950...
Aueraie per a^re dol I ars 1954. . .

1950...
Proportion of farms reporting value percent 1954...

Land in faraa according to use:

Cropland harvested farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

1 to 9 acres farms reporting 1954...

1949...
10 to 19 acres farms reporting 1954...

1949. . .
20 to 29 acres farms reporting 1954...

1949 . . .
30 to 49 acres farms reporting 1954...

19i9...
50 to 99 acres farms reporting 1954...

1949...
100 to 199 acres farms resorting 1954...

1949...
200 acres and over farms reporting 1954...

1949 . . .

Cropland used onlj for pasture. .farms reporting 1954...

1949...
acres 1954...
1949...
Cropland not harvested and not

pictured farms reporting 1954. . .

1949...

acres 1954. . .

1949...

Woodland pastured farms reporting 1954...

1949. . .

acres 1954...

1949...

Woodland not pastured farms reporting 1954...

1949 . . .
acres 1954...
1949...
Other pasture (not cropland and

not woodland) farms reporting 1954...

1949. . .

acres 1954...

1949...

Improved (see text) farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954...

Other land (house lots, roads,

wasteland, etc.) farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

Cropland, total farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

Land pastured, total farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

Woodland, total farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

Irrigated land in farms farms reporting 1954...

1949...

acres 1954...

1949...

Cover crops turned under and land

planted to another crop farms reporting 1954...

acreB 1954. . .

Cropland used for row or grain crops

farmed on contour farms reporting 1954...

acres 1954.. .

FARM OPERATORS

Residing on farm operated operators reporting 1954...

1950...

Not residing «

farm operated. .operators reporting 1954.
1950.

Figure 54. — Facsimile of preprinted form for offset typing of County Table 1.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

APPENDIX

LlO' KAJAfc

AOIFCUITUK

Bureau or the Census

COUNTY TABULATION NO. ysnj

HACHIN1 lAlulAIICW

KM!

NUMBER OF FARMS REPORTING AND ACRES. PRODUCTION, AND AMOUNT SOLD;

l_J 11 IT LO WITHIN MOT

["") 11 It ItUOATO) f AIMS ONLT WITHIN 00*

■huh d |-»-

■%"•

Mil

NAM

Him 1

(

mma

UMM.MACH |

UK
Tires, nc

<*I«LB 1)

tlW IT

xin ma.

rtODUCTION.

irlEID 1)

ttOOUCTION.

AMOUNT tOiO.

ITC

(HUD 1)

NUMltt
»AtMS

'*I«J X'OIIIHO AC1IS, >!((». tIC (11(10 l|

PA IN I llrOIIINO A C 1 t » . I1((S. MODUCTIOH, (tC. ■ ' i ( 1 D »

IHW

MAS'HS

IflO

££•

"7»

J-»

»-

»■*»

RM,

iCDlft

—

XJn n

oJm

uta

icoo

l«ft

urn

'a^T

„.-»,

"***

„,.»

o«-«i

CDLH

icouuva it *»

COL 11

ICOIUAOO 11-U1

MLM

comi

»ct =1

0 1

acc :i

acc. «i

■

TOTAL

—

*■-

jiJl^^^^h

^■■tRR"

BJ 1 •■

~- 1 ■

•

■

•

■■

.. 1 .... 1 ..

.. 1 .

■ .

■

_^-

—

1 i.-l- ■.-..■ !'.'»!

COUNTY TABULATION NO. 102 - 11

FARMS REPORTING AND PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF SALES OF FIRE WOOD,

FENCE POSTS. SAWLOGS AND PULPWOOO.

FARMS REPORTING MAPLE TREES AND MAPLE TREE PRODUCTS; BY ED

M«C«i»l M1UI1T1D".

RATI
COUNTY

■MM □

*;:'*'

„..B

BAH 1 KAMI

<AI MAO.

1UAAL *A«

Ltotbfe.

SOU INDICATION

fOTAl

HIE WOOD CUT

iCNCf posts cur

iAW LOCI CUT

PULPWOOO CUT

sAiut Of uia

1A1MS IPTG

TlllS TA"MD

SHUf «AD(

I JUCa« MADE

:|™»

»...,

UPOITINO

NUMU.

3s?

„«.

■ NO

•°AZl"n

3k?

c«os

"&?■

«»o»

"SUSS!

"S?

«»„

&SII ~u~

'-0

«~m

■ i

ice .

[IT It]

TO J!

«*■»!

»"" >°

w 11

IM M hi

IM-1AI

ihjh

..,.«.[ 143-Q]

IA1-M1

A ■

C | D

•

II | It

TOTAL

■J^p^^^

Rtlttkw

iiiii !■ — n

a ~

:zj tz:

ur~Er

D
D

..■.. «f tt mm

■ tilt - mmi at f ■

TOC1

*»Ti«a
incut.

Tift

• TALI* of axil

TOTAL*

.in

TOT.LJ

19)

i*im w t*ui

I'J)

BUM.

I'D

M UX Of IU1 1 1

I") ■

Fi<;t Ki. 55.— Facsimile (

s. — Goniiiuiccl.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

ioiicuiTuir ■

Bureau of the census COUNTY TABULATION NO. 131-11

Census of Agriculture 1954 NUMIO OF farms REFORTINO HORSES OI MULES MOOS AND FIOS.

SOWS FARROWED OR IO FARROW. ANIMALS SOLD AUVE AND NUMBER

•UChihi i.iui.mh. |

utux a

■SI"

L..I,

AND VAIUE OF SALES OF SHEET AND LAMBS; BY ED

tAI*AO>

COUNT.

>u— -.c

IMf I ■ A it

"'s.r.°,'.',""

rT^

,.,«,!! iOIC IUVI

"-ji-.il «-.l- HWfl

HOC) I 'H-,-.

lOWS I1IIOWI0 OI TO IUIO*

mo
ma

>.:;»

■KS' , ™»

*£."

"» S | s

!iH!

-»,

—

„.

ST!

'IX?

««

,«-,

.•.;•, •,-,-

•S,"

'•:,"•

•:,-

—

»•.■.:.,

„„— »_«».

MC SI

«<( n

■

n n | M

■

n 1 >•

•

TOTAL

. i . i .

■

„

•■

„

.1.1.

.1.1. . -

EBEEOnsa —

Tu-T.MuEoTf°-«"":5"r

n.uH D

*%%•"

DAT!

-._,

OF SALES OF SHEEP AND LAMBS, Br E D

IAI ..O.

COUMTT

MM* MAC

umuumumm

HO til 5 AND MUlt)

HOGI AND nci

— ..'■^jan* "

SSJ

■ (■Ml

,'.',?.

~„

t«o. «

•sr

,£,'*«'! "°»» ' **£>,

£.

-£»

H H

;r: £"

""V

caTn

,«0m».

,NV "V ".■..":

(MOM

«,;"„

"V "'■;'..'-*

toi"Wl to;"M,

<&.%,

ecTw

M V M

it to

• i

•

TOTAL

^™ ^W

„

, . 1 « 1 .

. .,

. 1 .

CENSUS OF ACS

COUNTY TABULATION NO. 132 - 1
FARMS REPORTING AND NUMBER OF HOtSB AND MULES, HOOS AND FtOS,
SOWS. AND NUMBfR AND VALUE OF SALES Of ANIMALS SOLD AUVE; BY ID

1'll.t KK 55,

of. county tabulation shcrts. — Continued".

APPENDIX

Department of Commerce

COUNTY TABULATION NO. 142 - 11

■AIMS IfKimNO AND NUMia OF TOTAI SHEEP, LAMBS. EWES. RAMS. AND WETHERS.
SHEEP SMOtN AND DISTRIBUTION OF FARMS REPORTING SHI!/; IT L D.

J CARD

- KiSKuinN

Bureau of the Census

h»t»

,,.,-

■.: ',•?■.*•

.!*!_

COUNT.

....

k»"<

lOtl INBICtTION

1»[H> .«£■ LAM4S

Sffl

[WIS

■ .Ml

AMD WtTHItl

LUIS UXDII 1 Tl (HO

IHCK jmoin

ioim <y .At*i

•tNtttlMG INf IF

S| | »....

J£L.

—

"K?

—

'.Vro

«»-.

ES?

«— .

'iS*

'0-^lO*

TJ»

m ' o"

1 111

-"■

ic.ei

11*13)

w-w

Ill u

TOM)

l»M

uMn

con

H»)

* • C 0

•

■

17 | It

„

TOTAL

1 |

[

CEI

^!^^

Bureau of the Census

.«..«■■ -«»"V" •«• ■-■ It

SUS OF AGRICULTURE 1954

NUMBER OF FARMS UFOfTINO CHICKENS ON HAND. CHICKENS AND CHICKEN

■UCHIM TAtuumOH

■

IGOS SOU), TUIKEYS RAISED AND TURKEYS KEPT FOR BREEDING. POULTRT
PRODUCTS AND OTHES FOUIT1Y RAISED AND SOLD; IT t D.

«I»H 0

::-| •%*•

OA.I

HAM

COUNTY

l.l «*c»

MMULMCH.

'wiD*1

■",..(.■:'. IOIB.

"mus*

man

• aims loonma

N S C

'■"

.'",.

<"".

on"S£

"zzr

™

OH1GIIN

njtmin itfi km uiid.no

TUBIITI UIUD

amli »ounli 4AIUD

*..

_,,

—

S^d'

&£

.".'.*,;;

AN,

*?£.

."Vol

«»

«-

o™

.ST"

«.

I—

Aft.,

"ST

£*M

*%"

'A'"

"i"*

■"«.

■ST

-"S.'m,

[£l5

-«■;

vsst

i«<S!;

44tt'l

«™««.l

—

»C( =1

AM #1

ACC- #1

•

>•

» •

■1

TOTAL

•

j^^pj

^4 r-

IE-

" 1=

«C r.

• ■-

.« «

Men

„

,. 1 „

„

11 n

„

» ' »

„

I .

CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE I 95-4

COUNTY TABULATION NO. 151-11

NUMBER OF FARMS KEPOKTING CHICKENS ON HAND, CHICKENS AND CHICKEN
EGGS SOLD. TURKEYS RAISED AND TURKEYS KEPT FOR BREEDING. POULTRY
PRODUCTS AND OTHER POULTRY RAISED AND SOLD; BY E 0.

K c-20 PART II

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COUNTY TABULATION NO. 152 - 11 K CAtD

CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE 1954 TURKEYS RAISED, TURKEY HENS KEPT FOR BREEDINO, OTHER POULTRY RAISED

•inn. o

■.: ■

■SST"

...., | "...

AND VALUE OF SALES OF OTHER POULTRY AND POULTRY PRODUCTS; BY ED

itAHixn

WM--A«

COUNTY 1

IHt INDICATION

SS.

CRlCHNl OH HA>«

(pi!'.H"l tout

KJOl KXC

mum tm »oi hiilhho

TUnfTt «AIMT>

mSSSm

OtHtl »OUU» l»

— I"

—

or™

SSS.

UMM

Im '

OU'WAl

— *—

TOTAL

"f*

department of commerce
Bureau of the Census

Census of agriculture 1954

COUNTY TABULATION NO.

912 - 11 912 - 12
922-11 922-12

Of FARMS REPORTTNO AND ACRES HARVESTED, PRODUCTION. AND
OP CORN OR SORONUMS SOLD,

C-l; C-2 CARD

100

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

FAl

L CMD

i r3.v-LT...

M.eai»«T»-L.«gA

SUle

D Sample.

IMS REPORTING FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT. WORK ANIMALS.
AND DATE or ENUMERATION

R,n,0D

Mifl 1 Baud

Nnm I ■

C.aovr Indication

1 IM
No.

Total Numbm

or Fabwi
(1)

TlLEPHONE

Vu
(2)

1
Eiic-raicrTT i T cut vision

Vu Vu
(3) | »)

Hi-NNF... WaTER

Yi*

(6)

Yn
(6)

Pio Bbooobr Feed Gaihdcr
Yu Yis

(7) | (81

Milium.-) Machine

(9)

Grain Cohrinb
Ybb

(10)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
10

12
13
U

Cobh Pic* me

Pick-ct Bales'.
(12)

FoKAOa
BlIRHM

(IS)

Ponds, Takii, Motob
Etc Tbpceb

(HI (16)

TlACTOH

(20)

An,, i hijit Than

Wheel Garden

Crawler
(10)

(16) (17) 1 (18)

Worn. I'owm

T*i.a»aoNB
No

(27)

iLICTBICITT

.(28)

TaLBvuio*
No

(26)

Romroio Watbb
No

tttmm

(21)

1 animjj ooly
(22)

2 or more animal*

(23)

Animali aod
(24) <a*wlw

TW^i°n?l)' ! An, Work
(25) ^r"1"' (26)

Fuun

(31)

(32)

(38)

(39)

(40)

Fin Gbihdii
No

(33)

Mili.no

MlCRINL

(34)

MoRTOAOt DlBT (ACBU OwMSD)

(36)

No No Report
(36) (37)

■V«U.l)»N|H

Ml)

Acui Rbkted

haw

(42)

ACBBB M.K.OIH

Acaxa Rsktid
to Oniu

(44»

Cash Ka~ .
Paid

(46J

i >i it or Ehoiubatioh

(60)

October

(46) '-» 1 (47) '0-" J (48) 17"M

(49. "-a1

D*t« » Drnwina

Noramm*

Dkiou

[bo 1-8

(62) 7"'»

<M> '"«

(64, 21"" |(66) «"

(66) H

6T) *-» | (68) 1*-1B

(69, »««

(60) »"«

APPENDIX

101

CUUNTY TABULATION NO. 172 - 11

FARM LAMM AND SPCCTF1ED FARM EXPENDITURES
WITHIN IAMPLE AND SPECIFIED FARMS

M CARD

BUREA'J OF THE CENSUS

Census of Agriculture 1954

M»cninr i.iijuiioi.

"SS"

o*.l

NAME

COUNTY

TAl «ACH

WW. MACH.

C"««J>..

SOlI INDICAtlON

TOIAl

no o*

'AIMS

OftlATOI WOICINO

EAMHT

wont IS

HlllO WOllll! HUMtCI

ItIM llflH^IIUIIl •KOUHI

IEFOITINO

!|-"'

1n££

"Sou"^

■■»

,»nr™

JBitSS

nKi'miwn

•laTTimiVTiii

"set*

*ISh

will

tS?

ESS

14-41

(C C.)

a in mi

(J IN HI

i«-*n

io-oi

(■■■II)

m-»i

OT-lll

133-11)

::..".iQ..v'

[41.4*1

UJ-ui

1*0-411

IW-MI

77 n,

». • 1 e

•

TOTAL

^>J

1*^—

^■IMM

N c

1RD

■- .oiicmiiii 1

Bureau of the Census

COMMECCIAl FERTILIZER PURCHASED, AND USED, TONS, TOTAL COST AND
ACRES ON WHICH USED WITHIN SAMPLE OR SPECIFIED FARMS

_.,:

-'V[ I.lmAIio*

■HUN Q ■•»»«

"Si"

0.1. 1 -.-I

IA» men |

county

MIMM. MACH |

l-MWIS.

-.1 INDICATION

commiicial mtiiiiii ni»

HlllO

COMMERCIAL P E 1 I I 1 1 I C • USED

,«,_■

WO II' MO

=»,

™,

^"'muhc

MAT AMI C*O».AM0 FAIT

1>4 CIO>

4rh CP.OF

ptuns. via tic

OTME*

CIDI1

; > "*"

ION*

Aero

TON!

AMU

TONS

ACW1

IONJ

ACID

tow

ACKl

TON!

ACMI

1 1

IM1

0. .Hit

mui

11(11)

l» H)

11 15

umii

IH4II

nun

rO-"l

■. 1)

mjoi

ism

IM-MI

141-441

140-411

„

•

— L-3

- —

COUNTY

Bureau of the Cen

SUS

Census of Agriculture 1954

RATI

caiMn

OF HEIFERS, BULLS AND STEERS; BY E. 0.

tm,H, ; (•■ »««

0...

MAMI

,„""«.

iWMt

t 0

FAIMI 4E»0«

INO IOTAI CAIIll ON

41N0

F A ■ H S

■ IrOIIINO mil COWj on Hand

A • M N 0 t IE f O

t 1 N O

c"'°.

«,

, ...

'•

,.,.

„.

.„.

•

»,.

„,

.„ „

.,.

„«

O.ll

NAKC

«.

COW,

-,„..

:,".'.»

'£?

^?e

IT -41

».' ".

»_.,.

.„

£2,

«»»>»

COl"l|

coTin

n6 o.

'";.*•

COl 14.

3-"

COlUI

;.y;

n 1 n

ii »

40 1 41

•J

■ la •'

TOTAL

^^mamm*^^

„

rr-

—

■■■1

. 1 .

^^^

Fio

IKK .t.t. — Facsimile of county tabulation shews — Continued.

102 METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Man-Hours and Costs for Other Than Personal Services Per 100,000 Farms by Major Functions: 1954 Census of Agriculture

Item

Total.

Preparation of questionnaires and instructions...

Printing of questionnaires and instructions -

Preparing enumerator and crew leader maps

Packing and distribution of materials for enumeration

Preparing special lists such as of large farms, farms in urban

areas, etc.

Planning and central office supervision of enumeration

Recruiting supervisors, etc. for Agriculture Field Offices

General administration and control of crew leaders and enu-
merators—Agriculture Field Offices:

Supervisory work

Clerical work

Travel

Rental of space. .

Communications and other expenses

Training of crew leaders

Training of enumerators

Supervision of enumerators ...

Travel

Enumeration.
Travel....

General field direction and eontDl— Regional Field Offices:

Supervisory work

Technical work

Checking enumerators . k and preparing payrolls

Other clerical work

Travel

Communications
Other (space, etc.

Central office processing

Receiving, arranging by Minor Civil Division and mis-
cellaneous checking.

Editing and coding:

Supervisory work

Technical work

Clerical work

Punching and verifying tabulating cards:

Supervisory work

Other clerical work

Rental of equipment

Tabulating cards

Other

Selection of cards with probable errors, checking and cor-
recting cards prior to tabulation:

Supervisory work _

Technical work

Clerical work

Rental of equipment

Other

Man-
hours per
100,000
[arms

208,123
174

1,406
440

557

1,127

287

2,942
2.367

2,258

8.908

16, 187

(135, 632

miles)

82,669

(379, 239

miles)

844
113

2,885

640

(9, 935

miles)

2.594

1,158

/92

9,434

592
7,859

526

396

4,621

Costs (or

other than

personal

services

per 100,000

farms

113,418

5,617
564

507
334

2,907

973

2,191

1,571

2,048

427

9,494

230

26,547

1.191
1.051

2.136

918

479
275

Item

Central office processing— Continued

County tabulations:

Supervisory work

Technical work _

Clerical work

Rental of equipment

Other

Economic Area tabulations:

Supervisory work

Technical work

Clerical work

Rental of equipment

Other....

Preparation and printing of —
Preliminary releases:

Supervisory work

Technical work

Clerical work ~_~^

Printing ].___..

Volume I (Statistics by Counties, and State Economic
Areas) :

Supervisory work

Technical work

Clerical work..

Printing

Volume II (Statistics by Subject for Divisions and States):

Supervisory work

Technical work .........

Clerical work

Printing

Special reports:

Supervisory work

Technical work _.

Clerical work

Printing

Other

Evaluation program

General administration and miscellaneous services:

Overall direction

Procurement of supplies and services .

Personnel

Transportation

Budgeting

Accounting and payrolling

Purchase and repair of general use equipment

Telephone and communications for central offices-

Rental of space for central office processing

Informational activities

Maintenance of general central office flies. ._

General administration of central office processing except

tabulation

General administration for tabulation

Miscellaneous administrative services

Social security and other taxes

Other ._

Man-
hours per
100,000
farms

1,010
1,010
9.021

096

048

5,461

226

1,797

809

100

8.142

152

109

1.584

914
1,684
7,780

1,849

244

1.388

857

118

1.793

200
727

2.224

1.232

579

1,919

Costs for

other than

personal

services

per 100.000

farms

2,235
3,135

1,858
1,710

4,280

897

2.626

1.904

217

2.685

2,791

689

3.277
5,582

3.055
39

1, 193
1. 152
5,588
3,321
2.407

Figure 56.— Table of Costs.

U. S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1957

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Full text of "United States census of agriculture: 1954"

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