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INDEX
TO THE
EKECXJTIVE DOCUMENTS
OF THE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
FOR THE
FIRST SESSION OF THE FORTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS,
1881-'82.
IN 36 VOLUMES.
VOLTTME 26 —Ho. 228, Agricultoral Seport
WASHINGTON:
OOYEBNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1882.
KMX TO HOUSE EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
CONTENTS OF THE VOLUMES.
Vou. 1. FOREIGN RELATIONS: No.l,pt.l.
Tou 2. -WAR: Ko. 1, pt 2, V. 1.
Tou 3 . . Enginkkrs : No. 1, pt 2, T. 2, pt 1.
Toi. 4. . EHonntBBS : No. 1, pt 2, t. 2, pt 2
Tou 5.. EhoocbbbS: No. 1, pt2, T.8,pt3.
Toe C . Obdkakcx : Na 1, pt 2, t. 3.
Voc 7 . SiOKAL Offices : Na 1, pt 2, v. 4.
Tot g. NAVr AND POSTMASTER-GEN.
ERAL: Na 1, pts. 3 and 4
ToL f . INTERIOR : Lajto Offick : No. 1, pt 6,
T.l.
ToL M. . IJfDIAJf , Ac. : Na 1, pt 5, v. 2.
TOLll.. GBOIXK5ICAL SUBVBT : Na 1, pt
6, V. 3.
ToL 12 . EDUCATIO!! : No. 1, pt. 5, V. 4.
Vol. 13. .No. 1, pt 6, and Noa. 8 to 12 inolaaire.
Vol 14. .Na 2: REPORT ON THE FINANCES.
Vol. 15. .Noa. 3 and 4.
Vol. 16 . Noa. 5, 6, and 62.
Vol. 17 NaT: COMMERCE AND NAVIGA-
TION.
Vol. 18. Noa. 13 to 19.
Vol. 19. .Noa. 20 to 86, except Na 02.
VoL,20..Noa.87toll6.
Vol.21 .Noa. 117 to 121.
Vol. 22. .Noa. 122 to 102.
Vol. 23. .Noa. 193 to 227, except Noa. 219 and 226.
Vol. 24. No. 219.
Vol. 25. .No. 296.
Vol. 26 .Na228: AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
INDEX TO THE DOCUMENTS.
Subject.
A.
ibandoned military reservatioDs, disposal of
AeconntB rendered to and settled by the First Comptroller for the
jttkx ending June 30, 1881
Act of Jnly 4, 1864, agents employed by the Quartermaster's De-
partment in the investigation of claims
arising under the
list of claims allowed under the
Act of June 14, 1878, list of claims allowed under the
Additional room for the Pension* Office
Adjatant-General of the Army, annual report of the
Admiral of the Navy, annual rexwrt of the
Advertising for proposals for supplies for the executive depart-
ments
the sale of certain Kansas Indian lands
Advisory Board of the Navy and its proceedings
report of the, relative to the condi-
tion of the Navy
Agenttf employed by the Quartermaster's Department in the in-
vestigation of claims arising under the act of July 4, 1864
Agreement with the Shoshone and Bannock Indians
Agricnltnre, annual report of the Commissioner of, for 1881
statistical abstract of
Alaska, education in
geological survey of
waters, report of the United States naval officers cruising
in
Allowances to mail contractors during the year ending June 30,
1881
Vol.
19
18
22
19
19
19
2
8
22
19
8
19
22
18
26
22
19
20
19
25
No.
Part
39
19
178
23
26
38
1
2
1
3
166
60
1
3
30
2
178
18
228
133
78
194
81
226
(III)
" t; (n
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INDEX
TO THE
EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS
OF THE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
lojX
56
FOR THE
FIRST SESSION OF THE FORTY-SEVENTH, CONGRESS,
1881-'82.
IN 26 VOLUMES.
VOLXTME 26— No. 228, Agricoltnral Beport
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PBINTINa OFFICE.
1882.
INDEX TO HOUSE EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
CONTENTS OF THE VOLUMES.
Toi^ 1.
-FOREIGN RELATIONS: No.l,pt,l.
Vol. 13
Vol. 2.
-WAR: No. 1, pt 2, V. 1.
Vol 14
Tou 3-
Ekgixkbrs : No. 1, pt 2, v. 2, pt 1.
Vol. 15
TOL. 4.
Ehgdivbrs : No. 1, pt 2, T. 2, pt 2
Vol. 16
Toi. 5-
EsonnESBS : No. 1, pt 2, v. 9, pt 3.
Vol.17
Vou «
Obdnaxcs : No. 1, pt 2, V. 3.
TOL 7.
SioxAL Officer : No 1, pt 2, v. 4.
Vol. 18
TOL 8.
NAVr AND POSTMASTER-GEN-
Vol.19
ERAL: No. 1, pts. 3 and 4
Vol.20
Vol. 9
.INTERIOR: Laud Office: No.l,pt5,
Vol.21
v.l.
Vol.22
Vol- W.
I]fDIAX,&c.: No. 1, pt 5, V. 2.
Vol.23
Vol 11.
Gbolooical Survey: No.l,pt
Vol.24
5, V. 3.
Vol.25
Toi.1;
EDUCATIOX: No. 1, pt 5. v. 4.
Vol. 26
.No. 1, pt 6, and Noa. 8 to 12 inolosive.
.No 2: REPORT ON THE EINANCBS.
.Nob. 3 and 4.
.Nos.6, 6,and 62.
No 7: COMMERCE AND NAVIGA-
TION.
.No8.13tol9.
, .Nos. 20 to 86, except No. 62.
.No6. 87 to 116.
.Nos. 117 to 121.
.Nos. 122 to 192.
.Nos. 193 to 227, except Nos. 219 and 226.
.No. 210.
.No. 296.
No 228: AGRICULTURAL REPORT.
INDEX TO THE DOCUMENTS.
Subject.
A.
AbftudoDed military reservatioDS, disposal of
AeconntB rendered to and settled by the First Comptroller for the
Tear ending June 30, 1881
Aet of July 4, 1864, agent« employed by the Quartermaster's De-
partment in the investigation of claims
arisine under the
list of claims allowed under the
Art of June 14, 1878, list of claims allowed under the
Additional room for the Pension Office
Adjatant-General of the Army, annual report of the
Admiral of the Navy, annual report of the
Advertising for proposals for supplies for the executive depart-
ments
the sale of certain Kansas Indian lauds
Advisory Board of the Navy and its proceedings
report of the, relative to the condi-
tion of the Navy
Agenti» employed b^ the Quartermaster's Department in the in-
vestigation of claims arising under the act of July 4, 1864
Agreement with the Shoshone and Bannock ludians
Agricnltnre, annnal report of the Commissioner of, for 1881
statistical abstract of
Alaska, education in
geological survey of
waters, report of the United States naval officers cruising
in
ADowanoes to mail contractors during the year ending June 30,
1861
Vol.
No.
19
39
18
19
22
178
19
23
19
26
19
38
2
1
8
1
22
166
19
60
8
1
19
30
22
178
18
18
26
228
22
133
19
78
20
194
19
81
25
226
Part.
2
3
3
2
Ciu^
IV
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
Subject.
American citizens imprisoned in Ireland
in Mexico, arrest and imprisonment of
in Persia, protection of
American neat cattle, importation of, into Great Britain
American Peace Congress
Annual message of the President of the United States
production of the precious metals in the United States. . .
report of the Commissioner of Aericulture for 1881 . . .
report of the Commissioners of tne District of Columbia
for 1881
report of the government directors of the Union Pacific
Railway
reports of the executive departments for 1H81
Annuity goods, sale of, by Indians
Apache Indians at the Mescalero and Jicarilla Agencies, consoli-
dation of... .«
Apache-Jicarilla Indian Reservation in New Mexico, improve-
ments in the
Appomattox River at Petersbursh, Va., improvements of the
Appropriations, disbursements irom the, for the Indian Depart-
ment for the year ending June 30, 1881
required for the year ending June 30, 1883, esti-
mates of
for light- house structures to be expended by
contract
for rivers and harbors, message of the President
vetoing the bill milling
for wrapping paper
Arapahoe and Cheyenne Indians, confirmation of certain lands in
Indian Territory to
Architect of the United States Capitol, annual report of the
(voL2)
Arctic Expedition, reprint of Captain HalPs Second
Arctic relief expedition, report on
Arizona, annual report of the governor of (vol. 2)
lawlessness in certain parts of
troops in
Army, annual report of the Adjutant-General of Uie (vol. 1)
Chief of Engineers of the (vol.2)
Commissary-General of Subsistence of
the (vol.1)
General of the (vol.1)
Inspector-G^eral of the (vol. 1)
Judge-Advocato-Generalof the (vol. 1)
Paymaster- General of the (vol. 1.) .. .
Qnartermast«r-General of the (vol. 1).
Signal-Officer of the (vol. 4)
Surgeon-Creneral of the (vol. 1)
Army, deficiencies in the appropriations for the
education in the (vol.1)
officers, petition of, relative to rank and pay of, aft«r fifteen
years' service
promotion of lieutenants in the
Assistant Attorney-General of the Interior Department, law clerks
in the office of the
Commissioner of Indian Affairs
principal examiners of patents
Attomey-Greneral, letters from, relative to —
Conrt of Claims, suits in the, under act of June 16, 1880. ..
District attorneys, marshals, and circuit court commis-
sioners, compensation of
Lake Winnebago, awards. &c., by reason of flowage of
lands upon the borders of .'
Vol.
No.
C 22
155
[ 20
114
22
153
22
151
22
186
22
174
1
1
23
26
13
19
1-12
20
23
23
19
16
16
20
23
22
22
10
19
8
10
J 19
)22
23
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
22
2
18
20
22
19
22
19
22
22
216
228
41
1
101
207
220
28
107
222
122
122
1
75
1
1
58
188
193
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
161
1
16
106
158
29
140
27
131
164
Part.
1.2,3
1.2,3
6
1-5
3
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
Subject.
Attomey-GeDeral, letters from, relative to^
LJind, care and sale of nnmerons tracts of
Auditor of the Treasury for the Post-Office Departmeut, annual
report of the
Aaditors of the Treasury, annual reports of the First, Second,
Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth
Augur, Brig. Gen. C. C, report of (vol. 1)
Awards for flowage of lanas on Lake Winnebago
made by the mixed commission against Venezuela
to informers for year ending June 30, 1881
B.
Banks, national .'
Baanock and Shoshone Indians, agreement with
Barracks, Columbus, Ohio, buildings at
at Fort Leavenworth, Kans., completion of the
Jefferson, Mo., construction of certain buildings at
plans for buildines at
Belle Isle, Detroit River, Michigan, light-house on
Bigamy, ^c, compensation of commissioners under the act for the
soppVeasion of
Board of Commissioners of Soldiers' Home, annual report of (vol. 1) .
Board of Health of the District of Columoia, annual report of the.
annual report of the National
expenditures of the National
Board of Indian Commissioners, thirteenth annual report of the..
Board of Visitors of Government Hospital for the Insane, annual
report of the (vol, 2)
Boiler-shop and caisson-gate at New York navy-yard
Bohvia, peace between Chili and Peru and
Bonds, certain, of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
Books imported through the mails
Boston navy-yard, expenditures in the
Boundary between the United States and Mexico
Branch post-office, Washington, D. C, rent of
Bzidge across the Potomac River at Georgetown, D. C
Saint Joseph River, Michigan
Bridges, maintenance of li]y^hts on
over the Upper Mississippi River, navigation through. ..
Buildings at David's Island, New York Harbor, and Columbus Bar-
racks, Ohio
Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, plans for
Borean of Construction and Repair, Navy Department, annual re-
port of the
Engraving and Printing, plate-printing by steam- >
power presses at ]
Equipment and Recruiting, annual report of the
exchanges, establishment of an international
Medicine and Surgery, annual report' of the
Navigation, annual report of the
Ordnance, annual report of the
Provisions and Clothing, annual report of the
Statistics, annual report of the Chief of the, on the com-
merce and navigation of the United States for 1881 . .
Steam Engineering, annual report of the
Yards and Docks, annual report of the
Vol.
C.
California rivers, mining dSbrit in
Carriage of passengers by sea, message of the President vetoing
the bill to regulate the
Cast-iron gnnSf trial of two, at Watertown Arsenal, Massachusetts.
Caoses before United States consular courts in China
19
14
2
22
23
22
19
18
19
19
19
23
19
22
2
13
18
18
19
10
22
19
19
22
22
22
22
22
21
22
22
19
23
8
23
8
22
8
8
8
8
17
8
8
20
23
19
23
Part.
50
2
1
164
208
157
43
18
55
76
37
214
69
152
1
1
13
14
79
1
170
68
47
165
187
180
183
156
113
177
136
55
214
1
5199
^224
172
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
98
227
80
213
4
2
2
6
3
3
3
3
3
3
d
YI INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCC1CE5T8.
Sulij«rct. VoL No. Pftrt.
10
59
C^&«9», annn^ report of the SoperinteDdent of the . 10 1
eompkrtioii of tb« work of the Teoth ...... .. 23 215
exp«ise^ of the < IQ
C«DtJ^ Brooch Union Paciiic Railroad, aonn^ eamiDgs of the... 2;^ 123
CentT^ Paeice Bailn>ad. aDnnal earnings of the 22 123
Certifieation of land? to certain railroad companies, alleged exceas
in 23 223
Cherokee In«lians, claim of. for land^ in the Indian Territory ceded
to the Unite«l Staters 20 89
Eastern, removal of 20 96
in North Carolina, lands and funds of certain.. 23 196
Cheyenne Indian^, continuation of certain lands in Indian Terri-
torr to Arapahoe and 22 169
Chicago, encroachments u{H:»n the harbor of 20 9£>
lights in the harbor of 19 TO
Chief of the Bureau of statistics, annual report of the. on the com-
merce and navigation of the Unit*:d Stated for ls?l 17 7
Chief of Engineers, auxiuai rejiort of the ^in 3 part^ voL 2) 3,4,5 1 2
Chief of C^nluance. annual lepi^rt of the ^ VOL 3) 6 12
ienerttxtm, transmitting report of certain te<t»
of metals made at Watertown Arsenal 13 12
Chief Signal Ofiicer of the Anuv, annual report of the (voL 4) 7 1 2
Chili ami Pern and Bolivia, peace between ... 19 6e
China, causes before Unit<rd States consular courts in 23 213
Chippewa and Ottawa Indians, disposal of certain lands of the 19 47
Chiriqui grant, certain lands and harbors known as the ..;... 19 46
Circuit court commissioners, compensation of .... ... 22 131
Civil service, promoting the ediciencT of 19 !?4
Claim of Antonio Yaca 1 :23 212
Pierre Garreaux 22 159
the State of Florida for the suppression of Indian lio«tili-
tie« 23 203
Claims allowed under act of Jul V 4. l-^ei. list of 19 23
act of June W, li;74, li*t of 23 202
balances of exhausted appropriations .. 19 26
Claims, list of Indian depredation 22 135
of the State of Mia^uri against the United States 22 IM
Clerical force of the General Land Odice 19 57
in the Pension Othce. increase of the 21 120
in the War Department, increase of the 22 134
Clothing aecounta of enlisted men 19 44
Coaling stations on the Isthmus of Panama 19 46
Coinage of silver dollars and purchases of silver..... 2i^ S?
statistical abstract of 2i 133
Columbia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, annual report of the
(vol. 2) 10 1 5
Columbus 'Barracks, Ohio, buildings at 19 55
Coal and iron, statistical abQ<>tract of ±J 133
Coal lands npon the San Carlos Indian Reservation 22 1T3
Commerce and naviiration of the United States for ISSl, xeport
of the C hief of the Bureau of Statistics on 17 7
maps and charts for use of the House Committee on 20 li^
statistical abstract of :ii i:
Commissary -General of Subsistence, annual report of the (voL 1). 2
Commissioner of Agriculture, annual report of the.... .... , 2i6
Customs, annual report of the 14
Etiucaiion, annual report of the (voL 4) .. ... 12 1 5
the General Land Office (vol. 1) 10 1 5
Indian A^'ain» transmits statement of disbm9e-
ments, d:c., for the Indian Department for the
year ending June 3iX Ir^l 16 6
Indian Affairs, annual report of the (toL 2) 10 1 5
Indian Affairs, salary of .... 19 *)
Internal Revenue, annual report of the J J. T
( lJ» 4
<•»
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
vn
Sabject.
Commiasioner of Patents, annual report of the
Pensions, annual report of the (vol. 2)
Railroads, annual report of the TyoI. 2)
CommMHioners of the District of Columbia, annual report of. ( See
District of Columbia.)
Compensation of commissioners under the act for the suppression
of bigamy, &c
iuternal-revenue gangers.
Completion of the new barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kans
work of the Tenth Census
C^nnptroller of the Currency, annual report of the
Comptrollers of the Treasury, annual report of the First and Sec-
ond 1
Condition of Israelites in Russia
the Navy >
CoDstmction and Repair, annual report of the Bureau of
repair, &c , of certain works on rivers and harbors,
message of the President vetoing the bill making
appropriations for the
Consular courts m China, causes before the United States
officers and diplomatic and consular fees
service, list of promotions, &.C., in the
Contagions and infectious diseases, introduction of, iuto the United
States
Contingent equipment and recruiting for the Navy, appropriation
for the
fund of State Department, disbursements from the.. .
expenses of the Treasury Department, statement of the
expenses of the War Department
expenses of the War Department building, additional
appropriation for
fond of the Interior Department, statement of dis-
bursements from the
fnnd of the military establishment, expenditures from
the
fnnd of the Navv Department
Contractors, allowances made to, and curtailments effected in the
mail service, and pay of contractors for the year ending June
30, 1^1
Cooline the Executive Mansion during the illness of President
Gartield, report of naval officers upon
Cost of pensions for Mexican and certain Indian wars
Coort of Claims, suits in the, under the act of June 16, 18H0
Crook, Brig. Gen. George, annual report of (vol. 1)
Currency, annual report of the Comptroller of
Curtailments in the mail service and pay of contractors ejected
during the year ending June 30, 1881 . * '.
CTwtoms, abstract of fees of officers of
annual report of the Commissioner of..
duties refunded, statement of
D.
Dakota, annual report of the governor of (vol. 2)
Dam on Fox j^nd Wisconsin Rivers
David's Island, New York Harbor, buildings at
Davis, William H., claim of
Deaf and Dumb, annual report of Columbia Institute for the ( vol. 2)
Deaths in Life-Saviug Service from wounds, 6lg
Debts of soldiers, certain, to be made a lien against their pay
Decisions of the First Comptroller of the Treasury, 1881-'H2
Deficiencies in appropriations for the Army
Deficiency in the appropriation for payment of pensions
estimates for year ending June 30, 18H2
16
10
10
22
23
19
23
14
14
22
19
8
23
23
19
20
21
22
19
18
13
22
20
20
19
25
62
1
1
152
5 210
}211
76
215
2
2
192
30
1
222
213
21
110
118
132
25
17
11
168
105
108
31
226
Part
5
5
2,4
3
8
1
3
22
137
19
27
2
1
2
15
25
22f)
20
91
14
2
19
22
10
1
5
20
93
19
i}',)
13
9
10
1
5
19
74
20
115
24
219
22
161
23
201
19
VU{
VIII
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
Sabjeot.
Department of Agriculture, annaal report of the CommiBsiouer of
the
of State, names of persons employed in the
Departments, executive, the annual reports of the
Depredation claims, list of Indian
Des Moines Rapids Canal, dry-dock at
Destitution from overflow of Mississippi River
Diplomatic and consular fees
Director of the Oeologioal Survey, annual report of the (vol. 3). ..
Mint, annual report of the
Report of the, upon the production of pre-
cious metals
Disbursements of contingent fund of State Department
made from the appropriations for the Indian De-
partment for the year ending June 30, 1^1
District attorneys, marslials, and circuit court commissioners,
compensation of
District of Columbia, annual report of the board of health of the.
list of claims of certain workingmen of the. .
District of Columbia, annual report of the Commissioners of the,
embracing reports of —
The Commissioners
Assessor
Attorney
Auditor
Board of Trustees of Public Schools
Central Free Dispensary
Children's Hospital
Collector of Taxes
Columbia Hospital for Women and Lying-in Asylum
Commissioner and Intendant of Washington Asylum
Committee on the Poor Fund
Coroner
Engineer Department
Engineer in charge of Washington Aqueduct, &o
Fire Commissioners
Government Hospital for the Insane
Health Officer
Industrial Home School
Inspector of Buildings
Major of Police
Police Court
Sealer of Weights and Measures
Secretary to the Commissioners
Superintendent of Property
Treasurer of the United States and ex-officio commissioner
of the sinking fund
Trust-ees of the Reform School
Drawback by internal-revenue tax on stills and worms exjjorted
to foreign countries
Dry-dock at Des Moines Rapids Canal
Dubuque, Iowa, ice-harbor at
Duck Valley, Nevada, payment of certain settlers for improve-
■ ments of Indian lands in
Duties levied and collected on imported merchandise entered for
home consumption
refunded, statement of customs
E.
Earnings of the Pacific railroads, annual
Earthquake at Scio, April 3, 1881, report upon the
Eastern Cherokee Indians of North Carolina, lands and funds of
the
Education in Alaska
the Army, report on (vol. 1)
26
19
1-12
22
22
22
19
11
14
23
19
16
22
13
19
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
19
22
19
19
17
19
22
8
23
19
2
Part.
228
24
1
135
179
126
21
1
2
216
25
6
13
32
82
179
49
61
7
22
123
1
196
78
1
1-5
6
6
6
6
6
6
9
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1,2
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
IX
Subject.
Vol No. Part.
Errora in Signal Service report
Emlmikment wall at FraiiKford Arsenal, Pennsylvania, construc-
tioii of
Eneroachment upon the harbor of Chicago, III
Enfineen, annnal report of the Chief of (in 3 parts)
EnUrgement of the Pawnee Indian Reservation
EnUstod men in the Army, clothing accounts of
naval service, increasing the number of
Estimates of appropriations required for the year ending June
30, 1883
payment« of pensions for the next twenty-five years.
Equipment and Hecruiting, report of the Bureau of
Ewing, Charles, claim of, against the Osage Indian Nation
Executive departments, annual reports of the
estimates of appropriations required by
the, for the year euding June 30, 1883.
Executive Mansion, report of naval officers upon cooling the, dur-
ing the illnfws of President Garfield
Eihaosted appropriations, claims allowed under balances of
Eipenditores in the Boston navy-yard
of the National Board of Health
for the Signal Service
errors in the report of
receipts and, for the year ending June 30, 1875
receipts and, for the year ending June 30, 1876
receipts and, for the year ending June 30, 1877
Expenses of the Tenth Census
23
19
20
3,4,5
23
19
20
16
19
8
19
1-12
16
Ute Commission
Exportation of x>ork from the Uuited States
F.
Fees collected by consuls from American vessels
diplomatic and consular .•
of officers of customs, abstract of
Rfth Auditor of the Treasury, annual report of the
Ficance, statistical abstract of
FiDances, annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the
eoudition of the
Tint Assistant Postmaster-General, annual report of the
Fint Auditor of the Treasury, annual report of the
First Comptroller of the Treasury, annual report of the
decisions of the, for 1881-^82. ..
statement of accounts rendered
to and settled by the, for
the year ending June 30,
1881
Tisheries Exhibition, International, to beheld in London in 1883.
Florida, Indian war claim of
ForeiCT relations of the United States, papers relating to the
Fort Dodge military reservation in Kansas, disposal of
Leavenworth, Kansas, completion of the barracks at
Kansas, qiiartera for troops at
Military Prison, report on (vol. 1)
Lewis, Colorado, completion of the military post at
Maginnis, Montana, completion of
McKinney, Wyoming, completion of the post at
Ripley, Minnesota, establishment of Indian training-school at
Selden, New Mexico, military post at
Thorn burg, Utah, construction of the post of
Forts Dodge and Wallace military reservation in Kansas, sub-
division of
Fourth Auditor of the Treasury, annual report of the
Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, dam on the
197
45
95
1
218
44
100
5
52
I
73
1
8
1
19
26
22
187
18
14
22
128
23
197
20
97
21
117
21
121
13
10
19
59
20
111
23
209
19
77
19
21
20
91
14
2
22
133
14
2
8
1
14
2
14
2
24
219
18
19
22
185
23
203
1
1
23
195
19
76
22
129
2
1
22
146
22
176
22
160
22
175
20
92
20
90
23
225
14
2
20
93
3
1-5
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
Subject.
Vol.
Frankford Arsenal, Pennsylvania, constraotion of an embank-
ment wall at
Freedmen's Hospital and Asylam, annual report of the (vol. 2).. .
French Government, restrictions imposed by, upon pork exported
from the United States
Funds of the Miami Indians in Kansas
Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
G.
Garreaux, Pierre, claim of
Gas and meters, annual report of the United States inspector of
(vol.2)
General Land Office, annual report of the Commissioner of the
(vol. I)
clerical force of the
Geological Survey, annual report of the Director of the (vol. 3). ..
of Alaska
Georgetown, D. C, bridge over the Potomac River at
Getty, Col. George W., annual report of (vol. 1)
Gibson, A. M., special United States attorney, report on the star-
ronte service by
Governor of Arizona, annual report of the ( vol. 2)
Dakota, annual report of the (vol. 2)
Idaho, annual report of the (vol. 2^.
Montana, annual report of the (vol. 2)
New Mexico, annual report of the (vol. 2)
Wyoming, annual report of the (vol. 2)
Government directors of the Union Paciho Railroad, annual re-
part of the (vol. 2)
Hospital for the Insaue, annual report of the board
of visitors of the ( vol. 2) . .
deficiency appropriation for
the
transportation on certain railroads, payment for
Great Britain, importation of American neat cattle into
H.
HalPs Second Arctic Expedition, reprint of ,
Hancock, Maj. Gen. W. S., annual report of (vol. 1)
Harbor of Chicago, lights in the
at New Bufialo, Michigan, condition of the
Petersburg, Va. , improvements of the
of refuge at Ludineton, Mich
Harper's Ferry, Va., sale of certain real estate at
Home consumption and imposts, report of the Chief of Bureau
of Statistics, concerning
Hospital and Asylum for Freedmeu, annual report of the (vol. 2).
Hot Springs Reservation in Arkansas, improvement of
Howard, Brig. Gen. O. O., annual report of (vol. 1)
Hunt, Brevet Brigadier-General, annual report of (vol. 1)
I.
19
10
23
19
19
22
10
9
19
11
23
22
2
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
22
22
22
22
2
19
20
19
22
19
17
10
19
2
2
the
Ice-harbor at Dubuque, Iowa
Idaho, annual report ojf the governor of (vol. 2)
Immigration, statistical abstract of
Importation of American neat cattle into Great Britain
Imported merchandise entered for home consumption in
United States, with rates of duty, amount collected, «fec
Increase of the clerical force in the Pension Office
Second Comptroller's and
Third Auditor's offices
War Department
Increasing tli^ number of enlisted men in the naval service
45
1
209
40
47
159
1
5
19
156
Part.
150
130
186
75
1
70
104
28
139
6G
7
1
42
1
1
19
49
10
1
22
133
22
18C
17
7
21
120
22
162
22
134
20
100
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
;>
5
1,2
5
2
2
5
1,2
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
XI
Subject.
Vol.
No.
Part.
InduLii Affairs, Assistant Commissioner of
CommisHioner of, aunnal report of the (vol. 2)
salary of Commissioner of ••..
Agencies, Mescalero and Jicarilla, consolidation of the
C^mmiaaioners, thirteenth annual report of the Board of. .
oonntry, personal assaults in the.
Department, disbursements made from the appropriations
for the, for the year ending June 30, 1881
depredation claims, list of
inspectors and Indian agents, term of office of
lands in Duck Valley, Nevada, payment of settlers for im-
provements on
lands in Kansas, accounts for advertising the sale of
lands, price of Osage
lands, prevention of trespass on
reservation in Arizona, coal lands upon the San Carlos ....
California, settlers on the Round Valley
Indian Territory, enlargement of the Paw-
nee
Nebraska, right of way for railroad through
Otoe and Missouria
New Mexico, improvements in the JicarUla
Apache
outbreak, alleged connection of certain Mormons with
Piute and Navajo
reservations, sale of dead and damaged timber on
supplies, increase in the appropriation for the transporta-
tion of
training-school at Fort Ripley, Minnesota, establishment
of
tribes, statement of liabilities to
war claim of Florida
Isdians, Cherokee, claim of, for lauds ceded to the United States
in the Indian countrv
disposal of certain funds of the Ottawa and Chippewa..
interest due Osage
in Kansas, funds •f the Miami
nnmberof, at each agency
in North Carolina, lands and funds of Eastern Cherokee.
claim of Charles Ewing against the Osage
removal of certain Eastern Cherokee
sale of annuity goods by
Seneca Nation of New York
Shoshone and Bannock, agreement with the
Western Miami, at Quapaw Agency
Informers, awards to, for year ending June 30, 1881
laaane, Government Hospital for the, annual report of the board
of visitors of the (vol. 2) .
deficiency appropriation for
the
Inspector of gas-meteiT^, annual report of the United States (vol.
2)
Inspector-General of the Army, annual report of the (vol. 1)
Inspections by Light-House Board and Bureau of Revenue Ma-
rine, reports of
Interior Department, detailed statement of disbursements from
the contingent fund of the
law clerks in the office of the Assistant
Attorney-General of the
building, roof of the
Interior, Secretary of the, annual report of, in 4 volumes, embrac-
ing reports of—
The Secretary (vol, 1)
Architect of the United States Capitol (vol. 2)
Arizona, governor of (vol. 2)
19
29
10
1
19
29
23
207
19
79
22
181
16
6
22
135
22
149
19
61
19
60
22
124
22
145
22
173
23
205
23
22
23
19
19
22
1»
14
23
20
19
23
19
16
23
19
20
20
19
18
19
22
10
22
10
2
20
20
218
171
220
65
56
167
175
2
203
89
47
200
40
6
196
73
96
101
83
18
36
157
1
150
1
1
103
105
22
158
22
191
9
1
10
1
10
1
o
5
2
5
5
5
XII
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
Subject.
Vol.
No.
Part.
Interior, Secretary of the, annual report of, in 4 volumes, embrac-
ing reports of—
Board of visitors of United States Hospital for the Insane
^vol. 2)
10
10
12
9
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
19
23
20
22
19
19
22
19
20
19
23
20
23
22
22
19
22
22
19
21
22
22
122
22
22
20
22
23
19
23
22
78
194
101
169
58
29
152
79
89
29
196
96
195
175
159
57
150
130
42
120
135
149
145
167
191
105
158
220
60
223
144
5
Columbia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb (vol. 2)
Commissioner of Education f vol. 4)
5
5
Commissioner of*the General Land Office (vol 1). ..........
5
Commissioner of Indian Affairs ( vol, 2).... ...... ...... ....
5
Commissioner of Pensions fvol. 2)....
5
Commissioner of Railroads ^ vol. 2)....
5
Dakota, jrovemor of f vol. 2)
5
Director of the Geological Survey (vol. 3)
Freedmen's Hosnital and Asvlum f vol. 2^..
5
5
Idaho, arovernor of (vol. 2)
5
Inspector of flras and meters f vol. 2^
5
Montana, irovemor of (vol. 2)
5
New Mexico, arovemor of (vol. 2)
5
Superintendent of the Census (vol. 2)
5
Union Pacific Railway Company, government directors of
the(vol. 2)
5
5
Wyomine, governor of (vol. 2)
5
Letters from, relating to :
Alaska, establisment of schools in
extension of the flreoloirical survev of.....
Annuity sroods. sale of. bv Indians
Arapahoe and Cheyenne Indians, confirmation of certain
land to the
Arizona, lawlessness in certain parts of...
Assistant Conmiissioner of Indian Affairs, creation of the
office of
Bieamy, compensation of the commissioners under the act
U}T the suppression of
Board of Indian Commissioners, annual report of the
Cherokee Indians, claim of, for certain lands ceded to the
United States
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, salary of the ..............
Eastern Cherokee Indians in North Carolina, land and funds
of the
removal of
Fort Dodge military reservation in Kansas, disposal of
Fort Ripley, Minn. . Indian trainin&r-school at
Garreaux, Pierre, claim of
General Land Office, temporary addition to the clerical force
of the '.
Government Hospital for the Insane, deficiency in the ap-
propriation for
transportation on certian railroads, payment
for
Hot Springs Reservation in Arkansas, improvement of the.
Increase oi the clerical force in the Pension Office
Indian depredation claims, list of
lands, prevention of trespass on
supplies, transportation of
Interior Department bnildinir. roof of the
disbursements from the contingent
fund of the
law clerks in the office of the Assistant
Attorney*6eneral for the
Jicarilla-Apache Indian Reservation in New Mexico, im-
provements in
Kansas Indian lands, adjustment of accounts for advertis-
ing sale of certain
Lands, certified to certain railroad companies, alleged ex-
cess in
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
XIII
Sabjeot.
Interior, Secretary of—
Letters from, relating to :
Meecalero and Jicarilla Indian Agencies, consolidation of the.
Miami Indians in Kansas, funds of the
New Mexico, meeting of the legislature of
Norria, P. W., pay of, as saperintendent of Yellowstone Na-
tional Park
Northern Pacific Railroad, action of the Interior Department
GODcemingthe land grant to the
Osage Indians, interest due the
lands in Kansas, price of
Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, disposal of bonds and funds
belonging to the
Pacific railroads, annual earnings of the
Patents, assistant principal examiners of
Pawnee Indian Reservation in Indian Territory,enlargement
of
Pension claim agents
Office, additional room for the
increase of the clerical force in the
Pensions, amounts required annually for the payment of,
for the next 25 years
deficiency in the appropriations for the payment of.
estimated cost of, for survivors, &c., of Mexican
and certain Indian wars
Personal assaults in the Indian country
Pinte and Navi^o Indian outbreaks, alleged connection of
certain Mormons with the
Pre emption cases approved during year ending June 30,
1881
Registers and receivers, salaries, fees^ and commissions of. .
Republican Valley Railroad, right of way for the, through
certain Indian lands
Round Valley Indian Reservation in California, payment
of settlers for improvements made
Sale of dead and damaged timber on Indian reservations..
San Carlos Indian Reservation, coal lands upon the
Seneca Nation of New York Indians, memorial of, against
passage of Senate bill No. 19
Shoshone and Bannock Indians, agreement with the
Indians, payment of settlers for improvements
on certain lands in Duck Valley, Nevada, taken
for use of
Tenth Census, completion of the work of the
expenses of the
Timber on Indian reservations, sale of dead and damaged..
Union Pacific Railway, annual repoi-t of government di-
rectors of the
Ute commission, expenses of the
Vaca, Antonio, private land claim of
Western Miami Indians at Quapaw Agency
Internal Revenue, annual report of the Commissioner of
Bureau, list of officers and employes of the,
who nave been killed or wounded while en-
forcing the internal-revenue laws
gangers, compensation of
20
19
23
22
19
22
22
23
19
19
21
19
23
22
22
19
23
22
22
23
19
22
19
18
19
23
13
19
i
10
19
20
23
19
14
15
laws, officers and employ^ of the Internal
Revenue Bureau and Department of Justice
who have been killed or wounded in the en-
forcement of the
tax, drawback of, on stills and worms ex-
ported to foreign countries
Interest due Osage Indians ,
19
19
2:j
85
63
200
124
47
123
140
218
52
38
120
52
201
137
181
65
198
148
171
205
56
173
83
18
61
215
10
59
56
1
41
105
212
36
2
4
Part.
67
82
200
5
1.2
1.2
XIV
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
Subject.
International bureau of excban^es, establishment of
IHsheries Exhibition in London in 1883
Introduction of contagions and infectious diseases into the United
States
Ireland, American citizens imprisoned in
Israelites in Russia, condition of
J.
Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, plans, <&c., for construction of
buildings at
Jicarilla Apache Indian reservation in New Mexico, improve-
ments in the
and Mescalero Indian agencies, consolidation of the
Judge-Advocate-General of the Army, annual report of the
(vol. 1)
Justice, Department of. (See Attorney-General.)
list of officers and employ^ of the, who
have been killed or wounded while
enforcing the internal-revenue laws ..
K.
Kansas, disposal of Fort Dodge Military Reservation in
Inman lands, accounts for advertising the sale of certain.
Pacific Railroad, annual earnings of the
L.
Lady Franklin Bay Expedition, relief of the
Lake Winnebago, awaMs for flowage of lands on the borders of. .
Land, care and sale of numerous tracts of government
grant of the Northern Pacific Railroad, action of the Interior
Department concerning
in Indian Territory, conmrmation of, the Arapaho and Chey-
enne Indians
Office, annual report of the Commissioner of the General
(vol. IJ
general clerical force of the
Lands on Lake Winnebago, awards for flowage of
granted by government to certain railroad companies
to certain railroad companies, alleged excess of certification
of
Law clerks in the office of the Assistant Attorney-General for the
Int-erior Department
Lawlessness in certain parts of Arizona
Legislature of New Mexico, meeting of the
Liabilities of to IndilEtn tribes, statement of
Lieutenants in the Army, promotion of
Life-Saving Service, deatlis of persons from wounds, &c., in the..
Light-House Board, reports of inspections by the
on Belle Isle, Detroit River, Michigan
structures, appropriations for, to oe expended by
contract
Lighted buoys, appropriation for
Lights in the harbor of Chicago
on bridges, maintenance of
Ludington, Mich., harbor of refuge at
M.
Mail contractors, allowance made to, during year ending June 30,
matter, second class, weight cost of carriage, and postage on.
weighing between New York and Chicago
'/Js, books imported through the
Part.
19
23
19
22
23
22
19
19
23
9
19
22
22
23
22
19
22
22
14
20
19
20
19
20
23
19
22
21
25
23
19
22
67
195
60
123
204
164
50
50
169
1
57
164
144
223
158 I
58
188
138
2
106
74
103
69
107
217
70
177
139
1,2 3
1,2
226
206
72
165
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
XV
Subject.
Mails established daring the year endiug Jane 30, 1881
offers for carrying the, in certain States
payment of contractors for carrying the
Maps and charts for the use of the House Committee on Commerce.
Marine Corps, reportof the commandant of the
Marshals, compensation of
McDowell, Mai. Gen. Irwin, annual report of (vol. 1)
Medicine and Surgery, annual report of the Bnrean of
Mescalero and Jicarilla Indian Agencies, consolidation of the
Metals, annual production in the Unitea States of the precioas . ..
tests of, made at Watertown Arsenal
Mexico, arrest and iroprisounient of certain American citizens in..
boundary between the United States and
Miami Indians in Kannas, funds of the
Miles, Col. N. A., annual report of (vol. 1)
Military establishment, expenditure from the contingent funds of
the./.
Military poet at Fort Lewis, Colorado, completion of
I>o8t at Fort Selden, New Mexico
prison at Fort Leavenworth, annual report of the (vol. 1).
reservation in Kansas, disposal of Fort Dodge
reservations, disposal of abandoned
reservations of Forts Dodge and Wallace, subdivision of.
Mining dihris in California rivers
Mint, annnal report of the Director of the
Misoasippi River, destitution from overflow of
navigation through bridges over the upper
relief afforded sufferers from overflow of
Mia»iiii, claim of the State of, against the United States
Monetary Conference, reassembling of the Paris
Montana, annnal report of the governor of (vol. 2)
Mormons, alleged connection of, with Piute and Navajo Indian
oat break
Movement of vessels of the Navy, detailed statement of the
N.
Nstiooal banks
National Board of Health annual report of the
expenditures of the
letter from the president of the, rela-
tive to the introduction of conta-
gious and infectious diseases into
the United States
Navajo and Piute Indian outbreak, allcgtHl connection of certain
Mormons with the
Kavsl Academy, annual reportof the
Academy, Annapolis, Md., certain paving at
Observatory, report ui)on a site for the new
officers cruising in Alaska waters, report of
service, increasing the number of enlisted men in the
Navigation, report of the Bureau of
commerce and, of tbe United States, report of the
Bureau of Statistics on
through bridges over the Upper Mississippi River
Nary, annual report of the Admiral of the
appronriation for the contingent equipment and recruit-
ing for the
Advisory Board of the, and its proceedings
condition of the
Department, annual report of the. {See Navy, Secretary of
the.)
contingent fund of the
presen-ation of timber for the use of the .'
professors of mathematics in the
19
18
18
19
8
19
8
19
20
8
17
22
8
22
8
19
19
22
22
Vol.
No.
Part.
25
226
25
226
20
102
21
109
8
1
3
22
131
2
1
2
8
1
3
23
207
23
216
13
12
20
114
22
180
19
40
2
1
2
20
108
22
146
20
92
2
1
2
23
195
19
39
23
225
20
98
14
2
22
126
22
136
22
141
22
184
23
221
10
1
5
19
65
8 !
1
3
43
13
14
21 118
65
1
116
1
81
100
1
7
136
1
132
1
30
31
143
190
3
3
3
3
1,2,3,4
XVI
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
Subject.
Navy, Secretary of the, annual report of the, embracing reports of—
Admiral of the Navy
Advisory Board, and its proceedings
The Secretary
Bureau of Constimction and Repair
Equipment and Recruiting
Medicine and Surgery
Navigation
Ordnance
Provisions and Clothing
Steam Engineering
Yards and Docks
Earthquake at Scio, April 3, 1881
Estimates of the Secretary's office, pay of the Navy, &c
Marine Corps
Movement of vessels, detailed statement of
Naval Academy
New Naval Observatory
Veutilatinff and cooling the Executive Mansion during the
iUness of President Garfield
Letters from, relative to —
Boston navy-yard, statement of expenditures in the
Chiriqui grant, certain lands and harbors known as the
Condition of the Navy
Enlisted men in the naval service, increasing the number of
HalPs Second Arctic Expedition, reprint oi Captain
Naval Academy, Annaj)olis, Md., certain paving at
Naval officers cruising in Alaska waters, reports of
Navy^ appropriation for the contingent equipment and re-
cruiting for the
Navy Department, expenditures from the contingent fund
• of the
Navy, preservation of timber for the use of the
New York navy-yard, boiler shop and caisson gate at
Professors of mathematics in the Navy, appointment of
Transit of Venus, observation of the J
Navy, steamers now in the United States
Nebraska^ use of United States troops in
New Buffalo, Mich., condition of the harbor at
New Mexico, annual renort of the governor of (vol. 2)
Met^ting oi the legislature of
Nevada, Shoshone Indian lands in Duck Valley, payment of cer-
tain settlers for improvement of
New Naval Observatory, report upon a site for the
New York Indians, Seneca Nation of
Navy-yard, new boiler-shop and caisson gate at
Norris, P. W.,pay of, as superintendent of Yellowstone National
Park
Northern Pacific Railroad, action of the Interior Department con-
cerning the land grant to
O.
Observation of the transit of Venus.
Ordnance, Navy Department, annual report of the Bureau of
War Department, annual report of the Chief of the
Bureau of (vol. 3)
letter from the Chief of, transmit-
ting reports concerning tests of
metals maile at Watertown Ar-
senal
Osage Indian Nation, claim of Charles Ewing against
Indian lands, in Kansas, price of
Indians, interest due the
Otoe and Missouria Indian reservation in Nebraska, right of way
for railroad through the
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
22
19
19
20
21
20
19
22
19
22
22
22
20
22
19
22
20
10
22
19
8
19
22
19
19
20
22
8
13
19
22
23
22
187
46
30
100
75
116
81
132
31
143
170
190
87
182
30
127
104
1
138
61
1
83
170
85
63
87
182
1
12
73
124
200
171
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1,2,3,4
5
3
3
2
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
XVII
Subject.
Vol. i No.
Part.
Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, dispnaul of certain funds of the..
Overflow of Mississippi River, destitution from
P.
Pacific Railroa^l, land ({rant to the Northern
Pacific raiht>ada, annual earnings of the
Pacific Railway, annual report of the government directors of the
Union
Packing trunks for registered mail matter
Paris Mouetary Conference, reassembling of the
Passengers by sea, message of the President vetoing the bill to
regulate the carriage of
Patents, anDoal report of the Commissioner of
assistant principal exannners of •
Paring at Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md
Pawnee Indian Reservation in Indian Territory, enlargement of
the
Pay ot intern al-rt*venne gangers
the Navy, &c., estimates for the Secretary's office and
Payment of contractors for carr3'ing the mails
Payment for government transportation on certain railroads.
Payniaster-General, annual report of
Peace between Chili and Peru and Bolivia
Congress, American ,
in South America, negotiations for restoration of
Pdletier, Antonio, claim of« against the Government of Hayti
(See S. Ex. Doc. No. 86, Ist sess. 47th Cong.)
Pemion Office, additional room for the
claim agents r
Office, increase of the clerical force in the
Office, persons prosecuting claims before the
PenaioDS, annual report of the Coivroissioner of«(vol. 2)
cost of. for Mexican and certain Indian wars
deficiency in appropriations lor payment of
estimates of the amount requiro<l for the payment of,
f»»r the iiext twenty-five years
Pmia, protection of American citizens in
Penonai assaults in the Indian country
Persona employed in the Departuinnr. of State, names of
IVni and Boli via, peace between Chili and
Peterabari^, improvement of the harbor at
T---
Plate printing by steam-power presses
Plenro-pnenmonia in cattle
Piste and Navajo Indian outbreak, alleged connection of certain
Mofmons with the
Pope, Brig. Gen. John, annual report of (vol. 1)
Popolation, statistical abstract of
Pbrk export«^ from the United States, restrictions imposed by the
French Government npon
Postal clerks and route agents
Service, statistical abstract of the
Postmaster-General, annual report of, in 1 volume, embracing re-
ports of —
Th« Postmaster-General ...,
Auditor of the Treasury for the Post-Office Department
First Assistant Postmaster-General
Gibson, A. M., special United States attorney on star
route service
Second Assistant Post master- General
Snpeiiatendent of the Railway Mail Service
Third Assistant Postmaster-General
Topographer of the department
19
19
22
19
19
23
23
19
22
20
23
23
8
20
22
2
19
22
22
19
19
22
21
22
10
22
23
19
22
22
19
19
19
23
20
19
2
22
23
19
22
8
8
8
47
12J
63
123
41
34
221
227
62
140
116
<21
i21
218
210
1
I
102
130
1
68
174
142
64
38 •!
154 ,
1-^0
154 :
1
137
201
52
151
181
24
68
28
199
224
99
65
1
133
209
51
133
1
1
1
8
8
8
8
8
■*•
3
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
H £•
-II
XVIII
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
Subject.
Postmaster-General :
Letters from, relating to —
Allowances made mail contractors during year ending June
30,1881
Branch post-office, Wa«bington, D. C, rent of
Contractors, allowances made to, and curtailments effected
in the mail service, and the pay of contractors for the
year ending June 30, 18yl...
Contractors, payment of, for carrying the mails
Mails, offers, &c., for carrying the, m certain States
Mail weighing between New York and Chicago
Packing trunks for registered mail matter
Resignations, removals, promotions, and appointments in
Post-OfiBce Department since March 4, 1881, list of
Route agents and postal clerks, transfer of certain funds,
and increased appropriation for
Salaries of ceilain postmasters, readjustment of the
Second class mail matter, weight, cost of carriage, and
postage on
Steamship communication between San Francisco and Syd-
ney, New South Wales.
Waste paper, sale of
Wrapping paper, appropriation for
Post-Office Department, annual report of the — (See Postmaster-
General.)
Poet-Office Department, Washington, D. C, resignations, remov-
als, promotions, appointments, &c., in the, since
March 4, 1881
In Washington, D. C, rent of branch
Posts on' the Rio Grande frontier
Postmaslers, readjustment of the salaries of certain
Potomac River at Georgetown, D. C, bridge across the
Precious metals in the United States, annual production of the.
Pre-emptiom cases approved during year ending June 30, 1881.. .
Prevention of .trespass on Indian lands .•
President of the United States :
Messages from —
American Peace Congress
Annual message of the, accompanied by the annual reports
of the Executive Departments and the Commissioners of
the District of Columbia, for 1881
Appropriations for rivers and harbors, message from the
President returning to the House, without his approval,
the bill H. R. 6*^42, making
Arizona, lawlessness in
Boundary between the Unite<l States and Mexico
Carriage of passengers by sea, message, returning to the
House, witnout his approval, the bill to regulate the
Consular courts in China, causes before the United States. .
Foreign relations of the United States, papera relating to the.
Nebraska, use of United States troops in
United States consular courts in China, causes before the..
Transmits, by message, conimuiiications, *SlC., from —
. The Commissioner of Agriculture:
Agriculture, annual report of the Commissioner of
The Secretary of the Interior:
Advertising the sale of certain Kansas Indian lands, ad-
justment of the accounts for
Alaska, establishment of schools in
Annuity goods, sale or barter by certain Indians of
Arapahoe and Cheyenne Indians, confirmation of certain
lands in Indian Territory to
Arizona, lawlessness in certain parts of
Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs, ofiice of
Bigamy, compensation of commissioners under the act for
the suppression of
25
22
25
20
25
19
19
19
19
19
23
21
19
22
19
19
20
22
19
19
No. Part.
19
22
19
19
22
23
23
22
1-12
23
22
22
23 j
23 I
^'
23
145
22 174
222
180
227
213
1
127
213
78
101
im
58
29
226 i
183
22t:
102 f
226 f
72 \
34 '
86
51
35
206
119 I
71
122 I
86 !
183 ;
20 '
:^ '
156 i
216 1
198 '
I
26 I 228
1-6
12 I 152
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
XIX
Sabject.
Vol.
PresideDt of the United States:
Tr&Dsmita, by message, coniniuuicatioDs, &c., from —
Tbe Secretary of the Interior:
Board of Indian Commissioners, annual report of the
Cherokee Indians, claim of the, for certain lands ceded to
the United States
removal of certain, to Indian Territory.
Commissioner of Indian Affairs* salary of the
Fort Dodge military reservation, disposal of
Garreaux. Pierra, claim of
Geuei-al Land Office, temporary addition to the clerical
force of the
Grovemment Hospital for the Insane, deficiency in appropri-
ations for
Hot Springs Reservation in Kansas, improvement of the...
Indian inspectors and Indian agents, term of office of
lands, prevention of trespsiss upon
supplies, increase in the appropriation for transpor-
tation of
irainiug-school at Fort Ri[»ley, Minnesota, establish-
ment of
Jicarilla-Apachc Indian reservation, improvements on the.
Law clerks in the Assistant Attoniey-Generars Office for
the Interior Department '.
Mescalero and Jicarilla Indian Agencies, consolidation,
Ac, of the
Miami Indiana in Kansas, certain funds of the ..^
New Mexic«s meeting of the legislature of
Norris, P. W., pay of, as superiniendcnt of Yellowstone
National Park
Osage Indian lands in Kansas, price of.
Indians, interest due !
Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, disposal of certain bonds
and funds of the
Patents, assistant principal examiners of
Pawnee Indian reservation, enlargement of the
Payment for government transportation on certain railroa<l8.
Pension Office, additional room for the
iucrejise of clerical force in the
Pensions, amounts annually required f<»r the i)ayment of,
for the next tio years
deficiency in the appropriations for
Personal assaults in the Indian country
Republican Valley Railn>ad, right of way for the, through
the Otoe and Missouri Indian reservation in Neraska
Roof of Interior Department building
Round Valley Indian reservation in California, paymentsfor
improvements maile by certain si't tiers on
Salaries, fees, and commissions of registers and receivers. ..
Sale of dead and damaged timber (»n Indian reservations ..
San Carlos Indian reservation, coal lands upon the
Seneca Nation of New York Indians, memorial of the, against
the passage of Senate bill No. 19
Shoshone and Bannock Indians, agreement with the
Indian lands in Duck Valley, Nev., payment of
certain settlers for improvements upon
Tenth Census, complet ion of the work of the
19
20
20
19
2:j
22
19
22
19
22
22
22
22
23
Part.
expenses of the
Union Pacific Railway, annual re]>ort of the government
directors of the
Ute Commission, expenses of the
Vaca, Antonio, private land claim of, in Louisiana
Western Miami Indians at Quapaw Agency
23
19
22
19
22
23
19
22
23
22
19
21
19
23
22
22
22
23
22
19
22
19
18
19
23
13
19
2
19
20
23
19
74
89
96
29
195
159
57
150
42
149
145
167
175
220
22 158
207
40
138
85
124
200
47
140
218
130
38
120
n2
201
181
171
191
205
148
56
173
83
18
61
215
10
59
1
41
111
212
36
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
Subject.
President of the Uuited States :
Transmits, by mefsage, conmiunications, &c.y from —
The Secretary of tlie Navy :
HalPs Second Arctic Expedition, reprint of Captain
Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., certain paving at
service, increase of the enlisted men in the
Navy, appropriation for the contingent equipment and re-
cniiting for the
preservat ion of timber for nse of the
New York navy -yard, new boiler-shop and caisson gate at .
Pait.
•;
Transit of Venus, obser\'ation of the
The president of 1 he National Board of Health :
Introduction of contagious and infectious diseases into the
United States
The Secretary of State:
Chili and j^eru and Bolivia, efforts of the United States to
bring about peace between
Consular service, list of promotions, removals, and appoint-
ments in the, since March 4, 1877
Fees collected from American vessels by United States con-
suls .*
Importation of American neat cattle int^ Great Britain
International Bureau of Exchanges, establishment of
Ireland, American citizens imprisoned in
Israelites in Russia, condition of
London International Fisheries Exhibition, 1883 :
Mexico, imprisonment of Thomas Shields and Charles
Weber in
Paris Monetary Conference, reassembling of the
Pelletier, Antonio, claim of
Persia, protection of American citizens in
Pork exported from the United States, restrictions im^wsed
by the French Government upon
Shields, Thomas, arrest and imprisonment of, and other
American citizens in Mexico
and Weber, Charles, imprisonment of, in
Mexico
Sonth America, negotiations tor the restoration of peace in .
Supernumerary secretaries of legation, the appointment of.
Venezuela, awards made against, by the Mixed Commis-
sion
Weber, Charh s, and Shields, Thomas, imprisonment of, in
Mexico
The Secretary of the Treasury :
Civil service, unexpended appropriation for the promotion
of the efficiency of the
The Secretary of War :
Abandoned military reservations, disposal of
Clothing account of enlisted men
Columbus Barracks, Ohio, buildings at
David's Island, New York Harbor, buildings at
Deficiencies in the appropriations for transportation and
supplies for the Army .'
Fort Leavenworth, Kans., completion of the barracks at . ..
quarters for troops at
Fort Lewis, Colorado, completion of the military post at. ..
Fort Maginnis, Montana, completion of
Fort McKinney, Wyoming Territory, completion of the post
at
Fort Selden, New Mexico, construction of a military post at
Fort Thombnrg, Utah, construction of the post of . ...
Frankford Arsenal, Pennsylvania, construction of an em-
bankment wall at
Jefferson Barracks, Mo., plans for, and constniction of, cer-
tain buildings at
19
20
20
22
22
22
^20
i22
19
20
19
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
19
22
23
20
22
22
13
2:^
22
19
22
20
20
19
19
2:1
7,5
IKi
100
132
143
170
«7
182
21 118
68-
110
77
186
172
ir)5
192
185
ir»3
221
64
151
209
114
153
142
8
208
15:5
84
19
39
19
44
19
55
19
55
22
161
19
76
22
129
22
146
22
176
160
92
90
45
.37
214
1,'^
1,2,3
1.2, a
1,2,3
1,2,3
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMKNTS.
XXI
Subject.
President of the United States :
Transmits, by messiige, commuuications, &c., from —
The Secretary of War :
Lady Franklin Hay Expedition, relief of the
Potomac River at Georgetown, D. C, bridge acn>H8. the ...
Rock iMland Arsenal, Illiinois, iniproveniont of the water-
power at
Soldiers, certain debts of, to be a lien against their pay...
War Department bnilding, additional appropriation for con
tingent expenses of the
increase of clerical force in the
Price of Osage Indian lands in Kansas
Private land claim of Antonio Yaca, in Louisiana
Professors of matheinarics in the Navy
ProiBoting the efficiency of the civil service
Promotions of lieutenants in the Army
Proposals for supplies for the departments, advertising for
ProTiAons and clothing, report of I he Bureau of
Publication of war records, report on ( vol .1)
Parchaae of silver and coinage of silver dollars
Q.
Qaapaw Agency, Western Miami Indians at
Qoartermaster-General, annual report of (vol. 1)
Qnartermaster's departments, agents of, employed in the investi-
gation of claims under act of July 4, 1864
R.
Kailroads, Commissioner of, annual report of the (vol. 2)
lands granted to certain
statistical abstract of .
Railway Mail Service, annual report of the SupeiintendcMit of. .
Sank and pay of Army officers after fifteen years* service
Beadjnatment of the salaries of certain postmasters
Reassembling of the Paris Monetary Conference
Receipts and expenditures for tbe year ending June 30, 1875 ...
tor the year ending Jun»* 30, 1876 ...
for the year ending Juno 30, 1877 ...
Reeeivers, salaries, fees, and commissions of registers and
Reconstmct ion of the Navy
Register of the Treasury, annual report of the
Ri^sters and receivers, salaries, fees, and commissions of
R^Mt4sred mail matter, packing-trunks for
Reicalat ion of steam vessels ,
Relief afforded sufferers from overflow of Missisttippi River
of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
Removal of certain Eastern Cherokee Indians
Rent of branch post-office in Washington, D. C
Reorganization of the Second National Hank of Cincinnuti, Ohio
Republican Valley Railroad, right of way for, through the Otoe
and Missonria Indian res(*ivation in Nebraska
Revenue Marine, reports of insnectors by tbe board of
Restrictions impo#MMl bj' tbe French Government upon pork ex-
ported from the United States
Revised St4iitnteM, amendoieni to section 21 42 of the
Rio Grande frontier, posts on the
Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois, improvement of the water-power at
Roof of Interior Department building
Round Valley Indian reservation in California, settlers on the..
Route agents and postal clerks
S.
Sabine Pass, Ttxas, results of the survey of
Sales of annuity goods by Indians
Vol. No. Pa It.
23
204
22
156
22
163
20
115
22
168
22
I'M
22
U4
23
212
22
190 1
11)
H4
20
106
22
166
8
1
2
1
20
88
1
36 !
2
1
22
178
10
1
22
144
22
133
8
1
18
16
19
35
2:^
221
20
97
21
117
21
121
22
14-
19
30
14
2
22
148
19
34
22
125
22
141
23
204
20
96
22
183
82
189
22
171
20
103
23
209
22
181
19
20
22
163
22
191
23
205
19
51
22
147
20
101
3
2
o
XXII
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
Subject.
Sales of certain real estat-e at Harper's Ferry
dead aod damaged timber on Indian reservations
waste paper
Saint Joseph River, Michigan, railroad bridore across
Saint Mary's Falls Canal, Tetter from the Secretary of War con-
cerning
Raint Mary's River, Michigan, improvement of
Salary of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs
Salaries of certain postmasters
fees, and commissions of registers and receivers
San Carlos Indian reservation, coal lands upon the ,
San Francisco and Sydney. New South Wales, steamship commu
uication between .*.
Schools in Alaska, establishment and maintenance of
Search-warrants for the discovery of smuggled goods at the port
of New York
Second Assistant Postmaster-General, annunl report of the
Second Auditor of the Treasury, annual report of the
Second-class mail matter, weight, cost of carriage, and postage
on
Second Comptroller of the Treasury, annual report of the
Second Comptrollers Office, increase of the force in the
Second National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, reorganization of the.
Secretary of the Interior, annual report of the. {See Interior, Sec-
retary of the. )
Secretary of the Navy, annual report of the (See Navy» Secretary
of the.)
Secretary of the Navy, estimates for the office of the,and pay of the
Navy, &c /
Secretary of the Treasury, annual report of the. (See Treasury,
Secretary of the.)
Secretary of War, annual report of the. (See War, Secretary of.)
Secretaries of legation, supernumerary
Selden, military post at Fort ,
Seneca Nation oi New York Indians ,
Settlers on the Round Valley Indian reservation in California . ..
Sheridan, Lieutenant General, annual report of, (vol. 1)
Shields, Thomas, arrest and imprisonment of, in Mexico, and other
American citizens ,
Shields, Thomas, and Weber, Charles, arrest and imprisonment
of, in Mexico
Shipping, statistical abstract of ,
Shoshone and Bannock Indians, agreement with
Shoshone Indian lauds in Duck Valley, Nevada, payment of cer-
tain settlers for improvements of ,
Signal Officer of the Army, annual report of the Chief (vol. 4) . ..
Signal Service, errors in report of expenditures of ,
expenditures for ,
Silver, purchases of, and coinage of silver dollars
Sioux City and Pacific Railroad, annual earuings of the
Sixth Auditor of the Treasury, annual report of the
Smuggled goods, search-warrant-s for the discovery of, at the port
of New York 1
Soldiers, certain debts of, to be made a lien against their pay
Soldiei-s' Homo, annual report of the Board of Commissioners of
South Ameri^'a, negotiations for restoration of peace in ,
State, Secretary of:
Letters fro«i, relative to —
American neat cattle, importation of. into Great Britain...
American vessels, amount of foes collected by consuls of
the United States from
Chili and Peru and Bolivia, efforts of the United States to
bring about a peace between ,
Consular officers and diplomatic and consular fees ,
Consular service, list of promotions, removals, &c., in the.
Exportation of pork from the Unitetl States
19
48
8
1
14
2
23
206
14
2
22
162
22
189
8
22
19
19
19
20
23
1
13
8
20
92
19
83
23
205
2
1
20
114
22
153
22
133
18
18
19
61
7
1
23
197
22
128
20
88
22
123
14
2
19
48
20
115
2
1
22
142
186
77
68
21
110
209
1,2,3
2
1,2
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS
XXIIl
Subject.
State, Secretary of:
Letters from, relative to^
Great Britain, importation of American neat cattle into ..
International Bureau of Exchange, establishment of an
International Fisheries Exhibition to be held in London in
1883
Ireland, imprii»onmeut of American ci tizens in
laraelites in Russia, condition of
Paris Monetary Conference, reassembling of the
Pelletier, Antonio, claim of
Persia, protection of American citizens in, and establish-
ment of diplomatic intf'rcourse with
Plenro-pneunionia in cattle, letter from Mr. H. Cloete, of the
Colony of Good Hope, concerning cure of
Pork exported from the United States, restrictions imposed
by the French Government upon
Mexico, arrest and imprisonment of certain American citi-
zens in
Shields, Thomas, arrest and imprisonment in Mexico of,
and other American citizens
Shields, Thomas, and Weber, Charles, and other American
citizens, imprisonment of, in Mexico
State Department, expenditures from the contingent fund
of the
list of persons employed in the
South America, negotiations for the restoration of peace in.
Venezuela, awards made to, by the Mixed Commission ....
Weber, Charles, and Shields, Thomas, and other American
citizens, imprisonment of, in Mexico ,
State, War, and Navy Department building, report on the
statistical abstract of the United States, 1881 (tinance, coinage,
coBimerce, immigration, shipping, the postal service, popula-
tioo, railroads, agriculture, coal, and iron, &c. )
Statistics, Bureau of, annual report of the Chief of the, on the
commerce and navigation of the United States for 1881
Steam Engineering, re}>ort of the Bureau of
Teasel^ regulation of
Strameni in the United States Navy
Steamship communication between San Francisco and Sydney,
New Sonth Wales
Suits in the Conrt of Claims
Saperintendent of Census, annual report of the (vol. 2)
Railway Mail Service, annual report of the ,
Yellowstone National Park, annual report of the
rvol.2)
Yellowstone National Park, pay of P. W. Norris as
Sapemamerary secretaries of legation
Sopplemental list of claims allowed under act of June 20, 1874.. .
Sappliea for the departments, advertising for proposals for
Sargeon-GeDeral of the Army, annual report of (vol. 1)
Sorvey of Alaska, geological
Sabine Pass, Tex., results of
Sosqoehanna River, estimate for the continuation of the improve-
ment of the, near Havre de Grace, Md
Svdney, New Sonth Wales, steamship communication between
•San l-Vancisco and
T.
Tenth Census, completion of the work of the ,
expense of the ,
Term of office of Indian inspectors and Indian agents
Terry, Brig. G^en. Alfred H., annual report of (vol 1)
Tests of metals, report of, made at Watertown A-rsenal
Third Atsistant Postmaster-General, annual rejiort^f
22
22
22
22
22
23
19
22
20
23
20
20
22
19
19
22
23
22
2
22
Part.
186
172
1^5
155
192
221
(54
151
99
209 I
114
114
153
25
24
142
208
15:^
1
133
1.2. a
1,2,3
1,2,3
2
17
7
8
1
3
22
125
19
30
3
21
119
19
27
10
1
5
8
1
4
10
1
5
19
85
13
8
23
202
22
166
2
1
2
23
194
22
147
19
53
21
119
23
215
13
10
19
59
22
149
2
1
2
13
12
8
1
4
XXJY lyi'ill J^'J EXECITITE 1^0 JVWF.ST^
^>ul«Kirt- Till. Ko. Part.
1 I !i. Aiic: 1 iirt^ ii-ft •H„ ii'tir^-jrHt <»1 " ut- f<»rtt- ;l ilit- 22 162
1 ii'TLimririi. Tiitl. 1 ^ui.. •nuiKi.njtT )(»ii <« liit- i»(»tfl i«f ^* 90
7 niiH? "i*r "lit iM*» n' "iiH ^L^T". nrei«erviiTH»t ni iS 143
Tt«.'n»jrri.idKir itf "lik l'i»tr-«.»ftj'.^ I^intmiK'ii'L. aiiuuid TtiKin nf the. ^ 1
^ ' \ X- - J- \ N ije 87
i vniis:! 1*2 » taintv- inMHsn iiT.n»ii ic tl*e — ^ ^^
i*c :: :...: ^ ip
^a tHirtu.i Tii/.ruiKiK. imviutail ftc — ^ 130
TTv**inr«r «f t'ik Villi <«c ?>"u'.-t^t^ iOiiinkJ Tv}»<«n vd \^ 14 2
miTHnTT-:-*. iwvifiUT'*' 7yijQ«r^ it*
TTi.-K^ *-- li« 11*
Trt-atouy I**^iiirtaD«in-. sult;*! r^K«n ad -l»t- xw TrtaiwirT, >eic^
Tt'LtiirT <i<f "Lii<^„
fTb'-toiKai cc 'i»^o<ii}T.:ijrtXTfXl»RMie*-firil>t-- Ir I*
TreaMirv. S**f'jyita.TT 4<f '»j»r- auLTitl r?it<in <« "Ll»^, -to. xi»e fs*3>t erf
Tl>*- Sty3^vnt'7 - v —il "k i'j**f 14 2
Anc-Utrj' «rf ".Ik Tr^to^rrr l*«^iifcrLiiKXl 14 "i
(. i«inn:jHK)iii»t*T «f Ontr»«rii*' 14 *
C\aiiuatiK»(»iKii €<f iTt-rtTiiiJ i-«rT*ii:iK- 14 ^
^ \»ll.|»TJ^»l»rffK I'lTKI *tlrt. >t»{'<»l»4 14 i
* ioi i*!!^*-^^! *<f *.dK ^T.rrt'iJtx . 14 <
l.^iTtK-K^ir <€ Vxtf H-iii . , 14 , i
Kr£-it«!«^ ♦'rf' TlK I '^•fc^rr^ 14 2
IrtM^rjrv vf 'I**- l"i T^ S"j..He* 14 i
L.:*l«- .:>f* iK- 3ird;iii Zr.it^ , 14 i
JLttirTfrioi -tie^r: Jttf.fc.'-rK. TT-^^^tJ*- **._.!;£ mtit*^ liif £1x^:^1 iiu£
^i\h : :» ^
wTTk -^I' . l^^^Z TK" 5
FirCje Intt- M ': 1^ ^♦^m ^♦"k'T:' cl *C 'Ik. "j^-i; li.*T>«*t Aa ?■? ^
5^.-«7*.* n "y*^**'"?*^ 'j'-.tiiri ' 't^ 3ia J* -. Ti Itw*
&:: " j.*e- -
'>c' 'lit* "ftt'-'t-nit-T »c ij.** t? ^
I-^4L -c vc ^ El* iX
!iiki.«*r.<^:- i4:ir'r*ii »f •*€' I:? ^
•Utrii ♦tit '♦c-kT^men' •»€ W ~
Jint?:** l-*^ ".I... \ _ r> 33
)n I'-rl. ^-infT-ux ,t J :?> !^l
Lir«»mtrr>. *"¥ wt.'* 3i:u:»* ^k z*>c v«>ru^r •?n»i ix J in»* 3.V It^L 'ii 1^
ieLTru**- r»;m»i '4 ,r :*> l».<5
.kir*
:iS 1»
I i tm^A* Erf^v^tQ ir XT-T;!*^!*^ in«rr»rar* jr ':oai^»:a..'<is^:«'a *}t
•2»J •^ 1,2
^ ^j
r.ri -♦••!-! n^^-s^ .In JT a.' iv r I-* "^
fin 'iL T-im'..". A:.. r>^:r. -r^i Tvj..»r a :u.«i 1'- "-^
INDEX TO EXaCUTIVE BOCUMENTS.
XXV
Subject.
Treasary, Secretary of the :
Letters from the, relative to-
Light- House Boardf reports of iDspections by
establish i eDts,appropriationsVor, tobe modo
by contract
Light-buoys, appropriation for ,
Lights on bridges, maint«u»ince of ,
in the harbor of Chicago
Missouri, claims of the State of, against the United
States
National banks *.
National Board of Health, annual report of, for 1881
expenditures of the ........
Plate-printing by steam-presses ,
Precious metals in the United States, annual production
of
Real estate at Harper's Ferry, sale or lease of
Receipts and expenditures for year ending June 30, 1875...
for year ending June 30, 1876 . ..
for year ending June 30, 1877 . ..
Revenue Marine, roports of injii)ection8 by Bureau of
Second Comptrollers ami Third Auditor's Offices, increase
of the force in the
Second National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, reorganization
ofrhe
Silver and coinage of silver dollars, x)urcbase of
Smuggled goods at port of New York, search-warrants for
tile discovery of
Statistical abstract of the United States, 1881
Steam vessels, regulation of
Sopplemental list of claims allowed under act of Juno 20,
1874
Supplies for the departmentn, advertising for proposal
for
Third Auditor's Office, increase in the force of the
Treasury Department, contingent expenditures of the
Workingmen of the District of Columbia, list of claims
filed under act of June 20, 1878, by
Tren»ass on Indian lauds, prevention of
Trial of two cast-iron guns
IVoope in Arizona »
at Fort Leavenworth, quarters for
U.
rnion Pacific Railroad, annual earnings of the
Union Pacific Railway Company, annual report of the govern-
ment directors of the
United States and Mexico, boundary between tho
Capitol, Architect of the, annual report of the
(voL2)
claims of the State of Missouri against the
consular courts in China, causes before the
inspector of gas and meters, annual^ report of
(vol. 2)
troops in Nebraska, uge of
Ute Commission, expenses of the
9
V.
Vaca, Antonio, private land claim of, in Louisiana
VcDezoela, awards made by the Mixed Commission against
Venoa, observation of the transit of
VeaKls of the Navy, detailed statement of the movement of
H E III
V No. Part.
20
20
2:5
22
20.
22
19
18
18
23
«3
23
19
20
21
21
20
22
20
19
22
22
23
22
22
18
19
22
19
23
22
22
10
19
22
10
22
23
10
22
20
23
23
20
22
8
103
107^
217T
177
70
184
43
i3
14
199
224
216
66
97
117
121
103
22 i 162
189
88
48
133
125
202
166
162
17
32
145
80
193
129
123
1
41
180
1
184
213
1
127
111
212
208
87
182
1
5
o
3
XXVI
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
Subject.
Vessels, fees collected by cousnls from American
^ailiim umler tbe Eiiirlisb flag witb American certificates.
Veto of tbe bill to regulate tbe carriage of passengers by sea
of tbe river and barbor appropriation bill
Vineyard Haven Harbor, Massachusetts, condition of the
Virginia, Harbor at Petersburg, improvement of the
W.
War Department, annual report of the. (See War, Secretary of.)
increase of tbe clerical force in tbe
building, additional appropriation for contin-
gent expenses of tbe
War on tbe Pacific
War Records, report on publication of ( vol. 1)
War, Secretary of, annual report of the, in 4 volumes, embracing
reports of—
Tlie Secretary (vol.1)
Adjutant-General (vol. 1)
Angur, Brig. (ien. C. C. (vol. 1)
Chief of Engiueers (in 3 parts, vol. 2)
Chief of Ordnance (vol. 3)
Chief Signal Officer (vol. 4)
Comniissary-Oeneral of Subsistence (vol.1)
Crook, Brig. Gen. George (vol. 1)
Educat ion in the Army (vol. 1)
General of the Army (vol. 1)
Getty, Col. George W. (vol. I)
Hancock, Maj. Gen. W. S. (vol. 1)
Hatch, CI. Edward (vol. 1)
How ard, Brig. Gen. O. O. (vol. 1)
Hunt, Brevet Brigadier-General (vol. 1)
Inspector-General of the Army (vol. 1)
Judge-Advocate-General (vol. 1)
McDowell, Maj. Gen. Irvin (vol. 1)
Miles, Col. N. A. (vol. 1)
Military prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kans. (vol. 1)
Paymaster-General (vol.1)
Pope, Brig. Gen. John
Quartermaster-General (vol. 1)
Sheridan, Lieutenant-General (vol. 1)
Soldiers' Home, Board of Commissioners of (vol. 1)
State, War, and Navy Department building (vol. 1)
Surgeon-General (vol. 1)
Tt-rry, Brig. Gen. Alfred H. (vol. I)
Wheaton, Brevet Brigadier-General (vol. 1)
Willcox, Col. O. B. (vol. 1)
Letters from, relative to —
Abandoned military reservations disposal of
Arizona, troops in :
Army, deficiencies in the appropriations for supplies for the.
Ai-my officers, rank and pay of, after fifteen years' s*>rvice . .
Chicago, III., encroachment upon the harbor of
Columbus Barracks, Ohio, buildings at
David's Island, New York Harbor, building at
Davis, William 1;^., claim of...
Des Moines Rapids Canal, need of a dry-dock at
Dubuque, Iowa, construction of an ice barbor at
Enlisted men, clothing accounts of
Florida, Indian war claim of tbe State of
Fort Dodge and Wallace military reservations in Kansas..
Fort Leavenworth, Kans., completion of new barracks at..
Fort Leavenworth, quarters for troops at
Fort Lewis, Colorado, completion of the military post at.. .
Fort Maginnis, Montana, plans and estimates for the com-
pletion of
Vol.
No.
1
19
77
20
94
23
227
23
222
20
112
19
28
22
134
12
19
2
2
2
2
3,4,5
6
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
19
23
22
18
20
19
19
13
22
19
19
23
23
19
22
22
168
68 !
1 I
39
193
161
16
95
55
55
9
179
49
44
203
205
76
129
146
22 176
INDEX TO EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.
XXVII
Subject.
War, Secretary of:
Letters tr«»ni, relative to —
Fort McKinnev, Wyoming Territorv, completion of the post
at I
Fort Selden, New Mexico, construction of a post at
Fort Thomburgh, Utah, construction of the post at
Fox and Wisconsin Rivers Improvement at Menasha, Wis.,
dam on the ^
Frankford Arsenal, Pennsylvania, construction of an em-
bankment wall at
Jefferson Barracks, Mo., plans for buildings at
construction of certain buildings at .
Lady Franklin Bay Exi)edition, relief of the
Laidley, Col. T. T. 8., report of, on trial of two cast-iron
gnns made by
Lieutenants in the Army, promotions of
Ludington, Mich., harbor of refuge at
Maps and charts for the House Committee on Commerce.. .
Military establishment, contingent expenses of the
Mioing debris, injury' to navigable waters of California from .
31 ississippi River, destitution from overflow of
navigation through bridge over the Upper,
relief afforded sufferers from overflow of. .
New Buffalo, Mich., condition of the harbor at
Petersburg, Va., improvement of the river and harbor at.. .
Potomac River at Georgetown, D. C, bridge across the
'i^uartennaster's Department, agents employed by, in the
investigation of claims
fiio Grande frontier, acquiring sites for posts for protection
of the
JSock Island Arsenal, Illinois, improvement of the water-
power at
Sabine Pass, Tex., snrvey of the entrance to
•Saioi Joseph River, Michigan, bridge across ^
iJaint Mary's Falls Canal
Saint Mary's River and Saint Mary's Falls Canal, improve-
ment of the
Signal Service, error in report of expenditures of
expenditures for
Soldien, certain debts of; to be made a lien against their pay .
Susquehanna River, near Havre de Grace, Md., improve-
ment of the
Tests of metals made at Watertown Arsenal
Vineyard Haven Harbor, Mass., condition of
War Department building, contiogeut expenses of the
contingent fund of the
insrease of clerical force in the
Washi gton, D. C, rent of branch post-oflice in
Waste paper, sale of
Water-power at Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois, improvement of the.
Weber, Cliarles, and Shields, Thomas, arrest and imprisonment of,
in Mexico
Western Miami Indians at Quapaw Agency
Wheaton, Brevet Brigadier-General, annual report of (vol. 1)
WiUcox, Col. O. B., annual report of (vol. 1)
Wisconsin and Fox Rivers, dam on the
Workingmen of the District of Columbia, list of claims of certain .
Wcapping-paper, appropriation for
Wyoming, annual report of the governor of ( vol. 2)
Territory, completion of the poet at Fort McKinuey, in
Yards and Docks, report of the Bureau of
Yellowstone National Park, annual report of the superintendent
of the (vol. 2)
pay of P. W. Norris as superintend-
ent of
Vol.
No. Part.
22
20
xO
20
19
23
19
23
19
20
22
20
20
20
22
22
22
20
19
22
22
19
22
22
20
18
19
23
22
20
19
13
20
22
13
22
22
19
22
22
19
2
2
20 i
19 '
22 i
10 I
22
8
10
19
160
92
90
93
45
214
37
204
80
l:J9
109
108
98
126
136
141 J
104
28
156
178
20
163
147
113
15
54
197
128
115
53
12
112
166
11
134 i
183
71 I
163 I
153 ' 1,2,3
36
1
1
93
?2
122
1
160
1
1
85
2
2
REPORT
OF THS
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
VOB
THE YEARS 1881 AND 1882.
WASHINGTON:
GOYXBNMXNT PBINTINO OFPIOS.
1882.
JOINT RESOLUTION providiaf for printinjc the Annual Roport of the CommSsaloBer of Agrlewltete
lor eigateen bimdred and eightj-ono.
Besolred by tht Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in
(^ongress assembledj That there bo priuted three hundred thoutumd copies of the Annnal
Keport of the Commissioner of A»fr^t;ultiire for the year eighteen hundred and eighty-
one; two hundred and fourteen thousand copies for use of members of the House of
Representatives, tifty-six thousand for the use of members of the Senate, and thirty
thousand copies for the use of the Department of Agrioulture; and two hundred and
nineteen thousand one hundred and sixty-one dollars and fifty-four cents, or so much
thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury
not otherwise appropriated to carry out this joint resolution.
Approved, August 8, ISS2.
JOINT RESOLTTTIOX relative to the printlnc of the annual reporte of ^e CommiMlonor of Agri-
cultui'e foi the years ei;;ht4^n hundred and ei;;bty-otie and ci^hteeD handred and eighty^two.
Resolved by ihf Senate and House of Representafiretf of the United States of America in
Congress assembled. That the appropriation made by the joint resolution of Congress
approved Anjjust ei<^ht, eighteen hundred and eighty-two (2*2 Stats., 35395) proTidinff
for printing the annual report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for eighteen hundred
and eighty -one, shall and may be used for the printing in one volume of the reports
of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the years eighteen hundred and eighty-one and
fighteeu hundred and eighty-two.
Api'ToNcd, December 12, 18^2.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Itpertof Hie Commiasiondr • • • • 5,677
Scportof the Bntomologist ••••• *. 61
liftft of the Saperintendent of Garden* and GroandB.«.« •••• •••• ..•••• .••... 215
Bipat of the BotaniBt 231
of D. £. Salmon, t). V. M 258
of H. J. DetmoTB, D. Y. M « 316,355,363
lipstof ChM. P. LyiDMi, F. R. C. V. 8 « 352
li|flrt of Est* H. Hunt, M. D 359
ExtnftoiktaB letten of correspondents • ••• 371
lipst of the Chemist ..•• 379
Bcpoclof theStatifltioian • 577
3
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Pag*.
Report of thb Entomologist:
Plates from I to XX inclusive 208
Report op the Botakist:
Platea from I to XXY inclnsiTe 256
Report op D. E. Salmon, D. V. M. :
Plates from I to XII inclusive 272
Report op H. J. Detmers, D. V. M. :
Platel..... 358
Report op the Chemist:
Graphical charts from I toXm inclusive ••• 416
Graphical charts from XIV to XVII inclusive ......•• 452
Graphical charts from XVIII to XXI inclusive 486
Report op the Statistician:
Diagram showing the production of com for the years 1849, 1859, 1869, 1879,
by the principal corn-producing States . 588
Diagram showing the production of wheat for the years 1849, 1859, 1869,
1879, by the principal wheat-producing States 592
Diagram showing the production, exportation, and consumption of cotton
in two periods of seventeen years each 622
Diagram showing the average rate of wages per month for groups of States
in 1866, 1869, 1875, 1879, and 1882 638
Diagram showing the number of miles of railroads in operation and built
annually from 1832 to 1882 inclusive 664
Diagram showing the aggregate number of tons of freight moved on the
Erie Canal, total tons moved to tide-water, &c •.... 666
4
REPORT
OF THX
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
' Department op Ageioulture,
WashingUm^ D. 0., November 25, 1881.
To THE Pbesident:
I respectfully Bubmit the annual report of the Department of Agri-
ealtnre for the year 1881.
When I entered npon my duties as Commissioner, July 1 of the cur-
i^t year, I found the work for the season, both regular and sx)ecial,
daborately laid out by my predecessor. Provision had been mMe for
inTeetigating the agricultural condition of the Pacific coast; for con-
tinmng the work on the artesian well in Golorado ; for proceeding with
the experiment in the cultivation of the tea plant ; for concluding the in-
Tttdgation into the manufacture of sugar from sorghum ; for observa-
tions on the existence of pluro- pneumonia and other contagious diseases
of animals, both in this country and in those English ports to which
American cattle are exported; for continued examinations into the ne-
cessities and opportunities of American forestry ; for tests of textile
fibers, both animal and vegetable; for a scientific investigation of the
babits of insects injurious to vegetation, and of the best methods of de-
«troying them ; and for the usual work of the various divisions of the
de^iartment for which appropriations had been made by Congress.
1 have endeavored to conduct all experiments in which 1 found the
department engaged, with an ardent desire to bring them to legitimate
eoiK^lmdons, in the spirit of an investigator and not in the spirit of an
advocate.
The process of manufacturing sugar from sorghum has been con-
docted by the best skill 1 could obtain in the country, under the eye of
experienced chemists, and with ample and somewhat expensive ma-
ehiuery, ran by an accomplished and faithful engineer.
The crop was gathered with the greatest possible economy of time,
labor, and expense, and the work was carried on with as much expedition
as the season would allow. The result of this work will be found under
the av>propriate head of this communicatiou and in the elaborate report
of the chemist of the department.
The expenses of the attempt to cultivate the tea plant in South Garo-
5
6 RSPOBT OF THE OOMlflBSIONEB OF ▲GBlOnL'nTRB.
Una have been Romewhat curtailed, without, however, interfering with
the proposed experiment. In tke management of this enterprise, I have
been governed largely by the opinions of the accomplished and ex-
perienced horticulturist of the department, Mr. Saunders, and by a
proper regard for economy in the exx)enditure of the money appropriated
for this purpose.
A thoroughly scientific and practical commission, appointed with great
care and provided with instructions obtained fix)m Major Powell, has
examined the artesian well now in process of construction, and has ex-
plored, under the rules of structural geology, a large i)ortion of the
arid regions in which these wells may be valuable.
A veterinary surgeon has been sent to England to confer with the
Privy Gouncil upon the exact condition of American cattle landed in
her markets; and agents and experts have been employed to ascertain
all isiiGtB relating to the existence of contagious diseases in this country,
in accordance with appropriations for this purpose. And while these
various commissions and agents have been employed in prosecuting the
work assigned them, the work of the various divisions of the depart-
ment has been prosectited with diligence and fidelity by those into
whose hands it has been committed.
During the last three months I have considered it my duty to visit
various important agricultural sections of the country on occasions
where I could not only witness the exhibited results of the farmers' in-
dustry, but could also obtain an opinion of the general condition of
agriculture and the popular expectations of the department. I have
been especially desirous of ascertaining the sources whence the depart-
ment obtained its statistics and crop returns, and the estimate put upon
these reports by those interested in them.
It seemed to me important to learn how far the distribution of seed
by the department had improved our old crops and introduced new ones.
Iliave been anxious to learn what breed of domesticated amimals had
been introduced wisely and increased judiciously and profitably, with due
regard to quality and market. For these observations, I have visited
Few England, Illinois, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Car-
olina, Maryland, and G^rgia, and have been liberaUy furnished with
all possible means for pursuing my work.
That the American soil is producing vast crops, at the hands of dili-
gent and intelligent cultivators, the returns of the markets constantly
bear witness ; and I can add my own testimony to the energy and skiU
with which this work is performed, even under the discouragements of
drought and flood and frost. I have found the agricultural mind of the
country active in its desire to obtain the best knowledge, and to exam-
ine and test all the best methods; and I have been especially impressed
with the vast opportunities which this department possesses for aiding
the development of our vast resources, and for accumulating and dis-
tributing information upon that great cluster of industries upon the sue-
■SFOBT OF THS OOlfMIflBIONSB OF AGRICULTCBS. 7
oMsfti] proseeatioii of wbioh the prosperity and power of oar coantry de-
pends. That in agriculture we have still great room for improvement
everyone must be aware who realizes that a large ])roportion of our staple
crops is as yet, as it were, a spontaneous production of the earth, and that
exhausted soils are abandoned for more fertile regions as the best method
of fanning.
That our manofietcturers have but just commenced their career (impor-
tant as they are) must be evident to him who remembers that fifty years
ago they had hardly an existence, and that a producing and consuming
popohition increases here at the rate of a million or more a year. That
mnch may yet be done to systematize and organize the producing and
tnuisporting business of our country no one can doubt who has studied,
sven carelessly, these great economic questions. And I am confident
that an enlarged and well endowed and well arranged department, de-
voted to industrial investigations, will commend itself to those who are
engaged in the work of legislation, upon which the policy and practical
operation of our government depend.
By surveys of the great unexplored mineral wealth of the southern
ikpes of the Alleghanies; by more careful examination of the farming
lands of the government; by supplying recortled data of our manufact-
oringand mechanical productions; by obtaining moreaccurate knowledge
of our agricultural resources and capabilities; by securing all the possi-
ble fruits of industrial education, and recording all the conditions of
labor; by pursuing our scientific investigations, in which the Agricul-
tural Department has been so long engaged, with increased zeal and
endowment, the Government of the United States may take its stand
ttiong the most enterprising and prosperous of those nations in which
iipattments ajie provided and supported for every purpose which can
possibly increase the national wealth and intelligence and stimulate the
national enterprise.
In setting forth these views, I do not overestimate the valne and im-
portanoe of a department devoted to agriculture and the industries that
tend around it and depend upon it for existence, nor do I exaggerate
the picture of that organization which will ultimately be established in
aooordanee with the legislative wisdom of the land, guided by the de-
■ands of an intelligent and prosperons people, who will spare no efibrt
to make this country equally distinguished for prosperity and that cul*
tiration which always attends the march of industry.
For the purpose of bringing the department into immediate confer-
cnee with the Tarious institntions organized to develop the agriculture
of the country, I have called delegate conventions, composed of repre-
sentatives of the State societies and the colleges founded on the land
grant of CSongress, to meet at Washington in January next, and have
assigned to each convention one of the following topics for considera-
tion,Tiz: Agricultural education, as promoted by societies and conveyed
bfeoUeg«i9; Animal Industry ; Horticulture; Cereals and Grasses. I
8 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
have also called a convention of cotton planters^ which met at Atlanta
Kovember 2, in connection with the admirable industrial exposition
there, and considered the cotton culture and general agriculture of the
cotton States. During my visit to Atlanta my attention was called to
a most remarkable exhibit of the crops, woods, mineral products, &c.,
of a section of our country south of the latitude of Washington, fur-
nished by many railroads in that section, as an illustration of the re-
sources which abound there. I have not seen in this country a more
valuable representative and illustrative exhibition of our natural wealth,
and, impressed with the idea that the examination of these products
would impress the mind of all, native and foreign, who might see them,
I have requested the parties having them in charge to bestow them
upon the Agricultural Department for proper arrangement and public
' observation. I am happy to say that several of the roads which have
made the collections have complied with my request, and I hope to be
able to exhibit in the department this most important display of some
portions of that industry, to develop which the department itself was
organized.
Of the work of the various divisions in the department, I submit the
following concise statements:
DIVISION OP GARDENS AND GROUNDS.
The distributions during the year have embraced over 100,000 plants
of^various kinds. Large quantities of the hardiest varieties of the for-
eign grape have been sent to Texas, Florida, and others of the Southern
States, with good promise of success.
The distribution of tea plants has also been continued, and prepara-
tions are in progress for a more liberal supply of tea seeds, so that the
efforts to further the intruduction of this important crop may be main-
tained.
The purposes of the experimental grounds can never be fully realized
until focUities are secured for extending the work in various suitable
localities. The department is constantly subject to demands from Cali-
fornia, Florida, and similar climatic sections for plants of semi-tropical
countries. The most important, perhaps, of these requests are those for
oranges and lemons, and for other species of the citrus family. In the
climate of Washington the propagation of semi-tropical plants is neces-
sarily confined to glass structures ; and although several thousands are
annually produced, the number is totally inadequate to meet the wants
of correspondents or make an Impression upon the progress of this branch
of culture. With a propagating establishment in an orange-growing cli-
mate, operations could be conducted on an extensive scaJe, similar to
that practiced in regard to peaches, apples, and other hardy &uit trees
in the Northern States, and to an extent more in accordance with the
requirements of the country.
Propagation would not be confined to the orange £amily ; many other
BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGUEUCULTUBE. 9
«emi-tropical plants require attention. The pine-apple, banana, guava,
ehocolate, cinnamon, coffee, tea, pepper, ginger, arrowroot, and many
fiber-producing and starch-yielding plants might be mentioned as being
altogether worthy of careftd experimental culture or for propagation.
But the value of such an establishment is not confined to the propa-
gation of plants only. There are numerous questions of much moment
which can be answered only from the results of well-directed and closely-
oondacted tests. The facts, as well as the principles involved in the
systematic rotatation of crops, r^st in comparative obscurity ; but little
is known about it, except that it is a practice absolutely essential to pro-
fitable cnltare. The same remarks apply in regard to the value of chang-
ing seeds firom one soil and climate to another soil and climate. It is
▼dl known that results follow such changes, sometimes favorably and
wanetimea unfavorably ; but how far these are influenced by soil alone,
l)j dimate alone, or their combination^ l\fi8 not reached a- decision of
practical applicability.
411 of oar cultivated plants have run into numerous varieties, many
of tl^n comparatively worthless, and many others of local value only,
or of limited special utility ; it is therefore a matter of much importance
to acquire a thorough and exact knowledge, as far as practicable, of their
nspective values, and this can only be secured by comparative tests
liiere all are cultivated under similar conditions in similar climates.
the results of such tests will also indicate the line of operations to be
poisaed in improving by crossing or by hybridizing varieties combining
spedid values ; this is a most important work, and if properly conducted
eaooot &0 in reaching results of great value. But to reach these results
win require several operative points, carefully selected sa as to embrace
distinct regions for purposes of interchange of crops, &c.
The subject is one of immense importance and might be elaborated
in extensive detaiL What has been said above merely outlines some of
the work which may occupy attention on experimental grounds.
BOTANICAL DIVISION.
During the year past the botanist has continued the work of his
divjflion as thoroughly as circumstances would permit.
His attention has been largely employed to the necessary investiga-
tions for the proper classification of the plants in the herbarium.
Extensive additions have been made during the year, chiefly of plants
from GaUfomia and the Western Territories. A valuable collection of
the plants of Southeastern Texas and the adjacent parts of Mexico has
also been procured.
These plants, however, still remain in the original packages, on account
of the withdrawal of the customary assistance which has been employed
in Uie preparation and mounting of the specimens.
The work of describing and delineating grasses for the annual report
has been continued. More extended and practical results might be
10 UBFOBT OF THX OOMHIflSIONBB OF AGRICULTUBl.
anticipated with respect of the ciiltiratioii of our native grasses, by
obsorvatious and investigatioDs in the field, which are not at present
provided for.
During the past two or three years botanical investigation in different
parts of our country, and especially in the new States and Territories,
has been unusually active ; many new species have been discovered and
a better knowledge of many others has been obtained. All that is val-
uable in the collection of these investigators should be procured at the
earliest opportunity and added to the herbarium, in order that the de-
partment may have the means of answering any inquiries respecting the
vegetable productions of the country.
The herbarium contains a representation of about nine-tenths of all
the plants at present known as natives. A portion of this number, how-
ever, are imperfect specimens, which require replacement as soon as
good and characteristic specUnens can be procured.
The value of the herbarium is not limited to its uses in connection
with this department. Inquiries sometimes occur from the Patent Office
and other departments relative to plants which have medicinal or eco-
nomic properties. Within a few years a considerable number of Oali-
fomia plants have gradually assumed importance as standard medical
remedies, and others for various economic properties, and it is certain
that as our vegetation becomes better known still other valuable addi-
tions to the arts and sciences will bo obtained from that source.
MIOEOSCOPIOAI. DIVISION.
Dui'ing the past year the microscopist has made many investigations
relating to plant and animal diseases, with a view of providing remedies.
Fruits, vegetables, and food adulteration, including butter and oleomar-
garine, milk, "poisoned cheese," diseases of wheat, orange-tree rust, pear-
leaf rust, yellows of peach, and diseases of the foliage of various trees,
have engaged his attention. He has also made many specimens of mi-
croscopical slides, illustrating animal diseases. He has discovered new
and effectual methods of distinguishing the fats of, various animals and
vegetables from each other promptly and decisively, by which means
butter and oleomargarine are distinguished at once from each other.
For several years past many correspondents have urged upon the
department the nee^ssity of publishing information on the edible mash-
room of the United States. To this end the microscopist has prepared
for publication a series of twelve typical plates in natural colors, with a
full and instnictive statement of their character, habits, and habitats,
together with the most reliable and .improved methods of preparing
mushrooms for the table.
His microscopical investigations have also comprised the search for
trichinsein the swine tlesh of the Washington markets — an animal para-
site found in the muscles of animals, and sometimes in man, producing
death by its presence — but in no c^ase has a trace of their presence been
OF THB OOiaOMIOinU OF AGBICULTUIIB. 11
ftnnd in tbe flesh of swine sold in this city, although found in speci-
mens sent from distant parts for microscopical investigation.
Mka^MOopical investigations have also been made for other divisions
of this department.
OHEHnOAL BiyiSION.
Since the completion of the work reported in the annual report of the
department for the year 1880, the following investigations and analyses
have been accomplished in the chemical division :
Analyses of 57 marls, 47 ores, &c., 2 mineral waters, 9 soils, 11 fertil-
izers, 1 medicinal plant, 4 sumacs for tannin, and 9 miscellaneous
analyses, making in all 140.
Besides the above, there have been made 1,858 analyses of saccharine
jmces, sinix>s, and sugars ; the greater part of these being the expressed
juices from thirty -eight varieties of sorghum, and eight varieties of
maize, grown upon the department grounds.
A portion of the force of the division has been occupied in making
fiinp on a small scale from sorghum and maize, and a report of these
operations, together with the report of the numerous analyses of the
eue juices, carried on in the laboratory, will be submitted as soon as it
is possible to complete final averages, tabular statements, &c., which
itffkis being prosecuted as rapidly as is possible with the force engaged.
Several other investigations of much importance are in progress,
aoong which may be mentioned the analyses of grasses and various
feeding materials, which are being carried out with a view to determine,
IB accurately as possible by the modes of analysis at present in use, the
actoal nntritive value of all the agricultural food-materials in the differ-
ent conditions in which they are sold and fed. For this purpose, a
hrge and representative collection of samples has been made and care-
My prepared for analysis.
Again, extensive work on the question of analysis of commercial fer-
tilizers is progressing. The importance of the adoption of a uniform
nethod of fertilizer analysis by all the official chemists of the country
can scarcely be overestimated. The subject has already occupied nearly
file entire time of three conventions of agricultural chemists, held in
Washington and Boston in 1880, and in Cincinnati in 1881. The method
adopted at the latter meeting, and at present in use, is only provisional.
Among other subjects that have been awaiting attention, is an exam-
ination^ certain lands which injuriously affect the growth of the cotton
plant and orange tree. The same has been earnestly requested of the
department for a long time, as has, also, a series of exhaustive analyses
of oar cereals, more especially of corn and wheat, connected in the latter
ease with experiments as to their milling properties and the bread-mak-
i&g qualities of the flour obtained therefrom.
XNTOMOLOaiOAL DIYISION.
The principal work of the past year in this division has been in rela-
tioa to the scale-insects or bark lice (family Oocoidae) which so senously
12 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
affect most kiuds of fruit trees. It grew out of the special investiga-
tion of the insects affecting the orange begun by Professor Riley in 1878,
as it was found that the chief enemies of citrus fruits were scale-insects.
So little attention had been given to this family in the United States,
however, that the investigations naturally broadened so as to include
all scale-iiisccts affecting cultivated plants, and the forthcoming report
of the-entomologist for the year 1880 is chiefly devoted to the considera-
tion of these injects. It contains a general review of their characters;
important discoveries as to their habits and mode of development; a
consideration of the most available means of destro3riug them; a special
report on the parasitic checks; and descriptions of many new species.
Various other insects of economic importance are likewise treated of in
that report, especially such as affect the sugar-cane and com.
The increased appropriation given to this division by the last Con-
gress has afforded the means for greater activity in the more practical
field work of the division, and special agents are engaged thereat in
various parts of the country. Particular attention is being paid to the
insects injuriously affecting the chief staples, as com, wheat, rice, sugar-
cane, and also to those affecting fruit trees and vegetables.
The United States Entomological Commission, which has done excel-
lent work under the Interior Department, is, by late action of Congress,
now connected with this department — a connection eminently appro-
priate. The commission is at work on its third report ; a revised and
enlarged edition of Professor Riley's report on the cotton worm is also
being prepared, and a bulletin on forest-tree insects by Dr. Packard is
in press and nearly ready for distribution.
The special investigation of the insects affecting the cotton crop is
being actively carried on, particularly in its more practical bearings,
and most valuable discoveries have been made jn mechanical details aud
principles that lessen the cost of protecting the crop and simplify the
necessary machinery.
Recognizing the importance to our Western farmers of acquiring data
upon which to predicate as to the probable action of the Rocky Moun-
tain locust in 1882, I have had an agent specially engaged under the
direction of the entomologist to gather such data in the permanent
breeding grounds of this pest, lying for the most part in the thinly set-
tled regions of the Northwest. Remembering the incalculable loss and
suffering which this insect entailed between the years 1873 and 1877 —
losses which largely helped to prolong the commercial depression of
that period — this information seems to me of sufficient moment to war-
rant annual observations of a more extended nature. There is an in-
creasing interest manifested in the work of this division, quite out of
proi>ortion even to the rapid increase in agricultural production, and
largely due to the greater attention now paid to applied science in our
educational institutions and to increased facilities for intercommunica-
tion. The correspondence of the division is so large, and the requests
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGKICULTURE.
13
for special information from all parts of the country so numerous, as to
absorb too much of the time of the division; an increased clerical force
snd assistance are imperative. In order to relieve the division of
mndi rex>etition in the replies, the entomologist will soon begin to pre-
pare a series of well-illnstrated bulletins, each treating of one of the
more imx)ortant of the insects injurious to our agriculture, and of such
convenient form and size as to be cheaply and readily mailed. A
bibliography of economic entomology, which has been commenced, will
also facilitate this labor, as it will contain a digest of whatever has been
pablished up to the present time, and a critical synopsis of remedies
duly classified*
. SEED DISTRIBUTION.
TMlar statement §h&wing (he quantity and kind of seeds issued from the seed divisioHy
Dep4urtmemt of Agriculture, under the general and special appropriation act from July 1,
1380, to Jnme 30, 1881, inclusive.
SiKriptleii of seeds.
fikt
Jimb
0*U.
lUd com
Bukwbm
Gtsm...'.!
Sifvbeei
C0O4
Jnc papers
Total
105
97
1
5
10
4
1
13
3
8
1
3
5
3
2
12
d
o
O
«M
o
e
«
I
o
3
I
^
Papen.
676.753
121,933
277
80,721
10
266
Quarts.
77, W6
18,889
11,209
63
7,907
9,387
1,621
75
7,987
229
90
21
23,524
42
283 X038.950
•3
t
d
s
'a
o
i
OQ
Paperg. Papers.
847 108,258
35 I 100
8
814
14
QfiartM.
53
62
68
16
8
28
18
154
230
20
4
16
4
8
14,940
2,088
htarts.
16,626
8,940
8,906
4,792
36
16
6
16
10
4
8
1,907 1159,746
i
g
Papers.
13,023
85
10
16,265
Quarts.
678
1,5<)8
3,278
2,815
16
34
198
20
4,294
8
6,700
1,781
84
6,415
57,808
I
CO
Papers,
Quarts.
9,372
Pa
fapere.
13,082
2,045
128
1,194
9; 872
Quarta.
5,011
328
779
285
354
836
423
485
2,060
87
13
258
49
32
725
862
2S
go
P
•d a
Papers.
1499,293
84
14
57,634
22
12
Quarts.
6,806
20,645
13,282
13,597
8
14
64
7
553,860
3
s
•d
p
1,825.922
135,269
295
115,199
138
8,588
12
116,487
50,372
82,522
16,776
18,077
10,329
2,290
740
14,651
102
7,058
2,143
159
53
30,676
914
1,878,772
14
REPORT OF THE OOHMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
Statmnent thawing Ike quantity and Jdnd of seedg i»$ned by ike Department of Agriadtiere to
Slates and Territories ravaged by grasshoppers, under special appropriation ky dmartss of
|S«),000.
Kmism
Colorado
Dakota
Xebraaka^...
TotalB
Paptrs,
225.004
88, 752
41.323 I
106. 124
Papers.
21
7
8
4d
6
S
400,203
84
14
I
Papers.
14
S
10
I
12
28
12
i
QnatU.
4
4
Qnarts.
6
QuairU.
8
1
7
14
KftDBftA...
Colorado..
Dakota...
Nebraska
Totals.
&
i
QtiartM. Quart*.
4 1 2,587
818
202
3 ; 3,309
6,806
I
Qtiarts.
6,921
2,128
802
11,294
JOl
Quarts. Quarts.
4,428 21
1.344
1,396
6,429
20,645
13,507
2
41
64
Quarts.
6
I
Quarts.
3.804
1.166
1.006
6,226
6 13,282
Onnd
toUL
242,097
42.031
45.820
223,522
653,860
STATISTICAL DIVISION.
The Statistical lUvision of the department, with a working force qoite
too small for the broad field which it is designed to occupy, has con-
tinued during the past year its plan of crop reporting which was inaug-
urated early in the history of the department
It has also collated current records of official boards, commeroi&I
organizations, and voluntary associations which hold relationship with
agriculture, or with the distribution and sale of its products. As here-
tofore, it has attempted to supply the public demand for such informa-
tion in systematic form, through published reports; the commercial and
agricultural press; and in response to requests of departments, boards,
societies, and individual publicists.
This is a work of constantly enlarging importance, in a field that is
continental, with population rapidly increasing and production swelling
in still higher ratio. It is a work demanded by the producer who would
know where to find the best markets and highest prices; by the con-
sumer who would seek abundance at a cost within his means, and with-
out extortionate exactions of the carrier and the middlemen; and by
the legitimate dealer who seeks protection, as does the farmer, against
the piratical course of the reckless speculator. It becomes a necessity —
an imperative duty, when opportune falsehood is able in a single day to
wrench millions from the grasp of producers — that the government
should forewarn and forearm the multitudes which represent its founda-
tion industry.
■duction and of the meteorological and economic flactuatione
fantlj modUy it tbrongliout thirty -eight States and ten Xer-
if snfficient importance to call for ample means and onremit-
70T.
has arrived 'tfben the crop-reporting system should be made
agfa and accnrate and its results should be commiinicated to
it the eiirtie^t possible moment. A synopsis of snch results,
o the press by telegraph, should command g.>neral pnblica-
^bont the coontry in advance of the fnll printed report for-
mail. The co-operation of statisticiil authorities of States
uniformity, and inspiring iiiureased publio confidence, may
le consammation, as it ia one greatly to be desired if proeti-
i\ States this service, modeled upwii the plan of the depart-
i^h manifeAt and profitable efficiency, has gained a strong
ipon the confidence and regiird of farmers aiul legislators.
lis system has thus been adopted in several States, and is
iperation in some European countrieH, its methods may possi-
roved, and itawork may certainly be rendered more thorough
formation, and ampler elaboration and test of accuracy, thus
more uniformly reliable i-esnlts. Its voluntary work, by
of poblio spirited fanners, should receive all practicable oon-
uid acknowledgment, and no reasonable expense ahould be
complete requisite data, and facihtate consolidation and em-
[1 accnrate resnlts.
feting of surplus production in Europe, which is yearly
increased importance, makes it necessary to obtain prompt
worthy information of current crop reporte of the world, and
af Eoropean oonntries.
tartment has already done something in thiis direction, yet
16 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE
lands and products, the peculiar adaptation of industries to looriities,
the rate of development of new and promising industries, and indeed
the collection and co-ordination of all facts representing the status or
the progress of agriculture come properly within the provinoe of this
branch of the department reserve.
FORESTRY.
The vast and increasing importance of the subject of forestry has led
to the establishment of a distinct division in the department, to be ex-
clusively devoted to such investigations of the subject as will tend to
the fullest development of the resources of the country in that resi>ect;
the discovery of the best methods of management, and the preservation
of our wasting forests, and the maintenance, in all its bearings, of the
universal interest involved in that industry.
In furtherance of this design an agent of the department is now on a
visit to different countries of Europe for the purpose of investigating
the organization, working, and previous condition of experimental for-
est stations, schools of forestry, private tree-planting, and the aid af-
forded by governments to the business of forestry.
ARTESIAN WELLS.
By an act of Congress approved June 16, 1880, it was provided:
That with a view to the reolamation of the arid and waste lands lying in certain
Western States and Territories, the Commissioner of Agricolture isjhereby authorized
to contract for the sinking of two artesian wells on the plains east of the Rooky Moont-
ains ; said wolll are to be snnk at snch places as the Commissioner of Agriculture
shall designate. • • • The sum of 120,000 is hereby appropriated to carry out th«
objects of this provision; the same to be disbursed under such rules and regulations
as the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prescribe.
Acting under this provision my predecessor in office proceeded to
make an examination of the arid country lying on the eastern slope of
the Bocky Mountains in Golorado, and selected for the first trial weU the
arid plain a few miles from the Arkansas Eiver, adjoining the militaiy
reservation of Fort Lyon.
On my accession to office an examination showed that on June 30 this
well had been bored to the depth of 450 feet, at an expense of $18,353.55.
By an act of Congress approved March 3, 1881, an appropriation ol
$10,009 was made ^^ For the reclamation of the arid and waste lands
lying in certain Western States and Territories.''
Bealizing that the success of the well at Fort Lyon was not commen-
surate with its cost, and believing that the continuance of the work
would absorb the additional appropriation, without practical result^ I
conduded to have an intelligent scientific survey made of the country
to be benefited, and an examination made of the well at Fort Lyon.
After conference with Prof. J. W. Powell, Director of the United Stat^
Geological Survey, I appointed Prof. 0. A. White and Prof. Samuel
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE. 17
Anghey, both emment geologists, with instructions to visit the well at
Fort Lyon, and to explore the eastern slope of the Eocky Mountains with
a Tiew to determine proper sites for the location of wells in future,
Bhoold SQch be the pleasure of Congress.
Hon. Horace Beach, of Wisconsin, a gentleman of large experience
in sinking wells, was subsequently added to the commission. These
gentlemen took the field in the latter part of August and prosecuted
thdr labors as long as the season would allow. A preliminary report
of this commission accompanies this (Appendix A).
Acting upon the information contained in the report of these gentle-
men, that the well was not located in a section of country geologicaUy
promising success, I have suspended work upon it for the present.
AORICULTX7RE OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE.
By act of Congress approved March 3, 1881, an appropriation was
nude of $5,000, ^^to enable the Commissioner of Agriculture to pro-
enie and publish data touching the agricultural needs of that portion
of the United States lying west of the Bocky Mountains."
To carry out this provision, I appointed Prof. E. W. Hilgard, of the
State Agricultural College of California, Hon. Robert W. Furnas, of
l^ebraska, and Hon. T. 0. Jones, of Ohio, commissioners, with instruc-
tions to investigate and report upon the cultivation of the grape on the
Pad&c coast, and especially the inducements offered by the soil and
climate of New Mexico for vine culture in reference to supplying the
maiket with valuable grapes, wines, and raisins; to report upon the
animal industries of that section, and to examine and report upon the
agri<»iltaral methods prevailing, and the general management of land
fot horticultural as well as agricultural purposes.
This oommission took the field in the latter part of August, and I
shall have the pleasure of laying their report before Congress early in
January.
EXAMINATION OF WOOLS AND ANIMAL FIBEES.
The work of examination of wools during the past year has been al-
most exclnsively devoted to the continuation of the measurement of the
fineness of the fibers, and the mathematical calculations necessary to the
^esentation of the results in such form that they may be readily under-
stood by all interested in the woolen industries, in every part of the
world, whether they be producers, dealers, or manufacturers.
It is difficult, by a written description, to make one, unacquainted with
the methods necessarily involved in the accurate execution of this work,
eomprehend the amount of tedious and patient labor required, but an
approximate idea of it may be obtained from the fact that it has been
neoessiyy to make with the microscope at least 75,000 individual meas-
urements of fibers, the immediate results of which, to secure the accuracy
dedied, were of necessity relative, so that each one had to be reduced
2 AO
18 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
by calculation to the absolute standard. We have thus measured in
all about 600 samples of wool of different qualities, making altogether
about 2,100.
An interesting feature of our work is found in the fact that through the
courtesy of Mr. William G. Markham, secretary of the National Associa-
tion of Wool Growers, we have been able to make measurements of wools
from Germany, graded by one of high authority on the subject of the
German system of classification, so that we are able to present authori-
tative figures for the comparison of the fiineness of our own wools with
the celebrated products of the old world.
In this comparison we find that many of our manufacturers are at fault,
when they complain that it is impossible to obtain in this country wools
of* the fineness required in the best work. It enables us to confidently
affirm that it is possible to produce in the United States as fine wools
as can be produced in any other part of the world j and further, that the
fineness of the products of the Saxony and Spanish merinos have not
deteriorated since their introduction to this country, wherever the main-
tenance of this quality has been kept in view by the breeders.
Examination of the felting properties of the wools has not yet been
begun, because our time has thus jfar been fully occupied with the work
connected with the measurements of fineness, and of the tensile strength
and of some of the mechanical difficulties involved, requiring the con-
struction of si)e(jial apparatus, both to facilitate and hasten the opera-
tions, as well as to insure perfect accuracy in the results.
This apparatus is now in course of construction, and will in a very
short time be put into actual operation. It is expected that this branch
of our investigation will give exceptionally interesting data, upon
which to base estimates of the commercial and manufacturing value of
the wools brought to our markets. In the measurements of the tensile
strength, ductility, and elasticity more progress haa been made.
A large number of samples have been prepared for examination of the
minute structure of the fiber, as modified by the breed and the conditions
to which the animals producing the fiber may have been subject. The
limited observations that we have made in this direction indicate that
it will prove an important field of inquiry, and that the results that are
possible may have a bearing upon the determinations of the purity of
any given breed under consideration.
Our report upon this inquiry will be accompanied by drawings, illus-
trating the peculiarities to which we refer. A large amount of labor is
still necessary for the completion of the investigation as contemplated by
the act of Congress ordering it. The work is being pushed forward
with all due diligence and rapidity, and it is hoped that provision will
not only be made for its entire completion, but that we may be enabled
to extend our researches to wools of other sections of the country, and
produced under different conditions of breeding, feeding, management,
and climate.
REPORT OF THE COHBOSSIONER OF AORICULTURB. 19
I would suggest that an examination of cotton fibers, prodnoed nnder
different conditions of variety, cultnre, soil, and climate, should be un-
dertaken and prosecuted in a similar manner, and there can be no
doubt that, if the suggestion be adopted, the results obtained will be of
quite as great value to the cotton industry as those we have already
obtained are to the woolen industry.
The results of the proposed examination of cottons would make ad-
ditions of an entirely new character to the literature of the fiber, for we
know of no investigations looking to the determination of the tensile
strength, at least. And there is just now a very favorable opportunity
tor securing the material for examination in the International Gotten
Exposition being held in Atlanta, Oa., where samples from all parts of
ihQ world will be obtainable.
OBiPE OXJLTUBB AND WINE-MAEIN<}.
During the past year there has been in course of preparation a rex>ort
upon the caltore of the vine, and the manufacture of wine in Europe,
having for its object an exposition of the more important principles upon
▼kich this great industry is based, and upon which success in its prose-
cotian dex>end8.
The work is governed by the idea, that for wine-making in this country
it is better for those desiring to enter upon this branch of agricultural
isduBtry to begin with inexpensive methods and arrangements, to pro-
dflce large crops of wines of medium quality, which may be early sent
to market and sold at low prices, and thus made to yield quick and
pn^table returns, rather than from the first to attempt to produce wines
of high grade to rival those of the more celebrated qualities of the old
▼odd. The latter is believed, with our new vineyards, comparatively
new varieties, and general want of knowledge and experience on the sub-
ject, to be practically impossible, and that it may therefore be accepted
as a general rule that it is better to devote all possible energy to the
production of good, healthy table wines for the present, and wait for the
larger exx>erience this will afford and the accession of new varieties to
lead to the production of wines of higher grades.
With this end in view it has been the endeavor in the preparation of
this report to present those principles of vineyard and cellar mana<?e-
ment, as may be applied, with the greatest measure of economy and the
greatest probability of yielding profitable results. It is hoped that this
report will be completed and ready for publication early in February
next.
MANUFACTURE OP SUGAR PROM SORGHUM.
Congress at its last session appropriated the sum of $25,000 for er-
pent^s of machinery and apparatus, labor, &c., to continue experiments
in the manufacture of sugar from sorghum and other sugar-producing
plants, the appropriation to be made immediately availablCt My pred-
20 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
ecessor had purchased the jnachinery and other apparatus, appointed
several additional chemists^ and made contracts with parties residing
near the city to raise the soi^hnm cane for experiment. Upon assum-
ing the duties of the office I found growing 135 acres of sorghum cane,
consisting of 62 varieties. One of the farms on which this cane had
been planted was within the city limits, the other two were located some
distance beyond the boundary. Having engaged the services of an
expert in sugar-making, who had been highly recommended for the posi-
tion, operations were commenced at the mill on September 26, and con-
tinued with slight interruptions until the latter part of October, at which
time the supply of cane became exhausted. Forty-two acres of the 135
planted in sorghum were overtaken by the frost before sufficiently ripe
for use, and the crop was so badly damaged as to be regarded as unfit
for experiment.
The following condensed statement gives the results of the operations
for the season :
Statanent showing amount of sorghum cane raised, amount man^faotured into sugar and
sirup f and to cost of raising and manufacturing.
Acres of cane passed through crushing-miU • 93.5
Yield of cane ^er acre in pounds 4,903
Pounds of cane crushed 456,444
Gallous of Juice obtained iifter defecation 26,794
Pounds of sirup obtained 34,985
Gallons of sirup obtained 2,977
Pounds of sugar obtained 165
The expenses of raising the cane were as follows:
Rent of land $1,854 00
Labor aud superinteudence 3,474 22
Tools aud implements 347 13
Hire of teams aud hauling cane to miU 914 10
Total 6,589 45
Expense of converting the cane raised into sirup and sugar:
Paid for labor and running mill $1,342 11
Coal and wood 325 48
Total 1,667 59
Of the sirup made there has been sold 2,328 gallons, at 33 cents per
gallon, and the money covered into the Treasury.
TEA OULTUBB.
At the last session of Congress an item was included in the agricult-
ural appropriation biU providing $10,000 for experiments in connection
with the culture and manufacture of tea.
On entering upon the duties of my office as Commissioner, I insti-
tuted a careful examination of the condition of this enterprise both
BEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONEB OP AGRICULTCTRE:. 2T
financially and economically. The disposition of the appropriation L
found to be as follows:
SorreTing |225 00
Fumiture 116 00
Iron safe 365 00
Wagon and harness 252 00
Salaries, labor, and expense acoonnt.... 3,377 11
Total 4,335 11
In order to ascertain the precise condition and value of the experiment
being carried on in South OaroUna, I directed, on July 9, Mr. WiUiam
Saunders, the horticulturist of the department, to proceed to Summer-
Tille and to examine the premises and report upon the work. His state-
ment, which will be found in full in Appendix B, sets forth that the 200
acres of land selected for the experiment are most of them covered with
a heavy forest growth, the soil being "poor, hungry sand,'' of a charac-
ter "to support only the scantiest kind of vegetation.'' Of this, about
15 acres had been cleared and was under a primitive cultivation. On
these acres operations were commenced in January last; a space was
prepared for sowing the tea seed, and preparation was made for cover-
ing the plants, which when young suffer severely on being exposed to
the sun. The plants were growing well and constituted the entire tea
crop of the farm. Mr. Saunders reported that " with regard to the future
prospects of the enterprise, if continued in the line of the present scheme
aod under the present system, it may be said that there is not much room
for encouragement." The poverty of the soil and the character of the
climate, in which frosts sometimes occur, seem to be unfavorable to the
production of strong, highly-flavored teas, as had already been proved
bj an experiment in Mcintosh, Ga.
is to the f nture management of the tea fann [says Mr. Sannders], following the oon-
Tiction that no experiment which can he made in the culture of tea at this place wiU
▼srrant a continuation of the undertaking, it may he suggested that expenses he oat
down to the lowest figures admissible; that all operations of clearing the ground of
stomps and trees be stopped at onco ; that until further notice the mule team be em-
jkjtd in d^csp plowing, harrowing, and putting in thorough condition for planting
about 6 acree of the best portion of the cleared land, which can be used for the forma-
tion of a nnrsery of tea plants if desired; that the expensive supeiiutendence be modi-
fied, so that $300 per month will not be paid for the management of |60 worth of labor
dfiiing the 8anie period of time, as at present, and that all labor cease, except so much
as may be found necessary to look after the young plants.
Acting on this advice, I have disposed of all the animals except one
horse; have removed a large portion of the ontfit to Washington, and
have employed one person, whose duty it is to look after the growing
plants, of which a few thousand have been distributed by the depart-
ment. In concluding his report, Mr. Saunders says:
In a general way it may be stated that since July 1, 1880, $15,000 have been appro-
I^iated by Congress for the encouragement of tea culture. So far as is visible to the
ordinary observer, the only practical, palpable result of expenditurfB from this fund
k what is to be found and what has been done on this farm.
22 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.
On assuming control ot the Department of Agricoltnre I found that
my predecessor had provided for a continuation of the investigation of
contagious diseases of domesticated animals by assigning to duty those
previously employed and the appointment of an additional number of
veterinary surgeons. This additional force seems to have been made
necessary by the increased duties imposed by Congress in making an
appropriation for the purpose of determining the extent to which the
disease known as contagious pleuro-pneumonia exists in the States
heretofore reported as infected with the malady. Agents for this pur-
pose had been appointed in the following-named States : New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. Two surgeons had been
appointed in New Jersey, one of whom had been directed to make
examinations also in Delaware.
The agent in Maryland had been directed to extend his investigations
into the District of Columbia, and such counties on the eastern border
of Virginia as he might be able to visit. As these agents were engaged
in an active prosecution of the investigation, it was thought best to
oontiHue th^n until the work was completed, or at least until satisfac-
tory evidence was obtained as to the prevalence or non-existence of
this destructive disease in the territory above named.
Notwithstanding the many disadvantages under which these agents
have labored^ being witiiout either State or governmental authority for
making inspections, their reports indicate the existence of contagious
pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in the above-named States and in the
District of Columbia. While but comparatively few acute cases of the
disease were discovered, many chronic cases and numbers of infected
stables, premises, &c., were found in a majority of the localities visited.
The reports of these veterinary surgeons will be submitted in detail
hereafter.
In addition to further experiments for the purpose of more accurately
determining the nature of the diseases known as swine plague and fowl
cholera. Dr. D.E. Salmon had been instructed to institute and carry out
as thorough an inquiry as possible into the nature and peculiar charac-
teristics of the fatal disease among cattle known as Spanish fever. TMs
inquiry was regarded as necessary for the purpose of more definitely
determining the nature of the virus or infecting principle of the disease
— ^the part of the body in which this virus multiplies, and the manner
in which it is excreted and conveyed to healthy animals.
To properly understand this disease it would seem necessary to know
how an animal, apparently healthy, can be the means of so widely dis-
seminating so fata-1 a malady, and why those actually affected with it
in its most destructive type are unable to transmit it to other animals.
Another equally important point to be determined is, as to how the
virus of this tliscase can become acclimated and resist a temperature
much lower than was formerly possible, and to what extent this aocli-
BEPOST OF THE COIOOBSIONEB OF AGBICULTUBE. 28
mation may continue, and consequently what danger there may be of
the Northern States becoming permanently infected in the future.
These points once clearly and definitely established, much more effective
measures for the prevention of the disease may be devised than are now
possible.
The past season has been rather an unfavorable one for the success-
ful prosecution of this investigation, owing to the fact that the disease
has prevailed to a much less extent than in former years. Dr. Salmon
has, however, made some important discoveries in regard to the trans-
mission of the malady, having already successfully inoculated several
He is still engaged on this branch of his work, and as soon as the results
of Ms experiments are more definitely determined, a detailed report of
his investigation will be transmitted for the consideration of Congress.
Dr. BL J. Detmers was instructed to continue his experiments with
the disease known as swine plague, with special reference to ascertain-
mg what agents seem to offer the best results when used as prophy-
lactics. He was advised to put to a practical test, on a large scale, the
subjects selected for experiment. By studying the disease in large
herds, and watching closely the effects of the agents used, it was thought
Ihat a cheap, simple, and efficient preventive of this destructive disease
might be discovered and a lasting benefit thus confen-ed on the farming
eimimunity and the nation generally. A full report of the results of
hie exx)eriments will be submitted hereafter.
In addition to the above-named diseases, which require still further
exp^iments to definitely determine all their peculiar characteristics,
there are many other destructive contagious maladies which, as yet,
have received no consideration at the hands of this department.
The most important, because the most fatal and destructive, of these
diseases is that of anthrax or charbon. Many classes of our domesti-
cated animals are subject to this disease, and perhaps the annual losses
fit>in this malady are heavier than firom any other single disease now
prevalent among our farm animals. While the investigations referred
to were going on in this country, Dr. Lyman, a veterinary surgeon who
had been employed for that purpose, was pursuing his investigations
in England with regard to the alleged existence of pleuropneumonia
and foot and mouth disease among cattle landed in that country from
the United States. He was accompanied by Professor Whitney, the
aeoomplished microscopist^ and the results of his scientific inquiry and
of his conferences with the privy council are interesting and valuable.
He was instructed by my predecessor to continue the investigations
imdertaken by the department in England the previous year. In an
interview with the privy council Dr. Lyman requested that an examina-
tion of jwrtions of diseased lungs taken from the cattle condenmed last
year might be made by the veterinary surgeon of the council and him-
self unitedly, at the same time assuring them that no pleuro-pneumonia
had been found West, and that this department had employed compe-
24 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE
tent officers to inspect all snspected districts along the Atlantic coast.
As the result of the examination, the British veterinary surgeon, Dr.
Brown, expressed the opinion that there need be no occasion for alarm
in the future with regard to condemning cattle, and that "if the United
States was entirely free firom pleuro-pneumonia no condemnations would
be made upon lungs presenting the appearances only of those that were
condemned last year.^ It appears that out of 32,000 animals imported
into English ports, outside of Liverpool, in six months ending June 25,
1881, only 35 had been condemned even under the suspicion of having
contagious pleuropneumonia. And Dr. Lyman remarks that —
As a result of my conference with the authorities of Great Britain upon this subject,
I think it may safely be stated that the impressions which they held regarding the
health, in this respect, of our western herds, have been materially changed, and that
lungs, having a certain appearance, heretofore condemned as being of contagions
pleuTO-pneumonia, will not be so considered in the future.
Between January 1 and May 31, 1881, large numbers of American
cattle landing at London, Liverpool, and Glasgow were considered as
having foot-and-mouth disease. Careful investigation shows that the
disease, if it existed, was caused by infection communicated to the cat-
tle after they were shipped firom American ports, and is to be attribu-
ted to exposure to the virus imported into England from France, and
spread abroad fi^om Deptford market, where it was first discovered. It
is considered possible that the disease may be imparted to American
cattle by the use of the head-ropes, which are often taken from diseased
European animals and used on board American vessels employed in the
cattle trade, and also by taking on board these vessels articles for ship-
ment firom wharves where diseased cattle have been landed. K this
theory is true, legislation will be required to remedy the evil. Dr. Ly-
man reports that during his stay in Great Britain no diseased hogs
were landed from the United States. He quotes firom the report of the
veterinary department of the privy council for the year 1879 a statement
showing that out of 279 portions of swine flesh taken fi*om American
hogs that had been condemned and slaughtered on account of swine
fever, only three were found to contain living trichinae. The British
report, after giving as a reason why the direct importation of American
pork was not prohibited, that ^^such a measure would have damaged
the trade without producing any satisfactory results,'' continues : " Be-
sides, trichinosis among swine is known to exist in Germany, and it
probably exists in other exporting countries, so that nothing short of
prohibition of swine flesh in all forms from all foreign sources would
have been effectual." "In view of the recent total embargo placed by
some of the foreign governments upon the imports of our hog products
on account of the alleged existence in them of trichinflB,'' it is recom-
mended that measures be taken to ascertain more definitely what per-
centage of American hogs are thus diseased, the geographical distribu-
tion of the disease in this country, and all other information which may
EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
25
aid Id devising snch means as shall decrease to a minimum their exist-
ence in American pork products.
With regard to the transportation of cattle to the European markets,
I am happy to say that American cattle, shipped from American ports,
" arrive at their destination with fewer bruises and in better condition
generally than do those from some of the neighboring European ports."
The losses of cattle on ship-board from January 1 to September 30,
18S0, exceeded 5 per cent. In the corresponding months of 1881 the
losses were about 2^ per cent.
SUaAR FROMBBETS.
Under the act of Congress appropriating $10,000 "for the continua-
tion of experiments in connection with the manufacture of sugar from
beets, and for the cultivation of beets for that purpose," my predecessor
contracted for improved English and French implements for cultivating
the beet, which were to be loaned to the Delaware Beet Sugar Company,
at Wilmington, DeL I have carried out the agreement made by him,
and in addition thereto ^ave contracted for a large quantity of selected
seed of the sugar beet for distribution to those persons who shall agree
to grow the beet for sugar-making purposes.
BISBURSINO OFFICE.
The following table exhibits in a condensed form the appropriations
made by Congress for this department, the disbursements and unex-
pended balance for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881:
ObjMt of sppTopriAtkm.
CaBeetiBg Btatistios
?ttickMeof seeds
XxperixMaital gArden ,
and herb*rinm ^...
Meee, and repairs ,
It expenses
of erotmds ,
?rntiB|EUid biDutng ,
l^srton forestry
IiTMtijpUinx the history and habits of insects
lBv«>tif:atfiiK the diseases of swine. Aco
IxaninatioDs of wools and animal fibers
XsehiBcTy . Stc. , for experiments in the mannfkotnre of sagar
Data reepectinjc the needs of arid regions
Isrhmarion of arid and wastelands
Amount
appropriated.
$69,200
10,000
80,000
7,600
1,000
5,000
1,000
4,000
10,000
4,000
5,000
11,000
5,000
6,000
10,000
4,000
7,500
5,000
20,000
Amount dis*
horsed.
».
80.
7.
1,
5,
1,
4,
»,
4.
5,
11,
3,
4,
10,
4,
7.
185 22
985 60
ouo 00
GOO 00
000 00
000 00
000 00
000 00
745 49
000 00
000 00
000 00
702 51
997 31
000 00
000 00
500 00
18, 353 55
Amonnt nn-
expended.
114 78
14 40
254 51
1, 237 49
2 60
1,646 45
Very respectfully,
GEO. B. LOEING,
Commissioner of Agriculture,
APPENDIX.
A.
Hon. Geo. 6. Loring,
CommisHaner of Agrieulture:
Sir : In accordance with your verbal request, we herewith anbrnlt to yon, in ad-
vance of our final report upon the general subject of locating artesian wells upon the
arid plains of the West, a orief report upon the experimental well which is now being
bored near Fort Lyon, Colo., under the auspices of the Agricultural Department.
At the time of our visit there, September 1, of the present year, the boring had
reached a depth of 658 feet, and the work waft still in progress. No water was flowing
from the bottom of the boring then, but the superintendent in charge of the work re-
ported to ns a constant flow of water at the surface, and as coming from a point in the
boring 430 feet beneath, at the rate of 3 gallons per hour. This amount is too small
to be regarded as of any practical importance, and the boring may, therefore, be re-
garded as thus far an unsuccessful one. '
After a somewhat careful investigation of the geologj^ of that vicinity, we reached
the conclusion that even if the boring were to be continued until the granitic or nn-
Btratified rocks are reached (which would probably be within less than 1,000 feet be-
neath the lowest point which the drill had reached at the time of our visit), it is very
probable that a plentiful supply of water*will not be obtained then. Our reasons for
this opinion are explained in the following remarks.
In our final rei>ort we shall discuss the dins of the strata within the region which
we examined during the past summer, togetner with their lithologidal characteristics,
as those questions are found to bear upon the probabilities or otherwise of obtaining
water by means of artesian borings. Anticipating briefly a portion of this discussion,
we may remark, that while pursuing our investigations in the valley of Arkansas River,
in which valley the boring in question has been located, we ascertained to our satis-
faction that from a short mstance east of the town of Pueblo to the eastern boundary
of Colarado that river runs upon a gentle anticlinal axis ; that is, while the surface of
the region adjacent to the river valley slopes towards the river upon both sides, the
strata which underlie the surface dip away from the river both northward and soutibi-
ward. There is also a general eastwardly dip of the same strata, which we ascer-
tained to coincide almost exactly with the slope of the stream, which slope is esti-
mated at some six or eight feet to the mile, but the dip of the strata is not nuite so
uniform as the slope of the stream : that is, there are very gentle and broaa undu-
lations of the strata, which bring, lor example, certain readuy recognizable layers a
little above the level of the stream at some places, and at others passing them a little
beneath it.
Now, wo find that the borins near Fort Lyon has been located upon one of those
gentle rises of the strata, which has brought to view in the banks of the river there
the certain layers referred to, which, in their extension, are beneath the level of the
river above that locality, and which also pass beneath the level of the river a few
miles below it. According to these determinations, there is a slight dip of the strata
in all dii^ections away from the neighlwrhood in which the boring is located, of which
dips the whole series of stratified rocks, the deeper as well as those which are visible,
which underlie that locality, doubtless partake.
Applying the well-known theory of artesian wells to the condition of the strata in
the neighborhood of Fort Lyon, as we have explained it, an unfavorable result may
be reasonably expected from the boring now being prosecuted there.
If that region were a humid instead of an arid one, and the earth there was satu-
rated with water, as it is in humid regions, it is believed that the unfavorable dips of
the strata which have been referred to are so slight that a fair supply of water might
possibly rise to the surface in the boring near Fort Lyons by means of the general
favorable dip to the eastward, which all the strata have been shown to have in the
region of the Aikausas Valley. But it is believed that in so dry a region borings ai*
26
BEPOST OF THE COMBOSSIONEB OF AGRICULTIJBE. 27
likely to prore really sncoessfnl only in the most favorable localities as to dip and
eharacter of strata.
We ascertained that the boring near Fort Lyon had been begnn upon the Colorado
or middle group of Cretaceous strata near its base, the valley there beiug excavated
ont of the npper portion. The drill had passed through the remainder of this group ;
then throngn the Dakota or lower group of the Cretaceous series ; then through the
Jurassic series, and int« the Triassic.
In consequence of the destruction or disarrangement of a large portion of the core
which had been brought out of the boring by means of the diamond drill before our
arrival, we were not aole to study fully the fine section of the strata which had been
pierced by the drill which that core would have presented if it had been carefully
preserved-
By examination of the portions of the core that were preserved in connection with
the statements famished us by the superintendent in charge of the work, we assigned
to each gronp of strata that had been pierced by the drill the thickness expressed by
thie following figures :
Feet.
L Colorado gronp, Cietaceons 100
1 Dakota fi^ronp. Cretaceous 300
IJoiaseic 250
iXriMsic 28
The drill bad passed into the Triassic gronp of strata only about 28 feet, and it is
kaown that mach more of that gronp yet remains to be pierced. The foregoing meas-
uementa indicAte that the several groups of strata, which have been passed through by
the drill, are considerably thinner than they are where they are upturned against the
bsse of the Rocky Mountains, about 100 miles to the westward. This fact indicates
that all the groaps of strata beneath that portion of the great plains will be found to
grow thinner to the eastward from the mountains ; and that therefore the whole series
of itTatilied rocks which exist there may be pierced by boring a considerable distatice
OBt upon the plains at a much less depth than they would be nearer the mountains
yihtn the aggregate thickness of those strata, as seen, where they are upturned
ifiiBst the noiountains. is very great.
We infer from this also that the Triassic group in which the drill is now working in
the boring, neai Fort Lyon, is there probably not more than 1,000 feet thick, and
tlistit may be considerably less.
At the baae of the mountains the Triassic strata rest directly upon the granitic or
iiOB-«tratified rocks, and they probably do the same beneath Fort Lyon. If so, the
bsM of the Triassic and of the whole series of stratified rocks which exist there will
W reached by not exceeding 1,000 feet more of boring. We also think it is barely
poinble that water may rise to the surface in that boring, when the base of all the
Untified rocks there is reached by the ilrill, but, as before explained, we believe such
i Rsolt to be -very doubtful.
We are deafly of the opinion that in any case it will be useless to continue the
boring into the non-stratined rocks.
3aee yon have expressed a wish that we should be explicit in the expression of our
Tiews upon this subject, we may add that believing the conditions of the strata which
■aderhe tbe snrface in the vicinity of Fort Lyon to be unfavorable to success in ob-
tKAing a satisfactory flow of water from the boring now in progress there, a permanent
discoDtinaance of the work at any time would be justifiable.
A» geologists, however, we would mnoh prefer to have the work continued and the
ton of the drill carefully preserved until the non-stratified rocks are reached. We
iko beg to improve this and every opportunity to recommend the use of the core-drill
is all fatare borings that may be made under your direction, l>ecause the prenerved
eoie of sneh borings will give us a knowledge of the geological structure beneath the
maface of the great plains that ean be obtained in no other way.
We have constantly declined any communication or correspondence with any and
all petaans interested in well-boMag machinery of any kind, and we make the above
lecommendation wholly in the interests of geological science.
Very respectfully submitted*
C. A. WHITE,
SAMUEL AUOIIEY,
Oammisnoners f9r locaUng ArMan Wells upon Arid ami H'aate Lands,
Washdcotoii, D. C, November 9, 188L
28 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTITRE.
Hon. Georob B. Loring,
CommiMtoner of Agriculture :
Sir : In accordance with yonr letter of July 9, instmcting me to proceed to Snm-
merville, S. C, for the purpose of examining and reporting npon the condition and
prospects of the government tea garden, investigate as to its a^cnltural, financial,
and general condition, the property of the government connected with it, the expense
of continuing it npon the present basis, the progress of the culture hitherto made, the
future prospects of the enterprise, and make a thorough examination of the whole
matter, I have the honor to submit the following report :
Leaving Washington on the morning of July 12, 1 reached Charleston on the forenoon
of the 13th, too late for the morning trains to Sommerville; that station was not
reached nntil evening.
Earlv on the moning of the 14th I proceeded to the farm and spent the day, as also
the following day, inspecting the property.
The land leased by the department consists of 200 acres, most of which is covered
with a heavy forest growth which may be cleared and fitted for plowing at an expense
of from $50 to $100 per acre. I understood Mr. Jackson (the superintendent) to say
that the lowest bid he had received for clearing the forest growth was $80 per acre.
A portion of the estate, immediately surrounding the ruins of the old mansion, was
comparatively cleared, scattering stumps and trees only bein^ left. The removal of
these and other debris has been nearly completed over something like 15 acres, all of
which is nearly ready for the plow ; and, indeed, with the exception of 4 or 5 acres,
has been plowed this spring, and most of it sown with cow-pea, to be turned under
as a fertilizer.
The soil is a poor, hungry sand. Some portions of the tract might be classed as a
poor, sandy loam (as some appearance of loam may be detected in it), but it is of a
character to support only the scantiest kind of vegetation.
A course of ameliorative culture, including manuring, would be required before
attempting to procure reasonably satisfactory crops of even such annual maturine
plants as are usually grown in that climate ; but for permanent ligneous plants, such
as the tea plant, a much more thorough preparation than that conveyed above would
be essentially necesbary, including deep plowing and cross-plowing, followed in each
furrow .by a deep subsoiling, to prepare a proper physical or mechanical condition of
soil for the fr«e ramification of roots.
With regard to the progress of the work, operations were commenced during Janu-
ary of this year. The first object was to prepare a space to sow the tea seeds as soon
as they arrived, and prepare shading material to cover them, as the yoong plants
suffer severely when exposed to the sun.
The shading here is accomplished by using clapboards laid closelv together npon a
frame- work elevated about 18 inches above tne surface of the ground.
The seeds were sown as soon as they arrived, and they have germinated very satis-
factorily, and will furnish plants for many acres. These are uie only tea plants on
the farm.
Acting under instructions received from the department, the superintendent has
marked out a straight road 60 feet in width, which courses through the center of the
cleared ground, crossing an old artificial lake, which is border^ by trees and low
vegetation, and which jKissesses a considerable degree of rural beauty. The orosmn^
over the lake is proposed to be efi'ected by an iron bridge. This is to be substituted
for the present road, which gracefully follows the curving outline of the lake at about
30 feet from the straight ro^ now in course of formation.
The ruins of the old mansion comprise a large quantity of broken bricks and old
mortar. This is now being removed and used for making the above-mentioned road.
The instructions to the superintendent called for the complete clearing out of this old
material, so that a ground plan of the old house could be secured with a view to
restoring the buUdin^.
This brief description shows the condition of the farm, the general character of the
soil, and the progress made in the culture of the tea^^^fii.
With regard to the future prospects of the enterprise, if continued in the line of ttie
present scheme and nnder the present system, it may be said that there is not much
room for encouragement.
A few remarks relative to the position of tea culture in America, as at present under-
stood, may assist us in arriving at an intelligent view of the matter. Por the past
twenty years the department has annually distributed a number of tea plants, in vary-
ing quantities of from 10,000 to 50,000 plants yearly, the obiect in view being to intro-
duce the plant to the notice of farmers and planters, so that they could familiarize
themselves with its characteristics and its adaptability to climates and localities ; also,
that experiments might be made with the leaves in the preparation of an article for
domestic use.
In many instances this waa bo satia&ctory as to encourage further plantings, so that
#
BEPORT OP THE COMBHSSIONER OP AORICULTUBB. 29
•mall plantations of one-foarth of an aero and npwards in extent were here and
there to be found. Many of the samples of tea prepared in a domestic way were pro-
noaaoed to be very good, and the department for the past twelve years or more nas
freqaenily been the recipient of teas which were creditably manufactured, and other-
wise con^dered commendable. In the latter part of the year 1879, Mr. J. Jackson, the
present superintendent of ^e tea farm at SunmiervOle, who had been for many years
eoj^aged in the manufacture of tea in British India, being in the United States on a
pleasure tour, had his attention called to the efforts of the department in the introduc-
tion of tliis industry ; and looking oyer the matter he concluded to purchase one of
the largeat of these incipient tea plantations, situated in Georgia, for the purpose of
making experiments in the manuiacture of tea. His first effort at the manufacture
was made m the spring of last year (1880), and the result was deemed encouraging ;
eaoples of his teas were received by the department where they were exhibited and
tested; bnt while the manufacture and appearance of the teas were commended they
vere pronounced to be deficient in strength.
Dnnng last fall and winter. Mr. Jackson gave special attention to the plants in the
way of pnmingy manuring, &c. In consequence, the plants made a most satisfactory
fToWth, giTiniP five crops of leaves, which allowed Mr. Jackson a fair opportunity to
vBst tiie cost of manufacture, which has convinced him that teas may be placed on the
Buu^et at a cost not exceeding twenty-five cents per pound. This crop has also been
tested by experts, and their opmion again shows tnat the teas are deficient in strength.
About 20 ponnos of this crop was sent to the department, from whence it was dis-
tributed for testing as samples of American tea. It is therefore evident that the great
defect of these teas is lack of strength.
It is an established fact that the strength of teas depends upon the climate where
the plant is grown. The warmest tea climates produce the strongest teas.
Teas prod need in localities where frosts occur are always pronounced to be weaker
than teas which are produced in localities where the thermometer never reaches to the
freedng point. This is well understood in all tea-growing countries, and it certainly
woold not be 'wise to ignore the fact in making experiments in this country.
He position may be considered as fairly represented as follows : Having every rea-
lOD to oonolndo that the locality near Mcintosh, 6a., is too far north for the produo-
tioa of teas which possess sufficient of strength and pungency to command the best
prices, or even promable prices, it is therefore consideired proper to try the experiment
at Summsrville, 8. C, which is one and a half degrees further north I
Bowever unfortunate it may be, it is clearly eviaent that the tea experiments must
he made in a more southern latitude. The State of Florida may be looked upon as
pnaenting the most favorable conditions, yid if the experiments are to be proceeded
with, (iterations should be transferred to that State witnout delay.
I found the property of the department, as per abstract furnished me, all well oared
fat. In addition, I found a saddle-hoTse for the superintendent, and several other items
cf recent pnrchase.
li to the future management of the tea farm, following the oonviction that no
a[perinient which can be made in the culture of tea at this place will warrant a con-
timiation of the imdertaking, it may be suggested that expenses be cut down to the
lowest figure admissible ; that all operations of clearing ground of stumps and trees
he stopped at once ; that, until further notice, a mule team be employed in deep plow-
ing, harrowinff, and putting in thorough condition for planting about 6 acres of the
hest portion of the cleared land, which can be used for the formation of a nursery of
tea jMants, if desired ; that the expensive superintendence be modified so that|300 per
iDonth will not be paid for the management of |60 worth of labor during the same period
flf tijoe, as at present, and that all labor cease, except so much as may be found neoes-
WBj to look aner the young plants.
In the matter of finance, the accounts in the office of the disbursing clerk of the
department can be referred to at anv time for details.
m a general way, it may be stated that since July 1, 1880, |15,000 have been appro-
pfiated by Congress for encouragement of tea culture. So far as is visible to the ordi-
aarr observer, the only practical, palpable result of expenditures from this fund is
Tb&t i» to bo found and what has been done on this farm. The only building on the
{iTDperty is a small shed-looking house, which is used as an office. There is no stable
cmivenieuces ; the mules and the horse are kept in a rented stable at SummerviUe,
ahout 3 miles from the farm.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
WILLIAM SAUNDERS,
Supaintendent of GardeM, fo,
WASBniGTON, D. C, July 19, 1881.
30 REPORT OF THE C01IMI88IONER OF AARICnLTURB.
CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA AND FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE,
FouBTH Rkpobt of Chas. p. Lyman, F. R. C. Y. 8.
Hon. Geo. B. Lorinq,
Commissioyier of Agriculture :
Sir: Congress, at its last session, appropriated the snm of $15,000 for the purpose of
enabling the Department of Agriculture to ascertain, as accurately as possible, all
facte in relation to the existence of contagious plpuro-pneumonia among cattle in the
United States. For this puri^ose there were appointed, in March last, several veteri-
narians of experience with this disease, who were located at various points throughout
the entire infected region and directed to collect all information which should enable
them to point out the exact location of all herds of cattle within a certain prescribed
district, for each one, that might be affected with the disease. They were also ordered to
rejport the general drift of the movement of cattle within such district, so that, in case
evidence might be found that such animals were being collected for shipment, or were
being idiipped out from the district, early knowledge of the fact, together with infor-
mation relating to their probable destination, might at once be communinat^d to this
department. Much of this work has been accomplished, and the result of their inves-
tigations will be found detailed in the accompanying reports which I have the honor
oiVresentine to you herewith.
While in this way it was thought that statistics of value as to the number of diseased
animals and the distribution of the malady over the infected area might be gain^,
it was well understood that the reports would not, in the nature of the circumstances
under which the data must necessarily be collected, be anything more than approxi-
mations of the truth, and as such, simply, they are offered, with the hope and m the
conviction that they will prove to be of service to any who may desire tomake com-
putations which shall show the probable number of cattle that would have to be paid
for in case ''stamping out" with remuneration was decided upon as a moans of ridding
our country of this foreign disease. And, further, it was thought that it would show
what became of dangerous cattle, more especially of the calves from such districts, for,
within the past year, much has been very properly said and written as to the danger
of transplanting this disease into the great herds of the West by means of a trade to
them of Bastem-bred calves, a danger wfiich it seemed to be of great importance to
have accurate knowledge concerning, that restrictive measures, were they found to be
necessary, might at once be undertaken. While the examinations by these inspectors
are more thorough than any heretofore made by the government, still I mnst confess
to a disappointment; for when it is borne in mind that whatever inspections are
made, whatever advice concerning the disposition of diseased and infected animals is
followed, that, in fact, whatever knowledge of any kind regarding the absolute condi-
tion of these herds was to be had only by and through the courtesy of the cattle own-
ers themselves, many of whom, I am sorry to say, have thrown unexpected obstacles
in the way, it will be seen that the reports cannot be as full and complete as the neces-
sity demands. These remarks do not apply, however, to the States of Pennsylvania
and New Jersey, where the secretary of the State boani of agriculture, Hon. Thos. J.
Edge, in the former, and the secretary of the State board of health, E. M. Hunt, M. D.,
in the latter, have rendered such cheerful and powerful assistance that the reports
from thene two States should be looked upon as being more than approximat^ely correct.
From the honoiable the Commissioner of Agriculture I received in May last the fol-
lowing instructions:
** You will, on or about the 10th day of June, proximo, take passage for Great Brit-
ain, and having arrived there you will continue your investigations undertaken for
the Department of Agriculture, in England, last season. These examinations may be
pursued by you during the summer months or such a part thereof as may be found nec-
essary, at such port or ports of Great Britain as the circumstances exising from time to
time may seem to demand.
" It will be well if you can persna<le the veterinarians employed by the Grovernment
of Great Britain to join you in making a thorough examination of any animals, or
lungs thereof, arriving from the United States that may appear to them to show symp-
toms or h'sions of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, with a view to the settlement, if pos-
sible, of the present conteHted question as to whether the animals now so freely con-
doniued by them as showing the presence, of this disease really do have it, or if the
lesions of some other disease have been mistaken for it, as is shown by the i*esult of
your own examination of the lungs of animals that were pronounced by the British
authorities to be unmistakably affected by pleuro-pneumonia oanta^fiotfo.
BEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE. 81
''As a part also of yonr dnties yon will, so far as possible, examine in a proper man-
ner the hogs arriving in Great Britain from the United States dnring your stay there,
with a Tiew of ascertaining to how great an extent they are diseased or are infected
with trichinse.
''Y'oQ will also investigate, so far as possible and as circumstances may seem to de-
mand, the ouestion of the existence of any other contagious diseases that may be
present or alleged to be present among any animals arriving in Great Britain from this
oonntry."
In accordance with these instmctions, I have the honor to report that upon June
24 1 arrived in London, and the next day called upon the Right Hon. Mr. Mundella,
Vice-President of the Privy Council, to whom I presented my credentials and stated
the objects of my mission. He said that the matter seemed to him to be of great im-
portance, and that it had best be laid at once before the Lord President of the Council,
And for this purpose he appointed so early a time as one o'clock the following Monday,
June 27.
At the hour designated, in company with his excellency Minister Lowell and Dr.
Whitney, patbologint, I proceeded to the Privy Council Office, where we were re-
oei?ed by the Lonl President, Earl Spencer, the Vice-President^ the Right Hon. Mr.
Mundella. the secretary, Mr. Pe«l. and the Veterinarian-in-Chief, Professor Brown.
Mr. Lowell introduced us and briefly stated the object of our visit, saying that, as the
particular request we had to make to the Couucil had been reduced to' writing, with
m lordship's permission he would proceed to read it. Dr. Whitney then read the fol-
lowing paper :
"My Lori> Spekcer and Gentlemen: We have ventured to ask this conference of
yoo to-day in order to call your special attention to this, the third report upon conta-
tioai plenro-pneamonia, recently issued by the Department of Agriculture of the United
States, and to the fact that the conclusions arrived at therein are at variance with
t]iess of your inspectors.
'* In oraer that a more thorough understanding of this difference of opinion may be
ictehfed, we respectfully ask that the question may be reconsidered.
''For this purpose specimens of condemned lungs, upon which this report is ba6ed
have been brought to London, and we respectnilly ask leave to submit them to
7«<i, or to experts selected by you. at any time and place that may be most con-
Tni^t. And we farther hope that yen will allow us, together with these sanie gen-
tiemen, to examine the lungs of any Western cattle now coming to Great Britain from
tkeiioitsof Boston or Portland, which maybe condemned by your inspectors as affected
vitneootagioua pleuro-pneumonia. As the Government of the Unite<l States have un-
tertsken to carry out measures which must eventually result in the extermination of
the disease, and hope before long to be able to show a country entirely free from this
noorge, it is of the utmost importance that the finer appearances of the disease should
W cittily recosnized ; for even after the country is entirely free it is very possible that
Inngs may be K>and from time to time, similar to those condemned last summer, that
piCMst groeslT the appearance hitherto ascribed to contagious pleuro-pneumonia, but
m^adi, in reality, result from chronic inflammatory processes entirely unconnected
vith contagion. And these appearances, unless the antuority of precedent is corrected,
nd|ht cause insurmountable restrictions to be imposed."
^Howine the reading of this paper, questions were asked by his Lordship and other
members of the councU present^ which developed the fact that the Department of
Agncdture hskd already establuhed throughout the infected district a corps of in-
•pMtors, all of them veterinarians of experience with pleuro-pneumonia, whose duty
it vas to knoTV and report to their department the location and numliei-s of diseased
berda, their movements, and the movement of all calves from among tlieiu ; that Mr.
LMcLean, M. R- C. V. S., had, in its interest, traveled extensively through the West,
amy of the large feeding stables in and about the larger cities of the West, and cer-
ktiii other isolated herds ; in fact, that all intimations coming to the knowMed^xc of tho
department which seemed to indicate in any way that pleuro-])nenmonia mi;;ht have
ttexlfitence in the West or anywhere outside of the known infected district, had been
ttdwonld continue to be thorougly investigated. As yet no such disease hud been
fcmd; in the event of its making its appearance in any new locality, mosc certainly
tbe department would have and make x)ublic early and positive information concern-
ffle it. That I could, as a result of these examinations, together with much reliable
infonnatiou gleaned, from other sources, most emphatical^ state that pleuro-pncu-
ttioma had no existence in the West, or along certain lines of rail leading to Boaton
tod Portland, or in or about these ports, nor did I think it possible that calves fioni
diiea«ed herds could go West without the fact being known to inspectors of the do-
pvtnj<eni.
Asa result, both our requests were very cordially granted; the question was trdered
32
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
roopenod and the Veteriuarian-in-Cluef was directed to examine, with ua, both the spe-
cimens of last summer's condemnation that we had brought with us, and the lungs of
any of the designated animals that might be condemned during our stay in that coun-
try.
On June 28 we called by appointment upon Professor Brown with specimens from
all of the lungs that were condmned for pleuro-pneumonia at Liverpool, during my
stay there last summer.* These were carefully examined by Professor Brown, who
said that before giving an opinion he should very much prefer that the whole patho-
logical part of the question should be gone into by Professor Yeo, pathologiBt at King's
College, and that he would arrange that we meet the professor fortius purpose as soon
as possible.
As a result of this desire, on July 7 we visited King's College^ where we met Pro-
fessor Yeo, who, after a rather hurried examination of the specimens, said he would
not absolutely sa^y that these changes were due to contagious pleuro-pneumonia ; he
could only do so in any case after seeing the fresh specimen, as he considered it im-
possible to make an absolute diagnosis without noting carefiuly the entire relation of
the diseased portions of lung to uie healthy tissues of the same organ. He was rather
inclined to the belief that there is no change resulting in the lungs of cattle, from
either an acute or chronic inflammation, which may not be, so far as its appearances
under the microscope are concerned, duplicated by the action of the disease saiown as
contagions pleuro-pneumonia.
The only positive thing that he did state in relation to the specimens was that he
considered the changes shown in them to be the result of a disease of at least two to
three months' standing. Unfortunately for us during the whole of our stay, which
was until the 16th of August, no condemnations for pleuro-pneumonia were made,
therefore we could not furnish to Professor Yeo the fresh specimens demanded, and
the matter, so far as he was concerned, ended here.
Before we left. Professor Brown assured me that he did not think there need be any
occasion for alarm in the future: tJuit if our country was entirely free from pleuro-pneu-
monia, no condemnations would be made upon lungs presenting the appearances only
of those that were condemned in my presence last year.
The following tabulated statement contains the particulars of all of the condemna-
tions of American animals for pleuro-pneumonia that have been made in Great BritaiD
this y^ar, so far as I am informed. If others are to be added they have arrived there
since August 16 :
Kame of ateamahip.
lOlaneae
Greeoe
Utopian
Bolileawlg;
AaaTTiaiiMoxiarch
Bochester
Anatralia
CityofBriatol....
Minneaota
France
Snmatra
Edinburgh
Devon .••
From port of—
Boston.....
New York
New York
New York
New York
Boaton
New York
New York
Boaton....
New York
Boaton....
Boaton.
New York
To port ol^
jjondon .•••.■■•.
I^mdon .....•.•■
London ••••
London.........
London
London
London
Liverpool
Liverpool. ......
London
London...
London.........
Briatol
Bate
landed.
188L
Jan. 4
Jan. 12
Jan. 13
Jan. 16
Jan. 19
Jan. 28
Jmn.28
Feb. 1
Feb. 4
Feb. 9
Feb. 27
Apr. 15
Jnnel6
4
5
2
2
12
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
Nomber V
Ma»king a total of 37 animals from January 1, 1881.
Of these there were condemned in London from New York 23 ; London from Boston,
11 ; Liverpool from New York, 1 ; Liverpool from Boston, 1 ; Bristol ftx>m New York, 1.
There were landed in Liven)ool, from January 1 to August 12, 30,310 cattle, from
which 2 only were condemned. Exactly what number were landed in London and
at other British ports during this time, I have as yet been unable to ascertain; but
during the six months ending June 25, 1881, there were landed in Great Britain from
the Imited States 56,721 head. This would make at all the other ports except Liver-
pool, during the six months, about 32,000 animals, of which 1 wasoondemnea in Bris-
tol and 34 in London, as suffering from contagious pleuro-pneumonia.
In this connection I feel it my duty to repoft to you as a result of my two seasons'
inspections in England, that while the governmental examinations at Liverpool are
conducted so carefully and methodically that there is no danger of a wrong crodit be-
ing given for a case of disease found, there is, in my opinion, every chance that in
Lonaon a diseased lung found in the slaughter houses at Deptford foreign 'animads
market, may be returned as coming from a port in the United States through which
the animal never passed ; or even that an animal landed there from France or other
European country, the lung of which is condemned as showing lesions of pleuro-pnen-
*See Senate Ex. Doc No. 5, 46th Congress, 3d session, p. 9.
BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE. 33
monifty may be letnmed to the Privy Council O Aoe as coming from the United States,
or fioteerML
On the 90th of July last, in the conrse of a conversation on this point, the inspector
at Deptford stated to me that his method for detecting pleuro-pnenmonia was when
he did not diagnose it in the living animal (and he aolmowledged that his accommo-
dations for socn examinations were inadequate) to have all the longs reserved and after-
vards examine them carefully, and when a nodule of any kind was discovered to cut
down upon and examine it critically. He further remarked that when he foond adia-
eated long and had not previously condemned the animal, there ictu goaroely any wuirk
tpam tibtf ooroaM 6jr which duetutd anifMl could be identiJUd, When asked how he reported
Boch a case to the Privy Council, he said he simply reported it as one case of pleaio-
imeamonia. To the further question as to what country, or what cargo the diseased
uiimal was credited, whenever animals from two or three different countries or ports
were b«ng sbiagbtered by the same person at the same time, as was very often the
case, he answered that he never had any diffioulty in identifying the animal.
As a resalt of my conference with the authorities of Great Britain upon this snbject>,
I think it m«y safely be stated that the impressions which they held regarding the
health, in thia respect, of our Western herds have been materially changed, and that
loBgi naving a certain appearance, heretofore condemned as being that of contagious
pleoro-pnenmonia, will not be so considered in the future.
8till the fact remains that we, as a country, are not free from this disease, that it
eootimies ita ravages to some extent amon^ the herds in a narrow strip of country ex-
tending froQi about New York City to and including the District of Columbia, and the
diiteiet abont Alexandria in Virginia, and that so long as this state of affairs is allowed
to exist it will be impossible to obtain any relief whatever from the present burden-
mne reatrictionB placed upon all our cattle going to Great Britain. Nor shall we in
anj way be able to prevent the ultimate spread of the disease to our Western herds, and
their oooseqaent destruction, unless restrictive measures are at once adopted.
As a remedy against present loss and future danger from this source, I cannot do
better than to ask your consideration of my recommendation of last year, viz: Let
Coo^rBBB enact, such measures, and authorize such an execution of them, as shall im-
mdiately restrict the movement of cattle out from and within infected districts, and
la time eradicate every case of lung plague.
Inasmuch as there are at present two very important questions, both of them having
s Toy material bearing upon the methods to be adopted for ridding a country of
plearo-pneoBonia, I would sugg^ the propriety of undertaking, in addition to the
preKDt work of the division, a plan of experimental study with a view of ascertain-
UL Whether plenro-pneumonia contagiosa can be communicated in any way except
hy aetoal contact of the healthy with the diseased living animal ; and
id. Whetiier or not unprotected animals can safely be introduced into a stable in
vbch the disease has formerly existed, but into which no animal but those that have
been properly inoculated and have recovered have been allowed to enter for M>me
tiae, and in which it is known that the disease in its pure form has not existed ror at
iesit eix months.
There is very much that might be said upon these two questions, but probably the
litateaKnt will be sufficient here that high English authority, including that of tlie
phTy council, assert an unbelief in the mediate contagion theory of spreacl, while other
sod perhaps as good authority both in England and in tbe United Slates say that
their own actaal experience causes them to nold opinions exactly the reverse.
In regard to the second proposition, while the practice of preventive inoculation is
by no means new, it is a fact that recently its management h:u) seemed to be better
inderstood in some ways, and the results of its systematic practice in the Netherlands
lut in certain parts of Great Britain, as well as upon isolated diseased premises within
onr own districts seem to show a rather easy way of possiblv ridding ourselves of the
•eoorge, especially in our larger infected city dairies. While such eminent authority
a Fleming asserts that it can bo done, the fact still remains that no country has as
let, in this way, rid itself of the plague.
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEA.S1S.
In Jannary of this year the Veterinary Division of the Department of Agriculture
was notified by the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council tbat 59 cattle affected
vith foot-and-mouth disease had been landed at Deptford (London) from New York
br the steamship France. This warning was followed in a few days by a notification
that at the name place 267 cattle from the steamer City of Liverpool, from New York,
had been similarly condemned. These notifications continued to arrive at frequent
interrala, all of them relating to condemnations made at London, until on March 2Sf
viih the condemnation of 371 cattle from the Ht.eamMbip City of Liverpool, the mani-
feitations of the disease among our animals at this port stopped as suddenly as it had
begmi.
3 JLQ
34
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIOOTlR OF * AGRICULTURE.
In the mean time, however, notice had been received tliat on the 17th of March the
disease had been found at Liverpool, whou, on that day, 208 animals lirom Portland,
by the steamship Lake Manitoba, were condemned as suffering from it. From this
time, notably on May 11, when 694 such condftmnations were made from the cargo of
the lowa^ from Boston, nntil Jnne 9, notices of its arrival at this port continued to be
received, trhen it subsided as suddenly as it had done at London, with the condemna-
tion of 137 animals, by the steamship Istrian, from Boston. Before this desired end
was reached, however, notice had been received that a cargo had been landed at Glaa-
ffow from the steamship Phcenician, from Boston, amon^ which 235 bullocks siitfering
mm fbot^hd-raonth disease had been condemned. Here its appearance began and
ended with the landing of this cargo.
Immediately upon the receipt of this information, means were undertaken which it
was hcmed and supposed would lead to the source of this new and threatening danger.
Car»fm inspections of animals going abroad were made at the porte of debarkation;
bertain cattle that had been condemned upon reaching England were traced to the
Eastern yards and from thence to Chicago, to which place Mr. McLean, M. R. C. V. S.,
was sent. From there he sriccessfully traced them on to other stock yards, and in a anm-
ber of instances even into th^ stables where they had be<^n feeding for weeks; uotwith-
standini^ all of whlch^ no indications of the presence of the disease could be discovered.
This bemg the unsatisfactory state of affair at the time it was determined to send a
representative to England in connection with the pleuro-pueumouia inqtiiry, the
added instruction was given me as already detailed, in the hope that some solution
of the problem might be reached.
Therefore, upon landing in Liverpool, and before proceeding to London^ I at once
visited the wharves upon the Birkenhead side of the river, upon which animals frt>m
the United States are landed. Here I found but few cattle, and they appe^ired to be
in a perfectly healthy condition. Great precautions had been taken to render the
buildings and premises free from the contagion of foot-and-mouth disease ; small brick
furnaces, in which sulphur had been burned, were placed within short dist-iinces of
one anotner in the buildings ; a very large quantity of strong lime-wash, in which, I
was told, had been disolved 20 per cent, of crude carbolic acid, had been used tipon
sdl the walls of the bnildings, both inside and out ; also upon all runs, fbtices, ont-
buildinffs, &«., about the place, small boxes had been arranged into which, before
being allowed to leave the inclosed premises, all men that had been in contact in any
way with the condemned animals were obliged to go and receive a thorough fumiga-
tion. These sanitary and preventive measures were established by the inspector,
Mr. Moore, F. R. C. V. S., and were carried out in a most thorough and praiseworthy
manner.
As no disease offering opportunity for examinations existed here at this tinie, I
decided to go immediately to London and there ask permission of the proper authori-
ties to prosecute my investigations upon premises under their control. During the
meeting with the council on June 27, to which I have referx'cd in the re]if)rt upon
plenro- pneumonia, some conversation regarding the landing of foot-and-mouth disease
took place, and in answer to questions put to me by L<>rd Spencer 1 stated that so fat
as I knew and believed, and that much time and eOort had been used to demonstrate
the truth, the disease had no existence among the animals in the United States. This,
of course, surprised theui, and they were at as great a loss as myself to account for its
appearance, and immediately offered to do all in their power to help ascertain the
facts. Afterwards I told Professor Brown that if he would send an inspector with ns,
that we mi£[ht together investignte the matter, I should bo glad to oave hlni do so.
This proposition, however, he failed to accept.
At the Veterinary Department I was furnished a list of the names and dates of land-
ing of all the steamers from which American animals had been condemned as suffer-
ing from foot-and-mouth disease upon arrival, as fbllows :
Name of steamship.
France
Citj' of Liverpool
City of London...
Kocbestor
France
Faraday
Greece
l^akeHanitoba...
City of Liverpool
PalVstino
l^iko N<'pi«;on
l(»\va -.
Pbrrnician
Istrian....
From port of—
Total.
New York .
New York ,
Now York .
BoHtou
New York
N«w York
New York .
Pt»rtLand . .
New York
Boston
Portland ..
Boston . .'. .
Boston....
Boston
To port of—
London...
London...
London...
London ...
London...
London . . .
Xxindon . . .
Liverpool ,
London . . .
Liverpool
Liverpool
Liverpool ,
Glasgow..
Liverpool
Date of
landing.
Number
condemned.
1R81.
Jan. 1
Jan. 6
Jan. 18
Jan. 28
Feb. 9
Feb. 13
Feb. 23
Kar.lT
Mar. 23
Mar. 27
Apr. 7
Hay 11
May 31
Jnne 9
59
267
12
43
66
839
871
118
9 m
187
SEPOBT 0F THE OOttitldfiidl^lnt 6* AGRICULTUltE. 85
I concluded iti beg^ this inresti^tion h^ calling upon the otriiets, dr thoee repte-
tmting the rArioiia eteftmen from which condemned animals had been landed. At
the office of the National Line, represented in the above list by the Ftance and Qreece,
the statement was made that all of the vessels of this company upon arriving at the
port of London with cattle trannblp them some distance down Uie river on to a tender,
which takes them from there to Deptford. Sometimes this change is made in the
stRsm ; St others the transport boat goes with the vessel into the dock, in which case
there must be a detention of at least one tide. These transport boats are pit>vided by
the London General Steam Navigation Company nnder contract to the Veterinary
Department of the PHvy Council; they are of good size, and there is never more than
one provided at a time, althongh at various times there have been a number of different
QOfs nsed. It is understood that this tendet is thoroughly disinfected between each
esigo.
8TBAMSHJP TRASCR—niiST DISEASED CARGO.
The vessel on her outward trip sailed from Loudon on November 27, 1880, having
jUMDg her cargo manufactured goods oiily. On the homeward voyage she arrived in
London Janaary 1. 1881. The animals were transshipped without delay, and althongh
BO one on board had any knowledge of the existence of disease atnong thedi. there
▼ere condemned, four hours after landing at Deptford, 59 head as affected witn foot-
ind-month disease. ^
STEAMSHIP ERANCE— SECOND DISEASED CARGO.
This ship sailed acaiu from London January 7, having among her cargo 21 bales
VarseUleii trdol, 2 bales goat SkinsL 11 bags English wool, 32 bales of skins from Bom-
b^, 15 casks of tolt^d skins from England, 50 bales unwashed Australian and 200 bales
SiHtian wool. This wool was stored in No 1 orlop iknd No. 5 steerage deck (she also
osried two tmUs and eight heifers, consigned to the ''American Horse Exohanffe,
Limited," in New York, when npon arrival, January 21, 1881,^ they were foiind to be
affected irith foot-and-mouth disease and quarantined fo^ 90 days.) On herrotilm
trip all cattle were carried on the main deck. She arrived in London again oh Feb-
mvy 9, when the following telenam was received from the captain: "France
arrived at 12 o'clock; lost 18 cattle on the voyage.'' She was not docked until 10
a^dock next morning. Upon the examination or the cattle at Deptford, 56 heail
voe ooDdemiied for Sot-and-month disease.
^TEAMSillP GREECE.
This t-eiiiel Iniiled from London on her outward trip January 20, 1881, having amotia
W ear^o t bale rabbit skins, ^ bales raw skins, 2:1 bales dry English skins, and 50
Vain Rnaiian wool. This wool Was stored in the steerage where the cattle were car*
ikd on th« return voyage. She arrived back oni the 23d of Febrtiat^, and the captain
tdqmpbed : ** Af rived at 2.45 p. m., and cattle now going out.'' Upon being exam-
iara St Deptfbrd 23 head were condemned for foot-ahd-montb disease.
Becanae these ressels dock some distance down the river, it is believed that no head-
fofca. griiii-bagSj pails, or other afticles used about the cattle during the voyage, and
vbi^ are all landed with them at Deptford, under the law, are r^shipped, as the ex-
pease of tninapbrtation and dockage rates wonUl be vety high. The cattle fittingsare
iH Rained, but are thorotighly disinfected afiet each voya'je. No live cattle nave
CTerbeen carried asitdres. Tbe presence of the disease bad nevei* b«iPii^'logge<l."
Mr. Brinks, visiting agent fbr the compaliy, was very stire that none of the disease in
qiwtion had been noticed on any Of their bo^ts. At the tiiiie the Fruuce had laudt^l
ber second "diseased" cargo, he had gotie to Deptford to see the cattle, and fouud
thnn sick, as he was told, with foot-and-mouth disease : that they Were sick he was
istisHed. Jnst afterward (February 23), on the arrival of the Greece, he went on
bnsrrd and made a careful examination of the animals in company with the first officer
10(1 Mr. Pilling, representing the consignee, Mr. Bell (who had come to the st'Oamei
etpeeially for this purpose), and the he^ cattleman. As a result, they all agreed iti
di^lariug that there was no sickness whatever anioug them.
Captain Pierce, of the Greece, said that he did not notice any disease among the cat-
xlf" on this voyage ; it is his habit during a voyage to go below ahd among the animals.
Whmever cattle die on board he logs the fact ; he has never logged an outbreak of
Brkneas becaose he has never yet had one.
We next called npon Messrs. William Ross 4l Co., agents of the City Line, repre-
ttoted in the Mat by the City of Liverpool and City of London. These fetteamei-s never
Ko to Deptford, bnt transship their cattle in precisely the same hmimer sm do those just
2e%criljea.
8TEA3I5H1P CITY OF LIVERPOOL^FIKST DISEASED CAUGO.
This veasel sailed from London on the outward voyage November 28, 1880^ having
•BODg heroAigoS bales wool,18tODa salted hides,«nd 19 bales dry Skins. On ths
36 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
bomeward voyage she arrived in London January 6, 1881. The cattle were traoA-
shipped at once ; of these, after being landed at Deptford, 267 head were condemned as
suffering from foot-and-mouth disease.
STEAMSHIP CITT OF LIVEBPOOL— SECOND DISEASED CARGO.
On this voyase the ship sailed fh>m London February 11, 1881, having among the
cargo 22 Ibns salted hides and skins, 5 bales wool, 214 bales '' greasy" wool (probably
Australian), and 12 bales skins.
On the homeward voyage she arrived in London on March 20, when, because the
steamer had not been tele|praphed from Gravesend, there was no transport ready to re-
ceive the cattle, she therefore docked with them still on board, and it was not until the
second day after that they were transshipped, and on the 23d, 371 head were condemned
as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease.
STEAMSHIP CITY OF LONDON.
This vessel on her outward trip sailed from London December 11, 1880, having among
her cargo 35 tons salted hides, 4 tons salted skins, and 2 tons dry skins. On the
homewf^ voyage %be arrived in London January 17, 1881, where, on account of the
state of the tide, and to save time, the transport accompanied her into the dock, as is
very often done under such circumstances. This caused so much of a delay that the
animals were not examined until the next day, at which time 12 head were condemned
as suffering from foot-and-mouth disease.
These vessels have never carried any live stores, nor have they, so far as known,
over carried back to America any head-ropes, bags, pails, &c., that had been in the
Deptford lairages. The cattle fittings are permanent, thoroughly disinfected after
each voyage, and whenever repairs upon them are needed it is done in America, and
with luml^ procured there.
We next saw Messrs. Adamson & Ronaldson, who made the following statements
regarding steamers under their control:
STEAMSHIP BOCHESTER.
This vessel, on her outward voyage, ^iled from London on Decembw 8, 1880, hav-
ing among her cargo 131 bales ox wool (probably Australian unwashed). On her
homewardtrip, after a long and storm^r passiuj^e, she reached London January 28, when,
at a considerable distance down the river, the cattle were put on board the tranaport
boat. This was not the common practice, but was in fact the only time she had not
gone alongside at Deptford to discharge. Upon being examined, all that were left of
the oriebial shipment, viz., 42 head, were condemned as suffering from foot-and-
mouth disease. Concerning this shipment I was told that the animals, before going
on board, were detained on the railroad four days over time by snow-storms, during
which they were probably neither fed nor watered. Upon reaching Boston they went
immediately on board ship; seemed very tired and laid down at anoe; shortly after,
two died ; soon they commenced dying in large numbers, and the carci^sses were thrown
overboiffd. Owing to the unprecedented roughness of the passage, the cattle arrived
very much bruised and exhausted, and, in the opinion of the owners of the vessel, this
was the cady cause for their oondemnaUon. The practice of the steamers of this line
is to go alon^de the landing stages at Deptford and discharge the cattle direct, sim-
ply because it is convenient for tiiem to do so, as they berth at the Millwood docks,
which are just across the river. They never carry any live stores, and the cattle fit-
tings are put up at Boston, and when repairs are necessary they are made there.
When asked if they ever carried back to America any head-ropes, bags, dec, from the
premises at Deptford, they at first said '^No,''but, upon looking into tne matter, found
that the steamer Milanese, sailing from London October 2, 1680, the steamer Sumatra,
sailing from London June 16, 1881,»the steamer Housa, sailing from London June 27,
1881, had done so, and they now thought it more than possible that upon other occa-
sions other steamers had carried to Boston bundles of such ropes, which had been
brought to the ships by watermen's boats directly from the Deptford lairages.
STEAMSHIP FARADAT.
This vessel is owned by the Messrs. Siemen Bros., but at the time of the voyage in
question was chartered to Messrs. Adamson &, Ronaldson. In 1878 she was employed
in carrying cattle; later she was engaged in laying telegraphic cable and, towards the
close of the year 1879, she was laid up in Millwood dock, where she remained empt^
for more than a year. She had carried live stores while laying cable, but not when
engaged on these other voyages.
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE. 37
The cattle fittingB were put ny partly while nhe was in Millwood docks, and partly
during the oatward Toyage, of lumber obtained in England ; she has never carried
any pTOTend^ head-ropes, p^ls* or grain-bags. This vessel on her on t ward trip sailed
from London in November, 18du, with a cargo among which were 2,b48 bales of Rns-
sian wool loaded into the tanks, at the bottom of the vessel, generally used for storing
the cable. The combings of the hatches are raised about 4 feet above the level of the
docks, so that it was thought if a bale had been broken while being hoisted out the
wool wOTild have fallen back into the tiuik, and not have been scattered over any of
the decks npon which cattle were afterwaras carried. Going into New York, when off
Sandy Hook, she broke her propeller, and was obliged to lay up in Brooklyn for sev-
eral weeks before taking on board her live cargo, which she did at the Henderson
docks in New York. The passage home was a very long one, some twenty-one or
twenty-two days, and it was not until the consignee of the cattle, Mr. Bell, or his
a^ent, wait on board the ship upon her arrival home that there was thought to be any
disease among the cattle; he, however, discovered it then. She went alongside the
landing stage, at Deptford, on February 13. and discharged her cattle, &om which
were condemned 339 head as suffering from ioot-and-mou& disease.
8TBAMBHIP LAKE MANITOBA AND 8. 8. LAK1E NEPIGON.
Although the representatives of the Beaver Line, to which both these steamers
1861, 1 have to inform yon that 208 head were landed affected with foot-and-mouth
disHise from the Lake Manitoba, and 113 head from the Lake Nepigon. The outward
cargoei by each steamer were the usual general cargoes, and contained no hides, skins,
hesd-npM, i^ails, Slc. The disease did not .develop during the voyage sufAciently to
kin and ofiftcers of the steamers, and no entries were
under the notice of the captain
Bade in the log-book respecting it. On the voyage in question the Lake Manitoba
left Pcstland the 5th of March, and the Lake Nepigon the 22d of the same month, but
had no Hve stock on ship^ account on board. The shippers of the cattle were Messrs.
B. Cnig &, Co. and D. H. Craig, ex. Lake Manitoba ; Messrs. B. Craig & Co. and D.
E Craig, ex. Liake Nepigon."
Calling npon Messrs. George Warren & Co., representatives of the steamers Pales-
tiae aad Iowa, I received the following information:
8TBAJCSHIP PALEBTINB.
Tbe steamer left Liverpool on her outward voyage February 24, having among her
csgo 4 casks skins. Altnough there was no mention of there being any head-ropes,
4e.^ on board. I was assured that possibly there might have been some, as they often
. ta^them. On the homeward voyage she left Boston March 12, and arrived in Liver-
pot^ and discharged her animals bv going alongside the landing stage (as all vessels
^ It this -part) on the 27th of March, when 186 head were condemned as suffering from
foot>ai^.montn disease.
STKAMflHTP IOWA.
I Tkis vessel on her outward voyaee left Liverpool April 12, having among her cargo
4€iiks wet skins, 328 bags hide cuttings, 4 Jmndlia com-bdga and 4 huMlea heoM-rwes from
tUlmngea 1o B. Craig 4* Co., 83 coils old roi>e, 600 salted hides, 21 bales dry hides, and
1£ bacB Yorkshire wool. She left Boston on the homeward trip April 30, at noon, with
iboQt 449 cattle shipped by Thomas Crawford & Co., S. W. Clark, C. M. Acer <& Co.
(wlneh, the eentlemen remarked, is the same as Craig), R. Craig &> Co., John S. Fra-
*t, 1), Conghlin, F. R Lingham, and T. and F. Uttev. The first disease, said by one
^ the cattwmen to be foot-and-mouth, was, says the ship's log, noticed at 8 a. m.
^ the 6th of May, among animals belonging to C. M. Acer A Co., on the port side of
t^ after steerage ; on the 7th of May, at 8 a. m., the same trouble was showing among
cutle by the forward hatch, belonging to R. Craig & Co. ; on the 9th, at 4 a. m., it
vtt discovered among other cattle occupying space in the after steerage, forward
steerage, main deck, and starbooffd idley-way ; on the 10th, at 4 a. m., it is recorded
that foot-and-mouth disease is still spreading among the cattle all over the main deck,
aad on the 11th of May, at 6 a. m., at which time they were landed in Liverpool, the
^aae had spread throughout the ship, and 694 head were condemned as being affected
^th the disease.
The Iowa has never carried to America from England any cattle, calves, sheep, or
pigs; neither do any vessels of this line carry live stores. The cattle fittings araput
ift sod repaired at Boston.
38 REPORT OP THE COmCISSIOl^R OF AGRICULTURE.
STKAMSHir PHCENICIAN.
Tliis vessel is of tlio Allan Line, and of Diat division of it liaving its headqoarten
at Glasgow. From tho firm there I have the following inforinntiou concerning her:
On the two previous voyages, that is, since the 20th of Septemher, IbBO, she was
employed in the River Plate traile, where she carried no cattle. Upon the outward
trip, of the voyi^ge in question, she had simply the ordinary general cargo, not having
among it any articles that couJd with reason he supiKfsed to have heen in any way
in contact with diseased animals of any kind. On th^ return voyage she left Boston
at 1.45 p. m., on the 17th of May. The cattle, 2311 head in afl, were shipped by J. Mc-
Shane, jr., of Montreal. The first symptoms of sickness amonjB^ them were noticed three
days ah^^r the vessel had left port, '^on an old bull;" from him the infection speedily
spread through the rest of the cattle, until, upon the 3l8t of May, when she landed
tnem at Glasgow, 235 head were conaemued as sutfering from foot-and-mouth disease.
Her cattle fittings were put in and all repaired in Boston. She did not carry any live
stores, nor was there anything about her which could have given rise to the disease.
In a letter on the subject the Messrs. Allan say, ^* We are satisfied t^at the ailment
originated with the old bull, and was brought from America ; he, however, had recov-
ered before the eu4 of th® voyage.'*
Concerning this shipment, 1 had learned early in June, from the Messrs. Allan, at
Boston^ that of the 23U animals shipped on this vessel by Mr. McShane, p\x c4u:-loa4^
consisting of 103 head, were Canadian cattle, and l.*^7 head were Western States Mtpen.
Thesp steers were bought of Munroe, of l]nghton (Boston), fwd the ]q|; wa§ ipade pipaf
follows: •
Thirty-head lot, averaging 1,331 pounds, bqught of JL Str^hom ^ Co., Cl^icago,
May 7.
Thirty-seven head, of a lot of 127 hea<^, averaging 1,302 pounds^ b0i)g])ti of R. Stri^
hoin & Cq., Chicago, May 7.
Sixteen-head lot, averaging 1,400 ponD-ls, bought of R. Strahoiu ^^ Co., Chicago,
May 7.
Five head, of a lot of 30 head, averaging 1,224 pounds, bought of Reynolds, flnocb
Sl Co., Chicago, May 7.
Four head, of a lot averagi^ 1,685 pounds, bought of Robinson, Chicago, May 7.
Forty-five head, of a lot of 82 head, averaging 1,329 pouuda, bought of Pal^, lifOlw
Sl Co., ►Saint Louis, May (J.
Giving the total of 137 animals, malting, Mr. Muiiroe assured me, a i^ipe straight lot
of steers.
I afterwards leanic<l that Mr. McShane had frec^uently shipped cattle to Liverpool
during tho existence in the lairages there of foot-and-mouth disease, and I was tola by
another shipper, who has had more or less to do with him, that it was McShane*s prac-
tice, as well ^ that of nearly all exporters, to bring back and use their old head-ropes.*
BTVAMSHir I6TK1AN.
I am indebted to Messrs. Frederick Leyland ^ Co., the owne^ of this steamer, for
the following particulars: She left Liverpool on the outward voyage May 12, having
among her cargo 9 bales wool wast«, 2 bales hair. 3 casks salte<l skins, 350 bundles
salted calf skins, 272 coils old rope, 31 bales wool, 11 casks salted skins, 868 wet salted
hides, 3 bnndlt^s calf skins, and 259 bales wool. On the homeward voyage she left
Boston on the 29th of ^lay. Although the log makes iio mention of any disease among
the cattle, it does mention in severiu instances sickuess and death among the sheep on
board, which fact carries the inference that had anything wrong been noticed with
the cattif, it, too, would have been ** logged." She discharged the cattle in Liverpool
at 4.40 p. m., ,)nne 9, when 137 head were condenined as having foot-and-mouth dis-
ease. The »he.e]} were not uieutionqd as being ali'ectcd.
This vp.s6cl, iM weU a^ others of this lin»> have frequently carried back head-ropes;
they are brought from the lairages and taken change of during the voyage by the ser-
vants of the owners ot tlie cattle who return upon the steamers.
The Hhi}>pers of the cattle wore Mf^ssrs. Swift Bros. & Co., and Messrs. J. and C.
Conglijin, w)io are regularly engage*] iq th^ trade between Boston and Liverpool.
Afterwards, in an interview with one of the Messrs. Coughlin, I learned that their
pnu'tice was to collect their head-ropes in the lairages and re.ship them for use in
Auicriia, ?ind that lie w^ould rather qse a utnv rope with every animal than have this
ditKusi^ ai>pcar ainung them, ami he thought pthershipperseutcrtained the same a^ows.
*, Tames ^IcShanc, jr., sliipi)ed cattle from Boston to Liverpool as follows; January
27, 177 h<*;ul, on the Penibrote; Ffhiuary Id, 100 head, on the Olamorgan; February
23, hO head, on the Pembroke; April 6, 130 head, on the Pembroke; Apnl 13, 175 h^aA,
on the Glamorgan,
BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGEICULTURE. 39
The iiiTestigations so far seemed to point to tbe fact that from whatever source
the infection had reached the American animals^ the vessels themselves, in their gen-
eral cargoes and management, shonld be held blameless, and that notwithstanding a
few instances in which Hh appearance might reasonably be due to other oanses, nota-
bly in the second cargoes of the steamers France and City of Liverpool, the outbreaks
were directly chargeable to the self-same infection that had already caused so much
trouble in Great Britain, conveyed by the indiscriminate use of the head-ropes, &c.,
coming from the foreign animals' wnarves at Deptford and Liverpool, which were,
at that time, hotbeds of the disease. It remained, then, to ascertain how these prem-
ises became infected ; how this infection could have been conveyed to these articles ;
how they, having become impregnated with the virus^ could have come in contact with
the cattle in such a way as to cause the outbreaks which undoubtedly had taken place
in mid-ocean, and not at the same time have been introduced to our various seaboard
DTTBOOUCnOX AND SPREAD OF TUB DISEASE IX THE DEPTFORD MARKET.
In Uie report of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council office for 1880| Pro-
ftsaor Brown writes :
''In the middle of September last, the inspector of the Privy Council at D9ptford
h«d his attention called to the existence of tne signs of foot-and-mouth disease in the
toDfoesof some French cattle which had been slaughtered in the market | no symptoms
of the disease had been seen in the animals during life, but the morbid appearances
▼ere characteristic, and left no room for doubt as to the nature of the infection. Soon
tfterwardsL on September 20, a cargo of cattle from Havre were lauded at Deptford
from the snip Swallow, and on inspection the second day after landing some oi them
i«re found to be affected with foot-and-mouth disease.
"Thedisease thus introduced into Deptford foreign- cattle market continued tospiead
MBon^ the animals which were landed there, and as the lairs at that time were oyer-
ennroed with animals from America as well as from Europe, up opportunity vas
afinded for tbe effectual disinfection of the places where disease had existed, and con-
leqiMotly animals which were perfectly healthy on landing became infected soon (iftei
entering tbe lairs."
From the ssalstant inspector, in relation to the same matter, I hftve it that " foot-
and-mouth disease was brought to Deptfort by the steamship Swallow f^om P^^vxe. Sep-
tcBber 20, 1880 ; she had on board fifty-seven cattle, thirty of which w^^r^ affected
with the disease ; other cargoes with foot-and-mouth disease werp lauded mt Deptford,
from France, November 8 and December 17, 1880."
In a eonYersation upon the subject, the inspector of the Privy Council at Deptford
itid to me that if he remembered rightly their first real trouble was during the latter
]Mrt of September, 1880, and was caused by some animals coming f^oip France; from
tkeae, fbot-and-mou th disease spread over the outire premises. From that time onward
it had caused them much trouble, and they have taken a number of extra precautions
aito disinfecting,^ and so on. Ho further said that upon going into the lairages ani-
■abars neceesarily greatly mixed, and in a number of instances he remembered that
there had been cattle landed from the United States in a healthy condition which
M afterwards contracted foot-and-mouth disease on these premises through coming
ia contact, either directly or indirectly, with those from other countries already dis-
A Iterations were then under consideration, which, when carried out, it was
haped would overcome this evil. The lairages were not then f July 20) nej^rly as
kadly infected an they had been, but still it was not improbable that eveu thch some
af tlMB infection might remain about the premises ; in fact, quite recently he had dis-
aoTcied its existence in animals that had been landed healthy, and that could have
aoBtraeted it only from their contaminated surroundings.
XXTBODCCnON AND SPREAD OF TUB DISEASE IN THE LIV'ERPOOL MARKETS.
Hie history of the introduction and spread of foot-and-mouth disease into and thTPQg^
fta Liverpool lairages is in some respects remarkable, and inasmuch as it has never
Tat, to my knowletiie, been given publicly, it will, perhaps, be worth while to give
tther© at length. For my ability to do so I am greatly indebted to Mr. IMFoore, the
load inspector of the Privy Council, whose exact methods of preserving the various
4ata in connection with his inspections were invaluable to me in this case.
Very earlv in January, 1881, the steamship Brazilian, bringing cattle from Boston
to Liverpool, upon entering the river Blersey, grounded, and in trying to get off be-
came disabled to such an extent that it was found to be necessaiy to take the cattle
from her where she lay. Engaged in this work were several small boatSj as follows:
January 4 — Head.
Ths tug Cruiser bronght up ^.. 111
The tug Wrestler brought up ^-... 111
Tbs tag Rover brought up ,^...„.« 66
40 KEPORT OF THE dOMMISSIONEK OF ACiRICULTUKE.
Head.
The tug Kuigbb Templar brought up M
The tug Knight of Malta brought up 'Si
The tug Fury brought up 1
The tug Bepnblic brought up 3
Ferry-boat Sunflower brought up «.. 224
Fiat-boat Mersey brought up 32
The tug Lord Lyous brought up .».«. 1
The tug Ajax brought up 4
Flat-boat Mersey (2 cargoes) brought up .*.... 24
Mudhopper B brought up 2
Craue barge Ironsiaes brought up 1
In all, 665 animals were thus landed at the Woodside lairage. There were ten otheis
landed, part at Wallasey and part at Hn'skisson No. 2 lairages, and one swam ashore
and was killed on the oeach. Of the health of these animals, Mr. Moore says: ''I
examined them all on the 5th and found them free from disease. On the Dth a bullock,
one of those landed at Woodside, was found sick. He was slaughtered, and the po$U
morUm examination revealed recent foot-and-mouth disease. There were vesiclea in
the month and on the tongue, but none on the feet. On the 10th three oases more were
discovered in the same lot, and on the 11th two more were found.'' It seems that
these animals, as soon as the disease was discovered, were killed very aoickly, for,
while at midnight of the dth 452 of them were still alive, there were on the llth but
9 head remaining. This probably accounts for the fact that no more cases were dis-
covered among tnem. On the morning of the Uth the premises with the remaining 9
animals were locked up, and no one but the attendants allowed to enter. The animals
were quickly killed, and disinfection of the place they had occupied commenced.
There were on the other half of the wharf 8 bulls remaining from a cargo of 32
animals landed healthy on the 7th of January, from the steamship England, from New
York. On the 10th, or eight days after the Brazilian outbreak was first noticed, 4
of these were found diseased. They were killed, the premises disinfected, and the
wharf was not again used until after January 29. It could not be ascertained to be
a fact that any of the boats engaged in thJA transshipment, except the Mersey, were
in the habit of carrying home-cattle about the river. She undoubtedly was, and
there was also some little indication that the ferry-boat Sunflower had Aone the same
thing. To one of these two boats then conv^ring infection contracted from Ei^lish
animals, previously carried, to those brought uy it from the disabled steamer, mnst be
ascribed the honor of introducing foot-and-mouth disease into this lairage, for, when
the history as related is considered, and when it is remembered what a short time is
necessary for its incubation, any other explanation of the occurrence seems impossible.
Nothing more was seen of foot-and-mouth disease here until on the 17th of March,
more than two months afterward, the steamship Lake Manitoba, from Portland,
landed a cargo of 259 head, among which were found 208 cases. They were landed at
Woodside, and were all slaughtered by the 19th. The portion of the whurf oocupied
by them was disinfected ana closed up, remaining so until the 29th.
On the 27th of March the steamship Palestine landed at Wallasey 240 oxen, among
which were 186 oases of foot-and-mouth disease. They were all slaughtered by the
29th, and the whiurf was closed for eleven days.
On the 7th of April the steamship Lake Nepigon, from Portland, landed at Woodside
141 oxen, among them 113 oases of the disease. All of these were soon slaughtered
and the wharf closed for a time. On May 11 the steamship Iowa, from Boston,
landed at Wallasey 859 oxen, among them 694 cases of the disease. All of these were
slaughtered by the 16th, and the wharf was closed from then until the 31st. On the
9th of June the steamship Istrian, from Boston, landed at Woodsido ?n\ oxen, among
which were found 137 cases of foot-and-month disease. These were slaughtered by
the 19th, and tie wharf was closed until the 3d of July.
Regarding the spread to healthy animals in the buildings, Mr. Moore made to me
the following statement : ** On January 4, oxen ex. steamship England, from New York,
were infected in the Woodside lairages by^the Brazilian lot. Oxen which were landed
healthy from the steamship Canox)us on tljo 23d, from the steamship Pembroke on the
20th, and from the steamship Bavarian on the 22d, were found on the 27th of April to
have contracted the disease. The steamship Hlyrian, from Boston, landed her cargo of
346 oxen on the S^th of April, all healthy. These animals were examined carefully
every day, and on the 30th foot-and-mouth disease was found among them.
The steamship Lake Manitoba, on the 27th of April, lauded 3:^ oxen, all healthy.
They were carefully watched, and the disease ma<le its appearance among them on the
1st of May.
On the 28th of April the steamship Minnesota landed a cargo of 406 oxen, all healthy.
On the 1st of May foot-and-mouth aisease appeared among them.
On the 4th of May the steamship Massachusetts landed 5G5 bullocks, all healthy.
They were examined every day, and on the 7th one case only had been discoverod.
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE. 41
Tbey were not "mouthed,'' and the butchers may have removed and killed cases that
were not seen, but, so far as is known, only 16 of this whole lot became diseased.
On the 8th of May four cases were found among previously healthy cattle that had
been landed from the steamship Ontario, May 4.
On the 9th of May foot-and-mouth disease was found among previously healthy ani-
mals that were landed on the 4th firom the steamships Bulgarian and Palestine.
On the 11th of May, at 7.50 a. nu, the steamship Iberian landed a cargo of 352 oxen.
They remained healthy up to the 16th, when the disease was found to be among thom.
On the 13th of May the steamship Toronto lauded 251 cattle. The first evidence ef
the diw>a«e among these animals was observed on the 24th.
On the 26th of June six cases of foot-and-mouth disease were found among oxen that
hid been landed healthy from the steamship Palestine on the 17th. This infection was
BQppoeed to have been from the cargo of the Istrian, which landed the disease on the
9taofJnneu
OLAseow.
From any information that is at present in possession of this Department^ I think that
it esn scarcely be aaid that the premises at Glasgow have ever become infected, for,
aHboogh it is true a cargo of condemned animals from the steamship PhoBuician were
landed there, they were so quickly killed and the premises so thoroughly disinfected
that it seems not to have gained any foothold. The appearance of the diseased cargo
thfist seems to be entirely explained by the evfdence already ^ven.
Hr. McShane, the shipper, had 130 cattle on the steamship Pembroke, wlilch left
Boston for ^Liverpool on the 6th of April. The Pembroke landed all her cattle in a
perfectly healthy condition in Liverpool on the 20th of April ; on the 27th, however,
thej were unfortunate enough to contract the disease in the Woodslde lairages.
Twenty days afterward, or on the 17th of May, we find Bfr. McShane making a ship-
uent of 239 cattle on the steamship Phoenician, from Boston to Gflasgow, from among
which, upon her arrival at that port, 235 head were condemned as sufierinff from foot-
ud-month disease. It is also in the evidence that Mr. Mcl^ane was in the habit, as
wero others, of bringing back and usine a^ain head-ropes that had done previous
lOTice upon animals in the contaminated Liverpool lairages.
It woold seem, therefore, that the Phoenician outbreak is chargeable to infection
hiOQght direct from Liverpool. All cattle shipped from America to Great Britain are,
ifter Kping on board the steamer, tied to stanchions by ropes which have b^n placea
iiwmd the base of the horns, technically known as " head-ropes.'' Upon their arrival
It the port of destination, the end that was made fast to the fixture on the vessel is
untied, and the animals, with the ropes still hanging, are driven into the lairs, where
they are to remun until taken out for slaughter. At Doptford these ropes are some-
tinni remored from the heads in the lairage»>when they are sold, at otners they ac-
oampany them to the shambles. In Liverpool, so far as I have observed, they always
naain on the animals until they are slaughtered. In this way every chance is given
&r Uieir thorough impregnation with the virus of any contagions disease that may be
IRwnt in either the lairs or the slaughter houses. To show how thorough this chance
II I may say that in London I saw a lot of Dutch bulls tied ''head on'' to the same
nil with a lot of American bullocks; also a lot of Spanish head-ropes hanging over a
ail to which American aninuils were tied at the time; and in the shamble pens were
wot cattle with the original head-ropes on, some with ropes supplied by the butchers,
aad others -without either, mixed indiscriminately with Spanish and Dutch cattle, all
ftwiiting shuighter. In several instances the animals in one pen were tied facing
thoM in the next, all to the same rail.
U was told by the inspector at Deptford that no head-ropes had been returned to
America for two years, but I think he must have been mistaken in Hits, for not only
were dates given me by the steamship owners, upon which they had received and
ihipfied them, but on several occasions while at Deptfonl I saw large bunches of them
iiaoging over the cross-rails, which, upon inquiry from the workmen collecting them,
1 vas told were being got ready for reshipment to the United States.
At Liverpool, Mr. Moore assured me tnat old ropes were constaiftly returned, and
tbafhe, realizing the danger from such a practice^ had done what little he could to
I«evt;nt it. From inquiry and personal observation I find that as a rule cattle going
ftbmad are ** roped" either after the car load arrives at the dock, when a man goes
into the car for the purpose, or else not until the animsd has been driven from the car
«Q ti) the steamer. To this fortunate circumstance, and for no other reason probably,
ttit that the animals in our home markets have so far escaped foot-and-mouth disease.
Although following the movements of cont'aglon is, as a rule, not the most certain
of ail parauits, it dcK^s seem as if tl^s investigation into the causes of the apx>earance of
(Vu diiiease among some of our cattle landed in Great Britain during the past year had
Unattended with success, and that while certain dangerous practices are allowed in
tiie matter of uns:ife articles of import, such as unwashed wools, green hides, skins, &,c.,
tbete is no one cause ameng them all sufBciently constant to be regarded with any-
42 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGBICULTTTBE.
•
thing more than snapioion. On the othor hand, the evidence plainly shows that to
an article not looked npon or imported as cargo, but simply sent back to accommodate
the cattle shippers, and used by them without a thought of danger, must be ascribed
the cause of the outbreaks, and when the evidence is read the transmission of foot-
and-mouth disease by the head-ropes seems so simple and easy of accomplishment that
the wonder is that any one conversant with the practice of the trade need for a moment
have had any doubt as to the tnie source of the infection.
To prevent future outbreaks of the kind I shall recommend for your consideration
that Congress be asked to pass a law prohibiting, under certain penalties, the intro-
duction of all articles from tlie foreign animals'^wharves of Great Britain, and that
custom oiHcers be directed enforce such law.
TRICHINA IN SWINIE.
in relation to that part of my instructions directing me to examine the hogs arriv-
ing in Great Britain irom the United States, with a view of ascertaining to how great
an extent they are diseased, or are infected with trichime, I have to report that during
my stay no such animals were landed. ' But as tending to give some idea of the per-
centage of animals thus affected (aud it will not nrobably be found to be in excess of
these figures), I will call your attention to the following extracts from the report of
the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council Ofllce for the year 1879:
"The slaughter of large numbers of American swine at the port of landing, on ac-
count of swine fever, afforded an opportunity of obtaining specimens of flesh for exxun-
ination, with a view to ascertain what pix)portiou of the animals were infected witt
trichinsB. The inspectors of the Veterinary Department examined 279 sepaftite portions
of swine's flesh which were sent from Liverpool, and detected living trichinae m three
Bpecimens; • • • but it was not deemed expeilient to prohibit the introduction of
American pork into this country, for the reason that such a measure would have dam-
aged the trade without producing any satisfactory results. A large proportion of the
objectionable meat would have been sent to this country by a circuitous route, and
thus the object of the restriction would have been defeated, beMde$ tchich, trichinosU
among awine is known to exist in German y^ and it probably exist^ in other exportinii
countries, so that nothing short of total prohibition of swine flesh.iu all forms m)m all
foreign sources would have been effectual."
In view of the recent total embargo placed by some of the foreign govei^iments
npon the Imports of our hog products into their couutries, on account of the alleged
existence in them of irichinccy I would suggest that an inquiry be established wS^h
shall point out, first, the actual percentage of American hogs that are infected by
this parasite J second, the portion of the country in which the largest percentage of
animals so affected are found to exist; third, the nature of the food, if there is any
difference, that these ings receive; f^irth, whether animals that are kept around
the home buildings are more subject than are those kept in the field to the invasion of
this entozoon, and all other matters relating to the (question which may aid in devising
Buch means as shall decrease to a minimum their existence in American pork products.
CONDITION OF ANIMALS ARJUVING IN GREAT BRITAIN.
The losses occasioned bv death and injury to cattle while being shipped abroad havd
been greatly reduced, and they are now landed at the various ports of Great Britain
in a much better conoition than formerly. Indeed, notwithstanding the much greater
distance they are necessarily canned, they arrive with fewer bnuses and in better
condition generally than do those from some of the neighboring European ports.
This gratitying condition of affains is due tt> the good care and improved methods of
ventiTation, &fc., adopted by the owners of steamships. Experience in the trade, and
the requirements of the insurance <:<>iji|)auie8, have compelled many improvements for
the comfort and safe transport uf thet«e animals. More light aud space are given
them, and by means of various ventilating devices an abundance of fresh air is fur-
nished throughout the entire voyage. In most of the vessels a method of drainage
into the bilge h&s been arranged, which may be pumped out as often as desirable.
While mnch has been done in this direction by the steamship owners alone, the*man-
f^rs of the insurance companies interested have not been idle, but so great has been
the care exercised by them in the selection of animals for transportation and the prov-
ident provisions made for them during the voyage that the losses, which amounted to
more than 5 per cent, from January 1 to September 30, 1.S80, have been reduced to
about 2^ per cent, during the same months of this year. Notwithstanding this great
improvement, the weather during some' parts of tlie i)ii8t season has been the most
severe ever known to the trade.
Very respectAilly,
CHAKLES P. LYMAN, F. B. C. V. 3.
Washington, D, C, Kovmber 15, 1881.
BKBOBT OF THB CQlfWHSlQNBR QF AGBICULTITBE. 48
CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA IN NEW YOKK.
Report op Dr. Hopkins.
Owinp to circumstancr^ ov©r which the department had no control, the invest iv:a-
tiou in the Sti^teof New York was bronght to a c\ot>e on or about the 'il'th of Ma> hut.
The examiDatioDB made in that State by James D. Hopkins, D. V. S., from April f< to
MiT 17, will bo fonnd recorded below. From information received from the hi^^hrst
tothority in snch matters in this State, it would seem that contuj^ious p1euro-])UtMi-
BMmia proTails to abont the same extent that it did prior to the recent eft'orts of the
8tat« snthorities to stamp it ont. Dr. James Law, in writing; to the Commissioner of
Afjieiiltare, nnder date of October 10, last, says :
'^ Putnam County, which was purged from the plague in the early part of last year,
bis been infected (one herd at least) for tho whole past summer; Westchester County
emtains at least two oenters of infection, and Richuioud (Staten Island) two, though
both these oonntiea had been pureed of the infection ; New York City, which was all
bstnd of tlM plag^ne, harboring it only in places known and circumscribed, is a^ain
idferiDg; and finall^, the east end of Queen's Couiity, which had been long clear,
kiB been extensiyely infected.''
[Vat detailed report of exainlnationa made by Dr, Hopkins see next page.]
BEFORT OF THE CUUHISSIONER OF AGSICUI/TUBB.
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BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTUBE. 45
CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA IN NEW JERSEY.
Reports of Drs. Millbr and Cokldcs.
Hon. Georgk B. Lorino,
CoBunissioner of Agriculture:
6iK : In accordance with your request I have the honor herewith to forward you a
brief Bunimary report of the work done upon the veterinary staff of the Department
of Agricoltore since the date of my appointment, May 12 last, until the present
time.
Hy firrt official act, aft«r receipt of proper authority, was to establish a border c^nar-
ntiDe between Philadelphia and Camden, and other points on this side of the river,
in order that cattle passing over the ferries should be detained for the purpose of
iiMKction.
To facilitate the transportation and examination of the same, cattle pounds were
erected at each ferry yard into which all stock were ordered to be driven and detained
DQtiJ sach time as they coald be seen and inspected.
Owing to the distance of some of the ferries from a central locality, much delay
oust aometimes be necessarily imposed, and I very soon found it absolutely impera-
tive to employ a proper person to watch and assist at the yards in order to prevent
loow of the drivers nx»m removing their stock prior to examination. The person so
employed was invested with authority to arrest any person or persons unwilling to
comply with the order of quarantine and inspection. I am happy to state that no
aireaitB have thus far been required, as I have endeavored to accommodate all parties
fts far as was in my npwer as rapidly as possible, and in order to do bo have very fre-
quently had to employ the assistance of Dr. Zuill, D. V. S., of Philadelphia, to visit a
nomber of the ferry yards while I was engaged at others.
Since the establishinent of the quarantine order, 7,164 cattle have been examined.
Many of them have been sick with the ordinary diseases of cattle, and quite a number
have been found to be infected with diseases of an infectious or contagious character.
Bat I am glad to inform you that but very few cases of contagious plenro-pncnmonia
(the dJMaae for which I was instructed to examine) have been found iu comparison to
the noffiber of cattle examined. All of them, however, have been carefully reported
to the department, and the source of the disease traced whenever it was possible to
do to.
The first case was discovered June 29, 1881, and the animal traced back to Wibning-
toB, Del., where she was reported as one of a lot that came from Btiltimoro, Md.
Another case, on July 6, in a lot of four calves from Marple, Delaware County, Penn-
■^hania, all of which were slaughtered at the abattoir, and two of which showed
lii^ Ifvions. The next case, on July 12, that of a cow and calf in a lot of eighteen
finm West Philadelphia stock yards. The cow was onlered to be kiUed by the State
bosrd of health, and a pasUmortem examination revealed the disease well marked in
both hmgs; lesions wore also plainly seen in the lungs of the calf. On July 22 a
calf brought from Gnineatowii, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, was detected by Dr.
Zoill, apd the case referred to me, which 1 Immediatoiy condemned to be slaughtered,
vheo a pofUmortem examination fully confirmed our (Kagnosis.
On the 14th of September two cases were ordered into close quarantine as very sus-
piciorM. A ||ro|)er history was afterward obtained, stating that they originally came
from West Virginia to Baltimore, where they were resold and shipi)ed from Baltimore
*oek yards to West Philadelphia. Being fat, they were ordered to the abattoir for
^agbter, and a post mortem examination showed the suspicions to be well founded.
On the 22d of September two cows were discovered in a herd that came from Glen-
iale, Northiunpton County, Pennsylvania. Ou the 21Hh two others, iu a lot that came
6om Bethlehem, Pa., all of which had been herded together at the New Jersey State
Fiir, in charge of A. 8. Shimer, and which were affected with lung trouble. A sub-
Kqaent investigation made by Dr. Gadsden, of Philadelphia, would seem to indicate
^iA the animals had no contagious disease. He did not, however, see the cattle at
the time of his visitation, but did see others of the same herd. ' Almost daily cat-
tle afected with Phthisis JPulmonalis Verminalis (hoose or husk) are seeu at the ferry
viitk, and in view of the fact that this affection has been alarmingly fatal in young
Muaals in this State during the last two or three years, it would seem as if some legal
latanires abonld be adopted to prevent its spread. Other diseases of animals, such as
■vine plague, glanders in horses, chicken cholera, foot-rot in sheep, etc., are existing
^^^nKi((hoat the whole State, and call for some action on the part of government.
Danug the time that has elapsed since the date of my appointment, especially during
46 REPORT OP THfe COMMISSlOKteR OP AdRlCULTURE.
the latt€»r part of July and the month of Au<rii8t, I made weekly visits to the State of
Delaware as instructed, and found many cases of infected farms and several acute and
chronic cases of pleuro-pni3unioilia. That part bf the Stiito imtnediately bordering upon
Pennsylvania and the eastern shore of Maj:yland is certainly an infected locality, and
the section surrounding Wihnington had suffered from the ravages of the disease. The
law in that State is inoperative, and uo measures are taken to prevent the spread of
disease.
From my investigations thus far, I most conclude that contagious pleuro-pneumonia
of cattle exists in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, alid Mainland;
that other diseases of animals, especially swine plague, glanders, and chicken cholera, •
are to be found in every section of the country. From my personal experience, of the
last two years particularly, I believe that the only way to exterminate these diseases
is to stop the interstate traffic in animals from infected States, to thoroughly examine
idl cattle crossing firom one State to another, whether firom iniected States or nOt, and
to destrov all diseased and exposed animals at sieht.
Since the system of inspection was adopted at this point a verr decided change has
taken place in the general appearance of^the animals crossing these ferries. Instead
of poor, delicate looking, hali-starved animals, or sick or almost disabled, an was for<
merly the case, none now appear for inspection but the very best, and it cei*tainly has
proven a source of great benefit to this section particularly. No suspicious or unhealtiiy
cattle are allowed to pass when they do appear. As a result, dealers ttid drovers do
not attempt to pass inferior animals over if they can possibly avoid it. OocasioniJly,
however, a stranger will come with a lot driven directly m>m the conntrv^ or some
parties will go to the stock yards and purchase a poor class of animals simply becaiise
thev can bny them cheap, atid I invariably subject them to a thorough examlnatioti
«nd inspection.
The work has been vigoronsly and thoroughly accomplished, and great good has
been derived therefrom.
RespectfUly sabmitted.
WM. B. £. MILLEB, D. V. 8.
Gamdxn, N. J., October 31, 1881.
Hon. Georox B. Lorino,
Commiasioner of Agriouliure :
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report of the work donfe by me since
acting as agent for the Department of Agilcnltnte in investigating, inspecting, locat-
ing, and reporting the existence of conti^ous pleuro-pneumonia among ftattle in this
State. On March 21, 1881, 1 received my appomtment and letter of instructions, and
immediately proceeded to visit localities that were known to have been infected by the
malady in tne past. Mv previous connection with an organization that existed in this
State a year pnor to this time, made me somewhat familiar with such places. I also
prepared and had printed two thousand circulars which I caused to be circulated
among stock raisers in different parts of the State, requesting those having the malady,
or reasons to believe they had it in their herds, to report the same to me at my office
without unnecessary delay, and I am happy to state a number responded to it. Upon
investigation, however, a majority of cases proved to be some other fomi of disease re-
sembling contagious pleuro-pneumonia in its sjrmptoms. I, however, found, as a rule,
the fiEmners were difficult to approach, and in a number of cases tried to cover up the
existence of the disease as much as possible. This difficulty may be overcome by arm-
ing those whose duty it is to make mspectioms, with authority to enter any pretnises
where they suspect the malady to exist. Being at liberty to exercise my own Judg-
ment in adopting the best means to find where the disease existed, I consulted the
State board of health through its secretary, and made a proposition to go personally
to aU reported infected places, make the necessary inspections, and furnish a dupli-
cate report to them free of expense, if they would acquaint me with cases reported to
them.
The movement of cattle out of the State is limited to high-bred stock, and from fanm
that are so well managed that contagious diseases cannot get a foothold. There are,
however, a large number of young caives moved from New York for slaughter, throngli
the abattoir building, at Jersey City, to various parts of the State, and as there are no
restrictions imposed they may be a means of conveyingpleuro-pnehmonia to other lo-
calities. The most of the calves raised in the State are lattened and disposed of to the
butchers.
The annexed tabulated report cannot be relied upon as showing the actual extent
of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in the State at the present time. Enough, however,
has been gained to show that it has an actual existence, but not to the same extent ss
it did at the time of the going into effect of the first act, approved Match 13, 1879.
BEFOST OP THE COMHISSIONIlR OF AaRICULTDRE.
47
Number and coriditian Of herds examined.
Coantiea.
Herds.
Number.
Sick.
AtbDtic
2
5
40
76
Baiiinfton ,
Ciandm , . . r , r , r
CvmbMiaxnl
Berctn
3
10
3
10
2
15
^
9
6
3
2
3
9
6
4
29
139
64
120
76
132
73
131
85
33
92
30
141
132
60
5
S^. ::::;:::::::::::;:::::::,::::::;:::;:::.:;;::::::::;:::::::;::::
15
6loio«»«ter.......
Ha4«nii
12
Eii]iteirdo]i.................a ...........................................
]|idd1«aex
8
Mecccr ..............................................................
5
MaMmrtoth
Xorro
2
PiMiir ,
2
I^Hn^fV^^
1
Onw , .
2
Whkb ;
97
1,449
52
Be^eetfdllj sabmitted.
N. J., October 11, 1881.
JAMES C. CORLIES, D, V. 8.
CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-P]!^EUMONIA IN PENNSYLVANIA.
Report of Dk. Gadsden.
Bod. Georgs B. LomiffO,
Commiseianer of Jgriculittre :
SiB: In iK^cordance with instructions from yotir dc])artroent, I h^rewitti stibinit ^
ititHDent of the extent to whicli "cohtajflous pleuro-paeiimonia " has prevailed re-
eestlj in this State, and the efforts made by tlie State a^iithorlties for its extirpation.
The disease has existed in the State of Pennsylvania, to a greater ox less extent, for
iwanber of years; and although the legislature, by act of April 1*2, 18t)6, endeavored
to prevent ita extension and prescribed penalties for those disposing of or removing
ioKcted animals, no systematic attempt seems to have been made lookilig to the
cndication of the disease by the destruction of affectt^d animals, until the spring of
1^. when, alarmed by the fact that the ports of Great Britain had been closeia to
e«ttle shipped, from the United States, and it being learned that in several coimties Of
tbe State tne disease at that time existed, a bill was introduced in the legislature ptx>-
▼idiiii; for the 8taiii|iing out of the contagion. This measure met with most vigorous
Gpp(»ition, cansed, mainly, by the declaration of certain veterinary surgeons, that the
&eaee was not contagious. By the earnest efforts, however, of Mr. Thomas J. Edge,
lecrctary of the State bciard of agriculture, who was in posMfiasiou of the tcHtimony of
dairymen and farmers who had suffered from the ravages of tbe disease, and of yete-
riuary surgeons who had had actual experience with it both in this country aiid in
Ea^land, and consequently were well aware of its contagious character, the act of
lUy 1, lHk79, passed both branches of the legislature, and was approved by the goveruof.
linmediately after its approval the goveriior anpoiiited a coniiuissiou to *• examine
»od detenuine whether infectious or contagious pleuro-pneuuumia existed among cat-
tle in any county or coutities of this commonwealth, and report the satiie without urt-
ceccasary delay. " After hearing the testimony of a number of practical dairymen
aiid veterinary surgeons, the commission decided unanimously and reported to thrj
gOTCTuor that the disease did exist ili at Ifeast two counties in the State.
Upon the receipt of this report, the governor appointed Mr. 'fhomas J. Edge hU 8l)eeial
ftgfot and aAssitant, to carry out the provisions of the actK of l^r^n and 1871», for the
prcTentlon of the sj>rea<l of this disease, and issued to liim a commissloti and iuHtruc-
timis for his government. ^
Too moch praise cannot be riven to this gentleman for the energetic manner in which
ks has folfilled the daties of his appointment, and the great results hb has acootn-
48
REPORT OF THE COBfMISSIONBR OF AQRICULTURE.
plished at a comparatiYely trifling expense. He immediately appointed, in the several
coonties of the Stati, 450 persons as official reporters, with instmctions to oommoni-
cate to him at once the existence of any infected animals, or those supposed to lie
infected ; and ajion receipt of sach information a veterinary snrgeon was at once sent
to exa^pine the animals, and if the disease was found to be that of contagions plenro-
pneumonia. the entire farm was placed in quarantine, the animals appraised, those
diseased killed and paid for by the State, and the others kept under surveillance until
three months after the last trace of disease was discovered, when the quarantine was
removed.
From May 1, 1879, to the present time, 64 herds, numbering 1,252 animals, have been
E laced in quarantine, 324 animals have been killed, of which 257 were paid for by the
tate, the entire cost to the State being only $10,750, of which $4,325 was paid for ani-
mals destroyed.
The disease has been confined to nine counties in the eastern and southern sections
of the State, the herds quarantined being distributed among the counties as follows:
Montgomery 17
Bucks 3
Lehigh • 1
Total 64
Adams 1
York 2
Lancaster .'••• 2
Chester 15
Delaware J..... 17
Philadelphia 6
In many of these herds the cause of infection has been traced directly to diseased
animals brought from Maryland and placed among healthy cattle, numbers of which
were infected oy them. I& other instances the disease was comniuuicato<l from chrooje
cases that had apparently recovered ; in others, by the contact of persons who &ad
been attending diseased animals and afterwards went among healtny ones without
first disinfecting their clothing. In still other instances it was communicated from
one farm to another by moans of streams of running water, or by healthy animals
being allowed to graze in fields adjoining those in which diseased ones were pastured
At the present time the disease is confined to the counties of Delaware, Montgomery,
and Philadelphia ; in the former of which three herds numbering 3G animals, in Mont-
gomery one herd numbering 19 animals, and in the latter one herd numbering 41 ani-
nials, are now in quarantine.
The disease at present in Delaware County was introduced to one herd by cattle
from Baltimore, Md., and communicated from this herd to two adjoining fai^s. -The
existence of the disease was discovei'od by Dr. Bridge, the State inspector, by the
meat of diseased animals being exposed for sale in the Philadelphia markets.
There is no question thi^t tne State of Pennsylvania woulcl be entirely free from
infection to-day were it not for the fact that no precautions are taken bv the Maryland
authorities to prevent the spread of the contagion ; diseased animals from that State
are constantly Drought into this and thus infect healthy herds.
Since my appointment by the Department of Agriculture, I have been in constant
communication with the State authorities and they have always co-operate<l with me
iir all measures for the discovery of the disease and have labored faithfully to prevent
its spread.
The calves in all infected districts are slaughtered by direction of the State inspec-
tor, and are not allowed to be removed into other portions, or out of the State, for fear
of spreading the infection.
By official statistics the number and value of cattle in Pennsylvania, last year, was :
$18,625,000
14, 962, 000
Cows &51,790
Oxen and other cattle 674,000
1,525,790 -33,587,000
When the amount of money invested in cattle is considered, the sum exi>etided by
the State for stamping out the disease seems very insignificant; yet the State ofllcers
were very much crippled in their operations by a decision of the auditor-gcjiertkl, made
in June, 1881, that the payment for cattle destroyed was not a necessary expenses within
the meaning of the act, and refusing to allow any claims for such payment ; and it
was not until October 15, 1881, that he was induced to reconsider his decision and allow
such claims, and only then pro\ided the total amount expended for the year should
not exc^d $5,000.
In the mean time some diseased animals had been introduced from Baltimore, and
we have learned of instances where the owners of them concealed the fact, knowing
that the State had ceased payment.
In conclusion, from personal observation and the report* received from those ac-
tively engaged in its suppression, I am oonvinced that the disease can never be effect*
oally eradicated vrithout —
First. A more efficient quarantii|e ;
BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF AGRICXTLTUBE. 49
Seeondly. The killing of all chronic caaes, no matter how aj^parmtly healthy the
Miimalft may he ; and,
Tnirdly. The adoption of stringent regulations for the proper inspection of all ani-
mals remored firom one State to another, the inspector to naye full power to cause the
instant deetmction of all diseased animals.
The present system of qnarantinr* seems to he almost a &rce. The animals are al-
lowed to roam at will over a whole farm, and are placed in fields horderin^ on pnbkc
loftds, and divided from neighboring farms only hy an open fence. In this way the
disease has been communicated in a number of instances. The onl^ effective way
▼cmld be to confine all animals that have been subjected to infection in an inclosure
remote from other cattle, separating the sick animals from the healthy ones, and al-
lowing no one who has had access to the diseased animals to approach tlie healthy
withoat first thoroughly disinfecting their clothing.
Chronic cases, although the animals mav be apparently healthy, are but moving
centeiB of contagion, for from the nature of the disisase the lungs once affected never
rMume their normal state, and we have several instances where these chronic cases
bare affected herds, and the animal communicating the disease has outlived those in-
fected by it.
From the experience of this State, the necessity of preventing the transmission of
the diseaee from one State to another cannot be overestimated, and until a law look-
ii^ to this end is enacted, it will be impossible to rid the country of the disease, for,
ooe State refusing action, may endanger all those lyins contiguous to it, even though
they may be name every endeavor to rid themselves of the puigue.
Ke^eotfully suomitted*
JOHN W. GADSDEN, M. B. C. Y. S.
Philadblphia, OeUlber 31, 1881.
50
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AUKICULTURE.
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BEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE. 51
CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEOTIONIA IN MARYLAND, THE DISTRICT OF
COLUMBU, AND VIRGINIA.
Report of Dr. Rose.
Hod. Giobob B. Lorimo,
Commian&ner of AffricitUur^:
8ib: By request I forward yon a report of my investigations thronghont the State
of MarrlaM and the District of Colamoia, as inspector of contai^ious pleuro-pneumonia
in catUe. It will be necessary to subdivide my report, in order to impress upon the
oinda of those who may read it the fact of the existence of such a terrible malady :
ilto to what extent it has been transmitted, and the amount of virulence contained
m each infected stable and district. It is my intention to give you a report of the
paat at well as of the present, and for this purpose I have kept a complete record of those
wbo have lost stock during the exiatence of this disease. I am satlBfied, however, that
I bsTe mi^ped many stables where the disease previously exist^ed, which fact I attrib-
nt« to the fear of owners of neat cattle who have experienced the ill effects of the dia-
esM imong their stock. One point to be remembered is the non-existence of this
disease on some farms where it was reported by the owners to have previously pre-
Tsiled. It is true that some people have confounded this disease with the southern
eattlfi fever, which may be very readily distinguished by the general observer during
the existence of either of these diseases; but in making a diagnosis of a certain dis*
eaaeof thepast, with an imperfect history to guide us, we are compelled to reserve
oar decision. This I found' to be th<^ cpse about Alexandria, Va., and in some parts of
Maryland. The mjyority of intelligent people who read the symptoms, course, and
tennination of oontasious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, generally quote the remarks
ciren l^ oar atandard authors of the very malignant form of the disease. It appears
meply impressed upon their minds that all cases must show these Mevere symptoms.
It would be well if such was the oase; more of them would die. This would lessen
the fpread of so contagious and infectious a malady. But all casoit do not die (unfor-
tonately); convalesoenta transmit the disease to other animals, especially if removed
from the infected stable to a healthy herd of cattle in some other locality. Again, some
nusals do not show any symptoms of the disease, although others about them may
diti I wish t-e impreaa upon the minds of cattle-owners the necessity of watching these
eaaes with care ; oftentimes they are the means of transmitting the very worst lorm of
tke disease to other animals. They are often affected but slightly, resolution having
taken place before any external symptoms are observable. Although these remarks are
WfU mider9t<x>d by yourself, still I think them very necessary for the benefit of cattle-
fVDen, especially in Maryland.
INTECnCD LOCALTTISS IN BALTIMORE CITY AND COUNTY.
I rammenced ray investigations as inspector of cattle in the State of Maryland for
the Department of Agriculture, March 28, 1881. In beginning my report of this city
and county, and before alluding to the ravages of the malady in the past, it will be
necessary to mention the stables in which the disease existed at the time of my inves-
tintions. April 7, 1881, I found an infected stable four miles north of Baltimore city,
bdoQging to Judge D. M. Ferine. He owned at this time some valuable stock. I
feand several of tnem sick with contagions pleuro-pneumonia. No history relating to
itB origin amon^ his cattle could be obtained until the hired man spoke of a bull which
belonged to a neighbor named J. B. Manning. This bull was allowed to enter the bam-
jud of Jud^e Ferine at aU times. Being suspicious of this animal, I made inquiry
ngarding his whereabouts during the past six months. I found, by further inquiry
iid carenil examination of other hvds in this locality, that he hod infected animals
l«k>nging to Mr. Thos. R. Jenkins and Mr. J. W. Ward. The former had six cows,
dse of which I examined and found the left lung consolidated in its middle and upper
portions; hydrothorax was present; temperature 104ifOF.; died April 10. Frecautiona
were taken to prevent its soread if possible. Mr. Ward, who owned four cows, was
hm fortunate. He winterea the aniuials belonging to Manning. I found one of-this
berdaick with the disease. Temperature 104° F.; slight dullness on percussion over
the right lung, with the characteristic cough. Tliis cow died one month later, but
previous to her death another one of the four was attacked. Owing to the lack of
power to destroy these infected animals, I was compelled to allow them to roam about
tiie fiums, to fhrther disseminate the disease. Manning's place has been infected for
the last ten years. He has lost cows at different periods, sometimes one, at other
tiiHi two or tluee animalB| and haa thus kept np a constant supply of virus suffioient
52 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
to infect animals entering his stables at any scasoii of the year, or that might come in
contact with his recovered cases.
About the middle of April last I visited a section of Baltimore ooonty called Ixmg
Green and Delaney Valley, distance seventeen miles northeast of Baltunore city. Most
of these farmers have valuable stock in the line vf uiilch-cows. Thos. Pierce claims
to have had the first outbreak of the disease in his section of Baltimore county this
spring. His farm consists of 1,000 acres of land, most of which has been used of hite
as a pasture field. Cattle come here from all parti^ of this county to graze. He conld
not tell me how his cattle contracted the disease. I found a herd consisting of 30 cows
and 2 bulls. Four of the cows were sick with the disease, and 5 others had died pre-
vious to my visit. His neighbor, who owns the adjpining farm, lost 9 cows with the
same malady, while others were sufiering with it divcro^ jny visit. I wim not satisfied
with the liistory ffiven me by the hired man on tlxa'lartter place, which is owned by
General Trimble, out the General admitted that oj»e4Qf his animals jumped the fence
into the pasture field belonging to Mr. Pierce. Thfe<) weeks after he noticed this out-
break among his cows. I wont from this place to Lon^ Green, which is 2 miles east
of Delaney Valley, to examine a herd of cattle,, consisting of 10 cows and 1 boll, be-
longing to John A. Conkliu. Mr. Conklin allowed 2 of his cows to winter on the Pierce
farm. Hearing of this outbreak, he had his cows returned to his own farm, but, shortly
after, the disease appeared in his herd. Five animals were attacked at different perioda,
and, during the months of March and April, 2 died. No disinfectants were used, and
great neghgence was manifested, and I was^ not surprised to find on a second visit
teward the close of April that other animals were atfccted. In the bam one case was
found. Calling again, about the same time, at Mr. Conklin's place, I found no change
in his animals, except that, in the interim, he seems to have used disinfectants freely.
Two sick animals were allowed to -roam at will over his entire farm.
On May 4th and 5th I visited a place called Glencoe (Northern Central Railroad),
situated on the Baltimore and Yorktown tumpik^. Hero I found four gentlemen, owning
adjoining fanus, who had experienced heavy losses in cattle. Dickinson Grorsnchy who
lives one mile west of Glenooe, had the first outbreak of contagious plenro-pneumonia
in this neighborhood. Many head of cattle have died with the disease on his place
since 1876. It was transmitted from this farm to that of T. T. Gorsuch, a relative,
who lives one-half mile east. On the same turnpike, opposite the former place, lives
another relative, Joshua Gorsuch, whose cattle also contracted the contagion. The
latter sold a cow affected with the disease to a man named Jessup, who lives in this
locality, which soon infected his stock, ultimately causing a heavy loss. I recite this
history simply in order to explain the transmission of the disease from one place to
another. I found two chronic cases on the farm of T. T. Gersuch. Ad^joinin^ lives
another relative named Alfred Ma^s^n whose place I found 3 cows, out of 5, sick with
the disease. A cow had died previous to my visit. I advise<l the owner not to permit
his cows to go to other pastures. He paid no attention to my advice, but allowed the
sick animals to leave his place to graze on his father's farm, distant li miles north.
I followed the animals to his father's (Jno. P. Mays), where I found the disease pre-
vailing among his cattle. He has lost 12 hea4 of fine Ayrshires and Alderney cows
during the past six weeks. I saw 4 others sufi'ering with the disease. The first animal
to infect this locality was brought from Baltimore city.
On March 30 I visited a dairy stable near Cathedral street, Baltimore, belonging to
Jno. McCormack. I found a case of contagions pleuro-pneumonia among this nera of
seven cows ; recovered, but right lung afiected. On May 10 another cow in this stable
showed symptoms of the disease.
On April 1 the stable of Herman Breakman, Highlandtown, contained 5 cows, one
of which was sufiering with the disease.
About the same time I visited the 8tableif» of Mr. Dou^his, Upper Canton, 1| miles east
of Baltimore. This stable contained 52 coV>, all of which Iiad been ijiornlaied with the
virus of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. I hPive made rep«»ated visits to tins place for the
purpose of studying the effects of inoculation. But owing to the continual exchange
of cattle, I have gained but little information. I could detect no cases, although the
disease existed here last summer.
'On April 12 I viHited the dairy farm belonging to Chos. P. Harrison, of Pikesvillo.
This and the Donglas farm are the only farlns on which inoculation has been practiced
in the State, to my knowledge. Mr. HaiTison says he has been exempt from the dis-
ease since 1873, and claims inoculation as a great preventive measure.
On April 2 I visited the dairy of Mr. Jeokel, one mile cast of Baltimore. This herd
consisted of 50 cows. In his Klable 1 found 5 recovered easee. This gentleman lost a
great many cattle last summer by the disease; but could not, or would not, tell how
many.
On April 5 I visited South Baltimore. I found this section of the city also infected.
Wm. Hamburger (dairyman), Hanover street, had 18cows, among which was one chronic
cjise of contagions pleuro-]ineum()nia. This [lUice has been infected for at least six
years. There are other dairies in close proximity to this one. If one of them remains
4
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF AOBICULTUBE.
53
free of the disease for a short period the others will have one or more ca^s to contend
vith. I have made many visite in.this section of the city, and I have invariably de-
tected at least one case of the acute type of the disease. Keceutly I explained to Dr.
Lyman the condition of this locality, and on visiting it pointed out to him two acute
•nd one chronic case of the disease^. I found also one dead animal on the commons
near these stables. We had the deo^l cow removed to the bone-yard, and the post-mor-
tem examination revealed all the charateristio lesions of the disease. I may safely
•iy that the diseased lung weighed at least 35 pounds. The diseased animals on the
eommons were allowed to commingle with the nealthy ones. This man has lost, by
contagions plenro-pneumonia at least 35 head of cows within the past sit vcars. In
all sach infected localities I find the people attribute aU this trouble to dealers in cat-
tiew A nugority of fresh cows purchased of these dealers are healthy at the time they
eater theee infected stables, and they develop the disease sooner or later afterwards.
Edward Sachs and brothers keep separate dairies, but occupy the same stable, which is
leparated only by a partition wall in its center. Thoy usually have 30 or more head
cf eowa, among which I have occasionally found a diseased one.
ComelinB Frostier (dairyman, same locality) owns 13 cows, and tries to keep that
nmnber on hand. I found 3 cnronio cases of contagious pleuro-pneumonia m this
itsble on April 5. I have made several visits here eacli month, but have failed to de-
teet an acnte case. Animals are not often exchanged in this stable, which has a ten-
dency to lessen the number.of acute cases. On June 10 one of his cows died with the
malady.
John Hillar (dairyman, same locality). This stable contains 13 cows and has been
iDfected for a long time. (»n June 8, after lingering some time with the disease, one
oow died. On June 10 I found two others^ sulering with the disease. On June 23
one of the sick animals, which I found on the 10th instant, was missing. The other one
was still lingering. On July 27 I found two more of these cows sick with contagious
plenro-pneumonia; four others had been removed from the stable and new cows placed
in their stalls.
On April 7 I visited a dairy belonging to David Stevens, at Woodberry. Here I
fonnd 7 recovered cases, from tho outbreak which he experienced last year. Qe lost
at least 20 head of cows at that time from the effects of the disease. One cow dibd the
day previous to this visit. The lungs were shown to me. The right lung was com-
nl^eiy consolidate<l throughout its anterior lobe. Since then I have been unable to
detect any more affectod animals in this stable. Mr. Stevens has decided to part with
eTeiy oow which shows the slightest symptoms of the disease.
Ittfdcied localities in BalHinore City and County prior to 1881.
Kame of owner.
TTeimbeck.
Xl Jftcbaafanaa
1ft Kfefer
XcDorui ^
JfrDooflM ....
l^BnM»ks
UknSwt^nj
JAb Hfcnmgartnor.
iloUuid:..
lfn.Hartman..
yb.ton
lln^Claj
iMillor ...
^tmrr Hughs...
Xr. LemMs
Itmm M. Daria.
A.8LAbeU
J.2.]CumiDf.
▼nUaa Hambiirjror
G«nice and Edward SaoLs
MraSveigert
CorB«lhu Fkioatler
J«haH01ar
lehiBair
Localities of infected stames and premisea.
ni^hlandtowD, one-half mile east of Balttmore,
Baltimore Coanty.
do „
do
do
One and a half miles east of Baltimore, Balti-
more County.
Canton, eaat of Baltimnre, Baltimore Coanty. .
£a»t of Baltimore. Baltimore Coant v
Northeast of B;iltimore, Baltimore County
Philadelphia Road, east of Baltimore, Balti-
more Coanty.
do
Canton, east of Baltimore, Baltimore Coanty. .
do .^
do ^
Patansco Neck, tv^ and a half mUes east of
Baltimore, Baltimore County.
North end of Baltimore, BaJtimore Coanty
do
ilontinf^Ti avonae, north end of Baltimore,
lioltimore County.
Four miles not-th .of Baltimoro, Baltimore
County.
ThT«^ and a half miles north of Baltimore.
Baltimore County.
South of Baliimord, Baltimore County :.
«lo
do
do
do
Ko. died.
4
3
Unknown.
Unknown.
20
3
Unknown.
85
Unknown.
Unknown.
Unknown.
8
Heavily.
3
6
Unknown.
1
92
35
(*)
2
4
Unknown.
Unknown.
17
Unknown.
Year.
1880.
1880.
1880.
1880.
1880.
1880.
1880.
Unknown.
187L
Unknown.
Unknown.
Unknown.
1880.
1880.
1879.
1879.
187L
1880.
Since 186L
Since 1675^
1880.
Since 1878L
Since 187L
S4
BXPOBT OV THE COMiaSSIONEB OF AGSIOnLTDBB.
It^eeted locaUt%C9 in BaUimore City and Cktuntyy ^ — Continaed.
Nam* of owner.
Hr.Itogazr.
Mr.Foi^l
Mra-Kinny...
Tbo. Languor.
John Glenn
Anc. Lnrman
Kicholae Bbary
Koee Winnns
Hayfleld Merryman.
Mr. Shipley
Mr.RlOgely
Dr. Piper...
John Smith
Jacob Wiener.
Samnel E. Parks . .
William WUliama.
P.McOreever
William Anderson
Gharlea P. Harrison.
Dr.B. B.Wood
John W.Wagner ...
SladeatScribner....
O.L.Boger8
James Lyon
MoDonouKh Institute.
McCaiiley
James Vangban
Charles Baker
David Stevens
Denis Mathews
William P. Hagan....
D. Oorsuch . . .
T.T. Gorsuch.
Eli Mathews. .
Mr.Rnssell.
Localities of infectod stables and premises.
Washington Boad, near Bal<^ore, BalUmore
County.
do
do
Frederick Road, west of Baltimore, Baltimore
County.
Catonsv'ille, six miles west of Baltimore, Balti-
more County.
do
Sten-ett street, Baltimore, Baltimore County..
Baltimore street, Baltimore, Baltimore County.
do
do
To wsontown, seven miles north of Baltimore,
Baltimore County.
do
Two miles northeast or Towsontown, Balti-
' more County,
Oie mile east of Towsontown, Baltimore,
County.
do
Govanatown. fonr miles north of Baltimore,
Baltimore County.
do
Hillen Koad, near* Grovanstown, Baltimore
Cotinty.
Pikes viue, six miles northwest of Baltimore,
Baltimore County.
Hillen Road, near Govanston, Baltimore,
County.
Pikesvillc, six miles norftawest of Baltimore,
Baltimore County.
One and a quarter miles from Pikesville depot,
Baltimore County.
One mile from Pikesville depot, Bidtimore
County.
do .'
Near Pikesville depot, Baltimore County
do
Mount Washington, Baltimore County ... —
do
Woodberry. Baltimore County
Dulaney's Valley, Baltimore County
Two miles east of Long Green, Baltimore
County.
One mile west of Glencoe, Baltimore County. .
do — .'
One mile west of Monkton, Northern Central
Kailroa<l, BaUimore County.
Mount W iuans, Baltimore County
Kcdied.
UnkaowB.
00
4
t7
8
15
Unknowii.
Unknown.
85
1
1
20
8
10
5
6
20
Heavfly.
6
1
10
12
Unknown.
6
Unknown.
(»)
Unknown.
20
3
5
8
8
8tMel87a
1880.
1871
1878.
1874.
1880.
1884.
1864.
1886.
1880.
1880.
1880.
1880.
1878.
187&
1878.
1880.
1878.
1880.
1880.
1879.
187&
1880.
1880.
1880.
1879.
1876.1
1878.
1878.
1880.
* Not willing to tell tbeir loss,
nrapossibb" to iv]\, cuostautly changing,
t Infected since 187G.
REMARKS.
I canuot ffive you nccnratoly tlio aggregate loss gnstainod by tlie owners of dairy
cowB in tliiM city and its subnrlis, on account of so many having retired from the
business. Many canes of cnntagioun pleuropneumonia are bidden from me, not only by
the o\vner8 of sucb animals, but nianj' deSeis about here make a practice of excboug*
ing sucb animals, I bavo repeatedly visit«l stables in tbe eastern and soutliem part
of Baltimore, fully expecting to tind some acute cases. Occasionally 1 have sncceedcd,
but not to tbat extent wbicb I ebould bave done. Some cases wbicb arc mild in
cbaractcraro allowed to remain in these stables, providing tbey assume convalescence.
I must ccuifess tbat tbcse people are very shrewd in tbeir prognosis of sucb cases. All
those tbat assume tbe colliquative type ofHbe disease are disposed of prior to death.
No lal^r tlian la^st year tbe malady existed in tbe eastern part of tbe city to an alarm-
ing extciit. Very few of tbe dairy stables e8cai)e<l its ravages. I bave found it a
universal fact, not oifly in this but in other Stat«;s, tbat periodical outbreaks of tlie
disease are to be looked for wherever its dest met ivo elements bave iKJCome imprisoned.
In south Baltimore I bave noticed isolated cavses among tbe different dairy stables ever
since Mareb last. Too luncb buying and selling is done in both of these sections to
ever rid tbe stables of tbe diseasia. Tbey allow a cow to remain in them long enough
to develop tbe malady and then she is hurried ofif by tbe dealers to other quarters.
Tbis practice is tbe cause of tbe transmission of tbe disease into tbe outlying counties
nPOBT OF TBI OOMliliSIORIB OF AOBIOULTUBB. 65
kiylAod M well as into the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. I am con-
d that many people have expeilenced serions'losses amon j^ their stock from such
ea of infection, and yet they seem indisposed to acknowledge the fact. This
inta in a great measure for they many infected farms throughout the interior of
land. We have still another source of transmission^ that is from those animals
i recoveied cases. Their tissue are stamped with the \irus for an indefinite
d of time after convalescence, and where such animals are allowed to exist the
Bncy of the disease is only reserved for the infection of healthy animals. Many
-owners in this State have confirmed opinions as to the poor quality of food
i and regard this as the cause of disease. This is an absurdity. No matter how
limal may be fed, it must come in contact with a diseased one or enter some in-
i stable before the contagion can generate in its system. To illustrate this fact
ui have no better example than the history of tliis disease as shown throughout
lounty.
ring my investigations I have been very careful in trying to trace the malady to
igin, but as yet I am unable to find any stable where it existed prior to 1864. At
time most of the cows were sent from the Middle States into Baltimore and Wash-
Hf the war havingstopped the supply. At this time the disease was known to
ew people. Ross Winans, of Baltimore, who was among the first to experience
isease, tried his utmost to prevent the public from kDOwin^ of its existence among
owB. A few persons fiix the date of its appearance in his stable as early as the
1863. However, other dairy slablee in the vicinity commenced to lose cows
the disease, when it was traced to Washington (see rex>ort of Washington). In
Mr. Shipley succeeded Ross Winans in the dairy business. He used the same
e, having been told by Winans that no disease of any kind had ever existed on
remises. Shortly after taking possession Mr. Shipley noticed a few of his cows
lung, while others became short of mUk and lost appetite. Eventually, ;35 head
ws died. Mr. . H. Meriyman sustained a loss in this stable about the same time,
rdairymen commenced to suffer from its rava^s. Outside of this city, all along
tneof the Western Mar^^land Railro&d, in Baltimore County, can be found stables
e the disease has existed, and since the above time it has been transmitted from
eetion of the county tor another. This was caused, generally^ by buying infected
all at the Baltimore stock-yard, and by allowing animals n-om infected stables
tsture with healthy ones. We are ^ now able to point out sections in different
I of not only this but other counties of Maryland, where periodical outbreaks
e disease occur annually. Sometimes these outbreaks are of a mild and at other
iof a most malignant form. Baltimore city and its surroundings furnish infecting
rial for a wide extent of country.
CECIL COUNTY.
May 9 I eommen6ed my investigations of this county. Elkton is its connty seat,
illowing day the members of the Cecil County Agricultural Society held a special
ng, which gave me am opportunity to converse with men who are anxious to aid
Been of your department in checking the spread of contagious pleuro-pneumonia.
Mr. A. xL Magraw, president of the society, I gained considerable information
ling the hygienic condition of cattle throughout the county. Elkton I consider
:om the disease at present, although many cattle are brought here in the early
(un Baltimore to be wintered by farmers, and after being fattened are sent to
ielphia and elsewhere for human consumption. A great many milch-cows are
:nt here from the eastern counties of Maryland and from Virginia, thus avoiding
reat extent the infection which prevails about Baltimore. When we remember
at extent this city and vicinity is infected, it seems miraculous that any locality
State should be so exempt as this. Mr. James Yates, three miles northeast of
Of informed me that, in 1879, he lost three cows with the disease, and from the
7 he eave me I concluded that snch was the case.
Ifay 11 I visited a place called Brick Meeting House, where I found a recovered
f cont-agious pleuro-pneumonia, belonging to Levi Meams, who bought some
at the Baltimore stock-yard, in company with a neighbor, Mr. Thomas Stevens,
9. Shortly after the arrival of these animals the disease developed itself among
four head dying on Stevens', and three on Meams* farm. A few recovered on
>laoe, which were afterwards sold to a butcher who took them to Philadelphia,
anall village is situated but a short distance from the State line between Penn-
aia and Maryland. From here I went to Rising Sun, which is still nearer the
i>ut oould find no sign of the disease, although it had recently existed near this
in Pennsylvania, where it had been stamped out by the authorities of that State.
May 12 and 13 I visited all the principal t>owns along the coimty line from
g Bun to Perryville. During this investigation I visited many fine dairy farms
Dspected a number of valuable herds, eacn herd consisting of irom 20 to 30 head
Ich-oows, bat could detect no signs of disease among any of them. At Penyville
56 BEPORT OP THE COMlilSSIONEB OP AGRICULTURE.
I fonnd a ccentleman named John Stamp who, in 1879, lost 11 head of cattle by the
disease. The disease was brought to his place b^ cattle pnrchased in Baltimore.
May 25^ 26, and 27 I concln&d the investigation of tiiis connty by visitins all of
that portion \yiTig south of the Philadelphia, Wilrfyin^n and Baltimore Railroad, com-
mencing at Fredericktown and working north to Chesapeake. I failed, however, to
detect a single case of contagions pleoro-pneumcnia in this section of the connty. At
Chesapeake I found a few gentlemen who deserve great credit for the energy which
they display in trying to exclade from this place all cattle from infected districts.
Mr. John A. Harriot, member of the Cecil Connty Agricoltnral Society, seems to be
the most active in this good work.
I wiU mention here that I visited a portion of Kent Connty called Galena. I made
this visit because steamboats ran daily between Baltimore and Fredericktown. The
two counties are separated by the Sassafras River. Thinking that an occasional in-
fected animal might enter the county by these boats, I made a close observation of the
cattle in this place, but I failed to detect the existence of any. disease.
HAKTORD COUKTT.
During the earl^ part of June I visited this county, of which Bol Air is the oountj
seat. I met prominent citizens who informed me of tlie existence of contagious pleuro-
pneumonia among their cattle in former years. I visited all the towns ana many
farms, but failed to find a single case of the disease in the entire county. I was well
pleased with the preventive means adopted by Colonel Stomp and Dr. Magraw. In
1860 they received, authority frt>m the governor to appraise all animals infected with
the disease, with anthoritv to destroy them. Early fast year Eldridge Gallop, who
occupies the large farm belonging to the Citizens' Banking Association of Baltimore,
brought a lar^e herd of cattle to his place from the Biiltimore stock-yard. Shortly
after their arrival disease appeared among them, and four died in a few weeks. Not
knowing the nature of the disease at that time, lie commenced to treat the sick cows.
Those which showed no symptoms of ailment were sold. Four such were sent into
Peunsylvania, where they soon infected cows belonging to Mr. Pylc. This fact becom-
ing known to the Pennsylvania authorities, they destroyed every sick cow and quar-
antined the stable. Mr. Gallop sold others singly to difierent parties in Abingdon, in
this county. As soon as Colonel Stump and* Dr. Magraw learned of the condition of
these animals, thov proceeded to kill every one of the cows that came from Gallop's
infected herd. Tney then visited the infected stables and killed 22 head. Some
animals hatl been sent to Baltimore previous to this slaughter, a fact unknown to
these gentlemen at the time. In this nerd 17 animals in all died frx>m the effects of
tlie <li8ease. Since this transaction no further trouble has been experienced in ^is
locality. I visited other sections of the county, where many herds of catt le are raised,
and where large tracts of land are used for pasturing and wjlntering fat cattle. I
think this latter pursuit is carried on to a greater extent in this connty than in any
other county in the State. The most of tms grazing county lies alon^ Deer Creek.
Farmers in this locality frequently winter fr^om 75 to 100 head each. The cattle pass
through the Baltimore stock-yard i)revious to their arrival here. In the early spring
they are sent to the Philadelphia markets. I was told that a Mr. Amos and son, who
lived in the northern part of this county, had lost cattle from contagious pleuro-pneu-
monia. I visited their farm on the 7th of June, but from the history of the disease
given me by the owner, 1 am satisfied it was southern cattle fever, a disease which
prevails here ccoasionally, and generally causes heavy losses.
CABROLL COUNTY.
During the latter part of June I visited the different towns in this connty, but 1
failed to find any case of contagious pleurft-pneumonia, either acute or chronic, until I
reached a place called Manchester. After traveling a few miles north of this place I found
a farm belonging to Barney Zepp, where the disease has existed since April 30. A short
time previous to this he bought 3 cows from a dealer in this place, who buys cattle iu
all the different counties of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and sells them in most in-
stances at the Baltimore stock-yard. At*the time mentioned contagions pleuro-pneu-
monia broke out among them. Two showed the severe symptoms of the disease aud
soon died. The remaining cows were taken sick at difierent periods, and two died.
I think the last two cases will recover. In 1875 they had an outbreak of the disease
a few miles west of this place, in Bachman's Valley; cows from the Baltimore stock-
yaM caused this infection. The movement of cattle in the fall of each year from Bal-
timore here is similar to the movement of cattle into Harford Connty, only to a less
extent. In the spring and summer months dealers drive most of the cattle to the Bal-
timore stock-yarai from which very few orthem Tetum during the latter period.
REPORT OF THE €0BOOSSI0NER OF AQRICULTURE. 57
FREDERICK COUNTY.
Od Jnly 14 I visited Frederick City (connty seat). The disease does Dot exist in
this county at present. The most of the cattle hronght here come from Virginia.
Tb«* only place where the disease ever existed in this a>unty is Woodboro, 12 miles
north of this city. George Smith lost eleven head from its efiects last year. None of
those affected recovered. I am satisfied that Frederick County will remain free from
the extreme ravages of the disease so long as snch men as Dr. Fairfax Schley is at the
head of the Agricultural Society. He is well versed in the nature of the disease, and
is therefore enabled to explain to the members of his society the precautions necessary
to preTent its sx^read.
▲NNE ARUNDEL COUNTY.
I Tisted the principal city (Annapolis) and most of the small places in this county.
No disease has existed in any of these places during the last three years. Oa the
dairy farm of Mrs. Berry , one and a half miles northwest of Annapolis, a few animals
died previous to the death of her husband, which occurred three years ago. Very
fev dairy stables that contain over 6 or 10 cows are to be found in this city. On its
outskirts are a few farms stocked with valuable cattle. I was surprised not to find
more of the disease here, because boats make daily tripa to and frx)m Baltimore, and
often bring cows from, the stock-yard in that city. Since the outbreak of the disease
in Baltimore last year, however, most of the people in this county are very careful
when they purchcuBe their stock.
PRINCE George's county.
Daring the early part of August and the latter part of September I made investiga-
tions in this county. Near the line of the District of Columbia, I found the disease
had existed in previous years. I could detect no cases at present. • In the year 1879,
psTid Campbell, dairyman^ three and three-quarter miles southeast of Washington,
is this county, contracted the disease among his cows by purchasing an animal afivcted
vith it, from Mr. McDowell, of Washington. A veterinarian was sent from the latter
plac«, who advised Mr. Campbell to destroy his cows. Two of them were killed, two
others died, and the remainder were sold. A man named Brooks, who lives one mile
iouth of this infected stable, lost two cows by the disease. They wera infcicted by
Mr. Campbell's cattle. I found other farms where the disease had existed in the Dis-
trict of Colombia, near the county line, which I shall mention* in my report of the
Diitrict. AjUL of that section of this county bordering on the eastern line of the Dis-
trict of Colombia has been liable to more or less of the disease among the dairy cows
liaee its appearance within the District. This is especially so as regards the dairy
Mws alonff the Baltihiore and Ohio Railroad. A few miles from Washington, near
Benning's Bridge, I found a farm where the disease exist'Od in 1878. The place belongs
toW. B. Lacey, who lost 13 head of cows at that time. Those that recovered were
tM, There ia no disease on his place at present. «
MONTGOHERY COUNTY.
On Augnst 10 I visited Rockville, the county seat. I could find no one here who
6v«r heard of the existence of the disease, except near Sandy Springs, which is situ-
ated near the border line between this and Howard county. I have been iu most of the
towns of the county, but 1 have failed to detect a single case. At Sandy Springs, in
the ye&r 1876, Dr. Thomas and his brother Edward, who have adjoining farms, exi^e-
lienced a mild form of the malady among their cattle. The disease was communi-
cate by a cow purchased in Washington. Other owners of cattle in this locality also
citfereil losses among their stock, among them Philip Stabler and Wni. Moore. The
litters farm is locat-ed two miles west of Sandy Springs. All of that portion of land
Ijing west of the Metroplitan Railroad, and bordering on the Chesapeake and Ohio
Caual, is used as pasture for fattening cattle. Since the termination of the war a
great many cattle have been bought Som men in Southwest Virginia and afterward
pastured in this locality until they were fit to send into the market. Very few come
QQfn either Washington or Baltimore, and the danger of infection is therefore greatly
IfawiniLnL
DISTRICT OF COLUAIBIA.
I consider the District of Columbia and a portion of Virginia as liable to perimlical
•Qtbieaks of contagions pleuvo-pnieumonia. It has existed in this locality since 1H64.
•ad is in about the sumo condition as Baltimore city and caunty. I made repeated
58 BXPOBT OF THK OOiaOflfilONEB OF AGRICULTUBB.
yisita to thU section in the months of August and September, and found one or more
cases during each visit. On August 11 I visited the north end of Washin^on, a
locality commonly called *' Cowtown/' where I found a small portion of inhabitantft
owning a greater or less number of dairy cows. Near by is a large commons where
most of these animals are pastuTod< Daring one of my visits in this locality I detected
a cow with all the symptoms of an acute form of the disease. It was owned by Mr.
Hollidge, who lives on nherman Avenue. In the same stable I found a chronic case.
This animal formerly belong^ed to his brother, who kept a dairy stable, two months
previous to this time, on Spring road, about one and a half miles north of the boundary
line of the city. This gentleman became disheartened by the loss of cows affected
with the disease, and sold out. Those bought by his brother showed no symptoms of
the disease at the time of purchase, but it developed itself in this cow after her arri-
val. This man lost heavily in cows in the year 1&71.
Mr. McKay, who keeps a dairy stable on Ninth street, one-half mile north of Bound-
ary street, bought 7 cows from Mrs. Seidenberger, who was anxious to sell, as she lost
4 cows by the msease last February. Her stable is located near the infected stable
on Spring road, which was used by Mr. Hollidge. McKay denied the existence q| the
disease among his cows, but 3 of them have disappeared in some way unknown to me.
I wish to mention here that it is useless for me to wa<«h any of the stables where I
find the disease so long as we have no power to destroy the affected animals.
Mr. Harman lives at Mount Pleasant, about one mile north of Washington. On Hie
30th of September 1 found a cow in his stable suffering with the disease. Previous to
my visit Dr. C. P. Lyman had vtsiiied this stable and found a heifer calf suffering with
the disease in an acute form. It died the same day. An autopsy was made and a por-
tion of the right lung preserved. On the same day I visited a stable owned by Robert
Brown (colored), who lives a short distance south of Mr. Barman's. I found one of
his cows sick with the disease. This man says that the disease has been on his place
since 1^5, and that he has lost several cows by it.
On October 1 I was refused admittance to the stable of Mr. Shngrew, which is
located a few hundred feet south of Mr. Hollidge's. One of his animals was undoubt-
edly sick. The rest of them, 14 in number, were running at large. As I was tinablB
to see the sick animal I could not decide as to the nature of the disease. Since 1871
this man has lost 30 cows by the mtilady.
On October 3 I visited the commons about Mount Pleasant. Among a large herd oi
cows, which belonged to different owners. I found several recovered cases. I also
discovered a very acute case in a field adjoining these commons, which I learned be-
longed to Ro1>ert Hays. Six other cows were with her. I thought it important to
make this case knowji at onpe to the department, in order that some one else would
go and examine it. From the time of the discovery of this animal until my return in
company with a representative of the department, which was but two or three hours,
the cows had been removed to their stables in ^'Cowtown,'' near Seventh Street and
Boundary, and the sick animal exchanged for a healthy one. When questioned, the
owner could not give the residence of tlio dealer with whom he had exchanged the
cow. He acknowledged that he had lost 30 cows by the disease since 1671.
On the same day I visited the stable of Captain Viall, Meridian Hill, northwestern
bbnndary of Washington. This place has been infected since 1876. During this
period he has lost '2S cows. Two have died since last June. One animal is still liv-
ing, and has been running at large for the last two mouths. She is liable to spread
the disease among other animals.
October 7 I walked over the commons on the eastern part of the District of Colum-
bia, where most of the cows in this section graze. I detected one cow among them
sick with the disease, and concluded to follow her to the stable, situated on D street
between Eighth and Ninth, northeast. Mr. Callahugh, the owner, acknowledged hav-
ing had four cows affected with the disease. Whenever they commenced to grunt or
showed severe symptoms he disposed of them to the butchers. He said he intended to
dispose of this cow in the same way if her appetite did not soon return. I found her
temperature to be 103p F. He noticed his first sick cow in the month of June, and
has been troubled with the contagion among his cows up to this date. At the begin-
ning of this outbreak he owned seven cows. Five of them have been affected. Otner
people in this locality have lost a few cows lately. L. Obenstein, who lives one
square east of Callahngh's stable, lost one affected with the disease last week. Mr.
Bresnaham, C street between Eighth and Ninth northe.ost, lost one cow affected with
the disease during the month ol Sept<imber; also Mrs. Claricey, on Fifth street be-
tween North A and East Capitol street, lost an animal in the mouth of August. SlnM
1870 this lady has lost 60 cows by the disease.
SKPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTUBE.
59
The disease in the District of Columbia prior to 1681.
Naowof ovner.
Hra.Ke^'fti
HkhmA White.
Mr. Uollidfe . . .
Ovoi .Sfaofrew
Mn. Mornsy . .
SobertHavs...
MACkoeey...
WnUvaDftTiB.
H r. Haninctaii
Mr. Bay ,
Mr.Hoiaeii
Mn^Sciiaich
]fr.AB4rk«.
Mr. Baanrtar
Gipuia YuU
Xn^Blmeden ,
Bc^miD Green
Hn. B. Hamiluni ....^ .
XrlTi^maa ..,
]ln.Edl7 ,
Locality of infected stables.
010 Twentieth streetncarK street, Washington.
Seventh street near Boundary
Sherman avenae, Boundary, Washington
do
Seventh street near Bonndarr, Washington. . . .
Boundary street near Sovcntn, Washington . . .
Fifth street between North A and East Capi-
tol streets, Washington.
Comer of T and Twenty-seventh streets, Wash-
ington.
No. 3418 First North street, Georgetown
2 miles southeast of Washington, Marlborough
road.
2 miles southeast of Washington, Marlborough
road.
Comer of Seventh street and Book Creek road,
Washington.
Tenallytown near Washington
do
Meridan Hill, northwest of Boundary street,
Washington.
Fourteenth street, 2 miles north of Washington .
Fourteenth street, 2 miles north of , Washington .
Fourteenth streejL 1 mile north of Washington.
Tenallytown,D.C
Comer of G andTwenty-flfbhs treets, Washing-
ton.
Number
of deaths.
4 cows . . .
80 cows . . .
TJnknown
30 cows . . .
14 cows . . .
30 cows . . .
60 cows . . .
23 cows . . .
20 cows . . .
28 cows . . .
Unknown
40 cows . . .
12 cows . . .
Unknown
28 cows . ..
5 cows —
2 cows . . .
6 cows . . .
14 cows . . .
16 cows . . .
Year.
18C4
1869
1871
1871
1871
1871
1871
1873
1875
1875
1875
1875
1876
1878
1876
1877
1877
1877
1877
1879
8UMMABT.
t
The Teeolt of my investigations enables me to give the following summary :
Kmnber of cattle examined since Maroh,1881 11,270
KmBberof acate cases of disease found since Marcli/1881 110
Number of chronic cases of disease fonnd since March, 1881 41
Total nomber of diseased animals fonnd since March, 1881 151
Kimber of deaths that have occurred since March, 1881 67
Ru&bcrof deaths reported as having occurred since 1864 1,029
fiaipee^ially submitted.
W. H. ROSE, D. r. A
BALTDfORB, Md., NovemherX 1881.
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
INTBODUCTION.
SiB: I have the honor to present herewith the following report of
lome of the work done by the Entomological Division during the fiscal
year now drawing to a close. The report necessarily covers but a small
portion of the work done or being done^ and is devoted to some of the
more important observations and experiments of a practical nature on
6Qch subjects as have received especial attention, viz., Silk-culture, the
Cotton Worm, the Chinch Bug, the Army Worm, the insects affecting
the Orange, those affecting Rice, some new depredators on Com or
Maize, and various miscellaneous insects that have attracted more t]^n
nsoal attention during the year.
While I hkve not hesitated to embody matter of scientific interest
tod even descriptive matter when necessary to give greater accuracy
to the information to be conveyed, yet lengthy descriptive papers have
been eschewed on the ground that these reports are intended for the
Iffactical man rather than as contributions to entomological science.
It is not necessary to draw your attention specifically to the contents
of ^ following pages, nor to the important practical discoveries which
tliej refer to. To do so would not add to their value. But a few words
ttto the general work of the Division, with such suggestions as exi>eri-
enee indicates, will not be inappropriate in submitting the report.
Four years ago, when first called to act as Entomologist to the De-
partment, I found provision made in the annual appropriation for but
one person who, in addition to a clerk allowed from the clerical force
>nd known as the assistant entomologist, constituted the Division.
Mer such conditions it is not surprising that little was attempted in
te way of original research of a practical nature. The surprise is,
other, that Mr. Glover accomplished as much as he did during his long
eoanection with the Department.
The evil from insects injurious to the various crops of the country is
i great and growing one which none more fully appreciate than the
cultivator himself. The aggregate annual loss to the nation from insect
depredations amounts to hundreds of millions, and there is a loud call
for rehef ; but relief can come only by a combination of accurate ento-
i&ological knowledge with extensive field work and experiment, and
this last is possible only with men and means. My first step, there-
fore, was to get an increase of means so necessary to such work, and I
61
62 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
at once began some special investigations looking to the control of a
few of the worst of our insect pests. The Division was reorganized on
a more practical basis, and my successor continued the work that had
been planned and begun.
The great increase in the correspondence of the Division may be
judged of by the fact that during the past year over 2,000 letters of in-
quiry have been received, most of them requiring full replies, so that,
in fact, over 1,800 letters have been written. This correspondence consti-
tutes a very large part of the work of th^ Division, and demands most
of the time of myself and office assistants. A large proportion of the
letters received make inquiry regarding some of the commonest and
best known insects. This dissemination of special information to indi-
viduals is, I conceive, one of the chief functions of the entomologist,
yet one of infinitely less importance to the country than original research
and discovery; and as such routine correspondence, even with the most
economical division of labor among the present office force, has more
and more absorbed the time of the Division to the detriment of field
work and experiment, my aim has been to gain more time for this last
papt of our work without impairing the efficiency of the Division in the
matter of said correspondence. ^
As greatly helping to this end I have begun, with your approval, the
preparation of a series of special Bulletins on the most widespread and
important of our injurious insects, each intended to contain a complete
account of all that is known in reference to some particular insect or
some particular set of insects affecting a given crop. Such Bulletins —
concise, so as to be readily mailed, written in popular style, and amply
illustrated — will greatly facilitate the correspondence, by rendering un-
necessary the constant repetition of Ifetters giving detailed information
to the various correspondents who make inquiries about one and the
same species.
A Bulletin on the Northern Army Worm, one on the Boll or Com
Worm, and one on Canker Worms are prepared and ready for the press,
while others on Cabbage Insects, and on the Chinch Bug are in prepa-
ration. If stereotyped, these Bulletins can always be kept in supply,
and limited editions only need be published at any one time.
I would recommend further, as a means of increasing the usefulness
of the Division, that, in addition to the special Bulletins above indicated,
a periodical Bulletin of the Division be issued touching general entomo-
logical matters of current interest. Many contributions of value, whether
from voluntary correspondents or special field agents, are placed on file
in the Division archives, and they are either not made public at all or are
used in the Annual Report, which appears long after they have lost much
of their timely interest With such a system of publication as I have
indicated, iwlded to the special reports ordered by Congress, the work
of the Division would be rendered more effective. Three special reports
are in course of preparation, viz., a Bibliography of economic entomology,
KEFORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 63
a Tei>ort on the insects a£fecting the Orange tree, and a report on forest
tiee insects. These will be too bulky to be issued as Bulletins, or to be
indadfid in the Annual Report, and should be ordered printed by special
act of Congress.
The United States Entomological Commission, which was by act of
Congress attached to the Department at the beginning of the fiscal year,
has not attempted any field work, but has been closing up its office work
in acoordance with the spirit of the last appropriation act. Bulletin 7,
by Dr. Packard, on forest tree insects, has been issued, and the third and
fourth reiM)rt6 of the Commission have been completed and are ready
for the printer.
As we now have near by, and of easy access, a National Museum ad-
mirably fitted for the preservation and exhibition of natural history
specimens, and as the Director thereof is authorized by the organic law
to claim any collections made by the various other Departments of the
government,* I have decided, with your approval, to devote as little
time as possible to pure museum work, limiting it to the preservation of
gach material as will best illustrate the habits of those insects which
inter^t the farmer. In this direction a large number of species have
been reared, studied, and mounted, so that those treated of in the report
fonn but a fraction of the number actually studied. In systematic mu-
seran work I hope rather, as curator of Eutomology in said museum,
to co-operate with Professor Baird in his eflbrts to bring together a
natioDal collection of insects, and to this end have deposited with him
my own private collection. It is thus more safe lix)m fire than it would
be in the Department, and at all times accessible when needed, as is
c(Histantly the case, in the work gf the Division.
I have been assisted during the whole of the yeap in my office work,
and in the preparation of reports, by Prof. W. S. Barnard, Mr. L. O.
Howard, Mr. E. A. Schwarz, and Mr. Theo. Pergande, and since Sep-
tember by Mr. B. Pickman Mann; and these gentlemen, together with
Mr. A Koebele, who has aided part of the time in the office work, de-
Berre my praise and thanks for the uniform industry and interest which
thej have manifested in the work assigned to them. The same is to be said
of the agents and observers in difi'erent parts of the country. Mr. H. G.
Hubbard has had charge of the Orange insect investigation in Florida,
iBd Mr. Laurence Bruner of the work in relation to the Eocky Mount-
am locust in the Northwest. Dr. J. C. Keal, of Archer, Fla., Dr. E. H.
Anderson, of Kirkwood, Miss., Mr. W. E. Martin, of Oxford, Miss., Mr.
J. G. Barlow, of Cadet, Mo., and Miss M. E. Murtfeldt, of Kirkwood,
U(L. have each made special observations for the Division, under in-
stmction, during some part of the year, while my predecessor. Prof. J.
H. Comstock, has been engaged at Ithaca, K. Y., on a special report,
for which he took with him all the notes of importance (with duplicate
'Beyiaed Statutes, i 5586; Statutes Forty-fifth Congress^ third session, chap. 182,
64 KEPORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
speciraens) that had accumnlated during his administration. His report,
just submitteil, consists chiefly of a monograph of the JHa^nco^ a sub-
family of the scale-insects. This monograph includes the species already
treated of in the last Annual Report of the Department, as well as
many foreign species, and, at your request to curtail, for want of space,
I have excluded it. The rest of the report is included herewith. Con-
siderable matter of my own, has, for the same reason, been excluded.
The wood-cut illustrations are some of them from my own i)encil, but
have most of them been drawn by Mr. George Marx, under my direction.
The photo-engravings illustrating Professor Comstock's report have been
drawn by Mrs. Comstock, who, together with Mr. H. W. Turner, as
sisted him during the year. The colored plates are painted from natura
Where the figures are enlarged the natural size is indicated in hair-line
or in some other way.
Eespectfully submitted June 30, 1882.
0. V. EILEY,
Entomologist
Hon. Geo. B. LoBma,
Commissioner of Agriculture,
EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE.
The following extracts have been made from the miscellaneous cor-
respondence as containing entomological observations of interest not
included in the balance of the report. They could not be extended so
as to include all such observations made by correspondents without
trenching on the report proper; while the voluminous correspondence
from specjal agents wilL much of it, be used elsewhere. The references
in brackets are to fhe Letter Files, by number and page, to facilitate
future use of the full communications:
On July 2d, W. F. Holmes, of Cypremort P. O., Saint Mary's Parish. La., sent a new
enemy of the sugar-cane, with statement that it eats the heart of uoth stubhle and
plant SUGAR-CANB and of corn, and hides in the very lowest part of the heart, cans-
ins its death and decay. The specimens sent were larvs) of noctnid moths, but were
alfdead, so that it was impossible to determine them more exactly It is evidently a
new enemy." [L. F. 5: 180.]
On August 11th, R. M. Sims, Columbia, S. C, sent specimens of a 8x>ecies of Podura^
which ** came out in myriads from the ground at the State Penitentiary, from beneath
brick drains, walls, &c." [L. F. 5: ife.l
On July 20th, T. J. Davis, of Rixeyville, Culpepper County, Virginia, sent eggs of
Clisiocampa ammcatra, which he found on twigs of peach trees. [L. F. 5: 217.]
On August 15th, Wm. Fairweather, of McLane, Erie County, Pennsylvania, wrote that
his apple crop, in an orchard of 6,000 trees, had suffered greatly from the ravages of
Anihonomus quadrigibhut, *' Some trees wiU hardly have an apple but what is dashed
and dotted all over by the proboscis of the Beetle pest." [L. F. 5 : 255. ]
On August 31st, J. A. Gundy, of Lewisburg, Pa., sent heads of clover, infested with
Cecidomyia leguminicolaffromniBlocaMty, (.L. F. 5: 263.]
On October 4th, Dr. D. H.*Webster, of Austin, Mo., wrote that the Chinch Bugs had
done a great deal of damage to the wheat and corn crops in his locality in 1881. [L.
F. 5: 291.1
On October 13th, Theo. G. Fowler, of Union town, Ala., sent specimens of Strachia
hiairionicaf with an account of their ravages on collards, turnips, cabbages, and
radishes: and Phakellura hyalimtalia which had riddled the leaves of the squash
VINES. [L. F. 5: 310J
On October 4th, H. C. Meyer sent specimens of Calandra oryscBt which had been dis-
tributed in seed oom by the Department. [L. F. 5: ^0.]
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 65
Od October 20th, J. E. Willet, of Macon, Oa., sent 8i>eoimens of Onddcret dngvlatuB
which bad boen pinlling the twij^s of Engush WALNUT. [L. F. 5 : 3G5.]
On October 25th, J. G. Barlovy, Cadet, WaMhinston County, Missoori, sent specimens
of /M^oiaa* -which had been fonnd, pupated, above the first or top joint of wheat
fir.iw& " The crops that were infested by the worm were very poor, and crow mostly
ill tields that bad been sown in wheat four or five years in sncceaeion.'' Ue sent also
»pecimeiis of SiUanuB adcena and Typhcca fnmata. which he said he found oiirnestly at
work upon corn iu stack, eating the grain, witn their heads in the small hole at the
bottom of the excavation. [L. F. 5 : 376.]
On November 7th, he added that more than two-tlftrds of the wheat straws in tho
field had a larva or pupa of the Ibos&ma in them, and the crop was sadly duninishod
bj them. One farm«^r had 15 bushels off 9 acres, another sow»d 15 bushels of whi'at
and harvesf^d only 1)0 bushels; another harvested 6 bushels from 10 aM:rcs. [L. F. 5:
33a.]
Ou Xovemb«>r liith, Oabtiel A. Fournet, of Lake Charles, La., sent specimens of Par-
laf«ria ptrgandii, which ho stated had lirst appeared for the season ou the leaf of
ORANGE TREE!) since the first of the month. ''Slnee four or five years this insect has
made its appearance and completelif destroyed the valuable orange groves which form
the principal source of the \%lue of the land here.'' [L. F. 5: 405.]
On November 7 tb, Almond M ax son, of Minden, Sanilac County, Michigan, sentspuci-
mens of Calandra granaria, which had been distributed by the Department in seed
wuEAT to the sufferers by the Michigan fire. It is presumable that the fire had ridden
the district of all these pests, so that it was particularly unfortunate that the Depart-
meot should have been the means of reintroducing them so promptly. [L. F. 5 : 427. ]
On November 19th, Evan J. Prothro, of Richland, Stewart County, Georgia, sent
ipedmens of an undetermined species of OethuBf stating that they had Lujured cuu-
Fis early in the spring. [L. F. 5: 465.]
On November 14th, W. Cornell Caywood, of Marlborough, N. Y., sent, in response t^
areqaost, specimens of Phloeotribua l%minari8f upon whose ravages on pkacii trees he
wrote in the Sural Neto- Yorker of November 12, and again in the same paper later. [L.
F.o: 480.1
Od November 21st, he wrote: '' * * * If it is recorded as iiguriously affecting
PEACH TWIGS it has evidently changed its point of attack, as it in no instance attacks the
miller branches or twigs, nor even one-year-old trees, and very seldom two years old;
if they do the number is so small that they do bat little injury. We see them ou three-
year-old U^es, but in killing nimibers on four years old and older. Since sending the
aceoQot of this insect to the Rural New-Yorker^ by further examination we find they
infest all the cnltivate<l and wild cuerriss and plums. We found a cherrv tree six
year* old as effectively killed as the peach tree we sent yon by express/' [L. F.
5:4fcl.]
Go Jannary 2l8t, Matthew Cooke, chief executive horticultural and health officer of
Califomia, Sacramento, CaL, wrote : '* • • • From practical experiments we have
proved beyoud a doubt that a successful warfare (against insects) can be accomplished.
I have DO hesitation in saying that Sunt-a Clara County will increase her produce of
cLoiee marketable fruit from 75 to 100 per cent, this coming season. The remedy most
Stored there at present is coal oil. However, I dare not recommend it, as ignorant
parties migl^ attempt to use it and destroy the trees. I will take the liberty of giving
.Tou thb experience of a gentlemau owning an orchard two miles from San Jos6, Santa
Clara Coonty :
** George W. Rutherford owns extensive mining interests in the State of Nevada,
and therefore cannot )>e classed as a practical fruit-grower. He bought an orchard
two vears ago at San Jos^ at a cost of $ti2,000. The crop of 1881 was badly infested by
the Scale, Aepidiotus pernicioaus. When Mr. Rutherford came from Nevada this last faU
ke vas willing to sell his orchard (Scale Bugs iuoludech for $15,000 — no buyer. He
vas not iu favorof coal oil, but bought four tons of lye of American Company. When
b had his orchard two-thirds washed his neighbors told him he had destroyed his
tne*. He requested me to go there and see what had been done. I went to his place
ca the 2^th December. He had killed nearly every Scale Insect and Red Spider on his
trres so far as he had washed, and every tree showed a healthy green layer. lie now
Mk% I50.O00 for the orchard. Tho whole cost of cleaning, including 5 tons of lye,
rill not exceed $1,000. Others are very successful with coal oiL
On Jannary 31st, George Pitts, luka, Marion County, Hlinois, wrote that In tho i>re-
vioQs year the Chinch Bugs killed all the CORN. Thejy were so numerous that the
vbe^ of a wagon were quite wet and gummy with killing them iu going a mile or
two on the road. [L. F. 6 : 68.]
On Jannary 8th, J. G. Barlow, Cadet, Washington County, Missouri, sent specimens
of Jpkoditu lutulentus, which had been injuring grains of corn contained in cow-
dang. [L.F.6: 118.]
* See the artiolt Ibosovm triiioi in another part of this Report.
5 AQ
66 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
On Jnnnary 6th, E. N. S. Rinffneberg. Lookport, K. Y., sent (through A. S. Packard, Jr.)
larvflD^f Cecidamyia leguminicola which had infested several clovor-tieldB in his vicinity
in the previous &11. He writes : ' * One farmer said that in thrashing the clover all that
came was nearrly clear weevil (as they call them).'' He writ'Os farther : *'A few yean
ago I sent yoa (Packard) some eggs that were destroying the bearing wood (canes)
in my father's vineyard, which yon determined to be Ocoanthus niveusy adding that
they hatched in May. Since then I have had the wood trimmed and burned before
that time (first of May), and now can say that the result is very favorable, as I should
estimate a reduction of from one-third to one-half as many injured as formerly."
[L.F.6: 148.] ^
On February 18th, Caleb Oilman, Meddybemps, Washington County, Maine, reported
that he had nsed a soap-washing at the time of the hatching of eggs of Apple-tree-
bark lioo successfully in the destruction of the pests. [L^P. 6: 159.]
On Fobniary 14th, Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Ala., sent larvse of Diatraa $aecharit say-
ing : *' The crops of the sugar-cane on the seaboard in this county have been almost
entirely destroyed by it last season, as w^ell as the season before. As far as I could
learn it is only since the past thred, or at the most four, years that this enemy to the
sugar-cane has made its appearance in this region, proving worse with every succeed-
ing one. It affects mostly the crop raised in the lowlattads, with a heavier subsoil,
richer in vegetable matter, and more or less deficient of drainage. The cane grown
in the porous sandy soil of the rolling nine lands has so far sufifered but little from it.
The larva commences its borings in the latter part of the sunmier, when the lower
Joints begin to ripen ; before reaching their full growth and maturity the canes are
perforated to a oegree which causes them to be broken down under every gale of
wind." [L.F.6: 216.]
On February 2Dth, Prof. A. £. Blount, of the Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colo^
sent specimens of Lygceus reclivatuSf with the statement that they live and seenxJio
hatch all winter and summer in the cracks of brick and stone houses. * ^ It flies readily
all winter in buildings where there are fires. I have seen it eat nothing but dead flies
and mosquitoes." In response to a statement of the known habits of this insect, PrD»
fessor Blount asserts, March 13, '' I am prepared to state on my own observation, and
on other reliable information, that 'm^bug' lives upon dead flies, mosqutt'Oes, and
other insects found in and abont buildings. No less than 50 males and females live
and breed in my room the year round. Tnejjr come out from the cracks 'of my floor
any day to see me, and from certain cracks m the brick wall outside they come and
bask all day in the sunshine. They have no vegetable within reach at all. I can find
nothing in my room they toucli or ipjure, nor have I or any one of us ever seen a
single specimen away from the buildings. Young specimens can be seen all winter
long in my room. When trodden upon they made a 'fearful' grease spot." JL. F. 6 :
465,605.]
On March 84th, J. B. Quill, statistical correspondent, Burlington, Coffey County, Kan-
sas, sent specimens of pease infested by Bruchus pisi, which haid been contained in seed
sent out m>m the Department. [L. F. 5: 607. ]
Miss M. £. Murtfeldt, of Kirk wood, Mo., gave the following notes of the season:
'* Cutworms were not so numerous as usual early in the spring, but few of the hiber-
nating larve probably surviving the excessive cold and the changeable weather of
Februarv and March. The succeeding brood, however, was quite destructive to early
vegetables.
*^Tenthredinid pests were very numerous during May and June. The Rose slug, the
Raspberry slug, and the Plum slug were unconmionly destructive. The foliage of the
oaks and willows was also much iijured by the various speoies peculiar to these trees.
'* The 13-year brood of Cicadas were heard abont the 20th of May, and the woods
resounded with their peculiar music until nearly the last of June. About one-third of
the specimens examined were of the small form (C. coMtnii, Fisher). The not«s pro-
duced by this variety are much finer and shriller than those of the normal fortn, but
I was not able to observe any othtr diiferenco. The punctures wore made mostly in
the oaks, the undergrowth being injured more than the large trees. Some of the largo
orchards suffered slightly, but as a rule the insect did little damage in this locality.
"The Great £lm-ieaf beetle (i/otta«»ta oaryli, Say) appeared in unusual numbers
toward the end of June. It is strongly attracted by lamp-light and would swarm into
brightly-lighted rooms of evenings in such numbers as to be a great nuisance. Its
larvie were to be found on the slippery elms during the month of tfuly, and I afterward
observed a few leaves on the American elm skeletonized in the characteristic manner
of this insect; but as I did not find it at the work, I cannot be positive that it l^ds
upon any other species of UlmiiB than /ulra.
''As there were no peaches and very few cherries and plums the Plum curcnlio had
but little opportunity to multiply, and even the few st^ne fruit« that we had were not
much aflectcKl. A year ago I bred several specimens of this curcolioffrom goosebeniea.
ITiere were none or the latter, however, this season.
* * The Codling moth also was rather rare this year in Kirkwood. It would aeem tiiat
REPORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 67
the beat «nd droaght of July and Aagnst mnst hare prevented, in a great measure^
the emergenoe of tne second brood of moths, since the later apples, thoagh otherwise
of poor qnmlity, are almost freo from worms.
^^So iar as I was able to observe there were, this year, uo Phylloxera galls on the
leavee of those varieties of grapes usually most subject to them, and a thorough ex-
unination, in September, of the roots of Clinton, Taylor, Concord, and Herbemont
failed to reveal either the insects themselves or any evidence of their recent work.
Perbapa the long-continued drought was inimical to them.
''The Grape-berry moth (EudentU botranttf Schiff) was very abundant, causing nearly
ill of the so-called ''rof that appeared in this vicintty this year.
**P9jf(Aamorpha epimenU (Drury) and the Grape vine Plume injured the buds and
foliage to some extent early in the summer, while Procria Americanu and Detmia macu-
la^ were very destructive to it later in the season. I have found the last-mentioned
insect especially partial to the leaves of the Herbemont and similar thin, smooth-
leaved Tinea. Upon these its ravages were very severe, scarcely a leaf escaping. Pyre-
thmm iK>wder will kill the larva when it can be made to reach it, but dusting the
eataideof the leaves within which the depredators are securely folded is an expensive
lad prodileas process.
"All species of Blister beetles were, this summer, conspicuous by their absence.
Plants that nenally suifer greatly from the attacks of the Margined and Striped beetles
i^jAeautA dmer^a and E, vitUita) enjoyed this season, in this locality, complete immunity,
I have not been able to discover the cause, unless it was due to the drought."
SILK CULTURE.
The correspondence and labor of the Division in the promotion of
Ailk culture this year has consisted in the distribution of eggs im-
ported from Japan for the purpose and the conduction. of a large cor-
reepoDdence with persons inquiring about the adaptation of their several
climates or localities and of several kinds of trees to the prosecution of the
industry, as well as making numerous other inquiries upon the subject.
The disMbution of eggs was begun in the last week of January,
(1882), but unfortunately a number of the eggs were already hatching
when we received them from Japan, owing to their exposure to heat
while on the way, and they continued hatching for a considerable time
afterwards.
As yet few returns from the experimenters of this year have come in.
The repK>rt« received indicate goo<l success wherever eggs were kept
onhatched until the leaves of the food plants were sufficiently developed
for use, and no especial mishap befell the brood.
Mr. L. S. Crozier, who established himself at Corinth, Miss., during this
iscal year, as manager of the Corinth, Miss., Silk Company, has been the
most constant of our corre8iK)ndents respecting silk culture. In a letter
of January 14, 1882, after relating his experience as a silkculturist,
first in France, then as director of an investigating conuiiittee, sent out
by the Agricultuial Society of the Depaitment of Anl^che to visit the
iievaot in search of healthy breeds of Silkworms (where during eight
jcars he visited Turkey, Wallachia, Asia Minor, Syria, the Caucasus,
Persia, and Japan), and finally, during ten years, in Kansas, Missouri,
North Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, and elsewhere, he says that he
has come to the conclusion that none of the silk-growing countries he
hag visited is better adapted to silk culture than our Middle and Southern
States, adding :
Onr neled silks were sold In Ard^he, France, where the hest of the world are
rsisfd and prepared for Lyons weavers, at 130 francs per kilogram, our cocctous at dC
per kilogram, tne highest price paid tliat year for first-rat^) Kilks and cocoons. Mv
cocoons and silks exhibited at the Paris Exhibition in lb78, in competition with all
the best products of the world, caused many Italian and French firms (silk millers,
ot daslen in nlkwom eggt) to offer me the best prices of the time lot our
C8 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
gooils, eggs, cocoons, and reeled silks — white, yellow, and citron-oolored. Can we
not now say not only that silk growing is a success in the United States, bat
that American-grown silk is of first quality when raised under ^ood oondi^onst
Why, we attain the prices of $d to $9.50 per pound in competition with Japanese and
Chinese silks worth from $5.50 to $2.50 per pound.
And then he goes into speculation about the future, where we will not
follow him. He counsels, however, that silk culture should only be
taken up as an addition to general farming.
Mr. Edward Fasnach, of lialeigh, N. C, in a letter of January 27th:
You are doubtless aware that the "Systbme Pasteur" has proven so effective a pre-
'^ention against the pebrine that silkworm eggs produced by this method are giving
Very satisiactory results, so much so, indeed, that with the improved and more intel-
ligent mode of rearing the silkworm, results are now obtained that far surpass those
of former years when the pehrint had not made its appearance. The consequence is
the demand for foreign eggs is growing loss every year, and the American silk grower
must needs more than ever look for a home market. This brings to mind your sugges-
tion for the establishmeot of a filature so ably set forth in your admirable pampmet.
There is a wealth in our numberless mulberries and Osage orange growing almost every-
where in our broad land, that awaits only tbe filature, and, like the magic wand, it
needs but to *' strike the rock and bid it flow.''
ASSOCIATIONS.
A ladies' association was formed at Spring Hill, near Mobile, Ala.,
this spring (1882). Miss A. C. Gronn, secretary.
The Women's Silk Culture Association of California was organized in
1881 to promote the revival of the silk interest in California. It dis-
tributed circulars of information, and eggs, and mulberry cuttings to
those persons who were willing to undertake the rearing of silkworms.
The new year's issue (1882) of the Sacramento Record-Union contains a
report by Mr. Theodore Hittell, president, Jide Jeanne C. Carr.
We believe it was under the auspices of this association that an offer
was made through the newspapers to send 400 or 500 eggs to any part
of the country upon application to Felix Gillet, Nevada City, Cal., in-
closing a three-cent postage stamp.
The Women's Silk Culture Association of the United States, whose
office is at 1328 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa., was organized in
April and incorporated May 31, 1880, for the purpose of establishing
" Industrial schools for instruction in the art of silk culture, and in the
art of preparing silk for manufacturing uses; and the est^iblishmeut of
auxiliary associations for such instruction throughout the United States."
During the year following it« organization it brought the subject of silk
culture before several other associations promotive of agriculture, be-
sides giving instruction in rearing worms and reeling silk at its rooms
in Philadelphia, and during the pa^t year it has distributed a large
number of eggs, mulberry trees, and pamphlets, bought cocoons, from
which it procured the reeling of the silk, and held an extensive and
well-attended fair in Saint George's Hjill, at the corner of Thirteenth
and Arch streets, Philadelphia. To this fair we contributed several
cases of goods illustrating native and foreign reeled silk and cocoons.
As an earnest of the encouragement whiclTthe association tenders to
native producers of silk, and of the practicability of silk culture in all
its branches in this country, the association procured the manufacture
of a silk dress for Mrs. Garfield from silk raised in fourteen States,
reeled at the rooms of the association, and dyed and woven by Hamil
& Booth at their mills in Paterson, N. J.
An institution, under the name of the American Silk Exchange, was
incorporated in New York on the 9th of May, 1882, and proposed to
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 69
open formally for bufilncss on the 20th of that month. ^'Its object is to
organize a market for American silk prodacers, and to enconrage silk-
worm culture in this country." The president says that if the mills will
uotbny the silk which the exchange will have for sale it proposes to
start a mill of its own. To attract pablic attention the exchange pre-
pared to open, on the 5th of June, and to continue until September, a
silk exhibition, at which every step in the culture of sOk would be
shown, the cocoons being unwound and the silk spun and woven in
thehalL
SALES OF EGGS AND OOOOONS.
Mrs. John Lucas, formerly secretary, and now president, of the
Woman's Silk Culture Association of the United States, 1328 Chestnut
street, Philadelphia, Pa., wrote, March 11, 1882 :
I find it difficult to discover the statistics yon need for your rexK)rty bnt I feel
med there are some qoite large lots (of cocoons) that we know have been ndsed
that the colturists keep back, Loping to obtain a higher market at the great silk de-
pots of France. • • * The sales of waste cocoons have been about 130 ponndSy
the priee paid $1 per ponnd. Some inferior and stained and bi&dly cared whole
eoooons broa^bt 50 cents to 75 cents per pound. Of whole cocoons we have received
aboQt 250 pounds. Wo have reeled lOO pounds of whole cocoons, for which we have
paid from 90 cents to $1.15 per ponnd. Some few choice cocoons here brought more,
18 we gave a price for them as samples. Your llj^nres of $1 to $1.50 I think are
quite lafe, bat we could not pay $1.50 per pound and then pay $1 per day to reel and
eoTCT ooraelvee. You see this $1 per day and city expenses is not a criterion for home
iDdoitrf. • • •
(Additional) 30 pounds of inferior waste purchased ; 10 pounds of whole cocoons, 30
ounces of eggs, and 60 pounds of waste produce at our rooms. About 25 pounds of
reeled silk obtained from the 100 pounds of cocoons reeled.
EEPOBTS.
Many of the reports received from persons to whom eggs were sent
eootain no information which is of service for instruction.
Mr. Andrew J. Coen, of Jackson Station, Daviess County, Missouri,
reported (February 1, 1882) tliat most of the eggs sent him in 1881
were hatched when received, and in the absence of any proper food, the
trees not having leaved out at the time, he tried feeding the worms on
cabbage leaves ; at first they seemed to relish that food, but soon began
dying, and all died. He only kept one egg unhatched until the proper
season, and from that he obtained a cocoon.
Mr. G. Damkohler, of Clarence, Shelby County, Missouri, writes
(February 4, 1882). that he fed the Silkworms only on Osage orange, and
knew notiiing of tne business except what he had learned from the man-
ual Mr. E. Fasnachyof Ealeigh, N. C, pronounced his silk superior.
Mr. S. Wrotnowski, of Baton Rouge, La., an experienced silk cul-
tonst* formerly proprietor of a magnanerie in Puy-de-Ddme, France, sent
a ttioael report May — , 1882, of his experiments in raising worms on the
Uofnu multicaulis:
Taking tbe product of one day's hatcbing (February 7), keeping them at a temper-
itnre ranging between 22P and^28^ C. (72P and 82<^ F.), with a moisture between 60®
and 70^ C, and feeding them from four to six times per day on leaves of Marus multi-
esulw, they entered their second age on the 7th day, their third on the 13th, their
Iborih on the 20th, their fifth on the 28th, and mounted to spin on the 35th day, March
13. The moths reserved for seed came out of the cocoons and began to lay eggs April
1; most of the cocoons were smothered in a stove at a temperature of 90° C. (194° F.;.
Dorlng aU the time of rearing no one of the worms died or was sick, but all came to
maturity in good health. Tliey made the best cocoons that can be made and the dnest
Wlity of siUi:, as you can judge by the sample that I have the honor to send von bv
wis day's mail in a paper box. By this experience and another, made in 1860, witli
i
70 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
the saHM enccess, I can annul the prejudice asainst multicaulis^ that its leaves are too
vratery and are unheiilfchy for the worms, an<f conseciuently cannot ])rr>duce good silk
This is completely enouetius. If during looj; rain the leaves iKiComo t/oo wet I nassed
them between dry cloths and sprinkled with powder made of leaves dried in tne snn
or on a stove; if they had been gathered some time and were faded or dry, I sprinkled
them with water and mixed and then served them to the worms.
While a student, about the year 1839, in the French institution, "Fenne exp^ri-
mentale des Borgeries de Senart/^ near Paris, of which M. Camille de Beauvais was at
that time director, we endeavored to obtain cocoons from mulHcaulia, but the frost
always destroyed the leaves, and the trees in that climate cannot endure the fixjst.
But, here, in several States of the 8outh, they prosper admirably ; we have many large
trees two feet in diaii»eter.
About four years ago I planted multicaulis cuts, and have now the finest trees of 4
Inches in diameter. They are thickly covered with large leaves, many 6 by 8 inches,
easy to gather and abundant.
No frost ever hurts them here, and, in conclusion, I believe that the imulUcauUi
leaves are the best and most prolitablo of all mulberries, the healthicMt for the worms,
and produce the best cocoou.s and the finest <|uality of silk. • • * Being conver-
sant with this industry, I am willing to give help and service to persons who wish to
engage in tliis business.
Mr. H. T. Yose, Sj^racuse, Otoo County, Nebraska, reiwrted, June 10,
1882, that tbe worms were doing tiuely and were tlieu nearly ready to
spin, having been fed on the Bois d'arc, orOsage orange. He says: "The
silk made by the worms from this feed may have a si>ecial value for some
fabrics."
E. H. Benedict, IMarietta, Ohio, reported failure, and tbat the egg^
were niireliable, June 12, 1882. Only about 150 eggs hatched, and the
worms from these soon died, not being vigorous. These were of the
Japanese race which we received and sent out without name, but which
proved to be yellow. Mr. Benedict fed them on mulberry, and reports
the temperature at which they were kept as 75^. Fortunately he has
some eggs, raised by himself, which are of a choice varietj^, and which
he wishes to sell.
Under date of June 2, 1882, Mr. John 0. Andrus, of Manchester, Scott
County, Illinois, sent samples of cocoons raised from eggs furnished by
the Department, with the following report :
Abont three-fourths of the white and two-thirds of the yellow eggs hatched. None
were lost in ditferent molting periods ; six weut into the chrysalis stage without
spinning. They were all raised on Onage orange leare^, A lady friuud of some seventy-five
years of age is reeliug uicely the balance of the cocoons, after retaining quite a num-
ber for eggs.
This Huiull ex])erinient has satisfied me that we have the food ^oing to waste in our
State to raine all the silk needed in the United State's; all that is needed is to briog
this industry before the people when we have more surplus labor than at present.
Still, I think quite a large ainount of cocoons could be raised if a market could be ob-
tained for them. * » * The ease of gathering the food from our miles of hedges is
nothing in comparison to the labor of doing the name with the mulberry.
Mrs. Theodore H. Hittell, corresponding secretary of the California
Silk-Growers' Association, writes. May 4, 1882 :
We take pleasure in forwarding to you the first annual report of tbe California Silk
Culture Association. We hope you will be gratified in seeing the progress we have
mfiAe iu our eflbrts to introduce horn? silk culture into our Golden State.
The idea upon which our efforts haVe been based origiuatoil with you. From the
very start, acting upon your suggestions, we were satistied that silk culture could be
made a sutM-ess amongst us, and that its success would be one of the greatest benefits
that could be conferred up(m our people. The example of France, for example, shows
of what incalculable advantage it may, with judicious management, be made to the
prosperity and welfare of a country. And we hope the time is not far distant when
all tne men of wealth and influence throughout the country and the govenneut itaelf
will recognize its importance and take the proper measures to make it one of our great
national industries.
It seems to us that the future success of silk manufacture in the United States de-
pends upon the home production of the raw material. In this view it is important
REPOBT OF THE ENTOMOiiOGIST. 71
•
to call attention to the formation of the misohief threatening the silk gnild of Yoko-
hama, which is deecribed as follows:
**The Chinese and Japanese now have snfficient interconrse with the United States
and Europe to avail themselyes of any ' tricks of trade* which they are likely to learn
from the astnter Caucasian portion of the human race, and to such tuition may largely
he ascribed the formation of the Japanese silk guild.
**It is Just possible that the not only non-resisting but acquiescent English silk-Iwiy-
ers of Yokohama may, for anything but worthy motives, be in league with the native
Silk broken and merchants. To us at a distance it does seem pasajn^ strange that
the guild shonld obtain any encouragement from a class for whose obvious advantage
it is to keep the silk trade as open and unhampered as possible.
**On a consideration of the whole question, the restrictions sought to be imposed by
the guild, the probability of the Chinese following the example of the Japanese by
lonmng a sinMlar obstmctive guild at every port, it is evidently the duty of silk-con -
■aming countries to aim at beintf independent as quickly as possible of China and
JapaJD for raw material.''
It n clear from the foregoing that it is of prime importance to the silk-mannfactur-
hig interest of the country to encourage home production ; and that whatever aid in
the vay of protection that may be necessary to start American silk culture and put
it on a firm basis is a matter of national concern. We are able with a little encour-
agement to becoLuo, and we ought to be, entirely independent of Japan and China.
Ererr spot where the mnlbesry will grow and the silkworm thrive, from the Atlantic
to the Pacific, from Canada to Mexico, shonld be availed of. It is daily becoming
Biore expensive and inconvenient to import the raw material from Japan and China,
aad we lind by almost every mail new accountb of additional obstacles being placed in
tbe way of oar manufacture in those countries. Under these circumstances is it not
plain that the Interest of the silk manufacturers throughout the country, and we may
aid of the conntry itself, Are involved in our efforts to naturalize the production of the
nw Batecial t We ought to be aided in onr start, because it is evident that the re-
■ak will be of incalculable benefit. Every fiber of silk used in the United States can
eaflly be and ought to be produced within the circuit of the United States.
Tat Yokohama Gazette, of November 24, says :
''The silk war has come to a most lame and 'impotent conolnsion.' The establish-
■at of a eentral silk warehouse htm been agreed to ; the foreign associations have
Tirtoally yielded almost everything, and the Ben go Kilto Niadzukansko has secured
ill the advantages it was formed to obtain. Nominally the trade reverts^ to some ex-
tent, to its original statns, but in reality it stands on a very different footing. Silk
buyers wiQ find Lhis out before they are many years <>lder ; in the mean time let them
CDjoy their dearly-bought treaty of peace as best they may. The Japanese have
^bably learned a lesson which hereafter they may perhaps be able to turn to accoimty
vbich is that foreign determination, firmness of purpose^ or whatever else it may be
edkd, is not impregnable to all assaults. Continual dripping wears away a stone.
The simile is an old one, but it holds good in this case. Japanese have only to stand
•at kmg enough and foreign opposition will melt away as surely as snow does in ann-
ihine."
We have taken the liberty to call your attention to the above facts and considera-
tion for tbe purpose of soliciting your further efforts in securing the establishment of
Aaxricjui silk culture. ^
We beg that your infiuence may be exerted in preventing any legislation on the
■ibject wliicli may hamper the incipient industry, and in securing such legislation
la nuy foster and protect it.
The mannfactnrers shonld be made to see that their interests are with the en-
eomgement of onr efforts. And in our endeavor to make this plain to them, and to .
odist their sympathy and assistance in securing the object of our association, we ask '
the aid of your will and influence and a continuation of your powerful advocacy.
We shonld be glad to hear any suggestions yon may have to make upon the subject
tf this commnnication or upon the subject of silk culture in general.
EXPEBIENCE IN 1882 AT THE DEPAETMENT.
In tliis Division this year (1882) exx>eriments were made upon several
races of silk- worms.
A quantity of eggs which were sent us at two diflferent times, loose
in boxes, by the "Corinth (Miss.) Silk Company, L. S. Crozier, mana-
ger," 08 of the yellow race from Cevennes, were rapidly hatching when
received, and although somewhat checked in their growth for a time
were only saved by allowing the worms to begin feeding on lettuce
72 REPOBT OF THE COMHISSIONEB OF AGBICULTUKE.
•
leaves about the 1st of April. This food was continued for uearly two
weeks before mulberry buds appeared. After that, for some time, tbe
buds had to bo hashed. Before good>sized leaves could be obtained
most of the worms of this lot had died. Those which survived were so
much retarded by the cool weather that they occupied about two months
in getting their growth, and formed their cocoons about the end of 3Iay
and first of June quite irregularly. This is a striking illustration of
the influence of the food and temperature on the duration of insect life,
and of the comparative worthlessness of isolated data or anything bat
averages in considering the subject The cocoons formed by these
worms were large, of a saffron yellow color. The moths were amongst
the earliest to emerge, and such eggs as were not put away in a cool
place began to hatch about a week after they were laid.
Another lot, received from the same parties, as of the black race, had
a history essentially the same as that of the yellow race. The worms of
this lot were about equally of two sorts, the one being indistinguishable
throughout in appearance from the yellow race, and the other being
darker colored. They also were fed on mulberry. Their cocoons did
not differ from those of the yellow race. From the light variety of the
worms about an equal number of the two sexes of the moths was
obtained j from the dark variety nearly all were males.
A portion of the lot imported from Japan for distribution was re-
tained, and divided into two parts, one of which was fed on Osage orange
and the other on mulberry. These were of the sulphur-yellow varie^.
They also were too far advanced when received by us, owing to the ex-
posure to which they had been subjected in transportation from Japan,
but were not allowed to hatch until the third week in April. The worms
fed on mulberry were more precocious than those fed on the Osage
orange, and produced a large and gpod crop, but nearly all that were
fed on Osage orange died after their last molt and just as they were pre-
sumed to be ready to make their cocoons.
Mr. E. Fasnach, of Raleigh, N. 0., sent a very few eggs ote black breed
from Thibet, which were not allowed to hatch until about the first of
May, and were carefully fed on mulbeiry leaves. These worms, like the
yellow French ones, presented two appearances, one jwrtion oeing of
the ordinary color but the others becoming ivory black after the second
molt. The cocoons w^ere also various, most of them being like those of
tlie French breeds, but one or two being snmller and pure white. This
experience would indicate that this black Thibet breed is made up of
the darker or black individuals of various other breeds, and that there
is a strong tendency to atavism or reversion to the normal pale coloring.
It may be stated here that certain individuals of all races show a tend-
ency to become dark, and thus revert to what were undoubtedly the an-
costral colors of the species.
A lot <^f eggs received from Miss L. L. Buster, of Somerset, Pulaski
Connty, Kentucky, was hatched for experiment, and the worms fed on
Osago ornnge. AVhen in their fourth stage some of them showed signs
of disease, and the whole lot was removed to an attic, where it received
invguluT care. As the worms approached the spinning point they
bee ame covered with a fetid, green slime. They were remoted imme-
diately froiii their old trays and the trays cleared of filth, but although
the slime dried away it left them discolpred, and they died rapidly, de-
caying almost immediately. The first worms which began making co-
coons died and rotted before their work was completed, and the oUiers
made no l>eginniug. The race was evidently diseased.
W.e had worms from three of our own lots carried through their trans*
EEPOET OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 73
formations. These were partly of a Japanese white race and partly of
a Japanese yellow race, both of which we first fed on Osage orange in
3S72, and have kept on the plant exclusively every year since. They
both did well, the white race doing the better. We have been greatly
interested to find that the yellow race, which in the beginning made
cocoons of a bright sulphnr-yellow color, have in the course of this
feeding on Osage orange, come to make cocoons that are only yellowish-
white, showing, so far as the color of the silk is concemexl, a marked
improvement over their progenitors : the cocoons, moreover, are fully
equal, in texture and firmness, to either the white or the bright yellow.
The white cocoons firom the Osage orange were fully equal if not supe-
rior to the average of those from mulbeiry-fed worms.
NEW MT7LBERBY TREE.
Mr. Abram Thiessen, P. O. box 245, Fairbnry, Nebr., issued an adver-
tisiDg dicolar in the fall of 1881, from which I make a few extracts.
He imported frt>m the German colonies in Southern Eussia what he
calls the '^ Ganeasian mulberry tree,'' which he says grows very well in
the Western States of North America. In Jefferson County, Nebraska,
he raised trees which became 8 inches in diameter and 10 feet high in
sii years:
Tbe ksveflof the tree are the beet for raising silk cocoons wiliich are of first qaality.
Tbe alkworms do better here than they did in Southern Russia. • • •
On mj father's farm, Colony Schcenaa, in Southern Rassia, there were trees of thirty
yem' growth which reached a height of 35 feet, and the trunks about 5 feet from the
pmna were 13 feet in circumference. * • *
Cuttings don't grow very well except with the greatest care. • • • The young
tiMi should be started by seedlings, • • • from the 1st of October up to the mid-
dle of May. Spring planting is Mtter than fall planting. ** • •
Tbe tree thrivea in every soU, even in marsh land. Only in alkali soil the tree gets
■ek and dies. Ftom Southern Dakota down to Texas the Caucasian mulberry nas
pown well eTeiywhere.
BUSINESS YENTUBES: SALE OF EGGS.
Several parties have nndertaken business ventnres in connection with
the silk-producing industry. Foremost amongst these has b^n Mr. L.
S. Crozier, of Corinth, Miss., already referred to, and who offered mul-
berry trees and silkworm eggs for sale, and offered to buy all the co-
coons sent to him produced by worms raised on proper kinds of mul-
beiry trees.
Abraham Thiessen, P. O. box 245, Fairbnry. Nebr., offers 1,000 silk
ejSgs for 25 cents ; one ounce for |3 ; 1,000 muloerry seed for 25 cents.
Wfn have mulbeiry seed to sell by the pound in the fall of 1882. Ho
'rfTfrs seedling mulberry trees from 4 inches high at 2 cents each and
tlO per 1,000; 8 feet high at 35 cents each, $20 per hundred and $175
per thousand, delivered free of charge at the depot in Fairbury. He
bail reels, but does not offer to buy cocoons.
The Corinth (Miss.,) Silk Company, L. S. Crozier, manager, offers 1,000
es:gs for 81, 1 ounce for $6: mulberry trees from one year old at $10 per
bnndred, two years old at $15 per hundred, and mulberry cuttings at $2
per hundred. It offers to pay cash at Lyons prices for all good cocoons
received.
Tlie Woman's Silk Culture Association of the United States, 1328
Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa., offers 1,000 eggs for $1, J ounce for
74 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
$3, 1 onnoe for $5 ; lower in quantities. It has no mulberry seed or trees
for sale. It has established a filature, and offers to pay for oocoons ac-
cording to the market value of the silk obtained therefrom when reeled
and prepared for manufacturing uses; also to receive and sell at the
best market prices all silk waste that may be raised, including pierced
cocoons, floss silk, and wild silk. A commission of 10 per cent. ax>on
all sales will be charged by the association.
A " chart and instructions for silfc growers,'' by W. C. Kerr, State
geologist of North Carolina, can be obtained by applying to the associa-
tion, inclosing 10 cents postage.
Messrs. McKittrick & Co., Second street, Memphis, Tenn., offer to pay
" more than Lyons prices" for cocoons.
Messrs. Virion des Lauriers & Co., 201 East Sixty-third street, New
York, imported and sold large quantities of eggs at reasonable prices.
SUltfMARY OF THE SILK-GROWING QUESTION.
To meet the increasing demands for information, a second edition of
our Manual (Special Report No. 11) has been issued, the preface of which
we reproduce below as a summary of the present condition and pros-
pects of the silk-producing industry in this country :
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
That there exists Inst now a very general and widespread int«reflt in the subject ot
Bilk culture iu the United States is manifest from the recent large increase in the cor-
respondence of the Entomological Division in relation thereto, and from the demand
made for this Manual. To avoid the disappointment that is sure to follow exnffge-
rated and visionary notions on the suhject, it may be well here to emphasize the lacts
that the elements of successful silk cuUuro on a large scale are at the present time
entirely wanting in this country ; tliat the prolitjj of silk culture are always bo small
that extensive operations by organized bodies must prove unprofitable where capital
finds so many more lucrative lields for employment; that extensive silk raising is
fraught with dangers that do not beset less ambitions operations; that silk culture,
in short, as shown in this Manual, is to be recommended only as a light and pleasant
employment for those members of the farmer's household who either cannot do or are
not engaged in otherwise remunerative work.
The want of experience is a serious obstacle to silk culture in this country; for
while, as is shown in the following pages, the mere feeding of a certain number of
worms and the preparation of the cocoons for market are simple enough operations,
requiring neither physical strength nor special mental finalities, yet skill and experi-
ence count for much, and the bet^t results cannot be attained without them. In Eu-
rope and Asia this experience is traditional and inherited, varying in different sec-
tions both as to methods and races of worm employed. With the great variety of
Boil, climate, and conditions prevailing in this country, experience In the same lines
will also vary, but the general principles indicated in this Manual should govern.
The ^eater value of labor here as compsured with labor in the older silk-growing
countries has been in the past a most serious obstacle to silk culture in the United
States, but conditions exist to-day that render this obstacle by no means insnx>eTable.
In the first place comparative prices, as so often quoted, are misleading. The girl who
makes only twenty or thirty cents a day, iu France or Italy, does as well, because of
the relatively lower prices of all other commodities there, as she who earns three or
four fold as much here. Again, the conditions of life are such in those countries that
every woman among the agricultural classes, not absolutely necessary in the house-
hold, finds a profitable avenue for her labor in field or factory, so that the time given
to silk-raisin^r must be deducted from other profitable work in which she may be em-
ployed. WiUi us, on the contrary, there are thousands — aye. hundreds of thousands —
of women who, from our very conditions of life, are unable to labor in the field or
factory, and have, in short, no means, outside of household duties, of converting
labor into capital. Tlie time that such might give to silk culture would, therefore,
be pure gain, and in this sense the cheap-labor argument loses nearly ail its force.
This holds more particularly true in the larger portion of the South and West that
are least adapted to the production of merchantable dairy products or where bee-
keeping and poultry-raiaing are usually confined to the immediate wants of thehoue*
hold.
HEPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIgT. 75
Tbe want of a ready market for the cocoons is now, as it always has heen, the most
SN'iooa obatacle to be overconai^ aqd the oue to which all iuterested iu establisliiu^
eilk culture Bhould flr^it direct their attention. Ignore this, and efforts to establish
the industry are bound to fail, a*» they have failed in the past. A pennanent market
ODce established, and the other obstacles indicated will slowly, but surely, Tanish as
mow before the coming spring;. Owinff to the prevalence of disease in Europe, there
grew lip a oonaiderable demand for silkworm eggs in this country, so that several
{xmions found the production of these eggs quite iirofitable. Large quantities are yet
shipped across the continent fmm Japan each winter; but this demand is, in its
nature, tramdent and limited, and with the improved Pastenr method of selection,
sad prsTention of disease, silk-raisers are again producing their own eggs iu Europe.
Bilk cultare must depend for its growth, therefore, on the production of cocoons, and
tbe^ will find no remnnerative sale except where the silk can be reeled. I find no
rpason to change tbe views expressed relative to the part this Department might take
in soeeoring silk eultnrc through Congressional aid; for, however just and desirable
direct protection to the industry may be by the imposition of an import duty on
revled silk, no such protection has yet been given by Congress, and silk falatnres can-
not l)c ftilly and profitably established without some fostering at the start. Undei' a
beavT protective tarift* our silk manufactures have rapidly grown in importance and
wraith, until, dnring the year 18^1 (according to the reports of W. C. Wyckoff, secre-
tary of the Silk Aasociation of America), raw silk to the value of $11,936,865, and
vsfttesilk and cocoons to the value of $769, IdCi- were imported at the ports of New
Y<»rk and San Francisco, while our manufactured goods reached in valtie between
^j,00O,OOO and $40,000,000. Now, the so-called raw silk thus imi»orted to the value
of Dearly $12,000,000, is just as mueh a manufactured article as the woven goods, and
its imputation free of duty is as much an encouragement to foreign manufacturers
snd an impediment to home industry as the removal of the dut^*^ would be on the
woren ^oods. Tbe aid that Congress, through this Department, shonld, in my judg-
ment, give to silk-reeling, and thereby to silk-production, may be supplied by private
ud beneroteDt means ; and I am pleased to leconl, in this oonooction, the recent
effitftsof the Women's Silk Culture Association of California and the similar associa-
tion in Philadelphia. Thin last organization has in operation a good hand-reel, worked
bj a 9kille<l Italian, and the secretary, Mrs. John Lucas, offers to purchase cocoons at
prices ranging from $1 to $1.50 per pound, according to quality. Messrs. Crozier A
Co., of Corinth, Miss., and Messrs. McKittrick &, Co., of Memphis, Tonn., also adver-
tue that they will jiurchase cocoons at Lyons prices. These are beginnings in the
nght direction, but so far the efforts are warranted only in the former case through
beaevolent support, and in the latter as an aid to a general businiBss of supplying eggs
and mulberry trees.
The obstacles which I have set forth are none of them permanent or insuperable,
vfaile we have some a4l vantages not possessed by other countries. One of infinite
importance la the inexhaustible supply of Osage orange (i^fac^ura aurauHaca) which
oar thousands of mile« of hedges furnish ; another is the greater average intelligence
and ingenuity of our people, who will not be content to tread merely in the ways of
the Old World, but will be quick to improve on their methods; still another may be
fotuid in tbe more spacious and commodious of the farmers' barns and outhouses.
Every year's experience with the Madura confirms all that I have said of ita value as
■Ikworm food. Silk which I have had reeled from a race of worms fed on it, now
Inr eleven consecutive years, is of the very best quality, while the tests made at the
reoent fiilk fair at PUiladelphia showed that in some instances a less weight of cocoons
ipan by Afac/Kra-fed worms wa.H required for a pound of reeled silk than of cocoons
from nTulberry-fed worms.
C. V. R.
Washixoton, D. C, February 20, 1882. .
From the tenor of tbe correHpoQdence of the Division, and from tbe con-
Bt^ntly increasing interest manifested in tbe subject since tbe above was
ratten, we feel constrainetl to add a few other words of caution, more
pttUcularly, since, iu obedience to the large demands for eggs, the De-
partment has been urged to make very large purchases of these for dis-
tribution. Under present circumstances we feel more disposed to che«k
than to encourage the present growing interest in the subject, because
of the conviction that tlie majority of persons underta,king the raising
of silkworms are doomed to disappointment. Those who have eggs for
sale or who are interested in the propagation and sale of mulberry cut-
tings, and those who are intiueuced by philanthropic or benevolent
Biouves, eau aftbrd, albeit from opx>osite motives, to stimulate in every
76 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
possible way the interest naturally felt in the subject, but the disap-
pointment, u|^der existing circumstances, is apt to be great in proportion
as the interest increases, so that there is danger of a repetition of the
many reactions from similar attempts in the past.
This follows necessarily j&om the fact that the reeled silk is imiK>rted
free of duty, while there is so very heavy a duty on the woven goods.
There is a duty to-day on wools valued at 32 cents of 10 to 11 cente per
pound, and 10 per cent, ad valorem. Still, in past years, as in 1846, wool
has been imported free of duty. Now wool is essentially a raw product,
having gone through no expensive process of manufacture ; yet what
would our wool-growers throughout the country say if it were proxiosed
to do away with the duty and allow wool to come in as reeled silk is now
allowed to come in, free ? They would, no doubt, declare that such action
on the part of Congress would give the death-blow to wool-growing in the
United States. Silk culture is in just tiie condition that wool-growing
would be in under such circumstances, and if there is any advantage to
the country in the protection of one kind of silk-manufacture, tiien,
logically, that other branch of silk-manufacture, namely, silk-reehng,
which would add value to the coccoon and give encouragement to its
production, should also be protected, and we earnestly recommend this
subject to the serious consideration of the recently-appointed Tariff Com-
mission. With proper duty on the ."raw silk,'' there would be no ques-
tion of the steady and permanent growth of the silk culture in the United
States ; this Department would l^ justified in making eftbrts to widely
disseminate the eggs, and in the course of two or three years every dol-
lar of the vast sums sent out of the country for **raw silk'' produced in
foreign lands would find its way to the pockets of our own people.
PYRE THRUM: ITS USB AS AN INSECTICIDE.
[Pi»to» m, rv.i
A large quantity of Pyrethrum seed has been distributed to corre-
spondents. The seed was obtained either direct from x)arts of llussia and
the Caucasus or from Trieste, Austria. The packages were accompanied
by the following:
CIRCULAR IN REFERBNCB TO PYRETHRUM :
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
biR : lu tbo spring of 1881 Prof. C. V. Riley, on behalf of the United States Entomo-
logical Commission, distiibated the seed of Pyrethrum ro9eum and Pyrethrum dnerariafo'
Hum to a number of correspondents in different parts of the country, and while the
excessive drought rendered the experiments in growing it in many cases unsuccessful,
yet the reports are sufficiently favorable to warrant further trial.
The value of these plants in furnishiu'g a perfectly effectual insecticide, that cau be
used against many of the worst insects ii^urious to our crops as weU as against house-
hold and greenhouse pests, without danger to man or beast, has been fully established
by experiments made under his direction during the past two years. The general
cultiyation of the plants in all sections where they wiU succeed is, therefore, most de-
sirable. A small package of seed, duly labeled, is sent to you from this Departinciit
for trial, and the following statement regarding the nature, cultivation, aud ubc of
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 77
tesplanta, prepared by the entomologist of the Department/ is sent to guide yon
in neh trisl. I shall be glsd to have yoa report to the Department the result of joor
•xpoimeDty and to aid in any other way within my power toward its suooess.
Bcspectfnlly,
GEO. B. LORING,
CammisiUmer of Agriculture,
HI8TOBT OF PTRBTHRUM.
There sre Tery few data at hand concerning the discovery of the insecticide proper-
ties of Pjrethram. The powder has heen in use for many years in Asiatic ooimtries
looth of the Caucasus Mountains. It was sold at a highprice by the inhabitants, who
ncccasfnlly kept its nature a secret until the beginning of this century, when an
Annenian merchant, Mr. Jumtikoffl learned that the powder was obtained from the
dried and pnlrerized flower-heads of certain species of Pyrethrnm growing abundantly
in the mountain region of what is now known as the Kussian province of Transcau-
CMia. The son of Mr. Jumtikoff began the manufacture of the article on a large scale
in \iS^ after whicli year the Pyrethrum industry steadily grew, until to-day the export
of the dried flower-heads represents an important item in the revenue of those coun-
tries.
Still leas seems to be known of the discovery and history of the Dalmatian species of
Pyrethrnm {Pgrethrum cinerarurfolium). but it is probable that its history is very simi-
Itf to that of the Asiatic species. At the present time the Pyrethrum flowers are con-
ndered by far the mont Taluable products of the soil of Dalmatia.
There ft also very little information published regarding either the mode of growth
or the cultivation of Pyrethrum plants in their native home. As to the Caucasian
^»eein we have reason to believe that they are not cultivated, at least not at the pres-
ent time, statements to the contraiy notwithstanding.! The well-known Dr. Gustav
Eadde, director of the Imperial Museum of Natural History at Tiflis, Transcaucasia,
who is the highest living authority on everything pertaining to the natural history of
that region, wrote us recently as follows : *' The onl^ species of its genus, Pyrethrum
TDMKs^ which gives a good, efiective insect powder, is nowhere cultivated, but grows
wild in the basal-alpine zone of our mountains at an altitude of from 6,000 to 8,000
feet.^ From this it appears that this species, at least, is not cultivated in its native
ko'i e, and Dr. Radde's statement is corroborated by a communication of Mr. 8. M.
Hntton, vice-consul-general of the United States at Moscow, Russia, to whom we ap-
^ied for seed of this species. He writes that his agents were not able to get more
than about half a pound of the seed from any one person. From this statement it may
be inferred that the seeds have to be gathered from the wild and not from the calti-
vsted plants.
As to the Dalmatian plant it is also said to be cultivated in its native home, but we
eso get no definite information on this score, owin^ to the fact that the inhabitants
IK TcfTj unwilling to give any information regarding a plant the product of which
ihirj wish to monopolize. For similar reasons we have found great difficulty in ob-
taining even small quantities of the seed of P. oinerarictfolium that was not baked or in
ocfa«r ways tampered with to prevent germination. Indeed the people are so jealous
of their plant that to send the seed out of the country becomes a serious matter, in
which liie is risked.
The seed of Pyrethrum roseum is obtained with less difficulty, at least in small quanti-
ties, and it has even become an article of commerce, several nurserymen here, as well as
is Enrope, advert imn^ it in their catalogues. The species has been snccessfnlly grown
» a garden plant for its pale rose or bright pink flower-rays. Mr. Thomas Meehan, of
Ocnuntown, Pa., writes us: ''I have had a plant of Pyrethrum ro$eum in my herba-
(f*>m garden for many years past, and it holds its own without any care much better
tbso many other things. I should say fh>m this ezx>erience that it was a plant which
^nU very easily accommodate itself to onltnre anywhere in the United States.^ Petor
Headerson, of New York, another well-known and experienced nurseryman, writes:
*"! have grown the plant and its varieties for ten years. It is of the easiest cultiva-
tioo, either by seeds or divisions. It now ramifies into a great variety of all shades,
from white to deep crimson, double and single, perfectly hardy hero, and I think
likely to be nearly evervwhere on this continent. " Dr. James C. Neal, of Archer.
Ha., has also soccessfnlly grown Pyrethrum roaeum and many varieties thereof, ana
other correspondents report similar favorable experience. None of them have found
a special mode of cultivation necessary. In 1856 Mr. C. Willemot made a serious at-
*From recent communioalions by him to the American NaturalieU
t Heport Conuu. of Patents, 1857, Agriculture, p. 130.
78 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AQRICULTURB.
tempt to iDtroduoe and cultiTftte the plunt* on a large scale in France. As bis ac-
count of the cultivation of Pjrethrum is the best we know of, we quote here hit expe-
rieuco, with but few slight omissions: ''The soil best adapted to its culture should
be composed of a pure j^onnd, somewhat silicoons and drv. Moisture and the pres-
ence of clay is injurious, the plant being extremely sensitive to an excess of water,
and wonld in such case immediately perish. A southern exposure is the most favor-
able. The best time for putting the 8ee<1s in the ground is from March to April. It
can be done even in the month of February if the weather will permit it. After the
soil has been prepared and the seeds are sown they are covered by a stratnm of groond
mixed with some vegetable mold, when the roller is slightly applied to it. Every five
or six days the watering is to be renewed in order to facilitate the germination. At
the end of about thirty or forty days the yonng plants make their appearance, and
as soon as they have gained strength enough they are transplanted at a distance of
abont 6 inches from each other. Three months after this operation they are trans-
planted again at a distance of from- 14 to 20 inches, according to their strength. Each
transplantation reonires, of course, a new wat-ering, which, however, should only be
moderately applied. The blossoming of the Pyrethrum commences the second year
toward the end of May, and continues to the end of September.'' Mr. Willemot also
states that the plant is but slightly sensitive to cold, and needs no shelter even during
severe winters.
The above-quoted directions have reference to the cUmate of France, and as the cul-
tivation of the plant in many parts of North America is yet an experiment, a great
deal of independent Judgment must be nsed. The plants should be treated in the
same manner as the ordinary Asters of the garden or other perennial C^mpositae.
As to the Dalmatian plant, it is well known that Mr. G. N. Milco, a native of Dal-
matia, has of late years sncoessfully cultivated Pyrtthrum cineraricpfolium near Stock-
ton, Oal., and the powder from the California-grown plants, to which Mr. Milco has
given the name of ''Bnhach,'' retains all the insecticide qualities, and is far superior
to most of the imported powder, as we know from experience. Mr. Biilco gives the
following advice about planting, advice which applies more partionlarly to the Pa-
cific eoast: '' Prepare a small b^ of fine, loose, sanay, loamy soil, slightly mixed with
fine manure. Mix tbe seed with drv sand and sow carefully on top of the bed. Then
with a common rake ditittirb the surface of the ground half an inch in depth. Sprinkle
the bed every evening until sprouted ; ^too much water will cause injury. After it is
well sprouted watering twice a week is sufficient. When about a month old weed
oarefmly. They should be transplanted to loamy soil duriqg the rainy season of winter
or spring."
Our own experience with Pjftethmni roBewin as well as Pyrethrmm dneraria/olium in
Washington, I). C, has been so far quite satiaflftctor^. Some that we planted in the
fall of 1680 came np quite well in the spring, and a few plants bloomed in November
of 1881, though such blooming was doubtless abnormal. The plants from sound seed
which we planted this spring are also doing finely, and as the soil is rather a stiff clay
and the nuns were in early snmmer many and heavy, we conclude that Mr. Willemot
has overstated the delicacy of the plants. We have o oserved further that the seed ofben
lays a long time in the gronnd before germinating, and that it germinates beet when
not watered too heavily. We think that the too rapid absorption of moisture often
causes the seed to burn prematurely and rot, where slower absorption in a soil only
tolerably moist affords the best oonaitions for germination.
PREPABATION OF THB PLdUTTS FOB USB.
In regard to manufacturing the powder, the flower-heads should be gathered during
fine weather, when they are about to open, or at the time when fertilization takes
place, as the essential oil that gives the insecticide qualities reaches, at this time, its
greatest development. When the blossoming has ceased the stalks may be out within
about four inches from the ground and utiuzed, being ground and mixed with the
flowers in the proportion of one-third of their weight. Great care must be taken not
to expose the nowers to moisture, or the rays of the sun, or still less to artificial heat.
They should be dried under cover and hermetically closed up in sacks or other vessels
to prevent untimely pulverization. The finer the fiower-heads are pulverized the
more effectually the powder acts and the more economical is its use. Proper pul-
verization in large quantities is best done by those who make a business of it and
have special mill facilities. Lehn & Fink, of New York, have furnished us with
the most satisfactory powder. For his own use the fanner can pulverize smaller
•Mr. Willemot calls his plant Pfpr^hrt du cancase (Pyreilirum WiUemcti Duchartre),
but it is more than probable that this is only a synonym of Pyrethrum roseum. We
draw liberally from Willemof s paper on the subject, a translation of which may bo
found in the Report of the Commissioner of Patents for the year 1861, Agriculture, pp.
323-331.
SEPOBT OF THE EKTOMOLOOIST. 79
()iUHititi6B hj the siinple meihod of iMmBding the flownv in a mortar. It ia ne^cMarr
dtit th« ZBortar be cloeed, and a piece of leather tbroaeh ^hioh the pestle moves, vada
as ia gwieraUj used in palyerixiB^ pharmacentio substances in a laboratory, wiU
Ufwer. The qoABtity to be palvensed shoald not exceed one pound at a time, thos
tToidiag too hif^h % degree of heat, which would be iojurious to the quality of the
powder. The palverlxation being deemed sofficieat^ the substance is sifted through a
nlk sieve, and then the remainder, with a new addition of Howers, is put in the mor-
ttr and imlTeriaed Main.
Tbe best ▼eesele mr keeping the powder are fruit jars with patent covera, er any
other pedectly tisht galeae vessel or tin box.
Up te a comparativelv reoent period the powder was applied to tbe destmction of
tboM inaeote co&Iy whicn are troublesome in dwellinga, and Mr. C. Willemot seems to
have been ^e first, in the year 1857 (f ), to point out its value against insects injorioua
to agricnlture and horticulture. He goes, however, too far in his praise of it, and
lome of hia statemimtB as to its effleaoy are evidently not based upon actual ezperi-
aant. Am^fig others he proposes the following remedy : '^ In order to prevent the
nvagas of the weevil on wbeat fielrls, the powder is mixed with tbe grain to be
town, in proportion of about ten ounces to about three busbels^ which will save a
year^a ovp.'' This is simply ndiouloua, as every one who is familiar with the prop-
erticB of Pyrethmm will uudenjtand. We have during the past ihree years lairgely
expensiaitod with it on many species of injurious insects, and fully appreciate its
Tains as a general inaectioido, which value has been greatly enhanced oy the dis-
eovc^ that it can be most economically used in liquid solution ; but we are far from
MDsideiing it a universal remedy for all insects* No such universal remedy exists,
aod Pyrsthram has its disadvantages as has any other insecticide now in use. The
foliowiag are its most serions disadvantages : 1, the action of the powder, in what-
ever fonn it may be applied, is not a permanent one in^the open air. If, sl a., it is
applied to a pliLnt, it immediately affects the insects on that plant with which it
eoBMs ia eontaet, hut it will prove perfectly harmless to all insects which come on to
the plant half an hour (or even less) after the application ; 3, the powder acts in theopen
air— eaiesB, periiaps, applied in very large qnanticiea— only upon actual contact with
dM inssst ; iL s. ^., it is applied to the upper side of a cotton leaf the worms that maj
be on the underside are not affected by it : 3, it has no effect on insect eggs, nor on
pna ^at aie ia any way proteoted or hardened.
These dittkdvanta^ render Pyrethmm in some respects inferior to arsenical poisoos,
bet, OB the other hand, it has tne one overshadowing advantage that it is jterfeotly
baralres to plants or to higher animals; and if the coltivation of the plants in this
eooatry shoiud prove a success, and the price of the powder become low enough, the
ak>vs Moataonea disadvantages can be overcome, to a certain degree, by repeated
arolications.
Ia a elosed room the effect of Pyrethmm on insects is more powerful than outdoors.
Diffeceut ^»ecies of insects are differently affected by the powder. 8ome resist its action
•ost sfiiactnally, «. g., yerj hairy caterpillars, and especially spiders of all kinds;
whik otiMSSy especially all Hymenoptera, succumb most reaaily. In no ease are the
iaieets killed instantaneously by Pyrethmm. They are rendered x>erfectly helpless a
fgw xsinatsa after application, but do not die till some time afterward, the period
Tsryiag from several hours to two or even three days, according to the species.
Many insects that have been treated with Pyrethmm show si^s of intense pain, while
is othen the outward symptoms are much less marked. Differences in temperature
aud other meteorologicid changes do not appear to have any influence on the effect of
P|Tethmm.
MODES OV APPLICATION.
Pyitthrnm can be applied— 1, as dry powder; 2, as a fhrae; 3, as an alcoholic extract
imted ; 4, hy simple stirring of the powder in water; 5, as a tea or decoction.
Tbe following recommendations are based on repeated experiroonts in the field :
L AppHeaii0nM of Pyreihrum a$ dryptmdtr. — This method is familiar to most house-
iMfets, the powder being used by means of a small pair of bellows. It in then gen-
oiUy ssed without diluent, but if it is unadulterated and fresh (which cannot be
aaid^'in many instances, of the powder sold at retail by our dmgglsts) it may be con-
oteablT diluted with other pulverized material without losing its dea<lly effect, the
nae of the powder thus becoming much cheaiier. Of the materials which can be UHed
aadiJasBts eommon flour seems to be ^e best, but finely-sifted wood-aslips, sawdust
from bard wood, dM.— in short, any light and finely-pulverised material which mixes
wan with the Pyrethmm powder will answer the purpose. If the niixtnre is applied
immediately after preparation it is always less efficacions than when left in a per-
fectly tight vessel for about 24 hours, or longer, before use. This has boon proven so far
only wiui the mixture of Pyrethmm with flour, but holds doubtless true also for other
diments. Mr. E. A. Schwarz experimented largely under our direction with the mix-
tns of P^iethnun and flour for the cotton wonui and he found that one part of the
80 EEFOKT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICUmUKK.
powder to 11 parts of flonr is ■affioient to kill tho worms (only a portion of the fhll-
^own worms recovering from the effects of the powder), if the mixture is appUod
immediately after preparation ; but if kept in a tight glass Jar for about two dayst
oive part of the powder to 22 parts of iloar is safflcient to kill all ayerage-sized wonns
with which the mixture comes in contact. For very young oottoji worms a mixtun
of one part of Pyrethrum to 'SO parts of flonr, and applied one day after i>reparation,
proved most effective, hardly any of the worms recovering.
An ordinary powder bellows will answer for insects infesting dwellings or for plants
kept in pot« in rooms, or single plants in the garden, but it hiuxily answers on a large
scale outdoors, because it works too slowly; the amount of powder discharged can-
not be regulated, and there is difficulty in covering all parts of a large plant. An-
other method of applying the dry powder is to sieve it on to the plants by means of
sieves, and this method is no doubt excellent for insects that live on the upper side
of the leaves. For large, more shrub-like plants with many branches, and for insects
that hide on the underside of the leaves, this method will be found less serviceable.
A very satisfactory way of applying the powder on large plants, in the absence of any
suitable machine or contrivance, is to throw it with the hand after the manner of seed-
sowing. This method is more economical and rapid than those mentioned al>ove, and
it has, moreover, the advantage that, if the plants are high enough, the powder can
be applied to the underside of the leaves.
2. Applicaii<m of Pifrtthrum in fumes, — ^The powder bums freely, giving off consider-
able smoke and an odor which is not unpleasant. It will bum more slowly when
made into cones by wetting and molding. In a closed room the fumes &om a small
Sjuantity will soon kill or render inactive ordinary flies and mosquitoes, and will be
ound a most convenient protection against these last where no bars are avjulable.
A series of experiments made under our direction indicates that the fumes affect all
insects, but most quickly tliose of soft and delicate structure.
This method is impracticable on a large scale in the field, but will be found very
effective against insects infesting fhrs, feathers, herbaria, books, d^. Such can easily
be got rid of by inclosing the infested objects in a tight box or case and then fhmi-
gating them. Tbis method will also prove useful in greenhouses, and, with suitable
instruments, we see no reason why it should not be iapplied to underground pests that
attack the roota of plants.
3. Aloohotio etrh^Qci of Fjfreikrum powder, — ^The extract ia easily obtained by taking
a flask fltt«d with a cork and a long and vertical glass tube. Into this flask the alco-
hol and pyrethrum are introduced and heated over a steam tank or other moderate heat.
The distillate, condenaing in the vertical tube, runs back^ and at the end of an hour
or two the alcohol may be drained off and the extTaot is ready for use. Anothw
method of obtaining the extract is by repercolation after the manner prescribed in the
American PharmacopcDia. The former method seems to more thoroughly extract the
oil than the latter; at least we found that the residuum of a quantity of Pyrethrum
fh>m which the extract was obtained by repercolation had not lost a great deal of its
iKtwer. The fin^t method is apparently more expensive than the other, but the extract
IS in either ca^so more expensive than the other preparations, though very oonveiiiently
preserved and handled.
The extract may be greatly diluted with water and then applied by means of any
atonuEcr. Prof. E. A. Smith* of Tuscaloosa. Ala., found that, diluted with water at
the rate of 1 part of the extract to 1.^ of water and spra3red on the leaves, it kills ootton
M-onus that hnve come in contact with the solution in a few minutes. The mixture in
the proiH>rtion of 1 i>art of the extract to 20 narts of water was equally efficacious, and
oven at tho rate of 1 to 40 it killtnl two-t hints of the worms upon which it was sprayed
in ir> or :20 ininutos, and the remainder were subsequently disabled. In still weaker
8n>)ut ».»'». or at tho rate of 1 to 5(1. it !o«««»s in efficacy, but still kills some of the worms
arul «)KNabltv>i oihvi-s, ProtV«s»i>r Smith experimented with the extract obtained by dis-
till.^ttion, and another 8eno{!k of exptTimeuts with the same method was carried on laat
\ o»r by Pioi'. K, W. Jout"^ ot OxfV>rd, MissL* He diluted his extract with twenty times
it» vohiiue vU' w.^tor, and appli«Ml it by means of an atomixer ou the cotton worm aud
Uie Ih»U worm w nh ^x^rUs^t sucoes**. Mr. K. A. Schwan txienl, last bummer, the extract
ootauuNl by n^^H^nn^Uiion.t aiul found thai 10 dracknvs of the extract stirred up in
X* i:.iiions ot water, aiul applied by nn^ans of Whitmans fountain-pump was sufficient
txt kiU alliH>itou woiins on the pUntis. Four drachms of the extract to the aame
auuMint of water was sutttoient t»» kill the very young wonns^
4. iyrttk'-mm in timpU imter mW«rieii. — S<>far as our experiments go, this meUkod la by
far the aimpiest^ nnvnt evXHh>aiicai. aiul efficient The balk of t be powder is most eaaily
dix^^lved iu water, to which it at v>r.ce im^wirta the insecticide power. Ko
• Vide J w<ruv» ruNHM^ywt^ Vol 111. p^v :»:»3-3.
^ W^m one ^vmiul i\f the ix^wdor oiio ',»ait of extract tras made, each drop of the
extract reprecf^uting ooe grain ol' the ^K^wder. The actual cost of making the extract
was C^^ cvuisk
BEPOST OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 81
li^rnng is neceasary, and the liquid is to be applied in the same manner as the diluted
extract. The finer the spray in which the flaid is applied the more ecoDomioal is its
xm, and the greater the chance of re»chiDg every insect on the plaot. Experiments
with Pyiethmm in this form show that 200 grains of the powder stirred np in 2 gal-
loos of 'water is amply sufficient to kill the cotton worms, except a very few xiill-grown
oies, but that the same mixture is not sufficiently strong for many other insects, as
the boll ^oim, Uie lanra of the Teriaa niMppe, and such species as are protected by
dense kmg luura. Young cotton worms can be killed by 25 grains of the powder stirred
op in 2 qnarts of ^water.
The Pyielhrum ^water is most efficacious when first made, and loses power the longer
it is kept. The powder gives the water a light greenish color, which, after several
boms, changes to a light brown. On the third day a luxuriant growth of ftrnj^ gen-
enUydevelcqpe in the vessel containing the liquid, andit« efficacy is then considerably
5. Th§ tea ifr decocHan, — Prof. £. W. Hilgard, of Berkeley, Cal., is the only one who
has expenmented with Pyrethrum in this form, and expresses himself most fieivorably
as to the resalt. He says :
" I think, from my experiments, that the tea &r in/uHon prepared from the flowere
(which need not be ground up for the purpose) is the most convenient and efficacious
fomi of using this insecticide in the open air ; provided that it is used at Omes when
A$ wakr wOlnot evaporate too rapidly ^ and that it is applied, uot by pouring over in a
etnaa, or even in drops, but in the farm of a epray from a syringe with Ane holes in
its nose. In thia case the fluid will reach the inBect despite of its water-sneddiug sur-
fMSB, hadss, Ac, and stay loug enough to kill. Thus applied, I have found it to be
effidcnt even against the armored scale-bug of the orange and lemon, which &lls off
in the course of two or three days after the application, while the youug brood is al-
nort instantly destroyed. As the flower-tea, unlike whale soap and other washes,
leaves the leaves perfectly clean and does not injure even the most tender growth, it is
prderable on that score alone ; and in the future it can hardly fail also to be the cheaper
of the two. Thia iB the more likely, as the tea made of the leaves and stems nas
sBdlar although considerably weaker eftects ; and if the farmer or fruit-grower were
to grow the plants, he would save all the expense of harvesting and grinding the
Hower-boads oy simply using the header, curing the upper stems, leaves, and flower-
beads altogether, as he woum hops, making the tea of tnis material by tne hogshead,
and distribntinir it frt)m a cart through a syringe. It should be diugently kept in
Blind that the least amount of boiling will seriously injure the strength- of this tea,
which ^bonld be made with briskly boiling water, but then simply covered over
eioaely, so as to allow of as little evaporation as possible. The details of its most
eccoaiDieal and effectual use on the large scale remains, of course, to be worked out
hywactice.''
Th» method of applying Pyrethrum in either of the three last-mentioned forms is
evidently Jar more economical in the open field and on a large scale than the applica-
tioD of the dry powder, and, moreover, gives us more chance of reaching every insect
lirisg upon the plaot to which the fluid is applied. The relative merits of the three
aetbods can be established only by future experience, but so far we have found the
HB^ water solution most convenient and satisfactory.
EXPEEIENCB WITH PYEETHHUM.
We shall not get definite reports from this distribution till next year,
Intthe following extracts from rei>orts of experience with some which
we distributed in the winter and spring of 1881, and taken without se-
kdioo, will indicate the varied experience last year, under the most un-
^Torable conditions, of an exceptionally severe drought. While most
of tbe failures may fairly be attributed to this drought, many are doubt-
less due to bad se^ and to the other difficulties of germination men-
tioned in the circular.
XiKiSBiPFi. Canton, August 5, 1881.— T. 6. Smith-Vaniz.
Faflme this season. I watered continually, transferring part of the plants to
shade, but the excessively hot weather j long continued , was too much for theuL
Iowa. Sac County, Grant City, September 17, 1881.— Edwin Miller.
Of the seeds planted May 16 not one germinated.
Iixorois. Jo Daviess County.— [Friend of Edwin Miller above, September 17, 1881.]
Of the seeds planted not one germinated.
6 AG
82 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
D4KOTA. Mftpleton, September 17, 1881.— H. M. WUliftuiB.
Seeds did not germinate.
lLLUfOl0. Rockford, September Id, 1881.— A. B. Willoughby.
Sowed roseum seeds in a bed of sand and dirt. A dry c^f^ell eame on, and althoug h
I watered the bed no plants appeared. Perhaps I sowed them too early.
Nkw JbRjsky. Morris County, Chatham.— October 17, 1881.— James J, X>e^*
Seed came up nicely in a garden. Plants floarished for a while, bat as the sessos
advanced they sucoumbed to the severe drought and perished before arriving at
maturity.
North Carolii^a. Goldsboi'ongh, October t2y 1^81.— John Robinson.
Bnt ten plants of ro^eum survived the heat of our excessively hot snuuner, aod
of these one-half are weakly.
MiCHiOAK. Cadillac, October 24, 1881.— G. Wallace.
Some I sowed early in boxes never gomiinated; others late in May with like
snccess; some I gave to a neighbor did not grow. Sowed the remainder in the
first week in June in new forest laud after being burned over ; a few came up ami
seemed to be doing well ; they were destroyed by accident.
Okorqia. Spring Place, November 1, 1881.— William J. Johnson.
Seed sown came np very well Aid crew finely, while I gave them the attention
they needed. Compelled to neglect them about the middle of July ; they all died.
Alabama. Monroe County, Dennard, October, 1881. — Oliver Taylor.
The heated term coming on so soon after I sowed the seed I did not save but a
few plants. I find the dust such a blessing I wish to raise a good lot.
Missouri. Cameron, November 11, 1881.— John Zimmerman.
The Pyrethruiu did not do any good this season. The esctreme drought stunted
and stopped its growth so much Uiat it did not recover when the rains did come.
Nkw Hampbuirk. East Harrington, December 1, 1881. — William B. Swain.
Seeds of roseum sown on high loamy soil grew nicely and blossomed in Septem-
ber. The hard frost of October 3 stopped the blossoming. 1 have used the Dal-
matian insect powder for almost all kinds of insects without a failure.
Kbntugky. Louisville, December 18, 1881.— Samuel J. Thompson.
Roseum did not do well out in the ground ; died of heat and dn>ught. I have
about two dozen plants in pots in the greenhouse.
India^ta. Jay County, Dunkirk, December 20, 1881. — D. B. Moore.
Planted roseum in the garden in mellow clay loam ; sowed the 1st of May ; it
failed to grow ; condition of ground good ; weather rather dry.
New York. Union Springs, January 6, 1882. — J. J. Thomas.
Sowed in difi'erent places in limestone and clay land. I sui)pose my soil was too
strong and rich. I had none which was unmanured. The seed germinated ami
the plants grew a few inches, then ceased to grow and finally died. Thoso in the
hot-bed did best, but did not reach over three or four inches. None flowered.
GEORaiA. Savannah, January 19, 1882. — A. Oemler. •
My experiment with the Pyrethrum on Cut-worms was made in captivi^ in a
match-box without soil, so that they could not rub it off*. The^' were covered with
the dust for twelve hours, while others ate leaves on the surlace of which it had
been sprinkled, without detriment. Larvie of Plusia brassicoi and PluUlla cm-
offeroram were killed.
Illinois. Champaign, January 28, 1882. — B. F. Johnson.
Last season I could not, neither could a very skillful person in such niatt^ers, get
a single seed to germinate.
Nkw York. Suffolk County, January 31, 1882. — Zophar Mills, jr.
Last spring I planted half in a hot-bed about 15th April and half a little later
in the open ground. Half of the sown seeds germinated, but thu hot-bud plants
did not succeed as well as those out of doors. In June the hot-bed plants w«re
transplanted to my garden, the weather being warm. Both plants did as well as
oonld be expected, but the out-of-door ones seemed to be most thrifty. 1 consider
the plant quite hardy from last year*s experiments. In August we had dr>'
weather, and the plants suffered from want of attention. They gave uo indica-
tion of blossoming September 28, when 1 last saw them.
U5P0BT OP THE EHT0H0L0GI8T. 88
luiKOiB. SootI CoHnty, If ftnoheoter, Janiuuy 1882.— >F. C. Andros.
FroiB aeedf pf raseum reoefyed in spring of 18dl I have some 500 good plants
growing now, or in g6od condition to start in the spring.
Ksw YoBK. Dntehess Connt^, Pine Plains, January 26, 1802.— J. Walter Righter.
Planted ro9eum seed 10th May in light, sandy loam, and raised some very strong
and bealUiy plants, bnt they product only a very few flowers. I also planted in
Uot-bed and eot a lew plants of a very inferior quality. And, fhrther, I sowed in
the forevt, where it was slightly shaded, and wasted my seed. (The soil all lime-
stone.) Have protected the plants from exposare hv throwing some cornstalks on
thenu Although the thermometer has marked 25^ below zero here, the P. roemm
looks as green as in midsnmmer.
KANBaa Oebom County, Kill Creek, January 30, 1882. — J. J. Guy^.
Planted a part of the ro$eum seed last spring on sandy loam. Only a few of the
seeds genninated, and owing to the hard summer we had they did not make any
ftowlS^ All kindfl of garden plants were a total failure here.
ttioioiA. Lilwrtj County, Dorchester, February 4, 1882.— James A. M. King.
DiTided seeds with four painstaking parties, and can report yigorous growth
in sandy loam. The fearful hurricane of August 27 and 28 destroys some plants,
but thoae left measure now 16 by 18 inches spread, and will bloom early this
MAiTLamx Washington County, Smithbnrg, February 4, 1882.-— Benton SoholL
The aaeds of rosgaw receiyed last spring were sown in well-prepared soil, of a
rather baaTy nature, as soon as the ground was in good wording order. Very
titHa of la Tegetated, and that did the best which was the most shaded, as that
whifih waa the most exposed to the sun nearly all perished during the seyerest
dmnghi evar known in this locality. What surviyed did well enongh until the
eald snap of 8dd January. I then covered the plants with Utter, but when the
groud opened I Ibund that the plants were thrown out by the frost, and bnt two
wwa vet alive. I then (a week ago) planted them in a pot and brought them
into tba altting-ioom ; they have now started finely.
AuMAHA. fialma, Febmary 6, 1882.— John D. Wilkins.
Plantad two lota last season, and failed to even get the seed to sprout*.
MiCHiGAH. Saginaw City, February 7, 1682.— Leopold Trakat.
During last summer only about 30 plants came up and survived. I watered
ttbmm too ftealy Mid made some other blunders.
Osmxjo. Toronto.— Alfred Henry Moore.
P^prefknim roMHia would seem to bear the oold of Toronto by shelter in a depres-
sion Govarad by loose garden refase. Some plants of same seed I distribute to
otheia have not prospered, by want of oare.
VutMovr. Brattleborough, February 8^ 1882.— Abner L. Butterfield.
I planted the seed as soon as the ground was all right, but there was a heavy
rain the next day, and it rained every day for a week, and then it was rather
eoid for the time of year, and the ground based down so hard that only a few of the
seed came up at all, and those that came up made very weak plants. 1 had but
one bloeeom. One plant which 1 have at the kitchen window appears to be doing
welL
Qautorsja. San Francisco, February 10, 1882.— Ed. WoUeb.
My place lies in Al^nieda County, on the hills overlooking the bay of San Fran-
<-isco, in the so-called warm belt, 600 feet above sea-level. Three years ago I sowed
weds of P, roBcum and had it in bloom last season. The plants do well — light
Itjam, little irrigation. Last year 1 received from Gemianv seed of P. cineraria fo-
ftuM, and have now thousands of plants. • • * Planted P. ro«eMm amon^ toaVh,
to protect the ro&es from Diabrotioa, but it had no effect. I put soiuo open Uowcih
Qna«r a glass with some flies, but they produced no effect iu 4H liours.
ViRt,i!nA. Norfolk County, Berkeley, February 12, 1882.— William R. Wood.
But two of last season's plants survived in my hands, and, as far i\» heard froni»
none of those sent to my corresx>ondente. A slug which ate my pluutH was not
Injured by the meaL
New Hampshibk. Goffstown Centre, February 13, 1882.— C. B. Moore.
Bowed the seed about first of June. Owing to cold weather through lb>' inoutli
of June it did not come up very well. After it got started it grt-w tiiielv. It
failed ta Mfliioni before winter. I covered it upon approach of cold weather*
84 liEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURK.
Pkxnsylvaxia. Johnstown, February 22, 1882.^Frederick Brelim.
On April 18, ISr^l, I sowed some of the seed in a hot-bed, bnt received no plants,
which I think was the fault of my watering too much. April 25 I sowed some
of the seecls in two pots and placed them in a hot-bed. From Uiis I received several
plants. May 4 I again sowed some seeds in two pots and placed them in a hot-
bed. From these I also received several plants. On May 11 1 sowed some of the
Hcecis in an open field. Thisproved much better than in hot-beds. The soil was
light and the plants good. Tne plants I watered from two to three times a week.
Oil June 1 1 transplanted the first plants; in September I had three fiowers. I
have in all fifty nice plants. The three flowers were not very good.
Mississippi. Canton, February 25, 1882. — George W. Smith- Vaniz.
I Iiave plants started under glass, but I must say that last year's trial leads nie
tu think there is not much chance here for its success.
Ohio. Glendale, March 3, 1882. — George W. Trowbridge.
About the 1st of March, 1881, a portion of the P. roseum seed was sown in a box
and placed in a window of the living-room on the sunny side of the house, where
in due time (though rather slow) they germinated. When all danger of severu
fmst was passed the box was placed out of doors, in a sunny exposure, where the
plants remained until about May 1, when they were pricked out and set in the
open <n*ound. The remainder of the seed was sowed at two different times, March
20 and April 5, in the open ground, which had been prepared for the purpose and
where they were permanently to stand and grow. Soil is rather a neavy clay.
Seeds rather slow and long in germinating. The usual amount of hoeing and
weeding was performed that is necessary to keep the plantB growing and free from
grass and weeds. Notwithstanding my section was visited with the hottest sum-
mer ever remembered and almost toe diiest known, only a small proportion of the
plants which became weU established succumbed. The growth was all that could
be expected under the circumstances. One or two blossoms made their appear-
ance late in the fall. No very material difi*erence could be noticed when winter
set in between the plants laised in the box and those grown without transplant-
ing. About the 1st of December a light covering of straw was placed on the plants
as a winter protection. In consequence of the open and warm winter the roliage
was not killed (only slightly injured), and they have already started on the new
growth, quite visible through the straw. As to the hardiness to stand winter and
the amount of covering necessary, the one just closed furnishes nothing definite.
Omo. Cincinnati, March 13, 1882. — Adolph Leu^
The seed of both P. roseum and P. dneraricBfoUum was sown on Clifton Highte,
each package upon one square rod, the soil consisting of yellow clay, which t
mixed with rich black soil and well-rotten cow manure. The whole was spade<l,
hoed, and raked. Time for sowing, first week of May. The ground was kejtt
meUow and free from weeds, which was easily done, as the seeds were sown iu
rows 15 inches apart. Although the ground was sprinkled in the evenings when
sprinkling was necessary, none of the seeds came, which I attribute not so mucii
to the cold nights we had as to the severe heat, as the ground had no shade what-
ever.
Ontakio. London, March 5, 1882. — ^William Saunders.
Has P. raaeum growing. "It seems to stand our winters very well."
EXPERIENCE WITH THE PLANTS IN WASHINGTON.
Our own erperience in our private garden at Washington has been
far more satisfactory than we anticipated. The seed of both species
sown, whether in the fall of 1880 or in the spring of 1881, germinated
tolerably well, thongh some was evidently worthless when received. A
few plants of roseum from that sown in the fall of 1880, bloomed tiie en-
suing autumn, while all sown in the spring of 1881 bloomed profusely the
present summer. The colored plates have been drawn from these plants.
Both species withstood the past two winters very well, and as these
were extreme winters, the one very severe and cold, the other open and
mild, the test may be considered a very thorough one. The older leaves
died off, as is the custom with many allied perennial species, but the
plants began growing very early in spring and were, in fact, among the
vernal adornments of the garden. Koseum began blooming early in
31ay, and showed every variation in color from almost pure white to
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 85
deep crimson. It also showed considerable variation in the green of
the leaves as well as in the form, some plants having the leaves much
more finely cut than others. Cineraruefolium which has a much smaller
flower, with pure white petals, very strongly resembling the common
Ox-eye Daisy, began blooming a month after roseum had passed its
prime. It proved uniform in color, and is always distinguishable from
TtMfiem, even before blooming, by uie whitish or glaucous green of the
leaf, and its much deeper and broader incisions. !N^either of them has
entirely ceased blooming at the date (June 30) this report is submitted,
though but few flowers of roseum remain.
A i>ortion of the flower heads were dried and pulverized, the powder
proving to be fully equal in efficacy to the imported article; while the
powder from dried stems and leaves is decidedly weaker, but still useful
when applied in large quantities.
SPECIAL EXPERIMENTS.
Hie following experiments with the California and imx)orted powders
weremade at Eorkwood, Mo., under our direction, by Miss M. E. Murtfeldt:
On lamb of Heliothis margmidena — which appeared in unusnal numbers during the
mooths of May and Jane, and almost devastated the rose gardens in this section — ^the
powder was very effective where it coald be thoroughly applied : but the habit of the
young ]«rv» of boring into and hiding within the buds rendered its application diffi-
ealt and bat partially successful in ridding the bushes of the pest. When dUnted
with two parts flour or air-slacked lime to one of the powder it produced but little
fAect onleisa applied while the dew was still on the plantft, which caused it to adhere
bjmater quantities and produced the usual siokuess and irritation.
For SeUtudfia ro9<B, the pure Pyrethrum is a good remedy where it can be puffed on
the undezBide of the leaves where the slugs rest. They are not easily killed by it,
howerer. It is not very^effectual in keeping off the flles^ as the volatile essence is soon
diMpsted in the open air, after which the flies regard it no more than so much dust.
A onaU Dipterous leaf-miner, which has for years been very destructive to the
ioUaee of the Verbena, was kept off the plants by one or two liberal dustings with the
powder upon the first appearance of the mines upon the leaves. AU Diptira seem to
be peculiarly sosceptible to the Influence of Pyrethrum.
ua effect on the Striped Flea beetle (Halttoa siriolata), which riddles the young
lesTcs of cabbage, cresses, and other, cruciferous plants, is rather to drive the beetles
off than to kill them. It seldom absolutely kills them, but if thickly applied, it pro-
daeeo temporary stupefaction. There are at least two successive broods of this beetle,
sppesring in greatest numbers duriug the latter part of May and of July; and if the
poVder be applied oc<^ionaltv to plants liable to attack at these seasons a great deal
of injury may be avened. There are, of course, premature an4 belated individuals
U be seen Uironghout the summer, but the regular broods only are seriously destructive.
The powder is equally effective m causing the Cucumber Flea beetle (Haitica (Epitrix)
ouamaiM) to give such plants as have been treated a wide berth.
On the common Tomato worm {Sphinx b-tnaculata) the powder was rather slow to
take effect. From ten minutes to half an hour often elapsed before the usual restless-
aem and ejection of visceral fluid was observed, but violent sickness, foUowed by par-
alysis, was sure to occur, from which very few, so far as I could discover, ever recov-
ered. The larvsB would remain in oue position motionless, except for slight muscular
wking, for many hours, after which they would fall to the ground, aud, in most cases.
Of the second or third day, shrink up and die. The younger the larvfe the more rapid
the effioct of the powder.
On Datama minUtra the effect of Pyrethrum was not usually fatal. It pro<luced some
■ekaees and lethargy, but unless very thickly dusted with it the caterpillars usuaUy
leeovcf^ed.
Tested the powder on half-grown larv» of AgroHa inermia which were concealed
nnder chips and stones for hibernation, and in less than three minutes it produced
Tioleut sickness and convulsions, resulting in death in about an hour. I am con-
vioeed that if plants liable to be cut off by this worm could each have a Uttle of the
powder sifted around the stems they would be safe. All noctuid larvae succumb
mskly to its effects where it is directly applied. The difficulty is to put it where
taey wiU be sure to come iu contact with it.
My experience ki the use of Pyrethrum for the destruction of the various species of
Cabbsfffi worms and the Cabbage Aphis coincides with that of last year. It is as good
aiemeay as one could wish, aud has the advantage over most other insecticides of
86 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
beinf^ perfectly harm1<^ss to human life — a ^(reat de«idAratitin in any BithstatiM that
has to be applied to leaves or blossoms (as m the caiiliflpwer) that are used as fi^d.
As an exterminator of all kinds of house flies {Atusca dome$iic4iy M. cat$ar^ and
8tomoxi/H)y as well as mosquit'Oes and other gnats, it has no eqnaL For all species of
Jphididwy upon which I have tested it, it is also a specilic, used either as a powder or
fumigator.
JnseciB upon which U producet little or no Ejfltot,
Most hard-shelled beetles and bngs resist its effect, althongh it is evidently distaste-
ful to them and will cause them to desert the plants to whicii it is applied.
All hairy larvte upf)n which I have testM it seemed but slightly, if* at all, affects
The larvffi of the Jumping Sumao beetle (Blepharida rhoUf, Forster) are not in the
least disturbed by beiuje^ thoroughlv dusted by it, their excrementitious covering )je-
iug Impervious to its etfects. Nor do they seem to object to it as seasoning for their
food. Paris green in quite large proportions, with tlour or air-slacked lime, is the only
remedy I have found eifoctnal against this disgusting and destructive pe>st.
Dermestes and Jnthrtnus larvss will live for weeks in a close box half filled with the
powder.
The larvflo of Angonmois Grain-moth (OeUchia oerealella, Linn.) are not susceptible
to its effects either as fumes or powder.
All these experiments, excepting the two last mentioned, were made in the open air,
as I should not consider any others conclusive as to the value of the preparation for
practical purposes.
June 10. — Our Purple Fringe (Rhus cotinus) is covered with the disgusting larvsB of
Bleph-arida rhois to which I administered a thorough dusting of the Persian insect
powder obtained from our droggist. An examination aft>er several hours showed the
larv8B feeding as greedily as before, and apparently experiencing no inconvenience
from the particles of powder that adhered to their slimy and stercoraceous coverings.
The powder used may have been too old or too much adulterated.
The same powder applied to the Rose slug, while it did not kill thelarv», nor pro-
duce any very sudden effect, seemed to diminish their voracity, as plants thoronghly
dusted in the evening showed bnt little mutilation on the following morning, while
plants that had not been dusted were seriously skeletonizeiL Some of our neighbors
who have used the pure Pyrethrum powder consider it the best of all Remedies for
this garden pest.
July 7. — Used the powder freelv on some plants of Sweet Elysium that were being
mined by the Striped Flea beetle (ff. striolata). It did not produce any immediate par-
alyzing effect, but evidently caused the beetles to "vacate," as none of the latter were
to be round on or about the plants on the succeeding day.
July 18. — ^The ^'Striped bug'' (Diabrotica vittata) on encumber and sqtiaah vines does
not seem to be disturbed by it.
Septkmber 24. — Having received from Mr. Riley a package of Milco'g pure Pyre-
thrum powder I proceeded to test it on various larvw infesting cabbage.
Placed in a large jar a head of cabbage crowded with larvitt of all sizes of P. rapat
and P. protodice. These were dusted freely with the nudiluted iKiwder, the Jar being
left uncovered and in the open air. Examined in abont ten nUnutes and found most
of the larvte jerking themselves from side to side in evident nneasiUf sa and disoomfoft.
A half hour later most of the jn*o/od{ce larvsB had dropped from the leaves and were
apparently very sick, ejecting a dark green fluid from the month.
The rapcB larvae had all ceased to feed and some of these also were sick, though as
yet not so seriously as the other species.
September 25. — Protodice larva nearly all dead this morning. Rapes havc» fallen
from the leaves and seem paralyzed. They do not recover eveh when removed from
the jar and free^l as much as possible from the Pyre f brum.
September 26. — All the small larvse are dead. Those in a more mature stage are
still alive audsouirm when touched, but otherwise lie motionless on the bottom of the
jar. It is singular, however, thaf one larva that had suspended for change did not
seem injuriously affected by the powder, although it received a liberat quantity, but
completed its transformation and appears to-day as a healthy chrysalis.
October 5. — Prepared an infusion of an even tablespoonful of the powdc^t In a pint
of water and ap[Uied it to larvu) of rapes, which are ravaging our tumii>sin the garden.
Selected some isolated plants and gave the leaves and worms a thorough drenching.
Examining them fonr or five hours later I find only the smaller larvte showing signs of
sickness. The leaves have dri«l and show but little trace of the powder, except in
their axils where it settled, and the worms are feeding from them with undiminished
avidity.
The same solution was tried on a lot of proiodiee and produced much greater effect
By the next morning most of them were dead, and those not fatally atfected had deserts
the plants and were crawling on the ground, evidently in search of i6od not so disagree-
ably flavored.
SEPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 87
OcTOinBR 9. — Dusted with the dry, aoadnlterat'ed powder several plants that were
Vadly infested with both species of Pi«rt>, and fbnnd in the conrse of a few hours every
worn Mtliar psimlyzed or deserting the plants. I think the powder preferable to the
Uqaid, bnt it can only be used economically on still days.
The other insects afiectin^ cahbafi^es and tamips, sach as Phma brassico) and Plth
tdla, saccmnbed very speedily to the inflnence of the powder.
Have iJso tried the powder on HelietkU on rose, and wherever the larva was ex-
posed so that the Pyrethrom came in contact with it it invariably produced sickness
and paralysis, and OTontnally death. The same e£fect was observed in the case of
Jkiiama minUtra on oak and Xotodonia unicornis.
Fbr all kinds of Aphides it seems to be a specific*
On Ltftto attrmta and other blister beetles it failed of the desired effect. 80 it also
did in the case of Red spider and Scale insects. It might be efficient on the latter if
swHed when the young were spreading over the plants.
No other devioe or application will so qnickly rid a room of flies and gnats, bnt with
wHiid met prore ft remedy fbr Red ants, which are our greatest household pest.
Off INCH BUG NOTES.
PRKDIOTIONS IN RELATION TO INJURY.
Ill th6 Amerioan E-ntomologist^ October^ 1880, and aLso in his annnal
ifpoit for that year, submitted December 30, Professor Thomas, after a
9^j of the relational between the annual rainfall and temperatare and
the f ears of Chinch Bug injuries, extending over a series of forty years,
aniyed at the following conclusions :
Ab a general rule the Western farmer may expect the Chinch Bug but
0008 in excessive numbers during a " septenary period," or period of
eeven years (occasional exceptions). There is a strong probability,
amoimting almost to a certainty, that there will never be two destructive
jmn in snooession, since two successive dry years are necessary to de-
Tdop the insect in great numbers, and the records seldom show three
dry years in succession. He then prophesied that 1881 would be a year
of severe damage.
Ai we have .already shown (American Naturalist^ October, 1881), the
lm«;did great damage in several of the Western States in 1881, especially
m Kansas, where a Chinch Bug convention, the first ever held in the
United States, was convened at Windsor. A resolution was unani-
Boody adopted to exclude wheat from the growing crops. The length
ef time was not mentioned, but it is understood that the planting will
be resumed at the earliest possible practicable period. Anticipating
that this would be a bad Chinch Bug year. Professor Thomas recom-
BeDded the sowing of a large area of oats, and had this advice been more
genendly adopted, it would probably have been of great benefit to the
temers of that region. It is a curious fact that Profes^r Thomas' own
State (Illinois) was the only one of the large oat-producing States in
vUeh the acreage of this crop was not increased, but somewhat dimin-
iahed.*
INJXmT IN SPRINa OF 1882.
During the months of April and May, 1882, in spite of the fact that
1881 was a destructive Chinch Bug year, and in spite of frequent rains,
* In lemarkiDg (i5ul. ) npon the abnudance of the bug in 1881 we also mentioned the
^ that it was noticed by Mr. Schwarz in Jnly in great numbers on ''Sand oats" and
ote" fl;raflBe8 growing on the dunes at Fortress Monroe, Va., and also that it was ob-
Mrred in conaideTahle tiunibers in August in the rice fields near Savannah, Ga., by
Mr. Howard.
88 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
it looked as if we were already to have a marked exception to the mles
just laid down. The bugs appeared in large nambers in parts of Illinois,
Kansas, and Missouri, as the following extracts from our correspond-
ence will show, the agricultural papers containing many similar reports
and expressions of alarm :
Largennmbeninthe wheat-fields Bonth of this.— (Marion County, Illinois, March 12.)
I hear of Chinch Bags already baying began their depredations upon the wheat.
Some of the fanners teU me the ''httle red ones" are in great force. — (Washington
County. Missouri. April 27. )
This is the 1st day of Mav, and our fields are alive with chinches, which will doubtless
destroy a large per cent, of the growing wheat and incoming com crops, leaving the
count^ in a starving condition. I never saw chinches as numerous so soon in the
spring, and I am an old settler in this country. The universal cry is from far and
near, '' What will become of usT'' "What can be done so com may be raised?''
Heavy rains may come and save us. but in the event this fiuls this country will be
mined. Can you suggest a remedy T— (Johnson Counl^^ Missouri, May 1.)
Could you give us any information with regard to Chinch Bugs T To-day the air it
full of tiunii.--(Neosho County, Kansas, May 5.)
The Chinch Bug is doing much damage in this part of the country. — (Smith County,
Kansas^ June 10.)
June reports were, however, with some few exceptions, less alarming,
and the rains seem to have accomplished their work in destroying the
bugs over most of the Northwest, so that 1882 will in all probability
not prove an exceptional year, llie exceptional injury that continued
through June was mostly in Missouri and Kansas, and, in view of its
severity in parts of the former State, we wrote to one of our special ob-
servers for an account of the weather there in early spring and summer,
and append his reply:
Cadet, WASHmoTON Couimr, Missouri.
Dear Sib: Your favor of June 6 is received. With respect to the meteorological
conditions prevailing early spring and summer, I beg to state that the winter was
mild; the month of March was unusuaUy warm. The early part of April warm uuUl
about the middle of the month, when rain set in, which lasted something like two weeks.
Most of the rain was very heavy and cold. The early ^art of May was colder than
usuaL There occurred severe fiosts upon three or four nights ; ice was formed ; two-
thirds of the newly-formed peaches were killed, and all potato vines kiUed to the
ground. Then occurred a spell of unusuaUy hot weather, with now and then a heavy,
dashing shower. This kina of weather lasted tiU the end of June.
Chinch Bugs persevere. It would surprise you to see how beautifully and steadily
their progress is shown across an oat field here. To see the strip whitlen and widetk from
day to day would interest an enthusiastic naturalist, but a farmer — '' not much." As
they suck a strip drv and white, they leave it ; none can be found in the strip. Their
motto is, ** Forwara." When they have begun to march they do not *' look pack." A
neighbor is trying to keep them in check among his com. He is at least rendering
their Uvea miserable. He has got a turning plow, and plows pretty near the com,
and dashes the soil against the stalks, and makes as great a commotion as he knows
how in the hope of at least thinning them a little. After all he is not very sanguine
of sucoess.
Yours respectfully,
J. G. BARLOW.
Prof. C. V. RiLBT.
The appearance of the chinches in early spring in such numbers is
not astonishing when we consider the great numbers in which they
occurred last season.
REMEDIES AND PREYENTITS MEASURES.
Concerning irrigation as a remedy, and concerning preventive meas-
ures, we quote fi:^m a recent article which we comlnunicated to the
American Agriculturist (December, 1881).
I have found no occasion to change my opinion as to the value and potency of
irrigation as a remedy for Chinch Bug injuries, a remedy, too, that is within the reach
KEPOET OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 89
of rooet £uiners, for there are few who might not, with the aid of proper windmills,
obtain the water requiAite for irrigating their tlelds at the needed time, while many
have oatarml irrigating facilities. I have repeate<lly laid stress in my writings on the
importance of irrigation in combating several of our worst insect enemies, and aside
from its benefite in this direction, every recuri-ence of a droughty year, sach as the
present, in large portions of the United States, convince me of its importance as a
means of guarding against failure of crops from excessive drought. I am glad to know
that many farmers, and especially small fruit-growers in the vicinity of New York,
ate preparing in one way or another for irrigation whenever it becomes necessary,
and I was pleaaed to hear Dr. Uexamer, at the late meeting of the American Pomo-
iogical Society, urge a general system of irrigation as the most profitable investment
tlie coltiyator can make in a climate snbject to such periods of drought as onrs is known
to be. When it comes to prevention a great deal may be done during the winter
ffSkmn in bnming the hibernating bugl, and, as remarked elsewhere, I cannot lay too
mnoh streee on the importance of winter work in burning corn-stalks, old boards, and
all kinds of grass, weeds, rubbish, and litter around gram fields, and even the leaves
in the adjacent wooda, in and under all of which the little x>est hibernates. Next to
drowning cot the rascals, cremation is undoubtedly the most effectual mode of de-
stroction. Next let the spring wheat be sown as early as possible and the gronnd
rolled. The roiling will apply equally well to the culture of winter wheat, though I
ironld not advise the early fall planting of the last in sections where it is likely to
vaStT from Hessian Fly, for reasons not pertinent in this connection. Sow thickly,
•• the more the ground is shaded the less the Chinch Bu^ likes it. If in late winter
the bogs are known to be numerous, so as to bode future irgury — and the fact can be
easily ascertain€»d by the ill-saTored odor they eend up from the corn-shocks, and by
their general presence in the wintering places mentioned — it will be well to plant no
wheat or barley. In short, just in proportion as we adopt an intelligent and cleanly
iTBtcm of enltiire, just in that proportion will the Chinch Bug become harmless; it is,
is great part, and in its more serious aspects, a result of slovenly husbandry, and wilJ
lose its threatening character in the more Western States, as it has in those east of
«a, just as fast as more careful and intelligent husbandry becomes the fashion.
We have no doubt but that the kerosene emulsion, which will be de-
scribed farther on under the head of Orange insects, may be used to
good advantage against the second brood when it is developing in com
above ground, by being sprayed in proper dilution with force upon the
plants.*
THE ARMY WORM.
(Leucania unipuncta Haw.)
Order Lepidopteea; family NocTuroiB.
[Plates II and VI.]
Ab we have been preparing for the third report of the Entomological
Commission, and for a special bulletin, an extended account of the Army
WonD, and as it has been quite prevalent and destructive in several
States during thepresentspringand summer, or while this report is being
prepared for the printer, we have concluded to extract in advance from
the aforementioned bulletin portions referring to the habits and natural
liistory of the species, and to add the results of special observations
made during the past two years, as well as an interesting and popular
leoimnt of the invasion of 1880, which the Rev. Samuel Lockwood, of
Freehold, N. J., has been kind enough to send us for publication. We
eommend this last tor the accurate observations it contains and for its
nuuiy facts both as to the habits of the insect and the meteorological
ooDditionB under which it prevailed that year. We also reproduce the
colored plate designed for the Commission report.
* Since this was written we have urged its use for this purpose upon Prof. S. A. Forbes,
tbe reeently-appointed State entomologist of Illinois, and he reports admirable suooess
with it. •
90 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
HABITS AND NATURAL HISTORY.
It was not until 1855 that the first step towards ascertaining definitely
the life-history of the Army Worm was made, although it had been
destructive at intervals for more than a hundred y^ars before.
In this year John Kirkpatrick reared the perfect moth from the de-
structive worm, and described both pupa and adult in the Ohio Agricul-
tural Report for the same year. Our more extended knowle<lge of the
subject dates, however, from the gieat Army Worm year of J 801. In this
year Walsh, Kirkpatrick, Thomas, and K)ip[)ai't at the West, and Fitch
and Packard at the East, all improvea their opportunities for studying
the worm. To Walsh we are particularly indebted for a study of its
parasites, though his views of its natural history have proved singularly
unfortunate. To Fitch is due the credit of the correct scientific naming
and the discovery of the synonymy. Kirkpatrick fli'st described the
most important of all the parasites — Nemorcca lexwanm — and, in the
light of later developments, he was singularly correct in his ideas as to
the number of broods and method of hibernation.
Yet up to 1876 no definite knowledge, based on observation and ex-
periment, existed on some of the most important points in the natural
history of the species. The eggs and the mode and place of oviposi-
tion were unknown ; the question of hibernation and of the number of
annual generations was still as open to discussion as when so warmly
debated by Walsh and others, and many minor matters remained un-
settled. Since 1876 we have been able to rei)lace uucertaintj' in these
directions by positive knowledge, so that there are no questions having
any important practical bearing that are now mooted in respect of this
insect.
CONCERNING THE EGG [Plate VI, fig. 3.]
When and where the eggs are laid. — The favorite pla^e to which
the Avmy Worm moth consigiis her eggs in wild or tame grass or in
gniin is along the inner base of the terminal blades where they are yet
doubled, or between the stalk and its surrounding sheath. They are
by no means strictly confined to these situations, as is shown by the
fact that we have known the moths in breeding cages to oviposit in crev-
ices on the side of sward which had been cut with a knife, or even l)e-
tween the roots. In our first observations, which were nnule in low blue
grass, the eggs were almost invariably found in the fold at the base
and junction of the terminal leaf wiih the stalk ; ,but later they were
f(mn(i thrust down between the sheatii and the stalk, and ocxsasionally
in the natural curl of a green leaf or the unnatural curl at the sides of
a withered leaf.
The rankest tufts of grass, caused in imstures by the droppings of
cattle and sheep, are preferred by the moth for ovii)osition, and in tjiese
tufts the oldest and toughest stalks; and in grain-fields also the ranker
growth caused by an accumidation of manure at some one spot, or
the previous existence of some foilder heap or the like are preferably
chosen.
The observations of the present spring have satisfactorily pi^oven
that early in the season the moths oviposit by preference in the cut
straw of old stacks, in hay-ricks, and even in ohl fodder stacks of corn-
stalks. Old bits of corn-Rt>jilk upon the surface of the ground in ])ast-
ures have been i-epeatedly found, both in the vicinity of Washington
and in Northern Alabama, with hundreds of i^'^^'^i^ thrust under the outer
BEPOBT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 91
fiheath or epidermis, while the last year'a stalks of ^n*asa in the fields
armind Washington have been found to contain these eggs in similar
imition. The evidence collected in 1875, and published in our Eighth
Missouri Rei>ort, seemed to show that where fodder stacks existed in
grain-fields the worms originated from th^m or from their near vicinity,
and the observations just mentioned prove the correctness of the infer-
ence then made.
It has, however, been proven by this spring's observations, that, lack-
ing both stubble and fodder stacks, the moth can and does oviposit in
spring in young winter grain. Mr. A. Koebele found, in March, in the
TJcinity of Savannah, 6a., newly -liatched larv<'e in the center of an oat-
Held, the grain being one foot or more in height, and no straw st4ick in
the vicinity.
As stated in the American Entomologist (III, p. 214), the moth will
also, when exceptionally numerous, lay her eggs without concealment,
and upon plants, such as clover, which the larva does not ordinarily rel-
ish. As an instance of this we stated in a foot-note that we had recently
leeeived from Professor Lintner,* State Entomologist of New York, what
were apparently the pressed eggs and egg-shells of this moth, thickly
covering clover leaves and mixed with an abundance of white gummy
matter, with which the moth usually secretes them,, all indicating that
tlie moths had in this instance (doubtless from excessive numbers)
**8lop])ed over.^
Semaining concealed during the day, unless disturbed, or except in
doudy weather, the moth begins to fly at the approach of night, and, as
fiir as observ^ations have indicated, is engaged in OAix)ositing most act-
ively during the earlier x)art of the night. It was at Ave or six in the
afternoon when the first moth, in 1876, was discovered in the act of egg-
laying, but they have since been found at work most often in the early
night hoars. The time of j-ear when the eggs are laid will be discussed
in Chapter V (of the special Bulletin), under the head of "Number of
Annual Generations."
MODE OP OVIPOSITION.
We have already described the compressed horny ovipositor of the
Pundle which plays with great ease upon the two telescopic subjoints
of the abdomen. This organ, in the act of ovipositiou, is thrust in l>e-
tween the folded sides of the grass blade, and the eggs are glued along
the blade in rows of from fifteen to twenty and covered with a white,
{listening, adhesive fluid, which not only fastens them together but
draws the sides of the grass blade close around them, so that nothing
bat a narrow, glistening streak is visible. This attempt at concealment
is always made where the eggs are deposited in the leaf; but where they
are thrust down between the sheath and the stalk, or otherwise natu-
laflj oonoealed, the gummy fluid is often very sparsely used, and some-
times not at all.
We have stated the number of eggs in a string at from fifteen to
twenty, and this we believe to be alK)ut the normal number ; but we
have known as few as two or three to be deposited in confinement, and
large batches of nearly a hundred eggs in from three to eight rows
hsA'e been fonlid in bits of corn-stalk.
We have elsewhere exi^ressed the opinion that the grass blades may
poMibly l>e cla8i>ed by the opening hind border of the ovipositor, so as
V) give the insect a firmer hohi and close the leaf more firmly on the
eggs, but more recent actual observations, in the field, of the movements
1)2 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
of the moth duiijig ovipositiou indicate tliat this opiniou is not well
founded. She walks or flies around in the grass, alighting every few
momenta, until she finds a place that satisfies her. She then clasps the
blade, the head almost invariably upward, or in the same direction
with the blade. The front j)air of legs clasp the blade forward, the
middle pair about the middle of the abdomen, and the hind pair about
the tip of the abdomen, the wings being partly open meanwhile. The
leaf is thus folded by the middle and hind legs, while the abdomen
bends and the ovipositor is thrust in, as already described. She is thus
engaged from one to three or four minutes at a given spot, according
to the number of eggs laid, and then flies a short distance and in a few
minutes lays another batch. As we have known thirty eggs to be laid
in two minutes, it would not require many hours to empty the ovaries,
and a given female probably lays all her stock of eggs in one or two
nights, though the time will vary with temperature and other condi-
tions. We have known the moth to be so fixedly engaged in supply-
ing a piece of old stubble with her eggs that she was unable to disen-
gage herself when first disturbed, and she was always sufficiently intent
on the operation to render observation with a " bull's eye " sufficiently
easy.
PROLIFICACY.
It is evident, when we consider the immense numbers in which the
Army Worm often occurs, and when we also consider the number and
importance of its natural enemies, that .the moth must be quite prolific.
The only recorded statement, however, is that in the Eighth Missouri
Report (p. 34), where the number of eggs indicated by a single dissec-
tion is stated to be upward of 200. That this dissection, however, must
have been made too early or too late is shown by the fact that two dis-
sections made the present spring showed 737 eggs in the ovaries of one
female and 562 in the other.
DURATION OF THE EGKS^ STATE.
Observations made in Missouri in 1876 indicate that the worms hatch
from the eighth to the tenth day after the eggs are deposited, while
others more recently made in Washington make the average duration
of the egg in the month of May just one week.
HABITS AND PECULIARITIES OF THE WORM.^
Habits when young. — When the eggs have been laid in a green
grass blade, the larvae on hatching feed for a time in the fold of the leaf.
- ■ - - - - III I • - - ■ _ - — —
* It will be interesting and important in this connection t.o tranalato Guen^e's general-
izations on the larvffi of this genns, as tliey may serve to help us to a more aociirato
judgment concerning one or two points in the life history of nnipuncta: The lar\*» ol
Lencania are all closely relat'ed in appearance, and even the most expert entomoloffiBt
is often deceived by them. No European species, to my knowledge, is of a green color ;
all have a white dorsal stripe, and are of cameous or brownish gray, with the ordinary
lines well continued and well utarked, and between the lines a number of other lines
or supernumerary bands, often resulting from a massing togetlier of brown or reddish
atoms. These usually constitute all the markings, but olt-eu the subdorsum is filled
with black marks which are not continued upon the rest of the seguient. The stigmata
are often wholly black or brown. These larvje live exclusively upon the Graminea^y
and are to be found upon those which grow with their roots almo.<it in the water, bs
well as upon those growing only upon the driest hillocks. Those which form thick
tufts affoi-cl a natural 8ha<ie, in the nlidst of which the caterpillars pass their lives,
climbing to the extremity of the leaves only in the evening or even at night. Those
which live on grass with spai*se leaves by which they ai*e not sufficiently snadeil, hide
REPORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 93
Where tbe3' hatch in the stubble or old stalks they remain sheltered
therein for three or four days, issuing at night to feed but going back
for shelter. The newly-hatched worms were also found under the frayed
hark of the cedai* iwsts around a whea^field at Huntsville, Ala., in such
numbers and at such an early age as to indicate that they had hatched
there. At this stage they are whitish in color, walk like loopers in con-
sequence of the atrophied, or rather non-developed first and second pairs
of pro-legs, drop suspended by a silken thread, or curl up when disturbed.
As has been so often said, during the early part of their lives the larvae
are very similar in their habits to the many species of cut- worms, working
npon the leaves of grass or grain during the night or in cloudy weather,
and hiding daring the bright sunshine.
The fact cannot be too strongly impressed that the traveling of the
worms in large armies is abnormal. During nearly the whole year in
regions subject to their incursions the worms may be found in grass-
fields, high or low (perhaps more often in the lowlands bordering marshes,
as ^ey are here less liable to disturbance), feeding in the normal
cat^worm manner. If their numbers be small they may pass their entire
lives in this manner, for it is only when so very abundant that the food
of the vicinity is destroyed that the worms march in search of further
sappliefl. Ordinarily one may pass daily through a grass plot where
they abound and never suspect their presence until the plot begins sud-
denly to look bare in patches. Thomas, in his first Illinois report, states
that, although he particularly looked for the worms during June, 1875,
he never suspected their presence in a constantly frequented grass plot
behind his house until it was made manifest in this way, by which time
Uie worms had disappeared, the abundance of their excrement, however,
showing well enough that they had been there. From the fact tiiat tlie
marching is abnormal it always hapx)ens that in marching years many
fimners insist that the sedentary worms ravaging their fields are not
Uie true Army Worms, but simply the "ordinary cut- worms'^ which they
have with them every year.
When young the worms resemble quite closely in color the plants
upon which they feed, and this, with the habit of hiding as they do by
day, and dropping when disturbed, renders them very difficult of detec-
tion. The lighter color of the young worms found thus concealed has
given rise to the theory put forth by Thomas and others, that the
marching worms belong te a distinct race of the species; but there is
not a particle of reason in such a theory, for the worms of the marching
bodies possessed the same light color originally, and indeed the varia-
tioD is such that the same color frequently persists with the full-grown
▼onus, whether of the marching bodies or of the normal hidden individ-
uals. The deep color is largely the result of exposure, and whether the
sedentary or marching habit predominate, depends entirely upon cir-
cunstances.
teMelves nnder brush or dry leaves a little* distance aw»y. Finally, some of theiu
vhich eat the leaves of aquatic srasscs hide themselves within the stalks, the tops of
'dbich have been cat off by the nand of man or broken off accidentallv. They liury
tbemael vee until stopped by a node, and their excrement, which partly filifl these tubeA,
betis witnesft to the fact that they only leave their dwelling to take their food. This
ittre;*t, if it is not goarded from the punctures of the Ichneumons, at least completely
tbflters them from the attacks of biras ; but this is not its only use, for they utilize it
Brill more when they reach the t;me for metamorphosis. They do not bury themselves
in the earth like their congeners, but content themselves with spinning below and
tbove them two little partitions mixed with frass. The Leucanias which are ready
for pupation in the latter part of the season pass through the winter in the larva statOi
and only ondergo the metamorphosis in the spring.
94 REPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
DURATION OF WORM LIFE.
With 80 widenpread aii insect as the Army Worm it is impossible to
make any general statement concerning the duration of any one stage
which will hold good. In Saint Louis, in the vivarium, at an average
temperature of 80^ P., we found that certain of the worms passed through
their five molts at intervals of three days, making the entire length of
the laiTal life fifteen or sixteen days. The development, however, even
of those hatching at the same time firom the same brood of eggs is quite
irregular and Ynay occupy several days longer. In Northern Illinois.
Walsh gives the period at from "four to five weeks,'' while the shortest
period of larval life that Thomas has observed is twenty-eight day&
iDdividuals reared at the Department of Agriculture indicate that in
this latitude in late spring the period is from twenty to twenty-five days.
Everything depends of course upon the temperature, the midsummer
individuals passing through their changes much more rapidly than the
spring and fall br(K>ds. As we shall show later, the Army Worm most
often hibernates in the larva state, consequently the larval life of the
last brood frequently extends over a space of four months or even more.
In addition to the details published in our eighth and ninth Missouri
Eeports, the following observations recorded this spring will illustrate
the great variation referred to.
Some eggs of the Army Worm moth, which were deposi te<l May 4, 1882.
hatched May 11. The worms passed their first molt May 17, the second
May 20, the third May 23, the tburth May 26, and the fifth May 29, On
June 2 some of the larvie had entered the ground, and June 17 eight
moths issued.
May 28 some moths collected during the evening of the 27tb were
placed in the vivarium with grasses. June 3 many young larve bad
already hatched, and on June 20 some had entered the ground for pu-
pation.
RSMBDIRS.
Burning old gbabs, bto. — That fields which have been burned over
in the winter are free from the destructive presence of the worm is a
fact in the history of its visitations. But opinion has varied a« to the
precise effect produced by burning over, Walsh, a« we have already
shown, always urged this remedy of burning over, thinking that it de-
stroyed the eggs. The next phase was that suggested in our Eighth
Missouri Keport, where, after showing that the eggs are preferably laid
in old gra^s-stalks or stubble, the inference w as plain that the appropri-
ate nidus would be destroyed by the burning.
Now that larval hibernation is established, however, we can readily
see that tlie tires would destroy these hibernating larvje and prevent
the appearance of the moths and of a second destnictive brood from
them. But we must not suppose that the burning over would prevent
a// ^api)earance of the worm; it merely prevents its appearance in de-
structive numbers. The moths will, when exceptionally numerous, lay
their eggs without concealment and upon plants, such as clover, which
the larva does not relish. In such cases of exceptional abundance we
may well supi)()se that the moths will tiy into fields which have been
burned over and supj)ly them with eggs; but the instances in which
this would result in material damage to the crop would be very i^are,
*'A.< the Army Worm appeal's in vast numbers during certain years
only, and at irregular intervals, and as this axipearauce is rather sudden
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 95
mi fiddoin, if ever, anticipated by the farmer, buming as a remedy
loM« much of ilB importance, except wbere it is practiced annaally ; and
in view of the benefit of such burning in destroying chinch bugs and
other insects it ib to be regretted that the practice of winter burning of
lields, prairies, Btraw-piles, weeds, and other litter and nibbish does not
more generally x>i*^vaii ; the destruction of injurious inseett^ by suc^h a
system would far outweigh the benefit derived from plowing these stalks
and weeds under or leaving them to gradually decay." — [Sth Mo. RejK,
J9. OJ.J
Predictions; ]vibteoboix)oioal influences on the species.-—
What we still need to know, in order to make the burning over of much
avail, is some method of iictually predictin^;^ the a>ming of the worms.
Tliat climatic changes have much to do with disastrous years is indu-
bitable, yet it is very evident from facts we have given that Fitch's
theory will not hold. We have shown that he had no practical knowl-
edge of the subject, and that his theory was hurriedly thrown together.
We are ahso not inclined to admit the truth of Professor Thomas' weather
arjpiments in the case of Army Worm. The most we can say, after a
ea^dfol review of past years, is that all, or nearly all of the years of Army
Worm abundance have followed dry years, the nature of the year in which
they actually ocx;ur having little or nothing to do with it. This, however,
helps us only so far as to enable us to say tnat after a year of exceptional
drought the worms may appear in injurious numbers. We are still very
for from saying that after such a yetir the Army Worm is a necessary
<x>ns6quenoe, so that for practical purposes we are still almost as far in
the dark as formerly.
In short, however interesting it fnay be to s])eculate as to the weather,
no well-informed person will pretend to a sufiicient sibyline insight into
the future to enable him to act w ith absolute confidence sis to results.
The pretensions of a Tide or a Vennor must be classed, in the Ught of
whatever there is of science in meteorology, among the utterances of
charlatans and quacks, and whatever the tendency may be for history
to repeat itself, so far as weather and season are concerned, the records
aoffictently show that there is no absolutely relying upon the weather of
the fatore. Insect probabilities in connectiou with meteorological s^iec-
nlation offer a most inviting field for theory and speculation for those
who have few facts to lean upon, but it can never be safe to anticipate
for more than twoor throe monthsahead at the most. It isquite possible,
ftom the observed facts during the winter and early spring, to form
pretty accurate conclusions as to what may happen the ensuing summer
80 ^ as the Army AVorm is concerned, and this is especially true when
the preceding summer and autumn have been exceptionally dry. This
Bay be illustrated by the following opinion, quoted from an article which
we published in the Rural New-Yorker of May 27, which subsequent
events have fully justified:
Anent the Array Wonn I have obtained mnnyinterestinp fartH durinj!: the paist wiiifer
nd present spring, which all go tocontlrm the correctness (»t' my previous coiicliitiionH
lad inferences, especially those of InfiO, as presented to the American Ahsoeiation for
the Advanc«raeDt of Science, viz., that it hibernates princi|»ally in the worm or larva
Bt^te. iVoni the fact that the worm of all sizes has he«'n lonnd throu'rhont the past
winter not only around Washington bat in various parts of the South, whenever it
bas been looked for carefully, and from the further fact that the moths have lately
buen v#ry namerooa and active in laying their eggs in this immediate vicinity, I drew
the inference, some weeks since, that we should have in most parts of the country
!*Tioo8 att^cki! of the insect durini; ihe prewnt year, and sent an it«Mu contniuing this
iafen^ce to the American Naturalist for publication. In couHrmaiiou of the eonvct-
netsof tb«t inference the Departnient of Agriculture has just received sccounts of
alanniDg injury to small grain in Northern Alabama aud Georgia as well as in Arkau-
96 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
sas. If the Hpring and early sammer prove in any way wet (aa is likely in the ooimtry
which suffered so much from drought last year) the precise conditions will recar that
have iu the past marked all great Army Worm ^ears.
Observations which I have recently been making with one of my assistants. Mr. A.
Koebele, fully establish the fact which I inferred to be the case in 1877 — that the moth
necretes her eggs bv preference in old grass and stnbble and even in com-«talks ; and
this explains two /acts that have long since been recognized by practical men^ viz.,
that the worms in destructive numbers are apt to originate from old stacks or piles of
corn-stalks, or coarse manure, to which the early moths are attracted for pnrj^oaee of
oviposition. In short, a field will be free from tne worm in proportion as it is kept
clean of old stnbble and straw, and in proportion as it is distant from such, or from
neglected pasturage, or low, rank grass inaccessible to cattle.
Believing, ther^ore, that serious injnnr now threatens meadows and ffrain fields
from this insect, and that we shall hear of it farther and farther north with the head-
iug out of wheat, and knowing, from experience, that an ounce of prevention is worth
a pound of cure, I recommend that farmers generally take the precaution to bom np
or plow under at once, wherever it is possible to do so, any neglected meadows, old
grass or straw upon their farms ; further, to roll the grain in the vicinity of old stacks
where these may not be burned. Let me add, further, that one mnst not be deceived
% appearances. The worms may not be visible to an ordinary observer, or even to a
caretul one, and may yet abound in myriads, for they secrete themselves within old
stalks, or folded leaves, when very young, and hide under matted grass or grain when
larger. Yet a field that shows none now may in a fortnight be overrun with full-
grown worms, so rapidly do they grow.
While, therefore, annual burning in the fall or winter is to be recom-
mended as a haphazard way of reducing Army Worm injury, burning
as late as possible in the spring is much more strongly to be recom-
mended, especially during certain years, and following exceptionally
dry seasons and special observations that have been made during the
preceding winter,
DiTOHiNa; COAL tar; POisoNiNfr. — " The worms may be prevented,
a« a general thing, from passing from one field to another by judicious
ditching. It is important, however, that the (litch should be made so
that the side toward the field to be protected be dug under. About
every three or four rods a deep hole in the ditch should be made, in
which the worms will collect, so that they can be killed by covering
them with earth and pressing it down. They may also be destroyed by
burning straw over them — ^the fire not only killing the worms but ren-
dering the ditch friable and more efficient in preventing their ascent. I
have also used coal oil to good advantage, and the worms have a great
antipathy to pass a streak of it. Many of my correspondents success-
fully headed them off by a plowed furrow 6 or 8 inches deep, and kept
friable by dragging brush in it. Along the ditch or furrow on the side
of the field to be protected, a space of from 3 to 5 feet might be thor-
oughly dusted (when the dew is on) with a mixture of Paris green and
plaster, or flour, so that every worm which succeeds in crossing the ditch
will be killed by feeding upon plants so treated. This mixture should
be in the proportion of one part of pure Paris green to twenty-five or
thirty parts of the other materials named. K used in liquid form, one
tablespoonful of Paris green to a bucket of water, kept well stirred, will
answer the same purpose, as also will London purple, which has the
merit of being cheaper. These substances should, of course, be only
used where there is no danger of poisoning stock, poultry, or other ani-
mals. Logs or fences over running streams, or irrigation ditches, should
be remov^, otherwise the worms will cross on them.
" From experiments which I have made I am satisfied that where fence-
lumber can be easily obtained it may be used to advantage as a substi-
tute for the ditch or trench by being secured on edge and then smeared
with ker6sene or coal tar (the latter being more particularly usefol)
along the upper edge. By means of latiis and a few nails the boards
REPORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 97
may be 60 secured that they will slightly slope away from the field to be
protected. Snch a barrier will prove effectual where the worms are not
too persistent or numerous. When they are excessively abundant they
win need to be watched and occasionally dosed with kerosene to prevent
their piling up even with the top of the board and thus bridging the
barrier. The lumber is not injured for other purposes subsequently."*
Rolling : fencing ; roping. — ^Where the crop of a field has been
completely destroyed by the worms, the plan of killing them by heavy
rollers has been tried. This, however, is an expensive remedy and is
not as satisfactory as might be supposed. Experiments on Long Island
in 1880 proved that even where tibe ground was level the rollers soon
became irregularly covered with mud composed of earth and of the
juices of the crushed worms, so that the effect was much the same as if
the ground had been uneven, and many worms escaped in consequence.
The remedy of " drawing the rope,'^ as it may be termed, was prac-
ticed as long ago as 1770, and is described in Chapter II of the Bulletin
in the quotation from Eev. Grant Powers. Although this remedy has
been practiced from time to time since then we are not aware that any
odier account hhs been published. This spring it has been tried with
good effects at Huutsville, Ala., and by Mr. J. W. Sparks, of Murfrees-
borough, Tenn. We quote from a letter from this gentleman describing
his method :
The Army Worm is making such inroads upon the wheat crop and other crops here
m Middle Tenncrssee, I thoagbt I would write you and give the process I have for ridding
the whe«t of these vagabonds. I take a rope about 60 feet Ions and cause two men
to walk ibrongb the wheat field, dragging the rope over the wheat. By this means
yoQ can so over a large field of wheat in a few hours. The rope dragging over the
wheat, snakes the worms off on the ground, and they curl up and lie there half an
hour or more— seem to be mad about it — and then begin to move about hunting some-
thing to eat : bot the lieurger ones are unable to climb the wheat stalks with all the
blades off, so that you get rid of the larger ones the first time going over^ and the
■nailer ones can be shsuLen off so often that they cannot hurt the wheat. If you will
make known this simple plan to the sections where the worm is at work the people can
yel save their wheat. I am satisfied I will save mine. I am goin^ over my whole
crop twice a day. My wheat is looking splendid, and if I succeed in whipping the
vorms I will make a large yield. You imall have full reports at the proper tune.
In regard to this remedy it may be well to say that while tolerably
efficacious when ttie worms are not present in overwhelming numbers,
or when the crop is far advanced and the stalks are large and.tough,
under opposite circumstances it will be of little avail, and it will always
be a question whether the portion of the crop saved by this means will
be worth the great expenditures of time and labor which this remedy
calUfor.
As a fitting sequence to this general statement of the more interesting
practical facts connected with the Army Worm, we introduce such let-
ters and extracts of correspondence as are of sufficient interest for pub-
beation, and also, as intimated at the outset, a valuable account of the
iiwect in New Jersey in 1880, by one of our esteemed coirespondents,
Kev. Samuel Lock wood.
REPORT OP OBSERVATIONS UPON THE ARMY WORM, 1881.
8iR: In accordance with your verbal directions, and the written order of the Com-
Buanoner of Agriculture given me July 23d, I started on the morniug of the 24th for
Chica^, Ul. ArriviDg there on the raoming of the 25th, I spent the afternoon in in-
teniewiDg the editors of the Farmers' Review and Prairie Banner, with regard to the
" Quoted from previous articles by the author^
7 AO
98 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AOEICULTURE,
•xtent of country over which the worms had made their appearance, and in aaoeriain-
ing the most profitable spot in the State to visit. I started on the morning of the 26th
for ^ub, Ind., a small station on the Kankakee line. Arriving at Sheldon, Iroqnois
County, Illinois, however, I was induced to stop by the accounts given by men at the
station as to the abundance of the worms. I spent the whole of the 26th at Sheldon,
and on the 27th went over to Kentland, Newton County, Indiana, where great damage
northernmost appearance of the worms. His reply was that they were reported near
Madison, and that the northerumost point from which they had been reported was
Waupun. On the morning of the 2dtn started for Madison, reaching there in the
evening. The next morning I ascertained that the Armv Worm rumor in that locality
was a mlse alarm. HelioihU amUgera in sweet com had been taken for Leueania^Mnd
the work of LaoknoBiema in a few meadows had been supposed to be the work of tkB
Amiy Worm. Learning from Professor Henry and the editor of the Democrat that the
only points from which there had been newspaper reports of the worm in Wisconsin
wereOshkosh, Whitewater, and Wanpnn, I obtained the address of a well-informed
man in each place — oAe who would certainly have heard of the Anny Worms had they
made their appearance — and telegraphed to each for absolute information as to whethsir
the worms haa been seen in his locality, and the auswer was in ev^yoase contrary to
our expectations. Feeling quite certain, therefore, that the worms were not to be fomid
in any number in the Stsiie of Wisconsin, I took the night train l^ack to Chicago on
the evening of the d9th, occasionally getting off at a station and making inquiries
about the worms. I learned on my return to Chicago that the worms had been re-
SDrted as doing a great deal of damage at Kalamazoo, Mich., so I bought my return
cket via Michigan Central and spent a night at Kalamazoo. The most diligent in*
quiry, however, on the spot failed to find me a man who knew of their presence.
EXTKNT OV COUNTRY IKJURKD. — I failed, therefore, to find the worms in any
other locality thau in Northeastern Illinois, and across the border line in Indiana, and
I am strongly inclined to believe that, outside of a belt embracing portions of Lasalle,
Kendall, Grundy, Will, Kankakee, Iroquois, Livingston, and Fora Counties, Illinois
and Newton, Benton, Jasper, Warren, and Tippecanoe, Indiana, the damage was not
yery great, although the reports from Central and Western Illinois were quite aJwrm-
ing. From what I could learn of the reported appearance in Iowa, I believe that some
otner worm has been mistaken for the Army Worm in that State.
Crops injured.— The oat crop seems to be the only one which has been appreciably
injured. Some little damage has been done to com, especially young sweet com, and
in some oases slight damage has been done to flax and millet. The timothy on past-
ure lands has a]So been somewhat eaten.
Amount of damage. — The damage to oats has in many cases been very severe. I
saw fields of several acres which were not considered worth harvesting. At one place^
seeing a steam thresher at work, I made inquiries, and found that they were averaging
about two bushels to the load, when the proper amountr should have been fifteen bus£
els. Dr. Bush, of Sheldon, states that, to tne best of his judgment, the crop in Iro-
quois County has been damaged not to exceed ten per cent. This was indorsed by
most of •the men I met who were not farmers, the latter placing the damage at from
35 to 50 per eent. The total amount of oats in that part of the State will not fall be-
hind the crop of last year, owing to a much greater acreage, Mauy farmers have put
in oats on account of the failure of winter wheat. In the southern part of Newton
County, Indiana, the damage done was very great. Mr. Kent, of Kentland, who
owns several farms, says that while his individual crops should have been 50,000 bush-
els he would be happy to realize 10,000. He says that the loss in Kentland township
will easily be 75 per cent, of the crop ; but at the same time realizes that this is loca^
and says that the crop of the State as a whole will be immeube.
The previous season. — ^The persous interviewed seemed to be unanimous in the
opinion that last season was very wet during the early part, and that this was fol-
lowed by a very dry late summer and fall. Last winter was, as all over the co^ntry,
a very severe one, while the winter before was remarkably open. The present season
has been a very favorable one, the spring, however, being rather dry.
The previous crop. — In fields which were worst injured I always took pains to in-
quire concerning the previous crop, and found considerable diversity. In two cases
it had been com, in two oats, in one flax, in one barley, and in one prairie land. In
several oases also it was winter wheat which had been plowed up in April./ The dam-
age in all these fields this year was equally great.
IllETHOD or WORK. — The method of work in oats is the same as in timothy and
wheat, as described. The £ruit-Htalk is stripped of its leaves, and the head is cut off
and falls to the ground, where it is usually eaten to a greater or less extent. Some
farmers have tafen advantage of this fact, and have turned in their swine to feed
REPORT OF THE EMTOMOLOOIST. 99
■poB the fallen grain, and at the same time they ondoabtedly destroy many worms
tod pnpflB.
No marching whatever has heen noticed. The worms appeared simaltaneonsly all
throogh the fields, and having plenty of food there was no occasion for going farther.
This fact has given rise to an opinion among many farmers that this is not the Army
Worm but a cut-wonn that is always present in the fields. This fact also pnts an
effectual estoppel upon the use of the old remedies, and there seems to be no way to
dedtroy the worms m the fields without a sacrifice of thex^rop.
Facts brarjno on number of broods. — That the brood damaging oats this year
WM at leant the 8e<;ond, and^ in case of larval hibernation, the third, seems most prob-
ilile. The injurious brood in Illinois has been usually in June^ the worms pupating
ftbout the middle of the mouth, and the moths appeanng from the 20th to the 30th of
(be month. In the places visited this year the worms were first noticed from the
liHb to the 15th of July, and at that time most of them were of the sixe of a ''small
•traw."
In one instance several empty egg-shells of Leucania were found in the vicinity of
»last winter's fodder stack. They were in the fold of one of the basal leaves of the
italk. These, from their position, may have been laid by the first brood of moths,
tboiiffh frnra the known ovipositing habits they may equally as well have been depos-
ited by the second moths.
In the 8<me locality 1 found, by digging, the remains of two empty pnpss, undoubt-
edly Leucania, which certainly belongea to a previous brood.
An ACOOMPAXYING CUT- WORM. — In the fields among the Army Worms were large
oombera of an accompanying cut-worm in the evident proportion of about one of the
cut- worms to five Army Worms. The size of the former was about that of the latter,
ind the color a nearly uniform dusky brown, with transvene lateral stripes of a darker
eolor. They transformed to slender popse, light brown with dorso-lateral longitud-
inal pinkish stripes.*
Katurax KNEMiKS. — SoTeral larvte of a ground beetle (probablyCa^gtsma $erutator)
large, black, homy, and active, were found destroying the worms at a great rate. I
have been unable to breed them, the only pupa obtained dving in the box. In order
to ascertain the amount of good which these larvs do, I placed mv largest speoimeii
is a box with 15 full-grown Army Worms, after starving him for a day. In two hours
I opened the box and found that he had killed every one of the worms, but had sucked
dry bat two.
The small white cocoons of an Ichneumonidt were found in enormoos numbers, at-
tached to the oat-stalks, in the axils of the com leaves, upon the surface of the ground
and under clods of earth. Often upon lifting a clod of earth the black loam appeared
ligkt gray from the abundance of these oocoous. They were usually found in small
miwea attached side by side, with a little loose silk around the mass. I saw largo
mmabeiB of a large reddish-brown ant tearing these ooeooQS c^>en and feeding upon
the pupsa. '
▲ secondary parasite was bred from these ooooons, which seems to be the M§BO€honu
fili«s«, of Walsh.
In one instance, in a corn-field belonging to Mr. Corlett, of Sheldon^ the worms were
olwrved t4> be extensively infested by a Tachinid from the eggs upon the th(»aoio seg-
BMBta. Not a single worm was found in this field which did not bear one or more eggs.
I kave since bred from one of these larvsi a small specimen of what appears to be tne
eommon yemoraa leucani€B, of Kirkpatrick. I also observed in the act of ovipositing
as lefaBMunonid about 15 millimeters in length, rofons in color, with white banded
aatsnas, and wings not extending to the tip of the abdomen, but which I was unable
toeaptore.
Ssspeetfrilly submitted.
L. O. HOWABD.
Vtot C. V. RlUET,
. EnUmologistf United Siatn Deptartmemi of AgriouUwrs,
August 7, 1881.
OORRB8P0NDEN0M AKBNT THM ABMT WORM^SPEING OF 1881
I send you the inclosed communication from the Huntsville correspondent of the
Chattanooga Times in relation to an invasion of the wheat crop in this vicinity by the
AmiT Worm. I reconnoitered the invaders yesterday and witnessed with feelings of
Kiach sadness the devastations already wrought by them on Stevens' farm. I cap-
tved and examined some of them. It is the Army Worm described in the Agricultural
Beport for 1879, page 187, and the same I think that appeared here in 1861. * • •
• This proved to be Agrotii e-nigrwm, — C. V. JL
lOO REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AORICfULTURE.
The insects are of different ages and it is to be apprehended that there will be sacoees-
ive crops of them. * * * upon examining an oat-field yesterday, in company with
Mr. White, I found multitudes of very small worms concealed under the oats sown this
spring. It was about half past 3 p. m., and the sun shining. They will doubtless
destroy it. Mr. Bedermann's oat patch, near Stevens' wheat-field, has been completely
destroyed. Some of the larger worms in Stevens' field show that the Taohina para-
site has been operating upon them. I never saw a more promising wheat crop than
Stevens' before this invasion. White said to me that in the beginning of last week
he would not have taken |2,000 for his own wheat crop ; that he does not now exx)ect
to reap anything firom it. I hear of this insect in the neighborhood of New Market
and Whitesbury.^[S. D. Cabaniss, Huntsville, Ala., May 2,1882.]
An interesting feature of the appearance of the worm in Alabama in May is con-
tained in the foUowing letter to Mr. Howard upon his return from the investigation
made at Huntsville. The insect confounded with the Army Worm is the clover-hay
worm (Asopia costalU) :
SiB: While you were here a few days since. investigatiDg the phenomena of the worm in wheats I
had the pleasure of an introduction and a brief conversation with yon, and take, therefore, the libei^
of statlDg to you a curious phase of the worm. Mr. J. 6. Baker, liTing here in 1881, produced oIotct
hay— about two tons per acre— on rich land near the corporate limits of HuntSTille. The hay was ou^
cured, and placed in the mow— about eight tons. He used down to about two tons, and a fow days ago
on ti^dng out and deUverlng a load of hay. after taking it off the waeon, discovered on t}\fi floor of the
wagon innumerable worms about one-halz inch long, dark or greemsh-brown in color. He then re>
turned and found on examination of the hay-mow countless numbers of these worms — also what seraos
to be a kind of web spun In the dibrit at bottom, which had multftudes of eggs half the sise of a mus-
tard seed and black in color. This was about the first of May, and the worms hare now disappeared.
It seems to be a theory that these worms are bred in jclover-flelds, and this finding them in dover hay
would seem to establish their habit of depositing on the clover-stalk in the field their eggs, in this
case carrying them over to the next year and hatching then. This hay was cut about June 1, ISSl,
and taken out about May 1, 1882. This theory struck roe as possibly inconsequential, but of enough
onrioaity to write you.— [L. W, Day, Huntsville, Ala., May 18, 1882.]
The Army Worm is making severe inroads upon the wheat crop and other crops here
in Middle Tennessee. — [J. W. Sparks, Murfreesborough, Tenn., May 20.]
The Army Worm has commenced work. Is it safe to use London purple f — [Saint
Louis, Mo., May 24, 1882.]
I send yon by this day's mail, specimens of a caterpiller which is doinjg; great damage
to the wheat in this locality. I have been unable to find out how &r-spread it is,
but hear of it in the northern parts of this county and also in Nelson County. It
attacks and eats the blade of the wheat (so far I do not see that they have hurt the
heads), and I find many stalks broken o£f. — [H. A. K. Murray, Warren, Albemarle
Conn^, Virginia, June 8, 1882.]
Doing considerable damage to oats near Uniontown, D. C. — [L. J. Barber, June 15,
1882.]
The Arm^ Wonn lb playing great havoc in this section of the State. All the late
wheat is being destroyed by them wherever they have appeared. Many fields of grass
that were mo^ luxuriant a week ago, look now as if a fire had swept over them. Corn-
fields, wherever they have touched, have been entirely destroyed — ^too late now to
plant over. Clover alone se^ns distasteful to them. Oats, com, orchaid-grass, timo-
thy, and wheat they delight in. We have never had them before, and don't Know what
may be their duration. They appeared about a week a^o and are increasing in num-
bers most rapidly. — [Robert Beverly, The Plains, Fauquier County, Virginia, June 19,
1882.]
Inclosed find tube containing specimens of Army Worm, which has occasionally in-
fested this country ever since its first settlement. The first serious injury was done
in June, 1825, when it appeared in some wheat-fields and meadows, and after eating
the heads and blades of the timothy, and partially stripping the wheat and rye of their
blades and beards, with little injury to the grain, they moved disastrously upon the
green corn and oats, eating down the corn and completely beheading the oats.
* * * This year they appeared in the barley about the 10th of June, and have
done great damage by eating off the straw just below the bead, and a few days later
appeared in the wheat and timothy all over the country to a very alarming extent ;
but just as they had got fairly to work, on the night of the 14th, the whole country
between Somerville and Indianapolis was visited by very disastrous storms and floods,
which seem to have caused them to suspend operations, though not to entirely disap-
pear.— [M. B. Kerr, Aurora, Dearborn County, Indiana, June 19, 1882.1
My observation of the locality of the Army Worm laying their eggsnas been this:
In the early spring the moth has not the activity it has later in the season, and the
greater part of the eggs are laid in the splits of broken straw and in the foldings of
the leaf-sheatks, mostly covered or secreted, but in the layings of early spring I have
found the eggs most abundant in the angle made by the leax-sheath when torn from
the straw at the joints of same, and not secreted. I do not think the hibemated^moth
would show its specific characteristics as much as those that have undergone their
REPOET OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 101
changes and lay their e^gs in a higher temperatnre. I have noticed that a high tem-
pera&re has a good dei3 to do wiw. the activity of the moth of the Army Worm.
The migration of the army is not ^ways in quest of food, though at this period, like
tn worms of this class, they are ravenous. There has heen a migration into a field in
this vicinity which I have closely watched. Before leaving a wheat-field, where there
▼as an abundance of food, the worms showed an uneasiness similar to that shown by
the silk worm before spinning its cocoon (moving the head from right to left). The
first move was into the blue grass (Poa pratenns)^ and then across a xraveled road into
i field of com partly plowed over with the rows in the same direction the worms were
going. They ate fox 10 to 15 rows every bit of com on the plowed ground and but
uttle on the unplowed. As thev advanced the destruction was less and less, nearly
stripping the leaves of the 30th and 40th rows, and entirely leaving the unplowed
ground. These worms were of a very uniform size— full grown.
To^y I examined a few hills of com on the boundary of their eating as they were
eongrsgating around the hills of com in their migration. I looked there firstj and at
i single lull found 18 chrysalides under one small clod. I think this horde or worms
left &ii wheat-field because it was unfit for the change from larva to chrysalis, not
flflering any shelter, as the ground in the wheat-field was smoothly beaten down by
run and was Tery hard. Where food is abundant and shelter can be found for the
lirvB to undergo their changes, they will not migrate, but from either a shortness of
Ibod or imfavorable locality for«chrysalides they will move. If the worms are ftill
mwn the damage will be but little compared with the migration from a shortness of
lood br Hue worms of a small size.
In the tihMpe of the ditch, to defend a field against their incursions, there has been
in ttis locahty quite an improvement over the old undercut ditch. It is made by
dragging aloDjg we ditch a ditching-gonge, such as is used in laying ^inch tile in
the angle of we ditch.
The cutting is on the side you wish to defend, this half-round cut being made by a
horijKmtai motion, leaving a smoother surface on the half-round than can be done by
nadcaentting with a spade, and I have never seen a worm pass the npx>er angle in this
pattsqi of £tch. — [f\ C. Andrus, Manchester, Scott County, Illinois, June 22, 1882.]
My brother, Alfred B. Bwann, who resides on his farm in Jefferson County, Tennes-
see, writes me that Army Worms have appeared in vast numbers and are now destroy-
ing his grain and grass crops. The same thing occurred last season, and as this farm
is a very Taluable one — near one thousand acres, a large part of which is river-bottom
laads— the loss involved will amount to several thousand dollars. (It is known as the
Eagle Bend Farm. )—[ James Swann, New York, June 30, 1882.]
Aooojnrr of thjb jnyasjok of isso in new jbrsby,
Bt Rxt. Samuel Lockwood, Ph. D.
**CftteipiIlsrt, and that withont ntunber."— .BAfe.
It was tiie first day of summer, 1880. A long^, parching drought had prevailed, and
le ftlt like choking; in the hot and dusty air. Although Flora's bnghtest month,
^ Wkoi June's red roses blow," the bees were almost starvmg in their hives, so few
ipd poor were the fiowers. The stage, on its way to the station, several miles ofiT,
pieked me np at a farm-house. A strange being, hatless and shoeless, was leaning
ifsiaat a fence on the road side.
"That's poor Daft!" whispered the driver, in a compassionate way, as we drew
■ear. The man seemed about thirty-five, and had a harmless, half-dazed look. Hav-
iag taken a sitep or two into the road, he accosted us in a solemn manner, causing a
BooMntary halt.
Daft. Have you seen the Army Worm?
Jehu. Nary a worm, Daffle! »
Daft. Oh, but he's come! He's down the road about half a mile, and's committing
telation most promiscuously. There wasn't one there yesterday. But this morning,
lo! a great multitude which no man can number I It's all very mysterious, the piu-
aer worm and canker worm. His great armyl Maybe that's why nobody can tell
« vhere they come from and what becomes of them. I'd like to know if it w all post
tidiDg out.
JsHU. That's too deep for me, Daffle. GPe 'long, ponies.
Having started his horses aeain, the driver told me that '^ though feeble-minded
tlMwiie, Daft was real powerftd on Scripter."
1 had that moming at an early hour been watching the conduct of an army of
iMMBia ainpimcto, the very one to which Daffie referred so mysteriously. In tmth,
•etoated by the vastness of this invasion of the Army Worm, I was then on a season's
oUerrations, which it is proposed to give with some fullness of detail; and perhaps
ve may thus true answer make to the wise questions of that innocent.
102 KEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
The army above mentioned had Inst made complete havoc of a clover-field. Thej
were bred from eggs laid in a low-lying^ last years rye-fleld adjoining. After bnt par-
tially eating the grass in this old field, it was abandoned for the more suocnlent and
tender clover and grass in the next field. The very unnsnal heat and drought had
been too much for the yonng worms/ having rendered too tongh the grass in tne field
where they were hatched.
In the new field the clover and the grass in its shade were mnch more comestible.
This field was completely devoured — noM^ spear of grass or leaf of clover escaped the
invaders. Nothing bnt naked clover-stalks with empty heads remained— even the
headlands were thoroughly cleaned up. A low but distinct and unpleasant crinkling
sound accompanied the feeding. As if actuated by one impulse the whole army made
straight for a wheat field across the highway. The plowing of a trench on the far
side of the road intercepted their march. Two men with spades cut a clean perpeh-
dicular face on the side of the farrow next the wheat and a series of little pit-falls in
the trench at intervals of about 60 feet. This completed the trap. The caterpillars,
wearied with useless efforts to climb the straight side of the trench , would erawl
along until they fell into the little pits. Myriads of ants beeet them, sucking out their
juices, which with the heat of the sun soon destroyed them. They cannot endnre direct
sunlight but are essentially night-feeders.
If uninterrupted, their marcn to the new feeding grounds would have been aoeotn-
plished ere the sun was well up. •
The time in which the Army Worm did its chief mischief in Monmouth County, Neir
Jersey, was from about the close of May to about the 20th of June. The first observa-
tion of real mischief being done was May 28. During the above time my dnties led Ine
to ride over the entire country on official business with the teachers and scbool-oflleerB.
Thus opportunities were afforded for observation and inquiry such as a naturalist ootild
not afford to neglect. I had supposed the aliment of these Insects to be restricted to the
OrtminecBf that is, the grasses proper and the grains and Indian com. Hence, sftrprised
at the thoroughness with which they had eaten up that field of clover on the spot, I took
it for an original observation of an exceptional habit ; bnt on looking into the Riley re-
ports. I found similtf fkcts on record. I soon ceased to regard th is habit as at all excep-
tional ; for, so far as Monmouth was concerned in 1860, clover-eating by the Army
Worm was the rule vod not the exception. In fact I could not learn of one instauce of
their presence in which the clover eseaped. The following from a letter by a teacher
is to tne point :
** On the farm of Charles Allgor, at New Bedford, in passing from his wheat-field to
his oat-field, the worms had to cross a strip of sward composed of timothy and ted
clover, of three or four years' standing. They took ever^hing clean. Thoy also ate
the young clover in the bottom of the wheat-field, killing it entirely. In a mixed
sward of Qeorge Newman's, the teacher, thoy ate the clover as well as the grasses,
leaving nothing but the stalks. They also ate the clover on the farm of Albert King,
at Green Grove. They did not tnake a specialty of clover, but they ate it without
being starved to it. They ate both the clover and timothv in a mixed sward of James
Allgor's. They ate Mr. Allen's oat-field, then went over to his sward of grass and clover
and finished that off", too.."
Other correspondence might be cited to the same effect, but I have none which states
the facts so conciselv as the above. Some of the farms here mentioned are miles apart.
Bat it will appear rorther on that when forced into straits for food this Army Worm
is almost omnivorous.
With no special call to examine his young grass-fields, the farmer sometimes got
his first alarm at sight of the disappearing clover. In faot, wherever the worms ap-
peared in force the grasses, clover, and Indian com were completely destroyetl. A friend
lost forty acres of newly-sown grass^ with a large part of the old meadows; a very
serious score here for one man, as with us ^' Hay is King." Let me instance a forty-
acre wheat-field of his of which the worms took possession. The wheat when harvested
proved a good yield^for it had got out of milk when the arm-y made its inroad. The
straw was not hurt, although tne worms had climbed every stem up to the head; bnt
straw and ear were nearly npe. It was different, however, with the low and late-grown
stools. Those they crept up and ate through the thin green neck of the plant, cutting
off the nubbin-ears which fell and thickly covered the ground. If the outJ^ide of the
straw was not too hard, the worm would then literally skin it. eating downwards.
Thoy would eat these nubbin-heads occasionally before catting tliem oil ; but this was
only when they proved to be soft ; that is, those ears whose growth had been back waril.
In this wheat-field the young grass and clover were all eaten up and the head-lands
cleared off. Every weed, too, was cleaned up. Even that bitter nuisance, the Rag-
weed {Ambrosui artemisiixfoUa)^ was all devoured. With us after harvest the Rag-
weed takes possession of the soil ; but as this weed makes its appearance in summer,
the spring timothy and clover get the start and keep this weed under. The fall suc-
ceeding the harvest above presented the siu*nilar spectacle of a stubble-field without
a weed. It was sheer nakedness itself. On another farm, having consumed the
KBPORT OF THE JJNTOMOLOCHST. l03
^ , the womiB took poMession of a strawberrr-field, eating both leares and the
unripe fruit. Riley glTee an instanee in which, when driven into straits, these cater-
piHars ate an onion patch. We must then conclnde that the larva of Leuoania uni-
fmuia ia weU nish omnivorons. Doubtless when its food is tender and in no stint, like
ihe Lord Mayors fool, it knows what is f^ood and is mnch more dainty.
The namber of worms in that forty-acre field was simply fearful. In the parlance
of the spectators there were ** millions and millions/' The squirming mass and the
crinkling sound of their feeding were especially repnlsive. But few dared to enter
the ield. In tmth, strong men tamed pale from nausea, so loathsome was the sight.
It rpally seemed that nature was smitten with a plague of crawling vermin.
What ^reruB the direction of travel of these worms t Do they smell the new food
fnm a distance f I think they do, for they cross naked roads with unerring directness
to the object sought. The great army in that wheat-field having finished theit havoc,
divided into two parts: the one left on one side and entered a timothy -field — the other
left the foraged land and matched straight across the road and took possession of a
flom-field. Having ruined the timothy and the cotn, the great army disappeated, as
was remarked, ''As if by magic t^' Bnt the trick Was very simple; they had entered
thegroand to aasnme the pupa state. The notion prevails that the worms move for
a eertain point of the compass. Here the phrase was " They moved towards the sea,"
Aatis, sooth ; bnt in another part of the county the movement seemed north.
Many years ago I saw an army moving west, but the Greeley precept xras rife at that
time. I attach no importance to the above, my belief i>eing that the insect, attracted
hj MCDt, in which perhaps the wind plays a part, moves simply in the direction of
food. A point of greater conseqnence is the time of the first movement. Frotn a num-
ber oi ebaervationa I believe the time is about seven days after the hatching.* When
int hatehed they are so small that the damage they effect is slow, and their ftsedifig
n restneted to the tender parts of the grass. After this comes the first march When
Ibnr are raToaotis enough to clean np as they go.
Iliat was a triamnh of painstaking patience and admirable skill when Riley cleared
■> ttia Byately of tiie origin of the Army Worm. Nor can I forget my own delight
waeii, in bia laboratory at Saint Lonia in Jnne, 1876, he showed m^ the live Insects
wfateh ha had raised from the larva) ; nay, more, right before my eyes was the mother
lewaaia mm^^tmeta laying her eggs in the axils of avy stubble and green grass. For
iotBce thAt waa * grand discovery. Still more's the pity how few farmers make of it
^ aesigne of ▼antage.'' Nayi to some good husbandmen do we not seem in these seatch-
lap Id tampar piouoely :
Aiid take npon's the mystery of things,
As if we were Ged's spies.
TlMse sppearings are regarded as almost miraculous. Says the perplexed mstic:
"Th^oome in great armies — and all of a sudden — and as suddenly disappear.'' Or,
u Dame said, *' There wasn't one there yesterday, but this' morning, lo ! a great mnlti-
tade which no man can number." Friends, this is a delusion. They were there ves-
teiday and several days. They do not come suddenly. . You do hot observe their
cosing, yon onl^ see them when they are on you in great numbers. Watched from
ftseg^ their life-career is that of other caterpillars. The following shonld enable
ikfis to observe them at their starting point and to stamp them out at the beginning.
I^ii. It ia important to know wkm to look for the laying of the eggs. Of eooise
aaeh depends on the nature of the season. With us it is usually the first week in
Jaae, hot in 1880, for reasons already mentioned, the laying was not later than the
MK^Maj.
Beeoiid. where shonld we look for them t Thanks to Riley, we know how the egffs
hok and the part of the plant where they are laid. The farmer, however, needs, If
innhle, to know jnst where on his farm he should look for the infested plants. I
titek eeneially the grain-fields are preferred by the moth when seeking a nesting
^aee ror her eg^. But if the weather be favorable^ and the young clover and grass
n tiie best condition, she will also be found laying in the young grass of last fall's
itehhle-field and in old meadows. In this case we shonld look &r the highest or
closest grass — that growing in moist places, and notably those little hummocks or tns-
Heks caused by the droppings of cattle. If heat or dryness affect thoir food they will
ideet the grai*ii«>field8 as a^ording more snocnlent food, besides better shelter and
liade. Let me instance some careful observations made on four farms, three of which
^ftn near together, but the last one to be mentioned was about two miles away. On
•na was a wheat-^eld, whish coveted the site from which certain stables had been
ttoved the year before. Another part of the fiehl lay low, and received the " wafeh"
of the higher ground. On these places the wheat grew thick and high; in fact, too
Inxmiantly, for it became badly *' lodged." These two spots were shady, and the
•It is in reality generally somewhat later.— <:!. V. B.
104 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
food was sweet and tender. There were no other such spots in the field, and these,
and only these, were chosen by the moths in which to lay their eggs.
Doubtless yery many moths selected these spots, for here the worms were bred in
ereat numbers. These spots were soon eaten on clean— clover, and grass, and wheat
leaves, and heads — for in these places the wheat ears were still green and tender.
From these nesting spots they spread, a voracious army, over the whole field, clearing
up everything that had not become too hard to eat.
On another farm close by was a field of wheat which had received peculiar tillage.
It belonged to a Mr. Bodee, a very intelligent amateur farmer, whose clear observa-
tions have been of substantial service to me. He holds that wheat should not be
crowded, and should be worked with a cultivator, much as we do com ; that room
and encouragement should be given each plant to enlarge itself by stoles; that one
well-stoloned plant is better than several plants forced to occupy the same sor&ce of
ground. In sowing, the field was drilled only one way, and every third drill was left
seedless; and in cultivating, some of the teeth of the implement were taken out, so
that it could straddle the <K>uble rows. In this way the field was gone over, both in
the autumn and in the spring. There were but three little spots where the wheat
had lodged, all of which were oreeding-places for the worms, from which, after eating
them on, tne^ spread over the field, but seemed to be comparatively harmless; for the
tillage mentioned let in the sunlight and quickened the ripening of the grain. It
was noticed here that the birds, having more wing-room, were quit« busy fieding on
and carrying off the worms, a fact not observed by us in any other wheat-field. Per-
haps the cultivator had mellowed the ground, for the worms, during the hot sunshine,
buried themselves in the cultivated space and were easily unearthMl by the birds.
In a field on another farm the wheat was somewhat thin ; but on a spot where a oom-
Sost had lain the wheat was rank and thick. There the worms bred and, after
evouring their nesting place, they spread over the field.
The fourth field of which the particular facts must be given, is that forty-acre
wheat-field, already instanced. The sowing took at least twice as much seed per
acre as was used by Mr. Bodee's method. It was drilled in one direction, and then
drilled across at right angles. This secured a crowded growth. During tne summer
preceding the autumn sowing the field had been used oy a horse dealer to pasture
a large £ove of horses. Of course their ordure fell everywhere; but in many places
where the animals had stood in groups the droppings had fiiJlen in auanti^. Here
I must recall an acquaintance once had with a farmer's boy, named Ned. He had a
way at time of wheat^wing of putting a shovelful of manure and an extra dropping
of seed in a few spots in the field to make what he was pleased to call *' King hills.^
And it was easy tilling where the lad and his shovel had been^ for Ned's *' King hills'*
always outranked the rest of the field. And it was similarly with that big wheat-field.
It was a splendid sight, the close dense growth, and high over all, in many places, those
stately ** King hills" were conspicuous. Now comes the notable fact ; every one of
these spots was chosen as th^ nesting place of myriads of the mother moths, for the num-
ber of eggs laid in them was enormous. These spots were to the Army Worms shelter,
shade, and food, but so crowded was each of these larval communities that they soon
ate themselves out of house and home. Then came an immense dispersion. fVom
every " King hill" went forth a hungry band into that grand foraging ground. The
wheat, stuiding so close, had by its shade kept the undergrowth protected from the
drought ; and now it sheltered these marauaers firom the sun. It was but a few
days Defore that these foraging bands, by their spreading, had all met and made up a
vast famished army, which, driven into straits, must now devour every comestible
thin^ or starve. The observed occupancy of the field was seven days ; that is, from
the time of the dispersion of the foraging army to the timd when it left. It was quite
common to hear it said that a certain field was eaten up in a day. But such people
" take no note of time."
Leucania, the parent of the Army Worm, ranks very respectably among the Lepi-
doptera. She is one of the owlet moths, and her owUsn capacity for natural selection
impresses me profoundly.
Kftture is fine in love: and where it's fine
It senda eome precions hiatanoe of itself
After the thing it loves.
I find so much precision in insect wisdom, such a knowing method, even in the
propagation frenzy. And I think Leucania's conduct is in point. True, there is no
bird-lDLe brooding over her trust. Let us get out of the laboratory and watoh her
where, not hampered by the inquisitorial restrictions of the breeding-cage, she has Na-
ture's airy freedom, and
The world is all before them, whence to choose
Their nesting place.
And this maternal moth shows such good mothering in her choice. The knowledge
of this nicety of her election of a nidus is of great economical value. Compare her
BEPOBT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 105
iwtriction with the flittlne habit of her queenly relative, the Hawk-moth — MaoroHla
emmquemaeulata — ^parent of the sreat potato worm. AlmoNBt with a shudder one remem-
bera that terrible myaaion of Monmouth, when the potato-fields were ruined as if by
lire, and tlie wason wheels reeked with green dripping gore as they entered our vil-
lageft. This moth deposits her eggs on the underside of the potato lea^ but onl^ one
or two, or at meet a very few, on each plant; hence the distribution is pretty uniform
orer the entire field.
Though it may seem above that the parent of the Army Worm has fair intelligence,
we may not think ao well of her larval offspring. That oeautiftQ lawn of Hollywood,
It Long Branch, was invaded by them. The emerald sward was swept as if burnt.
When any of the worms came against a tree they went up it, passed over the crotch,
tJien deecended at the other side. Twelve or thirteen years ago a comer of our coun-
try was visited by the Army Worm in large numbers. Having sluripped one field they
marched for the next, but were intercepted by a smalli running stream. There is no
" torn back " to this singular worm. On came |his great automatic army — ^no halt —
until, crowded forward, a compacted mass was urged on to the water to serve as a
living pontoon, over which the army passed and t(K>k possession of the new foraging
ground TMs crossing of running water has been noticed by BIr. Riley.
Monmonth is an old county, and the farms generally have been much feduced in
size by £requent divisions. Grain and grass fields run from ten acres to forty, but the
latter figure is very high. As we have described, each field, from a few nesting spots,
wotfld originate an army. Some of these infested fields were miles apart, the inters
vening territory being exempt. I got returns of twenty of these armies in one town-
ship. There aiuely could not be less than one hundred in the county. They seemed
to nave a penchant for the best farms.
LET us RECAPITULATE.
1. We can localize the breeding places. The mother moth selects the thick and
ihady apota in the grain fields and meadows as the right places in which to lay her
T, thna securing for the larvs shelter and tender food.
An army is made up of bands, each band having its own breeding spot, and these
■pots are oentera of dissemination. When these nesting spots are eaten off the bands
^raad, traveling in the direction of food,' thus uniting, when, so to speak, the clan
nlsHon ia lost. They now form one hun^^ and marauding army, set in one course
tad impelled by one impulse. It is at this point of their career that they are gener-
alh firvt noticed, and the averment is made, '* They have come all of a spdden.^
£ A thin tillage is adverse to the worms. It maxes the conditions of life harder for
tiiem, knahade, more heat, earlier ripening, and quicker toughening of grass and grain,
wd greaiter freedom for the birds.
WHAT SHOULD BE DOXE.
4. Till uniformly, and not too close. Ton may get less wheat, but you will get
better, and the worms will fare worse.
& Ttj to find out where the cate^iilar originates. Beginning early in May, watch
t]M thidE apota and the damp places in meadow and gram. This inspection is.espe-
eially caOed for if the winter has been mild and the spring is warm. As described oy
kOey, the eegs are very small and round when first laid, of a glistening white, but
beecndnff yeUowish. They are laid in stringy groups containing from five to twenty
tggs. Tney should be looked for in and near the axils of the leaves ; that is. in the
qKyat-ahaped parts of the blade, near the stem. In this hollow of the leaf tne egm
•n glued, and sometimes the two edffes of the leaf are so drawn together that tne
cgp look like a white streak. Should you find the eggs, if in quantity, it might not
be pneticable to attempt collecting them, but you have found a breeding spot, and
it is now possible, and without ix\jury to the grain or grass at this early stage, to ex-
tingoish tne worm with a weak solution of London purple or Paris green. If the
ip(rts are small they could be cut out with a sickle and fed to stock. If the eggs are
bitched the crinkling sound made when feeding, which is in the early evening and
Jut before the morning dawn, will to a good ear betray the presence of the larvie.
Oar Army Worm is Leutxtma unipwnota, for there are other caterpillars which are
vrongly so called. The moth is 45°^"V<" about If inches in expanse of wing, and 24"^,
or about | inch in length of body. The color is very plain, being a reddiui-brown or
einnamon, with a double white spot or blot«h on each front wing.
The insect ia with us the whole year. In the pupa state, in the ground or under
itones and other bodies, they pass a large part of the year, including the winter,
while many perfect moths hibernate under the shelter of some concealing object. In
tbe spring the mother moth devotes herself to egg-la Wng, which done, a day or two
nAeea at moat, when she dies of sheer exhaustion. The appearance of the spotted
106 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
Leaoania in large armies, as a mle, can only occur after intervals of several jeaxB.
The weather conditions which caused their appearance in New Jersey in 18S0, in
such amazing humhers, were very remarkable. The winter had been so exceptionally
mild that the moths came safely through hibernation and in large numbers. A rain-
less May, and unusually warm, brought in, in efilect, a premdture summer. Early
potatoes failed; corn had to be replanted; rye was in ear in April; wheat began
heading by the 12th of May, and such was the heat that the filling of the ears and
the getting out of hiilk mllowed fast. Wheat-cutting began Jiine 18, abd at the
end of the month the harvest generally was over, nearly three weeks earlier than
usual. And not only was Lett^^ania unipuncta affected by the weather conditions of
tii£it remarkable year, but the insect tribe generally.
NOTES.
1. Since the foregoing was written I have seen " abstract" of a paper on LeucanitL
rniiptinctUf read bv Prof. C. V. Riley at the Boston meeting of the A. A. A. 8., August,
1880. He says : "In the latitude of Saint Louis there are two, sometimes three, genera-
tions In a year, and, perhaps, even four; and ferther south a Succession of genera-
tions, scarcely interrupted duting mild 'Winters. Probably in New England there are
two generations, the second one being ^ usually unnoticed,' and existing through the
autumn, winter, and early spring months.
** It is an established fact that the species hibernates both as larva and as moth,
with strong circumstantial evidence that it also hibernates, particularly northward,
aa a chrysalis ; but we have no evidence that it can hibernat'e in the e^.
'' Excessive injury may result from natural local increase, or from moths fljring in
great numbers from other localities, and concentrating in particular fields. Ihy aea-
aons are favorable to the multiplication of the insect.''^
SOALB INSECTS OF THE ORANQII.
REMEDIES AND THEIR APPLICATION.
By H. G. Hubbard, Special Agent.
CHARACTERIZATION OP THE SPECIES.
In devising practicable remedies for Scale insects, the first factor of im-
portance is seen to be that there are several kinds of these insects which
yield to treatinent in very dift'erent degrees. Without entering npon
the stibject of classification, which has already been fally treats in re-
ports of the Department of Agriculture, we may, for the purposes of the
present article, divide those that infest trees of the orange family into
two groups — the naked Coccidre {LecanincB)^ and those which are pro-
tected by a homy scale (Diaspince), The former give comparatively
litfle trouble ; their colonies rarelj^ increase sufficiently to endanger the
life of a tree, and are invariably checked — often exterminated— by theii
parasites. Moreover, their unprotected bodies are vulnerable and ex-
posed to the action of strong lye or soap solutions and other in-
secticides.
The Scale-armored Diaspinm are much more destructive in their rav-
ages^ and their astonishing powers of reproduction frequently enslble
them to outstrip their natural enemies. Owing to their prot^ective cov-
ering they are but little affected by most of the washes and insecticides
in general use. Of this group three species arfe known to me, and are
universally distributed in orange groves throughout Southeastern
Florida.
Myiiias'pis Oloverii (Packard), the common " Long Scale,'' or " Oystttr-
shell Scale,'' is familiar to orange- growers as a dark-brown, or yellowish
BEPORT OP THE ElfrOMOLOGIST. 107
particle, very elongate -in form, which infests the twigs and branches,
sppeaiiDg finally upon the leaves, and, more rarely, upon the main trunk
of the tree,
Mffiitaspis citricola (Packard), to which the name " Purple Scale ^ may
be given, is somewhat larger than the preceding, which it resembles
in general form, and with which it is commonly confounded. It is, how-
ever, nsiially dark-purple in color, individual scales varying to red-
brown. Like the Jx)ng Scale it is found upon the twigs and branches,
and it is apt to infest the lemon, citron, and those varieties of orange
which have large oil cells (Tangierine, &c.)
Parlatoria Fergandii, Comstock, is a small thin scale, nearly circular
in oatliDe. In color it so closely resembles the bark that it very often
escapes notice. In fact, many persons whose groves are suffering from
die attacks of this scale are unaware of its presence. It infests by pref-
^enoe the trunk and larger branches, and to these it generally confines
itself until every iwrtion of their surface is thickly coated and the young
bark-hee can no longer find places to plant themselves. It is also fre-
quently seen upon the fruit. The young often form their scales under-
neath or over the mother, and are found piled upon one atiother, in a
manner never seen in the other scales. From their resemblance to a
eoating of fine chafi", or bran, upon the trunk of the tree^ I have called
this the "Chaff Scale.'' These three scales are so universally distribu-
ted tiiat it is safe to say no bearing orange tree exists in Southel'n and
Middle Florida upon which one or the other cannot be found.
The Long Scale (M. Qloverii) is the most destructive, while it is the
most readily destroyed. The Purple Scale (M. citricola) is in my expe-
lie&oe rarer, although not less injurious than the Long Scale, to the
toes which it infests. It is somewhat more difficult to kill tnan the
latter. The Chaff Scale (P. Fergandii) is hardly less common than the
LoDg Scale and is very frequently associated with it. Of the three it
18 decidedly the most difficult to exterminate, owing, in part at least, to
its habit of piling or lapping one over the other. Except upon very
joong threes it seldom does permanent injury, and is much less to be
feared than the other two species. Its thinner scale renders it liable to
the attacks of enemies to a much greater extent than the Mytilaspis
Scales, and tliey often cause its complete disappearance from a tree.
The life-history of these Scale insects has been so recently set forth
by Professor Comstock (Department of Agriculture, Eeport 1880,) that
a fall recapitulation of the subject here is unnecessary. In treating of
remedies three periods in the development of the insect require to be
Botieed.
The PflBiOD OF MiaBATiON, during which the newly-hatched larvae
ire possessed of legs, and wander over the tree, lasts but a few houfs,
or at most one or two days, after which the young Qoccids fix themselves
BpoQ the bark and begin to suck the juices of the plant.
The PJEBIOD OF GBOWTH, during which the insect loses its legs, un-
dergoes seveml molts, and excretes a scale, varies in duration according
to £e season of the year, from one to two months^ and is lengthened by
eool, and shortened by warm, weather.
The PBBIOD OF INCUBATION, during which the eggs are deposited
and hatched under the fully-formed scales^ varies greatly in duration^
dep^ding upon the season and temperature. In February, with un-
iatttTupted warm weather, the females of the Long Scale ( jf. Oloverii)
oontinue to deposit their eggs during sixteen or eighteen days. The
eggs hatch in summer in a week or ten days* In winter the time is
extended indefinitely by cold, which is, however, never of sufficiently
108 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
long continuance to cause an entire suspension of the process. The
young, after hatching, remain many days under the parent scale, if the
weather is unfavorable.
Up to the time of the first molt the bark-lice are easily destroyed
by insecticides of moderate strength, but during the remainder of their
existence they are protected by the scale, a homy covering, excreted
by the insect, and entirely covering its body above. The under layer,
or ventral scale, is somewhat thinner, and, although perhaps a separate
piece, is firmly united to t^e upper scale at the edges, so that the latter
appears to be turned under at the sides. In Mytilaspis the ventral
scale forms flanges along the sides, which do not quite meet along the
center line, but in Parlataria it forms an unbroken shield, which entirely
separates the body of the insect from contact with the bark. This
more perfect protection from below renders the Chaff Scale more diffi-
cult to destroy by means of external applications. The scale is perma-
nently fastened upon the tree, and so closely molded to its surfEUse
that the pores of the bark, or the stomata of the leaf, are seen plainfy
stamped upon it when removed.
As the Bcaley like the shell of the snail, is formed by successive addi-
tions^ and ^eeps pace in its growth with that of the body of the insect
within, its vuhierable point is the growing end, and there are times
during its formation when tiie posterior extremity of the insect projects
slightiy beyond it and becomes exposed to the action of penetrating
liquids. This is particularly the case at the critical periods when the
coccid sheds its skin. But when the scale is fully completed and tightly
sealed at all points, no insect is more dif&cult to reach and to destroy.
The substance of which the upper scale is composed is impervious to
most liquids, and is not soluble in acid or alkaline solutions strong
enough to ii^jure the plant. It resists the action of oils and of bisulphide
of carbon, an almost universal solvent. Many insecticides are therefore
inoperative, and all insoluble substances, such as sulphur, &c^are clearly
useless, as they do not reach the eggs or mature insects. The thinner
ventral scale is not impervious to the more volatile oils or to alcoholic
solutions, some of which reach and Mil the insect by penetration through
the bark.
From the foregoing outline of their structure and history it will be
seen that for a brief period only in their development these insects are
easily assailable. During the period of migration the tender young may
be destroyed by solutions of whale oil soap, lye, &c., sprayed over the
trees; and were the eggs hatched simultaneously and the broods clearly
defined, as with many other insects, their extermination would be a
matter of no difficulty. This is, however, not the case; the open win-
ters in Florida permit continuous breeding throughout the year, and at
all seasons scales in every stage of development are found upon the
trees. There are, however, times when the number of migrating young
reaches a maximum, and tlie application of remedies then proves par-
ticularly effective.
Three such periods occur: the first in spring, usually in March, bnt
sometimes extending into April ^ the second in June or July; tlie third
in September or October. During the winter months, if tlie season is
a mild one, there is a fourth very irregular brood beginning in January
and continuing through this and the following month. The spring brood
that follows is greatly confused. In cold and rainy winters, like that of
1880-'81, the hatching process is retarded, and the appearance of the
larvae on the return of warm weather is more nearly simultaneous than
in ordinary seasons
BEPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 109
The eggs of coocids, as is the case with all insects, have much greater
vitality than the insects themselves. Many substances which destroy
the living insects have no effect upon their eggs. The periods in which
the majority of the scales are filled with eggs are tiierefore those in
which the application of remedies is likely to prove least effective, and
it becomes imx)ortant to know the seasons at which these maxima occur.
They immediately precede the appearance in numbers of the migrating
larvaB, and may be stated to include generally the months of February,
Hay, and August, and tiie winter months from November to January.
'Die above data concern more particularly the common Long Scale
(jr. Olaverii). The broods of Ghaff Scale (P. Perga/ndii) have not been
as careftilly studied at all seasons, and may be found to have somewhat
different periods. During the past winter ^1881-^82) I have found this
scale to he about two weeks in advance of tne Long Scale. The Purple
Scale (M. eitricola) has not been continuously observed, but seems to
have the same brood periods as Long Scale.
THE WOBK OF ENEMIES AIO) PABASITES.
Numerous enemies pi«y upon bark-lice in all their stages, and always
greatly reduce their numbers. Besides occasional enemies, such as the
nicking bugs, and other predatory insects, which are general feeders,
there are others which live almost or quite exclusively upon the Goccidse.
Some of these confine their attacks to particular kinds of Scale insects.
Several very common beetles of the fiAmily CoccineUidcBy the ^4ady bugs"
are useful destroyers of bark-lice. One of the smallest of this family,
Ef/peraspidius ooccidivarus^ is found to colonize upon the trunks of orange
tras, thickly infested witli Ghaff Scale, and entirely free them of t£e
pest The young of a lace- wing fiy (Ohrysapa) feeds upon the bark-lice
in all stages, and frequently makes its case of scales torn from the bark,
and often still containing living occupants. The orange basket- worm
(Pifcke con/ederata 6r. & Bob.) has the same habit, and the caterpillars
of at least two moths are bark-louse eaters. One of these fan unknown
'Eneid) inhabits silken galleries, which it covers with half-eaten £n^-
meats of scales, and performs such efficient service that every scale in
itspc^ is removed firom the bark and suspended in the investing web.
The most important external enemies of the Scale insect are certain
mites, which are omnipresent upon trees infested with Scale, and which
feed upon the eggs and young lice. They breed rapidly and lurk in
great numbers under old deserted scales, where their eggs are extremely
Yell protected from the action of insecticides. For this reason, when an
effective application has been made by spraying infested trees, the
tmnks should not be scraped for some time after, but the dead scales
dioold be allowed to remain upon the bark for several weeks, in order
that the mites which they harbor may be given time to complete the
work of the remedy used. Li this they may be confidently relied upon
tt powerful auxiliaries. When large numbers of the scales have been
killed by spraying with oils, &c., the mites are often observed to in-
crease suddenly, as they are much less affected by the application than
the Scale insects themselves. It seems probable that they feed upon
the dead aud dying coccids as well as upon the living, and the loosen-
ing of the scales and abundance of food at such times stimulates them
to rapid increase. They soon swarm in such numbers as completely to
exterminate the remnant of the coccids left alive by the wash.
Of all its enemies, the most efficient destroyers of the Scale insect are
its bymenopterous parasites. These are minute four- winged flies, which
110 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOKEB OP AGRICULTURE.
bore through the scale and deposit within a single egg. The little grab
hatching from this egg feeds upon and destroys the occupant of the scale
and completes its own transformations in its place. When fully adult
the parasite emerges through a round hole eaten in the shell, leaving
behind an empty domicile to serve as a shelter for the mites.
The numerous species of these parasites, although not invariably con-
fined in each case to a single species of bark-louse, have distinct meth-
ods of attack from which they do not vary. Thus the liong and the
Purple Scales are parasitized at about the time of impregnation of the
females, or when they are not more than one-half their adult size and
the young hymenopteron is developed entirely within the body of tiie
coccid. The skin of the latter hardens when l^e is extinct and doubly
protects the parasite during the latter part of its larval and in its pupa
stage. The parasite of the Ohaff Scale makes its attack at a later stage,
often when the scale is full of eggs and its larva does not enter Sie
body of the coccid, but feeds upon it and the eggs indiscriminately, oc-
casionally devouring the eggs alone and leaving the mother coccid un-
touched. Its pupa is fiormed naked within the scale and has only such'
protection as this affords the coccid and its eggs. In individual num-
bers these hy menopterous parasites abound to such an extent that rarely
less than 25 per cent, and often more than 75 per cent, of the scales are
attacked by them, and the work of destruction accomplished through
their agency alone equals if it does not excel that of all other enemies
combined. Doubtless without their aid the culture of the orange and
related trees would, in Florida at least, become impracticable.
Ordinarily the various checks upon their increase are sufficient to pre-
vent the spreading of bark-lice to an injurious extent, but at times they
increase so rapidly that they entirely outstrip their enemies, and all
parts of the plant become thickly coated with scales. The growth of the
tree is then checked, the infested twigs and branches die, and oden
the entire upper portion of the tree is lost. The roots and trunk, how-
ever, survive, and the tree endeavors to repair the injury by throwing
out shoots from below. When a tree reaches this impoverished condi-
tion, matters usually begin to mend. The bark-lice upon the dead or
dying branches perish by starvation, the parasites reassert their sway,
and slowly the tree regains its health and vigor, but seldom its pris-
tine beauty.
The causes which excite such sudden outbursts of the pest are not
clearly known^ but it may be conjectured that peculiar conditions of the
sap are especially favorable to the development of Scale insects, and,
perhaps, affect the reproductive function, stimulating the females to
greater productiveness. Experiments upon this point have not hem
conclusive, but observations show that individual females vary consider-
ably in the number of eggs deposited, and that they attain their maxi-
mum size and productiveness when in the full tide of increase upon in-
fested trees. There is a wide-spread and apparently well-founded
opinion that vigorous trees are in little danger from attacks, but if firom
any cause a tree becomes enfeebled, its investment is only a question of
time. Many persons refuse to apply insecticides, relying upon their
ability to keep their trees vigorous, or to restore them when out of con-
dition by the liberal use of fertilizers. It cannot be denied that this
course of treatment is very often successful, but over-stimulation by means
of fertilizers is apt to defeat its object, and numerous failures from un-
known causes might be recorded.
The utter inadequacy of nearly all the washes hitherto used has led
many fruit-growers to despair of obtaining permanent baiefit fcom the
BEPORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Ill
application of remedies, and a common practice has been to cut back
badiy-infested trees, leaving only the main trunks, or in the case of well-
grown trees, a fK)rtion of the main branches, and to scrub thoroughly
erery part of these with solutions of soap or lye, using a stiff brush,
and as far as i)osBible removing every scale. This, however, involves
gres^ care and considerable labor, and the complete extermination of
the pest is rarely accomplished in this way. The loss of branches is
indeed replaoed with extraordinary rapidity, but the Scale insects re-
appear aa if by magic, and in one or two years become as bad as before.
The opinion is often expressed that the tree will " throw off the scales,''
or that they will ^^ disappear in time at the ends of the branches." The
£Mts upon which this behef is founded are simply that the young lice,
when the branches become crowded, wander off and on to new growth ;
thehr eoorse is, therefore, naturally upward and outward. When the ad-
vsmdng army reaches the ultimate branches, the insects crowd upon Uie
smaller twigs and leaves, killing them rapidly and involving themselves
in the common destruction. The tide of scales is then checked, while
the ffliemies thrive and multiply, feeding upon the dead and starving
ooecids. There then occurs one of those sudden oscillations of the bal-
anee which are familiar enough to entomologists; the unseen enenues in-
crease and the scales visibly diminish. The tree meantime has rest
and time to recover its vigor, and the trouble for the time being is over.
It is, however, a mistake to suppose that all the scales are disposed of,
or that tliis is the invariable termination of the pest. There are not un-
frequenUy inundations of the destroyer which involve entire orchards in
their resistless course, and remain for years, blasting successive crops
of fruit and permanently destroying the symmetry of the trees.
Very j'ouBg orange trees seldom exhibit these phenomena of the duh
appearance of scale ^ith little injury to the trees. Their tops being
small, and the branches few and short, they are usually entirely overrun
in a single season, and, if not attended to, sustain irrepasable injury, re-
saltiBgy in the case of budded trees, in the destruction of the budded
portion. For obvious reasons in young groves of budded trees the
caMng-back process is not often resorted to, and the only alternative has
been to go over the trees with a brush or swab, using cleansing soap or
lye solutions, and removing-by hand as far as possible all the scales. In
ttisway young trees may be for a time relieved, but while the enemies
and parasites are nearly exterminated a sufficient number of scales to
nslock the plant inevitably escape detection. The bark is at the same
tiflie cleared of obstructions to their spread, and the operation has to be
ii^eated at intervals of three or four months. By this laborious and ex-
pofiive process many groves are brought through the critical period
(tf adolescence and reach the bearing age, but the seeds of mischief re-
lain a constant menace for the future.
In the iireceding pages I have eudeayoreil to show, from a brief ex-
mination of their history and structure, that Scale insects become less
Tolnerable as they grow older; that during the earlier portion of their
existence, which I have termed the migratory age, they are easily as-
lailable, sud although this age is of short duration, and not stri.ctly lim-
ited to any season of the year, the months of March, June, and Septem-
ber, which mark the appearance of successive broods, are those in which
the application of remedies gives the greatest advantage. Various meth-
ods of treatment have been reviewed and their advantages and disad-
vantages discussed. Finally, the work of enemies and parasites has
been indicated sufficiently at jeiist to show their impoilance and the
danger of interfering with their operations by means of half remediee.
112 REPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
REMEDIES— THE ACTION OP INSECTICIDES.
It remains to examine the action of insecticides and to ^ve the re-
sults of experiments made during the past season, 1881-'82, under the
direction of Professor Eiley, the Entomologist of the Department of Ag-
riculture.
From what has been said of the nature and structure of the homy
covering that protects the three Diaspinous scales, with which we are
chiefly concerned, it will be seen that application of solid substances are
not likely to prove practicable, and that for cheap and effective remedies
we must look to penetrating liquids. The cost of alcohol renders its ex-
tensive use as a solvent impracticable. The volatile oils are as a rule
powerful insecticides, but as they reach the insect from beneath by pen-
etrating the bark of the tree, and are all to a greater or less degree in-
jurious to vegetation, their use undiluted can in no case be recommended.
Some of the light oils, 6, g.j naphtha, turpentine, &c., are extremely haz-
ardous remedies, and experiments with them are known to have resulted
In the destruction of the orange trees upon which they were applied.
EIerosene. — ^The value of this substance as an insecticide is too weU
known to need further testimony here. Of all the light oils which I
have tried, or of which I have any knowledge, it is the least injurious
to plants of the Gitrus family. Keflned kerosene, separated fix>m the
deadly naphtha oils, has frequently been used undiluted, without injury.
Grude petroleum is said to destroy the bark, and even the refined oil,
if applied in the hot sunshine, i^ompletely defoliates the tree. Applied
in the shade, at sunset, or in cloudy weather I have never known any
serious injuiy to result from its moderate use. The tree invariably loses
the old and devitalized leaves, but young and vigorous growth, espe-
cially tender sprouts and budding leaves, are entirely unharmed by it.
Nevertheless, so many cases of loss are reported that its use, undiluted,
must be considered dangerous. In very fine spray, and with proper
precautions, pure kerosene can probably be used with impunity, but ail
attempts to apply it in small quantities with other liquids, by dashing
them together, should be discouraged as dangerous, or at best unsatis-
factory, since it is impossible in this way to insure an even distribution
of the oil to all parts of the plant.
There is, however, a safe and ready method of diluting kerosene and
similar oils, and rendering them miscible with water. This method, as
has been indicated by Prof. 0. V. Eiley (Scientific American of October
16, 1880), is to emulsify the oil with milk.
The want of success which has attended former experiments with
emulsions of kerosene and milk (see Department Report, 1880, page 288)
is due solely to failure in properly combining the ingredients, and the
consequent use of an imperfect or unstable emulsion. The process of
forming a perfectly stable emulsion of kerosene and milk is comparable
to that of ordinary butter making, and is as follows : The oil and milk
in any desired proportions are poured together and very violently
dashed or churned for a period of time, varying with the temperature,
fix)m fifteen to forty-five minutes. The churning, however, requires to be
much more violent than can be effected with an ordinary butter-churn.
The Aquapult force pump, which is also the most effective instrument
I have seen for spraying orange trees, may be satisfactorily used for this
purpose where moderate quantities only are required. The pump should
be inserted in a pail or tub containing the liquids, which are then forced
into union by continuous pumping back into the same receptacle through
the flexible hose and spray -nozzle. After passing once or twice through
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 113
th\B pomp the liquids unite and form a creamy emulsion, in which finely
divided particles of oil can plainly be detected. This is as far as the
proeess can be carried by stirring or by dashing in an ordinary chum ; the
product at this point will not bear diluting with water and separates or
rises at once to the surface. On continued churning through the pum]>
the liquid fijially curdles and suddenly thickens to form a white and
glistening butter, perfectly homogeneous in texture, and stable.
The whole amount of both ingredients solidify together, anrf there is
no whey or other residue; if, however, the quantity of the mixture is
greater than can be kept in constant agitation, a portion of the oil is apt
to separate at the moment of emulsification and will require the addi-
tion of a few ounces of milk and further churning for its redaction.
This kerosene butter mixes readily in water, care being taken to thin
it first with a small quantity of the liquid. The time required to ^^ bring
the butter^ varies with the temperature. At 60^ F. it is half to three
quarters of an hour; at 75^, fifteen minutes, and the process may be still
further fincilitated by heating the milk up to, but not past, the boiling
point. Either fresh or sour milk may be used, and the latter is even
preferable. ^
The presence of kerosene does not prevent or hinder the fermentation
of the milk; on standing a day or two the milk curdles, and idthough
^ere is no separation of the oU the emulsion thickens and hardens and
requires to be stirred, but not churned, until it regains its former smooth-
ness.
If sour milk is used no further fermentation takes place, and if not
exposed to the air the kerosene butter can be kept unchanged for any
length of time. Exx>osure to. the air not only permits the evaporation of
the oil but also of the water necessary to hold the oil in emulsion; the
kerosene slowly separates as the emulsion dries up and hardens.
Kerosene emulsions may be made of almost any strength; the quan-
tity of milk required to hold the oil does not exceed one-tenth. But
emulsions containing over 80 per cent, of the oil have too light a specific
pavity and are not readily held in suspension in water. On the other
liand, in the process of. emulsification, kerosene loses a portion of its
Talue as an insecticide, and emulsions containing less than 30 per<;ent.
of the ofl, although they do not at all, or only very slowly, rise to the
florfiioe when diluted with considerable quantities of water, are never-
thdess too much weakened for effective use against Scale insects.
The lolling power of a diluted emulsion depends less upon the amount
of emulsion used in the solution than upon the percentage of oil con-
tuned in the emulsion. To increase the efficiency of an application we
Hhcmld rather add to the percentage of oil in the emulsion than increase
the gross amount of emulsion used in a single application, the amount
of the diluent remaining in each case the same. As the result of numer-
0O8 experiments I would recommend an emulsion consisting of refined
kerosene 2 parts; fresh, or preferably sour, cow's milk, 1 part (percent-
age of oil, 66§). Where cow's milk is not easily obtained, as in many
parts of this State, it may be replaced by an equivalent of condensed
milk (Eagle brand) diluted with water in the proportion 1 to 2. As the
cans of condensed milk usually sold in the stores contain exactly 12
finid ounces (three-quarters pint), the following receipt will be found a
convenient one :
Kerosene • 1 gallon = 8 pints =64 percent.
Condensed milk 2 cans =lij " \ oo i.
Water 4 cans =3*' " }^36 percent.
8 AG
114 KEFOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AOBICULTUBE.
Mi2L thoroughly the condensed milk and water before addiiijg: the oil ;
chum with the Aqnapult pump until the whole fiolidifles and' forms ati
ivory-white, glisteniug butter a« thick as ordinary butter at a tempera-
ture of 750 f! K the temperature of the air falls below 70o, warm the
diluted milk to blood heat before lulding the oil.
In applications for Scale insects the kerosene butter should be di-
luted with water from 12 to 10 times, or 1 pint of butter to 1| gallons
(for Chaff Scale); 1 pint of butter to 2 gallons (for Long Scale). Tbe
diluted wash resembles fresh milk, and if allowed to stand, in two or
three hours the emulsion rises, as a cream, to the surface. The butter
should therefore be dilated otily as needed for immediate use, and the
mixture should be stirred from time to time.
A wash prepared in accordance with the above directions will kill
with certainty all the oooeids and their eggs under scales with which it
can be brought into direct contact. Ko preparation known to mo will,
however, remove the scales themselves from the tree, or in any way
reveal to the unassisted eye the condition of the insects within. This
can be ascertained only by microscopic examination of detached scales.
Time alone, and^he condition of the tree itself, will indicate the result
of an application. Kerosene^ it is true, loosens the scales from t&e bark,
so that for a time they are readily brushed off, but they afterwards be-
come more firmly adherent^ and are very gradually removed by the
action of the weather.
Upon trees thickly infested a large proportion of the scales are so
completely covered up by the overlapping of other scales, or the web-
bing together of leaves by spiders and other insects, that the wash can-
not be brought into direct contact with them, and they are only reached,
if at all, by the penetrating action of the oil. This takes place gradu-
ally, and the number of bark^lice killed increases for some time after
an application, reaching the maximum in the case of kerosene about
the fifth day. in Long Scale the oil penetrates the outer end, killing
first the eggs at the broad and thin outer end, but its action is gradu-
ally exhausted and several pairs of eggs in the middle of the sc^e are
often left idive. It is, therefore, impossible, in .a single application, to
destroy every scale upon an orange tree. This can, however, be aooom-
plished by making two or three applications at intervals of four or five
weeks. The mother insects being nearly or quite all killed by the first
treatment, and the surviving eggs having in the interval all hatched,
a second application, if thorough, will clear the tree.
The great dificulty experienced in reaching every part of the tree
renders it absolutely necessary that any liquid used should be applied
in fine spray and with considerable force. An ordinary garden syringe
does not acomplish this and can never be used satisfactorUy against
Scale insects.
The most effective instrument known to me is the Aqnapult force
pump. This throws a constant stream of moderately fine spray with
such force that the fluid is driven into close contact with tbe bark, and
on striking the leaves and branches is dashed into fine mist which
envelops the tree and wets every leaf. The tree should always be
sprayed from each of four sides, and rather more liquid should be used
than seems necessary to drench every portion.
Although I have thought it advisable to recommend several applica-
lions, a single very thorough spraying with a good force pump wiU, in
most instances, prove entirely efi'ectufS in dealing tbe tree, since, if only
an occaHional e*xg or coecid escai)es, the great army of parasites and
enemies will be almost sure to complete the work.
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 116
As has been already said, dilated kerosene does no injury to yonug
growth or to the bark of the orange trees. It however causes the
older leaves to drop, and where the tree is badly infested with scale or
otherwise out of condition the defoliation is sometimes complete, espe-
dttlly if the wash is applied In the son. The death of moribund branches
and twigs is also hastened. Beyond this the injury, if such it be oon-
ddered, is imperoeptiblej and dormant trees are invariably stimulated
to pash out new growth m two or three weeks after treatment.
Even in midwinter, if the weather is. mild, sprouts will show them-
selves^ and this is perhaps the only objection to its use at this season^
for it IS clearly not desirable to start the buds at a time when there is
danger of frost. During the past winter (1881-'82) I have experimented
with many young trees, using emulsions containing firom 40 to 80 per
eent of keroeeiie, and in no case has any real injury resulted, although
some treee in very bad condition have lost a portion of their twiga ttod
smaller branches that had been long infested with scale and were in a
dying condition. In the spring, when the trees are in full growth and
corered with tender sprouts, they may be sprayed with the diluted
efflolfikm recommended above, without danger of checking their growtJh
lo Table 1 are given the results of seveuteeti experiments with koto-
sene in milk emulsions of varying strength. When the percentage of
ooodds killed is given this was obtained by cutting twigs, leaVes, and
portions of infested bark from all parts of the tree, and examining mi-
citaoopicaUy in the laboratory large numbers of the scales ujwn tnem«
UDder the head of young coccids are included all- those which have
well-formed scales bat have not begun to lay eggs. The youngest
hark-lioe, or those which have not yet' molted, were almost invaotiably
kiDed and are not included in the enumeration.
The percentage of young coccids killed is given separately, including
QDder this head all age^ between the formation of the permanent scale
aod the appearance of eggs, but no larvse before the drst molt ; the
letter were in uearjy every case all killed. Of scales which contained
efgs three classes were examined, and the percentage of each obtained :
(1) Scales in which a portion only of the eggs were destroyed ; (2)
Scales in which all the eggs were killed ; (3) Scales in which no eggs
werekiUed*
Purple Scales (Myiil(m>is citricola) were not abundant but appear
to be somewhat less reauily destroyed than Long Scale. All the ex-
periments were made upon young orange trees from three to six years
<M. An Aquapult punip of medium size was used, and in each case
thstrees were sprayed from the ground and on tour sides. Where the
trees were more than eight or ten feet in height, the upper branches
did not rweive the spray with sufficient force and show in some case«
a smaller percentage of bark-lice destroyed than the lower portions of
tie same tree. For fUll-grown ta*ees a larger pump is needed and the
apparatus should be placed in a cart or otherwise raised above the
ground when used.
The emulsions used were n^ade as follows :
Ko. 2. Kerosene, 1 pint; sour cow's milk, 2 fluid ounces, dashed with
a ladle; 2 drachms of powdered chalk was iirst added to the milk, and
2 ounces water during the stirring.
An imperfect emulsion not readily suspended in water.
Na 3. Kerosene, 1 quart; solution of condensed miliv, 3 parts; water,
5 V^TtM. 12 fluid ounces.
Emulsion made bv spraying through the Aquapult pump and back
Into the paiL Stable; and readily suspended in water
116 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
No. 9. Kerosene, 1 quart: condensed milk, 12 fluid ounces, diluted
with water, 36 ounces ; emulsified with the Aquapult.
1^0. 10. Kerosene, 25.6 fluid ounces ; condensed milk, 4.8 fluid ounces ;
water, 14.4 ounces ; emulsified with pUmp.
1^0. U. Kerosene, 2 quarts ; condensiBd milk, 12 fluid ounces (1 can);
water, 20 ounces ; with pump.
Ko. 13. Kerosene, 2 quarts, 4 fluid ounces ; condensed milk, 12 fluid
ounces ; water, 24 ounces^ with pump.
Whale-oil soap. — ^This has long been considered one of the best
insecticides known, and is extensively used as a remedy for bark-lice.
Experiments show that very strong solutions kill tne coccids but have
litde or no effect upon their eggs. Solutions of one pound of the
soap to three gallons of water failed to kill the adult bark-lice or tiieir
eggs, and did not destroy all the young. The strongest solution used,
one pound of the soap to one gallon of water, killed all the coocids and
few or none of the eggs.
This solution solidifies on cooling, and must, therefore, be applied hot
The effect upon the trees is about equal to that of effective kerosene
emulsions ; badly infested trees are somewhat defoliated, but new growth
and vigorous trees are not apprecibly affected. As the eggs are not killed.
seversJ applications at intervals of four to six weeks will be required
to clear a tree of scale.
Whale-oil soap is sold in Eastern Florida at 10 to 12 cents per pound.
The cost of an effective wash is therefore much greater than emulsions
of kerosene. For scrubbing and cleansing the trunks of orange trees
this soap may be recommended. A solution of 1 x>ound to 4 gallons
will probably be sufficiently strong for this purpose.
In Table 2 are given the results of experiments with solutions (rf whale-
oil soap applied in fine spray to all parts of the trees by means of the
Aquapult pump. The solutions were all applied hot, being either solid
when cool or too thick for spraying through the pump.
Oil of oaEOSOTE.^ — ^The crude oil, dissolved in strong alkalies or solu-
tions of soap, forms a very effective remedy for Scale insect. It may
also be emulsified with milk in the same manner as kerosene. The
undiluted oil is, however, , exceedingly injurious to vegetation, and
destroys the bark of orange and otiier trees. It is, in fact^ a more
dangerous substance than kerosene, and requires to be used with great
caution. Solutions, emulsions, and soaps containing it should be very
careMly mixed, in order that no globules of free oil may be allowed to
come in contact with the bark of &e tree.
Its action upon the Scale insect is even more powerful {han kerosene,
but it does not destroy as large a percentage of the eggs. The
effect upon the coccids is not immediate, as in the case of other in-
secticid^ and for three or four days after an application veiy few of
the insects die. At the end of a week, however, the bark-lice are found
to be affected and continue to perish in increasing numbers for a week
longer. Even after the lapse of three weeks the destructive action of
the oil is still appreciable. These facts lead me to suspect that the
insects are killed, in part at least, by the poisoning of the sap upon
which they feed.
The visible effect upon the plant appears to confirm this view. Leaves
upon infested trees begin to drop after four or five days, and the defolia-
tion reaches a maximum during the second week. As is the case with
kerosene, the effect ux>on the tree depends upon its condition at the
time of application ; but creosote is more severe in its action, and there
is greater loss of leaves and infested *branches. With care, however,
REPOBT OF THE EITTOMOLOGIST. 117
anapplication of creosote may be made sufBciently strong to exterminate
the Bcale tTithont serious injory to the plant, and, as new or vigorous
giDwtfa is very slightly affected, recovery is rapid.
The following solation of crude oil of creosote will be found nearly
if not quite as effective as a 64 per cent, kerosine emulsion, and may be
applied without danger to orange* trees. Dilute the creosote with twice
jtB Ycdnme of soap solution (2 ounces common soap to 1 pint hot water).
tfix thoroughly until all the oil is dissolved. Add, before using, to one
part of the above solution nine parts water, and apply in as flue si>ray
ispoBsible.
The most effective method of using creosote is to saponify it with heavy
oQs and potash. In this way I have succeeded in obtaining a sokd soap
«mtainiDg about 12 per cent., by volume, of the oil. The process of
m^dng the soap is, however, exceedingly tedious and difficult, and un-
less proper appliances be used the resulting product is imperfect and
even dimgerous to use, as it contains a large amount of free creosote.
Mana&ctorers of carbolic soap could undoubtedly supply a better article
and at a less cost than the consumer could make for himself.
In Table 3 are given results of exi>eriments with oil of creosote in
8olation%nd combined with other substances.
In experiment No. 27, 9 fluid ounces of creosote was applied to a
aiogle tree about five years old. The tree, which was badly infested
with Long Scale, and had many branches dead or dying, was severely
defoliated, and lost some moribund branches, but recovei^ in six weeks
and pushed oat new growth in midwinter.
In experiment Ko. 30 a pint measure of crumbled creosote soap was
applied. Th^ actual amount of creosote contained in this soap did not
exeeed 2 fluid ounces. The extermination of Long Scale was complete.
The ^ee, which was very badly infested and in poor condition, was
almost completely defoliated and lost half its branches, but recovered
veiy rapidly and pushed out new leaves within thirty days« (January
25.)
In experiment No. 21 the other substances added to the creosote so-
tatiGn inereased the injury to the foliage of the tree and it was very
Mverely checked, but entirely recovered and was stimulated to vigor-
OQS growth at a time when aU surrounding trees were dormant.
In the remaining experiments, 13, 14, 15, and 12, ^e quantity of creo-
sote used was not sufficient to kill the Scale insects. The effect upon
tiie trees was also very slight.
Although firom the greater danger which attends its use and its less
dfeetive action upon ti^e eggs, creosote cannot be preferred to kerosene
as a remedy for scale, orange growers will be glad to find in it a specific
ag:ainst certain destructive bark fungi which are often mistaken for
Mle and are very frequently associated with it. One of these fungi
is very widely distributed in Eastern Florida, and in some groves affects
the health and endangers the life of every tree. It appears upon tiiie
trunk and branches as little, hard excrescences, of gray color, some-
times bursting at the end and disclosing a white, cottony interior, from
which they are often confounded with a coccid. and are called the
"mealy bug.'' A single application of cresote solution will usuidly en-
tirely destroy the mycelium of this fungus within the bark and cause
its <ysappearance from the tree.
Bifl[UL.PHiDE OF CABBON. — ^In Table 4 are given the results of several
experiments with th is insecticide. The emulsion, of which the ingredients
given in Uie table, was formed by beating together witti a spatula
118 REPORT OF THX OOMMISSIOHXR OF AmiCULTURB.
tlie carbon and lard oU and then adding the milk and watev, and emol-
gifying in the same manner.
The trees in experiments 40 and 41 were very severely checked, al«
though not seriously injured, and all snbsaqaently recovered* In experi-
ment 39 the mixture was applied during a rain, and waa entirely witiiout
effect upon the tree or scale.
Further experiment is needed to determine whether this anbstanoe
can be safely and economically used as a remedy ^r scale. Althougli
a powei^il insecticide, the danger to the trees and the cost of the ma-
terials detract greatly firom its value. It is also exceedingly volatile
and explosive, and is to some extent poisonous to man.
KEAii'a RXTBBHiif ATO&.-^This preparation has been used to a limited
extent in Putnam Oounty, Florida, and is superior to most of the pro-
prietary washes in the market It is a liquid, soluble in water, and is
applied with a brush or in spray. It soon dries when exposed to the
air,, and forms a gum, which coats the tree and in part peels off, carrying
with it many of the old dead scales and some living ones. When (irpplied
in sufficient strength it kills most of the coccids but does not destroy tbe
eggs. It checks tiie tree rather more than kerosene, with which it can-
not be compared in efficiency or cheapness. The preparatipA is inert
and harmless to man and acts mechanically by covering and stifling the
bark-lice or by removing them bodily firom tbe tree.
Table 5 gives the resiHt of a single experiment in which the ^^exter-
minator" was diluted in the proportions recommended by the pro-
prietor. In other trials, with stronger solutions, the best result obtained
was 80 per cent, of the young coccids killed, and trees were cleared of
soale by rei>eated applications at intervals of several weekA; but in these
cases the bark was hardened and the growth of the trees soinewhat
checked.
Lte. — ^Fonr experiments with concentrated potash lye, given in Table
6, sufficiently illustrate the worthlessness of this substance as a remedy.
In the strongest solution one pound of solid lye to a gallon and a half
of water, all applied upon a single, very small tree, only a small per-
centage of young Long Scales were kiUed } Chaff Scales did not ap-
pear to be affected, and eggs or adult coccids entirely escaped. The tree
was, however, seriously ii\jared, and lost nearly all its leaves, with many
of the smaller branches.
Solutions of one pound to two, two and a half, and three galloqe had
no appreciable effect upon the insects, but all seriously aifected the foli-
age and even the bark of the trees.
Sulphuric Aon>.-^A single experiment with sulphuric acid, 4 fluid
ounces in 6 quarts of water, applied with a brush as far as possible to
all parts of a young tree, killed nearly all the Scale insects, and very
nearly killed the tree. The bark was blackened but not destroyed, and
nearly all the leaves dropped. The tree, however, slowly recovered.
SuiiPSATR 09 iRQN.-^This substauce is exceedingly ii^jiu'ious to vege-
tation, but is, nevertheless, a very common ingredient of patent and
proprietary remedies. Its presence can be detected by the inky-black
or brown stains which it forma in the substance of the leaves and the
rind of the fruit.
It does not affect the Scale insect except by destroying the vegetable
tissues from which it gets its subsistence.
AjQCOSfU^-^With this in a pure state noe^o^rimentfi have been made,
but to its presence in fermenting urine is probably due the insecticide
properties of the latter. Applications of urine have often been recom-
mended as a remedy for scale, and are certainly not without vtUue, but
BBPOST OF TBI lllTOXOLOaiflT. 119
ft
if allowed to stAnd and ferment, and especially if soot or other absorb-
ents of the ammonia are mixed with it, it becomes highly injnnoos to
Tegetation. and if applied at all should be greatly diluted. A mixture
of loot and ^rmented urine applied undiluted to a small orange tree
effectnally cleared it of scales but very nearly killed the ti-ee.
Very many substances used separately, or in various combinations,
ara recommended as remedies for Scale insect. Among the number 1
have examined with more or less oare the following, and find them to be
of dofibtfiil or of no value : sal-soda, muriate of potash, salt, lime^ sul-
pbar, soot, and ashes.
Many otherwise valueless washes and applications have been ren-
dered partially effective bv the addition of a small quantity of free
kerosene. The result in all such e^ses has been a very unequal dintri-
Imtioii of the oil, ^me portioms of the tree receiving a dsmgerous dose
and other portions none at all. It aeems hardly necessary to point out
tha oselessDefis of such halfway meacfures in combatting a pest which
the moBi pertbct remedy is powwless to eradicate unless applied mth
tkoroofhneQS and care.
120
BEPOBT
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126
BEPORT OF THE COlfMISSIONER OF AQBICULTUREb
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tartment, and more recently they have twen made by sevenU
ut ezperimeuters in Florida, but particnlarly by Mr. Josexih
intelligent comwpODdent at Galneaville, who uses kerosene,
fir-balsam combined at a high t«mperatnre, and prodnces a
Ir paBt« which Ue calla " mnryite," readily Boluble in water.
perimentH mtn\e at our request by Mr. Cliftbrd Kichardson,
demist of the Department, with ordinary eoap, whale-oil soap,
light and heavy oils, also show that 20 parts hard soap, 10
!r, 40 parts kerosene, and one part l^ialsam, produce the most
y results. The enbstauces may be readily mixed into a per-
Bta which dilutes ad Hbittm with water, forming a milk-like
which a slight cream in time rises, but which is always easily
lomogeueous upop slight shaking. Mr. Hubbard's expen-
id indicatd, however, that for insecticide purposes, notntag
milk emulsions whicu were first suggested by Professor Bar-
ng oar work on the Oottoo Worm at oelma, Ala., in 1880, and
I ose of ordinary emulsifying agents, as various mucilatfiiioas
I and the phospuates, lactophosphates and hypopl)OSpbit«s of
aocilitate toe making of kerosene emulsions, we nave not yet
•nfflciently tested as iuseotdcides, and for the present cas rec-
loihiiig more simple and at the same time more available to
ge &rmer than the permaneiit' milk emulsion as produced by
wi— O.V.B.
nfSBOTS AFFEGTiyO TBE RICE PLANT.
the past two yean a oorrespoodenoe with Colonel Soreven,
18 Barnwell, and other promloent rice planters on the Ba-
,ver baa shown tJiat the rice crop, although the conditions of
tiou would seem to prevent insect multiplicatioD, is neverUie-
Bd to • oonsiderable degree by ipjnriona species.
orUbDoe of the crop thus aSected is sbown by the followiug
16 lice production of the United States in 1879, token trom
olletin of tlie Census Office :
li
128 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
In August, 1881, we sent one of our assistants, Mr. L. O. Howard,
to Savannah to coUect and stndy snch insects as prove ii^jarious to rice,
and, we here introduce jshort accounts of the principal species observed.
Tl|e observations were mostly made at " Proctor's,'' a large plantation
five miles below Savannah on the South Carolina side, owned by Col-
onel Screven, and, together with the foots elicited by oorrespondence,
cover about all that is known respecting t^e insects affecting this crop
in. the field; for, although something is known of the insects affidctlng
the plant in the East Indies, and quite recently accounts have been
published abroad of the great injury by a new enemy {Cecidomfia oryza;
Wood-Mason) there, yet little has, until quite recently, been known
of those affecting the crop in this country.
THE EICE GEUB.
{Ohalepua trachypygtts Burm.)
Order Coleopteba; family ScARAB.BiDiB.
[Plate VI, Pig. 5.]
HABITS AND NATTJBAI. HISTORY.
The larvae of this large beetle, quite closely related to the Sugar-cane
beetle {Ligyrus rugicepsy Lee.) and the Sunflower beetle (L. gib^susy De
Geer), and working in muc& the same manner, have done considerable
damage in certain portions of the rice plantations. Our attention was
originally called to this insect by a letter from Colonel Screven, which
was published with the identification in the American Entomologist (in,
p. 253, 1880). Further notes were published in the American Naturalistj
1881, p. 148. Mr. Howard's observations, as taken from his report, are
as follows :
At the back of Proctor's, a mile or more from the river, and bordering npon the
forest, is a tract of land which, from its elevation, it is impos»hle to overflow properly
and snffieiently to make a good crop of rice, yet it is planted and a smaU crop raised
from it. On walking through this field I observed that in patches the growth was
very i^ight and the clusters were dwarfed and vellow. Pulling up a clump by the
roots two or three large white grubs were exposed which I surmised must be the larvs
of t^e Chal^ms spoken of in the Amerioan EntatMlogist. A search of an hour or so turned
up hundreds of tne grubs and a single specimen of the adult beetle, but no pnpse.
This field, then, was evidently the breeding-place from whence came the beetles
which iigured the young rice in May and June. The fields are drained for planting
in March, the young rice grows fast, and in May the l>ectles appear, and, working
into the ground, feed upon the roots of the plants. When, however, in June, tiie
fields are fioodea with the harvest-water the beetle and the grub (which will have
hatched before that time) are drowned out and do no more harm except in such snots
as are not reached by the water. During all the rest of the year the insect win be
found in all probability in such fields as the one mentioned.
But not alone fh)m such chance fields as this are the plantations supplied in early
summer with the beetles, for along the backs of the plantations and along the banks
between fields above the water-mark grows a certain quantity of volunteer rice, and
npon its roots the beetles and their larvss feed unmolested and fly out in spring to
stock the drained fields.
The remedv wiU be found in planting snch fields as cannot be thoroughly over-
flowed at will for a ^ear or so in some •ther crop than rice, and in cleaning out as
thoroughly^ as possible such volunteer rice as grows above the water-mark. The
Chalepus is an insect which a little care will render innoxious. I was unable to learn
that it had injured upland rice in theTback country, but as that crop increases in im-
portance it is highly probable that it will be heard from, and there it will be almost
impossible to fignt it snooessfully. There seems to be but one brood a year.
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 129
Tlie beetles from the larvae sent by Mr. Howard issued in the latter
part of September and in early October.
STRUCTURAL AND DESORIPTIYB.
The genus Chalepus belongs to the tribe Dynastini of the Scarabaeidje
Pleorostictiy in which subfamily the posterior abdominal spiracles are
placed in the ventral portion of the abdomen. Omitting here the genus
Phileoms, the North American genera of this tribe form two divisions,
the first containing those forms in which the heatl or thorax are armed
in both sexes, the best-known illustration being Dynastes tityus. The
second division includes the genera with unarm^ head and prothorax.
There are only two of these genera existing in our ^una,. Cyclocephala
and Chalepus, distinguished from eaeh other by the form of the mandi-
hies, which in the former genus are nan^ow and scarcely curved, while
in Chalepos they are broad, rounded externally, and curved. There are
no stridolating organs in either genus, and the males have the terminal
joint of anterior tarsi much enlarged. Both genera are peculiar to the
New World, being, however, best represented in South America. Of
Cyclocephala quite a number of species occur in the more southern por-
tions of the United States, but only two species of Chalepus are known
from North America, 0. obsohetus,* from Southern California, and the
gpeciee nnder consideration, which occurs from New York southward
and westward extending to Texas and Mexico. It appears to be most
frequent in Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. It may be recognized by
the following characters :
Ayermge length, 16™™. Black, shiniog; antennse, mouth parts and tarsi piceoas-
Ted. ClypenSy flat, truncate in fipont, finely marg^ed, anteriorly almost smooth, pios-
teriorly 'knely and sparsely punctnlate; head entirely WMxrmedj sparsely pnnotnlate.
Thorax bisinnate in front, trnncate at base, unarmed, sparsely and irregularly punc-
tate, base margined only near the angles. Elytra, oblong-oval, a little shorter in the
female ; a single sutural and four pairs of dorsal striss composed of shallow approxi-
mate pnncfcurea, the strise themselves hardly impressed ; outer pair of striss less reg-
ular and connected with the third pair at the hameri ; interstices between each pair
of stri» wide, irregularly, not densely punctulate, interstices between the individual
ittiiB of each pair narrow and smooth ; apex of elytra irregularly, coarsely and rugosely
punetate.. Beneath, very shining, smootn ; sides of mesostemiuu and of abdomen puno-
tste. Anterior tibi» tridentate.
The larva has the general aspect of the ordinary White Grub, and
may be recognized with the assistance of our figure. We append a de-
sdiption for the benefit of Coleopterists:
FwU-fr9wn larva, — Length when crawling about 31™™ (about an inch and a quar-
ter). The curve of the body is not very pronounced. Color white, although most
roeeimens have a bluish tinge on account of the black earth with whicfi they are tilled,
the last two Joints appearing almost black ; labrum and basal two-thirds of mandi-
bles reddish brown ;> a spot at the iuner base of mandibles, and the apical third of
Baodiblea, black ; antenna) and the other mouth parts and logs palebrownish-yellow ;
edgiiiata orange; a poorly-defined yellowish spot above the first abdominal stigmata;
a eorueons yellowish ridge from the first pair of legs to the base of the head, bro^-n at
edge. Body sparsely clothed with hairs and with a transverse row of bristles on each
donal ridge, most marked on joints 2 to 6 ; a number of stilt' bail's around dorsal mar-
gin of anal joint. Ventral surface of abdomen beset with brown bristles. ' Antenuie
4-jointed, with a pronounced bulbus; joints 1 and 2 long, subequal in length; joints
3 and 4 subequal in length and each somewhat more than hali as long as 1 ; joint ^i
with a slight prolongation on*its inner side at tip; maxillaiy palpi ^Vjointed, joints
mbequal in length; labial palpi smalL 2-jointed; mandibles largo with four pro-
nounced teeth, of which the second and third are smallest and are closely united ;
maxillie 4-dentate. Whole surface of head and base of labruui quite closely punctata
and furnished with sparse yellowish bristles ; terminal portion of labnnn and the man-
dibles not punctate, out with delicate, sparse, impressed lines.
* We have had no opportunity to examine this species, which was described by Dr.
Le Coote in the Piooeedings Ac. Sc.^ Philad., 1854, p. 222.
9 AG
IdO REPORT OF TH£ C0HMIS8I0KEB OF AGRICULTURE.
THE WATER WEEVIL,
(Llssorhopirtis simplex Say.)
Order UoLiiOMEnA; femiljr OuliOtJLioKlDJB.
[Phit^ VI, Fig. 4.]
UAJBltb' AND NATt RAX. m^TORY.
For iDauy yeaitR the tire lilaiitersi of the 8rtvaniij*b baveb^eti familial'
with two insects which they hHre called " the ftiagjSjot^ and the '' W'at^r
Weevil,^ the fortifier a itiirinte. white, rathet 8lender, legless ^jfitib, living
at the roots of the plants aiid the latter a sinall, gray weevil feeding
upon the Jeares. To Ool. John Bereteii is due the credit for the first
suggestion of the identity of these two Injects — that the mtlggot ig the
lar\^a foi'iri of the ^eevil^ — i<iid we ^pioto fi'ohi his letter which we pub-
lished in the American NabtrdliHt (1881, p, 483), in connection with sotiie
remarks of ou^ owii on the scientinc positioh Of the siMXjies:
I ijoud you T»y express a niiinb*'r of ** Watei* Weevils" preserved in alcohol^ to^^ethet
witli sonie }^eeimetis of ft(e yoTin»^ rice leaves Oti Which tuey were foiiiid feeding. Tort
will obderve on the Imtter the fnetbod iff the insect in ffeediiij^, und wiU And no diffi-
culty id cotiolading that -vrhen in sutlici^nt nnmben, as is sometimes the fact, they
may do much damage in the rice-tields.
I, have ohserved with great interest and attention your alliisioh to this iiisoL^t in the
l^eneral notes* fr<mi thu ArtUriean NaturaHst, Febrtinry, 1881. But it has suddenly oc-
curred to mo a^ possible that these *' Water WeevHs" are the perfect insect of the
^^ma^^ot" larva which 1 sent y6u last summer. Allow me to suggest some reacions
for this opinion.
1. Both the weevil ami the maggot are wat<er insects ; both neek tlie same food,
namely, the rice plants differing, iKiwever, in this, that the one feeds on the leaf and
the other oti the root of the plant*
S. They differ in the periods of existence, the weevil appearing in April and May^ the
inaggot in the summer mouths; but this may account merely for the time and circum-
stanees necessary to incnbatiou. Among the specimens sent you, I found several piiirs
ift what appeltfed to be the act of cdpnlAtion. These speciniens were taken yestenlayj
April 29, many of them in the very spot where were found the maggots which I sent you last
summer. My first note of the latter was July 13, and allowing one week for the ap-
pearance ef the weevil after the fields lire innhdated for the stretch flow, the &tter
wonM b6 fonnd, sily, Apiril 17, makiiig an interval of, say , ninety days between weevil
and maggoty or between the beetle and the larva. This may appear an over-long
period, but 1 assnme that water is necessary to the generation ana existence of this
insect. New^ the ** sttet^h water" does not last more than thirty days. At the cfxpira-
tion of this tiJtnethe fields are drained and kept dry for at least ^irty, very often forty,
days, and I (^re^nme that from this fiUst. forbidding incubating doting this period, it
would not coihinet^e nniil the harvest-now is put on the fields. In 1880 this flow was
applied, say, Jane 18. Themaggcrt was fbnnd July 13, say, thirty days after. I am
quite ignorant ef the periods of insect incnbation^ bnt it appears that if water ia neces-
sary to the generation and existence of this insect, the '^maggot" larva, if from the
Water TV^eevll, will hatch within thirty days after the harvest water is applied to the
field.
3. The Water Weevil and the maggot are found in the same habitat, and both dis-
appear on the removal ef the water m which they live. I may note here that the
weevil is sluggish in its habits, is eiisily caught, and never ** plays 'possum.'' It is seen
in the greatest numbers in the early morning, feeding on the delicate le^ve;^ of the
plant, and seeks, crawling down the stem^ the cooler recesses under water as the ann
grows warmer. Manjr, however, feed all day.
The following is quoted from Mr. Howard's report:
The Water Weevil is a Tcry common insect in the rice-fields, and I Judge froin in^
observatictfis that only when it exists in enormous numbers is the damage appreciable.
At the time of my v^it the larvo in all stages of growth were very abanoant at the
roote of the rice, while the adnlta were com|iaratiYely rare. AliBoet any healthyJoeli^
at tlie larva is dependent for iH exiHtence upon the water. The beetle haa
common uame of ''Wat«r Weevil" from the fact that It Is fboud only when
in oToTflowed.
loloiiel Screven pra|iMe8, Id COM of eztensivedamsgeh;the«eUrv»,todiaiit
a a niucilf. TnaC tMsnoaldproTequileaatisfactoiy, if persisted in Buffl-
■feel Batisflwl, both from a comparison of the overflowed and dry flelda, and
it-t that the irplTBcles of the larvffi while jiresent are fctr and TudlmentATy ;
lid take BO long for the fields to dry out Hnfficlently that meantime the crops
er even more, perhaps, than by the attacks of the weevils. It may also bo
net this proposed remedy that this insect undoubtedly breeds iipon other
its and is fsrfmtu being confined to rice; hence, evenlftbelarvn wereeffbct-
ven oat," the fields would soon again become populated from other sonrcw.
-MB were foniid by Mr. Howard, and the beetles vere quite tare
Ids at the time of bis visit (Angast 20), and were difficult to
vben foaod. Their fevorite station, in midday at least, is down
eatii of the leaves, out of sight, or nearly so. Although slug-
drop into the water when disturbed. In the adult state they
ttle damage unless very numerous. Their work on the leaves
f perceptible as 3 brownish patch near the mid nb. The l^af
b entirely throngh by them.
:he itrfbrraatlon nt hand it is imitosstble to state the number of
According to Colonel SCTeven'a letter, the beetles Were very
t ia late April and May, and presumably disappear later. Mr.
tlie third week in August, found full-growD larvEc and a tew
lo tiiat there was abimdant time for the production of auoUier
>n.
lecies is extremely common in all parts of the United States
Oie dry regions of the West) wherever there are swampy places,
r beetles may be found at sll seasons of the year — in the warmer
1 the swamp, in winter time under old leaves and other shelter
plaoes near the swamps. The beetle is just as mnoh at home
ater as out of it, though not surrounded by an air-bnbble, as ia
lilidte, Elmids, Psepbenas, and others. It appears probable
carries its supply of air between abdomen and elytra, the slow
6n peonliar to most BhynohophoTa no doubt enabling it to re-
ft long time Id its. watery dement without renewing this air
132 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
STRUCTURAL AND DESCRIPTIVE.
The genus Lissorhoptrus, belonging to the tribe Erirhinij is at once
distinguished from the numerous genera composing that tribe by one
character not otherwise occuring in this and allied tribes of Gurcu-
lionidse, viz., the smooth and shining antenual club which is annnlated
only at the outer third. The deceptive resemblance we find so often in
Ehynchophora between species of different, and often widely separated,
genera is well illustrated in our species, as without examining the dis-
tinguiq||ing generic features it is hardly to be distinguished from a small
BdgouSj and still less from Onychylis nifprirostris Boh. It was originally
described by Say (Curcul., 29; ed., Le Cpnte, I, p. 297) as Bagous simplex^
and Dr. Le Coute founded, in 1876, the genus Lisftorhoptnis upon this and
a second species, the NoUodes apiculatm Gyllh. Both species very
closely resemble each other, the only differences — the usually larger
size of apieulutus and the transverse lateral im))ression on the thorax of
simplexy which is wanting in apiculatm — ^being haxdly of specific value.
The following description will illustrate the genersd appearance of
our spedes, though as already stated the smooth antenual club is the
most important character for the distinction of the species:
LissORHOPTRUS SIMPLEX. — Jmfl^o. —Average length from tip of thorax, 3"™. Ob-
long-oval, covered with large, dirt-colored scales, but nsually entirely enveloped in
an argillaceous coating, which renders scales and sculptnre irrecognizable. lEtostrum
stont, as long as head and thorax, snbcyliudricdl, densely rn^osely pnnctnlat-e, neither
snlcate nor cariuate ; head densely pnnctnlat'C. Thorax as long as wide, constricted
anteriorly, lateral lobes well developed, sides moderately rounded, base truncate, a
finely impressed median line, surface densely ragosely punctate, sides at middle with
a shallow transverse impression. Elytra much wider at base than thorax and about
twice as long; humeri oblique, strongly declivous at apex, punctate-striate, inter-
stices wide, subconvex, 3d and 5th more prominent at declivity than the rest. Pro-
Btemom flattened, transversely impressed in front of coxsb ; abdomen coarsely punc-
tate. Tibiffi somewhat curved, armed with a strong terminal hook ; tarsi narrow, third
Joint not emarginate ; claws slender, approximate.
Larva. — Length when full grown, 7™°» (a little more than a quarter of an inch).
Straight, slender, tapering very gradually from second thoracic joint to end of abdo-
men ; footless ; on the dorsum of each of joints 5-10 is a pair of movable, pale-brown-
ish thorns, the a^iical ends of which are split and somewhat resemble true claws.
General color white; mouth-parts brown. Head rounded, convex, corneous; upper
surface smooth, without hairs ; Y-shaped suture distinct ; anterior i>order sinuate oo
each side, broadlv arcuate in the middle. Ocelli two on each side, the first near the
anterior border of the head, behind the insertion of the mandibles, consisting appar-
entlv of a group of three minute pigment cells beneath the surface of the head, at
the nase of a bristle ; the second a short distance behind and above the first, consist-
ing of a very minut« single pigment cell. Antennse scarcely visible as minute tuber-
cles upon the anterior border of the head near the angles of the clypeus. Clypeus
separated from the front by an impressed line, transverse, narrowed anteriorly,
broadlv emarginate at apex. Labrum short transverse, bearing bristles in front. Man-
dibles broadly triangular, obscurely bidentat«, molar surface concave, not prominent
Maxlllffi prominent, broadly triangular, moderately thickened, with two or three
bristles on the under surface ; terminating in a two-Jointed palpus and a short tri-
angular connate lobe ; the first Joint of the palpus as broad as long, terminal joint
cyundrical, elongate, projecting beyond the mandibles ; the lobe bearing inside five
or six curved spines. Labium consisting of a very large triangular mentum and a
cordiform pijpigerous pieoe. Labial palpi divergent, ^e basal joint tuberculous, the
terminal joint elongate, conical. No distinct hgula is visible between the widely-
separated labial palpi.
Thoracic joints transverse ; the first longer, truncate, conical ; the second and third
e^ual in length to the following abdominal joints, and slightly exceeding them in
width. The first 8 abdominal segments subequal in length, graduaUy decreasing iu
width posteriorly, the second to the seventh bearing above a transverse oval promi-
nence, each surmounted by a pair of short spines curving forward ; the teimlual ninth
segment short, obtusely conical, without anal prominence.
A single pair of spiracles only is discernible ; these are placed upon the sides of the
prothoracic joint just above the lateral prominence.
The sides of the body present a double line of prominences, beginning upoii the
REPORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 133
first thoracic joint as a single longltndinal fold, wliich, npon the nine following Joints,
diyidcs longitndinally iuto an npper and lower fold, rising into tubercles upon each
joint. The apper row of tubercles decrease and the lower row increase in prominence
lioin the anterior to the posterior segments ; the two terminal segments have each a
single lateral fold.
Toe body of the yellowish- White larva ia cylindrical, somewhat thickened anteriorly,
ind curred backward in the form of a letter J, without visible hairs or trace of ]^ro-
toes. The hcAd ia capable of being retracted into the prothoracio joint.
Deaeriptioiia of Corcnlionid larvse are few in number, and a comparison of tbis witb
its nearest relatives is not at present possible. Except in its peculiar curvature, the
reverse of that seen, in most Rhynchophorous larva?, it does not probablv deviate
widely from the normal type. From the larvsB of Baridiuavestitua Schonh. (Cand^ze.
Histoire dea Metamorphoses de qnelques Col^ptt^res Exotlques, p. 48, pi. I^^ fig. 3)
the larva of Liasorhoptrus differs notably in the form of the mentum, the aosence of
ftbdonunal spiracles, the presence of ocelli, the distinct T-suture of the head, and the
dofBftl lecorred spines.
THE EICE STALK BOEER.
{Ohilo oryzasellusy K. Sp.)
Order Lepidoptera; family GHiLONiDiB.
[Plate Vn, Fig. 1.]
HABITS AND NATURAL HISTORY.
This species, the larva of which was found boring rice stalks last
soBuiier, is now publicly mentioned for the first time. The moth is
handsome and is generically allied to the sx)ecies which in the larva
state similarly infests the stalks of sngar cane and com.
Mr. Howard, in the report of his observations at Savannah, writes as
iidlows of this insect:
I noticed while passing throu^ the rice fields that many of the rice heads were dead
sad while. I learned uiat this appearance was known as ** white blast," and that
the pcq^nlar /szplanation of its cause was ''poison of the soil." Such an explanation^
bowerer, would not account for the dying of onestalk in a bunch, as was almost invari-
ably the €»i6e, so I immediately suspected insect work. I examined several of the
bhwted heeds without finding any satisfactory cause, the head seeming dead from the
We of the grain cluster, but below that point the stalk appearing sound. I soon,
kowerer, found a stalk where at the first joint bcAow the nead, concealed by the
sheath of the leaf and inside the stalk, was working a very minute Lepidopterous
laira, whitiah in color and striped longitudinally, with two subdorsal stnpes of red-
dish-hrown. Soon after I found other larger larvte of the same species lower down
in the stelk, and at last reached a spot at the intersection of two ditches, wbere I
fbond fioB-gTOwn larva» an inch long, ouite at the base of the stalk, and also one or two
healthy papas. In these cases the stalk appeared dead quite to the roots, aU the leaves
betng brown and withered. I was told at first that this borer was quite now to the
planters, and I therefore studied it with a great deal of interest ; later, however. I
was informed that it had been observed before. In perhaps one-fifth of the stalks
afflicted with the blast this larva, either large or smaU, was found. I never found more
than <Mie foil grown individual in a stalk, but frequently found from one to six or •»-
tight young ones. AU sections of the stalk seemed equaUy liable to be infested, the
smaller larvs being usuaUy found nearer the head where the stalk is smaUer, while
the larser individuals fh>m necessity were fouild lower dpwn.
The &va, as it increases in size, does not, however, continue its burrow down the
center of the stalk to roomier quarters, as it might easily do, but apparently, when the
stalk becomee too smaU for it at any one point, it bores its way out through a circular
hole and crawls down the outside of the stalk to a lower point and entera again. The
holes of exit and entrance are usuaUy hidden, except at the very base of the stalk, by
the clasping base of a lea^ the larva being oblig^ apparently to work its way into
tms tartly-fitting crevice in order to get siu&cient purcnase to bore through the hard
stalk.
There seenia little enough for the larva to feed uiK>n in the stalk, and it only eats
the layer lining the stalk cavity. I have seen a larva passing from one stidk to another.
134 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AOBICULTTJRE.
thongh I doubt whether ift is custoiuary for a single larva to destroy more than one
Btalk in the course of its growth.
When a li^rva is ready to transform (it is then at tlio base of the stal)c) it continues
its hole of entrance through the inclosing leaves, making it at the same time larger.
It then returns to a higher position in the utalk (from one to two inches above the
aperture) and transforms without reversing its position, and with Its head away firom
tne openlhg. The duration of the pupa stato is not more than 5 or 6 days. No obser-
vations have yet been made on the eggH, but they are probably laid on the npper leaves
close to the stalk.
There is no evidence of an earlier brood in the cultivated fields, as
every barrow examined contained either larvce, pupae, of fresh pupa
skins at the time that harvest had already commenced. 11 n the volun-
teer rice, howeven another brood is probably developed.
The duration of the pupa state varied in our vivaria from seven te
twelve days, and the moths issued from August 20 to September 5.
The moth is of a very pale-yellowish or straw-yellow color, with golden
cilia to the firont whigs, a few golden scales scattered over the disk, and
a series of seven black dots on the hind margin. It ha.s an average ex-
panse of a trifle more than an inch (27™"').
ENEMIEH.
Dipterous larvie were found destroying a pupa inside the stalk, and in
a single instance there has been bre<l from them Phora aletkv Comstock,
a fly whose larvce were supposed to be parasitic, but which seem tp be
toore scavengers than parasites.
•
PREVKNTIVK MBASUBKS.
The borer, in the fields Mr. Howard examined, occurred in al)outone-
fifth of the blasted stalks. It was sufficiently abundant, in fact, to
make 'its destruction a matter of some importance. The later brooa, if
there is one, must take to the volunteer rice around the edges of tlifi
fields, or to the large grasses growing uik)u tiie embankments, though
none were found in such. It is the custom, some time daring the winter,
to burn the stubble over the entire plantation. Great care is bow-
ever taken not to allow the fire to reach the trash near or upon Oie
embankments, as the soil of which these are made is of such a character
as to burn readily, and their bulk would be gi'eatly reduced by such a
burning. Instead, then, of burning t)ie weeds and volunteer rice along
these banks they are simply cut. it is probably here that the insect
hibernates, either as larva or pupa, and it will be necessary to cut most
carefully ttue wild rice and gi'ass close to the ground and carry it to
some safe phiee where it can l)e thoroughly burned.
STRUCTURAL ADTD DESCaiPTIVK.
We have had some difliculty in deciding as to the true specific deter-
mination of this insect, chiefly because of a close general reneuiblance
whfch it must possess to other si>ecie^. Mr. Grote, when we showed him
a specimen last autumn in New York, thought it might possibly l)e his
Chxlo cramhidoides^ while Professor Fernald deteruuned it from a8i>ecimen
which we sent hima« Biphryx proluielUt Gix)tc,* stating at the time that
he might be wrong, but that, having seen Mr. Grote's tyi>e, he consid-
ered our insect identical with it so tar a8 he could trust iiis rel^ollection.
The specific description of D.prolatella certainly does agree vijry closely
'N. Am. Moths, BqU. U. S. Geol. Survey; VI, No. 2, p. 273i
BKPOBT OF THK ElirTOMOLOaiST. ISf)
with the species we arc cousideriug, wLicli has also the luucroiiate
cJy peas of Diphryx^ but in order to refer our insect to 1). prolafclla we must
afisume that Mr. Grote evvrXed his new ji^^enuH, Uiphry.r, ou u niutiUitiMl
s|)ecimen Tirbich had lost its maxillary and pad of its labial pali>i, for
the genus is founded ou short labial papi which hardly exceed the faeo,
and the absence of luaxillary palpi — characters dec;idedly exceptiotuil
and remarkable in the family, in order to settle tiie matter, tlieivforo,
we a^n referred, through Mr. Henry Edwards, a i>ertect specimen to
Mr. Grote, who upon this second more careful examinatioji 4ecides that
It is neither of the species mentiune(l but »u uudescribed species of Chilo,
It is in fjEMJt, as we have always felt, cougeueric with the larj^^er 6ug:ar-cane
and com borers treated of in the last auuual report of the Entomolo^st
(pag^ 240-245) under the generic paiue Diq.tro'a.
'Hxe characters of the genus Chilo of Zinck^uSommer, are given by
Heinemann as *'Male antennae but little longer than those of female.
Palpi long, projected horizontally, compressed. The hind mid rib of
bind wings with long hairs. Abdomen pi female without termipal tuft."'
Zeller, more recently,* adds to the few cbanu)ters of the genus, the long
abdameq, especially of the female, which extends much beyond the inner
Mgle of the hind wings j he al&o mentions the acute spc^ of prinyiries,
ttie point being, however, not specially seppxated from the hind border.
Accepting Mr. Grote's decision, sinc^ we pave im) opportunity of exam-
ioing the type of his Difhryx^\ we would characterize our Bice borer as
follows:
Cimx) oirrzjERi.LU8 n. sp. — Imago, — ^Expanse. 2$^-83(°'°. Male, general color pale
•ehMoofl. Labial palpi qoite bntthy and ttlightly !xroadening at tip, horizontal or
iLidiily depraMed, nearly as long as bead and thoraip togetner, with nnmeroas black
•euea and bain intermixed witb tbe paler ones; maxtUary palpi c^nite prominent and
with bat a few dark scales. Primaries ratber darker than secondanes, dne to scattered
ten^^inooa and dusky scales between the veins, most persistent in an obliqne line
frsB apex to Just beneath and within the disc: many of these scales haye a golden
laster, and a mora or less distinet series of sacn scales form a i^brroW| ^abtenninal
line, rounded and curving away ffom the ape|L ; a series of seven black points alpng
^ poatarior margin; the fiinges pale golden. Under snrft<;e nale, dLngy^vellow,
vith the muvtsk ma^nal dots of primaries well indicated, and a few ausky do& snowing
m hind ouirgin of seeondariea. FimnU differs in being somewhat larger, in having
the abdomirai, the hind wings above, an4 the whole under surfEK^e silvery- white. The
sriparitfla have less brown about them and the labial palpi, though equally long, are
less bushy, and compressed so as to be more |>oiHted.
DtflciilMd from four laales and six females bred from rice culms.
I^nH^— Average leocth, 33''^. Diameter a little over 3^*^ ; abdominal Joints 1-7
equal in size, the second and third thoraeio joints slightly broader. Head di^rk brown,
piAbed. furnished with a few stiff, brownish hairs. Cervical shield light brown,
iiMwiijiii Une atUl paler, front margin whitish ; a hlackish triancular spot widening
towapda the lateral margin each side of medio-dorsal li^ie. Color of nody palo yellowish-
while, slightly transparent, marked with four rather indistinct, pale, purplish stripes,
oC which tho«e bordering the stigmata are scarcely half as broad as the others. Tho
piliteooa spots are larae, oval, pale-yellowish, and polished. Stigmata small, trann-
▼creely oval, brown, the last pair twice as large Kb the others. Anal plato yellow,
polished, furnished with a row of three hairs upon each side and two near niiddU; ;
it is masked with a ibw brownish spots. Legs yellow.
FkpiS-^ — ^Length, 17»«». Color, yellowish-brown: head, thorax, wing-sheaths, and
stigmata scmiewhat darker; eyes black. Head Dent forward, \X% front somewhat
psuited. Thorax with very line transverse strisD. Abdominal joints 5-7 armed dor8.illy
sear their anterior margm with numerous very minute brownish thorns; all joints
with extremely fine granulations. 8tigmat-a projecting. Tip of last joint jonnded,
wiih a longitudinal lateral impression ; expandea dorsally into two t}attencd projec-
tioos, each being divided into two broad to<>th.
•Hone Soc. Ent.'Rofj«ic»P, XVL
t As Kr. Grott;'ci tj\wM sre in Loudon he may be mistaken even in his final opinion, and
the careless inauuer in which he ban often msniv oth«?r genera r«»ndew1t <|nit4*possibl«
that D^phrifx is a myth, founded on an^ imperfect speoiiiuui as above iitllicated.
136 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
WHITE BLAST.
While it is possible that the diseane known to rice planters as "white
blasf may have no connection with iiijuries by insects, still it seeins
necessary to give it some little consideration here, as it may prove that
insects play a most important part in relation to it. We quote, there-
fore, from a letter from Colonel Screven:
•
It is not nncommon to see a very few, perhaps as few as a half dozen, heads shoot
out whit« or blasted in an area of 150 feet square (a rice-field half acre), especially
near the water-gates, where the growth is commonly most luxuriant. Planters have
long known that this is caused by a small white worm, which bores into the stalk be-
low the head. After shooting out white these heads turn gray from exposure to the
weather. Usually the damage from this cause is too trifling to call for more than pass-
ing attention; but on my place the damage was so extensive as to demand careful
attention.
At first I was strongly inclined to the opinion that, while insects might unite with
them, that deleterious elements in the soil were the main cause of the blast. It was
evident that in many, indeed in most, instances, the blast was most conspionons in
spots where the soil was charged with salts and where the j^lants showed want of
^owth and evidences of defective or morbid nutrition. But evidently the blast could
not be ascribed to bad soil, because all the heads and stalks were not Effected alike in
the same spot, or when^generated from the same individual seed. One seed commonly
produces several, sometimes twoscore heads. All of these heads form on stalks fed
by roots penetrating the same soil. If like produces like, or like causes produce like
results, all the heads from one and the same seed, fed from the same soil, would suffer
alike if the character of the nutriment were the question. But very commonly two
or three of a few heads in groups from the same individual seed, all conditioned iden-
tically the same as to soil, were blasted, while the rest were perfect or nearly so. Again,
the blast occurred also in spots where the growth of rice was excellent and the soil
known to be good, as at the angles of intersecting ditches where drainage would be
best. Hence the blast exhibited a want of uniformity for which soil j>oison or defective
soil would not account.
As a general fact the blast occurred in fields generally shot out, say July 25, after
the harvest- water had been applied, say forty days, so subjecting the fields to the same
conditions in regard to watering and kind of water (at all times drinkable by the
laborers) and for the same length of time.
In the fields just alluded to the blast was confined to the margins between the main
ditches and the embankments, extending sometimes to the outer edges of the main
ditches, and occasionally a little along the edges of the quarter drains. Bat it was
marked and comparatively extensive in two instances in the angles of fields. I cannot
say that in these exceptions the* condition of the soil wonld warrant blast more exten-
sive in other parts of the same fields, apparently in the same condition.
As regards the appearance of blast upon the margin, it mifty be mentioned that fire
is carefully avoided on my place on the embankments, in consequence of the oombnst-
ible nature of the soil of which they are oonstmcted, and that the stubble was veiy
imperfectl V burned last winter on account of its wetness, especially in the lowest part
of the fields and margins where the blast showed most. But as a general thing, with
the exception to be stated, the blast seemed to be associated with brackish and the
least-drained soil. Whether such spots are most attractive to insects, or their ova sur-
vive there for lack of the effects of fire in attempting to bum stubble and brush, I know
not. But what wiU explain the difference between two ac^oining fields, alike braokish
in location and soil — both capable of being flowed with salt water — ^the one generaUy
affected by blast, the other scarcely at all f
The first of these fields was planted in April, the other in May, a month later. The
growth in both was luxuriant, but the hesMB first shot ioi the former were blast^ gen-
erally over the field.
The heads subsequently shot were large and healthy. Here again we find, on a
large scale, the same want of uniformity of effect which is logically and naturally to
be expected from uniformity of soil.
It was a general fact that when the blast was found the maggot was also present:
but the maggot was found to be absolutely harmless in my baokisquares, where thS soil
is peaty and weak and where the blast, comparatively rare, was found exclusively on
the margin. Here, also, the weevil was found.
I am safe, I think, in the opinion that as far as my observation goes on my place the
blast would not be caused by ocean salts or these salts converted. In the blast from
this cause the head does not ahoot out white but with black spots on the husk, the
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 137
leftf red at the endi* and spotted black, and dryinf^ np afterwards, the g^ins turning
fioallj black and remaining empty, or, if filling, with soft, dusky grain of little value.
Nor in thene cases are insect damages necessarily found, either from borer or fh>m
iociKionn.
I cannot recall any other circumstances of value, while I am thoroughly aware that
the ease mnst be one of dispute. But my conclusions are that the blast under discus-
fioo, on my plape, was in tlio main x>rodnced by a plurality of insects — by the barer,
which penetrated the stalk and killed the head as a rule outright, by its fly or other
inMcty which fed on the pollen of the flowers or cut and fed on tne husks and their
I»nmat7 eontents. To these we may add the fungus.
Mr. Howard treats the << white blast '^ in his report as follows:
The blast not caused by the borer presented a very similar appearance, with the ex-
ception that the heads alone were aflected, the stalks below the heads remaining green
Md comparatively healthy. That it is due to no local peculiurity of the soil is shown
by the fact that often but one stalk in a clump bears a blighted head, the remaining
itolkji being green and bearing normal heads. The ^een head first turns yellowish
ind then dead white, the distid end of each grain having a brownish spot. Later the
head turns black, possibly from a fungus growth upon the sheaths of the seed. I spent
ft l^reat deal of time in examining such heads and their supporting stalks for evidences
of insect work, and although I found quite a number either on the head or in the lei^-
sbealh below, none were f^fficieutly abundant, in my estimation, to haye caused the
damage.
Upon nearly all of the blasted heads, where the grain had wholly or partially fonned.
•ome of the lower grains upon the head had been ^awed by some insect which had
been small enough to enter the sheath. The only insect which I found which seemed
etpable of doing such damage was Scymnus fraiemus Leo. I suspect this species of
being the author of the miscnief, although I am not certain. It was quite common
upon the beada, and I found a specimen in a single instance inside the sheath of one
at the izgored nains. I believe this species has not yet been found to be herbivorous,
md hence I hesitate to enter a formal accusation.
Upon the stalk below the head were fastened in several instances small, brown Dipi-
tsrsQs poparia. These were sent to the Department, but beyond a Proctotrupid par-
asite of the genus ConMcoma nothing has been reared from them.
A number of specimens of a Gamasid mite were also found upon the heads. Upon
the stalk below the headj where it is inclosed by the leaf, were found sevenJ long,
eonred, greenish e^gs, which were sent to the Department, and fiom which have issued
ft spMiee of Orckehmmm,*
Coknel Screven described very accurately one of these ** green grasshoppers," which,
he aaidt did much damage to the rice two seasons ago by eating the leaves. Thla is
fomhij the same sfiecies.
Some unknown crimson eggs were also found in a similar location on blasted rice.
Jk speeiea of ThripB was found in one or two instances on the stalk below the head.
The common Chinch-bug (BUsiua leucopterua) was also found upon the blasted heads
in several cases.
Tromsihe above observations it would seem, that the blast is the after
effect of some insect injury earlier in the season^ although no traces of
extensive work either upon stalks or heads was to be seen. »It may be
the pnnctore of some plant-bng — ^possibly of the Ghmch-bng — arresting
th6 noonshment of the head and predisposing it to the attacks of some
fongns growth, though no fungus was detected other than black patches
on the husks of the grain, which were evidently a result rather than a
cause of the disease.
It is possible, also, that the work of the Water-weevil earlier in the
season, when it abounds, may have some influence in causing tihe blast.
The subject is one which should be studied the whole season through in
order to arrive at satisfEictory results.
The plan already suggested in treating of the borer, viz., of carefhlly
collecting and burning the trash of the embankments, would of course
prove effective in destroying many of these other insects, and in so doing
thight have a beneficial effect upon the blast.
* Apparently the OrcheHmum glaberrimum.-^. Y. B.
138 REPORT OF THE COMMIRglONER OF AOBICULTURE.
OTHKR INSECTS T^NMUIIIOUS TO GEOWRs^G KIOE.
To the insects already treated we may add a few which are tbaud in
the rjce-fieUls, and one or two of which may occasionally do some in-
jury. Prominent among these is the common "Grass Worin'^ of the
South (Laphy§nia frugiperda Sm. and Abb., see Plate VII, Figs. 4, 5).
WTien the insect has become excei)tionally numerous for some reason or
other, the moths of the first or second generation fly out over the rice-
fields and lay their eggs on the growing stalks. The worms hatching rag
the plants badly, and, when in great numbers, eat them to the ground.
In 1881. atler the rice had gotten a good start, in May, the worms ap-
peared m force upon the plantation of Mr. William Barnwell, the fli-st
plantation above <* Proctor's,'' and did considerable damage before the
first <fr second week in June, at which time they went into the ground
tp transform. Here they were imprisoned and destroyed by the harvest
flooding. Tbe injuries of the Grass Worm to rice need never bo feare<l,
as the &b14s can be overflowed almost at will, and if necessary the negroes
can be sent through the fields to brush the worms from the stalks and
If^aves into the water.
The flgnr^ on Plate VII of the Gniss Worm and three varieties of
the moths are from our eighth Missouri Keport. It is a very common in-
sect in the vicinity of Savannah. At the time of Mr. Howard's visit a
toter brood was doing great damage to certain truck fa,rmH a few miles
north of the city, eating the grass, cabbage, strawberry, and bean plants.
The most remarkable evidences of canniualism were notic^ed at the farm
of Mr. John Schley, the older worms destroying the younger oihes by
hundreds, and when plenty of other food virm at hand.
During August and later the paths and emban'kments around the
rice-fields are almost covered by the ^Uubber grasshopper'' (i^owoZ^
microptera) and an interesting black variety of the femsle. The num-
bers in which this species occurred were enormous, yet they seemed to
do little damage to the rice.
The large obscure Acridium {A* obnaurum) was very common in the
fields, and other smaller 8X)ecies of Aorididse were occasionally se-en.
The most common Heteroptera were Metapodius femoratus Fabr.,
Oehalus pugnax (Fabr.), and Leptoglossm phyilopm (Linn.).
INSECTS AFFUCTTKG CORN OB MAIZE.
THE CORK BILLBUO.
{Splienophorus rohustus Horn.)
Order OoLEOPTEttA; family Curcumohid^J.
[Plate VIII, Fig. 2.]
HABITS AND NATUEAL HISTORY.
For many years several species of the genus Sphenophoms have dam-
aged the QhTH crop In various parts of the United St^es, more particu-
larly ait the South, where they are all known as ^'Bill-bugs." Glover,
in his 1854 report, spoke of their injury in South Carolina, Alabama,
BEPORT OP THE ENTOMOI^GIBT. 139
ntd Arkanaas, and fi^^ured, but did not determine, tbe species. Walsb,
in 1867 (Practical Entomologist^ II, 117), describes a ^tpecies injiirini?
corn in Xew York as iS. zta\ but wbicli subaeijueutly proved to be A.
malptUiM of Cbler. 6'. mulptilis also occurs In t)je South and West, and
u common in Illinois and Missouri. It has also l^een received at the
Department of Agriculture from Florida and Alabama, 8. rohustus fi*om
South Carolina^ and S.parvulus^ from Missouri, all as injuring corn.
A short aooouut was given in the Department report lor 1880 of tSplie-
i^korus robustus (call^ S. pertinax by our pjcedecessor) from accounts
given by S. M. Eoberteon, of Dadeville, 'tallapoosa County, Alabama,
aod of S. teulpiiliSf received from Bouth Carolina. In 1881, rather alarm-
^g reports being received from parts of South Carolina concerning the
damage done by '^ Bill-bugs,'' we sent an assistant (Mr, Howard) to inves-
tigate tbe injury. The larval habits of all the above-mentioned species
of Sphenophorus have heretofore been unknown. Walsh surmised that
8. Bculptilis would be found to breed in decaying driftwood washe<l by
watfir^ the adqlts migrating to neighboring cornfields, and some subse-
tP^t facts that bad come to our knowledge, lent weight to his hypothe-
sis m t^ aa this particular species is concerned,
Birfbre proceeding further it may be well to state that the damage
dope bj all these species is principally in early spring, as the young
com appears above tbe ground. Stationing themselves at or near the
sarfiftce of tbe ground the beetles puocture the stalk and suck the sap,
either killing the corn of the hill outright or dwarfing it so as to severely
ilUme it. Xbe leaves that shoot out later are badly ragged by the^e
ponctiires. Walsh's correspondent stated that tbe crop of many fields
in Otaondaga County, New York, was completely destroyed, and Mr.
Bobertson^ as quoted in last year's report, stated that 8. robmtm was
vmy daatroi^tive on the swamp-lands near tlie Tallapoosa Biver, killing
the com aa late ^ August.
The following account is from Mr. Howard's report of observations :
The species foand near Colnmbia, 8. C. is 8, robu9iti8. In thei>1antations along the
bolt0Bi«UMida of the Congaree River much damage u done by toe adalt beetle every
year, aad the eom not infrequentU- baa to be replanted several times as tbeearlitir
plantings are destroyed. The beetles are first noticM in the spring after tbe com is
well np. Stationing themselves at the base of the stalky and also burrowing under
the snr&ee of tbe earth slightly, they pierce the stalk and kill many plants oatrigbt,
othtts llTing to l^^w np stunted and dwarfed.
WUb S. mmlvtilUf in spite of the damage it has done, the earlier stages remain
pnknowiif Waisti surmising that the larva breeds on rotten wood, so situated that
it is oontinnally washed bv water. With this statement in my mind I was prepared
to doabt the statement of Mr. W. P. Spigener, of Colnmbia, who informed me that
the ** grab form of tbe biU-Bug'' was to be found in the com, but a couple of hours in
the flald convinced me that he was right, my previous idea having been that he hail
mistaken the larva of Chilo 8(icch€u-alia for the weevil grub. I searched a field on Mr.
Spieener's plantation, which was said to be the worst point in the whole neighborhood
Mr bugs, for some time before finding a trace of the beetle in aay stage, but at last, in
a defionned stalk, I found in a large burrow, about at the surface of the ground, a
ftdl-|at»wn larva. After I bad learned to recognize the peculiar appearance of tlie in-
iettSa. stalks I was enabled to collect the larvsc quite rapidly,
Tbey Were present at this date (August *^0) in all stages of larval development, but
fu BMirs abundantly as ftiU-grown larvse. A few were preserved in alcohol and the
imnaindw forwarded. alive to the Department, but all died on tlie way. Two pnpn^
wcvs fonnd at the same time; one was preserved in alcohol and the otlier forwarded
to the Department. The beetle isnued on the way, and from this specimen we have
been abl& to.determine the species. From an exami nation of a large number of inj ured
■talks it seems evident that the egg is laid in the stalk just at the surface of 1 he ground,
Itteferably andi^ccasionaVy*^ litSie lielow. The young larvte, hatching, work usually
dewnwazd, and may be found at almost any age in tlwit part of the stalk from which
the ili^ are giveivput. A few Rpeolm^ns were found wliich had worked upwartl for
aftwiQchflSmU) the first section of tiie stalk above the ground, but these were all
140 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
very large indiTidaalfl. and I conclude that the larva only bores into the stalk proper
after having consumed, all available pith below ^ound.
The pup» Were both found in cavities opxK)Hit4) the first suckers, snrrounded by ex-
crement compactly pressed so as to fomi a sort of cell.
Wherever the larva had reached its full size, tlie pith of the stalk was found com-
pletely eaten out for at least five inches. Below ground even the hard, external
portions of the stalji: were eaten through, and in one instance everything except the
rootlets had disappeared, and the stalk had fallen to the ground.
In a great majority of instances but a single larva was found in a stalk, but a few
cases were found where two larvae were at work. In no case had an ear filled on a
stalk bored by this larva. The stalk was often stunted and twisted, and the lower
leaves were invariably brown and Withered.
In the field which Mr. Howard visited, not more than 6 or 10 per cent,
of the stalks had been damaged. The principal injury was done early
in the spring, and the hills then killed had been replanted.
FREYENTIYE MEASURES.
From the present state of our knowledge and from the fact that the bee-
tles issue in the fall, it seems probable that the insect hibernates, as do the
other Gurculionids, in the'^beetle state and in the stalk. Both Mr. Spig-
ener and his son, intelligent men and good observers, state this to be the
case. The remedy, then, of cutting stalks in fall or early winter and of
plowing up the stubble and burning it is very 6bvious.
In the lowlands where the Bill-bug abounds, the Lepidopterous borers
are unknown, so that there will be no necessity for.bumingmore than
the* stubble^ which should, however, be cut high, at least 6 inches above
ground, to insure the destruction of all.
Mr. Spigener turns his poultry into the corn-field in spring, but con-
siders tnis a rather dangerous proceeding, on account of the "remark-
able grip" of the Bill -bug; he has seen them cause chickens great dis-
tress by gripping the throat as they attempt to swallow them.
The testimony of Mr. Spigener just given, relative to the hibernation
of the adult beetles in the stalks, is corroborated by the experience of
Mr. S. M. Robertson, as reported to tiie Department. This gentleman
stated that upon examining the stalks during the winter tiuie fully 50 per
cent, of the stalks- were found to contain the beetles in the tap-root^ ahve
and healthy, notwithstanding the extreme severity of the. winter. In
one field, which was completely under water for six days during January,
they were found to be as abundant and apparently as healthy as in
those fields which remained above water. With regard to remedies,
while the beetles are actually at work in the spring upon the young
corn, the dusting with some arsenical poison, suqh as Paris green or Lon-
don purple, mixed with some diluent in the proportions we have so often
indicated, would probably be effective in destroying many beetles while
in the act of gnawing their way into the stalks.
With rega^ to preventives, a most perfect one will be found as
already indicated in pulling up and burning the stubble during the
winter, or preferably as early as possible after harvest. With refer-
ence to this remedy Glover says: "A very perceptible decrease of the
Bill-bug has been observed where the practice of burning the roots has
been followed, and, if persevered in, might nearly eradicate them in the
course of a few years.''
STRUCTURAL AND DESCRIPTIVE.
The distinguishing generic characters of Splienophorus may be briefly
given as follows: Side pieces of metastemum raUier narrow; epimera
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 141
of mesostemmn externally truncate (jiot acute) ; front coxae narrowly
separated by the presternum; third joint of the hind tarsi either gla-
brous or only pubescent at the sides. A peculiar external appearance
will render the gemis at once recognizable to the experienced eye, while
the numerous species are very difficult to distinguish. The form of the
tibiae and tarsi and the vestiture of the latter have furnished excellent
characters to divide the genus into natural groups. That to which our
species belongs is characterized as follows: l^biaB all rounded (not
tnincate) at outer apical angle ; third joint of hind tarsi conical (not
broadly dilatedh third joint of anterior and middle tarsi feebly dilated
and spongy pubescent at the sides.* Of the five species constituting
this gronp, two are easily known by the third elytra! interval strongly
derated at basal third; the third species {8. costipennis Horn) has the
elytral intervals alternately subcostiform in their entire length, and
the thoracic smooth lines parallel and equal. The two remaining species,
8,pertmax Oliv. and rohuatus Horn, are so closely allied that Dr. Horn
hfiiisel^ in describing the latter species, says:t ^^ It is with considerable
diffidence that I venture to name the present form.'' S.pertinax is much
iiKHre common than rohustuSj and has long since been known as greatly
injurious to com, though its eairlier states have never been described.
The differences between the two are very slight indeed, and hardly en-
titled to specific value ; in pertinax the median thoracic vitta is "more
suddenly dOated and more narrowed toward the base, the elytral inter-
vals feebly alternating in width and convexity, while in robustus they are
eqaaL
Omitting characters of minor Importance, and those peculiar to the
group (already mentioned above), we would give the following short
diagnosis of our sx>ecies:
SpHKNOFHORrs BOBUSTUS. — Imogo. — Black, moderately shining beneath, upper sur-
&oe coTerod with ochreous subsericeous exudation (wnioh, however, is very easily
nbbed ofi^ the beetle then appearing of a dirty-black color) : thorax with three feeble,
moothy longitudinal vittsD of unequal width, the intermediate one feebly dilated at
middle and attaining the base with its broader posterior end; elytra finely striate, the
iatarvals flat^ snbeqnal, not alternating in width and convexity.
Icreo. — ^Length 12"^; color, dingy white; head chestnut-brown, with fourviit®
of ualer color, two upon the occiput, converging towards the base, and one along
cadi lateral maipnj trophi very dark, dypeus paler; bod^ fusiform, strongly curved,
•welUne ventraUy from the third abdominal jomt posteriorly, sUghtly recurved and
roiradea at anal extremity. Head large, oblong, obtu^ly angnlate at base, sinuately
BSRowed anteriorly; frontal margin with a shallow emargination between the man-
dibles; upper surface with a median channel, the occipital portion deeply incised, with
raised edses, continuing as a shallow impressed line to the middle of the front; on
either noe an engraved line, commencing upon the vertex, becoming deeper after
oxiannff the branches of the Y-suture, and terminating at the frontal margin in a
btiatle-Deannj; depression ; front with four additional bristle-bearing depressions; sides
and vertex with several long bristles arising in depressions: antennse rudimentary,
oecopyin^ minute pits on the frontal margin at the middle of the base of mandibles ;
ocelli a single pair, visible only as translucent spots upon the anterior face of tiie
thickened mntol margin, outside of and closely contiguous to the antennce from which
they are separated by tne branches of the Y-sutare, a few pigment cells obscurely
visible beneath the surface ; clypeus free, transverse, trapezoidal, with faint impressions
along the base and at the sides ; labrum small, elliptical, bearing spines and bristles,
a fuppw each side of the middle, forming three ndges, so that the organ, when de-
flected, appears three-lobed ; mandibles stout, triangular, unarmed, with an obsolete
longttodmal farrow on the outer face ;,roaxill£e stout, cardinal piece transverse, basal
piece elongate, bearing a palpus of two short joints, and a small rounded lobe, furnished
* For the classification and systematic arrangement of Suhenophorua and its species
we refer the read(« to the following papers : Dr. Georg« H. Horn, Contrihutian.8 to a
Kwtmleife of ike CHrculionida of the U. 8. (Proc. Amer. Pbilos. Soc, 1873, pp. 407-420),
sod Dr. J. L. Lq Conte in The Ehynchophora of America north of Mexico (2. c. Vol. XV,
18^ p. 330.)
tt6.p.419.
142 REPORT OF THE COMMlSSIOifER OF AGRICULTURE.
at tip witli A T)rufth of spiny lian^ th^ 16be conc^led by the labium ; labinm omnistlng
of a large triaorular mentaiA, excavate beneath, and a hastate pf^lpiger^ with a deep
median ehannel; labial palpi divergent, separated by the li^nla^ of two Joints siibcqasd
in length ; lignla represented by a prominent rounded lobe, densely ciliate On the alider
surface. Thoracio joints separated above by transverse folds; the first wider, oov<ired
above by k traiisverse. thinly chitinons plate; the two foUowing similar to the abdom-
inal Joints ; abdominal Joints forming on the dorsum narrow transverse folds, separated
by two wider folds, the anterior fold attaining the ventral surface, ^e second fold
confined to the dorsum, eighth and ninth abaominal Joints longer, eiciivate above,
without dorsal folds; beneath, the first three Joints contracted, the Sttoeeediiiff Joints
enlarged, the termitaal joint broadly rounded, with anal opening upon a fold at its
base; sides of each Joint presenting numerous longitudinal folds; stigmatai V«ry large,
nine pairs ; the first on the anterior margin of the protborax, low down upoti the sides t
the remainder u^on ihe sides of the first eight abdominal Joints, above the lateral
prominences, beginning uiK>n the first Joint at the iniddie of the Side and gtftdtfally
rising to Hk dorsal position upon the eighth joint; thoracic and list abdommal ^pain
large, <rral; the intermediate pairs smaller, elliptical ; all with chitinons margins of
dara-browu color. The noticeable features of this lajva are its cephalic Vittaj, lisid
conspicuous spiracles.
The lArVa of the closely allied Ehodoh€tnu$ IS-punolatM HI. (undeeeribed^^baii ft lliorB
slendet form; the anal segment is protuberant, armed Mth two blunt termthal npines;
the bead is broadly rounded^ not vittate, mandibles bidentate, lignla eniar^nate^ not
ciliate; the ocelli occupy the same relative positions upon the front margih iWih
SphenopkoruSy bnt are larger, convex, lenticular, with pigment spdts plainly Visible
beneatn. In all other respects the two larvie agree very closely, even to the ftrlds of
the body-Joints and position of occipital depressions and bristles.
The larva of Bkf^uihQpharw Zimmermanni Fabr. (Cand^ze, Hist* ^ Mdtam. de q.
Col^pt. Exot., p. 5i, PI. IV, Fig. I) agrees in general ibrni of body and trophi, bnt the
mentum is quadrangular, the laorum distinctly trilobed, and the abdominal splracteji
wahting. (bee Horn :-~TraUs. Am. Ent. 8oe. YII, p. 39^
Pupa. — ^Average length, 17 millimeters. Stout, rostrum reaching between firAt pair
of tarsi. Antenns, but slightly elbowed and reaching not quite to bend qf anterior
femora and tibi». Eves scarcely discernible ; fiu^ ^ith three pairs of uiallolr tuber-
cles, the basal pair the largest, and each giving rise to a stiff, brown hair^ Otbe^
minute piliferous tubercles, especially near the posterior dorsal bordet of the ftbdottii-
nal joints, being very stout on the pre-anal Joint, or pygidium, where they form two
series of qnlklriaentate ridged
TAB SMALLE& COEIT STAtK-BOiliaL
* •
(Pempetia lignoseUa ^eller^
Otder LltePlDOPTfiBAj fiatnily PhycedJe.
fWate vn, iHg 3.]
*
PAST rilStORt.
This new com pest was first received by us in the latter part of July
from Mr. Arf O. Walker, of Bichmond County, Georgia, through the
coinmissioner of agriculture of that State. Mr. Walker stated that
the Insect wa6 doing great damage to both youn^ and old conj, and
that on ten acres Of com he had just gathered two wagon-loads of stalks
which had fallen to the ground from the work of this insect at the roots.
In the latter part of August we sent Mr. Howanl to study it at At-
lanta, Ga. and Columbia, S. C, and in September and October it was
studied at Atlanta by Prof. Barnard.
Accounts differ slightly as to the length of time for which this pest
has been known in South Carolina and Georgia, but none place it far-
ther back than 1878. It seems to have api>eared first in Kortliern
Georgia, and in the latter part of 1881 it was found as fiir north ns
Chapel Hill, N. C, by Prof. J. A. Holmes, of the State university at
:bont the eDlire summer and fall^ aii<l, aa late aa October, cut« the
med Btalks of tbe late com to snch aa extent that tliey are easily
to tbe groimd, and tbe eara are often rendered aselesB by con-
ith tbe vet eartb. The principal work of tbe borers is done at
iface of tbe gronnd, altfaoifKh tbey are otten found jttst above or
this point. They bore throngb the stalk in every direction, eome-
entirely severing it, more otteu veiikeuiiig It, so that tbe slightest
f wind blows it to the ground. Fjom six to tifteen of the larvie
aally foand in a single stAlk. Tbe borers are extretoeiy active,
!treat with great rapidity into tbeir barrows npou tbe slightest
sanoe. ■
IT operations on t^e stalk when yonug are principally below the
3, tb«ir attacks beingconflned to tbe outer eruat, which they some-
rampLetely girdle. They generaliy commence to work between tlie
s, whereby these are also often girdled and die in coDse(|uence ;
igary to the onter sorface of the rootrstalk extends, occasionally,
do^n as the depth of two ibches. After the worm has attained
half its size it bores into the stalk, also below tbe surface, geue-
above and very close to one of the rootlets, in a more or less
lit line, until it reaches the opposite hard parts, or it works gnula-
jwards, widening the channel more and more, antil sometimes
is formed a large cavity, leaving only tbe rind of tbe stalk on-
A. The nearly full-grown larva seems to prefer to work just
Um sorface of the gronnd, and may often be found in company
he larva of Diatriea taechari (Fabr.). When ready to traiisfonn,
rea the stalk and spins a deUcate, thongfa tough, white, oval,
'hat flattened cocoon, which is completely covered with earth or
Mnt^ pellets. It isnsnally found in a shallow depreaeionon tlie
e of tbe gnnmd, so that it is extremely difticult to distiuguisb it
ta BnmHiadings.
moth laones ta about ten days aQer tbe larva has transformed to
It has the singular babit of feigning death, and is not readjily
bed. The com or other object upon which it may be resting can
idled quite rongbly, and it even allows itself to be touched, when
144 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
as the first moth was bred August 4; 1881, and the moths were continu-
ally issuing as late as January 31, 1882. During this time larvse were
occasionally noticed crawling about, and one specimen which was npt
yet quite fully grown was seen as late as January 25. This individual
belonged to a lot of larv» collected October 28, 1881, and it would ap-
pear from these observations that the insect in its natural habitat hiber-
nates nx all three states, as larva, pupa, and adult.
PREVENTIVES.
It will be impossible to find a perfect preventive for the damage done
by this insect, since it hibernates, as we have just stated, in all three
states of larva, pupa, and adult. It seems extremely probable, how-
ever, that the use of the same remedy recommended for the "Bill-bug,^
namely, plowing up and burning the stubble, will greatly reduce the
numbers of the worms. The earlier this is done the more efiectual wiU
it prove,
NOMENCLATURE AND CHARACTERS OP MOTH.
Fempelia Ugnosella* was originally described by Zeller in Isis, 1848,
page 883, but this description is inaccessible to us. His short charac-
terization of the species, however, in his Beitrage zur Kenntniss d. Kord-
amerikanischen KachtfaJter, corresponds so exactly with the more t3i)i-
cal forms of our Corn-stalk borer, that until further light is thrown upon
the subject we must consider them identical.t
The species is, however, very variable. With the male the middle of
the front wings is usually pale grayish-yellow, growing darker in many
individuals. Around this light center is a brown border, intermixed in
many specimens with grayish scales. In one specimen the front wings
are of a nearly uniform gray. The hind wings are semi-transparent, and
the under side of the front wings is dusky. With the female the front
wings are often black with purplish reflections, varying to a light
red(Ssh-tirown, shaded with gray.
The mouth parts of the male merit description. The maxillary palpi
are thcee-jointed ; joint 1, long and slender ; joint 2, short, stout, and
shaped somewhat like an acorn ; joint 3, slender, curved ; joints 2 and
3 covered on the inner side with very long ferruginous hairs. The la-
bial palpi are also three-jointed^ joint 1, short; joint 2, four times as
long as joint 1, concave on its mner side and flexible, inclosing in its
cavity when at rest the entire maxillary palpus, so that even thctip of
the fong tuft of hairs is rarely seen; joint 3, minute. Joints 2-8 of the
antennae form acurve-and are furnished with long hairs, so that the whole
appears as a single latei*ally compressed and tufted joint (See Plate
VII, Fig. 3.)
In the female the maxillary palpi are very small and consist of
but a single tufted joint, and the labial palpi and an t^nnse are simple.
The range of the species is great, and Zeller records it from Carolina,
Texas, Columbia, Brazil, and Patagonia.
DESCRIPTIVB.
Peupelia xiGKORELLA. — Lorta. — Length, 16"^™; averajje diameter, 2""™ ; nearly cyl-
indrical. Thecolor is variable. Tbe prevailing color of the young larva) is pale, some-
*Zeller, in his paper on the Colonibiscbe Chiloniden, Cnimbldeu nud Phyciden, gives
Blauchard's Elaemopalpus anguatellus and bis own Pcmpclia iriixiuieUa as synonyms of
P. Ufnosella.^
tl^noe this was in type Professor Zeller has corroborated the detenmnatioii from
spealmeBM Bent him.
BEPOBT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 145
tones almost white, changing later to a dark greenish or purplifih brown. Head dark
brown and highly polished, somewhat smaller than the first thoraoio segment into
which it can be partially dntwn ; oenrioal shield black, polished, with a ^ale median
hne, iti front margin pale greenish white ; abdominal segments, each with a trans-
▼etae wrinkle aeroasite posterior third, which is either of a reddish or purplish color;
the anterior two-thirds of all segments very pale or almost white and marked with 9
reddish or pnrplish longitudinal lines : anal snield dnsky, with a few indistinct darker
spots alon^ front margin ; venter eitner light or dark-bluish green ; legs pi^e, with
a iSunt blniab-green tinge.
Pupa, — Length, from 9 to 10™™. Color, yellowish-brown, the sutures of all parts
and the stigmata brown ; the dorsal line more or less distinct and quite daf k green ;
eyes black, large, projecting ; head rounded ; thorax faintly transversely wrinkled,
like donnm of abdominal segments with fine impressed punctures, ventni;! surface
imooth ; tip blnntly rounded dorsally with a low, sughtly rounded circular projection,
which along its posterior edge is furnished with 6 nne slender spineS|* having their
tips curved downward.
THE BOLLWOBM ALIAS OOEN-WORM.
(Heliothis armigera Hiibn.)
Order Lepidopteba ; family Kootuid jeb.
[Plate I and Plate XII, Fig. 1.]
INJUBY TO CORN IN 1881.
The autninn of 1881 was rather remarkable in economic entomology
from the excessive injury to com in the more northern States by tMs
insect. The 8i)ecies is one of the most widespread and injurious of the
fumers' pests, and, as we have treated of it rather fully in the forth-
coming fourth report of the United States Entomological Commission
as an enemy to the cotton plant, we repeat in advance what we have
there said upon its food-plants, other than cottoi), and add a rei>ort of
observations upon it made under our direction by Judge Lawrence John-
son, of Holly Springs, Miss. We also reproduce a colored plate pre-
pared for the Commission report.
FOOD-PLANTS OTHER THAN COTTON.
COBH. — It has for some time been supposed tiiat the first occasion on
which attention was publicly called to the fact of the identity of the
Boll- worm and the Com- worm was in Mr. Glover's report upon cotton
insects, published in the Patent Office Agricultural Eeport for 1854,
where he gives the credit to Col. B. A. Sorsby, of Columbus, Miss., in
the following words:
There ia a striking similaritT between the BoU-worm and the Com- worm in ap-
pearance, food, and habits, both in the caterpillar and perfect state, which leads to
the snppoaition that the BoU-worm may be the yoang of the Corn-worm moth, and
tiieeKKadcnpoaited on the yonng bolls as the nearest siibstitnte for green com, and
i^acM on tnem only when the com has become too old and hard for their food. Col.
A. A. Sonby, of Colnmbns, Miss., has bred both insects and declares them to be the
nine ; and, moreorer, when, according to Ids advice, the com was carefully wormed
on two or three plantations the Boll-worms did not make their appearance that season
on theootloQ, notwithstanding on neighboring plantations they commit great ravages.
It IB naturally desirable that so important a discovery as this should
be rightly credited, and it was therefore with considerable interest that
we rad tiie following paragraph in the article on the Boll- worm in the
10 AG
146 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
American Ootton Planter for July, 1850, by Mr. J. W. Boddie, of Jack-
son, Miss., from wliicli we have already quoted:
TliiB insect is an anomaly in the natnral history of inaect«, for it it much moie de-
structive to the plant, cotton (QoesypiumY for which it was nerer made, thma to the
one to which it naturally beloncfs, corn {Zea may$).
If I am right in my supposition, this insect is the caterpillar we find in the end of
ears of com, eating the silk and some little of the com. Tuls inseot is at the North as
well as at the South — in fact it is wherever the corn grows and wiU nerer depredate
on the cotton plant save through necessity.
The same fact of the identity of the two insects was subsequently inde-
pendently proven and published by Dr. J. H. Zimmerman in the Amer-
ican Cotton Planter for 1855, Mr. E. Sanderson, in the same journal, for
1858, and by the writer, in 1864, in the Prairie Farmer Annual, The first
time Mr. Glover expressed his belief in this identity was also in 1864,
the previous demonstrators all having been Southern planters.
Sufficient has already been said in the introduction concerning the de-
struct! veness of the Boll- worm to corn, and there remains to discuss here
only its methods of work. In the North there are normally two broods
which feed upon corn and exceptionally three. The first brood occa-
sionally makes its appearance early enough to feed upon the staminate
flowers, or ''tassels,'' before the ears are formed. Instances of this are
recorded by Mrs. Mary Treat, of Vineland, K. J., who writes to the
American Entomologist^ August 25, 1869, as follows:
The other day I passed a large field of com where the depredations of this worm
were visible upon almont every stalk. They had done their work weeks before, eat-
ing through the leaves while they^ were folded around the staminate flowers before
the ears had begun to make their appearance.
It is probably the second brood which attracts the most attention and
does the most damage. In August and September the infested fields
begin to pre^gent a sorry sight. Many of the busks are seen to be pierced
by circular holes, and upon opening, the gi*ain is found to be eaten in
forrows, principally at the outer end of the ear. If the work has been
done before the kernel has set or hardened, the milky juice will have
exuded and smeared the end of the ear, wheu mold soon forms upon it,
other insects work their way in and feed upon it, and the whole ear soon
presents a disgusting appearance.
Barely more than one full-grown worm is found in the ear at the same
time, though frequently several of different sizes are to be seen. In the
course of its growth the worm by no means confines itself to a single ear.
As the wl^im seizes him, or as the flavor of one ear palls upon his deli-
cate appetite, he leaves it and enters another either upon the same or
an adjoining stalk. The journey from one to another is made in the
night, and the new ear is usually entered by a circular hole bore<l
through some part of the husk; so that the mere pi-eseuiM) of a hole in
the husk does not, as is thought by many, necessarily imply that the
worm has left the ear to transform.
From the first to the last of September tlie inarms of this second
bpood bore out through the husks and enter the ground to trausforni,
those pupating first frequently, in warm seasons in the more northern
localines, and always, we believe, in the latitude of South Illinois, Mis-
souri, and Virginia, giving rise to a third brood, which feeds upon the
hardened corn if mojre congenial food is not at hand*
It was formerly thought ^at the ^brts of the worm on corn were
confined to the tender and milky ears. In fact we stated {American
JEntomologisty 1, 1869^ p. 212) that—
The worm cannot Uyo on hard com, and it ia nsaally fuU-grown when the kernela
.are in the *^ milk'' state.
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 147
Ri 1870, however, we corrected this idea in the following wotds (see
TLird Missouri Entomological Eeport, 1870, p. 104) :
1 wat formerly of the opiDion that tJiis worm could not live on hard com, and it cer-
tainly does eeuerally disappear before 1^ com fally ripens, but last fall Mr. James
HarluieM, of Saint Lonis, brooght me, as late as the latter part of October, from a
oom-field on the Slinois bottom, a number of large and well-ripened ears, eao^ con-
taining from one to five worms of different sizes, subsisting and flonrishing upon the
bard kernels.
Prof. E. W. Claypole, of Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio, also
called attention to the same fact in the S^oyember, 1880, number of the
American Entomologist, He says :
In entting my own com yesterday I found many specimens of this insect, and there
sow lies before me an ear almost uniignred and nearly dry, the kernels being too hard
to jield to the nail, and full of meal when broken, in which is an almost mil-grown
worm CD gaged in eating these hard grains. * * * Later. I have as late as the
first week of this month (October) found small Corn-worms, not more than half an
inch long, engaged in eating the ripe ears of com, and I can add from experience that
these small worms can bite sharply.
Last tall (1881), in the vicinity of Canton, M., Prof. Barnard observed
that mnch damage was done to late corn, over two-thirds of the ears
hanrested having contained one or more worms. Live worms were
foond in the ears np to the time of hnsking, in the latter part of Octo-
ber, feeding upon the hard kernels. The ears thns damaged exhibited
on hnsking many shallow grooves through the tops of the kernels, which
seemed, indeed, the favorite mode of work of the worms; but occasion-
ally a single kernel would be eaten down to the cob. There, as else-
where, mildew had served to greatly increase the damage done by the
worm.
In the Southern States there are always three broods rf the worm
upon com, the later broods preferring the tender cotton bolls to the
tongh com. The moths in early spring lay their eggs on the leaves of
the corn, and the newly-hatched larvce begin feeding at once on the
spot of their birth. By these young larvse many irregular holes are
eaten through the tender leaves, giving them, as has been well said, the
sppearance of having been riddled by a charge of small shot In 'this
manner they feed for some time, gradually working their way downward
mto the sheath of the leaf, and finally reaching the closely-rolled ter-
minal bud, into yhich they bore and remain feeding until they attain
their full growth, when they gnaw directly outwards and, crawling into
the ground, transform to pupaj.
The eggs of the second brood are laid upon the leaves and upon the
sheaths of the tassels about the 1st of June. The worms feed, as be-
fore, upon the leaves at first, upon the tassels, and later, as they ap-
proach full growth, they are to be found feeding upon the kernels, silk,
and cob of the forming ears.-
The third brood, commencing shortly after the Ist of July, may be
compared in its destmctiveuess to the second brood at the north. It is
very numerous, and is the last brood which injures com to any extent.
Tbe eggs are laid upon the end of the husk or amongst the silk, and
the worms work in the manner previously described, occasionally pierc-
ing the hnsk and migrating from one ear to another, although the ten-
dency to do this is much less when the ears are tender than after the
grains have begun to harden. The worms of this brood pupate in the
imial way, and those of the next betake themselves almost exclusively
to cottijn. Occasionally a worm is found working in the ears of hardened
«>iu in close proximity to a cotton-field, but it is ^ (iprnpuratively rare
occurence.
148 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF AGRICULTURE.
TomIto. — Perhaps next in imiK)rtance to the damage done to cotton
and com comes that done to the tomato crop. In 1867 the Boll-worm
played havoc with the tomatoes of Southern Illineia, eating into the
green fruit and causing it to rot. (Qee American Entomologist^ I, 212).
In his Tcport for 1870 Mr. Glover speaks especially of the damage to
this orop the previous year in Maryland. The worm bored into both
the ripe and unripe fruit of the tomato, rendering it wholly unfit- for
use. It was said that a single caterpillar would ruin a number of the
frnit on one plant alone.
Mr. Crane, of Mandarin, Fla., an extensive vegetable grower, lost, in
1878, one third of his crop of tomatoes through this Heliothis.
Prof. J. E. WiUet, of Macon, Ga., in correspondence with the Depart-
ment in September, 1879, related the interesting fact that in the vicin-
ity of Macon, at least, the Boll-worm had developed the mischievous
habit of boring into the tomato-stalks until they were nearly or quite
severed, thus doing more damage than it could have done by confin-
ing it«eif to the fruit. The larv» have also been found feeding upon
the leaves of tomato, at Washington, by Mr. Pergande, one of our as-
sistants.
The Boll- worm has also been found by J. Jenner Weir to feed upon
the tomato plant in England, and we have already elsewhere commented
upon the interest attadung to this fact, since the tomato is grown with
such difficulty in England.*
ToBAOOO, AND OTHEB SoLANAOKic-r-So far as wc kuow there has
been no record of injury to tobacco by the Boll worm in this country;
but Mr. Gh. Goureau, in his Insectes Nuisibles (second supplement, 18^5,
p. 132), mentions the fact that it devours the leaves of this plant where
cultivated in Europe.
Of other Solanaceous plants we may mention the red pepper (Copn-
cum ontiuiem), the Jamestown or Jimpson weed {Datura ftramonium)^
and the Ground-cherry (PkysaUs). The injury to peppers is mentioned
by Professor French in the report of the Illinois State Entomologist for
1877, p. 102, while the observation on Stramonium was made by Dr.
Barnard and Mr. Schwarz. at Selma, Ala., in August, 1880. On PhyaaliB
they were seen by Dr. A. Oemler, at Savannah, Ga., and we found them
ruining the fruit of this plant in all parts of Kansas in 1877.
LEauHiNOS^. — ^The Boll worm is very fond of boring into the xK)ds
of LeguminouB plants. The x>od of the common g^den pea (Ptei^m
sat,%vum) is frequently destroyed by it.t
Boll-worms were discovered feeding on the common string-bean
{Phojseolus vulgaris) in the vicinity of Kirkwood, Mo., by Miss Mary
Murtfeldt. In Ootoberj 1879, specimens were received from D. Land-
reth & Sons, Philadelphia, which had damaged their Lima-beans to the
extent of from 3 to 5 per cent. Upon the field bean they were observed
feeding by Mr. Howard, near Savannah, in 1881. With all these s|>ecies
of beans, and with the garden pea, the method of work is the same — the
worm bores into the p(^ at some one point, and never leaves until the
entire contents are ruined. With the common Oow-pea of the South
( Vigna and BoKohos^ Bpp.), in the pods of which Heliothis is very often
found feeding, the work is frequently done in quite a different way.
* American 3ni<nnologi8t, 11, 172.
tSeo quotation from Mrs. Mary Treat, in the American EntomologiBi^ Vol. XL p. 42.
See also Gloyei's report of the Entomologist for 1870, p. 84 ; onr third Missouri Rei>ort,
p. 105; and report of Prof. Wm. Trelease, in the Report on Cotton Insects, 1879.
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 149
The seeds are separated by marked fleshy partitions, and, rather than
pierce these partitions, the worm bores through to the outside and enters
again opx>06ite to another pea. In the same manner it infests Eryihrina
herhiicea — a leguminous plant which grows wild through the South, more
commonly near the coast. (See Eeport on Cotton Insects, Department of
Agriculture, 1879, p. 296.) In Europe it is found on Lucerne {Medicago
uUiva) according to Goureau (ibid.)^ and upon the Chick-pea (Cicer
arietinum) according to M. J. Fallon {Inaectologie AgricolCj 1869, p. 205.)
In the liatter case the young worms feed upon the leaves and the older
on^ bore into the i>od.
CucuRBiTAGEiB. — Amoug the CucurbitacesB several useful plants
are injured by the Boll- worm. Glover, in 1870, -records pumpkins ( Cucur-
bitapepo)j and Judge Johnson, in his report here appended, mentions
melons {Cucumis m^lo) and summer squash {Cucurbita verrucosa), Mr.
Olover, as long ago as 1855, found the Boll- worm feeding in the flowers
of squash.— (Glover, 1855, p. 100).
Malyace^. — ^Professor French (seventh report of the State Ento-
mologist of Illinois) reports the worm as feeding on the growing seed-
pods of the large-flowered Bose Mallow (Hibiscus grar^iflara) along
streams in Illinois. He has recently published the fact, however, that
the larva concerned in this injury was not Heliothis but a Pyralid.*
The usefid Okra or Gumbo plant (SU)iscus esculentus) is often de-
. stroyed, according to Judge Johnson, oy this larva.
Othbb POOD-PLANTS. — ^The families IridacesB, Convolvulaceae^rti-
caceae, Eeaedacese, G^raniacese each contain a single food plant of Helio-
this. Mrs. Treat, in her Yineland address on insects, quoted from in
the American Entomologist^ I, p. 43, mentioned the. Gladiolus, grown
ftequently in flower gardens, as being occasionally eaten in the spring
by ^e BoUrWorm. Mr. Schwarz several times found the worm, at Selma,
Ala., feeding on the green fruit of Ipotnea commutata. He remarks : ^^ It
is a very curious sight to see this large larva with its head imbedded in
the comparatively small fruit of this plant." Mr. Gk>ureau (L c^ men-
tions hemp (Cannabis) as one of the European food plants, and Kalten-
bach (Pflanzenfeinde, &c., p. 42) states that the worm lives from June
to August on the Dyer's Mignonette {Reseda luteola).
Within the last year the worms were received from Mr. Daniel Wilter.
of Denver, Colo., as boring into the stems of his garden Geraniums, aaa
also eating the leaves of the same plant.
These are, so far as we have been able to ascertain, all of the food -plants
of HeUothis armigera yet known or at least yet recorded. Others will
midoubtedly be found from time to time, and it is not improbable that
the present list could be swelled into tne hundreds by a diligent and
specific study of this insect for a year or two, for enough has been said
to show that it is a very general feeder.
In this connection we cannot avoid making the statement that the
Boll-worm is by no means exclusively vegetarian in its diet, although
this point wiU be fully discussed in the special report It has been re-
peatedly known to devour the pup» of the Cotton- worm (Aletia xylina)
^hen free upon the plants, and has moreover gained a wide reputation
as a cannibal, the larger individuals frequently dming upon the smaller
ones.
*11xia statement was contamed in a report prepared by Professor French for the
tkixd report of the United States Entomological Commission, but which has been inde-
P«ndflntly printed in the eleyenth report oxthe State Entomologist of Illinois.
150 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGBICULTUBE.
EEPOBT UPON HELIOTHIS ABMIGBBA. BY JUDGE LAWBENOE JOHN-
SONy OF HOLLT SPRINGS^ MISS.
HoLLT Springs, Miss., November 1, 1880.
In this vicinity Heliothie armigera (Boll-worm) made no appearance in cotton till
the first or second week in August. Many of mv observations may he of general in-
terest and some value. It is worth notice that whilst cotton was free from it« ravages
so long, all the early com in the county was infested to a remarkable degree. In Uie
field examined by myself, which was planted at short intervals from the 15th of March
to the 15th of April, and was in roasting-ear from the latter part of June, not more
than three per cent, of the ears were found without at least one worm. It is seldom
more than one is found. If two or three, they were apparently of different ages and
sizes, and not in the same burrow or on the same side of the cob. This, in common
estimation, is attributed to the instinot of the parent teaching her to deposit bat one
egg to the silk.
Sot one in the habit of observing insects soon finds instinct (if the word should not
be discarded altogether) a very nnreliable explanation. It is ^ne this moth does not
oviposit rapidly, and drops but one egg before her restless habits drive her to flit to
another resting place ; but she may come back again to the same ear. Other moths
also may use the same shuck to provide a feeding-ground for their young without in-
quiring whether there is a tenant within or not. This is the reason why, when several
worms are found on the same cob, they are of different ages. The eggs are laid by dif-
ferent moths at different times.
There is another fact to be noticed in accounting for the solitary habits of theee
worms. They are the most ravenous and cannibalistic of vegetable feeding larvas I
have noticed. Whenever in the coarse of feeding on young seeds — their normal nutri-
ment—one comes to the ribs of another he eats right through and seeminglv prefers
meat to bread. I have seen a nomber so destroyed. True, I have also fou^a contig-
uous barrows, and toaohing at some one point, both containing live worms : but upon
close examination I am satisfied the aggressive caterpillar reached the older burrow
at a point filled only with dSMe* The first having passed on, of course he turned to
more inviting pastara^.
ThiB Jolv orop of Hehothis foond in early com, and called the first crop, is not strictly
such. As in case of many other insects, the period of development in the pupa state
is irregular. They hibernate in this form, and come forth from the ground in the
spring, at the return of reviving heat. Their first appearance deserves more attention
and cTofier observation. They attack the first thing Uiat bears seeds and pods. Tbev
might well be named seed-eaters or pod-eaters, for before com is in silk they will
scarcely allow a yoaag squash or a young tomato to escape. But it is true their main
force is reserved for the young com — ^ana Aot the earliest, that is, the very earliest —
for the com of the gardens in June is comparatively free from their depredations.
They reserve their main army for the regular field crops of the farmers.
The egg is laid on or near the silk, upon the shuck — as often described by others — and
in about three weeks the worm has run its course; he cuts his way through the envel-
oping leaves and drops to the ground, which he enters to a depth of three or four inches —
in some cases, if the soil is uivorable — ^but often stops within an inch or two of the
surface. I have had them to undergo the change in a box without earth, and appar^
ently as healthfiil as in their normid element. The punas remain in the earth an ir-
regular period. In one or two instances I have had the fly to appear within seven
days, but generall v ten, fifteen, and twenty days are required ; and I have some of the
chrysalids yet, at frost, apparently sound, which seem determined to wait for another
summer.
From about the 5th to the 10th of August the moth was most abundant, and this
is called the second crop. For the first time now did they appear plentifully in the
cotton-fields, but no more to leave them till frost, with a noted falling off, however,
about the 15th of September. In this latitude, then, it is the month from the middle
of August to the middle of September that Boll- worms are to be feared, and this is
exactly the period they do most damage to cotton. It is a mistake to look for their
work only on the large or half-grown bolls. This popular error originates in the fact
that only such remain on the stalks after injury. Even the most intelligent farmers
rarely notice that the fallen bolls and yonng squares (as the unblown buds are called),
which are shed so plentifully at this season, are, in nine cases out of ten, injured more
or less by thi» worm. The very young do most of it. I do not deny that atmospheric
influences may have something to do with the shedding of cotton, as it is callo<l, but
from a careful watching of several small fields this season I am forced to the conclusion
that most of this ldi»s is due to insects. There are several of the suctorial Hemiptrra
aldo taking part in the mischief — and sudden changes in degrees of heat or moisture
may have some efl'ect — but all the facts point, as you have explained to me in convy-
sation, to the gnawing of Boll-worms as the principal factor in this kind of blight. In
the first place the time corresponds with the greatest activity of these larva).
BEFORT OF THE BNTOMOLOOIST. 151
Tbe Aurmera asy the wet weather is mftklDg it shed, or the dry weather baa o^uaed
H, or the cotton waa ploughed a little too wet, or too dry, or too close, or too deep.
They neyer, for a moment, suspect that the small, soft, downy, salmon-colored moths
that horer about after sunset haye anythlDe to do with it.
Addressing the same conunon nnderstanding, their attention may be called to the
parts of the crop liable to shed (aceordinff to the style of the farmers), lliere are three
erops to each stalk. The bottom, middle, and top crop ; each of these crops of bolls,
set with as many partial seasons or summer rains. The bottom crop neyer sheds. It
tlwsys sets the frait and is neyer irjnred by this worm, except when occasionally a
grown boU is bore^ or, more frequently, gnawed a little and left to be attacked by
rot later. The middle crop, at the advent of this enemy, is going oat of bloom, and in
^ Tffy eonditioii the yonng worms Ioto most. A boll less than the sise of a pigeon's
e^, eaten ever so little, dies, and generally drops off. Larger than that it may live
s long time and aeldom falls off whether it dies or not. It is here alone that the
oidiiiary observer disooyers BolUworm work.
At tills period tlie top crop is in the Mwors, as the nnblown bud with its inyolnore
if called— the very stage for the nonrisn^ient of the newly-hatched worm — and it is
here that tiie great majority of the eggs is laid. What are the consequences f When-
eref Heliothis ia abundant a genenu shedding begins at the top, and extends to the
Bdddle of the crop. In two weeks the prospect may be changed ten, twenty, or eyen
fifty per cent. A patch near me this year, earefuUy estimated, was changed twenty-five
per eent. Generally thronghont the county ten per cent, is the least calculation* Of
an the ixihiries to cotton in this latitude none can compare with Boll-worm, for it is
mdyersal and a regular annual visitor. Once in eight or ten years Aletia takes a crop,
kA occasionally Kust breaks out and sweeps Off a patch. Heliothis is found every
yesr and in almoet every place.
Is rr THX 8AMB AS CORK- WORM f—Agaln, it will need no closer observer than the
sidiiiary fsrmer to weigh these facts and to notice a few more very manifest. For in-
itanee, it is always near com that BoU-worm is worst; it is generally where cotton
neeeeds com or cotton that they abound, and worst of all where com is planted
thrsogh a field of cotton to fill up missing places. But it is easy to settle the ques-
tion by rearing the worms, as I have done tnis summer, collecting them from different
Mmrecfl and giving them a variety of food.
Tbtst are at least three varieties ; all of them seem to feed without hesitation on
torn (in every stage, from bloom till harvest), on cotton bollir and squares, on the
fnm pods of besms and eow*peas. and do not hesitate to bore into okra, melons, to-
matoes, and squashes. Worms takeu from com were successfully fed qu cotton ; and
from cotton were as easily reared on com, beans, pease, and okra. Com in the soft
itage was undoubtedly preferred to all other food, but they would eat even leaves,
^is motha at this period abound, but are difiSonIt to find in cotton during any day-
fight. They seem to prefer to hide in cow-peas and clover — ^wheiv these grow near—
and may be seen about sunset, sucking the honey secretions of flower stems of the
peas and dipping into the blossoms of the clover. Yet I have never found their eggs
or young in clover, and rather rarely in the cow-peas. Though almost omnivorous,
HeUothxa larva are essentially pod-borers and seed-eaters. They will take to anything
having the appearance of a pod. This is curiously manifest in their preference for
the ehrysalids of other Lepidoptera. The larger worms would leave everything for
the pupsB of AJetia when they were plentiful. This special carnivorous appetite was
first noticed September 23 in company with Professor Jones, while we were experiment-
ing in a field mfested with Aletia. There were hundreds of the popsB devoured by
some enemy that broke into the larger end. Much of this work was freshly done, and
when I first obeerved it, a few days previously, I was disposed to attribute it to a
Bnali black or dark-brown grub (supposed to be Telephorns), many of which I found
in the newly-rifled ehrysalids devouring the remains. But these were never in suffi*
dent numbers to account for the destruction of the Aletia pupse. Professor Jones,
on the occasion alluded to, caught a Boll-worm in the very act, and I have since veri-
fied this propensi^ by finding them to prefer this diet to any other. Further obser-
vation, therefore, led me to acquit tlie little Telephori of initiating the robbery — they
odIj play the jackal at the feast ; the lion they follow is the Boll-worm.
To COMBAT THE BYiL. — ^My experiments and suggestions may be of some value, but
I have not to propose any one perfect remedy. Precautionary measures may be used
with advantage, and can be easily understood by planters generally. It is evident,
from what is observed as to their /cod and habits, that if all pod-bearing crops could
be suspended a twelve-month the race would perish.* But as this is not practicable
some appTOximation to its effects might still be obtained by Judicious rotation. It is
known to planters, and often remarked by them, that cotton does well after fallow, or
aft^ wheat, or any other small-grain crop. They still remember how healthy the cot-
ton was just after the war, and now iroe it is from shedding in sedge land. Herein
lies a lesson.
. - ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
*ThiB is altogether too broad an assertion. — C. Y. E.
152 REPORT OP THE C0MMIS6I0NEB OP AGRICULTURE.
Heliothidsj as known, pass the winter in the pupa Stat* in the earth, in ootton and
com fields, where the full-grown worm drops. As often as iK>88ible, then^ ohaaffe the
cropping, and never plant cotton after com if it can be avoided ; nor shonld it be pmnted
near corn if the crop can be pitched otherwise. When a cotton-fieltl becomes much
poUnted sow it down in wheat or oats, or plant in com, to be follow^ b^ one of these.
Green com is the great nursery of this plague, and next to the com is a great crop
of Southern cow-peas.
The worst infested field I observed this year was a small one in which there had
been a bad stand of cotton in the spring, and to mend it com was planted in the
missing places. By unskilled working more damage was done to the stand, and to
mend tMs affain cow-peas were drop]^ in the gaps. No arrangement could have
suited Helio3u» better. The peas supplied the moth shelter during the day, and their
favorite repast at fall of evening.
Some old and formerly large and successful planters tell me that their practice to
top cotton, about the l(Hh or August, and bum the young shoots was a check to the
Boll?worm. By this practice no doupt many eggs and young larv» were destroyed.
Natural enkmies. — ^Their natural enemies a^rd some degree of protection. Birds
might be fostered, as suggested by yourself with regard to Aletia, by putting up martin
boxes about in the fields. The bluebirds are fine hunters of the w^rms, but Inave never
seen them catch the moth. They will take to any kind of a box if the martins do not.
These are great fly-catchers, as is well known, and fly late — the very time for crop-
destroyinff moths of all kinds. But of all birds, the most effectnal I have found are do-
mestic turkeys and chickens. Turkeys range through a cotton-field, looking up into the
leaves, and well hid must be the worm they do not find. Their value has long been
known in tobacco-fields. Chickens, on the other hand, not so good after wormsL are
exceedingly srctive in pursuit of the moths. When two small fiems, near me, and aaily
visited t£is summer, became naturallv infested with Aletia, the last of August and
first of September, the neighboring turkeys and chickens were there from morning till
evening. They never allowed Aletia to get more than half grown. Even when, the
26th ofSeptember, I brought hundreds ofAletia larvse into one of the fields for exper-
iments with Pyrethrum the turkeys hunted th^m out, and, with superior interest and
eyesight, in a &w hours none were left except two, which were old enough to web up
before thev were found out.
How they should find the Boll-worm so often I do not know, but as a fact it was
vain for me to mark 'stalks with young Heliothis upon them with a view to future
observations. The turkeys were there from morning until night, and no JSeHotitU
dared to show his head, as they often do at close of day. without danger frt>m these
vigilant guaras. I^ractically, I was compelled to cage all I proposed to watch. To
the great planting interest these facts can be df little value. It would require flocks
of immense num^rs, and to be herded about over the fields, to accomplish anything
proportionate to what is above related of small patches near habitations. JayB,'black-
birds, woodpeckers, and crows destroy vast numbers of Heliothis in com about the
time the grain begins to toughen, but these allies levy toll also on the crop. * * •
Very respectfully,
LAWRENCE JOHNflON.
Prof. C. V. Riley,
Chief United Staiei EnUnmologioal C<mmi»9hn.
TEE COTTON WORM.
{Aletia xyKnOj Say.)
Order Lepidoptera ; Family Noctuid jbl
Pending the issaance from the printing ofl^oe of the spedal rei>ort on
this insect, which will form Yolome lY of the reports of the United States
Entomological Commission, it will be well to devote a few pages of this
aunaal report to the subject, in order to meet the constant demand for
information. This will best be done by reproducing, 1st, part of an
address delivered at the Atlanta exposition, giving a summary of prin-
ciples we have established and work we have done ; 2d, a letter to
Hon. E. J. Ellis, M. C, on the best way to meet a possible emergency
in the overflowed Mississippi cotton districts ; 3d, an illustrated descrip-
REPOET OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 163
tioD by Professor Barnard, adapted in advance from the special report
on the subject, of what we consider one of the best and siidplest spray-
ing machines; 4:t\iy a summary of damage done by the worm in 1881, as
famished by the statistiiMan from replies of the Departm^t correspond-
ents to a special inquiry on the subject; 5th, some recently-ascertained
facts in the natural history of the species, and particularly the settle-
ment of the question of hibernation within our borders.
▲DDBBSS ON THE COTTON WORM.
IFrom MB addrea* dellTered by C. Y. BQey befora the Cotton CoBTontloii at Atlanta, Ko^wnber 4, 1881.]
THX COTTON WOBM; BBIXF BTATEMKNT OF PAST WO^K.
Toa all know some th|]ig8 about tbis insect. Under the yariooa aliases of Cotton
Wonn, Caterpillar, Army Worm, or old French Chenille, it has been a dread to the cot-
ton-grower of the United States since the beginning of the centary. A natiTC of Cen-
tnl and Sootiti America, its advent in the northern portion of the continent was w^
doabt ooetaneoQs with the introduction and cultiyation of cotton. Appearing in de-
straetiTe numbers at irregular intervals, it was looked upon as an unmitigated evil
entirelj beyond man's control.
The most careful statistics, compiled at my request by Mr. J. R. Dodge, the leading
a^cultund statistician in ^he country, show that during the period from 1S65 to ISTv
tSe average annual loss to the cotton-growers from this cause was $15,000,000, wbtib
in some years it reached nearly double that sum. On the principle of '' a penny saved
i« a penny earned," this is so niuch stolen froiA your poclbets. Since 1879. notwith-
Btanding mcreasdd acreage, the loss has been less, owing to the more general adoptKm
of methods for represshig the worm. It at first seems astonishing that with such large
Vmms to the staple crop no systematic attempt should have been made to overcome
this, the planters worst enemv ;. that no enthusiastic naturalist should have arisen
among jon, either before or an-er the war, to take hold of the problem, and at least
eammsm all the aid that science and intelligence could bring to bear to solve it.
But whatever the ^planation. the fact remains that up to 1873 the planter was
praetteally at the mercy of this Aletia, while up to 1878 there existed a vast amount
of theory and scarcely any exact knowledge relative to its nature and habits. A few
Southemrmen like the late Thomas AfflecK, of Brenham, Tex., and Dr. D. L. Phares,
now of the State aericnltaral college at Starksville, Miss.,, had writt<en intelligently
of what the-v had observed in their own limited regions, but without laying claim to
that general entomological knowledge and experience which was necessary, whether
to correct interpretation of the manifestations or the practical solution of the probleuk
Prof. Townend Glover also did his very best work in this field, but the practical out-
come had been the use of fires and lamps to attract and kill the parent moth — ^methods,
at the best, more or leas unsatisfactory and Ineffectual in preserving the crop.
In 1872 I suggested the use of Paris green to destroy this pest, and in 1873 confidently
recommended it for the purpose, in an address which was very generally copied in
Southern journals. The planters, in the more southern portions ot the cotton belt, Who,
a^er the war, and while struggling against many adverse influences, had seen tl^eir
crops ruined year after year, and had become well-nigh discouraged, hailed this remedy
wHn profound joy, and many were the touching expresbions of appreciation and thank-
fuln^s which I received from various quarters. Meu more zealous for their own gain
than for the public welfare patented various combinations of Paris gieen and other
arsenical poisons, and did a lucrative business in selling rights to use their various
compounds under names that conveyed no idea of their nature. They all had arsenic
in some form as base, and feeling that the patentees were, in great measure, imposing
on the public, I used my pen ' and influence to stay the impositions. The period be-
tween 1875 and 1878 was one of activity in the improvement of appliances for using
the poisons, but they all had for their object the throwing of these last, in liquid or
powder, broadcast over the plants.
Although I had lon^ felt that the subject was one of the greatest importance, well
deserving the attention of the national government, the opportunity to begin a
thorough in vesti|;ation of it was first oflered in 1878, wnen, as Entomologist to the De-
partment of Agriculture, and with the hearty assistance of Senator Mqrgan, of Ala-
bama, and other Southern Senators knd Kepreueut>ative8, I secured a small apropria-
tion of $5,000 for the purpose. The inveHtigatiou has not been without obstacles and
difficoltiea. Daring the fircft two years the prevalence of yellow fever was an imped-
iment, and as the most interesting sections, from the Cotton Worm standpoint, are the
most malarious and unhealthy, and obsertations must be made during the ni^ht as
'well as by day, few of my agents have escaped'Sickifess after a summers Work in the
field. Prof W. S. Barnard, who is here with me now in charge of the machinery on
154 BEPORT OP THB^ GOMMISSIOKER OP AORICULTUEB.
exliibition beneath this hall, and to whose x>er8eyerance and ingenuity we owe Tari-
ous important mechanical contrivances, was so seriously ill at Selma last fall that I
once almost despaired of getting him back safe to his home in the North. I men-
tion these facts because the synopsis of results which I shall now endeavor to pre^>eut
to you will convey no adequate idea of the time and labor involved in getting at the
truths which, once obtained, appear simple enough. ''What is missed is mystery, what
is hit is history,'' and you have all no doubt laughed at the simplicity of some feat or
trick of legerdemain after it was once explained, where l>efore you hiul puzzled your
heads in vain for the explanation. Nature's truths are all simple when we have once
learned to read them, but the key to unlock them is generally revealed to us only
after much patient and intelligent search in field and laboratory,
NATURAL HISTORY OP THE COTTON WORM.
Here [pointinff to diagram] you have illustrated a worm which you are all more or
less familiar with fh its general aspect-s and it« consequences. It belongs to the same
order (Lepidoptera) as the Silk-worm. The one industriously spins for us that most
lustrous and unequaled fi.bcr that plavs such an important part in the commerce
of the world, and was for a long time a nt emblem of royalty; while the other is bent
on destroyiag that liber which, though less rich and costly, is more important to the
mnltitode. The one by study, experience, and experiment man has succeeded in arti-
AoWiUy propagating ; the other, by the same methods, he may succeed in destrojin^.
Omne vivum ab ovo. All life comes from an egg. Modem science confirms thie Lm-
ni&an aphorism. Our Cotton Worm invariably batches from an egg, and the very
common belief among planters that it has a spontaneous origin, or in some way comes
from cotton-seed, is childish. The egg is 0.6»™ wide, circular, much flattened, and
ribbed. Bright, oluish-green in color when first laid, it is attached singly t« the under
side of the larger and lower leaves, and is easily overlooked. In from two to four days
after being laid — the time varying with the^season— the young worm hatches. It
feeds fbr a few days upon the under side of the leaves, making yellowish and semi-
transparent blotches. These, to the well-posted planter, betoken* its presence, where
otherwise it would remain unnoticed. It sheds its skin five times and acquires full
growth in from one to three weeks after hatching, according to the season. It riddles
the cotton-leaf only in the last half of its worm-Hfe and eats more during the last two
days than during all the rest of its existence. I want you to bear this fact in mind,
as it explains tne apparently sudden appearanoe of the worm, so often remarked
upon. When full-grown the creature spins a slight web, usually in a piece of rolled-up
leieif, and becomes a chrysalis, which from its nature must always be formed above
ground and cannot burrow beneath the surface of the soil. This state lasts on an
ayerage about one week in midsummer, but two or three times as long in spring or
fall. In due time the moth or imago issues. This moth has a series of wavy, lilac-
oolored or crimson lines across the somewhat olivaceous front wings, which generally
have a olay-yellow or faintly golden cast, but it is chiefiy distingui^ed by a dark, oval
spot on the disk of each wing, and by three minute white specks dividing the space be-
tween this dark spot and the shoulder in three equal parts. It rests wi th the wihgs fonn-
jng a straight line along the back. It is nocturnal m habit, resting during the day, and
taking but a short, startled flight when diaturbed. In the early part of the night it
is busy feeding and hovering from plant to plant, in flight contrasting strongly with
its darting day-flight. In tne latter part of the night and small hours of the morning
the sexes pair and the female is engaged in ovipositing. Its food is chiefly the sac-
charine exudations fVom certain glanos on the under side of the midrib of the leaves
and at the bases of the outer lobes of the involucre, though it will feed on all sorts of
other sweets and is capable of fretting the surface and sucking the Juices of fruits.
The time elapsing from one generation to another varies according to temperature,
and, therefore, according to season. There is increa^sing activity and acceleration in
development fh>m the first appearance till July, and thenceforth decreasing activity
and retkrdation in development till frost. Thus in midsummer the whole cycle of in-
dividual Hf^ from the hatching to procreating, may occupy less than three weeks,
while in spring and late autumn it may occupy twice that time. Taking the whole
season through, however, the time from the egg of one generation to that of another
wiU average about one month.
The first worms appear much earlier than was formerly supposed, viz., from the
middle of April tiH the middle of May, in the southern portion of the cotton belt. The
fkct that these early worms generally attract no attention, and that the species seldom
acquires disastrous foree till the third generation, has given riBe to the erroneous no-
tion of later first appearance. There are also many more generations than has been
supposed, seven or more being produced toward^ the Gulf, the last enduring till frost
cuts it off. When I tell yon that in addition to this rapid succession of broods the moth
is one of the most prolific with which I am acquainted, capable, in fact, under favor-
HEPOBT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 155
ing circnmstaDces, of laying six or seven hnndred eggs, yoa will no longer wonder at
its destmctiTe capacity. The progeny of a single female may, iD less than two months,
under the influence of midsummer temperature, reach twenty billions, while you all
know that half a dozen worms to a plant are snfiicient to jeopardize the crop. Why,
were it not for the various natural checks upon the increase of the species in geomet-
rical ratio, snoccssfnl cotton-culture, with all our improved methods for destroying the
pest, would be ntteriy impossible. Kemove the barriers and the flood comes. The oc-
casional impotence of the natural ehecks, through one cause or another, very quickly
gives the Cotton Worm the mastery in the struggle for existonce, and precipitates it
upon o« in maltitndes almost as if by magic.
1 have freqoently referred to the southern part of the cotton belt, becanse the
iofieet acta differently in the southern portion of the belt, where it hibernates, from
what it does in the northern portion. Here it appears later and only after having
become excessively multiplied further south. The dividing Hne between these two
portions has been approximately given in roy Bulletin on the Cotton Worm.
The manufacturers here present have laid stress on the importance of cleansing your
eottpn from sand, leaf, and other trash before shipment, and If r. Atkinson emphasized
the point in his address yesterday. It may not be generally known that it is the gnaw-
ing of the worm which causes the staining and fra^ents of leaf in the cotton, and
that this is mach more difflcnlt to remove in ginning than sand or earth, and I wish
yoa particularly to bear in mind that for this reason the destruction of the worm will
psy you ten times its cost, even when the worm comes too late to otherwise injure the
GIDp.
bow, I feel that I have got on to a theme of great coneem to you all, but I must
psss over many questions of interest if I am to reach the chief object of my remarks.
To treat of the conditions of soil and plant most f|ivorable to the Cotton Worm, the
meteotrological inflnences affecting it, the migrations of the moth, the manner of
kibeniation, the parasites and other natural enemies, would require many hours' time.
And I must pass them by for the present. Before proceeding to the more practical
eooskiemtiona, however, I wish to say a few words, by way of comparison, about an-
other important enemy of the cotton crop, viz., the Boll-worm.
[The ptpfo— or's remarks were here iftnstrated by colored diagrams. He gave an
intecesting accxmnt of the Boll-worm, showing its habits and character, and how it
difived 6am the Cotton Watm in. transforming underground, in the manner in which
the moth rests, and in other particulars, but that the two resembled each other in
both teding at first on the under side of the leaf.]
From the faats here presented it is obvious tkatpoiaons appUed to the nnder 9urfao$ of
ike UtBtto will aooompli»kfar more gooi tham when thrown on we upper euffaee. as has been
the ooinm<m custom. They will more surely kill the young worms before these do
soy dama^; they will tend to kill the moths, and they will likewise kill the young
BoU-wonna. Time will not permit me to go into details as to the different substances
that may be used for the destruction of these worms. It suffices to say that of the
tons of diflerent ingredients that we have experimented with, Paris green, London
purple, or arsenic in some form, give the most satisfaction, while the only vegetable
STodnct that gives any promise of usefulness is Pyrethrum, prepared Arom plants in-
jgenons to parte of Europe and Asia, and the cultivation of which I have been en-
dcAToring to establish in various parts of the South.
IMPBOVBD APPUANGBfl.
"Planters will apply poisons either in liquid or in powder, according to circnm-
itaiiese and conveniences. The wet method, according to present practices, i^ the
nioie expeditions, and the safer, so fan as injury to man and stook is concerned It
sets lees &vorably in wet weather, the first outlay in appliances is greater, and they
m often aseless where the soil is heavv and wet. The dry method can be most ad*
vsDtageoosly uised in wet weather, and the application is most persistent; the cost of
dilosAta has heretofore been great ; there is more danger to the operator, and an acre
is poisoned less quickly.
'^ Experim^it shows that in the broadcast methods of sprinkling there is a limit to
the subdivision of the liquid beyond which it cannot practicallv ue carried, both on
sceount of the greater tendency of the nozzle to c^og and oi the greater specitio
irsTity of the poison compared to water in fine spray ; so that in attemptin^^ to throw
Bee spray over ten or twelve rows the outer rows receive no poison. This last ob-
•tacle applies lees to Pyrethrum, which has least sjieoific gravity. In using the poi-
toDftdry it does not seem possible to advantageously diminish the amount per acre
by iny |reeent appliancee, but I have reasons to believe that a diluent of simple earth
wstt dried and pulverized may be used with as much advantage as any more costly.***
r,,,. ,.■■■ i». ■ — -. — I* I
* Quoted from a paper read' in ItiBO, before the Am. Ass. Adv. Sc.
tf
156 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
POISONING FROM BBLOW.
Now the tlirowin^ of poison from below and tbe introdnction of a new nozzle has
enabled us to diminish much fhrther the quantity to be thrown on the plant in either
method. •
The old-fiishioned punctured sprinklers, and perforated or ganged sifters, with which
all are familiar, have proved impracticable, because of the fine holes becoming clogged
by wet poison and other materials. To prevent this, stirring, shaking, and strainmg
appliances have been combined with them, but without as good results as we desire.
What may be called slit-nozzles have been made in numerous forms. The fluid,
being squirted out through a slit, expands in a fan-like shape, and thus breaks up into
a sheet of spray. The Assures have been cut in different angles and curves to produce
several kinds of jets, and some can be enlarged or reduced by an adjustable screw.
Where large and coarse sprays for broadcast sprinkling are desired, and the opening
may hence be coarse; these answer admirably; but for very small, &ne spray& soehas
are needed in poisoning cotton from beneatn, the slit must be so fine as to clog. To
remedy this difficulty we have an improvement adapted to all nozzles of this class.
The fluid is forced into the round nozzle chamber through a tube or hole tangential
to its circumference, thereby causing an intense whirling motion against tbe inner
surface and its slit so as to wash away and keep in action the particks which would
otherwise tend to aotumulate upon and clog the narrow ontlet. The nozzle chamber
can be easily opened to remove what collects within.
Lip nozzles are such as spread the liquid into a shower bjy squirting it against an
inclined surface or lip, which may be formed flat to deflect m one plane, or angular
so as to throw in two or more planes, or convoal to produce funnel-shaped spravs.
Nozzles of this class are excellent for broadcast sprinkling. The lip resists the fluid
after it is treed from pressure, thereby retarding it slightly and causing a little to
waste by dripping or falling in large drops unless forced with great velocity. An ad-
ditional pipe to catch and return the dnp has been used.
Rotary nozzles are of several kinds. Those in common use, as lawn spxinklem,
work on the principles of Barker's mill and of the windmill. The water striking tiie
inclined surfaces oi a rotary part makes it whirl so as to throw and break the fluid to
pieces. Then there are ormimry tubular hose nozzles with the caliber rifled for all or
a part of their length to give a spiral movement whereby the fluid is thrown into a
spray.
The rotary nozzles noticed are onlv available for broadcast sprinkling ; but we have
one named the cyclone nozzle, which is not only suited for the same purpose by atom-
izing fluid fine, and in any volume, but which is well adapted for spraying the foliage
beneath. The round nozzle chamber has a tangential inlet, and at right angles to
this a round central ontlet. Fluid forced throngh it whirls with an incomprehensible
telocity in a volute course to the central orifice, producing a broad, fine, beantifol
spray. This nozzle is tJio best yet invented for spraying.
Our machines for throwing poisons are anranged in four natural classes :
1st. Brush throwers.
2d. Rotary fan blowers.
3d. Bellows blowers.
4th. Squirting machines.
I must omit fdl detailed consideration (though yon will find on the grounds many
ingenious improvements which we have made in their application) and confine my re-
marks to the squirting machines which are the most valuable for our purpose. A great
many kinds of force pumps have been tried. The Totsaj seems best suited to combine
in machinery, but as yet we have none cheapenough for tne planter. Amon^'the piston
pumps several are cheap and work well, as Whitman's fountain pttmp, the Little Giant,
Kuhmann's, d^c. No improvements of much value have been recently added in the
pumps which are suited for our purposes. As a rule the simplest are the best and
cheapest.
But the greatest advance in this line is shown in our automatic sprinkler, which
entirely does away with the labor of operating pump. A windlass arrangement ele-
vates the barrel of poison so high that gravitation supplies the spraying power. Prob-
ably no more simple or practical methyl than this can ever be inventod, and it will
remain a standard process.
Fire extinguishers worked by gas pressure have been tried for spraying fields, but
those in use are too expensive and waste an unnecessary quantity of chemicals. We
have an improved method of spraying plants by gas pressure which Lb cheap and
easily managed.
We have a rotary fan blower in combination with diverging pipes ending in forked
Kps and mounted on a triangular tripod fr^me with hind swiveled wheels and front
gearing, with belt to move the fans at 2,000 revolutions per minute.
We have rotary fan blowert for throwing fiuid poison. We have bellows blowers
in combination with a plow or cultivator, whereby the cotton may be poisoned while
REPOBT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 157
it Is being coltiyated. We have, farther, oomponnd fountain sprinklers tlirongh
which
the
tomoos],
from beneath. The flexibility allows no breaf^a^e in pipes, and the trailing flexible
forks adapt themselves to crookedness and yanations in the width of rows.
The advantages of the triangular, tripod, tricycle frame are that it conforms to all
irregnlaiitiea in all directions. It cannot well tip over ; it fomvi the base of a pyra-
mid sopportine the barrel of poison; it turns easily and short as upon a pivot; it
piills easily and it opens and shuts to suit the width of the rows.
With thia machine firom twelve to twenty rows of cotton are easily and efieotually
poisoned from below at a minimum cost of machinery, and with the minimum quan-
tity of material.
As a few minutes spent in witnessing the working of this machinery on these grounds
will eonvey a better idea than any amount of further description, I will detoin vou
no longer, but earnestly invite you, ux>on adjournment, to examine it. With a jurat
outlay of from $10 to $15 for machinery, not more than one cent per acre for material
iud the labor of one man and a team, one hundred and fifty acres of cotton can be
poisoned and protected in a day. What more, gentlemen, can you desire t
No one feature of this marvelous exhibition, which does so much credit to the pro-
jectors and managers, has interested me more than the trial ground, where your
Southern crops and cotton from all parts of the world are under cultivation for com-
parison^ and I felt an intense mortincation when I found upon arrival hem that this
cotton waa all defoliated by the worm. Estimating that the plot contains two acres,
it could have been nrotected in less than an hour, and with less than a dollar's outlay,
and it wovild have been a veritable pleasure to me, and a most telling practical lesson
to you, to have seen that interesting patch of cotton now in full leaf, while destruction
was all around, and It should have been had I known of its existence in time.
There ia one other fact I desire to call your attention to before taking my seat. The
work we have been doing on th^s Cotton Worm is not sectional. The appliances I
have described to you, wnich have been perfected for the benefit of the South, will
benefit all sections of our country, for they are applicable to the XK)tato crop and to
Bany othuer crops. I wish our legislators to bear this in mind, for our work in this
field ilhisirates what has proved true in many other fields, viz., that what benefits any
particular section redounds to the common good.
I thank yon, gentlemen, in oonclusionf for the attention you have given to these
fragipentary remarks. I have shown you but the basest outline of the many interest-
ing and important questions raised by the consideration of a single insect. What I
have said ia simply susffestive of the many things that have necessarily been left un-
Mid, and my object wm have been fulfilled if the remarks lead to questions from the
practieal planters here congregated, and to profitable discussions. The Cotton Worm
IS hut one of many insects &at affeet your staple ; cottpn is but one of many products
which form the basis of our prosper! tv as a people, and which are all more or less
affe^ed by insect enemies which call for attention from the Entomolof^^cal Division
of the Department of Agriculture. This Division, asain, is but one of several embraced
in that department, which has for aim the amelioration of the fanner's condition
sad the advancement of the greatest of all industries.
PEOTECmON FBOSf INJUBY IN THE EEOIONS OVEEPLOWED BY THE
MISSISSIPPI.
Hie following letter of recommendations wSpS written in obedience to
a request from Hon. E. J. Ellis, M. C, and from Messrs. Shattack &
Hofi^an, of New Orleans, for information that could be used in the
papers, and otherwise, in order to enable the planters in the regions
overflowed by the Mississippi to prepare for possible injury:
DSPASnCSNT OF AQRICULTURE, ENTOMOLOaiCAL DlYISIOK,
WasMngtan, D. C, ApHl 25, 1882.
f^iRii: The planters of the Mississippi flats, espedaUy those in the flood country, are
pToUablj correct in expecting unusual damage from the worm to follow as a conse-
(|uence upon the crop Doing belated. It is only a fair supx>o8itiou from the present
outlook tnat the plant will be seriously attacked before it begins to make a crop. Ou
tb««e sccouDts the relation of most of the planters of that extensive region as mort-
Kaferstothe great mercantile houses that advance their supplies on the ruinons credit
•yitem there prevalent, is at this date very unpromising and unsatisfactory to both
ptfties. And these premises naturaUy account for the unusual number of letters now
158 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
coming from planters and merchants of that section of our conntry inquiring for infor-
mation respecting the pest and the best method of preventing or resisting its progress.
It would indeed seem wise for those who advance supplies upon security on the pro-
spective crop to funii^h also the appliances for destroying the pest, and insist on these
being purchased, and perhaps with an agreement to use them faithfully for
PROTKCTING THB CROP,
aa a prerequisite to obtaining such heavy credits as so many have become aoonstomed
or forced to ask and expect. Such investment should be a kind of insurance or a sort
of security somewhat equivalent thereto.
The old-fashioned watering-pots are sold in quantities in some instances, but by
these the poisoning is done in a poor, primitive manner, which is alwaj'S unsatisfac-
tory and often quite unsuccessful. None of the barrel-pumps, producing broadcast
spi^ys, have become such standard machines that the trade could have confidence to
invest in quantities of them or feel sure of disposing of a large invoice. Many of these
have considerable local notoriety and sale, and some hy drone ttes of northern manufact-
ure have found a more general distribution,- but it cannot be said that any one of
these has become such a standard machine as large jobbers would dare to handle. In-
deed there seems to h ave prevailed the sense that the special requirementa for the
thorough and wholesale destruction of the worms were not vet met b^ the machines
made, and the suitable article haa long been looked for and hoped for m vain.
Duiing the investigation which I have been conducting, practical machines on new
principles have been iirvented and tested that satisfy aU the conditions of this diffi-
cult problem to destroy the worm in an economic, certain and wholesale manner.
T*e (dea of first importance is, tluit the poison he applied to the under surface of the foliage,
where the young worms start and grow until lar^e enough to eat through the leaf and
become destructive, where the poison will remain on and not be washed off by de^i
or each shower of rain.
To devise the mechanical means of accomplishing this on a large scale, or in a rapid
manner, was the more baffling under the conditions that complexity and much expense
must be avoided. But all the more difficult points hare been overcome by contrivances
which are beautiftilly simple and practical, and it is to be resetted that they proba-
bly cannot be put on the market before next season ; hence it would not be worth
while, did space permit it in aietter like this, to enter upon a detailed description of
the improved machinery referred to, which will appear in a final report soon to be
printed. For the present, then, only the older macumes are available, and I have sent
to Messrs. ShattncK &, Hoffman, of New Orleans, such copies as the Department has
to spare of a report in which their descriptions and relative merits are presented, only
directing your attention specially to the broadcast spray pumps maoo by Mr. R. T.
Deakin, Philadelphia, Pa.; Mr, J. P. Ruhmann, Schnlenburg, Tex.; and Mr. John
Schier, Ellinger, Tex.
The only desirable poisons that will be obtainable in great quantites by the planters
are the Tarioua arsenical preparations, and foremost among these are
PARIS GREEK Ain> LONDON PURPLE.
By the ordinary method of spfinkUng poison from water-pots, or in broadcast aprays
from barrel pumps, about 40 gallons of water containing one pound of Paris green or
two-fifths or a pound of London purple, kept well mixed by stirring or shakins^, may
be applied to the acre. When a bellows atomizer is used to diffuse it more finely and
more thoroughly, which is much preferable, leas than half that quantity of poison and
water to the acre wiU give equally good results. In sifting ondry poison by such sifters
as are usually employed, one pound of the Paris green to 35 pounds of such mixture
of flour and ashes, or one pound of London purple to 45 pounds of such mixture, are
proper proportions to use. The flour is adhesive, holding the poison fast to the leaves
and coating the particles of poison so that they came less in contact with the surface
of the plant, and hence it helps to prevent their oaustic action or burning of the leaves.
The ashes have a still greater ameliorative effect in preventing the caustic action, and
on this account it is well to use as much as one-third ashes to two-thirds flour to form
the mixture. With this preparation the poison cannot be too thoroughly mixed.
Better devices for mingling these homogeneously with each other are still to be sought.
The best now easily prepared by the planter consists of a barrel with a. number of rods
put through it endwise and a great number of large spikes driven through its aides to
project far into the cavity.
THE SUBSTANCES TO BE MIXED
are put into the barrel through a large hole, whish is then closed, while the barrel is
hung upon an axis and rotated until thoroughly nuxed.
It should be added that in case the poisons reconuucndod are in any instance not
obtainable, the pure arsetiic or arseniate of soda may be resorted to, Biuce these have
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 159
l>Mn naed to ndYantage, though ||ot always with the best satisfaction. Although
these substances are cheap, their caostic effect on the plant is greater. The mixture
DOW most used consists of 20 grains of arseniate of scma and 200 grains of dextrine,
dissolTed in one gallon of cold water. Four ounces of this mixture to 40 gallons of
water can be sprinkled on each acre. The common aTseaic water, which every drug-
gist knows how to make, will answer well. To make it firom the while arsenic (arse-
nions acid) and common baking (carbonate of) soda is cheaper than to buy the arse-
niste. although the arseniate method of preparatipn involves less time and labor.
One-fifth of a pound of sal soda to a pound of arsenic shouldibe boiled in a gallon of
wtter until dissolved. The solution is perman^ni;, no stirring or shaking being neces-
Biry to keep the poison mixed. One quart of the solution to 40 gallons of water is
nasd on eacn acre.
In applying poison with blowers, a much smaller quantity of the poison and its
dilutent* will be sufficient, and when the poison is blown onto the under anrfaces the
adhesive element is no longer needed.
BoUi Paris green and London purple, when not adulterated and where properly ap-
plied have always given satisfactory results. The latter seems to act a little slower
than the Paris ^^reen ; perhaps because the worms do not eat it so quickly, for they
nfiose to ent poisons until they become very hungry, but it is much the cheapest, and
bnng a finer powder is susceptible of a much thinner distribution than it usually
Sets. If verv thinly and evenly applied it will be eaten sooner, and when used in
ae time will prove equally as effective as the Paris green. And it is likewise com-
mendable to administer any poison whatever that is to be used so early as to destroy the
wocms before they reaoh destructive size, and before they appear on the upper sur-
Isees of tiio leaves. Planters must be urged to watch carefully the under surfaces of
tlie foliage throughout the cultivating season. The very young worms are less easily
leen than the small spots of light color made by their gnawing off little patches from
the lower sorfaoea of the leaves. As soon as and wnenever the young ones have
Karted, apply the poison immediately beneath the foliage. The plowman or ^ weed-
ebopper ^ snonld be taught how to see the young worms and be carefully trained to
find them. At the same time he should have hanging from his shoulder or plow a
lieht bellows atomizer charged with poison ready for use.
it must always be remembered that the worms are at work now on certain plants
in eertain fields firom March until winter ; that the killing of one early \nseot may
pcevent ihooaands of future progeny and save hundreds of dollars. In the wet coun-
tiy the early worm will probably be found first on the earlier cotton on the dryer,
sandy ridges, or higher clay slopes; while the later worms, w^iich have generally' been
the mst ones noticed, and only observed when they appear in very destructive num-
ben, may, to the less careful observer, first come i^ view in either the same kinds of
"euts^ or in the wet buckshot lands, upon which they thrive especially well in the
latter part of the season.
A foller history of the insect's life would help the planter better to undei^tand Hs
habits, but these details cannot be briefly enough presented to be further described
in thii letter.
POISOWHTO DEVICES.
As already stated (p. 153), only one example can be selected from the
special report on the Cotton Worm for preliminary presentation here,
fuid we will describe the apparatus represented in Plate IX, Figs. l-*3.
Several other combinations and adaptations of the parts to be noticed
will appear in the other report.
HAOHUfS FOR SPSAYHfG FROM BELOW. — This machine is transported
by combination with a wagon or cart or other suitable vehicle, and con-
listB of a skid, bearing a barrel or other x)oison receptacle, the force
pomp and stirrer operated therein, the hose-pipe leading from t^e
pomx>-8pont and communicating with the several branched pipes which
termini^ in noziles carried or trailed beneath the plants to deliver the
poison spray upward onto the under surfaces of the foliage.
The skid is a simple frame to hold the horizontal barrel from rolling,
and consists of two pieces, Fig. 1^ a a, of wood, about the length of
Hie barrel, and in section about 3 by 4 inches, joined parallel apart from
each other by two cleats, h b. The inner, upper angles may be cut to
iBftlch the carve of the barrel, as at o o. The barrel being placed upon
tlus frame is nest to be filled.
A good device for miring the poison thoroughly with the water and
IfiO REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
for filling the barrel is shown in section in Fig. 2. It consists of a
large funnel that will hold a bucketful, and has cylindrical sides, </</,
that rest conformant on the barrel. In this is a gauze or finelyxH^fo-
rated diaphragm, or septum, ^, and a funnel-shape<l base, J j, with its
spout, j>, inserted through the bung. The London purple or other pow-
der is to be put in the funnel and to be washed through the fine perfo-
rations by the water which is poured or pumped in through it into the
barrel, h. Thus no lumps of poison can enter, and the grains of poison
being thoroughly wet and separated remain better suspended in the res-
ervoir. Where flour or other adhesive material or diluent of the powder
is to be used such ingredients should be washed in first and the poison
afterwards.
By reference to Fig. 2 the barrel, fc, will be seen in section, and some of
its details, together with those of the pump and stirrer, may be noticed.
The fulcrum,/, has a foot below screwed to the barrel. Through its
top is a pivot, o, on which tilts the pump-lever, {, which is similarly
hinged, at &, to the top of the piston-rod, t The pump cylinder, g, is
also hung upon trunnions, t, projecting into eyes. In this illustration
the eyes, ee, have each a neck fitting in a slot cut through the stave
oppositely from the side of the bung-hole, and beneath the stave is a foot
on the eye-piece. Its neck is so short that the eye is held down firmly
against the top of the stave, while the foot is as tight against its under
surface. The length of the eye-piece is a little less than the diameter of
the bung-hole, into which it may be inserted to be driven laterally into
the slot. The slot is longer than the eye-piece, so the lattor may be
driven away from the bung-hole for a distance greater than the length
of the trunnion- pivot. Then the pump being inserted, until these pivots
come opposite the eyes, the latter may be driven back as sockets over
the pivots which play in them when the pump is worked. To hold these
eyes toward the pump and upon the trunnions a wedge, v, is driven in
the slot beyond each eye-piece. Thus the pump is easily attached or
removed and its union with the barrel is strong and fjrm. Perchance it
be desired that this pump hole be bunged the side slots may be wedged
to make the barrel tight.
The parts of the pump being hung a>s described, the hinge, by forms a
toggle-joint, and in its action causes the pump to oscillate on its trun-
nions, its basal end swinging wider than its top, as indicated by the
dottea line from xtoy. Upon the extremity of this swinging end is a
loop, A, through which is passed a stirrer-bar, mn, made to sweep back
and forth in the lower side of the barrel thus to agitate and mix the sab-
stances considerably during the operation of the pump, every stroke of
the handle causing one or two strokes of the stirrer.
The method of inserting and extricating the stirrer-bar is as follows:
It is raised with the pump until the end, m, comes opposite the bung-
hole, a?, through which the bar may be pulled out by the cord, w, which
is attached to the end, n, and also preferably to the bungs, r and Zj as
shown. Through the same hole the bar may be inserted. This stirring
device is the simplest in construction and operation of any yet contrived,
while working as it does with reference to the concavity of the barrel
it is perfectly efl:'ective.
Pumps having other external or internal constructions than those
shown here may be similarly mounted, and it matters little if the eye or
the trunnion be either on the pump or on the slot-piece. But some of
the points in the internal construction of the pump may be briefly noticed
here. The lower extremity of the piston-tube is closed and has a cir-
cular seat above which is a slot-shaped entrance to the cavity of thd
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 161
piston-tabe. Higher, is another circular seat, and immediately above it
anoUier inlet to the piston-tube. Between the two seats is an circular
sUde- valve, which bears a packing.on its face and plays loose or free
np and down as caused by the pressure to open the lower inlet during
the downward stroke and to close it on the upward stroke. The upper
cap of the cylinder is quite loose about the piston-pipe, and holds one
end of a sheath or tubular packing, the lower free end of which fits
snugly around the piston-pii>e and tighter to the same when the fluid-
pressure is on tiie outside of tL The piston-tube has about half the
capacity of the outer cylinder, and the whole arrangement is such that
the pump discharges during both strokes, being a constant-acting or
double-acting force pump, which operates the same whether tiie dis-
charge be taken from a spout, ux>on the side of the cylinder or from
the side or end of the piston-tube. With the discharge from the piston
end, and a suction-hose upon its opposite extremity, the pump may be
used apart from the barrel, like the so-called ^^ fountain pumps" and '
^< hydronettes " of the trade. Its valves are all metallic, and it may be
made for the highest pressures or to throw any volume desired. A one-
half inch discharge-spout delivers volume enough for an eight-row ma-
chine like the one before us.
Fiom the spout a main pipe or hose communicates to a pipe extending
across and above the rows and bearing branches descending in the
alternate interspaces between the rows, while each is provided with ^
fork or pair of arms to supply a pair of rows. In this special form of
the madune the main cross-pipe is hinged to the two sides of the body
of the wagon, and at one of these junctures is a lever with a ratchet
quadrant whereby to elevate the descending pipes with the arms and
nozzles when turning^ or to surmount stumps or other obstacles, for in
this oaae the descending pipes are inflexible and stiffly attached to the
main cA)ss-pipe and the lever, that they may be elevated by depressing
tiie latter, which can be set at^ny notch desired, so that the arms may
be allowed to trail or drag, or may be suspended partly or wholly near
the ground or higher to suit the operator.
There are other ways of attaching this apparatus which allow it to
conform to the irregularities of the ground more thoroughly and inde-
pendent of the rocking of the vehicle, but it is unnecessary to describe
them in Uiis connection.
The two arms of the main cross-pipe extend in a direct line and have
all the joints and segments stiff, while the segments have each a length
equal to ttie width of a pair of row spaces^ whereas by another construc-
tion set forth in the large report, the mam arms are either partially or f
wholly flexile in their joints or segments, or both, and they may stand
at an angle with each other, or continuously parallel, as desired. In
those cases the parts are supported by a bar or frame which may or may
not have runners or legged-wheels other than those of another vehicle
combined therewith, and the descending branches are also usually made
partially or wholly flexile, that they may trail or drag more thoroughly,
conformant to the irregularities of the ground and the rows. Similarly
the terminal branches on the descending tubes may stand parallel or at
an angle with each other and be straight or curved, with or without
texile joints or segments, but the exact construction in the present ex-
ample is Olustrat^ in Fig. 3. While some curve seems usually desir-
able, it may be made either in the descending branch or its fork, or in
the terminal arms, or in all these parts.
deferring to Fig. 3, t is the descending pipe, y its fork, which may be
^^niced by an additional piece, and this may serve as a weight to hold
U XQ
162 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
tbe fork from being lifted or tilted, or as a slide plate, beneath, to pre-
vent tbe ground from wearing the parts above it, or a sepsu^ate slide-plate
or independent weight, freely remoi^able or not, i^ sometimes combined
with the fork, as will be shown in the other report referred to. There
are also different ways of making the angle-piece, and one of the best is
where two curved pieces of tube are cut and matched together so as to
form a 3- way fork, the angle, ^, between the horizontal parte being about
9(P, and the elevation of the part, tj which is inserted in the descending
branch, is about 45^ from the horizontal 'base-plane. Such a fork offers
the least possible resistance to the fluid forced through it. In the figure
the t\:(bular arms, i t, are joined to the angle piece by tlie flexile slieath
couplings, 6 e, having stout wraps. To prevent the joint thus formed
from being too flexile, and to give it additional elasticity, a rod of spring
metal extends inside. These spring rods cause the arms to spring to
the bases of the cottou plants and the fork to open or dose as pressed
Ui>on by the row or not, and thereby conform the positions of their ter*
minal uozzles, n n, to the variable width or courses of the rows, to apply
the same to discharge from about the basal center of each plant upward
into its foliage.
The nozzles may be joined inflexibly or by an elastic union with sheath
apd spring rod, or in any of the flexile parts named spring-liued suc-
tion hose or a torsion spring to allow partial but not complete rotary
movement may be employed. Each terminal arm forms a supply tube
\o its nozzle chamber, which has an eccentric inlet-passage, ftt)m the
same t<augeutially through its wall, admitting the fluid so excentrically
that it whirls in the chamber and discharges through a side outlet in
the form of a spray. The whirl thus produced is very intense and
gives the fluid such centri^gal motion as will disperse it broadly &x>m
the orifice and thus produce a very finely atomized spray. The spray-
ing power varies with certain details in the proportions »iid construc-
tion of the passages and other parts. With a suitable straining device
in the base of the pump, bodies large enough to clog the small outlet
cannot enter, but, should clogging materials enter otherwise to interfere
with the discharge, the face and back of the chamber may be easily
taken apart to remove matters irom the interior. The nozzles project
so little beyond the supply-pipe as haxdly to catch upon the plants, and
in case any objection be raised to the slight recess sometimes occurring
between the chamber and its pipe, that may be filled completely by metal.
This same nozzle is used with equally good effect on other jnpes, hy-
dronettes, syringes, or pumps, as well as on blast atomizers, and is
unsurpassed for spraying from the ground upward, as here desired.
The whole contrivance as an eight-row machine is liglii, can be hauled
rapidly, and has been tested sufficiently to show that it is prucUcal.
By adding two additional arms twelve rows may be coveiml.
DAMAGE IN 1881.
Alabama. — Talladega: Appeared late and only on luxuriant growth
in some sections. Limestone: Shed more from want of* proper cultiva-
tion and rain and drought. Lawrence : In low bottom-lands to some
extent. Conecuh : All the top crop destroyed. Barbour : Partially in
many fields rust preceded the caterpillars and destroyed what tiiey
would. Ferry: Prairie early and sandy land later. ChiUon: About
three-fourths stripped of leaves early ^ after rain budded out but
.nuBlSe AQfthing. De Kalb: Stripped in some sections. Saint Clair:
BEPOBT OF THB WRTCMOhOQlffT. 168
Some fields were not touched while others were entirely stripped.
Ckerokse: Some fields 8tnp}>ed early, others not at all. Kunsell: On
boltom-landt early. Marengo : Stripped entirely where no poison was
used.
ABKAJ^BkB.^-^Hempigtead : Some spots none ; others as high as 50 per
ceuU FuUuki : Barlier than ever before. Woodruf: Only the foliage
and uumatnred bolls. Jackson: fiy the Army Worm. Montgomery:
Many fields 6trip]>ed after the cotton had matured. Pope: Later than
Qsaal. Motcard: Leaf Worm came early bnt did do damage. Monroe:
Whole region stripped bare of foliage.
Georgia. — Bibb : On bottom and new land only. Mvscogee : On low-
lands early inplands later. Lowndes : Second Crop of foliage entirely
stripped. Hanoodi : Entirely on low, wet lands. Jones : Stripped
entirely on red lands $ gray land suffere<i but little. Dooly: Only
Morgan: In consequence of the very late fall and frost
incoln: Few fields. Liberty: Partially. Early: Some locahties
eariy. Oconee : Picking of the best cotton was done before the worms
came.
Florida. — Oohmbus : Many fields stripped. Madison : Only in por-
tions of the county. Sumter : Was stripped entirely.
Tbnkbssss. — Bedford : Boll- worms are unknown here, though^ oat-
tefpillani stripped the leaves. Lincoln : Stripped of leaves. I>ielison :
Tery litfle damage done in this county. White: Boll- worms do the most
daniafe.
South Caboliwa. — Oconee: Only partially in limited localities.
BfeenvUle : Crop made before worms came. Newberry : In some local-
ities, bnt so late in season as not to injure yield ; rather benefit it by
exposing the unopened bolls to sun. Abbeville : Where it appeared diil
not more than eat the leaves on the plant. Barnsmlle : Stripped clean
of leaves and young bolls, which came too late to make anything.
North Carolina. — Came too late to do any damage. Lenoir: Did
not appear only in a few places. Columbus: Only appeared in a few
plioea and too late to do any damage. Cabarrus: Did not appear till
after crop was picked; they then stripi)ed the plant. Wilson: A few
appealed just before ft^t, but did no damage. Cumbm^land : Few fields
had the leaves eaten ofi", but too late to do any diunn^e. Pitt: Few
plaoee they appeared, but too late to do any damage. Cleveland : Very
little.
Louisiana. — Union: A few places had then reported, bnt no damage
done. JodfcMm.* Stripped, but ai%er maturity. Lincoln: lu some places,
bat not until after it was picked. Franklin : Not until jiicking was over,
tben only partially. JB!ast Carroll: Stiipped, exuept very high land or
shaded.
M188I8SIPFT. — Union: In some localities, but after eotton matured.
Tate : Second g^rowth eaten by them (leaves), bolls not hurt. Chickasaw :
Army Worm destroyed top crop. Alcorn: In a lew localities, but after
the crop had mostly opened. Prentiss : Did not appear until about frost,
and did no harm. Rankin: Very little, and after bolls were matured.
Jefferson: Destroyed all top crop. Clay: Bottom crop at maturing.
Itsaquena: Only partially, and that late. Clarke: Owing to the early
droQght the leaves became so hard and dry that they made very slow
progress.
l^XAS. — Qonzales: In some places early; others late. Bee: Damage
at first of season by Grass- worm. Colorado: In some sections where
liot poisoned. Denton : Partially by the Web- worm. Lee : Where iK)ison
^u not used the plant was generally stripped. Houston : In very &w
164
REPORT OF THE COMBOSSIONEB OF AGRXCnLTURE.
sections, and yery late. Wise: Game, but too late to do harm. Brazos:
Yeiu late ; too late to injure. Live Oak : In some localities. Wood : Too
late to damage. Lampasas: Game too late to damage. MHam: Second
crop damaged in some localities. Va/n Za/ndt: Gaterpillars came early
and made clean sweep. Orimes: Only top crop injured, which seldom
amounts to anything. Palo Pinto: Stripped bat very little. Leon: In
some places, bat too late to do damage. Fannin : Some fields were
stripped, bat not until it was all opened.
JLos$ of cotUm ^y warnu as reported.
StetM.
ArkuiflM.
Florida...
Qeorsia..
linAi
Iionii
Iflwrimilppl-,
North. Carolina..
Sontlfc Carolina..
Texas...
Tlrgiflia
Total
I
46
45
16
93
29
39
6
56
25
28
88
4
Loat.
JBaUt.
61,348
15,0&5
4,077
20,968
29,649
38.111
204
10,288
1,374
22,472
193,482
Total, per
cenAus.
JBdUt.
509,616
407,342
29,623
682,332
273,356
683,763
16,185
346,931
413,948
146, 150
661.778
7,800
8,880,769
Pr.eent
10.1
3.7
13.8
3.6
10.8
6.5
2.5
0.9
4
5
Total ootton produced, 6.589,000 bales ; total ootton produced in counties reporting wonn, 8, 880, 796
bale% or ff7.4 oithe wUole crop.
POSSIBLE POOB-PLAIVTS OF 'fSE OOTTON WORM.*
One ofiihe most interesting characteristics of the Cotton Worm is that
it is so strictly confined to Cotton as its food-plant. All attempts hith-
^*to made to discover additional food-plants have proved futile ; nor have
we been able to ever make it feed successfally on other plants allied to
Oossypiam.t We have, however, long felt that there mast be some
other wild plant or plants npon which the species can exist, and this
belief has been all the stronger since it was demonstrated two years ago
from observations made by Dr. P. E. Hoy that the larva may occur in
Wisconsin, and, consequently, out of the range of the cotton belt4 We
have given special directions to those in any way connected with the
Cotton Worm investigation to search for such additional food-plants,
but so far no additional food-plant has been discovered. Last Novem-
ber we received from Dr. J. C. Keal, of Archer, Fla., specimens of a
plant with eggs and newly-hatched larvsd which he believed to be those
of Aletia, but which belong to an allied species — ^the Anomis erosa Guen.
The plant proved to be one of the Malvacesd ( Urena lobata Linn.), which
is reported as quite common in that part of Florida and further south,
being a tall, branching, and straggling weed with annual stems and
perennial root, from which new shoots arise in January. It blooms
from February to December, and is a valuable fiber plant, the bark
of both stem and root being very strong, and used very generally for
whip and cording purposes. The leaves have three very conspicuous
* Communicated by the author to the American Naturalist April, 1882, pp. 327-8.
tThe only partial success in this line is that mentioned in our Bulletin on the Cotton
Worm, p. 12.
t See Keport on Cotton Insects, Department of Agriculture, 1879, p. 89.
BEPOBT OP THE ENTOMOLpGIST. 165
fiaccharme glands on the principal veins toward the leaf-stem, and the
plant, Dr. Keal rex>orts, is much less sensitive to cold or frost than
Oossypinm. We find that the plant has been received by Dr. Vasey,
botanist of the Department of Agricalture, from several parties in
Florida, with inquiries as to the value of the fiber. Urena lobata was,
until very recently, not known to occur in the United States. It is
common on dry hiU pastures almost everywhere in the West Indies and
southward to Guiana and Brazil, and is also reported from Western
AMca, East Indies, China, and some of the Pacific islands. It seems
to thrive very well in Florida, and is likely to spread to other adjacent
States.
The Anomis erosa^ the eggs and young larvsB of which were not un-
common on the leaves of l^e Urena, may be distinguished from Aletia
by the paler, more translucent charaoter of both e^gg and larva, and
by the first pair of prolegs being .quite obsoletCj^ in which character it
resembles the AiMymis exacta that affects cotton in Texas. Aletia larvsd
that had been fed on cotton^ when placed upon the Urena, refused to
feed ux>on it, and finally perished.
We recently took occasion to carefully examine the Malvaceous plants
in the herbarium of the Department of Agriculture with some quite in-
teresting results, although a herbarium is naturally the least favorable
place one can choose for an entomological investigation of this charac-
ter, as plants that are least injured by insects are most apt to be col-
lected, and the mode of preserving the plants still further reduces the
chances of finding traces of Aletia, because only one side of the.leaf is
available for examination. How smsdl this chance is may be illustra-
ted by the £Eict that on the specimens of Gossypium in the herbarium
no Aletia eggs or egg-shells could be discovered, and that only one
specimen showed any trace of being injured by any insect whatever.
Nevertheless a number of eggs or fragments of such — some of them
from their structure very closdy related to Aletia — were found on the
following plants: MaVvastrum spioatumj from Florida and Nicaragua;
Urena ribeHa (which is considered a form of U. lohata)^ from Southern
Florida; Pavonia typhaleaidesy from Cuba; Sida glamerataj from Cuba.
One object of this examination was to discover, if possible, the par-
ticular Malvaceous plant uxK)n which Aletia feeds in the States north
of the cotton belt, but this proved to be an almost complete failure, be-
cause the herbarium contained only six specimens of such plants nrom
the more northern States, not counting sixteen specimens cultivated in
the agricultural grounds at Washington. However, on a specimen of
Sida 9pinosa^ from York County, Pennsylvania, an egg was found which
has every appearance of that of Aletia.
We would earnestly call upon entomologists who may read these
Images to aid us in obtaining evidence of the food-plant of the insect in <
the more northern States by an examination of the plants indicated by
an asterisk in the following list, as it is upon such that the insect will
probably be found at some future time, but only late in the season :
LOGAUnXS FOR MALVACEOUS PLANTS FBOM GRAT'S FLORA.
iUk4M offUiMaUB L. — Salt marshes coast of New England and New York, (Nat. from
En.)
^tk^roUmdifoUa L. — ^Waysides and coltivated gronnds, common. (Nat. from £a.)
tjfUttiria L.— Waysides. (Adv. from Eu.)
momikata L. — Has escaped fix>m gardens to waysides. (Adv. from Eu.)
aZoea L. — Has escaped from ganlens in Chester County, Pennsylvania. (Adv.
v from Eu.)
166 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AOStCULTURE.
CaUirrhoU triangulatn Gray.— Dry prairieu, Wisconsin, Illlnoit, and sonthwardL
alcaa . . - - . — , , ^
Napcea dioiva L.
alcccoides Giuy.~ Barren uak laiids, Southern Kentucky and Teutiesse<».
LiineKtoiio valleys, PiMiuHylvania and southward to the Valley of
Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois, rare.
* Malvasirum anguetum Gi*ay.— liock Island in the Mississippi, Illinois.
^'coedneum Gray. — ^Abounds on tho plains ttom Iowa and MinniftoiA W^it-
ward.
*Sida napcea Car.— Rocky river banks, Pennsylvania; York County, Kanawha County,
Virginia. (Cnltivated in old gardens.)
elHoUH T. & G.— Sandy soil, Sonthem Virginia and southward.
"spinOfta L. — WaHte places, common southward.
AbiitiloH aricenno' Gaatn.— Waste plac4?s, wcupod from gardens. (Adv. from India.)
Alodiola muliijida Mtuiich. — Low groiintls, Virginia and south wjird.
Konieletzkya uryuiim Prt*l. — Mai-sheh on the coa.st, New York to Virginia and south-
wani.
Hibiscus moschtutos L. — Brackish niaifilies along the oonst, sometimes exteudiDg np
rivers far beyond the inlluenoe of salt water (as abova
Harrisburg, Pji.), al8o Onondaga Lake, N. Y., and west-
ward, usnally within the influences of salt springs.
^ronrfyforM* Michx.— IllinoiH and southward.
militaris Cav. — River banks Pennsylvania, to Illinois and southward.
trionum L. — Escaped from gardens or grounds. (Adv. from En.)
syriacus L. — Escaped frt)m gardens or grounds. (Adv. from En.)
Of tliese twenty-two flpecies, eijrlit of wliich are introduced, at least
eleven ai'e not likely to occur in Wisconsin, ao that tlie number of plants
upon which the insect will probably be found is very limited, it) as is
most probiil)le, the plant really is one of the Malvaoe«.
THK QUESTION OF HlUKENATION SETTLED.
In presenting some of the more recent discoveries of import^ince anent
this insect to the National Academy of Sciences, at its annual session
in this city hist iM.'O'i ^^'^ considered the question of hibernation in the
following words:
Bnt my chief object in refemng to this insect is to convey the information to the
Academy, which, thou<::h perhaps of loss practical import, is nevertheless of scieutifto
interest. In the remarks which I made in 1871> it was shown that there wore various
theories held by competent men — hoth entomologists and planters — as to the hiliema-
tionof this Aletia; some l)elieving that it hibernat^Hl in the chrysalis state, some that
it survived in tlie nwdli stato, wliile wtiU others contended that it did not hibernate at
all in the United States. There were many known facts which gave weight to this
last hypothesis whicli was espousod by Prof. A. R. Grote. The strongest points in its
favor were that the insect had not before been seen iti any state during the months of
March, April, and May, together with the tendency of eri*or from mistaking other
species on the ]iart ol those who reported having found either the chrysalis or the
moMi dnring the winter mouths.
Yet there were many facts which, as I then stated, led me to believe that the theory
was erroneous, and tliat, as I have always contended, tho insect did hibernate in the
southern portions of the cotton belt. How difhenlt it ha«< been to get abs(dnte and
experimei:tal j)roof of tlio correctness of thin belief may bo gatheretl from tho fact
that I liavo had comin'tont agents each wiiiter since that of ld7«-'79 fully instructed
to search lor and obtain such evidence, and that until tho present winter it h^s never
been forthconting. I am glad to bo aide to st-ate, however, that hibernation is now
an established fact upon indisputable evidence, and that during arecent trip to South
Georgia and Florida 1 was able to completely bridge the^gap which had hitherto been
supposed to exist in the annual cycle of tho insect's history.
We have, dnring the past wiliter, been able to obtain the moths dnring evehy month,
and have watchetl them in fact until tho early part of March. We have found the eggs
deposited, als-^, in the early part of March, just as the hibernating moths were dii^p-
poaring, and I fonnd the worms of all sizes on rattoon cotton during the latter part of
that month. I received chrysalitles l'r(»m this (irst brood of worms two weeks ago, or
in the first days of April, ami the fresh moths are now issuing. This is fully six weeks
to two months earlirr tl»an the first worms were disooveie«l in thn spring of 1870 and
I860, thongh we then ijiseovtred them in the latter part of April, or several v^euks
earlier than they had previously been recorded.
In short, there is nothing moro fully established now than that the moth hibernates
REPORT OF THE EITTOMOLOGIST. 167
principallr nnder the shelter of rank wire-ffrass in the more heavily-timbered portions
of the South, and that these moths begin laying on the rattoou cotton when this is
only one iuch or so high. That the first few generations of worms are rarely noticed
sod never particularly injurious is due to the fact that they are more generally dis-
persed (the moth appearing to fly great distances, laying here an egg and there an
t%g^ instead of laying hnndreds on the same plant, as it does later in the season), few
in nombers, and quite liable to the attacks of their rarious enemies jnst issuing from
their tdnter qnarters and finding a scarcity of other food ; also to the less rapid devel-
opment dnriui; the cooler «{mnjs months.
Aside from the satisfaction of bridging over so important a gap in the natnral his-
tory of this destmctive insect, the fact established has this important economic bear-
ing: Whereaa. open the theory of annual invasion from some exotic country, there
was DO incentive to winter or spring work looking to the destruction of the moths,
there is now every incentive to such action as will destroy it either by attracting it
during mild winter weather by sweets or by bnming the grasses in which it shelters.
It should also be a warning to cotton-growers to abandon the slovenly method of cul-
tivation which leaves the old ootton-stalks standing either until the next crop is
planted or long after that event ; for many planters have the habit of planting the
seed in a furrow between the old rows of stalks. The most careful recent researches
all tend to confirm the belief that Qossyninm is the only plant upon which the worm
fteds in tbo Southern States, so that in tne light of the facts which I have presented
tt jon there im all the greater incentive to that mode of culture which will prevent
tbe growth of rattoon cotton, since it is very questionable whether the moth would
samve lonfi[ enough to perpetuate itself upon newly-sown cotton except for the inter-
vaitHm of tno rmttoon cotton.
UISCiSLLANBOXrS IJfSEOTS.
THE DEBIfA ANOMIS.
[Anomis erosa Hub.)
Order Lepibopteba; family I^OOTUID^.
[Plate VIII, Pig 1.]
IIBITS AND NATURAL HISTORY; RESEMBLANCE TO THE COTTON
WORM.
Of the niinierons insects, the history of which we have traced in the
last few 5 eai 8, one species of considerable interest may here be recorded;
for it is not only iut/erestinp: on account of its occurrence upon a fiber-pro-
ducing plant, whi(5b some day may prove of considerable importance, but
also on account of its relations to the Cotton Worm {Aletia xylina) for
which it might easily be mistaken in its earliest stages.
The sx^ecies under consideration apx)ears to be quite generally dis-
tributed over most of the Gulf States wherever its food-plant ( urena
hbata), and x)068ibly other nearly^related plants, are found growing.
The belief that the eggs of the sx>ecies now under consideration were
those of Aletia was strengthened in the minds of those who first found
them b}' the inference that after the disappearance of cotton, Aletia
woold have to search for other suitable plants to sustain its offspring
until new cotton should commence to grow the following spring; but so
iar neither its eggs nor its lai'va3 have ever been discovered upon any
other plant but cotton.
The ej:;j:s f»f this Anomis, which so far have been found only on the
leaves of Urena, appear, if examined with a common hand-lens, to be
8tnicturally indistiii^^uishable from those of Alotin. mid were sent to the
Department from Florida by Dr. Neal, with ihu acs-^uraiice that they really
168 REPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF AGRICULTURE.
belonged to that insect, and that its winter food-plant was discovered.
An examination under the microscope, however, showed considerable
differences, notwithstanding the great similarity in size and sculpture.
The color is, however, paler, and not of the peculiar bright-green char-
acteristic of Aletia, and it is by this character that the egg of the Anomis
may be distinguished from the other, when firesh, by the ordinary observer.
The radial ridges are more numerous, ranging between 35 and 40, and
the transverse ribs from 12 to 14. The radiating ribs of the Aletia egg are
considerably rounded, with the spaces between them rather narrow, ap-
pearing like deeply-impressed strisB, while the ribs of the Anomis egg
are sharp and triangular if viewed from above, with the spaces between
them shallower and broader. The intersection of the transverse with
the radial ribs of Aletia are not sharp, and are only marked by low,
rounded elevations. Another quite marked feature of the eggs of Aletia
is the arrangement of the radial ribs in five groups, connect with each
other by an elevated ridge which forms around the center a large pent-
angular cell, into each angle of which one of the radial ribs terminates,
the other ribs between them being somewhat shorter and connected by
the terminal transverse rib. This arrangement is quite noticeable in
fresh eggs, but still more in dry ones. The radial ribs in this Anomis,
however, are not arranged in separate groups, and the longest ones
sorround the center in a perfect circle without terminating in a circum-
centi^ rib.
This TJrena Anomis is exclusively a Southern species, and it continues
breeding with scarcely any intermission throughout the whole year.
Moths have been captured in various parts of the South from August,
throughout the winter, till May. and the eggs and larvae of different
sizes are found in Florida througnout the winter.
The general habits of the larvsB ave quite similar to those of Aletia,
though as a rule the Anomis larvae are less active, especially after they
have attained one-half their growth. The newly-hatched larvae are
almost indistinguishable from those of Aletia, both being of the same
size and of the same pale color. The former may, however, be at once
recognized by the first and second pairs of prolegB being entirely obso-
lete, whereas, notwithstanding their minute size, the second pair is id-
ways present in Aletia. In this stage the Itirvae are most active and
nervous, and are usually found feeding on the lower side of the leaves,
which they resemble so much in color &at it is difficult to detect them
when at rest.
They stretch to their fullest length when resting, but very often may
be seen in a position similar to that of the larvae of Geometrids, and will
then, if disturbed, leap from their hold and hang suspended by a thread,
which, after a short rest, they will climb with great rapidity. The mode
of climbing is very interesting. The head is suddenly bent downwaa^d,
first to one side and then to the other, and each time the thread is
grasped with the thoracic legs when the head is lowest. Growing larger,
they become more and more sluggish, and can seldom be induced to spin,
but usually hold to the leaf very tenaciously, so that some force is needed
to remove them. If disturbed they will try to escape in a looping gait
which is similar to that of Aletia. The full-grown larvae usuaUy assume
a very peculiar position when at rest. The body is bent at about the
middle in such a way that both halves lie close to each other so as to form
a long and narrow loop, and the larva remains in this position sometimes
for hours.
The principal time of feeding, as observed in the vivarium, apx)ears
to be at night, and the larva usually rests during the day on the lower
REPORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 169
side of the leaves. The smaller larv® eat only the softer parts, leaving
the ribs nntonched, bnt the older ones gnaw large irregular portions
from the edge of the leaves, and will often consume two-thirds of a leaf
in a single night. They also have the habit of devouring their own cast
skins, sometimes not even leaving the head, and the newly-hatched
worms will frequently feed upon the empty egg-shells before attacking
the leaf. We have in one instance, however, observed a young larva
which had* only partly issued from the egg already at work gnawing
the leaf.
In March last we still found the larvae of all sizes on the TJrena around
Crescent City, Fla., but failed to find any trace of them on any other plant.
This has also been the experience of Messrs. Neal and Hubbard, who
were instructed to make observations on this point.
The moth was first figured by Htlbner (Zutr.. 287, 288), and is ftdly de-
scribed under the name of Cosmophila erosay* oy Guen^e, who describes
the larva in a few words and gives its food plant as Hibiscus. It occurs
in South America^ the specimens from Brazil being darker and brighter
than ours accordmg to Guen^e. The many specimens we have bred
and captured show comparatively little variation. The color of the basal
half of the front wing is bright yellow, speckled more or less intensely
with ferruginous or brown. The posterior half is deeper, with oli?pih
oeous and brown shades, and with more or less of lilaceous. The hind
wings are dull-yellowish, more or less shaded with reddish-brown. GQie
markings are "withal so unique, as shown in the figure, that the species
cannot well be confounded witiii any other.
During winter the time elapsing from hatching to maturity has aver-
aged, in our vivaria, about seven weeks, but development will be much
more rapid during summer.
Should the TJrena ever be cultivated for its fiber, this its chief enemy
will readily be destroyed by the same methods adopted against the
Cotton Worm.
DBSCRIPnVS.
Anomis crosa, Hub. — Egg, — Diameter 0.8"™, clrcnlar, flat below; the tipper gurface
varies somewhAt in conyexity, in aonie being almost hemispherical, whilst with others
it is quite flat, in general shape and size reminding one of the egg of Aletia xylina.
Color, pale yellowish-^reen, almost of the same shade as the lower side of the leaves.
The nnmber of ribs which ran from the base toward the summit varies in different eggs
from 31 to 38. Of these ribs from 11 to 13" reach to about one-foAth the distance above
th»baae, 5 to 7 half way toward the summit, and 16 to 18 to near the summit. The space
between these ribs is divided quite constantly by 12 low transverse ribs, which at the
isterseetion with the radiating ribs form a small though quite sharp triangular point,
which is especially conspicuous in the emptv egg. The spaces between these ribs form
shallow, squarish depressions, which are nnely granulated. The summit is almost
soxwth, snrronuded with three series of small, roundish cells, which become larger
iway from the center, and beyond these another series of three rows of larger cells of
different shapes, though more or less squarish.
Larva. — Firtt stage, — Length of the newly-hatched larva, 2"". Color very pale
greenish-yellow along the dorsum, white and transparent toward the sides; head pale
yellowish, without any markings; eyes black, tips of mandibles brown. Antenme
short, t^jointed; first joint stout, very short and somewhat conical; second Joint
longest, clavate, its tip obliquely truncate externally, bearing at inner and outer an-
gles a stout spine, which is a little long^than the third joint; third -joint shorter
Uian seeond, cylindrical, with a small tubercle at tip, resembling a fourth joint, and
^vided at its tip with a fine hair; at the inner side of the third ioint, at base of the
apical tubercles, arises a stout spine which is almost as long as the joint itself. Pilifer-
008 warts, pale brownish, each bearing a long and slender pale hair. Legs rather
kmg, white; only two pairs of prologs, situat^ on abdominal joints 8 and 9.
— « ^ ^- — ' — *' '^ ' '
'Hist. Qen. d. Ins. Lep., Nocta^lites, II, p. 395.
170 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AQRICULTURB.
Second itage.-^The first molt takes place seven or eight days after hatching; at this
time the larvse differ from the newly-hatched specimeus only in the somewhat larger
size and slightly darker color.
Third stage. — In from six to seven days the second skin is cast, and with this molt
appears the third pair of abdominal legs on joint 7. They are, however, extremely
small and scarcely noticeable; they are not nsed in walking. The color now is a
darker green, lighter toward the sides, and with a pair of rather indistinct whitish
dorsal stripes. Head highly polished, pale, faintly greenish, with two pale, dnsky
oblique stripes. Cervical shield slightly dusky, with d darker posterior margin. Pilifer-
ous watts black, the hairs colorless. The abdominal legs are marked externally with
a broad dnsky stripe.
Fourth $tage. — The third skin is cast sis or seven days after the second molt. The
larva is now ahnost of the color of the leaves, and measures about 14™" in length.
The median and somewhat wavy lateral lines are darker than the test of the body;
the subdorsal stripes and sutnies between the joints are whitd. The prolegs on ab-
dominal joint 7 are now quite distinct^ though rather small, and are nsed in walking.
Fifth stage. — ^The fourth skin is cast three to five days lat-er, the larves having changed
very little in appearance, except that the dorsal and lateral lines and the piliferoos
watts are distinctly dusky.
Sixth $idge. — Five or six days later the fifth skin is shed, and the larva does not change
in appearance.
Seventh stage. — The sixth molt takes place aboat five days after the fifth, and the
whole appearance of the insect is considerably changed. The color is pale, translu-
cent, pea^green. The head is not polished, of the color of the body; the two oblique
dusky strij^ies are composed of several irregular spots; the labnlm is whit-e, antannis
pale ereenish, and the eyes black. The median and the two subdorsal lines are com-
posea of numerous irregular spots of a lemon-bellow colo^, of which those on median
t and the lower dorsal lines have a more or less distinctly dusky shade on either side ; the
lateral line is quite broad and almost whit^. Biliferous warts pale yellow, surrounded
1>jr transversely oval, indistinct, dusky rings. The wh6l6'body is speckled ^th niimer-
onB, nsuaUy transversely oval, small, lemon-yellow spots, which inclose fh>m two to
three almost colorless, glistening, round dots. Stigmata orange. Legs pale green;
claws and booklets pale urown ; venter bluish-green.
Length of fnll-grown larva about 35™*" (!{ 'inches).
Pupa. — Length, 15™°*. Color, blackish-brown ; wing-sheaths opaque, the remaining
portuni flatly polish^. Front of head prolonged into a short, stout, conical projec-
tion; near its base ventrally are two fine and quite long hairs and two similar pairs
dorsally near insertion of antennae. Eyes prominent and considerably polished. Legs
reaching to tip of wing-cases: antennte shorter. Mediai^line of prothorax quite sharp
and cannate, median line or mesothorax faintly elevated, somewhat polished. The
whole anterior portion of body finely and closely granulated. Metathorax and the
three following abdominal segments, with numerous shallow, circular depreesions,
each having a central granule. The circular depressions on abdominal joints 4-8 are
somewhat larger and their margin is slightly elevated ; the posterior third of joints AS
is of a lighter color than the rest of the body and very closely and quite coarsely gran-
ulated, while the posterior third of abdominal joints 7 and 8 is polished and not gran-
ulated. The last joinjkis verv peculiarly formed; its tip is broad and prolonged each
side into a short, stour^aud sharp tooth directed forward, and between these two is a
pair of slender and also bristle-like spines, directed forward and with their tips curved
in the shape of a loop; another pair of similar bristle-like spines, which are directed
forward and inward, are situated, ouo at each side, on a small projection at the base
ventrally of the stout lateral teeth, and between these is a lar^e pi-ojection which is
armed at its edge with two largi^, stoat, claw-like teeth, which stand at right angles
to the body of the pupa. The anal swelling is smooth, circular, and (|uite prominent;
the remaining portions of the tip are marked with coarde, elevated ridges, both dor-
sally and ventrally.
BBPOBT OF THS BNTOMOLOGIST. 171
THE CLOVER LBAFBBETLE.
{Phytonomus punctatus Fabr.)
Order Ool^optbra; family OuroulionidA
[Plate X, Fig. l.J
HABITS OV THE GENUS.*
Daring the year another European insect has made its appearance in
the role of an enemy to an import4\nt branch of American agricnltore.
This in«6ct — the Phytonomus punctatuis of Fabriciiis — has been w^U
kDowu in Europe for almost a century, but has never done any serious
damage to crops. Yet so common is it there that almost every one en-
tomologically inclined who has traveled through Germany or France
lias doubtless found it under sticks or stones in pastures and meadows.
In looking up the literature on the habits of the insects of this genus
in Eoropei we find much written on the history of the earlier states of
several species. From what is known in Europe, it appears that the
sp^es of the genus show a variety of habit and mode of development.
Ilie greeuisb larvas (recalling in general appearance those of Syrphus
or certain Tenthredinid larvie) feed in May or June on the leaves and
flow»« of the plants they infest, and spin in July a net-like cocoon
on various parts of the plant, changing therein to pupas within eight
(X twelve days, the beetle issuing in July or August. Only one annual
geDerati<m is recorded — the beetle hibernating.
Pkytonamus murinus Fabr. oviposits on the young shoots of Lucem
(Miiieago^cUiva). Ph, meles Fabr. feeds as larva and beetle on the common
redelover (Tri/olium pratense) and on Lncern, and proves injurious to
the latter plant in some parts of Germany. Ph» nigrirostris Fabr. (which
by the way occurs also, though rarely, in the United States from Can-
ada and Massachusetts westward to Michigan) feeds as larva on Trijb-
UMmpratense said Bnphthalmum salid/olium; Ph. pollux GylUi. on SUene
inflata and Polygonum kydropiper; Ph. rumicis Fabr. on various species
of Rumex and also on Polygonum avwulare; Ph» vicice Gyllh. on Vicia
tjiltatica; Ph. plant4iginis De G. on PlanU^go l^nceolata and Lychnis
dioiea; Ph. polygoni Linn, on young shoots of Uuinthiis and on Pylygo*
WLM avicularej the larvm feeding on the leaves as w«ll as on the blos-
aoms, and also boring in the stems ; PL sitspiciosus Hbst. on Lotus uligi-
wmu and Lathyrus pratensis ; Ph. palumbarius Germ, on Mentlia aqua-
Uoi and Stilria glutinosa.
So far a8 iieretofore known the habits of the genus in this country
conform to the above experience in Europe. We have reared Ph. comp-
tm Say from Polygonum nodosuin^ upon which the larvse and pupae may
be found in July, the cocoon having tKe usual net-work appearance.
Of the nine species known to occur iu this country this and Ph. eximius]
Lee, the habits of which were briefly given by E. A. Popenoe (Trans.
Kans. Acad. JSci. 1877, p. 38) are the only ones (exclusive of Ph. puno-
tatnn) whose habits have been observed, though, as above shown, those
of Ph. nigrirostris have been recorded by Ei^ropeau observers.
HISTORY OP THE SPBOtES IN NORTH AMERICA.
Concerning the appearance of Ph. punctatus in this country we stated
in the American Naturalist (in which we have recorded the above facts)
*CoBiptled frou oontaribntions to the American Natnmlist.
. tAooordiug to Profeisor Popenoe the larya feeds on Jiumex britanhicaf and transformi
ui a umilar cocoon on the plant.
172 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AQRICULTURE.
for March, 1882, that Dr. Le Gonte received a beetle as long ago as 1853
from Canada, from Mr. D'Urban, who was then connected with the geo-
logical survey of that country, and another specimen from the late Dr.
Melsheimer, frx)m Pennsylvania, and that these specimens had been de-
scribed by him as Phytonomtis (ypimus (Ehynchophora, p. 124). He had
recognized, from what we had publishea in the Naturalist, for November,
1881, regarding Phytonomus ptmctatusj that his opimus was identical, and
upon receiving specimens from me he wrote that, after a careful examina-
tion, there was no doubt in his mind as to the identity of the two si)ecies.
Ph. punctattiSy in its typical and most common form, is so easily recog-
nizable by its coloration (tiie suture and margins of the elytra being
yellowish-white) that one would not suspect its identity with Ph. opimus
from the description of this last.
It would appear, however, that opimus is identical with a variety of
Ph. punctatus described by Capiomont {Annales de la SociMS JEntomolo-
gique de France^ 1868, p. 123), in which the scales of the elytra are almost
uniformly gray, and which is not rare in Europe. The specimen from
Melsheimer is, moreover^ evidently rubbed. It is a strange coincidence,
that the numerous specimens we collected on Mr. Snook's farm were all
identical in coloration with the typical form, and that just those de-
scribed by Dr. Le Gonte as opimus should belong to a comparatively
rare form.
The identity of the two forms once established, it becomes probable
that the insect had made a permanent lodgement in this country years
ago, and that it was simply overlooked as an injurious insect till last
year. That a beetle is quite liable to be overlooked by Coleopterists,
although quite injurious to some cultivated plants, is not only prob-
able, but has often occurred. Coocotorus seutellarisj which iiguriously
affects the Plum; Tyloderma fragarice^ which depredates on the Straw-
berry plant ; and HyUsinus trifoliiy which is so injurious to clover, are ex-
amples among many which occur to us of species very common on cul-
tivated plants, yet rare in collections. Tlie same is equally true in
other orders of insects. A notable instance is found in the Hessian Fly,
which, though more or less injurious every year in some of our wheat-
producing sections, is yet so rare in collections that Dr. Packard had
much difficulty in procuring specimens to figure for his bulletin on the
species.
There is the other alternative, however, (which is also not so improb-
able), that the two specimens that have remained solitary so many
years in the largest American collection of Ooleoptera may really have
come into the country through European exchanges, especially as it is
known that Dr. Melsheimer did in some instances mix up European
and American species.
Our attention was first called to this insect by letter from Mr. L. D.
Snook, of Barrington, Yates County, Kew York, in July, 1881, stating
that great damage was being done to the clover on his farm. In the
latter part of April he first noticed on a field of clover, here and there,
small patches where the leaves were badly eaten. The damage in-
creased rapidly in extent, and by the end of July the whole field
(about seven acres) was badly infested, one comer of nearly two acres
having scarcely a whole leaf of clover remaining. Oth^ fields in the
same neighborhood were attacked in the same manner, while an occa-
sional field escaped injury.
We visited Mr. Snook in August of 1881, and found acres of his
clover ruined, but in passing through the field none but an expert
would suspect the cause, since the beetles were, as a rule; hiding in the
REPORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 173
groimd or slightly beneath the surface, and the few that were feeding
dropp^ and " played 'possam ^ upon the slightest approach, their color
being so nearly that of the earth that they are not easily observed.
That ^ey had been much more numerous earlier in the season than they
were then was apparent from the number of dead specimens, more or
less broken, and from the cocoons imbedded in the ground. Ko traces
of eggs, larvae, or pupae were found, though many empty cocoons were
obtained either on the surface of the ground or imbedded just in the
ground, as we then supposed, from the battering of rain. None were
found upon the plants.
In Jane of the present year we sent Mr. E. A. Schwarz to Barring-
too to look after the progress of the pest. His report shows an alarm-
ing state of affairs in Yates County, the insect having spread in all
directions. He writes as follows on this point :
.Upon my airiTal at Mr. Snook's place at Barrington, N. T., (Juno 13), I found that
the field where the weevil was first discovered had been ploughed about a fortnight
ago ; bat a few isolated p1ant« growing, near the fence of this field proved to be in-
fwted with the insect. Two oloyer-flelds near by harbored countless specimens of
Ihe insect (now mostly in the larva state), while other more distant fields were in
similar conditions. I traced the insect for about one mile from the original field
toward Crooked Lake without finding that it became less in numbers. Further investi-
gatioiia showed that it not only infested the clover in the fields and on pasture lands
but ihe iaolated plants growing in the gardens and on the roadsides. It is no exag-
Ration to say tnat I had difficulty in finding a clover plant that was not infested. Con-
tinoinj; my researches at Dundee the next day I began by finding the Phytonomus in
the middle of the town on the clover plants in the gardens, along the roadsides,
in the ditches, and npon going in the fields in the direction of Rock Stream I found
the same oondiUon as at fiurington. Upon my return trip I noticed the presence of
the insect at Starkey, on the Northern Central road, three miles east from-Dundee, and
fiiudly found the larv», upon a hasty investigation during rainy weather, under
dover plants growing along tlie roads near Watnns, N. Y., aoout fourteen miles from
Baningtoti*
From these &cts it may be assumed that the pest is at present much
more widely distributed than it was suspected from last year's observa-
tions.
Since last fall numerous experiments in rearing this insect have been
carried on in the Division, and from the notes, as well as from this year's
ohftervations in the field, we are enabled to give the following life -his-
tory of tiie sx>ecies:
LIPE-HISTOBY OP THE SPECIES.
The smooth, greenish-yellow, oval eggs are deposited by the female ^
beetle in irregular clusters, mostly in the hollow leaf-stems or flower-
stalks, where such situations can easily be found, or they are pushed
into crevices near the base of the plant. In confinement the females
lay their eggs promiscuously upon the glass and wood work of the
breeding cages, or upon almost any part of the plant given them for
food. When deposited upon a plane surface, however, they are not
finnly attached and are easily removed, which argues that their natu-
ral location is in some craek or hollow.
The newly -hatched larvae are pale yellow in color, and feed preferably
upon the under side of the leaves, or between the young leaves before
tbese get separated, eating small, round holes. While feeding the body
is somewhat curved and the larvae evidently hold to the hairs of the
leaf by the folds between the joints of the body, as they are entirely
legless. As they increase in size they acquire a greenish tinge, the
broad dorsal stripe alone remaining whitish. A few of them, however,
teUun the pale-yellowish color throughout their development. After
174 EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
the third molt thoy feed at the sides of the leaf, eating out large irreg-
ular patches, as shown in our figure. (PI. X, fig. 1 b,) The shape of
the larva at this time is also so well indicated at h and o as to need no
further description. The whole length of the larval life in the broe<ling-
cage vaxies from forty days in summer to several months in winter and
fall.
Only the very young larvae can be observed upon the plants, the older
ones invariably dropping to the ground when approached. Most of the
larvie, however, do not feed on the plants during the daytime, but are
to be found under all sorts of shelter in or on the ground, sometimes
quite a distance from the plant, but prefe^^.bly among the roots and old
stalks. Here they lie curled up in a similar manner to our saw-fly lar-
v(B or cut-worms. When handled they often eject, in a long stream,
their serai-fluid, pitchy-black excrements, probably as a means of de-
fense. .When teased they finally stretch out and walk off more rapidly
than could be expecteil of a legless Curculionid larva. When crawling
they not only use the ventral tubercles, which are very pronuuent, re-
sembling legs without the claws, but they use also the head and anus
in a very peculiar manner. The head is pressed downward until the
front touches the ground. The body is thus stretched forward as much
as possible when the anus leaves its hold, quickly following tbe rest
of the body and taking a firm hold near the head. The larva then
stretches itself out, and the same movements are repeated. The anns
evidently plays an important part in the locon^otion; it is somewhat
extensile, and each time the larva uses it to take hold of the leaf a small
drop of a sticky fluid is ejected. The anus seems also to possess the
power of suction as the larvae are capable of erecting themselves so as
to look around for some object to take hold of, turning, at the same time,
their bodies in all directions and holding solely by the anal end.
Toward evening the larvae begin to be more active and ascend the
plant, undoubtedly continuing to feed throughout the night. However,
even at dusk they do not become less timid than at daytime, and can
only be observed upon the plants at a considerable distance, curling up
and dropping down when approached. Their favorite position is with
their bodies around the edge of a leaf, but more rarely one may be seen
stretched out on the surface of a leaf.
The damage done by the larvae in the month of June was already
quite considerable, the presence of four or five half-grown ones being
suflBcient to give the plant a ragged appearance, and in some places
where the plants were completely defoliated, not less than 32 larvae were
counted under one plant, which was not a very large one.
After feeding for from ten to fifteen days, having suffered three molts,
the larva commences to spin its cocoon. The cocoon is oval, pale yel-
low in color, and is composed of coarse threads forming an irnbgular
net-work, as shown at / and g in the figure. In the breeding-cages
(during the winter of 1881-'82) it was usually spun between two or more
leaves or leaf-stalks aud attached to them. This is in accord with what
is recorded on the subject by European writers, but all the old cocoons
we found in 1881 were either on or in the ground, and Mr. Schwarz
found them in June, 1882, invariably under ground, i. «,, so completely
covered up with soil that in clearing away all ddbris no tiace of them
could be discovered from above. Usually they were just covered with
the soil, but in some instances they were more than half an inch in the
ground, each cocoon lying in a nicely-smoothened cavity. This habit,
though different from the known habits of otlier species of the genus,
IS undoubtedly normal with punctatm in tbe field.
REPORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 175
In spinninfir among leavoa the abdomen bends under, and the larva
is thns able to braee itself with two points against the fastened leaves,
whereby the hea<l and front portion of the body can be easily moved
in every direction; it then touches with its mouth the leaf, applying
at the same time a drop of a transparent, pale-yellowish liquid, which
is stretched out to a thread until the next point is reached with the
month. In this way it continues for some time, and then turns the body
in another direction, and works in the same way until a nearly oval cell
is formed; when this is done it fills up the space between the meshes
more and more, and the cocoon becomes more regular. It then follows
the different threads with its mouth to strengthen them with additional
ap[)licivtious, and at the same time fills up the too large spaces till the
cocooD is quite compact, leaving only smaU, round, or oval holes through
which the larva is but indistinctly seen. The spinning of the cocoon
la«ts for a^ut one day, when the larva ceases to work and remains l^ing
in a more or less curved x>osition until it finally casts itjs last skm to
transform to a pupa.
Mr. J. A. Osborne, in an interesting note on Phytoriomus rumicUj in the
Entomologists Monthly Magazine for June, 1879, states that the spinneret
of the larva is anal. Be this as it may, Fh. punctata spins with its
mouth, bracing itself against the part of the cocoon already formed while
constructing the remainder. The silk issues from the spinneret in a
verj- perceptibly liquid condition, but soon hardens, and the thick Uireads
fonning the walls of the cocoon are coarse, tough, and strong. The
length of the pupa state in late fall is about twenty-five days.
As will perhaps have been gathered from the preceding, the principal
damage is done by the insect after it arrives at the perfect or beetle state.
The beetle is very voracious, and devours the leaves at a rapid rate, eat-
ing the flower heads and stalks and also the leaf petioles — ^in foct all
parts of the plant above ground. It feeds principally late in the after-
noon and at night, and during the daytime generally hides itself around
the roots of the plant or in some crack in the ground. It is easily dis-
tnrbed when feeding, drawing up its legs, dropping to the ground, and
remaining motionless for some time.
This Phyt^omus feeds upon all sorts of clover, on the white as well
as upon the different varieties of red clover, and apparently without any
special preference for any variety.* It thrives well on every Idnd of
6oi], and the only locality of any extent so £a.r examined in Yates Goun^
where the insect was not found was a steep slope at the edge of a fleld,
where the clover was most luxuriant and the^oil very rich and soft.
Our notes on the length of life of one generation or the beeUe (taken
from specimens kept in breeding cages at Washington in the fall of
1881) give the following result: The eggs hatch within from nine to
twelve days afler being deposited ; the first molt of the young larva
take^ place eight or ten days after hatching ; the second molt takes place
seven to ten days after the first; the third molt eight to ten days after the
f^econd. The time elapsing between the third molt and the formation of
the cocoon is very variable, one larva beginning to spinJ.?, another 24, a
third 28 days after the third molt, while with a fourth 31 days elapsed.
The cocoon is finished in about one day, the larva remaining therein un-
changed from seven till ten days. The beetle issues about one month
later. Thus it takes almost four months frt)m oviposition to the hatch-
^Tlte CloTefT Boot-Borer {HyltBinuB tr^olii) seems to feed only upon TrifoliumprateMe,
^ wii neyer observed upon white clover, nor did it Attack, on Mr. QnooVs farm, the
176 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
inff of the beetle. In summer time the insect no doubt develops more
rapidly, as beetles issued in the last days of Juno from cocoons spun
about the 20th of that month.
NUMBER OF ANNUAL BROODS.
The beetles which were so injurious in July and early August laid eggs
in the latter month, and the larvae issued in September, transforming
in October or November, and ax)pearing as beetles in the latter month.
A portion of these beetles, without doubt, hibernated as such without
ovipositing; others laid their eggs, and there is strong reason to believe
that certain of these hibernated, as a flower-stalk was received a* late
as January 28, from Barrington, which contained a well-developed egg-
cluster. Many eggs hatched in the same fall, the young larvae doubt-
less hibernating within the old stalks.
Mr. Schwarz found, on June 13 and 14, the insect in all stages except
the egg state, by far the most common form being the half-grown larvje,
then following very young larvae, then full-grown larvae, then the co-
coons, which were all freshly spun (not one containing the puj^a), the
rarest form being the beetles. There can be no doubt that the beetles
then found were all hibernated specimens, since they were all very much
rubbed. A large portion of the larvae reached maturity and spun up
by the 20th of the month, and at the date when this report is submit-
ted, (June 30) the beetles nave been issuing for four days. The younger
larvae (which in all probability come from eggs laid this spring by
hibernated beetles) will not reach the perfect state before the end of
July or perhaps some time in August.
We have thus followed the development of the speciSs for nearly one
whole year, yet it is impossible to say whether or not it is regularly
single or double brooded. In considering the number of annual gener-
ations in any species we have to bear in mind that there is great irregu-
larity in development, which is also much influenced by the character of
the season. We have strong reasons for believing that during a severe
and protracted drought, such as we had in the late summer and fall of
last year, multiplication in this species comes pretty much to a stand-
still, and our first observations in August showed that the species oc-
curred in none of the earlier states. This fact, together with the other
weM-known fact that the Bhynchopliora in the imago state are otYen
long-lived and do not begin ovipositing immediately after maturity,
leads us to believe that there is normally but one annual generation,
and that the beetles which are perfected during the months of June
and July beget a generation which either hibernates in the immature
or the mature condition, according as it is developed earlier or later.
While this would seem ta be the rule, as we know it to be with many
other Ehynchophora, yet our notes and observations as here recorded
would indicate that a second generation may exceptionally occur. lu
other words, the monogoneutic generation of one year may become
digoneutic the following year, because of the irregularity in the develop-
ment of the individuals. The only thing that becomes certain in tins
uncertainty is that the larvae are in greatest and most destructive force
during the latter part of May and in June : that the new generation of
beetles work during July and August, so far as we now know, without
propagating, and that only a portion of their issue that is found in the
Jarva state later in the autumn attains the perfect beetle state before
winter sets in, when brought to a more southern latitude like that of
Washington ; the presumption being that in Yates County, Kew York,
all would remain in the earlier states and thus hibernate.
BEPOBT OF TIIE ENTOMOLOGIST. 177
BEMEDIBS.
It 18 impossible to say whether or not this Phytonomas will spread
fiuther. The encouraging presumption, however, is, if we may predi-
cate upon analogy, that it will not, since we recall no very injurious
beetle introduced from Europe (excluding those feeding upon stored
products) which has spread over the whole country, the most prominent
examples of such introduced species, Crioceris asparagi^ QaUruca xan-
ikemeUjtna^ &c, being yet confined to the Atlantic coast.*
Oar exjierience and observations during the winter show that this
Phytonomus hibernates principally in the young larva state, and tiiat
any mode of winter warfare that would crush or bum these larvsB hiber-
nating in the old stalks would materially reduce the depredations of the
apecies the ensuing summer. Clover stubble is, however, not so easily
burned in winter, and whether rolling could be advantageously em-
ployed will dei>end very much on the smoothness of the field and other
conditions.
The extreme timidity of the larva as well as of the beetle, and the
protected position of the insect in all stages render Uie application of
pyrethrom, or any other remedy acting upon oontact, entirely useless.
To poison the clover with London purple or Paris green would no doubt
be ^ectjf^e, but can be safely applied only wherever the clover is not
used for fodder.
Should the Phytonomus be very bad in a field, it would be well to
plow t^e clover under rather than to allow such field to become a source
of contagion. This should be done in the month of May, when the iu-
sect is mostly in the larva state, and when all eggs from the beetles that
hibernated have been hatched. To plow the field when the Phytono-
. mas is in the imago state would have no other effect than to disperse
the beetles over o&er fields.
NATURAL BNBMIBS.
Of the various species of Ichneumon flies known in Europe to prey
npcm the larv» of Phytonomus, none have been observed so fiEhr in this
coantry,and to this immunity from the most efficient natural checks the
undue multiplication of the species is no doubt to be attributed. Of
other insect enemies only one has been actually observed so far, viz.,
the larva of a small beetle, ColUygs quadrimaculatusj which was found
feeding uiM>n the eggs sent from Barrington in January. Mr. Schwarz
foand Hiree dead larvae on the plants, and from the manner in which
they w^re kflled he thinks that they were sucked out by Soldier bugs,
several species of which were seen in the fields, but none in the act of
sucking Phytonomus larvae. Several ground-beetles {Harpalus pleu-
riHeuSj B. peniisylvanicus)^ a PterosHchus larva, and numerous specimens
of a large red mite (genus Trambidium) aro found under the infested
plants, and these probably prey upon the Phytonomus in its earlier
stages, but no proof thereof can be given at present. Ants do not seem
to trouble the larvae, as on several occasions 8X)ecimens of the latter
^ere found in the middle of the ants, which build thdr colonies under
small stones and sticks in the field. This species is in all probability
* Aa an inteiMtiiig fMt in oolmeotion with imported oloyer enemies, we woalSanen-
tba thmt MTeral species of the Onvoolionid senas SiiameBf espeoially 8. flavetcmu-mnd
iMisi, which in Eniope are ii^Jarious to clover and luoem, and which harre long
■OM become natoraliae^ in our country, have pevei been reported here as injoiioasy
^^Mgh they occur quite O^immonly In some localities.
12 AO
178 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER O* AGRICULTURE,
extensively fed upon by Tiger beetles (Cicindelidce)^ which, both in the
larva and beetle states, doubtless attaek and devour the J?hytonomu8
larvae, whether when they feed or crawl over the ground, or in the ground
to pupate ; for we found, during August, on Mr. Snook's farm, that the
ground in the infested clover-fields was in many places literally riddled
with holes of larvae of Cicindtla repaauUhf most of them apparently nearly
fullgrown, and many just having changed to the perfect beetle.
DESCRIPTION OP EARLIER STATES.
Phytonomus PUNCTATU8 — Egg. — Lcn^h, 1"»™ (^ inch). Elongate oval, rather
more than twice as long as thicK. cyliudrical, highly polished, and without any ap-
parent Bcnlpturing when recently deposited. Color pale yellow. When abont tive or
six days old the color changes to a quite dark greenish-yellow, and the egg appears to
he quite rou^h, an examination under the microscope showing that the whole suriJaoe
has divided into numerous hexagonal, shallow depressions.
Larva — Fint stage. — Length, 1.5"»™. Body somewhat thickest at the middle, taper-
in^ gradually toward the ends. Color pale yellowish, head blackish-brown, polished,
wifh fine transverse wrinkles ; eyes black, small, round and projecting; ajitennse short,
2-jointed; first joint very short and very stout; somewhat conical, with the tip ex-
ternally oblique, and with two short spirt's on its distal side near the base of the
second joint ; the second joint very slender compared with the first, but almost twice
as long, tapering gradually towards the tip, wnere it forms a short nipplo, curved
slightly upwards; a long, stout bristle above, near inner angle of base of antenu»;
mandibles light brown, with basal two-thirds verv broad, terminating in two large,
sharp teeth, one above the other, the edge of "the lower one being armed with three
minute rounded teeth; palpi pale. Cervical shield dusky, narrow, divided bv a
pale dorsal line. Spiraeies duskv, oval^ with transverse wrinkles. The whole cior-
sal surfaee is closely covered with minu^, sharp, transversely oval, sliffhtly dusky
points. All Joints have smaU^xonical, dusky warts, as* follows: 6 dorsal, the out«r
four quadrangularly^ arranged,- th6 inner four much the smallest; ther^are two addi-
tional lateral warts, one aoove the other, on the thoracic joints, and one lateral wart
on each of the abdominal joints; each of these warts bears a very conspicuons olav»te
spine. The ventral side of the body is similarly armed, though the spines are more
slender. There are no legs, but in their place are very prominent swellings. Those
of the thoracic Joints are conical, and those of the abdomen are somewhat trans-
verse, and each of them is longitudinally subdivided so as to form two rounded swell-
ings, which are used in grasping when walking. The end of the body is divided into
three round lobes or swellings, which surround the anal opening, one above and two
below.
Second eUtge, — General appearance very similar to that of the previous stage, except
that the color has become greener; the head, which at first is yellowish-brown, is now
dark brown ; the cervical shield is of the color of the body, with the firont mamn and
lateral angles more or less blackirii ; the davate spines are somewhat shorter, out the
principal feature is a broad whitish dorsal line wnich on each joint is bordfiired by a
more or less distinct smidl blackish streak.
Third etage, — ^The appearance is not much changed, except that the dorsal line and
its bordering blackish streaks are more distinct; the head is at first palegreenish-yeUow,
and graduafly changes to brownish ; eyes deep black ; the anterior margin of prothorax
is lined with twelve blackish warts ; all other ioiuts are divided into two very distinct
folds, of which the anterior ones bear each side of the dorsal line a blackish wart, the
posterior a transverse row of twelve warts and two lateral^^arts ; all these warts bear
short, quite stout clavate bristles or spines, those on the lateral warts being somewhat
longest. There is a pair of simple and longer spines on joints 10 and 12; all spinee on
ventral side of the body are also simple.
Fourth etage, — The larvae are now quite dark green, especially the anterior half of
the body, the posterior, half having a lighter and more yellowish color, especially
along the lateral margin, and the last two joints are tinged with brown. The dorsal
line is very distinct and of a yery pale rose color; its lateral borders are black, form-
ing two quite broad interrupted lines: head brownish. The whole surface of the
body, above and below, is veiy rough ; the thoracic and abdominal swellings are very
prominent, and have a great resemblance to legs without the claws; the prothorax
possesses three of these swellings, of which the middle one is the most remarkable ;
it forms a prominent conical tubercle, which at the tip is divided into two separate
conical tubercles, with a stout, black, recurved bristle anterjorly near their base : simi-
lar bat less coqipicuons tubercles on the other thoracic, joints ; joints 4-lt each with
two pairs pf siimlar tubercles. Length of the fuly grown larva whea stretched, about
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. ~ 179
•
-^'ns form of the pnpA is well represented in the figure (PL X, Fig. 1, A). Itsros-
tmC imleoBA, legs, ftnd wing cases sre yellow ; head yellowi^-green ; sbdomen d^rk
gieso, with » pale flesh-oolored doisal line, the sides and venter somewhat paler ; eyes V
Tsry smaU ana black. These are the colors soon after transformation. The front of
the head has a deep longitudinal impression, and there are two deep transverse im-
pnsikkDS near the middle of the pronotnm. Head and thorax sparsely hairj ; wing
wmmm With iiine deep stri»: abdominal Joints each with a transverse dorsal row
ibart^ hrisllo-Uka haizsi ana quite a number of hairs around tip of abdomen*
THE VAGABOND OBAMBUS.
(Orambus vidgivagellus Glem.)
Order Lbpidoptebi.; family Grambidjb.
[Plate X} Fig. 2.]
HISTORY OF ITS Hf JUBY AND IDENTIFICATION.
Early in May, 1881, considerable damage wa^ done to meadows in the
vietnity of Watertown, Jefferson Ooon^ New York, by an insect which
was popularly thought to be the Army Worm. Specimens were sent to
08 in May last by Mr. J. Q. Adams, of Watertown, and by Professor
LiDtoer, tiie State entomologist at Albany, N. Y.
The worms sent by Professor Lintner, and which he was not quite
aure were the Army Worm, were chiefly the larvae of Nephelodes vUnam^
la aoooont of which, with figure, we had prepared for this report, but
which, among other things, we have been obliged to exclude for want
of ipaee. TEose sent by Mr. Adams were partiy Kephelodes, but chiefly
the Orambus under consideration, which proved to be the principajl
awthor of the damage. On July 2nd Professor Lintner wrote us:
I ka^e Josl handed in to the Evening Journal a eonection and explanation of my
lefennee of the raTasee in Northern New York to Nq^helode9 violans. From examples
of the eoooona and inlbnnation sent me by Mr. Adams, I find that the work is due, as
I had lately suspected, to the small larva, which I have determined as that of Crambua
%0n the 5th of the same month we wrote Professor Lintner:
I hare joat read your artiole in Journal of the 3d. I have some reasons for believinc
that your Crtunhu exiicoatua was an accidental kirva different from the Pyralid which
ii every instance is yet in the larva state (not parasitized), and the long larval life
b Ihe oocoon is so common in the Pyralidas.
We first reared the moth on August 2, and early in the month informed
both Mr. Adams and Professor Lintner that the destruction was done
without doubt by Orambus vul^vagellus.
Mr. Lintner studied it in the field, and presented a lengthy report
upon it to the State Agricultural Society in September (published in
me Elmira (N. Y.) Husbandman for September 14). He also read a
pap^ upon it before the American Association for the Advancement of
Saence, in August, at Cincinnati.
Later in the season we found the moth very abundant in all parts of
the Eastern States which we visited, and it was so common in the
ndiuty of New York as to be a positive nuisance in collecting, as we
were informed by Mr. Henry Edwards (see American Naturm.istj No-
vconber, 1881, p. 914). It was also present in lar&:e numbers in the Dis-
trict of Golumbiai where the fall larvsB were studied.
«
HABITS AND NATTTBAL HISTOBT.
The eggs are difficult to find, as they are dropped singly by the moth
wlarever she happens to rest; and the slightest jar causes them to tsXL
180 BEPOBT OP THE COHUSSIONEB OF AGBICULTUBB.
into some orack or oreTioe. The larvfe, if DOt too nomerooB, are also
difBcoIt to find, on accoont of their nocturnal habita^ bat more partica-
larly from their secluded mode of life. From the time of hatching to
the assumption of the papa state they remain nearly in the same spot.
The newly-hatohed larva spins a delicate white web, near or among the
roots of the grass, and commences at once to feed apon the softer parts
of some leaf near at hand, or bore tbrongh its surrounding sheaths
into the stem itself, near its base. Whenever they have settled they
protect themselves by a delicate web, which they gradually cover with
their greenish frass, forming a tabe, in which they are entirely hidden
from view. They are very sluggish, and, if the tube be disturbed, carl
up into a helix-like roll. As t^ey increase in size the tnbe is extended
either upward, when npon the groaud, or tlownward^if somewhat above
the surface, and the opening is often lined with bits of green grass.
When the larva is full grown its tabe measures, often, neatly 5U™" (two
inches) in length. A half inch at the lower end is thicker than the
rest, is rounded and closed, serving both as a retreat for the larva
and as a receptacle for excrement. The npper or open end is osn-
ally very delicate, and is generally so constructed that if the larva is
distorbed and moves dowliward it closes entirely.
When fidl-grown and ready to transform, the larva leaves its tabs
and commences to spin among the roots, and near or just beneatii the
sor&ce of the ground, an elongate clnb-shaped cocoon, similar in appear
ance to the lower end of the larval tube. It is composed of smootti uid
delicate white silk, gummed over with earth. Both ends are rounded,
the thicker end be&ig about 6"" in diameter, and the narrower end
about 4"". In this cocoon the larva remains for a long time befin«
transforming. Mr. J. Q. Adams, of Watertown, states that whUe every ,
larva was inclosed in a cocoon by the last of May, an examination as
late as July 16 failed to show any change to pupa. By August 15,
however, tbe moths began to issue in large numbers, and, as Mr. Adams
says, "at this date, August 22, any farmer of the countiy can widk his
meadow or pasture and drive up moths in countless numbers, or, in
places, in a small cloud." *
There can be little question that other species of the genus axe asso-
ciated in moderate numbers with tbe Vagabond Orambns, and tlie
breeding of Cramltut exsiccatua by Professor Lintner so much earlier in
the season would indicate that there is considerable variation in tlie
period of development between them.
JTaturally, the moth is rather shy if disturbed, though as a rule it will
not fly very far, and when at rest may be approached quite closely. It
seems to prefer dry stems or leaves of grass or weeiis when alighting, and
it is very difficult to detect in such situations, owing to tbe similarity
of its color to ihat of the object upon which it rests. It swoops sod.
denly to the ground when startled, but does not feign death, as do so
many allied insects. Instead, it slips, with a peculiar gliding motion,
under the dry leaves or oth^r objects upon the surface of the ground,
or even makes its way into cracks of the soil.
The number in which these worms must have appeared to do tlie
damage reported is enormous. Some pasture lots of 40 acres were en-
tirely mined, and as many as a dozen worms were often found in a spaoe
as big as the palm ^f a man's h^nd. Mr. Lintner, in his paper read be-
fore tiie American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Oin-
cirinati, stated that on an island in the Boquette Biver, whioh had
'•<>eii absolutely denuded of gnisa, the worms Jiad so thickly o(mgreg»ted
'ler the shade of a solitary oak tree that its base for about 18 indiei
BEPOBT OF THE ENT0H0L0GI8T. 181
•
WM ooyered with a fine layer of silken web. The worms had evidently
been forced, from sheer lack of food and sh^e, to migrate, and they
naturally collected under the first shade in their way, constantly spinning,
aa IB their nature, until tbe compact web was formed.
The injury, he stat^, extended over eight of the northern counties.
Hundreds of acres of grass presented a brown appearance, as if tbey had been winter-
killed. A pasture lot oT fifty acres, whicli ten davs before oifered good pasture, was
boined so tnat in places not a blade of grass conld be seen to the square yaid. Numer-
<mt dead caterpillars were adbering to tbe dead stems of last year's grass, which it
WIS believed bsud fallen victirad to starvation. The upland pastures were first attacked.
The progress was remarkably rapid ; entire fields were 'laid waste in ten or twelve
days. * * * In two instances the larve were observed in immense numbers col-
iM^ed on the trunks of trees, so that they could have been scraped up by handfhls.— -
{CmuidiamEntaniologUt, September, 1881, p. 18*i.)
We reared two different parasites from the species j one of them Lam-
ffonoia /rigida Cr., the other a Cryptus not yet specifically determined.
SIMILAIIITY OF HABIT IN A EUBOPEAN SPEOIES.
Curiously enough, Mr. William Buckler, during the same year, has
worked out the life history of an English species, Oranibui warrington-
tiiuij and it corresponds perfectly with the observed facts in relation
to Tulgitiigdltis, The eggs were received August 14 and 22, and had all
hatcJied by September 1. The progress of the larvae was noted up to the
middle of November, when they began to close their galleries for hiber-
nalian. They began work again early in the spring of 1881, and issued
ift moths from July 7tb to the 17th, some of the larv» having beioome
foil-fed and having spun up by the end of May. (Entomologists Monthly
MagagmOy November, 18S1, p. 129.)
REMEDIES.
The moths which were so abundant in August laid their eggs in the
latter part of that month and in September. Egg-shells Were abundant
in the earth from some sward sent to tbe Depa^ment September 14 by
Mr. Adams from a field which had been greatly injured, showing that
tlie lanrsB must have hatched prior to that date. Moths collected at
WaAington Jctober 13 deposited many eggs during the night, which
hatched in from seven to ten days. Tbe young larvae began feeding and
ipinning their tubes almost immediately. Some had cast their first
ikin November 1, their second November 15, and their third December
12. At tills point our notes upon their development cease, but they
evidently hibernate in the larva state, and, as ftdl-grown larvsB, do their
priaeipal damage the ensuing April and May. This proves, then, but
a single brood in a season, and suggests the simple remedy of burning
over infested meadows in the dead of winter, or, better, in the late fall.
DESCSIPTIYE.
The larvaD of C vulgivagellus are slender, subcylindrical, and of a pale
porplish-green color. Tbe moth has an expanse of wings of 25^™
(1 inch); the fit)nt wings are very pale- yellowish, dusted witii brownish
betwe^i the veins, and tbe bind wings are somew^t dusky; the cilia
at the edge of the front wings are golden. The principal variation is in
• the extent of the brown streaks upon tlie front wings.
Spedmens of the moth Iroin Vancouver's Island differ only in their
lonewhat smaller size. {Can. EnUj 1880, p. 17.)
18S BIPOBT OF THB OOMllXSfllOirEB OF AQUOULTUBX.
We append descriptioiis of the earlier states:
Cbavbus VULGIVAGELLU8— -E^*;.— Lenffth. 0.7»"» ; dinmeter, 0.3"»; oolor, pale yellow
irheu laid ; polished, elongate oval, slightly thicker and a little more flattened at lower
end than at upper. There are about 18 quite sharp longitudinal ridges, the spaces
between them shallow, and divided by numerous low transverse ribs; the color changes
after three days to bright orange.
Xoroa.— Length when newly hatched about 1™"; seneral color dingy yeUow, with
very pale, irregular, reddish markings. The head is large, and the hwij tapers grad-
ually from it towards the end. Heaa deep black, and fhmtshed with a few long hairs ;
antenuffi white, 4-Jointed ; joints 2 and 3 are each furnished at their apical angle with a
stout spine, that of joint 3 being longer than the joint itself; the last ioint is very
minute, bearing 2 fine hairs at tip. Cervical shield blackish, with 6 long black bristles
along anterior margin, and 6 smaller hairs somewhat in IVont of posterior marg^in;
the other joints are each famished with a trauHverse row of 8 long, blackieh hairs,
arising from prominent, conical, somewhat dusky tubercles. Thoracic legs slightly
dusky; abdominal legs white, Ions, and conical.
In the fourth stage the color of the body is quite dark and purplish, instead of pale
aa before; the cervical shield is black. Each joint has a transverse wrinkle across its
posterior third ; the piliferous swellings are large, oval, and faintly darker than the
rest of the body, and the black hairs each arise from a small white wart, which is
surrounded by a narrow black ring. Legs purplish, those of the thorax darkest with
the tips of the joints white.
The full*(nrown larvte vary more or less in size, though the largest measure about
IQaim Iq length ; the color is pale purplish green, the head black, polished, with thai-
low, transverse wiinkles ; the cervical shield brownish, with a few small blaeklsh
markings, and a narrow, whitish median line. The posterior wrinkle of abdominal
Joints is piliferous, warts large, oval, brownish, somewhat polished; dorsal line iwtf-
row, of the same purplish color as the body, bordered each side by an irregular whitish
line : interrupted subdoreal line broader and whitish in color ; stigmata black, and
shield brownish, slightly polished ; venter pale.
Pm|ni.— Length 15 to e(W">; color yellowish, polished; eyes black, not promiaeiit;
kecKi enrved forward, front somewhat projecting, rounded ; stigmata brown ; veiitndly
near the end, transversely flattened, and somewhat concave, Uke edge quite aharp and
ihmished with three fine straight spines.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST.
The followiDg contains all the essential published references to the
species, though various journals have had abstracts or repetftions,
especially of Professor Lintner's articles:
Clsmeks, Brackknkidgr. ~ Proceedings Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, 1860
p. 203.
(Orighisl dMcription of Oramhut vuiiiivagfttut.]
GnoTB, A. U.— Canadian EntomoJogUt, January, 1880, (Vol. XII, p. 17).
[Kotcfi tbftt Rpeclmens of Crambut vulgivagellut from Vancouver's Island are amaller than eatten
■pedmena.]
LiNTNKR, J. A. — Alhany Evening Journal^ May 23, 1881.
[Personal obeerrations on the supposed ArmT-worm. Doubts as to whether It Is Lmteania tcai
puneta^ Statement that no descriptioiis or the earlier stages of the larva of this last axisC ts
cunpare with.* Distribution and Ravages.]
LlKTXEB, J. A.— Coart«f and Freeman (Potsdam, N. Y.), May 26, 1881.
LiNTNER, J. A,— St Lawrence (N. Y.) liepuhlioan^ June 8, 1881.
Rli^Y, C. V. — "Supposed Army- worm in New York and other Eastern States."—
American Naturalisiy July, 1881, p. 574. (Publinhed the previous month.)
(An account of the mrtthod of work from J. Q. Adams, of Wnt^rtown, K. Y., of what he supposes
to be the true Army-worm. Its detennination by Mr. Kiloy as an unknown Pyralid wluoh ht
bad previously seen in Missouri iu pastures.]
LiNTNER, J. A. — Albanff^ Evening Joumalf July 1, 1881.
(Bsfars to the work of the species ; shows that the insect supposed to bo doinff danafto U aot
the Army-worm, but Xej)helodea violant ; refeis to a second Pyralid larva which will probably
prove to l>e Crambus extiecatxu, one of this species having been reared.
* Thia is a misUke. Soe onr Mo. £nt. Sep. YIII (187tt), pp. IM, 186.
RBPOBT OF TSB S1IT0X0L00I8T. 188
A]>AMS, J. Q.— ''The late so-called Army-wonn.''— Waiertown (N. Y.) Daily Hmm, Au-
gust 22, 1881.
(GiTM an accoont of h*bito of and damage done bj Orambua vidgivcig^hUt eomparing it to the
trtie Army'irorm.]
RmsT, C. V. — "The Genuine Army- worm in the West." — Atnerioan NaturalUt^ Septem-
ber, 1881, p. 750. (Puhlisbed the previous month.) '
(In a foot-Doto to thie article the aothor ideatUies the euppoeed Anny-woim of northern New York
aa Ortunbut vutgi9iigUlu$.]
Ldttner, J. A.~'*The Vagabond Crambos.''— Elmira (N. Y.) HutUuidmant September
14, 1881.
[An article read by Mr. Lintner before the New York State Ai^IciDtnral Society, gfrln^ an ex-
tended acooont of the damage done by Oram^bua wukfivagellui in Korthem New York in 1861,
and the coinplete life*hlatory of the apeciee, except method of hibernation. The only i-emedj
mentioned ia attracting the moths to ughted keroaene upon the surface of water in barrels.]
BAJJHDKR3,WTLLiAM.--CanadianEnUmologi8t, September, 1881 (Vol. XIII, p. 181).
(A abort reTiew of Mr. Lintner's paper on OrambuM mtlaivaffdlut^ read before the 1881 meeting of
the Anwioaa Aseoolatlon for the Advancement of Science.]
LnmrsR, J. A. — Ogdenshurg (N. Y.) Dailp Journal^ September 81, 1881.
f Common name of Vagabond Cnunbns proposed ; remedies snggested.]
BiLZT, C. v. — " Crambus vulgivagellua.^^^AvMrican NaturaUat^ November, 1881, p. 914.
(Beraarts open the abundance of the species in all the Eastern States in 1881, and desoribes the
BXLgY,C.Y.— American ^aterali^f, December, 1881, p. 1009.
[A short reriew of Mr. Lintoer's A. A. A. S. paper on "A remarkable inTasion of Korthem New
Yttrk by a Pyralid Ikisect,^ objecting to the use of the term ** invasion" in this conneotion. j
THE WHEAT ISOSOMA.
{Isosoma iritici Biley.)
Order Hymbnopteba; fiamily Chaloididjb.
[Plate Xn, Fig. 3.]
PAST HISTORY AND HABITS.
"For nearly two years past I have been studyiDg the habits of a new
species of Isosoma which has been iDJuring wheat-stalks in Illinois,
Tennessee, and Missonri. The larv® were first received by me in Jane,
1880, from Mr. J. K. P. Wallace, of Andersonville, Tenn., who stated
that nearly every stalk was affected, and that, as a consequence, the
straw is inclined to fall before the wheat is fully rii^e. I replied to his
letter asking information, in the American Untomologist (UI, p.lSl),
stating that it was a new wheat enemy, evidently Hymenopterous.
Prof(Rssor Thomas had found the same worm that year in wheat in Illi-
Dois, and from having bred a two-winged fly (a species of Chlorops)
from some collected stalks, wrongly attributed the parentage of the
Worm thereto. Professor Packard, during a trip made to Virginia and
other Southern sections that same year, found this new wheat enemy
tolerably common. The insect passed tlie winter either in the larva or
ia the pupa state, and the perfect fly issued in March and April, 1881.
Specimens received the present year have issued in December and Janu-
^, induced doubtless by the long-x|i'Otracted warm weather.
/^Although congeneric with the Joint Worm of Harris and Fitch, it
differs widely from the latter in habits and appearance. The Joint
^'orni, it wiU be remembered, forms a gall-like swelling at a joint near
tbe base of the stalk. The species under consideration, hdwever, feeds
ou the interior of the stalk between the joints, high up, without causing
184 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AOBICULTURE.
a swelliDg. It undergoes all of its transformations within the stalk, its
work causing a premature ripening and greatly reducing the yield.
<<Mr. J. G. Barlow, of Cadet, Mo., says in one of his letters to me :
** More than two- thirds of the straws Id the field had a larva or pupa in thorn, and the
crop was sadly diminished by them. One fanner had 15 bushels off nine acres; an-
other sowed 15 bushels of wheat and harvested only 30 bushels. My nearest neighbor
harvested 6 bushels from ten acres ; he could not get a oian to cut it for the crop.
These are my nearest neighbors. Many did not got their seed back.''
The above statement in reference to this insect was published by us
in the Rural New Yorker for March 4, 1882.
In the meanwhile Prof. G. H. French had been studying a Wheat
stalk- worm in Dlinois, and we quote from his communications to us :
The first work of this insect observed by myself was just prior to the harvest of 1830,
in the vicinity of Carbondale, lU. Upon passing a field of wheat my attention was
attracted by seeina a great many apparently light beads, some of which were on stalks
that were partly uead| though the grain, as a whole, was not quite rix)0. Examina-
tion sbowea that many of the heads were only partially filled. The first thought was
that Hessian flies had caused the damage, but there were very few signs of either
brood of them to be found. Upon cutting open the stalks there were to be seen on the
inside one or more small yeUowish worms, and as these were in more than half the
stalks examined, the conclusion was natural that here was the cause. From the ex-
amination made with the pocket leus they were thought to be the larvse of some Dip-
terous insect, as they were without feet. A few of the pieces containing worms were
taken by myself^ but Mr. John Marten, then one of the assiHtants in the 8t;at>e entomol-
ogist's ofiioe, and who was with me at the time, took a lai*ger number for examina-
tion and rearing, for the i)urpose of deciding what they were.
As my time was fully occupied with other matters, the portion of stalks taken by
me received but Uttle attention, and, as a consequence, thoy dried up instead of produc-
ing the perfect insects. Mr. Marten afterward ooUected more of the stalks, and after
keeping them for a time found a single fly in the Jar containing the stalks, evidently
hatched from a larva in them when collected. The fly was thought to be a species of
ChloropSf though what species was not determined, and, indeed, cannot well be now,
for the specimen was acculeutly destroyed, though it might be approximately from the
description that was taken when the specimen was first found. No other specimens
were obtained. • * • They are to be found on the inside of the culms, usually just
above the joints, varying from the joint or intemode supporting the head to the second
one below this, or in any one of the three upper int«rnodes. The usual place is the
second or third one from above ; very few in the upper. I do not remember to have
found any below the third joint from above. • • * i have noticed this season
that in grain infested with Wheat-Stalk Worms the heads were shorter than in fields
free from them, as well as not so well filled out at the ends. This would seem to imply
a continuous irritation dui'iug the whole growth of the worm.
•
OOMPABISONS WITH THE JOINT- WOBM AND OTHEB ALLIED SPECEBS.
During the past winter between twenty and thirty specimens of the
adult have been reared. Of these a single specimen only was fully
winged, two were furnished with hind wings only, and the rest were
wingless, or furnished with mere rudimentary pads.' After a careful
comparison with the known species of the genus we found that tbo
species was new to science, and published descriptions, under the name
of Isosama triticij in the American Naturalist for March, 1882, and in the
Rural New Yorker j as above quoted.
Tritid differs from hordei principally in its smaller size, more slender
form, in the smoothness of t^e head and thorax, in being hairy, and in
possessing the large pronotal spot. , In this latter respect tritid proves
a marked exception to the rule laid down by Walker, (Notes on Ghal-
ddidsd, p. 7), that this spot, though present in the European species, is
absent in au American and Australian members of the genus. This
role, however, must have been laid down upon very insufftcient grounds,
as even in hordei this pronotal spot is as evident as upon the Europ'eau
REPOBT OF tH£ ENTOMOLOGIST. 185
7. verticiUata Walker, of which we have received many specimens firom
Walker himself!
Considerable confosion respecting this wheat insect has arisen dnring
the past year firom the fact tiiat Professor fYench, in the Canadian
Entomoloffistj and also in the Prairie Farmery described the work of what
is evidently this species in the wheat-fields of Illinois, and pnblished a
technical description of the adnlt, under the name of Isosoma allynii.
From this description, and from specimens which Professor French for-
warded at onr request later, it was evident that this species did not
belong to Isosoma at all, but to the well-known genns JEupelmus^ and,
as the latter genus is, so fiEir as known, always parasitic, it became at
once evident that Professor French had mistaken a parasite of the
liosomaj or of some other wheat insect, ibr the true author of the dmnage.
One reason for this mistake can probably be traced from the following
facts: Before the adult Isosoma tritici had been bred there was some
diaeussion between Professor Thomas and ourself as to whether the
larvsD in the stalks were really Hymenopterous or Dipterous. We in-
sists that they were Hymenopterous, and that a ChloropSj which he had
bred fix>m wheat and published as the true author of tiie damage, had
oome from some other larva. Upon breeding the Isosoma^ in the spring
of 1881, we wrote Professor Thomas we had done so, in support of the
correclaiess of our supposition. It was probably this fact that led Pro-
fessor French to consider the insect which he bred an Isosoma.
At the same time another species, found on a wild grass {Ulymus cana-
densis), was described by Professor French as Isosoma elpni. This species
proved to be a true Isosoma^ and it was thought by Professor French that
it might be identical with tritici; but a comparison of a specimen which
he sent us with types of tritici ahowed several marked points of differ-
ence; so tiiat this question, refeired to by Professor French in an article
in the Prairie Farmer of March 11, 1882, may be considered as settled.
It is worthy of remark that J. tritici seems to be quite closely relat(^
to the European Isosoma lineare. This latter species was bred from
wheat by Dr. Giraud, who considered it as an inqmline, or a parasite upon
OdUhipkila pohfsUgma Meigen — a Dipterous insect making swellings in
Uie stsJks. Kaltenbach, however, remarks that although he many times
obtained the Isosoma fix>m the wheat, he never succeeded in rearing the
Ochthiphila — a suggestive fact, and which would seem to indicate that
the J. linearcj like our species, is the real author of damage to the wheat
KTTKBEB OF BBOODS.
From the facts gathered in relation to J. tritici it seems most probable
that there is but a single annual generation, and, as already stated, that
it hibernates normally in the larva and pupa states in the wheat stubble
and straw, the adult insects apx>earing in March and ApriL
BEMEDIES.
With this state of afbirs the remedy is obvious, namely, the burning
of the stubble after harvest. As plowing under seems never to have
proved particularly efficacious with the Joint-worm, we have no reason
to suppose that it will be more so with this insect. Inasmuch as wheat-
fields after harvest are often allowed to grow up with weeds. Professor
^i^Dch suggests that*a mowing-machine be run through the weeds, and
that after they have dried sufficiently, the burning of the stubble can
thus be made more thorough. Certain observations made by Professor
186 BEPOBT OF THB OOlflllflSIOHEB OF AeBICULTURE.
French the present Bommer would seem also to show that rotation of
crops will prove a good preventive. A critical examination of three
fields, two of which were last year also in wheat, while the third was in
clover, showed that in the former case 93 per cent, of the stalks con-
tained from one to three worms each, while in the latter not more than
5 per cent, of the stalks were infested.
PARASTTBS*
Although we cannot yet say with certainty that Eupelmtu allynii is
parasitic uiK)n our wheat Isosoma, yet, consideringthe circumstances
under which it was obtained, this seems probable. We have bred, how-
ever, a true parasite from the specimens received irom Tennessee, which,
according to Mr. Howard, belongs to Forster's genus Stictonotus. It
may be described as follows:
Stictonotus isosomatis, n. sp. — FemdU, Length of l>ody 3.26»» ; ezpauae of wings
4iuia. greatest width of fore wing .Sd"!^. Antenu» #ab-clavate, finely pilose. HoimI
and face finely panctored; pro-and meso^horax rather more closely punctured: abdo-
men yerv delicately shag^reened. General color metallic sreen; ^antennxe black, club
brownish; front cozse and itemora^metaUic ^en; distal end of femora, all of tibias
and tarsi excej^t tMsal olawJboney-yeUow ; middle coxss metallic green ; femora black,
veUowish at either end; tibi» honey-yellow 4irith a longitadinaT dorsal streak, titfsi
honey-yellow except laslriointjiiiiind.coxiB, femora, ana {Ibiie shining black, with
distal end of femora and either en<^of tibi8Blioney-yeUow;'taiBi honey-yellow except
last joint, which is^lack; wii^ yeins honey-yeUow. Entire body sparsely covered
with short delicate white haixs.
The ^ has more markedly olavate antenna and is nearly tea from the whitish
hairs, except at jdn^of meso-sc«telinm and atvi^p of abdomen.
Described from 1 $ , 2 '^B/4>re^from I»09<ma triUd BUey.
BESCBIPTiyS.
We ap{>end the original descriptionrof the adult from the American
Ifaturalisty together with a descriptioR oMihe larva:
ISOSOMA TBITXCI. N. sp. FemaU, — ^Length of bo^ 2,S^'°; expanse of wings. 4°^™ ;
greatest width of front 'wiug,^.7™";''anteoniB, sub-clavate, three-fourths the length
of thorax: whole body (witSthe exception oftmetanotum, which is finely punotalate)
highly polished and snmelyN^OTered with long hairs toward end of abdomen ; abdo-
men longer than the tnorax, and stouter. Color, pitohy-black ; scape of antennse, oc-
casionaUy a small patch on the cheek, mesoscutnm, femoro-tibial articulations, coxis
above and tarsi (except last Joint) tawny: pronotal spot large, oval, and pale yellow-
ish in color; win^ vems dusky yellow and extending to beyond middle of wing; sub-
marginal three times as lont^ as marginal; post-marginal very slightly shorter than
marginal, and stigmal also shorter than marginal.
Described from twenty-four specimens. Of these twenty-fonr specimens only one
was full^ winged ; two were furnished with hind ^vings only, and the rest were wing-
lees. Male mumown.
Larva, — ^Length, 4.5"^ (nearly i inch); of the shape indicated in PI. XII, Fig. 3, a, h.
Color, pale yellow : mouth parts brownish. Antennsd appearing as short two-jointed
tubercles. Mandioles with two teeth. Venter furnished with a double longitudinal
row of stout bristles, a pair to exich Joint. Each joint bears also, laterally, a short
bristle. Stigmata pale, circular; ten pairs, one on each of joints 2 (mesothoracic)
toll.
BIBUOaSAPHIOAL LIST.
Riley, C. V.— "Worms in Joints of Wheat.— -iwsnoaa Entomologht, III (1880), p. 181
(JulyX
[Aoknowledffes the receipt of Hym«nopteroiui lame in wheat from J. K. P. Wsltaoe, AndeTMnviOa,
Ky., audoomparea with the comnon Dipterone wheat fUea, flgisrlng Mtrcmyut mmttiaama.}
Thomab, Cykus.— "A new Enemy to Wheaf— Prairte jPonn^r, August 28, 1880.
[DeBCxibee briefly the habiU of the new Wheat «talk-wonD« and givee a detailed deecriptioa of s
•peciet of Ohloropt (bred from wheat},. whiolx he considen the trueaathor of the dsBoage.]
mOBT OF THX BOT0M01KMI8T. 187
FUBIOH, a H.— ^< A new Wheat VeasL'*^Fr4ririe Farwur^ December 31, 168t
{UmtJtihm ** imttma ■HlmiL** tabeMiieBtly pToreo to belong to Sapolaiiu, e pendtie gMiiis, lai
pMtaklj puMfttIo ppon iMionM MMi, Um work of whi^ Fnneli leeiiui to 1«to toea.)
FsE!fCR, O. H.— "The Wheftt-Stalk Worm.^— Pmirid FtunMTf January 98, 1868.
(ConoetioB m to kaicth of 1mt», and statement that wheat not sown after wheat ia eomparatiTely
iiiwpt from ii^ury. J
FuKcv. O. H. — "Two new Species of Isoaoma,"— CJanadian EnU>mologi$tf Jannatr,
1883, p. 9.
p)eaeribca lioeoMa oUifnU from wheat, and I. dymi from Ef^fmut eanadentit.]
BiLrr, C. V,— "The Wheat Ifloaoma."— iJiiraZ New-Yorker^ March 4, 1882.
(DMflKftaa Itwma friMe< and (ireB aa aooonnt of its habits; oaUa attentioD to the flu)t that
lVeach*a /. wBfnH belongs to Sapelmus and is parasitic; glTea also the differences between
CfttM aad Jbofrisi.]
FmrcH, G. H.—'< Entomological Notes.''— Prairie ^oraMr, March 11, 1882; ibid,. M«r
87,188S.
(CocvsiCa his BUatahe In regard to I. aUutdi^ but considers his /. dvmi, bred originally flram the
■Calka 9i a wQd grass, as the real anthor of the damage to wheat J
FnnoH, O. H.— "On some Ohalcidid».''— Oifuuliaa EtUwmolo9%$i^ March, 1682, p. 48.
pJetufaMrtinythaaame as the abore.]
BnxT, C. y.— "A new Depredator infesting Wheat StaUu."— wimertcai? NaiwralUL
Mtfch, 1882, p. 847.
llSgnsa lavraof 1. frttM; oorreets French's error with regard to L oQynii; republishes deocrlptioB
sf /. IrMe^ and gires an acooont of habits, comparing with Snropeaa /. Iwisaf^.)
VuDiCH,O.H.— "The Wheat-«traw Worm."— Eleyenth Report of the State Sntomolo-
fiat of Illinois, 1881, pp. 73-81. (Published May, 1^)
•
(0h«s a Isagtlty aeeoont of the damage doas by the "Wheat«traw Worm", under fibensaieof
Inrnmu mBL^ftM. The deseriptlons of Jams and pnp» are erldentlv those of Snpslmiia. Au
s4ditknialproof oflhisfaetisfiMind InhiastatemcnVthathe bredthe peribotfly fttna Ja|y 10
OB thnmgh AngnsC whereas liessma trUiei issues in winter and spring. The araole contains
naay ooufbsing staiemeiits, owing to the'unoertalnty as to whether IsMoma or jAopehntts is
referred to in &e Tarious portions. In a foot-note at the end of tbia aiiiele he annewiMea his
error in ealling the Snpelmus an Isosoma, and states Itotuma elymi to be the anthor of the dam-
FincH, G. H.— ''Notes on Isosoma Elymi."— Canoifian EntoiMioguif May, 1882, p, 97.
(&SVS that /. 4^mi is distinct from /. triHH lUley. ]
THE SORGHUM WEB WORM-
(Nola sorghielUij new species.)
Order Lepidopteba ; family Bombtcid A.
[Plate XI, Pig. 1.]
ITS INJURIES.
OnriDg the past snmtner the heads of sorghum in Sonthem Alabaioa
wem found to be infested with a new Web worm. Specimens were sent
to the Department in July by J. P. Stelle, of Oitronelle, Mobile Oounty^
Alabama. The letter accompanying them is well worth quoting :
hft mftnX yean the people of Kansas havo been deeply intereeted in a ▼arie^ el
Jjfkesi wileerny whieh they oaU rioe com or pampas lice. They claim tiial it snceieds
"«tt«t on dry and poor land than any gnin known. We of the lowet Sointh lu|Y«
188 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
been patting it to the test, with mnch enoonragement. I have grown it for three yt^n,
and haTe found it wonderfully productive (yieidingr two crops each season), and highly
Talnable as a fodder for cattle and a grain for fowls. By to-day's mail I send yon a
head of the plant, a fair sample of ten acres now under culture, which seems to
demonstrate uiat its fate is sealed, for this localitT at least. I neyer before saw an
insect of any kind working upon it. I find that the patches belonging to my neish-
bors aro all in the same condition ; it is literally a clean sweep. I am saving seed oy
clearing a few heads of the worms and binding gauze cloth over thorn. The sadden
appearance of the present immense brood of the caterpillars was the first indication I
haa of their presence. They confine their operations entirely to the head and gndn
of the plant, totally destroying the grain while in the milk.
HABITS.
The specimens sent by Mr. Stelle were carefully stadied and reared
to the adult stage. The sorghum heads sent were, for the most part,
so interwoven with silk as to form a compact mass, ia which was pro-
fusely mixed the whitish excrement of the larvoe. Kunning through this
mass were numerous delicate tubes, forming channels, through which the
larvsB passed from one seed to another unexposed to the attacks of para-
sites. The kernels of grain were sometimes entirely eaten, but in gen-
eral were only partly destroyed, the germ, however, seeming to be the
portion of the seed preferred, as in almost every instance it was eaten.
The larvse were very active when disturbed, and left the heads when
ready to transform, spinning small silken cocoons upon the surface of
the ground or in some sheltered place. The cocoons were about 7™" (a
little more than a quarter of an inch) in length, somewhat thickest at
the anterior end. and with a small opening at the posterior end, through
which tiie last larval skin was partially pushed. They were made of
delicate, closely-spun white silk, firmly &stened to the object selected
by the larva for attachment, and were covered with particles of wood,
bark, or excrements, so that they were readily recognized.
The moths issued in late July or early August, a week or more after
the spinning of the cocoons.
SYSTEMATIC POSITION.
The species seems to belong to the rather composite genus Nola of
Leach, in the same group with Zeller's nigrofasdata. The nialana of
Fitch and zeUeri of Grote are now placed by Grote under JSolapkana
in the Koctuidae. The species under consideration possesses the pecu-
liar scale tufts of the Nolas described by ZeUer, and agrees in the vena-
tion of the front wing with the N. confusalis^ H. S., given by Zeller in bis
Beitrdgej differing only in the lack of vein 5 in the hind wing.
The species seems to be new. Lord Walsingham, in a private letter,
states tiiat it comes near the Nola innocua^ describeil by Butler, from
Formosa, and that it is also closely related to a species figured by Snellen
von YoUenhoven.
DESOBIPTIVB.
KoUl 80RGHIELLA, n. sp. — Imago (PL XI, Fig. 1 g^ A).~Ayerage expanse 9.3™"
Head and thorax heavily scaled. Color si I very- white; the front wings with thiee
equidistant tnfts near ooeta, the basal less distinct than the others, the distal one at
abont onter third of wing ; the tufts, an aronate shade towards posterior border, and a
spot Jnst within the disk, vello wish-brown; the costa (except pale costal mark) and a
•hade along posterior border, broadeifing anaUy, of a deeper brown, and often mixed
with a few deep.brown or blaok scales. Scales loose aud marking easily effaced. An-
tennis in ^ finely ^ctinate and yery sparsely scaled. Palpi in $ longer, but with
•horter, lessjdense mles than in 9 • Trophi pale yellowish. Legs in both aexea, and
mgxe bnahy palpi of $ marked with pale yeUo wish-brown.
REPOBT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 189
Datsribed ftom seTen roeoiiiiena bred from Sorghum tmlgare yar., and two spedmens
eaptmed in Florida in 1881 bv llr. A. Koebele.
Larva (Hg. 1 e, d). — Length when full grown 13°*™. General color either yeUow-
iah or light greenish-yellow. with two qnite broad brownish dorsal stripes, and some-
timea nanow sabdorsal and lateral lines of same oolor, dorsal line aunoet sulphur^
yellow. Head yellow, small, and retractile. Stigmata small, brownish, situated an-
teriorly at base of piliferous warts. Each segment with a transverse dorsal row of six
praodnent piliferoos warts of the color of the bod^, and a somewhat smaller similar
wart at baae of legs, all fhmished with short, stin, and vexy sharp vellowish bristles
with brownish tips; those of the lateral waits are intermixed with a fow long and
slender hairs. Legs yellowish.
P^pa (Fig. 1 e). — Leneth between 5 and 6™™. Color brownish-yellow, darkest on
donom and abdomen. Of almost eaual thickness throughout; abdomen beyond the
wing-cases somewhat curved towards the venter. Head rounded. The two posterior
legs extending beyond wing-cases almost to posterior margin of fifth abdominal seg-
menk Postenor margin of segments 4-6 prominent and rounded. Last segment small,
roonded, with a small longitudinal dark brown ventral impression and witJiout any
spines aniinid tip. Stigmata small, not very prominent, placed in a somewhat oblique
direction. The whole surface dosoly coveied with minute brownish granules.
THE OATALPA SPHINX
(Sphinx oataipm Boisd.)
Order Lepidopteba; family Sphingidje.
[Plate Xin,]
Tha« has existed great difference of opinion as to the valne of the
Oatalpa, whether as a shade or timber tree, a difference to some extent
doe to the confounding of two distinct forms. Dnring the past year
(18$L) Dr. John A. Wturder, the veteran horticulturist, now president
of the American Forestry Association and senior vice-president of the
American Agricultural Association, published a pajier in the journal
of ttie latter association on the Western Oatalpa tree, CatfApaweeiosOj
wherein he gave a historical account of the introduction of that ana
/tfl Bastem relatKe, Catalpa biffnonioidesj into the several parts of the
United States where those trees now grow, and distinguished the two
apeeies by description, setting forth the superiority of these trees to
Hiost others for their durabili^ and the especially excellent qualities of
the Western form, which, at first characterized by Dr. Warder as a
Variety only of b^inonioaesj has now been accepted as a species and
iuUy described by Dr. Engelmann.
Herein Dr. Warder refers to th^ almost complete exemption of these
trees &om the attacks of insects, noting, however, that they are fre-
quentiy defoliated by one species, the Sphinx oatalpce of Boisduval, the
larva dT which he describes as greenish, a description that is misleading.
PAST HISTOBY OF THE SPECIES.
Owing to the interest lately manifested in the Gatalpa, we have thought
it meet to give an account of the insect which is its chief enemy, espe-
cially as the species has an exceptional interest for the entomologist:
ftrtt, because it departs from the typical characteristics of its family in
Uying its eggs en nuusey and in the larvse being at first gregarious and
of onnsually bright color : secondly, because the moth is so rare and
Httle known that it is neitner incluaed in Grote and Bobinson's List*
• List of the Lepidoptera of N. A., Phila., 1868.
190 REPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
nor in that issned by the Brooklyn Entomological Society daring the
past year.
Thk species was first ^escribed from Georgia, where it is quite com-
mon. Abbot mentions the fact that the fishermen who inhabit tiie
borders of the swamps hunt for it as the best bait for catching flsb^*
and it is so esteemed for this purpose in Florida that the Oatalpa is
often cultivated for no other purpose than to attract the insect, and
thus afford bait easily accessible. It occurs throughout the native habi-
tats of the Oatalpa trees in the western and southern United States,
i. e.j to quote from Warder, from the Oulf of Mexico in West Florida
and on the rivers in Alabama and Georgia, westward and northward
along the Mississippi and its southern tributaries in the great delta for-
mation, to above the mouth of the Ohio, thence up the Wabash and
White Bivers of Indiana to its most northerly point hitherto known,
near Yincennes, in latitude SS^ 42^ It doubtless also occurs along the
Tennessee and the Cumberland Rivers, having been seen near the em-
bouchures of those streams into the Ohio.
We fii*st received this insect in the summer of 1875, from Mr. Lewis
B. Parsons, of Flora, Clay County, Illinois, who sent the larvae, inquiring
as to the species, &c. The following year he wrote :
Flora, Clat County, Illinois, June 14, 1876.
Dear Sir : The worms of which I wrote you last year are again troubling my Ca-
talpa trees. Can you not suggest to me something which may be effectual in destroy-
ing them, by throwing some preparation over theleaves or in any other way f AU the
Catal])a8 in this neighoorhooa are infested in the same way.
Your early reply will much oblige,
Very respectfully,
LEWIS B. PASSON8.
Prot C. v. RnjBY, State EnUmologieU «
We wrote recommending syringing the trees with Paris-green water,
and somewhat later received from him the following experience :
JUNB 17, 1876.
Thankai for your postal oard. Before I had achance tot^ yourpreecriptioD of Paris
coeea I heard of lim^water and tried it. Once syringing the trees so e£feotaally drove
tnem off I have not yet been able to find any worms to send you. If they appear again
I will send you as yon desire.
Vonis, truly,
LEWIS B. PARSONS.
In September, 1878, we received the larva again from Mr. John Robin
SOD, of Ooldsborough, Wayne County, North GaroliDa, with an acoonn
of its injury there.
Finally^ the following year, Dr. Warder wrote :
North Bend, Ohio, January 20, 1879.
Dear Sir: There is in Sonthem Illinois a large, naked, greenish caterpillar whi
feeds in great nmubers on the follase of the Catalpa, often stripping the trees;
Alabama it is six inohes long. What is it f
I will send yon some pnpse of a small insect found in the seed-pods of the same '
to be identified, t
From your Mend
WARD£JEL
Prof. C. V. RiLET.
•Boisd. Spec. gen. Wp. het., 1874, vol. 1, p. 104.
f A smaU Mnscid, of which we hope soon to publish an account.
REPORT OP THE EUTTOMOLOGIST. 191
On October 9 of the same year we received nnmerons specimens of
the lanra, of all sizes, from Mr. A. E. Ebert, of Knoxville, Tenn., with
an aooonnt of the iBjury there. All the soecimens were badly para-
sitised by Apanteles congregatus (Say), a small ichnenmonid of the Micro-
gaster groupi which infests many otlier Sphingid larvse.*
CHABACTEES AND NATURAL HISXaET.
Since then we have frequently met with the work of this species in
oar travels in the South, and in 1880 had the good fortune to obtain the
eggs at Atlanta, Ga., where the insect often totally strips the Catalpas
that are commonly grown in the city as shade trees.
The eggs are laid in convex masses, a habit belonging, so far as we
now knoWy to no other species of the family* One mass In our pos-
sessioii contains nearly 1,000 eggs, and this betokens a prolificacy un-
paralleled in the family, and, we may say, very exceptional in the whole
order Lepidoptera. Each egg is about 1.2™™ long, broadly ovoid, be-
ihg alightly broader anteriorly than posteriorly, the shell being delicate
and smooth, and the color pale yellowish-green. The eggs are but
slightly held together irregularly, and the mass but slightly faatened
to the underside of a leaf. They must, also, according to the obser-
vations of Mr. Albert Koebele, who has reared the species in Florida,
and has, under the name of Dtwemma oatalpw, published a description
of the egg and larva,t be laid at times in smaller masses on the stems
and branches.
The newly-hatched larvae are pale-yellowish, with a rather stout caudal
black hom« They are gregarious, feeding side by side, and they have
a carious liJiU)it of following one another in procession when moving
from leaf to leaf or from branch to branch. The gregarious habit en-
duies-more or less till they are nearly grown. There are, judging from
the different larva in our cabinet, four molts, the immaculate color
giving way after the first molt to the series of black spots shown in the
smaller larvsD in our figure.
While the younger larvse are always pale-yellowish (sometimes nearly
white) and spotted, there are very great variations in the markings of
the older specimens. A few of these variations are indicated in our
iUustration, but the darker form there figured predominates.
The pupa is slender, reddish-brown, about 35°^ long and S^^ broad,
finely punctate, with an acute, rather long, terminal spine, very slightly
notched at tip. There is, on each side, a long, transverse, open slit on
the anterior margin of abdominal joints 5, 6, and 7, the lower end nearly
in line with the lower end of the spiracles.
The general color of the moth is grayish-brown or ashy, marked as
in the figure. The front wings are crossed by two indistinct blackish
lines or shades beyond the middle, and by three such shades between
the middle and the base, these shades sometimes obsolete. There is a
wnall spot, of the ground color or lighter, near the middle of the wing,
surrounded by black, and a patch lighter than the rest of the wing at
tlie tip, bounded below by an oblique, wavy, black line. The hind
^Qgs are smoky brown, crossed by two blackish bands, which meet at
tbe inner angle. The fringes of the wings are alternately cinereous
and whitish on the outer margin, whitish on the inner margin. The
^iiigs beneath are ashy and smoky brown, shaded, and show traces of
*See "Notes on N. A. Microgasters.'' Trans. Acad. ScL, St. Looia, IScJl. Sopa-
rate ed., p. 14.
iBaUetin, BiooklTn Ent. Soo., 1881, v. 4, p. 20.
199 SEPORT OF THE C0MMI8SI0NEB OF AQHICULTURE.
tbe bttiids of the upper surface. Thorax whitish on lower part of sides,
mbj OQ top, darker on upper part of sides, with a black line runniug
thxmgk the latter portion. Abdomen ashy, with a central black line
oa top, and witiii a subdorsal and traces of a lateral band of black spots
on eadi side.
Li the extreme South the insect may be found in all stages during
the summer, there beiug three or four broods, and the last brood hiber-
noting in the pupa state beneath the ground, and giving forth the moth
tlie fioUowing March. The time required in summer from the laying of
Ae egg to tiie emergence of the moth averages, according to Mr. Koe-
bele^ about six weeks.
BEMEDIES.
Tlie wfNnns thoroughly denude the trees as they spread firom the
fcatffhing center, and it is because of their gregarious nature and the
great fecundity of the species that the iiyury it causes is often so great,
though eenersdly restricted to one or more trees in a row.
In admtion to the parasite already mentioned, which often sweeps off
iriiole broods, the worms are attacked by various birds. It is fortunate,
m fiMst) that the species is so persistently followed by natural enemies,
J6r were it otherwise the Oatolpa could hardly be grown without per-
Sisleiit effort on man's part to protect it. That the tree may be easily
{toteoted would appear from Mr. Parsons' experience with Ume- water,
while we have no doubt that a spraying of London purple or Paris-
green water would prove still moree ffectual. The gregarious habit, also,
IS a great inducement to vigilance on the part of those who suffer firom the
dep^ations of the worms, as they may easily be detected when young
and destroyed in a body before they have scattered over the whole tree
or spread to adjoining ones.
As Boisduval's figures are not firom life, and are in fact rather poor,
we shall indicate the chief characteristics of the species for the entomo-
logical reader :
DESOBIPTIVE.
SpmNX CATAJJPM.—Eggf 1.2b*>» long; aUiptioa!, slightly wider and more obtuse at
anterior than at posterior end, nsoaUy very slightly flattened ; smooth ; pale yeUowish-
greenish; white and iridesoent after the escape of the larva.
Xorvo. — ^The newly-hatched larva is abont 3™« long, of a pale-yellowish color, the
ocelli and oandal horn alone being dark. This last is stent, slightly tnberonlate,
and abont half the length of the larva, ending blnntly with two stiff, diverging
hairs. The head is smooth and polished, and the whole body is sparaelv covered
with minnte colorless hairs. In the second stage the head remains smooth an({ i>olished,
and nsnally becomes dark, and there are three (a medio dorsal and a subdorsal) series
of hlack, subqnadrate patches. The eight wrinkles to each joint are perceptible, ba^
the hairs are mostly lost, and ^ve way to a transverse series of very minnte papilla;,
lu the third stage the black shghtly increases by the elongation of the patcnes and
thoir partial connection on the subdorsal line. The head and cervical shield are now
covered with papillose points, and the papillss on the general surface of the body are
proportionally more reduced. In the fourth stage the nead and the whole surface of
tbo body become smoother and more velvety, the minnte papilln of the previous
bta^e being lost, except on the head and cervical shield. The black series of spots
goiierally coalesces on the back, so as to form a broad, black dorsal surface, with a
narrow pale line near either border. A snbstigmatal line of black and an irregular
supra-sti^matal series of spots or dashes nsuafly obtain. In the fifth stage the nead
aiul cervical shield also become smoother.
The above description, so far as color is concerned, applies to the more common and
darker form. In the paler larvse the head and legs retain their pale color till maturity.
Chrysalis. — Shiny, roddish-brown, nnicolorons, slender, cylindrico-conic, about 'Sb^^
long; the thorax slightly broader than the abdomen, which latter tapers acutely ho-
hind. (In the only pupa-skin at hand the portion which covered the head and limbs
-" broken away, except that oyer the hind wings and hind edge of the front wings.)
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 193
Thb whole sarface, except on the abdominal joints 4-6, shallowly punctate, the pnno-
tAtioos iM^coiniDg denser anteriorly above until the thorax appears mgose. Terminal
spine slender, iinbGonical, acute, I"*™ long, its tip very slightly notched. Region
anterior to the spine beneath evenly ronnded, with a short longitudinal median salens.
A transverse open pocket or elongate concavity on the anterior margin of abdominal
joints 5, 6, ajid 7, three to four times as long as the spiracnlar openings, with its lower
end in line with the lower end of the spiracle on joints 5 and 6, and slightly higher
on joint 7 ; edges of the slits black. The ends of this slit are rounded and the entire
edze is dark and sharply produced. On the inside the pnpa shell shows this pocket
to oe entirely closed and rigid, resembling, in fact, an elongate, egg-like swelliug.*
Iwnngo, — The moth, already described and here fibred, differs from the figures given
by BQisdnval so markedly that identification by his figures alone would bedifiicnlt or
impossible. It has no greenish tinge whatever, the apical oblique line is very differ-
ently carved, and the apical patehes differently shaped, not at all vellow ; the trans-
verse lines are far less distinct and are diff'erently curved; and the bands on the hind
wings converge toward the inner angle.
THE OSAGE ORANGE SPHINX.
{Sphinx hageni Grote.)
Order Lepidoptera; family Sphingid^.
[Plate XH; Fig 2.]
The value of the Osage orange as a hedge-plant, of its bright yellow
wood as a durable timber, and particularly the value of its leaves as
silkworm food, give interest and importance to the consideration of any
insects that affect it injuriously. The plant is remarkably free iVom such
iDjurions species, and, with the exception of the Lightning Tree-hopper
I^PcKilapterapruinosa), which is known to do serious injury to hexlges in
m Southern Illinois, a longicom beetle {Dorcaschenia altematum), which
bores into the root and stem, and an undetermined Pyralid, we know of no
oUier insect that can be called injurious beyond that under consideration.
This Sphinx is sufficiently rare in most parts of the country not to be
recorded in Grote and Robinson's List of Lepidoptera of North America,
already referred to (p. 189, ante) ; yet the late Jacob Boll, of Dallas, Tex,,
from whom most of the specimens in collections have been derived, in-
formed ns that the larva is sufficiently common in that part of Texas
to sometimes defoliate special trees. It is because of this fact, and the
futher fact that no good published account exists, that we have had
the accompanying figures made, and have drawn up this short account.
The species was originally described by Grote,t who referred it to the
genus Ceratomiaj a genus founded by Harris for a species {Ceratomia
puxdricamisDj which feeds on the Elm, and the larva of which is charac-
terized by four short horns placed quadrilaterally on the second and
third thoracic joints.
'Tbia elongate concavity is a pecnliar stmctnre, not mentioned bv Weetwood, Bur-
meister, Kirby 6l Spenoe, Girard, Clomens, UarriH, Graber, or any modem author whom
we hare been able to consult. There is an approach to it in the pupa of Ceratomiu
mpUor, and it occurs in that of Sphinx harrmif in ttimilar position and form as in
esla]p«. In Maoratila ^maoulata it is somewhat above the spiracles, and that on the
fifth abdominal Joint has a second larger ridge running around it posteriorly. It does
not occnr in any of the species of the genera Sesia, Thyreus, Darapsa, Deilephila, Phil-
unpelns, and Smerinthns in our collection. It has no internal connection with the
respiratory or circulatory systems, and its function is probably sound-producing by
friction with the posterior margin of the preceding joint. This organ may, in fac^
tbrow some light on the mfthod by which the noise is produced which the pupa of
^iss airopo$ it known to be capable of. Unfortunately, we have no pupa of thi^
i^ies for examination.
♦Ball Buffalo Soc. Nat. ScL, 1874, v. 2, 5. 149..
t Afrivi amyntar Httbn. .
l3Aa
194 EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGEICULTUEE.
CHARACTERS OP THE SPECIMI.
We have never seen the epr^. The prevail in^j color of the larva i«
pale apple-green, iucliniug more or less to yellowish-green, the candal
horn being cameoas, the thoracic legs rose-red, and the venter some-
what reiidish.
The moth is one of the most beantifnl of the Sphinges, the general
color being light brown, with olivaceous shades, an*l markeil with bluek
and white, a« indicated in the figure. There is a small white spot, snr-
roundeil by black, near the middle of the front wings, and a large white
patch immediately outside of this, as well as another at the tip of the
wing, the latter l>ounded behind b}^ an oblique, wavy, Uactk line. TJie
wing is crossed by four transverse black lines outside of the central
Bi>ot, one of which runs into that spot, and two or three nearer the base,
The outer margin is strongly slivwled with white, and the fiinges alter-
nately of the ground color and white. The hind wings are smoky
bmwn, lighter toward the base, crossed by an indistinct darker band.
The under side of the wings is cinereous, crossed by darker lines. The
middle of the thorax is of the color of the Aire wings, the edges whitish,
with a bhvck line running through the white porti«)n. Abdomen brown-
ish cinereous, with dorsal, subtlorsal, and traces of lateml bla<;k lines,
as shown in our figure. The variation is great, some specimens being
veiy light, others almost black.
APPINTTIES.
Tills insect somewhat resembles, both in the larva and imago state,
Bphinx (I)aremma^ undulosa of Walker, which we have bre^l from Ash.
This last is, however, larger, and never has any olive-green coloring on
the wings. Hageni still more closely resembles, in markings of the
front wings, the iSphhu: lugens of Walker, which feeds in the Western
States on the wild sage {Salvia IrwhosfemmoiaeH); this species has two
broods, and hibernates in the chrysalis state, and it is more than likely
that hageni will agree with it in these resj»ects.
We do not know why Mr. Grote referred this species to Cerafomia^
nor is it easy to understand upon what good and permanent classifica-
tory diameters in the imago the genera Ceratomia^ Daremma^ and Macr(h
sila are founded. We consider that hageni is congeneric with lugens^
which by all systematists is placed in the genus tiphinx.
Besides the original description of the species, mention of it may be
found in the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, for 1877,
vol. 0, p. 021, by A. G. Butler: and in H. Strecker's Le])idoptera, Uhopa-
loceres et lleteroceres, 1877, ko. 14, p. 127, Plate 14, Fig. G.
DESCRIPTIVE.
Spmxx HAOKNi. — Larva — Average length when fuU grown, 55»"»; head triangnlar,
flat in Iront, threc-fonrihs m wide as hi^h ; apex nlightly bitirl ; aUlomiual joints
cylimtricu); ihorHcic joints tapering forwards to the beail, covered with pale grann-
lationH, tbicliest on tlie sidoH of the head, on the thorax, and the candal horn and
anal plate. Th> re in a Hertes of theae papiliie on each of the ei^ht transverse wrinkles
of each joint, taking the torui of. two pretty regniar medio-ilorHJil linoN on jointM 0 to
10, and largeMt on the ordinary ohlique pale st ripen, which tire norma), and hroa«lest
and luoNt d<stinct posteriorly. Candal horn of medium length, stout, curneous. Head
and iNtdy nniformly green; mandibles and eye-spots blaek ; a yfllowish white striiie
on each wide of tin* bead, rnnning fr4tm the inn«T edge cd' the eye-npot to the tnbt^n'Ie
on the crown. The oldique lines are yellowiHh-green. and apparently in the living
specimen a superior sbaile of roHe may have accompanicnl those on the middle joints.
Each spiracle ou joints 4 to II is white, and is pUccd in an irregular, reddish- brown
Bi>ot.
Deeoribed from a blown specimen received from Mr. Jacob Boll*
REPORT OP THE EKT0M0L0GI8T. 195
REPORT ON MISCULLANEOUa INSECTS.
By Prof. J. Hknrt Comstock, of Cornell UniverHtyf Ithaea, IT. Y.
THE APPLE MAGGOT.
( Trypetn pomonella Walsh.)
Order Diptera; family TRYPETiDiB.
[Plate XIV.]
Eating into tlie pnlp of apples and caaniuf^ them to decay; a white cylindrical niAggati
which wh«*u foil grown k<^s into the ground to traiLiform. The adult la a blaoli
and white fly, with banded wings.
Witboat doubt the most important insect enemy of the apple is the
Codlio-moth or Ap])le-worm,a8 it is often called. This is the small whito
or pinkish caterpillar which infests apples near the core, and in leaving
tbe apple makett an u^ly burrow tbrough its side. The im[»ortance of
this pest is due to two facts: firat, it is very widely distributetl, occurring
almost every where that ap])les are cultivated; second, it is usnally so
abundant wherever it occurs that it destroys a large iiroportion of the
fruit
There is another enemy of the apple which, in certain localities, rivals
the Codliu-moth in tbe extent of tbe injury it does. I refer to tbe insect
known a-i the Apple Majrgot, and wiiich is becoming quite common in
certain paits of New York and New England. This insect was described
nearly fifteen years ago* by Mr. Walsh, under tbe name of Trypeta porno-
neUd, Bat tbe report in which this description occurs is now out of
print, and almost unknown in the localities in which the Apple Maggot
has attracted attention, extrept to entomologists. I will, therefore, give
tbe results of the studies which I have made of this insect during the
past two ye^irs.
The Apple Maggot is a small white footless larva, mea^suring from 5"*™
to7""(.ll>to.27incb) in length. In some instances tbe body is yellowish-
white; in others it bus a greenish tinge. Tbe important peculiarity in
the habits of this insect is that it bores tunnels in all directions tbrough
the pulp of the fruit; frequently tbese tunnels enlarge into cavities
the size of a pea; and when several larvae are present in the same apple
it is honeycombed so as to be rendered useless.
It will be sern at once that the injury done by this pest is even more
serious than that done by tbe Codlin-motb. For as tbe injury caused
hy the latter insect is confined to tbe neighborhood of the core an*l to a
single, nearly straight, and conspicuous tunnel which tbe larva makes
when leaving tbe apple, it often happens that the injured ]>arts of an
apple may be cut away and tbe remainder eaten. But tbe nature of the
injury caused by tbe Apple Maggot is such that wben fruit becomes
inffMeil by this insect no one cares to attempt to use it.
Tlie Api>le Maggot is a nati^ American insect, which naturally feeds
on the diffcHMit species of bawtborn {Cratcvgnu) and upon crab api>le^.
it is probable that this insect occurs throughout the ct)untry wherever
bawihorns or crab-apples are found. Mr. Walsb observetl it long ago
* Am^ean Jonmal of llortiuulture, Dec, 1867 : alao, Eeport Aotinff State Entomolo*
imiL, Iddb, p. SW.
196 REPORT or THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURB.
as far west as Illiiiois, and I have bred the adnlt insect firom a species
of Crataegus growing on the Agricultural Grounds at Washington.
In certain parts of New York and New England the species has ac-
quired tiie habit of feeding upon the cultivated apple. But, what is
very remarkable, it does not appear to have done so in other parts of
the country. Thus, although Mr. Walsh bred this insect from haws in
Illinois twenty years ago, I can find no record of its infesting apples in
that State yet. And in Washington it infests haws growing near an
orchard in which it has not been observed.
In those localities in which this insect has spread to the cultivated
apples and become common it is even a more serious pest than the God-
lin-moth, except that it seems to be more fastidious in its choice of food
than that insect. Thus, although I have observed it for several seasons
in one of the orchards of Gomell nniversity, I have found it only in a
few varieties of fruit. This may account for the slowness of the spread-
ing of the species from haws and crab-apples to the cultivated apple,
and may afford a means of reducing to a minimum the injuries of this
pest.
In certain parts of New Hampshire the Apple Maggot is known as
the " Railroad Worm''. The extent of the ravages of this insect in cer-
tain parts of that State is indicated by the following extract from a let-
ter which I have received from Mr. N. W. Hardy, of the town of Nelson:
In regard to the Railroad Worm, I never saw one In this town. In the last six
years they have worked in the adjoining towns of Hancock and Dublin. They are
confined to early apples as soon as they ripen.
I saw a man the other day that said that this insect had mined his apples ao that
he would have to eraft them into winter apples.
Many of the early varieties of apples in Hancock and Dublin were rendered entirely
worthless. We have more to fear from this insect than any other that preys upon
the apple.
Mr. Isaac Hicks, of Long Island, who was one of the first to observe
this insect in apples, many years ago, does not consider it so serious a
pest as does the correspondent just qnoted. The following extract from
a letter recently received from him is interesting as bearing on this point,
and as suggesting remedial measures:
Thine of 17th received; and. in reply, will give thee what little I know of the
Apple Maffffot, JVypeta pomonella. Its ravages bear no comparison to the injury done
by the CodHn-moth to fruit. Last year being the non-bearing season, we saw very few
apples, if any, infested with it. It is different from the Codlin-moth, which can place
its tigg in the very young fruit, go through its transformations, and lay its eggs iji
winter apples. We seldom see the Trypeta until about the 1st of September, and
never in trreen fruit. Only in the ripest apples and in sweet or mellow subacid fruit
are they found by us. I tliink they cannot exist to much extent if pigs or sheep run
in the orchard, as they prefer the ripe apples, in which alone the Apple Maggots can
develop and attain their growth. Hence, where the fruit that falls is pick^ up fre-
Siently and sent to mill to be ground, or where pi^ and stock or the family consume
freely, very few of the Maggots arrive to perfection.
It is evident, firom my observations and from those of my correspond-
ents, that the Apple Maggot is mnch more apt to infest early apples
than the winter varieties. Bnt the latter are not exempt from its at-
tacks. Mr. Henry Thacker, of the Oneida Community, New York,
writes me as follows :
This worm at this place, and at this time, is mostly confined to certain varieties of
autumn apples. But at Wallingford, Conn., the wiuter applies were ravaged as well.
Of late years, however, the Baldwin and some other varieties of winter apples grow-
ing here have been found bored by this maggot.
I will now give an account of each of the stages of this insect^ which
are represented on Plate XIV, excepting the egg, which has not yet
been observed*
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 197
I
Larva. — According to my observations and all published acconuts, the
Apple Maggot does not occur in the vpple till the latter part of the
sammer. As already stated, it is a footless larva about one-fourth inch
io length and white in color, with sometimes a yellowish or greenish
tioge. Several figures illustrating its form and structure are given on
Plate XIV. Figure 1 represents its general appearance when greatly
magnified. The caudal two-thirds of the body is cylindrical ; the cephalic
ODe-third tapers slightly to the head, which is the smallest segment of
the body. On the dorsal surface of the body there is on each side, at
the union of the first and second segments, a pale-brown tubercle.
These are the cephalic spiracles. The structure of these spiracles is quite
eomplicated. (See Plate XIV, Figs, la and Ifr.) Each one is expanded
iDto a plate, the free margin of which is fiinged by a double series of
cylindrical projections, about twenty in number. With a very high
power of the microscope the distal end of each of these projections ap-
pears to be sieve-like ; an arrangement which doubtless prevents the
entrance of any foreign matter into the respiratory system. With a
low magnifying power the main trachesa connected with these spiracles
may be seen. These are represented in Fig. 1, a single large trunk on
each side extending the whole length of the body. These nre connected
near each end of the body by a large transverse trunk. Many of the
smaller tracbesd which branch firom the main tracheae are usually visi-
ble, but they are not represented in the figure. The caudal end of each
of the two main trachese opens by means of a very complicated spiracle.
These differ much in structure from the cephalic spiracles, and are
situated on the last segment of the body. One of them, the right, is
represented at Fig. Ic. There are three transverse slit-like openings,
which are fringed by a series of teeth, which are apparently chitinous.
The function of these teeth is doubtless the same as that of the sieve-
like membrane closing the ends of the tubular projections of the cephalic
spiracles. Each of the caudal spiracles is accompanied by four groups
d" bristles, two upon the lateral side and one each upon the cephalic
and caadai sides.
The caudal end of the body is obliquely truncate, the ventral part
projecting farther than the dorsal part. This sloping part of the body
besffs four j[>airs of tubercles. One pair of these is more prominent than
the others.
The month is armed with two black, strong, curved, parallel hooks,
which are used in rasping the food. The hooks are connected with an
internal, apparently chitinous. framework, which is also black. This is
figured from the side in Fig. la and from above in Fig. Ifr.
These black oral hooks and the two pairs of spiracles, both of which
are brown^ are visible to the unaided eye, but their structure can only
be made out by the aid of the microscope.
Pmpa. — In the autumn when the larvsB are full-grown they leave tlie
apple and enter the ground and transform to pupsB. In my breeding-
cages the pup® were found about one-half inch bdow the surface of the
ground. When the change to pupa occurs the body shortens, but the
larval skin is not molted, the transformation occurring within the dried
akin of the larva. The pupa (Plate XIY, Fig. 2), therefore* resembles
the larva very much, except that it is shorter, of an oval outline, and of
a pale yellowish-brown color. Length about 5™° (^ inch).
Adult. — The insect remains in the pupa state during the entire winter
and early summer. Specimens which I bred in Washington began to
ci&ezge as adults May 28, and continued to emerge till July 6. Bat as
198 EEPORT OP THE C0MMIS8IOSEE OF AaElCHLTUSE.
tliese were kept in a -warm room during the entire winter, their develop-
meiit was doublless accelerated.
The atliilt tiy la rejireBi'irted greatly enlarged at Fig. 3. The avtiial
length of the liotly of the male itt 5"""' {\ inch); of the fcumlu, G"" (i inch).
This tiy can be easily recognized by the puuuliar shape of the black
bands on the wiugs, bv the milk-wliiie B|iut on tlie c^iiidal part of the
thorax (xcntelliitn), aiul i>y the white bauds on the abdomeo. A more
detuilt'd deBcri|)tion follows:
The head is nist-red, with the eyes niid the bristles black. Tlie thorax
is block, nitli a white stripe on each side, and two silvery stripes on the
dorsal aspect; scutellum white excejit at base. The abdomen is black,
with transverse silvery stri|>es above; of tbene there are in the male
three coiispicnoiis ones, inaliing the candal margins of the second, third,
and fourth Bejrments; in the female there are lour, which are lti»ii con-
8picuouH,and are borne by the flint to thefonrth segments inclusive. The
■hape of the altdomen diflers also in the two sextw. In the male it is
a» ivprescnted in the figure; the segmenta sntHtexsively wider to the
fourth. The margins uf the Urst to tlie fourth segiiicnts form two diver-
gent and nearly stniight tines. lu the female the abdoaien suddenly
enlarges, so that the second segment is the widest, and the outline of
the w bole abdomen is elli|itical. Tlie legs are luile rust red; the four
posterior femora, except at the proximal ends, are brownish black. The
icings are byabiie, with four blauk cross-bands; the flrst^ which is near
the proximal end of the wing, is con tlueut with the second nearthe caudal
border of the wing; the second, third, and fourth are confluent near the
oejihalic margin of the wing and diverge caudad,
Jiemedies. — The more practicable ways of lessening the injuries caused
by this [>ef t are those Kuggei>ted in the letters quoted above — the destruc-
tion of infested fiiiit pi-omiitly after its full from the tree, and before tha
maggots leave it to go into the ground to transform; and when tho post
is very abundant, the grafling of the trees into varieties less liable to
be infested. In such a case it might be well to leave one or two trees
of early apples to serve as traps, and pronii)tly destroy the fruit as it
falls from them. If such trees could be incluseil, and sheep or pigs
pastured un<ter them, the success of the trap would lie nssiirHd.
TliB Apple Maggot can be readily distinguished InHu the larva of the
Codlin moth by the absence of feet and tlie fact that it infests the ]mlp
riitlier than tbeviuiuity of thecoro. but there are other niaggol^ which
are associated wilh this s]iecie«, and with the larvaof the Codliu-moth also,
whicli are not readily dii^tiugnished from the true Apple Jbiggot. The.se
other spLties [K'rtain to the genus Drosophila, anit feed upon deciiy-
lug fruit. They cannot be e<m&idered, therefore, under oi-dinary eircuin-
stances, as noxious insects in ati omhard. Tn'o s)iecies of this genus
are described iu following articles, under the name of ruiiiaoe Ftie*.
TUE VISE LOVING PUMACEFLY.
{BroiopliUa amjjclophila Loew.)
Order DiriERA ; fhmily DKOSopniuuvB.
[Plate XV.]
i, Bad prodaoiog a moaik
^^'iiile studying the Apple Maggot (Trype/npomoneJfjjjnat described
ud associated with it two kinds ut smaller and more sleuder mag-
BEPOBT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 199
jrotR, which, so far as my obRervations ^o, feed only on the decaying
part of tUe apple, following the Apple Maggot in its work of desiruc-
tion.
As these magjrots are the young of flies which in all stages are very
oomuiou about tije retune of cidiT nulls and fennenting vats of grn]>e
poniaoc, I have c^letl them Pomace-Flies. And 1 have distinguished
the two siiecies studied by prefixing to that name in eiich case a tnins-
latiou of the s]M'cific name. Thus, one which bears the technical name
Drogcphila amptlophila may be known as the Vine-Loving i^omace-Fly;
and the other, which is JJroHophila amwna^ may be called the Pretty
Pomace-Fly. 1 have preferred the tenn Pomace-Fly to a translation of
the generic name, as being both shorter and more characteristic than
"moisture-loving flies".
Althoiigh, nnder onlinary circnmstances, the Pomace-Flies feed only on
decaying fruit in an orchard, and cannot on tbis ac/count be considered
as pests of the a])ple, there are cases in which they become quite nox-
ious. They are, therefore, worthy of consideration in this place. More-
OTer, it is important that the Pomace- Flies should be described in con-
DfctioB with the Apple Maggoty as they are very liable to be mistaken
for it; and a mistake of this kind might cause a fruit-grower a great
deal of uunec)es8ar>' trouble.
Mistakes of this kind in regard to these very insects have been made
by entomologists of extende<l experience I have, therefore, taken much
pains to work out the specific characters of the different larvse.
Tlie Pomace- Flies may be found in any orchard during the autumn,
flying about the rotten apjdes. And their lar\'{e may usually be seen
feeding in great numbers in the d^H^yed fruit. They go through their
transformations very rapidly, so that there are several geueratious in a
single Keason. Numerous observations made by myself and by students
in my laborator>^ show the following to be the periods of the different
stages of the Vine-Loving Pomace-Fly during the month of October.
Duration of e^g state, three to five days; of larval state, three to five
days, osually four ; of pupal state, three to five days also ; and the time
which e]ai>sed between the emerging of the flies and the beginning of
laying eggs, in some cases, was not more than two days.
This r.i])i4iity of multi]dicatiou greatly increases the seriousness of
the evil where this insect is a pest. And this is very apt to be the case
wherever fruit is ground up or crushed and exi)OSed. Thus thej^ aliound
about cider-mills, where often it is almost imtK>ssible to prevent the flies
from oxipositiiig in tlie pomace or fmm falling into the cider. The wine-
makers also fiini them a nuisance al>out fermenting vats of grape pom-
aee, and about wine faucets in the summer.
Hut the most serious trait in the habits of this insect is reported by
Xr. W. L. Devereau, of Clyde, N. Y. Mr. Devereau writes me as fol-
lows:
Tbe larvae of this fly oorapletcly eat ont the ioRide of grapes whioh^ while hanfi^ing
QQ tbo \inv9y hare firHC lieen picked o)>eii by birds. The decayiug JuiceH rniiuiiigoiit
OQ the other beirieB of tlie ciuNter spn*ail decay^ and thus |;ave more ftH^thold for the
iirv», ludetfd, Ih** larva» borefioui one grai>e to another^ while the im -gOH ar»i con-
^ntly, b>' ef?$:H, putting iu new oolouies until the cluster iti nearly or quite detttroyed,
Boiluug reuiaiaiug but the empty gruiie-skios.
IIl»ou Plate XV of this report are represented the various stages of
^e Viiie-Loving Pomace-Fly. The more important characters pre-
is^ivted by each are as follows:
VCartfnl oljservatioiis made by Mepsra. W. H. Cobb. W. E. HanViug, H. Saz6, and
JobnT.TQck«-r, uieiuliers of tho olatis iu agriculture^ have materially aided me in the
l^l>^ilien oi this account.
2C0 8SP1BT OP rWR CQlDiiaSIOBrER OP AGBICULTUBE.
-i^*'— F^is r renrpsenrs ^e ^^^z* vfiich is elon^ted in form and white
in eoion Hie iniJ>r -HTTiiin;! -!!iiu::ieteri*tic of it is a pair of long, slender
;&pp€3iiiiurK neiir 'iie Lt-nuaiic end. Tlie egg is inserted into the soft
pain .jf oie le^^r-uix Tmr; dieae appeniiages leave the ovipositor last,
ami Are "^pretid -)ar tp^ui aie ^winutre of the mass. They in this way
:^«rre a» i£i?t»p liie »*tr-: .n ni:u*e. and til as insure the ^mergence of the
kurvik inia oie '»n*»a dir 'Jii?r*-H4L of mro the more or less fluid mass in
wtuck aie etrr '^ iinare^L Ihe larva L^^snes from the egg just above
tite b;k*e or iLie^H? inrHHiiiii:?*^. The e^^, without its appendages, is
;kb«iac -J*" Y7 -^^^ ^ leair^Li; die apwndages are about three-fifths as
Soo^r as tie etrr. Xlie wuoie sortUAre of the egg is facetted with cells,
wiudi^ 4ii:ii«MUL!i .rrvz^i.Hr Ji ooriine. are asaaUy pentagouaL Projecting
the f!t^^aa^♦.• etiii is A smikd ciibenrie, the micropyle.
. — ^tlie liiT^A J* ;& ^leader wiuce maggot, which, when full grown,
»in?ur> 7 men m leni^rii. The onid hooks and internal skele-
i» wtLLca 'key Are amM-tieil are vn<ible to the nnaided eye as a
bl:i£k ^:^l^^- T!ie eaadiil part \}f the botly usually appears brown ; this
eoior i» dme ta tiie eoarencs of the alimentary canal. The general
ci tiuf LiTT^ i2i r^onftjented by Fig. S of Plate XV. It is widest
tlie BMcle« aziil t^i^H^ toward t:'j^b end, but more towards the
eepkahc eofd thiaa ti «uru5 the eaadaL The main tracheal trunks are
TiBb^ wrtk a lev po^^er ^f the uicrusirope. The general arrangement
of them is shsiLat to rkju of che Apple Maggot. The important char-
acter by which this Urra c;iy be di;>tin;nii>hed from the Apple Maggot
mad from the larv;* i>f the Preoy Pomaee^Fly is the structure of the
cephalic spiraele^ One i^f tht»t» ts represented, greatly enlarged, at Fig.
5 of Plate XT. TNe main traehea divides into several, usually seven or
eight. divi^MiSL Tbet^e divisioos all arise from nearly the same point,
and each one opens indepecKirntly. This ciimpound spiracle may be
exserted to qnite a distance* as shown in Fig. 8, or may be drawn en*
tirely within the me^^Mhoracic ;»^nnent; whereas it pertains to the pro-
tfaoracic segment. The tvo caudal spimdes project backwards promi-
nently. Each one consists of a brown tnbercle, in which the trachesd-
sabdivide, and each division apparently opens separately. There ar^
several semicircular tuits of bristles on each spiracle. These probably^
prevent the openings frt>m being closed with foreign matters. A sid^^
view of this spiracle closely resembles a similar view of the correspond. —
ing spiracle of the larvae of the Pretty Pomace-Fly. (See Plate XVH-^
Fig. Ic.) The caudal segment of the farva we are describing bears fir-
pairs of blunt, rather short, tubercles. These are represented in Fig.
Plate XV.
Pupa, — AVhen the larva is ftill grown it changes to a pupa within
about the apple upon which it has feil, instead of going into the ground,
as does the Apple Maggot Like the Apple Maggot, this Pomace-Flj
transforms within the dry skin of the larva. Consequently what we
naturally see of the insect in this stage resembles somewhat the larva
It is, however, shorter, measuring only 3"™ (,12 inch) in length, but is
much thicker. The cephalic spiracles" and the tubercles of the caudal
end of the body project conspicuously. There is a large concavity on
the dorsal surface of the cephalic end. This indicates the point at
which the adult fly emerges. On the ventral surface of the cephalic end
may be seen the oral hooks of the larva.
Fig. 2, Plate XV, represents the ventral aspect of the puparium, and
Fig. 3 is a lateral view.
Adult— Tht^ form of tiie adult is carefully represented by Fig. 1, Plate
XV. The head, thorax, and legs aie light-brown, with black bristles and
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 201
bairs. The abdomen is very pale brownish -yellow; on the dorsal sur-
fiace the caudal margin of each segment is dark-brown, and in the male
the entire doisai surface of the two caudal segments is of the same
color. The male of this species bears a remarkable comb like api)eud-
age upon the first segment of the tarsus of each of the first pair of legs.
The venation of the wings is carefully represented in the figure.
Remedies. — ^Doubtless much can be done to prevent the undue in-
crease of the^^. insects about cider-mills, wine-cellars, and similar places
by keeping these places clean, and esi)ecially by using care to not leave
any decaying fruit exposed. When they infest vineyartls, as described
by Mr. Devereau, probably nothing will be found practicable except to
inclose the clusters of grapes in paper bags, as is already done by many
viticultnnsts to protect the giapes from the grape curculio, birds, and
mildew. A few pin-holes should be made in the bottom of the bag, to
allow the water to run out, which otherwise in case of a storm would
collect and either rot the grapes or burst the bag.
THE PEETTT POM40E-FLT.
{Droscphila am<ena Loew.)
Order Diptera; fkmily Drosophilib^.
[Plate XVI.]
A mall white maggot, resembling the larva of the ViQe-LoYiug Pomace-Fly, and, like
that epecies, found in decaying apples ; bat unlike that species in going into the
gnmnd to transform, and dev^oplug into a red-eyed fly with blaok spots on ita
wingB.
Associated with the Vine-Loving Pomace-Fly I found another species
belonging to the same genus, the Drosophila amoena of Loew. For this
I prox>08e the popular name of Pretty Pomace-Fly. This species I have
Dot found as abundantly as D. ampelophila; but as it is also associated
with the Apple Maggot {Trypeta)^ it is liable to be mistaken for that
species. I therefore present the following description of the different
stages of it :
Egg. — ^Bepeated efforts to find eggs of this species failed, although by
imprisoning flies with apples we afterwards found larv» on the apples,
from which we bred adults of this species. Either we overlooked the
^gs or the species is viviparous. At least, it is not probable that the
^gs are as large and conspicuous as are the eggs of D. ampelophila.
Larva. — ^The larva of the Pretty Pomace- Fly is of the same length as
that of the species just described (4.5°^, nearly ^ inch), but it is much
more slender. The form of the body is cylindrical, tapering slightly
toward the head. (See Plate XVI, Fig. L) The body is white ; the oral
liooks and the skeleton to which they are attached show as a black line
to the unaided eye. The form of these organs is repcesented in Fig. la,
Plate X YI. Thehooks are not conspicuously toothed, as in D. ampelaphilay
ani the firamework to which they are attached is more elongated than
in that species. The main tracheae are plainly visible with a low power
of the microscope, as with the two species already described; and, as
with those species, the most obvious specific character presented by the
httra is the form of the first pair of spiracles. These project from^ the
cephalic margin of the first thoracic segment, or may be withdrawn within
the segment. Each consists of seven or eight divisions of the trachea^
202 REPORT OF TUB COlOaSSIO^TER OF AGRICVLTUIffi.
which branch off in a Reries on each of the two opposite Rides. (Plate
XVI, Fi^. 1^0 The? twoniiiiii trache^T are each itTiniiiateil by a spiracle
at the caudal eud of the IkkIv. A si^ie view of oii*^ of the>e spiracles is
given at Fi^. le. The tiacliea dividers into several branches, each iu*anch
ojK*niu;r w-paratrly. There are several seniicircniar tufts ot bristles on
each Kjiiracle. Tho^e probably ]>revent the o)>enincrs from being ob-
Ktrueteil with dirt. The caudal s^i^inent is tniucsitetU and bears eight
fleshy tubercles, the two longest of which are situated laterad of the cau-
dal sf)iracles. Each of these tubercles is tipped with several hairs; only
six tuberch'8 are visible from above.
Fupa. — When full grown the larvse enter the ground to transform,
dift'ering in this respect from JK ampelophila. My exi)erinients seem to
indicate that this s|>ecies must necessarily go into the giound. From
apples thickly infested with the larvse of both species, but placed in a
jar without sand, 1 was able to breed only />. ampelophiia. But atter the
same apples, still eontaining larva; of both, were tnmsfeiTed to a jar con-
taining sand the adult forms of l>f>th siMcies were reared.
The length of the puparium is 3'""* (.12 inch) ; color brown ; the cephalic
spiracles project directly cephalad ; the caudal spiracles diverge, llie
puparium of this species may be i<lentilied by the structure of the
Ci'phalic spiracles described above. For general form of this stage, see
PlateXVl, Fig. 2.
Adult — The adult of this species is represented by Fig. 3 of Plate XYI.
As com]>are4 with D. ampelophila^ the body is more slender, the head
relatively larger, and the wings are marked with black spots. The flies
have the habit of flapping their wings at short and regular intervals.
The periods of this s|>ecies are longer than those of D, ampelophila^ as
it requires a month or more for it to pass through all its stages.
Remedies, — In case the Pretty Pomace Fly becomes troublesome, the
same course of treatment that is reex)mmended for the Vine-Loving
Pomace-Fly will serve to keep it in check.
TIIB OCELLATE LEAF GALL OP RED MAPLE.
{Sciara ocellaris O. S.)
Order Diptera ; family Mycetophilidjb.
[Plate XVII.J
On the leavMof the red maple (^cer ruhrum) circnlar ocellate Rpots about three-eighths
in<-h in diameter, with dink yellow, and margin and central dot, during ou6 stage
of their growth, cherry -red..
The foliaire of red maple (Acer ruhrum) is often seriously injured by
certain very small larvee, which make lar^e and cons]>icuous Siiots or
gal s upon it. This insect is apparently widely distributed. I have ob-
served it both at Washinprton and at Ithaca, N. Y. At the last-named
place it occurs so abundantly that 1 have repeatedly seen trees every
leaf of which was infested.
This insect is so small that of itself it would not readily attract atten-
tion, but the result of its work is so conspicuous that it may be seen
from a lonpr distance. This appears in the form of a circular spot three-
tenths to three eighths inch in diameter, wliicb at a certain period
of Its growth is liglit yellow in color, with a cheiry-red margin and cen-
tral dot. (Se« Plate XVll, Pig. 1.) At other periods the spot is siiiiply
REPORT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 203
light green or jcllow. Frequently these spots occur so thickly as to in-
tersect each other and to completely cover the leaf, tifty or more beings
on a single leaf. At the center of eadi H]>ot may be seen, on tlie npper
side of the leaf^ an nlevated portion. Corresponding to this, on the lower
sorfaoe of the leaf, there is a pit, within which the larva lives. Larvad
that were partially grown were fonuil to be held in ])h)ce in the pit in
the leaf by what ap}>eared to be a larval skin. This pellicle covers the
body entirely, and is with difficulty removed from it: the edges of
the pellicle adhere quite tightly to the loaf. When tlie larva is full
grown it forces itself from under this skin, which then falls back into
Uie cavity, or is pushed to one side, where frequently it may be seen ad-
hering to the leaf. The larva at this time drops to the ground, iuto
which it enters to undergo its transformation.
The laivae aro translucent, vis id, nearly colorless. Those in the
galls are broad oval (see Plate XVII, Fig. 3); but those which have left
them are more elongated, tapering ahnost equjrily towards each end.
On the lateral margin of each abdouiinal segment there are one or more
short spines, which are directed towards the caudal end of the body.
And on the dorsal surface of each abdominal segment, near each lateral
margin, there is a small tubular spiracle. There is a diNtinct head ^see
Plate iVIl, Fig 3/i), which bears short but conspicuous antennae. The
caudal end of the boily (see Plate XVII, Fig. 36) bears a pair of fleshy
appeudges, each of which is furnished with a pair of spines similar to
those on the margin of the segment, and a large number of triangular
teeth.
The larva spins something like a cocoon a short distance below the
surface of the ground. To this cocoon the particles of sand firmly adhere,
80 that it can be distinguished from the soil only with difficuit3'. The
pupa is yellowish- white, with large black eyes. When the pupa is about
to transform to an adult it emerges for about two-thirds of its length
from the cocoon. The pupa skin remains firmly attached in this posi-
tion (see Plate XVII, Fig. 4).
From larvjB collected at Washington May 15 the adult emerged from
June 14 to June 10. 1 have not yet sutticient data to determine the
HQtuber of generations each year; but I believe there are several. LarvEB
^ere observed at Ithaca during the latter part of September; they
^ent into the ground September 20.
A description of the iidult is appended to this account.
The galls made by this insect have long been known. Osten Sacken,*
from a study of the galls and the larva which he saw in them, proposed
the name Cecidomy'm occUarin tor the species, belicvijig the iiisetJt to be
a member of the Cecidomyidw. But the fly which I have bred proves to
belong to the genus JSdnra, of the family MyieUq)hilhla:,\ This result
is quite interesting, for the species of Sciara are usually found *' among
decaying leaves, in vegetable mold, in cow-dung, under the bark of
dead trees,'' &c.J One other species (Sciara tlUcola) is known to pro-
duce a gall. This species infests the leaves of young linden trees in
ihady, sheltered situations. The lemon-yellow larva, cajjable of leap-
ing like the cheese-maggot, lives in numbers in the stem, generally
near the origin of the last or of the two last leaves. Each of them
*Mofsoj;niph of tb«» Diptora of North Am., Part I, 199.
Miin iiiclebre«l to Baron Onten Sacken for the (^enerio determinatioti of thiR inn^ct,
indfor tlie specific detenuinaCluDa of the two speeiea of Mrosophila ilescribtfd in thii
tOst«& BftckeQ, Proc. Eot. Sue., PhH.> 1, 1^.
204 B£PORT OF THE COMMI8SIOHER OF AGRICULTUKE.
baa a hollow of its owil, and produces a swelling of the size of a pea,
which it ahandoDs before the transformatioD.*
DeffenptianofaduUmale.—P\sLteXVIl,Fifi.2. Head dark. Eyes black,
kidnej'Sbaped^aod meeting in a point on the dorsal surface of the head.
AnteniisB sixteenjointed, inserted close together ; color dark brown,
with the basal segment light yellowish-brown. Epicraniam quite large
and convex; dark brown, bearing three ocelli, which are whitish and
glintening. Pronotum licht yellowish-brown. Mesoscntum arched, yel-
lowish-brown in the center and darker at the edges. Scutellum dusky
brown« Metathorax dark brown, almost black. Abdomen, with caudal
portions of segments, blackish, the cephalic portions yellowish-brown.
The claspers lighter brown. Poisers. with knob, blackish, and base
light brown. Tibise and tarsi dusky brown; femora lighter ; cox® still
lighter. The dintal end of each tibia furnished with two long brownish
hairy brushes (Plate XVU, Fig. 2a).
LADYBIRDS.
{Cooeinellida!.)
[Plate XVnLl
Among the most beneficial of insects are those which constitute the
family Coccinellidsd, and which are popularly known as '^ Lady-birds."
There are many species of these beetles. They are commonly found
running over the surface of plants, where they prey upon other small
insects, and also destroy the eggs of insects. Their larvae are also pre-
daceous, and are found in the same situations as are the adults. The
larvsB, however, differ very much in appearance from the adult insects,
as may be seen by reference to the accompanying plate. While study-
ing Scale insects in California I found many of the Lady-birds on the
trees infested by these pests, and devoted considerable attention to the
study of them. The following descriptions and the figures on Plate
XVIII will enable the reader to recognize the more common species of th<
Pacific coast And the species* which occur elsewhere resemble these
much in their different stages that the plate will enable one to recog— -
nize as belonging to this family any members of it he may meet. Ii
case of the adult of each species described here two figures are givi
the smaller one indicates the size of the insect, tiie larger one the marl
The Ashy-gbat Ladybibd {Cycloneda abdamindlis Say). — This
beetle was found very abundantly upon different infested trees. T
larva was found upon an olive tree extensively infested with an aphi-^^
and as it has not been before dcvscribed, we submit the following:
Description of larva. — Plate XVIII, Fig. 1. Length, when full grow^Ti,
10»»°»; color spotted with dirty greenish-white; black and orange abois^^;
Aioe yellow, remainder of head black; prothorax black, irregu£u:ly m^u*-
giued before and behind with light yellow; mesothoracic segment witli a
broad longitudinal dorsal yellow stripe; metathoracic segment witli s
broad central dorsal spot; each of the abdominal segments, except the
last, with a dorsid yellow spot, which upon the founh abdominsd seg-
ment is very broad; segments 1 and 4 each with a pair of subdorsal
yellow spots; all segments except the last with a row of lateral yellow
spots on each side. There is a pair of small subdorsal black spots to
*Oitaik'SaokAii, Fxt>c. Eat Soc,, PhU^ 1, 164.
BEPOBT OP THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 205
each abdominal segment, and mnch larger ones to the^meta- and meso-
tlioracic segments. Upon abdominal segments 2, 3, 5, 6, 7j and 8 is also
a pair of small dorso-sablateral black spots.
When about to transform to a pupa this larva attaches itself to a leaf
by the end of its abdomen, and the skin, splitting at the back of the
head, shrinks back about the posterior end of the body.
D^eriptum of pupa. — Plate XVIII, Fig. 2. Length, 6""; shape, broad
oval, the width being about 3.5™°*; general color white, tinged in some
lights with purplish; around margin slightly yellowish; wing-covers
yellowish ; all spots black, those on the thorax and wing-covers resem-
bling in form, size, and position those on the adult insect. On the dor-
sum of each abdominal segment except the first, is a transverse row of
four black spots. These are largest on the third segment and decrease
in size toward posterior end of body, those uiK>n the second segment
being very smalL There are also small black lateral spots on the third
and fourth, and a trace of one on the fifth segment.
The adult beeUe is a small ashy-gray insect of the usual semi-globular
shape. There are seven black spots on the thorax, and eight upon each
wing-cover, of the size and shape indicated in the figure (Plate XYIU,
Fig. 3).
The Bix)OD-S£D Ladybibd (Cycloneda sanguineaj Linn). — ^This eme-
des was not so common as the one just described, and we are only able
to describe the pupa.
Description of pupa.— Plate X VIII, Fig. 4. Length, 5»" ; width, 3.5"».
Shape, broadly oval. General color of body dirty yellow ; median line
of thorax of a light orange color; first, fourth, and fifth abdominal seg-
ments terminate laterally with bright orange-colored spots, and the
fourth abdominal segment bears two dorsal spots (one on each side of
the median line) of the same color; there is also a subdorsal row of
black spots on each segment except the second abdominal ; wing-covers
blackish.
The adult beetle is small f5™™ long), and is almost hemispherical in
Bhape. Its color varies from brick-red to blood-red ; thorax black, with
two orange spots, and edged with the same color, and head black, with
two light spots. (Plate XVIII, Fig. 6.)
This is a common species all over the country, and is frequently men-
tioned in entomological reports, under Say's name of OocdnMa mundnj
as preying upon injurious insects.
Thf Ladybikd op the Cactus {ChUooorus cactij Linn.). — ^A number
of the larvsd of this insect were found preying upon the black scale upon
oleander, and the beetles themselves were found abundantly upon dif-
ferent plants.
Description of terra.— Plate XVIIT, Fig. 7. Length, 6«». The body
ifl covered with many long spines, each of which is armed with delicate
Bopplementary spines. The color is entirely black, with the exception
of first abdominal segment, which is light yellowish, the spines of the
same color as the segment except at the tips, where they, too, are black.
Description of pupa. — ^Plate XVIII, Fig. 8. The pupais formed within
the larval skin, which simply splits along the back sufficiently to show
the inclosed pnpa, but still remains around it and protects it The pupa
ift perfectly smooth with the exception of sparsely-scattered tufts of
fine hair, shining and black in color.
The beetles themselves are shining black in color, with an irregular
reddish s]M)t on each wing cover, and closely resemble the '*Twice-
atabbed Lady-bird'' of the East {Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls.^, well
EXPLANATION TO PLATES.
SXTLAXATTON TO Pl.ATS L
HeKothi$ armigera.
(From Report 4, U. S. E. C.)
Pig. 1.— E|^.
Pig. 2.— Young larva.
Pig. 3.— Square gnawed into by young larva.
Fig. L—Vale yellowiah larva, with Ixdl gnawed
and eaten into.
Pio. 5. — Fun grown larva, normal colors.
Pio. <L — Chryaalia in earthen ceU.
Fio. 7^-Hoth with ochreoua tint
fie. &— Moth with olivaoeous tint.
PiO. 8. — Moth at rest, showing how wings remain
partly open.
EXPLAHATIOR TO PLATK IL
Jjetteania unipuneta.
(From Report 4, U. 8. B. C.)
fw. 1.— GlisteDing seoreti<m which often shows
where eggs are laid between fold of
green leaf.
Fl6. 2.--Yonng larva.
Figs. 3, 4. 5.— Full-grown larve,ventral.dorsa],and
lateral views.
Fio. 6.— Larva, showing Tachina eggs near head.
Pio. 7— Pupa.
Fui. 8.— Moth with wings expanded.
Flo. 9.— Moth showing normid pcMitlon of wings
when closed, back view?
FiQ. 10.— Pale specimen of moth fh>m side.
SZPLAXATIOK TO PLATB IIL
Plfrethrum rotewm.
(Original.)
Showing variation is leaf and in color of
flower, as grown by C. V. Riley.
Ezplah ation to Plats IV.
Pynthrum eineraru^oUum.
(Original)
Showing variation in leaf, as grown by
C. V. Riley.
ExPLAn ation to Plate V.
Scale insects on orange.
(From (^om^tock's Report for 1880.)
ftOb l^MytOatpU eUrieola ( Pack.) : 1, scales on
orange, natural size ; la, scale of female,
dorsal view; Ifr, scale of female with
ventral scale and eggs ; le, scale of male
—enlarged.
^'^-MytilaMpit GloveHi (Pack.): 2, scales on
orange, natural size; 2a, scale of female.
dorsal view ; 26, scale of male ; 2e, scale
of Itiuiale with ventral scale and eggs
— enlarged.
FiQ. Z.—Parlaioria PergandU (Tomst : 3a, scale of
female; 36, scale of male— enlarged.
Explanation to Plate VL
Fio. l.—Leueania unipunUOt fall-grown larva.
(After Riley.)
Fig. 2. — Leueania unipuneta, genitalia of male
moth : At end of body, denuded of hairs,
showing the upper clasps protruding,
and the natural position of the hidden
organs by dotted lines ; B, the organs
extruded— enlarged. (After Riley.)
Flo. 9.—Leueanim unijntneia, ovipositor of female
moth: a, end of abdomen denuded and
showing ovipositor at rest; 6, same with
ovipositor fiiilly extended; e, /, retractile
subJoinU; A, egga— enhurged; ^, eggs,
natural sise. (After Riley.)
Fio. 4.— Xt««orAop(ru# timpUa (Say): a, larva,
aide view ; 6, under side of head, show-
ing mouth-parts, the mandinles omitted
so as to show more clearly the position
of the parts in relation to the face; e,
labrum and antenna; d, beetle, dorsal
view; «, do., outline, aide view— en-
larged. (Original.)
Fio. 6.— Cfcoiapia trachypifgut Bnrm.: a, beetle; 6,
larva, natural size ; e, head-parts fh>m
beneath, enlarged ; d, mandibles ; e, au-
tenne ; /. maxilbe, with their palpi ; g,
labium, with iU palpi. (OriginaL)
Explanation to Plate YIL
Fio. 1. — ChUo oryueeflua n. sp.: a, larva, side view,
in split stem ; 6, do., back view ; «, pupa ;
d, female moth— natural size; s, tip of
pupa ftt>m beneath ; /, head of do. from
side— enlarged. (Original.)
Fio. 2.— jRAodo6£mu« IZ-punetatiu ( 111.) : a, beetle,
dorsal view, showing markings; 6, do.,
outline side view— enlarged. (After
Riley.)
Fig. 8.— P«tnpe2ta l^oteOaZell.: a, stalk, showin;;
work of larva; 6, larva; e, pupa; ei,a,
moth with wings expanded and at rest
—natural size ; e, middle Joint of larva,
dorsal view ; /, do., side view; g, K winga
of moth showing variation ; <, head of
male with mouth-parts denuded; j,
maxillary palpus, male ; ib, do., female ;
2, labial palpus, female ; f?», base of an-
tenna, male, dotted lines indicating out-
line of scales— enlarged. (Original.)
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B^ortof thaEBtamologbt.SepiitmaitofAsiicaltniMSgl-'Sl. PLATB V.
BqMtt or tbB KntDtDOloilit, DepHtaunt of Afrianltan. l«ai-'tt PltATB VZX.
of the SalomidoglBt, Department of l.gri(iiiltiue, 1881-'B3. PLATE VUX.
>
rfti»EmMB«*>«ii*.»«P«*»»«^"'-**^"'''^*°^
«t Ite btomoldgti^ DaputiiMDt at Agrionltar^ Igai-'Sl FXiATB ^
S*p«nof ttobtaiialoslrt, tlspuliiieiitDrA[rlonltare,18gl-'BS. PIiATB XII.
I
X^drtof the Botamolc^lit, Deputmantof AcMcnltnre, ISH- n.
Bajnt or tlis Kotamalaeiar, Doputmaut of AgrloDlhm, lBai-'B3. PIiATE JUV.
if Uie BnUmolPEiit, DepftrtmeDt ot AKricnUare, 18§I--B2. FIiATE XT.
of tke XnMBKiioKM, 6«parbn«it of Agrfeaitun, ISBI-'SZ. ^L&TB ^.VL
Bapdrtof tbaEBbnuoloslit, DsputiiwiitDr AGricnltoTB, IMI-'Bl PLATE ZTIL
BapoTi of the XntOTDObclat, Depaitmrat of AgrloalUTa, 1«81-'B3. PLATE XVUX.
ifon of tka EDtoDoInglal, DfputmeDt of AeHoDltlire, ]881~'S2.
PLATBZIX.
BeroTl of 41w EnlanuloKirt, DeputdieDt of Airicnltnre, I881-'B3 PIiATB ZZ.
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 209
refirained from patentmg his ^< bamboo extension." It may, therefore,
b^ attached to any other force-pump, and furnished with any other
spray-tip than those mentioned above, if it is found desirable to do so.
LAO INSEOTS.
•
It is now more than one hundred years since Carieria husca^ the insect
which produces the lac of commerce, was first described.* Since that
time many articles have been written respecting it. Owing to the im-
portance in the industrial arts of shellac and the lac dyes, tilie origin of
these substances is discussed in nearly all of tiie larger cyclopedias ; and
the list of the memoirs on this subject in the scientiiic jounuJs is a long
one. Notwithstanding this, an examination which I have made of the
matter convinces me l^at the subject is not yet well understood.
I was led to study this insect by the fiarct that I. have met with two
other species of Lac insects which are as yet undescribed. The result
of this study shows that although the two new Lac insects are Ameri-
can tiiey are congeneric with the Asiatic species.
The opportuni^ of comparing three species of this important genus
has enabled me to make some interesting observations, but owing to
lack of time I can now give only a genersd statement of the results of
my studies. I am led to make this statement now, as the knowledge of
Uie Cbk^ that true Lac insects occur in this country may prove of eoo-
noniio importance.
The genus Oarteria was established by Signorett for the Lac insect
of conmierce.^ The two undescribed Lac insects agree with this one in
Uie following* characters :
Genus Gabt£bia Signoret.
Body of the adult female sac-like in form, with no legs, and imbedded
bi a mass of tha substance known as lac The caudal end of the body
>B famished with three prominent tubercles ; one, the largest, consists
of the caudal segment of the body and is terminated by the anal ring ;
^ach of the others bears at its distal extremity a perforated plate, pre-
sumably the organ through which the lac is excreted; near the base of
each of the lac ibubes is a large spiracle. In the triangular space inclosed
by the three tubercles described is a fourth tubercle which bears a very
prominent spine-like organ. The anal ring consists of sev^^ plates,
which are x>^orated by many openings ; the anal ring bears ten hairs.
aiid is at least partially surrounded by a series of toothed plates and
spines.
Castkru. lagca (Kerr). Plate XIX, Fig. 3, 2g.
Cmm Jaeea Kerr. Fhil. Trans., 1781, 374.
Cmmi ;f0M Fabr. Mantissa, 1787, U, 319.
CwUria laeoa (Keir) Signoret. Essai, 1874, 101.
IWi a quantity of commercial stiok-lac purchased in New York I ob-
^^ed spedmens of an insect which *I have no doubt is the OooGU8{Oar'
^^^) lacoa of authors. From these specimens the following descxKption
^^^aecompanying figures were drawn.
*^ best specimens of tiiis lac is in the form of an inenurtatioii from
^^foarth inch to three-eighths inch in thickness upon small twigs
* James Kerr, Philosophical Transactions, 1781, 384.
tEssai, 1874, p. 101.
14 AG
210 • REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
(Plate XIX, Fig. 2). This incrustation is filled with elongated cells.
The longer axis of each cell is at right angles to the twig, and in ea«h
case the end of the cell next the twig is small, while the outer end is
considerably enlarged. In well-preserved specimens three tubular open-
ings may be seen extending frem the outer end of each cell through the
iucnistation to the open air, and in each cell may be found the shriveled
remains' of an insect, which, when alive, 'evidently nearly filled thfe cell
cell and determined its form.
By soaking the insects in water they may be made to swell out, and
thus the natural form of the body be ascertained. This is represented
at Fig. 2rt. The cephalic end is small, and, in addition to mouth parte of
the form characteristic of the Coccidie, is furnished with a pair of fleshy-
appendages, Fig. 2d. The body enlarges gradually toward the caudal
end. This end is of the peculiar form described above in th^ character-
ization of the genus. In a word, the shape of the body is that of a jug
with three necks and a pointed botton^, the cephalic end fbrming the
bottom. Each of the neck-like prolongations of this jug-shaped body
fits into one of the three tubular openings of the cell. One of these
openings is larger than the others ; this is the one occupied by the anal
tubercle.
* The anal tubercle consists of the whole of the last segtnent of th^ body,
and a part of the penultimate segment. Fig. 2e. The anal ring bears
ten hairs and consists of several plates, Fig. 2/. The hairs of the anal
ring are spine-like. Each is curved outward near the middle of' its
length, and each one is hollow and situated over a large opening itt ttie
plate which bears it. There are also many smaller openings distributed
evenly over the surface of the plates.
There is a fringe of notched plates and spines on that side of the seg-
ment which is toward the lae tubes. Figs. 2e and 2g, I have been un-
able to trace any tracheae extending to the numerous openings with
which the lac tubes are furnished ; but the distal extremity of each
tubercle contains many tiibular glands, which in some instances I have
traced to these openings. The structure of these organs is represented
atPig.,2fc.
There are four spiracles, a large one at the base of eaeh of the lao
tuberoles, and a pair of smaller ones near the head-end of the body.
Evidently the air must hare free access to the cell, else thdse spiraeles
wottid be of little dse. The air probably enters through the opening
made by the caudal segment. In all the specimens which I have exam-
ined, in which the insect was unbroken, the lac tubes were within the
corresponding tubular openings of the cell, but in no instance liave I
found the anal tubercle in the third opening. In each case it had been
withdrawn into the cell, and occupied a position just below the anal
opening. Fig. 2a. This withdrawal may be due to the shiinking of the
, body after death ; but the fact that it is always the anal taberole that
is withdrawn, and not either of the others,^ indicates that durmg life
this tubercle cannot be permanently fixed in its opening. The with-
drawal of the anal taberole at intervals would admit the air to tbB cell,
and thus provide for veispiration. 'The peculiar bending of the hairs of
the anal ring is such aa would fadlitate the pushing of &e anal tubercle
into the opening after it had been withdrawn.
I hawe been unable to ascertain the function of the large spiAe. - As
these insects are viviparous the spine cannot be an ovipos^r. The
only author who I fipd makes mention of it is Ghemet,* who simply
* Einiges ueber Cocciu lacoa tmd deaaen Parasiten, Maakau, 1863.
BBPOBT OV THB BHTOHOLOOXR. til
states that there exists midway between the thiee taberoles a smilL
thickened spine, which appears to be nothing else than an enlarged
bristle of the last, or next to the last, segment of the abdomen^ He also
states that sometimes t^ere are two of these spines, and figures a female
with two. This is undoubtedly an error.
The fullest account which has been published respecting this insect
is that of H. J. Garter,* in whose honor the genus was named. Mr.
Carter's memoir is a very important one, but he has fell into some
errors. From his account it is evident that the insect, like many others
of the CoccidsB, excretes considerable masses of appsyrentTy wooly mat-
t^Xt, fC^ matter is probably excreted by spinnerets upon each of the
three eaudal tubercles, and projects firom each of the three openings in
the cell. Q[3ie remains of these threads of excretion may sometimes be
seen in the stick-lac as it reaches us^ but the greater part of them are
brushed or blown away. Garter beheved these threads to be extemal
tiaches, and he figured internal trachea communicating with them. He
even represents ^^ tufts of trachea" projecting from &e anus. He ap<
pears to have overlooked entirely the true spiracles, and believed the
paired tul^ercles to be simply for respiration. Ko mention is made of
the spine, and in the description of the male the caudal threads of ex-
cretion are spoken of as tracheae.
CiBTBBiA LABBB^, n. sp. (Plate XX, Figs. 1-lA.)
.
Hie Greosote plant {Larrea mexic4ma) is a shrub growing, tsom 4 to 6
feet high, very abundantly in certain regions in the southwestern por-
tion of the United States and in Mexico. It is said to form —
tdeoie and Almost impassable scmb, partieiilarly on the borden of the Oolimido
desert, where its luxuriant growth puts a stop to the drifting sand. It is a sure sign
of s sterile soil, for wherever it flourishes little else can be found, and although it
giTes the scenei^ a beautiful, verdant appearance, its strong, creosote-like odor ren-
QOB it so repulsive that ho animal wilf touch it. Moreover, as it can scarcely be made
to bum, il 18 useless even for the purpose of fuel. The resinous matter to which the
odor is due abounds in all parts of the plant. The Pimos Indians collect and fonn it
intobans, which they kick before them as they Journey from one point to the other of
their traU.t
Tlds extract gives^ in a few words, what was until recently the ac-
cepted belief respectmg American lac. But in April, 1880, Mr. J. M.
Stillman presented to the OaUfomia Academy of Sciences { a very able
and hnportant paper on this subject, in which he showed Uiat the
8<H»lled resinous exudation of the creosote plant was apparently identi-
cal with the gum-lac from India. Mr. Stillman also gave very cogent
chemical and physical reasons for believing that in each case IJie lac is
exereted by the insects found in it instead of being mmply an exuda-
tion of , the. plant caused by the punctures of these insects, as is stated
in nearly all of the- writings on the subject. The presence of the large
and oomplicated excreting organs, which I have termed lac tubes in
each of the species described in this paper, confirms this conclusion.
A study of the insect which produces the American lao shows that it
is gpeciflcally distinct from Oarteria Uuxm. I tilieiefore propose the name
C. larrea for it^ In all the specimens which I have seen, the incrusta-
tion of lac is not as thick as that produced by 0. Zooca, being rarely
more than one^eighth of an inch in thickness. And the masses excreted
'Annals and Magazine of Natural History^ 1861, p.p 1-10.
tA. Smith, in the Treasury of Botany.
t Bee American Natnraliflti YoL ISY, p. 782.
212 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AORICULTURE.
by the different individuals are not crowded together ho compactly as
in the Indian species, but preserve a more or less globular form. (See
Plate XX, Fig. 1.) In the case of isolated masses there is a tendency
to a six-lqbed condition.
This species is the smallest of the three known Lac insects, the adult
femtde being bnt little more than 2™™ (.08 inch) in diameter. The body
is nearly globular in outline, with, however, prominent la<5 tubes and
anal tubercle. The caudal spiracles are also prominent. Fig. la rep-
resents an individual from which the greater part of the lac has been
dissolved. A specimen treated in this way served to show the general
form of. the body. The structure of the diii'erent organs was studied
upon specimens which had been boiled in caustic potash, and from
which in this way all the excretion had been removed. Fig. Id repre-
sents the anal tubercle with the anal ring and fringe. Fig. 1/ shows
a part of the fringe enlarged. One of the lac tubes with its perfor-
ated plate is represented at Fig. 1^, the corresponding spiracle at Fig.
1/*, and the spine at Fig le. Scattered over the surface of the body are
groups of organs which appear like the compound spinnerets of tlie
DiaspinsB. One of these groups is represented at Fig. Ic. The male of
this species was found, but iu too mutilated condition for detailed de-
scription. A shrivelled balsam-mounted specimen showed the body,
including the style, to be 1°^ (^ inch) in length. The length of the
style is two-sevenths of the whole length of the body. On each side of
the style there is a pair of hairs which resemble those of Ehizoooccus
araucarias. (See Agricultural Beport, 1880, Plate X, Fig. lb.) The an-
t6nn» and wings are normal. The sac of the male is egg-shaped. Only
empty ones were observed, each of which had an opening at one end
from which the male doubtless emerged (Fig. Id). The sac ijs about
1.5°^ (.06 inch) in length. They occur in masses.
Gartesia mexioana, n. sp. (Plate XIX, Figs. l-lh.
On lookiDg over the collection of coccids in the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, which Dr. Hagen kindly placed at my disposal, I found a
twig of Mimosa from Tampico, Mex., which bore a number of globular
or more or less stellate masses of what proved on furtheir examination
to be lac. Each of these masses contained an insect. This ipsect
proves to belong to the same genus as the two Lac insects already de-
scribed, but is specifically distinct from either.
As the specimen which I have is a very small twig, which bore only
about fifteen insects, it may not represent well the usual appeaii^nce of
this lac.- On this twig the lumi)s of lac excreted by the individual insects
occur singly or are but slightly massed. Each lump is six-lobed at iU
base; ihis is more marked in the case of the immature specimens than
with the adults (Plate XIX. Fig. 1). This stellate form of the lump of lac
is due to a similar form of the lM)dy of the insect whidi excretes it. Fig.
la represents an immature female seen from above, which is approxi-
mately from the caudal end. The natural attitude of the insect is, like
that of the other Lac insects, with its cephalic end next to the plant and
the caudal end ffirthest from it. G^bie specimen from which the figure
was drawn had been boiled in caustic potash, and thus rendered titans-
parent. The mouth-parts and antennsB are represented a« showing
through the body ; the other organs figured are on the caudo-dorsal
surface of the body. The anal tubercle and the spine are well devel-
oped. The perforated plates, tlie openings of the lac glands, are also
well developed, but are sessile. This is the most obvious difference
between this stage and the adult. Closely associated with each perfo-
BSPOBT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 213
rated plate is a large spiracle^ these being on the sides of the body are
shown only in profile.
The fonn of the body of an adult female is represented at Fig. Id.
Ill this stage the lac tubes are well developed, as shown in (he figure.
The extremity of a single lac tube, with its perforated plate, is repre-
sented at Fig. le. Four spiracles are present, one on each side of the
body latarad of the anal tubercle, and a pair near tie mouth-parts (Fig.
1 d). One of the caudal spiracles is represented at Fig. Ig. As in the
other species of this genus, the opening of the spiracle is surrounded in
each case with a number of spinnerets. The anal ring (Fig. 1^) con-
sists of four plates, two of which bear three spines each, and two two
spines each. Surrounding the anal ring is a pair of chitinous pieces
forming a ring. This second ring I have observed in many genera of
tliis family, and I believe the number and shape of the plates of which
it is composed will be found to afford generic characters. These two
rings are i>artially surrounded by a fringe of plates and teeth (Fig If).
A iraiw WAX nrsBOT.
In tbe old collection of the Department of Agriculture I found several
tmga of oak bearing large masses of bright, yellow, and nearly spheri-
cal, sac-like bodies which appear to be largely composed of wax. Each
of the sac-like bodies contained the shriveled remains of an insect
which evidently excreted it, and which* proves to belong to an undo-
seribed genus of the OocciruB. The twigs of oak belong to two spedes,
native of Amona, QuercuB obhngifolia and Quercus imdiilata, variety
WrigktH. I have also specimens of the same insect from the Museum
of Comparative Zoology infesting what is "pTob&hly Querctu agrifoliaj
aQd which were collected in Galifomia by Osten Sacken.
Judging from the specimens before me, tibds insect occurs in suffi-
ciently great numbers to be of economic importance if the excretion
can be utilized as is the excretion of an allied insect which produces the
true white wax of commerce. The matter is now being investigated by
the chemist of the Cornell Univ^orsity Experiment Station, and will
probably be discussed in the next report of that institution.
I submit the following characterization of the genus to which this
iiiiect belongs :
Cebooogous, new genus.
Adult female apodus ; body covered with a layer of waxy excretion,
wUdi forms a continuous sheet, not composed of a number of plates
nioie or less closely united, as in Ceroplastes. The excretion forms a
complete sac about the body of the insect. At the caudal end of this
^^ there is an opening; and on the dorsal part near the center the
larval skin is imbedded but plainly visible. The adult female is pro-
dded with spinnerets of two kinds, which maybe designated as double
pores, and simple pores, respectively. Anal segment with the two
<^dal lobes characteristic of the CoccinsB : anal ring with eight spines^
^al plate of a single piece, and situated dorso-caudad of anal ring.
Mentum of two segments.
Cbhococcus qtjebous, n. sp. (Plate XX, Figs. 2-2e.)
. &c of female. — ^The sac in which the body is inclosed is bright yellow
l^color, elliptical in outline, very convex above. The lat^d margin
"^^ a row of tubercles which evidently correspond to the segments of
tl4 BBPOBT OF THB OOlOIIMIOnB OF AOIIOUUIMm»
the body. Length 6»" (.24 inch), width 5*" (.2 inch). TlBually these
sacs are more or less massed aroond the twig. (Plate XX, Fig. 2.)
The form of the sac of the immature female is represented by Fig. 2b.
The larval skin occupies the center of the dorsal surface, and the ex-
cretion forms a thick ring around tins skin.
Female. — ^The body of the female is elliptical in outline, with neither
legs nor antenn». The caudal end of the body is terminated by two
prominent lobes (Fig. 2e)j each of which bears a long terminal bristle
and several shorter ones. GHie anid ring is situated in a deep depres-
sion, from which the spines of the ring hsurdly project. This is repre-
sented in optical section in Fig. 2e. Dorso-caudad of the anal ring,
near the opening of the depression in which this ring is situated, is the
anal plate. The edge of it is represented as a line extending from the
base of one lobe to tiie other in Fig. 2e. Scattered over the surface of
the body are a large number of paired pores. These are represented in
Figs. 2e and 2o. A few single pores occur also. Fear the caudal end
of the body there are several round bodies, which I have termed the
madreporiform bodies (Fig. 2o). *
Sao of male. — ^The sac of the male is oval, with an opening at one end
from which the male emerged (Fig. 2d). The male was not observed.
NOTE ON THE STBUOTXJEB OF MBALT BUGS.
In DaetylopiuSy and presumably in other genera of the Coccinso, the
opcftung of t^e oviduct is distinct from that of tiie posterior end of the
idimentary cimal, being on the ventral side between the sixth and seventii
abdomiiial segments. I have watched a female during the act of oviposit-
ing, so there is no doubt resx>ecting this matter. Consequently the ex-
pression ano-genital ringj which has been applied by authors to the ring
of hairs and spinnerets at the caudal end of the body, is not correct.
The term anal ring is the appropriate one.
We have also observed in Ditctglopiut a pair of openings on the dorsal
Bide of the sixth abdominal segment, which are evidentiy homologous
with the honey tubes of the Aphididse. A female mealy-bug was gently
rubbed near the caudal end of the body^ when suddenly there appeared
two drops of a clear fluid, resembling in api>earanoe tiie honey-dew of
plant-lice. This experiment was repeated many times and with many ,
specimens. Mr. Pergande assures me that he has observed a similar '
excretion from a pair of oi^enings on the cephalic margin of the firaf
thoracic segment also. /
f
s
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OP GARDENS
AND GROUNDS.
SiB: I have the honor to submit the following notes on matters per-
taining to the duties and objects of this division :
THBIPS ON GBAPES.
Foiiseyeral years the foreign grape vines under glass have been severely
injured by thrips. All efforts and expedients to eradicate them have been
bnt partially effective. Duiing the early part of the growing season
the insects oould be kept in cheeky either by fumigations with tobacco,
i^ringing with water in which tobacco had been steeped, or spraying, the
foliage with a weak solution of quassia chips ; but when the fruit ap-
proached maturing, or rather when it commenced to color, these appli-
cations had to be discontinued, so that the fruit would not be rendered
unfit for use; then the iiisects would increase rapidly and injure the
foliage so that the fiiiit became comparatively worthless. -Further than
this, the annual destruction of the foliage before the growth was ma-
tored was gradually weakening the plants, so that their utter destruction
was only a question of time unless some means could be adopted to
annihilate the insects.
This means has been adopted. It consists simply in covering the
floorof the h(5use with tobacco-stems, the refuse of cigar inanufactories;
this mulchiilg proves quite effectual, ks, since' the application was made,
no thrips have been seen, and, although the insects had spread con-
fiideratly before the tobacco-stems were used, they rapidly disappeared
after the application.
It is perhaps worthy of remark that, since using the tobacco mulch-
ing, no sign of mildew has been observed on the grapes. Of course it
is known that mildew may be avoided by strict attention t<J ventilation,
hnt in the early part of the season, when the ventilators have to be
closed at night and opened during the mominff, it is not always pmcti-
cable to prevent cold currents of air from striking some portion of the
foliage, a circumstance which will induce fungus growths on the leaves ;
not the slightest indication of mildew has been obsen^ed siuse the
tobacco-stems were sprinkled over the floor.
Letters are frequently referred to this Division containing inquiries
wgwding the adaptability of various tropical and semi-tropical plants
forculttvatian in Southern Florida and in Southern California. Many
of the plants about which information is sought are probably too trop-
ical in their nature to succeed well in any part of the United States,
but, when we take into con^deration the almost tropical character of
tihe indigenous vegetation of Southern Florida, it may ^ot be well to
pronounce too decidedly, in advance of practical tests, in regard to the
fi^WJceesfttl culture of any tropical product.
215
216 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
The following notes on some of the plants which have been the sub-
jects of special inquiry are submitted as information to those who are
interested in them, and also as they may be available for future reference :
The TAMARIND TREE (Tamarindus indica).
This plant is a native of the East and West Indies, Arabia, and Egypt-
In general appearance it somewhat resembles the yellow-locust tree, but
the branches are more of a spreading character; its pinnate leaves are
sensitive to cold^ closing up Hke the well-known sensitive plant of the
gardens. It is sometimes cultivated in warm conservatories, where it
frequently produces its fragrant flowers and occasionally ripens its fruit.
There are two very distinct varieties of the tamarind ; the kind indi-
genous in the East Indies has larger fruits than that cultivated in the
West Indies. The East India tamarind fruit is from 4 to 6 inches in
length, and consists of a brown, brittle shell, containing from 6 to 10
seeds enveloped in a soft, acid pulp, the whole being held together by a
thin membranous covering. They are darker in color, and have a larger
and sweeter pulp than the West Indian variety, and can be preserved
without any addition of sugar or sirup. The West India tamarind lias
pods from 2 to 4 inches in length, containing from 2 to 4 seeds in each. The
outer pericarp, or shell, having been removed, they are placed in casks
in layers with sugar; when pack^, the interstices are filled by pouring
boiling sirup into the cask, whidi is closed up after the contents have
cooled.
The West India variety is considered to be hardier than that culti-
vated in the East, but the fruit is not so highly prized. But none of
them will grow in climates where frosts occur.
The oherimoyer (Anona clieriinolia).
The Oherimoyer or sofb-fruited custard apple is a medium sized tree,
a native of Peru, Few Grenada, and other parts of South America. It
is cultivated to some extent in ihese and other tropical regions for the
sake of its fruits, which are highly esteemed by the natives of those
countries. The fruit is large, firam 2 to 4 pounds in weight. The flesh
is sweety slightly fragrant, and about the consistency of a custaid.^
The sweet sop {Anona aqucmimosa).
This tree is cultivated both in the East and West Indies for the sake
of its fruity which is called the Sweet sop. It Is an egg-shaped, fleshy
fruity covered with a thin tubercular coat; it has a thick rind which ill-
doses a soft, sweet pulp of a peculiar flavor, not much relished by those
unaccustomed to its use, but it is highly esteemed by the natives.
The leaves of the tree have a disagreeable odor, and the seeds con-
tain an acrid principle which is fatal to insects; and a powder made
from the seeds is used for the destruction of insects on animals.
The BULLOOK's HEART APPLE {Anona reticulata) and the ALLiaA-
TOR APPLE {Anona palustris) are sometimes mentioned among fruits
worthy of culture, but compared with our cultivated fruits tihey are
unworthy of notice.
BROMELIA SYLVESTRIS AND BROMELIA KARATAS.
These plants belong to the pineapple family, and contain a fine,tough
fiber in tiieir leaves, which is known inthe West Indies a6 silk-grass; in
Central America it is known as pita, and in Mexico as istle, and some-
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OP GARDENS. 217
tames as ixtle fiber. The silky fibers are held togetlier by guraniy matter
'which is capable of being dissolved, after which the fibers are easily sep-
arated. The primitive mode of preparing this fiber is by steeping,- beat-
ing, and scraping the leaf in a green state. After the removal of the
^latinoas matter it is combed out and mbbed by hand until the fibers are
separated. When the plant is young the fibers are fine and white: in
older plants it is longer and coarser. The broken leaves are worked
into a good paper fiber. The fiber from these plants is known in British
Guiana as corawa fiber.
The Bromelias are short-stemmed plants, .having a densely pjicked
liead of stifl: leaves which are from 3 to 6 feet in length and 2 to 3
inches in width. They are sometimes used for hedges,* for which they
are well adapted. They are cultivated in a manner similar to tliJit
adopted with pineapple? in Florida, and are propagated mainly from
off-sets or suckers from the stem.
The PARAGUAY TEA TREE {Ilex paraguuyenftis).
This is a large growing tree, a native of South America, where it%s
leaves. are collected and used in infusion as an article of food, under the
nameofmat^.'
In rich soils the tree will reach to a height of from 70 to 90 feet; trom
the accounts of some it is said to be confined to mountain slopes, never
appearingontable-landsnoronthebroadplainswhichskirt the river beds,
while others mention that the tree is plentiful in all the moist valleys
that branch out of the extensive chain of piountains that divide the
waters of the Parana and Paraguay Eivers. It is well understood, how-
ever, that the leaves of various species of Hex are collected in common
by ^e natives, and that the trees are found over a widely-extended range
of country and in a diversity of soils and situations.
The ^^Herva de Palmeim^ of the Brazilians is produced from different
species of Ilex which grow on the banks of the river Uruguay, and the
leaves are considered to be equal in value as a beverage to that of the
wtatS or herva yerba qf Paraguay.
The tea as prepared in Brazil is a mixture of the leaves of two very
distinot species, the Ilex giga/ntea'j which has large leaves and yields the
artide known as lierva mausa^ or mild mat^, and the Ilex Humboldtianaj
yielding herva brava^ or wild mat6.
The Herva de Palmeira is considered equal to best Paraguay tea; the
mauta and brwva aire considered inferior, although when nyxed in cer-
tain proportions a mat6 equal to the genuine Paraguay yerba is pro-
duced.
For the preparation of mat6 proper the leaves are dried, or rather
roasted, in cast-iron pans* set in brickwork and heated by fires under-
neath; when the leaves aresufftciently heated they are pounded in stamp-
ing-mills worked by water or steam power until reduced to powder, and
then packed in bags by means of presses.
There are three quabties or sorts of yerba known in the South Amer-
ican markets. The best is said to be prepared from the youbg leaves
"vhen they are about half expanded from the bud, called caacuys; the
second consists of the full-grown leaves, carefully picked and separated
^ twigs, and frequently the midrib and veins of the leaves are re-
'"^oved; this is called caa-mira; the third is the cua-guaza^ or Yerva
^^Palos, made from older leaves, carelessly broken up with the small
lynches and leaf-stalks, all of which undergo the roasting and p&und-
^S process together.
S18 BIFOBT OV THB OQMipSSXOHBB OV ▲OBIOULTUU.
The leaves are also coUected and dried in a similar manner to that
adopted in the preparation of Chinese tea. This is called mat6 in leaf,
and is prepared for use by infusion and taken with milk and sugar the
same as ordinary tea. Mat^ in powder is also prepared by infusion, by
putting into a small vessel about an ounce of the powder and pouring
boiling water over it; as the fine dust does not fall to the bottom but
remains suspended in the water, the mat6 is taken by means of a
sucker, that is, a tube terminating in a small hollow ball, pierced with
very fine holes.
Mat6 contains theine, the same active principle as tea and coffee, but
it is not possessed of their volatile and empyreumatic oils; it contains
less essential oil, and is therefore not so exciting as coffee or tea; it con-
tains more resin than coffee, less than tea; it is therefore more diuretic
than coffee, and is as stimulating as tea. Chemical analyses show that
it contains nearly double the quantity of theine that the same weight
of grains of coffee contains, and about the same quantity as tea leaves*
The Brazilians recommend mat^ as a nourishing, warm, aromatic, stim-
ulating diuretic and very cheap beverage; its extreme cheapness is a
guarantee of its genuineness, as it is not worth adulterating.
The trees furnishing these leaves are not known to be cultivated any-
where. The natural forests seem to be able, so far, to supply the con-
sumptive demands. The Department has had repeated inquiries regard-
ing the best climatic conditions for the culture of the plants, and how
plants may be obtained; to the former inquiry, it would seem to require
a strictly tropical climate, and as to propagation, no satisfactory infor-
mation has been obtained.
The chocolate-plant {Theohroma cacao).
This is a small tree, reaching -from 15 to 20 feet in height, a native ol
tropical Am.erica, where it is cultivated to a large extent for the sake of
its fruits, which contain the seeds called cacao-seeds. It is also culti-
vated in some of the West India Islands and in other tropical countriea.
Young plants are raised from seeds which are ^wii in nursery rows,
and transplanted when two years old. Rich bottom-lands are preferred
for starting a plantation; the plants are placed about 15 fe^ apart and
shaded by bananas and similar fast-growing plants. They come well
into bearing when five or six years old, and in well managed planta-
tions receive careful culture so as to thoroughly repress all other
growths. It is said that there are several varieties in cultivation, some
being better fitted for hilly situations, but the best seeds are from plants
growing in rich, low-lying lands. It is probable that some of the hardier
varieties would flourish in the warmer portions of the Southern States,
but it may be doubted as proving a profitable culture.
The fruits of the cacao very much resemble small cucumbers; they
vary in length from 6 to 10 inches and from 3 to 5 inches in width. Each
fruit contains from 50 to 100 seedB, imbedded in pulp; these seeds fur-
nish the cacao of commerce.
The fruits remain green until within a short time of ripening; after-
wards they rapidly change to a yellow color, when they are re^y io be
gathered. As they become dry the outside pod shrivels and changes
to a brown color; they are then split open, the seeds taken out, cleaned
from the pulpy matter adhering to them, and subjected to a process of
fermentation for several days, which improves their color; they are then
dried in the sun for some time, and afterwards packed for shipping.
nPOST OV TBM iUPMtLfMWMT OF «ABDIHL tl9
TUBMBBIO.
This snbfitance is produced by the Curcuma longa^ a low-growing her-
baoeons )[)lant9 a native of the East Indies^ bat widely spread and culti-
vated over the West Indies, Central America^ and other warm countries.
Hie culture of the plant is similar to that of the arrowroot. A rich
son is necessary to produce the best root-stalks. The old roots only
yield turmeric; the young tubers furnish a kind of arrowroot. The
plants are increased by division ; they are set out in rows and cultivated
like i>otatoes. It is an easily managed crop so far as culture is con-
cerned.
The article turmeric is prepiared by reducing the roots to powder,
which acquires a fine yellow color. It is used for various purposes, such
as an ingredient in cookery dishes, as chemical tests for the presence of
alkalies, and to some extent in medicine.
Thb SICILIAN SUMAO {Rhus coviaria).
This small tree is a native of Southern Europe, where it is cultivated
for the tannin contained in its leaves, which fiimish thei sumac of com-
merce. It is Ubrgely grown in Sicily, near Palermo and Alcamo, that
grown near the former place being considered of superior quality to that
grown on the south or eastern coasts. To grow sumac in perfection
requires a soil of only medium fertility: it is found thata very luxuriant
growth is produced at the expense of the tannin principle; an exposure
to sun on a southern slope is also favorable to an increase of tannin.
The planting of sumac is effected in a manner very similar to that
adopted by farmers in planting potatoes ; furrows are drawn about 3 feet
apart, in which pieces of the running roots'of the plant are deposited at
regular spaces about 2 feet apart, and covered by turning a furrow over
ti^em with tiie plow. This planting takes place in early spring, and for
the first year the only care is to keep the ground f^ee from weeds. In
the fall tiie young plants are headed down — cutting them back to near
the surfiace of the ground; this is done for the purpose of increasing
the number of shoots for the growth of the ensuing year. In some
plantations this heading back is continued to the second year's growth,
imder the bc^ef that it increases the value of the leaves.
The hsffvesting process is very similar to that adopted in making hay
from grass ; the branches are mown over and careftdly cured by drying
in the sun. * After being thoroughly dried the leaves are threshed from
tlie branches ; Uiey are then collected and ground to powder by a sys-
tem of millstones set on edge, running on a smooth, hard surface^ on
vhioh the leaves are placed. V arious methods are adopted in grinding,
tbe desideratum being to produce a fine powder. After being clean^
of small portions of branches by sifting it is ready for market.
A plantation is not expected to remain profitable for a longer period
^han 10 years. The average yield is 2,600 pounds per acre.
The JAPAif YABNISH TREE {Rhus vemidfero).
. ^ plant yields, in part at least, the varnish used for lacquer- work
^ Japan. It is a low growing tree, seldom exceeding 20 feet in height,
^d ig suflficiently hardy to stand the climates over a large portion of the
yetted States. The varnish is collected from incisions made in the tree
^nring the heat of summer j at first it is of a milky -white color, but turns
"^ by exposure to the air. The preparation of the article to be var-
220 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
Dished is an important process of the art of lacquering. It has been said
that the modem lacquer is of an inferior quality to that of the ancient,
and that the Japanese have lost the secret of its preparation 5 to this it
has been replied that less care is now given to the work, and that when
the articles are prepared by repeated coatings of lime, gum, and soft,
coarse clay, first allowed to harden and then scraped and rubbed off, until
the surface is rendered exceedingly hard and smooth, and afterwanls
receiving as many as fifty coats of the varnish, each coat being allowed
to dry in a close, dark room, and severely rubbed down before receiv-
ing the next coating, that the surface becomes perfect and as durable
as the older specimens of this kind of work.
The lee-chee tree {Nephelium Utchi).
«
This tree is cultivated in orchards in Southern China for its frnits,
which are highly esteemed in that country, and in a dried state are
exported in considerable quantities.
The tree grows to a height of from 25 to 30 feet It may be cultivated
in many of our Southern States if found to be profitable. The fruits
occasionally aj^ear among other articles of import, but it is believed
that the culture would not be remunerative ; it is also known as the
Lichi, or Litschi. The fruits are produced ip small bunches ; the sin-
gle berries are nearly round, about one inch in diameter, and coveied
with small, wart-like protuberances. When ripe they are of a reddish
color, and contain a pulp of the consistence of honey, and of a very
sweet, pleasant flavor. As seen in commerce, in tiie dried state, they
present a wrinkled appearance, are dark in color, and somewhat resem-
ble prunes.
Ak allied species, Nephelium longanum, is known in China as the
longan tree. It is also subjected to cultivation in that country. The
fruits are much like those of the lee-chee^ only they are smooth, and
have a very tender skin which incloses a thin layer of semi-transparent
pnlp which has a pleasant, subacid flavor, and to which the Cbine^^d
ascribe medicinal qualities.
The sago palms {Sagus rumphii and Sagm Iccvis).
These palms are natives of the islands of the Indian Archipelago, and
yield the palmaceous starch called sago. The first mentioned is knbwn
as the prickly sago palm; it forms a tree 30 to 40 feet in height, tiie leaf-
stalks being armed with sharp spines from half an inch to an inch in
length. The second mentioned species is spineless, and is called the
spineless sago palm; this grows somewhat teller than the other and
furnishes the largest portion of the sago of commerce. These plants
thrive well only in marshy or even muddy soils, wh^re there is constant
water about their roots; they receive nothing of what might be temiecl
cultivation, and a plantation, when once established, luay be maintained
for an indefinite period, as they throw out lateral shoots, which grow up
and take the place of the older trunks, which are removed for the sake
of the starch.
The time for collecting the sago is immediately after the flower-spike
makes its appearance on the plan^ which generally occurs when the tree is
12 or 14 years old. In order to procure it the tree is felled and the trunk
cut into pieces about 6 feet in length, which are Split open and the pith
taken out; this pith is pounded to a coarse powder and thrown into
water, which is afterwards drained off from the pulpy mass, and the
starch is removed with the water. On being allowed to stand undis-
REPORT OF THE 8UPBRIKTENDENT OF GARDENS. 221
t4irbed for a short time the farina subsides and the crater is removed
froui it, and the article is purified by successive washings with pure
water. This is the sago meal, from which is manufactured the i^eaxl
eago of commerce.
An ordinary sized tree, of 14 years' growth, yields from 600 to 800
IxMind^ of this nutritious matter.
JLLOES.
The aloes of commerce are furnished by several species of the aloes
family, but mainly by Aloe vulgaris^ Aloe spicataj and Aloe 8ocotriiui.
The aloes are usuaUy short-stemmed plants, having thick, fleshy leaves ;
they are easily propagated by side-shoots, or suckers from the roots, and
can be cultivated in fields like cabbages.
The most esteemed aloes of commerce is that furnished by Aloe soco-
ifina^ a native of the island of Socotra, on the south coast of Arabia,
in the Indian Ocean. This appears in commerce in pieces having a
yellowish or reddish-brown color; occasionally it appears of a Ughtei*
color, but becomes darker by exposure to the air. The color of it^
powder is a golden-yellow, aiud it has a peculiar but not unpleasant
odor, and a bitter, disagreeable taste, with an aromatic flavor. Socotrine
aloes is held in high esteem.
Hepatic aloes is considered to be an inferior selection from the soco-
triple.
Barbadoes aloes is produced in the West Indies from Aloe vulgarisj a
i^idely diffused species, extending to Arabia and the African coast.
The color of this article is generally dark brown or black, but sometimes
it is of a reddish-brown or liver color, or some intermediate shade. It
has a dull fr^u)ture, and the powder is of a dull, olive-yellow color. It
is made by expressing the juice from the leaves, or chopping them and
then evaporating their decoction until it has attained such a consistence
that it will harden in cooling, when it is poured into vessels and allowed
to concrete. Barbadoes aloes is in great demand in veterinary practice.
Cape aloes is the product of Aloe spicata^ and is from the Gape of Gtood
Hoi)e. It is sometimes called shining aloes. When freshly broken it
has a very dark-olive or greenish color, approaching to black. Its odor
is strong and disagreeable. When .hard it is very brittie and easily
powder^, but in very hot weather it becomes soft and tenacious. 15ie
quality of the drug depends much upon the method of prepp,rin^ it.
The finest kind is that obtained by exudation and subsequent inspissa-
tion in the sun. The plan of bruising and expressing the leaves and
boUing down the juice yields an inferior article, as a large portion of the
liquor is derived from the mucilaginous juice of the parenchyma. The
^orst plan is said to be that of boiling the leaves in water and evapor-
ating tiie decoction.
The bitter, resinous juice from which the drug is prepared is stored
ttp iu vessels lying beneath the skin of the leaves. The juice is collected
by cuttiug off the leaves close to the stem and placing them at once into
tubs vu an upright x>osition, so that the sap may flow freely from the
cut (surface. The crude juice is then exposed to the sun, wh^re it is
gradually evaporated to a proper consistence, and is then poured into
v^^sels, where it hardens into a black, compact mass. Much of the value
^* the.article depends upon the care bestowed upon its preparation for
uiarket
Horse aloes is a very coarse article made from refuse leaves, and is
^ in veterinary medicine.
222 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTDBE.
The oloye tree {Oaryophtfllus aromatieus). ^
•
This is an evergreen, and attains to a height of from 20 to 25 feet. It
is a native of the Molacca Islands, but has been introdticed and culti-
vated very generally throughout tne East and West Indies.
In forming a plantation ^e trees are planted in rows about 16 feet
apart, and the soil is kept clean and mellow by cultivation. The cloves
of commerce are the unopened flower-buds ; these are collected before
they expand by beating them down with reeds, and are received on
sheets spread for the purpose. They are prepared for market by smoking
them brown over a slow, wood fire, and finally drying them fully in the
sun. The quality of the clove is greatly influence by climate, and
although they are largely produced in many parts of the world those
from the Moluccas are held in the highest esteem.
The best cloves are dark in color, heavy, and strongly fragrant, the ball
on top being unbroken, and yielding oil when pressed by tiie finger-naiL
They contain from 17 to 20 per cent, of essential oil, wMch is extremely
pungent, and is specifically heavier than water. When they are newly
gathered a certain quantity of oil may be obtained by pressure; the
cloves are impaired in value by this operation, but they are mixed with
sound samples, where, however, they can be detected by their pale
color, shriveled appearance, and lack of flavor.
The CHINESE tallow tree {Exccecaria sebifera).
This tree has been introduced into many semi-tropical climates and
has become common in some of the Southern States. The fruit yields a
kind of tallow, which is separated from it by steaming; this is effected
by placing the fruit in wooden cylinders having numerous holes in the
bottom. These are fitted over caldrons of boiLmg water, which softens
the tallow; the mass is then bruised in a mortar:, afterwards it is placed
in straw tnats and the oil squeezed out under heavy pressure, when it
soon hardens into a white, brittle, opaque mass. This tallow melts at
104^ F., and is composed mainly of tripalmatine, a substance which is
saponified by alcoholic potash and produces palmitic acid. .It is used
for candle-making in Cluna; the candles are coated with insect wax to
prevent them from becoming soft in hot weather ; they are generally
colored red or green, and compare favorably with those made from
spermaceti.
An oil is also extracted from the kernels which bums well in lamps;
a good black dye is obtained from the leaves ; tiie wood of the tree is
very hard and is used by the Chinese for printing-blbcks.
The tree is of free growth and will grow in any ordinary arable soiL
It is easily raised from seeds and soon reaches to a fruiting condition,
so that a plantation of them may be secured in a few years.
The ohooho, or ohayote root.
These names are given to the root of a climbing plant, indigenous to
Mexico, South America, and the West Indies, where it is cultivated for
the sake of its edible roots and fruits. The botanical name of the plant
is Sechium edule. The root is fleshy and large, some specimens weighing
20 pounds ; these resemble, both in appearance and eatable qualities,
the common yam. It is much used in the West Indies under the name
of chocho. It was cultivated by the ancient Aztecs under the name oi
chayotti, and is now known in Mexico as ihe chayote root. Samph
of starch prepared from the tuber were displayed in tibie Mexican exhibit=;
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GARDENS. 223
at Philadelphia in 1876, accompanied with the following analysis of the
root: Water, 71; starch, 20; resinons matter, soluble in water, 0.20;
sugar, 0.32; vegetable albumen, 0.43; cellulose, 5.60; extractive matter,
tartrate of potash, chloride of sodium, sulphate of lime, and silica, 2.25;
lofis, 0.20.
Seeds of the Sechium sown in spring famish plants which mature fruit
the same season. After the growth of the second year a portion of the
tuber can be removed without destrqying the plant, an operation which
can be repeated for several years, at least in climates where there are
DO frosts. A plant that produces eatable fruits, with a valuable farina-
ceous root, seems to be worthy of attention.
The cork tree (Querous suher).
This a native of Southern Europe and Northern Africa. It grows to
a height of 40 or 50 feet. It is the greiat source of the cork of commerce ;
this substance is the outer bark of the tree, which is of great thickness
and elasticity, owing to an extraordinary development of the cellular tis-
sue. The corky bark ultimately cracks and separates from the inner
bark, which remains attached to the tree. Both the outer and inner barks
abound in tannin, and the former contains a peculiar principle called
suberine and an acid called suberic acid. The cork tree flourishes well
south of Virginia; it will stand ordinary winters north of this State, but
severe winters injure it considerably, especially when the plants are
young. A plant in the grounds of the department was killed during Uie
severe winter of 1880-'81, whien the thermometer indicated 18 degrees
below zero. It is readily raised from the seeds, which, however, have to
receive 8i)ecial care in packing, so that they may retain vitality during
the time necessary for transportation from Europe. The trees are usually
allowed to grow for sixteen years before the first removal of the bark
takes place. The flrst crop of bark is considered of but little value, ex-
cept for tanning purposes, being full of cracks and cells. AfteY* a period
of eight or ten years the bark is again removed, but this is also consid-
^^ of an inferior quality, and is employed for floats for nets and similar
purposes. At the end of ten years or more a third cutting takes place,
when the cork is of esteemed thickness and quality. The bark is re-
moved by making longitudinal and transverse incisions so as to allow it
to be taken off in flakes. When flrst removed from the tree the bark is
carved; tiie pieces are* flattened by placing them in water and laying
beavy weights on them ; they are sftterward^ held over a blazing fire tiU
tlie BurfEU^e becomes scorched or blackened, which has the effect of clos-
ing the pores and giving a closer texture to the cork.
The best cork is not less than one and a half inches in thicknesis; it is
Bupple, dastic, neither woody nor porous, and of a reddish color. Yellow
cork is considered of inferior quality, and wliite cork, which has not been
charred on the suiface, as the worst. Although the charred surface is
considered evidence of good quality, yet it is said that the charring pro-
cess has a detrimental effect, as it secretes an empyreumatic oil, which
is given off, and is frequently taken up by the liquid which the cork con-
fines when in use. The firing is sometimes partially superseded by the
process of boiling the cork and afterwards scraping its surface, which is
^d to be more effectual in closing the pores.
The oamphob tbee {Oamphara officinalis).
J^ tree m a native of China and Japan, where it is found in great
abundaiM^ei especially in the island of Formosa. The camphor plant
224 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
flomisbes iu perfection in some of the Southern States, especially along
the Golf coast, and as many inqoiries have been made in regard to the
culture of the tree, the mode of collecting the camphor, &c., the follow-
ing remarks are offered on Uiese sultjects :
With regard to culture, the plant grows rapidly from seeds which can
be procur<^ from the southern localities, where it seeds freely. The de-
partment has frequency received seeds from this Source, which, when
sown in a garden border, as the cominon garden pea is sown, rapidly
vegetate and form plants from 18 inches to 2 feet in height the first sea-
son. Camphor is obtained by chopping the wood and roots into small
pieces and boiling them with water in un iron vessel till the camphor be-
gins to adhere to the stirring utensil ; the liquor is then strained, and
the camphor concretes on standing. It is afterwards mixed with a finely-
powdered earth, and sublimed from one metallic vessel into another.
In Japan the chips are boiled in a vessel to which an earthen head con-
taining straw has been ^tted, and the camphor sublimes and condenses
on the straw. Crude camphor very much resembles moist sugar before
it is cleaned. It is refined by sublimation, an operation which requires
care and experience.
Camphor is also yielded by Dryohalanops aromaticay a tree a native of
the ishmd of Sumatra. This tree furnishes an oil called camphor oil,
which is obtained from incisions made in the tree. A solid camphor is
found in cracks of the wood, which is usually obtained by cutting down
the tree, cutting it into blocks, which are split and the camphor ex-
tracted. Tills camphor is rarely found in commerce. The tree is too
tender for the climate of the United States.
The cinnamon tree {Cinnamomum zeylanicum).
This tree is a native of Ceylon, where it reaches to the height of 30
feet. It is cultivated in Java, Cochin China, and many of the East India
Islands ; it is also grown in several of the w est India Islands, in Brazil,
and other South American countries.
The best cinnamon is produced on light, sandy soils ; strong shoots
from rich soils produce a coarse, inferior article, deficient in aroma. The
plant requires a tropical climate, and flourishes best in low, sheltered
localities^ where the atmosphere is moist and rains frequent during the
period of most active growlh. When cultivated for the bark the plant
is not allowed to grow up to a tree ; young plantations, after making four
or five years' growth, are cut down to the surface of the ground; .several
shoots then spring up which are in turn fit for peeling in four to six years;
a cinnamon plantation thus closely resembles a field of willows when
cultivated for twigs used in the manufacture of baskets.
In the East Indies cinnamon-culture is conducted in a very syst^n-
atic manner. Nurseries are provided for the preparation of young
plants, which are usually raised from seeds which are collected from
trees allowed to grow up for the particular purpose of iumishing them.
The inner bark of the tree constitutes the cinnamon of commerce, the
best being procured from young branches. The quality of the article
depends upon the age and tiiickness of the bark, and several grades
can be selected from a shoot six feet in length. In Ceylon the bark is
peeled during the month of May, at which time it separates readily from
the wood. The branches or twigs are cut and their outer bark stripped
off; a longitudinal incision is then made with the point of a knife, and
the inner bark or liber is 'gradually loosened until it is entirei|y re-
moved ; this, as it dries, curls up and forms ^^ quills." Before these be-
I
REPORT OP THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GARDENS. 225
come dry and brittle the smaller are inserted into the larger; space in
packing is thns saved, and complete sticks or pipes are formed, which
are afterwards tied in bundles, and dried on open platforms under cover.
The cassia bark, or ^^ ccLssia lignea " of commerce, is mainly furnished
by Cinnanwnium cassia; it is supposed that other species of the genus
afford aromatic barks equally valuable and not distinguishable in mar-
ket. But all the trees yielding this bark are natives of the warmer parts
of Asia from India eastward, where the temperature may be considered
as being strictly tropical. Cassia "buds'' are the dried flower buds of
the cassia tree ; they bear some resemblance to cloves, and are used to
flavor confectionery and for culinary purposes.
The NUTMEG TREE {Myristica moschata).
This a native of the East Indies, but has been introduced and culti-
vated in the West Indies and in other warm countries ; it forms a medium-
sized tree and is grown in orchards ; a nutmeg plantation and a x>each
orchard closely resemble each other.
Nutmeg-culture was at one time confined to the Banda Islands, and
strong efibrts were made to monopolize the production, a scheme which
failed, it is stated, on account of birds carrying the seeds and dropping
them beyond the assigned limits, and thns spreading the trees over the
whole of the islands of the Malayan Archipelago, from the Moluccas to
New Guinea.
The tree is cultivated to a limited extent in Jamaica, where it succeeds
best in a deep, rich, friable soil, which is drained. Undulating ground
is preferred in order to assist the running off of all superfluous water, as
Uiere is no one thing more injurious to the plant than water lodging
around its roots, although in order to thrive well it requires an atmos-
phere of the most humid kind. Young plants are readily raised from
fresh seeds. The fruit requires nine months of tropical weather to ma-
ture.
ALLSPICE, OR PIMENTO.
The allspice tree, Eugmia pimenta^ is a native of the West Indies,
where it is cultivated for its fruits, which are known in commerce as
allspice. It is a very beautiful tree, and avenues planted with it in
Jamaica are said to be greatly admired. As a shade tree, or as an
ornamental tree on lawns and pleasure grounds, it is well worthy the
attention of planters in the warmer parts of Florida. The berries have
a peculiarly grateful odor and flavor, resembling a combination of .
cloves, nutmeg, and cinnamon ; hence the name allspice. The berries
are gathered while green and are laid in the sun to dry ; when perfectly
dry they are ready for storing. The leaves when bruised emit a fine
aromatic otlor, as powerful as that of the fruit, and yield on distillation
a delicate odoriferous oil, which is said to be used in medical dispens-
aries as oil of cloves. Pimento berries bruised and distilled with water
yield the pimento oil of commerce.
THE BAYBERRY TREE.
^^mia acrisj the wild clove, or bayberry tree of the West Indies, is
* tree closely resembling the pimento tree. In Jamaica it is also called
fte black cinnamon tree. The refreshing perfume known as bay -rum is
Prepared by distilling the leaves of this tree with rum. It is stated the
15 AG
226 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
leaves of the allspice tree are also ased in this preparation. As this tree
is of rapid growth, and has beautifal evergreen foliage, which can l>e
thus utilized by distillation, its introdaction as an ornamental and useful
plant is worthy of attention in orange-growing climates.
ARROW-ROOT.
The arrow-root, Maranta arundinacea^ is a native of tropical America ;
it is largely cultivated in the East and West Indies for the starch con-
tained in its roots.
The Island of Bermuda has the reputation of producing superior
arrow-root. The mode of culture adopted is very similar to that prac-
ticed in the culture of the common potato. The ground is well manured
and plowed deep. It is then harrowed and laid out in drills about 6
indies in depth and 3 feet apart. In these drills the roots are set about
8 inches apart, covered with the plow, and the surface smoothed by
harrowing. The plants require a whole year to mature, and economical
planters set the drills somewhat wider apart and introduce an inter-
mediate row of the potato, the crop of which is ready for removal be-
fore it can injure the arrow-root crop. Sometimes Indian corn is planted
in these alternate rows, which is cut for forage while green ] if allowed
to mature the main crop would be impaired by it.
The mode of preparing the fecula from the roots greatly influences
its value, and the superiority of the Bermuda article is attributed to the,
extreme care and cleanliness exercised in the processes of manufacture.'
The roots, after being collected, are washed and their outer skin com-
pletely removed. This process has to be performed with great nicety,
for the cuticle contains a resinous matter which imparts color and a
disagreeable flavor to the starch which no subsequent treatment can
remove. After this process the roots are again carefully washed and
then crushed ^between powerful rollers, which reduces the whole mass
into a pulp; tids is thrown into large perforated cylinders where it is
agitated by revolving wooden paddles, while a stream of pure water
carries off the fecula from the fibers and parenchyma of the pulp and
discharges it, in the form of milk, through the perforated bottom of the
cylinder, from whence it is conveyed in pipes and passed through fine
muslin strainers into large reservoirs, where it is allowed to settle and
the supemated water drawn off.
After being repeatedly washed it is allowed to settle for some time,
when the surface is skimmed with palette knives of German silver, in
order to remove any slightly discolored particles which may appear on
the top, and retaining only the lower, purer, and denser portion for dry-
ing for market.
The rollers and cylinders are made of brass and copper, so as to pre-
serve the purity of the material.
The drying is conducted with equal care and cleanliness. The sub-
stance is spread in flat copper pans and immediately covered with
white gauze to exclude dust and insects. These pans are placed on
rollers and run under glass-covered sheds when there is any danger
from rains or dews. When thoroughly dry it is packed with (Jerman-
silver shovels into new barrels; these are first lined with paper, which
is gummed with arrow-root paste.
The barrels are exported on the decks of vessels under cover; if
placed in the hold the arrow-root might be tainted by the effluvia of
other freight. Such are the processes employed and the care bestowed
in the preparation of arrow-root in Bermuda.
REPOST OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GARDENS. 227
TEE CASSAVA PLANT.
The bitter cassava (Manihot utilisHma) is a crooked-growing, shrabby
plant which attains to a height of 6 to 8 feet. It is a native of tropical
America., but long introdac^ into various tropical regions, where it is
more or less cultivated for the starch contained in its fleshy roots. The
roots contain a bitter, poisonous principle, which is readily separated
by rasping the roots to a pulp and expelling the poisonous juice by
heavy i>re8sure; the pulp, being placed in coarse bags for the purpose of
pressing, is afterwards placed upon heated iron i)lates, which has the
effect of dissipating any of the poison which may remain after pressure.
So volatile is this x>olson that when the fresh root is cut into slices and
exxH>sed for several hours to the direct rays of the sun cattle then eat
it with x>erfect safety. The Indians also partake of the root after roast-
ing it in hot ashes, and without any previous preparation.
The process of drying on hot plates lessens the nutritive value of the
product, as many of the starch cells are thus broken and dextrine is
produced, but t^is process is essential in order to get rid of the poisonous
acid.
The fecula, or starch, is prepared by torrefying and granulating on
hot plates; the grains burst and agglomerate in irregular gum-like
masBes, and in this condition is known as tapioca.
Brazilian arrow-root is the fecula that deposits from the expressed
juice when it is allowed to settle, and is also known as cassava flour or
mancliocca meal. An intoxicating beverage called piwarrie is made
by chewing Cassava cakes, or dried pulp, and placing the masticated
material into a vessel to ferment, after which it is boiled for use.
The juice of the root, concentrated by boiling, which also expels all
injurious properties, under the name of cassareep, forms the basis of
the West India dish called pepper-pot. It is highly antiseptic, and
meat which has been boiled in it will be preserved for a much longer
period than can be done by any other culinary process. In Seuth
America a sauce called arube is prepared by boiling down the fresh
juice before the starch is precipitated ; this is concentrated to a yel-
lowish paste and seasoned with piepper ; it is kept in stone jars and
Uused as a relish to flsh. Tucupi sauce is made from the juice after the
starch has been separated, boiled, and seasoned with peppers and small
spices. It is used in a liquid form and tastes like essence of anchovies.
The sweet cassava {Alanihot aipi) is supposed by some to be mer^y
a variety of the preceding. Its roots are sweet and wholesome, and are
eaten when cooked as any other edible vegetable. With the exception
of the poisonous quality, the products of the sweet and the bitter cas-
sava are precisely alike. The bitter plant is most cultivated because it
in most productive.
Tlie plants are propagated from cuttings made of the stem, prepared
aud planted in a manner similar to that employed in the culture of the
sagar-cane. A warm, dry soil is essential. In wet soils the roots decay
^^ are worthless. The most careful cultivators repress the flowering
^ud^ 80 as to increase the size and vigor of the leaves, ui>on which de-
pends the greater increase in the size of the roots.
THE PISTAOIO NX7T.
1*he Pigtacia tera^ which yields the pistacio nuts of commerce, is a smaU
^ a native of Western Asia, but has long been cultivated in Southern
AQiope. Its dimatio requirements being similar to those of the olive.
228 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
it may be expected to flourish in many of the Southern States. The
fruit is a thin-shelled, oval, acuminate nut, which is esteemed as being
of a more agreeable flavor than the Albert or the almond, and is some-
times made into articles of confectionery. Peculiar horn-shaped galls
are collected from the leaves, which are used for dyeing silk a green
color.
CHIOS TURPENTINB.
This substance is much sought afber for medicinal purposes. It is
furnished by the terebinth tree, Pistacia terehinthusy a medium-sized
tree of Southern Europe and Northern Africa. The turpentine, or resin,
is procured by making incisions in the trunk of the tree, from whence
it flows quite freely if the operation is performed in early summer. At
flrst the exudation is clear, of a honey-like consistence, and very fragrant,
but quickly becomes thick and tenacious, and ultimately becomes hard
when it is scraped from the bark. Galls, caused by the punctures of
insects, are formed on the leaves. These are gathered and employed
for dyeing and tanning purposes. One of the kinds of Morocco leather
is said to be tanned by them.
VANILLA.
The vanilla of commerce is furnished by two species. Vanilla aro-
matica and Vanilla planifolia. These are succulent, climbing plants,
natives of tropical climates, where they are cultivated for the sake of
their pods. The best vanilla is said to be that produced in Mexico from
Vanilla planifolia. Both species are in cultivation in the East and West
Indies, also in various parts of South America.
The stems of these plants climb to the height of 20 feet and upwards,
twining round the trunks of trees and throwing out a profusion of aerial
roots, some of which eventually reach the ground, while others continue
to float in the air or attach themselves to the tree. The leaves are thick
and fleshy, as also are the greenish- white flowers. The pods, which are
the most important part of the plant, are narrow and flattened, from 5
to 10 inches long, and of a dark-brown color; they are pulpy witiiin and
contain a great number of very small, dark seeds.
The cultivation extended to the plants is very simple. A space is
cleared around the foot of a tree, in which cuttings of the plant are set
at the approach of the rainy season, and they soon begin to grow and
spread themselves up the trunk. Weeds are carefully repressed on the
cleared space in which the cuttings are set, and in about three years
from the time of setting the cuttings the plants yield fruit. The fruits
are gathered during December, at which time they become of a yel-
lowish-green color. The details of i)reparation for market are varied.
One mode is that of spreading the pods in the sun on woolen blankets,
which are laid on straw mats. After about two months' daily exposure
they are tied up in bundles of 50 and packed in tin boxes for sale.
Another method consists of stringing together a number of pods by
the lower end, as near as possible to the footstalk ; the whole are plunged
for an instant in boiling water and then hung up in the open air, where
they are exposed to the sun. After being thus exposed for a few hours
they are lightly smeared with oil and laid in woolen cloths for a time,
after which they are dried, and if not smooth they receive a second
rubbing with oil to keep them soft and prevent them from becoming
wrinkled. When vanilla pods are in good condition they become cov-
ered with an efflorescence of needle-like crystals of vanillic acid; the
interior of the pod is then soft, unctuous, and balsamic.
\
REPOKT OP THE . SUPERINTENDENT OF GARDENS. 229
ORRIS-ROOT.
The Iris florentina belongs to a genus of popular flowering plants,
which have long been cultivated in gardens foi* their beautiful, many-
colored, curiously-constructed flowers. The above-named species is a
native of Italy, and is cultivated there and in Tuscany for its fleshy
' rhizomes, called orris-root.
In its fresh state the root is extremely acrid, and, when chewed, ex-
cites a pungent heat in the mouth which lasts for some time. It loses
this when drjj and exhales a delightfiQ violet fragrance, which makes
it useful in scenting toilet and sachet powders.
When cultivated for commercial purposes, the roots are lifted in
spring before the plants begin their annual growth ; the top is cut off
with a small portion of root, and then set out to form a new plantation.
The plants require a growth of three years before the roots attain suf-
ficient size for harvesting, so that the farms on which the plants are
grown contain plants in three stages of growth. When taken out of the
ground the roots are spread out to dry; afterwards they are trimmed
into 8hax)e for market. Dark-colored pieces are often bleached by the
fumes of burning sulphur, which is very detrimental to them for per-
fumery purposes, although for bead manufacture they are improved by
being whitened. The manufacture of orris-beads is quite an extensive
industry ; individual turners will sometimes work out two tons of the
beads annually. For this i)urpose the root, having been slowly and
perfectly dried, is cut with circular saws into cubes, which are then con-
verted into beaas. These have no beauty, but their fragrance is lasting
and always fresh.
The chips and shavings from the turnery and pieces of broken root
are used to produce the tincture or essence of orris. This is made by
I^acing 8 i)ounds of the roots into one gallon of rectified alcohol, and the
mixture allowed to stand for about a month; when drawn off tihe tinct-
ore is bright and ready for use. This extract enters largely into many
of the celebrated perfumes and *' bouquets," for although it possesses
but little aroma itself it has the power of strengthening the odor of other
fragrant bodies.
hi the preparation of orris-powder the root is first perfectly dried,
then crushed under millstones, and finally reduced to powder in a drug
mill. The orris-powder thus produced is mixed with dry wheat starch
m the projwrtion of 2 pounds of orris to 12 pounds of starch-powder ;
after being sifted and blended they are allowed to remain together for
a time, when the starch becomes fragrant, and the product is the ^^ violet
powder'' of commerce, which is largely used in the composition of tooth
powders. Sachets of orris-flour give a delightful odor to clothes and
linens in wardrobes or drawers.
PEPPEB.
The black pepper of commerce is the seed of Piper nigrum^ a half-
^candent, or climbing plant, a native of India; it is cultivated in vari-
?^ warm countries. The pl^nt is propagated from cuttings taken from
it8 climbing, shrubby stem. Eich lowlands, but not wet, are selected for
? plantation. Young plants are set about 10 feet apart, and their climb-
^g habit rendering it necessary to provide them with some support, a
Pfop ig set along with each plant; these props are generally made of
f'^^gh-barked or thorny plants, and on account of being set when green,
j^t as they are taken from the tree, they sometimes grow, which has
230 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AaRIOULTURE.
given rise to the statement " that the pepper is planted near to the root
of a tree upon which it climbs.^
The tops of the plants are usually turned down after reaching a height
of 6 or 8 feet, or to the top of the prop, so that a well-managed pepper
plantation greatly resembles a vineyard when the vines are trained to
poles or stakes. Much attention is given to careful culture, and an aci*e
will yield on an average 1,000 pounds of pepper-conis. The berries, or
fruits, are borne upon a spadix, that is, they are arranged in dense clus-
ters round a central stalk. They are of a re<l color when rii)e, but tuv.
gathered before being fully matured, and just as they begiu t^) clmnge
from the green to the red-colored state. When gathered they are sjiread
in the sun to dry, and when they shrivel and turn black are rea<ly to be
packed for market
White pepper is the same fruit allowed to ripen ; it is then gathered
and soaked in water until the outer skin is soft, which is then removed
by rubbing. The seed itself is of a whitish-gray color, and when dried
forms white pepper.
Respectfully submitted
WILLIAM SAUNDERS,
BarHcuUH/rittj Pomologtti^ Landscape- Gardener, and Suj^intendent of Qrounde.
Hon. Geo. B. Lorino,
Commissioner of Agriadtvre.
REPORT OF THE BOTANIST.
Sm : I beg herewith to submit the following report of the work of
this division for the past year :
aSASSES FOB TEXAS.
As the result of our many inquiries with reference to the native
grasses of Texas, much information has been elicited respecting several
^>ecies which give promise of fully meeting all the wants of that sec-
tion of coantry. The principal need is of a permanent pasture grass,
one which will yield well, bear the tramping of stock, and endure the
drought of summer. Such a pasture grass would supply good grazing
for nine or ten months of the year. During the two or three (Lrieat months
the supply will generally need to be supplemented by annual grasses
provided for that purpose. In many parts of Texas farmers do not feel
any need of a supply of hay, as the winters are so open as to allow
stock to graze in the opefl fields, provided suitable pasturage is fur-
ni^shed. However, in parts of the country where there is any liability
to severe or protracted winter storms, it will be prudent to provide k
supply of hay.
The grasses that thus far seem to offer the most promising results for
permanent pastures are: Johnson grass {Sorghum halapense), liescae
grass (Bromus umoloides)^ Texas blue grass {Poa arachnifera)^ and the
Jptutpoiutn avatum described and figured in last year's report.
The Poa arachniferaj locally called Texas blue grass, has been known
for many years as one of the native grasses of Texas, and during the
past six years has been made the subject of some extended experiments,
chiefly by Mr. Geo. H. Hogan, of Ennis, Ellis County. The species was
first described by Dr. John Torrey in the report of Captain Marcy's ex-
exploratiou of the Red River of Louisiana, as having been found on the
headwaters of the Trinity, and named Poa ara^lmifera from the pro-
ftse webby hairs produced about the flowers, although it is found that
"this is a variable character, probably depending somewhat on the
amount of shade or exposure to which the grass is subject.
Sevmd years ago Mr. Hogan sent specimens of the grass to this de-
partment, which were examined and determined by the botanist, and as
it was shown to be a relative of the Kentucky blue grass, Mr. Hogan
adopted for his species the name of Texas blue grass. We give below
Boine extracts from his letters relating to the subject:
I call it Texaa blue grass, and if it were possible t^ patent it I would not give it for
•U the mineral wealth of Texas. I find it is spreading rapidly over the country, and
I claim for it all and more in Texas than is awarded to the Poapratensis in Kentucky.
Xtieemsto be indigenous to all the prairie country between the Trinity River and the
^razon in our State. It blooms here about the last of March, and ripens its seeds by
tt« 15th of April. Stock of aU kinds, and even poultry, seem to prefer it to wheat,
^^or auythiug else srown in the winter. It seems to have aU the characteristics
of the FoapratenHs, only it is much larger and therefore affords more grazing. I have
known it to grow 10 inches in ten days during the wiulcr. The coldest winters do
232 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
not even nip it, and although it seems to dio dov^n dorin^ summer it springs up as
soon as the first rains fall in September and grows all winter. I have Known it in
cultivation some five years and have never been able to find a fault in it. It will be
ready for pasture in three or four weeks after the first rains in the latter part of Au-
gust or first of September. I have never cut it for hay. Why should a man want
hay when he can nave green grass to feed on T With a pasture well set in this grass
you cannot run after your cows fast enough to get them to eat hay in our coldest
weather. Very few of our farmers are paying any attention to grass, but most of
them are raising cotton to the exclusion of com, wheat, oats, &.C., and I am convinced
it will take some very severe lessons in experience to teach them that grass is the
main stake in agriculture, either as hay or pasture.
Mr. S. 0. Tally, of Ellis County, Texas, has sent specimens of this
grass for identification. He says it is abundant there, bears hea\^
pasturing, and makes a beautiful yard or lawn grass. He went to Ennis
to see the grass grown by Mr. Hogan as Texas blue grass, and was 8a^
isfied that his grass was the same. He will be glad to aid in bringing
this grass to notice. He writes further as follows :
I have shown it to several Kentnckians from the blue grass region of Kentucky and
they have become deeply interested in it, and some are of the opinion that it is very
nearly equal to the Kentucky blue grass, which also grows well here when once set;
the difficulty is in getting a stand owing to the looseness of the surface soil, unless
the season is favorable. The Texas blue grass, if we accept Mr. Hogan's name, comes
spontaneously apparently where all other vegetation is killed by tramping. I find it
by the roadside, by fences and hedges, and growing luxuriantly under Osage orange
trees 15 feet high. Shade dees not appear to hurt it any more than orchard grass.
Mr. C. B. Bichardson, of Henderson, Texas, says of the same grass,
the seed of which he obtained from Mr. Hogan:
I planted the seed in the spring in three short row A)n quite a poor, sandy spot in my
garaen. They came up well and grew finely until the dry weather set in about the
middle of June. It then appeared to dry up and I|decided it to be a failure on high,
sandy lands. But when the rains came on m September it started up afiresh and is
now (March 27) 6 inches high, after having been eaten to the ^pround in December and
again in January. I planted the rows 2 feet apart, and while it was yeung kept down
the crab grass. Now it has entirely sodded the space between the rows by means of its
runners. It stood the very hot and dry summer when only four months from the seed.
I am much pleased with it, and intend to save seed and plant a meadow in the fall.
Paspalum avatum was described and figured in the report for 1880.
Since then we have received specimens from a gentleman of Louisiana,
without particular remarks as to its value, and more receutly from our
statistical correspondent at Guntersville, Marshall County, Alabama, Mr.
A. J. Baker, who says it is one of their best perentiial grasses, with-
standing the severest drought, and is relished by all stock.
Johnson Gbass {Sorghum Juilapense) is growing in popularity as
farmers become more familiar with its value as a hay grass. It yields
a larger quantity of hay to the acre than Bermuda grass, but is coarser
and inferior in quality. One correspondent says :
It produces enormously as a hay crop, but has the disadvantage of being eradicated
with difficulty and is liable to spread to the cultivated pounds. It also requires a
good soil. These obiections tend very much to diminish its culture on a large scale,
particularly on small and medium sized farms.
BERMUDA GBASS.
Mr. S. 0. Tally, of Ellis County, Texas, says :
Bermuda is now the most popular grass here, and it is being planted by plowing n
the Bermuda sod, cutting it up, and then scattering it on the land selected for pas
nre, and plowing it in shallow when the land is as wet as it will do to plow.
Of Alfalfa, or Lucem, he says:
Alfalfa also does well. The difficulty is in the first year. The weeds grow so ra
idly in the spring that tbciy smother the young plants unless sown very thick
REPORT OF THE BOTANIST. 233
clean land, or land nearly frco from seeds of weeds. Our farmers are beginning to see
the folly of their former neglect of the grasses and now would willinglj'^ pay more to
have part of their land reset in grass than it cost them to have the sod broken and the
f^rass destroyed, many of them having broken every acre to pnt in corn and cotton,
and now cannot buy unbroken land near them, and have to feed their work stock as
regularly in summer as in winter.
WILD OATS. Avenafatuu.
In tlie description given of this grass in connection with the figure
in another part of this report, it is stated that the common cultivated
oat is believed sometimes to degenerate into the wild oat. The follow-
ing case, described by Mr. J. G. Pickett, of Pickett's Station, Wiscon-
sin, certainly seems to afford evidence to that effect. The circumstance
can only be otherwise accounted for by supposing the accidental intro-
duction of the wild oat through seed obtained from some foreign source.
It shows also how easily this pest is spread after being once introduced
into a field. Mr. Pickett writes as follows:
Inclosed I send you specimens of a plant known in this section as wild oats. The
history of the plant is as follows : In the year 1856 Mr. Lucius Hawley, of this town,
threshed with a machine about 15 acres of common white oat-s from the stack upon
Ihe ground on which the crop grew. The straw was indifferently piled up, and so re-
' mained through the winter. In the following spring the straw was set on fire, but
being wet was but partially burned, and what remained was scattered over about an
acre of ground, and with the balance of the field was plowed under and the field sown
to spring wheat. At harvest time the threshing ground and the land upon which
the partially burnt straw had been drawn was found to be completely occupied by a
erop of oats, and so thick upon the ground as to have completely smothered the wheat.
Mr. Haw lev, supposing the oata were from those of the former crop, did not examine
the grain closely, but cut the wheat and oats with a reaper, at the same time keeping
the grains separate as much as possible, and he did not discover, until stacking the
grain, that the oats were not the common oat, but something different from any "he had
Been before. The oats, ripening early, had shelled upon the reaper and were carried
more or less over the entire field, and a crop of spring wheat again following, the
new oata were found scattered over the whole field. This was the first known of this
pest here, and up to this time (March, 1882,) it has continued to spread over tlie coun-
try bv being mixed with seed wheat and oats, and transported from.iarm to farm by
threshing machines until the damage done can hardly be estimated. It will effectually
ran out any crop and take entire possession of the soil. Seeding down the land for
three or four years will eradicate the grain^ and this is the only remedy yet found.
This oat is a winter grain and will not germinate and grow until it has laid in or upon
the ground over winter and been frozen. I have known a field of 40 acres sown in
the spring with clean seed wheat and nothing else, from which was threshed 600
bnshels of these oats and wheat, about equaling the amount of seed sown. The oat,
^hile growing, looks precisely like the common oat, but ripens early and shells easily.
The kernel, wnen ripe, is nearly black, and has attached to it a spiral barbed tail, by
^hich it will attach it«elf to clothing, grain bags, and to every crevice about a thresh-
ing machine, fanning mill, or reaper, and will even penetrate the skins of animals,
^'heii cleaned the grain weighs from 12 to 18 pounds per bushel, and is only used by
finely grinding the grain for stock, or by cutting, before ripening, for hay, of which
itDiakea a ^o^ quality. My own theory of its origin is that by the action of fire
anu the wmter exposure the common oat on the farm of Mr. Hawley changed its
yjnety and nature into this wild winter oat, which is now the worst pest this part pf
Wiaconun has yet known.
CIECULAB LETTER.
The following circular was sent to the correspondents of tlie depart-
^^eut and to others interested in grass-culture in the South and West,
^ which a large number of replies were received, a digest of which fol-
lows:
Department of Agriculture, DmsioN or Botany,
Washingionj D, C, November 16, 1881.
. 8iH: I am well aware of the immense importance of the grass crop to the agricultural
^^rtsU of the country, and that man^ districts are subject to heavy losses and dis-
^vantages from the want of grasses suitable to their peculiarities of soil and climate.
234 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
With the purpose of doing all that is possible for the benefit of the country in this
direction, it is desirable to obtain very full information from all obgerving and pro-
gressive farmers and stock-raisers concerning the different kinds of grasses which, in
their respective districts, are found valuable, and the various conditions of soil, nioistiire,
or elevation which atl'ects their successful culture. The acquisition of such information
will, we hope, enable us to arrive at some conclusions that will be of service to the
country, and to this end we ask your attention to the subjoined questions, hoping that
you will give as full replies as possible.
1. What are the natural pasture grasses of your district T
2. Are any natural pasture grasses cut for the hay crop; and, if so, whatT
3. What cultivated grasses are used for making a hay cropf
4. Have any experiraeuta been made, to your knowledge, in the introduction of new
grasses; and, if any, what?
5. Please suggest any grasses that might be usefhl in your section.
6. What is the character of the soil upou which each kind of cultivated grass does
the bestT
An early reply is respectfully requested.
Truly, yours, «fec., GEO. B. LORING,
Cammisnoner of Agriculture,
DIGE.ST OF INFORMATION RECEIVED.
Some 350 returns were received to the circulars sent out. In many
instances the answers to the inquiries were not so full and complete as^
desired. Some, however, in addition to the formal report, wrote more*
fully upon the subject, giving the value of particular grasses for grazing
and hay, and their comparative merits, together with some of the causes
which have operated to produce failures.
As a general thing the correspondents were not acquainted with the
botanic or technical names of the grasses, and gave the common or local
name where there was one. It frequently happens that the same grass
will have different local names even in places not far remote from each
other, and also that the same name will be applied to grasses very un-
like. Many have no common name, and are referred to as wild grass,
woods grass, swamp grass, &c.
So, in examining the reports, a perplexing difficulty was often en-
countered in not being able to detcrniino to what species a grass belonged
from the name given. In some instances this dilliculty was obviated by
obtaining specimens of the plants referred to; in others they were not
sent, or failed to reach here.
The reports were sent in with commendable promptness, and all
evinced a great interest in the subject, and expressed a strong desire to
aid the undertaking by all means in their i)ower.
WASHINGTON TERRITORY AND OREGON.
From Washington Territory twelve rei)()rts were received, and from
Oregon thirty-one. They are so much alike that we consider them to-
gether.
NATIVE PASTURE GRASSES. ^
Bunch grass is found in the drier places and on the hills. Wild pea-
vine and a few wild grasses in the timber; clover upon bottom-lands;
wild-rye grass, a species of Elymus^ upon lowlands, and a variety of
mixed grasses upon the ])rairie8.
Several species of grass are called bunch grass, the principal of which
are Poa tenui/olla Xiitt., Fesiuea acahrdlay Eriocoma cuspidata^ and sonte
of the species of Siipa.
Bunch grass, which formerly was the principal pasture grass upow>
the uplands, has become about extinct, partly from the land being take
REPORT OP THE BOTANIST. 235
for cnltivation and partly from overfeeding. Its place has been token
by wild chess (Bromus secalinnn) and other poor grasses.
But little native grass is cut for hay, some little wild red top, wild-
O e grass, salt marsh grass upon tide- water, and east of the Cascades a
little bunch grass is cut.
CULTIVATED GRASSES.*
Timothy is found universally distributed throughout this section, and
Uiui become so well established that some consider it indigenous. It
bas so tenacious a hold upon the soil that it can scarcely be killed out.
As a hay grass timothy has no superior; for a pasture grass it gives
out too early in July.
Next in general diffusion come the clovers and orchard grass. Red
top also is quite common. Kentucky blue grass, though not so exten-
sively introduced, seems well adapted to some portions of this section.
The soil and climate of Oregon and Washington Territory are admir-
ably adapte<l to the culture of grass, and any kind will do well if allowed
a fair chance. There is a great diversity of soil; and often on the same
farm all kinds may be found, from the black sandy loam to red clay.
From some come inquiries for a grass that will do well upon lands
worn out by constant wheat-cropping. Others say that they are sowing
clover on their exhausted lands to recuperate them, and no better advice
can be given the former than to do likewise. By this means the tired
lands C4\n soon be restored to fertility.
A better way, and one which the intelligent farmers will soon learn to
follow, is to avoid depleting the land at all, but by a suitable rotation
of crops, among which the clovers and grasses should have a prominent
place, the lands can be kept in a normal state of fertility, and being
oatui-ally rich will yield a generous reward to the husbandman's toil,
CALIFORNIA.
From California thirty-seven reports were received. They give the
following as the i)rincipal grasses :
NATIVE PASTURE GRASSES.
Wild oats {Alvena fatua)^ alfilaria {Erodium cictUarmm), bur-clover
(MeHicarga denticulata)^ wild clovers, of which there are several species,
anil bunch grass, in the order named. In the northern part of the State
alittle wikl rye grass (J5Jiym««), wild red top, and wild pea vine are found.
Acccouuts firom the central and southern counties state that the na-
tive bunch grass, which formerly furnished a nutritious feed for a large
part of the Pacific slope, has of late years become about extinct, and in
sfune sections the alfilaria, bur-clover, and other forage plants, which
*ere found *>n the uncultivated lands during spring and early summer,
^ slowly but surely dying out, and their places are being taken by a
worthless grass that nothing will eat, green or dry.
Mr. C. O. Tucker, of Ballena, attributes this gradual disappearance
<>f the native grasses to the constant and too close pasturage at and
prior to the time for maturing their seeds, and to a too persistent pastur-
age with 6he<*p at other times, causing the ground to become thoroughly
trodden and compacted. This has been followed, during the last few
yeaw, by unusually hot and dry summers. He knows of no section
where the need of useful forage plants is more severely felt than here.
236 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
-Ml the native grasses of California, except the bunch grass, are an-
nuals; hence, bel^een the vegetation of the seed and the time when the
plants get large enough to furnish grazing is a period very trying to
stock. A perennial that would afford feed during this time, they say,
would be a very great acquisition.
Mr. Mart Walker, of Saint Helena, says that there is an intense de-
sire among farmers to obtain a grass capable of resisting the intense heat
and drought of summer, and afford grazing for cattle during that period,
and if possible one that will grow on poor soil. For the want of some
such resource many districts are fiast becoming worthless. He says that
this results from the system of continuous cropping to which the land
has been subjected for the last thirty years.
NATIVE Brasses citt for hat.
Except wild oats and bur-clover but little native grass is cut for hay.
In the northern part of the State a little wild-rye grass, wild red top,
and in some localities rushes, are cut.
CULTrVATED GRASSES.
The various grains, as wheat, rye, and barley, cut when in the milk,
are principally relied upon for hay in many parts of California. They
come as volunteers, or very often after the grain iQ taken off a "half-
cast" of seed is sown on the stubble at the first rain in the fall and
harrowed in. Wild oats are cut extensively, and alfalfa {Medicago 8aii'ea\
often called lucem, is cultivated largely for hay, especially in the south-
ern part of the State, where by irrigation large crops are made.
In the northern and central counties timothy and clover are cut to
some extent, and are commented on favorably. Thus far but very little
attention has been given to this subject. The general system of farm-
ing in vogue here is so different from that of other parts of the country,
and so few experiments have been made^ that no particular grasses or
forage plants can be recommended at this time.
Further experiments and developments will have to determine this
important question.
IDAHO AND MONTANA.
Bunch grass is common throughout the hill countryi In the lowlands
the wild-rye grass and other coarse grasses are found. Timothy is found
successfully cultivated everywhere. In Idaho clover is cultivated exten-
sively, especially in the Boise Valley, where some very large crops are
reported. Some farmers have put their whole places in it. The small
red clover is preferred. Alfalfa succeeds well in Montana.
Timothy and clover are recommended for the bottoms, and alfalfa for
the " bench lands." All the grasses would succeed well with attention.
The soil and climate are well adapted to their growth, and all things
seem favorable to their culture, both for pastm*e and hay. All the
farmers have to do here is to avoid the mistake made in many new sec-
tions, that of overpasturing and continuous cropping, and for years to
come they will have a never-ceasing source of wealth.
UTAH.
The principal native pasture grasses of Utah are the bunch grass, wire
grass (Juncus Balticus), salt grass {Vilfa dapanperata), and b£ffialo grass
(Buchloe dactyloides).
REPORT OP THE BOTANIST. 237
The wire grass and salt grass are cut for hay. Lucern, or alfalfa (Med-
icago sativa), is cultivated for forage and hay to a greater extent than any-
thing else, and succeeds well. In some counties scarcely any other forage
plant is cultivated.
Clover is reported successful in some places and timothy in others,
though neither has been cultivated largely.
NEW MEXICO.
The gramma grass (Bouteloua) is common on the high ground through-
out New Mexico. On the river bottoms there is a little blue grass. Al-
falfa has b^n cultivated more than any other forage plant, and on the
bottoms it will thrive after the second year without irrigation. The
millets have been raised some, and should receive more attention. No
exx>eriments worthy of note are reported.
The reports from Utah and New Mexico were so few in number and
the area so great and so diversified that no suggestions can be made as
to what grasses will be best adapted to this section. Many experiments
will have to be made to determine this.
TEXAS.— NATITE GRASSES.
From Texas therewere sixty-nine reports. Tb e n atural pasture grasses
consist of the mixed grasses usually found on the prairies which occupy
so large a part of the State. The sage or sedge grass holds a prominent
place among them, but when overpasturcd it is run out, and the mesquite,
both hardier and better, takes its place. The mesquite is found in the
northern, central, and southern parts of the State, but not much in the
northeastern part.
The term mesquite is used somewhat indefinitely, being applied to a
njimber of grasses, but here it is probable that the buffalo grass of the
plains {Buchloe dactyJoides) is meant. It is found chiefly on the black
lands. The gramma grass {Bouteloua)^ of which there are some patches,
is rapidly disappearing, and is being replaced by the mesquite. Prairie
grass thus far has been the chief reliance for hay as well as pasture.
Texas has always been a great stock-raising State, and while the range
was uninterrupted no attention was given to cultivating grass or to im-
proving pastures. But of late years portions of the State have been
rapidly filling up, and the range consequently diminishing, so now the
farmers are giving considerable attention to improving their pastures
and to the hay crop. This, intelligent farmers write, should receive all
the encoaragement and assistance possible.
Mr. Talley says that the greatest difficulty in making the cultuije of
Kentucky blue grass a success is in getting it to live the first year.
The same remark is applicable to most of the grasses. The main reason
of failure he says is not so much on account of the drought as on ac-
count of the nature of the soil. It* is loose and porous, and dries up
very quickly on the surface ; hence they often find it difficult to get a
"stand'' of turnips in the fall, or a "stand ^ of millet in the spring. The
soil holds moisture well below the depth of 2 inches.
He further says :
Ilia?e taken ereat interest in investigating the subject of grasses, and my labors
^Wft rewarded by finding a much greater variety on my place than I had ever sus-
P^ted, and all I nave to do is to cultivate and take care of what I already possess,
^CQt the weeds to prevent their shading and smothering out the grasses already in
"Aground.
238 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
Texas is naturally a grass State, and only needs fair attention to suc-
ceed. Johnson grass and Bermuda are receiving considerable atten-
tion, and for the most part are spoken of favorably.
Bur, or California clover, does well in this State, and is highly esteemed
in California for the feed it aflfords, though* the burs or seed-pods stick
to the wool of sheep and impair its value. Alfalfa is cultivated largely
here, and does very well. Timothy, orchard grass, and clover are not
reported on so favorably as could be wished.
The millets are cultivated quite extensively and do well. Mr. Clarke,
of Hempstead, Waller County, Texas, has recently sent to the depart-
ment samples of several kinds, among which were specimens of the so-
called double-headed German millet 4J feet high, and estimated to yield
3 tons to the acre.
Mr. W. H. D. Carrington, of Austin, says that there is but one na-
tive grass cultivated for hay, and that is what is called Colorado bot*
tom grass; sometimes called goose grass, and in some places Green
Kiver grass (Panicum Texanum). The method of culture most com-
monly adopted is the same as that for crab grass. It comes voluntarily
after com is "laid by." A few farmers have found it so profitable that
they plow and harrow their land in winter and cut the grass as soon as
it matures. In this way they secure two crops annually. It is preferred
by all kinds of stock to Hungarian grass or to oats in the sheaf. It
seeds itself freely. The hay sells now (Febioiary, 1882), at $25 per ton,
while prairie hay sells at from $10 to $12 per ton. This might be intro-
duced into the Southern States without requiring any change in the
method of culture generally pursued. It is figured and described in
the report for 1879.
THE SOUTHERN STATES.
The returns from Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Lou-
isiana are so similar in general character that they are considered to-
gether, differences being noted as they occur.
NATIVB PA8TURS GRA8SK8.
By an examination of the returns from this section, crab grass (Pani-
cum mnguinale) is found to be the most extensively diffused pasture
grass for summer and fall grazing^ while crow-foot (JEleusine Indica) is
quite common in Georgia and Florida.
The sedge grass also holds a prominent place as a pasture grass in
Georgia, Bahama, and Louisiana, being reported from nearly one-half
tiie counties. Several grasses are called sedge and broom sedge. They
are for the most part some species of Andropogon or Stipa.
Bermuda grass {Gynodon ductylon) is reported in over one-thlnl of
the counties, and is probably growing in many more, and though an in-
troduced grass it has become so well established that it is generally
referred to as a native. The wild-pea vine is also plentiful and in some
places quite popular. In Florida it is said to do well on the poor sandy
soil, and to endure the heat and drought of summer. Mexican clover
(Richardsonia scabra) is spreading over the sandy uplands along tlie
coast. Tick trifoil, or tickseed, two species oi Besfnodiumj is frequent
in rich woods, and is esteemed as a milk-producing plant. Nimble will
(Muhlenhergia Mexicaiia and diffusa) are found in open woods iu the
northern and central counties.
In Alabama and Mississippi Japan clover (Lespedeza striata) has spread
extensively over the roadsides and uncultivated fields. It will grow
REPORT OP THE BOTANIST. 239
upon all soils, even the iworcst, and withstands the heat and drought
of summer remarkably well. It spreads rapidly, and some say it will
root out the broom sedge and even Bermuda. It is rather a coarse plant,
and should be tried only in places uusuit^ible for the better grasses.
In Louisiana crab grass, though still common, is gradually giving
place as a pasture grass to Bermuda and white clover. Several sx)ecies
of clover seem to be spreading over this section; some of them are said
to afibrd considerable seed.
The bur, or Califomia clover, {Medicago denticulata) is reported in
two counties of Alabama, and haa been successfully tried in Georgia.
In Califomia it is highly esteemed.
Pa^palum ovatum is found in Texas and Louisiana. It is highly spoken
of as a pasture grass by those who have examined it. (See report of
the botanist for 1880.)
Numerous other grasses are found growing with the foregoing species,
but generally are of no particular value, and, having for the most patt
no common names, they are spoken of as wild grasses, &;c.
In regard to nat^ive pasture grasses, Mr. Hawkins, of Hawkinsville,
Ala., says :
There is but Tery little grass of any kind here, except the wild varieties wliicli come
apontikneonsly on all old fields with the broom sedge, and our very best pastures are
on these old fields. Old fields, when turned out, usually grow weeds the first two
years and require about four years for them to become sodded with broom sedge.
Bam this off in early spring, ana with sufficient cattle it need never be burned again,
M the cattle Vill keep it down. I have an excellent pasture of 150 acres of this kind,
which wiU keep in good condition 30 head of cattle, half as many mules when not at
work, and some hogs.
* NATIVE HAT GRASSES.
In this section crab grass is cut very extensively, being reported from
neariy every county where any attention at all is given to hay. Crow-
foot, as a crop grass, is chiefly confined to Georgia. Some of the coarse
8wamp grasses are cut to a considerable extent in certain localities.
CULTIVATED GRASSES.
Over one-half of the reports from this section state that no attempts
liave been made*to cultivate grass for hay. They rely entirely upon the
volunteer grasses, the principal one being crab, which some consider to
to be superior to the so-called cultivated grasses.
The chief reasons given in favor of crab grass as a pasture grass and
for bay are that it is indigenous, and therefore well adapted to with-
stand the effects of the climate ; that the ground has only to be smoothed
after the com is ^^laid by,'' and it comes voluntarily; that it never fails,
and does well on poor and sandy soil.
In the remaining counties more or less introduced grasses have been
cut for hay, consisting principally of herds grass (red top), the clovers,
timothy, and orchard grass in the order named. Bermuda grass is re-
lK)rt<?d to be cut for hay to a greater extent than any other, except the
crab grass. The millets are cultivated for hay, and are deserving of
J»ore attention, for, being annuals, they can be grown successfully in
all parts of the South. In Louisiana the cow-pea is considered one of
the best forage crops, and its cultivation is extending. In the Red River
district sorghum of various kinds is largely raised for feed.
JOHNSON GRASS.
. Johnson grass is steadily growing in favor and its cultivation extend-
H» It is being introduced on the low, wet prairie lands of Texas, and
240 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
the reports are qaite favorable. It is essentially a hay grass, and may
be cut three or four times a year. It should always be cut before the
seed stalks run up, else it wUl be too coarse. It is even more difficult
to exterminate when once well set than Bermuda, hence should not be
allowed to seed. The best way to eradicate it is by frequent plowings
in July and August, exposing the roots as much as possible to the sun.
It will not bear tramping.
Both this grass and Bermuda are regarded as a great blessing, or as
an unmitigated evil, according to the standpoint from which they are
viewed. The exclusive cotton-planter is apt to look upon them with
unabated hostility, while those who are beginning to diversify their
crops look upon tiiese and other grasses as a great boon.
In these States hay should be secured early enough in the season to
allow the meadows to get a good start before the summer drought sets
in, so that the roots may have a good protection during this trying
period. Meadows should not be pastured until the fall rains set in, smd
then only lightly, and never when the ground is soft from much raio.
Care should be taken not to pasture too late in the spring, thereby pre-
venting the grass from growing tall enough to cut before the heat of
summer. According to the reports, the farmers are accustomed very
generally to pasture too closely, which causes great injury, if not de-
struction, to the grass.
PERMANENT PASTURE.
For a permanent pasture grass the Texas blue grass {Poa arachnifera)
promises to be one of the very best grasses yet brought to the attention of
the South. It is a strong, deep-rooted grass, with an abundance of foli-
age, and seems to possess all of the characteristics necessary for a grass
to be successful in most parts of the South. It grows in woods or open
prairie, and thrives upon a variety of soils, poor as well as rich, but has
not so far as reported been tried upon a dry, sandy soil. This grass
seems worthy of earnest consideration by all interested. As it is figured
and so fully described in another part of the report, more need not be
said here.
The Texas blue grass dies down during the heat of summer and
springs up with the first fall rains and lasts till summer again. Ber-
muda comes in early spring and lasts till frost comes, thus being a sum-
mer pasture grass.
WINTER PASTURE.
From several places, especially in Georgia and Alabama, requests^
come for a grass that will make good winter pasture, and if possible
one that will succeed upon weak, sandy soil. The cultivated grasses
best adapted for winter pasture at the South are the tall meadow oal
grass (Arrhenatherum avenaceum), which will thrive on more sandy soL ^
than most of the cultivated grasses (though it prefers a rich upland^ -,
and will yield more green food in winter than any other grass.
Orchard grass {Dcwtylis glomerata) is next in value. It does well i"mi
orchards and thinned woods, and will do well on any rich, dry soL^.
After being cut or eaten down by stock it springs up again with gres^t
rapidity, thus rendering it of peculiar value as a pasture grass. Experri-
ment demonstrates that these grasses will thrive and do well in tlJ^e
northern and central counties of the Gulf States, and ought to succeed
in all sections, except, i)erhaps, on a very dry sandy soil. These t^s^o
grasses are thought to endure the heat and drought better than otlm^^
cultivated grasses. Italian rye grass {Lolium Italicum) is one of tb^
REPORT OP THE BOTANIST. 241
very best grasses for this section — by being sown and harrowed in at the
first fall rains it will be ready for pasture by midwinter, and will aftbrd
a rich pasturage during the latter x)art of winter and spring, and can
then be plowed under for the following crop, thus enriching the land as
well as furnishing abundant winter feed. By only pasturing very lightly
a crop of hay can be cut and the stubble turned under for a following
wheat or other grain crop. The attention of fanners cannot be too
strongly called to this useful grass. Wild-rye grass (JSlymus) and wild
meadow barley (Hardeum pratense)^ also the common cultivated rye and
barley, make excellent pasture.
BERMUDA GRASS.
Bermuda has of late attracted more than usual attention. It has
been referred to and discussed by so many of the correspondents that
an idea of the estimation in which it is heldcamiot better be given than
by making a few extracts from their letters.
Mr. Hawkins, of Barbour County, Alabama, says that he is very cer-
tain now, and has been for years, tliat the great want of the South is a
grass with which the tired lands may be seeded, and some return had
while the land is being recuperated. Bermuda, he says, is the grass to
do this if it seeded, and could be easily destroyed when the land is
wanted for cultivation. These difficulties, he says, operate sufficiently
to almost exclude it from the tillable land. A correspondent from Mis-
sissippi says :
BermndA ia the grass for this conntry, resisting both the drought of snmmer and
tbe frost of winter, and affording a richer pasturage than any other grass. With this
for -pmstuie, and the Johnson grass {Sorghum 'halapense) for hay, stock-raising will be
more profitable than cotton.
Greorgia has taken the lead in introducing Bermuda grass. In the
central part of tiie State it is found in every county, and is steadily
glowing in favor. The report of the State board of agriculture for
1881 says :
The hay crop of Georgia has been onusaally fine in 1881. The clovers and oolti-
Tated grasses made heavy crops before the summer's drought commenced. Large bar-
Tests of Bermuda hay were realized in some of the counties of Middle G^rgia, where
this valuable grass is being more highly appreciated every year. It makes a hay in-
ferior to none, with the advantage m being x>e]teanent when once well set. Quite a
Qomber of farmers now realize a better income from lauds set in Bermuda than they
did from the same when in cotton.
A^nother correspondent says :
Bennuda, beyond aU doubt, is the best grass for pasture, but for hay we need other
patMes, and I am satisfied that Johnson ^rass is the one for that purpose. These two
Sraases have the power to make this section a great stock country.
Such expressions as this frequently occur in the reports : " Bermuda
is the best, but the farmers are afraid of it.''
Ur. F. Seip, of> Bapides Parish, Louisiana, says :
Of all the usual cultivated grasses nbne can compare in general usefulness to the
^nnuda. It is invaluable as a pasture grass for aU kinds of stock, furnishing, through
^^i\^ the entire year, and even in winter^ under some circumstances, an extraordi-
nary amonnt of food. For hay purposes it cannot be surpassed. Under favorable
circnuiatanecs it will yield more to the acre than any other known grass with the ex-
*^ptioD, possibly, of lucem {Medicago BaHva) and Johnson grass, the latter being too
^^^nb to maJce superior hay.
Again Mr. Seip says of Bennuda :
U can onl^ be recommended for permanent pastures or meadows, as it is very diffl«
^l to eradicate, but still it is practicable to remove it. The best method, I think, is
IG AG
242 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
Bummer plowing rex)eatcd frequently , followed by oats in the fall and winl^r, and
after the oat crop by a heavy crop of pease. If this is well done there will be no
trouble in making a crop of com or cotton the following year.
Colonel Lane, in " Forage plants at the South," says, in reference to
destroying Bermuda :
Upon ordinary upland I have fonnd no difflcnlty in destroying it by close cnltiTa-
tiou in cotton for two years. It requires a few extra plo wings to get the sod thoroughly
broken to pieces. The breaking should be done witli a small plow first, and a harrow
run over it once or twice in winter or early spring. Take advantage of the drv, hot
months of summer to have the grass that may be found alive plowed and hoed, an<l
exposed as much as possible to the sun. lu ordinary seasons so much of the g^ss
will be killed the first year that but little interference with the next crop need be
apprehended.
Bermuda is essentially a southern, summer-pasture grass, and as
such possesses superior qualities. It will thrive upon poor soil and
stand the heat and drought of summer. It is nutritious and is eaten
by all kinds of stock. It is permanent when once well set, provided it
is pastured; otherwise, the broom sedge and other grasses will run it
out. It requires ti*amping to flourish. The objections it encountered
during the first years of its introduction have gradually given way, as
the farmers have seen more of it, and have become bett^er acquainted
with its nature and habits. To make hay it requires a rich soil — a soil
rich enough to produce good crops of timothy and the more valuable
grasses. It is an ameliorating crop. A field kept in Bermuda a few
years will become so much enriched that should it be wanted for culti-
vation the increased crops will more than pay for the extra labor and
expense required the first year on account of ^e sod.
Often in the reports a request is made for a grass that will do well
on their exhausted lands and yield some return while they are being
recuperated. Lands naturally fertile, but depleted by cropping, if not
" turned out in commons,'^ can be recuperated by proper management
through the agency of ameliorating crops, the particular ones to be used
varying with wie different conditions of location, nature of soil, &c., and
cannot be entered into minutely here, but which the intelligent cultiva-
tor will soon learn to determine.
Immediate and constant returns, as some ask for, should not be ex-
I)ectcd from a soil already exhausted. But in a short time, by generous
treatment, they can be brought to a condition to once more reward the
toiler for his labor, and will prove in the end to be much more economi-
cal than to " turn the fields out" and wait thirty or forty years for the
slow process of natural recuperation, expending, meantime, on^s en-
ergies in clearing and bringing into cultivation new tracts, to be in turn
abandoned and ^< turned out.''
Some ask for a grass that will do well upon a soil naturally poor or
barren. Such a soil will not yield anything without fertilizing, except a
few worthless weeds or some of the coarser plants. Good grasses wil!
not grow on land that will not produce medium crops of grain. By using
fertilizers and turning under green crops the productiveness can be in-
creased so as to give fair returns, and then by suitable rotation the land
can be continuously improved.
BXPKRIMBNT8.
In nearly one-half of the counties, according to the roports, no ex-
periments introducing new grasess have been made, whfle in many o^
the other couuties they have been made only on a small scale, and were^
A> /
KEPORT OF THE BOTANIST. 243
too often abandoned as failures before they had been fairly tested. Fail-
ures frequently result from not fully understanding the nature and re-
quirements of the grasses, especially during the early stages of their
growth. At first they are weak and of slow growth, and require special
care until well established. They need to be protected from the vigorous
and already well-rooted native species, and especially from being smoth-
ered and killed out by the dense growth of weeds. Neither should stock
be permitted to commit depredations and tramp them out. Often ftt)m
neglecting to take these precautions the grass dies out and the experi-
ment is abandoned.
Some, however, by proper care, secure a good stand and have a promis-
ing prospect of success, but by overpasturing or pasturing at unsuit-
able times they are apt to ext^nninate the grass and attribute the Ml-
nre to a want of adaptability of the grass to the conditions of soil and
dimate, or to the heat and drought of summer. Hence there is a wide-
spread and often-expressed sentiment that introduced grasses will not
sacoeed in the South.
It may be true that in the extreme South, in the Gulf belt, the in-
t«n8e heat and long drought of summer, combined with a weak, sandy
soil, presents difficulties to the culture of grass, and the same things
affect more or less all crops. But we have abundant testimony from
those who have given careful attention to the subject that in a majority
of cases the causes of failure are such as can be successfully overcome
by proper management.
Mr. J. J. Barclay, of Wheeler, Ala., says :
I have experimented on my place with most of the caltivated grasses, and find they
do ^ell if protected from the tramping and depredations of stock for one season.
* * * I am confident of their success and feel that their introdaction into this por-
tion of the South will be of incalculable benefit to the country and people, and espe-
cially attractive to the immigrant, whose first question is, ''Do grasses grow in your
State t"
Another says that orchard gra^^s, tall meadow oat grass, and Johu-
«ou gi-ass will do well if properly attended to and the ground suitably
prepared. Mr. Hawkins says that his experiments show that any of the
gnkises will do well upon rich loam, or on moist, stiff laud, or on moist,
^dy laud. Mr. D. P. Hurley, of Pike County ,says :
I would add, on the important subject of grasses, that their cultivation is sadly
^l«cted, not because the climate is hostile or the soil nuadapted, nor because they
^Qot be successfully cultivated, but for the reason that diversified agriculture is
Practically disfavored.
Mr, P. M. Morehouse sent from Texas a sample of Kentucky blue
Si^, grown on the open prairie, without shade or extra care after well
^t. It has withstood the heat and drought of summer for three yeai*s
extremely well.
Other extracts might be given, all tending to show that the grasses
tau be successfully cultivated in a large portion of the South. All through
^^e uortheru and central counties no difficulties will usually be encount-
ered iu cultivating all the more valuable grasses that cannot be overcome
oy using ^ood judgment in selecting the soil best adapted to each kind,
^^'iug suitable attention to the preparation of the ground, and giving
tlie grass due protection during the first stages of growth. The expeii-
^^nU made in these counties and the success attending them fully de-
^^istrate the truth of the above statements.
J^et there are large tracts of country, often embracing counties, where
^ meadow of gra^ is not to be found. Mr. Hawkins says that he does
244 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
Tiot know of a meadow of cultivated grass in Southeastern Alabama.
ISimilar statements come from Louisiana. This unfavorable condition ?
has arisen from several influences, which can only be referred to here.
Among them may be mentioned the custom of exclusive cotton-plant-
ing, which has been so sedulously followed for so many years, leaving
but little time for anything else; also the habit of ^^ turning out" fields
when depleted instead of recuperating them by ameliorating crops.
Another is the reluctance and hesitation which persons naturally feel
about changing old-established ways for untried methods, without the^u-
couragement and aid of example to guide them in their neyr enterprise.
The want of seed has been quite an impediment to increased attention
being given to the grass crops. The correspondents say that a lib^l
distribution of grass seed would relieve a deeply-felt need and do much
toward determining the important question of extending grass-culture.
Portions of Florida and the district ajong the Gulf presents some diffi-
culties to the culture of grasses as well as of other crops. This is due
to several causes, and experiments will have to determine what forage
crops are best adapted to this section, and what modes of culture are
best suited to them. An experimental station established here would
do much toward solving this important problem, and would also furnish
useful and much needed information in regard to the best method of
treating all crops.
Fifth inquiry: "Please suggest any grasses that might be useful in
your section.'^
The replies to this request were somewhat limited, and often rather
suggestive than definite. There are but few to be added to those already
mentioned. But for convenience, all of the grasses recommended foV
tiial by the correspondents will be given here, together with such sug-
gestions as the general tenor of the reports and correspondence, and
information obtained elsewhere, would seem to warrant. They recom-
mend as follows:
For Washington Territory and Oregon, — ^Italian rye grass, orchard
gi*a«s, the clovers, taU meadow oat grass, Kentucky blue graiss, Texas
mesquite, and Bermuda.
For California. — Timothy, large red clover, the millets, orchard grass,
Italian rye grass, white clover, Guinea grass (Panicum jumentorum)^
Bermuda, and alfalfa.
For Idaho and Montam^a. — All the grasses for bottom lands, and alfi^ fa
for "bench lands.''
For Texas. — Alfalfa, Bermuda, timothy, the clovers, orchard grass,
Johnson grass, and the millets, in the order named.
For Georgia, — Kentucky blue grass, orchard grass, herds grass (called
red top in New England), timothy, the clovers, and alfalfa, in the ordei
named.
For Florida.^— Bermndsby alfalfa, Guinea grass (Panicum jumentarum).
orchard grass, Johnson grass, and clover. •
For Alabama. — Orchard grass, Kentucky blue grass, timothy, herds
grass (red top), Johnson grass, alfalfa, and California clover.
For Mississippi. — Orchard grass, herds grass (red top), the clovers,
Kentucky blue grass, and the millets.
For Louisiana, — Kentucky blue grass, orchard grass, Bermuda, tim-
othy, herds grass (red top), the clovers, and alfalfa.
The above are the principal forage plants enumerated for trial. It
will be observed that in some instances, instead of suggesting new
grasses for trial, those are named which have already been so fully tried
that there is no question about their success.
1
REPORT OP THE BOTANIST. 245
It appears from the reports and correspondence that the principjvl
need of Washington Territory and Oregon is a pasture grass for the
dry hills in place of the nearly extinct bunch grass ; some are desirous
that Bermuda and Texas mesquite be tried. The latter has already
heen reported as successful in several counties. There is some uncer-
tainty concerning what grass is referred to, as several go under the
name of mesquite. It is probable that some mean the Buchloe dacty-
loideSy the bufialo grass of the plains, a valuable pasture grass and simi-
lar in habit to Bermuda. In Texas it is called mesquite. The sugges-
tions of these correspondents appear worthy of attention.
In Southern California some wish Bermuda to be tried for their past-
nre land which cannot be plowed, and where the bur-clover, &c.,.is
being tramped out. They also think that the Guinea grass {Panicum
\umentorum) might possibly succeed.
The suggestions from Florida were from only a few counties; the
general impression seems to be that crab grass and other native grasses
are superior to the so-called cultivated ones. Some think that a grass
will have to be obtained from Cuba or the tropics to be suited to the
climatic conditions existing there.
Bur, or California clover {Medicago denticulata) and alftlaria {Erodium
ctctttortum), both valued in California, are deserving of consideration for
the Southern States. Experiments will have to determine whether or
not the climatic conditions here will be favorable to their success.
The culture of grass crops in the section of country under considera-
tion is comparatively new and undeveloped, and the inquiries made
through the circulars elicited in part its present condition and some of
the more pressing wants, but the information afforded, though valuable,
was not so i^U and complete as to enable the department in numerous
<^e8 to determine with sufficient exactness the kinds of forage plants
hc«t suited to their several wants.
To accomplish this will require further investigation, and must rest
largely upon the result of experiments. These, to be of such practical
valne as the importance of the subject seems to demand, will need to be
^^tmaticaUy and thoroughly carried on, either at experimental stations
t'stablished by the department, or through the agency of intelligent
^•iltivators in numerous locations, all working methodically and making
frequent detailed reports through properly prepared blank forms.
A personal inspection of the prevalent modes of culture practiced in
different places, and of the experimental crops in several sta;ges of
RTowth, would be a very desirable aid for determining the causes that
^P^te to produce failuEe, and the best methods to pursue to affonl a
'^asonable assurance of success in the cultivation of the different species
of grasses which are subject to many varying conditions.
The subject is of such vital importance to all that no efforts should
^spared for accomplishing the desired end. Those already made by
the department have met with the most gratifying approval and com-
mendations from every place to which the circulars were sent. A gen-
eral desire is expressed for their continuance and much anxiety mani-
fested for their success. The farmers all gladly proffer their services
^aid m the work, and are anxiously waiting to see what will be done.
^ general tenor of the reports goes to show that seldom has a subject
^n presented which has awakened a more universal and deeper inter-
est throughout the South and the Pacitic slope than this.
/
246 BEPOBT OF THE COlimSSIONEB OF AGBICULTUBE.
DESCRIPTION OF GRASSES FIGURED.
POLYPOGON MONSPELiENSis— Beard grass.
An annual grass frequent in California, Oregon, Arizona, and Utah,
and sometimes found on the Atlantic coast. It is a native of Europe.
The culms are from 6 inches to 2 feet high, rather stout, apt to be pro-
cumbent at the base, and often branching below. There are usually
three or four leaves on the culm, which are broad, flat, 3 to 6 inches
long, and somewhat rough. The sheaths are rather loose and striate,
and the ligule long and obtuse. The panicle varies from I to 4 inches in
length, contracted into a dense, cylindrical spike, of a yellowish-shining,
green color, the long awns or beards of the flowers being very conspic-
uous. The spikelets are 1-flo wered, very small, about one line long. The
outer glumes are nearly equal, 1-nerved, notched at the apex, and ex-
tended into a slender awn or beard from two to four times as long as the
glume. The flower inclosed by these two glumes is very small, the flower-
ing gliyne usually having a fine, short awn ; the palet is miuute, very thin,
delicate, and awnless. It is quite an ornamental grass, but of little ag-
ricultural value. (Plate I: a, spikelet; &, flowery o, flowering glume
more enlarged.)
AGROSTIS MICBOPHYLLA.
Apparently an annual or biennial, frequently with several culms spring-
ing from one root. Radical leaves few. Culms erect, rigid, 1^ to 3 feet
high, with four or five rough and rather rigid leaves ; the sheaths long
and roughish, the leaves 3 to 6 inches long, two or three lines wide, grad-
ually pointed. Upper part of culm nak^. The panicle is 3 to 5 inches
long, erect, rigid, spike-like, narrow, and densely flowered, oometimes
interrupted below. The spikelets are densely crowded on the short, al-
n^ost sessile branches, and single flowered. The outer glumes are slightly
unequal, rather more than a line in length, awn pointed, narrowly lanceo-
late, scabrous or hispid on the keel, 1-nerved. The flower is very min-
ute, consisting of a thin, flowering glume about half as long as the outer
glumes, iS-tootlied at the summit, and on the back furnished with a slender
awn three times its own length, readily seen projecting beyond the outer
glumes. There is no proper palet, or only a microscopic one. This grass
gives some promise of utility. (Plate II : a, outer glumes ; ft, flowering
glume with its awn.)
Agbostis exarata— False Red top.
This is one of the most variable of grasses. In the report for 1878
we gave a figure of the form common in the mountains of Colorado and
eastward. We now present a figure of one of the western fonns occur-
ring in Alaska and southward to Oregon and California. It grows
from 2 to 3 feet high, with a stout, firm culm, clothed with three or four
broadish leaves 4 to 6 inches long. The culms and leaves are eitiier
scabrous or smoothish. The panicle is 4 to 6 inches long, pale green,
rather loose, but with erect branches. There are five or more at each
joint^ and of unequal length (from half an inch to 2 inches), and flower-
bearmg nearly to the base. The spikelets, as always in this genus, are
single-flowered. The outer glumes are acuminate, of about equal length,
rough on the keel. The flowering glume is about one-third shorter than
the outer glumes, rather acute, 4-nerved, and sometimes with a very
REPOBT OF THB BOTANIST. 847
short awn on the back. The paiet, if present, is very minute, scarcely
a8 longf a8 the ovary. There is reason to believe that this will be a
valuable grass in many localities, but as yet too little is known respect-
ing it. (Plate III: a, outer glumes; 2), Hower.)
Calamagbostis sylvatica.
A coarse, perennial grass, growing in large tufts, usually in san<ly
ground, in the Kocky Mountains at various altitudes, also on hill-sides
in California and Oregon. It furnishes a coarse forage in uncultivated
land, but cannot be recommended for cultivation. The culms are from
I to 2 feet high, erect, rigid, and leafy; the radical leaves are ^quently
as long as the culm and two or three lines wide, sometimes flat, some-
times involute and rigid. The culm leaves are from 3 to 6 or 8 inches
long, and, like the radical ones, rigid and scabrous. The panicle is
narrow and spike-like, 3 to 5 inches long, rather dense, sometimes inter-
rupted below, and varying from pale green to purple. The rays are
mostly in fives, very short and rough. The spikelets are single-flow-
endj about a quarter of an inch long, on short, roughened j^dicels ;
the outer glumes are nearly equal, ovate-lanceolate, acute, the upper
^-nerved, the lower 1-nerved. The flowering glume is rather shorter than
the outer ones, of similar texture, 3-nerved, 4-toothed at the apex, and
bearing on the back a twisted and bent awn about one-half longer than
itself; surrounding the base are a few short, silky hairs; there is also
a hairy x)edicel or rudiment of another flower. The palet is about as
long as its glume, thin, 2-nerved and 2-toothed at the apex. (Plate lY:
<M, outer glumes; bj flower.)
MUHLENBEBOIA OOMATA.
This has been heretofore known as Vaseya comata^ but it differs too
litUe from Muhlenbergia to be separated from it. It grows throughout
the Rocky Mountain region in Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Nevada,
^nd California, usually on the sandy or alluvial banks of streams. It
grows in tufts from firm, creeping roots-stocks. There is reason to think
itmay l)e a valuable grass for arid regions. The culms are erect, simple,
2 to 3 feet long, leafy below, the leaves 3 to 6 inches long and roughish,
the tipper one at first inclosing the base of the panicle, the joints
slightly pubescent. The panicle is 2 to 4 inches long, narrow, and some-
what dense, sometimes interrupted below, generally of a purplish or
^ead color, and soft texture. The rays are mostly in twos or threes
densely flowered. The spikelets are single-flowered, nearly sessile,
^e outer glumes are very narrow, acute, nearly equal, 1-nerved, IJ
to 2 lines long. The flower is rather shorter, and is surrounded by a
^pious tuft of long, silky hairs arising from its base. The flowering
Rhime is very narrow, acute, and terminated by a slender awn three or
four times the length of the flower. The palet is slightly shorter than
^^ gliune, and acute. (Plate Y : a, magnified spikelet )
Ebiooma cuspidata— Bunch grass.
^is grass has a wide distribution, not only on the Sierras of Cali-
foniia, but northward to British America, and eastward through all the
JJ^terior region of Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, and Ne-
"^ka to the Missouri River. It is a perennial, growing in dense tufts,
^Aence its common name of bunch grass. The culms are 1 to 2 feet
248 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
h\g;hy with about three narrow, convolute leaves, the upper one having
a long,- inflated sheath which incloses the base of the panicle, or ap-
parently of a terminal and one or two lateral panicles. The radical
leaves are narrow, rigid, and as long or longer than the culm. The
panicle is about 6 inches long, very loose, and flexuous. The rays are
in pairs, slender, at considerable distances, and are branched in pairs.
The spikelets are single at the ends of the capillary branches, and are
each 1-flowered. The outer glumes are about 3 or 4 lines long, inflated
and widened below, graduaUy drawn to a sharp-pointed apex, thin and
colorless, except the three or five green nerves, and slightly hairy. The
glumes inclose, apparently, an ovate flower, which is covered externally
with a profusion of white, silky hairs, and tipped with a short awn, which
falls away at maturity. This apparent flower is the flowering glnme
of a hard, coriaceous texture, and incloses a similarly hard, but not
hairy, and smaller palet. (Plate VI: a, spikelet; ft, flower.)
Stipa SETiaERA — ^Beard grass. Bunch grass.
A perennial grass, growing in bunches on dry hills and plains from
Oregon to Southern California, and eastward in Arizona and t« Texas.
The culms are 2 to 3 feet high, erect, somewhat pubescent at the joints,
with about three leaves. The sheaths are long and somewhat scabrous,
the up})er one loose and inclosing the base of the panicle; the blade flat^
2 or 3 lines wide, 4 to 6 inches long, roughish, long-pointed; the upper
one nearly as long as the panicle, which is about G inches long, loose,
the rays slender and in pairs, rather distant, near the extremity bearing
the few spikelets on short pedicels. Spikelets 1-flowered; the outer
glumes J to § of an inch long; the upper one rather shorter, narrow,
iicute, purplish, and 3-nerved. The glumes inclose the flower, which,
as iu other species of this genus, consists of a flowering glume rolle<l
together in cylindrical form, inclosing a short palet, stamens, and iiistil.
This flowering glume at the base has a short, hairy point called a callus ;
it is also sparingly hairy above, with a hardened ring at the top, to which
is attached a slender, twisted awn 2 to 3 inches long, the lower part of
which is softly pubescent. Professor Brewer says : this is the most com-
mon and moat valuable " bunch grass ^ of the hills in California. (Plat^
Vri: a, outer glumes; b, flower, with its awn.)
Stipa eminens — Feather grass.
This species is very common in California on dry hills, growing in
rather small tul'ts, with numerous short and narrow root-leaves. It is
a perennial, growing usually 2 to 3 feet high, with rather slender culms
and slightly hairy joints. The leaves are very narrow and convolute,
rather rough and rigid, the lower ones about half the length of the
culm. The panicle is rather narrow, but open and loose, usually about
G inches long, at first sheathed by the upper leaf, but becoming exserted ;
the rays are slender, in pairs, and flower-bearing above the middle.
The spikelets are single-flowered, the outer glumes about half an inch
long, very narrow, 3-nerved, and long, sharp pointed. Inclosed be-
tween the glumes is the flower, which at first view may be taken for the
grain or seed. It consists of a floweiing glume, closely rolled together
in a cylindrical form, inclosing the short palet and the flowering parts,
and terminated by a twisted and bent awn about an inch long, which
readily separates from the proper glume. This is nearly half shorter
than the outer glume, hairy and pointed at the ba^e, with scattered hairs
REPORT OP THE BOTANIST. 249
on its external surface, and at the apex crowned with a ring of very
short hairs. The 8i)ecies closely resembles the Stifa avenaeea, or oat
^rraAs of the Eastern States. (Plate VIII : a, outer glumes ; ft, flower
with its awn.)
AlRA DANTHONIOIDES.
A slender, annnal grass, common in Oregon and California, growing
in moist meadows, where, according to Mr. Bolander, it often forms a
large portion of the herbage. From its slender culms ^nd small leaves
it cannot furnish a large bulk of hay. The culms vary from 3 inches to
a foot or two in height, sometimes bent and branching at the base.
The leaves are 1 or 2 inches long and very narrow 5 the upper sheaths
are very long. The panicle is loose, very slender, usually 2 to 5 inches
long, the lower rays being in twos or threes, the upper ones in pairs or
solitary. The- rays are distant, appressed, branching from below the
middle, and few-flowered. The spikelets are 2-flowered and on slen-
der i)edicels. The outer glumes are about three lines long, lanceolate,
gradually acutely pointed, 3-nerved, and slightly rough on the keel.
The two flowers are together shorter than the outer glumes, being each
about one line long, each with a small tuft of white, silky hairs at the
base, and a hairy pedicel continuing the rachis. The flowering glumes
bave a truncated apex, with four small teeth, and a fine awn on the
back inserted about the middle, which is three or four times, as long as
the glume, and usually more or less twisted and bent. (Plate IX: a,
Rpikeletj ft, flower enlarged.)
Trisetum cernuum.
Tliis grass grows to the height of 2 or 3 feet, with flat, wide leaves,
which are about 6 inches long, and fine, open, spreading panicle, 6 to 9
inches long. The rays are slender, solitary, or .sometimes clustered
l^low, and much branched from near the middle. The spikelets vary
from one-quarter to nearly half an inch in length, and have two to three
^^ rarely, four flowers each. The outer glumes are very unequal, the
'ower one being very narrow and awl-shaped; the upper one broad,
•^nerved, obtuse, and tipped with a fine point, and longer, souietimei^
twice as long as the lower. The rachis of the spikelet is clothed with
fine, rather long hairs. Each flower consists of a lanceolate flowering
Jjlame, ending in two slender, pointed teeth, and bearing on the back,
^ear the point, a slender awn twice its own length ; a nan'ow palet,
lather shorter tnan its glume ; and the inclosed stamens, and a somewhat
hairy ovary. Of this grass Mr. Bolander remarks that it deserves fur •
ther attention. It grows on dry hill-sides near the bay of San Fran-
^Rco and Oakland hills, and also extends northward to Oregon. (Plate
X: c, outer glumes ; ft, flowers.)
Trisetum subspioatum.
A perennial grass of the mountaineous regions of Europe and North
A^ierica. It is found sparingly in New England, near the great lakes,
'" the Bocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, California, Oregon, and
^rthward to the Arctic circle. It varies in height according to the al-
^tode at which it grows, being sometimes reduced to 3 or 4 inches, at
<^ther times running up to 2 feet high. The culms are erect and firm,
jynooth or downy. The leaves are flat and from 1 to 4 inches long.
•*^he panicle is spike-like, dense, and cylindrical, or elongated, and more
250 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AaRICULTURE.
or less interrupted, generally of a purplish color. The spikelets are
flat and 2 to 3 flowered. The outer glumes Si,re unequal in size, the
lower one being shorter and l-ner^'^ed, the upper longer (about three
lines long), broader, and 3-nerved, both scarious on the margin. The
flowers are slightly longer than the outer glumes 5 the flowering glumes
are lanceolate, acute, slightly scabrous, 6-nerved, 2-toothed or bifid at
the apex, scarious and purplish on the margins above, and bearing on
the back above the middle a stout awn slightly longer than its glume.
The palet is thin, membranous, 2-nerved, and 2-toothed at the apex.
(Plate XI: a, outer glumes 5 fc, flowering glume and its awn.)
AVENA FATUA.
This is the so-called wild oat which occurs so commonly in California.
It is generally thought to have been introduced from Europe where it
is native, but it has become diffused over many other countries, includ-
ing Australia and South America. It is held by some to be the origi-
nal of the cultivated oat, Avena aativa; that the common oat has been
known to degenerate into the wild oat, and also that by careful culti-
vation and selection the wild oat has been changed into the common
cultivated form. But on this question there is conflict of opinion, and
the alleged, facts are not yet sufficiently established. The wild oat
differs from the common one chiefly in having usually more flowers in
the spikelets, in the long brown hairs which cover the flowering glume
or chaff, in the constant presence of the long, twisted awn, and in the
smaller size and lighter weight of the grain. It is a great injury to
any grain-field in which it may be introduced, but for the purpose of
fodder, of which it makes a good quality, it has been much employed in
California. (Plate XII : a, outer glumes 5 b, flowers.)
.Danthonia californica.
This is a perennial grass, not very common, variable in height, usually
1 to 2 feet, with narrow, convolute, and long-pointed root-leaves ; tho?
of the culm somewhat wider, 3 or 4 inches long, the lower sheaths haiiy
espe^iially at the throat. The panicle usually consists of from 3 to C
spreading rays, each of which is terminated by a single spikelet. Tli-
sjjikelets are usually 5 to 7 flowered, widening upward. Tlie out
ghimos are about as long as the spikelets, three-quarters of an ine
long, linear, lanceolate, acute, keeled, 5 to 7 nerved, and purplisb. Tl
flowers are somewhat crowded on the axis. The flowering glumes a
broad, thickish in texture, obscurely 9-nerved, smooth on the bae
but the margins below the middle fringed with long silky hairs; t
apex terminates in two sharp-pointed teeth, between which is a flatten
and spirally-twisted awn, which is about equal in length to the pal^t.
The proper palet is about as long as its glume, obtuse and notched »t
the apex, and ciliate on the margins. This is a somewhat ornamenta7
glass, but not, probably, of much agricultural value. (Plate XIII: «,
outer glumes j &, lower flower ; c, flowering glume more magnified.) *
KCELEEIA CEISTATA.
This grass has a very wide diffusion, both in this country and iu
Europe and Asia. It favors dry hills or sandy prairies, and on the
Great Plains is one of the commonest species. It occurs tliroughout
California and into Oregon. It varies much iu appearance according to
BEPOBT OF THE BOTANIBT. 251
the location in which it grows; these variations being so striking that
they have been considered different species, and perhaps two species
ought to be admitted. It is perennial, with erect culms usually from 1 to
2 feet high, and a spike-like panicle varying from 3 to 6 inches in length
and more or less interrupted or lobed at the lower part. When grown
in very arid places the culms may be only a foot high, the radical leaves
short, and the panicle only 2 inches long. When grown in more favored
situations the radical leaves are 18 inches long, the stem 3 feet, and the
panicle 6 inches long. The branches of the panicle are, in short, nearly
sessile clusters, crowded above, looser and interrupted below. The spike-
lets are from 2 to 4 flowered. The outer glumes are a little shorter than
the spikelets, lanceolate, acute, compressed. The flowering glumes are
similar, membranaceous, acute or mucronate. The palet is of nearly
equal length, thinner and 2-toothed at the apex. The flowers, panicle,
culm, and leaves are unusually more or less softly hairy. It is readily
eaten by cattle. (Plate XIV : a, outer glumes ; ft, flowers.)
Mblioa bulbosa — Bulbous Melic grass.
This 8i)ecies is particularly distinguished by its large bulbous roots,
or, more properly, by the bulb-like enlargement of the base of the culm.
It grows to the heifjht of 2 or 3 feet ; the leaves narrow, scabrous, and
mostly mvolute. The panicle is 4 to 8 inches long, narrow, with short
and distinct branches, which are mostly in pairs, erect and densely
flowered. The spikelets are about half an inch long, with usually 3 or 4
flowers, the upper one sterile. The outer glumes are thin, broad, and
obtuse, the lower one 3 to 5 nerved, the upper 5 to 7 nerved. The flow-
ering glume is about a quarter of an inch long, obtuse, roughish, and 7-
flerved. The palet shorter than the flowering glume and ciliate on the
keels. This species grows in the mountain region of California and
Oregon, also in Nevad^ Utah, Wyoming. (Plate XV : a, outer glumes i
*» flowers.)
Meltca eviperfecta.
There are seven or eight species of Melicain California, some of them
^iiite common, but they do not appear to have much agricniltural value.
^I*he Melica imperfecta grows in tufts in shaded ground. There are sev-
eral varieties which differ considerably in size and general appearance.
T?hey may be described in general terms as growing from 1 to 3 feet liigh,
'^ithslender, rather wiry culms ; the lower leaves are narrow, with long,
't^ipering points, and about half as long as the culm, generally smooth oi
Rightly scabrous. The roots are perennial with strong fibers. The pan-
icle varies in the different varieties from 6 to 12 inches in length, rathei
xiarrow, with distant rays, which are very unequal in length, and in clus
"Ws of 3 to 5. The longer rays are 1 or 2, or sometimes 3, inches long,
flower-bearing for half or two-thirds their length, while the shorter ones
%tol inch long, are flower-bearing to their base. The spikelets are
one-quarter inch or less in length and usually with two flowers, one oi
^bich is imperfect, sometimes, however, with three flowers, one or two ol
y^A^ may be imperfect. The outer glumes are frequently purplish,
^tb tbin, whitish margins, slightly obtuse, and 3 to 5 nerved. The
flowering glume is about 7-nerved, usually puqjlish, ratlier acute ; the
palet of about the same length and 2-toothed. The imperfect flower has
* »bort iHidicel and is about half as long as the perfect one. (Plate XVI :
«j outer glumes ; h^ lower flower j c, upper flower j cZ, sterile flower.)
252 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
POA CALIFORNICA— Buncli g^ass.
Common in Oregon and California; one of the numerous "bunch
grasses'^ referred to in accounts of the wild pasturage of the country-.
Tlie foliage is too scanty to make it of much agricultural value, but that
defect may be compensated for by the abundant nutritious seeds which
are said to be gathered for food by the Indians. It is near the Poa ten-
vi/olia of the Eocky Mountains. The culms are from IJ to 3 feet high,
erect, and scantily clothed with a few short, narrow leaves. The pani-
cle is erect, 3 to 5 inches long, rather narrow and loose, the branches
mostly in fives, unequal, from J to IJ inches long, flowering above the
middle. The spikelete are 3 to 5 flowered; the outer glumes are oblong-
lanceolate, about 2 lines long, nearly as long as the flowers, 3-nerved,
rough on the keel, somewhat scabrous, and acutish. The flowering
glumes are lanceolate, convex or slightly compressed toward the apex,
indistinctly 5-nerved, 2 to 3 lines long, acutish, minutely scabrous, the
apex and margins scarious and of a bronze or purplish color, sometimes
.slightly pubescent near the base. The palet is almost as long as its
glume, narrower and bidentate at the apex. (Plate XVII: a, outer
glumes; 6, first flower; c, second flower; dj third flower expanded.)
PoA ARACHNIFEBA — Texas Bluc grass.
The history of this grass is given in another part of this report It
is likely to prove one of the most valuable grasses for the South and
Southwest. By means of its stolons or ofishoots it multiplies rapidly
and makes a dense, permanent sod. It produces an abundance of radi-
cal leaves, and those of the culm are smooth, long, and of good width,,
about 4 to 8 inches long, and 2 lines wide. The culms are 2 to 3 fee
high, each with about two leaves, with long sheaths and blade, th
upper one sometimes reaching nearly to the toj) of the panicle. Th
ligule is short and rounded, or lacerated when old. The panicle is froi
4 to 8 inches in length, ratlier. narrow, and with short, erect branch
of unequal length, in clusters of from three to five, the longest seldom
iifches, most of them short, nearly sessile, and profusely flowering to tl
base. The spikelets usually contain about five flowers. The ou
glumes are ovate-lanceolate, acute, with whitish, scarious margins,
scabrous on the keel. The flowering glumes are longer, gradually s
l)ointed and smooth, except on the margins and miduerve, which
sometimes pubescent. In many cases there is a remarkable devel
ment of long, silky hairs at the base of each flower, but sometimes th^^se
are quite absent. (Plate XVIII: a, spikelet magnified.)
DiSTiCHLis MABITIMA — Salt grass, Marsh grass.
This is described inmost botanical works as Brizopyrunispicatum^ hwt
recently the name given by Eafinesque has been accepted and restored
to it by Mr. Bentham. It is a perennial grass, growing in marshes near
the sea-coast on both sides of the continent, and also abundantly in
alkaline soil throughout the arid districts of the Eocky Mountains. It
has strong, creeping root-stocks, covered with imbricated leaf-sheaths,
sending up culms from 6 to 18 inches high, which are clothed nearly to
the top with the numerous, sometimes crowded, two-ranked leaves. The
leaves are generally rigid and involute, sharp-pointed, varying greatly
in len^tli on different specimens. The plants are dioecious, some being
entirely male and some female. The panicle is generally short and
spike-likOy sometimes, especially in the males, rather loose, with longer,
REPORT OP THE BOTANIST. 253
erect branches, and sometimes reduced to a few spikelets. The spike-
lete are from 4 to 6 lines long, and 5 to 10 flowered, the flowers being
asaaJly much compressed. The outer glumes are smooth, narrow, and
keeled; the flowering glumes are broader, keeled, acute, rather rigid,
and faintiy many-nerved. The palets have an infolded margin, the keels
prominent or narrowly winged. The pistillate spikelets are more con-
densed and more rigid than the staminate. Although this cannot be
considered a first-rate grass for agricultural purposes, it is fi'eely cut
\nth other marsh grasses, and on the alkaline plains of the Bocky Mount-
ains it affords an inferior pasturage. (Plate XIX: a, outer glumes; b,
male flower; c, female flower.)
Festuca miceostachys— Small Fescue grass.
A slender annual grass, which is very common in California and
Oregon, and considerably resembling the small fescue of the Eastern
States (Festuca tenella). The culms are slender, from 6 to 18 inches high.
The leaves are short and narrow. The panicle is from 2 to 5 inches long,
with few rather distant, short rays, which are mostly single at the joints,
and apt to be one-sided, sometimes with the lower ones spreading or re-
flexed. The spikelets are from 2 to 5 flowered, on short, Sickened pedi-
ods, varying from smooth to pubescent. The outer glumes are acute,
the upx)er one 3-nerved, about one line long, and longer than the lower
one, which is 1-nerved. The flowering glumes are 2 or 3 lines long, with
an awn nearly twice as long; the palets have each two short, bristle-like
teeth^^which often project beyond the flowering glume. The grass is of
little value, except as it helps to extend the pasturage of uncultivated
Srounds. (Plate XX : a, outer glumes ; &, 2», &, flowers.)
Elymus condensatus— Giant Eye grass.
This is a perennial grass, ranging from San Diego tl^roughout the
State, and into Oregon and Washington Territory, also m the pocky
fountain region of the interior. It is very variable, but always a
strong, heavy-rooted, coarse grass, from 3 to 6, or even to 12, feet higb.
^r. Bolander states that it seems to do excellent service by fixing the
^oil on the banks of creeks and rivers. In the larger forms the culms
%re half an inch thick. The leaves are smooth, 2 feet long, and an incb
"^^e, or more, and the panicle 8 to 14 inches long and an inch and a half
t:Mck. As it usually occurs in arid grounds, it is from 3 to 6 feet high,
. t^he leaves about a foot long and half an inch wide, and the spDte-like
panicle 4 to 8 inches. In the large form the branches of the panicle are
Hubdivided and one or two inches long. More commonly there are two
to five sessile spikelets at each joint of the rachis, the spikelets about 3-
flowered. The outer glumes are subulate or short, bristle-like. The
flowering glumes are mostly coriaceous, 5-nerved, rounded on the back,
and acute or mucronate pointed.
There is a variety called triticoides^ which has a more slendei;, less
crowded spike, the spikelets more distant, not more than two at a joint,
»* I and frequently single,' the culm more slender, and the leaves narrow or
^1 involute. This variety seems to unite the genus to Triticum. (Plate
i^A XXI: a, spikelet; &, outer glumes; c, flower.)
grcil Bbodhtm oicutabium— Pin grass, Alfilaria.
^^1 on.-
q5 ^ This is a common forage plant in California, and although it occurs
sparingly in diiferent i)art8 of the United States is not el^where eco-
254 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
nomically employed. It is properly neither a grass nor a clover, hot a
plant belonging to the geranium family. It is a low, branched, spreading,
annual plant, seldom more than 2 feet high, the stems juicy and hairy,
the leaves pinnate, 3 to 6 inches long, consisting of about six pairs of
leaflets, which are ^ to 1 inch long, gashed wi£ teeth and divisions
reaching half or more than half to tne midrib. The flowers arise from
an axil or joint of the stem on a peduncle longer than the leaves, which
at the top forms an umbel of 4 to 8 flowers, each borne on a slender
stalk or pedicel i to 1 inch long. The small flowers consist of 5-lance,
obloDg sepals, 2 or 3 lines long, 5 rose-colored petals a little longer than
the sepals, 10 stamens, 5 of which are shorter and sterile, and an ovary
composed of 5 carpels surrounding the central axis, each containing one
seed. As the fruit matures the tops or styles of the carpels elongate to
an inch or two in length, and when perfectly ripe they separate elasti-
cally from the axis ; the long styles become much twisted and the seed
is dispersed.
Professor Brewer, in the Botany of California, says of this plant : " It
is a valuable and nutritious forage plant, reputed to impart an excellent
flavor to milk and butter.'^ (Plate XXII.)
Tbifolium peocumbens — Small Yellow clover.
This small clover is a native of Europe, which has become exten —
sively naturalized in some parts of the country, particularly in tb(
Middle and some of the Southern States. It has a perennial root froi
which spring several procumbent, slender, branching stems. Undte zh-
favorable circumstances it rises to a foot or more in height. The leav^fe.^
are numerous but small, having a very short petiole, and composed c__j»f
three obovate or wedge-obovate leaflets, which are notched at the ap(
anH finely toothed on the margin, except near the base. They a:
from one-quarter to half an inch long, and the terminal or upper leafl
is short-stalked. The stipules at the base of the i)etiole are short ai
ovate. • The heads are one-quarter to half an inch in diameter, com]
of from 15 to 20 small, bright-yellow flowers, and are borne at the
tremity of slender stems or peduncles 1 to 2 inches long.
This clover is valuable as a volunteer in uncultivated fields, but fmjr-
nishes too light a yield for profitable culture wherever the common l-^kI
clover will thrive. (Plate XXIII.)
IMedioago lupulina— Hop medick, Black medick.
This plant has so much the appearance of small yellow clover (IV//^
Hum procumbens) that a very careful examination is sometimes need^
in order to distinguish between them. Their habit of growth is siniilH»r;
the medick, however, is longer stemmed; the stems are more angixl^^
and hairy. Both have the flowers in small heads or clusters, and botb
belong to the clover family, but to two distinct genera. The main di^j
tinction is seen in the pods, which in Trifolium are small and generiiHy
included in the calyx, while in Medicago the pods are larger and bent
or curved, in some species spirally twisted. In the black medick the pods
are kidney-shaped, and when mature become of a blackish color. Tb^
leaves are very similar to those of the small yellow clover, but lar^<^^
and broader. It is also a native of Europe, but has become extensively
naturalized, and will often be found in the same field with the clove^j
generally spreading more extensively. In agricultural value it is prol>*
ably about its equ^. (Plate XXIV.)
REPORT OF THE BOTANIST.
Medicago sativa— Lucem, Alfalfa.
255
This forage plant is extensively cultivated in California. Professor
Brewer, in the Botany of California, says of it:
Id caltivation It is probably the most Talaable of forage plants for warm and dry
regions. The root often reaches a depth of 8 or 10 feet and may endure for many years.
The herbage is very nutritious, and on deep soils with proper moisture it yields several
crops, in some parts of the State growing and blooihing nearly thj;ough the year.'
There is no specific difiference between the English and German luceru and the SpauiMh
and Chilian alfalfa, but it is popularly believed that the Chilian variety is better
adapted to this State than the European.
The plant reaches the greatest perfection as a fodder-plant under the
system of irrigation. It belongs to the same family as the clover, growing
from 2 to 4 feet high, with an upright, smooth stem, much branched
above, and with an abundance of ternate leaves, f to 1 inch long, ob-
lanceolate, and toothed at the upper part. At the summit and ends of
the branches the pnrple flowers are produced in small, oblong clusters,
succeeded by numerous short, spiral-twisted, smooth pods. It is little
known in cultivation in the Eastern and Southern States, and is deserv-
ing of more extended trial. (Plate XXV.)
Bespectfiilly submitted.
GEORGE VASEY,
Botanist
Hon. George B. Loring,
Commissioner af AgriculUire.
,.-^
it of Agtlonllnn, 18S1.
Report of BoUni«t of Department of Agricnltiire, 1881.
PLATE n.
:^
4
1
M.N?;/..rAV..
AanoaTia jmicbophylla.
PLATE nL
AQB08TI8 EXABATA {V&T.).
Calamaoeostis stltatioa.
Boport of Botndn of Daputneot of AsrlnltDn, It
MCHLBWBEBGIA COMATA.
PLATE VL.
Eeicoma cuspidata.
bpait at BoUalat of DspHtmnit of Agricnttnni, U8I.
Stipi. SBTIQE&A.
Saport of Bataaut ol DeputawDt of AgriEulture. ISSL
PLATB VUL ;i
Stipa eminehsl
KcpoK of BoUntst of Ueparlment of Agriculture. UgL
AlJIA DAJ?rHONI0IDE8.
Itrpart of BoUntn «f Oepartnml oT AfrionlRin, IMl.
I
TRISETOr CEHNUUM.
rt of Botaniit af Depwtment of A^cnllnre, 18
PLATE ZI
i:«^6e«
TEisETuar subspicatum.
l«t»oft of Botaolit of DapMtiiwiit of Acrlealtnn. isn.
AVBNA PATFA.
Repottof Botaniitof DepartniEnt of Agiicultarp, ISSl.
PLATB zm.
DANTHOMJ. CALirOENICA,,
Pi.ATO^f:__^^
Bsport of BounlM of D^utmcut of Agrlcoltnr
PI1A.TB xrr.
Melica sulbosa..
BapoTt of BotulM of Departnuot at Agrtenltnre, IMI.
PIaATB xtl
MkLIOA jafPEEFBCTA (vat.).
«Tt of BoUBiM of Deputment o( Agrloaltare, 1
piiATB xvn.
XtW.KJi'U^. \
ATBOPia Calefobnica.
KBpDTi of BManist of I)fpmnBifn[ of Agrieultun,
FI^TB ZVHL
KfpOTlot BoUniitoT Department of Agrirnltnia, 1881.
PLATE ZIZ.
DI3TLICHLIS MABITIMA.
Festuca miobostachts,
Bqnn at BoUotst of Deputmaot of AgrienlCDra. 1881.
ElYXVS COKDENSiTUa.
f
Bopart of Bouaut of Deputdiflnt of AcilcnltiiTe. IE
PLATE -rtfm
^'S^IL kk.. \
Tbifolw^ peocumbens.
Report of BoUniMaf I>«iHrUiicDt at AKricaltnn. 1981.
PI1A.TE XXIV.
Medicaqo lupulina..
Bcpottof BoUDiiCof DepartnwDtol AEricultare, 18B1.
FLATZt ZZV
"^WMJ^U
MeDXOAGO SAirVA.
I
VETERINARY REPORT.
The reports containing the results of the experiments conducted by
Drs. Salmon and Detmers during 4he past year, together with much
otiier information of a valuable character relative to the nature and
cause of fatal and destructive diseases incident to domestic animals,
will be found below. Dr. Salmon's report contains a detailed statement
of his experiments with swine plague, fowl cholera, and Southern cattle
fever. At the conclusion of his last year's work Dr. Salmon was con-
vinced that an investigation of the contagious fevers of animals must
be, to a large extent, an investigation of bacteria, and therefore it was
necessary to devise an apparatus in which they might be grown with-
out contamination from atmospheric germs. This apparatus would have
to admit of the sterilization of the cultivation mecUum by heat, allow
access for additions of virus and the removal of portions of the same
for experimentation, without great danger of contamination from germs
floating in the air. The rules to govern the sterilization were also to be
developed; in fact this method of investigation, made necessary by the
moBt recent discoveries, was almost as new to science as to himself, and
it needed x>erfection on every hand. This first occupied his close atten-
tion, and after considerable experimenting he succeeded in producing a
mmple and inexpensive apparatus that has proved very satis&ctory.
This apparatus is minutely described and comprehensively figured in
the accompanying report. By its use pure cultivations of virus can be
carried to idmost any number of generations.
The ultimate objects of Dr. Sa£non's investigations have been, first,
to discover the exact form and nature of the germ causing the diseases
under consideration; second, to learn how it is distributed, and how this
distribution can be prevented ^ third, the best methods of destroying
the vims within as well as outside of the animal body; fourth, methods
of rendering animals insusceptible to the effects of these germs; and,
^ fifth, if it be possible to establish breeds of animals that are insuscepti-
* Ue to such disestees. While these points have not as yet all been solved,
his report will be found both interesting and instructive.
Dr. Detmers devoted the greater portion of his time during the past
86«8on to experiments with prophylactics, with the hope of discovering
* cheap and efficient preventive of swine plague. The results of his
experiments, especially with carbolic acid, will prove of great value in
those localities where this disease has heretofore been so destructive.
The responses of the correspondents to the circular letter forwarded
hy the department show that the seat of swine plague has moved
^Qthward, and that during the past year it prevailed in a more malig-
^^t and destructive form in the States of Missouri, Arkansas, Tennes-
^c, Georgia, Alabama and Virginia than in the States of the Northwest,
^here it has heretofore prevailed more extensively than elsewhere.
In addition to the reports mentioned above, the attention of the
wader is directed to the final report of Dr. Lyman on the subject of con-
17 AO 257
258 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
tag^ons plenro-pnenmonia; the results of an investigation of epizootio
diseases among both horses and cattle in the State of Illinois; of an
outbreak of anthrax among cattle in Kew Jersey; and briet extracts
li'om letters of correspondents of the department relative to diseases
prevailing among domestic animals.
INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE, FOWL CHOL-
ERA, AND SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER.
EEPORT OF D. E. SALMON, 1). V. M.
Hon. George B. Loeing,
Commissioner of Agriculture:
SiE: 1 have the honor to snbmit the following report of investiga-
tions made by me into the natnre and character of the diseases known
as swine plague, fowl cholera, and southern cattle fever. Before detail-
ing these invest! gatioDS, however, it seems best to refer at some length
to the methods which have been adopted in making them, and to call
attention to the results that have been in view. Without such an intro^
duction the reader could scarcely be expected to understand either the
value or the objects of the work, and it would appear to him like a hap-
hazard groping in the dark for something which might only exist in im-
agination. So far from this beiug the case, I shall endeavor to show
that although but a few years ago the investigations of this class of
diseases was haphazard work, with scarcely a hope of successful results,
this is no longer the cii>8e; and to-day we see certain definite results to
be obtained — results which seem almost within our grasp, and wbicb
must place us in a position to control these diseases in a most perfi
maimer. Only a year or two ago such a statement would have
regarded as chimerical in the extreme and unworthy of attention, bi
so great has been the progress of investigation in this direction wil
that time that it may be ssSely asserted that at present no well-infonof
man can be found who would care to contest it.
It has been a great pleasure to the writer to be able to ofifer evidi
for such views in his rei>ort8 to this department, and it is with the
est gratification that, whereivs but two ye^irs ago he could only
his (jonviction that science would by patient labor eventually mai
every difficulty connected with the control of these i>lagues, he is f
able to point to the method of inoculation now beiug ]>nvcticed d
large scale in Fniiice for one of the most destructive of them, aW
his methoil of disinfection and inoculation Ibr another, which is d^
oped in this and the i)veceding rei)ort. The evidence in support ^
views is now so steadily accumulating on every hand, howeveti
there can be no longer reason to doubt the early attainment of hia
sanguine expectations. ,
i
PART I. -OBJECTS AND METHODS OF ENTESTIGATI
CAUSE OF CONTAGIOUS FEVERS.
i
It has long been evident that this class of diseases could not'
fectly controlled until we learned their exact cause. That tUf
dae to something from without the body which succeeded ia
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 259
entrance and accomplished the most profound changes in the liquids and
various affected organs has been freely admitted ; but whether this was
"degraded animal bioplasm,'' a fungus, or a formless ferment, due pos-
sibly to the atmospheriq condition or to electrical phenomena, were points
enveloped in the deepest mystery. And while this mystery remained
unsolved we were powerless to advance beyond quarantine and disin-
fection, and could have no idea of the direction in which to turi^ for
other means of prevention or remedies.
Even the doctrine of a contagium vivum, or living contagion, was and
is Btill contested, and such formless ferments as pepsin and diastase are
mentioned as examples of bodies which possess the essential properties
of ooutagia. !Now, while it may be true that these bodies act simply
by contact, and that if we make oar solution of them of a certain strength
&ud can remove the products of fermentation as fast as they are formed,
^ indefinite amount of material may be acted upon without adding
to the quantity of ferment, there is still a radical difference between
these bodies and the contagia. For instance, we may take one drop
^^ the blood of a fowl that has died of cholera and add it to two thou-
^nd times its volume of infusion of the muscles of fowls in a suitable
apparatus, and in twenty-four hours the one-thousandth part of a drop
^^ thia infusion introduced beneath the skin of a healthy fowl will pro-
duce the disease with all its virulence. We may go further, and place
9^^ drop of this first cultivation in a second apparatus and again dilute
J^ with two thousand times its bulk of innocent infusion, and in another
Jj^enty-four hours our second cultivation will have the same activity as
fhe first, though the one-thousandth part of a drop used for the inocu-
'^UoH would contain but the one four-billionth part of a drop of the
^Hginal blood. We may continue this dilution under the same condi-
tions, as I have done, to the third, fourth, fifth, or even sixth cultiva-
^on, at which time the amount inoculated could contain but the one
^ixty-four sextillionth part of the drop of the original blood, and still
^Ue same virulence remains. There is no doubt, then, that the virus re-
produces itself.
What would happen under similar treatment to a solution of diastase
Or pepsin f Suppose we make a standard solution of one grain of pep-
sin to the ounce ; it may, as I have admitted, transform an indefinite
^nount of albuminoids into peptones, i3rovidiug we are able to remove
^he peptones as soon as formed. Let us take a drop of this standard
solution, however, and dilute it two thousand fold, and what is the re-
sult! We have at once destroyed the properties of the sohition, and
ttese cannot be redeveloped except by evaporating the liquid until the
original quantity is obtained, or by a<Uling more of the ferment. And
^is is just as true of diastase or any other formless ferment with which
^e are acquainted. In other words, formless ferments are uiiable to
^produce themselves. Eeproduction and multiplication is a function
of living ]natter and of this alone, and when we have pix)ved that virus
^» be cultivated indefinitely it is equivalent to demonstrating that its
^s^ntial constituent is a living thing.
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA.
•
Admitting the cause of contagious diseases to be a living organism,
*iid we have next to inquire into the character of this organism, its
'^<>n)hology, physiology, and place in nature. This, again, was a mooted
^Qestion for years. Was it living animal matter resembling t^^kVcvsL-
^^tesy QVf as it has been called; '^de^aded bioplasm^ 1 Qi yt^a \X ou^
) REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AQRICULTlflMK
more of the various varieties of fuDgit In preceding reports the
rtter has referred to the brilliant investigations of Dr. Koch, by which
h demonstrated the pathogenic action of the Bamllui a/nthraciSy a va-
«ty of bacteria, in the disease known as charbon.* Later stuoies of
his disease by Pasteur, Toussaint, Greenfield, and others, fully confirm
Coch's results, and place the matter, as far as this disease is concerned,
beyond doubt. Fowl cholera has also been shown by Pasteur to be due
to a form of bacteria, a conclusion which I have been able to confirm
by new and very important evidence, as will be seen from the section
of this report devoted to that disease.
In those cases in which the cause of contagious fevers has been dis-
covered it has been shown that they are due to a multiplication of bac-
teria within the living body, and the daily accumulating evidence indi-
cates that the difierent diseases of this class are all the effects of closely-
related organisms. It is to be expected, therefore, that an investiga-
tion of contagious diseases must be, to a considerable extent, an inves-
tigation of bacteria. In the past it has been quite the fashion to ridi-
cule HoAb class of investigations as visionary, and at best unreliable;
but it would seem that the recent and very important discovery by
Pasteur of a method of mitigating the activity of a virus by a peculiar
method of cultivating the bacteria would be amply sufficient to quiet
such ridicule in the ftijbure. More than twenty thousand sheep have
been rendered insusceptible to charbon during the present year by such
attenuated vims, and of the immense number thus inoculated it is ques-
tionable if a single accident has occurred. Practical results of the very
greatest importance have, therefore, already been attained, and this di-
rectly from a study of the bacteria — results which it would have been
cleaiiy impossible to accomplish if these organisms had been ignored.
INOCULATION EXPERIMENTS.
The investigation of bacteria to be of any service, however, must g
hand in hand with inoculation experiments. We may discover a fori»^
of bacteria in the tissues and fluids of the body, and we may be able
cultivate it in a state of purity for an indefinite number of generatious?:^
but we are not justified in concluding that it has anything to do wit
the disease until we have produced unmistakable cases by inoculatiu
with a small quantity of one of these cultivations. Even positive ei
periments of this nature have not heretofore been considered sufiicie
evidence to warrant a final conclusion. It must be proved, by a
ber of tests, that the death of the organism, from various causes, alwa^— .
coincides with the destruction of the activity of the virus. These i>oii
must all be brought out by inoculation experiments. And when
come to mitigate the virus, to learn how successful vaccinations can
performed, to test the strength of disinfectants, to bring out the
parative susceptibilities of animals and the methods of rendering th-
insusceptible, to learn if this insusceptibility can be conferred by her
ity upon the offspring, we are powerless to take the first step, or, ind^^ ^
any succeeding step, without a continual recurrence to such inoculatic^ ns.
But such experiments are now classed as ^' vi\isection,'' and not o ^y
in Europe but in America we ai*e met by a set of misguided pens^ozi^
who, not content with manufacturing public sentiment against viviisfc-
tion and the vivisector, are asking for laws to practically stop sucb. in-
vestigations. In the name of humanity they ask that not only the mil-
*The writer hae discnssed this question at greater length in articles entitled ^'CliAr-
ban. and the Germ Theory of Diseaae/' American Monthly Miavacopical Journal, 1881; pp*
Si
Ij
•asl-
ant
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 261
lioDS of animals Bcattered over the world, but that mankiDd as well,
shall be condemned to suffer decimation from contagions plagnes for
yet untold generations, simply because in order to learn how to prevent
such scourges we must sacrifice a few hundreds or thousands of animals,
which at the best are destined to be slaughtered to satisfy our camiv-
erous appetites. It is not my purpose to enlarge upon this topic in the
present report, and I should not have mentioned it but for the feict that
in enlightened England the absurdity has lately been committed of tying
the hands of some of their ablest investigators by an enactment of this
character ; and, as the investigation of these diseases so completely de-
pends upon this method of research, it seems a favorable time for calling
attention to its importance.
EXAMINATION OP LIQUIDS FOR BACTERIA.
The search for disease germs or pathogenic bacteria in tlie liquids and
solids of the body is, in spite of the many recent and improved meth-
ods of investigation, extremely dif&cult and unsatisfactory. Whether
tliey are less numerous than we should expect, whether their reaction
to staining agents differs from that observed with septic bacteria, or
whether the characters of the liquid surrounding them should be ac-
cepted as the cause of this difficulty, I am not prepared to decide. But
certain it is that even in fowl cholera, which is undoubtedly due to bac-
^ria, one may examine many preparations of blood or tissues, stained
^i* unstained, without being able to discover what he can unhesitatingly
Accept as these organisms. When we come to the examination of prop-
erlj.prepared cultivation liquids the difficulties vanish, and there is no
*oxiger reason for either doubt or uncertainty. Preparations may be ex-
^Oiined, stained or unstained, and with a good lens, giving a power of
^ven hundred to one thousand diameters, the bacteriaare clearly shown.
^To stain the bacteria the method devised by Koch has been found to
8ive by far the best results. A drop of the liquid is placed upon the
^lide and spread to a uniform thickness ; it is then rapidly dried over
the lamp and a drop or two of a solution of aniline violet, two grains to
the ounce, is applied and immediately washed away with a stream of
distilled water. The slide is again dried, a drop of pure Canada balsam
^^ applied to the cover-glass, and this is inverted over the preparation,
At tWs time, if we are dealing with a cultivation liquid, it may be im-
possible to detect with the unassisted eye even a trace of violet coloring,
^d yet on examination with a sufficient power the organisms will he
^onnd to be perfectly stained. In the case of blood the staining is only
too apparen^ and the statement made by some observers that only bac-
teria take tlus color, and that it may be considered as a method of de-
termining the nature of small particles for this reason, has not been
lH>me out in my work. The nuclei of the red corpuscles of birds stain
deeply, and in case an attempt is made to <<fix" the preparation with
^Bmic acid the constituents of the plasma are coagulated, assume a granu-
le form, and when stained the appearance is that of a zoogloea duster
^f micrococci. In the blood of fowl cholera it has often proved extremely
difficult to render the bacteria visible, while with the blood of swine
plague sent me by Professor Law the micrococci could be seen in both
^tamed and unstained preparations to the greatest satisfaction.
EXAMINATION OF TISSUES FOB BAOTEBIA.
Some microscopists have been successful by placing pieces of the tis-
sues in alcohol for twenty-four hours, then imbedding in 2b xsAXi^T ^^&
262 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULtltRfi.
xnixtnre and cnttinjo: the sections in a microtome. The sections thnt
obtained are placed for half an hour in a staining fluid composed of
half a grain of anUiue violet in an ounce of distilled water ; they are
then placed for two minutes in dilute acetic acid (4 minims to the ounce),
then for one minute in ordinary alcohol, then for one minute in absolute
alcohol, finally for two minutes in oil of cloves, when they are mounted
in Canada balsam.*
The difficulty of making sections with such imperfectly hardened
specimens has led me to use a longer process of hardening with chromic
acid, one-fifth of one percent., and alcohol, equal parts, the results being,
so far as I can judge at present, identical. In neither case, however,
has the success been very flattering.
For the examination of the preparations I have used a onet^nth and
one-fifbeenth inch water immersion, objective, and a one-fifteenth homo-
geneous immersion, all by Tolles, in connection with an Abbe-Zeiss illu-
minating apparatus. These appliances therefore represent the utmost
I)erfection of the day, while the methods used are those which have
given the best results in similar investigations; and if the examinations
have not been as satisfactory as could be desired it is probably due to
the inherent difficulty of the subject and to the fact that our methods
may still be improved.
KEEPING DISTILLED WATER FREE FROM BACTERIA.
In this class of investigations it is absolut-ely necessary to use dis-
tilled water 5 we need it for our immersion lenses, to make staining and
hardening solutions, to dissolve and dilute reagents, and for many other
purposes. But even distilled water, as I have shown in apreceding re-
port, very soon teems with immense numbers of bacteria, organisms
which at present we have no means of distinguishing from those which
are the active cause of some of the contagious diseases. It is plain, ,
therefore, that if we use distilled water swarming with bacteria in our —
hardening or staining solutions, if it constitutes a pjirt of the reagents.^
that we use ui)on our preparations, or even if it is used to make cultiva— ^
tion liquids, these innocent organisms may be mist^iken for pathogenic^
ones, and our conclusions will be entirely without value.
To guard against such errors I have devised the apparatus ill ustrate(^fe-
in Plate II, Fig. 2. The flask A, after thorough cleaning, is filled bj
filtering into it freshly distilled water, and the soft rubber cork, throng'
which pass the tubes B ami C, is tightly adjusteil. The tube B do(
not reach the water in the fla^sk, but is designed for admitting filter
air, and is i)acked for two or three inches from the external orifice w if
cotton wool, while the tube C, which act** as a si|)hon, reaches to t*
bottom of the flask and terminates externally in a piece of caoutclio
tubing, P, on which is placed the compressor E, and into which fits t
temn'nal tubeF. The wholemay be kept for several hours betbre filling,
a temperature of 220o to 22r)OF., to kill all germs which may be lo<i^
in the cotton-filter or the tubes. The distilled water, after being pla(
in this apparatus, is boiled two or three times at intervals of a few honi*«,
care being taken to keep the filter from becoming wet by condensat ion
of steam, a precaution which 1 have found neces«ary to the valuer o/*
such a filter, and just at the end of the last boiling the (•omi)ress(>r //?
opened, and if necessary the ventilating tube is (closed until the press- \
ure of the steam has forced the water to fill the siphon. The com- *,
"Alexander OgBt<on^ M. D. Report ou Mlcro-orgauLuuti in Surgical DiseaseB^ Britith ^
Iffdioai Journal, ItiSl, p. 3ti9. 1
REPORT OF THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 263
preASor is now closed, the veiitil.ating tube opened, nnd tlie apparatus
is ready for use. Of course, whenever the compressor is opened, water
flows from the flask, and if the small quantity which ha^ been in tlie
terminal tube is rejected the remainder will be found free from contami-
nation with such organisms.
PREPARINa ANILINE STAINING FLUID.
For this purpose a solution of the aniline violet is made in strong alco-
hol of such a strength that each drop contains one-sixteenth of a grain
of the coloring matter, and in this form mny be preserved convenient for
use at any time. When some sections are to he stained one drop of this
is placed in a drachm of pure distilled water, and this is at once filtered
and used; this makes the solution of half a grain to the ounce. For the
fltronger solution four drops are required to each drachm of distilled
^ater. In this way is obtained a solution free from bacteria and giving
results worthy of confidence; but if this aqueous solution is allowed to
fifcand a few hours the development of these organisms commences and
ft is no longer fit for use. If those who investigate these diseases persist
^*n rising old aqueous solutions of aniline, or even aniline inks for their
^tiaining fluids, they must not expect very much reliance to be placed in
ttie acGfuracy of their results.
THE CULTIVATION Of BACTERIA.
. In the preceding report a form of apparatus was described for mak-
^^ such cultivations, but this was soon found too complicated for the
P'^irposes of investigation. A simple apparatus was needed, provided
^th a ventilating tube packed with cotton, which would take but little
Jpace in the incubator, that could be made, if need be, in the most primi-
tive laboratory, that could be easily filled with the cultivating fluid, and
^hen sterilized might be preserved for use at any time, the contents being
J^adily accessible for inoculation and for removal, either for examination,
*^y producing oth^r cultivations, or for inoculation experiments, and all
'^th the least possible chance of admitting the germs of bacteria continu-
^ly floating in the atmosphere. After several months expeiimenting the
^Pparatus shown in Plate I, Fig. 1, was settled upon as satisfactorily
^Uing these conditions. It consists of a test-tube hve inches long and
^^hree-fourths of an inch in diameter, and in the one case is closed with
^ lubber cork pierced with a single hole, and in the other the tube is drawn
^o\vn near its upper extremity to one-fourth of an inch in diameter. In
^^e rubber cork is placed a piece of glass tube one-fourth of an inch in
^^ameter that just reaches the lower end of tlie cork, but projects three-
^ourths of an inch above the upper end, on which is placed a close-fitting
Wece of caoutchouc tubing one inch in length, into which, again, fits the
^nt-glass tube D, the external part being packed with cotton-wool as a
®lter. The adjustable ventilating tube is arranged in a similar manner
*^ the second form of apparatus.
These tubes are about half filled with the cultivation liquid and are then
^en placed in a vessel that contains three or four inches of water, Plate
Xl, Fig. 16, that can be tightly covered, in which they are boiled three
^^ four times at intervals of a few hours. In this way the whole appara-
^s, including the ventilating tube and its cotton filter,* is subjected to
^^^beat of boiling water, or to steam of the same temperature. A st^ril-
e^l ^^Qg: apparatus arranged for heating the tubes in a receptacle surrounded
^l "y boiling water, a section of which is shown in Plate XI, Fig. 17, has
^1 not given as good results as the simpler method of placing them directly
264 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
in the hot water and allowing the steam to come in actual contact with
the parts out of the water.
Notwithstanding the frequent assertions of experimenters that culti-
vation liquids may be easily sterilized, and that boiling for five minutes
is sufficient for this, I have been forced te the conclusion that the per-
fect sterilization of such liquids is frequently attended with serious dif-
ficulty. On one occasion twenty cultivation tubes were boiled four times
at intervals of a few hours, each boiling being continued for ten to fif-
teen minutes, in the vessel shown in Plate XI, Fig. 16. Unfortunately,
after the last heating, the lid was removed and not replaced; the cold
air coming in contact with the ventilating tubes condensed the vapor in
the filters, and as a result every tube became infected with atmospheric
bacteria, and was turbid with them within three days.
Again, while at Atlanta investigating the Southern cattle fever, the
sterUizing apparatus, shown in section in Plate XI, Fig. 17, was ujsed;
it consists of an inner compartment surrounded by boiling water and
steam, and covered with a double lid having an air space of two inches.
The cultivation tubes were but a degree or two below the boiling xK>int
as determined by actual test, and to illustrate the difficulty of sterilizing
them I transcribe the following record fit)m my note-book. In all cases
the tubes were allowed to remain in the apparatus till cold, thus sub-
iecting them to a high temperature for a much longer time than is
indicated by the actual duration of the boiling :
July 20, 5jp. m. — Nineteen cnltiyation tubes were filled with infasion of beef, placed
in the apparatus, and the water boiled for ten minutes.
July 21, 9 a. m. — ^A few tubes, on oareftil inspeotion, indicate the yery be^nning of
turbidity. They were all placed in the apparatus and this heated to boiliiig for ten
minutes, and this boiling repeated at 5 p. m.
July 22. — ^The apparatus boiled morning and eyening the same as yesterday.
July 23. — ^Boiled once, being six times in aU.
July 27. — Seyen of the tubes are turbid; the remainder are placed in the apparatusi ,
and this again boiled for ten minutes.
August I. — But six tubes remain free from bacteria. Most of the affected ones haya
but a slight bacterial membrane on the surface, whUe the liquid beneath is nearly
transparent as formerly. The bacterinm which thus resists neat is a JBaoUlutf tm
what peculiar in its charac ters, as it diyides into shorter members than the B. 9ubHU$.
is about Tvirjiyth of an inch in diameter, and diyides into rods -g^th. to j^ih of an in<
in length, many of these subdiyiding into members rri^vth to TviTTV^ o^ <^ h^oh 1odi_
and then closely resemble Bacterium iermo. The spores seem to be spherical particle.
r;r^th of an inch in diameter.
August 5.— Thirteen tubes fiUed to-day with fresh infusion of beef. They were plao
in the apparatus, which .was boiled for ten minutes at noon and for fifteen minutes j
six o'clock.
August 6. — ^Eyery tube is turbid with bacteria. Thirteen tubes were now flUed ir-^Stb
fresh infusion, neutralized with liquor potasse. They are placed in the appara^^^
which is boiled from 11 to 11.30 a. m., and again from 4.30 to 6.30 p. m.
August 7.— The apparatus boiled from 9 to 10 a. m.
August 8.— The apparatus boiled an hour in the morning and another hour in t&#
evening.
August 9.— Boiled an hour in the morning.
August 11. — Fiye of the tubes are turbid with bacteria ; the remainder retumdd to
the ai^aratus and boiled.
August 15. — ^Two more tubes are turbid.
I have been somewhat at a loss to account satisfactorily for the extreme
difficulty of sterilizing the tubes in these cases. I am certain it was not |
due to atmospheric infection after sterilization, for particular attention |
was given to the condition of the ventilating filters, and hundreds of
such tubes have been preserved for an indefinite time, on other occasions,
after sterilization without becoming infected. It is possible that the
extreme drought had something to do with this extraordinary resistance '
to heat. It is well known, for instance, that the germs of the hay bacil- ^
lus when obtained from dry hay withstand several hours' boiling, whil^ j
REPORT OP THE VETERINAKY DIVISION. 265
when fresh and moist, they are destroyed in as many minntes. Professor
Tyndall, I believe, has explained this by supposing that the perfectly
dry spores do not readily imbibe water, and are not moistened for several
hoars after being placed therein, and while dry they are not destroyed
by the heat of boiling water.
Whatever the explanation may be, it is a new illustration of the fact
that a few minutes' boiling cannot be reli^ upon to sterilize such
liquids, and that unless our cidtivation liquids, are preserved at lOO^F.
a sufficient time before use to prove that they contain no atmospheric
germs, the results are at best untrustworthy.
MANNER OF V&ma TflE OXJLTIVATION APPARATUS.
The cultivation liquid is made by infusing the muscles of various ani-
mals in distilled water at a temperature of 150^ to lOO^F. for two or
three hours, then T)oiling and filtering. The liquid thus obtained should
be as hmpia and colorless as the purest water. The cultivation tubes
are half filled with this, previously neutndized wit^ caustic potash, and
sterilized as already described. The blood for inoculation is either ob-
tained directly from the veins by means of vacuum tubes, as described
in my preceding report, or when convenient the heart is opened by a
knife, freed from germs by passing it through the flame of a lamp, a piece
of capillary glass tubing drawn to ^th of an inch in diameter and one*
half to three-fourths of an inch long (Plate XI, Fig. 18), is taken up
with flamed forceps, passed through the flame itself and touched to the
blood in the heart, with which it immediately fills by capillarity. The
Ventilating tube of the cultivation apparatus is now passed through the
flame and removed, and the bit of capillary tube containing the blood
ia dropped through the opening into t^e liquid. The ventilating tube
ia again flamed and replaced and the apparatus placed in an incubator
at lOOo F.
The multiplication of germs becomes apparent from the turbidity of
the liquid in about twenty hdurs. To examine this liquid without con-
taminating it with germs from the atmosphere, a capillary pipette is
made by Rawing a long and fine projection to an ordinary glass tube,
as shown in Plate XI, Fig. 15, the end being sealed. The external part
of the body of the tube is packed with cotton wool, and the whole is
then baked for several hours at a temperature of 230OF. to destroy all
germs. Now, to obtain a sample of the cultivation liquid, a small caout-
chouc bulb is adjusted as in the figure, the point of the pipette is bro-
ken, the ventilating tube is removed with the precautions already men-
'tioned, the pipette is flamed and passed beneath the surface of the
liquid, when the bulb is compressed to expel a small quantity of the
piueair which it contains, and the liquid which takes the place of this,
^ the bulb resumes its original form, is removed in the pipette and can
^ used for microscopical examination, for inoculating animals, or for
^rtiog new cultivations.
It sometimes happens that in spite of all precautions our cultivations
^ impure; we can plainly see that there are two forms of organisms,
^e grows at tiie bottom of our cultivation liquid while the other oc-
^pies the surfaice, where it forms a covering membrane } one is motion-
1^ while the otiier swims with the plainest undulations or gyrations;
^e may be spherical or oval while the other is rod-shapped. It has
P^n common to speak of these different forms as but stages in the ex-
istence of the same organism ; but a study of their life history has not
JQstified this view, and we are now satisfied that such appearances in-
^cate contamination of our cultivations with some ofthe countless germs
^utauually floating in the air.
I
266 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICTJtBTOtof
Sometimes it is very desirable to get rid of these foreign germs and
obtain a pure cultivation from an impure one. Is this possible! At
one time it was supposed that it might be accomplished by continuous
cultivations, but experiment demonstrated that usually the difterent or-
ganisms retained their relative proportion to each other through an in-
definite number of cultivations. Lately Buchner has suggested a prac-
tical plan which may be carried out very successfully with the appa-
ratus of my invention described above.
The organisms from the atmosphere in all well-made cultivations are
less numerous than the disease germs, and above all they are found
more particularly at the surface, while the latter prefer to grow in the
deeper layers of the liquid. A drop of the cultivation liquid is taken
from near the bottom of the tube, with suitable precautions, and placed
in another apparatus as if for a fresh cultivation; this is at once agitated
to disuse the drop equally through the whole. Now a drop is taken
at once from this and placed in a third apparatus, and from the third a
drop is placed in a fourth for cultivation. 'The drop taken from the
second apparatus contains rsW^b of a drop taken from the first, and that
from the third contains but ^rs^sinyth of the first drop. !Now, if a drop of
the first cultivation contained 500,000 disease germs and 50,000 septic
germs, it is plain that every drop of the second dilution would contain
t^o of the fonner, while there would only be one of the latter to every
five drops. If the number of germs is greater, as is generally the case,
we have only to resort to a third dilution and vary the quantity of the
diluting liquid to suit our case, and by starting a number of cultivations
from this we will get some in which the organism exists in perfect purity.
ULTIMATE OBJEOTS OP SUCH INVESTIGATIONS.
Of course our first endeavor by cultivation experiments is to isolate
the contagious germs to detennine their form, manner of growth, and
multiplication; to learn their place in nature; the conditions which are
favorable and unfavorable to tliem. But science of to-day is too prac-
tical to stop here — ^we must have results which will enable us to control
the contagious plagues more perfectly than heretofore. In the first
place we must know how these germs are distributed; in what mannei
they leave the sick animal; whether they are carried by currents oi
air ; how and for what time they are preserved on or within the soil oi
in stables; and in what manner they find their way into the bodies
healthy animals.
When our information is satisfactory on tUese points, we are in a pos:
tion to inquire how such germs may be destroyed, the chemical agent
which are most efficient for this purpose, the strength in which th<
are t-o be employed, and the effect of ventilation and of plowing
burning infected pastures.
Having leamed what is possible in regard to the contagious germ,
next turn our attention to the animals liable to be aifected. We fii
that a certain number are insusceptible to the effects of the vims; th
occupy the same stables or fields with the sick, take their food and dri
in common, breathe a contaminated air, and even resist inoculations w
the most potent vims. In what does this insusceptibility consist t H
was it obtained! How can it be conferred upon other animals t
what length of time will it protect themt And is it transmitted in
extent by hereditary- influence to the offspring! Potent questions ^^re
these, which, when properly answered, must plao^ the control of anir^tJa/
plagues fully within our grasp; and not of animal plagues alone^for ^^6
not some of these common to both mankind and animals t And is it toa
t
ze
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 267
much to believe that, when the ooiit^gions diseases of animals are fully
nnderstood and controlled, the millions of human beings who are now
carried to untimely graves by allied plagues may be spared t
These are the hopes that actuate us, nay they are the convictions
which grow stronger with each experiment. But a few short years ago
this great field for research, which we now see before and around us,
might be compared to one of tliose forests situated in a rich, moist,
alluvial region of the tropics. On every hand immense trees, through
the foliage of which scarcely a ray of light could penetrate, while below
are briars, vines, and various kinds of impenetrable undergrowth. Not a
path to guide the steps — all a hopeless wilderness. To-day how changed,
fioads have been made by which the wilderness is traversed — are not
the experimental methods of inoculation and cultivation of virus now
followied with such success worthy of the name? And light is stream-
ing through the overhanging canopy all around us until our forest is
scarcely more than a grove. It is the result of the recent studies of
contiigia, their manner of distribution, the methods by which they may
be attenuated and made to produce insusceptibility instead of death, their
conversion from enemies to allies. It is no longer a question of possi-
bility if this grove shall give place to the fertile cultivated field — it is
aiinply a question of the time necessary to produce this change.
PART n.— INVESTIGATIONS OF SWINE PLAGUE.
Tlie researches in regard to this disease, which were detailed in ray
r^Gport for 1880, having all pointed to a micrococcus as its cause rather
^lian to a bacillus, as maintained by Drs. Klein and Detmers, I deter-
J^^iuea to make one more attempt to obtain satisfactory evidence on this
iK^int. I therefore requested Professor Law to send me some genuine
^"W'ineplague virus, as he was then experimenting with this disease.
*^Ji answer to this he sent me, among other pathological products, a
^^^<)illary tube containing blood "collected from ear veins, near a blue
^longh, of a pig that had been infected by exposure and inoculation.^
This was taken by Professor Law December 14, 1880, and examined
^^ me December 21. The blood in the tube was studied wit h the greatest
^^Te, the slides and everything coming in contact with it being well
^Hmed. It was examined fresh from the tube, and also in preparations
J^ade by drying on the cover glass, and tinting with aniline, the results
^^ing in each case the same. Very many micrococci were to be seen
l^rfiSetly distinct in outline; they exist^ed in clusters, short chains and
^^^fjly^ and the appearancfe was so characteristic as not to leave a
shadow of doubt in regard to their nature. No other form of bacteria
^5is to be discovered.
-At the same time Professor Law sent me blood from the portal vein
^^ a pig that had been suflbcated, a« he thought at the time that this
^ight be a method of originating the contagious affection under investi-
^-lion. This also contained bacteria of a single variety, but it was the
^^cterium termo, and the contrast between these and the micrococci
^^ too plain to be mistaken. These organisms were all elliptical in
^^iTn and mostly existed in pairs, swimming about in all directions in
^^emost lively manner. The micrococci on the other hand have no
Movement except tlint called molecular. Although Professor Law
^^te me when 8en<1in;x the virus that he had inoculated a pig with the
^^lood from the suffocated animal, and that this subject already had ele-
^atwl temperature, 1 predicted when stating the result of my exarai-
^tionstJiat he would not obtain a case of genuine swine plague from
268
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
such blood, and this, ho was kind enough to inform me later, proved to
be the fact.
As a more complete test of the nature of the bodies in tiie swine-
plague virus, two cultivation slides were prepared by cementing ui>on
them a deep glass cell. A drop of neutral infusion of beef well steril-
ized was placed on a thin cover glass and a small particle of the virus
added when it was inverted over the cell and cemented with paraffine.
The slides were then kept in the incubator at lOCPF. These cultiva-
tions were not successful; the micrococci did not multiply in either case.
At the same time that the cultivation slides were prepared two of
my cultivation tubes already described, containing one ounce each of
the same sterilized infusion of beef, were inoculated by dropping into
the liquid a particle of wire that was first flamed and touched to the
blood. By way of contrast a third tube was inoculated in the same
way with fresh human blood. All were placed in the incubator at 10(P
F. The next day (December 29) the contents of the tubes inoculated
with the virus were no longer transparent but turbid, while that charged
with human blood was unchanged. The cultivations were found to owe
their turbidity to immense numbers of the micrococci in clusters and
chains as in the virulent blood, but the most careful examination did
not reveal a single bacillus or any other form whatever.
During the very cold night which followed, there being no heat under
the incubator, these cultivations were frozen solid, and as it was desir-
able to test the resistance of this organism to freezing I inoculated, an-
other cultivation tube from one of these as soon as thawed. In twelve
hours this tube was as turbid as the other and contained only the same
organism. The vitality, therefore, did not seem iu the least impaired by
freezing.
By January 17, 1881, I had carried these cultivations to the sixth
generation without any contamination with atmospheric bacteria, as.^
may be seen by reference to Plate V, Fig. 5. At this date I inoculated^^
a pig by injecting under the skin of the inside of the thigh, with a hypo—-^
dermic syringe, a drachm of the sixth cultivation 5 and a second anima^
was inoculated in the same manner with the first cultivation. It is hei
worthy of remark that the drachm of the sixth cultivation must hav
contained less than the one-quintillionth part of a drop of the origins
blood. The results of these inoculations are shown in the followii
tables:
Pig No. 1. — Inoculated with sixth ailtivation of virus.
Date.
1881.
January 17
18
19
20
21 -
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
30... ^.
31
February 1
2
Remarka.
11
11
10.15
9.45
9.45
10
11
10
10.45
9.45
9.30
11.45
10.30
10.30
10
9.30
11
op.
OF.
55
I'OOi
48
44
9^
102
40
103:
36
lOOi
,32
102
30
102}
32
99}
30
102i
30
101^
22
102i
103|
36
36
103i
48
102
50
102}
.''.3
103
3C
102i
Hypodermic ii^ection of one drachm of
Hard awelling at point of inocnlation.
Swelling gradually diaappearlng.
Blnsb on the skin.
Slight eruption.
Plain eruption.
Wen.
REPORT OF THE VETEKIKAKY 1>IVISI0N.
269
Pig No. 2,—InoculaUd with first cultivation of virtM.
Date.
i
■
^1
*r
Sag
£•2
o
S • 0
tt
»
<
n
or.
OF.
11
55
101
11
48
101}
10.15
44
102}
9.45
46
1031
0.45
3t}
oo{
10
32
lOli
11
30
102
10
32
101}
10.45
30
1031
9.45
30
103i
9.30
22
102J
1L45
36
104
10.30
36
104
10.30
48
103
10
50
103i
9.30
53
103|
11
36
102}
Kftinwki.
Hypodermic ii^{eotion of one dnchm of Tinu.
Swelling at point of inocnlatioiL
Swelling mnch reduced.
Blush on akin.
Several papules on skin of abdomen.
Large elevati<»s on akin.
Eruption covers the body.
Well.
The eruption in both cases was very marked. It commenced with a
r^^ blush or congestion of the skin, followed by flat elevations one-half
Y^ three-fourths of an inch in diameter. The epidermis on these became
5*^ and exfoliated, leaving a red, congested spot, not moist or granulat-
i^ ^, but already healed. These elevations were scattered over tiie whole
^<:fc(Iy, and were smaller on No. 1, though equally numerous. A similar
ption being an almost constant attendant of the severe forms of swine
*-^ league, I think there can be no doubt that these were mild cases. I
'^''^.gret, however, that the animals were not slaughtered for post-mortem
^^^:amination, though it was believed that no satisfactory lesions of in-
^^^mal organs would be found when the general health was so good. At
^^y rate I insist that the eruption appeared after the average incuba-
^n of swine plague, and that it was sufficient to characterize a mild
' : tack of the disease.
If this is admitted it follows that the organism of swine plague is not
l)acillus but a micrococcus. And it also follows that since this organ-
was carried through six successive cultivations without changing
form the granules are not bacillus spores, and that they do not de-
lop into rods of any variety whatever.
Drs. Klein and Detmers have insisted, however, that the organism
^a« a bacillus, and the latter still maintains that the sphericsd gran-
^.^^^are simply its spores. In my former report I gave my reasons for
f^^lieving that the bacilli of these gentlemen were septic bacteria that
" gained entrance to their liquids from the atmosphere, but the state-
^nt of Dr. Klein being now generally accepted by scientists* that he
produced the disease by inoculation with the eighth pure cultiva-
^n of a bacillus, it seems necessary to call attention to some particu-
T8 not generally known in regard to these experiments.
^ 1. The cultivation apparatus dould not b^ sterilized. — ^Dr. Klein's cultiva-
^n apparatus was made by cementing a cell on a glass slide, then in-
^^rting over this a thin cover on which was a drop of aqueous humor
^^oculat^ with the virus. The thin cover was kept in place by a ring of
^live oil. Now I have found from experience that it is very difficult to
^^tsuch a slide sufficient to destroy the atmospheric germs adhering
^ it without destroying the cement which holds the ceU in place ; it is
^l«o difficult to heat the thin covers without warping or breaidng them.
270 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
1
Even with this successfiilly performed, there is the air which is contin- ^
ually changing: In the cell, and the aqueous humor which must remain J^
on the thin cover, fully exposed to the air, while the inoculation is i>er-
formed, and must then be inverted. The apparatus is not one from
which M^e should expect conclusive results even were a sterilization at-
tempted, which does not seem to have been the case.
2. The cultivations were not made in a sterilized fluid. — ^The cultivation
liquid in these exi)eriments was aqueous humor from the eye of a rabbit.
In my previous report I have given the evidence which seems to show
that the liquids and organs of healthy animals may contain the germs of
bacteria; at least this is still a contested point, with the preponderance
of evidence favoring the affirmative view. But leaving this out of the
question I am satisfied that any one who has experimented on such
matters must be convinced of the impossibility of taking a drop of aqueous
humor from a rabbit's eye, placing this on a cover glass fiJly exposed
to the air, inoculating, and then inverting over a cell without contami-
nation with atmospheric bacteria.
3. The conditions of the cultivations icere unfavorable to patlMgenic bac-
tericCi — Kwe cultivate the Bacillus anthradsj the micrococcus of fowl
cholera, or that of swine plague in the cultivation tubes which I have
described, a careful inspection will convince us that they commence
their growth in the deeper parts of the liquid, and that tiie turbidity
scarcely reaches the surface of the liquid when the cultivation is finished.
On the other hand, if we cultivate the Bacillus subtiliSy the Bacterium
termoy or any other atmospheric bacteria, the turbidity commences at the
surface of the cultivation and extends downward, and with some baciUu
it does not extend one-eighth of an inch. My latest researches hav<
convinced me that the known pathogenic bacteria never form a mem—
brane on the surface, while this is the rule with the septic forms,
other words, the bacteria liable to contaminate our cultivations flourisl
best in contact with the air, while the pathogenic forms are at the
when protected from such direct contact. If now we make a cultivatio
in a single drop of liquid fully exposed to the air, it is not surprising
the atmospheric bacteria obtain the advantage and multiply while tl le
pathogenic forms are destroyed. This may also explain my failure to
cultivate the micrococcus of swine plague in an apparatus similar to
Klein's, while I succeeded admirably with the tubes.
it may be asked if this is a rule that will infallibly distinguish t The
pathogenic from the septic bacteria ; and in regard to this we are l
prepared to answer, but it may be accepted from what is already kno-
that the pathogenic forms will not at once flourish if cultivated in
tact with the air. The Ba^llus subtilisy when cultivated in infiisic^ ^ns,
multiplies near the surface and there forms a thick membrane ; BLjat
before Buchner succeeded in converting it into the Bacillus (unthracii^^' he
was obliged to grow it in an apparatus that was continually agitata ^,
and in which it could not remain at the surface. So when the convex rse
change is made the Bacillus anthra^oiSj from growing at the bottoiat^ o/
solutions comes to grow at the surface, and is then harmless. In ofc Aer
words, before the atmospheric bacteria can multiply within the aui tnal
body they miuit be gradually adapted to the conditions which they ii:i<eefc
there, the most important of which seems to be the restricted amount of
available oxygen. And so when we are told that his cultivations in tti ^es
had a membrane on the surface, it is for us a very strong indication that
this membrane was formed by harmless bacteria that had gained en-
trance from the atmosphere.
It is true that in m^ last report I describecl the organism of ioyfl
OBT OF THE VETEEIKAEY DIVISION.
271
*"
1
cholera as forming a slight membraoeat the surface of th^ cultivatious,
bat a vast number of cultivations made in the improved apparatus 4^
scribed in this report have taught me that this membrane only occurs
incases of contamination^ and i^ due to. the prolification of bacteria
that have grown for a considerable number of generations in contact
with the air.
4. 27t€ inoculations did not give positive results. — ^To decide a contested
point of so much importance it cannot be too much to expect satisfac-
tory results firom the inoculation experiments. There might be a dif-
ference of opinion as to what are the pathognomonic characters of the
aSection, but if there was loss of appetite, marked discoloration or erup-
tion on the skin, ulceration of the bowels, or inflammation of the lungs^
ve should be satisfied as to the production of the disease. But when we
are told that the three animal^ inoculated with the eighth cultivQ,tion
showed no symptoms of tlie disease during life, and that it was only at
the post-mortefn examination after slaughter that signs of the disease
w^ere found, we are not convinced that these equiyocal signs resulted
^X)m tlie inoculation* We have seen too many enlarged and reddened
lymphatic glands, too many appearances of slight congestion in various
o^^DS of healUiy pigs, to accept these as a criterion of the disease.
o. Klein found the micrococcij not tlie hacillij in the tissues. — In his flrst
mmunication on this subject Dr. Klein wrote as follows :
^^m and eyen before the fiist siffns of necrosis of the mucosa [of intestine], viz.,
^en the epitheUnm begins to break, down and be shed from the surface, there are
'^ood masses of micrococci| which in some alcers occupy a great portion of the di6brU,
Again, he says :
^n the nloeration of the tongue Just mentioned^ and at a time when the superficial scab
k« not become removed, I have seen masses of micrococci situate chiefly in the tissue
^he papilbei, but in some places reaching so far deep as the inflammation ext>ends. That
my are micrococci was proved by their forming lumps of uniform granules. These
^pe stain deep purple-blue in hsematoxylon, and are thus very conspicuous, and be-
es resist the action of caustic potash, with which aU the rest of the tissue disap-
n. These heaps of microcoooi in locality correspond to the papilhe, and are on
surface of the scab, but underneath the covering epithelium, some parts of this
ving changed into a dry, hard, discolored mass, others containing larger or smaUer
idea fined with fluid.
^ore than thi^, he found the lymphatic vessels of the mucous mem-
le of the epiglottis filled with micrococci ; and in the last stages of
lobular pneumonia, in the infiltrated, firm, more or less disintegrat-
^^^^ parts, he found —
Qreat masses of micrococci, fiUine up capillaries and veins, and also contained in
■^'mphatics around arteries. The |>&urais much swollen and contains great numbers
«oxitinQoua layers of lumps of micrococci. The free surface of the membrane is in
**^%n7 parts covered with them.*
In spite of all this, after Koch's investigations of the Bacillus an-
^racis became better known, and a theory was promulgated in certain
Quarters that all pathogenic bacteria belonged to the genus hdcillu^j
*^^ seems to have made his cultivation and inoculation experiments just
^fened to, and to have then concluded the disease was caused by IhwUU.
But he had not yet entirely discarded the micrococci, for we find in his
^^cle contributed to the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Sciences
(April, 1878) the following :
At first I misinterpreted the spores, regarding them as micrococci, and only after re-
^^ted observations have I succeeded in tracing them through their different stages of
^•velopment.
-/Pf. Klein. The so-caUed enteric, or typhod fever of the pig.— Fettfrin^^ry Journal^
*^iYdL V| pp. 19&-139*
>CT OF THE COMXBS^y^lM ^W ASBaETTLT
Tm^. we 9ttt hA ;» -^Sut
kkre BTA j«t lM«a ai^e to 4>bcaai, ke spab of
^ m^xffft0^jL JiAmL h » AiE^^h to
ffmsA xim mdfjnmxim, whh tae
iftisdi br;|Rr^ar«s$^lierkaiixkjittadc€cjim^
themSf^^^ ^tSLt a €fH)diSHkxaGrjQ of Dr^Klems
ft^^««y ki iMX mif^in^^nt to ii^heaste at all
aetMi c^ Liii tmetUms.
A od wb^ we add to dus the fiKtB that an obserreB kftTie becA
Willi tbe imr/s^jer aod the promineDeeof tbe mkiococri ; tkas ikese ]»%
ai^^fKr ^^^r^m fr/ond in the blood and fnflaipTwatogT l:*r:i>i< o6cai2»ed br ^
at Aifbaenx oatbreaku in Taeanm tubes without eomizi^ imoeoQiart wii
XhttMT} thattb^:«eiiu'ritN;30ccicoltiTat6dmpamT^^
in rdati v#;ly large quantities of Uqoid prodoeed, after the
€j€ ineabation ^xeren to twelve days), the unmistakable emptioii Vrfswn
plagne, it seems to me that they mast be aeeepted as the
ai^ent.
lam led toinM<$t opon this point beeaose in two eases of pock
fn|^ which recently oecorred in En^and a haeiUm$ was foand bj ID
Kkftn in the meat, and the snggesti<m soon followed fma other parO
that this might be the AoctUturof swine plagoe, or, if not, that this lat::ti
was probably equally dangerons, and hence another reason farpcohil^
irig American pork« In this case the poiiL was fortunately
slaughtered in England, and what is equisyiy agnificant it wa
The pig had been healthy and the meat was contaminated, witho^
doubL Dy the water used in washing it or by the butchei^ instnnnenti
and tne organism, instead of being the ImcHUu of swine piagoei wr^
probably the septic vibrio discovered by Pasteur.
PABT III— DTVnESTIGATIONS OF FOWL CHOLERA.
TTBUS NOT DIFFUSIBLE.
In my preceding report a certain amount of evidence was presents
to show that the virus of this disease is not diffusible through the ai:*
but in regard to this there might still be a reasonable feeling of doiil>'
owing to the fact that the experiments had been conducted in the op0
air and were, perhaps, insufficient in number. Since that reiwrt w^
written my experiments have been conducted in a building 10 by ^
feet, in which the experimental coops have not been fEother than fod
or live feet from each other. In this building there were coops of sic^
fowls continuously for months, while in alternate coops were well onM
At night the doors and windows were all closed. There being firo^
twelve to twenty healthy and susceptible fowls and an equal number ^
sick ones at a time, we have here the best conditions for transmission
of the disease by tne atmosphere ; and yet, during fully six months C-
such exi>eriments^ there has not been a single case in which there /m)iiI-
be the least suspicion that the malady was contracted in this manne:^
We mav safely conclude, therefore, that this virus is fixed and nc^
divisible, and that in all cases where the disease originates the vin^
is carried in some tangible form and introduced into the bodies of tL^
healthy fowls by way of the digestive organs.
SWINE PLAGUE, FOWL CHOLERA AND SOUTHERN CATTLE FEA^Eli.
InveatlsatloiiB by D. B. SBlmoa. D. V. H. PLATB I.
Balnoo, DaL
,•1
SWINE PLAGUE, FOWL CHOLERA AND SOUTIIEnS CAHLE FEVER.
I.iToetleaMonB by D. Bl. Snlmoti, D. V. M. FLATS II.
Apparatus for pure dlstUled water. A, flaek; B, venlllallnff tube
packed wlib cotton: C, aypbon tube; D, vulcanized caoutchouc;
S, compresBOr ; F, terminal glaae tube.
m PLAGUE, FOWL CHOLERA AND SOUTHERN CATTLE FE\T;R.
3t)ffatiozi8 by D. E. Salmon, D. V. M.
PLATB III.
Salmon, del.
-F^.J.
Bacillvis which developed in beef infusion in cultivation tubes after
heso had been heated seven times to over 200^^ Fah. on water-bath.
>tained with aniline violet, x 1600.
I
H •• :t or' i".-n\missioner of Agriculture tbrl881.
SWINE PLAGUE. FOWX CHOLERA AND SOUTHERN CATTLE FEV'ER
Investi^rttioiis bv D E.S«ltuon D.VN!
Plnte IV
Fi^.+.
FOWL CHOLERA.
Bacteria witH epithelium, fVoin Vuunan moutK in health. From preparatiormiade
bry'dry-ino;, staining with aniline and mounting in. Canadian balsam.
X 1500.
T ^ •*«l«it 1« '-> "■»■ '-•*
SWINE PLAGUE, FOWL CHOLERA AM) SOCTHERX CAHLE FEA'ER.
Inrastifiratlons by D. £. Salmon, D. V. M.
PLATE V.
Babnon, deL
-yv^JC
Swine Plague: Appearance of sixbh cultivation used to inoculate
Plfir, Jan. 17th. x looo.
1
1
SWINE PLAGUE.FOWL CHOLERA AND SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVTCR,
FOWL CHOLERA.
fe.H.Siip Hridnpp.!i.rfmi-<?oriii-ci'iiiQ cubc nffti.? clisPaao.Mw 13*1081.
INE PLAGUE, FOWL CHOLERA AND SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER.
esti^rations by D. B. Salmon, D. V. M.
PLATE VII.
Salmon, del
Fi^>7.
Fowl Cbolera: Bacteria In pure cnlfcivation of virus; preparation
made by drying, stainlnfir with aniline violet, and mountiner in
Canada boleam. X 1600.
Rt'port of (Commissioner of Agriculture for 1881
SWINE PLAGUE FOW-L CHOLERA AND SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER
v-»-sti^.tlions l»v n rvS/ilmoii D\'M
Plntt» VIII
Fie . fl
I
F'lCi. 9.
• FOWL CHOLERA.
Vfethod of inoculation and appearojLce of lenion tilt ei- three da^'s.thp eU'er^ts of
tJie virus not \T»t apparent,.
r. ^ in l<»ii A 'iiiLi^lk
Report of Commissioner of Agriculture for 1881.
SWINE PLAGUE.FOWL CHOLERA AND SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER,
w-eslifeiitionsbv D.E.Salmon D.VM. Plnte IX
Pig.lO.
v/
/
Fi§.ll
FOWI. CHOLERA .
Pi 6 .10. Tiocal lesion after ten days when virus is inactive orfov^ insufeceptible.
Fi^. 1 1 . Local lesion produced after tern, davis by actrvi* vimid diluted 1 tolO.OOO .
T Smclair fc Son, Lit)*
Report of* Commissioner of Agriculture for 1081.
SWINE PLAGUE. FOWL CHOLERA AND SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER.
lnvi'sli^nlions liy I) 11 Salmon D.VM
Pinte X
t
e
♦
Fi§.12
Fit.13
i<
Hfe.l4.
FOWL CHOLERA.
Sequestnnn fonned as a consequence of the hypodermic infection of the
extract of cultivation liquid.
Fi6.12 .As seen before removal and pai-tly covered vrith epidermis .
Fi^.l3 . After removal.
Fife. 14. Cross section of same .
T Sinclur l» 3on.i.ith
TNE PUGUE, FOWL CHOLERA AND SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER.
satlsAtlana b? D. D. Salman, D. T. H. PL ATB XI.
^4M#-
^ M
F\e. IB.— Capillary plpotte tor remoTlng liquid troai
oultivatdon apporetue.
PlffB. la tmd 17.— Different forme of aterUl2ln(r appfi-
Flff. 18.— CeplUary tube fi^r laooulatliuc oultlvatlone.
J PLAGUE, FOWL CHOLERA AND SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER.
irationB by D. E. Salmon, D. V. M.
PLATE JLll.
Balmon, deL
Fi^ja,
7\ Cholera: Bacteria as seen in a flresh cultivation of virus. Those
iriner like singrle crlobules are really dumb-bell forms in a vertical
Ion. When actively vegretating* two dumb-bell forms are ft^quently
d, and it is then difficult to distinguish them from short bacilli or
)ri\mi termo if these are motionless, x lOOO.
REPOBT OP THE VETERINARY DI^SION. 273
VIRULBNOE OP THE EXCREMENT.
If the foro^oing view is correct, it follows, as an almost necessary
concla^ion, that the disease genns are scattered by means of the excre-
ment of sick birds. This conclusion was adopted in my last report,
although the only experiment which I had made up to that tune was
negative in results — the inoculated fowl not contracting the disease.
This only illustrates the uncertainty of experiments in which but a
single bird or animal is used. Of course it would not do tb allow such
an important point in our theory of the disease to go without positive ex-
perimental evidence, and therefore the following experiment was made:
Experiment No. 1. — Two cbickens were inoculated Febniary 2 by four lanoet pimct-
ares, eacb with fresh excrement of a fowl that died thi» morning, and which had been
affected in a chronic form.
February 8. — Urates tinted.
February 9. — Urates yellow.
February 17. — ^The urates have continued yellow ; to-day there is plain diarrhea.
February 27, — Both have had severe diarrbea, with loss of appetite. One is better.
March 11.— One dead. The second has recovered.
We have here positive evidence that the gennfi of the disease are con-
tained in the excrements of sick fowls, and, as we have before shown,
that taking these germs into the digestive organs was sufficient to pro-
duce the' disease, our theory of the manner in which infection occurs
may be regarded as complete.
THE EPPICIENCY OP DILUTED SULPHURIC ACID AS A DISINFECTANT.
The solution of commercial sulphuric acid of the strength of 1 part to
200 of water, which I have heretofore recommended as a cheap and most
efficient disinfectant in this disease, has been in continual use during
these experiments. I have shown in my former report how dangerous
it is to place susceptible fowls in coops that have been occupied with
those sick with cholera when no disinfection is practiced. During these
experiments it has be^n necessary to use the same coop over and over
again, and frequently it was impossible to place them upon fresh ground,
and in some cases even the accumulations of excrement were not re-
moved; at all tim'es reliance was placed upon this disinfectant^ and the
watering troughs, coops, and ground thoroughly saturated with it. In no
single instance, out of more than a hundred, have the most susceptible
fowls contracted the disease from such disinfected coops or grounds.
The value of this agent is then fully confirmed by a large number of
cases. It deserves even more credit for efficiency than I have before
given it, since considerable accumulations of virulent manure have been
rendered perfectly harmless after a thorough saturation with it. As a
disinfectant, therefore, it cannot be too highly recommended, and it
should be largely used by all who suffer from the ravages of this plague.
VIRUS NOT INDEFINITELY PRESERVED IN EARTH. *
With certain diseases, as for example charbon, the pathogenic germs
retain their potency for years, and animals pasturing over the grounds
where the dead ones were buried may contract the affection. Does any-
thing analogous occur when fowls which have died of eholera have been
buried, and may the virus be thus preserved to cause outbreaks in suc-
ceeding years f As an answer to this important question the following
experiment is offered :
Experiment No, 2.— Part of the body of a fowl that died of cholera in Jnly, 1880.
aiid had since been buric^d in the ojien ground fifteen inches deep, was exhumed Jau-
18 AG
274 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
uary 12th and with a oonsidorable amount of the Burronnding earth was placed in t
coop with two liealthy fowls.
February 2. — These birds are still in good health.
They were then inoculated with active virus to test their susceptibility
to the disease, and both sickened in due time.
It seems pretty certain, therefore, that the germs are not preserved
in the earth for a period of six months.
THE GERMS MAY RETAIN THEIR VIRULENCE A CONSIDERABLE TIME
UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS.
It is probable, and indeed one might say certain, that the time dar-
ing which the germs of a disease retain their activity depends very
much upon the condition in which they are kept ; whether they are ex-
posed to extremes of dryness and moisture, to heat or cold. Putrefac-
tion seems to be one of the principal causes of destruction of the virus
under natural conditions. Thus a vinilent liquid which is contaminated
with atmospheric bacteria loses its activity in a few days, wliile the
same liquid preserved in the cultivation tubes which are ventilated
with pure air retain their virulence for months. A relatively small num-
ber of atmospheric bacteria do not produce thi« eftect, for the cultiva-
tions may not be exactly pure and yet be virulent for two or three months.
A susceptible bird was inoculated \\ith blood and fed parts of the
muscles of a cholera victim, which had been buried about fifty hours, in
warm weather, and the residt was only a very mild attack of the disease,
characterized by diarrhea for two or three days, with deep yellow nui*^
but without loss of appetite or somnolence. \Vhether this attenuatioa
of the virulence is one of the stages of the destruction of the virus in all
cases of putrefaction I have not yet determined, but it is not unlikely,
judging from what is now known of the subject.
December 13 five fowls were fed with the livers and muscles of birds
that had died November 13. and December 9. The weather had been
intensely cold and the bodies had been frozen, so that putrefaction had not
set in. Up to December 19 there was no api>earance of disease, and all
five were placed in a coop, in which the last sick bird had die<l Novem-
ber 13.. Two days later (December 21) yellow uratsVere observed, so
that one or more must have contracted the disease from eating the
frozen organs of the dead birds. December 24 two were plainly sick?
and the following day one was dead. This experiment was not made
at the time to throw light on thi« subject, but simply to keep up the suP*
ply of virus, and hence the details are not what would be demanded
from a scientific experiment: but, neverthless, it gives conclusive e^*
dence that the virus is capaole of resisting four days of freezing »^"
still produce fatal results when introduced into the body.
Experiment No. 3. — Three chickens were iuocnlated by lancet punctures January \'
1881^om a cultivation flask that had been prepared September 9, 1880. Januaiy iS ^\
urates were slightly tinted, but there were no other indications of disease. The ^^.^
day, as they api)eared perfectly well, two received a hypodermic injection of H c*^?Qe
centimeters each, and tbe third of 2 cubic centimeters of the same liquid to detenP^^^
if it still retained any virulence. January 20 the urates were plainly tinted and *^
birds dull, but they were better the next day and did not contract the disease.
The temporary coloration of the urates, which frequently occurs ft^^*^
inoculation with devitalized virus, seems to be due to some cheini^^^
body produced during the multiplication of the disease germs. Tl^^^
they did not have a mild attack of the disease seems certain, since wl^^^
they were shortly afterwards inoculated with active virus two died ^ ^
J the third was very sick.
REPOBT OF THE VETERmABT DIVISION. 275
n this case the viralence was entirely lost within four months. The
lidy however, was not a pure cultivation bat contained some septic
iteria.
zperifMnt No. 4. — Jannary 10 three fowla were inoonlated with blood preserved in
koanm tnbe and hermetically sealed «noe October 21. These did not contract the
ase, though their Ba8cei>tlbility was afterwards proved by inoculation with active
IS. In this case the activity was lost in less than three months.
iperiment No, 5. — Three birds were inoculated January 10 with blood preserved in
kcnam tnbe hermetically sealed since October 8. These received aU tnat coald be
rted in four lancet pnnctures. Ail remained well.
Experiments Nos. 4 and 6, therefore, indicate that the liquid blood,
in when preserved from the influence of the air, is not a favorable
iium for the long preservation of the virus.
xperiment No, 6. — A single bird was inocalated September 8 with cultivation lic^nid
[1 tnbe prepared Jnne 27. This inocnlation was followed by considerable swelling,
less, and whitish deposit at the point where the vims was inserted. It disap-
red in the course of three weeks, the bird remaining continually in good healtn.
^iU be seen further on this swelling and deposit indicates the attenuation but not
destruction of the virus.
xperiment No. 7. — September 6 a single bird was inoculated with cultivation liquid
ed in vacuum tube since June 27. The swelling and deposit which resulted were
ilar to that in the preceding experiment, though more intense. No sickness re-
ed.
xperiment No. 8. — tour birds were inoculated October 4 with cultivated virus pre-
yed in a vacuum tube since June 27. October 18 all are sick with somnolence,
Thea, deep yellow urates, total loss of appetite, and great thirst. October 20 two
e dead. The remaining two recovered.
n exi)eriments Nos. 6 and 7, then, the virus retained considerable
ivity after more than two months' preservation, and in experiment
, 8 tiie activity was very great after more than three months (100
tneriment No, 9.— Three fowls were inoculated January 10 with blood that had been
d October 2S, but had been continually exposed to the air. January 17 one was
kd dead, though there had been no diarrhea or coloration of the urates. The
ma were not very pronounced but resembled those of fowl cholera. To decide as
\ie nature of the disease the flesh was fed to the remaining two birds of this lot.
aary 21 one or both have diarrhea with slightlv tinted urates and loss of appetite.
aary 23 one dea(^and the other sick. A small quantity of blood irom the dead
y obtained with suitable precautions, was placed in a cultivation apparatus.
aary 24 the cultivation shows turbidity after thirty hours and contains the motion-
domb-beU micrococci of fowl cholera.
n this instance the virus must have retained its activity unimpaired
two and one-half months, though it is to be noticed that but one of
I three sickened from the inoculation. It^seems probable, therefore,
it the greater part of the blood was inert, and that in some particle
) organism had found the conditions of existence more fiivorable than
the others.
[E SIXTH SUCCESSIVE CULTIVATION OF VIKUS IN TUBES RETAINS
ITS ACTIVITY UNIMPAIEED. 1
To show that the germs of contagious diseases are capable of growth
1(1 multiplication outside of the animal bo<ly many att(Mni)t.s have
sen made to cultivate them in harmless liquids. Bomc of lliese at-
mpts, and notably those of M. Pasteur, have been very siuM^essful,
It many others have been questionable in the extreme. When the
Jial cultivations retain the full activity of the original virus there is,
' course, no reason to doubt the success of the experiment ; but when
^elagt cultivation produces but the slightest symptoms of disea.se, or
^together hsunnless, there is much reason for honest doubt. Pasteur
276 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OP AGRICULTURE.
has lately expressed a doubt of the modification of the Bacillus antib^o-
cis by continued cultivation, as is maintained by Greenfield and Bnch-
ner, and rather believes that the substitution of a very common bacte-
rium, the Baeilltis subtiliSj has occurred instead.
It has appeared to me impossible to obtain pure cultivations accord-
ing to the methods usually employed. The organisms which are most
troublesome are the various forms of haciUij the germs of which aboand
everywhere and tlirive in the most different liquids. Some of these are
identical in appearance with the Bacillus anthra4nsj while others are mach
finer and cannot be distinguished from the bacillus described by Klein
and found in his cultivations of swiiie-plague virus.
In the cultivations of the micrococci of swine plague and fowl cholera
it is much easier to determine the purity of cultivations by direct micro-
scopic examination, since these organisms are so different from those
which usually contaminate cultivation liquids. The Bax^terium term
and the septic bacteria generally met with are oval or rod-shaped, and
are active in their movements, while the micrococci are spherical, even
when united in coupler or chains, and are always motionless. The
microscope can, therefore, be relied upon to determine the purity of
the cultivations of these two pathogenic organisms with considerable
security. In the cultivations of swine-plague virus, already referred to,
and which were carried through six successive cultivations, no other
organism was ever seen, though many examinations were made. This
experience gave me confidence in my apparatus producing puro culti-
vations when properly manipulated ; and though the inoculation with
the last cultivation did not produce fatal results, the mioroscope demon-
strated that no substitution of organisms had occurred, and the results
of inoculation with the first and sixth cultivations showed no apprecia-
ble difference. Indeed, it is to be doubted if the animal from which
this virus was taken had more than a mild form of the disease. It was
with no ordinary interest, therefore, that I attempted to duplicate cul-
tivations of the micrococcus of swine plague with similar cultivations
of the organism of fowl cholera.
In May, 1B81. 1 made a cultivation which, as near aa I could deter-
mine, was free irom atmospheric bacteria, and proved to be very active.
Having ^ number of sets of apparatus containing sterilized infusion, the
cultivations were carried to the sixth, transferring not more than one-
fourth of a drop from each cultivation to the sterilized infusion, and th^
making a dilution of 1 to 2,000 each time. Each cultivation was left i»
the incubator fi*om twenty to twenty -four hours, or until the infusion be-
came opalescent, before the succeeding one was inoculated. The res^^
of inoculation with the last cultivation may be seen below :
Experiment No. 10. — A siiRceptihle Ply month Rock cock "was inoculated Jane^ ^
lancet puncture witli the liquid obtained in the sixth cultivation.
June 6. — Has diarrhea, with yellow urates. .^
June 9. — The attack was very severe, and the bird continued to grow worse xl^
to-day, when he died.
In this case there can be no doubt either that the virus was actu^^
cultivated, or of its retaining its activity unimpaired, and it would ^^^
jjear that the cultivations might be extended indefinitely and still ret^^
their activity if they were made under proper conditions.
PATHOGENIC ACTION OP THE BACTERIA.
Thus far it has been assumed by the writer that the essential cae^-^
of fowl cholera is a bacterium or schizophyte, but as this is still ^^
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 277
some quarters, and as it is one of the most important points in
7 of the disease, it is imperative that the experimental evidence
n the qaestion should be presented.
teria always present — If we depend upon demonstrating the
of the bacteria in this disease by the direct microscopic exam-
the liquids ororgansof the dead fowl, we may meet with many
t are not satisfactory. But if we place a fraction of the drop
od, obtained with suitable precautions, into the cultivation ap-
Iready described, and which contains neutral, sterilized infusion
scles of fowls, there will invariably be produced, in the course
-four hours, at lOOoF., an abundant development of the micro-
Dwn in the figures accompanying this report. The presence of
lism was demonstrated by Pasteur, in France, and has been
. by me a great number of times within the past year. When
iplication of the organism is seen to have occurred in the cul-
iquid, it may be confidently predicted that inoculation with
\ than a drop of the liquid will produce the disease; and when
remains sterile, or a bacillus alone develops, it is equally safe
) that the inoculation will remain without result.
us retains its a/ciivity through an indefinite number of cultivations
rocoocus. — As I have already shown, we may obtain a pure cul-
f a certain fiorm of bacteria in an apparatus which contains
to eight drachms of cultivation liquid. For the first cuUiva-
more than one-fourth of a drop of blood is taken, and this is
itly diluted two thousand fold. In the second cultivation an
nail quantity of the first is used for inoculation, and this is,
again diluted two thousand fold, and so on to the sixth, as I
3. At this time our original particle of blood must have been
ith a qnintillion times its bulk of ^ harmless liquid, a dilution
aid destroy the most potent virus if it had not been reproduced
e process. But what has multiplied itself in our cultivations f
naked eye we can see that the addition of the particle of virus
d a remarkable change in the appearance of our infusion. From
asparent and limpid as the purest water, it is now opalescent,
irbid. Under the highest powers of the microscope we see ex-
minute globular bodies frequently or generally^ united by
lies which from their form and size we class with the bacteria —
ies these there is absolutely nothing. Kow bacteria are the
9 which cause putrefaction, and putrefaction destroys this as
)st other kinds of virus. Is our last cultivation then as viru-
e first? We inoculate with a drop, a thousandth or even a
ousandth of a drop, and produce the disease. What is our
if There is scarcely a reason for difference of opinion. The
ation is as virulent as the first; the growth of the bacteria has
'ered with the potency, as would have happened if they be-
the septic varieties; they are the only living thing revealed
croscope, and they are, therefore, in all probability the active
of the virus.
ered liquid does not produce cholera. — Pasteur has filtered the
iquids through plaster filters and thus obtained from his cul-
iuids a perfectly limpid and transparent liquid free from bac-
the active agent were a formless ferment or other soluble
body we should expect that it would pass through the filter,
the filtrate would still produce the disease when used for in-
Tliis filtrate has been found unable to produce fowl cholera,
even when injected to the amount of ten cubic centimeters.
278 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AaRICULTUKE.
But it has been objected that the plaster of whidi his filters are made
is itself a chemical body, and that its contact with the virulent liquid
induces a chemical change sufficient to destroy its powers. To this he
replies that plaster may be mixed with the virulent liquids with impu-
nity witliout interfering in the least with their activity.
The clear liquid from xchich the bacteria are deposited by gravitation w
harmless.— Another objection to the filtering experiments has been that
there are some substances which cannot be forced through certain kinds
of filters, and this may be true of the body which constitutes the essen-
tial part of this virus. To meet this objection Pasteur placed his cul-
tivations for a number of days where the temperature was without any
variation, and the bacteria gravitated to the bottom of the apparatus,
leaving a clear liquid above them. If, now, the virus is a soluble body
it would be equally diffused throughout the liquid, and inoculations
with the clear fluid taken from above the bacteria should produce the
disease. This was not the case, however ; the clear liquid was ham-
less, while the bacteria at the bottom still retained their virulence.
Tlie vh*us is destroyed at 1320F. even, in hermetically sealed tw^.— The
evidence already presented must seem, to the unbiased mind, sufficient
to demonstrate the identity of the bacteria with the active principle of
fowl-cholera virus; but still the question was contested by some and
the foundation of the theory declared insufficient. It seemed possible
that the virus might be a very volatile chemical body, which escaped
from the upper layers of liquid in Pasteur's experiment, and was still
retained beneath with the bacteria. To determine this point I sealed
virulent liquids in glass tubes and subjected them to temperatures of
1320F. and higher for a period of fifteen minutes. The activity of the
virus was thus invariably destroyed; though 132oF. is so low a tempera-
ture that one would scarcely expect the most delicate chemical com-
pounds to be affected by it in so short a time if protected from the ac-
tion of the atmosi)heric air and from volatilizatiou in well-filled and
hermetically-sealed glass tubes.
The bacteria are destroyed at exactly the same temperature as the v^
lence, — Bacteria are organisms which have been looked upon as capable
of sustaining a very considerable degree of heat. Some stiU vegetal
in liquids that have been boiled three, four, or five hours, and in m^
experiments others have actively multiplied in a liquid continually
maintained at 135^ to 140oF., while other observers have seen tha«|^
develop at a temperature some twenty degrees higher than this. ^
the activity of this virus disappears at 1320F. in fifteen minutes, is t%^^
this evidence that the essential principle is something different fr^?
bacteria ? Something more sensitive to variations of temperature! ^^}
do these bacteria differ from some others, and succumb at a point whi^^"
seems very favorable to themt To answer such important questicF^^^
the following experiment was made :
Experiment No, 11. — Three cnltivation tubes containing carefully sterilized li*l*^^
"Were inoculated April 1 from the same rimlent cultivation. No. 1 was then immc-*' _
ately heated to VMP to 131oF. for fifteen minutes; No. 2 to 131<^ to l^^^F., and Nc:^
to 132^ to 133^F. for the same length of time. Twenty hours later No. 1 was opaE-^
cent, while the others were still transparent. April 4 No. 2 had also become opal
cent, but on examination it was found to contain only a hacillMa that must have gaii
entrance from the air during manipulations necessary to inoculation. Three fo^
were now inoculated with liquid from each of these tubes. April 8 the three in(
lated from No. 1 were sick, with yellow urates. The following day one was dc
April 11a second one died. The third improved, and by April 25 was nearly wi
Tube No. 3 retained its transparency as long as preserved, and the six fowls inoculal
from Nos. 2 and 3 aU remained perfectly woU.
This experiment I look upon as very important evidence of the patt^^^
REPORT OP THE VETERTNARY DIVISION. 279
ic action of the bacteria. They were destroyed at exactly the de-
e of temperature at which the vims lost its activity, and the tubes
^hich they were destroyed contiiined a harmless liq,uid, while that in
ch they reproduced themselves contained a most potent virus, as was
wn by the inoculations. The various kinds of bacteria resist tem-
atures from 130o to 212op. for this length of time, as many experi-
its made by me demonstrate. How many chances are there, there-
), that a septic bacterium accidentally present would be destroyed at
le other degree than the exact point which rendered the virus in-
ve if this consisted of a chemical body or formless ferment t It is
ost inconceivable that such a coincidence could occur, and hence
experiment by itself is sufficient to make the germ theory of fowl
lera extremely probable. But when we go over all the facts I have
merated and weigh them collectively against the foundationless con-
ores of those who criticise this theory — when we see all the suppo-
>jiB of the soluble-ferment theorists failing in our attempts to verify
n, and every acquired fact going to support the germ theory — the
iased mind can reach but one conclusion: these bacteria are the
logenic agents of fowl cholera; they are the essential agent of the
By and without them in a living condition there can be no virulence.
THE BACTERIX7M PROBABLY EXISTS IN BUT ONE FORM.
be only other pathogenic schizophyte which has been at all well
lied, and which is admitted to be pathogenic with anything like y
aimity, the Bacillus anthraciSj is well known to exist in two forms. \ fl
of these, the actively- vegetating filament, is very susceptible to
^vorable conditions of life, and therefore easily destroyed^ the other,
germ or spore, exists in a dormant condition like the dned seeds of
ts, and is capable of resisting not only great extremes of tempera-
, but the action of moisture, dr^Tiess, putrefaction, and all the var>'-
cx>nditions to which it may be subjected when upon the surface of
ithin the soil. And it may thus be preserved for years in all its
lence.
i>es the bacterium of fowl cholera exist under two coiTCsponding
IS — one in which it is easily destroyed, another in which it may resist
vorable conditions and retain its acti\ity for an indefinite time!
e make a cultivation of the Baoilliis anthraci^ we find that it grows
ivision and subdivision of the filaments until the supply of nutri-
t begins to fail, when spores appear in the filaments, and after a
the latter are disintegrated, leaving the spores alone visible. Such
Itivatiou retains its virulence indefinitely. When, on the other
i, we make a cultivation of the fowl-cholera organism we find the
icles after a time become appreciably less in size, but it has been
>S8ible to detect the formation of spores, and instead of retaining
activity unimpaired it frequently, within two months, has lost so I
h of its vitality as to be incapable of producing more than a local
n at the point of inoculation. Experiments already reported are ]
cicnt to demonstrate this fact. i
lere still appeared to be considerable uncertainty, however, as to i
ther a spore condition mi^^ht not exist having more resistance to
vorable conditions than the actively -growing bacterium, and still
\>e so insensible to these as the spore of the hacUluH of anthrax. The
wing experiment is reported as bearing on this point :
leriment No, 12. — A cultivation apparatus containing sterilized infusion was Inoc-
d April 5 from au old cultivatiou that had stood undisturbed for several weeks.
280 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
It wa« then immediately h<»atcd to 140°F. for fifteen minnteSi and placed in an inca-
bator at 100^. April 6 tLree fowU were inocuLut-ed from this cultivation^ bat all re-
mained in good health.
The evidence so far aocnmulated from experimental inquiries indi-
cates, therefore, that the bacterium does not fumi spores nor assume a
condition in which it is more capable of resisting unfavorable conditions
of life than in the actively-growing form, in which it is now so well
known.
EFFECT OP A MIXTURE OP SALIOYUO ACID AND BORAX ON THB
VIRUS.
In the preceding report is detailed an experiment which demonstrated
that the addition of an equal volume of a 2 per cent, solution of sali-
cylic acid, containing sufficient borax to cause solution to the viras,
completely destroyed its activity within three hours. As it seemed de-
sirable to ascertain how weak a solution of this acid might be depended
upon, a second experiment was made January 24.
Experiment No, 13. — ^Three fowls were inoculated by lancet punctures with vims
that nad been treated four hours previously, with an equal volume of a 1 per cent
solution of salicyhc acid made witii the aid of borax. The proportion of acid wm
consequently one-half of 1 per cent, of the resulting mixture. January 31 yellow
nratescwere observed. February 2 one was dead j February 6 a second dead and the
third was very sick. By February 16 the remaining bird had entirely recovered.
Wliile, therefore, 1 per cent, of this aeid in combination with borax
is sufficient to destroy the activity qf the virus, J per cent, is clearly in-
sufficient
EFFECT OF BENZOIC ACID AND BORAX ON THE VIRUS.
A number of experiments were also given in the former report oq
fowl cholera which demonstrated that benzoic acid dissolved witb the
aid of borax invariably destroyed the virus when added to the extent oL
1 per cent, of the resulting mixture. Perhaps a much weaker solution"
mi^ht be equally effectual. To decide this an experiment was made as
follows :
Experiment No, 14. — Three fowls were inoculated January 24 with virus that hft*
been treated four hours previously with an equal volume of a 1 per cent, solntioo ^J
benzoic acid, the resulting mixture containing i per cent, of the acid. JannarV ^*'
there was diarrhea with yellow urates. February 4 two were dead. The remaini**^*
one did not contract the disease.
Benzoic and salicylic acids would therefore seem to have about tJ^^
same activity in destroying this virus. HoW much of this destructi "^
power comes from the acids and how much from the borax 1 have i^ .
the dat>a to determine, but since the borax entered into the solutions
the amount of one and oue-balf times as much as the acids, and siu^
borax alone is sufficient in many cases to prevent the growth of bacte^^
when present to the extent of 2 per cent, of a solution, it seems prol^-^
ble that a part of the activity at leaiSt was due to this agent.
EFFECT OF CARBOLIC ACID ON THE VIRUS.
The exact proportion of carbolic aeid necessary to destroy the vii
was also left in doubt in the prei'edinjr report. A numl>er of expe^
ments demonstrated that it accomi)lisbed this in from live to six boiu^
when added to the extent of 1 per cent, but it was not known b<
REPORT OP THE VETERINAJtY DIVISION. 281
smaller a proportion could be relied upon to produce the same effect,
allowing experiment leaves no more doubt ou this point :
riment No, 15.- -Three fowls were inoculated January 24 with virus that had
'eated foar hours hefore with an equal volume of a one per ceut. solution of
c acid, the resulting mixture containing one-half per cent of the acid. Feh-
1 there was diarrhea aod yellow urates. The following day one was dead ;
js lator (Fehruary*4) a second was dead. The other did not contract the dis-
bolic acid, consequently, fails to be effectual at the same point as
dutions of benzoic and salicylic acids.
THE MEDICAL TREATMENT OF FOWL CHOLERA.
the ex|)eriments which I have made to test the effect of those
9 which have the best repntation as disinfectants in their direct
I upon the disease germs, it has be^ demonstrated that they are
> efficacious in the destraction of sucu germs as has been generally
ed. Thus as much as one per cent, of carbolic, salicylic, or benzoic
ranst be added to the virus in order to destroy the bacteria in
three to six hours. Does this allow any hope of success in the
listration of such agents to destroy the gernM after they have
enced their multiplication in the liquids of the body ! If we
that 65 per cent, of the weight of a fowl consists of water, then
i weighing five pounds must contain 3.25 pounds of this liquid,
> make this into a on« per cent, solution would require more than
n ounce of the disinfectants mentioned, an amount far beyond any
hat could be tolerated. ^, however, we admit, with other authori-
b at it is sufficient to make the blood antiseptic, then there is clearly |
;h better chance of accompM'shing our object; for the observations
lin show that the blood of a fowl is not more than one-twentieth
5 weight of its body, or in a five-pound bird but one-fourth of a
L Now 1 per cent, of the weight of the blood would be in this case
v^enty grains, an amount but one-twelfth of that in the former sup-
on, but yet clearly more than could be borne if introduced at once
be circulation.
as been urged, however, with much reason, that every living organ-
as a certain power of resisting contagious germs — a natura medi-
' that is of itself frequently sufficient to effect a cure. If, therefore,
sist this natural porwer by making the fluids of the body unfavor-
6r the development of these germs, cannot our object be accom-
'xl with a much smaller propoi^tion of the disinfectant than is necces-
or the destruction of the germs outside of the body ! Undoubtedly ; [j j
ince we do not know the modus operandi of this resistance, have
ly iissurance that the administration of these antisepics will be of
8Histance to the natura medicatrixf Do they not on the other
dei)ress the ^atal forces! Or, s])eaking more definitely, do they
ssen the activity or vitality of the living matter of the animal body, ,^
B vigor of which we must depend for our success t
i subject is evidently an exceedingly complicated one — one on which
light cannot be shed by any amount of reasoning from the few facts
ujquired; we must appeal to direct experimentation for the solu- '
f the difficulties — it is our only resource. A number of exi)eriuients
ig upon this question have been made and ai*e recorded below:
Hment Ko, 16. — November 27, 1880, a valnable Plymonth Rock cock appeared
id was toand to be voiding urates slightly tinted with yellow. He was at once
d and by uight had a pronounced diaxrhea ; the excrement consisted almost en-
282 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP A0RICT7LTURE.
tirely of urates of a deep yellow color, and were voided with great frequency. A win-
tion was made contaiuinfr 5 per cent, of beDzoic acid and t^ per cent, of borax, of
which he receive<l siitticient to contaiu five grains of acid.
November 28. — Th* diarrhea is excessive; the urates have a greenish-yellow color;
comb and wattles very pale. Three five-grain doses of the acid solution are admin-
istered during the day by means of a dropping tube inserted into the eeophagns.
The difficulty of breathing was so great that the opening to the larynx was coutinn-
ally distended and allowed the part of the liquid which regargitat«d to enter the
trachea, producing such an ominous gurgling as to make me despair of his life.
November 29. — ^The presence of the solution in the trachea does not seem to have done
anv harm ; the bird is still very sick with iutense diarrhea. The excrement assnmes
a deep-^een color on drviug. The fleshy parte about the head are pale and bloodloB.
He receives two doses ot 7 to 8 grains each.
November 30. — Much the same ; acid continued.
December 3. — Medicine discontinued ; he is evidently better ; excrement nearly nor-
mal.
December 4. — ^Appetite returns ; seems rapidly improving.
December 5 to 9. — The weather having turned extremely cold, he has rapidly grown
worse, not having sufficient vitalitjrto resist the cold. The acid was resmuM bot
was without result, and in an at^mpt t6 administer brandy, December 9, a sniall
amount found its way to the trachea and prmluced death.
Experiment No. 17. — Two fowls were inoculate<l April 25 from a second cultivation
of the virus. They were to receive 10 grains of benzoic acid auti 15 grains of borax
in solution three times daily, mixed with their food. Medicine commenced twenty-foor
hours after inoculation. It was found the first day that this dose was too lar^, caos-
ing dullness and partial paralysis. It was, therefore, reduced one-half and injected
into the crop by means or a flexible catheter and rubber bulb, in order that each migbt
receive exactly the same quantity.
April 28. — Large quantities of white orates are voided and the birds are dull.
April 29.— Yellow urates.
April 30. — One dead ; the remaining one dull, with excessive diarrhea, discharges
being composed entirely of urates without coloration.
May 1. — The second fowl dead.
The dose was evidently too large on ttfe start, and the birds never re-
covered from the effects of the medicine, and if they did not die directtS
from the poisoning the coarse of the disease was not in the least changed*
Experiment No, 18. — ^Two fowls inoculated April 25 from the same virus as was uf^
in the preceding experiment receive, three times daily, 10 grains salicylic acid and '^^
grains of borax in solution. Medicine commenced twenty -four hours after inoculati^*^*
The first day this was given mixed with the food, and one — a large cock — managed ^
get the greater part both at morning and noon. At night he refused food entire^^*
The following day the dose was reduced one-half and given with syringe as in '^
preceding experiment.
April 29. — ^The cock died during the night fipom salicylic poisoning. The other pi
much white urates.
April 30. — The remaining bird dead. The diarrhea had not been as marked as usu -^
On post-mortem a white, caseous deposit was found at the point of inoculation ; t>
liver was enlarged and softened ; the gall-bladder distended ; there were ecchymo^^^
on the peritoneum, and the kidneys contained yellow urates.
In the two preceding experiments it was e\'ident that but one of t
birds died before the appearance of the disease, but the large doses e
dently depressed the vital forces too much to allow the medicine toe
any curative influence if such was possible.
That the birds did not die from podsoning, with the one exception,
shown by the course of the disease in two birds inoculated the same d^
from the same virus for comparison of results. Inoculated the 25
there was yellow urates the 28th, diarrhea the 29th, one dead the 30
and the other May 2d. With neither of these were the urates tinted
deeply as usual.
Experiment No. 19. — Two fowls inoculated April 25 from same virus as in above
perimcnts. They receive daily 15 grains of borax in solution, commencing tweu
four hoiirs after inoculation.
April 29. — Yellow urat4\4.
April 30. — One dead ; the other sick. Though there is intense diarrhea the
are but glightly colored.
REPORT OP THE VETERINART DIVISION. 283
-The second one dead.
ent No. 20. — Two fowls were inocnlated the same day and with the same
X)ve. They receive two grains of sirlphate of quinia, commencing twenty-
after inocnlation, and rei)eated twice daily.
. — Yellow urates.
. — One very sick — plainly cholera — dies during the day.
-Remaining fowl continues well.
mt No. 21. — ^Two fowls, inocnlated as in the preceding experiments, April 25,
ice daily 2 grains of sulphate of quinia and 15 grains sulphate of iron. Med-
aenced twenty-four hours after inoculation.
—One dull, with loss of appetit-e.
— ^The sick fowl dead ; the other has diarrhea with ycUow urates.
•Remaining foif I quite sick ; voids large quantities of excrement of normal
y, hut with very yellow urates.
-Second bird dies after being in profound coma for twenty-four hours.
mt No. 22. — ^A mixture containing equal parts of alum, sulphur, capsicum,
known as Todd's mixture, having become quite popular in the treatment
€tion, and being generally regarded as a "sure cure," two fowls were inoc-
f 13 with one drop of a third cdltivation of virus in order to test it. These
^▼en three times daily a ten-grain pill of the above mixture.
--Intense diarrhea, with yellow urates.
—Both found dead this momiuf .
mt No. 23. — ^A Plymouth Rock nen, having a rather mild attack of cholera,
)on Todd's mixture May 12 and received tnree to five t«^-grain pills daily.
-No improvement.
—Dead.
mt No, 24. — ^Two fowls were inoculated May 13 and given three times daily
iin pill of sulphate of iron and a second pill containing sulphite of soda
capsicum 10 grains, arsenic jioth of a grain, carbolic acid (in carbolate of
if a ffrain.
-Sulphites doubled.
-Yellow urates.
-One dies during the day.
-Remaining fowl sick.
-Urates deep green and very abundant.
-Died during the night.
ihese experiments it wiU be seen that the success of antiseptic
t in fowl cholera is by no means flattering. In experiment No.
ic acid appeared to have been very usefnl, thoagh one can
Ige very accurately from a single bird. It was hoped that No.
give more conclusive evidence, but from the dose being too ■
can hardly consider the matter as finally decided. In all other
cannot see that the medicine produced the least effect either
jriod of incubation or the course of the disease, and this when
was pushed to the utmost possible limit.
ATTENUATION OP THE FOWL-OHOLBRA VIRUS.
nt No. 25. — A cultivation tube, containing a very active cultivation of the
set aside June 27 and remained undisturbed until September 8, at which
eptible Plymouth Rock fowl was inoculated from it. This inoculation was
' slight swelling, redness, caused by enlarged blood-vessels, and a whitish
the point of inoculation. There were no general sjTnptoms whatever, and
ber 26 local lesion had entirely disappeared.
experiment there was evidently an attenuation of the virus in
manner as that discovered by Pasteur; but to what is this
on duet Pasteur ha« announced, and it seems to be quite
• accepted by the scientific worid, that this result is due to the
' oxygen u^on the organism kept in an exhausted cultivation
cannot reproduce itself. This theor}' rests upon an experiment
steur's, in which cultivations were made in hermetically-sealed
t two-thinls or three-fourths filled with the cultivation liquid,
Ining third or fourth being atmospJieric air; the virus on these
d to retain its complete activity at the end of ten months, while
284 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
cultivations in flasks that iwere ventilated with filtered air became
greatly attenuated in this time or entirely lost their vitality. At this
l^oint in the experiment the theory is a most plausible one, but when
we learn the sequel a teeling of doubt must arise in every thinking
mind. But a few months after Pasteur's announcement as above he
stiiteil before the Academy of Science that all of the virus in the her-
metically-sealed tubes eventually perished. If it were the oxygen of
the air that destroyed the virus and these tubes were completely de-
prived of this by the growing bacteria, as he assumed, how could the
destruction have occurred in this caset Evidently the theory is too
absolute. To throw some light upon the matter the following experi-
ment was made :
Experiment Xo, 26. — Two glass tubes, three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, vrer»
drawn to points at each end and one-half filled, while the other was entirely filled witls.
infusion of fowl muscle. They were then sealed and the infusion sterilized by droj^^
pin^ the tubes into boiling water for half an hour at three different times. The end (^'M
each tube was then broken, with pro|)er precautions, and they were inocalated witTXza
Tery active vims by dropping tuto their interior a bit of very fine glass thread tha^^^t
had been touched to the virus. The tubes were again sealed (this was June 27) Bsm. ^
left unopened until September 8, being 73 days. At this date a bird was inoculat^a-^
from the tube that contained no air. This inoculation was foUowed by consideral^^Se
swelling, enlargement of the local blood-vessels, and a white deposit in the substan-*
of the muscle. At no time was there any constitutional disturbance or coloration
the urates. .
Owing to a press of other work the tube that was half fiill of air ws
not opened until October 2, when a cultivation was made from it,
October 4 four birds were inoculated from this cultivation. It may
remarked here that Pasteur has observed that the activity of the vii
is not affected by such cultivation, and that an attenuated virus woaJd
have the same degree of attenuation after being grown in a fresh liqwJd
as it had before; and, consequently, this cultivation could not affect tlfci^
value of the experiment. This inoculation was followed by intense r^^-
ness over a large area surrounding the point inoculated. October:^ ^
there was diarrhea, yellow urates, and dullness, after which there ^r ^
visible improvement until the 15th, when all were much worse, withlo^^s
of appetite, intense diarrhea, and yellow urates. October 20 two w^&^re
dead and the remaining two better.
Here we see a marked tHfference in the activity of the virus in t-T*^
two tubes ; it was not the tube that contained no air, however, that h ^^
the greater vii-ulence, but on the contrary the one that was half full J^^
air and that had stood nearly a month longer than the other before t:^^^
inoculations were made. It could not have beea oxygen that atten^^^'
ated the virus in the first tube, since the small amount contained mx^^^l
have been soon exhausted by the growth of the bacteria; and ^t^^^?!
couhl it have been but oxygen that enabled the virus of the second ti«^--^
to retain its activity, since both were originally the same, having b«-^^^
inoculated from the same cultivation! To me this is an instructive ^^^'
periment, and I learn from it that it is an unfavorable condition of ^^^^
that debilitates and finally destroys this organism. A limited sup}^^}^
of oxygen is most favorable to the existence of this germ^ and probaW^^
of most other pathogenic organisms, and when this condition is depar^^^
from either in our cultivation apparatus or in a tubefrom which oxy^^^^
is entirely excluded the result is the same. We must not forget, hc:^^'
ever, that continued existence in a cultivation liquid from which ^^^?
nutriment has been exhausted is also an unfavorable condition, ^^^11
that the organism, being no longer able torepnxluce itself, must fin^^^v
become enfeebled by age and in time entirely destroyed.
EEPOBT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 285
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND INSUSCEPTIBILITY.
One of the most remarkable facts relating to contagions diseases is
that men or animals which have been affected and have recovered are
insusceptible to tlie action of that particular vims i^ the fntnre. In my
former report I have shown that one attack of fowl cholera confers the
Bame immunity as is observed in other contagions diseases, and all suc-
ceeding observations have confirmed this^ the same immunity has also
been observed to result from this cause m the disease as it occurs in
France, by Pasteur, and may be accepted as a fact without the produc-
tion of more experimental evidence.
A certain number of birds, however, are naturally insusceptible to
this virus and do not contract the disease, no matter how frequently they
may be Inoculated; others are susceptible only to a modified extent, and
when inoculated contract a mild form of the disease and recover. This
iususceptibility, partial or complete, is congenital and not acquired;
how or why it is possessed is still a mystery.
Pasteur has shown within the last year that birds which are inocu-
lated with the attenuated virus and have a mild form of the disease ac-
quire a certain insusceptibility, which may be increased to any extent
by progressive inoculations with more active virus. The time required
to obtain this attenuated virus is so great, however, and the uncertainty
in regard to its strength so mearked, that I have attempted to obtain a
similar result in a difierent manner. It was hoped that this important
question might be fully elucidated in the present report, but the atten-
uation of all of my active virus during my attempt to investigate the
Southern cattle fever at Atlanta has so delayed this work that more ex-
periments are needed before the method is made entirely practical,
though there can no longer be a shadow of doubt in regard to the prin-
c!iple.
Susceptible birds inoculated with sufficieyitly minute quantities of virus
only contract a local lesion. — ^Por this class of experiments the virulent
liquid must be in such a condition that it may be uniformly difiused
t^lut>ngh the diluting medium, and must contain a definite number of
^Ike bacteria in each drop. To attain these results a standard cultiva-
^if)n liquid is made by infusing 1,000 grains of fresh muscle from the
^Xreast of a fowl in ten ounces of distilled water; and when the organ-
^^m has multiplied itself in this until the nutriment is exhausted the re-
^^Iting liquid is termed standard virus. The diluting medium is a three-
^'C^urtlw per cent, solution of common salt.
^^^JSaeperiment Xo, 27. — A fowl wan inoculated May 13 with 1 drop of a mixtnie made
^^^th 1 drop of > irna and 50 drops of «alt Rolntion.
Jlfoy 18. — TellowisL orates.
JIfay 20. — ^Reddish swelling at points of inoonlation ; no other signs of disease.
^ay 22. — Urates have been white since the 18tb, with every appearance of health.
^ ^ay 28. — For two days tho urates have been slightly colored with yellow; to-day
^^«y are more abundant, the experiment being liquid.
Jtfay 29. — Urates normal.
No other api>earancos of cholera were observed and the bird remained
^ the best of health.
JSxperiment No, 28. — ^A bird was inoculated May 13 with a single drop of a dilution
^t 1 to 500.
May 20. — Red swelling at point of inoculation.
May 22. — Yellow urates.
May 24. — Urates deeply colored ; appetite still good ; has a mild form of the dis-
if ay 28.— Urates still abundant and of a deep-yellow color; hos had ^oo<l appetite
^ih the exception of two or three days ; comb somewhat paler than usual ; evidently
^proving.
286 EEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONEB OP AGRICULTURE.
May 30. — Has entirely recovered.
Experiment No, 29. — A fowl was inoculated May 13 with one drop of a dilation of 1
to 2,500.
May 20. — The points of inoculation are swollen and red, but there are no other signi
of sickness.
May 24. — Swelliug and redness, caused by the inoculation, subsiding; appetite good.
May 28. — Swelliug uearlv gone; no sign of constitutional disturbance has appeared.
May ;W. — Points of inoculation entire^ healed.
No other results followed this inoculation.
Experiment No, 30. — ^A fowl was inoculated May 13 with one drop of a dilation of
virus, 1 to 5,000.
May 20. — Points of inoculation swollen and red, but no other signs of disease.
May 24. — At point of inoculation there is an irregular red enlargement three-fourths
of an inch in diameter and projecting oue-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch. The
appetite is poor, but there is no other sign of disease,
May 28. — The swelling is disappearing; appetite good.
May 30. — There is now scarcely a trace ortae inoculation to be observed.
From these experiments the conclusion was reached that an inocolar
tion of virus, diluted to the extent of 1 to 1,000, might be relied upon to
produce a mild form of the disease which would result in the required
insusceptibility; it was scarcely hoped, at this time^ that the slight looal
lesion would have a similar influence. To test this conclusion the fol-
lowing experiment was made:
Experiment No, 31. — Four Plymouth Rock hens (selected because of their great
oeptioility) .were inoculated with one drop of a sixth cultivation of virus diluted X to
1,000, June 2, 1881.
June 8. — One very sick, inactive; diarrhea, with yellow urates; surface of body Im^t.
AU have white nodules at the point of inoculation. The sick bird removed ftnd 't^
coop thoroughly disinfected.
June 9. — ^The sick fowl dead.
June 12.-*fiemaining three fowls very sick
June 13. — One dead.
June 14. — The third fowl dies.
June 15. — The fourth dead.
In spite of the considerable dilution, tluerefore, these birds contracC><^
a most violent form of the disease and all died.
Experiments No, 32 to 87. — ^Twelve fowls were inoculated with dilntions of the vi* '^
used in experiment No. 25, and the bird first mentioned in No. 26. Each of the bi>-^
inoculated with the unflilutcd virus had dejveloped a local lesion at the point of inc^*^^
lation. The dilutions ranged from 1 to 2,500 to 1 to 15,000, and the inoculations ^^^^
made before the attenuation of the virus had been discovered, and in the hopes O ^JJJ
the former activitj^ had been retained, and that the proper dilution for safe inooulafl '""
would be plainly indicated. Unfortunat-ely for this object the virus had beooma*^
tenuated, and not one of these twelve birds showed tho least effect, either ^enera^
local, from these inoculations. The lancet punctures healed at once by first intent ^
as such wounds invariably do with fowls when no vims is introduced ; there w;
redness or swelling or other evidence of the introduction of a vims. The experim
are merely mentioned to strengthen the conclusion that dilution to this extent mod
or destroys the action of the virus.
•
As it is a matter of great interest to know the number of bacte^^f^^
introduced into the body by inoculation with such diluted virus, I ^^^^\a
att<^mpted to form an approximate estimate from such data as I co^j^^.^
obtain. In a number of cases the bacteria actually to be seen in a
^le field of the microscope have been counted, and the average is ab^
twenty-five. Now this field is irjirth of an inch in diameter, or rsiftnfD-
of a square inch in area, while the cover glass is three-fourths of
inch in diameter, or i^ftfeflis of a square inch in area; from which
X ^^^3^^^=22,500 as the number of fields in each preparation; and
multiplied by twenty-five gives 562,500 as the number of bacteria
preparation. One drop, however, is sufficient to fill the space bene ^^j,
three cover glasses, and hence the number of bacteria in each d^-^^^^
REPORT OP THE YETESmiiRT DIVISION. 287
must be 1,687,500, or in round numbers one million six hundred thous-
and. A drop of a dilution of 1 to 1,000 would, therefore, contain sixteen
hundred bacteria, and a drop of the dilution of 1 to 5,000 would still
^contain 320, so that there can be no doubt that a considerable number
Vere introduced in each inoculation with the diluted virus.
Since the above was written 1 have pressed my experiments in this
direction as much as possible, in the hope of obtaining a satisfactory
demonstration of the value of this method of vaccination in time to insert
in this report at its final revision. I am therefore able to add the follow-
ing experiments :
Experiment No, 38. — Two birds were inoculated November 7, 1881, with standard
vims diluted 1 to 2,500.
November V^, — One has marked local lesion.
November 19. — Both have the local lesion, though it is disappearing in the one that
contracted it first.
November 20. — The one having the most marked local lesion si;Qms dull ; yellow urates
observed.
November 22. — The sick bird is dead ; the local Icaion had about disappeared. The
second bird continued well.
Experiment No. 3d. — Two birds were inoculated November 7 with virus diluted 1 to
500.
November 16. — Local lesion slight ; one voids liquid urates of a doep-yellow color.
November 17. — One dead.
November 19. — The remaining bird has an extremely marked local lesion, with very
prominent blood-vessels leading from it in dili'ereut direcHous. Excrements largely
urates, liquid, but whit« in color.
November 26. — Local lesion disappearing ; bird appears well. This bird remained
iix Kood health.
£iper%m£nt No, 40. — Two birds were inoculated November 7 with virus diluted 1 to
10,000.
November 16, — Both have plain local lesion.
Noveinber 26. — Local lesion less marked ; both in excellent health.
The three preceding experiments belong to one series ; the birds were
1 from the same lot, and the virus from the same tube. To test the
^^^^ptibility of the fowls as well as to bo certain of the activity of the
^^ims used, two others were inoculated at the same time with undiluted
^^"irus. November 16 both were sick ; the following day one was dead,
^^d the second died November 21. Of the two inoculated with virus
^ iJuted 1 to 2,500 but one died ; of the two inoculated with a dilution of
to 5,000 one also died ; while the two inoculated with a dilution of 1
10,000 both remaine<l in good health. Consequently, only one^hird
those inoculated with diluted virus contracted the disease. Dilutions
1 to 2,500 and 1 to 5,000 are therefore still too active for vaccination
S^^^rposes, while it would seem that 1 to 10,000 might prove successful.
■^ ^ test this another experiment was made :
w:^ ^ JSzperiment No. 41. — November 28 five fowls were inoculated with standard virui
^^ luted 1 to 10,000.
December 3. — Three have local redness.
Dteember 5. — All but one have plain local lesions.
December 7. — All have the local lesion.
Jkcember 10. — One sick ; it is at once isolated.
JMficember 11. — The sick fowl dead.
-J December 12. — Another sick ; isolated ; this is the one in which the lesion developed
^test, and that has now disappeared.
December 13. — The bird isolated yesterday is dead ; the remainder continue well.
As a consequence of the mortality in this experiment it was neces-
^^ry to test the effect of virus diluted to an even greater extent.
^^^Experiment No. 42. — Four birds were inoculated December 21 with virus diluted 1 to
December 26. — One has local lesion.
Dtoember 31. — The one with lesion is sick ; one other has a very slight lesion.
288 EEPORT OP THE C0MMIS8I0NEB OP AaEICULTUKE.
January 1. — Sick one dead.
January 2. — ^Another sick.
January 6.-^Tt\f> secoud one dead ; the others remain well.
Experiment No, 43.— Four birds were inocnlated December 21 with yiniB diluted 1
to 40,000.
Ihceniher 29. — One has slight local lesion.
January 7. — One dead: the others remain well.
Experiment No, 44. — Four birds were inoculated December 21 with standard Tinu
dilnt4?d 1 to 80,000.
December 28. — One has local lesion.
December 31. — Two have plain but rather slight lesions. All these birds remained
well.
The greatly increased susceptibility of this lot of birds over those pre-
viously used was probably due, at least in part, to the cold and very
wet weatlier prevailing during the time of the experiments. Two poiiiU
are, however, very apparent : first, a local lesion may be proiluced in
fowls with sufficiently diluted virus from which th^ wiU recover with-
out c-oustitutional disturbance; second, owing to the enormous differ-
ence in the susceptibility of fowls a first inoculation, to be safe, most be
made with a dilution of 1 to 80,000, or weaker. A few more experiments
would probably develop a perfectly safe method of producing the local
lesion.
SUSCEPTIBLE BIEDS WHICH CONTRACT THE LOCAL LESION FROM
DILUTED VIKUS BECOME INSUSCEPTIBLE.
Experiment No. 45. — The bird which in experiment No. 27 was inocnlated with Tirofl
diluted 1 to fiO was inocnlated June 2 with pure virus. He i:emained in perfect
health, without the least appearance of a local leaion at the point of inoculation.
Experiment No, 46. — ^The fowl which in experiment No. 28 was inoculated with vinu
diluted 1 to 50 was again inoculate^ June 2, this time with pure %irns. There was
neither local lesion nor sign of general disturbance.
Experiment No, 47. — ^The fowl which m experiment No. 29 was inocnlated with vir^ft
diluted 1 to 2,500, and had a well-marked local lesion, was inoculated June 2 with ^
equally potent virus diluted 1 to 500. This was followed by no local lesion or sign o*
ill health.
Experiment No. 48. — ^The bird which in experiment No. 30 was inoculated with vi*^
diluted I to 5,000, and which had a marked local lesion, was inoculat«d June 2 ^^^^
an eqnaUy active virus diluted 1 to 500. This remained in perfect health, the laC-'^
punctui^ healing as though no vims had been introduced. ^
Expeinmerit No. 49, — The four birds which survived in experiments 38, 39. an^^ \
one of which was inoculated with a dilution of 1 to 2,500, another with a dilutio^^^
1 to 5,000, and the remaining two with a dilution of 1 to 10,000, and all of which '^^^
Btie:
plain local lesion, were inoculated December 6 with standtird vtnis diluted 1 to -^^i
This produced no effect, and by December 12 aU traces of the wound made by \L.
inoculating lancet had disappeared. These birds were, consequently, entirely in- — ^^*^
oeptible tro virus of this strength, though it was five times stronger than the stron^
used in the former experiment and twenty times stronger than the weakest. .^
Kipf-riment No. 50. — The four birds of the preceding experiment were inocnlc^^^^^^^
December 13 with pure standard vims,
December 19. — The excrement of one bird plainly indicates an attack of chol^^^**'
that of a second iw slightly tinged with yellow. ,
December 22. — The sick bird had an exceedingly mild attack, only indicated by
yellow and liquid urat«v9. All are now weU.
No other symptoms of disease were observed with these birds.
From this experiment I conclnded that an inocnlation with dila
viros, which was followed by a well-marked local lesion, was
to protect against an ordinary dose of standard virus.
Expermsvt No. 51. — Seven birds, which had been inoculated with vims diluted ^^^ ^
10,000, and all of which had contracted the local lesion, and at least two of wb*- ^^^
had mild, general symptoms as well, were inocnlated December 21 with the t£^^^^
active virus. ^
In one or two cases liquid and yellow urates were observed as a consequence ^n
this inoculation, but there was no loss of appetite or duHnesa, and the birds have ^^
remained in excellent health.
REPOET OP THE VETEEINABT DIVISION. 289
This is the extent to which I have been able to carry my researches
in regard to inoculations with dilated vims and the immonity thereby
conferred. It seems evident that a little more investigation will develop
a safe method of protective inoculation^ or vaccination, with such dilu-
tions, by which all the effects of the attenuated virus may be obtained
with greater certainty and without waiting five to eight months for the
attenuation to be produced. The value of such a method to the investi-
gator cannot be overestimated, and to the general public it offers a
most effective means of combating the disease, since the immunity
which it grants is at once very complete and may be carried to any
desired extent.
mSUSCEPTIBLB BIRDS INOCULATED WITH SUFFICIENTLY LABGE
QUANTITIES OP VIRUS SUCCUMB TO THE DISEASE.
We are brought by the preceding experiments to inquire into the
nature of susceptibility and insusceptibility, one of the most profound
mysteries in the whole realm of pathology. We may not be able to
solve so difficult a question at the first trial, but its importonce has led
me to endeavor to throw some light upon it, in the hope that little by
little we may be able to thread the intricacies surrounding it. The
Qxperiments made up to this time would seem to indicate that suscep-
tibility is by no means an absolute term but simply a relative one. A
fowl may be susceptible when one drop of pure virus is placed where it
can readily be absorbed into its system, but it may not be susceptible
when inoculated with but one twenty-five hundredths of this amount
Can we now extend this conclusion and say that a fowl which is insus-
oeptible when inoculated with one drop will contract the malady if
inoculated with ten, twenty, or fifty drops Y Evidently this point must
b^ decided by experimentation, and for this purpose the following ex-
I>eriments were made :
JBaq^enmeiU No 52.^Two fowls were inoonlated May 25 with i cnbio centimeter of
^^Cbnxth coltiyation of the vims. These fowls had been several times inoonlated with
^^^^^o and three drops at a time, and consequently this was no great increase, being not
*"^«r six or eisht cfrops.
Neither of these contracted the disease.
-^Sj^fperiment No, 53. — Two fowls insusceptible to small quantities of virus received
^^y 25 i cubic centimeters, ii^ected beneath the skin with a hypodermic syriuge.
e of these died of cholera June 5, the other remained weU.
-^^jmerimmt No, 54. — ^Two insusceptible fowls were inoculated May 25 with 1 cubic
^.^ituneter of virus ii^ected hypodermicaUy.
^^either contracted the disease.
A --^aeporimemt No. 65. — ^Two insusceptible fowls were inoculated May 25 with hypo-
■^^•^tmio injection of 2 cubic centimeters of virus.
^(oy 31.— ^ne verv sick with the characteristic symptoms of cholera.
^nms 1. — One dead and the other sick.
une 3. — Second dead.
i No. 56. — ^Two insusceptible fowls, which had been repeatedly inoculated
^~two to four drops of virus and had never shown the least symptom of cholera,
' — d May 25 a hyx>odermio injection of 5 cubic centimeters of pure virus.
30. — ^Both have loss of appetite and one or both have diarrhea with yellow
.tes.
j^of 31. — One dead.
le second soon recovered its appetite without exhibiting any other symptom of the
^Ihese exx)eriments demonstrate conclnsively that birds which can
^^^ well resist inoculations with two or three drops of vims may snc-
^^nb if the quantity is increased to from three to twenty times this
^^^onnt. They also demonstrate that some birds may' resist enormous
^^^antities of virus, as in No. 56, where one was scarcely sickened by 5
19 AG
i
290 REPORT OF THE COBiMISSIONER OF AORICULTURE.
cubic centimeters, an amount one hundred thousand times a« much as
sufficed to destroy the four fowls in experiment No. 31, or one million
times afi much as destroyed the two fowls in No. 41.
It seems to me perfectly reasonable to conclude, from the experiments
so far detailed, that every fowl has a certain power of resisting the in-
roads of the organism which constitutes the essential cause of fowl
cholera; and that the relative power of resistance may be accurately
measured by the quantity of one of these standard cultivations of viruA
which must be placed within its tissues, to either produce the local
lesion or an attack of the disease. In other words, a certain number
of the bacteria, of the most virulent cultivations, may be introduo^
within the cellular tissue of the most susceptible fowl and still not be
able to reproduce themselves sufficiently to cause an attack of the dis-
ease.
THEORIES OF INSUSCEPTIBTLITY.
Why is it, we may ask^ that under certain conditions the most active
and most virulent bacteria are unable to multiply in the body of a fowl!
How can it be that a bird is able, under any conditions, to resist tfae
effects of the active virus T In what does insusceptibility consist, and
how is it produced? What momentous questions are these; and. if de-
cided, what new lines of investif3:ations might they not indicate?
In the treatment of these diseases (the contagious fevers) vre see oar
efifort^ are useless, even when nature unaided is often successful. Wby
is this f It can only be because we do not understand the nature of
the resistance which the animal body offers to such enemies, and in-
stead of assisting we often prevent the full exercise of these inherent
powers. In our efforts to produce insusceptibility in individuals we
have been obliged to grope oar way in the dark, and where we hare
succeeded once we have, until very lately, failed many times ; while in
our endeavor to produce insusceptible breeds we are yet entirely witi-
out success. Indeed our efforts to combat a certain number of con-
tagious diseases seem to depend to a very great extent upon a more or
less complete solution of this question of susceptibility and insuscepti-
bility, and if this can once be solved we certainly shall have gained au
immense advantage.
M. Pasteur was one of the first to attack this question, and in bis
quality of a chemist has undoubtedly viewed it from Uie iaboratoiy
standpoint, and has given it a material aspect which may not be en-
tirely satisfactory to those who look ui>on the powers of the animal
organism in this respect as being rather of a vital than a cheiuioal
nature. But his views being based upon facts, and being those of one
of the profouudest investigators the world has ever known, deserve
much more than ordinary attention.
The animal body, says Pasteur, may be compai-ed to a flask of oiiiti'
vation liquid. If we add to this flask an infinitesimal quantity of vini'
lent blood the organism multiplies with extraordinary rapidity f<>f
three or four days, at the end of which time its growth entirely iXiA^^
If now the microbe is entirely removed by the filtration and fresh vii*"^
added to the transparent filtrate there is no further multiplication: tlie
microphyte is entirely unable to reproduce itself in this liquid. If ^'
stead of filtering the liquid on the fourth day this had been done ^
early as the second, then there would have been a feeble gixiwth uf tj'*
fresh virus in the filtered infusion. So if we inot'uiate a fowl vi^J
active virus the* microbe multiplies in the bird's body a ceftiiin leng<*
of time; and if the disorders which it produoes have not oau^ed dt^th 19
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 291
16 the reprodnctipn ceases, the bird recovers, and is benceforth
)tible. If vaccinated witb a very weak virns tbe ^owth is in-
e, and afterwards tbe bird's body is in tbe condition of tbe in-
lltered tbe second day after inoculation, and if vaccinated later
itronger vims tbere is again a certain amount of reproduction,
ubis inability to multiply may be due, according to tbis scientist,
f two possible causes. The microbe in its growtb may have ex-
the available supply of pabulum suited to its use, or it may
ied some chemical compound which rendered tbe liquid unfavor-
its multiplication. If a cultivation is prepared, and after the
of the microbe is completed tbis is evaporated in vacuo at a low
.ture and then restored to its former volume by tbe addition of
fusion, then, if the cultivation contained a chemical substance
revented further development, the new liquid would contain it as
I would not be suitable for tbe multiplication of the microbe. But
ot the case ; there is a fresh and vigorous growth which proves
3 reproduction ceases in such liquids because some essential
e has been exhausted,
lauveau, who is also one of the foremost investigators of the ' i
oes not accept this theory, and evidently looks at the question
rom the standpoint of the physiologist and practitioner. In his
ations of charbon he found that the insusceptible Algerian sheep
ontract the disease if inoculated with large quantities of virus,
odies of these sheep had been exhausted of the greater part of
aents necessary for the proliferation of the bacteria by one or
anterior cultivations, why would they be more favorable to the
etion of these organisms when a large number were introduced
ten only a fewT If the sterility of tbe medium is the obstacle
rolifiBration, ought not this to manifest itself all the more plainly
) increased number of germs placed there to multiply? If this
nly true of a cultivation tube, ought it not also to be true witb
lal body f He therefore formulated a theoretic interpretation of
observed by saying that *'the comparative bacteridian inocula-
th little or much virus acted with the Algerian sheep as if the
1 agents encoontered in the animal organism matters or agents,
ich they triumphed more easily when they were in large numbers.^
ng to M. Ghauveau, then, the bacteria in their growth add a
.1 substance to the liquids of the body which renders these in
re unfavorable to the growth of the particular sx>ecies of bacteria
roduced it.
I the unbiased student comes to consider these views, how-
ey both seem improbable. The animal body is very dinerent
cultivation flask to which nothing gains entrance or from which
is eliminated. Pasteur himself has shown that when fresh
is added to the exhausted cultivation liquid a new growth
$na at once occurs; what is to binder this continuous growtb |
>ody of a fowl which is continually absorbing elements tbat
w to be sufficient for the growth of our organism! Again,
eriments which I have just recorded show that a bird may
ered insu6cepti])le by a local development of a microbe in an
ly small area, and would it not be impossible for any sub-
to be exhausted from the body by such a circumscribed proli-
t Then we know from the other experiments I have related
b same objection may be brought in regard to the diiferent
)f different doses of the virus with fowl cholera that Chau-
18 sag{tested in regard to charbon; an apparently insusceptible
292 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
fowl is iuoculated with a large quantity of virus, the microbe multiplies
with its usual facility and causes the death of its victim. On the other
haud, how unlikely that the animal body should retain for any length
of time such a foreign principle — a poison — as Ghauveau supposes!
This could only be accounted for on the supposition that it is a body
that cannot pass through animal membranes ; but we know this suppo-
sition is not correct because the fetus is rendered insusceptible by in-
oculation of the mother, though the bdcilli do not gain entrance to its
circulation, as has been shown by Chauveau.
While reflecting upon this subject it occurred to the writer that the
phenomena observed with the ordinary bacteria of putrefaction might
serve, to a certain extent, to solve these contradictory opinions. If, for
example, we take the bacteria which proliferate with the greatest rapid-
ity in the blood or other liquids of a dead animal and introduce them
by inoculation into the body of a living one of the same species, we find,
in the vast majority of cases, that these are unable to repitxluce them-
selves. Evidently this is not because the living animal contains any
substance that the dead one did not, or because it is wanting in any
element contained in the latter, tor if dead it would in its turn become
the prey of these organisms and putrefy. Will the insusceptible fowl,
then, furnish an infusion which is sterile or fertile, as tested by the
growth of the infectious agent of this disease! The following experi-
ments furnish u>n answer to this question:
■
JC^pperiment No, 57. — A fowl, which had reHisted repeated inoculations with the most
potent virus, was killed and an infusion of the muscles made in distiUed wat«r. A
nnmber of cultivation tuhes were charged with this infusion and sterilised. One of
these was then inoculated with a fraction of a drop of a second cnltiTation wlucb
appeared to contain no other organism. In a few hours, much sooner than wntl, I
thought, it had become milky from multiplication of the bacteria. The next dsy ft
second tube was inoculated from the iiist, which in turn soon showed the develop-
ment of the bacteria. Here were two successive cultivations in the infusion of the
insusceptible fowl's muscles; the proliferation was even more vigorous thim usaal
Was it the organism of fowl cholera or indeed a septic bacterium that changed the
appearance of our liquid? An inoculation experiment can alone give a satia£Gu;toi7
decision.
Experiment No, 58. — ^February 17, 1881^ three fowls were inoculated, by lancet punot-
ure, with the second cultivation in the infhsion from the insusceptible bird.
February ^.— One is sick, somnolent, with greenish-yellow urates.
Feln-uary 23. — One dead.
February 25. — Another very sick.
February 27. — Second one dead.
The third had a mild attack and recovered.
Since this experiment I have invariably made my cultivation liquids
from the muscles of those birds which proved insusceptible and I have
never failed in my cultivations. It is demonstrated, therefore, that the
bacteria neither abstract a principle from the fowl's, body which is nec-
essary to their existence, nor do they add one which is unfavorable to
their growth.
Must we admit, then, that this subject is still to remain a complete
mystery, inapproachable by our methods of research, a stumbling-block
to the science of the present time ? I think not; already light is dawn-
ing upon some of the points that together make up this great problem,
and after long hesitation I offer a provisional theory which shall be the
basis of my work until additional facts are developed.
Let us inquire, first, as to the different conditions which exist between
. the insusceptible fowl and the infusion ma<ie from its muscles with dis-
tilled water. The latter evidently contains all the soluble ingredients
of the former not coagulable by heat, and no more. If the fowl lack*^
an element necessary to the bacteria this must also be lacking in the
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 293
asion, and as it has been shovm that these bacteria do not produce
poison that interferes with their development, we may conclude that
^ fowl did not contain such aprinciple. The temperature we know
be favorable in both cases. Why, then, do the bacteria multiply in
» infusion and not in the body t Where is the difference of condi-
n sufficient to account for such a fact?
Vlany would refer this to the vital influence of the living tissues and
isider the question answered, but this term only serves as a cloak for
r ignorance; it reveals nothing of the nature of that influence, and
B it is of the highest importance we should understand. We may
get for the moment that we are studying fowl cholera. The principle
are endeavoring to establish is of general applieation and will un-
ibtedly hold go<^ with all non-recurring contagious diseases.
Dhe anatomist knows that the animal body consists of solid and liquid
istituents — of dead as well as living matter. The living matter exists
[ler in cells fixed in the solid parts of the body or &^ and wander-
: about apparently at pleasure. But between the fixed cells and out-
e of the blood-vessels there are relatively vast reservoirs and chan-
B filled with a nutritive liquid which is undoubtedly favorable to the
itenanoe of disease germs. In this fluid, as in the blood, are to be
md masses of living matter (leucocyte^j wandering cells), it is true,
^ they are relatively far apiurt. Bacteria might exist In immense
nbers and b& as little incommoded by the presence of these cells as
I the trout by the rocks in our mountain rivers; and it is plain thftt
at influence is exerted favorable or un&vorable to the parasites must
by something taken from or added to the nutritive liquid. Lymph
1 blood plasma evidently contain the soluble constituents of the body,
1 if the infusion of the muscles is favorable for the growth of bacteria,
^se should be even more so. In the case of insusceptible fowls, how-
iTj these liquids of the living body are either less favorable or entirely
}ftvorable, while the infusion remains as favorable as before. Why Y
36 but one condition in which there is an essential difference between
cultivation liquids and the fluids of the living, insusceptible fowl, and
t is the supply of oxygen.
s there any reason for believing that the insusceptible fowl contains
\ free oxygen than the susceptible one ! I know of none. It is prob-
e that the susceptible bird even has too little free oxygen in it^
lids when in perfect health for the requirements of these bacteria.
w otherwise can we explain the fiBM^t that two or three hundred of
se microphytes may be introduced within the tissues in such birds
L still not be able to multiply sufficiently to produce the disease? In
se susceptible birds the conditions for the nourishment of the bacteria
know to be most favorable. But why should increasing the number
>acteria increase the supply of oxygen Y It does not, but it prevents
living annual matter from using it, either partially or completely.
3 bacteria of fowl cholera, in common with many other varieties, pro-
se, during their proliferation, a narcotic substance which checks the
ivity of, or entirely destroys, the animal bioplasm. Pasteur has
ved thiB by injecting an extract made with cultivation liquids from
ich the bacteria were removed by ^tration, a fact which I have
mdantly confirmed, as will be seen further on.
Yhen we use a con^derable amount of virus in our inoculations we
; only introduce a relatively large amount of the poisonous liquid
ich narcotizes the adjacent cells, prevents their using the free oxygen
1 allows this to accumulate until the bacteria obtain a foothold, but
lat is of even more siguiflcance we introduce a vastly increased num-
'294 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
bcr of bacteria to take advantage of this condition and overwheha ibe
living tissues with their poisonous products, of which they are contin-
ually manufacturing larger and larger supplies^ until the whole system
is brought under its influence.
Why, then, does not this process go on the same in birds which have
been vaccinated, or in those which have recovered from a first attack f
We still have no explanation of the resistance to the inoculations with
large quantities of virus. • When we study the effects of narcotics, boir-
ever, we learn that by placing the body under the influence of them for
a considerable time a marked toleration of their effects is acquired; thus
the confirmed morphia taker sometimes requires one hundred or, as I
have been reliably informed, even two hundred times the dose to pro-
duce a given efi'ect that is necessary with those not accustomed to its
use. So when a bird recovers from cholera the cells of its bodv bave
become accustomed to the effect of the narcotic in the strength which
it exists in the liquids of the body; they gradually resume their former
activity; the supply of available oxygen is reduced, until finally the
bacteria are no longer able to multiply. When we inoculate with at-
tenuated virus the effect is similar, only the multiplication of bacteria
is generally local. The narcotic is produced at the point of inoculatioii,
is absorbed and carried by the circulating liquids to every part of the
body. The leucocytes, too, undoubtedly crowd to the ^int inooolated
as they do to every other local irritation; here they come in contact
with tlie poison in its full strength, and afterwards, when they have
migrated elsewhere^when they have become fixed and are a part of the
tissues — this exx>osure, this adaptation to the influence of the narcotic
is probably an important feature in the insusceptibility.
For this reason a first vaccination is not always successfbl in produc-
ing complete immunity; more time must be allowed during which the
poison is poured into the system, and during which the leuoi>cyte8 are
visiting the local lesion. Even after the organism as a whole Is insas-
ceptible to the influence of the bacteria and their products an inoonla
tion may be followed, according to Pasteur, by one or more small locfti
abscesses, in which the microphytes are found in abundance: in thin
case there were still some groups of cells unable to resist the poison, and
the growth of the parasite was a local and not a general one.
The main points in this theory are, then, as follows: 1. The patho-
genic bacteria are able to live in a more limited supply of oxygen than
the ordinary septic ones. (In this theory we have left out of considera-
tion the anerobic bacteria, which have been little studied and which
live without any free oxygen. The diseases produced by these mi?:ht
not grant au immunity from subsequent attacks, and probably at be^^
only a partial immunity. The malarial fevers, glanders, and tnherca-
losis may belong to this class.) 2. The animal bioplasm flourishes with
a supply of oxygen still too limited for even the pathogenic bacterid
3. It is only by a poisonous principle formed by the bacteria which na^*
cotizes tlie bioplasm at the point of inoculation and allows an accomn*
lation of oxygen that the disease germs are enabled to multiply. 4. 1"
time the animal bioplasm becomes accustomed to this, as to other n^^*
cotics, and is thenceforth, insusceptible to its* action.
It is now a matter of great Interest to ask how far this theory is ^P*
held by experiments with other bacterial diseases. Unfortunately there
are but three diseases satislkctorily demonstrated as due to bacteri^^
(harbon, 8optica»mia, and fowl cholera — and these are yet but imp^^'
I'ectly studied. Zuelzer and iiiemschneider found that cultivated l^*
teria might be introduced under the skin and into the vessels of di^'
REPOKT OP THE VETERINART DIVISION. 295
ent animals without producing septic accidents, bat that these occurred
wBen 2 to 5 centigrams of neutral sulphate of atropia was added to the
matters injected — ^a proof that a narcotic was sufficient to enable other-
wise harmless bacteria to multiply in the tissues.
It is well known that putrefying animal substances, as pus, blood,
and water, in which flesh has been macerated, acquire at times the most
virulent properties, and a small quantity is even sufficient to destroy a
horse. Ohauveau has shown that when filtered the filtrates, though
eminently poisonous, did not produce local effects, but that this filtrate
injected with the bacteria enabled these to produce effects iiioomparably
greater than when the organisms were mixed with water alone. Hiller
has also demonstrated that such bacteria filtered from the poisonous
liquids and thoroughly washed with water, so as to free them entirely
from the poison adhering to them, might be injected into dogs, rabbits,
or firogs without producing any effects. It seems to be true, then, that
the atmospheric bacteria require the introduction of the naicotic princi-
ple with them in order to produce any effect.
The pathogenic bacteria, as I have already shown, are able to multi-
ply with a much more limited supply of oxygen than the septic forms;
this is shown by their growing beneath instead of at the surface of cul-
tivations. Perhaps the most important effect produced upon the Baoil-
lu$ 9fibtilU by Buchner's method of cultivation was to enable it to mill-
tiply with a more restricted supply of oxygen. Again, we know that it
is those septic bacteria which have multiplied in the abdominal liquids
in peritonitis and under the skin of horses, where long setons have been
introduced, where the free access oxygen is prevented, that are most
dangerous. Finally, Professor Law has shown that the swine-plague
vims is much more active when grown with a limited supply of air.
As to the accumulation of oxygen in the living body when the bioplasm
is narcotized, we know but little, but Chauveau found that when large
quantities of charbon virus was ii\jected into the vessels of insusceptible
animals the bacilli might multiply in local situations, as in the pia mater,
and even from spores. !Now, as a considerable supply of oxygen is nec-
essary for the formation of spores with this organism, we have here an
indication that this supposition is correct.
As to the impossibility of pathogenic bacteria multiplying even in
the blood of insusceptible animals we have the testimony of (Jhauveau,
who found that the BacilltM anthraeis injected into this liquid was ar-
retted in the lungs and spleen; that it was unable to reproduce itself
ttod perisheil in a very short time.
Tlmt the insusceptibility results from the effects of the sohible nar-
cotic and not from the bacteria of theraselvies seems indicat^^d by this
quality being conferred upon the unborn lambs in Chauveau's exi)eri-
ments already alluded to, when it is admitted that the B, anthracisdaeH
not gain entrance to the fetal circulation.
THE NABCOTIC OP FOWL-CHOLERA VIRUS.
To test the views which are outlined above it is necessary to procure
and study the effects of the narcotic principle contained in the vims.
Up to this time, I believe, this study has only been accomplished by one
man — the aooomplished Pasteur. His method was to filter a cultiva-
tion liquid-through plaster in order to fre^it from the bacteria, then to
evaporatiC it to dryness at a low temperature and in vacuo. The extract
thus obtained was dissolved in distilled wat^r, and a quantity, repre-
senting four ounces (120 cubic centimeters), of the cultivation liquid was
296 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
injected subcntaneously in a fowl. This prodaced after about ten min-
utes the deep sleep with the rounded outline of body seen in the severe
attacks of cholera, but after about four hoars these symptoms disap-
peared and the bird was as well as before.
Unfortunately all investigators are not as happily situated as M. Pas-
teur in regard to laboratories and apparatus. The writer, for instance,
was obliged to evaporate his cultivation liquids over a water-bath and
risk the destruction: of a part of the constituents that might be volatile
at the temperature of boiling water. However, one must make the best
of his circumstances, and accordingly I adopted this method with at
least partial success, as maybe seen from the following experiments:
Experiment No, 59. — ^NoTember 8 six ounces of viras, cultivated in infusion of chicken
muscle^ was filtered through paper and evaporated over a water-bath. A brownish
extract resulted, which was dissolved in one drachm of distilled water and adminiB-
teredy by hypodermic injection, to a healthy chicken weighing about a pound. Al-
most immediately there were symptoms of drowsiness, which became very plain after
a quarter of an hour. The appearance was exactly that seen in acute attacks of
cholera — the bird would assume the sitting posture, close its eyes, and drop into a
sound sleep; or, if standing, the rufiSed feauiera and drooping wings so charaoteristic
of the disease were seen.
What was very remarkable the excrements, which were noticed at the time of the
iigection, and were then mostly bowel excreta, of normal appearance, within two
hours were composed entirely of urates, very liquid, and with a plain, yellow colorar
tlon, exactW resembling the excretions in genuine cases of cholera. Eight'een honn
after the ii^ection the bird was still somewhat dnU and the urates yellowish, but no
longer liquid.
^niis hypodermic ii^ection was followed by complete necrosis of the tissues along
the traoK foUowed by the needle, and at the point where the liquid was deposited.
A hard, dry •Muefftncm, one and one-half inches lon^:, irregularly triangular on cros^
section, and of a dark, red color, was formed and was plainly visible through three
openings in the epidermis covering it. This sequestrum was removed December 8,
and in a few days the part was completely healed. The appearance of this lesion
and of the sequestrum may be seen in Plate X, Fiffs. 12, 13, and 14.
Experiment^o. eO.'—Navember 9. — To test tlie effect of stiU larger doses of this toxio
element fifteen ounces of cultivation liquid was evaporated over a water-bath with-
out preliminary filtering, and when only a drachm remained this was injected hvpo-
dermicaUy into a somewhat larger and much more vigorous bir4 than that used in
the preoeding experiment. There was evident dullness within a few minutes ; the
head and neck were depressed and the feathers erected, giving the rounded outline
to the bird so generally assumed by fowls with cholera. The excrement at the time
of inoculation was normal, but in fifteen minutes it was being voided vcry'freqnently
in smaU quantities, and consisted entirely of liquid kidney excretion. This had the
so-called rice-water appearance of some writers, being composed of a transparent
mucus-like liquid, somewhat spumuous, and holding in suspension the white urates.
Fourteen hours after the injection the bird was stul dull, staggered in walking, the
urates were tinted with yellow, but were of normal consistency and amount. For
forty-eight hours after tne administration of the poison, in both experiments, the
birds had the rounded outline and dull appearance seen in cholera. These symptoms
graduaUy disappeared, and the active, healthy aspect returned exactly as before inoc-
ulation.
In the case of the bird receiving the larger dose of the extract no sequestrHm re-
sulted, but comparatively large areas of the skin near the point of the injection be-
came affected with a dry gangrene, which finally gave place to persistent cicatrices.
In both cases an affection of tne skin was produced over a considerable area surround-
ing the points of iigection, which consisted of small, irregular patches, ^ to ^ Indi or
more across, where the skin assumed a whitish color and was much thickened.
Experiment No, 61. — ^A new lot of the extract was prepared December 7 to still far-
ther test its properties. Bixt^-four ounces of cultivated virus was evaporated to one
ounce of extract, forming a sirupy, brownish-looking liquid, with a peculiar but not
disagreeable odor. Each of the birds used in the two preceding experiments received
a subcutaneous injection of half a drachm of this hquicL which represented four
ounces of the active virus. This was followed, as in case or the larger doses, by dull-
ness, erection of the feathers, and^mnolence; the last symptom being -more notice-
able than before, probably owing to the more rapid absorption of the ]K)isou. These
effects did not continue for the same time, however, having disapjieai^ed in &Ye or six
hours.
REPOBT OF THE VETERINABT DIVISION. 297
In these cases there was also great irritation at the point of inooala-
tion. The injection was made under the skin of the thigh, and in two
or three honrs both birds were very lame; there was a pnff^ swelling
covering the whole external surfeu^e of the thigh, the skm being white
and bloodless. The following day the swelling had nearly disappeared,
but the part was of a dark blae^ almost black color, which persisted for
several days before it entirely disappeared.
Other injections of half this qoantity of the poison, diluted with an
equal volume of water, caused considerable local irritation, which en-
tirely disappeared in the course of a day or two, without the serious
complications which followed the larger doses. The extract represent-
ing two ou^ices of virus still produced sleepiness, but that representing
only one ounce had a scarcely noticeable effect.
We have here complete evidence that the bacteria of fowl cholera
produce during their multiplication in a harmless liqmd a most active
poison that has a narcotic action upon the system of the fowl, and
which locally is an active irritant, arresting the Sanctions of the animal
cells with which it comes in contact, or when sufficiently concentrated
even destroying such cells.
INFLraBNCE OP THE NABOOTIO ON THE ACTIVITY OF THE VTBUS.
The question which now presented itself for solution was, what is
the effect of this narcotic upon the activity of the virus t When we
dilute a drop of standard virus with ten thousand times its volume of
water, and use but a drop of the dilution for inoculation, we have not
only Adduced the number of bacteria ten thousand fold but we have at
the same time reduced thd amount of the narcotic introduced to a like
degree. ISoWy is the mitigation of the ^ects of the virus due to the
small number of bacteria introduced or to the inflnitesimtd quantity of
the poison which rems^s in a drop of such a dilution f Two or three
years ago we should have been obUged to leave such an important
question without solution, because our methods of experimenting at
that time were not sufficiently perfected to grapple with it; but to-day,
thanks to the improvements recently made, we are able to make pure
cultivations of virus to any desired amount and to obtain an uncon-
taminated extract witJx which to make experiments.
JSrpeHment No. G2. — ^Two fowls were inoculated by lancet puncture November 28
"With standard vims, diluted with 10,000 times its bulk, of a cultivation liquid steri-
lized by heatine to 140<^F. for fifteen minutes.
Deoemher 3.— JBoth have local redness.
Dtoember 10. — One is sick.
December 19. — Sick one better.
Deeemher 21. — Both are well.
ExperimeHt No, 63. — Tliree fowls of the same lot were inoculated by lancet puncture
liovember 28 with standard virus, diluted with 10,000 times its volume, of a cultiva-
^on liquid concentrated over a water-bath to one twenty-fourth of its origiuai bulk.
December 3. — ^Two have marked local redness.
Decewiber 4.— All have the local lesion. One is plainly sick and is isolated.
December 5.— One of the remaining two is sick.
December 8. — ^The first to sicken is dead ; the other is improving.
December 19.— Jhe two remaining fowls are well.
We may compare these experiments with No. 41, which was made
"with five birds of the same lot, the virus used being the same bat di-
lated with salt solation. The difference in the results is hot so great
as might be exx)ected. Two out of three sickened and one died
^here the vfras was diluted with the concentrated cultivation liquid;
one of two sickened a&d recovered where tiie ordinary sterilized culti*
298 REPORT OP THE OOMMIflSIONEh OP AGRICULTURE.
vation liquid was used for dilution, but even .where the dilution was
made with the innocent salt solution two out of five died. The only
noticeable difference in the effects produced was in the time required
for the symptoms to develop themselves. Where the concentrated
liquid was used for dilution one fowl sickened in six and the second
in seven days from inoculation, while, where the milder cultivation
liquid was used, the affected bird did not sicken till the twelfth day,
and when the salt solution was used one sickened the twelfth and the
second the fourteenth day.
These results, while they do not favor the views of those who main-
tain that the eftecte of virus is due rather to the chemical substances
secreted by the bacteria than to these organisms themselves, are still
exactly what we should expect from a carefal study of the other exper-
iments recorded in this report. When we inject the extract of vims into
the tissues it is true it may produce most marked results; but unless it
is in excessive amount or greatly concentrated the poison is entirely
absorbed within a few hours and the effects disappear. Now, when the
single drop of extract which adhered to the lancet is introduced with
the few bacteria that are contained in it, the bacteria undoubtedly are
given a great advantage during the time which elapses before this poison
is entirely absorbed. Judging from the multiplication of the^e micro-
phytes in a cultivation liquid, they will, under favorable conditions,
double their number in about one and one-half hours ; and as, accord-
ing to the x>eriod of incubation, it requires about eight times as long to
double their number in the body of the bird, we have some data — ^though
very insufficient, it is true— ^for calculating what oocurs in such experi-
ments. .
If we assume the effects of the poison persist for three hoars, and
owing to the small quantity introduced it would not be longer than this,
the multiplication of the badieria inserted with the poison must be about
as rapid as in the cultivations to obtain the advantage of existing in
three times the numbers of the others at the time when the poison has
all been absorbed. In other words, it is plain that introducing this con-
centrated poison with the dttution of 1 to 10,000 could not have a greater
effect than trebling the strength of the virus at the start; that is, mak-
ing it equal to a dilution of 1 t/O 3,000 in salt solution, which we knoV a
considerable proportion of birds are perfectly able to resist.
The concentration of the chemical products introduced with the bao^
teria is, therefore, of much less consequence than the number of the
parasites, for the latter are producing this jwison continually, while
that which gains entrance with them is soon absorbed. If a large num-
ber of bacteria are placed in the tissues their products at once over-
whelm the animal cells nearest to them, allowing tlieir inulttplication to
continue with considerable nipiility, and before the system has time to
become inured to these prodiuts they have advaiH*etl step by step till
the whole body is invaded, and the narcotic is produced in such vast
quantities that a recovery bee>omes next to impossible. On the otiier
hand, when but a few bacteria find their way into the tissues, the poison
produced at first is only sufficient to lower the vitality without entirely
arresting the functions of the cells; the bacteria increa,se in number but
slowly, and the poison being continually absorbed the cells of the whole
body become gradually inured to it; the quantity produced increases
so slowly that the advanta<?e is with the aninjal cells, and before the
bacteria have advanced beyond the locality where y»lanted the bird has
acquired an immunity, and the pani.site is destroyed for want of free
oxygen.
heport of the veterinary division. 299
THE AMOTJNT OP THE OHEMIOAL PRODUCTS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE
INSUSCEPTIBILITY.
TouBsaint, at first, and others since, have concladed that a small
amount of the chemical products formed during the multiplication of pa-
thogenic bacteria, if introduced into the system of a susceptible animal,
would grant immunity from that particular disease in the future. The
amount supposed to be required was only one or two drachms of a cul-
tivation liquid, or of the virulent liquids of the sick or dead body, and
this was to be previously devitalized by heating to a sufficient degree to
destroy the virulent germs, or by mixing with disinfectants that would
insure the same result.
laony last report I detailed eight experiments in which thirty-four
fowls were used, and from which I concluded that the devitalized virus,
to the amount of two and one-half cubic centimeters (half a drachm),
might be injected hypodermically into birds weighing not over two
3)ounds without producing any immunity from the effects of subsequent
inoculations. This amount is relatively very much larger than that
recommended by the other observers referred to for producing immunity
in animals weighing from fifty to two hundred pounds. Toussaint's
later experiments, as well as th6se of Pasteur, made to test the question,
have demonstrated that the immunity in such cases was due to a mild
attack of the disease which resulted as a consequence of some of the
bacteria escaping destruction by the heating process, and that it was in
no sense the effect of the small quantity of chemical products injected.
There is good reason to believe, however, though we have no direct
experimentil evidence of the fact, that the immunity fbom cgnta<gious
diseases is really due to the effects of these chemical products, but evi-
dently in much larger doses than has been supposed, and sustained for
a considerable time. When a fowl has an attack of cholera it is gen-
erally one or two weeks before the signs of recovery are at all plain.
Now, if we consider that the vinilent liquids in the bird's botly repre-
sent one-half its weight, it is plain that it is continually under the influ-
ence of an amount of the chemical products contained in one t^o twc
pints of cultivation or other virulent liquids. But since the effects of
the poison contained in one pint of cultivation liquid are only sufilcient
to keep up its peculiar manifestations for about twelve hours, when this
has been inj^ted into the tissues of a healthy bird, we may conclude
that during the course of the disease the bird must oe subjected every
twenty-four hours to at least the amount of poison contained in a quart
of virulent cultivation liquid. In ten days this would reach the equiva-
lent of two and one-half gallons of virulent liquid.
In the case of vaccinations with diluted virus, since the multiplication
of the bacteria is confined to the locality where introduced, the amount
of chemical products developed must beverymucli less. The repro-
duction probably occurs in the lymph spaces, but, as the liquid is being
oontinually removed and fresh supplied in its place, there is no data for
estimating the quantity acted ui>on in the course of a day. To produce
complete immunity this multiplication goes on for from two to three
weeks, or even longer, and therefore the quantity of chemical products
poured into the circulation during the whole time roust be very con-
siderable. In some cases, however, when the bacteria have reached
thfe general circulation within al>o«t a week alter the local lesion became
apparent, the disease assume<l a mild iVrrm from the beginning and lasted
but a few days, so that a considerable degree of immunity must have
been produced in this time. I have made but one experiment on this
300
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
point which, so far as it goes, supports the view that a large amonnt of
the chemical products must be required to produce any immunity:
Experiment No, 64. — ^Tlie two birds on which experiments i^ere made to test tb«
effects of the extract of cultivation liquids, prepared by evaporation over a water-bath,
received qaantities of this hypodermioaUy as follows :
Date.
Quantity of eal-
tivation liqidd
reprcMentedbj
theextrael
iro.1.
Na2.
November 8........
\
6
Ouneet.
November 9 ...< -
15
December 7
/- -J...
4
. 4
Dwember 8 . ........•...•...................—.....•.•.•..................■■.....•....
6
1
December 0........
2
1
2
*
D«>cembei* 13 ........
1
December 15.......
■ a #■ ■ a*. ■•■..*■.
•--- — -- — ---- — ..----.-__-. — ....-..----.- — — - —
2
.......A......
Total ^,
tl
»
•
•
The quantity of vims represented by the extract administered to these birds wm,
iliorefore. very oonside^ble, and many times as mnch as has been used for the same
]>iir]>o8e oy investigators. Did this produce any immunity? If indoolated with
strtmg virus and the disease was contracted, the q|ue8tion would not be answered ; we
could only cpnclnde that complete insusoeptibilitv had not been acquired. As all
the other birds of this lot had developed marked local lesions when inoculated with
virus diluted from 1 to 2,500 to 1 to 10,000, it was decided to inoculate thtoe with a dilu-
tion o.f 1 to 2,500. If, now, they had acquired complete immunity^ no local lesion would
develop ; while if the immunity^ was partial, we snould see a lesion greater or less, ac-
cording to ciroumstances. The inoculation was made by lancet puncture December 21.
December 28. — Both have plain local lesion, though not very marked. The one that
received the greater amount of the extract has the plainer lesion, while the other has
but ft sUffht swelling, with little enlargement of the blood-vessels.
DecemSer 29. — ^Local lesion very plain in both ; there are also general symptomn of
the disease, particularly^idullness, loss of appetite, and yellow urates.
December 30. — Both very sick.
December 31. — One deaa.
January 2. — ^The second one dies.
It is plain that the extract of vims as made and nsed in this case did
not confer the least immunity from the disease. It would be prematore
to conclude from this exx)eriment9 however, that the chemical products
formed by the bacteria are incapable of this effect It is evident that
volatile bodies may have escaped during the concentration at so high a
temperature, or^ which is more probable, that the extract should, per-
haps, be administered in smaller doses, but more frequently and for a
greater length of time.
PAET IY»— INVESTIGATIONS OF SOUTHERN CATTLE FE VBB.
Judging from the knowledge of this disease heretofore acquired, its
investigation requires not only the utmost delicacy in the methods of re-
search, but also unusual care to avoid errors in the conclusions reached.
If we attempt this investigation within the permanently-infected dis-
trict^ we soon learn that the cattle here have acquired a certain insus-
ceptibility to the aftection which destroys their usefulness as experi-
mental animals; and if. to obviate this difficulty, we bring animals for
experimental purposes nom beyond this district, we know that most of
the aoimals thus introduce contract the disease in a few days or weeius
without inoculation. If inoculation experiments are institute with
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 301
snch cattle the conclusions firom them must be most unsatisfactory^ if
not absolutely worthless ; for how can it be known that the disease, if
contracted at all, is not spontaneous, or due to germs introduced with
the air, food, or drink !
Even the border of the infected district is not free from these objec-
tions. The roads and pastures are many of them infected, and though
a larger proportion of the cattle are susceptible, it is impossible to say
which have been exx)osed to the contagion. It is true a locality may
be selected outside of this district, but near the border the people are
already alarmed at the extension of the malady and are unwilling to
have it brought on their lands for any reasonable consideration; and at
a distance it is found impossible to transport the liquids and organs of
dead animals, in the hot days of summer^ without their undergoing de-
composition—a change which is destructive to most kinds of virus.
As a plan of operation for the short period during which the disease
occurs, it was determined to study its characteristics in the early part
of the season at Atlanta, by introducing cattle from outside of tiie In-
fected region; and it was hoped that any fungi in the blood or organs
might be discovered either by direct microscopical observation or by cul-
tivation exx)eriments. As the season advanced the studies were to be
continued along the border line of the district, with a view of testing
such conclusions by inoculation as were reached by the earlier studies.
While at Atlanta I learned what had not before been suspected, that
the native cattle of this region are very frequentiy subject to attacks of
this disease, either in isolated cases or in very considerable numbers at
a time. It seemed to me that such attacks were mostly confined to the
lately introduced breeds, as, for example, the Jerseys, which are now the
favorite cattle in this section ; but I was assured by the cattle-raisers
that the native mongrels were also quite subject to it.
And here I desire to* acknowledge my indebtedness to Oomn^issioner
Henderson, of the State Agricultural Department, who kindly placed
the laboratory and everything connected with it at my disposal ; also to
Colonel Newman and Dr. Pratt, of the same department, for much in-
formation and assistance. To Judge John L. Hopkins, of Atlanta, I
am under special obligations for his willingness and evident desire to as-
sist the work at all times with his extensive knowledge and valuable
counseL
July 5 I made an examination of a Jersey heifer fourteen months old
thiit had been dead but three or four hours. She had been purged with
salts early in the disease, the impression here being at the time that in
all cases where the bowels were thoroughly evacuated and kept in lax-
ative condition the animals would recover. This conclusion is due to
the mildness of many cases of the disease at the South, and has little
more foundation than that peach-leaf tea, calomel, or other drugs veiy
generally used are S|)ecifics. Though not specifics. I hasten to admit
that purgatives are quite generally useful, and undoubtedly at times
save cases which without them would prove fatal.
In this animal the digestive organs were iti an almost normal condi-
tion ; the contents of the manifolds were moist ; the mucous membrane
of the fourth stomach but slightly reddened ; the duodenum contained
considerable bile, but the organ was not changed from its appearance in
health. The liver was enlarged and somewhat softened ; the gait-blad-
der greatiy distended with thick flocculent bile ; the spleen was greatly
eDlarged, nearly black in color, and on section proved to be greatiy, dis-
integrated and of a semi-fiuid consistence. The kidneys were in places
nearly black and evidently enlarged ; the bladder but partially dis-
302 SEPOBT OF THE COHMSSIONEB OF AORICULTITK.
tended, vith nrine of Dbnnal appearance, though dniing the conrse of
sickness the nrine had been re<L
At this time my own apparatus was unpacked, and with thekiiid ])er-
mission of Professor Land I made a number of vacuum tubes in his
laboratory for this occasion, but owing either to too rapid work orto be-
ing anaccustomed to the apparatus, most of the tubes did uot prove to
bo Taciiums, and but a few could t>e filled satisfactorily. tTnfortunately
these few were either cracked or broken on their way to the laboratory,
six miles distant.
The next day the eontenta of the most iwrfect vacuum tubes were
carefully examined. The bile contained verj' fine spherical granules,
single or united by twos, also a I'uw roil biicteria. The blood from the
portal vein contained both granules and nxl bacteria. The blood from
the heart contained only tbe granules, which stained very imperfectly,
if at all, with aniline violet. These grannies, while they had the gen-
eral form of micrococci, were without olher than the Brownian move-
ment, and it was imi>osBible to say if they were living organisms or
debrit of tissues or blood globules.
Parts of the liver and spleen were placed in ulcohol for a week and
theo cut into sections and stained with aniline violet or hmmatoxyloii
and mounted in Canada balsam. These were then carefully examined
with both the water immersion and homogeneous immersion lenses
(one-fifteenth inch). All of the specimens showed grannies similar to
those seen in the blood, some being in small clusters, but none stfuned
very deeply with either agent.
Other pieces of these glands were hardened b^' placing for two weeks
in ohromic acid and alcohol, after which very thin sections conld be cut
ffitbont difficulty; the appearance of the sections was not changed by
the process, however, the granules being in all cases present.
The 20th of August I learned that a Jerseycow had just died at New-
nan, 40 miles from Atlanta, and taking the first train I was able to make
an examination andflU vacuum tubes with the liquids of the body within
about seventeen hours after death. At this time there was no offensive
odor or other evidence of decomposition. Themncous membrane of the
stomach and intestines was much congested; the liver somewhat dis-
iwlored, aud the blood imperfectly coagulated. The bla<lder was greatly
distended with urine of sbright-red color. The most remarkable change,
however, was in the spleen. This organ wasofadeep- black color, greatly
enlarged, and when a slight cut was made into it most of the cuutents
ascaped in the form of a thick, black liquid. Blood from the heart and
urine from the bladder, taken in vacuum tubes with suitable precau-
tions, were found to contain several varieties of bacteria, and were con-
aequeutly useless as a guide to determine the particular organism, if
uiy, which is present in this disease. Incipient pntrefactiou was evi-
dently In progress at the time of the autopsy.
These were the only pngtmortem examinations that T had an oppor-
tunity of making at Atlanta. My main reliance for fresh material to
tvork with was upon three head of cat tie shipped from Tennessee, which
arrived June 25, two of which were immediately placed upon a pasture,
where they remained until the first of Septemtwt without exhibiting
any symptoms whatever of the disease. The other was kept stabled
and also remained in perfect health. Men who had dealt in cattle for i
ye^TB assured me that, as a rule, those brought from TenncRsee to At- '
lanta iu summer woidd sicken in two or three weeks, and that the ex- r
ceptions were rare indeed. It is possible that the exceptionid character '
-f the aeaaon bad aometiuDg to do with the healthfolness of these cat^ *'
f
BEPOBT OF THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 303
bat it has been supposed that such very hot and dry sammers were
those in which the disease was most fatal.
The fact that cattle may thus be taken to parts of the infected district
and kept two months during tbe hot summer weather, as was the case
with these cattle, or a whole year, as has happened in other instances,
indicates that the germs of this malady may not be so universally present
as has been supposed. If this should prove true there would be reason
to hope that a proper system of disinfection, combined with plowing
and burning pastures that are infected, might prevent it among new
arrivals or eradicate it entirely.
September 28 1 made an autopsy of a cow at Hendersouville, N. C,
that had been affected four days with tbis disease. She died about noon,
and was examined between three and five o'clock in the afternoon.
The most noticeable lesions were as follows: The fat colored yellow;
the blood imperfectly coagulated ; the liver enlarged and gall- bladder
much distended; tiie spleen enlarged and of a dark color, but not dis-
organized; the mucous membrane of the fourth stomach, near the pyloric
extremity, was covered with erosions and much congested; the duode-
num was also congested; the heart, particularly alx>ut the apex, was
studded with petechisB; the bladder was distended with a fluid having
about the appearance of venous blood; tbe kidneys were engorged and
of a very dark hue. The manifolds^ which many suppose to be con-
stantly impacted with dry, hard food in this disease, were here perfectly
normal.
Vacuum tubes were filled from the jugular of this animal and sealeil
i^ith perfect success. When examined microscopically this blood was
remarkable for the small number of red globules, and the very large
number of fine granules, which former observers have had little hesi&
tion in pronouncing to oe micrococci. Whether this was their nature
or not could only be decided by cultivation experiments and not by
direct examination. Accordingly a number of cultivation tubes were
prepared and charged with infusion of beef, filtered to perfect trans-
parency, and neutralized with liquor potassse. These were carefully
sterilized, and to three wa^ added small portions of the blood. After
:forty-eight hours in the incubator one became turbid, and on examina-
tion was found to contain rods answering to the description of the Ba-
^4^11^! subtilis; the other two were Under observation for several weeks
T)ut remained transparent, and when finally examined were found per-
ilectly fi'ee from organisms of any kind. The conclusion was unavoidable
that the granules seen in tbe blood were dSbris of cells, probably of the
Ted corpuscles, and that if the disease was due to a fungus this did
:iiot exist in the blood.
Thj5 inoculation exiierinients which I have made will conftnn this con-
<<lttsion^ if I mistake not, and will also throw some light U])oii tbe nature
^f the disease. The first of these was made in Novetnber, 1879^ The
niat4*Hal, blood and bile, was obtained from a young bull slaughtered
<iuriug the progress of the malady, the symptoms being very plain and
the hematuria marked. The calf inoculated was six or eight months
«ld, and could by no possibility have ever been previously exposed to
the virus. The blood and bile were preserved ten days before an animal
<x>uld be procured to inoculate, but wer6 still without unpleasant odor;
the coagulum of the blood was as perfect as when first formed and the
p;lobules were of normal appearance. November 7 this calf was inocu-
lated on the light side of the neck with bile diluted with two parts of
water and on the left side with blood diluted to the same extent. Two
days later some of the bile and a few drops of the blood were given with
304 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
the food. No results following, twenty drops of a mixture of the blood
and bile diluted with an equal volume of salt solution, were injected
hypodermically at the side of the neck. This wa« on the 14th of Novem-
ber and was followed by a hard, tender swelling and some stiffness of
the neck, all of which disappeared within a day or two. This calf
remained in good health and certainly had no symptoms of Southern
fever. Was the virus of the blood and bile in this case destroyed by
long keeping f Or may we assume that the virus, if any exists, does not
multiply in these liquids f Evidently we cannot decide such important
questions from such an experiment, and we must turn to the later inoc-
ulations for more light
September 14, 1881, 1 learned of the death of a cow from this disease,
three miles from Hendersonville, N". 0., and when I arrived at the farm
she was already buried, though death had occurred but three or fooi'
hours before. However, we opened the pit and I filled a syringe holding
5 cubic centimeters widi blood from the jugular, and injected the whole at
once into the subcutaneous tissue of the neck of a yearling calf which
had been running upon the same range as the cow that had just died.
This calf never showed the least symptom of Southern fever. Here, again,
th€^ is some reason for doubt as to the yiterpretation to be given to
our exi)eriment. The calf had been running on the saipe range as the
cow, and was probably exposed to the same sources of infection — why
had it escaped! Was it in a degree insusceptible, as happens with m
many fowls inoculated with cholera virus f Or may we conclude that the
blood was free from any virulent principle f
September 29 the following six animals received liquids, which it was
supposed might contain the virus either hypodermically or administered
with water as a drench. The liquids were obtained the afbemoon of the
preceding day from the cow, the lesions of which have already been
enumerated. The inoculations were made between 9^ and 10^ a. m., or
within twenty-two hours after the death of the cow :
No. 1. — Yearling bnU. luocnlated by hypodermio ii^eotion of 5 cubic centimeteis of
blood contaiDing scraped pulp of spleen.
No, 2. — Red cow. Hypodermic injection of 5 cubic centimeters of blood, with scraped
pulp of spleen; also drenched with a mixture of blood, urine, and bile.
No, 3. — Black heifer. Hypodermio Injection of 5 cubic centimeters o£, bile.
No, 4. — Three-year-old bull. Drenched with one ounce of urine.
No, 5. — Two-year-old steer. Drenched with one ounce of bfle.
No. 6. — Spotted cow. Hypodermic injection of 5 cubic centimeters of urine.
The liquids were in all cases injected under the skin of the side of the
neck.
These animals were at such a distance from me that daily examine
tions were impossible, but no symptoms of importance could escape the
notice of the attendants, who were familiar with the api>earance of catr
tie aftected with this disease.
Within two or three days after inoculation a hard swelling 2 or 3
inches in diameter appeared at the point where the injection of blopd
and splenic pulp was made in No. 1, and also where the bile was id-
jected into the neck of No. 3. No other symptoms were noticed until
October 13, when the red cow was noticeably dull, with emaciated ap*
pearance, drooping head and weakness, and unsteadiness of posterior
parts. A critical examination was then made of idl with the following
results :
No. 1. — Swelling size of a goose egg at the point of inoculation, soft and fluctua^?'
respiration and circulation much accelerated. Teni])erature 107}^ F.
No, 2. — ^Appearance as noted above. Temperature 108^.
REPORT OF THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 305
^ 3. — Hard swelling at point of inoculation ; otliorwioe no abnormal appearanoo.
perature 1031^.
'. 4. — Appears well. Temperature 103i°.
l5. — Appears well. Temperature 104<^.
►. 6. — Appears well. Temperature 102|^^.
he temperature at this examination was taken between 2 and 3 o'clock on a warm
The next morning the temperature of No. 1 was ICXH*^ and of No. 2 lOGf^. ]
tober 17 the temperature of No. 1 was 105° ; that of No. 2, lOe*^ ; of No. 5, 102^*^
remaining animals appeared so well that tboir temperature was not taken.
(tober 24 the temperature of No. 1 was 102jo ; of No. 2, 104^; and of No. 3, lO'iJ^.
he COW evidently had a very severe attaek of the disease, and for a
3 it seemed impossible that she could recover ; she wa^ excessively
<siated and scarcely able to walk. The bull, on the contrary, wa«
very noticeably aftected, and had it not been for the high temper-
•eits sickness would have been somewhat doubtful. The remainder
tie cattle entirely escape<l all symptoms of the disease.
he first question that suggests itself is, why were only two out of
six aftected when all received, in one way or another, some of the
ids from the same dea^ animal! As all of these experimental aui-
B were purchased entirely beyond the infected district, and as ninety
cent, of such cattle are usually susceptible to this dLisease, we can
r conclude that the exemption of four of the animals was dne to their
receiving the virus of the disease. In other words, the bile and
le did not contain the disease germs.
; is unfortunate that the animal, which I intended should receive a
odermic injection of pure blood, escaped from the inclosure before
inoculations were made ; but since the urine contains, besides the
ring matters of the blood, more or less perfect red corpuscles as
I, I think we may conclude that if the blood were virulent the urine
Jd also be. As the animal which received the urine by the digest-
tract and also the one that had an hypodermic injection of a con-
rable quantity of the same liquid were both unaft'ected by it, I am
tned to accept this as a confirmation of my previous inoculation and
ivation experiments with blood, and to conclude that this liquid is
free firom the virulent principle.
he spleen being the organ that is usually most affected, it is not sur-
ing that its pulp shotdd contain the virus ; and in the cases where
was used as the inoculating material, and in only these, was the af-
ion transmitted. These exj)eriments, then, appear, to throw much
t upon those characters of the disease wbioli are so peculiar that a
brated English veterinarian is reported to have spoken of them with
ncredulous tone, as being a romance in pathology. I refer, of course,
le well-ascertained facts that cattle from the infected districts, though
be best of health, distribute the disease germs among suscejitible
le which run upon the same pastures, while the really sick animals
incapable of tnmsmitting the disease in any way.
he pastures in the infected district being covered with immense nuin-
; of the disease germs, it is not to be wondered at that the digestive
ms of cattle pasturing upon tliem should become vast reservoirs of
J germs from which they are distributed with the excrement. These
le are insusceptible to the disease, and consequently the germs only
tipl3' within the digestive organs ; and it is not difficult to see how
I healthy cattle may, for a number of weeks after removal to uuiu-
wl districts, continue to distribute the disease germs and to thus de-
y all susceptible animals on the same pastures.
iie multiplication of the contagious germs, now generally admitted
ccur in the alimentary tract in cases of typhoid fever, human and
I cholera, is sufficient evidence that this theory has nothing improb-
20 Aa
306 EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF. AGRICULTURE.
able about it; indeed, I think it is the only theory that can bear a carefiil
consideration. This much accepted, the first part of our mystery disap-
pears, and we can see very well how the healthy southern cattle may be
the means of infecting the pastures to which they are taken.
But if the disease is contracted from the pastures; if it is even in-
oculable, how can it be that the really sick animals may be placed upon
tlie same pastures with susceptible well ones with such perfect impunity
that in thousands of instances but one or two cases have occurred iu
which the transmission in this manner has been suspected? This hiis
certainly been heretoforcbau unfathomable problem, but if we accept the
results of these experiments this i>oint is now as clear as the other. If
the lunne and bile are free from the disease germs, and particularly if
they do not multiply within the blood-vessels, then their growth must
be confiiie<l to the lymphatics, probably almost entirely to those of the
liver and spleen and the large glands in the abdominal cavity. In that
case there is no way in which they could leave the body of the sick
animal, and transmission of the disease by ordinary means becomes im-
possible.
It may be object^ed to this view, that if the germs multiply in the
digestive organs of well animals this should equally occur iu the sick
ones, and thus pastures would be infected by the one as readily as by
the other. The fact, however* that sick animals usually contract the
disease on pastures but recently infected would indicate that a much
smaller number of germs would be ingested; most of these, i>erhaps,
would find their way into the lymphatics, and the remainder would be
in too small number to make headway against the hosts of septic bac-
teria which always inhabit these organs. This, at least, would be in
accordance with what is known of the life-history of many kinds of such
minute organisms.
The very marked changes which occur in the blood in cases of Southern
fever, particularly the destruction of the red globules, and the passage
of their debris and dissolved coloring matter into the urine, might also
be taken as weighing against my conclusions, and to indicate that the
virus must multiply in Sie blood; but with the little knowledge that we
have of the manner in which these phenomena occur such an objection
can hardly stand against a number of experiments which mutually cou-
firm each otiier.
Dr. Stiles, of the Metropolitan Board of Health, concluded, in 1S68,
that these cnanges in the blood and the hematuria were explicable on
the supposition that bile found its way into the bloo<l-stream in conse-
quence of the distended condition of the gall-bladder and biliary radicles.
This is certainly a very plausible theory, and of itself does away with
the objection. "My own late experiments with fowl cholera show that
the bacteria of this disease form a chemical substance which, if injected
in large quantities, produces not only the general symptoms of the dis-
ease, but, what is very surprising, the marked coloration of the renal
excretion as it occurs in this malady. Whether the yellow coloration of
this excretion in fowl cholera is due to causes similar to those which
produce the red coloration in Southern fever is more than our i)reseut
knowledge will justify us in saying, but that there is a certain parallel
in the two phenomena seems very probable.
With such facts before us, it seems to me I have hardly gone too far
iu aceoptiug the results of the few experiments I have made, and iu con-
cluding from them tlmt the growth of the virus in this disease is confined
to tlie lym])hatics, and probably to those of the large internal glands,
from which their distribution cannot occur in any ordinary cases.
KEPOBT OF THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 307
PAET v.— PEOGEBSS OF THE YEAR IN THE PREVENTION
OP CONTAGIOUS DISEASES,
PASTEXm^S METHOD OF VACCINATION.
The great event of the year is undoubtedly the complete success of M.
Pasteur's method of vaccination for charbon, a discovery which followed
naturally enough from his investigation of the modifications which occur
in ctdtivations of fowl-cholera virus from five to eight months old, but
the importance of which cannot be overestimated.
Six years ago the essential nature of the virus in the different con-
tagious diseases wa« generally considered as an impenetrable mystery,
and the phenomena of these diseases were inexplicable by the most
ingenious hypotheses. The investigations of Dr. Koch, published in
1876, let in the first ray of light by demonstrating the identity of the-
Bacillus anthracis with the contagion of this disease, and they satisfac-
torily explained to the scientific mind many phenomena in regard to
that particular affection which had before baflied the closest students.
These discoveries were the result of laboratory work; they followed from
strictly scientific methods of research, and doubts were at once raised
in regard to their value. Were investigations in the laboratory with mice
of any value to the practical veterinarian who is called upon to fiice the
charbon of sheep and cattle and horses in the open field 1
We had been so often baffled in our attempts to prevent and cure this
terrible affection which makes such havoc in the flocks and herds of
the world, and from which man himself is not exempt, that our impa-
tience wa6 too great, and we looked with some disdain upon explana-
tions of the cause, however plausible they might be, when they were
unaccompanied by a tangible remedy. Disappointed so often, we were
only to be satisfied by a complete revolution in our knowledge of this
class of diseases, a revolution sufficient to bring with it the means of
satisfactorily controlling them. We forgot that such revolutions require
time-
In a scientific investigation it is necessary to have well-grounded
elementary facts from which to work, just as it is necessary to have a
substantial foundation upon which to erect a large building. In the
latter case it does not matter so much whether we have stone or brick,
or even pUes driven through many feet of water and mud, if they are
only firm at last; and in the former case we have learned that the ob-
servations upon mice, rabbits, and Guinea pigs afforded a foundation
as valuable as those upon sheep and cattle. In the beginning of such
an investigation, when every step of the way must be groped through
the most profound ignorance, it is essential to use for experimental pur-
poses such^animals as are cheap, quickly obtained, and easil}^ i)reserved
and managed ; and when the great principles which underlie all natural
phenomena are once revealed, we may proceed to apply our discoveries
with a minimum of expense and labor. On the other hand, if we begin
with the most difficult part of our work, without the assistance afforded
by a knowledfi^e of elementary principles, the chances are that we will
only meet with disappointment and lailure, as have so many who have
attempted an investigation of contagious diseases, but have been too
impatient to begin at the foot of the ladder and ascend a single round
at a time.
The investigations of Koch were, therefore, of the greatest import-
ance, because they proved the disease was caused by a parasitic bac-
308 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONKU OF AGUICULTUKE.
terhim which might be cultivated in suitable apparatus outride of the
animal body without losing its virulent properties. Here three points
were established, every one of which was necessary before the discovery
of Pasteur could be made. With this foundation it was possible^ to
bring out the life-history of the parasite; it was possible to learn ^at
at a certain elevated temperature it would live and multiply without
forming spores; it was possible to learn that if maintained at this temp-
erature without renewing the cultivation liquid, for a certain nnmber
of days, its vigor would be* diminished to such an extent that it could
only produce a mild form of the disease, from which the animal would
recover and be from that time insusceptible to the most infectious virus.
It is thus thiit one fact leads to another; that discoveries of the greatest
importance are only made possible by preceding observations that at
the time they are made may be considered of little practical value: and
it is by the scrupulous care with which the genuine scientist establishes
every observation, and the unbiased record of the same, that the great
achievements of uiodevn science are rendei^ed possible.
There were those who doubted tlie discoveries of Koch, however, as
there were others who did not hesitate to discredit those of Pasteur;
but how soon was their work to be vindicated, and what a glorious
vindication !
The first public exi)eriment was made by Pasteur at Pouillyle-Fori^
where the kociete W Agriculture of Melun jilaced at his disposition 58
sheep, 2 goats, and 10 head of cattle. The 5tJi of May 24 of the sheep,
1 goat, and C cows each received a hypodermic injection of five drops
of attenuated charbon ^irus. Twelve days later the same animals re-
ceived a second inoculation with a virus also attenuated but more viru-
lent than the first. May 31 the protective eliects of these inoculations
were tested by inoculating the 31 animals mentioned, together with 24
of the sheep that had not been prepared with such vaccinations, the
remainder of the cattle and the second goat, with a very virulent virus,
prepared from si)ores that had been preserved in M. Pasteur's laboratoiy
for nearly four years. In forty -eight hours, the 24 sheep and the goat
that had not been vaccinated were dead; the four cattle had enormous
swellings at tlie point of inoculation, which, in one case, after a few days,
nearly reached to the ground. The vaccinated animals all remained in
the most perfect health.
There were still some doubters, however; the virus used at Pouilly'le-
Fort was a cultivated virus, " a sort of laboratory quintessence,^ to use
the words of M. Bouley ; for the majority there was something myste-
rious about it which made the experiment in a certain degree unsatis-
factory. The deadly properties of the blood of charbon victims was
well known. Was this laboratory virus equally energetic ! Would vac-
cinated animals resist charbon blood as they resisted the cultivated
virus f An official commission was appointed at Chartres to solve tius
question. Twenty vaccinated sheep were delivered to thefti, and the
results at Chartres were similar to those at Pouilly-le-Fort — all the vac-
cinated were preserved, while, with a single exception, all those not
vaccinated were destroyed.
Vaccinations on a large scale were immediately commenced. From
figures brought down to October 1, it appears that 160 flocks, compris-
ing 58,900 animals, have been operated upon. Of these, to about every
three vaccinated two were left unvaccinated to note the practical effects
of the measure ; the exact number vaccinated was 33,576. and of the
unvaccinated, 21,938. Before vaccination the loss from charbon in these
flocks was 2,980 animals. During the vaccination and until the efifecte
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 309
wers established the loss was 2G0 head ont of the 33,57G; and dnrinp:
the same period the loss among the 21^938 reached 3G6. After the
effects of the vaccinations were complete the mortality from charbon in
the former group fell to five. Among the nh vaccinated group the mor-
tality has continued, but the exact figures were not yet ascertained. In
other words, the disease was practically extirpated by the vaccinations.*
When a great discovery is made it is not unnatural to go beyond its
first benefits and ask what will be its practical value when sufficient
time has elapsed to allow of its general application! Perhaps there is
no man better able to judge of this than M. H. Bouley, member of the
Institute of France and of the Paris Academy of Medicine, as well as
inspector-general of the vetennary schools of France — a man of age
and sound judgment, standing at the head of the veterinary profession
of the world by reason of his great experience and remarkable abilities.
At the recent annual reunion of the five academies of the institute, M.
Bouley was selected by the Academy of Sciences to deliver the address
from tiiat body. Speaking on this subject, he said :
YeSy this great mystery of contagion, that the efforts of investicators in the tira(^8
preceding onrs remained powerless to discover, science has jtist definitely revealed,
and has given complete satisfaction, on this point, in that which is the supreme aspira-
tion of man : The knowledge of causes.
It is from this groat fact, the discovery of the i'6le of the infinitely small of the in-
visible world in the development of contagious diseases, or, to speak more rigoronsly,
in a certain nnmber of the86 diseases for which the demonstration is complete — it is
from this great fact that this other discovery, much greater stul, proceeds, that of the
transformation nnder the direction of man of the agent by which they kill into an agent
truly protective, since its influence, now benelioial, has for effect, like the vaccine of
Jenner, to invest the organism which has received it with a complete immunity against
the attacks of the fatal disease.
This is not all, and here we touch upon the great discovery which willlie the glory
of medicine in this century and in all times ; this microbe of contagion which we nave
got hold of, which we have been able to reproduce by the artifice of its cultivation in
appropriate liquids and in unlimited quantities, and always with its fatal activity,
tnis nUcfvhe of fatal virulence, it is possible by causing certain determined inilncnces
to act upon it — of which the experimenter is master and that he directs at his will —
it is possible to deprive it of the excess of its energy and to make of it, after having
lessened its power in the necessary degree, no longer the agent of death but that of
preservation ; in a word, to transform it into vaccine. And when it has experienced
this transformation by the best instituted and most ingeniously conceived of artifices,
it is x>ossible to make it the source of micohes attenuated like itself, and with which
the attenuation has become a specific character.
And these varieties, degenerated from their orij^nal pK>wer and become beneficent
even by their feebleness, it is possible to render mdefinitely productive, to seal the
produce in hermetic vessels, which, distributed wherever contagion menaces, may
serve everywhere by inoculation to protect the susceptible species of animals from
contracting this contagion.
In a word, by the command of science the microbe which produces death has become a
vaccine preserving from its attacks. This is the great discovery ! Very great, in fact ;
for what causes its ^eatness is not alone the results already attained; it is also the
method from which it proceeds, which is susceptible of being generalized, and which,
liom the results already obtained, authorizes every hope in its fecundity.
To whom comes the glory I
The Institute of France baa the right to claim it, for it belongs to a member of the
Academy of Sciences. His name is on all your lips.
I have made these quotations from the address of the representative
of the French Academy of Science to show what is thought of this dis-
covery by one who is competent to judge it, one who has too often felt
the insufficiency of all other known means of combating contagious
diseases, and one who has stood by and seen the astonishing success of
tlie vacdnations already referred to. It is not a victory for science
alone. Wliat must constitute its chief importance in the view of the
• IL Bouley, Recueil de M6decine Vdt^rinuiro, I8bl, pp. 1018-lOlU.
310 REPORT OF THE COMMI68IONER OF AQBICfULTURE.
[n*oat mass of mankind is its great practical value; it at once secures
the j>rotection of the flocks and lienis against a terribly fatal disease,
and it accomplislies this at an iusigniflcant expense. Even more than
this, perhaps, is the promise which it gives of generalization, for who
can estimate the value to the world in human lives and property of a
method by which each virus may be transformed into a vaccine and
made to protect people as well as animals from those destructive plagues
which so frequently cause death and consternation over vast sections of
the world!
To France belongs the glory of the discovery. And the eloquent
words of M. Bouley assure us that this honor is appreciated in France.
Although patriotism might lead us to desire so great an achievement
for America, we must admit that the country which gave birth to veter-
inary schools, that has cherished scientiti« men and encouraged them in
their researches beyond all other nations, that has so substantially aided
the investigations of contagious diseases, deserves to have this glory at-
tached to one of its most illusti*ious and most persistent investigators.
THE author's method OF VACCINATION.
In America we have not been entirely idle, thanks to the appropria-
tions made by Congress for the investigation of this class of diseases.
When the writer commenced his experimental studies, but little more
than two years age, his attention was at once turned to the develop-
ment of a method by which animals might be rendered insusceptible to
such plagues. At that time the injection of small quantities of devi-
talized virus promised to be most successful, judging from the pub-
lished exi>erUnents of M. Toussaint. That this method was entirely in-
efficient, however, was completely demonstrated, and the conclusions of
Toussaint and others shown to depend upon wrong interpretation of the
facts observed.
My attention, however, was very early turned to the effect of inocp-
lations made with diluted virus, and as early as July, 1880,* two expen
ments were made which indicated that this might be an effective method.
I mention this claim to priority because it was not until April, 1881, that
M. Chauveau's communication was read before thfe Academj- of Science,
in which a single successful experiment is recorded with sheep protected
against charbon in this way; and a second case, in which animals were
supposed to have contracted a mild form of "symptomatic charbon" for
a similar reason, though the experiment was accidental and the expla-
nation an after-thought, and for that reason not carrying the conviction
that it would had it been designed to test an hypothesis. These exi)eri-
ments were little more conclusive, therefore, than my own, which were
made some nine mouths earlier; and none of them were sufficient to war-
rant the adoption of so important a theory.
At the time my first experiments were made I wa« prevented from
following them up, because to do this it was necessary to have a virus
of standard strength, and this could only bo obtained by artificial culti-
vations. But pure cultivations of virus had never been made in this
country, and there was no certainty that they had ever succeeded in
the hands of any one but Pasteur. A simple and cheap cultivation
apparatus that could be multiplied to any extent must be invented, and
in time this was accouiplished ; a method of sterilizing the cultivation
liquid at a temperature not exceeding 212or. was also nece^ssary, and
after a while the plan of intermittent boiling was decided u])on.
^Special report No. 34, p. 30.
/
REPOBT OF THB YETEBIHABT DIVISION. 811
After various other delays, this line of experiments was resumed.
The cultivated virus proved so much more potent than the animal fluids
used in the lirst experiments that a considerable number of experiments
were necessary to furnish an indication of the dilution sufficient to pro-
tect without destroying the bird. Again, the experiments were inter-
rupted for several months to investigate the Southern cattle fever, and
on attempting to continue them the preserved virus was found to have
degenerated, and no looger produced fatal attacks of the disease in any
strength. It is, therefore, only at the final revision of this report tliat I
am able to offer experiments which satisfactorily demonstrate that fowl-
cholera virus sufficiently diluted produces, instead of a general fever,
Bimply an insigniflcant local lesion, with no fever, loss of appetite, or other
signs of ill-health, and that this local lesion gives an immunity superior
to that obtained by a single iDOOulation with the mitigated virus.
The reason of this exalted immunity is very plain ; we have inoculated
with potent virus, whii^h from the small number of bacteria introduced
gives the system a chance to become inured to the products of bacterial
growth before these organisms are sufficiently numerous to enter the
general circulation. The bacteria themselves are in no way modified,
however, and they continue their multiplication until the subject is
insusceptible to their effects and they are destroyed. But being the
most vigorous of the virulent bacteria, when the bird is insusceptible
to them, it is insusceptible to the most potent virus in the quantities
usually absorbed.
The experiments of Ohauveau, taken with my own, indicate that this
method is capable of generalization to the same extent as that discov-
ered by Pasteur ; while the ease and quickness with which the vaccine
is prepared, the certainty of effects, the economy of material, and the
more perfect protection are points which would appear to make it de-
cidedly superior. Wherever the diolera of fowls is raging a standard
cultivation may be made and the vaccine obtained within twenty-four
hours : a single drop of such a cultivation will vaccinate ten, twenty, or
even lorty thousand tbwls, and within three weeks from the commence-
ment of the work the most susceptible of our fowls are insusceptible to
inoculations with the strougest virus. And this, without any sickness,
or even the local necrosis, which Pasteur describes as following vacci-
iiations with his attenuated virus.
Is this, then, a practical means of preventing fowl cholera f Such a
question can onlj^ be answered by an estimate of the cost of the pro-
cess. The actual time required for the vaccination is insignificant, as
zit need not be more than half a minute per fowl ; the vaccine is of even
^ess consequence— a single drop of an inexpensive liquid being more
^han suflicient for all the fowls in many localities. The possible neces-
4Bity of a second inoculation is a matter of greater moment. In onler to
onake the vaccinations perfectly sale a virus must be used so weak that
^t may not produce the local lesion in a certain number of the more in-
susceptible fowls. This is owing to the great difference in the suscep-
tibility of birds, since what will kill one may scarcely aftect another ; it
^s an objection that will hold good against any method of vaccination,
wnce the cause of it resides, not in the vaccine used, but in the birds to
^ operated upon. Hence the necessity of examining the fowls in about
twelve or fourteen days after vaccination to determine if the local
-lesion is produced in all ; if there are any in which this has not occurred,
these may be inoculated with a stronger virus. After tlie local lesion
las subsided, which occuis in about three weeks, an inoculation may b^
^ade witJi strong virus to insure the completeness of the immunity. In
312 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
most cases tliis will be withont the least effect, but in a few it may pro-
duce a second local lesion or even a slight diarrhea. 'Jlie fowls have now
acquired an immunity from this contjvgion — an iinniunity that in the
prreat majority of cases will never desert them ; no matter if others are
dying all about them with cholera ; no matter if the food is soiled witli
virus, these birds are unaffected by it.
The production of this result would not reqnire more than half a
day-s time of one man for one hundred fowls, even if three inoculations
were made; and if a number clubbed together to obtain the virus the
cost of tlus would only be a trifle. One cent a bird, and a greater part
of this for the time of the operator, would cover the whole expense.
Could we expect a cheaper remedy t
In this estimate I have considered that the farmers would buy their
vaccine from some one who would supply it of a standard strength ; the
cost should not be great for, say, three hermetically sealed tubes ; the
vaccinator would then open a tui)e, add a drop to the proper quantity
of the diluting medium, and insert a drop with a lancet under the skin
of each fowl — a process so simple that a child of ordinary abilities
could perform it.
This method of vaccination, now sufficiently tested to make its suc-
cess a certainty, and needing but a few more experiments to completely
perfect it, is an important addition to the measures for disinfection
which were enumeratiMi in the circular letter of February, 1881 (Special
report No. 34, p. 314). The great objection to the prevention by disin-
fection was the necessity for disinfected runs, to which the fowls must
bo confined in all cases where the surrounding grounds are infected.
The cost of these yards and the trouble of disinfecting, together with
the objectiona to confining fowls, were such that this measure has not
been generally adopted, notwithstanding its great utility and certainty
of results. In presenting this method of vaccination, to be used as a
substitute for the disinfection, I have great hopes that the chief ob-
stacles to the i)revention of this destructive plague are removed.
Can the method of transforming virus into vaccine by dilution be ap-
plied to other contagious diseases! Undoubtedly to those which are
non-recurrent, for as regards two of these the observations of Chauveau
already referred to indicate ths^t the same principles may be applied.
When we succeed in getting hold of the organisms which constitute
the various forms of contagia, when we understand the life history of
these, and can cultivate them in purity without detriment to tlieir ac-
tivit}^, there can be no doubt of our ability to transform these dangerous
enemies into our most trusted friends.
For the purpose of measuring the exact degree of susceptibility or
immunity of any animal or breed, the dose of standard virus requireil
to produce a certain definite effect is a most valuable and perf<»ct method.
We have here a reagent more delicate than many of those upon the
chemists' shelves. This test is frequently of the gi^eatest value in such
investigations, and the writer takes pleasure in offering it as one more
contribution to so complicated a subject.
MEDICAL TREATMENT.
In regard to the treatment of animals when contagiofls germs have
once begun to multiply in their bodies we have little to offer. Our ex-
periments with various disinfectants in large doses have shown these
to be useless. The author has hopes, however, that when his theory of
immunity is properly w orked out we shall not be so powerless in thi;^
REPOBT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 313
respect. It has always appeared to liiin that whereas certain animals
were capable of completely resisting these contagia, and others would
recover unaided from their attacks, that if we once understood how to
assist the natural resistance our efforts would not be attended with such
disastrous failure.
If the bacteria require for their multiplication a supply of free oxy-
gen in the lymph greater tlian is normally present, then a stimulant
that would counteract the effect of the virulent narcotic and ix)use the
animal cells to renewed activity would seem to be required. Now, re-
cent oxi»eriments show that the variety of food taken has an extraor-
dinary intiuence on the development of charbon. Not only are herbivo-
rous animals much more subject to infection than carnivorous ones, but
the same animal which is insusceptible when fed upon flesh contracts
the disease when upon a vegetable diet. There can be no doubt of the
stimulating nature of a flesh diet, probably on account of the large pro-
portion of albuminoid constituents and the absence of starch and sugar.
The German experiment stations have clearly shown that the carbhy-
drates hinder the destruction of the albuminoids in the animal body,
but the activity of the living matter of the body must be measured, to a
considerable extent, by the destruction of the albuminoids, and hence
we may conclude that the carbhydrates depress that activity. Indeed,
we need only contrast the sluggishness and lack of force and vitality of
those herbivora which feed upon substances rich in starch with the car-
nivora to be satisfied of the difference, but the demonstration may be
made even plainer by feeding the same horse upon a diet with a nutri-
tive ratio of 1 : 12, and afterward changing this so that the ratio shall
be 1 : 4. The dift'erence in the vigor and energy in the two cases is un-
mistakable.
It is evident that feeding upon a flesh diet adds no constituent to the
body injurious to the bacilli, nor does it remove anything necessary to
their existence, since these bacteria flourish outside of the body in infu-
sions of flesh. The effect, then, is on the living matter of the animal
body ; but how could this influence the developmeirt of bacteria in the
comparatively large accumiUations of lymph into which they find their
^Tay, except by causing the removal or preventing the accumulation of
something necessary to their multiplication — something which is imme-
diately supplied when that lymph comes in contact with the atmospheric
air f And what can that something be except oxygen f Here we have
an unexpected confirmation of the theory of immunity advanced' in this
I'eport, and an indication of the valuable results which may be derived
from it.
The resistance shown bycamivora cannot be due to the rapid absorp-
tion of the oxygen consequent upon the destruction of the albuminoids
^loiie, for this absorption would probably be produced to a greater ex-
^ont by the oxidation of the carbhydrates of the vegetable food. The
Amount of free oxygen in the lymph must therefore be dependent rather
^pon the activity of the living cells than upon the amount necessary to
'^:xidize the nutritive constituents of the food.
Dr. Grawitz has observed that the brain, which is richly supplied with
^^ygeuj is the organ most resistant to bacterial growth, while the kid-
ney, the oxygen requirement of which is smaU, is least resistant. Just
'^bat rdU he ascribes to the oxygen supply I have been unable to deter-
mine from the published statements of his views. It is i^lain, however,
"^liat if a large 8upi)ly of oxygen is furnisheil to the brain the activity of
^\ie cells of this organ is sufficient to keep the lymph surrounding them
l>racticaJly exhausted, and to my mind it is to this activity of the cells
314 REPOBT OF THE C0MHI88I0NEB OF AGRICULTURE.
that the resistance of this organ against such parasites is clue, and not
to the large supply of oxygen. Dr. Chauveau's experiments by the in-
travascular injection of large quantities of charbon virus with insuscep-
tible sheep alibrd the strongest conlLrmation, if not a complete demon-
stration, of this view. In these animals the only tissue w^here the
para^tes could develop was not the kidney or liver, but the pia mater
covering the brain. Now the pia mater is an extremely vascular mem-
brane, and receives practically the same oxygen supx)ly as the brain
itself; but owing to the nature of its constituent elements it cannot use
the same relative quantity, and hence the lymph, in its spaces, is un-
doubtedly richer in oxygen than that in any other part of the body.
And it is for this reason that when the bacillus oan develop nowhere
else it finds here a favorable locality ; so favorable, indeed, that it occa-
sionally forms spores. Foii;unately, when virus gains entrance to the
Insusceptible organism in the usual way, or in the ordinary quantity,
the bacteria do not reach this location so favorable to their develop-
ment.
To return now to the influence of food, it has been noticed in the in-
vestigation of the wool-sorters' disease (charbon) in England that .in
nearly every case where information was obtainable the development
of the urgent symptoms quickly followed the ingestion of an unusual
quantity of vegetable food in some form or other ; and in the progress
of some of the cases, after a remission of the symptoms, a relapse seemed
to follow the eating of vegetable food. Information also comes irom
Constantinople that there, where the external form of the disease at
least is well known, the eating of vegetables and fruit during the pro-
gress of an attack is regarded as specially dangerous. In regard to epi-
demic cholera, the theory that eating more or less crude vegetables and
fruits was a chief predisposing cause has been frequently advanced.*
All these observations confirm the view that if our treatment of these
diseases is so applied as to assist the animal cells in those functions
which exeicise an injurious influence on the development of such para-
sites the results of the treatment will bo very apparent. Those disiu-
fectants which have been so largely used in such cases, like carbolic,
benzoic, and salicylic acids and the sulphites, seem rather to depress the
vigor and activity of the animal bioplasm than to stimulate it; tbey
consequently add to the eftects of the narcotic produced by the virulent
bacteria, and thus assist instead of hindering the development of ih^
pathogenic agent.
When these points come to be better junderstood it seems very prob-
able that a large sui)ply of albuminoid food, possibly with the addition of
artificiality-prepared peptones, and certainly with such stimulants as
shall prove most beneficial, will be by far tiie most successful tieatment.
These are questions of the most supreme importance, and deserve an
early and most searching investigation.
In this section of my report 1 have only aimed to notice those addi-
tions to our knowledge which seem capable of generalization, and wUicb
are consequently of unusual iuipoittince. Under the proper heading
will be found those studies of the patkogenic bacterium of fowl cholera
and its poisonous products, of the distribution of the virus, and its de-
struction by disinfectants, which, t^keji with my former report, niak*^
this, with perhaps a single exception, the best understood of the conta-
gious fevers. The mo.st neglected point is the pathological histolo^.Vj,
because of the time which it would require and the slight promise ot
practical results.
•British Medical Journal, 1881, p. 749.
REPOBT OF THE VETERINABT DIVISION. S15
But little more than two years ago, when the writer was called to
this investigation, the medical profession was still in the greatest doubt
regarding the germ theory of disease; the contagia were considered
unsolved and insoluble mysteries ; the methods of investigation adopted
were crude and unscientific in the extreme^ and the results in most cases
were far from carrying conviction. The outlook could not be consid-
ered as encouraging to one who had witnessed, with disappointment,
the many attempts to throw light upon the nature of contagious dis-
eases which had ended in failure, or in which the results were not very
well established. The extreme diflBculty of obtaining clear demonsti^a-
tions had been only too often illustrated, and it was not without many
misgivings that the investigations were commenced.
Without an equipped pathological or chemical laboratory, and with-
out the delicate and useful apparatus which have assisted European in-
vestigators in their work, and with only a microscope, some flasks, test-
tubes, glass and caoutchouc tubing, a coal-oil stove, an alcohol lamp,
an inoculating lancet, hypodermic syringe, and case of dissecting in-
struments a« an outfit, the work was begun. Considerable time was
devoted to isolating and determining the nature of the pathogenic agent
in swine plague ; nearly a year has been devoted to determining the
district in which the Southern cattle fever occurs, in gathering informa-
tion in regard to its extension, and preliminary investigations of its
nature, which are not yet sufficiently advanced to produce practical re-
sults. The widespread ravages of fowl cholera led to its early and
systematic study. At that time it was not known to be identical with the
disease of the same name in Europe ; and, indeed, the investigation of
it has brought out some striking differences.
Starting with a demonstration of its contagious nature, the investiga-
tion has gone on step by step, first to the determination of the virulent
parts of the dead birds, and the virulence of the excrements, then to
the absorption of the vinis from the digestive tract, the non-diffusi-
l)ility of the virus in the air, the danger of infected habitations, the
effect of natural agencies and disinfectants on the virus, the immunity
granted by a first attack, the natural insusceptibility ot certain fowls,
the inefficiency of devitalized virus as a preventive, the symptoms, post-
'mortein appearances and microscopical peculiarities of the blood, the
most practical method of cultivating the virus, the demonstration that
this was essentially a peculiar bacterium, the ease with which the dis-
ease might be arrested by disinfecting with diluted sulphuric acid, the
xnethod of measuring the varying susceptibihties of towls, the effects
cf the narcotic substance produced by the virulent bacteria, the insuffi-
ciency of disinfectants in the internal treatment of the disease, the harm-
lessness of inoculation with extremely diluted virus, the immunity thus
granted, and preliminary investigations of the nature of this immunity.
In these investigations the writer recognized the worthlessness of con-
<^Ia8ions made from experiments on a single bird or animal, and has
"iisod two, three, and four in the greater part of the experiments, while
®ome of the more difficult^uestions have required thirty or forty before
^ definite conclusion could be reached. The most of the conclusions are
^nsequently demonstrated with scientific accuracy, and are no longer
^0 be questioned.
Considered as relating only to a single disease, the importance of the
^^Bults attained are very satisfactory, but their influence on our knowl-
^^ge of contagia in general, and on the methods of preventing their
^^ects, it is believed, will be even more productive of good results in
^*^e future. In conclusion, the writer feels that something has been
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICDLTlrtte;
ne to justify the opinion expressed in his first repoii:, that the science
the nineteenth century is able to grapple with the most complicated
estions connected with these plagues. With the means for the work
the proper hands, and the necessary time, the greater part of these
Qtagious fevers may be most eflfectually controlled, and some will he-
me aa surely extinct as those prehistoric animals asd plants which
B only known by their fossil representatives.
Respectfully submitted.
D. E. SALMON, D. V. M.
ASHBVILLE, N. C, January 27, 1882.
INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE.
\
FOURTH REPORT OF DR. H. J. DETMERS.
Dn. GEORaE B. Lobing,
Commissioner of Agriculture :
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report on the con-
iding part of my investigation of swine plague, and on my experi-
Bnts and their results in regard to prophylactics, from December, 1880,
the present date. The investigation and experiments during that
ne have not been continuous, but were interrupted last winter by
her work, on which report has been made.
At the beginning of the investigation it was my first endeavor to as-
rtain the nature and causes of swine plague, and later to inquire into
e means and manner of its propagation. As the results have been
ven in my previous reports it will not be necessary to give again a
)tailed account. Since last December it has been my principal aim,
compliance with instructions from the department, to devise, if pos-
3le, such means of prevention as may be found effective, easy of ap-
ication, and at the same time simple enough to be canied oitt and
led by every farmer, for only snch means of prevention can be of piac-
5al value, especially in a country like ours, which has so few trjuned
^terinary surgeons as to make it impossible for a large majority o
ock-raisers to avail themselves of their services. How far I have sa<
eded is not for me to say; the facts given in the following report wi!
iow. Of course my work has not been wholly restricted to findi
id testing means of prevention ; on the contrary, wherever an opi^^^x
nity was offered, further inquiiy was made into the nature and caa^s.«
the disease, the means by and the manner in which it is commc^nni-
Jed, and especially into the agencies and conditions which influe—
id control the great difterence observable in the malignancy of
orbid process, for the reason that no reliable means of prevention »-
) devised unless the disease itself is well understood. But as th
ilts of this part of my work merely confirm the results of my fo
vestigations, it will not be necessary to give the details, except wtiz::^^^
y latest researches complete the results or'*correct slight mistake-^ ^of
y previous work. In such an investigation, especially if reports
ade before the whole is completed, slight mistakes are unavoid
id must sometimes be committed if the almost unsurmountable
dties encountered are taken into consideratioiL
r^.
po-
lice
t\ie
can
re-
er
are
ble
BEPOST OF THE VETEKlNAttY DIVISION. 317
In regard to the cause or the infections principle of swine plague, the
microscopical and exceedingly minute swine-plague Schizophytes or
Microbes, numerous obstacles had to be overcome in studying and
ascertaining their characteristics, development or metamorphoses, vi-
tality, means, and manner of propagatiou, and mode of action. I
do not at all cL'vim that our knowledge iu regard to them is by any
means complete; on the contrary I know we have only just begun to
get an idea as to their life and existence, their mode of development
and propagation, their means of action, and their great importance in
the animal economy. I Hatter myself my work has been iu the right
direction and has somewhat advanced our knowledge of pathogenic
Schizophytes or Microbes, which I hope and expect will be vastly in-
creased by future research, especially if our opticians should succeed
in improving their objectives and other apparatus of the microscope as
much in the next as they have in the past decade, or at least since they
introduced objectives with large apertures and homogeneous immer-
sion.
Still, notwithstanding our knowledge in regard to swine-plague Schiz-
ophytes is yet in its infancy, it is at this date nearly as complete as that
of the much longer known ^^Bacilltcs anthracis^^ tlie cause of anthrax,
first discovered by PoUeuder and Brauell (cf. VirchotCj Archiv /. path.
AnaL u. Phys. u.f. Klin.^ Med,, xi, 2) nearly a quarter of a century ago.
As to thrf main object of my investigation of swine plague, t. c, devis-
ing practical means of prevention, a good deal was dictated by the in-
fectiousness of the disease and the means by and the manner in which
it is communicated to healthy animals. Besides, my research as to
prophylactics has not been one-sided (several indications have been fol-
lowed), but as it was my aim to devise a prophylactic treatment w^hich
shall be both practical and eft'ective, ca])able of being applied by the
average farmer who has neither the means nor inclination to study pa-
thology, those prophylactics which are merely of scientific value, or not
within the reach of the farmer, have not been subjected to as thorough
a test as those which can be easily applied and promise fully as good
if not better results. Of course it would have been very desirable to
subject everj^thing promising good results to a critical test, no matter
whether merely of scientific interest or of real practical value, because
by so doing our knowledge of swine plague could only have been in-
creased. But during last year mat/crial of a malignant form was never
very abundant, and sometimes could not be found when wanted; and
to experijnent with a c()mi)aratively mild type of the disease, not apt to
have in a majorit}^ of cases a fat^il termination, even if left to its course,
could not be of much benefit in any direction. At any rate the results
of such experiments could not be considered as reliable. Consequently
nearly all the available material was needed for those experiments by
which results of really praetical importance — benefiting the common
fiirmer and hog-raiser — were expected to be obtained. ^
Although cases of #viue plague were never entirely wanting and could
be found at all times in some part of Illinois, the comparatively very
mild type prevailing in almost every section where it made its appear-
ance, and the consequent scarcity of really malignant cases, as also
the uncommonly slow sjueading of the disease, have thrown into my
way a great many obstacles and obliged me not only to spend and to
lose much time iu search of reliable material for experimentation, but
sometimes also to interrupt or to leave incomplete some experiments of
which interesting results were expected. Besides, a great deal of ma-
terial found was not available. So, for instance, quite a number of dis-
318 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
ea5e<l hojrs couM be found nearly eTerr day in the bands of dealers, or
in the stofk yanl'*, bat without baying a whole drove or car-load no dis-
ea:^e<l animal coaid be obtained, ^ks the removal of a dead animal from
the stock-yards i.s prohibited by its roles. Questioning the dealers in
re^Mnl to the whereabouts of the disease, or the places from which dis-
ea.<eil animals had come, was of no use. They either gave evasive an-
swers, or professed to be ignorant, and 8<Mne even denied the existence
of the disea.se in animals alH>nt ready to die. On my several visits to
the sto<k yards for the purpose of obtaining material I never fifiiled to
see more than one i>en containing quite a number of diseased animals,
mostly shoats, sometimes not weighing more than 50 or 60 pounds, bnt
was never able to accomplish my object. In a few cases I succeeded in
getting information from a commissioner as to the places where swine
plagne was existing and hogs were dying, but only once such information
proved to be accurate. Whether in the other cases my informant was
misinformeil himself or whether I was deceived I have not been able
to learn. So it happened that I was sometimes obliged to go great dis-
tances— to southwestern Iowa and to central ^Iis«)uri — for material.
THE CAUSES OF THE COMPAKATIVE MILDNESS AKD OP THE SLOWER
SPREADING OP SWINE PLAGUE IN 18S0-'81.
•
Having in the above brieflj' stated the leading points and the circum-
stances which guided me in my investigation, and in some instances
restricted my researches, it may be in place, before I give a detailed ac-
count of the experiments made and the results obtained, to submit tbe
facts observed and the conclusions arrived at by inquiring into the
agencies and conditions which caused the disease to be of a much milder
t>*pe and slower in its spreading in 1880-'81 than a few years ago, par-
ticularly in 1878-'79, when it was almost everywhere exceedingly fatal
and spread with great rapidity. The scarcity of malignant cases of
swine plague, due to the prevailing mild type, though very unfavorable
to the progress of my experiments in one way, was productive of some
good ; in another because it led to an inquiry into the causes of its com-
l)arative mildness and slow spreading, and the results by showing what
means are employed by nature to mitigate the morbid process and arrest
the spreading of the plague, and vice versa^ by what agencies the mor-
bid process becomes malignant and the spreading of the disease rapid?
necessarily indicating, to a certain extent at least, the means of preven-
tion which must be used by man. The causes of the greater leniency and
the slower spreading of swine plague are several in number, or rather
consist in a combination of circumstances, of which one or another may
yet have escaped observation or is not fully known as to the extent of
its infl nence. The causes observed may be divided into two classes— one
consisting in conditions brought about by natural events and another
on# due to human interference.
li. The natural causes, — Their influence will be more readily understood
if a few facts are first stated.
1. The swine-plague Schizophytes or Microbes, in their development
andj>ropngation, pass through certain forms, or metamorphoses. The
mosr sim[)le and common fonii, tbatof a spherical micrococcus, is follo^^
by that of a zooglcea mass or coccoglia, in which a large number of micro-
cocci are kept together in one mass by being imbedded in an apparently
viscous substance — theglia. While yet in this glia a further development
takes place; the single microoocci commence to grow — grow endwise--
and become double, till flnaUy the glia breaks and the micrococci, most
REPORT OF THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 319
i already double, become free. The latter, however, keep on
5 or doubling endwise till chains of various lengths are formed,
atter soon break up inte shorter ones, or joints, and finally, at
me of these joints develop a lasting spore — are changed into a
terium — and the lasting spores, it seems, produce the germs of
croeocci. The swine-plague Schizophytes or Microbes, although
iug great vitality, being almost indestructible by either high or
iperature while in the state of helobacteria or lasting spores, are
iestroyed when in the form of double micrococci or micrococcus
{ former experiments have shown that an inoculatioh of a healthy
I the Schizophytes, contained mostly in micrococcus form, in blood-
exudations, and other morbid products, directly from the body
eased or dead hog, is much more apt to produce a fatal type of
^e than an inoculation with swine-plague Schizophytes culti-
n an innocent fluid foreign to the organism of a hog; further,
ive also shown that an inoculation with infectious material — for
e, lung exudation containing swine-plague Schizophytes mostly
3COCCUS form — taken from a really malignant case, but especially
I while the disease was at its height, or immediately after a fatal
ttion, is more ai)t to produce a severe case of swine plague than
lulation with material (lung exudation) taken from an animal
rhile yet in the first stages or aft'ccted with a comparatively mild
the disease.
was also observed that frost or a temperature sufficiently low to
i or to arrest putrefaction is unfavorable to and even arrests the
»ment and propagation of the swine-plague germ, and keeps it
rmant state until, if continued for a long time, it destroys its
, or at any rate its power to produce mischief,
winter was a severe one; the cold was intense and lasting, and
w, at least here in the west, covered the ground for a long time
ft considerable depth. This interfered with the development of
chizophytes outside of the body of the animal which were not
lly protected by clinging to moist and i)orous bodies, such as are
nductors of heat, and at the same time admit just enough air to
the want« of the Schizophytes. The severe winter, therefore, kept
these germs outside of the body of a hog in a dormant condi-
evented their change from one state to another, and impaired in
ay their vitality until they finally became destroyed. It also
ed that when cold weather set in last winter most of the exist-
38 of swine plague were of a comparatively mild type, or much
lignant than in 1878-'79, as has been explained in my former
ler, at the end of the winter, when the snow melted, a large
of the whole surface of tlie land became submerged, and all
Bams, big and little, were not.only running to their full capa^jity
•e overflowing their banks; therefore, it is probable that most
Schizophytes which hai)pened to be yet alive on the surface of
•ds, pastures, &c., were washed away or earned off by the nu-
streamlets into creeks and rivers before they could undergo the
9 necessary to produce germs and micrococci able to ascend
) air with the aqueous vai)ors and to come down .ngaiu with the
dew. When the high water subsided several i)ouring rains
d, which again flooded the land and undoubtedly washed away
many of the germs which remained on higher land, and which
J been carried off by the inundations caused by the melting of
T^
ZT^"*
*«
320 EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AORICULTaRE.
the snow. Besides, the spring was cold and backward, and thus rat-
nral causes retardea the development of everything organic, and the
Schizophytes which so far had escaped destniction but had remuiued . ^^
in a dormant state for a long time could not have been expected to I ^^
make rapid and vigorous changes from one state to another. lu order | j
to develop and to undergo the changes necessary to propagation they
not only need a certain degree of warmth and moistiu-e, but also Ii
change of pabulum and probably of place after a certain cycle of met-
amorphoses and propagation has been completed. If that cycle is com
pleted, and new pabulum or a change of place is not provided, tLcj
become sterile and sink iuto a dormant state, and no metamorphoses
and propagation take place.
According to my observations in regard to swine-pl.igue Scbizo-
phytes outside the body of a hog, an occasioual change of their nutiieut
vehicle (pabulum), effected by a temporary rising in the air of the utw
germs, and may be the micrococci, not only essentially promotes further
development and propagation, but is also indispensable. Such a tem-
porary rising in the air and coming down again with rain and dew,
especially with the latter, which in many cases constitutes the ouly
means of locomotion, was almost entirely prevented by the meteorolog-
ical conditions just mentioned. The continued severe frost and the
covering of the ground with deep snow effectually preventeil an evap-
oration of water and consequentiy a rising of the Scliizoi>h>'te germs;
and the pouring rains and freshets which tbllowed carried off most of
the existing Schizophytes before any rising iuto the air could take
place. Hence, during the latter part of last spring, most of the coun-
try, at least as far as this State (Illinois) is concerned, had become dis-
infected, and if it had not been for certain places which provided favor-
able conditions and afforded protection for the swine-plague Schizo-
phytes, we might have got rid of the disease. But as it was, many hog ^ ^
lots and pastures contained old straw-stacks, &c., and much of the timber-
land near creeks and the headwaters of the rivers was full of underbrusb-
and of old vegetation, which afforded admirable protection against thos*^
meteorological influences so adverse to the propagation of the swine
X)lague germs, and, as a great deal of just such timbered land is u
as hog pastures or hog ranges, a great many disease germs were pre^j^
served and survived, though in most places in a somewhat weaken
or dormant condition. Only in some places — I shall have occasion t
describe a few of them — ^the Schizophytes were preserved, it seems, i
full vigor, and in them, and in them only malignant cases of swin
plague could be found, while at all other places where the disease mad
its appearance the prevailing type was a rather mild one.
Aft«?r the pouring rains in the spring ceased almost continuous ^^^^^
weather set in. It was interrupted only by a few light rains and cause^^^
the whole season to be exceedingly droughty, until about the latteippar^'^
of September, when it again commenced to rain. The swine-plagu
Schizophytes, therefore, which survived the effect of frost and snow i
the winter, and were not carried off* by the pouring rains and
in the spring, in many cases became deprived of an element very essen-
tial to their metamorphosis, propagation, and existence — they lack^
sufficiency of moisture. So again it happened that those still existin
outside of the organism of a diseased hog survived only in such
as were not easily deprived of moisture by the continued drought, fa
instance, in old straw-stacks and in timber containing much under^
brush and old, rank vegetation. At any rate timber-lot^, pastures, an
liogyards containing old straw-stacks constituted the very places!
EEPORT OF THE VETERINABY DIVISION, 321
rbich new outbreaks of swine plagae occurred. It is the season of
requent light rains, of heavy dews, and of warm weather that is favor-
ble to a rapid development and propagation of the Schizophytes. If
re shall again have a hard winter — continuous fbost and lasting snow —
am not afraid to predict that next year will bring very little swine
>lague, and that of a jjiild type.
2. Causes consisting %n human interference. — One cause of the greater
^niency and the slower spreading of the plague can be found in the fact
hat farmers, as a rule, have reduced the size of their herds of swine.
)f course, the disease does not originate any more in a large herd tliau
Q a small one, but having once made its. appearance and gained a foot-
lold it will, for obvious reasons, spread much more rapidly, or attack
aore animals at the same time, and, as a necessary consequence, be
3ore malignant in a large herd than in a small one. That such is the
ase was fully explained in my last report. A second cause may be
Dund in better hygiene. On the whole, the keeping of swine has im-
roved in the last few years; they receive better care, and it seems to
le are kept, on an average, in cleaner quarters. The farmers have
?amed something; a great many of them have profited by the advice
Iven in the reports of the Department of Agriculture; at any rate,
ome of the rules laid down in the reports in regard to the treatment of
wine and prevention of the plague have found practical application in
lany places and in numerous herds.
Although there is no proof whatever that swine plague can originate
rom uncleanliness, dirt, bad food, or poor care, there can be no doubt
hat bad hygienic conditions contribute materially in making existing
ases of the disease more malignant, and not only in that way, but also
more directly) promote the spreading of the disease, because filth and
irt, stagnant pools of water, accumijdation of half-rotten manure and
f old straw in a hog-yard, provide very favorable conditions for the
reservation of swine-plague Schizophytes, and also constitute excel-
mi vehicles by means of which a "natural infection" is easily effected,
(esides all this, an animal compelled to live under bad hygienic con-
itions possesses, qm account of its weakened constitution, more predis-
osition and will sooner succumb to any zymotic disease than an animal
•roperly treated and cared for. It seems to be one of the laws of nature
liat wherever a high organism is weakening or approaching decay the
jwest forms of life are sure to flourish.
Finally, another cause of the present mild type and of the slower
preading of the plague (a very efficient one in conjunction with the
ffects of the frost and snow of the winter, the freshets and the pouring
ains of the spring, and the drought of the summer) consists in the fol-
)wiiig: Every farmer in the west has become convinced that swine
lagne is contagious and will " go through a herd '^ if it once makes
8 appearance. A great many farmers, therefore, have made it a rule
» dispose immediately of the whole herd, or at any rate of all the hogs
at are marketable, as soon as a case of swine plague is discovered.
ius animals are often sold and shipped which weigh considerably less
au a hundred pounds live-weight. So it happens that in whole dis-
icts the ravages of the plague are often limited to young pigs, old
ood-sows, and lean, unsalable shoats. If a herd of swine is sold and
ipped as soon as a case of the plague occurs the disease, of course, Las
»tbing to work upon and must disappear on that farm. It is therefore
>vious that wherever it is made a rule to sell the whole herd as soon
\ infected, the spreading of the disease, the malignancy of the morbid
,X)ce8S, and the losses siStered will be materially lessened as lar as that
21 AG
J
322 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE,
locality is concerned. But whether such an immediate 'Selling of in-
fected and diseased animals should be recommended and encouraged,
or whether the practice should be prohibited on account of spreading the
infectious principle all over the country, and thus undermining the con-
fidence of the consumers of pork, is a different question.
There are probably some other causes directly ^ting upon the Schiz-
ophy tes which are able to increase or decrease their power to do mischief,
but if such causes exist they have escaped observation and can only be
guessed at by analogy. That one and the same kind of Schizophytes
may at times, or under certain conditions, be less malignant in their effect
upon an animal organism than at others, or even under certain condi-
tions be perfectly harmless and under others productive of a most fatal
disease, has been demonstrated by Dr. Hans Buchner, in Munich (r/!
Ueber die experimenUlle Erzen^tmg des Milzhrandcontagiums aus den Eeu-
pilzen und iiber die Enstehung des Milzhrandes durch Einathmung^ 1880),
who has conclusively proved that " ^act7^i« anf/r ram" and ^^ Bacillus
subtilis ^ are identical forms, differ only by their effect upon an animal
organism, and can be changed from one to another by cultivation.
MORBID CHANGES AND MORBID PROCESS.
Although numerous post-mortem examinations were made, no morbid
changes of any importance not met with before, or not already men tioDcd
in my former reports, have been found, unless it is an abnormal brittle-
ness of the bones, but particularly of the ribs, w^hich was noticed in
nearly every case examined during my present and previous investiga-
tions. It was not mentioned in my former reports, because it was not
considered as of any importance, but was looked upon only as a conse-
quence of the gradual wasting away of all animal tissues. On the whole,
the morbid changes presented proved to bj& the same, and particularly
the characteristic changes in the lungs, consisting in an infiltration with
exudation, and finally hepatization of the pulmonary tissue, and more or
less enlargement of the lymphatic glands. These were never absent. In
most cases the affected part of the lungs contained numerous very small
but plainly visible extravasations of blood, and the enlargement of the
lymphatic glands was most pronounced in those of the mesenterium. In
one case — a small pig belong!)^ to Mr. Postlethwaite— some of the mes-
enteric glands presented an enormous size, and measured fully an inch
in thickness. The pig was affected with a malignant type of swine
plague, and was much emaciated. The peculiar and characteristic inor-
bid changes in the large intestines (the ulcerous tumors) were less fre-
quently met with in former years, and intestinal and lung worms (Stron-
gylus paradoxus) were found in but few cases, and in those only in com-
paratively small numbers.
One peculiarity, however, not often noticed before, because not con-
stant or specially looked lor, may deserve mention. In young pigs
which had been sick for some time a great diversity was found to exist
as to the size of the red blood corpuscles. This difference in size, always
attended with considerable difference in shape (the latter, by the way,
has been observed in a great many cases), seems to be the more pro-
nounced the younger the pig when taken sick and the longer it may be
ailing. This difference in the size of the red blood corpuscles was found
to be the most striking in a young (suckling) pig belonging to Mr. Bar-
nard, in Champaign, and killed by bleeding on October 5. The measm^-
ments were made on the same day, from four to five hours after the pig
had been killed. I found in nearly every field blood corpuscles ranging
REPORT OF THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 323
« from 4.39/5£ (j^Jfe^inch) to as much as S.55fi {y^ inch), while a good
7 varied betweeu 5.5fi and 7.33/1. One exceedingly small 'one meas-
only 4.03/1, and the very largest as much as 9.15/1, or nearly ^^
The average size of the blood corpuscles of a healthy pig has been
own as about 6/i or jt^ inch. The differences in shape or form
presented by the red blood corpuscles in the blood of diseased and
pigs have been stated in my former reports. It will, therefore, be
ient to mention that it is a frequent occuiTcnce to find in the per-
r fresh blood of a diseased animal, or of one that has just died or
killed while in an advanced. stage of the disease, some blood cor-
les of a pei^ectly normal appearance and nearly circular, sharply
ed outline, while others in the same field present an almost angular,
J, crenated, or very irregular shape. As nothing new of any im-
ince in regard to morbid changes has presented itself, it will not be
(sary to give the details of every post-mortem examination made,
ccount of the results of the post-mortem examinations of animals
1 furnished material for experiments, or were subjected to an ex«
lent, will be all that is required, and will be given below,
regard to the morbid process, my former observations are confirmed
acroscopic and microscopic examinations, wherever material was
able. Scarcely any opportunity for a microscopic examination of
id tissues and morbid products was neglected, and particularly the
id tissues of all animals from which material for experiments was
I, have been subjected to a searching microscopic examination, and
of them have furnished sections for x>ermanently-mounted slides,
though I will not deny that the swine-plague Schizophytes may
» a ferment, or as a chemical agency, like many other pathogenic
>be8, 1 must again confess I have not been able to observe any in-
table evidence of such action, except in so far as certain chemical
^es necessarily are produced, and the comx>osition of animal fluids
tissues must be changed by the Schizophytes or Microbes to the
extent as the latter appropriate matter belonging as constituent
to the animal fluids and tissues for their own support, metamor-
3S, and propagation. They seem to act as parasites and not as a
or a chemical poison.
EXPERIMENTS.
stated in my last report, the experiments made last year gave
g evidence that pigs inoculated with swine plague, but treated for
time (about two weeks) with carbolic acid as a prophylactic, did
nly become affected, but also evinced afterwards a much diminished
sposition, or, in other words, acquired nearly, if not folly, the same
\L immunity from future infection as is possessed by pigs which have
ered from an actual attack. It was found that pigs which never
he disease, but were inoculated with infectious lung exudation and
diately treated with carbolic acid for a sufficient length of time to
the longest known period of incubation or stage of colonization, \
r did not take sick at all or showed but very slight symptoms of
ion, and also acquired either perfect immunity from future attacks, ;
any rate contracted the disease only in a very mild form if afterwards i
»ed to infection or inoculated with infectious material obtained '
an animal which was diseased with or had died of a malignant tyi)e
ine plague. It was therefore but natural to arrive at the conclu-
that a prophylactic treatment with carbolic acid continued for a
e of weeks might possibly produce the same or a similar effect in
324 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AQRICULTURE.
the animal organism concerning fntore predisposition as the morbid pro-
cess itself. If such should be the case, and, as I said before, the resets
of my experiments made it apx>ear probable, I concluded further tiiat
possibly the same.efifect (partial or perfect immunity from swine-pls^e
infection, either for life, or for a certain length of time) might be obtained
by a carbolic-acid treatment, instituted ^fore an infection or inocula-
tion had taken place, and then argued that if such should be the case
swine plague might be considered as conquered, even if the immunity
thus effected should not last during life but only for a certain length of
time, several months for instance, because a hog is hardly ever alloyed
to live longer than a year or two, and is usually sent to the batcherdW
fore it is fairly full grown. Although considering such an inference as
rather sanguine, the indications were strong enough to make further
experiments in tliat direction not only desirable but almost imperative,
because if it should prove to be a fact that carbolic acid not only frns-
trates the effect of an inoculation, or of a natural infection, but also de-
stroys future predisposition, then a thoroughly practical means of pre-
vention, easy of application and available to every farmer, is found and
placed at our disposaL
It was also shown by my former experiments that an inoculation with
cultivated swine-plague Schizophytes (cultivated in an innocent fluid
foreign to the organism of a hog) is followed as a rule by a mild attack
which seldom becomes fatal, and that such a mild attack is just as
effective in producing partial immunity from future infection as an
attack of the plague brought on by natural infection, or by an inocu-
lation with infectious lung exudation directly from tne body of a dis-
eased or dead hog, but it also very soon became evident that snch a
cultivation of swine-plague Schizophytes and systematic inoculations
of pigs with cultivated Schizophytes are not exactly thingi^ which a
common farmer can be expected to do, aud that by advocating such
means of prevention much more damage than good — more spreading of
the plague than prevention — might be the result. In a country where
a scientific and trained veterinary surgeon can be found in nearly every
village, as is the case in most parts of Nortliwestem Europe, snch
prophylactic inoculations may be practicable enough, but in our country
they are not easily instituted, and if introduced would be liable to pro-
duce much mischief. Consequently, the experiments with prophylactic
inoculations of cultivated Schizophytes were soon dropped as not prom-
ising, under present circumstauces, any results of i>ractical value, and
others, promising better and more practical results, were taken up.
1. Experiments with individual animals.
Until November, 1880, 1 had my experimental station at Champsugnf
bub when December arrived no suitable material could be found there
Mild cases of swine plague were still existing, and can nearly always be
found somewhere in a district or country in which a great many hogs
are raised, and in which the plague has gained a permanent foothold?
but mild cases were not what I wanted. I therefore had to look about
for another location.
After considerable inquiry and traveling to several places in search
of cases of a malignant type, I found some diseased herds of swine near
Mount Palatine (December 11), Magnolia (December 12 and 13), and Clear
Creek (December 14), in Putnam County, Illinois ; but the disease ap-
peared to be on the wanei in every herd visited, and as all three villager
are quite a distance from any railroad, and neither of them offered any
REPORT OF THE VETERINART DIVISION. 325
ties for tbe establishment of an experimental station — evgry one
ed to be afraid to have on his place or in his neighborhood a pig-
n which experiments were to be made with the disease — ^I was com-
1 to go farther in search of a more suitable location,
lally ^December 22) I succeeded in finding some diseased and in-
i heras of swine in Palmyra Township, L^ County, Illinois, and in
istem and southeastern parts of Whitesides County, which promised
mish material for some time. I therefore established a new exper-
tal station pear Prairieville,inPalmyra Township, Lee County, had
bable pig-pen built, imde all necessary arrangements, and bought
ealthy pigs, each abotvt five months old, which were delivered on
ary 6, 1881. These pigs I intended to treat for fifteen days with car-
aoid, and gave them ^ree times a day about 10 drops of a 95-i)er-
solution of the pure crystallized add for every 100 pounds of live
bt, or about 45 drops three times a day in the water for drinking
U six pigs. But at the end of the fifteen days, about January 20^
) not able to find any swine plague of a malignant type within fif^
miles. A hard winter with severe frosts and an abundance of snow
»et in, and the disease, wherever it was existing in the latter part
^cember or the fore part of January in a rather malignant form, had
r disappeared or had assumed a much mUder type. As it was my
tion to subject the efficacy of carbolic acid as a prophylactic to a
"e test, and did not wish to spoil my pigs forfurther experiments by
loculation with material from a mild case of disease which, more-
would not decide anything, I preferred to wait a few days and con-
I my search for malignant cases. Meanwhile I was called away from
q)erimental station and prevented from carrying out my plans for
ime being.
was not till February 17 that I was again able to attend to my pigs,
carbolic acid treatment during my absence had been interrupted,
lad been continued much longer than was originally intended. It
igain commenced on my return, but not being able to obtain suita-
laterial for inoculation it was once more interrupted, and the pigs
not inoculated until March 11, after I had finally succeeded in
iring reliable material for inoculation in Avondale, Adair County,
, on the farm of Mr. Hulbert. Mr. Hulbert had originally about
lead of hogs ; 200 of these died, when he became alarmed and sold
iose yet in a marketable condition ; consequently when I arrived
id comparatively few animals left, and most of these were sick. I
I a sow pig, about ten months old, which had just died, lying in a
» comer. It was very much emaciated and evidently had been sick
>me time, x)erhaps over a week.
st-martem examination. — Externally a purplish redness on the lower
ce of the body. Internally all lymphatic glands enlarged ; cal-
r on the internal surface of three ribs, which evidently had been
ored when the animal was young; pleura everywhere smooth and
al, even where coating the callous swelling ; both lungs infiltrated
exudation and containing innumerable small extravasations of
I, in form and appearance of minute red si)ecks ; three-fourths of the
substance more or less hepatized, and hepatization in different
>s, and evidently of different ago. No other morbid changes of any
^queuce, except a cyst worm ( Echin^ococcus) imbedded in the left
ook the whole left lung, which was put into a large, perfectly clean
e with a tight-fitting glass stopper, and a small vial full of blood as
rial for inoculation and for microscopical examination^ and left
326 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AQRICULTURE.
imraediately for my experimeDtal station, where I arrived on the morn-
\uff of tlie ilth. The experimental pijjs, two by two, in separate pens,
and designated as No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, and No. 6, were im-
mediately inoculated with lung exudation in the usual manner. A very
large inoculation needle was used, and each i>ig received three punctures.
In addition, pig No. 5, which, together with No. 6, occupied the same pen,
consumed the whole left lung, and pig No. 6, the smallest animal in the
lot, received, mixed with water, all the blood serum and lung exudation
which had oozed out of the lung.
It must be remembered here that a prolonged treatment with car-
bolic acid, which caused a considerable reduction of animal heat, close
confinement, and severe cold, had not promoted the growth of the ani-
mals; during the last month, especially, they had not been doing as
well as might have been desired ; still none of them showed any signs
or symptoms of disease.
I endeavored to take their temperature, but owing to the shyness and
excitement of the animals found it a difficult matter, and did not snc-
ceed in getting the exact degree. I only learned that the temperature
of all of them wasjsome degrees below normal. With pigs Nos. 1 and
2, which occupied the same pen, the carbolic-acid treatment was con-
tinued for one week after the inoculation had been made, while it was
discontinued with the others as soon as they had been inoculated. The
food of all the pigs consisted of corn, slop, or mashes of bran and shorts,
a little skimmed milk (now and then), and water. Clean straw was
used for bedding. Up to March 24 all six pigs remained free from any
disease. At that date a more successful attempt was made to take
their temperature. It was found to be nearly the same in all six ani-
mals ; it varied between 90° and OT^F., consequently was very much
below normal. This great reduction of temperature, it seems to me,
must have been due to the carbolic-acid treatment, which, with some
interruptions, hail been continued quite a long time — muck longer than
was originally intended. It is also possible that when not prei^ent my-
self the hancl of the young man, who was intrusted with feeding aad
taking care of the pigs in my absence, became, at times^ a little too
heavy and the doses too large. At any rate it was noticed that the
pigs, in S])ite of good fooil, but undoubtedly to bo accounted for by the
abnormally low temperature of the blood, the close confinement, and
the hard and lasting winter, did not thrive or increase in weight and
Size. They seemed to feel chilly, and inclined to huddle together, but
no symptoms of swine plague could be observed, except, perhaps, iu
No. 5, ill which it was doubtful whether any disease was existing or not
Nos. 1, 2, and 4 were unquestionably free from disease, and Nos. 3 and 6
did not sh^w any symptoms. It was therefore concluded to watch the
pigs closely, and, as the usual or longest known period of incubation
had aobut exj^ired, to make another inoculation if material could be
procured.
After many futile attempts in the stock-yards and in the vicinity of
Chami)jiign, Lincoln (Logan County), iSimngfield, and New Berlin
(JSangainon County), and other places in this State, I finally succeeded
(April 15) in finding swine plague of a malignant type near Tipton?
Moiiitejiu County, Missouri, at the farm of Mr. Claas, who had recently
lost 12 head of hogs out of a herd of 35. I found several animals lying
dead in the pasture, but they had been dead a day or two and were
alreiuly in a state of decomposition ; and as the material for inoculation
would have to be carried a long distance and be preserved for at least
two days, 1 concluded; i^ order to get fresh material, to buy of Mr. Cla^
REPORT OF THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 327
a very sick pig. This I did, and it was at once killed by bleeding. It
was a sow pig about six months old. It bled very little ; the blood was
dark colored, or not sufficiently decarbonized. The morbid changes
presented: Externally, numerous petechiae, or small extravasations of
blood in the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the lower surface of the
body and between the legs. Internally all lymphatic glands enlarged j
the connective tissue, and even the fat on the lower surface of the body,
between the hind legs and under the shoulder-blade, full of small extrava-
sations of blood, presenting small red specks; both lungs full of exuda-
tion, extensively hepatized, and containing innumerable small extravasa-
tions of blood; pericardium somewhat affected, but heart nearly normal.
In the abdominal cavity: Ulcerous tumors in the colon but none in the
ccecum, and e^ravasations of blood in the membranes of the stomach.
I took portions of both lungs as material for inoculation and for micro-
scopical examination and put them in a large, clean bottle, with a well-
fitting glass stopper. On the morning of ApriMS I reached my experi-
mental station, and finding my material tresh and in a good condition im-
mediately inoculated all six pigs, and gave portions of the diseased lungs
to pigs Nos. 3 and 4. On examining the pigs before they were inocu-
lated I found pigs Nos. 1 and 2 perfectly free from disease; No. 4 did
not show any plain symptoms, but was looked upon with some suspi-
cion, while Kos. 3, 5, and 6 exhibited some symptoms and appeared to be
slightly affected. They (the three latter animals) showed in<lications
of an affection of the lungs, coughed some, and had become somewhat
emaciated. The first plain symptoms of disease were observed in pig
No. 5 about the 1st of April, but no marked change occurred jan til some
time afterward, consequently the period of incubation or colonization —
from March 11 until April 1 (pig No. 5), and April 18, or perhaps a day or
two earlier (pigs Nos. 3 and 6) — had been an unprecedentedly long one
in every animal. On May 4 it was evident that pigs Nos. 3, 5, and G
were diseased, while pigs Nos. I,2,and4did not show any symptoms what-
ever and appeared to be healthy. The last inoculation (April 18) proba-
bly aggravated the already existing very light attack of swine pla^e in
in pigs Nos. 3, 5, and 6, but evidently had no effect upon the others, not-
withstanding the material used for inoculation {cf, post mortem examina-
tion of Mr. Claas's pig) was undoubtedly of the most malignant character
said i)erfectly fresh when the inoculation was made. On May 6 it was de-
cided to sacrifice pig No. 3, at that date apparently the sickest, for the pur-
pose of ascertaining the amount and degree of morbid changes produced.
The pig was killed by bleeding. Post-mortem examination: No external
changes except a very unclean condition of the skin. Internally the
longs presented those morbid changes which are characteristic of swine
plague, but the hepatization was not extensive, as only about one-fourth
of the whole lung tissue was seriously affected; the lymphatic glands
were enlarged. No other morbid changes.
Although no diseased hogs could be found, and the plague had appar-
ently disappeared in Lee County, a great many young pigs were lost in
nearly all the herds in which swine plague of a mild type had been pre-
vailing in the summer and in the fall. A large number of those sows
which had been affected but had recovered months ago, and were ap-
parently in good health, either miscarried or lost their pigs soon after
they were born. The latter, as a rule, were sick but a short time before
they died, and either showed more or less plain symptoms of swine
plague or simply declined and withei^d away. A few were examined
after death, and i)resented morbid changes in the lungs characteristic
of swine plague, and more or less enlargement of the lymphatic glands,
328 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
but nothing else abnormal was observed. A gentleman whose farm is
only half a mile from my experimental station, and is personally known
to me as a man who takes very good care of his swine, lost about a hun-
dred young pigs. His sows were all in an excellent condition and showed
no trace of disease, but they had been slightly affected in the fall.
Not able to obtain fresh material, I made no more inoculations, but
kept the remaining five pigs under observation until May 21. At that
date pig No. 6 was killed by bleeding for examination. It was the sickest
of the lot, for pig No. 5, which first showed symptoms of disease, had
sufficiently recovered to be considered as an almost healthy pig. Post-
mortem examination of pig No. 6: All organs were found to be in a
perfectly healthy condition, except the lymphatic glands, which were
enlarged, and the lungs, of which nearly one-fourth, liiaited mainly to
the anterior portions, had become impervious to air, but was not enlarged
in size or filled with any fresh exudation. A portion of the right lobe
exhibited traces of having been filled with exudation which had under-
gone absorption. The condensed parts (those impervious to air) were pale,
bloodless, somewhat shrunken, and showed that the morbid changes
were not of recent origin, but had for some tinie been undergoing ft re-
trogressive process. The liver was rather pale, and the pericardium
contained a small quantity of serum. The ilig undoubtedly would have
lived, but I desired to see the extent of the morbid changes produced,
and also the extent of the retrogressive process, so I decided to kill it
For reasons which will be more fully explained hereafter, no more inoc-
ulations were made.
A brie^ recapitulation of the experiments just related may be in place.
All six pigs consumed, before they were inoculated, an abundance of
carbolic acid, much more than was intended they should have had, be-
cause the carbolic-acid treatment, although interrupted for nearly a
month, was continued a sufficient length of time to cover more than
twice the longest known period of incubation, fourteen or fifteen day?^
while it was my intention it should simply cover it once. The causes ot
the prolongation of the treatment have been sta,ted. Pigs Nos. 3, 4, 5,
and C did not receive a drop of carbolic acid after the first inoculation,
and only Nos. 1 and 2 received a small quantity for one week longer.
In all six pigs the carbolic-acid treatment had the effect of considerably
reducing the animal heat to several degrees below normal, and this ab-
normally low temperature remained for some time after the carbolic-
acid treatment had been discontinued. On March 24, thirteen days after
l)igs Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6, and six days after Nos. 1 and 2 received the \^^
dose of carbolic acid, none of the six pigs had a temperature above
970F. nor below 96oF. Further, in pigs Nos. 1 and 2 both inoculation^
first and second, remained ineffective; in pig No. 4 the effect produced
by the first inoculation, if any at all, was a very slight one, and the sec-
ond inoculation did not have any visible effect whatever, while pigsNos.
3, 5, and 6 contracted the disease from the first inoculation, but pnly
after an unprecedentodly long period of incubation, and then only in ^
very mild form, which it seems was slightly aggravated by the effect 01
the second inoculation. Pig No. 5 recovered and pigs Nos. 3 and ^
would have recovered if I had not killed them by bleeding. In all my
former experiments an inoculation with infectious material (lung exflt^^*
tion) like that used on the six pigs never failed to produce, within tbree
to fifteen days, or on an average in about six days, a malignant fl"*^
usually fatal case of swine plague, unless the pig inoculated imm<^
djately received prophylactic treatment, or had acquirwl partial iunnii
nity (lost its natural predisposition) either by a previous attack of s^i"^
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 329
plagne^ from which it had recovered, or by previous inoculations, ren-
dered ineffective by proper prophylactic treatment. Consequently it
must be concluded the carbolic-acid treatment had the effect, in two of
the experimental i)igs (Nos. 1 and 2) of altogether destroying the pre-
disposition, and in the other four (Nos. 3, 4, 6, and 6) of greatly dimin-
ishing tJie same, because the disease produced was in every case of a
very mild form — ^as to pig No. 4, it is even doubtful if it became affected
at all — did not become fatal, and only made its appearance after an ex-
ceedingly long period of incubation. If the prophylactic treatment with
carbolicj^a^id had not produced immunity by destroying the predisposi-
tion ijfpigs Nos. 1 and 2, and had not greatly diminished the predispo-
sition in pi ^8 Nos. 3, 4, 6, and 6, and if simple inefiBcacy or weakness of
the material used for the first inoculation had been the cause of pigs
Nos. 1 and 2, and perhaps No. 4, not contracting swine plague, and of
the others escaping with a very mild attack, then it must be supposed
the second inoculation with material from a very malignant source — the
pig from which it was taken had ulcerous tumors in the colon, and be-
longed to a herd in which the disease proved to be exceedingly fatal —
would have had effect and would have produced a severe attack of the
plague, at any rate in pigs Nos. 1 and 2, and probably in No. 4; but it
did not. On the contrary, it had no effect whatever on those three pigs,
and but a very slight one, if any at all, on the other three, which haa
not yet recovered from the mild attack caused by the first inoculation.
The exceedingly long period of incubation alone is proof that the car-
bolic acid must have diminidied the predisposition, or in other words
liave produced conditions not all favorable to a rapid development and
propagation of the Schizophytes. From all this it must b^ concluded
that the prophylactic treatment with carbolic acid produced in the ani-
mal organism essentially the same or very similar changes or conditions
inimical to a development and propagation of Schizophytes, which are pro-
duced and left behind by an attack of swine plaguefrom which the animal
recovers. The difference in the effect of the first inoculation upon the
individual pigs, which were all treated alike, except that pigs Nos. 1
and 2 received carbolic acid for one week after they had been inoculated,
and therefore one week longer than the other four pigs, may be taken
as an indication that a prophylactic treatment with carbolic acid is prob-
ably the most effective if continued for some time — long enough to
cover the usual period of incubation— jtfter an inoculation or infection
has taken place, and is less effective if the whole treatment precedes the
infection or is discontinued at the time or before an inoculation or in-
fection takes place. Whether it is the reduction of animal heat pro-
duced by a continued use of carbolic acid that interferes with the eflOi-
cacy of an inoculation, or whether other changes in the conditions neces-
sary or favorable to tne development and propagation of swine plague
Schizophytes are brought about by a continued treatment with carbolic
acid, and constitutes the cause of the partial, and in some cases com-
plete, immunity, is not very easy to determine. If it is the reduction of
temperature, the effect somewhat agrees with the results of certain ex-
])erinients with Bacillus anthracia made by Toussaint and others, who
found that a certain degree of animal heat is essential to the develop-
ment of anthrax, and that the latter cannot be communicated to animals
whose temperature of the blood is a few degrees higher. If, also, a cer-
tain degree of animal heat is essential to the development of swine
plague, it would be explained why that disease is more infectious to
hogs than to other animals having either a lower or a higher temper-
ature of the blood. Chickens, for instance, do not seem to be suscep-
'\
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
at all — at least I never succeeded in communicating swine plague
chicken — and human beings, who have a lower temperature than
e, are at any rate not easily infected.
. Experiments with prophylactics on herds of swine.
\ my instructions, received some time last spring from the Depart- ' '^
b of Agriculture, required me to "go into the field'' and commence
riments with prophylactics on diseased and infected herds of swine
[le first of June, and as I found it exceedingly difficult or next to
»S8ible to procure, even at considerable expense and much loss of \^
, inoculation material from animals affected with a ma^lignant type
^ine plague at not too great a distance from my experimental sta-
I concluded to make no more inoculations, but to drop, my experi-
\a on individual animals' and commence « operations in the field,
■efore early in May I looked about for herds which had just become
ited, or in which symptoms of swine plague had just made their ap-
ance. It did not take very long to find infected herds, but another
julty was encountered. Wherever the plague made its appearance
herd of swine old enough and in sufficient condition to be market-
, in nearly every case the owner disposed of them by shipping or
[)g every animal as soon as he became convinced that the disease
invaded his herd. This was easy, because the price of pork was a
jaratively high one, and most of the buyers, generally not overscru-
as, especially if able to buy at a reduced rate, bought almost every-
2: that was offered. 80 it often happened that a herd very suitable ^
irophylactic treatment if fonuH one day were sold or sliipi)ed a day
ro later, or, as sometimes happened, even the same day. Thus sev-
experiments were cut off before fairly comraenccil and before any
Its could be obtained. On May 16th I found an infected herd about ^
miles northwest of Champaign, belonging to Dr. Pearman, and con-
ag in all of b'^ animals. Among them I found three slioats very ^
and already showing pumping motions of the flanks; four or five ^
re were slightly affected, and two young pigs, yet sucking, were ^
ily diseased. The latter were coughing and exhibited other charac-
tic symptoms, such as thinness of the flanks, drooping of the head, •
The herd was divided into three different lots; one contained 3 f
d sows and 18 young pigs; another one 35 shoats, and a third 2
r sows heavy with pig, and probably not infected. Dr. Pearman's *
is about three and a half or four miles i!orthwest of Champaign f
y and consists of IGO acres of nearly level land, mostly draine<l by
les. The soil is a rich black loam. The 3 brood-sows and their IS *
, 2 of the latter plainly diseased, were kej>t in the orchard, where \
could not get any water except what wiks given them. They there- '
could be compelled to take medicines and receive regularly three
s a day, in their slop or water for drinking, from eight to ten droi>s
irbolic acid for every 100 pounds of live weight they represented,
r weight, as was all the following cases, was estimated by the owner. \
No. 2, composed of 35 shoats, among them 3 very sick and 4 or 5 ^
ted, was kept in a hog pasture, which contained for shelter a large
-er of young nin])le trees, and was traversed diagonally, running
northeast to southwest, by a ditch from eight to ten feet in width
h contained from six to ten inches of v\ ater. This lot had a<^cess to
litch, and therefore could not be compelled to partake regularly of
arbolic acid ofl'ered. Lot No. 3, composed of 2 aged sows, tempora-
)ccupied a hog lot which contained an old straw-stack nearly rotten
REPOBT OF THE VETERINABY DIVISION. 381
with age. The sows had been in the hog lot only a few days, and had
no access to any water except what was given to them.
Dr. Pearman's herd was again visited on May 25. The three sick
shoats (two barrows and one sow) appeared to be worse ; they were
more emaciated ; showed great difficulty of breathing ; at each breath
pumping motions of the flanks; they kept away from the herd, but
always near the ditch, which at this time contained but little water.
Otherwise no essential changes were observed, except that a few more
of the shoats were coughing and exhibited other slight indications of
being affected. May 27 one of the very sick shoats, a barrow, died.
On May 29 Dr. Pearman concluded to dispose of the two remaining
very sick shoats, and gave me permission to kill them, one by bleeding
and the other by shooting. The one first killed was a barrow. It had
been castrated not more than four weeks before, or about a week be-
fore it showed the first symptoms of disease. Post-mortem examination :
I^ymphatic glands, not only in the mesenterium, but everywhere, very
mnch enlarged; the lungs presented the characteristic morbid ohanges
of infiltration with exudation, numerous small extravasations of blood,
and partial and complete hepatization in three-fourths of this whole sub-
stance. The same, on a cut, presented a mottled appearance, as gray
and red hepatization, mnch infiltration, and partially yet healthy portions
(lobules) of lung-tissue could be found side by side joining each other.
The spermatic chords appeared very much swelled and coated with a
dirty, whitish-gray, crumbling mass similar in appearance to the surface
of the ulcerous tumors usually or often found in the c^dcum and colon in
malignant cases of swine plague. No other morbid changes. The sec-
ond pig, a sow (both animals were about eight months old) was killed
l>y shooting it in the head. It was killed by shooting because it was
naturally wild and too quick to be easily caught in a large pasture, and
ure did not wish to produce any new morbid changes — congestion and
.extravasations of blood in the lungs — by running the animal, especially
sus it was a warm day. Post-morteni examination : Lymphatic glands
enlarged and lungs degenerated in the same degree, but not quite,
tJiongh nearly, to the same extent as in the pig first examined. These
tiwo pigs, and the one that died on May 27, Dr. Pearmaii informed me,
always kept company, and used to make their lair side by side, or on
tx>p of each other in pig fashion, in the old, partially rotten straw-stack
in the hog lot now occupied by the two aged sows. This was when the
lierd was undivided and the animals allowed to go where they pleased.
The division had been made only a short time before my first visit. It
inttst be here mentioned that Dr. Pearman's herd was last year affected
Af^ith swine plague and that the diseased animals were kept in the hog
lot^which contains the old straw-stack.
May 31. — ^A few more of the shoats having commenced to cough and
show symptoms of the disease, the whole herd was given in my charge,
and arrangerrfents were made by which it became possible to com])el
evei*y animal to take its dose of carbolic acid three times a day. The
ditch in the hog pasture had become dry. Among the three brood-
sows and eighteen pigs which had been subjected to a regular treat-
ment with carbolic acid from the time of my first visit all symi)toras of
disease had disappeared. They were all doing well.
June 3. — Decided improvement among the slioatH composing lot Ko. 2;
only a few animals are coughing and all have good appetite. The two
60WS in the straw-stack lot (No. 3) have now 18 pigs, all apparently
healthy.
Two weeks later all of Dr. Pearman's swine appeared healthy. ]Most
3
TS
332 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
of the slioats, or in fact all those in a good enough condition to be
shipped to market, were sold.
Looking about and making inquiries for other diseased and infected
herds, I met with much disappointment. The following case may serve
as a sample. I had learned that Mr. Joe Maxwell, 3 miles northwest
of Mahomet, and about 15 miles from Champaign, was losing his hogs.
I went there on June 16 and found that he was just shipping his hogs
to Chicago to market. He denied the existence of swine plague in lus
herd, and although admitting that he had lost "now and then a few
animals, the same as other people,^' he alleged that he merely shipped
his whole herd of hogs because they were not doing well, and he desired
to commence anew with another breed. My information as to the ex-
istence of swine plague, followed by numerous deaths in Mr. Maxwell's
herd of swine, was positive, and from a very reliable source. I had no
opportunity to see the hogs; they were already on the way to the rail-
road station. Mr, Maxwell lives near the Sangamon Eiver, had swine I "
plague in fiis herd, andused " sure-cure hog-cholera medicine ^' for some 1 *
weeks before he concluded to ship. It is even probable, but of this I
am not certain, that the disease, tiiough very likely in a*mild form, waa
not entirely absent from his farm for a long time, may be for over a year.
He admitted that his pigs never had done well, and that he had lost^
some now and then through the whole year. It is especially in the tim-
ber and on the timbered borders of small streams where swine plagu
has a firm foothold, is hardly ever entirely absent, and where the
germs find protection and survive, even if destroyed nearly every wher^s^
else by conditions unfavorable to their existence. I mention this om
case of disappointment only out of a great many encountered by me.
June 23. — Mr. Hogan, in Urbana, has two pigs about five months ol
belonging to the same litter. One of them is affected with swine plago
and has been sick for three or four days. It has considerable diarrheal '^
and exhibits other characteristic symptoms. The other pig, althougl — ^^
undoubtedly infected, as both pigs occupy the same pen, does not seeic^^-*
to be ailing, but is lively and has good appetite. I had them at on
separated, and ordered for each pig, three times a day, four drops o
carbolic acid in the slop, or in the water for drinking, but only the pi
apparently yet healthy consumed its full dose, the other one being
sick to take much food and drink. _
June 27. — The sick pig is much worse; is very weak and emaciated-^^j
and its squealing is faint and of a peculiar hoarseness, characteristic o ^'^^
an advanced stage of swine plague. The other pig seems to be pei — *"*
fectly healthy.
June 28. — The sick pig died, and the post-mortem examination mad^ -^^
almost immediately after death revealed the usual morbid changes. Th«p^ ^
other pig, which took its dose of carbolic acid three times a day,
mained healthy.
Mr. PercivaPs herd, about 5 miles south and 1 mile east of Cham ^ .
paign, was visited on July 1. The herd is a small one and consists o-^^^
only eight or ten grown animals and a litter of pigs. Three of the lat^===^
ter were, found to be very sick and emaciated, and evidently aftectetr-^^'
with swine plague in an advanced stage, while the health of the othe^^^'^
animals ai>peare(l to be doubtful. The sow, the dam of the pigs, ap- ^'
peared to be the least ailing animal in the lot, but she had an attack oW:^ ^
swine plague about a year ago, from which she recovered. An oli^^
straw-stack in the liop: lot probably preserved the infectious principl^^^
during the winter. Tlie farm itself is composed of mostly low and IJa^^
land, inclined to be wet where not artificially drained by tiles. I pre-^ —
f
I
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 333
scribed carbolic acid, eight to ten drops for every 100 pounds of live
weight, three times a day, and have not heard of any deaths; some time
later, however, I learned from Mr. Percival that some of his pigs were
not doing well, and I was asked to prescribe for worms. I did not con
sider the herd as very suitable material for testing a prophylactic treat-
ment, becanse it was a very small one, and all the grown animals had
the phi^e last year and had recovered, and the disease among the pigs,
which were about two months old, was of a mild and somewlmt chronic
form, slightly aggravated, perhaps, by the presence of worms. Besides,
a separation could not be made, and so I did not make another visit,
bnt tried to find other herds.
Having been informed that swine plague might be foiind in Effingham
County, especially in the timbered districts near the Little Wabash, I
went there in quest of diseased and infected herds July 5 and 6, but
found only here and there one or two sick pigs belonging to people who
keep but few such animals. I found that these people also ship their
hogs, if only half-way marketable, as soon as they find anything wrong
witii them.
On July 8 I learned of the existence of cases of swine plague in the
neighborhood of ^tna, a village in Coles County, on the S. C. E. E.,
about 52 miles south of Champaign. I went there at once and found
a nest of disease in a little village called Paradise, 2^ or 3 miles north-
west of ^tna, and near the upper portion of the Little Wabash. One
and a half miles above Paradise, also on the Little Wabash, is a saw-
mill, at which quite a herd of hogs is kept, and at that miU, I was in-
formed, swine plague was very bad six weeks before it broke out at
Paradise. The owner of the mill, Mr. Hiram Clapp, was reported to
have lost a large number of swine, and to have but a few diseased ani-
mals left. His herd had access to the Little Wabash. At Paradise I
^ent first to Mr. E. Deckhard's place, and found one portion of his herd
of swine, composed of four brood-sows, with their litters, and several
ohoats, in all about 50 head, in the orchard and barnyard; and another
IK>rtion of the herd, consisting of a dozen shoats running at large, prin-
cipally in the timber on the banks of the Little Wabash, which, at Para-
cLise, is not much of a river, but only a good-sized creek. The whole
lierd had been running at large till recently, when the brood-sows and
several of the smaller shoats had been driven into the orchard and barn-
yard. I found three dead shoats in and near the creek, three more dan-
gerously sick, or in an advanced stage of swine plague and barely able
to walk, and several others evidently ailing, while undoubtedly every
one of the shoats running at large in the woods and not yet apparently
diseased were more or less infected. I learned from Mr. Deckhard that
liis pigs had caught the disease from animals owned by his mother, who
lives a little fardier north and above him; or, at any rate, his mother's
pigs, which used to be a good deal together with his own, had first com-
menced dying. Acting upon my advice Mr. Deckhard drove all the
outside pigs which did not appear to be ailing out of the woods into the
orchard and barnyard, together with the bro^-sows and pigs and some
shoats, and left the very sick animals to their fate in the tdmber for the
want of some better place to take tfiem. They were not admitted with
the others into the orchard and barnyard for fear of still more infection,
and to subject them to treatment was considered useless. The herd
thus shut up in the orchard and barnyard contained one very sick ani-
mal, a small emaciated shoat with a temperature of lOG^F., and half a
dozen others evidently affected. I advised the removal of the very sick
shoat, but Mr. Deckhard thought it might recover. The whole herd in
334 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
tbe orchard and barnyard, which conld not get any water except what
was given to them in troughs pumped firom a well, was subjected to
treatment, and received three times a day ten drops of carbolic acid, for
every 100 pounds of live weight, in the water for drinking. This treat-
ment was continued till July 26.
From Mr. R. Deckhard's I went to Dr. Deckhard's place, where I
found three shoats shut up in an isolated, small yard. They had come
from the herd of Mrs. Deckhard, the doctor's grandmother, had recently
been transferred, and exhibited plain symptoms of the first stages of
swine plague. All three were coughing, but had yet some appetite,
and were active. I subjected them to the same treatment as Mr. Deck-
hard's herd. Mrs. Deckhard's place was not visited, because her son
informed me that most of her pigs had died and that the few yet alive
were convalescent. Anotherman in Paradise had lost three pigs (shoats),
had two very sick, and one apparently healthy. Found also a cas9 on
my return in ^tna, but only in a small herd, originally consisting of
six animals. Of these two had died, one was dying, and three were
apparently yet healthy. Made the same provisions for the latter as for
the infected animals in Paradise.
Went again to Paradise on July 12 and found all the animals in treat-
ment doing well except that one very sick shoat with a temperature of
lOO^F. The sick shoats left to their fate in the woods were dead. The
doctor's pigs were still coughing, but were no worse in any re8X)ect and
had good appetites. Made another visit on July 18 and found every
animal in treatment alive and doing well except the very sick shoat,
which had died. The doctor's pigs showed considerable improvement
My last visit was made on July 25, when I found every animal in treat
ment, old and young, not only very much improved but also thrifty
and without any symptoms of disease. Those of Dr. Deckhard had
stopped coughing and had gained in flesh. Not intending to come
again, I requested both Mr. Deckhard and his son, the doctor, to send
me woi^ if anything should happen or if any relapse should take place.
On August 18 I received word from Dr. Deckhard that all the pigs were
healthy and doing well.
July 22. — Having learned of cases of swine plague existing south of
Philo, in Crittenden Township, I went there and found a diseased herd of
swine at Mr. Wimmer's place, about s^ven or eight miles south of Philo,
and about 20 miles from Champaign, near the Embarras River. Found
the whole herd, said to consist of forty-odd head, running at large in
the timber, which extended with some interruptions to the river, nearly
a mile and a half from the house. Saw numerous hog-wallows in the
timber, and at least half a dozen dead hogs, more or less putrefied, lying
in dilferent parts of the woods, but mostly in or near the hog-wallows,
and all within a radius of a quarter of a mile. Saw but few live hogs;
the timber was extensive, and the time of the day not being feeding
time, could not ascertain the exact number of hogs still living and ap-
parently healthy. Made one post-mortem examination of a pig about
two months old, which had been dead but a short time and was the only
one not yet decomposed. Besides the usual morbid changes in the lungs
and considerable enlargement of the lymphatic glands, 1 found adhesion
between the pulmonary and costal pleuras, between the pulmonarjr
pleura and diaphragm, and between the heart and i)ericardium, bnt^
nothing very abnormal in the abdominal ctivity. Advised Mr. Wim-
mer to make a small yard, or large pen, on high and dry ground, desti-
tute of water and of hog-wallows, but convenient to the weU, and t(^
drive all the animals apparently healthy, or but slightly afi'ected, int<r
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 335
n. Left also some carbolic a<5id and instructed him how to use
drops for every 100 pounds of live weight three times a day in
ter for drinking.
1 Mr. Wimmer's place I went to Mr. Schaefer's farm, about one
2st and near the Embarrass Kivcr. Mr. Schaefer had recently
out 100 head of swine, and had only two shoats left, which ap-
to be healthy, or rather convalescent. Went from there to Mr.
sr's nephew, Mr. Schaefer, jr., who lives about half a mile farther
or down the river. On his place swine plague had just made its
ance. His herd consisted of about 100 head, mostly shoats, of
several exhibited symptoms of disease, but not finding him at
0 arrangements could be made.
ly way home I called in at Mr. Postletwhaite's, who lives a few
irther north, towards Philo, also near the Embarrass River, but
distance above. Mr. Postlethwaite lost most of his hogs last
nd I merely called to see how his swine were getting along. He
w 126 very nice shoats, and thought them to be all right, but
re went thurough the hog pasture, a piece of timber land, I could
rtit to him several sick ones, among them two or three which
very plain and unmistakable symptoms of the plague. I ad-
im to take all his hogs, with the exception of those I pointed out,
'om the infected hog pasture to another place on a piece of high
J ground, and there to treat them with carbolic acid, and to give
a their water for drinking, three times a day, firom eight to ten
or every 100 pounds of live weight. Having no more carbolic
th me, I gave him an order for some to a druggist in Philo. He
id to follow my advice.
hese people live in or near the timber on the upper portion of the
rass River, which is a tributary of the Wabash. The countiy is
r rolling, but in some places rather low and wet, though, as a
>t swampy. Near the banks of the river it is for the most part
1 with timber, which is pastured by cattle and hogs, and contains
rable underbrush and much old and decaying vegetation. All
Fell calculated to afford protection to swme-plague Schizophytes,
Uy during the winter, and the disease in consequence is probably
entlrely^bsent in this section of country, and only at certain
f the year, or under certain conditions, is more virulent than at
On Mr. Postlethwafte's farm — Mr. P. has only lived there a year
balf— I am informed by reliable persons that swine plague has
stationary disease for several years, and that those who have
lere have also been much troubled with diphtheria and typhoid
Most of the farmers in that section of country find it convenient
lieir hogs run at large in the timber; therefore it should not be a
of wonder if the plague survived through the winter, even if only
or a few places in the timber; that new cases should occur in the
and in the summer, and that the disease thus l>e gradually spread
»rd to herd, and, though at first probably mild, become gradually
alignan t and more fatal. Between the places of Mr. Postlethwaite
Mr. Schaefer, only about two miles apart, a large dead hog was
I to rot in a hog- wallow close to the road, and produced an unbear-
mch, but nobody confessed ownership nor considered it his busi-
remove and bury it. Living hogs were rooting in close proximity,
an in that neighborhood, living about midway between Mr.
3r and Mr. Schaefer, does not allow his hogs to run at large, but
hem shut up on his own premises, and has had no case of disease
them.
336 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
July 27. — ^Visited the herds of Mr. Postlethwaite, of Mr. Scha^fer, jr.
of Mr. Wise, and of Mr. Wimmer. Mr. Postlethwaite had called for the
carbolic acid at the drug store, but had not used it, neither had he sep-
arated his shoats nor taken the well ones to another yard. Everything
was precisely as I found it before. Except that more animals exhibited
plain symptoms of disease, matters were about as I left them. Still, the
latter did not yet manifest a malignant character, and I have not the
least doubt if my directions had been followed Mr. Postlethwaite would
have lost but very few pigs. The whole herd yet occupied the old hog
pasture, but as the fence was defective quite a number occasionally
crawled out and in, and were at large picking up and disseminating
the infectious principle. When I first visited Mr. Postleth waiters place,
on July 22, he denied any knowledge of the existence of swine plague
among his herd. This I regarded as rather strange, because I well knew
that he had lost a good many hogs before (last year) and could not be
ignorant of the symptoms of the disease. Everything, however, was
finally explained. It leaked out that a day or two before my first visit
he had shipped all his older hogs, or every marketable animal on the
place, and only kept such as were too young and too small . to be sold.
No further explanation as to why his herd contained no brewing animals
was necessary, but only shoats from five to eight months old, and a fe^«^
very runty older animals which had the disease last year and had neve"*
fully recovered. He again promised to make the needful separation aix<l
to comply with my directions.
At Mr. Schaefer's place everything was in the same condition as b*^*
fore. I met him on the road, and he, too, promised to separate his pi^^
and to take those not evidently diseased away from the iirfected groun.^3.
Through him I learned of another diseased herd, located a mile farth^^r
east and belonging to Mr. Wise. This gentleman had lost 25 head ^^
swine, and had yet about 30 living, a few of them very sick and ev^i*
dently past recovery. He had his herd divided into small lots. Om:m&
animal had died just before my arrival. The posirmortem examinatic^^
revealed the usual morbid changes in the lungs, involving about thr^^^*
foui-ths of the pulmonary-tissue, adhesion between the pulmonary pleu:*^
and the diaphragm, and between the former and the mediastinum, ai::"-^
enlargement of the lymphatic glands. I took the right superficial aK»d
deeper inguinal glands, which were very much enlarged, for microscope ^c
examination and for mounting, and also a jliece of the diseased lun^^*
Mr. Wise was ready to comply with my instructions, and, as will he*:^
after appear, carried them out faithfully.
Mr. Wimmer had made the advised separation, but had only be^^^^^
able to find 17 shoats worth saviug. They had been faithfully treatr-^3^^
with carbolic acid and were apparently improving, notwithstandiug tk -^'.v
were cooped up in a pen without shelter and exposed to the rays of t ^^
sun.
August 1. — Made another visit to Mr. Postletli waite's place. Whet ^ ^
was there the first time only a few pi^'s, as stated, showed symptoms. ^^
disease, while at my second visit nearly half of his herd was more ^^
less aflected. I thought then he would surely make a separation a^^^^
follow my directions, but, on the contrary, I found nothing whatev^f^
had been done, except that a few of the sickest pigs had been fenced "*
in a corner of the swine pasture, a place which happened to be full ^^
manure and to be on the highest ground ; it was the old feeding pla^^^'
The disease commenced to present a decidedly malignant type, and nea:^l^'
the whole herd was now affected; five animals had died; four oth^^-^^
were dying j a dozen or more were in the last stages of the disease ^^^
/
REPORT OF THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 337
jould scarcely bo induced to move ; one of them was rather profusely
>leeding from the nose, a symptom only observed where the disease is
nalignant. Mr. Postlethwaite said he had used some carbolic acid. I
Lave my doubts about it, but, if he has, it has not been used reg^arly,
►r, if used regularly, has probably been given to animals about ready to
lie. I again emphatically advised strict separation, and pointed out on
he premises how it could be done with comparatively little labor, but
itill it required some labor, some fence-making, and some carrying of
fater. Those of his pigs which crawl through the defective fence
isnally make their lair under a large old corn-crib, the same under which
ast year a great many pigs died. It is in precisely the same condition
IS a year ago.
Mr. Schaefer was visited next He, too, had not done a thing by way
>f separation, and remarked that a strict separation would require too
Duch labor and too much fencing, and might after all not do any good,
le had used some carbolic acid, but as his pigs were at liberty to go
7here ^ey pleased, and were not at all obliged to drink the carbolized
^ater, it is very doubtful whether they ever got much, if any. They
indoabtedly took the most of their water for drinking from the nomer-
lus mud-puddles and hog- wallows in their range, and may even have
:one to the river. Several of Mr. Schaefer's' animals had died, and
thers were diseased. Was unable to determine how many were yet
lealthy and how many sick, because comparatively few could be found
r called together, for their range is extensive, and it was not feeding
ime. Urged Mr. Schaefer once more to separate the healthy animals
rem the <Useased ones.
My next visit was to Mr. Wise's place. A few pigs had died, but only
uch as were very sick and already past recovery at my first visit. AU
hose not very sick at the time of my first visit, five days ago^ or merely
afected, were doing well. My directions had been complied with. Made
post-mortem examination of a young pig which was found dead, and
7SLS one of those very much diseased at ^e time of my first visit. It
ad been sick a long time. Its dam, too, had died of ^wine plague.
>eath, as became evident by the post-mortem examination, was much
lore the result of exhaustion than tiie direct or immediate consequence
f the morbid process. The lungs and lymphatic glands presented the
Bual and characteristic morbid changes; nothing else abnormal, except
he heart was very soft and flabby, the capillaries of the auricles injected,
jid the amount of blood in the organism reduced to a minimum.
At Mr. Wimmer's place, which was next visited, all 17 shoats, sepa-
ated and under treatment, were doing exceedingly well and gaining
1 fle^ A few others left in the woods as not worth saving, and had
ot received treatment, were dead.
August 3. — ^Went once more to Mr. Postiethwaite's, for, knowing that
he disease was prevailing in his herd in a very malignant form, I was
nxious to use it for testing my prophylactic treatment, but my efforts
rere in vain; nothing whatever had been done, the pigs were running
t large in the hog pasture in the timber, in the yard, under the old corn-
rib, in the field, and even on the public highway, or wherever a fence
ras not tight enough to prevent their getting through. They were dy-
3g rapidly; 15 had died in two days, or since the first instant. With
is permission I killed for examination a small, emaciated pig, about 5
aonths old, which was in the last stage of swine plague and al^ut ready
o die. Found all the lymphatic glands, but especially those of the
aesenterium, very much enlarged — some of the mesenteric glands meas-
ire about an inch in their transverse diameter; two-fifths of the left and
22 AG
338 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE,
about four-iifths of the right lung were more or less hepatized, the hepati-
zation i>resenting all possible stages from mere intiltration with yet llnid
exudation to gray hepatization, about ready to decay. Besides, there
was considerable exudation in the chest and in the pericardium. In the
abdominal cavity a very large number of well-developed ulcerous tumors
of a nearly uniform size, averaging that of a good-sized pea, in the whole
colon, and in the crecum, but more numerous and closer together in the
former than in the latter intestine. All were coated on their surface by
a dirty, yellowish-looking detritus.
August 6. — Went to Mr. Wimmer's, Mr. Schaefer's, and Mr. Wise's,
and passing by Mr. Postlethwaite's place I called in and found that noth-
ing had. been done, except he had shut up some of the less affected ani-
mals in the pen which a few days ago was occupied by sick animals
which had all died there. There were yet 78 animals alive out of the
original 126, but over half of those yet alive were very sick and will
surely die, while all others, with the possible exception of one single
animal, were more or less affected.
At Mr. Schaefer's the same state of affairs prevailed. He had not
made any separation, but had used some carbolic acid and also a lot of
other things, such as sulphur, lime-water, &c., but as all his pigs had
access to numerous hog- wallows, and could even go to the river, it is
more than doubtful whether they ever tasted the m^icated water in the
troughs. Mr. Schaefer's pigs had commenced to die very fast. Found
some dead ones by the roadside in hog- wallows.
At Mr. Wise's place things looked different. His herd was separated
into small lots. He had originally 55 head of swine, large and small.
When the treatment was commenced 30 of these 55 animals were either
dead (25) or very sick (5). In all, 28 of these 30 (most of them small
pigs) died and two recovered. The rest, 25 animals, did not show plain
symptoms of swine plague at the commencement of the treatment; ot
these only one animal afterward exhibited well-developed symptoinS)
but is now convalescent. The other 24 are now, August 6, to all ap-
pearances perfectly healthy. Twenty-seven in all are alive and doinS
well.
At Mr. Wimmer's place the 17 shoats which were separated and sa^
jected to treatment, are doing well and improving.
August 15. — Mr. Wimmer's 17 shoats are gaining in flesh, look we^V
and may be considered as healthy animals. The treatment has h9^^
discontinued. ^
At Mr. Postlethwaite's the dying continues. I met Mr. Postlethwai ^^
in Champaign in the middle of September and learned that of his whc^^
herd, originally consisting of 126 animals, only 8 had survived, and th^ ^
the remainder are diseas^ and may yet die.
At Mr. Schaefer^s, I have been informed, the dying has ceased, 1> ^
how many in all have died and how many have survived I have
been able to learn. Probably a separation was made at the eleven
hour. The disease in his herd, as also in Mr. Wise's and Mr. Wimme
was of the same malignant type as in Mr. Postlethwaite's herd, and
pigs were, on an average of about the same age, or perhaps a tri
older. I would have visited Mr. Schaefer's place again, but the d
tance from Ohampaign is fully 20 miles, and there was hardly any prc"'^
pect that he would do anything, so I thought it was not worth while.
August 18. — ^Found an infected herd of swine, suit^ible for testing
prophylactic treatment, at Squire Reinhardt's place, in Crittenden Tow
ship, fourteen miles south and* half a mile east of Champaign, or abo
thi^ miles west of Postlethwaite's place, and nearly the same distan
REPORT OF THE VETERINART DIVISION. SS8
from the Embarras Eiver. Mr. Beinhardt^s herd of swine oonaifltB of
about 6() aiiiioals, iDost of them shoats, and some of them old hogs. Qq
my arrival 1 found about a dozen animals exhibiting unmistakable 8ymp«
toiii!) of swine plague. Two had died a day or two before. As at the
other places, I advised strict separation and carbolic-acid treatment
three times a day, from eight to ten drops for every 100 pounds of live
weight, and wa« assured that my advice should be followed.
A^unt 21.-^ Another infe()ted herd of swjpe was found at the £Eurm of
Mr. Frederick Geiger, in Mahomet Township, eight miles west of Oham-
paigq and toward the Sangamon Biver. Arriving there I fonnd a herd
of about GO shoats and several older hogs in an artificial grove, where
they could get no water except what was drawn from a well and given
theip. Mr. Geiger had lost three animals a day or two before, and 12
to 15 of the shoats showed plain sjimptoms of swine plague, but none of
them, with the exception, perhaps, of one animal, was in an advanced
stHge of the diseaae. Made the same arrangements as at Mr. Beinhardt's
ill regard to treatment. A separation or a change of place was not in*
sisted upon, because the place, an artificial grove of black-walnut trees.
cQiitaiped no underbrush or old, decaying vegetation, was on high and
dry ground, and otherwise unobjectionable. Further, a separation was
not deemed necessary because the three animals which died had been
pfomptly removed, and none of those living, with tlie exception, per-
haps, of the one pig mentioned, was very seriously affected.
August 25. — Made my second visit at Mr. Beinhardt's place and fonnd
that my directions had been complied with as far as circumstances per*
mitted. The separation, it is true^ was not a thorough one, as only one
X)ortipn of the herd, composed mainly of older anim^, and very likely
not in|ectedf was kept in a separate yard, while the other portion, com-
]Hiaed qIl shoats, and containing diseased and apparently healthy ani-
mals, was kept in the barnyard; but as only two animals had died, which
had beeu promptly removed, and as none of the diseased animals were
iu a very advanced stage of swine plague, and, further, as no better or
more suiU^ble yard or place destitute of water was available, no serious
objection could be made to this arrangement, notwithstanding the
barnyard was undoubtedly infected. But it was mostly bare ground,
siud therefore no great danger of a continued influx of the infectious
principle was apprehended. The carbolic acid had been faithfully given
uud all tlie animals were shutoff fromany water except what was pumped
fi'OiD a well and offered them in troughs. The whole herd showed im*
jil-ovoment ; those animals which showed unmistakable symptoms of dis^
eHse at the time of my first visit were still coughing but acting more
lively, and no new cases had occurred. Only one of Uieafi'ected animals
showed slight pumping motions of the flanks, but to no greater extent
than at the time of my first visit. Mr. Beinhardt expected to lose
nearly his whole herd, and is quite enthusiastic about the success so far
achieved.
August 21, — ^At Mr. Geiger^s no new cases had occurred, and those
pigs already diseased showed improvement. Some of them were dc-
<;idedly better and none were worse. My directions had been complied
with,
Septtmher 4. — Went again to Mr. Geiger's place and fouud all his pigs
doing well 5 only two showed symptoms of disease, and they were im-
proving. All others may be considered well pigs. The treatment was
faithfully executed \ eight drops of carbolic acid for evety 100 pounds
of live weight were given three times a day. This minimum dose was
Gousidered sof&cienti as Mr. Geiger has a patent arrangemeut for wat^«
J
340 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
jug his pigs, which prevents the animals from polluting or spilling the
water, so everything that was given was consamed. Ko losses occ^red
after the treatment commenced.
iSeptember 6. — I was iiiformed of some cases of swine plague in Ma-
homet, a village about 12 miles west of Champaign, on the Sangamon
Eiver ; but when I went there I found the herd in question had been
disposed of.
September 8. — ^Went agaii^ to Mr. Eeinha^dt's and found all his pigs
doing well. A few were still coughing a little, but they appeared to
be otherwise all right, and the cough was evidently less distressiug
than it had been. Ouly one pig, the one which showed thumping mo-
tions of the ilanks on August 25, was yet a little dumpish and still a
sick pig. The carbolic-acid treatment had been continued to date.
During my stay in Oquawka, Henderson County, in the fall of 1879, 1
made a number of successful prophylactic experiments with several in-
fected and diseased herds of hogs in different parts of that county.
Afterwards I kept up correspondence with a friend, who from time to
time informed me of what was going on in regard to swine plague, and
so 1 learned that several fanners in Henderson County had adopted my
prophylactic treatment and succeeded in every instance in checking
the progress and the spreading of the disease. I therefore considered
it worth while to go there once more and see for myself. Having no
important cases on hand nearer home, I went there August 31, and al-
though at that time I was not able to find any infected or diseased herds
of swina the &vorable reports sent me by my friend were fully con-
firmed in every instance.
September 21. — ^Although swine plague occurred this year only in cer-
tain localities there was no lack of material in July and August, bnt
on some of the infected farms its progress was stopped by shipping the
whole herd ; on some it had died out for want of material, and on others
its development was checked or interrupted by my measures of preven-
tion, besides the prevailing drought was not favorable to its spread-
ing, and so it happened that in September all my searches and inquiries
for recent outbreaks or recently infected herds were fruitless. I did
not know where to find new material for further experiments, and finally
went to Squire Eeinhardt's, in Crittenden Township, who knows every-
body in his neighborhood, for information, thinking that in Orittenden
Township, especially in the vicinity of the Embarras Kiver, new out-
breaks might have occurred. In his own herd the treatment had been
discontinued for some time, and no losses had occurred, but I found
that he had recently turned all his hogs into another lot or yard, one
which contained an old straw-stack, the probable source of the first in-
fection, because that yard had been occupied by the shoats immediately
before the first cases of disease occurred. The shoats, which were doing
as well as could be desired two weeks ago, appeared, at least some of
them, to be slightly affected. I heard several coughing, and observed
other slight symptoms which were not present when I last visited them.
I advised Mr. Keiuhardt to take aU his hogs out of that yard, to keep
them out as long as the old straw-staek remained, and to put them back
where they were before. He promised to do so, and also to send word
at once if anything should happen. I have received no word, and there-
fore conclude he has removed his pigs to the yards formerly occupied,
that no new outbreak has occurred, and everything is all right.
Mr. Eeinhardt informed me that Mr. Jassy, living about three miles
sourbeast of him, on a large farm near the Embarras River, had re-
cently lost a good many pigs. Mr. Beinhardt and myself went there
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 341
and found that Mr. Jassy had lost very heavily, but not finding him at
home I coold not learn the exact number. The remainder of his herd,
said to be a mere remnant, had been removed to and was found on a
piece of high and dry ground, several acres in extent, but surrounded
by a hog-tight fence. This piece of ground was destitute of any water,
and the animals in consequence could not get any except what was
drawn from a well and given them in troughs. Most of the pigs — in all
perhaps fifty — ^were yet evidently diseased, but more or less convales-
cent. They were mostly shoats from six to twelve months old; all the
younger and smaller pig& and a good many of the larger ones, I was
informed, had died. At date the mortality, it appeared, had ceased,
and I saw only two or three which were in a bad condition and very
likely to die. Till the removal had been effected the mortality had been
very great.
September 27. — I found a diseased herd of swine, though only a small
one, in the outskirts of Champaign City, belonging to Mr. Barnard.
The herd was divided and each portion was in a separate yard. The
first yard contained one aged sow and a litter of ten pigs from three
to four months old; the second was occupied by a sow with eight young
pigs a few weeks old; the third contained two brood-sows without pigs
8 hey had litters afterward) ; and the fourth contained a few older hogs,
nly the sow and some of her pigs in the second yard exhibited symp-
toms of swine plague ; all the others appeared to be perfectly healthy.
When I arrived at the premises, in company with the owner, a little
child had opened the gate leading from the first into the second yard,
and three of the pigs of the litter of ten, which belonged in the first
yard, had availed themselves of the opportunity to get into the second
yard, and were busily eating com which had been refused and left
on the ground by the diseased sow. Of course these pigs were im-
mediately driven out and back to where they belonged, but what had
happened could not be undone; the three pigs had exposed themselves
to a possibility of an infection. As tiie herd was already separated in
four different though adjoining yards a farther separation was not neces-
sary, and only the occupants of the first yard, the aged sow and her
ten pigs, of which three possibly might have become infected, and the
sow and her litter in the second yard, were treated with carbolic acid.
They received three times a day ten drops for every hundred pounds of
live weight. One circumstance must here be mentioned which is rather
favorable to or may possibly effect a communication of the disease to
the perfectly healthy occupants of No. 3 and No. 4. The latter are lower
than the yard which contains the diseased sow and her littei/of pigs, and,
joining the same, receive more or less of its drainage.
September 30. — ^The diseased sow and her pigs are no worse, and none
of the other animals have become affected.
October 3. — ^The continued drought has come to an end, terminated by
abundant rains, which have softened the ground and revived vegetation.
Mr. Barnard had removed the aged sow and her ten large pigs from
yard No. 1 — the only one higher than No. 2 — to the pasture, or yard
No. 4, and finding that they as well as the former occupants of the past-
ure commenced to turn up the sod, had ringed every one of the 17 ani-
mals, and thus performed an operation which is exceedingly dangerous
and apt to lead to an infection if swine plague is near. It was there-
fore concluded to subject the whole herd, now doubly exposed, to the
carbolic-acid treatment. The diseased sow, though not otherwise any
worse, had become partially paralyzed in the hind quarters, and was
lame in one fore leg. Her temperature was 104|OF. Two of her pigs
d42 BEPORT OF THE OOMMISSIONEA OF AaBICtTLTUBE.
seem to be worse; one of them gasps for breatli ami the other one is
panting. The other pigs of the same litter seem to be very little ailing,
if any; they are quite Bvely, do not show any plaiu symptoms of din-
ease^ and are only thin, perhaps becaase they do not get enough milk
and are too small to eat much. Although the ground occupied by the
healthy swine receives the drainage— to a large extent at least — from
the infected yard, the heavy and continuous rains of the la«t few dnys
have probably been sufficient to entirely wash away every swine plague
Schizophyte. It rained nearly four days without interruption*
October 6. — The diseased sow ha« some appetite, and her paralysis is
a little better, but her lameness in one fore leg is about the same. At
Mr. Barnard's solicitation I killed, by bleeding, the two sick pigs, which
neither of us expected would ever be worth anything, even if they should
survive. Foatmortem examination : Externally, no morbid changes. In-
ternally, some hepatization and a good deal or fluid exudation in both
lungs; and the lymphatic glands, especially those of the mesenterinni,
very much enlarged, but much more in the pig first killed than in the ooe
Idlled last. No other morbid changes in either pig. The two post-mortm
examinations were desirable in so far as they established beyond a doubt
that the disease in question was veritable swine plague, atid nothing else.
So far none of the other pigs, except those belonging to the diseased
BOW, have shown any symptom whatever.
October 10.— Mr. Barnard's swine are doing well; the diseased soif
is improving, her appetite is good, and her lameness and partial paraly-
sis have almost entirely disappeared. Her pigs, too, have grown aod
look better, and none of the other animals have shown any indication of
disease.
October 20. — All the animals are doing well; every trace of swine
plague has disappeared; the carbolic-acid treatment was discoutinaed
a few days ago.
In the foregoing I have endeavored to restrict myself to an account
of completed experiments, and to leave out as much as possible the de-
tails of my fhtile efforts to obtain material and unsuccessful attempts
to find diseased or infected herds of swine suitable for experiment. I
have also considered it unnecessary, and as serWng no purpose, to gi^^
sm account of every case in which the animals were shipped or sold
before a fair test could be made or before any results could be expected.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS.
As before stated, my principal object was to find and to test, in com-
pliance with my instructions, such prophylactics or means of prevention
as are practical or sufficiently simple and easy of application to be in-
telligently api)lied by every farmer and swine-raiser. Of course sucli
means, no matter in what they may consist or how they may act, mtist
not be very expensive and must not be injurious to the hog, or at any
rate, if not perfectly innocent to the animal, the damage produced must
be insignificant and not be of a permanent character. Swine-raising?
like all other branches of farming, is a matter of dollars and cents, and
if swine plague id successfully prevented only by means which destroy
or seriously impair the Aiture usefulness of the animal, or cost perhaps
as much as the pig is worth, or which are very difficult of application
and require much labor, attention, or study, and may be the use of costly
instruments, nothing of any practical value will be gained. When ex]^)eri-
meriting la^t year with several antiseptics to test their value as propliy*
lactics of the plague, I found that quite a number of them if properly
BBPOBT OF THE YSTBBIKABT DIVISION. 343
nsed would effectively prevent the development of the disease, even if
an infection or an inoculation with potent material had taken place
{cf. my last report), but at the same time it was also found that some
of these were too expensive to come into general use, that others were
difficult to procure or sulgect to adulteration, and that still others,
among them particularly iodine^ though very effective, were decidedly
ii^jurious to the health of the anmial if given in sufficientiy large doses
for the necessary length of time. The only antiseptic free almost en-
tirely from all these objections, and at the same time nearly if not quite
equal in its prophylactic effect to every medicine tried, proved to be
pure crystallized carbolic acid dissolved by gentie heating, and an addi-
tion of about 5 per cent, of water, and then sufficientiy dHuted with the
water for drinking.
I also tested inoculations with cultivated swine plague Schizophytes
and found them to be of some prophylactic value, at least in so far that
such inoculations, as a rule, produced a comparatively much milder form
of disease than that caused by a natural (accidental) infection, and as
such a milder attack resulting from an inoculation with cultivated swine
plague Schizophytes desti^oyed, partiaUy at least, the existing predis-
I>osition, or protected for tiie future about just as much as an attack
brought on by a natural infection, but no more. The protection, the
same as after an attack of swine plague caused by a natural or acci-
dental infection, or by an inoculation with infectious morbid products
(lung exudation, for instance), was not always sufficient to entirely pre-
vent a subsequent infection^ or some more or less serious reaction adfter
a subsequent inoculation witih potent material, but the disorder follow-
ing or caused by such a subsequent inoculation or infection was never
severe. It either did not amount to a fully developed second attack of
swine plague, manifesting its presence by plain symptoms resulting
firom new morbid changes, but was insignificant and in some cases al-
most imperceptible; but ii it did, the second attack was never a severe
one and never became fatal. Experiments and inoculations with swine-
plague Schizophytes, cultivated in substances foreign to the organism
of Uie hog, are very interesting and of high scientilc value ; they are
well calculated — ^perhaps better than anything else — to lead to a higher
knowledge of the Schizophytes or Microbes, their nature, metamorphoses,
manner of propagation, their mode of action, &c., and particularly to
throw light upon the conditions which determine the pathogenic prop-
erties or the comparative ii\aocence of the swine plague Schizophytes ]
but they are hardly of any practical value to the farmer.
A cultivation of swine-plague Schizophytes, or of any other pathogenic
Microbes, for the purpose of making prophylactic inoculations, requires
great care and circumspection, and without a. verj^ good microscope would
have to be made completely in the dark; consequently it cannot be ex-
pected that even one farmer out of a thousand would be able to make such
a cultivation without danger of doing more damage than good. Experi-
menting with cultivations of the infectious agencies of fatal diseases,
unless conducted with the greatest care and a thorough understanding
of every detail, is a dangerous business, and very apt to result much
more in a fiirther spreading of the disease than in its suppression.
AU these facts and considerations induced me to concentrate my efforts
in another direction and to pursue in my experiments the following
plan, based upon the pecularities of the disease, and the results of
former observations. It contains two leading points — one consisting in
removing the animals from every known source of infection, in stopping
and avoiding as much as possible the means by which the disease germs
344 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
can or may be introduced into the animal organism, and in permitting no
more avenues of ingress than are unavoidable; and the other consistiDg
in counteracting the action of the disease germs already introduced into
the system, or, more correctly speaking, in employing such means as will,
according to experience, prevent their further development and propa-
gation, and destroy, or at least essentially diminish, their pathogenic
propeitiefi^ This plan, whenever fully executed, proved to be very sue-
cessfiil, but its execution is not quite as sim|.»le as it may seem to be.
The disease germs cling to and are protected by a great many things,
and, under certain conditions and while in a certain stikge of development,
possess a great tenacity of life and a wonderful power of propagation.
The means and carriers of infection, therefore, are many; and as to the
avenues of ingress not only the digestive canal and larger wounds,
but also very small insignificant sores and scratches or abrasions, con-
stitute excellent means of introducing the disease germs into the animal
organism. One mistake or neglect, therefore, may defeat all our efforts.
In the following I will enumerate the essential points which seem to me
to demand attention:
MEANS OF PREVENTION.
Some of these measures are self-evident, and it will not be required to
give reasons for their efficacy or why they are necessary if it is kept in
mind that swine plague is a very infectious clisease.
1. Wlierever swine plague hai)pens to be prevailing in a neighbor-
hoods no hog or pig must be allowed to run at large, but every herd and
every hog should be kept shut up if possible in pens or yards on the
premises of the owner. Considering the fact that the swine-plagne
germs are discharged in immense numbers by the diseased animals with
their excrements, &c., and rise into the air as Schizophyte germs, and
probably as micrococci, to a limited height, on coming down are de-
posited with the dew or rain upon the grass, herbage, and into water, it
is dangerous in an infected neighborhood to allow healthy swine to be in
the pasture while the grass is wet with dew or rain, unless the rain has
continued long and been sufficiently heavy to wash away everything that
is very minute and light. Hence, when it is desired that a herd of hogs
should have the run of a pasture while the disease is in the neighbor-
hood, the time must be limited to between 10 o'clock in the morning
and sundown, or to hours during which the grass is dry. The Schizo-
phytes are soon destroyed where sunshine and fresh air have full access,
and where at the same time moisture is wanting.
2. Every transportation of diseased and dead hogs is apt to cause a
further spreading of the plague, and therefore should be strictly avoided.
National, State, and municipal governments quarantine against yellow
fever, send small-pox patients to the pest-house, prohibit the importation
and transportation of cattle affected with pleuropneumonia, order killed
dogs suspected of being mad, and laws are in exist-ence in several States
which forbid any importation or transit of apparently healthy Texas
and Cherokee cattle during certain portions of the year for fear of the
spread of Texas fever. Why not have a law that forbids and punishes the
transportation of swine affected with or that have died of swine plague
— a law that shall compel every one to keep his hogs and pigs on his
own premises, especially if the disease is in the neighborhood, say, within
a radius of two miles j and also forbid and make it a punishable offense
for any one to contaminate or i)ollutc any stream of running water (which
does not terminate on his own grounds in a pond or lake without any
i)Utlet) by throwing in carcasses of dead hogs or parts of the same, or
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 846
by allowing diseased hogs and pigs to have access to such stream T Sach
a^law, if properly framed, could be executed, would harm nobody, and
prevent very much the spreading of swine plague.* Especially this
present year really malignant cases of swine plague have been compara-
tively rare, and the disease on the whole of an extraordinarily mild type;
severe cases and a rapid spreading could be found only where the hogs
were allowed to roam at largo and to frequent places which Stfforded
si)ecial conditions favorable to the preservation of the swine plague
Schizophytes or Microbes.
If it had not been for such places — timbered land, especially such as
contains much underbrush and rank vegetation, and is near the border
of a creek, and ysu^s, pastures, &c., containing old straw-stacks or
accumulations of other similar loose and porous substances — ^it might
have been very difficult or even impossible to find during the year any
case of swine plague of a malignant type in the whole State of Illinois.
At any rate, where these conditions did not exist no cases could be found,
unless it was in a herd in which the origin of the disease could be traced
to just such a source.
3. Healthy and non-infected herds of swine, and also those which
possibly may have become infected but do not yet exhibit any plain
symptoms of disease and can probably be saved, must be kept away
from streams of running water accessible to diseased animals above, and
in any way polluted or infected with swine plague either through the
excrements, excretions and secretions of the sick hogs, or by the carcass
of a dead hog. But as this point has been dwelt upon at some length
in my former reports, a mere mention of it will suffice.
Where swine plague is in the neighborhood hogs should also be kept
away from pools oi stagnant water. Stagnant water, especially in a
small pool, is very apt to become a receptacle of a great many discMOse
germs, ana as it always contains more or less organic matter it is also
well adapted to their preservation and propagation and constitutes a
good means of infection.
4. One of the sources that contributes more than anything else in
perpetuating swine plague on a farm — always affording a ready means
of infection — is a straw-stack in a hog-yard or in a swine pasture, espe-
cially if the disease is in the neighborhood. The danger is the greater, ft
seems, the older and larger, and the more undermined the straw-stack.
Being a porous body, a poor conductor of heat and well calculated to
retain moisture, it not only affords a good receptacle but also an admir-
able protection for the swine-plague Schizophytes, well calculated, as has
been shown in one of my former reports, to preserve the same for a
whole year. That such is the case has found recent confirmation.
A hay-stack is probably just as dangerous, but a farmer very seldom
places a hay -stack in a hog-yard, and, besides, the hay is usually needed
for feeding, and the stack therefore is removed before spring. A great
many Western farmers put a straw-stack in the hog-yard for two or three
* Some time during the winter of 1880 and 1881 J. Chrisman, of GageCounty, Nebraska,
foand that his bogs were dying off with some disease that he could not control, and to
secnre himself he advertised his stock for sale. His neighbors bought what hogs they
wanted, not knowing of anv diseose among them. After they took tnem (the purchased
hogs) home, they fonnd, when it was too late, that they had the swine plagae. Some
of the buyers of Chrisman's hogs lost almost all, not only those they bought but those
tbey had on their farms. Mr. frank Pothoud informs me that his loss exceeded $1,000.
Mr. Frank Jones lost very heavily, also Mr. David Littlejohn. As this was the first
time that swine plague was ever known in Qage County, people were unprepared and
i^orant of the proper way to treat it. I do not know where Chrisman lx>ught his
bogs, but I think they were bought of a mover who was coming West. (Extraot from
letter from Samuel £. Rigg, druggist, Beatrice, Qage County, I^braska.)
846 REPORT OF THE C0HMI8SI0NEB OF AGBICULTUBE.
reasons: first, to have it out of the way, as tliey often do not know what
else to do with it;* secondly, to let the hogs pick up the grain wbuih
the thresher may have left in the straw ; and, thirdly, to have inexi)eu
sive shelter for their hogs which will soon burrow holes into it and make
themselves a warm lair. In cold and inclement weather, and also in a
hot summer (July and August especially), hogs need shelter, but this
should not consist of a straw-stack, and should be made of other more
compact or less porous material. At any rate, in a country where the
plague is prevailing, a straw-stack has no business in a hog-yard or swine
pasture. Even farther west, where lumber is expensive, a hogshetl of
lumber, with a roof above, a floor beneath, and divided into several com-
partments, does not need to cost very much, and if well made and built
upon a stone foundation will last and be serviceable for many years and
afford all the protection required.
5. The next point deserving attention as a means of prevention is
cleanliness. Even if swine plague does not prevail within a hundred
miles it pays to keep the troughs, pens, yards, &c., clean and free from
accumulations of manure, old bedding, corn-cobs, and dirt in general, be-
cause no animal is more thankful for cleanliness and rewards it better
by increased growth and thrift than a hog, notwithstanding its name
is suggestive of the contrary. A hog, if not more, is at any rate fhllj
as sensitive to the sanitary conditions of its surroundings as any other
animal, a fact often lost sight of because a hog is an omnivorous animal,
roots in the ground, and is fond of cooling its body by taking a bath
wherever water is convenient, even if its purity is questionable. Dirty
or muddy water cools as much as clean water, and cooling is what the
hog desires.
6. Another point of great importance consists in avoiding any opera-
tion whatever that draws blood if the disease is in the neighborhood^
because every sore, wound, scratch, or mere abrasion constitutes a port
of entry for the disease germs and seems to attract them. The opera-
tions of castrating and ringing, spaying, slitting the ears, cutting off a
a piece of the tail, &c., should be avoided. If for some reason or other
it becomes necessary to castrate a precocious pig while swine plague
is prevailing, it is advisable to dress or wash the wound with some an-
tiseptic, diluted carbolic acid for instance, not only as soon as the oper-
ation is finished but also the next day and the day following, ami to
keep the animal separated from the herd till a healing has been effected.
]^nging is altogether inadmissible and out of the question, as lo&g as
any cases of swine plague are near. Accidental wounds should receive
antiseptic treatment — be dressed with carbolic acid. That all kinds of
wounds are exceedingly dangerous in so far as they attract the disease
germs has already been shown in my former reports, and all I have to
add is that more recent observations have given ample confirmation.
Introduced through a sore, wound, scratch, or abrasion it requires much
less of the infectious principle to start and to produce the morbid pro-
cess of swine plague than it does if introduced through the intestinal
canal.
7. There are yet several other points of more or less importance which
deserve attention, but as some of them are self-evident and others have
been fully discussed in my former reports a brief mention will probably
suffice. It is self-evident that no diseased hog or pig can be allowed to
mix with healthy swine or to enter the premises or places occupied or fre-
quented by a healthy herd of hogs : it is ^so equally self-evident that the
latter should be kept away not only from diseased hogs but from places
and things which there is reason to suppose have become infected. Fur-
BEPOBT OF THS YBTBBINABT DIVISION. 847
en in their olothiug^ and animals probably in their for or coat of
id perhaps with the dirt that may happen to stick to their feet, are
> convey the disease germs from one place to another ; conse-
J men and animals (dogs particnlarly) which have bc^n in contact
Iseased or dead hogs should not be allowed to enter the pens,
pastures, or premises occupied by healthy swine. Neither should
md hay. for bedding^ nor food of any kind which comes from an
1 place, be used for healthy hogs. Even rats coming from infected
^ are probably able to convey the swine-plague germs and to
nioate the disease to hes^thy animals ; but to guard against an |{
m of that kind may often be a difficult matter. Other caruivor- ^
mals, after having feasted on a dead hog — fortunately but a few
I will touch the carcass of a hog that has died of sMrine plague —
) instances may also effect a communication of the disease.
[)oints just enumerated are all very essential and even indispens-
a successful prevention not only of an invasion of swine plague,
disease is in the neighborhood and the herd to be protected is
), but also of a further spreading of the disease and of an increase
nalignancy after a portion of the herd has become infected or
d. In such cases, if anything at all is to be accomplished by a
irophylactics, it is of the utmost importance to- employ all means
B, and to neglect nothing by which a further influx of disease
can be prevented. If the latter is not checked, but permitted
onstantly increasing, the best prophylactic treatment will be of
tie avail.
ibllowing measures of prevention are of a more special character,
fly principally where an infection has taken place, and where
swine plague are already occurring within the herd :
measure of the greatest importance consists in a strict separation |
mimals apparently tiealthy from those already showing plain symp-
sicine plague, and ttie removal of- the former to another place which
%fected. Its object is to stop and to prevent as much as possible
er influx of swine-plague germs or pathogenic Schizophytes.
ver the plague has made its appearance in a herd of swine, the
lually can be divided into three portions or sections — the flrst to
posed of those animals which do not show any symptoms of dis^
latever and are apparently healthy, the second to comprise all
nimals which show slight but still somewhat doubtful indications
ness, and the third to consist of all those animals which are evi-
sick. If the herd is a large one, and many animals have already
evidences of disease, it may often be advisable to subdivide the
action into animals not very seriously affected and giving hope
very, and such as are already in an advanced stage of swine
and almost sure to die. As the latter are of very little value^ if
value at all — ^because most of. them will die, and the few which
Y may survive will never be of any account or pay for the food
nsume— it is, as a rule, in the interest of the owner to kill every
them at once, and to bury or to cremate them as soon as dead. ] \
doing an immense amount of disease germs will be destroyed, ' ; \
[anger of further infection and of increasing malignancy will be '"^ ^
d, and a great many animals not yet infected may thereby escape,
fected may thereby get off with a mild attack. But it is very
that the average farmer can be persuaded to dispose in that way
e animaL He says: ^^As long as there is life there is hope,'' no
whether the hope is worth anything or not. Therefore, if the
loes not want to kill the hopelessly diseased hogs, he may leave
It
i
5lr'
348 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
them at the already badly-infected place where they are, and not move
them at all, as that would only still more infect the premises — spread
the infection over a larger area.
The first section, comprising snch animals as are apparently healthy,
should be selected with care by assigning every animal in the least
doubtful to section No. 2. It should be taken to another piece of in-
closed ground, or non-infected yard, which is high and dry, destitute of
stagnant and running water, of straw-stacks, half-rotten manure, mad-
puddles, &c., and does not under any circumstances receive any drain-
age from the infected hog lot or from other infected places. If the piece
of ground is bare, that is, destitute of all vegetation, so much the better;
If it is not, plowing can make it so. Section or lot l^o. 2, containing all
animals which do not show plain symptoms of disease, should also at
once be removed to a similar place as section No. 1, which may adjoin
it, but the pen or yard occupied by section No. 1 should be higher, or
at least not receive drainage from the pen or yard occupied by section
No. 2. The reasons for this provision, I think, do not need any expla-
nation. K section No. 3, composed of the really sick animals, is subdi-
vided, the subdivision comprising the less-aftected animals, or those
which possibly may yet recover, or are worth saving, should likewise
be removed to a similar place as section No. 1 and section No. 2, but it
should be a place which does not send any drainage to the yards occu-
pied by sections Nos. 1 and 2 and does not receive any from the old hog
lot or from other infected places.
All this, however, is not enough. The separation must extend also
to the water for drinking, to the food, and to the attendance. The ani-
mals in each pen or yard should have one or more troughs for their ex-
clusive use, which should be placed in the lowest comer of the yard, so
that when they are emptied or upset to be cleaned the water wiU at once
flow out of the pen or yard, and not form a mud-puddle^ hog- wallow,
or pool of stagnant water. As lo attendance, if the herd is a large one
and the owner has hands enough, it would be best to give to every sec-
tion a separate attendant, with strict orders not to meddle under any
circumstances with any of the other sections, or to enter the other yards.
If that cannot be done, and but one man has to care for and feed all the
hogs, sick and well, it must be made an invariable rule to always attend
first to section No. 1, then to section No. 2, then to subdivision of sec-
tion No. 3, and last, to the very sick animals. This order must under
no circumstances be reversed, and the attendant, after he has been to
to the sick animals, must not again approach those in a healthy condi-
tion until the next feeding time, or has first been disinfected by attend-
ing to other outdoor work. If all these precautions are taken and con-
scientiously carried out, a board fence tight enough to prevent a pig
from putting his head through and stealing food or water from the ad-
joining pen or yard, is sufiQcient separation, because swine plagne is
very seldom, if ever, communicated through the respiratory passages?
unless the lining mucous membrane is sore, scratched, or wounded, or
has abrasions. In such cases the mucous membrane attracts and ab-
sorbs the disease germs just as readily as a sore, wound, &(?., in the
skin. To perfectly healthy lungs and respiratory passages an inhalation
of infected air seems to be harmless, but where the air is badly infected,
food and water exposed to the air are very apt to also become infected.
Hence, wherever healthy and diseased hogs are kept under the same
roof and in the same building, though in strictly separate pens, thor-
ough ventilation is not only advisable but also necessary. If tne ob-
servation of others have led to the conclusion that swine plague can be
BEPOBT OF THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 349
sated throagh the respiratory organs, all I liavo to say is, that
id made a close examination they undoubtedly would have
every case in which apparently an infection through the res-
organs took place some lesion or lesions of the mucous mem-
the respiratory passages. As the very smallest and most in-
t lesion attracts and absorbs the disease germs, the loosened,
I, and swelled condition of the respiratory mucous membrane
rlial divestiture of its protection, its epithelium, affected by
3ce of lung worms {Strangylus paradaxm)^ are as sufficient in
^ the disease germs as a sore or abrasion,
net separation is effected and maintained, neither man nor
Ding in contact with diseased animals or entering the yards or
pied by diseased hogs, must be allowed to enter any of the
ards of animals yet healthy. The latter themselves need close
^ to see whether any of them show symptoms of disease, be-*
lust be supposed, till the contrary is proven, that nearly every
ilonging to an infected herd, al^ough not yet showing any
), is more or less affected. If an animal in section No. 1 appears
or shows the least symptoms of not being well, it should be
ansfisrred to section No. 2; and if an animal belonging to the
imences to e^iibit plain symptoms of swine plague, it should
lelay be removed to section No. 3, because every diseased ani-
larges with its excrements, urine, and other excretions and
\ a large amount of pathogenic Schizophytes or disease germs,
easing the means and consequently the danger of further in-
kuimals that die of swine plague must immediately, or at any
on as possible, be buried or cremated. Their carcasses con-
st and rapidly increasing amount of pathogenic Schizophytes,
t on the ground, or not destroyed by fire, these Schizophytes
ne disseminated over the premises, and are apt to be taken up
animals; but if the dead hogs are promptly buried, or, still
emated, all these germs are destroyed and out of the way.
rill not do any good to scratch a hole in the ground and to
I carcasses witti just enough earth to bury them out of sight,
ften done, is self-evident. Every hog that dies of the plague,
emated, should be covered with at least four feet of earth,
ners, in order to get rid of their dead hogs, throw them into
nto creeks, streams of running water, and ponds, or allow them
the roadside, and others let them lie where they have died till
lan comes and hauls them off. All this promotes a spreading
ease, and should not only be prohibited but should be severely
bylaw.
to food, it is immaterial whether it be mostly com or some-
^ if it be wholesome, dean, and not in any way contaminated
disease germs of swine plague. If there is any doubt as to its
^Uon it should be subjected to cooking or steaming before it is
ise cooking and steaming will destroy the disease germs and
s a dishifectant. But after the food has been cooked or steamed
t do to expose it to a badly-infected atmosphere, for if so ex-
rLQ attract the disease germs and again become dangerous. It
) fed as soon as convenient, or as soon as sufficiently cool. If
nal food can be given it cannot be objected to, unless it is of a
, because it seems, if animal food is given, the pathogenic Schiz-
fhich may happen to enter the aidmal organism through the
360
REPORT OF THE COMMI88IONEB OP AORI
lO
digestive canal are very often, but not always, eithr
with their excrements, or lose their pathogenic ohai
As for the water for drinking, it should be dra^
each time the animals are watered, and should not
stagnant in the troughs any longer than from one n.
nmning water, accessible above to diseased animn
from ponds, &c., are very dangerous if swine pla.
hood, has already been stated. If skimmed mill
instead of water, the only precautions necessar
more at a time than will be consumed and to k<
11. Pro2}hylactic fnedicines. — There are sever;;
phylatic properties, do not present much dill'
ever, the differences are great. Iodine in a wm
of iodine and twelve grains of iodide of potass
of water — given in small doses is very effect
small, is not expensive either, but it does ii<
causes them to lose their appetite, affects all
and seriously interferes, at least during the
and development of the animal, which sooi
ciated. Besides^ the pigs do not like it, :
than take their iodized water, which is a
cially if an animal is already affected aud
and drink. Hyposulphite of soda, whiil
some time ago, produced satisfactory re
used in sufficiently large doses, and for si
sary, it caused diarrhea^ and thus weak<
wholesale in large quantities it is not ex] )
to be effective, but causes diarrhea, aij<
of the question. Salicylic acid is expe i
to carbolic acid. Thymol, or thymic a
results, provided the preparation was
cle, and therefore frequently subject t
and really superior article could evei
would be no serious objection, becau
But it is not as easily handled and
acid.
Of all the antisepucs exi)erinu '
acid, everything considered, has
suits. Considering the small dos
tion three times a day for every
very inexpensive, as apoundgoe
roodt's best crystallized carbolic
used in my experiments, can '
quantities, for 65 cents. Betail < I
It is not disagreeable to the li
perceptibly interfere with any
the animal heat, w^hich, perhaps
lactic. Of course, if much hi r
wliich is not at all necessary,
been used a few days the an^
crave for it when its use is <
loDg after they have ceased
ized water. It is, however
be expected to do is to des
ment and propagation of 1 1
rectly kill them, at least n
.< >
>u
<1
-' >.
diseased di:
1110 reason »
have reduce
IS the owners*
•lit the
N I suppose, mue^
; is, to say the
ore by butchers
10 of them kill in
s to me that the I
1 cither disgusting stat^
i compelling aUbutchei^^
I certain extent in Philf^-
.Maryland says that he 9^
iLs are kept away from th
lys:
1 1 have been harried into mark
pneumonia" has made its first a
lid prohibit this practice to a ere
I he stock yard of such transaotio
> pneu
; uothin
eh
U
in
te
J is
he
■A
from Baltimore to Great Britai
pneumonia has received a
SEPOBT OP THE VBTERINATY DIVISION. 351
» a hog ; its effdot, therefore, it muBt be concluded, is either indirect
ly) or accamnlative. It will not and cannot repair or even reduce
bid changes which have already been produced and are still ex-
md therefore cannot be expected to effect a cure of a diseased
Such a thing is out of the question. All that carbolic acid or
er prophylactio can be exi)ected to do is to prevent and to arrest
bid process by changing or destroying certain conditions neces-
the metamorphoses and propagation of the pathogenic Sehizo-
So, for instance, iodine, it seems, is an efficient prophylactic
illy on account of its great affinity for albuminous compounds,
Y thing that is appropriated and withdrawn from the organism
nimal by the Schizophytes; iodine, therefore, deprives the latter
pabulum, and thus destroys the conditions necessary to their
ment and propagation.
cessation of the morbid process has been effected by arresting •
ralising its cause, and the morbid changes produced are not al-
Teparable, a "cure" — that is, to effect recovery— may safely be
lature. If the morbid changes have become irreparable the ani-
I in all probability die ; if it lives it will only partially recover,
-^er be healthy again.
Qclusion, it may be well to say a few words about the manner of
itering medicines to hogs. If one commences it right it is very
ut if the nature of the hog is not understood, and force is at-
l, not much success will be attained. A hog has a very fine nose,
ler indifferent taste, and therefore will voluntarily take almost
g, even quinine, if it is mii^ed with its food, provided it has not
jtionable smell. This, however, does not mean that things which
I objectionable smell to human beings have the same to hogs; on I ^
brary, a hog undoubtedly finds certain things very pleasing to ■ '^
jtory nerves, and, maybe, highly aromatic, which are nauseating
nan being 5 and vioe 'cersa. There are, therefore, a great many
es which are voluntarily taken by any hog if mixed with its food
J, and to give the medicines with either food or drink is by far
it way, as long as the hog has any appetite or any desire to
Fluid medicines are best administered in the water, milk, or
id so are soluble powders or powders of light specific weight, | f
Qough to swim in water. Heavier and more or less insoluble
s, such as calomel, cannot in that way be given, but must be
vith the food — a mash, for instance. If the hog has but little
B, and is therefore not inclined to take the medicated food, a
K)tato, or a piece of one, constitutes the best vehicle for the medi-
tcause the hog will take it if it has any appetite whatever. Of
all solid medicines designed for hogs, especially for such as have
hed appetite, must be concentrated and be of small bulk. Vo-
ls medicines won't do. If a sick hog has no appetite whatever,
not take even a boiled i)otato, and it is necessary to give some
le, it must be administered either in shape of small pills or by
of a hypodermic injection, and of course be concentrated, or of ii
tie bulk. To drench a hog is a dangerous and difficult opera- \
Che animal, as soon as force is used, will squeal, and then, when
breath, the medicine will go down the windpipe into the lungs,
;eu sunbcates and kills the animal before the whole drench is
down, or if not killed outright it usually dies within a short time
tnmation of the lungs and respirator^' passages. Drenching a hog
)ly dangerous, if the drench contains undissolved or suspended •
s. Any one familiar with the anatomy of the larynx and pharynx
I
8
352 REPORT OP THE C0MMI8SI0NES OfF AQRICULTURE.
of the hog will know the reason why dropching is attended with so much
danger. Those who prescribe medicines to be administered as a drench
manifest by so doing their gross ignorance, and proclaim themselves as
inexi)erienced quacks.
TREATMENT OF YERT BICE ANIMALS.
1 _^
f r^
i-
As to a medical treatment of an animal in an advanced stage of swine j :
plague I have no suggestions to offer, as I have long ago come to the ^
conclusion the sooner such an animal dies, or is put out of the way, the
better it is tor the owner, at least as far as dollars and cents are con-
cerned. I advise those wno yet believe in the possibility of curing (re-
storing to health) a hog in an advanced stage of the plague to make a | Tl.
few po8t'7nortem examinations, to examine particularly the lungs, tiie
lymphatic glands, the heart and intestines, and then compare what they
found with the condition of those parts or organs in a healthy animal,
and they will soon be converted.
Very respectfully submitted.
H. J. DETMEES.
Champaign, III., October 30, 1881.
^ 3ki
CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.
rnfAL EEPOET OF CHAELES P. LYMAN, F. E. C. V. S.
Hon. Geobge B. Lobing,
Commissioner of Agriculture :
Sm: In compliance with your instructions I have the honor to reportc^^
the following :
In Maryland during the last two months contagious pleuro-pneumo — '
nia is reported to me as having received some further extension ; nothing^
however, in this connection is especially important, for the diseased dis —
trict remains practically the same in this State. For some reason or^
other the proprietors of the bone-boiling establishment have reduced£=^^^
their price for dead and dying cows to $2 per head. This the owners oft^'^^^^^
such animals consider too small a price, and as a result the carcasses^ ^^^
become the property of the "pudding butchers," and so, I suppose, much^::^^^'^
of this Qieat becomes human food, for which puipose it is, to say the least^ar^^ i^^
worthless. Cattle are killed in and about Baltimore by butchers in^:^ ^°
their own establishments, and, I am informed, none of them kill in ex —
cess of twelve or fourteen head a week. It seems to me that the localf-^^
boturd of health could do much to prevent this rather disgusting stato^^^ ^^
of affairs, by the establishment of abattoirs and compelling all butchers^^^''^^
to come into them, as is done in Boston, and to a certain extent in Pbila — -^3'
delphia and Few York. Your inspector for Maryland says that he is^^^®
satisfied that now most of the diseased animals are kept away from tho^^ ^^
stock yards in and about Baltimore. He says :
The greater danger lies in the sale of animals that have been harried into market ^^^^
from farms or staoles where ''contagious plenro-pnenmonia'' has made its first ap-
pearance. Members of agricultural societies could prohibit this practice to a creat
extent if they would noti^ the man in charge of the stock yard of such transactions;
it would destroy the sale of such stock.
Very few cattle are being shipped now fiM)m Baltimore to Great Britain. —
In Pennsylvania, contagious pleuro-pneumonia has received a fiesh
/
REPOKT OP THE VETBKINAKY DIVISION. 353
outbreak; this time in York County. Three additional herds have been
infected, two in Springfield and one in Shrewsbury. This naturally
extends the more recently infected district; but the whole matter is
in the efficient hands of Mr. Secretary Edge. The infection has been
traced in one case to Harford Oounty, Maryland, and in the other two
to Baltimore.
Your inspector for Pennsylvania says :
I am quite satisfied the butchers get most of the cases of coutagious plenro-pnen-
monia now, as the farmers know too much to keep their infected animals aliye, and
this must help lid the country of the disease.
There were shipped from Philadelphia to Europe, in 1878, 4,156 head
of homed cattle; in 1879, 6,876 head; in 1880, 2^474; in 1881, none.
This is a sample of the way or the rate at which this whole trade is
being lost to us. A letter on this subject from Messrs. Peter Wright
and Sons, of Philadelphia, says ;
Dnrinff the latter part of 1878 we had contracted with prominent shippers of Chi-
cagp and Philadelphia (whose names we can probably get permission to give if you
desire it), for shipment of, say, 300 cattle per week, from Philadelphia to Liverpool,
and about the same number from Baltimore to Liverpool, and, in order to fulfill these
contracts we dispatched a representative to Europe to arrange with prominent ship-
owners there for regular weekly lines of steamers fseven steai|iers in each line) to run
between the above-mentioned ports, during the shipping season of 1^9. Upon the
passage of the order in council, in February, 1879, our shippers were unable to fulfill
their contracts, and we were placed in the most embarrassing position with the owners
of the steamers which we had secured, and had to face the probability of very heavy
loss.
The total expense incurred in the suppression of pleuro pneumonia in
the State of Pennsylvania by the State authorities during the year 1881
has been $3,409.62.
And had it not been for Maryland allowing diseased cattle to be sent out of their
State, we should now be clear of this disease ^that is, if there is no more disease than
we know of now in this State.) I think there is no doubt that this State will con-
tinue its present organization for the suppression of contagious pleuro-pneumonia,
even should the expense exceed $5,000 per year, for a year or two at least, without
any ui oney help firom Congress, as our owners of stock thoroughly understand the danger
of the disease.
Cattle killed on account of being diseased are now cremated by order
of the State authorities. ^
From New Jersey I have no advice relating to the extension or dimi-
nution of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. Facts relating to this matter
can only be obtained now from Br. £. M. Hunt, upon whom I had no
authority to call for the information. Your inspector located at Camden
writes as follows :
On the 7th December I detected two cows withlunc trouble, in two lot« of five and
six, respectively, which came to the ferry yards from Mount Holly, Burlington Coum^^
New Jersey. The other from Elmer, Salem County, consigned to the same firm and
intended for " Bologna'' beef. I accompanied them to the slaughter-house, where I
had to remain nearly the whole day in order to see them slaughtered, wnich was
finally consnnmiated. The Mount Holly cow was an old chronic case, having a large
abscess in the central portion of the rignt lun^, together with a cavitv in an adjoining
portion. The left lung also had a smalicavity m the inferior portion of the larger lobe.
The Elmer cow was an acute case, affected in one lung, which was already beginning
to take on a condition of hepatization.
On the 9th of the same month I detected a two-year-old steer in a lot of twenty-one
head brought on the river. The steer was said to have been brought from Baltimore.
Md., which I found to be true, as I traced bim directly back as far as Wilmington, and
then ascertained that he had come thence from Baltimore.
On the 13th I found three chronic cases in another lot of " Bologna " beef cows com-
ing here from Gloucester County, New Jerney. On the 17th another chronic case from
Camden County ; on the 422d two other chronic cases from Gloucester County, and on
the ^th a subacute case from Burlington County. All of them, with the exception
23 Aa
?OBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AQBICULTUBE.
rere oowi intended for sUnghter for ** Bologna beef,'' were in good oon-
itlv — some of them fat— ana were, with one or two exceptions, entirely
1 the effects of the disease as far as one could Judge by external appear-
re all en route from New Jersey to Philadelphia for slaughter.
) of New York has, I underBtand, some $50^000 in treasury
d for stamping out pleuro-pneomonia. Of this amount they
have used only about (3,000, and it seems to be a fact that
has, during the past year, received quite important exten-
the limits of the State ; that is, it seems to have reoocupied
i of the State about New York City which were so thoroughly
Professor Law but a short time since,
^now that I can add much to this report that will increase
he facts speak for themselves. Although I think that most
ngland has never received a case of pleuro-pneumonia from
>n or Portland, I still think that their position upon the ques-
r receipt of our cattle is a perfectly fair one, and leaves no
omplaint When it is remembered how many thousands
rling have been lost by British cattle owners on account of
ction among their herdjs of foreign cattle affected with exotio
diseases, and, as they say, when one thinks of how little
e, as a government, have made to prevent the spread of
imonia, it is difficult to see how they can do otherwise. That
) really has an existence in a certain part of this oountiy^
gh their consuls, are as well aware as we, and no amount
y to the contrary by this intelligent farmer and the other
L dealer, will have the slightest possible effect upon their
horougbly believe that were we able to show a oouutry en-
^om this disease, the restrictions now imposed upon our cattle
Great Britain would at once be removed, other conditions
Lme as now. That is, I am a strong believer in their honesty
n this matter. It is a significant fact that no condemnations
made since last June upon cattle coming from Boston or
I to ridding ourselves of this present incubus upon what
a. large and profitable export trade, and which now seems
with extinction, as well as to prevent for all time the great
ich I feel to be a real one, of the introduction of this pest to
n cattle ranges, from whence it could never be disloaged, I
>f but one method which seems to me to offer in any degree
iccess, and that is for Congress to take the matter in charge
y that wiU give the power to and compel some one authority
;he movements of all animals within the diseased districts,
same time take such other steps as may be necessary for the
II animals diseased or infected. I have no faith in the una-
ction in the matter by the directly interested States them-
} for various reasons, which I have thoroughly learned to
iuring my recent experience— neither will action, which only
)wer capable of spasmodic effort, be of avail, else the whole
i but repeat the recent experience of the State of New York —
f thousands of dollars spent for nothing and a full supply of
imonia on hand.
), unless national action can be had, and that in such a wi^
such circumstances as to insure the continuance of proper
ntil the desired freedom from the disease is attained, it would
irell. as far as the effect upon contagions pleuro-pneumonia is
to let the matter alone first as last, and certainly to do ao at
-of C<aeiB
*
JtM
'Jt
■■^ Q
»'.'
v's^^-
A
BEPOBT OF THE YETEBINABT DIYISIOK. 355
first would contribnte very largely to the oomfort of any one who might
be appointed executive of any compromising methods of extermination ;
that is, if it is not a ^< bull ^ to assume that one can stop doing a thing
before he commences it. I think I have heard somewhere of its being
better for a man, under certain circumstances, if he had never been bom.
1 cannot close this letter, which I suppose will be my last one to you,
without thanking you for your numerous kindnesses to me, and wishing
yon personal prosperity in the administration of the many and varied
duties of Commissioner of Agriculture. If at any time such informa-
tion regarding contagious pleuro-pneumonia as I may have will be of
service to you, I shall most gladly furnish ii
BespectfuUy submitted.
OHABLBS P. LYMAN.
Boston, Mass., Jcmwiry Z% 1882.
DISEASES AMONG /HORSES IN ILLINOIS.
Hon. Geo. B. LoBiKa,
GommimtyMff of AgrieuUure :
Bib : When I received your dispatch of the 8th instant^ directing me,
at the request of Hon. James B. Scott, president Illinois State Board
of Agriculture, to inquire into a fatal epizootic among horses in this
(Champaign) county, I had already, on the 6th instant, made a visit to
the locality where the alleged epizootic prevailed, a farm near Linden-
grove in the northeast comer of Crittenden Township, about 18 miles
Bontheast of Champaign. One mule about ten years old and three
yonng horses (two mares and one gelding), each about three and one*
half years old, had died, andone mule about ten or eleven years old was
diseased, while one 8-year old horse was yet, to all appearances, per-
fectly healthy. All six animals were owned by Mr. Wm. Silver, and
constituted the whole stock of horses and mules kept on his farm.
According to Mr. Silver, the animals which died exhibited the same
symptoms as the mule, which I found diseased. The latter, a mare
mule, was almost completely paralysed, and found lying prostrate on
the ground about two rods from a^mall ditch in a field or pasture and
not far from the house. All the voluntary muscles appeared to be^
flaccid ; every limb could be placed in any position desired j the ears
were hanging downward and backward, following the law of gravity :
the tail when placed in an unnatural position could not be removea
out of it into a more natural one, although the animal at the same time
was able to make, and did make, feeble kicking movements with all
four legs. The urine incessantly flowed off from the vulva probably in
the name quantity in which it was secreted, and presented a normal
color Init a somewhat ropy appearance. The rectum was fiill of dung,
*which was not voided till it was crowded out by other fecal masses.
If jirieked with a pin in the hind quarters the animal did not react at
all, and if ])ricked further forward it only showed slight sensitiveness,
indicated by a barely peixjeptible quivering of the skin, which did not
anmunt to any defensive movement. Paralysis was therefore consid-
ered as almost complete. The jmlse was very small and feeble; only
44 beats in a minute could be counted: and the temperature in the rec-
tum and in the vagina was low — a few degrees below normal. The
thermometer I had with me, and which I was compelled to use, as tho
856 REPORT OF THE C0MMI8SI0NEB OF AGAICULTURE.
one in regolar use met with an accident a short time before, was not
very accnrate, and only indicated OT^F. The temperatore was probahly
lo higher. The animal made faint, though ahnost incessant, struggles
with her legs — ^kicking or pawing motions— jast such as a horse or male
almost entirely deprived, like the one in question, of the control of its
limbs very Hkely would make if suffering from colic or from some in-
ternal pain of a spasmodic nature. As my first visit happened to be in
the evening, a little after sunset, and as the struggles of the animal,
by bumping her head on the ground, had caused the eyelids to swell
to such an extent as to nearly close the eyes, an abnormal dilation of
the pupils, if existing, could not be observed. The color of the visible
mucous membranes, wherever the latter were not lesioned, and there-
fore more or less inflamed, appeared to be normal. My first diagnosis,
very naturally, was cerebro-spinal meningitis, notwithstanding some of
the symptoms usually attending that disease were wanting.
Your dispatch was received at 5 p. m., November 8, and my second
visit was made the next day, November 9. I found the sick mule still
alive, and even somewhat better, for she was able to move her ears, to
keep her head raised, at least for a sho^ time after she had been assisted
in raising it^ and also to retain her urine. Her appetite apparently was
good, pulse and temperature about the same as on my first visit; and
the kicking and pawing motions were less fireqnent or almost entirelj
absent, ^e eyes were almost entirely closed by the swelling of ibd
very sore eyelids, but as far as could be ascertained the pupils of the
eyes were not abnormally enlarged.
Of the three horses and one mule which had died, the mule was taken
mk — ^became paralyzed— on October 27, and died within 24 hours. Ac-
cording to Mr. Silver, the paralysis was a complete one, and the animal
(a mare mule) was observed for two days before that date to be acting
unusually dull or drowsy, and to be slow in her movements.
One of the three-year old horses — the gelding — ^was taken sick on Octo-
ber 28, or one day later than the mule; and the other two — ^the mares-
on October 29. All three died on Sunday, October 30. All of them, as
IS now remembered, but scarcely noticed by Mr. Silver at the time, eim^
ited some premonitory symptoms for a few days before they became (Mff-
fljysed; they appeared to lack their usual liveliness, acted somewhat
dull and sluggish, were slow and awkward in their movements, and pa^
ticularly one of the mares, said to have been a very spirited animal, was
Jagging behind when hitcned to a wagon two days before she became
%rostrate, and could ^^ bear the whip," which she never could befoie
None of them, I was informed, showed any signs of bloating or plain
symptoms of colic; but as to the latter I have reason to believe Mr.
Silver was mistaken, because the almost incessant attempt at struggling
and kicking observed in the mule, which I saw alive, cannot very well
be interpreted as anything but a sign of distress — symptoms of cohc. 1}
may be the other animals struggled less, because in them the paralysis
was more complete. Two of the animals that died, it seems, must have
exhibited difficulty of breathing — stertorious breathing, probably--^
cause Mr. Silver's brother, Mr. Wallace Silver, an experienced ieixmesj
who saw them while alive, diagnosed inflammation of the lungs, l^*
William Silver made 2k post-mortem examination of the mule which dj^
flrst, and of the gelding which died October 30. (The two mares di^
at his brother's place.) In the mule he found the lungs gorged wi^
dark-colored blood, and nothing else abnormal. Brain and spinal chord
were not examined. In the three-year old gelding he found nothing that
he thought appeared to be abnormal. Brain and spinal chord were uot
REPOBT OF THE VETBBINAKY DIVISION. 357
examined. The two three-year old mares, which were taken sick Octo-
ber 29, or very likely during the night of October 28-29, were driven to
a wagon on October 28 by Mr. SUvei^s son to his nnde^s place, a distance
of abont 11 miles, and while there were taken sick and died. The mule,
which I found prostrate on November 6, and also saw on November 9,
became paralyzed on Thursday, November 3, exhibited premonitory
symptoms, doilnesis or drousiness, for about a week before, was almost
completely paralyzed on November 6, a little improved on November
9, and died in the afternoon of November 11, according to a telegram
received firom Mr. Silver on the evening of that day. I would have
gone there again to make a post-mortem examination, but the almost
continuous rains, heavy on November 11 and November 12, had made
the roads so bad that no livery-stable owner in Champaign was will-
ing to famish me a team to go 18 miles. The mule, while paralyzed,
was treated with strychnine (strychn. nitric), of which first one and then
two grain doses were given on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and prob-
ably Thursday and Friday, with apparently some success in the begin-
ning, or at any rate till Wednesday or Thursday. The mule probably
would have recovered, or at least would not have died, if it had not
been lying outdoors on wet ground, without any shelter or protection
against the cold winds and heavy rains. It rained several days during
the week, particularly Tuesday and Friday. Only on Wedneisday, No-
vember 9, the weather was good. As already stated, my diagnosis, be-
fore I subjected the locality, the pasture, the previous treatment of tbB
animals, &c, to a searching examination, was cerjeibro-spinal meningitiSj
and the same afterwards suffered but a slight modification in so far as
the locality, the peculiarities of the pasture, and the conditions and the
general treatment to which the animals had been subjected afforded
sufficient cause to produce the fatal disease.
The pasture is a piece of roUing land, sloping toward the middle and
toward the south ; it is divided into two unequ^ halves by a small ditch
traversing it obliquely from northeast to southwest. It is what may be
called a new pasture, contains some timothy grass and clover, an abun-
dance of green rye, and innumerable weeds. The northeast portion of
the pasture, about two acres of ground, is sloping toward the south, and
full of Jamestown weeds (Datura stramonium). It was formerly a house
place. The Jamestown weeds were mowed in the latter part of June,
or in the fore part of July, and left on tiie ground to wither. Last sum-
mer was exceedingly droughty, and the whole pasture, in consequence,
became almost destitute of vegetation, except of such weeds, so-caUed
rag- weed (Ambrosia artemisicB/olia)^ for instance, as will grow in spite of
any drougnt. When it commenced to rain in the latter part of Septem-
ber all vegetation revived, an abundance of young rye sprouted, some
clover and timothy grass appeared, and yonng Datura stramoniumplsxita
became very numerous, even thick. The western portion of the pasture
is also higher ground, drained by and sloping towards the small ditch,
and contains the rotten remnants of two oat-stacks of last year which
were never threshed, because j^e oats, being very rusty, were not con-
sidered worth tlu-eshing. These two oat-stacks, at present mere manure
heaps, constituted, I was informed, during the whole summer the princi-
pal food of the horses and mules, and also of some cattle and hogs kept
in the same pasture. Further, near the ditch, dose to the southern
fence of the pasture, is an old well, which formerly furnished the ani-
mals with water for drinking. In consequence of the long-continued
drought this well gave out and became dry. Mr. Silver, in order to
have water for his stock, recently dug another well three or four steps
358 REPORT OP THB COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
fix)m the ditch and a few rods north of the old one. This new wdl,
which was dug in the middle or fore part of October, is only 9 feet deep,
and contained, when I was there, about 7 feet of wat«r. At any rate
the surface of the latter was not over 2 feet lower than the surface of
the ground. The water, which is the same as that in the ditch, and
consequently surface water, has been critically examined under thSs mi-
croscope by myself, and been subjected to a chemical examination by
Prof. H. A. Weber, Ph. D., of the Illinois Industrial University. It haa
a somewhat peculiar smell, and a rather strange taste, which I am un-
able to describe. The microscope revealed a good deal of organic mat-
ter, principally consisting of vests of vegetable substsaices, numerous
dead and some living monads, very minute micrococci and microooocns
chains, comparatively few larger bacteria, some small, oblong, or almost
cylindrical crystals (the latter after some of the water on the slide had
evax)orated), and some spores similar if not identical in appearance to
those of Ustiloffo maidis {ef. drawing.) The chemical examination has
not revealed any narcotic alkaloid, but has shown that the water con-
tains a considerable quantity of some vegetable extract.
Although well knowing that domestic animals, of their own volition,
rarely ever touch Datura atramoniumj certain symptoms of the paralyzed
animals, combined with the peculiar circumstances, the want of almost
anything green but weeds till October, the rotten oats diet, and the
thereby possibly vitiated appetite of the horses and mules, suggested the
possibility that they might have eaten the young Bahira ^itram. plants.
A thorough examination of the weed -patch (the old house place), made
by Mr. Silver, his son, and myself, revealed the fact that nearly every
one of the young blooming Datura plants, except where they were ex-
ceedingly thick, or where some old ones had been left standing, were
more or less mutilated. Some of them lacked more than half of the
whole plant, while others only lacked several leaves, a flower or a young
seed capsule. It also became evident, considering the manner in
which horses and cattle, respectively, take up their food, that not the
latter, but the former had bitten off what was wanting. Besides, the
whole patch was almost entirely destitute of cattle excr^nent, and con-
tained a great deal of comparatively fresh horse voidings, probably to a
greater extent than any other part of the field of equal size. All thus
however, may constitute only a x>art of the causes. The other part, iB
my opinion, must be found in the following : Mr* Silvw, who only las*
May bought the farm — which, by the way, is a sadly neglected piece rf
property^ and has been und^ litigation for several years — ^has no stable.
The horses and mules, therefore, were exposed night and day, before
and after coming from work, to all the wet and cold weather we had
last month. This, I think, constitutes at least one of tlie causes, ^^
may be the principal one, although I do not doubt the rotten oats, the
Datura stramonium^ and possibly the water, acted as narcotic poison,
and con8id^:ubly contributed in bringing on the paralysis. My opinion
is that if the fungus growth in the rotten oats and the narcotic I>aUr^
stramonium plants had not acted upon and seriously affected the cen-
ters of the nervous system, the rffect of the exposure to cold and vet
would have been a less severe one, or probably would have manifested
itself in a different direction. However this may be, I am quite certain
that the causes of the death of five animals out of six are of a local
nature, and that the paralysis, or, if preferred, ofrebro-spimil meningitis^ ^
not of an epizootic character. Up to date no other cases have occarred
in tiiat neighborhood. It must yet be mentioned that, as reported bf
Mr. Silver, the mule whidi died flist was an exceedingly greedy eater*^
DISEASES AMONG HORSES IN ILLINOIS.
Microscopic Investigation by Dr. H. J. Detmers.
PLATB I.
X900
o
s
@
®2
€^ry9UiLf ^
z
v^aoo
Uata^g9 earU.xaoO
yjoo
y.2000
4^^X900
Otd^ctB found in the water of the weU of Mrs. Silver's pasture, x OOO.
1, 1.— Micrococci,
a. 2.— Dead Monads.
3.— Uvinff Monads.
4. 4.— Apparently spores looldnsr like ustilafiro meidis.
6.— Ustilagro carbo, not fb\ind iu tho water, for comparison taken
flrom oat smut.
Ottfeotlve: ToUes homogenous immoraion, Vio
i»iiai ■■
<*m»
IBCEPOJVr OF THE VSTEBINABT DIVISION, 359
m perfiBct glntton ; the tiiree yoimg horses (two mares and one gelding)
were very greedy eaters ; the mole which died last was sick a whole
week, fuad tiierefore had a much milder or less acute attack than the
other animals, was a very good though not so greedy an eater as any of
the others, while the eight-year-old horse, which alone survived and re-
mained exempted, is T&cy dainty at his food. Further, the well in the
pasture fiimished the water for drinking f6r thehorsesand mules which
died, but, excepting once or twice, not for the horse which did not be-
come affected.
Believing that further comment is unnecessary, the above is respeet-
fioUy submitted.
H. J. DETMEBS.
CtaAMPAiaN, III., November 18, 1881.
ANTHRAX AMONG CATTLE IN NEW JERSEY.
Hon. Gsosas B. Losma,
ComnUssioner of Agriculture:
Snt : The following is the history of an outbreak of disease which oc-
curred during the year 1881 in the excellent farming and dairy section
"ot Hannington Township, Salem County, about two miles from the city
of Balem, S^ew Jersey:
Mr. Hogan has lived on the form now occupied by him nearly four
years. He generally owned about 30 cattle, and sold milk. The farm is
in a good state of cultivation. The pasturage is high land with the ex-
ception of a large marshy field, which affords yearly grass without plow-
ing, and is therefore much used. In this field a cow was found dead in
June* The animal was four months advanced with calf, was in good con-
dition, and had not been noticed as being sick.
A second cow died about two weeks after, being in much the same
condition as the other, not having been noticeably sick. A third cow
died in the same way a week after. About the last of July or early in
August a fourth cow died, having been sick one day. All these cows
were in calf, but not near the Ml period.
Soon aftier this two of the horses which pastured in the same field
died, (mebeingfouryearsoldandtheothertwo. The horses had stopped
eating and seemed moping. One was sick forty-eight hours.
The fifth cow died early in September, and after this the sixth, seventh,
and eighth. None of them were sick over one day. One died twenty-
die hours after calving, and the calf died two or three days after.
The owner opened some of the animals, and although he was not aware
of any cut or scratch, about three days after one examination he had a
swelling of the hand and fore arm, which was treated by a physician in
Salem whoreg»:ded it as resulting ftem this dissection. He recovered
without further symptoms. Early in September the State board of health
had notified (the disease being suspected as pleuro-pneumonia) Dr. Mil-
ler, of Camden, and Dr. Rogers, of Westville, veterinary insx>ectors of the
board, who made three or fbur visits, examined into the facts, and made
tk post-mortem examination of one of the dead animals. The conclusion
surrived at was that it must be a form of anthracoid disease.
A lung that bad been put aside for examination was pulled out of a
basin and dragged off by a dog, and two large hogs got a taste of it.
One of these died the next day, and the otlicr was very sick and gaVB
360 BEPOBT OF THE C0MMIS8I0NEB OF AGRICULTURE.
premature birth one month ahead of time to several dead piers, bat after-
wards recovered. Late in September a neighbor's boll broke into the
pasture and was with the cattle two days. He was taken home, and the
second morning after was found unable to get up, and died in a half hour.
Some of a neighbor's cattle had been in the field, and two neighbors had
pastured in adjacent lots, but none of the cattle had sufiered.
October 29 another cow died. Those about springing seemed to be
most liable to the disease. Only one was giving milk, and she had
shrinkage of milk at one milking only. As six weeks had elapsed we
had ho^d that the disease had disappeared the last of September. The
township committee, or board of health, had been in correspondence with
us, and the herd had been quarantined from our first knowledge of the
outbreak. After notice of this last easel visited the herd and found the
owner's best horse had cQed of the disease the night before.
I could find no trace of unusual disease on other farms. One new cow
had been bought since February, and she was bought of a neighbor who
raised her. She was alive and weU. As I had not expected to find a
case of the disease at this Aisit, I had no veterinarian with me, but pro-
ceeded to an examination myself, d found no lesions about the throat
or upper windpipe. The left; lung was intensely congested — so much so
as to admit of no air. There was abundant efi'usion of yellowish water
into the right pleura. The spleen weighed five pounds after some thick
blood had oozed from it. In addition to its size it cut easily, and wa£
in parts much mottled. The liver was engorged, and about two pounds
of it so friable as to look like chocolate grounds. The heart was normal
The stomach and intestines were examined, but there were no signs of
active congestion discovered. There had been the usual defecation and
secretion of urine, and so no examination was made of the kidneys.
Blood for microscopical examination was taken frt)m the jugular vein in
two bottles and taken by me to Dr. Satterthwaite, president of theKew
York Pathological Society and lecturer in the Columbia Veterinary Col-
lege. Before the post-mortem examination I had looked carefully ov^
the herd. Fo one of them showed signs of any present sickness, and
their condition seemed very good. During the summer, on account of
short pasture, they had been fed rather more meal, bran, and hulls than
usual.
One cow having a bunch under the jaw, I was led to inquire its cause.
The owner said it was a cow he had owned two or more years. He had
purchased it of a neighbor who had raised it. The tumor was hard and
had been growing quite a while. He had not known it to discharge. I
requested that the animal be placed in a stable for examination. I fonnd
at least two points where it must have discharged, and one part from
which I could get a very little pus, the odor of which, on close approach,
was very unpleasant.
On inquiring of those who attended most to the cattle, I found that there
had been, three or four months before, considerable discharge, and that
now and then it seemed to exude a little matter. The cow, although
not seemingly sick, was not thrifty. The tumor was hard and deep, and
different from bunches sometimes seen on cattle. The owner had called
it a hard cancer. As to the other cases which had occurred, Drs. Sat-
terthwaite and Dana, of the Veterinary College, were so weJl satisfied
that the disease was anthrax that they advis^ the burning of the car-
casses. Abundant bacteria were found in the blood, and further experi-
mentation instituted. We had before this fully canvassed the relation
which the cow with a tumor might bear, either as a primary or exciting
cause of the disease, and thought it best that she should, as a matter of
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 361
precaution, be slaughtered. I communicated this view to the owner and
to the assessor, and arranged for another visit on November 18. It was
not thought beist to kill her at that time.
While the veterinarians, Drs. Miller and Bogers, who had been in at-
tendance, as well as those to whom the blood had been submitted,
agreed that the disease was anthrax, it could not be affirmed that the
Bacillus anthracis had been found. The blood itself was taken after
death and clotted rapidly. Although a large number of experiments
were made, and some rabbits and other animals died after inoculation,
the microscopists could not rest a diagnosis upon this evidence. It
seemed important to ascertain whether the cow with a tumor could have
infected the other animals, either by reason of their licking it or by drops
that had fieJlen on the grass. The owner and the local board of health
came to the conclusion that the cow had better be killed. As there was
doubt as to the authority of the State law in such a case, application
was made to the Commissioner of Agriculture for authority to slaughter
the animal and institute some experiments at a limited expense to his
Department. Such permission having been granted, tiie cow was killed
January 2, 1882, and the tumor careftilly dissected by W. B. Bogers, D.
Y. S. It was separated entirely from its connections, but a part of tiie
lower jaw was necessarily removed with it. The next day a pig, which
had been procured for the purpose, was inoculated by Dr. Bogers with
the first pus from the tumor. In order that there might also be a test
from the juice and substance of the tumor, the next day I inoculated
another pig in two places, introducing under the skin a small portion
of the tumor containing the juice. These pigs were carefully watched
from day to day. They had not the least sickness, and no serious local
effect occurred. So far as the experiment was carried there did not
seem to be any connection between this growth or its discharge and the
fatal disease wUch had affected horses, cattie, hogs, and sheep on this
&nn.
Herewith we subjoin an outline of the microscopical examination as
made by Drs. SattcuUiwaite and Porter :
Special report <m ike dieeaeed lower jaw taken from a cow "killed hy order of fke New Jerwjf
State hoard of AealtA, acting wider the authority of the honoraJble CommUeioner of Agri-
culture,
The specimen to which the sabjoined deaoription applies was placed in the hands
of one of the nndersigned (T. £. S. ) by Dr. £. M. Hnnt, secretary of the New Jersey
State board of health, on January o, 1882, and the history of the case as given orally
was as foUows :
''A cow, nine years old, belonging to Michael Hogan, of Salem Connty, New Jersev,
had suffered for over two years fh)m a tumor of the lower jaw. The neoplasm impli-
cated the body of the left inferior maxillary bone, and had increased gradually in size
for about one year, when suppuration was first noticed, the odor from the material dis-
charged being offensive. Subsequently the discharge stopped, but later it again ap-
peared. In view of the anthrax epidemic that had prevailed in and about this special
locality, it was deemed advisable to kill this animal, and determine, if possible, whether
or not this diseased jaw was in any way connected with the origin and propagation
of this epidemic.^
Bemoval of the soft parts revealed the chief characteristics of the disease, and the
ftTowth was found to occupy and involve the greater portion of the left half of the
body of the inferior maxillary bone, extending to within twelve centimeters of the
symphysis and three centimeters of the angle. Its measurements were : Length, 23
centimeters; greatest depth, 7^ centimeters; greatest breadth, 6 centimeters. The
body of the Im inferior macnllar measured horizontally, in aU, 38 centimeters.
In external appearance it had some resemblance to an osteo-sarcoma, such as fre-
quently occurs in this situation. It ladced, however, the delicate ' ' egg-sheU '* envelope
of new bone, the external surface beins, on the contrary, dense and hard, resisting
and loueh, while upon the outer aspect two large, irregular openings led into the in-
terior ofihe bone, serving as l^e outlet for the grumous and offensive matter alluded
362 REPORT OF THE COM1II88IOHER OF AGRICULTURB.
to. A piobe introdnoed into tbem c^peniogB did not pasB throngli the bone proper, Vst
led into roonded caTlties whose walls wm« more or lesB oarioBs ; and thus the diniiB-
ilarity between this disease and osteo-sarcoma became more apparent. To decide
the question with absolate certainty and determine the tme nature of the ditttie, s
horisontal antero-posterior section was made entirely thxongh the growth ob a ierel
with the fanes of the teeth. It was then seen tiiat an irregular medullary e^Tity nn
longitudinally along the outer side of the mass, and that at its two extremities woe
two large spaces imperfectly cut off from the medullary cavity, and communicatiB^
with the ext^nal air by the openings already alluded to. In these spaces was the
offeDsive materiaL The greatest deposit of bone was noticed upon the inside of the
jaw, and here the bc^y tissues exhibited all the Tarioos phases of bone dev^loptsest
and rarefication seen in all inflammatory bone-formative processes.
The outer surface of the bone was marked by eminences and d^tessions, and its
inner border had an especially knobbed and notched outline. The periosteum also
was notably thickened m pl*<^ especially where the bony walls of tb» caTity were
thin, and it also showed indications of abscesses that had occurred durin|^ life (ctuosie
periosteal abscesses). The thick material in the abscesses of the bone was composed
of rounded bodies, undergoing cheesy degeneration. The firmer portions were fouBd
to be eomposedof tissues showing fibrillation, and mote er less interspersed wifh small
oat-«haped bodies and leneoc^tes. This material was not markedly vascular, but here
and there minute extravasations of blood were found. In the medullary cavity the
ordinary marrow was replaced by a loosely-fibrillated connective tissue. Ko giaat
cells were seen, nor was there any tissue that would Indicate that there was a uicom-
atons element present.
The disease was evidently a chnmic suppurative ostitis, accompanied by a suppnit-
tive periostitis. At fir»t it was thought that the primary trouble was peridentitia,biit
caienil dissection failed to show any extended destruction of the penodontoid meo-
brane, which would exclude this anatomical part as the seat of the original troublei
From the ^neral ontline of the growth, it seems probable tiiat the primary ie«on im
the chrome suppurative periostitis, which was finally tnasked by the suppuntire
ostitis.
THOMAS E. SATTERTHWAITE.M.IX
WILLIAM H£NRY PORTER, M.I).
School ot Histoloot and Pathology,
/ Nwf ¥&rk Citf, Jatmarjf 27, 1883.
Since the date last mentioned there have been no new cases of
disease, and the farm was released from quarantine a few days sinee.
We shall watch with some anxiety to see whether there is any reeor*
rence of the disease next summ^. The section is one which Mas bM
very free of cattle diseases.
It is alleged, however, that for tnany years there have been losses «f
horses from the disease usually known as ^^ staggers." It is sudden in
its onset, and has by some farmers been regarded as more frequent to
young animi^ and to tiiose pastured on the low lands. The rich alia-
vial deposits of this section are in places such that sand is carted up^
the soil in order to mix it or dilute the organic matter. Aathna wd
this malady are alike r^arded by some as ^ malarial " in their character.
The question is not infi^uently asked whether these diseases haveanj
casual relationship. It will be well worth while either for the State or
the general government to investigate the post-mortem appearanceeot
horses dying of this disease, so as to ascertain whether the spleen and
liver show any corresponding lesions. We shall hope to aid in any otbtf
'^forts to throw light upon this sudden fMel outbreak or upon t^e cattwi
of this more common disease among horses.
BespectfuUy submitted.
EZEA M. HTTNT, M. D,
Secretary State Board o/BealA>
Ternton, K. J., February 6, 1882.
BEPOBT OF TEBB VETEBIKABT DIVISION^ 363
ENZOOTIC GEREBRO-MENINGITIS AMONG HORSES
IN TEXAS.
Hon. Geoege B. Loring,
Commissioner of Agriculture :
Sir : In company with Major D. W. Hitikle I left San Antonio on tbe
2d of July for Laredo and San Diego, where I visited some sheep ranches
in Duval County, and arrived on the evening of July 5th at Corpus
Ghristi. My object in visiting Corpus Christi was to look after some
recently imported Northern cattle, which were reported to be dying of
so-called Texas fever, l^efore arriving at Corpus Christi we learned ot
the existence of a very fatal enzo5tic among the horses in the vicinity
of the coast. As soon as my presence in Corpus Christi became known
I was requested by Dr. Hamilton and others to examine a valuable
horse affected with a "mysterious^ or "new'' disease, of which a large
number of horses had died, and which had proved to be fatal in nearly
every instance. Although tired from a long and tedious journey I at
once complied with the request. The animal, a middle-affed mare of evi-
dently improved Texas stock, had been affected since nie 4th instant.
Before my arrival she had been bled, repeatedly drenched with solutions
of saltpeter, bromide of potassium, &c.j and for a short time Ice had been
wplied to her head. She belonged to a physician who happened to be
absent, and all other physicians in town, three or four in number, had
offered their advice, hence the complicated and incongruous treatment.
I found the auimal in an unconscious, almost comatose, condition, now
and then blindly staggering about^ hardly able to stand on her legs, and
almost constantly pressing to the right. The abdomen was consider-
ably drawn up, the extremities felt rather cold, the temperature in the
rectum was IO2.40F., and the pulse very feeble and about 48 beats to
the minute. Tlie respiration was slightly accelerated, and on ausulta-
tion a faint rubbing sound could be heard in the bronchi. Some appe-
tite was yet existing, because food offered was not refused when put
into the animars mouth. The bowels and urinary organs, I was in-
formed, had not acted for some time ; at any rate the rectum, when the
thermometer was introduced, contained some very dry excrements.
The color of the visible mucous membranes did not appear to be very
abnormal ; stilly as the first examination was made by lamplight, I have
to leave that pomt undecided. My diagnosis was : " Cerebro-meningitis
of a typhoid character.^
Juiy&h, — Finding the report that about 500 horses had died iU the
vicinity of Corpus Christi confirmed, Major Hinkle, who is the associate
editor of the Texas Live-Stock Journal at Port Worth, telegraphed and
asked you to order me to make an investigation of the prevailing enzo5tic.
I received your answer the same evening about 4 tfclock. Meanwhile^
not doubting what your answer would be, I endeavored to see and to
eraikiine as many affected horses in Corpus Christi and neighborhood
as possible, but pattlcularly such as had not yet been subjected to any
medical treatment All the Sick horses I could find or hear of presented
almost precisely the same symptoms a?; given above, except tliat some,
instead of pressing to the riglit, pressed to the left, while others merely
pressed backward or forward, but the majority of those I saw (whether
accidental or not I do not know) attempted to move in a circle to tne right.
My diagnosis — cerebro-meningitis — consequently received confirmation.
1 should yet mention that none of the patients I saw exhibited plain
symptoms of an afilection of any portion of the spinal cord posterior to
364 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF AGRICULTUKU.
the mednUa oblon^ta. The animal I saw first on the evening of the
fifth was yet living. I had ordered an application on the poll of oil of
cantharides (1:4), as a coonter-irritant, which had been made and was
acting. Finding it anadvisable and even dangerous to give much medi-
cine to an onconscions and comotose animal^ and hardly able to swal-
low anything, I had only prescribed a few pills, principally composed
of aloes and calomel, for the porpose of removing the constipation.
Whether they were properly administered or not I do not know ; at any
rate, they produced no action. I therefore applied an enema of soap-
suds, which also remained without effect; the bowels did not react.
On making inquiries of people who had lost horses, whose horses had
become affected, or who had an opportunity to observe the workings ot
the disease, I learned : 1. That but very few animals affected had soti
vived, and that most of those which did survive were showing more or
less symptoms of so-csdled ''blind staggers.'' or of a continued pressure
upon the brain. Nobody seemed to be able to report a case of perfect
recovery. 2. That not a solitary horse confined to the stable and had
received water for drinking only from a well or a cistern had become af-
fected, and that all those horses which had contracted the disease had
been running out and had taken their water for drinking for some time
and to some extent from some open pond, ditch, pool, or so-called tank.
(In Southern Texas '^tank" means an artificial pona, usually of small
size.) This^ of course, gave a hint, and, together wim Dr. Spohn, city
physician, 1 collected water from five different places in and near tik
city. These five places, I was told, furnished water for drinking to a
large number of horses. The water in each instance was carefully tak^
from just beneath the sui&ce at such points as appeared to be most ac-
cessible to the horses. Thefirstsample was taken from a pond or so-called
tank of medium size, situated near the shore of the bay, and in close
proximity to a recently-established steam laundry; the second was from
an open trough, which contained well-water from a closed well ; the third
from a large open trough or basin, which received its water-from a large
open well or reservoir in the ground; the fourth was from a large poi^
covering several acres, outside of the city — a pond which furnishes water
for a large number of horses and cattle — and the fifth was taken from a
small, but apparently deep, pond or water-hole, which ftumishes drink-
ing water, not only for horses, but also for some Mexican families. The
large pond, from which sample No. 4 was taken^ is situated over half a
mile northeast of the city^ and separated from it by a rise of ground.
The water it contains is ram and surface water, run into it from M sides.
In the rise of ground between the pond and tne city are several small
ravines, or washouts, produced bv heavy rains, all sloping towards the
pond. These washouts were made use of by the people as a burial, oi
rather dumping-ground for their dead horses, which latter were on^ pa^
tially covered by a few inches of dirt, and produced an unbearable stench.
Toward the east end, but not far from the middle of the large but rather
shallow pond, was the carcass of a dead horse lying in the water, and
close by a large number of cattle and several horses were drinidng.
The next heavy rain will wash all the decomposing horses buried in the
washouts piecemeal into the poud or tank. What the effect upon the
water will be can be easily imagined.
In the evening all five samples of water were subjected to a carefiil
microscopic examination.
The diseased mare, seen first on the evening of the fifth, was not only
alive on the afternoon of the sixth, but even slightly improving. The
counter-irritant had acted, and the Drain, to all appearances, was a litUe
REPORT OP THE VETERINARY DIVISION. 365
freer. The man in attendance, an old negro, however, had applied, con-
traiy to my orders, a second blister, and immediately, with his dirty
hands smeared all over with cantharides, had taken hola of the animal's
tongae for the purpose of giving more medicines, also contrary to or-
ders. As a consequence the whole lower portion of the tongue was
fearfaUy inflamed, covered with blisters and sores, and hanging out of
Uie mouth. In audition, some so-c^ed horsenloctors had b^u allowed
by the wife of the owner to administer drenches, to smoke the head, and
to apply hot water to the feet of the animal. In consequence the whole
aspect of the disease was changed; some of the drenches had been
poured into the lungs ; the latter, in consequence, had become congested
and inflamed, and it was therefore no object to me to spend any more,
time on that animaL It died two days later, probably of pneumonia.
I was anxious to make a fe\ir poat-mortem examinations, but tiie disease,
it seemed, had nearly run its course, and although two or three horses
lied every day while I was in Corpus Christi, the people, more desirous
of having their horses treated (doctoredj than of giving me assistance
in my researches, never informed me oi it till the next day, when the
carcasses were decomposing. It was very warm — ^the mercury went up
to IWP every day — and they decomposed very rapidly.
It should here be mentioned that Miyor Hinkle, who knows nearly
every stock-raiser in Southwestern Texas, and went with me to Duval
Etnd Nueces Counties to DeMsilitate my work by introducing me to his
stock-raLsing fiiends and acquaintances, took sick the first day we were
in Corpus Christi, otherwise I might have succeeded in getting, in some
Instances at least, more timely information as to the animals that died.
It will not be necessary to give a detailed description of the symptoms,
&c., of every diseased animal examined, because the disease proved to
be in every instance essentially the same. Consequently, a special men-
tion of a few cases will suffice to illustrate the nature of the enzootic.
Mr. Lawrence, three miles from Corpus Christi, lost five animals, has
one colt sick, and two horses yet healthy. Till within two weeks of
date (July 6) all his horses were running out and drinking pond-water,
but during the last two weeks tiiose yet aUve received only well-water.
Ihe first horse died three weeks since ; the second animal, a mare, cQed
soon after. Anotiier one died just before the horses were taken from
the pnurie and confined to well-water for drinking. A mare, the dam
of the suckling colt now sick (July 6), died ten days since, but became
affected about the same time the dam was st<«bled or ts^en from the
prairie. The colt of the first mare died about the same time, and the
Dolt now diseased showed the first plain symptoms yesterday. It is now
in a semi-comatose condition, staggering and pressing to the right, and
E^parently blind ; in short, exhibits the same symptoms as described
skbove. Prescribed a counter-irritant externally and saltpeter internally.
Mr. E. P. Dougherty, who claims to have as much experience concern-
ing the enzootic as anybody, estimates the losses in the neighborhood
Df Corpus Christi, or in a district along the coast extending about
twenty -five miles in either direction— east, north, and west from that
;»ity — at five hundred head of horses, and says the mortality ceases in
dvery instance a few (5 or 6) days after the animals are removed from
the prairie and confined to well-water for drinking and to dry food. He
Eilso looks upon grazing in the dew as dangerous.
Mr. William Ck)dy, on the Oso, twelve miles from Corpus Christi, lost
six saddle horses and a good many stock horses. On his ranch, too,
QO fiirther attacks took place after the horses were taken up and oon*
i
366 BEPOBT OF THE COMlflSSIONEB OF AGSICULTURE.
fined to well-water for drinking. In short, all those who have made
observation, ai^d who claim to have experience in regard to the disei^
seem to agree that only sach horses become affected as are allowed td
drink the water of pools, ponds, or so-called tanks and ditches, and to
graze while the dew is on the grass. Those animals which are kept m
the stable and conlined to well-water for drinking seem to remain ex-
empt Further^ that the disease in a fBW days ceased to spread after
the horses were taken off the prairie and confined to well or eisteni
water for drinking.
ThM« is yet one other point in regard to which there seems to be no
difference of opinion, namely, that horses in good flesh, or rather ple-
. tboric, snftbred much more, and became affected mnch sooner, than thoM
in a comparatWely poor condition. A few persons even claimed that
horses thin in flesh remained altogether exempted. However that may
be, I mnst admit that all those ^ected with the disease, which I bad
an opportunity of seeing, were in good condition.
One other case deserves special mention. On July 8 I was called by
Mr. Thomas Warren, in Oorpua Ghristi, to a horse recently diseased. I
found the animal a rather strong, middle-aged working horse, muscular
and in good flesh, though not fat. It hSi been running out on the
prairie, became affected during the night or on the previous evening)
and when found to be sick was not allowed to run out, but was kept in
the 8table-yai*d at home. The pulse was yet strung, or nearly normal,
and did not exceed forty -eight beats in the minute. It possibly waa
even lower, but as the horse was unoonscious, and threatened to fall
down at any moment, it was impossible, and even dangerous, to make
an aocnrate examination. All mucous membranes which I was able to
examine exhibited a normal appearance. The animal was apparently
yet able to see, but staggered very much, and had no control over its
motory apparatuB. He unconsciously pressed alternately forward and
backward, staggered and reeled from one side to the other, and came
often near fklling; but when apparently ready to foil usually regained
suflftoient control to remain on his legs. When offered food or water he
showed some desire to eat and drink, and sometimes took a bite of food
or a swallow of water. The owner had rubbed in oil of turpentine ob
the poll, and had drenched the animal with a mixture containing resiB
and some other things. I prescribed externally some oil of canthahdeS)
to be applied as a counter-irritant on the poll, and internally saltpeter
and carbolic acid, to be given in the water for drinking and in the food.
JiiJy 8 (in the evening).-— Mr. Warren's horse shows decided improvfr
ment. The counter-irritant acts nicely; the staggering and reeling to
and fro is much leas; the animal can see, and eats and drinks some, bnl
the pulse, although not very weak, is slow, and down to thirty beats in
a minute.
Juhf 9. — Mr. Warren's horse is in a very promising condition; he
walks about in the yard, has regained considerable control over hie
motory apparatus; the staggering is much less; the appetite is tolerably
good, at least when food or water is offered from a distance of a fow
yards he invariably comes and takes it, and thus gives proof that he
can hear and see. The pulse is thirty-two beats in a minute, and the
temperature nearly normal.
July 10 (in the morning).— The horse is nearly all right; but very
little staggering or unsteadiness in walking can be observed; appetite,
digestion, respiration, &c., appear to be normal; the pulse is yet a little
too low-^thirty-five beats in a minute — and the temperature is the saoie
as that of a healthy horse.
XEPQBT OF THE YBTSSBINABT DIVISION. 86T
MORBID CHAHaSS.
For reasons already stated, the cbanoes of making a pMt^nMrtem
ezaminatioQ of an animal, in which the morbid process haid not been
affeoted by medical treatment or quackery, w^« rather slim. Fortu^
nately, I became acquainted with a stockman by the name of John
Donn, who had lost several horses, and who, not having any dead
horse jnst then^-the disease on his ranch had nearly ran its course-^
was liberal enough to^ffer the sacrifice of a sick colt, the dam of which
had died a week since. Mr. Dunn, on the 8th of July, took me oat to
his ranch, about four or five miles east of Corpus Christi, and several
gentlemen of that city, among whom I will mention Dr. Spohn, Bev.
Bogers, and Mr. Dougherty, went with us. The colt^ an animal about
four or five months old, had been sick fully forty*eight hours, eonse*
queatly the diaease was at its height. The colt appeared to be uncon*
seious and unable to see. It tumbled and reeled about, sometimes to
one side and sometimes to the other, but probably more to the right
than to the left. Its abdomen appeared to be drawn up. Its pulse was
feeble or scarcely i>erceptible, but probably too low, or at least not
accelerated. The beats of the pulse could not be accurately counted,
because the animal was constantly staggering and tumbling about.
The temperature in the rectum was 102oF., or maybe half a degree
higher, as the thermometer could not be applied the usual length of
time. AU visible mucous membranes presented an almost nonnal
appearance.
The colt, after it had been examined as thoroughly as circumstances
permitted, was killed by being stabbed in the heart, and thus bled to
death. The blood i>reseiited a perfectly normal color. At the past-
mQri0m oi:amination, which was made by myself in the presence of the
above-named gentlemen, tlie following changes were observed: On
opening the skuU the dura-mater was found to be morbidly affected.
The morbid changes, consisting in some swelling of the membrane and
eonaiderable congestion, and more or less sta^ation of the blood in
the blood-vessels, appeared to be the most developed over the longi*
tudinal fissure and the adjacent parts of the anterior surfoce of both
hemispheres, but were more extensive toward the left than toward the
right, and much more extensive or plainly developed over the hem-
ispheres of the cerebrum than over the cerebeUum or any other part of
the brain. When the dura-mater was removed the cerebrum presented,
especially in the upper and anteiior portions of both hemispheres,
considerable congestion but no extravasations of blood, while the
cerebellum, meduUa oblongata, and other portions of the brain ex-
hibited, externally at least, a nearly nonnal appearance. Continuing
the examination, the choroid plexusses (veins) were found to be gorged
with blood, and the ventricles of the brain, particularly the two lateral
ventricles, but also the third, appeared to be distended or abnormally
large, and were full— ^contained a large quantity — of an almost clear
serum, while the surrounding tissue presented an oedematous appear*
anoe. No other morbid changes could be found. After I had opened
the skull, I also opened the other large cavities of the body, t^e chest
and the abdominal cavity, and examined all the viscera, but was not
able to detect any morbid changes, except some comparatively slight
swcdling or enlargement of the mesenteric glands. Lungs, heart,
liver, kMneys, intestines, &a, appeared to be perfectly healthy. The
stomach and intestines, when opened, did not only not exhibit any
morbid changes, but also were free from any entosoa, bots, &a The
868 BEPOBT OF THE COIOIISSIONEB OF A.GBICULTUKK
f
stomach was nearly destitate of food^ bat the large intestiiies ocmtanied
a considerable quantity of feces, which, towards the rectum, api>eared
to be unusually dry, showing that the animal had been constii>ated.
This was the only post-mortem examination I had an opportunity of
making: but the result, that is, the morbid changes found, according
to Mr. Dougherty, who stated that he had made several post-mortem
examinations before my arrival, did not differ from what he found in
other cases. StiU, judging from the symptoms observed in living ani-
mals, I have no doubt that in some cases, instead of the hemispheres of
the cerebrum, the cerebellum and other portions of the brain may con-
stitute the most affected parts.
When the colt was killed, a small vial was filled with blood just as it
flowed out of the heart (the right ventricle), for the purpose of further
examination under the microscope. I also took a diseased xK>rtion of
the dura-mater for microscopic examination, but on account of the great
heat could not very well examine it in its perfectly fresh condition, and
therefore put it immediately in a preserving fluid.
THE CAUSES OF THE ENZ05TIO.
In order to convey a correct idea of what probably, or almost beyond
a doubt, constitutes the main cause of the enzootic, it will be necessary
to state where and when it commenced, and to give a brief description
of the country, or rather strip of country, in which the disease origi-
nated and prevailed and to which it remained limited.
The disease made its first appearance about the end of the first week
or the beginning of the second week in June, on the ^^ Juan Sais" ranch,
10 miles west of Corpus Ghristi, and from there very soon spread in
every direction. It remained limited to a strip of country ^ong tiie
coast of about 50 to 60 miles in length and not more than 25 miles in
width, that is, extending that far inland. Corpus Christi may be consid-
ered as about the cent^ of this strip or belt along the coast. It is a low
and almost perfectly level country ; a close observer, however, will see
that comparatively narrow strips, running nearly parallel with the coast,
are a trifle lower than the rest of the land. These narrow strips are des-
titute of brush or chaparal, and covered only with a somewhat coarse
grass and such other plants as prefer to grow on ground inclined to be wet,
while the balance of the land, though almost destitute of trees, is more
or less densely covered with brush. About 4 or 5 weeks before my ar-
rival in Corpus Christi they had very heavy rains, at least so I was in-
formed, but since then very dry and hot weather has prevailed. In con-
sequence of the heavy rains, all the lower strips of land, the so-called
"swales,'^ receiving all the wash from the higher, much broader, and
chaparal-covered strips, became inundated, temporaiily at least. When
it stopped raining a rapid evaporation took place, and the water not
evaporated soon collected in the numerous ponds, ditches, so-called hog-
wallows, water-holes, &c. This water, however, not filtrated through
the ground, was surcharged with organic substances, and new organic
life was soon developed. A microscopic examination, particularly of
water-samples 1, 4, and 5, proved to be full of micrococci, bacteria, "spi-
rilla, and bacilli. Only in No. 5 no bacilli could be found, and No. 2 was
the only sample nearly destitute of organic life, while Nos. 1 and 4, taken
from ponds which furnished drinking water to a large number of horses^
which afterwards became affected with the disease and died, were full
of all kinds of schizophytes. As bolbre stated, a sample of blood was
taken directly from the heart of the colt kill^ by bleeding, and was
BEPOBT OF THE VETERIKABY DIVISION. 369
icrofioopically examined as soon as I retained to town, consequently
hfle yet perfectly fresh. It also contained a consideraole number ci
icrococci. It mnst be mentioned, however, that when I went to Gorpos
tiristi I did not know anything of the existence of the horse enzoStic.
id expected to find entirely mfferent work on the cattle ranches. I
ler^fore had no microscoi)e with me, and was compelled to examine the
unples of water and the blood with a comparatively inferior instra-
ent and a \ dry- working objective of Beck, belonging to Dr. Spohn,
ho had the kindness to offer tp me the use of his instrument. So it
ippened that I neglected to make any drawings of tiie schizophytes
lund, because I intended to take the water with me to San Antonio and
lere make a more thorough examination. I took the samples with me,
it as I did not arrive at San Antonio until the 13th, and as they were
>Uected on the 6th, and every vial not only well filled but idso well closed,
ost of the organisms, probably for want of oxygen, had disappeared
hen I made the second examination with my own instrument. The
5sult, therefore, remained unsatisfactory. Still, as the water when exam-
led immediately after it was collected was swarming with schizophjrtes,
id as all observers agree that only such horses became affected as had
3en drinking that kind of water, and as fEurther north, where the land
less level and more elevated, where swales and a less number of
ater-holes exist, and where the rainfall had been much less, no horses
)came i^ected, there can hardly be any reasonable doubt that the
ater of the ponds, ^^ hog- wallows," ditches, and water-holes constituted
le main cause of the enzootic In other seasons or other years the
binfaU is either much less, or, if not, is not immediately followed by
ich continued hot and dry weather as was recently the case in that
jip of country in which the enzootic prevailed; hence, in other years
le peculiar conditions which it seems produced the main cause of the
Bease are not existing, or at least not existing to a sufficient extent,
ortiier, the disease everywhere disappeared as soon as the water-holes,
>nds, hog-wallows, ditches, &c., became dry (about the time of my
rrival), or as soon as the horses were again compeUed to go to their
lual watering places, the Nueces Biver, the Agna Dulce, &c., or to
le large artificial ponds (tanks), wells, or cistems for their drinking
ater. That the morbid process exclusively affected the brain and its
embranes finds, probably, an explanation, if the necessary effect of the
mtinued high temperature of the almost cloudless skies, bright sun-
line, and want of shadowy places (trees) is taken into consideration,
inally, the observation that only plethoric horses, or such as were in
)od flesh, became affected, is probably correct, because plethoric aui-
als are much more predisposed to congestions and stagnations of blood
. the capillaries than animals which lack blood or are in poor flesh.
E^tain Kennedy, one of the principal land-owners and stock-raisers in
>athwest Texas, asserts that he has suceeded in stopping the disease
I his ranch by bleeding every horse not affected till weakness super-
ded. Hon. K. G. GoUins, another large stock-raiser, who resides in
in Diego, but owns considerable land and live-stock in the coast dis-
ict, has come to the same conclusion and also advocates bleeding as
means of preveution.
If the observations of these gentlemen are correct-, and I have no
ason to doubt that they are, the same result depleting the animal
'Stem or causing the animal to become less plethoric may also be
Momplished by other means, for instance, by giving physics or diu-
)tics, by keeping the animals a little short, or, where pn^ticable, by
sidulating the water for drinking by adding a small quantity of some
24 AO
y
-I-
fO BEPOBT OF THS OOMMI88IONEB OF kOBlOUVfOmk
idneral add. As a possible source of an auxiliary or predisposing cause ^
dhe following may yet be mentioned: In the vicinity of Oorpos Ghristi . . ^
ttiey had, tins spring, particularly in May and the first part of Jane,
oopioos rains. Which cansed a rapid and loxoriant growth of grass and
thns produced extraordinarily good pasturage; consequently, horses and '
other live-stock had plenty to eat, rapidly ^ned flesh, and, if I am cor-
rectly informed, were, in June, on an average, in a better condition as to
flesh than is usual at that season oT the year.
Still, the best and surest means of prevention proved to be to take
the horses to be protected off the ranch, to keep them in a stable, yard,
or corral, and to water them exclusively from a well or cistern till the ^
danger of becoming affected had passed, or what is the same, till the ^
pond, water-holes, &a, become dry. Wherever that was done no further '^
outbreaks occuired except in suck animals as had previously become
infected. At any rate no other measures of prevention and not even a
separation of the healthy animals from the sick ones were found to be
necessary, because the disease, although infectious — it probably is com-
municated to a suckling colt by the nulk of its dam if the latter is dis-
eased— ^is evidently not contagious.
DUBATION, MOBTAIiITT, AlfD TBBATMBNT.
Judging from those cases that came to my knowledge, I have to <^
conclude that the period of incubation does not exceed eight days, and '
in most cases probably not more than four to six days. The duration ^
of the disease, or the time which elapses between the appearance of the <
first sym|ltoms and the usually fatal termination, is from one to three
days, seldom longer. It is true, some horses affected with the enssoOtic
died after a sickness of four, five, or six days, and maybe even later,
but these animals, I have good reason to believe, would have survived
if nothing had been done to them ; they did not die of oerebro-menin-
gitis, but in consequence of the treatment they received. They were
all animals which had been repeatedly drenched, and bdng unable
to swallow, to a certain extent at least, there can be no doubt more or
less of the drench was poured down into the lungs. Some of the Gorpnfi
Ghristi horse-doctors, finding that the sick horses did not want (f ) to
swallow what tiiey intended to give them, poured their nostrums ia
through the nose. Comment is not necessary-^t any rate it is a fact
that nearly all the horses that died after the third or fourth day died ot
pneumonia, brought on by pouring medicines into the lunes.
Some of the Corpus Ghristi physicians prescribed application of 1^
on the poll of the animals, and the resul^ probably, would have be^"^
a favorable one if the owners of the animals had continued those ap;^^'
cations for a sufficient length of time, but that, as far as I oould leftp^
was never done. In most cases either but one application was m^^^
and the ice put on soon melted, or the ice was not secured in its pl^^^
and soon dropped; consequently, the result was just about the oppo^^!^
of what the physicians exi)ected it would be. The cooling was ^""^l
temporary, and before it could produce any favorable results a reacts ^^
set in and the disease invariably took a turn for the worse. I theref^^^}^
recommended a different course and applied counter-irritants, appareo^^^^
with very good results, and gave internally almost exclusively only s^-^^
medicines as seemed to be indicated and were voluntarily taken, eit ^^
with the water for drinking or with the food, because it soon beci^^l'^
apparent that the excitement of the animal, caused by using foro^^^
giving medicines, did fEu: more harm than the medicine could do gc'^'
BEPOBT OF THB VSTEHIKART DIVISIOH. 871
Besides that, it is a well-known foct most medioinefl have at beet bat
very little effect where the center of the nervous system is morbidly
affected. Only two, or x>erhaps three, animals were treated strictly in
acoordance with my directions, and both recovered. The owner of the
third animal failed to report.
The mortality was very great. If the statements made to me by dif-
ferent persons are correct, not more than 5 or 10 per cent, of all the
horses that became affected survived, and in most of them the recovery
was only partial or Incomplete, because considerable pressure upon the
brain, caused probably by an accumulation of fluid (exudation) in the
ventricles, remained and made the animals worthless.
Very respectfidly submitted.
H. J. DETMEBS.
San Antonio, Tex., August 10, 1882.
EXTRACTS FEOM LETTEES OP COERESPOKDENTS.
INTERLOBTJLAB PNEUMONIA AMONO OALVES.— In December last Dr.
H. J. Detmers was directed by the Oommissioner of Agriculture to in-
vestigate an outbreak of disease among calves in Henderson County,
Illinois, which' at the time was thought to be that of contagious pleuro-
pneumonia. After a visit to the herd and a thorough investigation of
the malady he submitted the following report:
On the 19th iDstant I received a letter firom Hon. James Peterson, of Oquawka, Hen-
derson Coonty, IlUuois, requesting me to come and examine a herd of Eastern calves
a^cted with a fatal disease, which was, or feared might be, contagions pleuro-poeu-
mbnia. I at once forwarded the letter to yon, and, to save time, took tne first tralb
to Oqnawka, where I arrived about noon the next day. The cattle, I learned, were
at Boseetta, abont 5 miles from Oqnawka^ and the examination was postponed to the
next day, December 21, on account of rain, at the request of the owner of the cattle,
Hr. Kennedy. Next morning Mr. Peterson and myself went to Rozetta, where we
found on the premises of Mr. Kennedy, in a larKe feed-lot by themselves, aboi;^' ^^ head
of Eastern calves, many, or perhaps most, of them evidently diseased, very much ema-
ciated, and in very poor condition.
Mr. Kennedy, I learned, had bought in the Chicago stockyards, on September 7, 60
head of Eastern calves, alleged to have come from WesUrn New York; They were
nearly all rather young and small, but otherwise, according to Mr. Kennedy, aid not
appear to be unhealthy at that time, nor did any of them exhibit plain symptoms of
disease until about the latter part of October or beginning of November.
In November they began to die, and on my arrival 20 calves of the original 60 had
died, the last one on the morning of the day of my arrival. Mr. Kennedy and his
neignbors became alarmed ; not so much on account of the actual loss, but because of
the possibility that the disease, which manifested itself as a very fatal lung maladv,
might prove to be the much-oreaded pleuro-pneumonia. Therefore strict inquirHss
wore made as to the part, or parte, of New York from which the calves had been
brooKht. It was alleged that they had come from Western New York, but it was
found they had been raised in the eastern parts and from there sent to Western New
York to be shipped to Chicago. On leamiBg this the anxiety of Mr. Kennedy and his
neighbors was increased.
As I found many of the survivins calves diseased, and some In an almost dying con-
dition, I had abundant material for examination, and found in every case lobular
pneumonia. In a few animals the disease was attended with more or less aiSection of
the pleura, and in several it was found to be complicated with accumulations of exu-
dation (dropsy) in the chest, abdominiil cavity, and subcutaneous tissues. The tem-
perature in the rectum of the animals examined ranged from 101^ to 102P F., and an
auscultation of the thorax revealed in every animal abnormal sounds, but in none that
absolute silence characteristic of an advanced stage of pleuro-pneumonia, and the per-
cussion sound, too, was more resonant than is usually the case in the latter disease.
As one animal had died an hour or two before my arrival, and this affprded a good
opportunity for a potd-mortem examination, it was not deemed necessary to kill. one fbr
that purpose. The carcass, which was already skinned, contained but little blood
and was m an emaciated oondition* On opening the chesiy both longs were found^tQ
372 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
be diseased with lobnlur pnenmonia, and .presented a spotted appearance, for nonps
of diseased lobnles^snrroaDdod by yet healthy, tissue, were partly hepatized and per-
fectly impervious to air, still presenting their normal structure and merelr filled wiUi
blood serum or recent and still fluid exudatioi;. The morbid changes, although not
limited to 'any particular portion of either lung, were most developM and most exten-
sfte in the anterior lobes, but eyen in the latter the interlobular oonneotyoe U$9m$ wat
oompamtively firtefym anjf exudatiUm, Pleurae and pericardium appeared to be h«iJthy,
and no other morbid chaoges of any consequence could be found.
The examination df the liTing animals, and still more the pogUmartem examination
of the dead one, proved beyond a doubt that the disease, although very fatal, and, u
far as I could learn, confined to the Eastern calves, U notplewro-pneumania^ or booimt
lung-plaauef but simply a lobular pneumonia, dne to want oraccli mati zation and other
external causes.
It may yet be remarked that all the examinations were made io-the preaence of sev-
eral witnesses, among whom I will name the owner, Mr. Kennedy, Dr. Brown, of Rosetta^
and Hon. James Peterson, of Oquawka. i
Ohabbon, or anthrax:— Obades P. Lyman^ F. B. 0. Y. B.^ writing
under date of January 10, 1882, says :
In a letter written to you from London, England, July 26, 1881, and |n one from
Lfverpool, August 15, I culed your attention to the fact that Russian wools, &c., were
being shipped to this country, and that tnere existed a danger oonsequentiy that the
disease known as anthrax, charbon, or, in man, malienant pustule, might be intror
duced . Although at that time I had neyer heard of anything that led me to Suppose thit
this disease had been so introduced into this country, upon my ^rriyal here I made cer-
tain inquiried, which resulted in the following leUer from Mr. T. £. Stone, a copy of
which I inclose you.
The following is a copy of the letter alluded to by Dr. Lyman, and is
dated Walpole, Mass., December 27, ISySl,:
Yiurs of this date received. I cannot teU you how many cases of anthrax (cIuCrboD)
have occurred at Hyde Park, nor do I belieyo' anyone Mse can. The superintendent of
the fEM^tory there and the OYerseer are both anxious to divert attention fh>m the ex-
istence at any time of such a disease, and as there are several physicians there, and
only in the extreme local forms is it ukely to attsaot the attention of an inexperienoed
(in the malady) practitioner, I have no doubt it has been much more frequent thsn
has been eenerally known. Years ago, when the hair factory was located here i^
Walpol^ I used to see a ^at many cases of aU forms of the malady ; and sinoe tUtoi
from being acquainted with the men who are operatives here, I have learned of the
existence of the disease in New York Cit^r, in Pawtucket, Hyde Park, and, in fiMst, in
nearly every place in which the curled-hair business is carried on. I nave not' known
of any epidemic of this disease in Massachusetts among animals, but it has prev^ed
in Texas and North Carolina. A case occurred in Norwood, Mass., about for^ or more
years ago, and was described to me by the patient, and the person who contracted
the disease at the same time died. Both had skinned a cow that had died on the road.
I had two cases last year which occurred in pereons emploved in a wool- washing es-
tablishment in Walpole, and due, probably, to a lot of Perdan wool.
Professor Crossy. of the Agricultural College, wrote me a few years ago that the
disease had existed among tne cows in some parts of Coqpecticut, and I do not doubt
it is somewhat common at times and places ; for the average country horse-doctor,
who is the one to see such cases, is, so far as I can Judge, not very weU up in com-
parative pathology. Althoup;h the'disease has existed f<St years iii Texas, I found
that Dr. Smith, of San Antonio, medical director of that department, did not know of
it. I do not know of any official statistics in regard to thedisease, but I think there
was a commission appointed two or three years a^o by the general government to re-
port on certain cattle diseases, but have not had time to keep track of the matter.
Dr. Arthur H. Nichols made a report to the State board of health in 1871. Since
thiit report, I have had, I think, about eight cases^ and at the time I wrote the paper
quoted by hiin, I had had from ten to fifteen additional cases, which, for fear of poesi'
Die errors, I did not include in tiie report. I have been exceedingly interested in the
recent discoveries of M. Pasteur, and had great curiosity to know whether his method
of inoculation of a modified virus would act as efficaciously in men as it has done in
sheep.
Texas cattle fevee.— Mr.S. J. Fletcher, Winchester, Clark Count j,
Missouri, gives the following account of an outbreak of Texas fever
among cattle in his neighborhood :
Some years ago Mr. Stours, a neighbor, brought i^ut 200 head of Texas cattle to
graze on the pimiiie near my plaoe. Every ammal that came in contact with these
REPOBT OP THE VETEBZNABT DIVISION. 873
catila^ or walked cyver the groimd where they had been, died. At Greode^s Landing,
seven miles distant, all the cattle died, althongh not one of them had been allowM
to go among the Texas animals. The Texans were so foil of ticks that they literally
dropped from them. Mr. Stonrs ^as forced th pnt his ciattle into inclosed pastaresi
ifhere they remained until Novemfber. In abont three weeks after their remoral a
Mr. Carscadden pot on the same pastures a Ifljge number xyf flattening cattle, afl£er a
hard frost. Soon many of these sickened. The remainder were remoyed, leaving
abont sixty that showed symptoms of sickness. Of these, fifty-seyen died. All the
Ttacans seemed remarkably healthy, and fattened welL I herded my cattle two or
three miles distant from them, Except one fine Durham heifer which got among them
and died in about three weeks, full of ticks.
Mr. e«orge Hatzfeld, of Newton Goonty/Mo., writing on the same
subject, says :
We have had nianv cases of Texas fever in this county. I will only cite a list of
lessee in township 2d, range 30, Newton County, showing the number and value of
the cattle lost by this disease.
Vsloe.
Nicb. Krill, 4 cows * $100
A. J. Buzzard, 14 fattening cattle 210
T. Bradley, 2cows - 50
8. Blevina, 2 cows ^ 50
J. Oilman, 2 cows ...• 50
John Price, 3 fattening cattle • • 65
€k Baker, 4 fjEkttening cattle ..••... ••• % .'.. 95
J. Hewitt, 6 cows 150
N. N. Kauftnan, 3 cows.... • »•• 75
Total, 39 cattle ^ $820
This ie about an average of losses through the whole county.
TuBEBOULOSis^ — Dr. B. Jenniogs, of Detroit, Mich., says in regard
to thii9 disease, and his metliod of treating it:
We haye at least two herds of cattle in this State affected by tuberculous disease,
the result or termination of bronchial pneumonia. These herds are distant from
each other about forty or fiftv miles. In each the disease began in the bull, and
spread gradually among both herds, leaving little doubt as to its contagious natore.
It appeared on both farms at about the sAme time. I was called to see both herds
last July (1881). In October following one of the bulls was killed and an autopsy
made Sy non-professionals^ which satianed the owner (from his reading upon the sub-
ject) that pleuro-pneumoma prevailed among bis a^ck. His description of the patho-
logioal changes were at variance with those of pleuro-pneumonia, as there was no
hepatization, or any indication of it in any portipn of the luuff. I convinced him of
the error, and requested him to send me portions of the dils^ased structures for exami-
nation, in tbe event of his Ib^ng any more of bis herd.
On tiie 23d of K6vember following I received parts of the thoracic and abdominal
viscera, all of which were in' a tuberculous condition. A brief account of theee patho-
loffioal specimens was given by me in the Michiaan Farmery mailed herewith.
In the treatment of this disease in cattle I -ha^e recommended, as a test of their
virtue, the hypophosphites of lime atid soda thus far with apparently sood effects.
'The necessary precautions have been taken to guard against the spread of the disease,
and also for preventing any unnecessary alarm among the of cattle-breeders of this
Stote.
PRBOAUTIONS AOAINST THE SPBEAD OF LUNG PLAGUE OF OAfFTLE.—
Since the publication of Special Keport No. ^ of this department, Gov-
ernor OoUomi of Illinois^ has issued the following procliunation:'
Statx of Illinois, ExRcunvs Dbpartmbnt,
S^^gfield, in., November 1, 1881.
In pursuance of the act of the general assembly of the State of Illinois, entitled
<*An Mt to suppress and prevent the spread of pleuro-pnenmoviia among cattle,'' ap-
proved May 31, 1, Shelbv M. CoUom, governor of the State of Illinois, 6o hereby pro-
claim that I have good reason to l^eve that pleuro-pneumonia amone cattle nas
become epidemic in certain localities in the States of Connecticut, New rork. Penn-
^Ivania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Marvland, viz., in the county of Fairfield, in
the State of Coonecaout; in thd counties of Putnam, Westchester, Kings, and Queens,
874 BSPOBT OV TBM COlOmUIXONSB OF AOBIOULTURE.
la iha 8tftta of New Tork ; in tlie eonnties of Lehigh, Books. Berks, Mentgomflrr,
Fhiladelphia, Delaware, Chester, Lanciistor, York, Adams, aoa OumberlaDd, in Ins
Sta^^ShOf Fennsylvauia ; in the counties of Bergen, Hudson, Morris, Essex, U4ioD,
Somerset, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Mercer, Monmouth, Ooean, Burlington, Camden,
Gloucester, and Atlantic, in the State of New Jeroey ; in the county of New CastLs^
in the State of Delaware; and in the counties of Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, Howard,
and Carroll, in l^e State of Maryland ; and I hereby, as required by said act, prohibit
the importation of any domestic animals of the bovine species into this State from
the aforesaid counties in the States of Connecticut, New York, Penusylvania, New
Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland after the 10th dav of Noyember instant, unless ae-
companied bv a certificate of health properly signed by a duly authorised veterinaiT
inspector. Any corporation or individual who shall transport, receive, or convey suga
prohibited stock shall bo deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon oonviction
thereof shall be fined not less than $1,000 nor more than |10,000 for each and every
offense, and shall be liable for any and all damage or loss that may be sustained by
ai^y party or parties by reason of the importation or transportation of such prohibited
stock. (Section 4 of act approved May 31, 1881.)
'In testimony whereof I hereto set my hand and cause the great seal of the Slate ts
he affixed.
Done at the city of Springfield, the day and year above written.
S. M. CULLOM.
By the Governor :
Hsi^BY D. Dkmknt, Secretary of State.
MoETALiTY AMONG LAMBS IN WISCONSIN.— Mr. William Britton,
Washbam^ Grant County, WisconKin, furnishes the following description
of a disease which has proved quite fatal to a flock of lambs belonglBg
to Mr. J. M. Morris, a neighbor of his:
Mr. J^ M. Morris, residing one and a half miles southeast of my residence, had, last
fall, twenty-three lambs tnat were weaned last spring. Late in the fall he noticed
that two or three of them had the *^ scours,'' and hegan to treat them for it, sparing
neither pains nor expeuHc; but ftt vain. About the 1st of January they began to die,
and up to this date he bas lost ten, and this morning showed me two that were dying
and another beginning with the symptoms of scours. After these symptoms appesr,
the ''scours" continue for six or eight days. The excrement, smeikred over the poe-
teiior parts, has the appearance of tar. They eat heartily all this time, and then rood
is reftised; then the animal, after Ivin^ down, has not the strength to eet up unless
assisted, and in about two days it will die. During the entire time, with the exception
of the last two days, it looks well and bHcht about the eyes, with the exception of •
sUght discharge from the inner cover of alight, mattery color. The liver appears to
he in h6althy condition ; the gall-bladder free of gall, and distended to its utmost with
gas or air; a portion of the lungs highly congested and slightly fiUed with a waterr
froth, the remaining parts having a healtny and natural appearance. The first stomaea
is gorged to its greatest capacity with food undigested; no other ^videnoes of disease
found In the stomach. SmaU intestines empt^, except that when cut ofi:* a very li^t
yellow mucus can be forced from them by stripping through the fingers ; the large u-
testines partly filled with excrement a little thinner than putty, but showing no ap-
pearance of a liouid thin enough for the ''scours,'' and all the inside is covered at
utervals of a half inch with little sacks the size of a small pea, each filled with a sab-
stance looking very much like dry lime.
At death the animals are extremely lean in flesh, and the odor on opening the oareaai
is very offensive.
None of the other sheep appear to be affected, unless it is shown by the exereiDSDl
of all of them being discharged at about the consistency of the same from that of •
calfl There is no appearance of sheep dung about the pens, and they are all dry-fed.
Sanitary surroundings good, feed included.
Swine plague in Aekansas.— Mr. F. J. Smftb, president of the
Independence County Agricultural and Mechanical AsBociatioD, writes
from Bateaville, Ark., under recent date, as follows:
One of the greatest evils the farmers of this section are compelled to contend against
is what is called hog cholera. On my place, this disease has appeared among my swine
three times within four years. The first time 1 lost 78 hogs; the second 115^— includ-
ing 8 fhll-blooded sows which cost me $50 each. The disease is now among my hogi
for the third time, and up to the present time 10 pork hogs, averaging 300 pounds, S5
ahoats, and 2 very fine fiill-blooded gelts. I have tried many recommended remedies,
without sucoesa. I attribute the disease in this neighborhood to careless managemeot.
MtPOIRT OF TMM ?B71|UVAB? PIYISK^* 37ft
Hogi are neglected Hud sUrvedf Nearly every fall we bave some kind of mastjbut
that giving out, the animals are left in the wopds withoat anytlUug to eat. They
heconie wormy and lousy.
As an example, two persons near Batesyille, abont 4 miles from mj place, have more
than 100 beacf of hogs running at large, without care of any kind. KotninjiP is done
with the animals that sicken, and the dead are permitted to lie where they die. This
has brought the disease to my own farm. While pork was largely exported from this
county several years ago, there is not now enougn raised to supply the people here.
Fanners are discourag^. We have not been clear ef eholera for several years. There
is only one remedy—a law compeUing eveigir owner to pat np bis hogs as soon as any
disease is discovered among them.
The loss sustained hy farmers through this disease of cholera is almost incredible. It
disooiiragea efforts to improve their stock. I have expended nearly |1,000 for improyed
and full-blooded hogs, a^d twice have I lost aU on tfiy place ; and yet J take extra care of
my swine, keepin£[rhem well supplied with good spring water and irueih air, changing
their beds everv night. Each morning I sprinkle lime pver the lying-down places,
and put a small quantity into the slops. It has proven m s«tisfaetory as mj remedjf
I have tried.
Bbbeding and oabe of FABAt ANncAl4i.^Mr, Umry 0. MiUer, ot
Westport, Decatur County, Indiana, give« the following good advioe
regarding the breeding and treatment of farm animalB :
Doubtless the extent of losses of farm animals might be lessened by proper cave in
breeding as well as care and treatment. To secure oocUity, stamina, and immunity
ffom disease great care should be observed in caring for the horse espeetally. Tfaui
Tiaions habit of breeding blind and breken down wreclu of mares to worthless stallions
and .9riginals thin in flesh, deficient in bone and mnsole as well as in spirit, is doabt-
lass the cause of two-thirds of the diseases that affeel horses. The practice should
not only be discountenanced but prevented, if possible, by penal laws enacted by the
legislatures of the States. This noble animal should be reared with intent to attiUn as
high a degree of perfection as possihle by hreeding from none but perfectly sound mares
as well as stall ions— a large, brilliant eve, weU-developed muscle, symmetry of form, and
entire exemption fron^ blemish. Much can be done to secnre exemption from disease by
proper food and grooming.
Cattle have been greatly improved by crossing with Durham bulls. Manv of such
herds are nearly equal to the Kentucky Shorthorns. Our cattle can, end, doubtless, willy
be further improved in this country. Their general health is good. Their sanitary
condition may be improved by protection from inclement weather oy means of sheds and
stabling. The grade of our cattle is kept at a low standanl by poor families allowing
cows to get with calf by any scrub bull that can serve them rather than patronize
blooded bulls at a resA^nahle charge. I think scnib bulls should be prohibited f¥om
running at large by legal enactment. Castration of aU such bulls before three months
old should be made obligatory.
Loss of hogs still continues fsom cholera, thumps, qninsey, and many other diseases.
It is difficult to counteract any of thf^ni. The higher the -improvement in stock the
more snbject to disease, with increased fatality, herds apparently become. When we
had the long-nosed '< eim-peelHr," with long bristles, the diseases that now so fatally
affect our hogs were unknown. We cannot think of permitting our hogs to degenerate
to the original woods breeds, but by better care and the use of rem^ies must coun-
teract diseabe the best we may, and let improvement progress.
Anthb AX OB OHARUON IN TEXAS.—The symptoms given in the fol-
lowing letter from Mr. B. B. Jarmon^ Kerr County, Texas, indicate
atithraz, or charbon. A fall description of this disease is given in Special
Report, No. 34, of this department, to which the attention of the reader
is directed. Mr. Jamion says:
The animal becomes lame in one leg, generally one of its hind legs; ears drooping;
eyes a little red and very dull. Tbe animal is averse to moving about, and gciiei^lly dies
in ftora st^ ro twenty-four hours. After death the leg that wss affected is badly blood-
shotten; the entire side showH evidence of dinease; a bloody substance exudes from
its Doetills, and the stomach is dry and parched. The disease is known here as the
blade-leg, and connidered by some to be a kind of murrain. It is verv fatal, and con-
fined almost entirely to young stock of from six to eighteen months old. Occasionally,
bnt very seldom, it attacks a two-year old. It has prevailed among the stock here
for about four years, and ir generally confiued to one neighborhood or stock range at
a time. When it gets into a herd it is not unusual for from one^tifth to one-third of
them to die.
376 EEPORT OF THE COMBflSSIONEB OF AGBIOULTUREe
PbEVENTIVB fob 8WINB PLAGUE AND FOWL OHOLEBA. — ^Mr. J. Tm-
boioughf of Oalhoan County, Mississippi, writes as follows:
In thifl ooanty we find that FkjfioUicea radix (polk-ioot)'boiled in slop, and giT«a
at intervals of two or three weeks, will prevent the appearance of swine plapie.
Given to fowls in their drinking water, it will also prevent the appearance of fowl
cholera.
SWINE PLAGUE IN MiOHiGAN. — The disease described below by
Mr. Bugene Oarpenter, of Grand Bapids,MiclL,is the most fifttal type of
swine plagne:
A strange malady has snd4enly made its appearance amone the hogs owned by two
or three farmers in the township of Gaines, in Kent County, Michigan. When the dii^
ease manifests itself, large red. blotches are observed to appear upon the body of the
animal, acoompanied by a profuse disohawe of blood from the mouth and nostjjUi,
the victim seems to be m intense agony andto ezpeiienoe great difficulty in breathing,
and very soon dies.
SwiNB PLAGUE IN THE SOUTHWEST.— Mr. Charles 0. Bobinson, Oiun
Woody Sonflower Ooonty, Mississippi, gives the following account of the
imporation of swine plagae into that county:
I have to report the appearance of cholera among the hogs in this immediate vic|iiity.
It was introduced here m the latter part of the winter, or early in the spring-^by the
introduction here of two BerUiires. Both died, and the disease has spread among
the native hogs, which are dying in large numbers. The native hogs have been here-
tofore nearly wholly exempt. Fancy breeds appearto be more subject to the disease. All
the hogs that die (uid all die that take it) pass a watery blood ttom the mouth, noie,
and fundament. The hoffs that stay in the woods and do not come about the settle-
ments are free from the disease.
Swine disease in South Oabolina*— Mr. B. J. Donaldson^ George-
town, S. C, writes as follows, under recent date:
I am raising large numbers of hogs, and find this season a disease among tbem
hitherto unknown to me, viz., a loss of power in the loins, from which they gradn^y
die. It is principally among the pigs, but occasionally a brood sow has it. The pi|^
affected are, for the most part, the best, in fine order, and continue to eat untU w
die. There are none of the symptoms of ordinary hog-cholera, the disease appeanog
to be confioed to the loins, the animal losing all power in the hind legs. Occasional!/
it reaches the fore legs when the feet curve in. I have lost hun£eds of ^gs tbii
season. The pens are in good order and kept clean, and the pigs allowed to run out. I
have fed sulphur, charcoal, and sulphate of' iron; but those affected -seldom reoorcft*
The food is rice flour, fed uncooked.
Laudanum in swine plague. — ^Mr. Danford Hare, Oordingtot^^
Morrow County, Ohio, gives the following as his treatment of ho^
suffering with the plague:
In regard to treating the swine plague, or fever, I think nothing shoidd be gi^'^^
that will create fever. In tl^e cases I nave had I gave gunpowder and cold wat?^^
first, then laudanum to cause sleep. After this sleep I at once give linseed oU aT^^
ammonia. This treatment has been efficient in every case. I think that salty^ashcp^^
black antimony, lime, soap, and turpentine, have a tendency to shorten the life ^tiS^^
hog. If the farmer wiU open one of his noes he wiU find that aU medicines vm^
should be to quiet the animid and reduce the fever.
Contagious pleubo-pneumonia in Veboinia.— In reply to a lett«^
of inquiry from the Commissioner of Agricaltare, addressed to' Di^
Thomas Pollard^ Commissioner of Agriculture for the Commonwealth
of Virginia, that gentleman, writing under date of September last, sayi^
I have addressed letters to various prominent cattle-raisers in Virginia, asking ft^^
information on this subject, and have received replies from the following gentlemec^
viz: Col. Ro. Beverley, "The Plains," Fauquier County; Mr. W. W. Kennon, Sabc^
Island, Gfiochland County; Mr. £. 8. Woodward, Jones ville, Lee County; Mr. A. V^
Bowman, Wayneshorough, Augusta County; Mr. Jos. Cloyd, Duhlln, Pulaski Count^'^
Geo. Johnston, Alexandria: Col. Geo. W. Palmers, Saltville, Washington Count^^^
Mr. A. P. Rowe, Fredericksburg; Mr. Seddon Jones, Rapidan, Orange County; M^^
u. W. Dobyns, Uillsville| CarrcSl County ; and Green Farrar, Orange County.
BEPDBT OF THE YETEBINABT DIVISIOK. 877
Thev ally with the exoeiftion of Colonel Beverley, gay there is no pleuro-pnenmonia
in their section as far M tney know. Colonel Beyeriey says it preyaiiki last winter on
the dairy farm of CoL Geo. Johnston, near Alexandria. I wrote at once to Colonel
Johnston reqnestinK a candid reply as to the ezistenoe of the disease on" his farm or
in his section. He replies there is no disease (plenro-pnenmonia) on his farm or in his
section; that the last case he had was in December last, which was treated snccess-
faVLy by his neighbor, Mr. R. F. Roberts, near Alexandria, and who, he says, has had
mnch experience with the disease, and conld give me more information in regard to
it than any other farmer in that section. 1 wrote to him, but hare failed to reoei'Ve a
reply.
Colonel Beyeriey also says that plenro-pncnmonia existed eighteen months ago on a
farm in Powhatan Connty, controlled by Mr. W. W. Kennon, Dei£i||[ introdooed then
by a bnll imported fh>ro England or Maiyland, or both. Upon writing to Me, Kennon
Jie says the disease does not exist on his Bum or in his section. We Imow the disease
has prevailed np to last winter around Alexandria for several vears, but fhmi the
testimony of Colonel Johnson and others we have reason to believe it has been ex-
tinguished. The teatiiDony is Tery emphatic that it prevails in no other section of
Yi^Sinia.
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
8iB : I have the bonor to present the following report of the work
done by the Chemical Division since the publication of the Annual
Report of the Department of 1880.
BEPOBT OF ANALYTICAL AND OTHEB WOBK DONE ON SOBOHT7M AND
CORN STALKS BT THB CHEMICAL DIVISION IN 1881-'82.
Varieties of scrghum and maize gratvn an grounds of the Department of
Agriculturey time ofplantingy and system of cultivation.
For the purpose of continuing the investigation of the several vari-
eties of sorghum and maize, with the view of ascertaining their value
as sources of sugar, there were planted upon the department grounds,
YiX)on the 29th day of April, 1881, thirty -eight varieties of sorghum,
and upon the dOth day of April eight varieties of maize.
The sorghum and maize were planted in drills, the drills being 3 feet
apart for the sorghum and 3^ for the maize, and after the plants were
about 3 inches high they were thinned out to about 3 inches, and when
about.6 inches high they were thinned out so that the sorghum plants
averaged from 4 to 5 inches apart, while the maize stalks were about 8
inches apart.
Of the above varieties of sorghum and maize every kind was up May
9, excepting only the sorghum No. 1, the seed of which failed to germi-
nate. This row was replanted May 11, and was up the 16th.
The sorghums were planted upon a rectangular plat about 450 by 110
feet^ and the rows of each variety ran lengthwise the plat and in direc-
tion east and west.
About half of this plat had been planted in sorghum the previous
year; the remainder had been recently broken up by the plow.
Besides the thinning out already mentioned the crop received the usual
cultivation given to maize, and, in addition, care was taken to remove
the suckers which sprang up firom the roots from half' of each row of
sorghum; the plat being divided into nearly equal portions by a line
passing north and south, the suckers being allowed to grow upon the
eastern half^ and being removed from the western half of the plat.
The analyses of juices given in the pages of this report are from
canes selected from the suckered half of each variety of sorghum, un-
less otherwise mentioned.
A portion of the field in the unsuckered half having been plowed up,
that portion was replanted on June 13, and ten varieties were thus
replanted. Neither of these varieties planted at this date attained any
fab* development, but were dwarfed and unhealthy. Ke^^rence to this
will be made again in this report.
379
380 BBPOBT OF THE 00MMIS8I0NEB OF AGRICULTURE.
The several varieties of sorgham planted, and the sonrces whence the
seed was obtained, were as follows:
No. 1. Early Amber. Ephraim Link, Greeneville, Tenn.
No. 2. Early Golden. A. B. Swain, Elysian, Minn.
No. 3. White Liberian. Nesbit, Washington, D. 0.
No. 4. White Liberian. Bnsh 6. Learning, Decatnr, Nebr.
No. 6. Black Top. D. Wyatt Aiken^ Cokesbury, S. 0.
No. 6. African. W. B. Parks, Carlisle, Ky.
No. 7. White Mammoth. Amos Carpenter, Carpenter's Store, Mo.
No. 8. Oomseeana. Blymyer Mann&kctnring Company, Oinoinnati,
Ohio.
No. 9. Begnlar Sorgo. Blymyer MannfEUStoring Company, Cincin-
nati, Ohio.
No. 10. Link's Hybrid. Ephraim Link. OreeneviUe, Tenn.
No. 11. Link's Hybrid. Edwin Henry, GreenevUle, Tenn.
No. 12. Sugar Cane. Ephraim Link, Greeneville, Tenn.
No. 13. Goose Neck. P. P. Bamsey, Belgrade, Mo.
No. 14. Bear Tail. Jacob Latshaw, Gedarville, HI.
No. 15. Iowa Bed Top. Jacob Latshaw, Cedarville, HL
No. 16. New Variety. F. W. Stump, MarshaU, HL
No. 17. Early Orange. L A. Hedges, Saint Loni^ Mo.
No. 18. Early Orange. H. E. D. Daganhardt, Piqua, Ohio.
No. 19. Orange Cane. J. G. Fitzgendd, Brookston, Tex.
No. 20. Neeazana. Blymyer ManufacUiring Comx>any, Cindnnati,
Ohio.
No. 21. Wolf Tail. Ephraim Link, Greeneville, Tenn.
No. 22. Gray Top. H. C. Sealey, Columbia, Tenn.
No. 23. Liberian. Blymyer Manufacturing Company, Cincinnati,
Ohio.
No. 24. Mastodon. D. Wyatt Aiken, Cokesbury, S. C.
No. 25. Honduras. Ephraim Link, Greeneville, Tenn.
No. 26. Sugar Cane. C. E. Miller, Effingham, 111.
No. 27. Hybrid. Will N. Wallis, CoUin County, Texas.
No. 28. White Imphee. John N. Barger, Lovilla, Iowa.
No. 29. GUiose Neck. G. N. Gibson, Shelby ville, Ky.
No. 30. White African. John N. Barger, Lovili{^ Iowa.
No. 31. West India Sugar Cane. D. C. Snow, Lamoille, Iowa.
No. 32. Sugar Cane. John N. Barger, Lovilia, Iowa.
No. 33. New Variety. John N. Barger, Lovilia, Iowa.
No. 34. Minnesota Early Amber. Yilmorin, Paris.
No. 35. Helens Saccharatus. Yilmorin, Paris.
No. 36. Helens Sorghum. Yilmorin, Paris.
No. 37. Helens Cernus, White. Vihnorin, Paris.
No. 38. Honey Cane. J. H. Clark, Pleasant Hill, La.
In Nos. 5 and 6 there were present in each row two well-defined
varieties, and the results of the analyses were kept distinct, and will
be found tabuLited as No. 5 "tall" and No. 6 "short," these being
regarded as other than the Black Top or African.
It will be observe d that in the above list twelve States are repre-
sented as furnishing seed, and four varieties were obtained from France,
among which is our own Early Amber, which already appears to be
grown there from seed imported from America. It is interesting also
to observe tl^t although some thirty years since we obtained our Chi*
nese varieties of sorghum from France, and at the present time we
have many of these varieties extensively cultivated in the United
SEPORT OF THE CHEMIST. 381
States, that nearly if not every yariety of these Chinese sorghums
appears to have disappeared in France, since the large house of Yil-
morin & Oo. were unable to send even a single specimen.
The local names of the above mentioneoUvarieties, as, for example,
Nos. 12, 26, 31, and 32, must not be confounded with the reial sugar cane
of Ouba ana Louisiana, for the so-called sugar canes represented by the
above numbers are only varieties of sorghum, a family of plants quite
distinct Arom the true sugar cane.
The .varieties of maize planted were as follows:
Ko. 1. Egyptian Sugar Oom.
I^o. 2. Lindsay's Horse Tooth.
Ko. 3. Blount^s Prolific.
No. 4. Improved Prolific Bread.
No. 5. Broad White Flat Dent ' *
No. 6. Long Narrow White Dent.
No. 7. Ohester County Mammoth.
No. 8. 18-rowed Yellow Dent.
Each of the above varieties were planted in plats having ten rows,
24 feet, in each row, and the rows 3} feet apart. Tbe^ was, therefore,
of each variety planted ^ of an acre, or 840 square feet.
There was also planted, about May 15, on grounds which had been
hired for the purpose, as follows :
At Mr. Ck)lden's, about one mile from TJniontown, forty-four varieties
of soTghum, in small lots, amounting in all to 13 acres. These varieties
were chiefly the same as those grown upon the grounds of the depart-
ment. There was also grown by him 3 acres of the Liberian and 12
acres of the Honduras. Owing to the excessive drought, thirteen of the
small lots failed to germinate, and these were replanted June 1 and 2.
There was also planted upon the grounds of Mr. Carlisle Patterson,
just beyond the city limits, some 05 acres of Early Amber'and of Link's
Hybrid, and, owing to the backward season and the ravages of the wire
and cut worms, this plat was replanted three times, the last planting
being completed June 18.
There was also planted upon the grounds of Dr. Dean^ about one mile
from Benning's Bridge, 12 acres in Honduras, 10 acres in Neeazana, 10
acres in Early Orange, 12 acres in Liberian, and 6 acres in the eight
varieties of maize planted upon the department grounds. The sorghums
were planted by May 23, and the maize by May 25.
Dr. Dean began replanting Honduras June 2, Early Orange June 7,
Liberian June 9, Neeazana June 13. Dr. Dean begun second replant-
ing Honduras June 18, Early Orange June 20, Libyan June 21, Neea-
zana June 29.
During the early part of the season a careful record was kept show-
ing the development of the several varieties of sorghum and maize
grown upon the grounds of the department^ since, as has already
been shown in our previous investigations, so much depends upon the
condition of the sorghum in reference to the production of sugar or even
of sirup. It is, of course, more than probable'that in other localities,
and in other seasons, the rapidity of development would be greater or
less than in the case of these, and in order that every circumstance cal-
culated to throw light upon the results of our examinations of these
sorghums and corn stalks may be given, the following table is appended,
in which may be found the height and developments of the several van-
eties at different periods during the season.
It will be remembered that No. 1 Early Amber was planted twelve
days later than the others.
382
KEPOBT OF THE CCnOOSnCWKK OF ifiSJCULTDSE.
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44.*.
REPORT OF TJiK CHEHtST.
386
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386
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
EXPLANATION OF THE STAGES OF GROWTH OR OF DEVELOPMENT
AS USED IN THIS REPORT.
In order to record as closely as was i)08sible the derelopment of the
plants at the time when they were taken from the field for examination,
a series of numbers were made use of, which indicated the sereral
stai^es of development. The determination of stages after the 14th was
in tlie case of the sorghum diflBcult, and depended upon the increasing
hardness of the seed. These numbers and their significations areas
follows :
Stages of development in maize and sorghum for 1881.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
H\
17
18
19
20
W.
w.
w.
w.
w.
8W.
7W.
8W.
1
2
3
4
5
About one week before openiiig of panicle. . .
Immediately before opening oi panicle
Panicle Just appearing
Panicle two-tnirds out
Panicle entirely out; no stem above upper leaf
Panicle beginning to bloom at the top
Ear lust appearing
Ear larger
Ear larger still ■
Ear larger still
Ear in roasting condition
h week after reaching roasting condition
1 week after reaching roasting condition
1| weeks aftor reaching roastiug condition —
2 weeks after reach ing roasting condition —
2| weeks after reaching roasting cobdiiion
3 weeks after reaching roasting condition —
3^ weeks after reaching roasting condition —
4 weeks after reaching roasting condition
4| weeks after reaching roasting condition. . .
1 weekafter ear had been picked in stage 11
2 weeks after ear had been picked in stage 11
8 weeks after ear had been picke<l in stage 11
4 weeks after ear had been picked in stage 11
5 weeks after 0ar had been picked in stage 11
6 weeks after ear had been picked in sti^ 11
7 weeks after ear had been picked in stage 11
8 weeks after ear had been picked in stage 11
About one week before opening of panid&
Immediately before opening ofpanicle.
Panicle just appearing.
Panicle two-thirds out.
Panicle entirely out ; no stem above upper leaf.
Panicle beginning to bloom at the top.
Flowers all out ; stamens beginning to drop.
Seed well set.
Seed entering the milk state.
Seed becoming doughy.
Seed doughy; becoming dry.
Soe<l almost drv ; easily crushed.
Se«d dry ; easily split.
See<l split with ditflculty.
Seed split with mure difficult y.
Seed Mplit with still more dlttitiulty.
Seed harder.
Seed still harder.
Seed still harder.
Seed still harder.
From the preceding table it will be seen that on July 2(5, fifty-seven
days after planting^ nearly every variety of sorghum was in blossom,
and had, so far as size, attained its maximum development, since their
average height was about 8^ feet.
A preliminary examination of one variety of sorghum and two of the
varieties of maize was made June 13, when the planb^ were about two
feet high, and it was found that even at this early period thei-e was in
their juices an appreciable amount of both sucrose and glucose,^ will
be seen by the following results:
Juice of White Liberian Sorghum: sucrose, .12 per cent.; glucose, .68
per cent.
Juice of Egyptian Sugar Com: sucrose, .25 per centj glucose, .l^per
cent.
Juice of Lindsay's Horse Tooth Com; sucrose, .38 per cent.; glucose,
.98 i>er cent.
From the above it would seem that both forms of sugar exist in these
plants even in this early stage of development, and that the relative
proportion of the two remains about the same for a long time, as will
be seen by reference to the tables which follow. It has, however, not
been demonstrated that what is given in the above analyses as sucrose
is such beyond question. It was, howeven if not sucrose, at least 4
substance not precipitated by sub-acetate of lead solution, and withoaf
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
387
ictioii upon Fehlin^'s solution, until, like sucrose, it had been acted
LiI)on by a dilute acid solution. It remains, however, a matter rather
3f importance in its relation to vegetable physiology than of practical
ralue as regards the production of sugar from these plants.
ANALYSES OF EACH VARIETY OF SORGHUM AND MAIZE.
The following tables show the results of the analyses of each variety
jf sorghum and maize stalks made during the season ; the date of each
analysis, the dimensions and weight of the stalky the percentage of
juice obtained from the stalk and the specific gravity of the juice, the
per cent, of sucrose, glucose, and of the solids not sucrose nor glucose
present in the juice. In addition, there is given the percentage of sur-
erose present as determined by the polariicope, which will be found to
correspond closely wiUi the percentages of sucrose as determined by
analysis.
EARLY AMBER.
*
Carll d& Gardneb.
i?
«
e
1
a
1
"2
i
1
o
hi
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Stag§,
Feet
Ineht
Lb.
Ft.et,
Pr.et.
Pr.et
Pr.eL
Pr.cL
s
Jnne S7
July 5
July 16
9
6
2.0
2.8
5.
.8
.6
55.80
56.44
53.69
LOU
L017
L028
L25
2.21
3.15
.07
.70
L15
L91
11
35
2.7
176
I
.6 .8
2.66
176
July 16
2
5.5
.6
.8
• w
63.29
L026
2.92
L52
L45
7«
July U
8
5.
.7
L4
LI
70.85
L021
2.20
.58
4.10
185
July 14
July 15
4
4
5.5
7.5
.8
.9
.9
L3
62.50
66w26
L025
L028
2.06
2.60
L82
.80
164
8.60
165
Jaly 15
5
ao
LI
L9
LI
68.80
L023
2.61
.99
2.80
2S0
Joiy 20
6
7.5
.7
LI
• V
68.23
L047
8.17
8.10
2.43
tn
July 23
7
&
.6
.96
.8
65.79
L041
8.54
4.83
8.68
sso
July 23
8
7.7
.6
L02
.8
65.81
L086
8.57
8.63
a27
851
July 25
9
7.4
.7
LI
.0
62.68
L040
2.68
7.33
2.47
7.03
856
July 25
9
6.5
.8
LO
.8
60.48
L047
2.75
7.12
2.64
7.26
411
July 28
9
2
7.5
.7
L8
L4
67.23
L053
2.87
a4i
L87
7.96
441
July 29
10
2
7.2
.6
2.0
L8
60.00
L068
3.02
9.02
2.75
a 18
452
July 29
Aug. 1
10
11
L067
L066
2.82
i47
9.49
12.25
2.87
2.87
a 21
501
2
&
.6
L7
L5
64. 68
1L89
578
Aug. 8
12
1
7.8
.6
LI
.9
63.37
L072
L86
12.96
&04
ia82
604
Aug. 13
13
1
8.0
.6
LO
.8
64.51
L071
L57
14.27
8.30
ia88
700
Aug. 18
14
1
7.8
.7
L8
1.0
63.59
L083
L55
14.83
a93
819
Aug. 24
15
2
8.0
.6
L9
L4
56.10
L083
.08
16.47
2.91
850
Aug 26
15
1
7.4
.7
L4
.0
08.25
L080
.76
16.43
3.06
888
Aug. 27
15
1
9.4
.7
L4
LO
56.01
LOOl
LU
16.13
7.421
943
Aug. 31
16
2
8.5
.6
L7
L8
52.77
L091
LOO
1&43
8.27
1004
Sept 8
17
1
7.5
.7
L4
LO
52.88
LOOl
.80
ia6i
6 91t
106»
Sept 7
17
2
8.5
.8
2.9
2.1
64.17
LOBO
.80
1&23
8.00
lassf
1118
Sept 10
18
2
9.5
.5
2.1
L6
49.91
L080
L26
17.55
4.15
U90
Sept 17
Oct 5
18
1
9.2
.6
LI
.8
43.88
L088
.86
17.00
3.64
1307
After 18
1
9.0
.7
L3
.8
54.28
L078
.87
16.24
3.76
1513
Oct 15
...do .•••
2
&0
.7
L7
L3
57.90
L078
L16
14.33
4.60
ia96
1568
Oct 22
..do ....
1
7.8
.5
LI
.7
56.13
L076
L27
14.28
aso
17.01
1617
Oct 27
...do ....
1
7.5
.8
LI
.8
56.90
L063
.92
15.76
4.18
1640
Oct 29
. . . do ....
2
&0
.6
2.2
L6
57.83
L077
.89
12.66
a77
14.76
1674
Nor. 2
. . . do ....
2
8.8
.5
L9
L8
6L98
L074
L23
13.91
a34
1706
Not. 4
...do....
2
7.8
.6
L8
LI
50.06
L069
L02
12.50
a 41
12.76
1785
Not. 7
. . .do ....
2
8.4
.8
L7
L2
60.00
L076
.83
14.01
a 51
14.08
1760
Not. 9
...do ....
1
9.0
.6
LI
.9
54.62
L074
.89
13.82
a 72
ia97
17»
Not. 12
..do ....
1
8.0
.8
1.0
.8
48.85
L077
.82
14.00
a 84
13.80
1828
Not. 15
.. .do ....
1
7.2
.6
1.0
.7
55.42
L073
.95
14.27
a2o
14.99
1857 Not. 17
...do ....
1
6.7
.8
LI
.8
53.06
L075
L46
13.03
4.26
388
BEPOBT OF THE COHMISSIONEB OF AOBICULTDBE.
EABLT GOLDEN.
A. B.
Swain.
!
1
^
i
Pi
1
1
!
1
1
t
1
t
1
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1
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1
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0004,
Feet
Inek9
Lb.
Lb.
Pr.et
lV.«fc
Pr.eL
Pr.et
Pr.tL
15
July 6
^^1
2
6.8
.8
2.2
L8
66w99
L026
8.11
2.91
.90
177
July 16
2
1
6.8
.7
LI
L
69.68
L027
8.10
L86
2.40
68
Jnly 8
3
2
7.5
.9
2.4
2.
7L83
L028
8.17
L68
8.16
95
July 12
4
7.5
.7
1.4
L3
68.89
L026
8.02
2.53
L96
166
July 15
4
9.
L2
8.5
2.6
7a 17
L015
L91
.56
2.06
96
July 12
5
7.7
.7
L4
LI
69.22
L028
8.22
2.76
2.48
167
July 15
5
&8
1.1
2.8
L6
68.49
L020
2.03
.62
&78
186
Jnly 14
6
9.
.8
L2
LO
68.01
L036
2.95
4.04
&e7
221
July 18
7
&
.6
1.1
.8
66.39
L040
3.00
&25
LIT
•■•••«•.
251
July 19
8
&5
.8
L7
L4
69.57
L046
2.97
&42
LIT
,
884
Jnly 28
9
&5
.7
L4
LI
64.43
L045
2.75
6.54
6.06
852
July 25
July 28
9
&6
.8
L8
LI
69.40
L049
2.66
7.88
2.26
T.06
412
9
&2
.8
1.4
L2
67.53
L064
2.05
1L48
2.26
1L41
437
July 29
9
L063
2.17
1L75
L84
1L06
442
Jnly 29
10
&9
.7
L8
LI
6&47
L067
2.67
12.71
L«8
1L44
890
Jnly 26
10
7.8
.7
LO
.9
67.43
L064
2.89
9.57
L61
9.10
502
Ang. 1
11
&3
.7
2.7
2.5
64.26
L072
L76
18.84
2.91
18.08
OT9
Ang. 8
12
9.6
.7
L6
L8
60.76
L075
L88
14.64
4.96
14.23
666
Ang. 13
13
9.0
.7
L4
LO
64.81
L078
L16
14.67
4.02
761
Aug. 19
14
&0
.8
L4
LI
58L60
L0T7
L60
14.48
2.07
820
Ang. 24
15
9.0
.7
1.6
L2
61.56
L080
L64
14.87
8.08
•••»««••
852
Ang. 26
15
7.6
.8
L4
LI
56.05
L083
LOO
15.90
8.44
889
Ang. 27
15
9.0
.8
L5
LI
69.80
L084
L96
1&82
4.48
948
Ang. 81
8e^ 8
16
&6
.8
LI
.8
68.42
L090
L26
18.061
&78
1005
17
&2
.8
L8
.9
56L21
LD88
.97
17.89
6.78t
16.27
1060
Sept. 7
17
9.2
.8
L4
L2
58L86
L084
.81
17.41
2.76
1119
Sept. 10
18
8.8
.8
L7
L2
55w37
L081
L56
16.10
8.67
1221
Sept 17
Oct. 6
18
9.7
.8
L6
LI
52.80
L085
Lll
16.89
8.10
1868
After 18
7.8
.7
LI
.7
5L18
L073
L39
18.56
2.15
1514
Oct 15
. . . do ....
8.5
.8
L4
LO
57.93
L075
L18
14.12
4.14
1569
Oot. 22
...do ....
9.0
.7
L5
LO
58.78
L085
L03
16.11
8.80
1608
Got. 27
...do ....
9.5
.9
L6
L2
54.16
Lorr
.81
16.97
8.60
1186
1641
Oct. 29
...do ....
8.9
.7
LI
LO
60.44
L076
L15
14.45
8.64
1676
Nov. 2
...do ....
&6
.7
LO
.8,
47.88
L072
L46
1L78
4.00
1706
Kov. 4
...do ....
&8
.7
L4
LI
58.69
L078
.99
14.64
8.88
14.47
1786
Nov. 7
...do ....
9.0
.7
L2
.9
57.59
L067
L75
1L67
8. IT
1L42
1770
Not. 9
... QO . « . .
9.0
.7
L5
LO
53.45
L073
L24
18.39
4.52
180O
Not. 12
...do ....
&6
.7
.9
.8
56.08
L078
LOl
14.00
&82
18.90
1829
Not. 15
...do ....
9.0
.7
LO
.9
55.88
L077
L16
14.66
2.60
14.68
1858
Not. 17
...do ....
9.0
.8
L2
LO
55.45
L076
L48
13.31
4.84
WHITE LIBERIAN.
Mr. Nesbit.
16
>
Jnly- 6
jSy 16
2
6.5
6.0
.9
.7
2.6
.8
2.1
.6
6a 00
64.29
L020
L024
a88
a96
4.81
L20
178
1
. .60
179
jSy 16
2
6.0
.6
.7
.5
72.31
L027
aoB
L76
a2i
69
J^ 8
8
6.7
.9
L4
L2
72.03
L024
a29
L04
a 10
80
Jnly U
8
6.5
.7
2.1
L7
7L21
L023
a9i
.74
ass
81
Jnly 11
4
7.4
.8
2.7
2.2
67.30
L028
2.96
L43
L24
168
Jnly 15
4
&0
LI
2.2
L4
63.89
L024
2.51
.07
aso
97
Jnly 12
5
7.8
.8
L8
LI
7L26
L027
a 13
L99
aio
169
Jnly 16
5
9.0
LO
2.1
L2
6a86
L022
L83
L69
a 90
187
Jnly 14
6
9.0
.9
L4
L2
72.78
L032
a 21
a85
a66
222
Jnly 18
7
9.8
.7
L4
L2
72.07
L042
ao3
a2i
L86
268
Jnly 19
8
&0
.8
L6
L3
72.61
L041
a 01
aos
&04
885
Jnly 23
9
ao
.8
L5
L3
60.03
L053
a68
7.57
4.61
868
Jnly 25
9
7.8
.8
L3^
LO
71.11
L051
a43
ao6
ass
aoo
444
Jnly 29
10
ao
.7
L3
LO
69.40
L065
a38
1LS4
a25
laso
808
Ang. 1
11
ao
.6
2.7
2.8
64.02
L073
L49
14.39
a86
ia96
600
Ang. 8
12
a5
.8
L8
L6
65^79
L076
L34
14.64
4.74
14.08
667
Ang. 18
18
ao
.7
L5
L2
62.18
L0e2
.92
ia90
ai5
lais
762
Ang. 19
14
as
.8
L5
L2
6L94
L080
LSI
15.15
a26
14.25
821
Ang. 24
16
a5
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L6
L2
57.96
L086
LOS
17.88
aso
laos
858
Ang. 26
15
as
.9
L7
L4
6a 68
L088
.88
17.66
a78
REPOKT OP THE CHEMIST,
WHITE LIBERIAH— Continned.
Ur. NBBBnv-Contliiiied.
i
1
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1
1
1
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I
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1
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t
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as
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L
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L
L
L
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1.1
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1.3
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is
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S8.13
w.n
Si 73
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60.17
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1.08S
LOU
1.017
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Lom
1.08*
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1
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67.35
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2.06
2.72
8.61
17
July 6
2
7.6
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66.60
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2.65
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July 0
8
6.8
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67.83
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3.05
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86
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8
5.8
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73.68
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3.89
6.56
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Jtdy 12
4
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1.4
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70.49
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3. 52
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4.10
140
July 14.
5
6.8
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L6
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71.89
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3.30
2.34
8.23
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July 14
6
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7
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70.23
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4.53
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254
July 19
8
4.6
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65.45
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2.45
6.41
8.20
255
July 19
9
6.5
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7.29
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July 28
9
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July 23
9
10
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78.48
582
Aug. 8
11
5.5
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68.54
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L15
9.21
3.46
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669
Aas. 13
12
7.5
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63.77
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3.41
10.07
2.30
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Aug. 19
13
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68.00
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Aug. 24
14
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Aug. 26
14
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15.47
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Aug. 29
15
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Sept. 3
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Sept 7
17
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14.08
2.32
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Sept 12
18
7.5
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63.98
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2.40
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1224
Sept 17
18
6.8
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50.46
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17.01
2.98
1371
Oct 5
After 18
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12.58
2.40
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Oct 15
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Oct. 22
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Oct 27
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Oct. 31
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Nov. 9
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July 26
1
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2.9
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4.69
2.47
389
July 26
2
8.0
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2.9
2.4
59.16
LOGO
L56
4.95
1.85
392
July 27
3
9.5
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2.6
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58.89
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5.06
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July 30
4
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67.38
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1.50
5.49
4.96
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467
July 80
Aug. 2
4
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1.50
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518
4
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3.6
2.8
59.69
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7.52
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482
July 30
5
9.8
L3
8.1
2.4
60.00
L043
2.25
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4.27
ilB
476
July 30
Aug. 6
5
6
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L050
2.34
1.19
5.64
7.93
4.29
4.50
4.33
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1L4
L2
8.4
2.8
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7.75
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Aug. 8
7
10.4
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8.8
2.9
6L14
L055
L42
9. 45
4.53
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671
Aug. 13
7
1L6
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3.6
2.9
53.68
L065
2.25
10.12
4.20
ttC
766
Aug. 19
8
1L6
L3
4.0
3.6
56.69
L004
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10.93
2.90
10.2:
771
Aug. 19
Aug. 24
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12.07
15. 15
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52.30
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Aug. 20
Aug. 20
9
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13.83
14.28
3.14
2.76
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12.2
1.3
4.1
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10
10.7
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Sept 3
11
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56.41
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1132
Sept. 12
13
10.2
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2.2
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45.16
1.070
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12.27
8.77
1225
Sept 17
14
10.8
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8.4
2.7
53.97
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13.28
3.73
RSPOBT OF THE CHEMIST.
391
AFBICAN.
W. £. Faxes.
-a
S
I
1K2
18
64
87
M
141
225
25a
838
339
354
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873
787
887
858
834
847
010
084
125
228
372
518
680
612
645
S80
710
740
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804
883
July
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July
July
July
July
July
July
July
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Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug,
Aug.
Sept
Sept.
Sept
Sept.
Oet.
Oct
Oct
Oct
Oct
Not.
Not.
KOT.
Not.
Not,
Not.
Not.
16
6
9
11
13
14
18
19
38
38
35
5
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19
24
26
29
31
31
8
7
12
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24
27
31
2
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15
17
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2
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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12
13
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
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After 18
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7.5
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68.09
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65.09
69.07
6a 60
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65.20
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65.18
6a 58
6a 13
66.88
5a 82
6a 26
6L48
5a 93
55.53
45.14
67.46
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5a 06
52.07
62.63
5a 67
53.84
60.85
72.181
57.86
62.31
5a 03
4a 86
60.65
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L018
L023
L026
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2.52
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2.78
2.32
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2.02
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2.06
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2.65
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a 15
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L48
L82
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3.28
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LS7
Pr.et.
2.45
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L30
2.33
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4.41
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4.76
7.84
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a 76
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17.69
15.36
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14.20
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4.62
4.40
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4.31
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a 21
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a 95
L70
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2.«W
4.33
4.401
a 07
4.71
4.58
a 02
4.33
a 70
4.25
a 78
4.01
Pr.et.
7.53
7.01
a 25
1L13
14.88
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14.55
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14.05
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1L19
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AFRICAN, SHOET.
W. £. Parks.
828
Aug. 34
Aug. 34
15
16
•L078
L077
L89
L21
1L45
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LO
a6
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Aug. 36
15
7.8
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65.18
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12.84
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Sept 3
16
7.5
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60.00
L074
a 49
1L94
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131
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17
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a 70
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a 12
227
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18
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6L05
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4.12
WHITE MAMMOTH.
Amos Carpbntbr's 8torb.
48
July 8
July 12
3
1
4.
a
L
L2
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L7
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L4
65.87
67.58
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1. 020 L «l
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a 17
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88
1
108
July 27
2
1
7.5
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a7
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63.52
1. 033 a 90
a 56 2. 0.'i
a85
414
July 28
2
1
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L2
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67.73
1. 034 a 14
a 91 1. 67
a 10
483
July 30
3
1
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LI
as
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67.65
L 034 a 39
a 01 4. 04
ao3
470
Jnlf 30
3
1.034 i a 51
a 03 ' aso
2.87
555
Aug. 5
4 t 1
a 5
i.2
2.4
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cans
L04C , a 71
a 74 3.60
aM
590
AuiS. 0
5 1 1
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2.0
L6
60.17
IvOriO 1 3. 28
7.71 1.87
7. 15
600
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1L75
392 REPORT OF THE GOMMISSIOirEB OF AORICULTURE.
WHITE MAMMOTH— Continiied.
Amos CABnarxcB^s Stobb— C<mtiniied.
-a
-a
0
O
u
9
.a
'A
905
948
993
1012
1017
1065
1007
1120
1234
1408
1S22
1581
1013
1046
1681
1711
1741
1775
1805
1834
5
m
Ajkg. 26
Ani^ 29
Au^ 29
Aug. 31
Ant, 31
S^\ 3
Sept. 3
Sept. 7
SepU 7
Sept. 12
Sept. 19
Oct. 7
Oct. 17
Oct. 24
Oct. 27
Oct. 81
Nov. 2
Not. 4
Nov. 7
Nov. 9
Nov. 12
Nov. 15
Nov. 17
«2
i
s
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Stage.
9
10
10
11
u
12
12
13
13
14
15
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0
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1
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9.7
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LO
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9.4
10.2
10.2
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9.7
6.2
7.8
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1.0
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JV.et
66166
62.98
65c 05
85.89
'62.'6i
63.64
58.01
50.89
58.13
56.17
47.77
saso
55.34
66w74
68.27
60.51
58.10
62.08
58.21
CO
L072
L078
L080
L078
L078
L085
L063
L083
L083
L080
L087
L082
L069
L061
L059
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L064
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Pt.cL
2.83
2.02
1.06
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L89
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L73
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L62
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2.50
Pr.eL
12.67
14.12
14.03
16.06
15.40
15.67
16.58
16.00
15.64
15.65
1&29
14.77
1L99
9.98
7.89
13.00
13.51
10.94
13.60
10.96
12.49
1L44
5.05
6
i
Pr.et
2.36
L94
3.87
2.61
2.21
6.731
6.76?
2.40
2.89
L62
7.27!
3.65
8.78
3.97
5.48
4.73
4.93
3.29
4.02
4.45
4.31
3.41
4.42
Pr.tL
n.84
1SL60
&07I
15.81
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14.13
"iiii'
1LI8
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4.58
00M8EEANA.
Bltmyxb Sl Co.
183
19
65
89
100
142
143
226
257
256
340
394
499
601
675
709
830
862
897
949
1013
1066
nan
1235
1407
1528
1582
1614
1647
1682
1712
1742
1776
July 18
July 6
July 11
July 12
July 13
July 15
July 15
July 19
Jnlv 20
July 20
July 23
July 27
Aug. 1
Aug. 9
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Aug. 24
Aug. 26
Aug. 29
Aug. 81
Sepi 3
Sept. 7
Sept. 12
Sept 19
Oct 7
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Nov.
17
24
27
81
2
Nov. 4
Nov. 7
Nov. 9
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
After 18
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
7.
&8
6.5
4.8
6.
6.8
6.6
8.5
9.
7.4
7.2
8.5
7.6
7.0
7.4
9.8
9.2
7.7
8.7
7.2
8.5
10.0
8.5
8.4
7.5
8.8
7.0
9.0
0.5
10.3
8.5
9.2
6.6
LO
.8
.8
.8
.6
.9
.7
.8
.6
.8
.7
.9
.7
.6
.8
.8
LO
.9
.7
.7
.8
.8
.7
.9
.0
.8
.8
.7
.7
.7
LO
.6
.8
LO
2.6
L2
L2
.9
L6
LO
L8
LO
L4
LI
&0
2.8
2.0
L3
L7
L8
L8
L2
LO
L2
L4
L4
L7
.8
.9
.5
.9
L4
L8
L3
L3
.7
L6
L9
.9
.9
.7
L3
.8
LI
.8
LO
.8
2.4
L6
L4
LI
L4
L4
LI
LO
.8
LO
L2
L2
L2
.6
.8
.3
.8
LI
LI
LO
.9
.6
70.43
64.71
66.25
66.96
6&94
68L15
67.57
70.82
69.60
70.39
6L05
70.00
66.71
68.18
6L66
60.46
66.29
6L52
62.79
64.65
64.73
66.95
62.21
66L49
4&46
58.94
4L89
65.23
63.82
6L64
65.88
52.21
00.00
L027
L021
L023
L023
L027
L029
L026
L034
L060
L048
L064
L047
L089
L042
L009
L0T7
L077
L073
Loeo
L070
L084
L063
L072
L086
L048
L046
L025
L084
1.064
L058
L066
L050
L087
2.01
LOO
2.26
2.30
3.43
L88
8.47
4.11
L46
2.38
.75
2.35
L95
8.67
.87
.81
2.43
L49
L82
2.97
LOO
L07
2.44
.53
.95
8.69
.69
2.44
2.96
2.19
.97
L03
L63
2.82
L&5
.63
L04
L36
2.86
L23
2.18
9.38
7.27
9.76
7.25
&67
6.49
13.17
16.33
16.28
13.74
17.76
13.49
17.16
16.86
12.66
16.50
17.22
4.U
2.94
18.88
7.70
9l22
ILOO
7.17
8.26
4.68
L79
3.96
2.23
2.91
6.72
S.60
L8S
8.44
8.27
4.67
L71
2.88
L88
2.79
2.66
.42
2.61
8.83
8.04
6.091
2.20
L79
7.80f
2.94
8.18
8.44
8.97
8.71
8.71
4.89
4.47
4.40
6L73
&10
ii'S
'ii'i
ass
16.41
15.41
1180
laiii
7.45
867
REPORT OF TEDS GHE1CD3T.
393
REGULAR SORGHO.
Bltmtbb a Co.
i
!
I
184
20
08
90
101
144
145
227
841
fi08
078
770
1014
1008
1408
1584
July 18
July 0
July 11
July 12
July 13
Jvly 15
July 15
July 10
July 20
July 20
Jm 23
Jvly 27
Aug. 1
Aof. 2
Aoc. 9
Avff. 15
Ads. 19
Anf. 25
1815
1848
1718
1743
1777
1806
1884
An^ 81
BegL 8
8^ 8
Sept 12
Sept 19
OA 7
Oet 17
OeL 24
Oct 27
Oet 81
Nor. 2
Kor. 4
If or, 7
Vow, 10
Vor. 12
Hot. 15
Not. 17
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
10
11
12
18
14
15
16
10
17
17
18
18
AfkerlO
...do .••
...do •■•
...do ••.
...do •••
...do .••
...do •••
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
t
FeeL
7.
6i5
6.5
6.
7.
7.5
7.8
9.5
&7
7.6
9.7
9.5
&2
9.8
9.4
10.4
9.5
9.8
10.5
9.4
9.0
9.0
9l0
&9
10.4
10.5
9.8
9.8
9.0
9.0
7.2
&7
9.5
88
9l0
9L0
Inehi
.9
.8
.8
.9
.9
.7
.7
.8
.7
.8
.7
.8
.8
.8
.7
.7
.9
.9
.8
.7
.7
.8
.7
.8
1.0
.9
.8
.8
.9
LO
.7
.8
.9
.8
.7
.8
t
I
Lb,
L5
2.5
.9
L2
L5
LO
L
LI
L2
L8
.9
L6
2.9
5.3
L8
LO
L7
2.1
L2
L2
L2
L2
L4
L2
L8
L6
LO
L2
L4
L7
L4
L4
LO
.8
LS
t
1
QQ
Lb,
LI
L9
.7
.9
LI
.7
.7
.8
.9
.9
.7
L2
2.2
3.9
.8
.5
L8
L8
.9
.9
.9
.9
LI
.9
L5
L8
.7
.9
LI
L4
LO
LO
.9
.8
.8
LI
Pr.et
7L66
64.03
65.98
7L98
7L57
69.41
67.77
56.34
7L19
70.24
52.17
87.52
68.41
86.62
60.88
42.14
62.52
68.85
4&78
5868
60.29
60.94
62.16
66L01
6L19
58 00
49.16
60.14
62.60
67.28
58.13
65c 94
66.19
6L71
57.14
87.96
L025
L020
L022
L026
L026
L027
L048
L084
L04&
L060
L051
L056
L054
L051
LOOS
L061
L081
Loeo
L078
L076
L086
L063
L087
L070
L076
L067
L077
L070
L082
L067
L065
L067
LOOS
L060
L065
IV. ct
8.71
2.07
2.63
L86
2.92
868
L66
2.96
814
2.56
8.26
2.63
L86
L96
L40
2.12
2.24
.70
L48
LOO
L88
8.52
.69
2.12
L85
L64
L83
L16
.87
2.32
L48
L28
L17
L84
.81
Fr.cL
.58
L64
2.48
L20
2.15
&74
8.42
6.47
809
7.59
9.19
&60
&29
1L56
10.85
14.07
14.88
14.20
15.00
16.09
10.16
1828
12.54
18.24
10.67
13.00
12.85
16.80
7.72
10.48
10.79
15.55
870
15.46
s
1
i
Jhr.eL
8.00
2.78
Fr,et.
L2e
2.78
L74
2.69
8.22
&85
2.96
4.94
2.47
2.81
2.87
2.76
8.42
L68
2.97
4.17
4.86
825t
2.76
2.07
7.46t
2.58
845
4.68
4.20
4.02
6.08
4.16
886
848
-L72f
4.05
&02
7.07
862
7.61
1183
1824
805
10.00
18.57
12.24
849
10.45
10.24
8.71
LINK'S HTBRID.
£. LmK.
47
July 8
July 18
2
85
L
L
2.5
L7
L9
L8
67.20
07.18
L015
L025
LOO
2L16
.79
848
2.80
2.72
198
1
••«••■ ■
08
July 19
2
87
LI
L9
L5
07.48
LOSS
2.21
8.42
L63
270
Jnly 20
8
8
LI
2.0
L6
65.11
LOSl
L88
890
2.40
848
July 28
4
7.8
LO
2.0
L5
6897
L087
819
5.24
821
^»*«*« •
4a
July 27
July 29
4
4
L047
L047
888
2.42
4.00
7.82
898
2.07
•7.25
446
9.4
LO
L8
L4
67.64
7.21
868
Ji*r26
5
&4
.9
L8
L2
70.64
L0S5
864
4.00
2150
&97
868
Jnij 28
5
&7
.8
LI
.9
7819
L082
2.72
8.79
2.21
&18
415
Jnij 28
5
8.2
.9
L6
LS
0848
L041
2.78
849
806
4.95
484
July 28
July SO
6
8
L040
L0S5
891
827
834
878
806
833
5.00
484
87
.8
L4
LI
6843
893
607
Aug. 2
0
180
.8
4.8
88
67.74
L064
821
&78
2.91
668
Aug. 5
7
82
.9
L7
L8
68 77
LOfl
L76
1887
4.62
Iloo
808
Aug. 9
7
10.6
.9
L5
L2
6L72
L068
826
1877
L85
9.66
827
Aac.ll
8
88
.8
L4
LI
68 80
L068
8 01
804
869
882
877
Aug. 15
9
85
.8
L8
L5
65.40
L078
L07
14.74
2.55
14.52
772
Aug. 19
10
87
LO
LS
L4
64.88
L071
1.65
1842
860
88S
Aug. 26
11
185
.9
L9
L6
59.63
L082
L69
16.62
865
1853
842
Aug. 25
Aug. 29
11
12
•
.i....
L083
L080
L78
1.60
10.07
14.80
869
828
808
18 6
.9
L7
L5
65.86
951
Ang. 31
Sept 8
18
10.4
.8
L5
LS
64.80
L078
LIO
1885
882
1015
14
83
.9
L7
L4
64.09
L082
L79
14.94
7.16f
1070
Sept 8
15
10.3
.9
L6
LS
57.60
L089
.83
17.86
839
1128
Sept 12
16
10.5
.9
L6
L3
5838
L090
.80
1818
8 8*}
1237
Sept 19
OdT 7
17
182
.9
L8
L4
52.74
L092
.84
17.92
7.651
MOt
After 18
a2
LO
2L0
L5
5802
LOS}
.51
17.38
4.12
394
REPORT OP THE
OP AORICXTLTURE.
15H4
1616
1649
16H4
1714
1744
1778
ifdB
1866
LINKnS HTBRID— Contiiiiied.
£. Link— ContiBBad.
4
"•
>.
"a
s
«
k
■A i
s
9
3
9
5
s
i
Oct 17
Oct 24
Oct. 27
Oct 31
Nov. 2
Nov. 4
Nm-. 7
Nov. 10
Nox. 12
Nov. l.**
Nov. 17
' stage.
! An4^rl8
1 1
t...do ....
...do
..-do
...do
...do....
... do
...do....
...do
...do
1
...do....
Feet.
0.5
10.
9.
10.
10.
10.
10.2
10.0
10.3
10.6
10.9
9
a
^
^
1
1
^
"►
"5
1
i
M
9
"3
H
EQ
»?
02
I
ifidU
1.0
LO
LO
LO
.8
.7
LO
LO
.0
.0
.9
X*.
Ub.
iY.ct
1
L8
L8
54.60
LOSS
L9
L5
60.86
L083
L7
L4
55.80
L086
L9
L4
6L02
L074
L7
L3
60.81
L075
L5
LI
56.78
L070
2.1
L6
56.00
L086
L8
L4
56.05
L082
LO
.0
54.80
L081
L3
Ll
60.58
L076
L6
L8
56.10
L062
JV.et.
.40
.40
.47
.37
.63
2.66
.24
.26
.53
.86
.55
t
S
E
o
3
OQ
e
a
2
Ft. a.
1&30
1&78
iao6
13.46
13.67
12.04
15.43
15.34
14.01
13.02
14.80
Fr.eL
: 3.80
I &3S
I 5l3S
&.02
8l04
8l18
&.18
4.27
4.88
8.88
S.21
d
o
X
«
o
Pi
Fr.dL
IS 87
13.19
llO
15.U
14. n
LINK'S HYBRID.
Edwin Hxnrt.
48
July 8
July 18
July 19
July 20
July 27
July 28
July 20
July 30
Aug. 2
Aug. 5
Aug. 10
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Aug. 19
Aug. 25
Aug. 25
Aug. 29
Rept 1
Sept 5
Sept 5
Sept 8
Sept 12
Sept 19
Oct 7
Oct 17
Oct 25
Oct 28
Oct 31
Nov. 2
Nov. 4
Nov. 7
Nov. 10
Nov. 12
Nov. 15
Nov. 17
6.
6.5
7.
7.7
0.0
ft7
.7
Ll
.0
.8
.0
.8
L6
L6
1.6
L7
L8
L7
Ll
L2
L2
L8
L4
L4
70.60
72.45
66.00
68.62
65.10
67.64
L017
L025
L030
L033
L047
L040
L047
L052
L062
L052
L064
L060
L071
LO 1
L082
L082
L082
L082
L080
L088
L094
L086
1.091
L085
L088
L080
L085
L074
L079
L0e5
L074
L082
L073
L079
L082
L47
2.10
2.18
2.80
2.80
2.73
2.84
2.48
2.15
2.61
2.70
LOS
2.06
2.03
LOO
L69
L88
L58
L21
L55
. 66
1.03
.34
.42
.50
.42
.49
.44
.87
.29
.39
.21
.47
.37
.43
.03
2.22
8.04
4.34
7.46
7.21
7.05
7.90
10.66
&01
1L25
12.22
12.70
12.46
16.73
1£l87
15l58
16.41
1&05
17.20
1&86
17.03
18.28
16.89
1&13
15.32
16.23
13.77
14.02
15.89
13.11
15.36
12.15
15.14
15.68
8.10
2.51
LIB
8.14
L80
2.22
.71
2.54
8.00
8.87
L56
2.54
2.48
2.78
154
164
151
la
128
107
133
156
7.091
3.38
4.87
132
4.81
143
4.91
4.55<
118
4.30
127
135
4.96
107
220
271
806
416
430
1
2
8
4
5
5
6
6
7
8
9
10
10
U
11
12
13
14
14
15
16
17
After 18
...do ....
...do ....
...do ....
...do ....
...do ....
...do ....
...do ....
.. .do ....
...do ....
...do ....
...do ....
"'in
6«
in
465
608
567
600
679
765
0.7
0.8
0.1
0.7
ILl
.9
.8
LO
.0
.0
2.0
8.5
L2
L7
L7
L6
2.8
.0
L8
L3
61.60
65.20
63.72
67.50
63.30
m
*ii
lifl
nil
12 It
773
834
836
ILS
ILO
LO
.0
10
L8
L7
L5
64.07
64.04
"'iiii
liii
000
9M
1019
1047
ILl
10.6
1L2
.0
.0
.0
L7
L6
L7
L4
L3
L5
65.11
63.20
62.81
"liii
1071
1130
1238
1410
1526
1585
1618
lUTiO
1G85
1715
1745
1779*
1808
1837
1866
ILl
ILO
1L2
1L3
10.5
0.0
1L5
ILO
0.0
1L2
ILO
1L2
16.4
11.0
10.0
.9
LO
.8
Ll
LO
LO
.9
LO
.8
.7
.9
LO
.0
LO
LO
L5
L8
L8
2.1
L9
L8
L9
L6
L5
L5
L6
L6
L5
L6
L4
L3
L5
*L4
L7
L5
L3
L4
L2
Ll
L2
L4
L3
Ll
L5
LO
5190
50.66
55.21
57.25
52L01
58.56
56.88
54.78
50.75
54.32
58.03
55.76
58.18
61.68
50.74
"'ii'i
118
SUGAR CANE.
Ephraim Link.
49 July 0
203 July 18
2:<o July 19
272 July 20
::43 July 23
3.'ilJ July 25
417 July 28
A'Xl July 2ft
446 July 2t)
4r>5 I «hlly 29
1
o
a
4
5
r.
5
c
6
4.5
.6
L7
L8
68.06
L015
L41
16
L
LO
L5
68.41
L026
2.07
7.
.0
L7
L3
69.48
L0?1
2.11
7.2
Ll
L8
L4
6108
L027
2.08
12
.9
L6
L2
7L08
L087
2.63
17
LO
1.6
L8
7Lfl7
LO.'tS
2.55
17
.8
L6
L2
65.48
L047
L047
L04(i
2.03
2.34
2.61
1
11
.0
L7
L4
7L10
• •
......
L046
2.60
L21
2.63
124
104
4.39
145
7.59
7.28
6.68
110
179
170
LlO
2.40
197
2.80
2.36
2.32
2.75
101
1*
ill
BEPOBT OF THE CHEMIST.
395
July 80
July 30
Aqk* ^
Ang. 10
Avic. 15
Aaji;. 19
Aug. 25
Ang. 29
Aug. 29
Sept 1
Sept. 5
Sept 8
Sept. 14
Sept. 19
Oct 11
Oct 17
Oct 25
Oct 28
Oct 81
IToT. 3
Not. 4
KoT. 7
KoT. 10
Not. 1%
Not. 1ft
Not. 17
SUQAB CAKS— Continaed.
Ephbaim LiNK^-Oontinned*
•J
S
s
&
stage.
6
7
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
14
15
16
17
18
After 18
. . . do ...
...do ...
...do ...
.. .do ...
...do ...
. . .do ...
. . . do ...
...do ...
.. .do . ..
,. .do ...
.. .do ...
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
}
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Feet
9.9
a4
10.0
9.4
10.1
10.3
10.9
10.0
9.6
9.3
9.8
10.0
8.9
10.7
10.5
10.2
9.7
10.2
10.0
10.0
9.7
10.0
10.3
10.0
6.8
0
I
a
.2
Q
Ineht
.9
LO
.0
.9
.9
.9
.9
LO
.9
1.0
.8
.6
.9
.9
LI
.7
LO
.7
•a
o
H
Lbe.
4.9
p.
■♦a
Lbt.
4.0
.9
L9
L6
LO
2.1
L7
.9
2.1
L7
.8
L6
L4
LO
L9
L5
LO
L9
L6
.9
L9
L6
L8
L7
L6
L6
L3
L6
L8
2.0
L8
LK
L4
L7
L5
L6
L8
.9
L4
L4
L3
L3
LO
L2
L4
L5
L4
L2
LO
L3
LI
L2
LI
L4
.8
Pr.et
6&55
69172
67.85
75.73
6L81
6i. 57
60.13
66.48
63.41
6L61
60.83
55.67
69.17
58.88
58.93
60.14
60.62
57.45
56.77
58.62
60.04
59. 21'
45.34
61.93
6L11
GOOSE NECK.
P. f. Ramsey.
h
1
L051
L048
L049
L056
L071
L079
L075
1.082
L076
L076
L082
L083
L088
L003
L081
LOHl
L089
L090
1.078
L067
L073
L081
1.076
L079
L081
1.076
L071
Pr. et.
2.43
2.62
2.55
2.24
L28
LIO
L74
1.36
L56
L56
L27
LOO
.79
5.14
.69
.57
.36
.22
.53
.80
L17
.26
.82
.23
.24
.32
L40
I
9
«
z
s
CO
Pr. et.
7.63
7.02
7.01
9.11
ia64
15.14
14. 8H
1.5. 60
15.29
15.07
ia57
16.84
16.12
19. 51
15. .37
16. :jo
16.59
i
Pr.et.
2.73
4.76
6.79
4.27
2.12
2,48
L98
.3.01
3.42
2.00
2.40
3.21
4.87
.05
7.06?
3.19
4.85
15. 22
1L88
13.72
15.00
14.43
H.74
14.54
14.30
1L84
3.96
4.61
4.64
4.25
4.25
4.26
4.78
8.54
4.64
a
a
•s
Pr.et.
"'"6.95
"a 20
12.98
14.82
14.21
14.19
16.' 36
17. 55
15.03
14.28
14.76
14. 22
14.69
14.91
14.19
July le
July
8
July 13
July 13
July 16
July 18
July 19
July
22
July
23
July
25
July
28
Aug.
1
Ang.
10
Aug.
15
Aug.
19
Aug.
25
Aug.
29
Sept.
1
Sept.
5
Sept
8
Sept 14
Sept
19
Oct.
11
Oct.
17
Oi^t
25
Oct
28
Oct.
31
Nut.
2
Nov.
4
yor.
7
Not.
10
Not.
12
Not.
15
Not.
17
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
18
After 18
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
.. do...
. . .do . . .
. . do . . .
. . .do . . .
...do ...
...do
...do
. . .do . . .
1
2
7.0
6.0
6.8
6.5
7.7
6.2
8.5
6.3
8.7
8.8
8.7
10.0
8.6
a 3
8.6
9.2
8.3
9.6
10.6
9.5
8.5
9.0
9.2
9.5
8.5
10.0
10. 0
8. U
11.0
8.3
X.5
10.5
10,0
0.1
.8
.9
.9
,8
.7
.8
.8
.8
.7
.8
.8
.8
.6
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.7
.8
.«
.9
.8
LU
.K
.6
.7
.8
.9
. i
.9
.9
.0
.9
L3
2.4
L3
1.8
L2
L3
L4
L3
L2
L5
1.3
3.5
LI
L6
L5
L7
1.4
L4
1.2
L2
L2
L8
LI
L6
LO
1.0
2.5
1.4
2.7
LI
1.0
1.3
1.2
LO
LO
1.8
LO
LO
.9
LO
LO
LO
.9
L2
.9
2.8
.8
LO
LO
1.2
1.1
LI
LO
LO
LO
LI
.8
L3
.8
.9
L9
LO
2.0
.9
.9
LO
LI
.8
73.00
60.79
68.96
71.66
72.00
72. 34
6C.45
72. 62
67.42
70.47
60. 27
68.81
61. 24
O.'i. 20
66.88
71.71
58.83
56.53
63. 95
57.38
63. Ul
53,54
61.01
58.09
61. Ul
57. 56
.58. 01
50.18
5.'>. 46
5<kG1
61.82
58. 20
5 I. 00
:.(;. C2
1.024
3.63
L019
2.45
L022
2.79
L022
3.15
L023
3. 25
1. 032
4.04
L034
4.23
L039
4.32
1.043
4. 55
L039
3. 59
1. 056
3.62
LO.W 3.01 .
i.o(;8
1. 8«»
.CMS
.004
.081
. 0(Vfl
.OKJ
.084
. OC'J
. 08fl
. 0.')0
. 082
. oy,
. o»n
.1)12
. 07«>
. 07."^
AH)".
. OGh
.074
. 07:{
TC
2.59
4. 1)3
3.53
1.54
1.60
1.32
1.81
L75
.81
3.57
1.09
2. 48
1.80
1.24
2.11
1.08
1.2 J
1.04
.41
1.08
1.88
.14
.46
.05
. 55
.51
91
2?)
55
87
54
8.84
12.98
10.
6.
10.
15.
in.
28
70
IKS
93
30
1&31
16.91
15.70
16.68
7.82
14.99
7.31
11. 88
13. 24
13.48
13. -^2
12. 00
1L83
13.30
13 12
1L47
2.19
2.21
6.46
3. 88
L81
2. 28
.82
L62
3.04
3.19
2.88
2.84
L98
2. »4
06
51
51
23
28
00
81
38
2.96
4.20
3.70
?
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
14
08
06
03
24
4.17
4.77
8.30
4.48
8.02
7.52
8. 15
9.89
6.04
Vk 65
16.99
6.28
10.04
13.05
13. 55
13.78
1I.1>H
10.01
is.ii
lu.76
396
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AQSICULTURE.
BEAR TAIL.
Jacob Latbhaw.
1
M
^
•
^
►k
a
&
•
s
^
3
0
«f
S
1
-P
•|
&
•
1
1
1
1
•
1
•
1
I
Total weigh
OQ
r
1
CO
o
0
s
1
■8
1
1
&
FuL
InekM
Lbt.
Lbt.
Fr. eC.
Pr,eL
Pr,€L
iV.efc
Fr.tt
m
July IB
^^1
1
5.5
.6
.7
.5
67.91
LOSS
a94
.27
L66
21
July •
2
2
6.3
.0
2.7
2.2
6a 11
L019
ai2
1.57
46
Jnlj 9
3
2
6.5
.8
.^8
2.1
6a 93
L019
2.79
.61
a22
•7
Jnlj 11
3
5l9
.9
1 1-5
L2
6Si00
L022
a44
.23
a20
92
July 12
3
6.3
.8
L2
.9
7L19
LOM
2.65
.42
1.61
103
July 13
4
7.3
LO
L4
LI
6a 43
LOSS
a72
.69
a56
104
July 13
5
&3
.7
L4
LI
7a 11
L0S4
a65
.87
a22
147
July 15
6
8.0
.8
1.5
L2
67.49
L028
a80
.92
2.29
174
July 16
7
8.3
.9
L3
LI
74.02
L029
aso
2.12
2.18
m mm ••• ••
2S2
July 19
8
7.7
.8
L2
.9
6a 74
L038
a83
a84
.73
261
Jnly 20
9
&4
.9
L4
L2
6a 88
L040
a64
4.70
L61
345
July 23
9
&8
.7
1.5
L2
6a 85
L048
4.05
a44
4.77
360
July 25
9
&8
.9
L6
L3
6a 03
L049
aoi
a72
2.76
ait
307
July 27
10
&0
.9
L4
L2
7a 96
L049
a69
7.63
L08
7.2»
419
Jnly 28
10
&8
.8
L3
LI
6ai4
L051
a72
a82
2.21
ass
448
Jnly 29
10
&8
.8
L8
LO
6a 50
L065
2.72
a49
a24
a7i
405
Aof. 1
11
&5
.8
2.9
2.4
67.93
L056
a94
a77
7.15
7.88
612
Aug. 10
12
&3
.8
L4
L2
64.02
L070
a62
12.06
2.15
1L70
682
Aiic.15
13
&8
.8
1.6
L8
6a 61
LOTS
a56
12.99
ass
U.2*
776
Aiic.20
14
ai
1.0
L6
L2
6a 49
L069
2.16
12.88
a 29
838
Avgi 25
15
&0
.8
L8
LO
6a 62
L068
a44
ia98
L90
903
Ang. 29
Sep! 1
16
&2
.8
L7
L2
62.25
L0e2
ai9
14.89
a70
• •••* ••*
957
16
8.8
.8
L5
LI
62.02
L083
ais
lasi
ao6
1022
Sept 6
17
a?
.9
L6
L2
67.71
L066
asi
laoa
2.80
i&»
1074
Sept 8
17
a4
.9
L7
L8
64.88
Loe4
L90
ia89
ass
1&90
1168
Sept 14
18
as
.8
L4
.9
62.40
L087
L65
17.64
arz
12*1
Sept 19
Oci 11
18
9.2
.8
L6
LO
6a 19
L082
L61
ia25
a29t
■
1463
After 18
T
ao
1.0
L6
LO
69.18
L076
2.49
ia87
as4
1820
Oct 17
as
.8
L8
.8
7^671
L076
2.83
12.97
a92
1688
Oct 25
..•do ....
ao
.9
LO
• 9
6L38
L066
a 10
a86
4.29
149
1621
Oct 28
...do «••.
7.0
.8
.9
.7
50.60
L067
a67
aoo
4.82
187
1658
Oct 81
...do ....
10.6
.7
L7
U
60.18
L077
.44
14.88
i.64
1421
1688
Nor. 2
...do .••.
as
.9
L6
6a 32
L075
L61
14.03
a99
law
1718
Not. 4
...do ....
a7
LO
2.1
L5
67.30
L085
LOO
1&64
4.56
1&67
1748
Not. 7
...do ....
ao
.9
L7
LO
67.60
L076
L80
laoo
4.11
UL17
1782
Not. 10
...do ••*.
a7
.7
LI
.9
5a 17
L075
L60
ia8o
a66
12.»
1811
Not. 12
...do .•••
ao
.7
.9
.7
62.73
L058
L89
a 19
4.28
.•*•••••
1840
Not. 15
...do ••*.
7.7
1.0
LO
.8
6a 25
L068
ao4
1L86
aos
10.90
1869
Not. 17
...do ..••
a9
.7
.8
.6
62.09
LOTS
LOO
12.58
4.89
12.11
IOWA RED TOP.
J. Latshaw.
187
22
68
98
106
106
148
262
328
846
347
420
398
610
550
614
684
777
907
008
18
July 18
July 6
Jnly 11
Jnly 12
Jnly 18
July 18
Jnly 16
July 20
July 22
Jnly 28
Jnly 23
Jnly 88
Jnly 27
Ang. 2
Ang. 5
Ang. 10
Ang. 15
▲ng.20
Ang. 25
▲ng.80
8c^ 1
BtipL 5
1
1
2
2
8
8
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
18
14
15
16
16
17
a5
ao
ao
ao
7.0
7.5
a6
a6
a2
7.0
ao
ao
a 6
ao
ao
ao
ao
a4
a?
7.9
as
a7
.8
.8
LO
.8
.8
.0
.7
.6
.7
.8
.7
.7
.9
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.8
.6
.8
.8
L3
2.1
L6
L6
L6
L6
LI
LI
LI
L8
L4
L6
L9
a9
L3
L4
L6
L8
L4
L7
LI
L6
L2
LI
LI
L2
.9
.9
.9
LO
LI
L2
L5
ao
LO
LI
L2
LO
L2
.6
LI
L2
6a 27
6a 88
eaTS
64.42
7L17
6a 63
6a 89
7a 79
7a 02
6a 88
7a 16
6126
7a 22
67.06
6a 80
67.69
64.90
64.28
64.85
57.62
5170
6a 48
L020
L020
L020
L025
L026
L027
L043
L045
L047
L044
L044
L053
LOOS
L061
LOOS
LOTS
LOTl
L082
L076
L087
L088
aoo
a 19
a99
ao6
a 51
an
a7S
a 01
a86
4.02
4.11
aos
L99
L77
L85
.03
LOS
LIS
.81
.93
L61
.48
.58
.97
Lll
.87
.92
a28
aoi
aoo
a34
a 18
7.84
1L61
U.00
ia72
lass
laos
17.07
14.72
17.88
17.48
ai2
L81
4. 52 J
ao5
a 41
a52
a69
ai5
4.60
4.33
ao6
L83
a82
a 31
LOO
a7i
ass
L77
aos
aoo
a70
&I9
7.15
ILIS
1L43
14.M
12.99
»«•»..••
REPOBT OF THE CHEMIST.
897
IOWA RED TOP— Continued.
J. Latshaw— Continaed.
I
i075
160
1242
1464
1580
[580
1632
1664
1680
1710
1740
L788
L812
LB41
1870
i«n
I
Sept 8
Sept 14
Smt 10
Oct 11
Get 17
Oct 35
Get 28
Oct 81
Not. 2
Ker. 4
KoT. 7
Kov. 10
XeT. 12
Not. 15
KoT. 17
Not. 18
I
Stage,
17
18
18
After 18
...do ...
••.do ...
• •.do •••
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
••.do ...
...do .••
...do ...
...do .••
...do ...
...do ...
I
^
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fe«t
ILO
&5
8.3
0.0
&7
&5
ao
ai
0.0
0.7
ao
as
7.8
7.8
0.1
a5
I
I
Ineht
.8
.8
.6
.7
.0
.6
.5
LO
.7
.8
.7
.8
.8
.7
.7
.7
X&t.
1.6
L2
.0
1.3
L3
1.4
LO
L7
L4
2.0
1.4
L4
LO
.0
1.2
1.1
i
I
I
Lbt.
1.3
.8
.6
.0
LI
.9
.8
L2
LI
L4
.0
LO
.8
.7
.0
.8
Pt.et
5a 16
60.10
57.76
63.70
44.86
63.00
57.06
60.78
54.17
00.44
50.47
60.36
53.61
63.25
56.88
6L37
L087
L087
L077
L076
L075
LORO
L071
L065
L069
L078
L074
L078
L066
L071
L080
L076
Pr.eL
L26
.77
LOO
L51
L51
L35
L44
2.03
2.23
L61
L70
.86
2.15
L22
L14
L33
iao8
ia28
14.51
1&84
ia70
15.87
12.72
1L48
10.03
14.34
laii
14.25
0.80
12.72
10.121
18.75
Pr.eL
a88
ao4
ao4
L64
a48
2.36
a86
a 76
4.00
a85
4.14
4.23
4.14
a 66
0.01f
aoo
I
Pr.eL
ia40
*"i8.'24
14.77
12.00
laoo
iao5
14.53
12.65
14.61
ia47
NEW VARIETY,
F. W. Stump.
23
July 6
1
2
&5
.8
2:4
LO
6a 48
L020
ai3
.74
a2i
188
July 18
2
ao
.6
.7
.6
7a 26
L025
a64
.80
431
• • • • • %• •
60
jSyll
3
a5
.0
L4
LI
7a 40
L023
ail
.74
a 74
04
July 12
3
a5
.7
L2
LO
7a 67
L023
ao6
L37
a89
107
July 13
4
a7
LO
L2
LO
7a 03
L025
a20
LOO
a 81
108
July 18
5
7.0
.0
L8
LI
70.05
L026
a83
.41
4.78
149
July 15
6
a5
.8
L8
LI
64.20
L026
4.82
.81
a37
233
July 19
July 20
7
8
a3
a4
.6
.8
LI
L6
.0
L3
6a 51
69.86
L042
L045
a63
a 33
4.02
aoo
263
iU
373
July 20
0
a4
.6
L2
.0
60.30
L042
a54
&28
ao3
800
July 21
July 23
0
10
0.0
a7
.6
.7
L2
L3
LO
LI
70.02
69.81
L042
L048
a36
ail
a54
7.23
348
4.38
387
July 26
10
a6
.7
L4
J- 2
1.3
7L50
L050
a27
7.30
a 19
aso
880
July 27
10
a7
.7
1.6
72.68
LOSO
a2o
7.62
a67
7.46
421
July 28
10
a5
.8
L3
LI
60.60
L058
ao5
a 38
a 79
a 39
450
July 29
10
a2
.7
LO
.8
7L5S
L056
4.20
7.58
a82
560
Aug. 5
11
a8
.7
L4
L2
65.42
L073
L61
14.54
a87
615
Aug. 10
12
ai
.8
L6
L8
67.07
L070
a 47
iao6
L76
ia2o
616
Aug. 10
12
0.0
.8
L6
L4
67.60
L073
a23
ia76
L76
lass
685
Aug. 16
13
a2
.7
ao
L2
6L10
L082
LOl
17.10
L62
ia4i
778
Aug. 90
14
a6
.8
L5
LI
5a41
L083
LIS
ia4o
a96
ia53
840
Aug. 25
15
7.7
.7
L2
LO
6L11
L086
L66
17.25
a28
906
Aug. 90
Sept 1
16
0.0
.8
L2
LO
60.25
L088
L14
17.46
a36
17.58
969
16
ao
.8
L6
L2
saoo
L087
LOO
iai3
ass
1094
Sept 5
17
ao
.8
LS
L2
60.72
LOOl
LSI
ia48
a64
1676
Snit 8
17
a 2
.8
L4
L2
6a 87
L098
L26
lasi
.a97
ia7o
U70
Sept 14
18
ao
.0
L8
LI
saoo
LOOl
L14
ia6i
a 16
L2IS
Sept 10
0&. 11
18
ai
.7
1.2
.0
53.58
LOSO
.78
17.40
&92t
1405
After 18
ao
.8
L4
.0
59.39
L086
LIS
17.18
a 71
K581
Oct 17
.. .do ....
as
.8
L8
.0
47.38
L081
L78
laeo
4.44
L590
Oet 25
...do •••.
ao
.9
LI
.8
53.72
L071
aso
ILU
a 01
a73
1629
Get 28
...do ....
ao
.7
L8
LO
saes
L084
.88
15.77
4.56
ia37
1665
Oet 81
...do ....
ao
.7
L3
.0
6L22
L067
L85
iao4
a63
1L76
1675
Not. 3
. . .CIO • . «.
a7
.8
L7
L2
67.93
1.074
.81
14.70
a 78
ia64
1730
Not. 5
...do....
as
.8
LI
LO
54.48
1.068
L42
ia25
a9o
1L49
1754
Not. 8
...do ....
10.0
.6
L8
LI
5a24
LOSS
L82
a 33
4.25
1784
Not. 11
...do ....
a4
.9
L6
L2
57.20
LOSO
1.04
14.20
a 79
ia9s
1813
Not. 14
...do ....
1
a2
.7
LO
.8
55.00
L071
1.52
laio
a42
iao4
19a
Not. 16
...do ....
ao
.7
LO
.8
56.43
L073
L53
ia74
a 76
ia82
1872
Not. 18
...do....
as
.8
LO
.7
5L70
LOGS
LOS
a 76
4.59
a97
400 REPORT OF TSE C01CMIS8I0NER OF AGRICULTURE.
NEEAZANA— Continned.
Blyiiyxb a Co.— Contiimed.
i
I
1788
1817
1846
1876
•
I
Nov. U
Not. 14
Not. 16
Not. 18
i
t
p
stage.
After 18
• • • U V • * • •
• • •l&O * • • 1
• •• UV • • • I
I
1
1
1
1
0.2
7.0
las
&5
Incht
1.0
.7
.0
.7
X&ff.
1.5
.7
1.1
.7
1
I
X&ff.
L2
.6
.9
.6
Pt.ei.
64.23
55.28
68.23
60.97
L072
L068
L080
L070
IV. cf.
L65
L62
.50
1.34
Pr.eL
1L74
11.47
14.58
14.28
IV. eC.
8.72
8.06
4.68
2.13
JV.et
11.20
11.80
14.49
1L80
WOLF TAIL.
£. Link.
65
July 8
1
4.5
LO
L4
LO
68.70
L019
L96
L04
8.87
277
Jnly 20
2
7.9
.8
L9
L5
67.22
L032
2.64
8.98
2.84
404
July 27
3
&0
.8
L6
LI
69.23
L043
8.00
5l62
2.21
5.84
425
July 28
4
9.1
.8
2.0
L6
67.56
L043
2.69
&96
2.62
&«3
458
July 20
5
9.6
.7
L3
LI
67.65
L049
8.88
6.15
&12
&21
516
Aug. 2
6
10.1
.8
L 3.0
2.4
67.78
L064
&14
&11
2.55
474
July 80
6
^
10.1
.8
L6
L2
68.67
L063
2.08
7.98
&75
7.75
561
Aug. 6
7
10.3
.8
L2
LO
66.00
L061
2.82
9l62
4.83
aos
622
Ang. 10
8
^\
.8
L3
LI
65.77
LOOe
8.16
12.27
.98
ia78
606
Ang. 16
9
.8
L4
LI
68.65
L077
LOO
13.66
2.79
&4S
783
Aug. 20
9
10.6
.9
L6
L8
74.85
L065
2.81
12.04
2.05
10.07
846
Ang. 25
10
10.7
.8
L6
L8
55.92
L078
2.61
14.60
L82
913
Ang. 80
Se^ 1
11
las
TO.6
.8
L2
LO
59.32
L086
L80
16.50
8.20
964
12
2 •
.9
L7
L4
6L63
L087
L66
16.90
8.21
974
Sept 1
Sept. 6
12
13
L085
L084
L67
8.04
16.96
14.41f
8.08
8.30
1029
ILO
.9
2.3
2.0
"itw"
1087
Sept. 9
14
10.1
.9
L4
LI
62.50
L094
L68
16.02
6L48f
U76
Sept 14
15
10.6
.9
L4
L2
59t77
L090
LOO
18.69
6.69t
1254
Sept 27
Oct 8
18
10.2
.8
L5
L2
54.09
L086
L08
16L65
4.65
1326
After 18
10.5
.8
L8
LO
58.87
L085
.94
16.10
4.20
1481
Oct 12
• • .uO • . • .
U.2
.9
L4
LI
68.75
L085
L20
16.60
8.47
1540
Oct 18
...do ....
ILO
.9
L4
LI
6a 35
L083
.61
15.63
8.67
1665
Oot 26
...do ....
7.0
.6
.8
.7
66.77
L078
L68
18.83
8.41
12.87
1628
Oct 28
...do ....
ILl
LO
L4
L2
68.46
L083
.88
16.72
4.95
1&28
1662
Nor. 1
...do ....
11.4
.6
L8
L4
67.65
L079
.41
14.92
4.17
14.84
1694
Not. 8
« « . uO ....
9.0
.8
L2
LO
6L9B
L064
L86
10l78
8.66
IflLSO
1725
Not. 5
...do ....
11.0
.9
L7
L5
58.38
L075
.44
18.41
6.26
1750
Not. 8
...do ••«.
ILO
.6
L4
LO
67.26
L080
.42
14.62
6L07
1789
Not. U
.. .do .«..
a7
.9
L2
LI
60.61
LQ66
.35
15.21
4.48
15.U
1818
Not. 14
...do ....
10.6
.9
L2
LO
60.86
L074
.46
13.88
8.44
1SL80
1647
Not. 16
...do ....
8.8
.8
.8
.7
67.28
L066
LOO
&01
4.06
i8n
Not. 18
...do ....
ILO
.9
L8
LI
60.60
L079
.80
1474
6.07
14.81
GRAY TOP.
H. C. Sbalky.
I
56
Jnly 8
Jnly 16
2
4.3
6.0
L2
.9
2.8
L8
2.0
L4
6a67
6L46
L015
L021
L36
a 57
.49
.05
188
a4o
208
1
327
Jnly 22
2
7.8
.9
L9
L6
60.64
L083
2.57
a 97
L88
ioa
Jnly 27
8
6.9
.8
L8
LO
66.67
L034
4.12
2.73
ao4
an
426
Jnly 28
4
7.1
.9
L6
L2
69.90
L044
ai9
a62
a49
431
Jnly 29
Jnly 80
4
5
L043
L058
a 49
4.21
&21
a3o
2.42
ass
&06
475
7.6
.9
L8
L3
70.00
aM
519
Ang. 2
5
&1
.0
3.1
2.4
65.02
L057
2.42
a 28
a23
« • •« • • • •
562
Ang. 5
6
a7
.0
L7
L3
53.23
L044
a88
4.83
ass
466
023
Ang. 10
7
&4
.6
L3
LO
60.16
L040
4.30
a22
L58
au
607
Ang. 16
8
&2
.8
L4
LO
04.46
L060
a 90
a 18
L68
7.77
784
Ang. 20
10
9.0
.8
2.0
L5
6L00
L078
2.72
14.38
a89
ia38
786
Aug. 22
0
9.1
.9
2.1
L7
76.90
LOOS
a 67
10.55
a 21
a7s
795
Ang. 22
Ang. 26
0
11
L065
i.(m
a 6.1
4.57
12.15
0.65
.61
LU
a78
863
a8
'"."o
L4
L2
60.65
914
Ang. 30
Sept 2
12
9.4
.9
1.5
L3
(». JO
1.075
a 61
12.64
aos
1119
973
13
8.2
.9
LO
1.3
60.16
L084
L87
15.97
4.20
1471
1080
Sept 6
14
ILO
LA
as
2.8
6L71
L080
aoo
laoo
ai4
BSPOBT OF THE CHEMIST.
399
OBAKGE CANE.
FiTZOJERALD.
a
«
o
u
%
53
9D»
365
375
340
402
615
•88
781
844
OU
1178
1470
IMO
1788
17^
1787
18U
1846
1676
I
July 6
July 16
Jnly 18
Joly 10
July 20
July 20
July 23
July 37
Au|^. 2
An^ 10
Aug. 15
Aug. 30
Aug. 26
Ao|.80
BSpV* 1
8mb4» 6
Sepl 0
Sepl. 14
8eplS7
Oot. IS
Oot 16
0«i. 36
Ooi. Si
Oet. 81
KOT. I
ir<»T. 6
KoT. 8
Hot. U
Hot. 14
KoT. 16
VOT. 16
a
c
£
ma^
1
3
8
4
6
6
7
8
0
10
11
13
13
14
16
16
17
18
After 16
• ••QO • • • •
• • *9^ • « « •
•• viiv »««0
• • •QV ••••
• • • W • • 4
• • •QO ••••
• « •Qv • • « •
• • aOO ••••
• • vliV ••••
I
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X
1
1
1
\
1
1
1
1
Si
Fwt,
4.5
&0
&0
6.5
6.8
7.3
7.7
7.7
7.6
7.0
7.4
7.8
0.2
0.1
&8
8.0
6.0
7.8
ao
ao
as
10.0
ao
ao
lao
ao
ao
1L6
ao
7.0
ao
d
.a
I
0
8
8
8
0
8
8
6
8
0
8
8
7
8
7
8
8
7
7
0
0
1.0
6
6
0
7
6
6
6
7
7
■4*
t
I
X6#.
ao
1.3
L6
L8
L4
1.8
L4
LI
ao
ao
L8
L8
L2
L6
LO
L4
L3
1.1
L4
L6
L4
ao
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L6
L4
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1.3
I
Lbi.
LO
LO
LI
LO
LI
.0
LI
.0
a2
L6
L2
LO
.0
L2
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LI
LO
.0
.0
LI
LO
L8
.0
LI
L7
L3
L3
L3
.0
.6
.8
1
o
Fr.eL
6a 03
66.06
6a 86
6a 61
7L70
7L80
70.05
oasi
6a04
6a27
66l78
64.17
67.44
6a 06
6a 11
6a 88
64.48
6a 85
4a 30
6a40
6a 07
6L61
61.74
67.46
60.66
87.10
6a68
6a 06
67.84
6a 80
64.26
a
I
L020
L082
L020
L082
L033
L083
L040
L068
L068
L060
L078
L086
L067
LOOl
LOOS
L083
L080
L084
L080
L066
LOOl
L087
LOST
L077
L070
Loao
L06B
L072
L077
LOOS
L076
%
a
i
o
NEEAZANA.
BtYMTSB d& Co.
Pr.tt
ao4
4.01
4.02
ao6
a26
a 61
&06
&64
4.88
415
a66
a 31
a27
ao7
a43
a56
aoo
aoo
L56
a 61
L73
LOl
.00
L05
LOO
.90
L24
L16
.00
LSI
L41
o
Pr.et
.37
.05
L12
LIO
L26
aoT
ass
7.85
laoo
lass
1&22
16.34
17.22
17.38
14.11*f
17.20
ia70
ia68
10.47
14.39
ia20
ia24
14.02
14.96
14.86
1L54
ia69
laoo
1L45
laos
eS
0
o
a
•3
I
Pr.eL
a 01
a 13
a5o
.84
a64
a 10
a 57
LOO
a2o
.95
L68
a58
L65
a 81
a 70
aoo
4.67
4.52
a 171
a 01
aos
4.82
4.35
4.80
a 87
4.00
aos
a92
4.02
400
a77
I
M
Pr.eL
ass
1L22
1*2.66
iai6
lasi
ia87
16i41
14 60
lais
a 78
laoo
1471
1410
1446
14 81
10.00
laso
laoo
laoo
180
JUy 16
jS^ 6
1
ao
• o
.6
.6
6a 21
L026
424
au
iS
3
48
LO
as
L6
67.07
L023
aoo
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ass
J»ly 13
3
ao
LO
.8
6a79
L027
448
.44
a35
151
jKu
8
as
L8
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6a67
L030
455
L66
2.57
907
WJ*
4
a6
LO
.8
7a 48
L036
407
L15
a 71
387
July 18
6
7.0
L8
LO
60.10
L038
a48
L85
.83
366
i«Jyl!
6
7.4
LI
.0
oaio
L040
a84
a 78
a 91
376
July 30
7
as
.9
.7
6a27
L041
a58
a 76
171
680
July 38
8
7.0
LS
.0
6a 41
L052
5.38
a27
a 40
406
July 37
8
7.0
.8
.7
60.71
L052
aoo
a 41
ass
424
Jnly 38
0
7.3
LI
.8
7a 00
L054
a 17
a 34
2.77
466
Jnly 20
Ant 1
9
10
L054
L004
a22
463
' a 88
ass
1.75
a 44
464
7.0
ao
L5
64.68
631
Aug. 10
11
7.0
LO
.7
6a 10
L076
aTi
ia24
L45
686
Aug. 16
13
7.0
L6
L2
6a70
L067
4 67
7.59
L83
783
Aug. 30
18
7.8
LS
LO
6a 24
L071
a 12
ia59
a4o
6a
Aug.S6
14
7.4
LO
.8
6L68
L065
ao4
10.48
.59
613
An|.80'
16
7.6
.0
.7
6L96
L081
a46
14 50
ago
068
16
7.4
LO
.8
64.34
L062
aoo
a 05
L47
1008
1^ 5
17
las
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ai
as
6a 78
L080
4 30
ia35
a89
1066
s??^,•
17
7.6
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.7
6a 16
L060
aoo
a 95
aoo
U74
8n»a 14
18
7.1
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.6
5L63
L084
L96
ia95
4 23
13B6
tear
18
7.8
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.7
4a 20
L080
aoo
1414
a 67
1460
Oea 12
After 18
7.0
L4
L2
57.06
L073
a67
11.26
8.12
106
Oet 18
...do ....
7.8
.7
.6
5a 51
L082
L96
ia25
a 01
1861
Oct. 36
...do ....
7.3
.8
.6
60.42
L058
aos
aos.
a 10
liSf
Oea 38
...do ....
7.2
L4
L2
59.70
L072
1.53
n.22.
4 95
1061
Hot. 1
...do....
7.0
L7
L3
6L84
L065
L43
n.4i
3.31
mi
Hot. 3
...do ....
ILO
LS
LI
60.79
L076
.40
14 5U
a 87
Hot. 6
...do ....
ao
L7
LI
oaoo
L074
L24
ia68
LIS
1786
Hot. 8
...do ....
7.8
LI
.9
6L71
•
LOOS
L54
1L12
422
a46
a 36
a94
iao8
7.28
aos
14 07
a 10
ia]3
aoo
14 21
is. 66
7.94
11. 82
10. 72
14 40
13.76
ia70
402
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
MASTOPON—Continued.
D. W. AiiTEN — Continued.
•
"5
1
'A
1
i
B
o
>
i
1
OB
«M
o
J
a
**
'A
•
.
S
o
E
1
i
•**
it
1
J"
*•*
1
•
c
•3
4.4
O
fed
a
<c
Glucose in Juloe.
•
1
"S
a
i
2
Solid B not tngar.
•
1
1
Stoffe.
Feet,
Inehs
Lbt,
Lbs.
iV. ct
Pr.ct.
I'r.cL \Pr.et.
' Pr.eL
521
Aug.
2
4
10.0
1.0
2.7
2.2
70.51
1.034 , 3.20
.3. 63 2. 40
i. .......
568
Aug.
6
5
■*
9.5
hi
2.7
*> 2
69.55
1. 040 ' 4. 62
4. 75 1. 25
3.»
too
Aug.
11
6
10.5
.9
1.6
1.3
68.43
1. 053 4. 21
8.07 L96
7.75
099
Aug.
16
7
11.6
.9
S.4
2.0
69.07
1.049 1 6.01
4.41 1.96
174
700
Aug.
16
8
10.5
.9
L8
1.4
69.76
1. 05H 3. 47
7. 75 2. 93
7.44
787
Aug.
22
9
9.7
.9
2.2
1.7
66.23
1. 057 4. 25
8.98 L48
&06
865
Aug.
26
10
12.5
.9
1.8
1.5
66.26
1. 046 6. 09
4.66 1.00
1 4.14
fll6
Aug.
Sept.
30
11
9.9
. 4
1.7
1.3
58.62
1.07:^ ' 1.45
14. 80 2. 96
1X88
975
2
12
9.9
.8
1.7
1.4
(>4.81
1. 072 1. 20
15. 48 2. 85
! 13.47
1032
Sept
5
13
11.2
1.1
2.5
2.2
05. 58
L 074 4. 24
11. 89 2. 58
11.50
1090
S<»pt.
9
14
1
1L4
.9
1.9
1.7
6&00
L 073 1. 51
14. 27 1 2. 51
1192
1102
Sept.
Sept.
ft
14
,
1.073 1 ''•^
li 80 ^ -i^A
1X78
1183
15
15
*
11.1
1.0
2.3
2.0
60.07
L064
2.W
11.31
5.03
1257
Sept
27
18
•i
12.0
LI
2.0
1.6
50.63
1.080
.70
16.07
3.50
1329
Obt.
3
After 18
9.2
.9
1.8
1.6
51.72
1.082
1.27
15.91
3.66
■ •«*•*••
1494
Oct.
14
...do
1
12.0
1.1
3.0
w. .)
G2. 71
1.053
1.58
9.45
2.31
ass
1546
Oct
19
...do ....
11.5
1.0
2.3
1.8
61.27
1.049
3.45
fi.54
2.73
5i4«
1598
Oct
26
... do ....
10.6
1.3
2.6
2.1
61.15
1.067
1.25
12. 17 ; 2. 84
1L58
1631
Oct.
28
...do
9.6
.6
1.3
1.0
64.36
1.061
9.91
4.35
9.87
1665
Nov.
1
...do ....
■1
11.0
1.3
2.4
2.1
64.04
1.066
1.81
11.96
2,88
11.72
1697
Nov.
3
...do
8.5
.9
1.5
1.2
65.54
1.055
3.43
7.43
3.17
7.23
1728
Nov.
5
...do ....
8.5
1.1
1.9
I.G
65.32
1.047
3.61
5.01
3.55
M3
1762
Nov.
8
... do ....
9.7
1.0
1.9
1.4
69.97
1.056
3.24
7.87
4.13
7.47
1792
Nov.
11
...do ....
7.3
.7
.7
.6
57.60
1.058
.64
7.92
5.05
&45
182>
Nov.
14
.. .do ....
9.5
.9
1.3
1.0
62.26
L069
1.07
12.15
3.15
1121
1850
Nov.
16
... do ....
ILO
1.2
2.0
1.8
67.61
1.044
8.65
4.66
3.13
i46
1880 Not.
18
... do ....
12.0
1.1
L9
1.5
63.77
L069
.81
11.77
4.81
11 tt
HONDURAS.
E. Link.
42
428
478
cn«i
632
633
634
701
702
788
791
866
917
976
1001
1033
1091
1101
1184
1258
1330
1495
1547
1599
1G32
1666
1698
1729
1763
1793
1822
]H.H
1881
July 7
July 2K
July 30
Aug. 2
Aug. 11
Aug. 11
Aug. 11
Aug. 16
Aug. 16
Aug. 22
Aug. 22
Aug. 26
Aug. 30
Sept. 2
Sept 2
Sept 5
Sept 9
Sept. 9
vSept 15
Sept 27
Oct 3
Oct
0«t.
0<t.
Oct.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov. 11
Nov. 14
Nov. 16
Nov. 18
14
19
2C
28
1
3
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
J 2
13
18
After 18
...do ...
. . . do ...
...do ...
.. do ...
...do ...
...do ...
. . . do ...
. . . do ...
...do ...
...do ...
... do ...
...do ...
2.8
6.3
r..5
ao
7.5
9.7
8.5
10.."»
10.0
10.0
11.5
10.4
10.5
10.8
10.0
10.7
11.3
10.8
10.4
9.0
10.8
9. 5
10. W
8.5
11.0
10. 5
9.3
10.9
IU.5
LI
1.1
LI
.9
L3
LO
L.T
.8
.9
LO
2.7
2.2
2.3
4.4
3.4
2.7
3.7
2.0
2.3
2.8
LO
LI
LO
2.0
2.5
2.4
2.0
L7
LO
'2.7
2.1
2. 9 (
L7
LH
2.2
LI
LO
2.9
2.5
2.0
1.0
LO
LO
.9
L2
.9
.9
1.0 I
.6 ,
LI I
.h ■
LO
1.9
4.4
•) •»
1.7 I
2.1 i
L7 1
LO I
2.4
1.3
L« ,
2.2
LI
2.1
LO I
L4
1.6
1.9
1.8
L5
1.
1.
1.
8
:i
2
2. d
L2
l.K
.H
Li»
.0
1.3
57.09
07. 77
G8.53
09.97
70.99
68.89
03. 78
69. 21
7L41
66.70
2.1 ! 06.70
2.0 . 62.82
2.1 I 65.18
67.02 '
7L20 !
r>U. 56
62. 85
57. 28
67.31
m.n
04. 'M
VA. S7
64.15
(W. 67
G5. 77
07. 54
.58. 03
0.-. 61*
64.83
05.22
L015
1.91
.16
2.86 1.
1.032
5.12
1.56
2.04 1
1.17
L031
5.03
1.63
1.90
.M
1.035
5.ai
L 51
3.60 .
1.045
5.04
.5.04
1.78 1
4.1R
L044
6.25
3.88
L74 ,
.k n
1. 043
5.21
4.19
2.58
3,?i
1. 0.55
6.12
5.89
1.93
5.34
1. 055
6.04
5.00
L75 i
5.68
L062
4.47
9.64
Li»9
&88
1.062
4.29
10. 15
L60
8.88
LOCI
5.86
8.30
L29 1
7.W
1. 072
4.31
11.89
L99 1
n.i4
1. 075
3.22
13. 1»8
2.80 1'
13.26
L074
3.43
1.^06
L90 i
1197
1. 07.'i
3.26
13.45
L92 1
1L6S
L065
4.93
9.54
8.41
9.03
L065
5.28
9.79
2.11 1
8.33
L076
2. 55
14. 23
5.43 1
1X74
L072
2.56
13. .58
2.53 1
1177
L079
2.31
14.55
3.11 j.
• • • * - • •
L 04.S
4.77
4.r>4
2. 61
4.63
L O-V)
4. 52
1 6.77
2,10
&60
1. O.V)
1 4.17
.'>. 4H
3.81
ao2
1. o:a
! 4.67
G.06
2.60
5.57
1. 048
4.98
1 4.89
t 2. rj 1
4 63
1. 052
; 1.96
8.03
3.36
7.7J
L 0.32
1 4. 3-
5.75
.3.34
3.;c
L056
; 2. J»K
a 00
.^65
7.»''
L048
' 3. :10
5.10
.1.84
iS-*
1 040
3. 19
0.114
3.01
t9i^
LU43
2.3S
4.09
3.62
4.46
1. 051
1 3.16
6.14
, 4.11
&»:
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
403
SUGAR CANE.
C. £• Miller.
July 16
Jal/
^uly 0
Joly 12
July 15
July 12
Joly 15
July 16
July 18
July 19
July 30
July 32
July 27
Aug. 2
Aug. 2
Aug. 10
Aug. 28
Aug. 20
Aug. ao
Sept. 2
Sept. 5
Sept 9
Sept 15
Sept 27
Oct 3
Oct. 14
Oct 19
Oct ft
Oct 39
Nov. 1
Nov. 3
Xov. 5
Nov. 8
Not. 11
Noqr. 14
Nov. 10
Nov. 18
&
Stage,
1
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
18
18
After 18
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
...do ...
. . .do ...
. . . do ...
...do . ..
...do ...
i
3
«
9
a
3
5.0
S.0
&0
7.0
&3
7.3
6L0
&0
6.0
5.5
5ue
6.6
e.2
7.4
6.2
&0
8.0
10.1
7.4
7.0
8.4
6.0
7.7
8.0
0.0
t!
d
.o
«l
«8
•3,
»«
S
1
•»•*
e
P
H
Inek»
Z?>#.
.7
1.1
.8
2.5
.9
1.1
.9
1.2
.8
1.3
.8
1.4
.7
LO
.7
LO
.8
.7
.6
.0
.7
.8
.6
.7
.8
.9
.6
.8
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
a 2
.8
7.0
.7
8.0
.7
6.5
.8
8.0
.0
10.0
.0
8.5
.7
8.7
.6
9.5
.0
8.4
.7
9. J
*8
7.5
.8
.9
.9
1.0
1.1
1.8
L5
2.2
1.4
1.7
2.6
.9
2.1
L3
L8
LO
.9
LO
.9
.8
LI
L2
LO
L6
L2
LI
LO
.8
L.'l
.8
■s
1
X6«.
.8
2.0
.8
.9
LO
LI
.7
.7
.7
.6
.7
.8
.8
LO
L3
LO
L2
2.0
.6
L5
LO
LO
.«
.7
.7
.8
.7
LO
LO
.9
LO
LO
LO
.9
.7
.0
.7
ni
M
»
7L12
73.52
6a 16
72.92
6a 66
69.32
61. SCi
65. «)
02.95
7L38
62.87
68.83
68.42
68.48
67.32
66.85
66.60
67.00
54.94
62.66
6L47
59.53
63.11
6L82
57.08
56.11
50.16
60.73
6L63
57.28
54.13
6L02
6L84
64.17
5*i. 72
6L 16-
6L87
L038
L023
L023
L025
L024
La27
L029
L029
L045
L045
L048
L048
L046
L0I9
L039
L064
L073
L070
L081
L072
L082
L073
L070
L070
1.088
L067
L075
L068
1.
1.
L057
L044
L002
L046
L o.'9
LU56
LOQl
i
Pr. et.
4.31
3.48
3.56
4.02
2.78
a28
3.62
4. 36
4.43
4.90
4.47
4.57
3.02
3.44
a24
3.58
2.62
3.56
L73
4.30
L61
5.18
3.73
3.32
L66
2.46
L22
2.02
8.18
2.78
8.37
1.65
2.36
l.i)8
•J. 93
3.76
3.03
Pf.cL
3.41
.27
.67
.49
L64
2.03
LSI
.78
4.95
3.74
5.70
5.84
aos
6.31
4.00
a 57
ia56
12.27
15.49
12.32
17.99
9.80
1L14
1L&4
ia22
10.19
13.32
9.85
a2d
7.80
a 40
6.36
10.10
5.33
8.79
7.80
a86
i
d
I
Pr.et
3.64
4.99
a 16
4.13
a88
a 01
4.49
2.34
L19
3.82
ao9
2.23
L97
a24
2.91
2.92
2.23
2.48
a 45
ao6
L24
4.40
a82
a 17
4.17
a 28
ao8
a84
a 55
a 60
a 01
a 67
a 73
4.32
a 15
a 07
aoo
I
m
M
'3
p4
Pr.eL
6.23
12.92
12.25
14.89
XL 09
Id. 59
9.77
7.49
8.08
a 62
9.70
a 43
7.45
&44
HYBRID No. 4.
Will N. Wallis.
July
6
Joly
9
July
12
Julv
12
Jiilv
11
Julv
16
Jflv
IG
Julv
18
July
*JU
Julv
22
Julv
Julv
27
Au;;.
1
An a.
1
Aujf.
App.
11
ApK.
11
Xuji.
i<;
Aug. 22
Aug.
«<;
4"tf.
ao
Sept
S«.pt
5
Hept
9
1
1
•»
it
4
5
fl
7
8
8
9
10
11
11
11
12
11
18
14
15
16
17
17
18
.10
6.3-
ao
as
7.3
a5
a5
9.7
a 7
9.0
9.6
9.8
a 5
.9
LO
.0
.9 I
•7
.8 I
.8 !
.8 ;
.8
.K
.8 I
.7
.9 !
2.3 '
1.5 I
1.1!
L5 ,
L3
1.5 I
L8
L7
L7
l.G
\A\
L7
a8
I
1.8
L2
LO
LO
1.0
LI
1.4
L3
1.4
L2
L3 ! 7
L3
ao
9.7
.«
a 2
1 .8
a5
1 .7
ao
.8
a7
.8
ao
.8
a 7
.8
9.5
.9
ai
.8
a?
.9
l:.
Ll
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.4
L3
L5
LO
.8
L2 I
.91
LO
LO
Ll
Ll
L2
68.15
68.11
71.46
71. 2,->
7a W
VL43
70.08
66.38
69.62
63. 21
70.02
70.37
73.57
60. 24
«9. 0."i
t>2. <»'J
«6. 'Jo
65.00
65. W>
57. 92
61. 20
59.95
62.'V8
L016 '
1.020 I
1.019 i
L 019 I
1.0'JO I
L02« I
L029 1
Lo:{4 t
1. oao
l.mi
oio ;
1157 ;
U41
l.OfH) \
Lor,.", i
1. ur)9 I
l.<;7u ,
L(MJO
1.073 !
1.077
1. 08U i
1.08.^ i
tQ77i
>-< •
2.71
a 18
3.06
a 37
a 49
4.74
4.67
5.07
5. 61
\Z\
W\
1. 9({
aiMJ
3.00
a 47
:{. 34 1
«. 28
X 2T ,
:t. UO ;
.». 4it I
2. OH
2.00
2.42
4.16 1
.23
.42
.37
.05
.11
. 'J3
.1;;
1. 5t)
.L'2
a 81
a 81
5. 75
8. 8;i
8.51
8.91
11 60
7. 3r
la JO
12. 78
13. 39
1 4. 'J-J
l;'i. r»6
iao9
iao5
L77
2.77
2. 85
2. :ii
5. 95
.'!. 24
\\. r»5
i.:.9
4. 44
l.ftO
2. K5
L73
5.52
2. HO
a 14
;i. :t:{
:;. :{7
2.37
2. 15
2.4:i
( aiH
.06
2 71
y. "lO
t 2.72
2.28
11.2.'»
aoo
11.4:^
12. (-4
12.70
ia8»
14.40
Ltis
404
i{j:pokt of the commissioner of agkicultlke.
HYBRID No. 4— Coutinuea.
Will N. W'alus— ContiniKMl.
•
90
e
•
••-
a
4.'
B
1
•
1
B
o
I
1
!
us
15
1
If.
e
1
a
1
i
s
1
2
1
i
a
s
•
UJ
u
3
s
.a
Inehi
1
1
s
o
0
8
c -
1
Stage,
2^^.
Lb9.
Pr.cK
JV. of.
iV.rt.
Pr.H.
Pr.d.
1186
Sept.
L*
18
&7
.6
1.0
.6
62.24
LOTO
3.82
1L65
a68
1332
Oct.
3
After 18
10.0
.8
L4
LI
63.72
L071
4.14
1L70
2.74
1L04
1509
Oct.
15
...do ....
9.9
.9
L2
.8
00.78
LOr.2
3.96
6.50
2.97
&15
1049
Oct.
19
...do....
9.3
.9
LI
.9
55.68
L0S5
4.12
6.77
2.47
6.06
1601
Oct.
26
...do ....
&6
.0
L3
LO
60.18
LOSd
4.40
7.32
as9
6.91
1636
Oct.
29
...do —
ftO
.8
L3
.8
6a 68
L055
4.20
6.S2
a. 46
1668
Nov.
1
...do ....
10.8
.8
1.4
LO
60.22
1.051
.3.76
6.55
3.21
&«
1700
Not.
3
...do....
8.0
.8
1.2
LO
64.57
L046
L87
7.56
3.21
7.86
3731
Nov.
5
.. .do ....
9.7
.8
L3
LO
58.91
L061
3.38
8.97
3.53
8.49
1565
Nov.
8
...po ....
...ao ....
10.0
.7
1.4
.9
60.18
L046
4.43
5.11
2.21
3.«7
li95
Nov.
11
7.0
.7
L6
L2
6L42
L049
4.38
4.66
3.40
&»
\62i
Nov.
14
...do ....
9.6
.9
L2
.9
60.14
L053
3.52
6.88
2.94
&«)
l£o3
Nov.
16
...do ....
6.7
.8
.9
.8
6&86
LOSS
L29
8L19
3.49
1883
Nov.
18
...do ....
9.5
.9
.9
.7
67.14
L040
3.66
2.06
4.33
i»
WHITE IMPHEE.
John K. Barokb.
41
115
213
281
311
:(23
;163
410
454
.^.26
.'^70
635
705
792
860
920
979
1036
1094
1197
1333
1510
1565
1602
1637
1660
1701
1732
1766
1796
1825
lii34
July 7
July 18
July 16
July 20
July 22
July 22
July 25
July 27
July 29
Auf;. 2
Aug. 6
Aug. 11
Aug. 16
Aug. 22
Aug. 26
Aug. 30
Sept. 2
Sept. 5
Sept. 9
Sept 15
Oct 3
Oct 15
Oct 22
Oct. 26
Oct 20
Nov. 1
Nov. 3
Nov. 5
Nov. 8
Nov. 11
Nov. 14
Nov. 16
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
C
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
After 18
k • • Uv • • • •
...do ....
j...do ....
{...do ....
|...do ....
.. .do ....
...do ....
I.. .do ....
'.. do ....
I . . • uo ....
I . . . do ....
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
«>
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.0
5.0
5.8
6.3
7.4
7.5
7.4
7.9
7.8
8.0
&0
7.1
7.8
.7.5
8.2
a7
7.7
9.3
8.7
7.8
9.3
8.0
&3
8.0
7.6
7.6
9.5
5.7
4.3
as
ao
9.5
.9
.9
.8
.8
.8
.9
.8
.7
.8
.7
.8
.7
.8
.8
.8
.7
.0
.8
.9
.8
.8
.9
.7
.9
,9
.9
.9
.6
. 5
.8
.8
.9
2.8
L3
L3
LO
L4
L7
L3
L2
L3
2.8
L5
LO
2.1
L7
1.4
L3
L4
L5
L6
L4
L7
LI
L2
LO
L2
L8
2.0
LO
LI
L4
LO
.0
)
2.1
.9
LO
.8
LO
L2
.8
.9
LO
2.0
L2
.6
L5
LI
LI
LI
LI
L2
L3
LI
LO
.8
.9
.9
.8
.9
L5
.8
.8
.9
.8
.8
63.49
60.81
67.33
66^57
6a 61
7L07
66.70
7L43
6a36
6&29
65.38
57.00
66.91
70.02
64.60
5a 33
6&06
60.95
6L06
57.02
56.77
64.03
63.13
59.85
63.11
67.90
62.00
65 59
62.70
55l18
62.88
58*79
L021
L025
L030
L032
L037
L087
L044
L042
L054
L065
L066
L077
L068
L051
L079
L082
L074
L088
L089
L088
L085
L045
L055
L052
L053
L047
L066
L04C
L041
L052
L053
L043
2.38
3.45
4.12
4.23
4.18
4.22
3.98
3.97
4.68
3.01
a40
3.25
2.OT
2.74
L77
L15
L47
L20
L48
.86
L20
L07
2.07
L78
L47
2.07
L70
L«4
1.99
L42
L44
2.55
.39
L06
.90
L04
aso
3.55
a55
6.74
7.41
&85
1L47
14.34
12.49
a58
15.52
ia85
14.97
18 24
m25
ia73
ia35
7.27
a84
a88
a IT*
7.03
IL47
a29
.^.04
a 15
9.31
8.87
I a 25 1
7.03
1L47
a29
.^.04
a 15
9.31
2.r
2.81
a 13
428
2.19
2.01
2.84
LSI
2.43
4.85
2.96
2.46
L84
L62
L67
a26
aS7
2.25
2.41
4.88
4.15
3.14
3.02
4.06
3.62
2.88
a66
a77
3.05
3..*%
2.64
4.03
7.45
all
12.19
1L»
7.8»
15.*
1134
17.14
170
1«7
7.0
I 190
"**lk
4.W
i 8.1:
• 3.S7
GOOSE NECK.
G. N. Gibson.
^
a 12 '
2.38 I
L87
a23
L70 j ;,
L46 472
61
116
117
118
S22
429
July 9
July 18
July 13
July 13
July 22
July 28
1
o
3
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
ao
ao
4.5
4.8
a3
a2
LO
.9
.9
Ll
.9
.7
L3
LO
L3
LO
L6
Ll
L6
Ll
L9
L4
L5
Ll
69.35
62.62
65.14
65.29
69.28
61.60
L014
L021
L017
L020
L0S2
L039
L91
2.86
2.98
2.88
4.78
a 16
.93
.24
.81
L66
4.U
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
405
GOOSE NECK— ContinnckL
€r. N. Gibson— Continued.
I
July 29
July 39
'Aug. 2
Aug. 6
Aog. 11
Aug. 11
Aug. 17
Aug. 22
Ane.2«
Aug. 210
Sept. 2
Sept 6
Sept. 9
Sept. 15
Ool. 4
Oct. 15
Oct. 23
Got. 26
Oci. 29
K<rr. 1
KoY. 3
Not. 5
KoT. 8
Not. 11
Not. 14
Not. 16
8
I
~r
Stage.
5
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
18
14
15
16
17
After 18
..do ...
...do ....
..do ....
..do ....
..do ..».
.. .do ....
..do ....
• • • QO •« ..
.do a...
T
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
o
ua
FeeL Jnchg
It
8.7-
^.0
9L6
a6
9.8
9.5
9.2
9.0
8.4
8.8
10.2
9.9
9.0
10. d
ao
9l0
&5
9.5
810
9.0
9.5
7.6
tr
a
Lbt,
.8
.9
.7
.9
.»«
.9
.8
.ft
.9
.9
.9
.•8
1.0
.9
LI
.8
.9
.9
1.0
.8
.8
.6
.7
.7
.7
To
2.0
1.7
•J.0
2.1
2.3
1.0
1'.2
2.0
1.9
2.7
1.6
2.1
2.3
2.9
2.1
2.4
2.1
2.1
L6
L7
1.1
1.2
.9
1.2
I
1
A
M
9
«
Lb8. I Pr, et
1.8
1.4
1.3
1.5
L5
1.5
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.8
1.3
1.6
L7
1.8
L4
1.7
L7
L6
1.0
L2
.7
LO
.7
.9
58.46
62.36
6^.12
66.96
64.26
53.71
65.32
46.09
61. 14
60.t^4
57.84
60.10
57.58
52.94
60.39
61,37
60.36
63.46
63.77
50.91
62.20
61.12
67.17
69.27
54.96
I
«
L039
1.046
1.053
1.055
1.058
l.ueTi
1.063
1.066
1.068
1.070
L076
L078
1.077
1.079
1. 082
1.071
i.(n&
1.075
1.069
1.065
1.069
1.052
1.039
LU65
1.044
1.064
i
a
I
9
Gl47
4.80
3.85
4.08
5c 78
> 4.46
•^2.05
3.28
2.21
L80
2.07
1.33
1.83
1.21
1.50
1.92
1.97
1.62
1.75
2.17
.81
2.82
8.16
2.15
3.11
L48
o
V
ja
(£2
Pr.cu
3.29
4.99
7.48
7.83
&31
10.25
1L59
1L16
13.14
13.85
15.18
15.59
16.00
14.37
14.86
12.15
12.66
12.00
11.62
1L28
12.66
6.90
2.83
ia48
6.36
ia26
I
B
I
•S
I
Pr.eL
1.49
2.54
4.83
2.66
.98
1.76
4.34
2.35
2.68
2.89
3.10
2^09
2.00
5.27
3.27
1.96
3.93
4.08
3.60
3.21
4.06
4.15
3.34
a42
1.11
4.37
i
I
m
•3
p4
Pr.ct.
2.1*0
4.28
7.04
6.22
9.14
*"i6.'68
12.32
ii'47
'"iaTO
11.74
10.76
'""6.'77
• • • • • • •
10.25
a. 74
WHITE AFRICAN.
J. N. Babger.
JolT 6
1
2
5l3
.8
2.2
L7
65.13
L017
2.89
.41
2.26
July 16
2
6.0
.7
LI
.8
7L62
' L024
3.60
.98
5.02
July 9
3
6.0
1.0
L5
L2
69.88
L019
2.51
.36
5.28
<lulj 13
4
6.7
.8
L3
LO
67.60
L024
2.99
.62
2.00
July 15
6
7.0
.8
L3
LO
6a 09
L028
3.36
L64
3.52
July 15
6
7.6
.7
L3
LO
97.66
L028
a 70
.81
2.43
July 2I>
Tuly 22
7
7
7.8
&0
.7
.6
L3
LI
LI
.9
07.63
67.09
Lttt7
L086
a83
4.10
3.83
.26
5.58
'i1v ?^
8
8.8
.6
L6
L2
67.85
L039
3.86
4.29
L96
Aug. 2
9
8.5
.8
1 6
L2
65.17
L068
2.42
9.27
2.20
Aug. 3
10
7.8
..8
L6
L2
05.00
L064
2.25
ail
4.15
Aug. 11
11
7.6
.9
L6
L2
66.48
L066
3.10
11.32
2.88
ia94
Aug. 17
12
7.9
.8
L4
1.0
01.75
L073
2.03
ia36
a 24
Aug. 22
13
as
.8
L7
LI
00.84
L073
2.00
14.25
2.34
laao
Aug. 26
14
a9
.8
L8
L2
62.38
L072
L80
14.44
2.04
14. «8
Aug. 31
8«*|^ 2
15
&0
-.7
L5
LO
64.36
L079
1>82
15.89
2.53
16
a6
.7
L4
LO
60.22
L079
L50
15.45
4.27
Sept. 5
17
9.6
.8
L9
L3
6a 42
L080
L96
15.39
3.11
S«*pt. 9
17
a4
.8
L6
LI
6a 77
L077
L70
iai4
2.40
Sept 15
18
9l0
.7
L6
LI
6L09
L077
L83
14.02
i^ 50
4.47
Oct. 4
After 18
a2
.8
L8
LO
89.67
L078
L48
a84
Oct. 15
.. do ....
6L6
.9
LI
69.61
L066
L28
11.09
4.00
Oct. 22
.. .do ....
9.1
.7
2.0
L2
60l47
L078
.86
laoi
4.07
ia23
Oct. 26
...do .'...
ao
.8
L7
LO
64.85
L071
LIO
12.41
4.09
12.48
Oct. 29
.. do....
7.0
.8
L6
LO
69.30
L075
1.06
ia34
4.02
13.56
Not. 1
...do ....
ao'
.8
2.0
L2
6L44
L067
L23
1L77
4.05
ILIO
Not. 3
. . . do ....
ao
.8
L5
LI
0L04
L075
L59
ia74
a69
ia41
Not. 5
...do ... .
9.0
.7
L6
LO
5a 31
L069
L22
M.17
5.64
11.74
Not. 8
.. do ....
7.0
.7
L2
LI
67.08
L067
.96
1L46
3.79
Not. 11
. ..do ....
7.5
.8
LO
.9
56.01
L064
L88
a68
4.64
a 38
Not. 14
. ..dp ....
as
i7
L2
.9
57.79
L060
L25
10.64
4.05
Not. 16
...do ...
6.8
.7
.8
,7
50.85
L071
L12
ia60
2.88
12.80
REPORT OF THE CHEMIBT.
407
NEW VARIETY OF LIBERIAN AND OOMSEEANA.— Contiuued.
J. N. Bakcjkr— Continued.
•
i ■
«
s
t.
■\
4i
•
•a
•
1
•
.a
.
m
a
c
■«i>
,£]
«
g
•m
4)
•s
08
^
}e
o
u
o
1
a
%
►
1
(
a
s
g
6 1
H
i
s
1
H
Lbg.
0.
•E
Lhn.
.1
(
s^e(i<i6. i
JnrA#
Pr.ef^
'
984
Sepi 2 1 16
1
8.7
.8
i.a
.8
56. 5.*} 1
1041
Sept. 5 1 17
1
a.7
.8
1.5
.9
56.50 1
lOM
Sept 9 ! 17 1
6.4
.8
1.4
.9
61.72
1192
Sept 15 1 18 1 1
Oct 4 i AfterlS 1
1
7.8
.8
1.5
1.0
58.64
1348
&8
.8
1.6
.9
55.23
1^082
L042
1.075
1.076
1.071
8
9
c
C3
Vr. ft.
l.SW
•» •»7
A.. A> f t
5.72
2.14
2.17
'3
i
2
£3
Pr.ct.
10.06
16.54
15.13
14.70
12.67
o
d
Pr. ct
4.23
4.70
2.33
8.28
2.53
i
04
Pr.et
15.72
16.03
13.56
14.04
12.29
MINNESOTA EARLY AMBER.
VlLMORIN.
27
194
73
83
IM
12S
217
242
268
284
314
965
450
480
543
645
724
790
875
989
965
1043
1100
1193
1349
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
Aug.
Aufr
Aug.
Aujt.
Aug.
Aug.
Sept.
Sept
Sept
6
1
16
2
9
3
11
3
13
4
13
5
13
6
16
7
18
8
19
9
20
9
21
9
22
9
25
10
29
10
80
11
3
11
12
13
17
13
QO
14
2C
31
2
5
9
15
4
After
15
1«
17
17
18
18
18
2
5.3
.8
6.0
.7
5.8
.9
7.5
.8
7.0
.9
7.3
.8
8.3
1.0
a5
.9
8.5
.8
&0
.7
&4
.7
8.9
.7
8.5
.7
ao
.7
9.0
.7
7.6
.8
7.5
.9
7.2
.8
8.4
.7
9.3
.7
7.7
.8
7.8
.7
9.0
.8
8.5
.7
7.8
.8
7.6
.8
8.3
.7
2.2
L2
1.3
2.6
1.5
L3
1.6
L7
1.3
1.2
L4
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
L4
1.6
1.3
L5
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.6
1.6
L8
.9
L3
2.2
1.2
LI
L3
L4
1.1
.9
LI
L2
LO
LI
LI
L2
L2
L4
.9
.8
l.l
LO
L2
L2
L2
.9
LO
6&90
66.51
68.31
68.26
7L71
70.32
66.72
72.77
72.00
79.47
70.80
7L29
69.70
64.59
63.38
67.80
63.71
64.60
.^aos
79.48
60.19
59. 49
60.00
:>%. 47
57.33
62.83
56.92
L018
L041
L023
L023
L024
L021
L026
L034
L040
L047
L040
1.039
1. 052
L053
L067
1.064
L067
L060
L081
L076
1.081
L079
L074
L082
L077
L066
L072
3.15
2.75
3.33
3,17
3.17
3.22
3.45
3.38
.96
3.43
3.10
3.50
2.94
3.15
2.13
2.70
L85
L47
L51
L56
L34
L19
•L17
L03
L38
L87
L59
.32
5.84
.28
Lll
.81
.32
L99
.39
6.86
0.39
5.57
&78
8.52
12.59
10.71
1L82
15.40
15.64
14.72
15.77
15.98
15.25
17.67
15.90
11.62
13.55
L86
2.69
2.54
2.22
2.21
2.08
L09
4.56
L31
2.21
3.10
L96
L91
2.57
5.43
8.76
L76
4.08
3.00
145
2.75
8.09
2.92
2.68
6.04
2. 39
8.73
12.90
8.96
14.19
14.04
1&33
' ia41
HOLCUS SACCHA.RATUS.
VlLMORtN.
127
218
319
637
•46
«0
361
726
890
art
July 13
July 16
Jniy 22
Aufc 3
AxxfC- 12
Aufc 12
Aug. 12
Aug. 17
Aug. 22
Aug. 26
Aug. 31
Sept 2
Sept 5
Sept 10
Sept 15
Oct 5
1
«>
tt
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
le
11
12
13
14
16
After 18
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5.0
6.0
9.6
9.7
a7
9.6
9.7
10.2
9.3
ao
9.1
10.1
10.4
10.5
a4
as
.8
. I
.8
.9
.8
.7
.8
.8
.7
.6
.9
LO
.8
.9
.8
.7
L2
.8
L6
L6
LI
.7
.8
L2
L7
LO
L4
L6
L2
LO
.9
.8
LO
.6
L2
LI
.8
.6
.6
.8
LI
.7
.9
LO
.8
.7
.6
.6
64.12
72.98
66.97
5a 27
4a 17
4L86
42.72
50.38
42.91
44.44
44.55
4a 42
4a 10
4a 48
47.93
44.82
L016
1.020
L025
L032
L038
1.037
L038
L056
L057
L051
L047
L042
L046
L046
L051
L058
1.03
.66
2.79
2.88
2.95
L82
L76
3.34
L27
2.81
4.01
2.10
3.84
a 21
2.59
2.82
4.47
2.76
a 18
4.28
2.48
7.64
a 46
2.27
7.95
a 73
2.10
7.23
&37
L57
5.53
4.83
.87
3.»87
6.58
L56
• 4.72
4.81
L37
4.83
5.27
L49
6.69
10>.64
.53
7.81
4.37
a 02
'6.*6i*
a99
6.56
"i'm
a 81
4.66
• • • • • I
408 HEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AQBICULTURE.
HOLCUS SORGHTOl.
VlLMORIN.
*s
•
1^
M
3
5
1
!
1
i -^
-a
«P4
1
J ^
o
1
i
0
1
i
0
m
•
i
O
^
H
•a
"S
«
If
a
^
.9
s
1
(4
1
1
B
•
I
1
P
^
i
I
CO
g
1
S
1
3
1
s
i
1
'Stage,
Feet,
Ineka
Lbe.
Lbe.
Pr.eU
Pr.eL
Pr.eL
Pr.eL
Pr,eL
58
July 6
July 9
Joly 16
3
1
1
5.0
7.0
7.0
.8
.8
.7
3.4
1.5
.9
2.5
Ll
.6
64.79
61.40
56.95
L016
L018
1.020
L35
.81
L04
'"".*9i
L18
2.68
2.25
3.17
74
195
1
128
Jnly 13
July 16
2
1
7.7
.7
1.1
.8
52. 09
L018
.67
.38
2.97
219
3
1
7.6
.7
LI
.8
59.67'
L020
L04
.46
3.81
243
Jaly 18
4
1
&5
.8
LI
.8
63.66
LOiO
3.56
L3S
269
Jaly 19
5
1
lao
.8/
L2
LO
56.29
LO05
LOS
L62
3.20
285
July 20
6
1
9.0
.8
L5
Ll
47.29
L021
L04
LOi
316
July 22
6
1
ia8
.8
L3
.9
47.44
L022
.84
L46
2.78
460
July 29
7
1
11.9
.7
LI
.7
50.29
L031
L45
8.57
5.51
i'ii
538
Aae. 3
7
1
11.1
.6
.9
.6
44.64
L034
.96
a 37
4.22
647
Aug. 12
8
1
11.7
.7
L9
L3
48.60
L034
L044
L51
2.94
3.96
726
Aug. 17
9
1
10.2
.7
LO
.5
43.67
LOO
5.32
4.16
3.87
801
Aug. 23
10
2
12.8
.9
2.0
L5
43.89
L042
.81
4.24
4.31
&7»
877
Aug. 27
11
1
11.4
.8
L3
.9
8(L66
L031
.87
&08
asi
2. 20
031
Aug. 31
12
2
ILO
.5
LI
.8
34.98
L064
.92
10.17
4.13
987
Sept 2
13
a
1L6
.7
l:
L3
38.27
L058
.87
&82
6.28
aas
1044
Sept 5
14
1
ILl
.9
Ll
.9
5L13
L064
.90
1L04
4.69
1107
Sept. 10
15
1
12.0
.8
LI
.9
4L96
L0S7
.82
a77
&07
8L63
1195
Sept 15
Oct 5
16
1
11.5
.8
.8
.7
47.75
L044
.81
4.14
6.06
1364
After 18
3
ILO
.7
L9
L2
35.01
L038
.05
3.18
4.04
&e>
HOLCUS CERNUS, WHITE.
VlLMORIN.
20
Joly 6
Jaly 18
8
46
ao
.8
.6
ao
Ll
a7
.8
5a 91
50.56
1.016
1 IVT
.37
ao5
a44
a 51
220
1
L027 .85
• •••••••
75
Joly 11
2
ao
L2
2.1
L7
50.90
L018
L84
2.28
120
Joly 13
2
ao
.9
L9
L3
5a 00
L019
.52
.53
a 75
286
July 20
3
1
a 3
.9
ai
L6
6L64
L023
L16
L16
• •••••••
824
July 22
a
a8
.6
LO
.6
4a K2
L029
L62
i37
a 10
384
July 26
4
a9
.9
ai
LS
54.63
L03U
.98
a 72
a 19
589
Aug. 3
5
a 6
.8
L4
.9
44.86
L056
L65
7.67
4.26
648
Aug. 12
6
ia3
.8
1.9
L2
4L34
L047
L64
a 14
4.44
5.*ft
653
Aug. 12
7
10.5
.8
2.2
L6
4a 30
L047
L85
a 96
4.51
LMl
654
Aug. 12
8
10.5
LO
2.1
L5
5a 38
L052
.77
7.74
4.60
7.08
727
Aug. 17
9
10.0
.8
2.3
L5
47.96
L063
.99
10.39
a 13
802
Aug. 23
10
ia5
.9
a5
L6
4a 51
L0:>5
.60
a 34
a56
878
Aug. 27
11
las
Ll
a 7
2.1
50.10
L062
.94
ia28
a89
ia26
932
Aug. 31
12
10 0
.9
as
L6
34.49
L070
L16
laio
a 13
988
Sept 2
13
10.0
LO
a6
L6
4a 20
L075
.62
14.58
4.24
1049
Sept 7
14
10.0
.7
L3
.9
3a36
i.ors
.99
ia57
4.19
1108
Sept 10
15
1*
lao
.7
L3
.8
83.88
L074
ass
1L96
4.83
1218
Sept 17
17
a2
.8
L7
LO
45.27
L075
.68
ia6i
4.31
1366
Oct 6
After 18
a8
.9
L6
Ll
57.27
L062
.47
1L49
4.80
HONEY CANE.
J. H.
CI.ARK.
130
July 18
1
as
LO
L7
L4
7L39
L016
L78
a 45
573
Aug. 6
2
ao
.9
2.6
ao
0&21
L030
4.61
ass
L16
L78
574
Aug. 6
3
lao
.8
a 2
L7
71.44
L029
4 61
ass
L12
L31
649
Aug. 12
4
10.5
.8
L8
L5
7a 28
LOSS
5.10
a64
aso
L86
av2
Aug. 12
5
10.6
.9
a2
L8
7L70
L039
a89
a63
aao
a45t
728
Aug. 17
6
1
n.4
LO
a7
ai
7L23
L050
4.17
7.80
LIO
aas
803
Aug. 23
7
lao
.9
a6
ai
66.31
L055
4.42
a 42
ao4
810
Aug. 23
Aug. 27
7
8
L068
L049
4.52
a 49
&26
6,16
a 15
4.18
7.90
879
ILO
.9
a2
2.5
66.13
as?
890
Aug. 27
Aug. 31
8
9
L049
L063
a 49
4.47
6.48
7.08
3.70
asi
a49
033
11.0
.5
L4
Ll
7L94
a«
989
Sept 2
10
lao
.8
L6
L2
66.54
L061
a 49
a 02
aa6
7. 9*
1050
Sept 7
11
ia5
.9
ai
L8
6a 64
L059
a 19
ao7
L02
7.41
1068
S«pt 7
Sept 10
11
12
LOSO
LOSS
a 19
a68
ao7
a 07
L04
a82
7.84
1100
1L3
.0
ai
LO
69.03
595
1219
S« pt 17
Oct 5
17
10.0
.8
a 3
ao
6L62
L070
a88
iao7
act
1£96
1866
After 18
1L5
.8
a 2
L6
57.62
L065
L64
1L05
2.W
ia96
i
BEPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
409
EGYPTIAN SUGAR CORN.
i
w
'
•
!
3
•
1
■I
1
i
t
1
1
1
i
a
G5
1
a
OQ
1
1
s
AOff*.
F-U
Inehs
Ut.
Ui,
Pr, eL
Fr,ci,
Pr.eL
iV.ct
Fr, et.
n
June 13
JtUM 20 >
June 27'
July 5
July 14
8
6
3
2.5
2.8
2.9
5.2
7.8
.8
LI
LO
.8
.7
67.30
69.10
78.10
68.78
64.86
L016
L014
L015
L017
L019
.94
L17
2.20
2.52
2.14
.25
.47
.16
.05
.60
L92
L52
L31
5
1
2
3
3
9
13
2.1
L2
L5
.8
52
2.81
M
July 16
4
7.5
.8
L6
LO
64.07
L019
L32
.74
4.90
78
July 11
6
7.6
1.1
2.8
L7
66.96
L021
2.38
.81
2.19
14
July 18
6
10.0
L2
2.4
L5
64.56
L027
2.49
2.12
2.80
16
July 18
7
8.0
L2
2.2
L4
63.67
L025
8.29
.89
L38
Iff
July 20
8
a4
1.1
2.4
L3
68.57
L026
2.92
••••••••
2.92
M)
July 21
8
&8
.8
L6
.8
62.28
L029
2.50
3.97
3.05
16
July 22
8
10.0
1.1
2.5
L4
60.64
L037
3.39
4.09
2.74
W
July 25
9
9.5
1-3
2.6
L4
60.20
L084
2.67
6.07
L64
n
July 25
July 26
9
10
L035
L039
2.61
3.07
3.76
6.07
2.03
2.01
72
mo
1.4
3 6
L8
62.95
Bt
Aujp. 1
11
10.0
LO
2.3
L8
59.27
L050
3.21
7.69
2.81
7.32
76
Aug. 6
11
&0
.8
2.0
.9
63.26
L036
4.17
3.94
2.12
3.28
B6
AvR. 8
12
9.2
LI
2.1
LO
64.33
L034
3.22
3.85
2.89
3.66
»7
Auff. 0
11
9.3
.9
2.1
LI
6L81
L048
3.66
6.73
L73
6.61
50
Aug. 13
13
9.1
LI
2.6
LI
57.46
L039
2.41
6.71
L07
ll8
20
Aug. 17
13
9.5
LO
2.3
L2
57.00
1.038
3.50
4.34
L99
06
Aug. 23
, 14
9.0
.9
3.3
L7
53.99
L053
2.19
9.27
2.03
7.92
00
Aug. 27
15
8.2
LO
L8
LI
.''»&38
L062
2.40
1L02
4.14
10.96
M
Aug. 31
16
1
9.2
L3
2.1
L3
54.71
L040
2.74
4.72
3.11
W
Sept. 2
17
9.0
LO
L5
LO
57.30
L061
2.59
12.80
L96
io.84
51
Sept 7
17
&0
LO
L6
L3
54.85
L073
L73
13.50
2.19
10
Sept. 10
18
9.3
.9
L3
.9
53.63
'L047
2.60
7.68
LOS
EGYPTIAN SUGAR CORN.
Analysis made after the ears of com had been plucksd.
07
56
50
14
ID
22
23
B5
66
72
45
46
77
78
<3
' Aug. 9
Aug. 18
Aug. 18
Aug. 23
Aug. 23
Aug. 80
Aug. 30
SipU 1
Sept. 1
Sept 1
Sept 5
Hept 6
Sept 8
Sept 6
eB O
■I
a fa g
J?5
I
0
7
7
14
14
21
21
21
21
21
28
28
28
28
m
1
m
s
0
JZ5
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
.a
a
Ft€t.
9.3
ILO
9.5
9.5
9.0
9.0
82
7.8
7.6
S
u
<v
<0
9.4
9.0
8.0
9.0
.9
LI
LI
L2
LI
LI
LO
LO
LI
LI
.9
LI
LO
«5
•a
9
H
}:;
Lb8
2.1
L.8
8
2.7
2.3
L3
L5
L8
L5
LI
L5
L8
L8
4i
.a
if
Sk
1
en
Lb:
LI
L4
1.4
2.3
2.0
L2
L3
LO
LI
.8
L8
L5
L5
%
o
On
a
Fr.tL
61.81
60.16
00.60
6.^88
55. 35
56.57
6L19
6U.00
69.02
5ai4
51.12
51.79
55.21
f.
©■
L043
L0.55
L047
1.040
1. 0.''^)
LOiiS
L067
L061
1.060
1.061
L071
L060
LOe.'i
L059
1L40
ia55
410
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTUI
LINDSAYS HORSE TOOTH.
IB
"S
a
«■
*-•
o
«
S
•3
C
o
1
1 1
•
i
1|
1
i
0
—I
1
a
1
a
0
JZ5
t
1
a
.3
e
H
i 5
( CD
•3
CO
5
Pr.eL
s
Stage.
t
i Feet.
Jno^
Lb*.
1
Fr.ct
JV.i
3
Jane 13
June 20
July 16
6
2.8
a.2
1.0
1.2
.8
I
5a 70
73.40
65. 6{
L016
L015
L024
.98
L17
a66
6
. •«
.......... —
199
i
1 6L0
LI
.7
•
10
June 27
Joly 16
3 4.4
1 7.0
LI
.9
7a 40
6a 67
L017
L023
a 12
a85
'
200
2
L9
L3
m
14
Joly 5
5w5
1.5
3.8
2.8
67.32
L018
a27
153
July 14
3
8.7
1.4
4.0
ao
67.61
L020
a39
m '
am
July 16
4
6.5
1.0
L3
.9
57.50
L029
a28
a
79
July 11
5
1
6.7
L3
3.8
a4
6a 00
L018
ao3
• *
246
July 18
6
1
11.3
1.4
a7
a7
74.29
L025
a 70
1
288
July 20
7
1
lao
LI
2.4
L8
6a 76
L028
a 79
• '
317
July 22
7
9.0
1.2
2L5
L6
6a 35
L024
a50
L
291
July 21
8
las
LI
2.2
L5
6a 56
L024
a36
a>
367
July 25
9
11.0
L2
ao
L7
6a 45
L030
ao6
a:
378
July 26
9
ILO
L2
a4
a2
64.34
L030
a 61
10. (
484
Aujf. 1
10
10.5
.8
a6
L5
58.04
L050
a 51
7.1
482
Aug. 1
11
11.5
LO
ao
L7
62.87
L040
a94
a:
576
Aug. 6
11
11.9
LI
a7
L8
5a 85
L041
a 76
5.1
587
Aug. 8
12
ILl
LI
as
ao
6a 29
L040
a 70
4.1
660
Aug. 13
13
ia9
LI
4.1
as
62.90
L046
a54
7.1
751
Aug. 18
13
ms
L2
a7
L9
58.95
1.041
a23
a<
806
Aug. 23
14
10.5
LO
4.4
a2
54.56
L042
ao2
a:
881
Aug. 27
15
10.3
L8
a 2
L7
60. &0
LOll
a92
4.)
935
Aug. 31
16
1 iP.1 1
LO
a4
L5
50.09
L050
ao9
7.]
991
Sept 2
17
ao
L4
2.7
ai
6L48
LQ56
L53
lai
1052
Sept. 7
17
11.0
LI
2.2
.9
50.45
L032
.77
a]
1111
SepllO
18
10.8
LI
2.3
L9
50.91
L061
LOO
ILi
BLOUNT'S PROLIFIC.
??.
July 7
July 13
a5
7.5
L2
LI
a?
as
as
L7
67.21
66.37
L017
LOIS
L76
L48
.1
131
1
«
• «
202
July 16
2
a5
.6
.9
.6
68.09
L020
a 79
• >
154
July 14
.1
a 8
.9
a4
L6
rA75
L023
a 26
L«
289
July 20
4
9.0
.9
ao
L4
65.44
L021
a 05
318
July 22
4
1 8.2
.7
L2
.8
.W-S?
L02S
a77
L!
292
July 21
5
1 10.4
L2
ae
L7
6a80
L024
aoo
L'
293
July 21
6
a 8
.8
L3
.9
67.90
L029
a82
a-
294'
July 21
7
a 5
.9
ai
LI
64.84
L027
a 61
L!
368
July 25
8
lao
.8
L9
.9
65.37
L029
L59
aj
374
J«ly 26
9
ia5
LO
as
L5
59.85
L037
a65
4.)
483
Aug. 1
10
las
LO
ao
L2
55.78
L042
ass
a-
500
Aug. 1
10
L045
a24
a:
577
Aug. 6
11
lao
.9
a4
LO
si.is
L044
a28
a)
589
Aug. 9
11
10.3
LO
as
.9
4a 62
L029
a34
ai
061
Aug. 13
12
10.6
LO
ao
L3
67.39
L033
a 35
a<
752
Aug. 18
12
2
las
.8
a2
.8
4a 02
L037
L92
4.:
907
Aug. 23
13
ia5
.9
a4
ao
5L84
L048
L63
7.!
882
Aug. 27
14
a 5
LO
L8
LO
67.47
L045
L90
7.]
966
Aug. 31
15
ILO
L3
ao
LI
5a 52
L028
.69
L!
n2
Sept 2
16
ILO
L2
L9
1.2
4a 62
L027
.70
a:
10S3
Sept 7
17
10.0
LO
LI
.9
55.22
L051
L36
a^
1112
Sept. 10
18
a5
LI
L7
LO
4a 67
•
L041
L92
1
a(
MPROVED PROLIFIC BREAD.
33 July 7
132 I July 13
156 i July 15
247 i July 18
295 ' July 21
296 July 21
S69 July 25
375 July 26
1
1
2
3
4
5
5
6
ao
a 2
7.5
lao
10.4
10.0
8.7
10.0
L3
LI
L2
L2
L4
L2
.9
LO
ao
as
as
as
as
ai
1.9
as
L9
a4
a 5
LO
a7
as *
L2 !
ao 1
71.09
1.016
a 15
1
60.72
Lon
L87
6a34
L020
L83
*
70. 06
L024
a44
(
63. a*!
L024
a86
L'
67.59
1. 022 2. 99
1
60.49,
1. 030 a 92
o
6LU3
L033
a«7
L
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
411
IMPROVED PROLIFIC BREAD— Continued.
•
'2
'
•
•
I. .
0
•**
i
f
1
p
"8
1
1
ID
O
•
JS
o
1
t
0
>
a
c
0
0
0
■•-»
bfl
3
«
0
0
i
s
1
1
£
3
U)
»«
^
c
5
1
.a
1
CO
3
0
to
Pr.cL
4
Pi
Stay*.
/'c«f.
Jneht.
TV
x&*.
Pr. c«.
rr. ct.
Pr.cL
Pr.cL
376
July
26
7
1
10.4
1.1
3.3
2.0
61.39
1.029
2.44
2.31
2.68
2.16
485
Aug.
1
8
1
11.5
1.2
a2
2.1
6.5.74
1. 0.^8
2. 53
4.92
2.90'
4.25
493
Aug.
Aug.
1
9
8
9
^
...
>
1. U37
1. 04U
2. 5.3
2.68
4.58
7.5^
2.72
1.65
4.15
590
2
ii.9
1.1
7.2
'"4.2'
"57.89'
7.02
662
Aug.
13
12
1
12.1
1.0
4.3
2.1
5C.60
1.047
2.32
7.32
-L53
2.18
7.30
7.'i3
Aug.
18
12
1
11.0
.9
3.2
1.7
59.48
1.039
2.98
5..09
4«50
ms
Aug.
23
10
1
a7
.8
1.4
.9
52.56
1.P45
3.76
5.20
2.52
7.01
8<)9
Aug.
2.J
11
2
a.0
.8
3.0
2.2
61.60
1.043
1.33
4.U1
5.11
5.10
804
Aug.
Aug.
23
23
13
13
1.040
1.040
2.28
2.42
6.29
5. 16
2.33
2.51
8.09!
Hll
1
12.0
1.1
4.0
"z'o
62.36
4.73
883
Aug.
27
14
1
11.3
1.0
4.0
2.0
60.30
1.044
2.32
7.44
2.55
6.63
891
Aug.
Aug.
27
31
14
15
l.#44
1. 0.^1
2.39
2.05
7.28
4.79
2.41
1.95
6l66
»37
1
ii.o
1.0
2.0
1.5
40.60
998
SepL
2
16
I
10.7
1.0
2.2
1.3
51.49
1.035
2.05
4.29
2.f'3
3.96
l!054
JM'pt
7
17
1
10.5
1.1
2.5
1.3
63.18
1.041
1.92
6.50
2.00
U13
Sept
10,
18
1
11.2
1.1
2.3
1.3
M.05
1.031
1.61
3.31
--^.54
ids
BROAD WHITE FLAT DENT.
34
133
156
297
298
299
370
377
378
487
502
663
754
812
HK4
938
WW
lO.'iS
IIU
July 7
July 13
July 15
July 21
Julv 21
July 21
Jnlv 25
July 20
July 26
i«ig. 1
Aug. 9
Aug. 13
Aug. 18
Aug. 23
Aug. 27
Aug. 31
Srpt. 2
Sept. 7
Sept. 10
1
1
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
1::
14
15
5.0
1.0
2.2
8.0
1.3
3.0
7.1
1.0
2.4
7.6
1.1
2.4
8.1
1.1
2.3
8.6
1.3
3.1
8.5
1.2
2.3
9.0
1.1
1.8
9.3
1.0
2.7
1 i 11.0
1.0
2.9
1 1 10.2
1.1
8.0
10.7
1.4
4.1
10.3
1.0
2.3
1
11.4
1.1
2.5
1
10.6
1.3
4.4
1 : 10.8
1.2 <
1.7
1 1 12.5
1.1
2.6
1 1 10.5
1.0
1.8
ILO
1.1
2.2
1.6
2.2
1.7
1.6
1.6
2.1
1.6
1.2
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.3
1.3
1.7
2.1
1.1
1.9
1.2
1.2
63.92
67.09
66.79
58.69
61.55
63.18
77. HI
59. 61
66.93
59. 46
59.97
'54.25
60.39
54.06
71.39
51.40
51.47
47.03
1.018
1.021
1. 023
1.025
1.025
1.030
1.025
1. 029
1.036
1.040
1.055
1.045
1.035
1.044
1. 040
1. 051
1. 055
1. ««>9
1.030
2.54
2.44
2.50
3.29
3.11
4.28
2.38
3.59
3.74
3.66
2.25
2.24
2.98
3.53
Lost.
2.92
2.84
2. 25
1.15
.18
.34
.59
1.16
1.04
1.91
.83
1.47
a 12
4.29
9.97
6.27
3.03
4.30
7.64
9.97
12. 55
3.537
2.19
1.26
2.18
2.67
2.97
2.07
3.42
2.81.
2.02
2.62
i.:«
3.16
3.02
3.04
3.86
2.26
2.50
2.80
1,27
2.83
a 75
&14
6.31
2.95
4.36
4.94
7.32
a 73
1L74
a 24
LONG NARROW WniTE DENT.
35
157
soo
301
302
379
380
486
488
593
655
755
813
816
847
Ml
885
939
953
995 I
1056 i
1115 :
1122 1
Joly 7
July 15
July 21
July 21
July 21
July 26
July 26
Aug. 1
Aug. 1
Aug. 9
Aug. 12
Aug. 18
Aug. 23
Aug. 24
Aug. 26
Aug. 26
Aug. 27
Aug. 31
Aug. 31
St>pL 2
.S*pt. 7
S<pt 10
H<>pt. 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
13
14
15
15
16
\l
18
4.3
7.5
7.0
7.8
7^8
9.7
9.5
10.0
10.3
10.2
10.4
9.2
10.6
9.8
0.5
10.0
9:5
9.8
10. 5
1.3
1.0
.8
.8
1.1
1.1
L2
l.l
LI
1.1
1.1
l.l
1.2
L2
1.1
L4
2.7
1.9
1.5
1.8
2.4
1.9
2.2
a 7
a 2
a 6
4.0
4.5
2.7
4.3
a 3
a 4
1.0 '
.9 I
1.3 I
o o
1.5
3. H
2-0
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.7
2.3
1.8
2.1
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.1
68.84
60. 27
6.'.. t»7
65.37
60.27
60.96
56.83
59. 77
56.96
.59. 70
62. 77
6^34
53.58
6a 05
57.73
5a 55
45.95
56, 00
55.47
1.019
1. 024
1. 0*J9
1.026
1. 0'J3
1. 03;J
1.033
1.045
1.046
1.041
1. 0.^3
1.049
1. O.-iO
1.048
1.062
1. 062
1.048
1.042
1.042
1. O.'SO
1. ntr.
1. 0.^8
1.058
2.21
.23
1.71
2.41
1.8.3
a 06
a 54
1.43
a66
a 27
l.M
a 29
a 48
1.60
2.34
a 15
a.5C
2.16
a 69
3. 05
2.16
3.10
a .56
5. 34
a 16
5. 81
a 12,
4.50
4.40
1.47^
4.41
8.32
2.27
a 58
6.90
2.48
1.97
10.67
2.32
2. 53
7.34
2.25
2.36
11.62
L98
2.36
11.74
l.iK)
a 16
7.59
2.75
1.55
6.20
a 90
aǤ
1.61
5:42
a25
9.51
a 24
1.84
laii
2.52
2.56
10.59
2.06
♦2.51
10.30
2.31
2.80
.136
a65
a 03
7.03
10.49
"ii.si*
11.63
7.28
6.26
a 81?
10.20
10.29
412
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OK AGKICULTUKE.
CHESTER COmnt MAMMOTH.
i
s
O
36
134
158
159
IGO
ICl
248
308
304
489
490
381
382
rm
6M
756
817
848
886
940
996
10S7
1116
I
July 7
Julv J3
July 15
JiUy 15
July 15
July 15
July 18
July 21
July 21
Auf. 1
Aug. 1
July 26
July 26
Aug. 9
Alig. 12
Aug. 18
Aug. 24
Aug. 26
Aug. 27
Aug. 31
Sept 2
Sfpt 7
Sept 10
I
o
k
Stags.
1
1
o
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
8-
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
16
17
17
18
1
O
h
a
s
FetL
1
•
5
f
1
f
P*
J
*r*
H
1
•
1
s
i
1
5
ii
9
1
i
Inckk
IM.
Lbt.
Pr.et.
Pr.et.
Pr.et.
Pr.et.
5.1
1.3
2.7
L9
63.81
L021
8l84
.64
L99
X
6.0
L2
2.7
L9
55.50
L020
4.16
.35
2.40
6.0
1.6
a.7
3.0
7L76
L022
2.97
.72
2 91
7.0
1.0
2.6
L8
60.-84
L022
186
.16
3.81
7.0
1.0
2.1
L3
56.24
L032
S.81
2.00
3.73
lao
1*3
3.9
2.'0
67.67.
L025
2.74
L41
4.68
ao
L4
3.5
L8
61.68
L036
3.17
3.22
2.82
10.8
LI
2.3
H
65.96
L034
8.74
2.13
3.33
9.3
L4
2.8
57.14
L035
8.32
4.63
3. SO
8.7
1.8
4.2
L9
58.89
L039
L039
L050
2.11
2.18
2.64
&64
5.92
7.76
3.07
2.23
L65.
^
8.1^
1.2
2.3
"L'i'
"56.04'
9.3^
.9
2.8
LO
50.55
L<H9
2.92
8.24.
L99'
•l
a9
1.0
ai
L4
54.62
L041
3.24
6.16
.73
a2
1.2
3.8
1 3
67.01
L041
2.40
5i82
2.92
8.5
1.0
2.5
LO
52.41
L039
3.36
5.12
1.75
9.6
1.8
2.8
L8
5&81
L029
L2.'>
2.47
3.08
9.0
1.2
3.3
L2
6114
L064
L29
12.94
L88
&0
LO
2.6
.8
57 49
L036 I 2.31
3.71
4.45
8.6
1.2
L3
.5
4L66
L036
L82 ! 3.78
4.16
10.0
.9
1.7
L4
53.11
L067
L44
13.88
2.86
10.8
LO
L2
.8
62.08
L03:i
L50
3.99}
2.86
It
10.0
L2
2.2
L5
46.77
L039
L44
5.94
1 ^'^^
a
I
0
•3
9*
Pr.dL
.a
5l71
4.0
12.17
6.9
EIGHTEEN-ROWED YELLOW DENT.
87
162
163
249
805
306
307
383
491
595
657
757
818
824
849
861
887
941
1003
1068
1117
1121
July 7
July 16
July 15
July 18
July 21
July 21
July 21
July 26
Aug. 1
Aug. 9
Aug. 12
Aug. 18
Aug. 24
Aug. 24
Aug. 26
Aug. 26
Aug. 27
Aug. 31
Sept 3
Sept 7
S pt 10
Sept 10
1
5.2
L8
3.3
2.4
65.86
L022
3.56
o
6.0
LI
L8
L2
62.88
L023
8.64
3
5.6
L8
2.8
L9
62.32
L023
2.86
4
1
8.0
L3
3.0
L6
68.47
L028
2.49
5
7.6
LO
L9
L3
62.84
L028
3.86
6
6.6
LI
2.0
L2
60.17-
L031
4.21
7
8.1
L2
2.8
L6
66.09
L028
3.95
8
9.2
L2
2.6
L6
6L03
L032
3.96
9
8.6
LI
8.6
L7
60.62
L043
3.65
10
8.5
LI
5.8
2.4
04. ol«
L044
3.05
11
10.2
L3
4.2
2.f>
54.90
L052
3.20
12
8.5
L3
3.7
L3
55.40
L086
3.35
13
10.2
L6
4.3
2.3
58.44
L050
L50
13
13
L049
L060
L46
L32
10.0
L4
* ii
2.2
49.80
13
14
L061
L031
L53
2.80
7.7
"ill
2.8
L4
59l38
16
9.0
L3
2.3
»2
49.64
L045
8.22
16
&1
L3
2.1
L5
50.00
1.062
2.11
17
9.0
L2
2.3
.7
37.94
L080
L20
18
m
9.7
L6
3.1
L9
63.53
L057
L56
18
L057
L59
.86
.48
.65
L89
L57
2.07
2.23
3.86
5.17
6.87
8.34
4.15
9.20
13.60
1L56
11.48
8.13
6.18
1L89
4.35f
1L79
1L62
LTf
3.2k
4.89
5.34
2.83
2L98
2.67 i
1.40
2.92 I
L.% i
2.81 ;
2.05 j
L8L
-2.48
2,54
2.07
.^39
2.66
5.80?
2.12
2.78
2.50
I
e.40
7.«
T.4»f
&5<
R«
laTT
10. T«
8.34
'iLii"
10. Si
In the following tables are given the average of the determinatioii])
for each stage of development for e.ach variety.
In addition to the colnmns giving the average results of the several
determinations given in the preceding tables, there is given a column
showing what is termed the percentage of available sugar present in
the juice, i. e., the amount of sugar which may be obtained as sugar
from the juice, for, as is generally known, the amount of sugar to be
obtained from any given specimen of juice depends obviously upon the
amount of sugar present; but not alone ui>on this, but also" upon the
amount of glucose, and other matters present, since, as is well known,
the efi'ect of these is to prevent the cryst^lization of a portion of the
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST. 413
sugar preseut, and, hence, to increase the relative amount of molasses,
the molasses consisting of glucose, water, mineral matters (the ash),
and more or less, sugar, which practically cannot be recovered as such.
Kow this molasses-producing (melassigenic) property of the several
impurities present in the juices of cane, sorghum, and beets has been a
subject of considerable exx)eriment, but at the present time the exact
effect of each impurity is not kriown.
The average of thirty-four analyses of sorghum juices, made in this
laboratory, shows an average percentage of ash equal to 1.06; the
maximum being 1.66 ]ier cent, and the minimum being .82 per cent.
We may, then, safely estimate the ash as being about one per cent of
the juice.
Now, while all authorities are agreed as to the melassigenic effect of
certain of the mineral constituents of the ash, there is much diiSerenoe
as to the action of other mineral matters, and while some of these are
regarded as quite indifferent in their action, other constituents of the
ash are shown to strongly favor the crystallization of the sugar. For
example, potassium carbonate increases the quantity of molasses pi-o-
duced, potassium sulphate appears to have no effect, while magnesium
sulphat^ seems to favor the crystallization of sugar, and thus decrease
the amount of molasses.
It is highly probable that much of the good effect attributed to the
use of sulphurous acid, as an aid in the crystallization of simps, is due
to the fact that it converts the harmful alkaline carbonates into the
inert sulphates. In the report of our work last year we, in accordance
with a common practice among sugar-ms^ers, made use of the so-called
"exjionent,'' which represented the relative purity of the different juices.
This ^^ exponent" was the percentage of sucrose in the total solids of the
juice; and this represented the percentage of the sugar present in the
juice which could be in practice obtained as sugar. ^Vhile this method
of calculation is doubtless at least approximately correct when applied
to those juices which are generally worked up for sugar, it is obvioud^*
erroneous when applied to juices poor in sugar and with comparatively
large mnounts of other solids.
We have, therefore, this year adopted a method for calculating the
available sugar, viz. : — ^the difference between the per cent, of sucrose and
the sum of Uie )K'r cents of glucose and solids not sugar, and although
confident that all the experiments of Marschall, La Grange, and others
go to^prove that the amount of available sugar thus shown is beyond
question too low, it is at least safe to err upon this side rather than the
other.
If we apply the.se two methods to two specimens of juice, one good
and the other poor, it will be seen that for the good juice the two meth-
ods approximately agree, while for the poor juice they differ widely, and
there is no doubt but that the method of the exponent is in such a case
inwplicable; e.g. —
Juice A contains: sucrose, 3M per cent.; glucose, 4.50 i)er cent; sol-
ids, 1.78 per cent The exponent would be 35.85 and the available sugar
1.26 per cent; or, by the other method, 3.51— r4.50-f 1.78)=— 2.77.
Juice B contains: sucrose, 15.30 percent; glucose, .87 per cent; sol-
ids, 2.95 per cent. The exponent would be 80.02 and the available sugar
12.24 per cent; or, by the other method, 15.30— (.87 -f2.95)=I1.48 per
cent.
It is ^m the above assumed cases obvious that the last method of
calculation, although giving probably too low a result, is one of general
application, since no one would regard it as possible practically to ob-
tain any sugar from a juice having the composition of the otv^ ixvwVi^iV ^s.,
i .
BERORT OF TH£ CHEMIST.
415 V
EABLT AMBER— Contiivned.
Carll and Gabdner— Contifined.
Jufcr
Aug.
AUR.
Aujt.
Aug.
Ang.
Aug.
Sept
.; Sept.
J Oct
Oct.
Oct.
Nov.
Nov.
29
1
8
13
18
26
31
f»
13
10
20
30
10
17
July 30
Aug. 3
Aug. 9
Aug. 12
Aug. 16
Aug. 19
Aug. 2G
Sept. 3
Sept 10
=id
s
Pr.et
14. 98
17.59
19.86
19. K J
20.31
21.44
22.79
22.22
no QO
19.47
19.00
18. 91
18.48
18.07
It
n
si
9ao
11.39
12.82
13.89
10.92
13.96
17.01
13.76
13.95
14.09
Pr.et
3.54
&ei
6.06
9.40
9.85
14.62
12. 32
10.00
9.46
8.4P
9."^
9.23
I
Pr.et.
1
60.00
I 1.057
64.66
LOW
63.37
1.072
64.51
1.071
68.39
1.068
58.45
LOSS
62. 77
63.53
1.001
1.0^
46.8?
1.080
56.09
1.078
56.13
1.076
59.16
1.076
61.12
L075
54.69
1.074
EARLY GOLDEN.
A. B. Swain.
. • •
Jfly
6
July 4
1
. • •
16
July 6
1
> • -
July
8
July 8
1
.••
n
13
July 9
2
. « •
1
July 11
2
• • •
July
14
July 14
1
• ••
July
18
July 18
1
• . •
July
19
July 25
July 27
1
• • •
July
26
4
• ••
July
28
July 30
2
» ••
Aug.
-li
Aug. 3
1
... Au-.
>i
Aug. 9
1
...' Aug.
n
A\i\i. 12
1
. ..1 Aug.
19
Auc. 16
1
..: Ajig.
26
Ai^. lU
3
...< Aug.
:\\
Awor. 2H
1
...; Sept.
•}
Stpt 3
... Sfpt.
13
Sept. 10
•1
...| Oct
10
»>
... 0»t
20
1
...: Oct
30
1
4
...! Nov.
10
1
.'{
... Nov.
17
1
«>
3.11
3..10
3.17
2.46
'L^
2.95
3.00
1 i 2. 97 j
2..3H '
2.48 !
1.70 I
1.33 1
1.10
1.69 ,
1. 55 I
1.26 '
1.34 '
1.28
1.03
1.10
i.:«
1.32
2.91
1.30
1. 58
1.54
1.69
4.04
5.25
5.42
9.«6
11.14
13.84
14.64
14. 57
14. 4«
15.30
18. OtJ ?
1 7. 05
IH. .50
.90
2.40
3.16
2.00
4.10
3.67
1.17
1.17
2.80
l.iBO
2.91
4.96
4.02
2.67
3.65
3.73
2.76
3.38
<L£2
R^C
7.91
6.01,
a 42
10.66
9.42
9.56
14.50
15. 22
18.51
20. 93
19. 75
18.84
20. 50
2:^.07
21.30
21.2'-' '
0.84
10.27
13.03
14. -22
i3.84
3,14
18.26
10. 11
3.86
21.00
14. 43
I?. 99
3.85
19.38 1
8.84
18.16
13.99
3.45
18.76
16.27
15.41
12.70
14.66
L08
1.18
4.08
7.06
0.17
&35
9.39
10.12
10.16
13.09
14.00
11.78
9.42
11.22
0.48
7.82
66.00
69.68
71.33
67.03
68.85
68.01
66.30
60.57
67.12
6&95
64.26
60.76
64.31
.'V8.50
59.14
b:{. 42
57. 54
54.00
.54. :.5
58. 78
55.27
56.71
55.42
1.026
1.027
1.023
L021
1.034
1.036
L040
1.046
1.055
1.061
1.073
1. 075
1.078
1.077
1. 082
1.090
L086
1.083
L074
1.085
1.078
1.073
1.076
WHITE LIBERIAN.
Mr. NE8BIT.
-.1 July
. •: July
.. ^xHis
..! July
.. July
..{ July
. -t July
..;.July
.. JulV
July
tag.
.! Aug.
; Auj;.
Aug.
Aug.
6
16
16
9
13
13
14
H?
19
24
20
1
8
13
19
25
30
July 1
July 3
JulV 6
Julv 8
•Tuly 11
July 12
Julv 14
Jiih 18
JulV 25 I
JulV 27 ,
Julv 30
An^r. 3
Aug. 9
Aug. 12
Aug. 10
Aug. 19
Aug. 26
1
1
1
»»
2
.>
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
•I
2
2.88
: 2. 90
3. (JS
3.10
2.74
2.48
3.21
3.03
i 3.01
3.05
2.38
I 1.49
i 1.34
.92
' 1.31
I .06
1 LOO
4.31
1.20
L76
.89
1.20
1.70
2.85
5. 21
5.63
7.81
11. 34
14.39
14.64
16.90
15. 15
17.52
17.65
*>7
2.21
3. 00
2. 05
4.53
2.66
1.35
5.04
a 67
2.25
3.36
4.74
3tl5
3.26
2.80
8.25
6.2
5. 85
7.05
0. 98
5. m)
8. SO
a 72
9. .59
13.68
14.5;J
15.97
10.24
20.72
20.97
19.72
21.28
2L00
8.09
10. 99
13,96
14.03
16.18
14. 25
16.03
.83
1.09
6.71
9.54
8.56
12,83
10.68
1X76
13.40
1 13.76 ,
1 13.40 I
68.00
L02O
64. 29
1. 024
72.31
1.027
71.62
1. 024
65. (»5
L025
65 34
L025
72. 78
L032
72.07
1.042
72.61
L m
05,57
1. 052
60.^0
L066
64. 02
l..i)73
6.5.79
62.18
1.076
1. 0F2
61. Of
L080
58.24
L087
60.57
L086
Plate 11
5 Short. ( D W.Aiken)
— o— o-Available Sugar
1 (
BEPORT OP THE CHEMIST.
417
BLACK TOP, TALL.
D. W. Aiken.
I
QD
1
2
3
4
5
8
7
8
9
10
11
18
14
Jnly 28
Jnly 28
Jnly 27
Ang. 1
July 80
Ane. 5
Aug. 11
Aug. 19
Aug. 25
Aug. 29
Sept 3
Sept 12
Sept 17
Jnly 24
Jnly 26
July 27
Jnly 30
Aug. 1
Aug. 12
Aug. 10
Aug. 22
Ang. 26
Aug. 29
Sept 3
Sept 12
Sept 17
ll
d
1
1
1
3
2
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
i
o
5
Pf, cL
L81
L56
L87
L55
2.29
L19
1.69
1.86
1.17
.68
.78
.87
.69
Pr,et
4.69
4.95
6.88
6.24
5.79
7.93
a79
1L50
14.42
15.75
1L97
12.27
13.28
Pr.«t
2.47
L85
L19
8.80
4.28
4.50
4.37
2.24
2.45
5.18
7.34f
8.77
3.78
I
3
JV.ot
a97
a36
&72
U.39
12.36
13.62
15.85
15.09
18.04
21.61
20.09f
16.91
17.70
6.81
4.86
7.76
&98
laso
18.28
Fr.cL
.41
L54
2.60
LOO
— .78
2.24
3.73
7.91
10.80
a89
a 85?
7.63
&86
Fr.eL
61.08
50.18
58.89
58L58
60.00
58.08
57.41
56.60
53.87
55.16
58.41
45.16
53.97
L080
1.036
L039
L044
L043
L050
L060
1.064
L077
1.087
L065
L070
1.073
AFRICAN.
W. £. Parks.
1.,
Jnly 16
Jnly 8
Jnly 10
Jnly 12
Jnly 14
Jnly 18
Jnly 19
Jnly 23
July 23
Jnly 25
Ang. 5
Aug. 9
Aug. 13
Ang. 19
Aug. 25
Aug. 80
S^ 8
Sept 17
Oct 10
Oct. il
Not. a
Not. n
Jnly 8
Jnly 8
July 9
Jnly 16
Jnly 18
Jnly 18
Jnly 19
Jnly 20
Jnly 26
Jnly 30
Aug. 3
Ang. 12
Aug. 18
Aug. 19
Ang. 24
Aug. 39
Sept 3
Sept 17
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
8
3
1
2
4
3
2
1.99
L84
L91
8.10
1.79
L99
2.52
2.98
2.78
2.32
3.08
2.92
1.87
2.96
1.48
2.42
1.38
.57
2.13
.86
.82
.86
2.45
1.28
2.81
L20
8.25
4.41
6L96
6.82
4.78
7.84
6.52
6.76
11.78
8.31
16.62
13.66
17.47
17.60
14.66
ia45
1L71
— '
2.91
L64
4.23
3.88
2.77
L04
4.86
4.82
4.40
2.30
4.81
1.98
2.73
1.60
2.17
2.40
2.83
3.12
3.60
4.29
1.12
7.35
4.78
&46
7.68
7.81
7.44
14.84
13.87
1L94
12.46
13.86
11.68
16.88
12.77
20.07
1&57
21.68
2L38
20.39
18.60
16.65
14.86
88.09
81.42
67.87
65.09
88L07
68.69
88.11
86.71
86.88
66.20
68.83
65.18
63.58
68.12
62.10
68.22
52.71
59.30
66.08
67.12
67.78
58.26
1.027
o
1.018
3
L024
4
L028
5
7.53
7.01
. 6.25
ILia
"i6."05*
14.55
'"ii27"
9.59
10.65
—1.81
1.88
— .42
—1.78
—2.42
8.22
— .82
L86
7.18
8.75
13.17
&76
18.28
14.00
&98
8.30
8.77
6.16
1.080
6
L035
7
1.048
8
1.047
9
1.042
10
1.051
11
L050
v»
1.046
13
L068
u
1.057
15
1.076
16
L075
17..........
1.080
18
A fb&t 18 ....
L087
L083
After 18....
1.075
After 18....
1.089
AfU^r 18---
10. 01 i a. ^
1.062
, --
AFRICAN SHORT.
W. £. Parks.
15...
16...
17.^
18...
Ang. 24
Sept. 3
Sept 12
Sept 17
Ang. 24
3
1.14
12.57
4.12
17.83
Sopt 3
1
3.40
1L04?
6 91
22.34
Sept 12
1
2.70
12.30
3.12
18.12
Sept 17
1
L28
12.12
4.12
17.52
15.27f
7.81
1.54
8.48
8.72
88.61
60.00
6La6
6L06
L077
1.074
1.076
1.073
WHITE MAMMOTH.
Amos Carpenter.
Before 1
1
2 ......
4
5
6
7
July 8
Jnly 12
July 27
June 23
June 25
Jnno 30
1
1
2
1.11
L81
3.02
.26
.49
3.73
a 17
L67
1.86
4.54
8.97
&61
66.87
87.58
65.62
(
3.27
July 30
July 5
2
3.45
8.02
3.92
10.39
2.90
—4.86
67.66
Aug. 5
July 10
1
2.71
6.74
a 69
13.14
6.96
.84
65.05
Aug. 9
July 25
1
3.28
7.71
1.87
12.86
7.15
2.56
69.17
Aug. 9
Aug. 3
1
3.52
6.13
2.06
11.71
6.02
.55
69.85
Ang. 13
Aug. 13
1
2.17
0.55
2.74
14.46
&93
4.64
66.47
Aug. 19
Aug. 19
1
2.41
12.07
1.82
15.80
10.96
8.84
70.86
1.012
1.020
1.033
L034
1.046
1.050
L048
L054
1.066
27 Aa
418
RLPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
WHITE MAMMOTH— Continued.
Amos Carpenter — Continued.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
After 18
After 18
Aft»r 18
After 18
After 18
at O
-or
s
>
Cm
o .
h
I
I
Aug. 25
Aug. 29
Aag. 81
Sept 3
Sept 7
Sept 12
Sept 19
Oct 10
Oct 20
Oct 80
Kov. ID
Not. 17
Aug. 24
Aug. 20
Aug. 30
Sept 3
Sept 4
Sept 12
Sept 19
^
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
4
3
S
•
«
CD
z
O
Mk
o
f^
d
t^
a
O
OQ
Pr.rt.
Pr.et
2.80
10.09
L99
14.08
L88
IS. 73
1.49
18.10
LT«
IS. 62
Ltt
IS. 65
.82
16.29
L28
18.88
1.81
9.98
L07
ILU
.60
12.85
1.82
8.25
S
OB
t
a
m
•a
I
Fr.ct.
3.81
2.91
2.41
&75f
2.65
L62
7.27?
3.69
3.97
4.61
4.28
3.91
Pr.et.
16.29
18.98
20.02
24.34
20.23
18.79
24.38
18.30
IS. 26
16.79
17.27
13.78
11.79
18.60
6.071
1&.28
.1
14.13
9.54
12.18
18.86
8.05
Fr.et.
3.89
9L18
U.44
7.66?
11.41
12.61
8.101
8.46
4.70
5.43
7. 4.J
2.72
Pr.eL
86.02
63.98
CSlOS
3S.89
(KLOl
08.M
56.01
50.pl
5&17
57.36
68.99
10.15
c
L0»
L9II
Ll»
II8I
LOfi
to
LOST
OOMS££ANA«
Blticybb dt Co.
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
1? ::::::::::
11
12
13
14
15
16
17...
18
After 18....
After 18 —
After 18
After 18....
July 18
July 6
July 11
July 13
July 16
July 15
July 19
July 20
O^uly 90
July 25
Aug. 1
Aag. 9
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Aug. 25
Aug. 80
Sept 5
Sept 15
Oct 10
Oct 20
Oct pO
ITov. 10
July 3
July 6
July 9
July 11
July 12
July 15
July 18
July 20
July 25
July 80
Aug. 3
Aug. 12
Aug. 16
Aug. 19
Aug. 24'
Aug. 29
Sept 8
Sept 12
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
I
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
4
2
2.01
1.90
2.32
3.43
1.88
8.47
4.11
1.46
2.38
1.55
1.95
8.67
.87
.81
1.06
2.15
1.34
1.49
.95
1.69
2.14
L28
2.82
L65
.83
1.36
2.86
1.23
2.18
9.88
7.27
8.50
5.67
5.49
13.17
15.33
14.98
15.62
17.00
14.53
17. 22?
3.53
10.45
5.21
4.58
1.79
3.09
2.91
6.72
2.60
L88
3.44
8,27
8.19
2.88
L88
2.79
2.66
1.51
2.69
2.20
1.79
2.94
3.28
3.94
4.46
8.01
5. 24
6.75
7.70
la 48
7.30
8 12
14.28
12.92
13.24
IOlOO
la 94
16.83
1&80
18.46
20.40
2a 54
17.81
21.11
8.60
16.63
ia95
0.73
&10
5.80
12.84
13.86
12.42
15l96
12.80
9.74
-8.76
4.48
t63
176
hH
.04
9151
11.86
11.51
ia78
1146
11-25
1138
4.87
— .53
REGULAR SORGHO.
Bltmybr &, Co.
1
2
8
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
After 18
AiPter 18 —
After 18....
tfter 18
fter 18. . . .
l.*i
July 18
July 6
July 11
Jiilv 13
July 15
July
July 19
July 20
JnlV 20
July 27
Aug. 2
Aug. 9
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Aug. 26
Aug. 30
Sept 5
Bept 16
Oct 10
Oct. 20
Oct 80
N(»T. 10
Kov. 17
July 3
July 6
July 9
July 13
July 16
July 16
July 18
JiUy 20
July 26
July 30
Aug. 3
Aug. 12
Aug. 16
Aug. 19
Aug. 25
Aug. 29
Kf*pt 8
St'pt 12
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
4
3
8
171
2.07
2.53
1.86
2.92
3.63
1.56
2.96
3.14
2.81
1.86
1.98
L40
2.12
124
1.12
1.62
2.11
2.12
1.68
L29
L35
• 8)
.63
1.64
2.43
1.20
2.15
6.74
3.42
5.47
7.82
aoo
120
11.66
la 85
14.67
14-54
16.04
1120
1164
11.90
12. h\
1U.63
11.07
160
178
1.26
178
L74
2.69
122
135
196
3.40
187
176
142
1.58
197
4.62
176
107
15«
9. VQ
4.36
167
4.53
7.31
6w38
5.43
7.07
6.86
137
ia61
9.73
11.57
14.03
1133
13.03
16.38.
14.66
ia88
2a 18
20.32
17.38
17.24
17.67
18.16
15.65
1142
7.84
7.51
14.88
1124
9.65
laoo
ia77
la 35
—4.07
.97
—189
— .63
167
3.87
3.66
a 74
7.15
146
190
1L76
102
7.K4
123
186
161
173
70.43
6i.n
•L60
66l94
68115
67.57
Tags
6160
Ta89
65.88
6BLn
6118
6L66
6146
6SL91
68.72
6184
51 S5
4146
5a 17
5189
5116
7L56
64.08
6186
7L57
60.41
67.77
56.84
7L19
7a 24
61.03
65.52
59.38
4114
62.52
6185
5166
6112
6a 69
6L19
5158
6156
61.28
87.69
L037
1.127
LOSf
i.m
1034
tosi
LOtf
L6S1
Ldtt
LOIS
1.M
ton
t«7S
LMI
Ltn
L9«lf
LM7
L0i8
L0<4
L€96
\.m
LflS
LflSi
1.661
1.094
LM5
Loa
Ltfl
Lta
L068
L061
L9B1
ten
1.f!3
t«0
L«R
Lifl
LOU
REPOBT OF THE CHf^MI^T.
419
LINK'S HYBRID.
£. Link.
I i
Julv f« !
July 16
July 20 ;
July 2a ,
July 1!.' i
July 26
July 27 ;
July 20 I
July ao ;
Aug. a I
Aug. 12
Aug. 1«
Aug. 11*
Aug. %'*
Aug. 81
Sept 5
Sept. IJ
Sept 10
1
1
1
1
3
*
•»
2
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
o
4
n
0
a
iV. r<.
1 1.63
i 2. 16
I -J. 21
j 1.88
2. 3::
i 2,74
I 2.74
i 2.01
3.01
L07
1.55
1.74
«r. !
1.50
LIO
1.7»
.80
.34
.51
.45
L28
.ai
.45
3
a.
IV. rf.
.70
2.43
3. 42
3.96
:.. ,'i2
4.ft5
6.78
10.82
9.04
14.74
13. 42
15. 85
14.80
16.85
14.94
17.86
18.18
17.03
17.38
16.04
13.81
14.18
14.40
%
I
Pr.cV
; 2.80 I
t 2.72 ;
1.5:1
, -. -ill
i 4. 62
{ 'J. 21
i .{. 12
3.2:1
2.00
2.55
2.60
2.67
.^28
2.82
7.16?
s.:}9
2.85
7. 65?i
4.12 '
4.57
5.14
4.70
4.54
-.. I
iV. rt.
4.72
7.:)i
7. 1«
M. 1:1
11.87
0. r.i»
12. W
16, Wi
14.74
18.36
17. 57
20. 2«5 I
19.58 ',
20.77 j,
2:j.8y?'.
22.08 ,.
21.83 .
25.91?,
22.01
21.06
20.23
20.06
19.39
I
Fr.ct.
i
1
7.23
4.26
h- .-JO
2. 03
li'. 84;
5.58
8.82
3.34
14.52
11. 12
9.27
i5.53
11. 44
••«•••
10.02
12.03
5.90^
13.04
14.53
9.93!
12.75
• • • • • a
11.02
14.26
7.39
15.15
9.80
14.21
a4i
Vr.ct.
67. 2l»
«7. 18
i-n. 4?
65.11
68. 7.".
60. 11
68.58
64.24
69.30
65.40
64.88
50.63
65.86
54.30
64.09
57.69
68.33
52.74
58.02
57.47
68.24
67.81
68.38
s
V em
bCig
<
1. 015
1. 025
1. o;i:{
1.031
L044
L087
1.045
1.060
L058
1.078
L071
1. 0/i'J
L080
L078
1.082
L089
1.09<»
1.092
1.090
1.084
1.078
1.08;{
L079
LINK'S HYBRID.
Edwin Henbt.
Becbve !••«•
Jidy 8
July 18
July 19
July M
July 27
July 28
Aug. I
Aug. 6
Aug. 16
Aug. 16
A«g. 19
Aug. 26
Se|>t I
Srpt 8
Sept. 12
Sept 19
Oct 10
Oct 20
Oct 30
Nov. 10
NoF^r. 17
July 8
July 16
July 20
Jnly 25
July 27
Jnly 29
July 30
Aug. 2
Aug. 4
Aug. 12
Aug. 17
Aug. 19
W\
8^>t 8
Sept 19
Sept 19
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
I
1
1
1
4
3
2
1.47
2.19
2.18
2.39
2.72
2.66
2.81
2.61
2.70
1.98
2.05
Lfl9
L38
L68
L88
.66
LOS
.84
.42
.50
.45
.86
.46
.98
2.22
8.04
4.34
7.46
7.47
9.28
8.01
11.25
12.12
12.68
15.80
15.58
16.41
17.68
18.86
17.03
18.38
16.89
15.78
15^20
13.64
1&41
8.10
L18
8.14
L86
1.62
2.80
8.87
L55,
2.64
2.69
2.69
a 51
2.42
3.48
8.83
2.56
7.09?
3.38
4.09
4.92
4.89
4.26
6.50
6.92
6.35
9.87
12.04
11.75
15.39
14.49
15.50
1&74
17.28
29.08
20.47
20.42
22.49
22.85
20.62
25.711
20.69
20.32
20.57
18.79
19.96
70.69
72.46
66.00
68.52
65.19
67.64
63.49
63.72
67.50
63.39
64.07
64.04
65.11
63.20
62.81
54.59
.'^.56
55.21
57.25
55.73
56.42
57.02
60.71
1.017
1
L025
2
L030
9 J
7.17
6.59
7.96
7.69
10.65
12.12
12.19
1&28
"17.' io'
"i4.*75*
14.45
'ii'S'
-L19
2.84
3.18
4.17
L63
loo
7.70
7.98
1L52
10.69
12.40
12.77
14.87
13.44
10.85?
13.09
11.14
9.83
&29
10.86
1.033
4
L047
6
1.048
6
L057
7
L052
8
1.064
9
L0G9
10
L071
u
1.082
u
18
1.082
1.082
14 «
1.088
15
1.004
16
1.086
IT
LU91
After 18...
AAer 18
1. 08r.
1.084
Ait«*r 18
1.081
After 18
. ••••.>•• .
1.07G
After 18
L080
SUGAR CANE.
Ephraim LlNlC
Before 1.
9
18
19
July
July
July
July 20
July 23
July 27
July 31
July 89
initio
July 9
July 16
July 18
July 20
July 25
July 27
July 29
July 80
▲ng. •
1
1.41
LSI
170
6.41
1
2.07
8.68
8.70
7.40
1
2.11
8.24
LIO
6.54
1
2.98
2.94
8.40
&32
1
2.68
4.39
8.97
10.99
8 2.81
6.14
2.49
10.94
8 2.57
6.82
2.83
12.22
1 2.58
7.01
5.77
1^36
1
1
L28
18.64
iS
If 68
n.04
t
6.94
6.14 ,
6L95 i—
9.20
2.21
L34
L42
L84
t60
1108 ia94
68.06
68.41
69.48
68.08
71.68
68.57
60.82
69.72
67.85
76.78
Lftl5
L026
1. o:rt
L027
L037
1. ('42
L048
L049
L056
L071
420 REPORT OF THE COM^HSSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
8T:GAR cane— Con tinned.
Eptikaim LiNK-^Coutinned.
'I.
3. »
<
10 Aaf;.
11 Aujr.
12 ; Aog.
13.. Auj;.
14 i Sept.
15 1 Sept.
lu. . • . •a....t rwpti.
17 Sept.
18 Sept.
After 18.... i Oct.
After 18....! (>;t
After 18..-. (Xt.
Alter 18.... "Nov.
After 18 >Jov.
isi
•o ■■ ' ^
•2"
15 Aujc. 13 \
lU Au^. 15 ,
25 : Aug. 17 .
20 Ang. 1!)
1 Aug. 25
5 Aug. 29 '
8 ' Sept. I I
14 ; Sept 8
19
10
Sept 18
20
30 ',
10 I
17 '.
s
1 I
i!
V\
w
1
ii
2 1
•»
1.10
1.74
3G
5fi
1.
1.
1.27
L09
.79
5.14?
.00
. .14 ,
> \^ I
69
40 '
86
K
Pr. ct.
15.14
14.88
15. 60
15.18
16.57
16.84
16.12
19.51
15.37
16. ::o
1&59
13.96
14.67
13.07
I
2
o
! i
Pr.rt.
I 2.48
i 1.98
3.01
o
9
sl
i
^1
a
1
'^'3
«
©
2
^
1
*- 5
«i
o
' *2
>
>■
PuS
•^
-<
Pr.ct.
18.72
laeo
ia97
14.82
:{.oi
19.75
14.20
2.49
20. :<3
;:.2J
21. 14
16.36
1 4.87
21.78
17.55
.05
24.70?
23. 12
7.06?
3.19
20.06
4.85
21. 73
15.03
4.86
laso
14.52
4.43
ia4o
14.61
4.04
17.97
14.19
Pr.eL
1L56
11.16
1L23
10.61
12.81
12.54
10.46
14.32
7.62f
12.54
1L45
8.40
9.73
a 17
Pr.ct.
6L81
62.57
eo.1:;
e&48
6:^41
6L61
6a 88
55w67
50.17
58.88
50.53
5&36
54.87
6L62
i
I
l.OTJ
i.ot:>
i.wc
LOT*
LOK
im
LU9B
im
IM
LOW
LOT.'i
1.U74
GOOSE NECK.
P. P. RAM6BY.
1
;;
4
5 ..........
G
8
9
'v •«•••«•«*•
■I •«••••••*«
V*
13 .....
14
15
16
17
18
After 18....
After 18....
After 18
After 18....
After 18. . . .
16
8
12
i:;
15
18
19
.Tnlv
Joily
July
Julv
July
July
July
July
July
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug. 25
Aug. 29
Sept. 1
Sept
Sept
Oct
Oct
Oct
Nov.
Nov.
26
1
10
15
19
7
16
10
20
30
10
17
5
8
13
i:.
16
18
20
July
July
July
.1 Illy
July
July
Julv
July
July
Julv
Aug. 8
Aug. 13
Aug. 19
Aug. 25
Ang. 29
Sept 1
Sept
25
27
30
Sept 14
1 ! :!.i;2
1 : 2,45
1 ! 2. 79 1
1 3. 15 •
1 ;:.25 I
1 4.04
1 4.U3
2 4.:i3
2 ' rt. 61 ,
3.01
1.89
2.59
4.03
3.53
L54
L60
L67
1.29
3.57
L79
L68
.89
1.48
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
>•
•»
1
o
4
3
2
.14
.46
.65
.55
.51
1.9!
2.20
4.21
5.76
8.84
12.98
10. 28
6.70
10.93
15.93
15.30
16.01
16.19
7.82
11.15
13.03
12.41
12.30
2.19
2. 21
5.46
3.88
1.81
2.28
. 82
2.78
3.03
1.98
2.14
1.06
1.51
2.51
;iw
^14
4.81
2.96
3.98
4.08
4.29
3.92
.<
5.95
5.15
a90
7.58
5.57
a23
7:34
1L32
12.40
14.69
16.85
15.01
1L79
15.97
m98
19 13
22. 20
14.35
16.92
ia69
17.59
17.70
7.77
a 15
• - • • • •
9.89
5.04
15.82
12.75
10.95
1L94
-r .88
2.99
9.11
5.55
1.61
5.89
11.88
11.47
1L90
10.09
1.29
5.38
7.37
7.23
a90
78L00
00.78
6a 96
71.66
72.00
72.34
66.45
68.97
6a 87
easi
6L24
65.26
66.88
71.71
58.83
5&53
55.67
6a 28
61.01
6a 00
5a 80
Ga88
57.81
1.084
t01»
l.(C3
1.(93
J.O:U
!.»«»
J.OC
\.m
J.Ofi*
1.1*
l:^ic
\.0
1.059
L0»
1.070
1071
BEAR TAIL.
Jacob Latahaav.
July 18
July 6
Julv U
July 13
July 13
July 15
July 16
JulV 19
July 23
July 28
Aug. 1
12 Aug. 10
18 Aug. 15
1
2
3
4
5
6
4
8
9
10
11
14
15
Aug. 20
Aug. 25
July 4
July 0
Jniy 9
July 10
Julv 12
July 14
Julv 16
Julv 18
JulV 20
July 30
Aug. 8 I
Aug. 12 '
Aug. 16
Aug. 19
Aug. 25
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
3.94
a 12
2.63
3.72
a65
3.89
a 30
a83
a87
ao4
3.94
2. 62
2.50
a 16
2.44
.27
.42
.60
.87
.92
a 12
a:t4
5.28
a 61
a 77
12.05
ia99
ia88
15,93
L65
2.57
3.01
a. .SO
5. 22
2.29
2.13
.73
101
4.46
7.16
2.15
2.35
a 29
1.90
asG
a69
ao6
7.67
a 74
7.10
a55
7.90
iai6
laii
14.86
la^2
17.90
ia33
2a 27
a 10
6 81
7.86
11.79
ia20
7.28
ao8
7.43
11.59
67.91
oaii
68.37
09.43
70.11
67.49
74.02
6a 74
68.25
6a 20
67.93
<M.O-J
65. .M
5.149
5a 53
108
LOU
l.«tS
i.(m
1.0J^
\.0
LttP*
!.•«
L«>SZ
LOSS
LI''"
1.07^
Loe
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
421
BEAR TAIL— Continued.
Jacoii Latshaw— -Con tinned.
O
•
H
^
0
cd
® <4
%t
•
h
^
J
i>,
ra:a
rs «
<M O 1
«
1
1
I
«
0
c Z
it
n
>
<
1^
11
II
8
a
•
I
a
iV.ct
■«ij
c
p
.y.'
Pr.c/.
a;
■—4
X
>
— ^
2
If.
>
/
Vt.cU
Fr.ct.
Pr.et.
Pr.et.
• *
Ane. 29
Aug. 29
2 2.16
15. 4r.
2.89
20. 5t)
ia4o
62.14
1.085
.. Sept 7
Sept 6
2 2.06
16.50
3.0:;
21.59
15.94
1L41
61.06
Loa-.
.. Sept 17.
Sept. 14
2 1.58
16.40
3.77
21.75
11.05
64.80
1.085
. . Oct 10
-.
1 2. 40
2 2.71
13.37
11.16
2.54
4.10
18.40
17.97
"9.40*
8.84
4.86
50.13
61.88
1.07C
..Oct 20
1.071
.. Oct 30
....
4 ].:<»
3 i 1. 7J»
1X50
1J.53
4.50
3.97
19.30
17.29
ia43
13.08
7.61
S.T7
68.06
59L86
^17
L076
..: Nov. 10
1.070
..' Nor. 17
2 ' 1-97
11.95
3.71
17.63
11.60
&27
L071
IOWA RED TOP.
Jacob Latshaw.
Jnly 18
Jaly 6
July 11
July 18
July 18
July 15
July 2b
July 22
July 2S
Jnly 3D
Aug. 6
Aug. 10
Ang. 15
Ang. 20
Aug. 25
Aug. 30
Sept 6
Sept 17
Oct 10
Oct 20
Oct SO
Nov. 10
Nov. 17
Jnly 6
July 7
Jnly 9
Jnly 12
July 15
Jnly 18
July 19
Jnly 20
July 30
Aug. 2
Ang. 6
Aug. 11
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Aug. 25
Aug. 80
Sept. 5
Sept. 13
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
«»
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
4
8
3
2.00
3.10
2.99
3. 05
3.61
4.U
3.78
2.03
4.06
2.97
L77
1.85
.08
LOS
LIS
.87
L89
.03
L61
L43
L83
LOO
L23
.48
..'V8
.97
Lll
.87
.92
5.28
&78
.'i.2fl
9.67
11.69
18.72
ia83
13.92
17.07
18.27
17.21
.16.40
15.34
H.79
12. 37
12.42
13.20
4.12
7.60
6.58
8.48
7.21
7.79
7.65
1L60
L81
4.52
3.05
3.41
2.52
2.50
>L04
3.32
13.03
.63
3.19
12. 51
5.89
— L99
0 00
15w96
7.15
4.88
3.31
16.77
1L18
&«1
L96
17.03
1L43
10.41
2.71
17.47
14.04
10.10
.3.58
18.58
12.20
0.26
L77
19.07
14.17
a 52
20.66
1L88
1 3.29
2L80
iefio
12.63
.'S.44
22.77
iao8
1.64
18.49
12.10
•J. 92
19.14
14.06
10.44
3.89
18.09
12.44
6.65
4.17
18.19
13.74
6.65
3.63
18.06
13.56
&34
68.27
68.88
67.07
7L17
00.68
68.80
70.70
70.70
60.71
68.63
68.80
67.60
64.00
64.28
54.35
6&21
6a 82
6a 03
63.70
6a 07
6a 11
67.81
6a 60
L020
L02D
L020
L025
L026
L027
1.043
L04(;
L044
L068
L061
L068
L073
L071
L082
L082
L087
L082
L076
L078
L071
1.07:5
1.076
NEW VARIETY.
F. W. Stump.
••
July 6
July 18
Jnly 11
Jnly 13
Jnly 13
Jnly 15
Jnly 19
Jnly 20
Jnly 20
July 26
Aug. 6
Aug 10
Ang. 15
Ang. 20
Ang. 25
Aug. 30
Sept 6
Sept. 17
Oct 10
Oct 20
Oct .30
Nov. 10
Nov. 17
Jnly 6
Jnly 7
Jnly 9
July 11
July 13
July 15
July IS
July 19
July 20
July 27
July 80
Aug. 8
Ang. 18
Aug. 19
Ang. 25
Ang. 80
Sept 1
Sept. 14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
5
1
2
1
1
1
*>
2
•»
1
2
4
3
•I
a 12
a 64
ao8
a29
ass
4.32
a63
ass
a 45
a36
1.61
a35
1.01
L15
L65
L12
L39
.96
L15
2.14
L24
L46
L75
.74
.39
L05
LOO
.41
.81 I
4.92 .
G.00
a 91
7.82
14.54 I
ia42 :
17. 19
16.40
17.2.". ,
17. 80 I
18. 05 !
18. W I
17. 18
12. 50 !
ia69 i
1L94
11.25 I
!
2.21
4.31
;i.o«
• <. tJX
4.73
»» '>7
'i'44"
3.03
•J. &>
.3.37
1.76
1. 62
3.90
3. U
2.81
a 10
2.71
4.73
a 47
a82
4.17
ao2
a 34
7.19
7.60
8.47
7.60
a 20
11.77
18.30
14.03
19. 62
17.63
ia82
21. 51
2L 18
22.03
22. a~>
22.12
2L04
19.37
18.40
17.22
17.17
' 7.88 1
*"i2.'79"
ia41 I
16. ^3
'i7.'58
ia7o ;
"'9.* 73
L3.0C
1 12.99
10.65
.23
.43
L61
9.50
9.31
14.56
n.2H
13. .32 :
ia57 :
14.45 ,
13.88 I
ia32
5. 63 !
8.98 ;
ao6 I
6.33
6a 48
L020
70.26
L025
72.68
LOKt
7a 03
L02.*.
70.95
L02t;
64.20
L026
68.51
L042
69.86
L045
60.66
L042
7L06
1. 052
65.42
L073
67.84
1.072
6L19
L082
58.41
1. 08: J
6LU
L086
59.43
L087
62.30
L005
67.29
I.OOU
59.39
L066
50. r*
L076
57.68
L073
55. 18
L070
54.00
LOOO
— «—
422
REPORT OF THt: COMiflSSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
EARLY ORANGE.
I. A. Hedges.
c
u
a
■tmt
1
3
3
4
5
6
H
9
10
n
12
13
14
15
le
18
After IS....
Ait«r Ig
After 1$
AStfir IS
After 1«
5s
ee o
tt.5
July 8
Jtily 15
July 19
JiilT 20
July 2r
July 3')
JiU> 30
Attj;. 10
An^. 15
An^;. 20
Aug. 2.'i
Au^. 30
Sept. 1
Sopt. 5
8ept. 9
Sf pt. 14
Sept. 27
Oct. 10
Oct. 20
Oct. 20
Kor. 10
Nor. 17
July 15
Jnl.v 18
July
July
July 27
July 80
AuR. 4
AuK. 8
Aujf. 12
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Aug. 24
Sept 1
Sept. 5
Si>pt. 9
Sept 12
Sept 26
EARLY ORANGE.
H. F. D. DAaANHARDT.
Before 1....
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
rj ,
L'i
14
15
Ifi
18
Aft^T 18...
Aft«r »«...
Aft^Tl^ ..
Aft^r IS...
After IS
JulT
July
July
July
July
July
July
July
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
A up.
Au;;.
Sept.
Sept.
Srpt.
Sepr.
Oct.
(kt.
Oct.
Sov.
Nov.
ft
19
20
2«
29
31
:{o
10
15
'JO
2:>
30
1
&
1»
14
10
'JO
ao
10
17
8
18
19
July
JulT
Jtxiy
July 20
July 25
July 27
July 30
Aug. 5
Aug. 9
Aug. 13
Aug. 1»
Aug. 'SI
Aug. 2t5
Sept. 1
S«-pt. fi
Sept. 9
Sept. 14
.St'jit 27
1
I
1
3
1
«»
M
I
I
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
8
2
2.4«
4.59
ai25
6.00 !
e.21
5.90
(L12
5.89
4.24
a. 91
2.81
2.81
.^56
3.70
2.58
2:80
L39
L58
1.47
.«)
L23
.46
.7«
1.70
2.77
4.66
3.94
5.47
4.88
18. SI
lL<t2
13.81
16.54
1^95
16.98
13.17
16.46
17.79
l&t5
16.72
13.33
13.29
14.45
13.15
3.0t
i.ai
8.87
2.09
2.29
L87
a 78
4.76
2.43
1.86
3.63
2.52
2.71
?..34
2.64
3.98
3.55
4.40
2.79
4.1Q
4.16
4.07
4.08
fi.96
6.36
16.28
ia77
18.05
11.71
18l37
15.53
19.98
17.39
2L42
21.87
22.47
23.83
19.51
23.02
24.19
23.94
21.09
18.9(»
18.27
19.45
18.46
t]3
3.95
3.?^
4.37
13.60
11.21
13.65
16w23
16.57
16.99
12:70
18.62
12.98
13.11
14.05
14.11
6lM
&85
&20
11.21
11.43
10.03
aaa
9. 90
11.39
12.34I
12.35
(. <o
8.31
945
7.84
66.38
6676
66.86
6t89
68^09
66.90
66.72
58.09
66 42
62.26
61.98
58.01
64.29
58.05
56.79
5199
58.86
56L47
57.01
5613
56L15
1.017
%^
L«51
10
1.069
10
10
l.(ff«
LffH
10
10
ORANGE CANE.
FlTZOBRALD.
Bef«>Jo 1 I Julv 8
1 .lulV 18
•J July ]K
:i .TulV 19
4 .1 uly 'JO
5 ; Julv '2^^
6 i Jxily 23
JhIv
8
2.91
Julv
13
4.91
Julv
15
4.92
.riiiv
18
*
4. 9«
.hilv
•JO
.=i. 'J«J
Julv
'Zi
J
.1. 51
July
25
i
. 5.06
.:^7
.0*.
1.12
1.10
1-26
a67
2.01
2. m
j. .19
.84
2-«4
;:. 19
a. 57
I I I '
; 4.95 1 [ * 669S
I 7.41 i , 65.00
7.97 68..T6
6.92 i 6>l.:il
9.00 71.79
8.96 i... I 71.»
1 12.30 1 1 1 76.95
l.«ss
l.tti
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
423
ORANGE CANE—Continned.
FiTZCfERALD — Continued.
6
s
7
9
•
10
M
12
13
14
16
16
17
18
After 18
After It
Alter ll
July TI
Aug. 2
Ang. 10
An|. 15
Aag. 20
AnS. 25
Ang. 80
Sept. 1
Sept. 5
Sept. 9
Sept. 14
Sept. 27
Ckst. 10
Oet 20
Oet. 30
K#T. 10
Kev. 17
o •
•
i
fO CO
ta
«
^1
- s
'A
so
©
S
O
Pr.ct
July 80
^
5.54
Aug. 5
4.88
Auff. 9
4.15
Aug. 15
3.66
Ang. 19
3.31
Aug. SO
3.27
Aug. 26
Sepl 1
2.97
3.43
Sept. 5
3.56
Sept. 11
2.00
Sept. 14
2.06
Sept. 27
1.56
4
2
3.51
1.37
.98
L13
L3C
i
2
a
Pr.ct.
6 33
7.85
12.06
12.83
15.22
ia34
17.22
17.38
14.12
17.2©
15.79
16.68
10.47
15.34
14.77
12.83
12.55
.
0d
•
o
•
1
•5
g
1
3
Per cei
1
>
<
Pr.ct.
Pr. et.
Pr.ct
1.00
18.77
5.86
- 1.11
2.20
14.93
.77
.95
17.16
ii.22
6.96
1.68
iai7
12.66
7.49
3.58
22.11
15.16
8.33
1.66
2L26
15.31
11.42
2.81
28.00
16.87
11.44
2.79
23.60
16.41
1L16
3.00
20.77
14.60
7.47
4.67
23.87
10.63
4.52
22.37
i5.i3
9.21
6.17
23.41
9.95
2.01
15.99
9.78
4.95
3.87
20.58
13.90
9.90
4.26
20.00
14.52
9.54
3.97
17.68
1L63
7.48
3.03
17.84
12.34
7.26
i
Pr.ct.
68.31
68.94
65.27
65.78
64.17
57.44
59.96
58.11
65.38
54.48
60.35
49.29
69.40
59.84
56.74
6L14
6L32
o
I-
1.058
L056
1.069
1.073
1.086
L067
L091
L093
L083
L089
L084
L089
L066
L064
L079
L070
L072
NEEAZANA.
Blymtrr &, Co.
i»
11
It
18
14
15 ,
16
17
18
Aftdrlt.,
Alter 18.
After 18.
After 18..
After 18..
Jnly 1
Joly 10
Joly M
jQly 16
J«lr 18
Jaly It
July SO
July 25
July 28
Aug. 1
Aug. 10
Aug. 15
Aug. 20
Aug. 25
Aug. 30
Sept. 1
Sept "
Sept
Ot.
iH->.
Oct.
Nor. 10
Not. 17
21
10
20
30
July U
July IS
July 15
Jnly 16
Jnly 18
Jnly 19
July 20
Jnly 25
Jnly 80
Aug. 9
Aug. 12
Ang. 15
Aug. 20
Aug. 25
Aug. 30
Sept. 1
Sept. 7
Sept. 21
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
o
1
2 , ...
.'{
3
I'
4.24
4.97
4.S8
4.97
5.48
5.84
5.58
5.51
6.19
4.63
8.71
4.67
2.12
5.04
3.46
5. 06
5.10
2.28
1». 67
2. .12
1.12
1..T7
1. rj
• • * • • •
1.11
7.35
.39
3.0t
7.55
L66
2.57
a 78
L15
3.71
8.83
L86
.83
8.18
t.78
2.91
11.53
&76
2.71
12.05
5.84
190
14.25
&61
2.26
14.06
9L33
2.44
16.40
13.24
L45
1&40
7.09
1.83
14.09
13.59
2.40
18.11
10.48
.59
16.11
14.50
2.85
20.81
9.05
L47
15.58
12.65
3.24
2L99
15.04
3.96
21.27
11.26
3.12
17.05
1L97
2.55
1&84
12.74
4.04
17.90
12.18
3.02
16. 57
13.44
3.29
17.85
6.46
5.36
8.94
12.98
7.28
9.03
14.07
8.16
12.12
14,21
iaai"
12.34
11.89
12.16
2.84
2.26
8.08
LOt
9.07
4.85
8.19
2.52
4.31
8.81
5.37
7.10
7.58
7.79
9.03
6121
6143
6167
7143
69.19
6110
69.27
69.69
70.99
64.58
60.19
6170
6124
6L53
61.96
64.34
61.97
4191
57.03
69.46
60.78
62.01
5116
L0a6
1.035
Loao
1.086
1.088
L040
L041
LQ62
1.054
L064
1.6T6
1.667
L071
L065
L081
L062
1.079
L082
L073
L070
L071
L070
L073
1
3
■J
4
r
6
7
8
9
10
U
12
18
14
.15
••••••#
. JmI.v «
.| Julv •-•<>
. JulV I'T
.; July JK
. .Tulv ;n
. JulV :«o
. Ang. 5
. Aug. 1(»
. Aug. 18
. Au>;. t:*
. Aug. iiO
. Sept. 1
. Se|)i. 9
.. Sept. 14
Julv «
Jnlv L'.'»
Aui:. J
Am-, i
Aim'. 8
Auu. 11
All;;. i;t
AuiT. ir>
Aug. IT
Aug. 10
Ang. :\0
So]W. 1
Sept. o
s<'pt. y
Sept. 14
WOLF TAIL.
E. Link.
l.fKJ
2. <W
:; 'Ml
i:. on
*J. OS
1*. S2
•.i.\6
2.:<t<
2.."1
1.^0
I.Gl
;?. 04
L:,:i
1.09
1.04
.3.1*3 I
.'i. «2 ■
.'.. '.)♦;
7.1::
U 61'
11:, L'7
V2.iyi
14. Gf> '
16. TH) I
16. a?. :
14.41
16. UU
18.60
I— - '
3.37
2.34
'J. Jl
'J. 6'J
',.'. 8.'i
."•. 7'»
4. vi.l
. 1»^
2. 4L»
1. f^-J
•,l. liO
.^.11
:: :'.o
6. 49
e. :>9
«. 01 ; - i.riT)
10. KJ I o.U .41
11. JT :>. 9*j .\\i>
13.47 .^..21 I .79
1.".. 76 7. L'j I . 10
16.77 9.f»2 ; 2.48
16.41 : 10. 7S ' 8. 13
17. er, ! g. 70 i 8. 0?.
10.02 ' ; 10. n6
1*1. :<> ' I 11. f^»
*J1.6.^ 12.21
LM». 75 ; 8.07
U4.04 ! K.00
•JO. ::: 11.01
M. 70
1.019
fi7.22
1.032
(».23
1.043
67. 66
1.043
67.71
1.051
6167
1.063
6100
1.061
65. 77
1.066
66. 45
L071
:k\ 02
L078
:>ii. 3-J
1.086
CI. .'.:{
1.086
04.82
1.084
62.50
L094
50.77
1.090
424 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
4$
18
After 18.
After 18.
After 18.
After 18.
After 18.
WOLF TAIL— Continued.
£. Link— Continaed.
%4
o
o .
9
^
Si
>
It
if
Si
II
&
1
2
1
4
3
8
i
8
a
O
Pr.ct,
1.03
L07
.51
.05
.40
.88
Sept 27
Ck>t 10
Oot 20
Oct 30
Not. 10
Nov. 17
Sept 27
0
Pr.et.
16.55
15.85
15.63
13.81
14.41
12.21
i
o
0
1
Pr.eL
4.65
3.83
a 57
4.02
5.27
4. LB
4
1
3
o
H
Pr.eL
22.23
20.75
19.71
1&78
20.08
17.27
'gl
13.25
15.U
Pt.ct.
10.87
10.95
11.55
8.84
8.74
7.15
•s
o
Pr.eL
54.09
5&31
S9.35
56.67
58.75
59.28
L0»
L0»
L07I
LOM
L079
GRAY TOP.
H. C. Sealby.
Before 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
n
12
IS
14
15
16
18
After 18.
After 18.
After 18.
After 18.
After 18.
Jaly 8
July 16
July 22
Jnly 27
July 28
Jaly 81
Aug. 5
Aug. 10
Aug. 16
Aug. 22
Aag. 20
Aug. 26
Aug. 30
Sept 2
Sept 5
Sept 9
Sept. 15
Sept 27
Oct 10
Oct 20
Oot 30
Nor. 19
Nor. 17
July 8
July 25
July 80
Aug. 1
Aug. 6
Aag. 9
Aug. 18
Aag. 15
Aug. 17
Aug. 18
Aug. 19
Aug. 26
Aug. 80
Sept 2
Sept 5
Sept 9
Sept 15
Sept 27
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
4
8
8
1.36
3.57
2.57
4.12
8.34
3.31
3.88
4.30
3.90
3.65
2.72,
4.57
3.61
L87
aoo
4.62
L93
1.83
L91
2.74
1.80
1.^
L72
.49
.05
3.97
2.73
5.41
&29
4.83
6.22
a 18
1L35
14.88
9.65
12.64
16.97
14.13
9.65
13.96
14.35
14.10
10.67
1L90
10.19
9.15
2.83
2.40
L88
2.04
2.45
3.38
a55
1.58
L68
L86
2.89
LU
ao5
4.20
a 10
4.92
a05
a 74
2.91
2.66
a44
4.38
4.11
4^
6.02
a 42
&89
1L20
12.98
12.66
12.10
14.76
ia36
19.99
ia33
laso
22.04
20.23
19.19
20.94
19.92
ia92
ia07
17.14
15.81
14.98
2.81
5.06
2.941
4.65
au
7.77
a72
ia28
12.19
14.79
9.42
ia56
14.41
10.03
11.45
9.79
&99
•a 60
.84
aoo
asi
a77
a97
&98
a9o
ao3
.11
a98
a 78
a 28
a27
a66
4.G7
a82
6a 67
61.46
6a64
6a 67
09.90
67.81
5a 23
6a 16
64.46
7a 90
61.00
oaas
6a 90
60.16
6L71
6a 57
6a 53
6a45
6L88
67.46
6L23
6L19
60.83
L015
Loa
LOSS
LOM
L044
L058
L044
LOtf
L065
LOW
L063
LOTS
X9»
L075
L(W
L(ff5
L«»
LO0
LOA
L060
LIBERIAN.
Blthter Sl Co.
Before 1..
1
•I
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
10
11
12
13
Av •#••••*••
15
18
After 18...
After 18...
After 18...
After 18...
After 18...
July
July
July
July
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug. 80
Sept 2
Sept 6
Sept 9
Sept 15
Sept 27
Oct 10
Oct 20
Oct. 30
Nor. 10
Nov. 17
8
20
27
28
2
6
11
U
16
20
26
July
July
July
July
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug. SO
Sept 2
Sept 5
Sept 9
Sept 15
Sept 27
8
25
28
30
3
5
12
15
17
19
26
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
3
1.92
4.71
a 36
a 60
a28
7.26
a63
4.37
4.54
4.62
4.07
a 58
1.34
a 74
4.71
a94
2.10
2.87
aoo
a 59
2.72
a 82
.28
a 41
a 08
4.06
a27
4.52
a 32
ia93
1L06
11.99
11.83
1L«6
ia88
9.96
laoo
14.23
ia22
14.11
11.80
a 71
10.93
10.46
I
a97
2.20
1.81
2.16
2.85
a 81
ass
aoo
a58
a 15
L29
a 30
a65
a27
a65
4.41
a 10
a 48
a 76
a 74
4.18
3.97
an
a 32
ia25
1L82
ia40
14.09
17.28
laso
iai8
ia76
17.19
ia54
ia87
ia97
21.36
21.58
21.42
ia9i
iai6
iao4
17.83
ia75
a78
a77
a85
7.20
ia78
lasi
1L83
1L43
ia60
14.69
a 48
iai9
14.81
1L50
aoo
ia98
a 47
-^64
a66
a94
4.22
a47
a78
1L89
.96
4.64
ass
ILOS
asi
a44
ass
4.03
4.17
Taos
64.43
64.83
ea92
6a43
sa95
6a 06
6a 86
ea55
64.63
67.01
6a 97
saH
67.77
67.62
5a 01
54.72
6a 16
5a S9
6L06
oass
57.18
t#
t0
LOtf
LOS0
LOH
i,«in
L(BJ
hffH
LOW
1.0
La»
1.0
LOQ
i^0
L<e
1.0
REPORT OF TH£ CHEMIST.
425
MASTODON.
D. W. Aiken.
^1
2g
■4
July 7
Jaly 16
July 26
July 81
Aas. 6
Aug. 11
Aug. 16
Aug. 16
Aug. 22
Aug. 26
Aug. 80
Sept. 2
Sept 6
Sept 9
Sept 15
Sept 27
Oct 10
Oot 20
Oct 80
Kov. 10
Not. 17
1.1
25
30
2
6
July
July
July
Aug.
Aug.
Aug. 15
Aug. 17
Aug. 19
AvLg. 22
Aujc. 26
Aug. 30
Sept ~
Sept
Sept
Sept 15
Sept 27
it
0:3
II
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
4
3
8
Pr.eL
1.84
3.73
3.40
4.31
4.62
4.21
6.01
3.47
4.25
6.09
L45
1.20
4.24
L61
2.64
.70
L42
8.45
2.20
2.49
1.87
i
0
•
4
^
0
:b
hi
«
•0
-a
u
T^
•*.<
a
CO
^
H
Pr.eL
Pr.et.
Fr.ct.
.ti
2.17
4.33
L15
3.14
8.02
, 3.79
2.12
0.31
2.97
3.04
10.32
4.75
1.25
10.62
&07
1.96
14.24
4.41
1.96
12.38
7.75
2.93
14.15
aos
L48
14.71
4.66
1.00
1L75
14.80
2.06
19.16
15.48
2.85
19.53
11.89
2.58
ia7i
14.43
2.98
18.92
11.31
5.03
18.98
16.07
8.50
20.27
12.68
2.98
17.08
5.54
2.78
1L72
10.37
8.81
15.88
&93
4.57
13.99
9.58
3.68
15.09
2.02
Pr.et.
3.89
—1.12
7.75
LOO
3.74
—3.56
7.44
1.35
8.06
3.25
4.14
—2.43
13.88
10.39
13.47
11.43
1L50
5.07
13.35
9.94
•«....
3.64
......
11.87
&28
6.48
-.64
10.10
4.86
7.01
-^18
9.68
8.97
i
Pr.et.
65.67
68.55
66.38
68.99
69.55
68.43.
69.07
69.76
66l23
66.26
5a 62
64.81
65.58
66.00
00.07
50.68
67.21
61.27
63.77
64.29
64.55
L0f6
L028
1.085
LOSS
L040
L053
L049
L053
L057
L046
L075
L072
L074
L073
L064
L080
L068
L04ft
L062
L054
L061
HONDURAS.
£. Link.
July 22
July 22
4.02
L12
2.20
7.43
.87
62.76
L026
Aug. 2
Aug. U
July 80.
Aug. 5
L
5.03
5.04
L51
&04
3.60
L78
iai4
1L86
69.97
7a 99
Loai
4.18
L045
Aug. 11
Aug. 10
a25
3.88
1.74
1L87
ail
6a 39
L044
Aug. 11
Aug. 16
Aug. 17
5.21
4.19
2.58
1L98
a 72
63.78
L048
Aug. 16
a 12
5.80
LOS
17.94
5.24
69.21
LOSTi
Aug. 16
Aug. 19
ao4
5.96
L75
la 75
5.68
— L83
7L41
1. 055
Aug. 22
Aug. 22
4.38
9.89
L79
iao6
a88
a 72
6a 70
L062
Aug. 26
Aug. 26
5.86
a30
L29
15.45
7.98
L15
66.70
L061
Aug. 30
Aug. 30
Sept 2
4.31
1L89
1.99
iai9
1L14
5.59
62.82
L072
Sept 2
a. 32
13.82
2.39
19.5.1
13. 12
8.11
65. IS
L075
Sept 5
Sept 5
3.26
ia45
L92
ia63
1L65
a27
67.92
LOTS
Sept 9
Sept 9
5.10
9.66
2.76
17.52
a63
L80
7L20
L065
Sept 15
Sept 15
2.55
14.23
5.43
22.21
ia?4
a25
59.56
L076
Sept 27
Sept 27
2.56
ia58
2.53
ia67
12.77
a39
62.85
L072
Oct 10
Oct 20
Oot 30-
NoT. 10
Nor. 17
8
3
a54
4.52
a94
a&7
2.91
9.60
a77
an
a28
&62
2.86
2.10
a 10
a 61
a58
laoo
laso
lais
ia46
12.11
"aio*
5.99
6kX)6
5.13
a 20
.15
—.93
—.90
-w87
62.29
63.11
63.51
64.08
65.25
L064
L056
1 052
L05£!
L048
SUGAR CANE.
C. E. Miller.
July 16
July 7
July 9
July 18
July 13
July 16
July. 18
July 19
July 21
July 6
July 7
July 9
July 11
July 18
July 15
July 18
July 20
July 26
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
4.81
a4S
a66
a4o
a45
4.36
4.48
4.90
4.92
&41
a64
4.99
a 15
4.00
a 70
2.84
L19
a32
2.66
1186
a 74
7.88
a46
a77
7.48
10.57
1L96
12.95
7L12
78.52
69.16
70.79
65.58
65.00
62.93
7L 38
65.85
L088
.27
L023
.67
1.028
1.06
L025
1.62
L028
.73
1.029
4.96
a 74
•••■••■.
L045
L045
a77
■.«.....
— L41
L048
4S6
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
SUGAR CANE— Continued.
C. E. Miller— <]!ontinued.
II
|l
10
11
II
18
14
1ft ««
If
17
19
AflflT 18.
Aft«r 18.
Aftctli.
Att0t li
18.
July 27
Aug. 2
Aug. 2
Aug. 16
Aug. 22
Aug. 28
Aug. 30
Sept 4
SApt.21
Got. 10
Oct. 20
Oct. 80
Xov. 10
Not. If
July 30
Aug. 4
Aug. 8
Aug. 15
AUgil9
Aug. 26
Aug. 80
Sept. 4
Sept. 21
L
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
8
S
1
4
8
8
i
t
a
ao2
3.44
a24
&58
2. 88
3.50
1.78
2.05
407
2.00
L23
8.00
LOO
3.84
z
Pr.et.
0.63
8.31
4.00
S.57
18.00
12.27
16.48
1S.U
10l88
UrfiO
1A38
A08
7.98
7.88
&
p
CD
O
0
c
I
JV. it.
L87
5.94
2.M
2.98
2L98
2.48
3.45
2.15
8.79
3.79
3u08
8.00
aoi
3.98
I
1
3
o
H
Pr.eL
12.52
n.09
10.15
16.07
18w41
18.31
20.07
80.25
18.68
18.08
17.62
14.62
ilM
14.85
&28
12.88
12.80
14.88
ILOO
10.88
S.T9
7.00
7.4ft
i
2
o
S
.2
08
Pr,eL
.74
-2.5T
-X15
8.07
ATI
A2S
lASI
1A06
190
7.48
1^09
168
L4t
L2f
i
1
& .
»^
>
«
eii
e«
m"
2**
►
►
'<
^
Ft.eL
6A4S
68.a
67.88
60L86
6A00
07.00
54.04
etoo
01.48
67.04
OAU
6117
8184
6188
1.h::!
i.8f:
Lffl
LCC7
L05(
HYBRID Ko. 4.
WILL H. Walu&
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
18
11
12
18
14
16
^v • • • • ••«
17
18
After 18.
After 18.
Alterl8.
Alt«ir 18.
Alter 18.
July 7
July 12
July 12
July 14
July 16
Julv 16
July 18
July 21
JcUy 22
jSy 27
Aug: 7
Aug. 11
Aug. 16
Aug. 2^
Aug. 26
Aug. 30
Sept. 8
Sept 12
Oct 10
Got. 20
Oct. 30
Kov. 10
iXov. 17
July 6
July 0
July 11
July 12
July 15
July 18
July 20
July 25
Juit 28
July 30
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug. 22
Aug. 26
Aug. 30
Sopt 3
Sept 12
9
15
19
f
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
I
4
1
1
1
1
1
«i
5
3
1
4
3
3
2.94
106
197
3.49
4.74
4.67
107
147
lU
4.98
4.94
181
127
lOQ
148
2.66
2.91
199
4.06
4.12
143
4.06
2.82
• 82
.87
.06
.11
.28
.13
L56
2.01
181
176
140
ILOO
1120
1178
1139
14.22
15.J52
1136
9.10
177
194
125
104>
2.27
185
181
195
124
165
LOO
116
2.85
L78
2.^
187
148
2.18
. 60
171
111
198
185
147
129
3.04
150
153
128
118
155
121
135
122
10.64
1177
1144
1140
90
17.96
17/48
1150
2L44
1132
1101
1136
1166
1135
1145
17.
152
8.14
1L29
1L48
1104
1170
1188
14.40
1L88
109
100
188
6.41
4.40
-.94
L40
195
160
7.60
130
185
1120
188
119
.18
.22
-.85
-.37
6118
7L46
7L25
71M
7L43
7101
6188
6186
7162
7197
67.87
6106
6195
6100
68.06
6r.08
6197
6161
6L72
6168
6L80
6117
6L05
l.«U
lfll»
L0»
LOSS
1.09
im
it
tz
tflW
toss
lOtt
WHITE IMPHEE.
JoHx X. Bauger.
1
o
4
5
6
7,
M
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
•I
Before 1 . . . July
Julv
Jul>
Julv
July
July
July
Aug.
An)?.
Auji.
Autf.
Auu.
Auj:.
Sopt.
^pU
SUpt
Sept
— I
7
13
16
21
22
26
29
8
16
22
2G
30
2 *
5
9
15
15
18
30
5
July
July
July
July 20
July 25
July 28
JulS'
Aug,
Aug. lU
Aug. U*
Aug. 19
Aug. 'M
Aug. M
Sept 2
Sept r.
Sept 9
Sept 15
1
1
o
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
2.38
3.45 I
4. IL' j
4.21 '
4.22 ;
2 3.97
4.HS
.'iOl
a 32
2. r.7 i
2.74 I
L77
L l.^
1.47
Ll'o
1.48
1 i .86
.n9
LOO
.90
2.42
165
5.64
7.41
8.8,-,
12.90
12.49
8.58?
l.*!. 5L<
16.85
14.07
18. 24
19. iJ
11 7d
2.^7 I
2.31 ;
3.13
3.21 I
2.01 I
L92 !
2.4-J
•J. 70
1.K4
L68
1.67
:u 25
2.25
•-•.41
4.38 i
5.14
6.82
8.15
184
9.78
10. 53
14. .M
16.71
18.92
iaw»
13.94
I8fm
21. 115
1*0. 01
21. »W
2a 14
2L97
"
—2.68
4:91
-.25 .
7.46
.:«
.9!*
12.15
188 ,
n.28
108 !
7.«»
4.2*2?!
■' 15. 05
1108
1134
1145
9,^ '
I 17. i4
14. 7^ »
-^-
is.M ;
1
i -.
lL4d 1
63.49
60. HI
67.33
67.54
7L07
6156
68w%
6121)
61.10
66.91
79. Of
64.60
5a 8.1
65.05
6ii.i)6
61. U6
57. tt
\
i
toa
1.02$
10
i.tfff
It
HEPORT OP THE CHEMIST.
427
WHITE IMPHEE— Continued.
John N. Barger — Continned.
Cfi
After 18.
Alter 18.
Aft«rl8.
Aft<>rl8.
After 18.
>•->
Oet
Oet
Oct
Nov.
10
20
30
10
15
CI
t
J
SO
I
1
4
3
I
a
o
Pf.cf.
1.20
L57
1.73
1.42
Pr.cL
16.35
8.05
&41
6.49
6.59
o
■♦*
O
a
%>
Pr.cL
4.15
4.08
3.55
3.44
3.33
1
o
H
Pr,et
21.70
12.70
13.71
11.35
lL-91
a
o
7.68
7.29
&54
6i28
•3
Pr.cL
11. 60
a40
3.11
1.63
1.27
Pr.df.
56.77
63.68
63.09
61.16
61.33
I,
|8
1.065
1.050
1.054
1.046
L048
GOOSE NECK.
O. N. Gibson.
Sel^t^...
Jaly 9
Jaly 13
Jaly 13
July 13
July 22
Jnly 28
July 29
A«g. 3
Aug. 8
Ang. 11
A«g. 17
Ang. 22
Ang: 26
Ang. 39
Sept. 2
Sept. 5
Sfpt. 9
Sept. 15
Oet] 10
Oet. 20
Ott. 80
Nov. 10
July 9
Jnly 15
July 18
July 20
July 25
July 26
July 28
July 80
Aug. 4
Ang. 8
Ang. 12
Ang. 15
Ang. 19
Ang. 90
Sept. 2
S«pt. 6
Sept. 9
Sept. 15
2
4
a
1.91
2.86
2.9«
2.88
4.78
0.31
4.89
8.86
6.28
4.46
2.05
3.28
2.21
1.89
2.07
1.38
l.»
1.21
1.60
1.94
1.50
2.71
2.29
.93
.24
.31
*'*L65*
8.7«
4.99
7.48
8.07
m25
11.59
11.16
13.14
18.85
18.18
1&69
16.00
14w37
14.86
12.40
12L11
6.74
8.31
_L_ —
3.12
2.38
1.87
3L28
1.70
1.47
2.64
4.83
1.77
1,76
iU
2.58
3.39
3.10
3.(r9
2.00
5.27
3.27
2.94
8.74
3.63
2.74
&12
6.48
6.16
6.11
8.13
10.48
12.42
1&66
16.07
H.47
17.98
16.79
17.93
18.13
20.35
19.01
19.83
20.85
19.68
15.28
17.44,
1.T08
13.34
•
68.85
62.62
65.14
66.29
09.29
•4.60
6&45
62.86
eBL04
M.36
SB. 71
6&a8
46.09
<tt.l4
60l84
fir. 84
60.19
67.68
6194
60.88
6L12
69.16
57. U
L014
1
L031
2
L017
8
L020
4
L082
• 6
2.76
4.28
"'i*68*
9.M
12.82
"ii'47*
• • ••*«••
********
"io.*79"
1L78
8l51
— "*79*
107
4.0t
(139
9.68
ass
8.57
laoi
12.17
13.17
7.89
1(IL09
7.63
61 78
.46
138
1.099
6 -.
7,,,..
L046
1.953
9
Le66
».:.".:::
L965
ili;;.-.:;::
L^
L6i6
a II!"!"-*
L668
a. ...nil..
tivo
1.976
1.^8
aI ••"••"••"•
1977
17 "'"!'*. "I!
L079
Afl^r ^
L082
filter Hi
1.078
'
L069
Anvr 18
1062
AAbtU....
Nov. 15
1064
WHITE AFRICAN.
John X. Barger.
1
2
3
4
6
•
7
»
»
»
11
12
13
14
16
IT
13
AAer 18.
Afler 18.
After 18.
Alter 18.
Alter 18.
July 6
Julv 16 I
Jnly 9 i
July i:{ 1
July !.'• i
July 15 i
July 21
July 22 !
Ang.
Au^.
Aui:.
Auji.
Artfc.
Aug.
Aug. :;i
Sept 1!
Sept, 7
Sept 15
Oct 10
Oct 20
Oct. .10
Nor. m
Nov. If.
July 6
July 9
July 12
July 15
July 16*
July 18
July 20
July 25
July 28
July 30
Ang. ;'•
Antj. in
•J*j An 2. if.
Lt^ Au-. 1»
Aii{r. 30
S«-pt 1
S«pt.
Svpt. 12
2
3
11
17
:» 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
o
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
<>
1
1
2
4
2.39
a 06
2.51
2.99
3.35
8.70
3.96
8.85
2.42
2.25
3.10
•J. oa
2.m
L80
132
1.50 I
1.K^
1.4::
].t»7
1.19 1
118 !
I
.41
.98
.35
.62
154
.81
.20
4.29
1127
&11
1L32
13.36
14.25
14.44
15.89
15.4%
l.\7«
14. «!•
I.'..
i-J.
12.
10. 77
12. 11"
^l.
2.26
5.02
6.28
2.00
3.52
2.43
4.70
196
2,20
4.15
2.8«
8.24
2.24
2.04
2. r<i
7:.
47
4.
4.
:.. I. :{3
a. 96
4. or.
3.64
5.06
0.66
8.14
5.61
8.41
6.94
a92
10.10
IX 89
14. .'51
17.30
IH. 63
18.49
18.28
19.74
21. 22
20. 3.»
20. 42
J*. 27
10.94
13.30
14.28
.(.«
—158
4.66
171
&34
&09
laoi
laoo
12.04
A68
11.18
a 82
a 73
65.13
71.62
69.83
67.50
68.09
67.66
67.66
67.85
65l17
06.08
66.43
61.75
69.34
5S.33
.^4.36
60.22
5a 59
61.09
39. 57
I
IS. l.'i
'-
7.:{5
^ .^^.49
U. 01
12.66
7. HI
56.67
16.61
10.66
4.93
57. 33
ia74
12.80
7.50
,17.32
t
1017
1024
1019
1024
1028
1028
1087
1089
1068
1064
1066
1073
1073
1072
1079
1079
1078
1077
1078
1072
1672
1067
1066
REPORT OF THK COMMISSIONER o* .
WEST INDIA SUGAR CANE.
D. C. Sxow.
o -
"ee 5
1 1 July 28
2 July 29
3 Aug. 1
4 Aug. 3
5 Auk. 6
6 Aug. 17
7 : Aug. 22
8 Aug. 26
0 Aug. 31
10 Sept 2
11 Sept 6
12 Sept 9
13 Sept 16
Aft«r]8.... Oct 4
o .
o
July 25
Aug. 1
Aug. 3
Aug. 5
Aug. 8
Aug. 11
Aug 14
Aug. 16
Aug. 19
Aug. 30
Sept 2
Sept 7
Sept 11
Oct 2
- a
©53
II
2
2
o
A.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
Pr,et
5.98
5.40
5.24
5.06
5.69
4.00
3.25
3.34
2.53
L89
2.30
1.70
2.54
L37
8
s
OQ
JV.ct
1.87
3.14
3.95
5.27
6.91
11.18
14.07
14.86
15.78
17.44
17.64
18.87
14.47
15.78
I
6C
s
o
a
•
f^
o
CO
Pr.eL
L77
2.75
8.26
2.58
1.27
2.04
2.43
2.09
4.33
2.94
3.07
4.26
3.22
c
2
s
1
Pr.et
9.62
1L29
12.45
I
15.18
16.45
19.86
20.63
20.40
23.66
22.88
23.64
2L27
20.87
1.28
2.81
3.28
6LeO
ia68
13.01
14.41
15^26
17.74
1&18
I
o
Pr.eL
&91
&78
9.09
1L16
1L22
12.40
14.10
7.67
1L19
i
JV. Ctm
61.72
83L25
64.09
09.75
65.02
6L05
63.27
53.10
67.18
00.86
62.61
6SL56
67.55
66102
SUGAR CANE.
John N. Babgek.
1 July 6
2 July 16
3 July 9
4 July 13
.'i July 13
« July 15
7 Julv 16
8 July 18
9 July 22
10 Aug. 3
11 Aug. 11
12 Aug. 17
1.1 Aug. 22
14 Aug. 26
15 Aug. 31
16 Sept 2
17 1 Sept 7
18
Aft^r 18.
S€pt 15
Oct. 4
July 6
July 8
July 9
July 12
July 15
Jnl> 16
July 18
July 20
July 30
Aug. 8
Aug. 15
Aug. Ifl
Aug. 20''
Aug. 24
Aug. 30
Sept 1
Sept 7
S«)pt 15
Oct 30
69.72
67.46
7a 13
68L01
68.79
67.90
72.29
64.53
69.50
65.73
66. .?6
71..^
68.62
62. .'iS
65.35
67.18
6a 24
68.81
6L05
NEW VARIETY OF LIBERIAN AND OOMSEEANA.
John N. Barger.
4
r,
6
8
9
10
11
12. ...:..
l:{
14
15
16 .......
17
1<^
After 18.
July 16 ;
July 7 i
Jul'v 9
Julv 13
July 13
July 16
July 18
Julv 21
July 25
Aug. 1
Aug. 12
Aug. 17
Aug. 22
Aug. 26
Aug. 31
Sept. 2
Sept. 7
Sopt ir>
Oct. 4
July 5
Julv 7
July 8
July 12
Julv 1"»
JnlV 18
July 20
July 25
July 30
Aug. 5
Aug. 8
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Aug. 24
Aug. 29
Aug. 30
Sept 3
Sept 14
Sept 28
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
(•O '
3.78
3.44
3.0(i
4.02
4.71
4.77
4.89
5.14
4.75
4.21
3.10
3.02
3.18
3.15
.78
3.21
1.98
2.48
2.14
2.17
.46
.23
.48
.18
1.67
4.28
5.73
7.90
12.30
13.03
12.88
14.03
13. 55
16.06
15.83
14.70
12.57
2.81
2.44
3.14
2.57
2.48
1.99
3.68
3.80
2.44
3.66
2.22
3.20
2.67
1.28
2.86
4.23
3.51
3.28
2.53
7.
5.
6.
6.
I.
6.
10.
13.
12.
15.
17.
19.
18.
la
19.
22.
21.
20.
•>"T
o«
88
66
82
67
94
24
22
92
77
62
25
73
46
62.1
27
82
12
27
«••...«•
2.93
7.66
'■".03*1
11.76
12.71
11.55
12.62
13.11
15.72
14. 7l»
14. (Wl
12.29
(
6.98
6.81
7.03
9.6U
7.4f^
9.85
a84
9.2H
7. 87
67.54
6(147
65.00
64.25
66.58
67.86
7d8l
0&20
65.99
66.93
59. .t9
68.78
r.2.47
72,04
00.44
.56. .%3
59. 11
.^8.64
56l23
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
429
MINNESOTA EARLY AMBER.
ViLMORIN.
<^
o
Sa
mt
«,§
uB
II
►
<
Jnly 6
July 16
July 10
July 13
July 13
July 13
Jnly 16
Jnly 18
July 20
July 27
Aujc. 1
Auff. 12
Auk. 17
Aug. 22
Aug. 26
Aug. 81
Sept. 3
Sept 12
Ooi 4
July 6
Jnly 8
July 9
July 11
July 15
Jnly 16
July 18
July 19
July 20
July 25
Aug. 5
Aug. 8
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Aug. 23
Aug. 28
Aug. 30
Sept 9
Sept 30
4)
fart O
©53
fiS
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
«>
«
o
o
Pt.et.
3.15
2.75
3.25
3.17
3.22
3.45
3.88
.96
3127
2.64
2.27
1.47
L51
L56
1.84
L19
LIO
L62
L59
.
g§
i
tc
•
4
1
a
•
s
•
C
o
u
O
«
1
1
3
o
H
It
15
1
1
Pr. cL
Pr.ct.
Pr.ct
Pr.eL
Pr,et.
.32
1.85
5.30
-4.68
68.90
5.84
2.69
11.28
•
.39
66.51
.69
2.38
6.32
—4.94
68.29
.81
2.21
2.08
1.09
4.56
6.29
5.62
6.53
8.33
7L71
70 82
60.72
TLTI
.32
1.99
.39
—7.55
6L86
L31
9.13
4.59
72.00
6.91
2.42
12.60
1.22
7L08
10.50
2.24
15.38
i6.8i
5.62
63.98
11.26
4.59
18. 12
8.96
4.40
66.80
15.40
L7«
18.63
14.19
12.17
64.60
15.64
4.06
21.23
10.05
58.93
14.72
3.00
19.28
10.16
79.48
lfit77
2.45
19.56
1L98
60,19
16.96
2.75
19.92
12.04
50.49
16w46
3.30
20.86
ii'ii
12.06
59.28
13.71
3.86
19.29
&28
60.08
13.55
2.39
17.53
an
9.57
56.92
a
m G)
t
1.018
1.041
L023
1.024
L021
1.026
1.034
L040
1.045
£060
1.066
1.060
L081
L076
L08]
1.079
1.078
1.071
1.072
HOLCUS SACCHARATUS.
ViLMORIN.
k « « •
July 13
Jnly 16
Jnly 22
Aug. 3
Aug. 12
Aug. 12
Aug. 12
Aug. 17
Ang. 22
Aug 26
Aug. 31
Sept 2
Sept 5
S«pt 10
Sept 15
Oct 5
Jnly 12
1
Jnly 15
July 18
July 25
1
July 30
Aug. 3
Ang. 10
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Ang. 26
Ang. 31
Sept 1
Sept 4
Sept 8
Sept. 13
Sept 30
1.03
.56
' 'i.*76"
2.81
3.84
2.82
2.79
2.95
3.34
4.01
3.21
4.47
4.38
5.83
6.92
8.09
9.15
9.88
64.12
72.98
66.97
56.27
48.17
41.86
2.88
L82
L27
2.10
2.59
3.02
2,76
2.48
X 18
7:64
4.28
3.46
10. 22
13.58
42.72
5a 38
5.61
1.70
2.27
7.95
3.73
U95
6.99
1.95
42.91
2.10
7.23
3.27
12.60
5.55
1.86
44.44
1.57
5.53
4.83
11.93
• • • • • * •
44.55
.87
3.87
5.58
10. 32
8.981
46w42
L55
4.72
4.81
1L08
a 81
48.10
1.37
4.83
5.27
11.47
4.56
4a 48
1.49
5.tt9
10.54
17.72
«•*•«•*.
47.03
.53
7.81
4.87
12.71
4
2.91
44.82
L016
L020
1.025
L032
1.038
1.08T
1.088
L056
L057
l.OSl
1.047
1.042
1,046
L046
1.051.
L058
HOLCUS SORGHUM.
ViLMORIN.
Julv
JulV
JalV
Jnly
Julv
July
July
Jnly
Aug.
An«.
A UK.
Ang.
Aug.
Sept
S«'pt-
S'pL
Sept
Oct
5
7 i Jnly „
16 Julv 12
13 I Julv 15 i
16 July IG I
18 Julv 17
19 July 18 i
21 t July 25 ;
31 I JiUy 30 ,
12 j Aug. 10 i
17 Aug. 20 i
23 Aui:. 22 I
27 Ang. 23 |
31 Aug. 28
2 i S«'pt 1 1
5 i S..pt 4
Sept 0
Sept 13
Sept 30
1.08
1.U4
.«7
1.04
3.55
1.03
.01
1.20
1.51
LOO
.81
.87
.02
.87
.otr
.82
.81
.05
.91
LIK
..3H
.46
L62
1.46
3.47
2.94
5.32
4. 24
a 08
10.17
a 82
11. «1
a 77
4.14
a 18
2.46
3 17
2.97
a 81
1.35
a 20
1.91
4.86
awi
4.16
4.31
a 81
4.13
6.28
4.69
5 07
a 06
4.04
4.45
a. "to
4.02
4.90
4.90
5.85
4.31
9.53
a 41
10.48
9.36
7.76
ia22
15.97
laoa
14.66
11. Ul
7.27
a 16
a 87
a 79
2.29
"8.3*^
8.62
.16
a 12
1.07
a 45
2.98
a 82.'
6a 14
1.017
56.95
J. 020
52.09
L018
50.67
1.020
63.66
1.020
66.29
L025
47. 36 ,
1.021
47.46
1.032
4a 60
L034
4a 07
1.044
4.3.89
L042
sa66
1.031
34.98
L004
38.27
L058
51. 13
1.064
41. 95
L057
42.75
ro.oi
L044
LU38
480
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
HOLCUS CERNUS, WHITE.
VULMORIK.
I
£
B«/bre 1
I
« ••••••
3
4
5
€
T
8
0
10
u
18
13
14
It::::::
JLfUrlS
July 6
July U I
Ju!v 12
JulV 21
July M
Aug. 3
Aug. 12
Aug. 12
Aug. 12
Aug. 17
Aog. 23
Aug. 27
Aug. 31
Sept. 2
$^)pt 7
Sept. 10
Sept 17
OcC S
July 6
July 12
July 15
July 25
Julv 26 I
July 28 I
Julv 30 I
Aug. S
Aug. }fi
Ang. 19
Aug. 22
Aug. 28
Aug. 30
Sept. 1
Sept 7
Sept 9
Sept 15
Sept 30
i
^Pr. et.
I*T.Ct.
1 ! LOT
.37
1
.85
2.05
2
1.18
.53
1.89
2.37
^
.98
2.72
1.05
7.67
1.64
&U
L85
5.96
^
.77
7.74
.99
10.39
.00
9.84
.94
10.28
1.10
12.16
.02
14.68
.90
12.67
2.53
11.96
.68
13.61
.47
1L49
Pr.et.
2.44
2.51
3.01
2.18
3.19
4.26
4.44
4.51
4.6D
5.13
3. 56
5.89
5.13
4.34
4.19
4.83
4.31
4.89
3
o
H
Pf.eL
8.88
5.41
4.72
&94
6.89
13.58
1122
12.32
13.11
16.51
13.50
16.91
18.45
19.44
17.75
19132
18.60
16.85
5.80
1 94T
7.«8
9^
Fr.cL I
ia26
—1.45
L76
.06
—.40
2.87
4.26
5.18
a. 45
4.87
9.72
T.39
4.60
&6S
&1S
>
<
Pr ct.
59.91
50.56
54.45
58.73
54.63
44.96
41. S4
4&S0
53.38
47.96
49.51
50.10
84.49
40.29
82.36
83.88
46.27
57.37
9
(0
<
I«7
i.m
LOSff
LM7
IW
LOfig
L063
Loe
im
im
im
L«TS
HONEY CAKE.
J. H. ClAKK.
I
8
4
ft
6
7
8
9
10
U
Itl
17
After 18..
Jnly 13
Aug. 6
Aug. 6
Aug. 12
Aug. 12
Aug. 17
Aug. 23
Aug. 27
Aug. 31
Se^. 2
Sept 7
Sept 10
Sept 17
Oct 5
July 15
July 90
Aug. 3
Aag. 12
Ang. 15
Aof. 17
Aug. 19
Aug. 23
Au|p. 35
Aug. 30
Sept 3
! Sept 7
I S^pt 15
! Sept 30
^
L78
4.61
A
4.61
T
5l19
5.89
4.17
4.47
Sw49
4.47
5.49
&19
5.68
2.88
L64
2.4S
2.53
L16
3.38
1.13
2.64
3.50
2.63
2.30
7.80
L19
8l34
2.09
6.29
3.94
7.08
2.51
9.02
2.36
8.53
L48
6.97
2.33
18.07
2.00
10.95
2.09
4.23
8.30
8L11
10.33
10.82
13.66
14.90
13.72
14.06
16.87
15.19
14.97
17.90
14.68
1.78
1.81
1.8$
B.45t
€.38
7.90
&4S
&a6
7.90
7.JT
5c96
It. 89
-6wS6
LH
1.8S
■4.14
.10
1.17
L75
-1-03
A 15
7.22
7L89
in 21
7L44
7138
7L7»
7L38
Ml 31
Ml 13
7t94
e<.54
M.64
M.«3
ettt
S7.63
I*
is
EGYPTIAN SUGAR CORN.
■^-r
) June
Before 1....! Jnoe
2 Juii«
8 t Julv
. 4 Julv
• 5 1 Julv
6 JuU-
7 Julv
H Julv
» ■ Julv
10 Julv
n Aug.
1*- Aug.
is AuiZ.
*^ <«.....«.• .^ ^' w •
1^. ....•*.«. Au;^.
16. ........ J Auc.
K f;.j.»-
l» St|»4.
IS
•JO
a7
10
16
11
ll»
HI
i:^
26
4
•ja
27
31
4
lu
♦
Jane
June
June
Julv
July
Julv
JqIv
Julv
JdlV
.lulV
Juiv
JulV
Au^r.
An;:.
Aug.
Au;:.
Aap
A\ic.
SepU
13
•JO
27
5
9
11
15
18
19
30
3&
30
5
14
17
19
26
30
6
t
1
1
1
t
1
1
1
1
8
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
.94
1.17
2.20
3.83
L32
2.38
2.49
3.29
194
2.61
3. or
3.6S
3. J-i
2.96
2.19
•J. 40
ZU
2.06
150
!
I
.25
.47
.16
.87
.74
.81
112
.t<tf
4.03
4.4*2
5l07
5l79
i» jt
11. \''*
4,72
1S.2U
7.51*
1.92
L52
LSI
181
4.90
119
130
L38
190
1.84
101
122
189
1.
1
4.
3.
53
tfS
14
11
OT
05
2.11
3.16
8.67
5.51
6.96
5.38
6.91
&56
9.87
8.90
10.15
9.96
9.52
12.49 ;
17.56 -
6.J9
IM
11«
7.92
IfllOt
-3.96
.54
S.«t5
4.M
I
I
lOi ST : — l.W
17.93 10.64 6.47
U-W; i 4.98
I
4
67.39
69.10
78LI0
68.82 i
64.«7
66.96 '•
64.56 1
63.C7J
6183 I
6Il30 ;
tlK '
€L45 i
64. S3 t
S7.S (
66.86;
S4.71 i
56.08 i
S8.68i
1.116
1.41*
I*
i-#
^2
^2
1^
Iff
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
m
EGYPTIAN* SUGAR CORN,
Anulff8€9 made afivr iht ears of com h€ul been plv4ik0d.
I-
Aug. 1^
Aug. 28
AoE. U
i:
2
5
Aag. 13
Auff. 18
Aug. 33
Aag. 30
s
3
3
6
4
JV.rt.
3.11
3. IS
!.«#
3.a
£
9
CO
Pt.ct
7.63
7.M
10. S0
10.63
•
s,
•
O
1
a
s
tt
^
'•J
ae
;d
s
H
Pr.ct.
Pr.ct
3.U
13.79
3.18
13.90
LOl
14.50
2.84
10.38
7.&4
7.81
0.»7
10.06
o
'3
Pr.ct.
3.27
3.87
7.89
4.66
I
r
Pr.eL
00.38
50.01
fi0.19
OLOS
o
1.061
1.049
L0e4
LINDSAY'S HORSE TOOTH.
re 1.
Jane 27
July 10
9vij 10
SvXj 14
Jii& 10
July IT
Jafy 18
July 21
July 21
July 26
Aug. 1
Aug. 8
Aor 8
Aug. K
Aug. 28
Aug. 27
Alg. 31
Sept 4
Sept. 10
June 16
June 20
June 27
July 6
July 17
Ju& 16
Ja& 18
July 10
July 20
uly 80
Aug. 6
Aug. 8
Aug. 16
Aug. io
Aug. 23
Aug. 27
Aug. 80
Sept. 6
%
Pr,cL
L38
2.08
&86
2.10
2.8
13
It
3.00
2.70
2.88
8.02
2.02
8.00
1.15
1.00
Pr,et,
.30
.02
.76
.58
2.06
.47
.00
.77
2.08
&07
7.86
6.84
4.80
7.00
0.18
4.81
7.19'
7.80
U.&7
I
I
t
Pr.cL
L64
2.tt
2.87
X71
%U
L
2.00
aot
8.80
8.44
2.00
161
t07
LOO
8.40
2.07
2.80
2L66
Fr.cL
3.22
COO
COS
i.08
7.07
4.90
i.40
C81
7.47
12.24
18.80
10.85
10.57
1L41
10.74
1L19
12.96
n.8i
16^73
7.44
4.01
4.24
6.20
&90
4.01
7.04
9.58
10.40
JY.et
^3.81
L75
too
-.17
-1.85
2.01
L61
— L67
L43
8.79
7.41
■
s
•s
I
Fr,ct.
68.86
66.02
66.07
07.01
67.50
OCOO
74.20
0C56
68.50
05.80
68.04
6a71
02.20
00.92
64.50
00.60
50.00
00.40
5a 91
LOlO
L024
t023
1.080
1.080
LOlO
LQ25
LOdO
1.024
L080
L060
1040
1.040
1.048
1.042
rbso
LOU
LOOl
BLOUITFS PROLIFIC.
rel
July 7
July 13
July 16
July 14
July 21
July 21
July 81
July 25
July 20
Aug. 1
Aug. 7
Aug. 10
Aug. 23
Aug. 07
Aug. 31
Sept 2
Sept 7
Sept 10
July
July
jBy
July
July
Jul
5
7
8
11
15
y 18
Jul} 10
July 20
Juy fe6
July 28
July 30
Aug. 5
Aug. 8
Aug. 16
Aug. 17
Aug. 19
Sf^pt 1
S(9pt 8
Sept 8
ITS
1.48
2.70
2.20
2.01
2.10
8.82
2.01
tiO
d.S
2.81
1. 18
too
1.00
.00
.70
130
192
.58
.26
.10
100
127
178
2.40
100
100
4.87
188
4.96
198
7.91
7.10
191
2.35
&40
106
168
118
4.66
167
IS
197
106
14?
160
140
lOii
117
188
4.88
4.00
100
189
113
A81
A 91
7.50
6.91
7.00
7.22
156
122
COO
192
1100
"9.24
128
1102
1130
COO
C71
12.65
1100
5.11
4.44
178
4.87
C07
COO
7.16
— .18
.10
.00
—132
190
.08
—184
—195
4. IS
190
67.91
6C87
0100
6176
0116
0180
07.90
04.84
0137
6C85
6178
60.40
6120
6184
67.47
6152
4162
65.22
49.07
1017
1018
1020
1028
1024
1024
10>,W
1U27
1029
1087
1043
1U30
1035
1048
1045
1028
1027
1051
1041
432
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
IMPROVED PROLIFIC BREAD.
ee
1
3
4
.5
6
7
8
9
10
IJ
13
14
15
16
17
18
•0:3
^
July 10
July 15
July 18
July 21
July 23
July 26
July 26
Aug. 1
Aug. 9
Aug. 23
Aug. 23
Aug. 16
Aug. 23
Aug. 27
Aug. 31
8ept. 2
Sept 7
Sept 10
-^ si
o
t
Jcily 12
July 15
July 16
July 18
July 19
July 20
July 25
July 28
July 80
Aug. 8
Aug. 5
Aug. 11
Aug. 15
Aug. 17
Aug. 19
Aug. 28
Aug. 30
Sept 5
o
II
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
©
!Pr. et.
L91
L83
2.44
2.86
2.96
a87
2.44
2.53
2.68
3.76
L33
2.65
2.85
2.85
2.05
2.05
L92
L61
s
CO
P^.ct
.23
.42
.90
1.61
1.48
L77
2.81
4.75
7.58
&20
4.01
6.20
&22
7;86
4.79
4. 2d
6.50
S.81
g
o
•3
Pr.«t
2L28
a 14
2.08
aei
228
2.87
2L68
2.81
1.65
2.52
5.11
.32
2.42
2.48
L96
2.83
2.00
2.54
•3
S
3
o
H
Pr,cL
4.37
5.39
6.37
7.08
a67
a 51
7.43
ia09
1L91
1L48
10.45
9.17
a99
iai9
a7»
a 16
ia42
7.46
L47
2.16
4.20
7.02
7.01
5.10
a90
a 41
a65
a95
i'oi
Pr.cL
— .59
a2s
~L06
—a 43
a23
.45
a53
.79
— .59
a56
— .84
I
I
Pr.cL
95.90
6a84
7a 08
6a^
64.04
61.63
6L39
«5k74
5^89
5X66
6L60
5a 04
6a 86
4a 80
4a 06
6L49
6a 18
64.96
LOIC
tm
1024
LON
LOSS
1.0s
L0»
1068
LM»
IMS
1.M3
Loa
LOM
lOM
LOIS
LOSS
LOtl
Lon
BROAD WHTIE FLAT DENT.
1
•>
4
6
7
9
10
11
It:
13
u
15
July 10
July 16
July 21
July 21
July 23
July 26
July 20
Aug. 1
Aug. a
Aug. 16
Aug. 23
Aug. 29
Sept 2
Sept 7
Sept 10
July 12
2
July 15
July 16
July 18
July 19
July 20
July 25
July 80
Aug. 3
Aug. 6
Aug. 11
Aug. 15
Aug. 17
X
Aug. 19
Aug. 25
a49
2.60
a29
an
ass
a69
a 74
a 66
a25
a63
ass
a92
a84
a25
L15
.59
L16
L04
1.37
L47
a 12
4.29
a 97
4.65
4.30
7.64
a97
12.55
a63
L72
ai8
a67
a97
2.74
2L81
ao2
a62
L88
ao9
a 04
a86
a26
aso
a89
4.47
a27
7.12
7.12
7.44
7.87
9.88
ia67
ia55
ia87
ia87
14.42
iao7
17.80
7.57
1.37
ass
a 75
a 14
4.63
4.86
ais
a78
1L74
a24
-L99
a89
-4.27
.86
4.87
7.80
-^51
6&50
M.79
5&69
6L55
7a 49
6a 61
6a 98
6a 46
6a 97
64.26
6a 89
6a 72
6L40
61.47
47.08
L087
LOO
LOK
LOM
LI6S
LOM
LM4
L0t7
l^
im
LONG NARROW WHITE DENT.
1
•» _ ^
^.V.V,\'.'.'..
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 A..
18
July
7
Jnly
15
July
21
July
21
July
21
July
26
July
26
Aug.
1
Aug.
9
Aug.
12
Aug.
18
Aug.
23
Aug.
25
Aug.
27
Aug.
31
Sept
2
Sept
7
Sept
10
July 15
July 16
July 18
July 19
July 20
July 25
July 28
July 30
Aug. 3
Aug. 5
Aug. 11
Aug. 15
Aug. 17 I
Aug. 19 1
Aug. 23
Aug. 27 !
Aug. 30 i
Sept 2 !
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
o
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
a 21
a 41
a54
a27
a 48
a 15
.23
L83
L43
1.04
LOO
a56
L71
a96
a56
a29
a34
a 10
4.14
&20
7.63
7.60
7.42
a 81
6a 84
ea27
65.97
ai.37
6a 27
6a 96
aso
a 69
a36
ao5
a 57
a 16
an
aoo
iao4
6a 83
5a 77
&86
4.50
4.40
L47
ia37
a66
— L57
5a 96
4.41
a82
a 27
15.00
ao8
1.64
5a 70
a58
aoo
a48
1L96
7.08
1.84
62.77
1.97
ia67
a82
14.96
ia49
6.38
6a 34
a 42
ia23
ao4
14.69
11.57
5.77
52 81
a 16
7.59
a 76
laso
7.28
L68
57.78
1.58
a 81
a8o
ia69
a26
—.07
5a 55
a 26
a 51
a 24
17.00
a89
ao2
4a 05
1.84
laii
a 52
ia47
7.76
saoo
ass
ia44
a 18
iai5
ia26
a73
56.47
1
REPORT OP THE CHEMIST.
433
CHESTER COUNTY MAMMOTH.
July 10
July 15
July 15
Jialy 15
July 15
July 18
July 21
July 26
July 26
July 26
Aug. 9
Aug. 12
Aug. 18
Aug. 24
Aug. 26
Aug. 31
Sept. 4
Sept. 10
July 6
July 9
July 11
July 12
July 13
July 15
July 18
July 19
July 20
July 25
July 28
July 30
Aug. 3
Aug. 5
Aug. 11
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Aug. 22
deter*
8.
i
t of sn-
arization.
•
i
-cl
•
s
4
s
•a
U «
r
s
3
CO
1
1
1
<
4D
1
Pr.eL
Pr,et
Pr.et.
Pt. eL
Pr.ct,
Pr.et.
2
a 75
2.97
3.85
a 81
2.74
a 17
a 74
2.53
.49
.72
.16
2.00
1.41
a 22
a 13
5.39
a 19
2.'91
a 81
a 73
4.68
a 32
a 33
a86
a 43
a 00
7.82
a54
a83
a 71
a 20
10.78
6a 65
71.76
60.84
5a 24
67.67
61.68
55.90
58.01
a 71
2.04
7.76
L65
iao5
a47
58.04
2.92
a 24
L99
iai5
a 33
.'>a 55
a24
a 16
.73
iai3
5.25
a 19
64.62
2.40
5.82
192
11.14
S.M
.50
57.01
a 36
a 12
1.75
10.23
4.89
.01
52.41
l.?5
2.47
a 08
a 80
2.26
—1.86
65.81
1.80.
1.32
a 32
a 17
ia20
ia37
a 35
65.31
a 78
4.16
a 26
—1.70
41.06
L47
a93
a86
ia26
4.60
62.59
L44
a94
a 43
a 81
5.20
ao7
44 77
1.021
1.022
1.022
1.032
1.02j
1.038
1.034
1 038
1.050
1.049
1.041
1.041
1. 039
L029
1.050
1.036
1.051
1.039
EIGHTEEN-ROWED YELLOW DENT.
July 7
July 15
July 15
July 18
July 21
July 21
July 21
July 26
Aug. 1
Aug. 9
Au?. 12
Aug. 18
Aug. 26
Aug. 27
Aug. 81
Sept. 3
Sept 7
Sept. 10
July 11
July 15
July 16
July 18
July 19
July 20
July 25
Aug. 6
Aug. 11
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Aug. 20
Aug. 23
Aug. 25
Aug. 28
Aug. 80
Sept. 3
Sept. 6
a68
a64
a86
a 49
a86
4.21
.85
.48
.65
1.89
1.57
ao7
L79
a 21
4.89
a 34
a83
a98
a 72
7.33
a 40
a 72
a26
a 26
a'>.36
6a 38
6a 82
63.47
6a 84
6a 17
• ««« • • • •
a 95
a96
a65
a23
a 36
a 17
a67
1.40
a92
a85
a72
11.74
60.09
61.03
60.62
— L40
a 05
a87
1.38
. 11.30
a 40
?,44
64.82
X
a20
a24
a 81
14.26
7.68
123
54.90
a35
4.15
a 05
a 56
7.48t
— L25
65.40
^
1.47
1L46
a 14
1&07
a 77
7.85
64.12
a8o
a 18
a 39
14.32
a 34
1.94
50.38
a22
a 18
2.56
5.80
11.96
.40
4a 64
an
11.39
ia3o
1L44
a 48
6a 00
1.20
4.35
a 12
7.67
LOS
87.94
2
L67
1L65
a64
ia86
ia85
7.44
6a 53
1.022
1.023
1.023
L028
1.028
1.031
L028
1.032
1.043
L044
L052
L036
1.055
L051
1.045
1.062
1.030
1.067
ATBBAOE OF Alili TARICTIB8 Ilf DIFFERENT STAGES.
BEFORE FIRST STAGE.
Variety.
y Ainl>er
to Llberian
te ^ftimiuoth
c'» Hybrid
Do .y
iv Cano
y Orango
ific Cdue
jrTop
jTian
dnrna
lie Iinpheo
seNeck
ma Sorghum
sua Cornua, White.
Total ...
Average
8
2
1
16
Pr. et.
a 46
a 88
1.11
1.03
1.47
1.41
a 46
a 04
1.36
1. 92
12. m
2. uo
L91
a 16
1.07
36.99
a 31
Pr.cL
.78
4.31
.26
.79
.93
1.21
.46
.49
a 30
.39
.93
1.82
.37
14.19
.89
bfi
0
CO
•*a
O
a
•3
CO
Pr.et.
a 82
a 17
a 30
a 10
2.79
a 03
aui
2.83
a 97
6,87
a 37
a 12
4.1V2
a 44
3a 38
a 40
i
9
9
Pr.et.
11 a 24
oaoo
05.67
67. 20
70.69
68.00
04.56
66.03
66.67
7a 08
188.28
03.40
GO. 35
126.28
5a 91
1, 044. 22
65.^30
<§
U
to ■*»
H
a 032
1.020
1.012
1.015
1.017
1. 015
1.017
1. 020
1.015
1. (114
a 078
1.021
1.014
a 034
1.016
ia290
1.018
i
i
s
9
Pr.cL
■•«««• • «
el
It
a 61
28 AG
434 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
FIRST STAGE.
Variety.
1
3
•
eg
Solids not sugar.
•
1
>
£
ll
>
<
i
£
■
c
3
«
<
is
il
Earlv Anilter •••....
Pr. et.
3.15
3.11
2.90
4.46
2.06
L81
1.00
1.81
2.01
3.71
2.16
2.19
2.07
3.62
3.04
2.00
3.12
2.45
4.50
4. 01
4.24
1.06
3.57
4.71
1.84
5.03
4.31
5.88
3.45
2.86
2.39
11. M
3.10
3,78
3.15
1.03
L04
.85
L78
Pr. ct.
1.15
2.91
1.20
.46
2.72
4.69
2.45
.49
2.32
Pr. et.
2.65
. .90
.69
1.40
3.61
2.47
2.91
1.67
4.58
3.00
2.72
2.51
2.70
2.19
L65
4.12
2.21
1.87
1.01
2.13
3.11
3.37
2.40
2.20
2.17
3.60
3.04
4.54
2.31
2.88
2.26
3.54
L78
2.81
1.85
2.79
a 17
2.51
2.45
Pr.ct
53.60
66.99
64.29
72.92
67.35
61.06
G8.09
67.58
70.43
71.56
67.18
72.45
68.41
73.00
e7.91
68.27
<(K.48
67.81
66.38
65.06
62.21
58.70
6L46
64.43
6.3.67 ;
69.97
7LI2
136.26
60.81
62.62
65.13
135.44
60.72
67.64
68.90
64.12
50.95
50.56
7L39 '
L028
L026
L024
1.027
].o:)o
L036
L0*/7
1.020
1.0i?7
1.025
L02.S
1.025
l.fTM
L034
1.028
1.020
1.020
1.022
L029
L032
L026
L019
L021
L034
1.016
LOSS
L'038
2.A36
L025 ;
L021
1.017
2.073
LOIS
L024
L018
L016
L020
1.027
L016
Pr.ct.
Eurlv GciMeii
White' Li Uerian
Do
\ ;
Black Ton
\".''.'....
Black Tall
.41
A rHcan ........................
,
Whito MHiniuotb .......••
(^)oi84'eaiin .................
1
Kesular Sorgho ................
(
1
Link's llvbrid
2.43
2.22
2. 63
.14
.27
.48
.74
.81
.76
.37
i.oi
.05
2.41
.32
1.51
3.41
.64
1.06
.24
.41
3.74
.28
.78
.32
.56
L18
2.05
i
Do
i
Susar Cane
i
Goose Neek
Bear Tail
Iowa Ited Top
New Variety
BariT Orance
Do
OranjiCe Cane •
Neeazana
••••«...
Wolf Tall
Grav Too
Biberian
Maetodon
Uonduraa •.••■......
Sugar Cane
HvDrid No. 4
white Tmpbee
Goose Keck
White African ,
West India Sugar Cane
Sugar Cane....
15»
New Variety of Lil>erian and
Oomseeana
Minnesota Sarlv Ambeir .......
Rolens Saocbaratns
Helens Sorghum
nolousCemus. White...
Honey Cane. .......... ••••.....
Total
88
123.21
a24
45.65
1.20
02.00
2.42
2, 551. 91
07.13
38.953
L025
1
Average .................
.00
SECOND STAGE.
Carlv Amliar ..................
^
2.92
3.10
3.08
6.00
2.00
L56
LS4
6.04
LOO
2.07
2.21
2.18
2.11
2.45
3.12
3.19
3 04
8.65
5.25
4.92
8.14
2.W
2.57
5.36
3.73
L52
1.36
L76
1.40
1.13
* 4.95
1.28
7.46
1.55
..'>3
3.42
3.04
3.24
.46
1.45
2.40
2.21
3.08
2.65
1.85
1.64
3.72
1.79
2.78
L53
1.18
1.10
2.21
2.57
1.81
4.31
2.44
8.27
2.59
6.18
2.34
L88
1.81
3.14
63.29
69.68
• 72.31
138.96
66.60
59. 10
6L42
131.24
64.71
64.03
67.48
66.00
69.48
60.79
66.11
C8.88
70.26
68.89
66.78
68.96
182.86
67.22
6S.64
64.33
68.55
L026
1.027
Eariv Golden -
White Lilmdan
L027
2.054
1.020
1.036
1.018
Do
Black Ton
..
Black Tafi
"i.M
African
White HatnmoUi
2.06C
..,.'.'... iJi
Oomseeana
LO-il
1.020
LC33
1.030
1.031
1.019
L019
1.020
1.025
1.026
L035
1.029
2.050
1.032
1.033
1.039
L028
HesTnlar Sorcho...... ..........
1
Link's Hybrid
1
Do
....
Sii car Csne ....................
..
(itHise Keck...... ...... .._..
Bear Tail
Iowa Hcd Tod
.58
.39
L85
L76
.05
.78
3.93
3.07
3.08
L15
New Variety. ..................
Early Oranire ...... .........
Do ....,..,...,,....
Oranffe Cime...... .
X^^^nKiina ...... .._.
Wolf Tail
Gray Top
Lilw-rian .,
" 2.71
>la0todoi) r..r»>*
...«•••
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
435
SECOND STAGE— Continaod.
Yiiivty.
Can«
ldNa4
»Imphee
• Neck
)Afticui
India Sugar Caae
Caae
Variety of Lfberian and
Mota Early Anib«r
la Sacoharatoa
laSorgbum
• Cemoa, WiUta..
f Canv
Total....
Avexage
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
40
Pr.tft,
&04
8.48
8.06
4.13
3.96
3.66
10.80
3.78
3.41
2.75
2.88
.67
2.36
4.61
133.89
3.35
Pr.ct.
5.04
.27
.37
.90
.31
.98
6.28
.30
5.84
.38
1.06
2.53
73.46
1.84
u
a
s
I
Pr.et.
1.78
4.99
2.85
3.13
1.87
5.02
5.50
1.87
2.44
2.69
2.95
2.97
6.02
1.16
96.22
2.41
•
Pr.et.
70.99
73. 52
71.46
67.33
65.14
71. 62
126.50
67.46
66.47
66.51
72.98
52.00
108.90
68.21
2, 67A 24
69.48
s
u
L045
1.023
1.019
1.030
1.017
1.024
2 080
1.024
1.020
1.041
1.020
L018
2.036
1.030
41. 117
L029
8
o
0
Pr.et.
.89
.00
4.18
&63
1.78
30.98
2.98
THIRD STAGE.
Ambar ........•*•-■••••.
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
%
1
2.20
3.17
6.20
2.80
4.84
L87
8.82
&90
4.64
5.06
L88
2.39
2.98
2.79
7.89
5.98
6.16
4.40
12.00
4.96
4.55
8.00
4.12
11.20
6.80
a 25
3.56
3.37
&42
2.88
2.51
10.48
3.21
3.06
6.50
1.82
1.04
2.78
4.61
.58
L58
L78
1.55
4.38
5.66
4.62
6.04
1.66
3.28
3.96
4.34
2.94
.65
1.26
1.94
2.10
2.11
5.54
1.12
1.66
5.62
2.73
8.12
7.58
3.88
.67
.06
•4.84
4.10
3.16
6.00
3.25
&10
1.19
&46
7.84
6.18
2.52
2.40
3.14
2.40
5.46
9.03
9.04
a 12
• 1.32
4.00
.84
2.57
2.21
2.04
4.32
4.24
1.74
3.15
2.31
6.42
3.23
5.28
6.52
2.96
3.14
4.76
3.34
3.81
4.36
1.12
70.85
71.33
143. 24
70.41
141. 00
5a 89
134.74
135. 30
123.20
137.90
.65.11
68.52
6a 08
6a06
205.11
134.14
145.16
69.15
137. 78
6a ul
6a 67
69.23
6a 67
133.84
132.76
68.39
69.16
71.25
135.08
65.29
69.83
12a 18
70.13
65.00
13a 58
m. 97
59.69
107. 46
71.44
1.021
1.023
2.048
1.025
2.052
1.039
2.048
2.068
2.046
2.044
1.031
1.033
1.027
1.022
a066
2.040
2.046
1.035
2.080
1.082
1.030
1.043
1.034
2.088
2.070
1.044
1.023
1.019
2.068
1.020
1.019
2.090
L021
1.021
2.046
1.025
1.020
2.052
1.029
Goldffll -.,,T.TT---«-|-«T-f-
M I/ihATian ....*«.....
Do
Top.. •.....>••.... •..•*.
TaU
2.60
tn.... ....... ..•..>..«....
^ If aninoth ..............
a8o
Mana ..........«..««...«.
Lar Sorgho. ...... .••>.....
■ HTbnd
Do:..?..:;;;;;..:.:..:;:.
••*•••••
• CfKM^ ............ --^-t..r
iNeck
•««••«••
rail
Red Top
••••••«•
Variety
OraDsre ..................
D^r. ..;:.;::::::;:::..
... .4> OD
re Cana. ..................
tana ..................... .
Tafl
.41
5.84
Tod.. ..•••..
2.81
Ian....
7.54
idon.. .....••.. ...........
&84
ana
ail
'Cane
idKo.4
e Imphea. ................
ilieck
e A frican
.35
7.90
.24
.46
1.38
1.76
.46
4.74
2.38
India Sagar Cane
'Cane
a 46
Yariety of Libarian and
luaeana
eaola Bariy Amber
It flacoharatoa^ ,.,,,..,,.r
la Sorffhum ..............
laCemai. Wbite
V Cane ..............t.tt-
1.31
ToUl
52
177.45
8.41
104.96
2.02
150.56
2.90
3, 53a 88
6a02
53.491
1.029
****.'oo'
43.07
AvArftffA
a 08
BEPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
437
FIFTH STAGE— Continned.
Variety.
Hondiins ~
Sugar Cane
Hybrid No.4
White Impbee
GooeeNeck
White African
'West India Sugar Cane
Sagar Cane
Ifew Variety, of Liberian and
Oomaeeana ..
Minnesota Early Amber
Holcoa Saccharatus
Helens Sorghnm
Holous Cemus, Wbito
UoneyCane
Total
i
^ a
s
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
I
1
1
51
i6
ce
8
SI
O
Fr.et.
6.12
6.90
4.74
7.94
10.62
3.35
5.69
4.23
4.71
3.22
2.10
1.03
1.65
5.89
188.27
3.69
&
Pr.eL
5.89
8.24
.23
11.28
7.40
1.54
6.91*
.48
.32
3.84
1.62
7.67
2.63
183.75
3.60
i
o
a
m
I
Pr.et.
1.93
7.40
3.24
3.84
2.94
3.52
2.58
2.49
2.48
2.08
3.21
3.20
4.26
2.30
141.56
2.78
6
I
Pr.eL
69.21
131. 16
71.43
137. 12
129. 20
08.00
65.02
6&79
66.58
70.82
48.17
56.20
44.36
71.70
8,471.75
68.07
1.055
2.056
1.028
2.086
2.078
1. 028
1.054
1.026
1.029
1.021
L038
1.025
1.056
1.0S9
52.880
1.035
Pr.eL
L76
.00
&24
9.8?
5.52
6.60
Su45f
121.42
&28
SIXTH STAGE.
Sarly Amber
Early Golden
White Liberian
Do
Black Top
BUfcckTall -
African
White Mammoth
Oomaeeana...
Kegnlar Sorgho
Link'sHybrid
Do
SagarCane ,
OooseNeok
Bear Tail
Iowa Red Top
New Variety
Early Orange
Do
Orange Cane.........
Keeaaaoa
WolfTaU
Liberian
Gray Top
Hastodon ,
HondoLtM
SagarCane
Hvbrid No. 4
white Imphee
OooseNeok
White African
West India Sogar Can 6
SagarCane
New Variety, of Liberian and
Oomaeeana
Kkmesota Early Amber
Holcna Saocharatos
Holcos Sorgbom
Holcns Cemas, White
Homey Cane
Total ...
Arerage
42
3.17
3.10
2.95
4.04
3.21
2.85
3.15
4.00
3.81
2.45
1.19
7.93
1.99
4.41
8.52
&13
8.47
L23
3.53
2.15
5.48
13.56
4.62
1&56
7.71
20.46
4.04
1.91
3.89
.92
4.11
.92
4.32
.81
0.94
14.70
12.24
10.94
5.06
3.67
5.84
2.78
2.08
7.93
6. 03
&32
3.88
4.83
4.21
&07
6.04
5.96
4.30
.73
4.67
.13
4.68
7.41
4.89
3.70
4.00
4.19
4.77
3.45
2.59
1.88
1.04
4.17
162.96
8.88
4.99
.81
11.18
.37
.18
1.99
2.82
2.92
6.14
7.30
197.81
4.71
2.42
8.67
2.6C
.99
8.45
4.50
1.04
2.06
2.60
2.69
6.24
5.60
a 49
2.28
2.29
2.52
2. 37
5.28
7.56
3.57
2.91
5.75
2.33
3.55
1.96
1.75
2.34
3. 5r)
2.42
2.54
2.43
1.27
3.71
1.99
1.09
4.47
8.82
4.44
1.19
118.00
2.81
68.23
6a 01
72.78
60.23
71.48
58.08
6a 69
60.35
67.57
67.77
137.16
126.98
209.46
72.34
67.49
68.39
64.20
133.04
133.80
70.95
6a 10
6a 67
63. Of)
53. 23
Ga43
71.41
65.90
70.01
6a 36
5a 45
67.66
61.05
67.00
67.86
C6. 72
41.86
94.72
41.34
71.23
2,823.03
67.21
1.047
1.036
1. 032
1.038
1.033
1.050
1.035
L046
L026
L027
2.090
2.114
3.144
1.033
1.028
1. 027
1. 026
2.116
2.110
1.040
1.040
1.053
1.064
1.044
1.053
1. 055
1. 020
1.02D
1. 054
1.046
1.023
1.070
1.021
1.030
1.026
l.O'J?
2.042
1.047
1.050
43. 785
1.042
3.34
1.88
.55
1.84
a 34
4.26
1.90
.31
'5."oi
.06
L04
.00
7.76
*6.'02*
5.80
16.92
ia42
10.06
6.58
7.75
7.20
4.65
7.75
5.68
7.45
4.28
10.69
3.02
5.80
6.26
132. 32
6.01
^ «
486
BXPOBT OF THK OOMMUMIIOnB OF AQRIOnLTUBB.
SKVfiNTH 8TAGX.
Variety.
r
d
O
d
i
e
1
•
i
•
1
1
1
h
<
§
1
<
el
II
Oft
Eftrly Amber
2
1
2
Pr.cL
8.54
8.00
a 03
2.W
4.5a
3.38
2.52
2.17
4wll
1.55
4.02
2.61
6.16
4.23
8.30
a78
8.03
5.64
5.89
5.54
5.58
2.82
4.30
4.37
a 01
8.76
4.43
5.07
3.01
3.35
7.92
3.25
4.76
4.89
3.38
2.76
2.40
1.85
8.94
Fr.eL
4.83
5.25
5.21
6.94
3.41
10.58
6.96
9.55
2.18
5.74
21.64
8.01
14.02
2.29
2.12
6.28
4.92
5.23
4.88
6.33
3.76
D.62
0.22
10.03
4.41
19.78
4.95
L56
8.85
7.48
.52
14.07
.71
1.67
.39
8.18
0.94
.'i.96
16.68
1
Pr.eL
3.63
1.17
1.35
L25
.50
8.74
4.86
2.74
L83
3.22
&4^
3.87
11.54
.82
2.13
2.59
Pr.eL
65.79
66.39
72.07
60.33
70.23
114.82
69.11
66.47
70.82
.'S6.34
12a 48
63.72
139.44
66.45
74.02
70.79
68.51
68.09
66.72
6a 31
69.27
66.00
66.16
56.36
69.07
133. 40
62.95
66.38
66.29
62.36
135.32
63.27
72.29
76.81
72.77
42.72
94.92
4a 30
132.62
1.041
1.040
1.042
L047
1.042
2.120
1.04i
1.664
1.034
L046
1120
L052
2.098
1.034
L029
L043
1.042
1.052
1.051
L053
1.041
L061
1.049
1.071
1.019
2.124
L045
1.034
1.C65
L053
2.074
L075
L031
1.035
1.034
L038
2.064
1.047
2.112
Pr.cL
Early Oolden
1.0B
.81
2.85
White Liberian
Do
Black Top
Black Tall
7.46
17. M
Afrin^n..... .,x* .
White Hamnioth
4.64
ail
Oomseeaiia
Keinilar Sorzho
.07
1L16
L63
• • « •* • • *
T-inV'ff Hybrirt . .
20.71
Do^..v. ..:.;:::::;;:::::
7.0
Sn^r CP^n-.Txn^ .r.t.m..T.*...
UM
Goose Neck
Bear Tail
Iowa Red Top
New Variety
Karly Oranere
4.76
4.76
L90
2.71
4.33
1.58
3.00
1.96
3.58
1.19
1.59
4.8i
4.83
9.40
2.04
2.77
8.68
4.56
4.28
9.72
4. ."il
4.18
5.21
Do
4.S7
Orange Cane.
5.M
Neeaxana
Wolf TaU ^
Gray Top
2.48
.84
a56
*7*4i'
9.tt
5.11
Xiiberian
ie.TS
Maatmlon
S.74
Hondnraa
Sugar Cane
17.74
Hybrid No. 4
White Imphee
.99
CtooaeNeoK
White African
West India Sugar Cane
Sncar Cane
a78
»«
New Variety, of Liberian and
Oomaeeaua
Slinnesota Early Amber
HoInuA Saccharatni
Holcus Horsbuui
"'aii'
'"i»
Holcua Ceiims. Whito
L94'
Honey Cane
15.80
Total
42
165.26 i
3. 69 1
255.47
6.08
124.37
3.03
2, 84a 22
67.81
44.039
1.048
"".bo*
isan
AveraiTo '
?.«
erago ^ ,..,j
EIGHTH STAGE.
Early Amber
Earlv Golden
White Liberian . . . .
Do
Black Top
Black Tall
African
White Mammoth ..
Oomaeeaua
Regular Sorcrho. . . .
Link's Hybrid
Do
Sugar Cane
Gooae Neck
Bear Tail
Iowa Ked Top
New Variety ,
Early Oraoge
Orange Cane
Neeasana
Wolf Tail
Gray Top
Liberian
Mastodon
3.57
2.07
3.U1
2.98
2.45
2.70
2.93
2.41
1.40
S.96
3.01
2.70
2.21
aoo
3.83
5.80
3.33
5.44
4.24
4.88
11.02
3.16
3.00
4.54
a 47
a 53
5.42
5.63
7.15
6.41
23.00
5.82
11!.07
9.38
3.42
9.04
11.25
9.11
a 42
3.
IS.
34
56
0.00
10.69
13. 3L
7.85
11.68
12-27
9.18
11.06
7.75
a 27
1.17
5.04
3 38
a 20
4.48
4.62
1.32
a 44
a 35
2.6»
1.55
4.27
5.56
.73
&64
a 44
L67
a43
a20
5.80
1.68
a58
2.93
65.81
60.57
7a 61
71.83
65.45
]ia38
66.71
70. 35
69 60
71.19
69.30
67.50
67.85
139.94
6a 74
141.40
69.86
«2.72
5a 69
68.94
139. 18
65.77
64.46
66.55
69.76
l.OU
1.046
1.041
1.036
1.044
a 128
1.047
L006
1.050
L034
1.058
L064
1.056
2.082
1.038
2.092
1.045
1.073
L076
1.058
a 104
1.066
1.060
1.073
1.053
1.18
.79
.76
ia82
aM
4.48
a 34
7.00
160
1.06
.23
a 58
a64
.77
ai.^
a 60
a94
1.35
».«
ia«<
R82
ia«
1.9
10- «i
7.44
REPORT OF THB CHEMIST.
439
EIGHTH fiTAOE--ContinuocL
Variety.
iras
Cane
dNo. 4
I Toipheo
Neck
> African
luflhiSui^arCane
Cane
Variety, of LIberian and
iseeana ,
«ota Early Amber
a Saecluinitws
a Sorghum
sCemiia, White ,
rCane
Total ....
Averajce
1
]
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
45
Pr.cL
5.8G
4.f)0
10. iH
6.64
10.46
3.85
3.34
4.62
10.28
.96
2.48
1.51
.77
6.98
106.55
3.70
Pr.ot.
&30
3.74
4.02
25.80
16.14
4.20
14.80
4.76
a56
6.86
7.64
2.94
7.74
12.58
S3a25
7.47
i
e
I
Pr.ct.
1.29
3.:«
6.3'i
5.40
3.54
1.9(i
2.43
•a
I
7.60
1.31
3.46
3.96
4.60
7.88
11&47
2.63
Pr.et.
66.70
71.38
132. 72
IJ'J.32
132. 08
67.85
53.10
64.53
132.40
72.00
50.38
48.60
53.38
132.26
8,004.50
66.76
1.061
L045
2.076
2.142
2.112
L039
1.083
1.037
2.086
L040
L056
1.084
L052
2.098
47.345
L052
Pr.et.
1.16
13.76
2.14
9.09
450
1.70
2.87
L14
7.
24.30
13.20
14.41
5.61
7.08
12.80
207.31
9.42
NINTH STAGE.
Amber ...
Golden ...
) Liborian.
I>o
Top
Tafi
Ill
) Mammoth
;eaoa
ar Sorgbo..
» Hybrid...
Do
Cane . . .
Neck...
rail
k««l Top
Tarfety .
Orange.
\>o
e Cane..
aua
Fail
Top
nn
don ,
iraa
Caue
d N...4
J Implu.tj
Xe<lc
' African. ,
India. SiignrCane
(?iiu«
V'«riet5', of Liberinn and
sceana.
fMita Karly Amber
9 S-iccIiHrntuH ,.
i« S<irj:liuni
K CeiDiiH, White
: Cane ,
Total ...
Average
3
4
2
I
3
3
1
f*
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
I
2
2
2
1
I
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
I
1
1
1
60
R.19
9.52
6.10
2.78
10.05
3. 51
2.78
4.78
2.38
3.14
1.07
1.98
1.28
7 •>•>
11.61
8.12
6. 9U
2. 9X
3.91
4.1.')
12. 38
78
30
02
2.*)
31
04
U
2. r>7
4 46
2. 42
2. r.3
4.84
9. fJO
13.08
2. 27
l.UO
.!«)
4.47
22.86
37.01
15. 62
9. 0.0
26.10
43,26
4.76
20.18
7.27
5.47
14.74
12.22
13 64
11.52
15.84
10.52
i;i. 82
12. 39
II 62
12.06
11.22
25.08
22. 70
11.99
8.98
11.89
11.54
3.81
12. 49
10. 2.j
9.27
1.^. 78
3.i>4
11. 4n
27.04
7.5)5
5.32
10.39
7.08
6.87
11.20
7.34
4.96
&51
7.35
4.40
7.62
3.27
2.90
2.55
2.54
2.12
6.0G
9.03
6.38
6.06
1.50
1.86
.95
4.52
4.84
2.72
3.15
1.48
1.99
5.32
2.85
l.M
1.70
2.20
2.09
2. 35
4.88
9. «8
3.73
4. 16
5.13
2.51
198.11
3.30
.'>25. 09
8.7C
155. 71
2.60
199.38
26a 48
131. 14
68.21
205.08
161.61
6&88
132.04
70.39
70.24
65.40
6:139
75.73
137. 74
1KW. 75
139. 42
139. 32
66.84
66.42
65.27
141. 98
132. 90
153. 80
64.63
60. 23
62.82
131.70
70. 02
60.91
04.26
05. 17
67.18
€9. ."iO
131.98
2KI. 32
42 91
43. 07
47.06
71.94
3.141
4.220
2.104
1.0.M
3.165
3.231
1.042
2.140
1.048
1.045
1.078
1.069
1.071
2.096
3. 138
2.088
2.084
1.069
1.06»
1.069
2.108
2.142
2.130
1. 075
1.057.
1. «»72
2.096
1. 040
1.008
1. 065
1. 058
1. 08:{
1.0:2
2.096
4.1X0
1.0.57
1.044
1. 003
1. 0.52
4, 074. 53
67.91
63. 385
1. 0.50
7.80
1&32
2.18
1.31
9.54
32.40
7.78
1.C2
1L12
7.70
10.24
.86
7.91
5.85
6.96
16 06
12.68
4.22
3.25
5 59
8.08
4.03
4.05
11. 16
22.23
39.36
1&18
'26.'9i'
39.84
23.58
14.52
1-2.12
12 98
15.54
18.30
10.78
'ii.'9i"
11.21
11.22
10.72
17.401
19.44
11.83
&00
11.14
11.28
9.14
15.28
! 5.86
4. 88
1. 95 ! 6 99
. 10 3. 87
4.20 '...
.10 , 6.60
I 396.07
2.80 ' 9. lil
440
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
TENTH STAGE.
Variety.
^ o
1
3
&
i
s
1
S
d
••-1
s>
t
k
<
a
<
d
•
«
3
si
n
Birly Amber
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
8
1
2
1
1
8
2
5
2
2
1
1
1
1
Pr.et.
5.82
4.96
2.38
2.48
2.63
.68
2.32
8.98
8.10
&43
1.55
4.10
1.10
3.01
9.12
5.94
10.80
3.61
3.98
8.66
4.63
2.51
2.72
4.07
6.09
6.64
3.92
4.96
2,74
2.05
2.25
1.89
4.10
8.42
5.28
2.10
.81
.60
5.49
Pr.tL
1&52
22.28
11.34
1L02
0.25
15.75
7.84
28.16
17.00
23.48
13.42
25.20
15.14
8.84
16.83
19.84
89.10
11.88
13.81
12.83
9.33
14.69
14.38
11.83
4.06
27.04
6.03
5.75
8.58?
11.59
8.11
17.44
6.62
15 80
21.00
7.23
4.24
9.34
9.02
Pr.ei.
5.62
3.20
2.25
L.^
3.86
5.18
2.30
5.82
6.38
10.20
2.60
5.20
2.48
2.84
13.38
4.64
14.25
3.23
3.63
1.68
2.44
1.82
2.89
1.29
1.00
4.78
1.97
1.73
1.62
4.34
4.15
4.33
3.07
7.32
4.48
3.27
4.31
3.56
2.30
Pr.et.
120.00
133. DO
69.40
6.J. 79
7a 481
55.15
65.20
12.'> »6
i:^.ue
mo9
64.88
12&14
61.81
G8.81
204.60
137.26
355.30
65.39
62.26
65.78
64.58
55.92
61.00
67.01
66.26
130. 36
68.42
70.37
70. 02
53.71
65.08
60.86
C5. 73
133.86
127. DC
44. 44
43.89
49.51
66.54
2.114
2.122
1.U65
1.062
L044
1.087
1.051
2.158
2.102
3.156
1.071
2.142
L079
1.058
8.150
2.116
5.260
1.071
1.083
L073
1 0G4
L078
1.078
L070
L046
2.150
1.046
1.045
1.051
1.065
1.054
L088
L051
2.114
2.120
1.051
1.042
1.055
1.061
•
Pr.eL
7.08
14.12
6.71
0.08
18.88
R«rl V Goliien , . .^^ .
20.54
Whit4^ Lib^rian
10. M
Do
10.67
Black Top
Black Tall
9.89
8.32
laao
7.52
&01
9.27
15. 9G
11.56
African
7.5S
White Hammoth
27.20
Oomaeeana .^.
13. 4«
Reffttlar Sorsbo. ...... .........
23.53
Li&'s Hybrid .^
Do
24. S8
Sngar Cane
14.83
Oooso Neck...
2.99 &15
Bear Tail
90.43
Iowa Red Top
8.76
ao5
5.04
6.20
7.49
2.26
10.36
a77
14.30
New Variety
39.40
Kariv Orance .......... m.......
11. SS
Do ^
Orange Cane
11 OS
liOC
Neeazana
&94
Wolf Tail
Gray Top...........
. Ittt
Liberian
Mastodon......................
fi.47 1L43
il4
Hondnraa.....
16.22 2&a4
Rnear Cane
.74
• • • • • B •
4.22
5.20
1.71
1L22
6.9
Hybrid No. 4
5.3
^vhite Imphoe
1.9
Gooae Neck..
White African
West India Sugar Cane
Snear Cane
17. T4
New Variety, of Liberian and
OoniHOAan»
.06
11.24
L86
***6."i8*
L17
15. 3S
Minnesota £arly Amber
HolcQB Sorchnm
21.03
Holcue Comus, WTiite
Honey Cone
'""{.a
„
Total
ATerage.......
53
157. 31
2.96
530.13
10.00
153.89
2.00
3, 489. 94
65.84
56.255
LOCI
f
"Hi'
435.70
9147
_
ELEVENTH STAGE.
Early Amber
Early Goldtin
White Liberian. .
Do
Black Top
Black Tafl
African
White Mammoth
Oomseeana
liojtuKr .S<^)rjrbo..
Link's Hvbrid...
Do
Stif^ar Cano
Gooao Neck
Bear Tail
Iowa K^l Top . . .
New Variety
Early Orange
Do
Orange Cane
NecazADa...
Wolf Tail
Gray Top
Liberian
Muatoilun
2.47
1.76
1.49
1.63
1.15
.78
3.03
3.76
1.95
1.86
3.48
3.38
1.74
1.89
3. 1)4
1.77
1.61
3.33
2.81
3.31
8.71
L80
4.57
5. .'>8
1.45
12.25
13.84
14.39
14.60
9.31
11.97
6.52
31.46
5.67
8.60
31.70
31.00
14.88
12.98
3.77
11.69
14.54
1.5. 95
16.54
15.22
13.24
16.50
9.65
n.«5
14.80
2.87
2.91
3.36
1.85
3.46
7.34?
4.31
4.82
2.38
2.87
5.34
5.18
1.98
1.98-
7.15
3.31
3.3T
2.31
2.52
3.-5£
1.45
3.20
1.11
2. ."^O
2. OG
64.66
64.26
64. 02
63. 75
6a54
56.41
08.83
130. 10
66. 71
65.52
119.26
128. 08
62.57
61.24
67.93
€8.39
65.42
61.26
61.98
64.17
60.19
59.32
69.65
ro.f>7
5.S. 02
1.066
1. 072
1.073
1. 07:t
1.049
1. 0C5
1.050
2-156
1.039
1.0.54
2,104
2.164 !
1.075 I
1.008 ;
1.0.56 '
1.061 '
1.073 ,
1.088
L088 '
i.om I
1.076 ,
1.080
1.063
1 07.5 !
1.075 ,
6.01 I
9.17 I
9.54 '
11. 12
4.00 I
3. fST'
22.88
1.34
3.87
22.88
23. 04
11.16
9.11
6.61
a 56
10.31
11.21
8.33
8. OS
11.50
3,97
3.7«
10. J5
11.13
13. C3
1153
&13
7.01
i'io
St 00
30.46
7.«
1L18
'■•"'.
Ii41
l&S
ISiW
'iftoo
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
441
ELEVENTH STAGE— ContixiiiecL
Yarletj.
ras ^..
jtme «.
No. 4. ...I
Impbee....!
S^cck ,
AfVioan
ndia Sugar Cane
Zone ,
ariety, of Liberian and
tcoana
iota Early Amber
Saccharatoa
Sorghum
Cenrns, White
Cane
otal ...
kverage
I
fd c
II
0
'A
2
44
i
O
Pr.eL
3.26
3.44
17.36
1.77
3.28
8.10
2.30
4.92
8.10
4.54
1.57
.87
.94
10.38
120.70
2.74
Pr.et
13.45
6.31
83.60
15.52
11.16
11. 82
17.64
3.19
12L30
22.52
5.53
8.08
10.28
17.04
5*^8.38
12.01
o
a
I
Pr.'ct
1.92
5.24
10.04
1.07
S.85
2.88
2.94
8.04
2.22
9.18
4.83
8.81
5.89
2.96
12&95
2.93
Pr.et
67.92
6&48
269.48
64.60
65.32
65.43
62.61
66.86
69.39
181.60
44.55
86.66
60.10
139.28
2,747.36
62.44
1.078
L049
4.216
1.079
L066
L066
1.090
1.040
1.067
2.130
L047
1.031
L062
2.118
46.989
1.06a
Pr.et.
&27
5.60
12.08
6.53
&84
12.40
6.98
4.40
3.45
8.50
6.84
1L65
82.56
16.05
10.68
10.04
16.18
8.09
11.76
17.96
2.29
10.28
14.74
879.00
1L14
TWELFTH STAGE. ^
Lmber ....
rolden ....
Liberian..
k) ,
Cop
I...
Hammoth
«na
r Sorgho.
Hybrid..
>o..
>ane
^eok...
kil
edTop
ariety .
Iiange.
to
Cane..
na
aU
op
n. ......
on
raa
i^ane
No.4
Impbee.... ,
African
ndin Sugar Caoe..
'ane .,
ariety, of Liberum
eeana
ota Early Ambor
Sacc)uuT.tus
Sori^bum. ......
Camus, AVntiito
Cane
and
2
1
2
otal
.verago . . .
40
1.86
1.33
L84
1.57
8.41
2.92
2.98
3.57
1.98
1.50
1.38
1.36
2.50
2.62
L35
4.70
2.46
2.81
8.27
4.67
3.22
3.61
2.63
1.20
10.20
3.24
3.34
1.15
2.21
2.03
1.70
4.30
3.02
1.47
.87
.92
1.10
5. 08
08.72
2.47
12.96
14.64
14.64
14.86
10.07
6.76
82.20
5b 49
8.29
14.80
15.58
15.60
10.28
12.a'S
13.72
26.84
17.26
16.95
16.34
7.59
33.86
12.64
31.76
15.48
19. 32
4.00
11.66
16.85
13.14
13.36
18.87
9.39
13.03
15.40
3.87
10.17
12. 10
6.97
522. 35
13.06
8.04
4.96
4.74
8.99
2.80
1.96
13.60!
L88
2.76
8.28
8.51
a 01
2.14
2.15
1.96
3.52
a 19
2.71
1.65
1.83
6.22
3.05
5.00
2.85
5.52
2.01
2.37
3.25
2.58
3.24
3.07
1.71
3.20
1.76
6.58
4.13
5.13
2.32
63.87
60.76
65.79
68.22
63.77
65.18
7L78
66.18
69.38
65.86
65l11
60.18
65.26
64.02
57.69
134.68
58.16
50.96
57.44
68.70
123.06
68.20
120.28
64.81
142.40
67.32
69.05
58.33
40.09
01.75
02.55
71.32
68.78
64.00
46.42
34.98
34.49
69.03
119. 45
2.98
2, 500. 01
62.50
1.072
L075
1.076
L076
1.061
1.046
2.168
1.042
1.051
L080
L082
1.082
1.062
1.070
1.068
2.144
1.091
1.090
1.087
1.057
2.172
1.075
2.156
1.072
2.130
1.030
1.065
1.082
1.068
1.073
1.087
1.059
1.075
1.060
1.042
1.064
1.070
1.055
6.06
8.35
&56
9.29
4.36
1.86
16.72
.04
ass
10.02
10.69
11.23
5.65
7.28
10.41
ia62
11.61
11.43
1L42
1.00
24.42
5.98
23.78
11.43
a 60
5.95
12. 45
8.35
8.09
14.10
ao8
6.81
12.17
5.12
4.87
12.82
14.22
14.03
14.22
9.44
a25
"a 80*
7.61
9.89
11.79
11.43
25.58
16.74
ia57
15.31
7.28
12.' ii'
29.38
ia47
17.26
11.25
16.34
12.32
12.71
14.19
a 98?
a95
42.847
1.071
7.61
34a 35
11.45
443 REPOBT OF THE COUlfXSSIOVER OF AQBICULTUBB.
THIRTEENTH STAGE.
Vwloty.
Early Amber
Early Golden
Wbito LiberUn
Do
Black Top
Black Tall
African
White Maoimoth
Oomseeana
Reenlar Sorgho
Lbilc'a Hybrid
Do
Sa^T Caoe
Gooae Neek
BeMTTall
Iowa Red Top
New Vaiiety
Early Orange
Do
Orange Cane
Keeasana
WolfTaU
Gray top
Liberlan
Ifaatodon
Hondnraa
Sugar Cane
HTbridKa4
White Imobee
Gooae Neck...
White A mean
Weat IndiA Sugar Cane
Sugar Cane
New Variety of Liborian and
Oomseeana.
Hinneaota Early Amber
Holcns Saecharatua
Holeos Sorgbura
Holcua Cemua, White
Total...
Average
88.778 I »;
L075i &«r tt*
FOURTEENTH STAGE.
Enriy Amber ....
Early Goklen ....
White Liberian..
Do
Blftck Top
ItlftckTall
African
"White Mammoth
OoiiiAocana
Krjiiilar SorpLo. .
Link's llvbriu ...
Do*.
Sugar Ciine
Go<»8e Nock
Ilear Tail ,
Iowa lied Top ..,
New Variety
Early Orange ....
Do
Orange Cane
Neeazana. ........
Wolf Tail
Gray Ti>p
Liberian
liaatodon
2
1
2
1.55
14.83
■ 3.93
1.69
14.48
2.67
1.31
15. 15
3.20
1.30
10. 59
So. 80
2.21
2.36
G.10
.69
13. 28
3. 7:i
2.JW
S.Hl
1.60
1.62
15.65
1. 52
.81
i5.:;3
2.66
2.12
10.85
1 58
1.79
14.94
7.16?
2.76
35. 26
6.9C
1.27
16.57
2.49
3. 53
10.93
1.51
2.16
12.88
3.29
1.08
13.<*2
li. .'>8
1.15
16.40
3.9(i
5.78
12.78
2.34
3.70
13.17
2.64
3.43
17.38
2.79
5.04
10.48
.59
l.f.3
16.02
6.49
6.00
28. 26
6.20
4.71
13.00
3.65
3.02
28.86
S.96
63.39
58l50
61.94
65.43
124. 64
5.^97
68. 12
63.64
00.46
62.52
64.09
12.'>. 62
63.41
71.71 I
58w49 !
G4.28 '
58.41 i
71.41
64.29 !
58.11
61.53
62.50
12.1.42
67.62
132.00
ir/i I
1.083
1.U77
1.080
1.082
2.164
1.073
L057
1.080
1.077
1.061
1.062
2.176
1.082 ;
LC64
i.oca .
1.071 I
1.083 !
L081 1
1.076 I
1.093 t
1.065 I
1.094 '
2.16L> '
1.081
2.146 ]
S.35
10.12
ia68
13.08
22.34
&86
3.73
12.51
11-86
7.15
.\99!
2.\54
12.81
&89
7.ii
9.26
11.29
6.8.1
11.16
4.85
8.00
16.06
4.64
11.88
li»
liTJ
11 »
16.53
l«.4l
9.0S
*111»
9.1*
BEPOBT OF THS OHISMIST.
448
FOUKTEENTH STAGE— Continued.
Variety.
Can«
dNo.4
t Impliee
Neck
I AfHoaji
Cana
Variety, of Liberiau and
«ota Sarly Ambor .
8 Saccliaratua
a Sorybum
a Ceniaa, 'White...
Total....
Arerase.
i
^ s
« a
IS
37
o
Pr.rt.
2.62
8.00
1.20
2.07
1.80
3.35
8.15
1.50
1.37
.90
.99
82.10
2.22
9
a
OS
Pr.et
13.56
12.78
ia24
15. 18
14.44
11.57
14. 03
14.72
4.83
11.04
12.57
630.64
14.34
c
o
a
m
3
/v. el.
2.23
2.J8
2.25
3.10
2.04
1.57
1.28
3.00
6.27
4.69
4.19
106.52
2.88
8
Pr. ce.
66.60
U.5. 00
60.95
60. at
52. 33
62. 55
72.04
70.48
48.48
51.13
32.36
2, 351. 29
63.54
o
a
I-
o
1.073
1.U6G
1.088
1.076
1.072
1.007
1.075
1.076
1.046
1.064
1.073
39.850
1.077
2
d
CO
Pr.et
8.71
7.60
14.79
10.01
la CO
6.65
9.60
10.10
5.45
7.89
9.24
12.92
12.04
17.14
13.47
14.28
ia89
12.62
4.56
295.78
14.08
FIFTEENTH STAGE.
Ambcor .........•..•.■••.
2.85
4.65
1.92
2.08
.46
2.56
.82
8.92
2.24
.83
.60
1.09
1.54
2.44
L13
1.65
2.29
2.58
8.56
8.46
1.00
4.62
2.94
2.64
8.56
3.13
1.48
1.33
1.32
4&09
46.08
3A.04
35.02
17.08
88.24
10.29
29.96
14.67
17.86
18.86
16.84
15.93
15.93
17.07
17.26
17.38
16.46
14.12
14.50
1&69
965
14.23
1L31
12.27
18.39
19.25
15.59
15.89
a 91
10.95
6.60
4.40
4.44
4.34
7.27
3.02
2.97
8. .39
8.33
3.21
2.51
1.90
1.77
2.28
4.94
8.98
8.09
2.85
6.59
4.92
4.41
6.03
2.48
.66
2.41
2.09
2.63
175.35
177. 42
110.48
124.06
59.50
124.20
5a 01
127.82
5a 35
57.89
64.59
OLOl
5a 83
59. 52
64.35
61.11
55.77
58.05
05.38
61.96
69.77
08.57
69.04
00.07
07.00
65.06
61.06
67.84
54.36
3.255
3.246
2.174
2.170
1.087
2.152
1.087
2. 150
L081
1.089
1.004
1.083
1.081
1.083
L082
1.086
1.093
1.086
1.083
1.081
1.090
1.068
1.081
1.064
1.070
1.073
1.089
1.078
1.079
80.33
30.48
27.52
2a 64
12.18
26.84
aiof
23.02
9.46
iao4
14.87
12.54
1L88
11.59
14.17
13.82
10.15
9.90
7.47
a 19
11.01
.11
6.88
a 64
a23
9.80
15.86
12.17
12.04
Goldfloi
tLibcrian
Do
38.80
83.94
Tod
•*Hr ••••
kn...... ...... ............
> Mammoth ......rr.r.TT-
MMUia ■■
27 70
ar Sorffbo...... ..........
14.33
, Hrbiid •
Cane
ia36
Keck
rail
EtedTop
rarietY
Oran£e
Do
^ Can*^,.r--»-
14 60
ana ............. .........
14 07
Tall
rot)
9.42
& vy ......................
an .......................
14.81
don..
Canfi , , . T
12.25
dNo.4
12 70
i Imnbee......... ........
Neck
) African. .-
India Sagar Cane
Cane
ITariety, of Liberian and
isf^fjAna
1
1
3.78
8.21
1.34
1.49
.82
2.53
11.65
13.55
15.77
5.69
8.77
U.96
8.50
2.86
2.45
10.54
5.07
4.83
65.35
60.44
60.19
47.98
41.95
33.88
1.070
1.078
l.OHl
1.051
1.057
L074
4.82
7.48
11.98
10.48
13 11
taota Eariy Amber
a Saccharatna
s Sorghum
2.^
4.60
a 62
s IJprnuB. White
• Cane
)
"i\'u
Total
40
73.42
1.84
639.81
15.99
125. 18
3.01
2, 408. 96
60.25
43.264
L082
227.69
Averace
14 23
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
EIGHTEENTH STAGE.
445
Yuiety.
AlUMT «••
Golden...
• Liberian.
Do
Top
ean*
IT Sorgho,
Cane
Neck
:afl
iedTop..
''ijrfety....
Orange...
Do
eCane....
ftna
rail
Top
an
don
lias
Cane
iNo.4
African
Cane
Variety, of Liberian and
seeana
80ta Early Amber
Total ...
iTerage
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
44
i
o
d
Pr.et
2.12
2.68
2.24
2.52
2.08
.57
4.22
.69
2.58
3.16
L86
1.92
1.52
L30
1.56
3.56
1.03
1.83
2.10
.70
2.56
12.21
7.98
L33
2.57
2.14
3.24
76.23
L76
Pr.et
84.64
33.00
32. 6(^
32.56
28.22
17.60
29.06
26.40
15.37
32.38
32.80
32.80
36.00
16.57
18.15
16.68
30.08
16.55
14.35
16.22
16.07
13.58
82.46
24.70
14.62
18.38
14.70
27.42
670.12
15.23
i
o
a
I
Pr.et
7.88
6.76
6.10
6.80
5.06
3.12
3.58
4.14
7.06!
9.62
7.54
10.88
0.32
3.14
4.40
5.17?
7.90
4.65
3.74
3.10
3.50
2.53
11.37
5.96
4.47
4.30
8.28
7.72
160.99
8.65
i
•a
Pr.et
98.74
108.18
113. 42
106.26
114.44
59.30
118.70
118.18
59.17
lie. 56
108.60
117.86
114.58
55.84
55.99
40.29
97.82
54.00
59.45
54.72
50.63
62.85
184.46
125.02
61.09
68.81
58.64
120. 16
2, 517. 96
57.22
2.178
2.166
2.164
2.170
2.154
1.087
2.158
2.150
1.081
2.158
2.170
2.164
2.180
1.083
1.094
1.089
2.164
L086
1.079
L083
1.080
1.072
8.213
2.146
L077
1.074
L076
2.142
47.540
L080
Pr.et
24.64
23.56
24.32
23.24
19.28
14.00
22.50
iao4
7.62!
20.18
22.10
20.06
27.76
11.91
12.86
9.95
17.62
10.87
a 78
11.02
11.87
&39
a88
10.76
a82
a 51
9.28
16.46
9.88
24.60
laio
ia62
2a 42
14.41
12.77
31.77
23.24
12.90
14.04
19a 96
ia26
AFTER EIGHTEENTH STAGE,
Amber....
Qolden ....
Liberian..
Do
Top
n
Mammoth
eana
tr SornEtao..
Hybrid...
Do
Cane
Neck
'ail
led Top...
''ariety ....
Orange ....
) Cane
ma
DaU
I'op
in
ion
12
12.24
12
14.64
12
14.52
12
17.52
12
10.92
12
21.12
12
13.32
9
16.47
12
16.20
12
7.44
12
4.92
12
5.40
12
19.08
12
23.76
13
20.15
12
17.28
12
1&48
12
13.08
12
ia32
12
ia24
13
10.27
13
22.62
13
84.84
13
2a 08
164.76
16a36
171.00
15a 40
139.80
140.28
135.72
75.51
146.40
17a44
180.60
172.92
144.24
140. 76
171. 21
155.28
151.44
16a 20
163.08
160.20
182.89
144.43
143.00
95.78
44.88
43.02
47.26.1
4a 36
47.76
49.08
51.36
34.20
48.48
57.36
54.60
51.12
4a 24
49.08
47.41
45.84
45.72
4a 00
4a 56
39.24
55.64
47.58
49.01
45.76
667.68
67a 02
659.76
672.24
667.08
669.60
700.92
50a52
705.24
694 68
68a 68
699.00
70L64
709.80
759.07
664.44
722.76
680.52
722.16
7ia68
760.76
703.26
739.47
819.26
12.905
107.64
12.912
101.30
12.924
109.32
12.888
92.52
12.816
81.12
12.a'>2
, 70.08
12.804
71.04
9.468
24.84
12.828
81.72
12. 972
113.64
12.060
121.08
12.048
lia40
12.840
7a 92
12.876
7a 92
ia049
104.65
12.876
92.16
12.852
00.24
12.912
105. 12
12.900
100.20
12.852
102.72
14.001
lia48
ia858
74.23
laoio
50.15
13.767
47.84
171.60
170.16
186.06
151.56
145.44
14a 40
132.84
87.66
110.52
173.16
179. 18
17a 04
137. 40
150.12
237.77
145.68
139. 08
16a 24
155.64
15a 16
179.66
134.55
127.40
112.07
446 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
EIGHTEENTH STAGE— Con tinned.
Variety.
HoDdumc
Siifair Cnne
Hybrid No. 4
white linpbce
Goose Nook
White African
Went India Sugar Cane
Sn^ar Cane
New Variety, of Liberian and
Oomseeana
Miuncsota £arly Amber
Holous Saccbarataa
HolcaA SorKbiim
Holcus Cemue, White
Honey Cane
Total ...
Average
.2
u as
a
13
13
13
12
12
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
370
s
o
46.80
82. P9
46.54«
20 52
24.48
14.52
1.37
2.26
2.17
1.59
.53
.05
.47
1.64
638.67
1.726
Q
9
CO
Pr.et
90.20
117.26
8J). 57
1(K). m
124. 68
146. 76
l.'i.78
12.97
12.57
13.55
7.81
3.18
11.49
10.95
4. 400. 29
1L893
as
9
e
a
^
Pr.et
41.86
46.15
41.21
41. 52
40.44
48.72
3.22
2.21
2.53
2.39
4.37
4.04
4.89
2.09
1,418.80
3.834
J
e
«
Pr.et
829.79
794.43
788.32
742,44
713.88
671.88
56.02
61.05
55.23
56.92
44. b2
35.01
57.27
57.62
2, 1627. 72
58.45
ti
t
t«
13.680
13.780
13.680
12.636
12.708
12.852
1.085
L075
1.071
1.072
L058
1.038
1.062
L065
395.652
L0603
e
hi
a
Pr.et
7.54
a&22
1.82
3&64
50.76
8;i. 52
11.19
&50
7.87
9.57
2.91
6.13
7.22
8-2
«i5
s
fe^
75l«I
101 34
8a 21
82.80
114.73
149.64
"ia.68
12.29
.13.41
&8»
'ib.'«5
6.33
4.345.99
11.75
AVJBRAGE RE8VE.T8 OF Alili VARIETIES OF IViAIXB AT DIFFEBBRTT
STAGES.
BEFORE FIRST STAGE.
Kcrvntian Snsrar Com. .........
1
4
1
.94
5.52
L75
.25
L20
.53
1.92
&16
2.53
67.30
275.80
67.21
1.016
4.064
1.017
Lindsay *a Horse Tooth
Blount a Prolific .. - --..•
•
Total
6
8.21
1.37
1.98
.33
10.61
L77
410. 31
68.36
&097
L016
A verase .................
.•■••••■
FIRST STAGE.
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
L17
2.66
1.48
3.82
4.08
2.21
7.50
it <ui
.47
.92
.25
.46
.52
.23
.08
.35
1.52
2.42
3.18
4.46
3.44
1.71
4.38
1.79
69.10
65.62
56.37
131.80
131.00
68.84
119.30
65.36
1.014
1.024
1.018
2.032
2.038
1.019
2.042
1.022
Lindsay's Horse Tooth
Blount H Prolific
Improved Prolific Broad
Broad White Flat Dent
I^mg Nan-ow White Dent
('heater County Mammoth
Ifi.ntwtMl V<*llnw Dnnt
__ -
Total
11
27.40
2.49
4.18
.38
22.00
2.09
707.39
64.39
1L209
L019
. . . . • . .
AvArafFA
^ ^
REPORT OP THE CHEMIST.
447
SECOND STAGE.
▼anety.
)tiaD Sugar Corn
T JikIbjiv'b Hoi-se Toot U . . . .
Blount^g Prwliflc
Improved Prolific Bread...
Broad White FUt Dont . . . .
Long Narrow Wbite Dent.
Chester County HammotU .
IS-ro wed Yellow JDent
Total....
Average.
^ ♦J
u rt
d
'A
8
o
c
a
Pr.et
2.20
3.K3
2.79
1.83
2.50
2.41
2.97
3.64
22.19
2.77
Pr.ct.
.16
.76
.16
.42
.'>9
1.83
72
.48
5.12
.64
a
i
Pr,eL
1.31
2.37
4.55
3.14
2.18
3.96
2 91
3.21
23.63
2.70
S
9
Pr.ct.
78.10
65.67
C8.09
G2.34
GO. 79
60.27
71.76
62.38
535.40
60.92
I.
•
>
1. 015
1.0*i3
1.020
1.020
1. 023
1.024
1.022
1.0*23
&166
L021
i
o
0
.2
*S
Pr. ct.
THIRD STAGE.
tiftn Sagar Com . .
aav's Home Tooth
LincU
Bloant^s Prolific.
Improved Prolific Bread . . .
BrtMd White Flat l>ent . . . .
Long Narrow White Dent.
Cheater County Ifaramoth.
18-rowed Yellow Dent
Total....
▲rerage
4.66
2.39
2.26
2.44
3.29
3.54
3.85
2.86
25.29
2.81
.74
1.08
.90
1.16
1.43
.16
.65
6.70
.74
5.«2
2.71
2.57
2.03
2.67
2,56
3.81
4.89
2&86
2.98
1.33.64
67.61
5a 75
70.06
5a 60
65.97
60.84
62.32
577. 98
64.22
2.036
1.020
1.023
1.024
1.025
1.029
1.022
1.028
9.202
1.025
FOURTH STAGE.
EffTPtian ftnnr Com --.tt-ttt-
1
i
A.
1
1
1
1
1
1.82
3.28
5.82
2.86
3.11
3.27
3.81
2.49
.74
2.05
2.54
1.61
1.04
1.04
2.00
1.89
4.90
2.34
5.64
2.61
2.97
3.29
3.73
5.34
64.07
67.50
124.30
63.35
61.55
65.37
56.24
63.47
1.019
1.029
2.048
1.024
1.025
1.026
1. 032
1.028
Linasay '• Horse Tooth
Blonnts Prolific
Improved Prolific Bread
Broad White Flat Dent
TxHig Narrow White Dent
(Nieater Coanty Mammoth
18-n»wed Yellow Dent
Total
9
25.96
2.88
12.91
1.43
30.82
3.42
5.55.85
61.76
t
9.251
1.028
ATerage...
fif:
rH STA
(5E.
EfiTvotian Snsar Com
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
I
2.38
2.03
2.50
5. 92
6.66
3.48
2.74
3.86
.81
.47
1.73
2.88
2.74
1.60
1.41
1.57
2.19
2.46
2.09
4.56
5.48
2.34
4.68
2.83
06.96
08.00
63 80
128. 08
140. 08
60.27
57.67
62.84
1.021
1.018
1.024
2. 0,^2
2. 054
l.n23
1. 025
1. 028
I.iii4iaay*8 Horse Tooth
Bloonts Prolific -
Improved Prolific Bread
Broad White Flat Dent
T^ng Narrow IVliite Dent
Chester County Mammoth
18-rowed Yellow Dent .........
Total
10
29.57
2.96
13. 29
1.33
27. r»3
2.75
648.58
64.86
10. 245
Averane.. ....•>..■.
1.025
........
1
448 REPORT OP THE COMIHSSIONER OP AGRICULTURE,
SIXTH STAGE.
•
•
Yariety.
1,
1
5
1
1
a
i
•
1
Average apeciflo
gravity.
s
i
>
o a
S o
11
it
1-
Egyptian Sugar Cora
Pr,eL
2.49
2.70
3.82
3.87
'3.59
3.15
3.17
4.21
Pr.eL
2.12
.90
2.46
1.77
L47
3.56
3.22
2.07
Pr.eL
2.30
1.86
2.27
2.87
2.81
2.10
V 2.32
^ 2.98
Pr.eL
64.56
74.29
67.90
6L63
59.61
60.96
61.68
60.17
L027
L025
L029
1.033
L029
1.082
L038
1.091
Pr.cL
LmdBav'a Horse Tooth
Blount a ProUlJo
Improved Prolific Bread
Bfoad White Flat Dent
Long Narrow White Dent
Cheater County Mammoth
1.47
1.27
ISO
18'rowed Yellow Dent
Total
8
27.00
8.87
17.57
S.19
19.51
2.44
510.80
63.85
&244
L030
5l54
Average.................
1.S5
SEVENTH STAGE.
Egyptian Sugar Cora
Liodaav'a Horse Tooth
Blount t P't>liflc T,TT-T
•
1
2
8.29
5.28
2.61
2.44
3.74
3.69
3.74
8.95
.89
L64
1.96
2.31
3.12
8.05
2.18
2.28
1.88
5.80
3.65
2.68
2.02
2.16
3.83
2.67
68.67
138.10
64.84
61.39
66.93
56.83
55.96
60.09
1.025
2.052
1.027
1.029
1.036
L033
1.U34
L028
Improved Prolific Bread
Broad White Flat Dent
Long Narrow White Dent
Chester County Mammoth
18-itiwed Yellow Dent .........
2.16
Total
9
......
28.74
8.09
17.23
L91
23.69
2.63
562.81
51.42
9.263
L029
4.»
Average ••...
t49
EIGHTH STAGE.
Sirvntlftn Rnflr^r Hmm .......
8
1
1
2
1
2
8
1
&82
2.86
L59
5.06
3.66
6.72
7.59
8.96
12.09
2.08
2.93
9.50
4.29
11.14
16.17
3.86
8.70
3.03
2.47
5.62
2.62
6.23
8.58
1.40
191. 49
68.56
65.37
13L48
59.46
lia54
174.08
6L03
8.093
L024
L029
2.076
L040
2.090
8.114
L032
Ltnosay's Horse Tooth
Blount a Prolific . ........
Improved Prolific Bread
Broad White Flat Dent
Long Narrow White Dent
Chester County Mammoth
IS'tviivAd Yellow Dent . ..
&40
175
ia72
17.13
Total
14
89.76
2.84
61.56
4.39
88.64
2.76
870.96
62.21
14.498
L035
40.00
A veiaffe ............. I .. .
5.00
^
NINTH STAGE.
l!<yvntiAn Sdifl^&r I^ath
2
2
5.28
5.66
2.55
2.68
2.25
4.50
2.64
3.65
8.84
13.94
4.87
7.58
9.97
4.40
7.76
5.17
3.64
4.78
2.50
1.65
1.33
1.47
1.65
2.92
120.40
130.78
59. 85
57.89
59.07
56.96
.'S6.04
60.62
2.070
2.060
1.037
L049
1.055
1.041
L050
L043
Lindsay's HorKO Tooth
Blount's Prolific
3.50
Improvetl Prt>liflo BreSid
Brojid AVbite Flat Dent
Louc Nurrow White Dent
ClH'«ter Cuunty Mammoth
1A.rnw<>d Yellow Dent
3.25
6.U9
*"i'47*
7.03
&14
8.65
Total
10
29.21
2.92
62.53
6.25
10.08
2.00
602.51
60.25
10.405
L041
"*L'33"
\^f\
Average.................
tti
.
BEPOET OF TUB OHEMIST.
448
FOUKTEENTII STAGE— Continued.
Variety.
:an6....
No. 4 ..
[mphee .
^eck ..
A-fHoan.
;antt
aridty, of Libeiiau and
oU Stfly Ambor .
Saocbaratus
Sorgbum
Cemua^'Wbite...
otal....
rerase.
87
4$
o
a
^«
Pr.et.
2.62
3.00
1.20
2.07
1.80
3.35
3.15
1.56
L37
.90
.99
82.10
2.22
Pr.et
13.56
12.78
ia24
15. 18
14.44
1L57
14.03
14.72
4.83
11.04
12.57
630.64
14.34
k
as
bO
9
m
t
a
3
Pr.et.
2.23
2.J8
2. 25
3.10
2.04
1.57
1.28
3.00
a27
4.69
4.19
106.52
2.88
I
d
►
Pr. et.
66.60
O.'i.OO
60.95
00.84
52. 33
62.55
72.04
79.48
4a 48
51.13
32.36
|.
1.073
1.0C6
1.0H8
1.076
1.072
1.007
1.075
1.076
1.046
1.064
1.073
2, 351. 29 ; 39. 850
63.54 1.077
Pr.et.
a 71
7.60
14.79
10.0]
1(100
6.65
9.60
10.16
5.45
7.89
9.24
9
I
IB 3
a
12.92
12.04
17,14
ia47
14.28
ia89
12.62
4.56
295.78
14.08
FIFTEENTH STAGE.
jnbcr ............•.•••.
3
2.85
4.65
1.92
2.08
.46
2.56
.82
a92
2.24
.83
.66
1.09
1.54
2.44
1.13
1.65
2.29
2.58
8.56
a 46
LOO
4.62
2.94
2.64
a56
a 13
L48
1.33
1.32
4a 09
4a 08
3a 04
35.02
17.08
Sa24
ia29
29.96
14.67
17.86
ia86
ia84
15.93
15.93
17.07
17.26
17.38
ia46
14.12
14.50
ia69
965
14.23
1L81
12.27
ia39
19.25
ia59
15.89
a 91
10.95
a 60
4.40
4.44
4.34
7.27
a 02
2.97
a 39
a 33
a 21
2.51
1.90
1.77
2.28
4.94
a 98
ao9
2.85
a 59
4.92
4.41
&03
2.48
.66
2.41
2.09
a63
17a35
177. 42
lia48
124.06
59.56
124.20
5a 01
127.82
5a 35
57.69
54.50
0L61
5a 83
59. 52
64.35
61.11
.'i5.77
58.05
65.38
61.96
69.77
68.57
59.04
60.07
67.00
6a 06
61.06
67.84
54.36
a 255
a 246
2.174
2.170
1.087
2.152
1.087
2. 150
1.081
1.089
1.004
L083
1.081
1.083
L082
1.086
L093
1.086
1.083
L081
1.090
1.068
1.081
1.064
L070
1.073
1.089
1.078
1.079
3a 33
30.48
27.52
ea64
12.18
2a 34
a lot
23.02
a 46
ia64
14.87
12.54
1L88
11.59
14.17
ia82
10.15
a 90
7.47
a 19
11.01
.11
a 88
a64
a23
a 80
ia36
12.17
12.04
toldan ••>.. «
[ibevian
3a 86
o. ........•••*>. •>««.«••
8a94
'o©
\tjr .•.......■••■•.......
M'Mnmntli
ana
27 76
• Sorffho. ..••..... ......
14.33
STbiid •
o....... ■•.•...•«.......
•an* ^..«...T...«^.Tr«.-..
ia36
feck
dl
ed Top
irioty ...
franjre ,,
•~"f^»» «■•..••.......•.•.
o
Ca&e
14.00
la
14.07
aU
>p. ......•.••••. ........
9.42
a.. ..••...•••.. .........
14.81
on. ........ ••......••...
iftae
12.25
Ko.4
12.70
[inpbe6....
reck
kfrican. -j
idia Snmr Cane . _ . .
fane
iriety, of Llberian and
i*4<ana
a 73
a 21
1.34
1.49
.82
2.53
1L65
ia55
ia77
a 69
a77
U.96
a 50
2.86
2.45
10.54
a 07
4.83
65.35
60.41
60.19
47.93
41.95
3a 88
1.070
1.078
l.OHl
1.051
1.057
1.074
4.32
7.48
11.98
ia48
13.11
Ota £arly Amber
Saccbaratna
Sorgbum
2.^8
4.60
a62
( 'crnna. White
^ane
otal
40
73.42
1.84
639.81
lix99
12a 18
a 01
2, 408. 96
60.25
4a 264
L082
"ii.*i4"
227.69
verace
14.23
J
450 BEPOM* €^ THB COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTUBE.
FOmtTEBNTS STAGE.
Variety.
EcrptfUn Sugar Corn
lAnftny's Horse Tooth ...
Bloanrs Pmliao
In proved Proliflo Bread ...
Bntad Wliite Flat Dent...
Long Narrow White Dent
Cbeet«rCDanty liammoUi
18-rowed Yellow Dent ....
Total ....
Average
I
•5^
"si
I
1
1
1
a
1
1
1
1
Pr.H.
2.19
3.02
1.9Q
4.10
125
8.16
1.25
2.80
2.86
9.27
6.18
7.16
14.72
12.55
7.59
2.47
&tt
68.08
7.56
r
o
a
I
Pr.ct
2.09
L50
4.83
4.96
2.50
2.75
3.08
8.39
94.63
2.74
g
Ft.eL
68.99
64.56
67. #7
120.60
51.47
57.73
55.81
50.38
511. 01
66^78
It
LOSS
L042
1.646
2.088
1.(160
L048
1.029
L051
9.465
L045
Pr.eL
6.05
L51
.93
6l06
7.80
L68
LM
146
ii
• M
T.92
5.90
6.97
13.80
It 74
7.28
2.20
63.n
7.0S
FIFTEENTH STAGE.
SffwHan Snnr Com ......4..*
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2.40
2.92
.69
2.05
1.15
a 16
3.60
8.22
11.62
4.81 ,
1.01
4.79
3.58
16.62
16.64
6.18
4.U
8.46
4.66
1.95
2.80
7.60
6.3^4
2.56
58.88
60.50
62.52
40.06
47.03
107. 10
110.62
49.64
L662
1.641
1.038
1.035
1.030
2.084
2.100
L046
4.48
Mfl
Lfotisay's H«>ree Tooth
filonnts Proliflo .........^
la
Xmproved Proliflc Bread
Broad White Flat Drtit
Long Narrow White Dent
Chester Oinnty Mammoth....^
li-rowed Yellow D«nt
.79
• • • • • • •
6.70
.40
lea
84.74
Total
10
19.19
L92
80.50
&»5
8L06
3.10
565.85
6&50
10.425
L043'
"".'«'
5i09
A veraffe.-.. ...... •■•••••
7.73
SIXTEENTH STAGE.
2.74
3.09
.70
2.05
8.25
1.32
2.11
4.72
7.19
2.35
4.29
9.51,
3.78
1L39
8.11
2.67
3.66
2.83
3.24
4.16
5.80
64.71
59.09
42.62
51.49
45.95
41.66
50.60
1.046
1.050
1.027
1.035
1.656
1.036
1.062
Lmasav'B Horse Tooth
Blount s Proliflo
L43
" iii
ImoroTed Prolific Bread
Long Narrow Whit« Dent
Chi*(}ter Cuonty Mammoth
IS-rowed Yellow Dent
"102*
9.30
148
a44
-^
Total
7
16.26
2.18
43 23
6.17
25.47
164
34.^.52
4136
7.306
L044
"***.'85
tie
Arerage ..,
7.85
SEVENTEENTH STAGE.
Bsmtian SuiarCom ..........
2
«»
1
1
1
2
1
5.32
2.80
1.36
1.92
1.84
194
L20
2140
15.60
140
150
12.11
17.86
4.35
4.14
6.72
2.80
2.00
2.52
5.73
112
11116
120.92
65.22
63.1^
56.00
105.18
37.94
11.M
1088
1.051
1.041
1.065
1102
1.080
1194
7.58
4.15
■158
7.78
9.20
1.03
2l«
LiniWv'« Hon«e Tooth
Blount's Prolific^ •
Improved ProliflQ Bread
Lf>ng Narrow White Deqjt
Chirater County Mammoth
18-rowed Yellow Dent .........
19 06
&O0
-
Totfll
10
16.88
L68
91.22
112
25.U'
151
•650.60 i 11611
56. 06 1- 051
"iii
4&»
Average.................
&«
REPOBT OP THE CHEMIST.
445
EIGHTEENTH STAGE.
TMl0ty.
ib«r...
Iden...
iberian.
lA ,
iorgho.
06
ok
[Top
iefcy..
ttg».
ane.
(
10....
ci...
firican.
no....
ioty, of Liberian and
ana
a Early Ambor
•1...
»rago
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
44
Pr.et
2.12
2.68
2.24
2.52
2.98
.57
2.98
4.22
.69
2.58
3.16
L86
L92
1.52
L39
1.56
3.56
1.03
L83
2.10
.70
2.56
12.21
7.98
L33
2.57
2.14
8.24
76.23
L76
Pr.et
34.64
33.00
32. 6»
32.56
2&22
17.69
29.06
26.40
16.87
32.38
32.80
32.80
86.00
16.57
1&15
16.68
30.08
16.55
14.35
16.22
16.07
13.68
82.46
24.70
14.62
18.38
1470
27.42
670.12
15.23
0
m
■*»
o
a
I
Pr.et
7.88
6.76
6.10
6.80
5.96
3.12
3.58
4.14
7.06T
9.62
7.54
10.88
0.32
3.14
4.40
5.17!
7.90
4.65
3.74
3.10
3.50
2.53
11.87
5.90
4.47
4.30
8.28
7.72
160.99
3.66
•3
Pr.et
93.74
108.18
113. 42
106.26
114.44
59.30
118. 70
11&18
59.17
116.56
108.60
117.86
114.58
55.84
55.99
40.29
97.82
54.09
59.45
54.72
50.63
62.85
184.46
125.02
61.09
68.81
58.64
120.16
2, 617. 96
57.22
o
s
I
m^
H
I
2.178
2.166
2.164
2.170
2.154
1.087
2.158
2.150
1.081
2.158
2.170
2.164
2.180
1.083
L094
1.089
2.164
L086
1.079
L083
1.080
L072
3.213
2.146
1.077
L074
L076
2.142
47.540
L080
Pr.et
24.64
23.56
24.32
28.24
19.28
14.00
22.50
iao4
7.62f
20.18
22.10
20.06
27.76
11.91
12.86
9.95
17.62
10.87
&78
11.02
11.87
£.89
&88
10.76
&82
6.51
9.28
16.46
9.83
24.60
I&IO
18.63
28.42
14.41
12.77
31.77
23.24
» » • • • «
12.99
14.04
19a 96
13.26
AFTER EIGHTEENTH STAGE.
iber ....
den ....
berian..
?
immoth
a
ior^bo..
fbrid...
lO
ok
Top...
iety ....
nge ....
we
12
12.24
12
14.64
12
14.52
12
17.52
12
10.92
12
21.12
12
13.32
0
16.47
12
16.20
12
7.44
12
4.92
12
6.40
12
19.08
12
23.76
13
20.15
12
17.28
12
1&4«
12
13.08
12
16.32
12
1&24
13
10.27
13
22.62
13
34.84
13
28.08
164.76
168.36
171.00
158.40
139.80
140.28
135.72
75.51
146.40
178.44
180.60
172.92
144.24
140. 76
171.21
155.28
151.44
166.20
163.08
160.20
182.39
144.43
143.00
95.78
44.88
43.92
47.26«j
48.36
47.76
49.08
51.36
34.20
48.48
57.36
54.60
51.12
48.24
49.08
47.41
45.84
45.72
48.00
4&56
39.24
55.64
47.58
49.01
4&76
667.68
676.92
659.76
672. 24
667.08
669.60
700.92
506.52
705.24
694 68
688.68
699.00
701.64
709.80
759.07
664.44
722.76
680.52
722.16
7ia68
760.76
793. 26
739.47
819.26
12.905
107.64
12.912
101.30
12.924
109.32
12.888
92.52
12.816
8L12
12.852
, 70.08
12.804
71.04
9.468
24.84
12.828
81.72
12. 972
113.64
12.960
121. 08
12.948
116.40
12.840
76.92
12.876
76.92
13.949
104.66
12.876
92.16
12.852
90.24
12. 912
105. 12
12.900
100.20
12.852
102.72
14001
U6.48
13.858
74 23
13.910
50.15
13.767
47.84
171.60
170. 16
186.96
151.66
146.44
146.40
132.84
87.66
119.52
173.16
179. 18
176.04
137.40
15a 12
237.77
145.68
139.08
168.24
155.64
158.16
179.66
134 55
127.40
112.97
446 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
EIGHTEENTH STAGE— Cont in aed.
Variety.
HondurM
Sufitir Cnne
Hvbrid Na 4
Wbite linpbo«
Goose Neok
White Atrioan
Went India Sugar Cane
Snfcar Cftne
New Variety, of Liberiao and
Oomseeana
Miuncaota £arly Amber
Holcus Saccbarataa
Holcan Sorgbum
Holcus Cemue, White
Honey Cane
u
u as
ga
a
Total ...
Average
13
13
13
12
12
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
370
s
o
IV. ct
46.80
82.89
46.54*
20 5J
24.48
14.52
1.37
2.26
2.17
1.59
.53
.05
.47
1.64
638.67
1.726
Pr.et
06.20
117.26
8!). 57
1(H). t(0
124. 68
146. 76
l.'i.78
12.97
12.57
13.55
7.81
3.18
11.49
10.95
4.400.29
11.892
as
9
e
a
(2
Pr.eL
41.86
46.15
41.21
41. 53
40.44
48.72
3.22
2.21
2.58
2.39
4.37
4.04
4.89
2.09
1,418.80
3.834
8
*2
e
►
Pr.et.
829.79
79143
788.32
742. 44
713.88
I-
9
at
3S
13.689
13.780
13.688
12.636
12.768
671.88
12.852
56.02
1.085
61.05
L075
55.23
1.071
56.92
1.072
44. b2
L058
35.01
1.038
57.27
L062
57.62
1.005
2, 1627. 72
395.652
58.45
L0e93
Pr.eL
7.54
a&23
1.8S
S&64
50.76
83.52
11.10
6.50
;.87
9.57
2.91
&13
7.22
TSill
lOfcM
8in
BtSt
U173
14&M
"*116g
119
.1X41
4. Mill
6.33 i 1L:5
AVJBRAGE RESUEiTS OF Alili VARIETIES OF IViAIXB AT
STAGES.
BEFORE FIRST STAGE.
Kcnmli&n Su arar Com ..........
1
4
1
.94
5.52
L75
.25
L20
.53
1.92
&16
2.53
67.30
275.80
67.21
1.016
4.064
1-017
Lindsay '• Horse Tooth
Blount's Prolific •
•
Total
6
8.21
1.37
1.98
.33
10.61
L77
410. 31
68.36
6.097
L016
^ VHrA(?A .................
FIRST STAGE.
ian Sn^ar Com . .
sav's Horse Tooth
Lim
Biount^s Prolirto
Improved Prolitio Bread ...
Broad Wbite Flat Dent....
I^mg Nan"ow White Dent .
Chester County Maiumoth.
18-rowed Yellow Dent
ToUl...
Average
1
1.17
1
2.66
1
1.48
2
3.82
2
4.08
1
2.21
2
7.50
1
8.58
11
27.40
2.49
.47
.92
.25
.46
..52
.23
.08
.35
4.18
.38
1.53
2.43
3.18
4.46
3.44
1.71
4.38
1.79
22.00
2.09
69.10
65.62
56.37
131. 80
131.00
68.84
119.30
65.36
707.39
64.39
1.014
1.024
L018
2.032
2.038
1.019
2.042
1.022
U.209
L019
REPORT OP THE CHEMIST.
447
SECOND STAGE.
▼anety.
E^Totian Sugar Corn
Taiulsuv's Hot-se TootU
Blount's Prtilific
Improved ProUtlo Bread...
Brood Wliite Flat Dont . . . .
Look Narrow Wbite Dent.
Cheater County HanunotU .
18-rowed Yellow Dent
ToUl....
Average.
d
'A
8
«
o
u
0
5
Pr.et.
2.20
3. h,'>
2.79
1. 8H
2.50
2.41
2.»7
3.64
Pr.et.
.16
.76
.16
.42
1.83
72
.48
22.19 I
2.n I
5.12
.64
S3
a
I
1.31
2.37
4.55
3.14
2.18
3.96
2 91
3.21
23.63
2.70
S
to
c
6
Pr.et.
78.10
65.67
G8.09
tiL'.34
C6.79
60.27
71.76
62.38
535.40
66.92
•
1. 015
1. U-,»3
1.020
l.OlH)
1. 023
1.024
1.022
1.023
&166
1.021
i
V
0
«
•2
.2
-s
Pr.et
e
it
THIRD STAGE.
EftyptiMi Sajcar Com
Lmaaay's Horse Tooth . . . .
Blonnt^a Prolific
Improved Prolific Bread...
Broad White Flat Dent . . . .
Long Narrow White Dent.
Cheater County Mammoth.
18-rowed Yellow Dent
Total....
▲rerage
9
4.66
2.39
2.26
2.44
3.29
3.54
3.85
2.86
25.29
2.81
.74
. do
1.08
.90
1.16
1.43
.16
.63
6.70
.74
5.«2
2.71
2.57
2.03
2.67
2.56
3.81
4.89
26.86
2.98
133.64
67.61
5a 75
70.06
58.60
65.97
60.84
62.32
577.98
64.22
2.036
1.020
1.023
1.024
1.025
1.029
1.022
1.023
9.202
L025
FOURTH STAGE.
EryptiMil
Llnaaay'a
»liMi Soffar Com
Horae Tooth ....
Bhnmt^a Prolific
Improved Prolific Bread. ..
Broad White Flat Dent . . . .
Lonir Narrow White Dent.
Obeater Connty Mammoth.
18-rowed Yellow Dent
Total....
Avenge.
1
1
o
1
1
1
1
1
1.82
3.28
5.82
2.K6
3.11
3.27
3.81
2.49
25.96
2.88
.74
2.05
2.54
1.61
1.04
1.04
2.00
L89
12.91
1.43
4.90
2.34
5.64
2.61
2.97
3.29
3.73
5.34
30.82
3.42
64.07
57.50
124.30
63.35
61.55
65.37
56.24
63.47
5.55. 85
61.76
1.019
1.029
2.048
1.024
1.025
1.026
1. 032
1.028
9.251
1.028
FIFTH STAGE.
Egyptian Sugar Cora
T-UMUiay's Horae Tooth
Blonnt^i Prolific ...
Improved Prolific Bread. ..
Broad White Flat Dent. . . .
Long Narrow White Dent.
Cheater County Mammoth.
18-rowed Yellow Dent
Total....
Average,
1
1
1
o
2
1
1
1
10
2.38
2.03
2,50
5. 92
6.06
3.48
2.74
3.86
29.57
2.06
.81
.47
1.73
2.88
2.74
1.60
1.41
1.57
13.29
1.33
2.19
2.46
2.09
4. .'>6
5.48
2.34
4.68
2.83
27. ,'»3
2.75
66.96
68.00
63 80
12H 08
140. 08
04). 27
57.67
62.84
1.021
1.018
1. 024
2. 0.'i2
2. 054
1. 023
1. 025
1.028
648.58
64.86
10. 245
1.025
448
REPORT OP THE COHMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
SIXTH STAGE.
Yaricty.
Eeyptiaa Sagar Corn ..
Lindsay's Horse Tooth
eypwi
indsai
Blount^i Proliflo
Improved Prolific Bread...
Bfosd White Flat Dent. . . .
Long Narrow White Dent.
Chester County Mammoth.
18-rowed Yellow Dent
Total...
Arerage.
8
i
8
0
o
Pr.eL
2.49
2.70
3.82
3.87
'3.59
3.15
3.17
4.21
27.00
8.87
Pr.ct.
2.12
.90
2.46
1.77
1.47
3.56
3.22
2.07
17.57
S.19
i
0
m
t
a
m
2
Pr.et.
2.30
1.86
2.27
2.87
2.81
2.10
2.32
2.08
19.51
2.44
•I
bfl
I
Pr,eL
64.56
74.29
67.90
6L63
59.61
60.96
61.68
60.17
510.80
63.86
i
I
L027
L025
L029
L033
L029
L032
L038
1.031
&244
L030
Pr.ct
1.47
1 r
181
&S4
SEVENTH STAGE.
Egyptian Sagar Com .«...
•
1
2
8.29
5.28
2.61
2.44
3.74
3.69
3.74
8.95
.89
1.64
1.96
2.81
3.12
8.06
2.18
8.28
L88
5.80
3.65
2.68
2.02
2.16
3.33
2.67
68.67
138.10
64.84
6L39
66.93
56.83
55.96
60.09
1.025
2.052
1.027
1.029
1.036
1.033
1.U34
L028
L^....
Lindsay's Horse Tooth
Blount s Prolific
Improved Prolific Bread
Broad White Flat Dent
Long Narrow White Dent
Chester County Msmmoth
::::::::
29
18-rowed Yellow Dent
Total
9
28.74
8.09
17.28
L91
23.60
2.63
662.81
51.42
9.263
L029
4.91
Average.... ••..••. •«•...
2.41
EIGHTH STAGE.
Effvotian Susar Corn ..........
8
1
1
2
1
2
8
1
&82
2.86
L59
6.06
8.66
6.72
7.59
8.96
12.09
2.08
2.93
9.50
4.29
U.14
16.17
3.36
8.70
3.03
2.47
5.62
2.62
6.22
8.58
L40
191. 49
68.56
65.37
131. 48
59.46
110.54
174.03
61.03
8.003
L024
L029
2.076
L040
2.090
8.114
L032
Lindsay's Horse Tooth
Blount • Proliflo _.
Improved Prolific Bread
Broad White l^'lat Dent
Long Narrow White Dent
C hester County Mammoth
18* rowed Yellow Dent
8.M
175
ia72
17.13
Total
14
89.76
2.84
61.56
4.39
88.64
2.76
870.96
62.21
14.498
L035
»••%••••
40.00
Averace....... ......!...
5iM
NINTH STAGE.
Effvntian SufFftr Com ..........
2
2
6.28
5.66
2.55
2.08
2.25
4.50
2.64
3.65
&84
13.94
4.87
7.58
9.07
4.46
7.76
5.17
8.64
4.78
2.50
1.65
1.33
L47
1.65
2.92
120.40
130.78
59.85
67.89
50.07
56.96
56.04
60.62
2.070
2.060
1.037
1.049
1.055
1.041
L050
1.043
Lindsay's Hor^o Tooth
Blount's Prolific
3.50
........
Improved PiiDlitic Bread
Brojid AV bite Flat Dent
Louc Narrow VVliite Dent
Chester Cuunty Mammoth
18-ro wed Yellow Dent ....
3.25
6.J9
"'i'47
7.03
&I4
S.63
Total
10
29.21
2.92
62.53
6.25
19.08
2.00
002.51
60.25
10.405
L041
"L'33"
U81
Average. ........ ........
&27
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
449
TENTH STAGE.
Vadety.
EfrrptUin Ru^r Com
LiDiinay'H llorse Touth ....
Blount^a Proliao
iDiprnvH ProliHo Bread...
BrcMid White Flat Dent. ..
I^ung KniTiiw White Dent.
Chceier County Maiuoiotb.
ld>rt>«e(l YtfUuw Dent
Total ....
ATe»g6
I
Sc.9
o
'A
10
/V.rt.
8.07
2.51
6.76
8.76
6.26
4.41
2.92
8.06
8L74
8.17
6.07
7.85
1L76
6.20
9.30
&8i
8.24
6.87
62.61
6.26
X
o
a
£
4.K0
2.52
ft 18
2.27
1.90
1.88
24.50
8.46
IV. rt.
62.05
68.04
111.56
52.56
108.50
69.70
60 55
64.82
667.68
66.77
1.080
1.050
2.086
1.045
2.080
L053
1.049
1.044
10.4^6
L045
iV.ot
"*1.90
.20
L64
8.38
2.44
7.44
10.22
7.01
9.26
8.03
6.40
4&38
6.04
ELEVENTH STAGE.
XliyiitiaD Bairar Corn
liiMlaaT'a Horse Tooth
nitnnt a rniliflo
7.80
1LC6
4.44
122.90
1086
10.60
6.70
10.68
&82
121. 42
2.080
982
4.62
9.90
8.96
IUO.80
2.072
1*82
a88
Improved PioliiSo Brrad
1.88
4.01
i04
61.60
1.043
5.10
Bnmd Whit* Flat Drnt
8.53
4.80
60.39
1.044
4.36
Long Narrow White Dent
2.58
&90
^48
62.77
1.049
i.84
7.03
Obrster Count V Mammoth
a24
6.16
.73
64.62
1.041
2.19
&25
18>it>w«d Yellow Dent
8.20
&24
181
54.90
L052
2.28
7.58
Total
11
81.80
8.86
61.77
6.61
87.89
2.53
639.40
68.18
11.467
L042
"Va'
6a 63
Avonfa ..••.•.••.••••••.
a88
TWELFTH STAGE.
Eimytten 8imr Com .......•*.
1
1
a 22
a7o
4.26
a85
4.86
7.96
2.89
a 51
a34
64.38
62. V9
102. 40
L034
1.040
a 070
• ••••«•«
a66
LiDiunv'a Uorae Tooth.
4.24
lUonnt a Prolltio
7.46
ImpTovrd Frohflc Bread
2
aao
ia4o
.64
iiao8
a 086
a 46
11.80
Bmad White Mat Dt-nt
2
&84
ia28
7.72
125.44
ao»4
1.72
ia26
L*in« Narrow Whit*- Dent
1
1.97
ia67
as2
6a34
1.050
a88
10.49
Cbeetfr Comity Mnmiuoth....
1
2.40
a82
2.92
57 01
1.041
.60
a 54
18.rowed Yellow Dont
1
a35
4.16
ao5
55 40
L036
7.48f
Total
U
2a 04
a6i«
64.49
a 86
2a 89
ass
644.29
6a 67
11.46U
L042
"".ii*
6a 45
AvonuEe ..................
a66
«&-* vav^w *V*'***********
THIRTEENTH STAGE.
E2> ptftin Sugar Com
LiDns;iv'B Hon*eTouth ....
Blount "ii Prollflr
lnjprorf>d Pn»bfic Bread...
Broftd White Flat Dvnt . .
Loni; Kanow White Dent .
( hi-nter Connty Mflmnioth.
U-ruwed Yellow Dent ....
Total...,
Average.
2
2
1
2
1
8
1
4
16
a92
4.76
1.63
4.70
2 84
7.26
a. 36
a88
8a 36
a27
ia66
14.12
7.91
10.44
a97
8a69
a 12
4a 84
134.15
a88
ao6
a 91
a38
4.84
a26
a 12
1.75
a66
82.91
ao6
114 46
121.84
51.84
124. 7i
51 40
15R.43
52.41
2ia 48
891. .^8
55.72
a 078
a(>>«
l.(>48
2 080
1.055
a 171
1.089
4.220
ia777
L048
1.08
a22
aoo
.90
4 87
17.31
.01
31.40
4.06
a36
10.53
4.87
12.82
a 73
84. n
4.89
80.08
121. 08
7.63
29 AQ
450 BEPOM* €^ THB OOMMISSIONEB OF AGBICULTUSE.
FOORT£BKTS STAGE.
Variety.
EcrptUn Sugar Corn
lAnttnv'a Horse Tooth ....
Bloant 8 Pmliflo
InproTed Proliflo Bread ...
Br«)a(l White Flat Dent...,
Long Narrow White Dent .
Chester Coonty Mammoth .
18-roired Yellow Dent .....
Total
e
I
§
3
a
1
1
1
a
1
1
1
1
Pt.cL
2.19
8.02
1.9Q
4. 10
125
8.16
1.25
2.80
m.27
2.86
Pr.H.
9.27
6.13
7.16
14.72
12.55
7.59
2.47
&tt
68.08
7.56
i
e
o
a
I
Pr.ct
2.08
LSO
4.83
4.96
2.50
2.75
3.08
8.39
94.63
2.74
s
■■-»
&
s
Ft.eL
68.99
64.66
67. #7
120.60
51.47
57.73
66.81
50.38
611. 01
66^78
o
1.058
1.043
1.046
2.068
1.060
1.048
1.020
1.051
0.405
1.045
>
i
Si
Rr.€L
6.05
1.51
.03
K.06
7.80
1.68
1.04
2.46
Sill
&S7
US
an
7.S
en
7.«
FIFTEENTH STAGE.
Sffvntian Sanr Com ......4...
1
1
1
1
1
2
a
1
2.40
2.02
.60
2.05
1.15
a 16
3.60
8.22
It 62
4.81
1.91
4.70
3.58
16.62
16.64
6.18
4.U
8.46
4.06
1.95
2.80
7.60
6.3^4
Z56
58.88
60.50
62.52
40.06
47.03
107. 10
110.62
49.64
L641
1.0:28
1.035
1.000
2.084
2.100
L045
4.48
Mil
Lmtiaay's Hi»T«e Tooth
Slonnts Proliflo
id
Xmproved Proliflc Bread
Broad White Flat Drtit
Long Narrow White Dent
Cheater Conn ty Mammoth....^
18-rowed Yellow I>«nt .........
.70
• • • • • • ■
6.70
.46
If a
9L74
Total
10
10.19
L92
50.50
&95
81.06
3.10
665.85
S&50
10.425
L043-
*"*.'«*
54.0
Average. ....... .........
7.73
SIXTEENTH STAGE.
XffTPtlan Sasoir Com ..........
2.74
3.09
.70
2.05
3.26
1.32
2.11
4.72
7.19
2.35
4.29
9.51.
3.78
1L39
8.11
2.67
3.66
2.83
3.24
4.16
5.80
64.71
69.09
42.62
61.49
45.05
41.66
50.00
1.040
L05O
1.027
1.035
1.036
1.062
LmdiMiy'B Horae Tooth
Blount s Proliflo
L43
tM
ImDroved Proliflc Bread
Long Narrow Whit« Dent
Chndter Coonty Mammoth
"ioa"
IK
131
18-rowed Yellow Dent
8.48
1L44
Total
7
16.26
2.18
43 23
6.17
25.47
3.64
34.^52
4&36
7.306
L044
'".'85
81 fi
Arerage
7.95
SEVENTEENTH STAGE.
Btrvntian SuararCora ..........
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
5.32
2.80
1.36
1.92
1.84
2.94
Lao
26.40
15.60
a 40
6.50
12.11
17.86
4.35
4.14
6.72
2.89
2.00
2.52
0.72
2.12
112.16
120.92
55.22
63.1^
56.00
105. 18
87.94
2.134
2.088
1.051
1.041
L065
2.102
1.080
16.04
7.58
4.15
•2.58
7.75
9.20
1.08
1
2L«
LinUHziy'n H or»e Tooth
Blount's Prolific,. •
Improved Prolific Bread
Lc»nff >'arrow White Demt
Oh*«ter County Mnminoth
18-rowed Yellow Dent
19 01
6ff
Tot«l
10
16.88
1.60
01.23
9.12
25.11*
2.51
•650.60 1 lasii
56. 06 1-051
""i.ik'
4681
Average.................
an
Plate XVI
452
BEPOBT OF THE COBIMISSIONEB OF AORTCULTUBE.
Average renUUfar 1879, 1880, 1881.
Dereloprnflnt
First 8t«go
S«KX)U<1 sUge
Third stH^e
Foiitth stage
Fiftb stAKO
Sixth BtAge
Seventh stage ....
Eighth stage
Kiuth stage
Tenth stiige
Eleventh stage....
Twflflb suge
Thirteenth stage..
Fourteenth stage..
Firteenth stage....
Slxfevuth stage...
Sevente(4ith fliaffe.
Eighteenth stage-.
Kinetet ntli stage ■ .
Tweutietb stage. ..
•»• ... .1
Per c^t tuerose.
ism
L9a
8.94
8.62
7.U7
(LIS
9.7-i
«.P4
11.54
14.15
14.37
12.44
14.26
14.87
1&84
&46
M.Z5
14.18
1880.
1.78
2.96
3.51
4.84
&13
&50
7.88
^60
&95
9L08
ia6«
11.18
11.40
1L78
lLd9
12.40
18.72
11.82
12.08
1881.
■ r 1 ■«
L2U
1.84
3.0'J
9.78
8.60
4.71
6.08
7.47
8.76
laoo
18.01
13w06
13.96
84
99
10LM
16^61
1&28
11. 89
t
Per eent gluooee..
1879.
&18
DerelopneDi.
First stage.....
8ec4»n<l stage
Third stage
F^iurthMtage
Fifth stiige
Sixth Mtuge
Seventh stage
Eighth stage
plinth stage
Tenthstfltfe
Eleventh stage.
Tweinh stage
Tliirtcfoth stage
Fouit«Mnth stage
Fift^H^ntb stHge
Sixteenth stage
Seventeenth stage.
Eiglit»<enth stage.
Nineteenth stage
Twentieth stage
Speeiiio grtvity.
1878L
L085
1.048
1.044
L061
LC'in
1.063
1.061
l.(>68
KOf>l
1.0H2
1.080
1.078
1.077
L078
LU81
1.077
1.079
1880.
L081
1.086
1.097
1041
L045
i.avo
L052
1.055
L058
1.061
L068
l.OtiS
1.066
1.067
L067
1.070
1.078
1.060
1.080
188L
L018
1.026
1.029
L020
L0a2
L035
1.042
L048
1.052
LOM
1.061
L068
1.071
L075
L077
L082
LO01
1.062
1.080
1.068
4.65
&56
8.87
4.47
8.60
8.27
2. SI
l.<68
1.46
1.16
L74
1.12
.98
.70
.88
L60
1880.
4.29
4.45
4.50
4.34
4.15
8.99
8.86
8.83
8.19
2.60
2.85
2.07
103*
1.K8
1.81
L64
1.56
L85
8.09
1881.
2L31
8.24
3.35
3.41
3.41
8.69
8. 88
8.68
8.70
8.30
Z96
2.74
2.47
2.21
2.22
1.84
1.72
1.88
L75
L78
Per eeok soUds.
187^
L40
1.56
1.71
1.86
1.46
L63
L4-i
2.52
LSI
2.93
8.01
2.02
8.18
8.23
2.60j
8.18
1880.
U8L
1-75
L*)6
1.78
L9I
1.92
2.45
SL19
2.37
2.42
2.50
2.T2
zn
1«2
2.00
3. 15
8.34
4.07
8.42
8.62
141
241
241
1«
111
2W
181
3.05
lO
1«
2»
198
IK
IM
1«
161
la
IM
IC
16
Ber eeat of >iilo».
18781
84.40
8&81
85l20
86.05
83.80
82.70
34.91
84.35
31.72
80.07
80 73
2K90
27.517
21.60
26. «)
2*^.96
26w22
18801
59l06
69.60
59 67
61.61
6105
62.70
63.85
65.68
64.88
54.. 88
65.08
63.89
6199
6L72
60.45
61.20
60.17
62 09
06.04
1881.
69.80
67.13
69.48
68L02
6tl.l8
68.07
67.21
67.81
66.76
67.91
6184
6144
60.50
5&92
63.54
60.25
6K95
56.51
57i22
58.45
Per oeat. aTaflJaUs
1879.
-2.15
--149
L49
.85
-4.67
8.24
7.SJ
10.05
ILIO
8.36
9.51
11.23
a78
4.SS
11.83
9.50
18801
«^»0
—177
-1.91
— .M
.06
L83
L49
184
4.88
5,50
6.38
&S5
7.44
109
6.05
6.37
I88L
Development.
F*rst stage
Seitiud stage t .
Thinl stagt) ,
Fonrth stage
Filth stage
Sixth stage
Seventh stage
Eighth stage
Kinth stage
T«*nih »>tage
£lfv*-nth stage ,
Twelfth stMge ,
Tiiiileeutli stsge ...
FoUrttH^ntb stage....
Filteenih stase
Sixteenth stage
Seventeenth stage..
Eighteenth stage ...
>iiui'teenih stage...
Twentieth stage. ....
Total.
Nomoer of am^yaea.
-4.45
-IK
-4.9
-181
-187
—LIS
— .01
LM
181
4.14
181
7.61
ir
1L14
]L08
1177
IS
171
1870. 1880.
8
4
4
8
12
10
8
8
4
6
6
2
12
124
68
60
57
70;
75
62
70
111
266
217
1G6
170
183
191
217
839
197
191
80
2,rJ8
1881.
16
88
40
52
46
51
42
42
45
60
53
44
40
37
37
40
87
45
44
870
1,179
Aversge molU 1879^ 1880, 188L
Pr.eU
1.57
2.'32
182
1»5
4.23
5.16
139
7.23
8.74
9.69
10.53
11.41
11.75
111!
1109
1179
14.07
1180
14.01
11.95
Pr.cLPr.6L
3.86
4.03
4.02
194
189
188
185
18Q
126
176
150
119
109
L92
1.87
1.65
1.57
L71
118
L72
1.89
105
2.04
2.88
136
158
141
153
144
160
172
184
182
t.06
111
128
198
184
131
181
li
1.028
1.032
L083
l.OM
1.013
1.015
1.018
1.053
1.057
1.060
1.002
1.066
l.OtttI
1.068
L068
t. 071
1.078
L071
1.080
LOOO
Pr.et.
60.41
62.26
61.71
64.34
6100
6117
•511
6125
6115
•5.49
•\22
63.19
62.90
61.26
•0.90
61. 10
&a98
61.01
6174
58.45
IV. ot
-4.18
-176
-a 21
-2.92
-102
-1.30
.13
.90
4.04
4.49
5.31
6.-88
• 84
7.16
7.11
7.AI
7.75
!»
• 42
74
100
97
m
V3
117
116
157
IIS
231
m
80
sit
i»tt
N
Plate X»V.
. HIoutUh Prolifir.
^ o— o. Available Sugar.
REPORT OF TU£ CHEMIST.
453
COMPARISON OF SUGAR CANE WITH SORGHUM.
le reRnlts represented upon the tables ami cliarts wbioh have been
n will appear the more sorprisiug if compared with the average
yses of the juices of sugar caue.
iventy-five samples of sugar cane juices from the many varieties of
plant grown in Louisiana, Cuba, Jamaica, Martinique, Ouadelupe^
the East Indies, analyzed by several chemists, give the following
age composition: Sucrose, 13.28 per cent.; other solids, 2.71 per
. If, now, as in the case of the sorghums, we subtract the sum of
solids (which was made up of ash, glucose, and other undetermined
Uiuces) l^om the sucrose, we have as available sugar in these juices,
verage of 10.57 per cent., an amount even less than that found pres-
n the average juice of 35 kinds of sorghum for long periods, as will
3eu by reference to the charts and tables.
TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL, 1881.
le following statement, showing the mean temperature and total
tall for each day, from May Ito November 30, as also the maximum
minimum tem|>eratures from the date of the first frost, which oc-
ed October 6, has been furnished this department iroui the records
le at the office of the Chief Signal Officer.
>r purpose of comparison, the record of the same character for 1880
so given.
neni ahwving the mean temperature in degreee Fahr, and total precipitation reeordfd
Ihe elation of observation of the Signal Service, United Statti Armjff at IVashington,
C.,/or each day from Mag I to JSovemher 30, 18SL
•Oed from ih» record* on file at the eflloe of the Chief Sixnal Officer, United SUtee Army, Waslv
iii|^oii,D.C.J
188L*
•
M ^«
May.
Joae.
July.
Aacoflt.
September.
October.
Korember.
»f the
ith.
H
M
ii
'4
U
M
H-6
H
M
^1
u
It
u
H
S5
It
a*.
le.
h
a*
§2
aS.
li
o
In,
o
In,
o
In.
o
In,
o
In.
o
In,
o
In.
ft ••■ ■ • ■
60.6
• • » > •
74.2
.00
70.7
T7.0
.01
70.4
80.8
61.0
.10
••*••• •
«5l4
.11
01.6
.48
73.7
76 3
.26
77.0
..
7a 0
68.4
62.6
.10
50.7
.18
77.7
80.3
7&5
«..•.•
77.7
60.7
.48
M.7
00.0
.41
8ao
81.7
77.7
72.0
.01
43.0
.02
«••••••
5R.6
• • • • • •
00.0
84 7
84.7
83.5
4a3
..
50.8
00.0
.10
0<S.6
.02
86.0
.23
84.3
..
81.3
51.3
63 3
64.2
06u2
.61
80.7
.42
7&0
.71
8&1
63.0
54.3
.66
64.7
76.0
«.
78.7
.00
71.3
88.0
......
oas
63.8
.02
71.2
02.7
.68
75.7
80.0
7a 2
'••••..
05.8
.43
C3.7
.07
76.2
67.2
.00
8UL3
83.7
7a 6
.40
67.0
40.3
_
711.6
70,7
8i7
• •• ••^
74.3
V
7a 2
L33
4a 7
• • • -
40.8
.01
82.2
7«.7
82.7
78.7
_
71.1
55.3
.06
64.0 .14
84.6
.»
08.6
82.7
.20
84.3
7a 7
......
71.3
6.3.0
7i.2
—
75.2
82.0
— 74.7
.01
7a 0
6a7
47.5
76.2
.13
7.'*. 2
77.3
08.7
72.4
.11
hO.3
40. 4
«•■■• ••
03.0
75.6
81.0
.08
00.3
77.0
.82
75.4
88.7 !
.......
6&7
.20
78.6
.48
7&3
.24
68.3
71.5
.02
72.7
4a 7
U.4
.22
77.7
..••.-
72.7
68.0
.01
68.0
6a4
62.7
6&0
.06
78.6
.01
7&0
70.7
74.0
5.3.3
5a3
.oi
. ••••••
61.0
.02
7(».6
.22
70.3
75.8
78.3
54.7
......
3a 0
66.6
72.0
70.7
_
78.1
.04
72.7
52.5
40.8
..
..••■•«
00.2
^
60.2
67.0
.80
75.7
.04
74.3
57.0
1 42.2
._
•■•••..
08.6
67.5
«.
72.7
73.8
7a 0
..
00.6
.02 ' 36.2
.03
.......
00.2
6&5
*** • . •
77.8
75.4
78.3
62.6
1.07 i 31.3
.02
7iO
70.0
.06
70.3
74.0
70.3
00.0
.17
2a7
O0L7
76.2
• • •
78.7
78.5
82.0
6&4
3a5
72.6
71.6
2.60
74.3
71.4
81.0
54.0
44.5
•■•■...
7&6
82.2
73.7
76.6
71'. 7
.01
5ao
...
40.7
77.0
81 2
.03
70.3
.02
70.7
70.7
1 C6.3
.40
40.7
70.7
78.2
.••••.
71.7
81.1
70.3
.... i 65.3
.46
49.3
.03
n.o
.03
76.7
7a 4
; 65.5
.07
i
1
1
• Xhe dash (— ) ladioatee ndniaU too emtll to meeeuro.
454
REPORT OF THE C0MMI8SI0HBR OF AGRICULTURE.
Statement ehowing (k4 maxiwMm and mMmmn iemperatutee in degrme Fakr.fi
{date offint fro%i) to Norembtr 30, 1681. a$ recorded at the eiatiom of '
Signal Service, United Statee ^rmy, im fFaeHngUm, D, O.
[OompQed from the noordi on fl]« at the ollloe of the Chief Signal OilloeK; ITiilted Statee
ftDgton, D. C.)
(kkkri
Anij,¥iik
Jfrcite, (/oO <r lB81).-0cti>ber 6^ end U; KoTomber 14, U, 17, 18^ end 29.
Eeavg n^i^tannif May 1, to November 30, 188L
Bete.
JfknetT
Septemberll
Oetober 28 to 26
Oetober 29 to KoTeml^er 1
L20p.m......
4.80 n.in ......
10.08p.m.. 28d.
Xsded.
8.45 p. m
8.40 p. m
8.05 a.m.. 25th.
2.26 a. m., 89lii.lO.'l5ikm.,'keT.i
Amonal
2.M
1.38
L2S
L68
An ralii-etoTm. between tki
detee nemed, ia which the
emoQnt of predpitatMni ex*
oeeded one Ihaa ere htn
giTQB.
Jhrnperatnte and rai«ifaZ2y 1881.
Month.
May. 1881
Jpne. 1881
July. I(t81
▲aenst, 1881 ..
September. 1881
SsUihw, 1881 . .
OTember,1881
Mmd
moDtfaly
tew pen-
tore.
ATerflfi
dailj
niaiUL
ojViAr.
Ifidm.
87.8
.N
70.9
.»
77.4
.05
76.4
.13
77.0
.17
«2.0
.11
17.6
.M
Was Dbpabimxht, Ovncm of Chtsf 8igval Offickr,
WatMngton, D, a, Dtctmim 24, 188L
BEPOBT OF THS GHEIOST.
455
Stattment 9ihowing the mean Umperatwt^ {» degreM Fmkr.j and total rainfaJl recorded at (he
etation of observation of the Signal Service, United Statee Armg, at JFatfhingtonf D, C,
for each day from May I to November 30, 1880.
[Compiled from therecords on file »t the office ef the Chief Signal Officer.]
Day of the
month.*
1
•>
3
o* ••••••
o* • •*•••
7
8
v. • 9« • • V
10
y-:::::
A J. ••••••
a9 • ••«•••
Xd* ••••■«
lA
17
18
19
20
21
22
29* AW****
26 /w
26
27
ZO. ••■■■r%
20
80
81
May.
1880.
o
63.7
64.7
67.7
67.2
67.0
74.5
66.1
7L6
77.5
78.0
73.0
68.5
50.7
64.0
57.0
0&6
76.6
78.7
710
79.7
76.7
66 5
66.5
75.0
82.5
83.5
82.2
75.0
70.2
72.0
74.2
In,
••••• •
L40
Jiroe,
1880.
t
a
9
a
i
o
In,
71.6
.16
57.2
.24
66.2
70.2
• •• • • •
7L2
75.7
7&2
73.5
• •• •«•
.70
.91
.04
67.0
67.7
79.7
81.0
83.2
75.2
61.7
63.6
71.2
78.0
74.0
75.2
78.2
8L0
8L&
85.0
81.6
79.7
80.6
83.6
80.6
7617
3
o
H
.06
.14
.23
.08
2.28
.18
July.
1880.
a
I
.10
.10
73.0
76.5
72.8
75.5
76.8
7a 0
80.0
80.5
K3.0
84.7
81.2
8i2.&
80.6
83.0
79.2
8L2
78L6
77.8
79.0
74.7
72.1>
64.6
7L0
76.7
76.2
80.7
76.6
72 6
72.0
72.0
76w7
g
3
In,
.81
.04
.18
.08
Aasnet,
IttO.
.01.
.02
.23
t40
o
79.6
82.2
75w6
7L7
67.7
70.6
74.0
72.2
76.2
77.6
74.7
74.7
74.7
76L5
78.0
oa?
7L0
70.2
76r6
79.0
8L8
7a 6
80.8
82.0
7a 2
6a7
72.7
7a 0
70. 2
73.0
87.7
3
o
H
In,
LOl
.97
.12
.06
.12
.18
.06
.18
.01
.66
.02
.02
.26
.U
Septembei^
1880.
74.7
72.2
8L7
83.0
82.6
7a 6
6a6
61.0
65.6
60^2
64.2
67.2
66u0
6a6
60.7
66.7
72.6
74.2
74.6
7a 2
8a7
61.7
60.0
63.6
67.7
6a7
74 2
6L6
60.2
610
I
In,
.02
.10
L26
.06
L48
October,
1880.
.16
o
54.7
69.0
63.2
6a2
60.6
6L0
61.6
64.6
6a7
62.6
6a7
63.7
64.2
54.6
6a7
72.6
54.2
47.0
44.7
50.0
64.7
6d0
4ao
43.6
43.6
64.7
53.0
40.0
46.5
6L0
60.7
s
In.
••••••
.28
.48
»•••••
.17
20
01
08
23
03
,65
NoTembor.
1880.
i
I
»
4612
60.0
6L6
57.6
6a2
6a5
44.8
45i8
47.3
6a6
6a8
08.6
5->
87.0
8a|
sat
48 0
85.0
29.2
33.2
8a7
20.6
22.6
27.2
8a7
24.7
29.7
32.7
3a7
83.7
a
5
e
In.
.62
• 06
.16
.07
»•••••
.43
.1(6
.01
.01
»« A..
.00
.04
.17
.04
* The daah (—) tndio^Oet reinfiaU top tQull to ntama^
Statement ihomng the maaeimum amd niiiKiiiKiii temperatm^ {fi degreu Fahr. from October 1
(date of first frost) to Xorember 30. 18^)0, a$ recorded #< iha etation of obeervation of the
Signal Service, United Statee Army, in IVaeUngtony D. C.
rComikilfid from the records on file at the office of the Chief Signal Officer. United Siatea Ajmy. at
Day of monfh.
October. 1880.
^OTcmber. 1880.
Octobei;1880.
Norember, 1880.
lias.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
1 ..............
67.0
7a 0
74.0
80.0
64.0
70.0
65.0
87.0
70.0
7a 0
80.0
8U.0
65.0
6a 0
80,5
8L5
3a6
4ao
47.5
57.0
56.0
64.6
44 0
39.0
47.5
4ao
60.6
55.0
45.5
3a5
50.0
60.0
6ao
63.0
60.0
62.0
6ao
70.0
69.0
67.0
62.0
63.0
G7.0
62.0
4a 0
40.0
42.0
61.0
84.6
8ao
87.0
48.0
5ao
60.0
4L0
83.0
89i0
88.0
6(>.0
47.0
BXO
84 0
32.0
2a 0
17
70.0
67.0
67.0
600
64.0
60.6
66.0
4a 0
64.0
62.0
61.0
4a 0
4a 0
oao
6ao
4ao
40.0
80.6
4L0
42.5
60.0
44.0
40.0
8ao
3ao
40.0
8a 0
3aa
4ao
45^0
61.0
48.0
8ao
84.0
89.5
2ao
20.0
81.0
lao
29 0
8ao
34.0
46.0
87.0
32.0
2 ,
18
2ao
a
19
19 0
20
30.0
5
21
2ao
6
23
12.6
m
28
12 5
8
24
1.H.0
9
25
2ao
10
26 .........
22.0
11
27
92.0
12 .,
28 ■;
2ao
13
20
32.6
14
M.. :;:;:;;::.;:;
3U.0
15
<U. a.^. aa ........
16
Fnnts (raU V 1880-'81).-»October 1, 19, 26 ; Kovombor 1, 2, 8; 8; 9, la
456
KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
ffeavg rain^i&rvUf May 1 to November 30, 1880.
Date.
Began.
Ended.
Amounts
Bflourki.
Mftvll
4.34 p. ni
6.05 p. n
1.40
2.46^
1.37)
1.W
1.S4.
L53'
1
▲n ratn-atonn^bfCvwi
th<^ flAtfvi naiMvi ia
June 14 to 16
8*J5p.m.. 14th....
0.10 a. in
4 20 p. m.,3<1 .•
8Ji5 p. ni..6tb
0.16 a. m., 8th
ai0a.in.,16th. ...
1 4.10 p. ID
Jnl tr 99
which th^ amooit cf
AuiniMtS to 4
< a.Sup. m..4th
I 5.00 a. m.,7th
10.00 p. OB., 9th....
pn^ipitiitirtD exof«M
one inch are hen giro.
SoptfinbtT 6 to 7
Bentember 8to9
Tdmperaiure and rainfall, 1880.
Month.
May.l8» I
Jane. 1880
July.l88U
An^at»1880
Bopteaiber, 1880 •••
October, 1880 .•
Korembez; 1880
WAE'DiTAjmaiiTf Ofrcb ov Chibf Sioral OmcBi.
^
<»niAr.
7a 8
74.8
n.t
TSil
67. §
&5l4
46LT
r
HU
(IS
oa
tn
HAS
OOMPARISON OF SEASONS 1880 AND 188L
The crop remms for this year, and nniversal testimony agree thattlie
season just past has been, over a wide area of our country, of an a1mo6t
nnpreceileuted cliaracter. A cold, backward spriuj? and a drought of
exceptional severity united to produce most unfavorable results.
Tlie records which follow will (\illy sustain the general opinion and
explain sufficiently the reasons of failure.
It will be observeil tliat the avenige mean temperature for May and
June in 1880 was 72.8o while for the same months in 1881 it wu8G9.4<);
also, that the total rainfall for these months was, in 1880, C.S9 inches,
of which amount 5.!21) incbos fell in three rains, pretty evenly distriba*
ted over the two months, viz: May 11, 1.40 inches; May 22 and 23, LCI
inches; and June 13, 2.28 inches.
On the other hand, in May and June, 1881, the total rainfall was 7^7
inches, of which 5.71 inches fell in June.
Also, it w\\\ be obsen'ed that during the three monthsof July, August,
and September, in 1880, the mean average tem|)erature was'73.4o, awi
the t(»tal rainfall 9.37 inches; the mean average temperature for these
months in 1881, was 76.9<^, while the total rainfall was oiil> 4.93 inches,
and of this small amount nearly half, 2.19 inches, fell in September.
The results, however, secured in the plat of sorghum planted on
gronnds of the department fully iustify the reputation this plant has
of being able to withstand drought, although it appears uecessaiy to
BEPORT OF THE CHEMIST. 457
tliiB end, tbat tlie crop slionid socnre a pood start before the dronpht.
Sucl^ns will be seen, woh the cnHe iu the experimental plat above men*
tioned, for, although planted early (April 29), the ground had been
carefully ])repared, had a fxood ex]>08ure to the sun, and the crop came
forward rapidly, so that it was fully 2 feet high before the seed waB
phmted for the third time in the larger fields.
In very marked contrast were the results seen npon a portion of the
department ground. As has been already mentioned, a |K)rtfon of the
sorghum plat was plowed up through a mistake, and upon June 13,
(forty six days alter the first planting), this portion was replanted with
ten varieties of sorghum. But neither of these varieties attained any
development, the average not being even 10 per cent, of the crop
secured from the ground immediately surrounding this replanled fK>r-
tion, and thnmghout the season the«e ten varieties wrre stunted,
withered, and sickly, evidently the result of tho drought which followed
closely upon this planting, and before a good start had been \mado by
the plants.
On tho other hand, the several varieties grown upon the field from
tlie first planting suilered comparatively little harm, and yet, although
withstanding this severe drought during July and August, the result
was evident in a much lighter crop than was secured in 1880, as will be
seen by the following:— r
The average weight of stripped stalks pier acre of thirty-eight varie-
ties grown in 1880 was 31,409 iK)unds, the maximum being 50,017 and
the minimum 13,839 pounds per acre.
The average weight of 8tripi>ed stalks per acre of thirty four varieties
grown^n 1881 was 22,524 pounds, the maximum being 33,538 and the
miiiimnra 10,750 pounds per acre.
It is interesting to consider the meteorological data of 1880 and 1881
in connection with the results shown by the tables representing the
average results of analyses for these ye^irs. It will be remembered ttlat
the varieties of sorghum grown in 1880 and 1881 were mainly the same,
the land uiion which it was grown was the same, the mill by which the
juice was expressed was the same, and care was taken to mahitaiu it in
good order. It will, however, be seen that the average percentage of
juice, by weight, obtained from the stripi>ed stalks was greater in 1881
than in 1880, that in 1881 averaging 64.02 per cent., while that in 1880
averaged only G2 per cent.
It will be seen, also, that the specific gravity of the juices from the
eleventh to the eighteenth stage, inclusive (the period when the canes
should be worked for sugar), differs greatly, the average si>ecific gravity
beingf f^^r this prricMl in 1880, 1.0G94, while in 1881 it was 1.0752, this
showing, as is seen by the analysis, the presence of a larger quantity of
sugar iu these juices of 1881.
The incn^asein specific gravity, as will be seen, is due to the increased
amounts of sugar, and since the percentage or juice is about in the
inverse ratio it shows that the amount of water in the plant varies but
very little, whether in seasons of rain or droughts
But the very general belief that the characterof the juice undergoes
great change, due to the occurrence of heavy rains, seems hardly to be
supported by the facts. In fact it would be of great importance if
these opinions were more generally submitted to the testof exi>eriment.
If we lo4>k over the meteorological data from the Signal Office which has
just been given, we shall see that on the 10th and Uth of September,
1881, there was a rainfall of 1.73 inches, which succeeded a season of
protracted drought. It would seem, then^ iu accordance with the gear
458
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
erally accepted belief, that we shoald obtain evidence of this in a peadj
increased ]>erceutage of jnice; but an examination of the tables d
analyses shows no appreciable change in either of the varieties.
EFFECT OF HBAYY RAINFALL AFTER LONG DROUGHT.
For the purpose of showing the effect produced, if any, in theeoe-
position of the several sorghums, dne to a heavy fall of rain, the folkv-
iug table has been prepared, which gives the results of analyses of ead
variety taken before and after the heavy rainfall of September 10 and 11
The average of the analyses of all the varieties made just before tbe
heavy rain of September 10 and 11, viv.. those made September 7,8, andd,
also, the average of all the analyses oi each variety made immediately
succeeding this rainfall, viz., analyses made on September 12, 14, 15, and
17, and the results are as follows: —
Table $h4ming effect of heavy rainfall after long drought.
J?
1
2
8
4
6
6
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
90
81
22
23
24
25
28
27
28
29
SO
81
82
83
84
87
88
BatMoftiMlywe.
Sept 7, 17, and Oct 5, 15.
Sept 7. 17, and Oct 5. 15.
S«pt 7. 17, and Oct. 5. 15.
Sept 7, 17, and Oct 5, 15.
Sept 7, 17, aud Oct 5, 15.
Sept 7, 17, and Oct 5, 15.
Sept 7, 12, and Oct 7, 17.
Sept 7, 12, and Oct. 7, 27
Sfpt8,12,audC»ct7,17.
Sept 8, 12, and Oct 7. 17.
Sept 8. 12, and Oct 7, 17
8«'pt8,14
Sept 8, 14
Sept 8, 14
8ept8, 14
Sept 8, 14, 19. and Oct 17
St-pt 9. 14. 27, aud Oct 18
Sept 9. 14. 27, and Oct 18
Sept 9, 14. 27. and Oct 18
Sept 5, 14, 27, Rnd Oct 18
Sept 9. 14, and Oct 8, 12.
Sept. 5, 15, and Oct 3. 14.
Sept9, 15,HndOct8, 14
Sept 9, 15, and Oct 3, 14.
Sept 5, 1 >. and Oct 3, U.
Sept 9. 15. and Oct 3, 14.
Sept 9. 15, and Oct 3, 16
Sept 9, 15, and Oct 3, 15.
Sept 9, 15, and Oct 4. 15.
Sept 9. 16, and Out 4, 15.
Sept 9, 15
Sept 9, 15
Sept 9, 15
Sept 9, 15
S-pt7,17
Sept 7, 17
taken JoaC beiSvre Sep-
toBiber 10 and U.
>^0^r^^
O
0
00
Pr.eL
18.28
17.41
18.!i0
19.58
14.08
18.38
16.00
16.86
16.99
17.86
1&86
16.12
16 91
16.39
16.93
lasi
17.88
16 46
17.20
15.35
16.02
14.40
laoo
14.27
13.45
0.80
13.05
19.25
16.00
16.14
18.87
15.80
15.18
15.90
12.67
&97
i
8
0
Pt.ct,
.80
.81
.86
.95
2.08
1.48
1.78
L07
LdS
.88
.66
.79
1.81
1.90
t26
1.26
2.29
2 58
2.U0
4.80
1.53
3.00
4.71
1.51
8.26
5.18
4.16
1.48
L88
1.70
L70
8.J/7
2.72
1.38
.90
5.19
1&02
s
a
■3
I
2.98
Pr.eL
3.00
2.76
1.77
2.75
2.82
3.95
2.40
2.20
2.76
3.39
8.33
4.87
8.00
8.25
8.88
2.97
4.94
8.98
4.67
2L88
8.06
8.65
2.51
1.9J
4.40
2.28
2.41
2. 00
2.40
3.07
1.13
2.33
2.08
4.19
L04
Pr.et
54.17
5&86
63.51
59.51
64.45
45.14
62.01
56.95
60.94
57.60
54.59
60.83
57.38
64.38
58.16
63.^.7
55.
58.
54
62.
77
05
48
78
62.50
6L71
67.62
66.00
67.9iJ
69.53
62.78
6L06
60.10
58.77
62.55
58.rt9
61.72
57.33
32 36
69.64
I
I
1.089
1.084
L087
1.005
L074
L008
1.083
L0S3
L086
LOhO
L094
1.083
L084
1.084
L087
L098
1.093
L086
1.089
L089
L094
L080
L081
1.073
1.073
L073
1.077
1.089
L077
1.077
1.087
L(>75
t075
l.(»77
L073
1.058
Analyaea taken Joat after S^-
tumber 10 ac^d LL
Pr.eL
17.00
16.89
16.88
15. 24
17.01
17.69
15.65
12.56
10.16
18.18
17.03
19 51
15.70
17 54
1&28
ia6l
19.20
17.79
15.79
15l95
18.69
13.96
14.23
11.31
14.23
11.14
11.65
16 73
14.37
14.62
14.47
i:{.88
U.70
11.58
13. »1
13.07
Pr.eL
.86
Lll
1.06
L27
.49
.57
1.6S
2.44
8.52
.80
1.03
"i."76
L56
.77
L14
1.54
2.85
2 06
L96
LOO
1.93
2.94
2.64
2.55
8.78
8.82
.86
1.21
L33
2.54
2.57
2.14
L87
.68
2.83
I
Pr.eL
a.<u
3.19
2.88
S.86
2.96
3.12
1.58
1.79
2.**7
2.85
2.56
8
"3
4.81
8.77
3.94
8.16
2.61
8.56
4.52
4.23
i'ik'
4.14
&03
6.43
8.82
3.6(4
4.38
&27
4.47
4.26
4.30
3.28
5.04
4.31
2.00
Pr.eL
43.83
52.89
53 72
50.54
50.46
59.30
63.64
62.21
62.16
6&33
50 56
55.67
63. Ul
52.40
60.10
59.00
51 49
5e79
60.35
51.53
50.77
59 53
59.04
6>.07
59.56
63.11
62.24 I
57 02
57.58 !
6L09
57.55'
68.81
5&64
45 37
61. G2
im
LOS
im
LOR
100
^2
Iff
1«
im
lie
ivs
Lett
1.(0
im
im
L075
19SL
LOfI
Im
L(W
L06S
1.877
im
1.614
im
LOTS
i(n9
9. 08 I 59. 54
L06S2 1 15.40 1.803 3.004 , fiff.89 I tOiS
682 U.40 1.
I L
REPOBT OF THE CHEIOST.
459
'esulU ofanalyMS ofihirty-Bix varieiief o/Borghum h^fbre and ^fter fhe rainfaJl
of September 10 and 11.
Before.
After.
...•.....•.••.•...•......••.••••• percent..
iao2
2.06
2.98
69.54
1.083
10.98
1ft. 40
: . do
L80
do
8.60
^.... do
67.80
avity
•
1.080
HQvaf ._...«,--._..........-....._
ner (Vint..
9.90
OU^M •«•■•••■>■*•«■>■«••■■■■■•■•■ ^ - - -
I the above it will be seen that the results of this storm, as shown
) analyses, show an average loss of—
Per cent
3 9
12,6
2.9
^vity 3.6
D sagi&r -.. 9.8
(ain in solids was 23.8 per cent.
ibove retiult^ are rather surprising and certainly opposed to the
merally entertained. Without acceptiug them as wholly couclu-
must be remembered that they are the results of a very large
' of determinations and of a very large number of distiuct vari-
If it shall hereafter be shown that such a result invariably fol-
raiufall, it would appear that the explanation is, that by such
a vigorous growth in the plant is excited and that the material
i rapid development of the plaut is derived from the stored-up
ainly sugar or starch) present. This would account for the loss
r, while the water, beiug simply the vehicle for transporting such
evaporated from the foliage more rapidly than it is absorbed by
is.
EFFECT OF FBOST UPON SORGHUM.
he purpose of learning the effects of frost upon the sorghum,
also taken the average of the analyses of each of the sorghums,
fore the dates of the first frosts of October 6 aud 11, viz., those
8 which were made September 27, aud October 3, 4, 5, and 7,
)se made October 14, 15, 17, and 18. The results are given in
>wing table.
Table ihoicing effect cffinifroBts.
Jnst before October 6 and U.
1
PereL
.87
1.89
1.08
LU
.70
L81
.96
2.12
.61
.42
.78
It 52
1.89
1.56
Il60
.94
1.26
1.72
&
S.76
2.16
2.74
8.05
2.40
2.88
3.66
2.94
2.58
4.12
8.38
8.14
4.40
3.C7
4.^
PertL
54.28
5LI8
44.54
65.10
51.31
5K.06
69.^^9
48.46
61.19
58.02
57.25
56. .58
56. M
55.09
49.29
46.20
53.87
57.97
55i99
Jntt after October 6 and IL
L078
1.073
L087
L068
L068
1.082
1.082
L070
1.090
1.085
L089
L0H3
L004
1. 089
1. OVO
1.085
L08B
L084
PereL
14.32
14.12
16.59
16.24
14.65
13.97
11.99
13.88
13. 24
10.30
16.13
13.90
14.72
13.55
14. 30
V^. 25
15. €0
12.41
12.44
0
Ptrct
1.16
L18
1.09
L27
.40
3.28
1.16
2.44
L85
.40
.69
L78
1.04
1.50
1.73
L9ti
L20
2.57
3.02
£
PmreL
4.60
4.14
&11
4.20
5.03
4.33
8.78
8 97
3.45
3.80
4.87
4.44
2.50
3.50
2.93
2.U1
a47
2.6ff
Ptret
57.90
67.93
55.81
65.80
57 44
62. 07
5&13
65.23
68.00
54.60
52. 91
47.38
58.99
5<>.95
58.07
58.51
58.75
65.80
60.34
CO &
L678
L075
L088
L082
1.078
1.084
1.009
1.084
1.078
1.086
L088
1.4)81
1.079
1.U78
LOiJl
L082
L085
L060
t076
460
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGElCULTUttE.
Table ihotcing effect 0/ /r«^ /rot to--€oDtinned.
Just before October 8 and IL
OS at
1.0P2
1. 079
l.t/7l
1. i^y
l.(i82
1.078
Jntt aft«r Ootober 6 ftad IL
Av*ge.l6i28
L0814
Average resulti of analyses 0/ thirtg-eix rarfetiea of eorghum b^ore and after tkefrmlitf
October 6 and 11.
BcforA.
Soomee per«eBt
QluiHiee do. ..
SolliU do...
Juice do
8|M*CiflC flTTNTlty
AvaiUble •ui;»r percent
Ailm
ISwtt
un
1.41
Lt
8.87
i«
54.82
«.»
1.061
1.074
10.60
7.4
From the above averages it will be seen that the results of these
frosts show an average loss of —
Sncmse 15i
Specllic gravity &6
Availablo sagar •« •• • •••• .•• •••• ••^••. ••... 37.6
And a gain of— -
Qlacoto :' « 89.1
Solids 8.6
Juice 6J)
The above resiiUs accord with the general belief as to the injurioo
effects of froKt upon the cane. It would appear from the iucrease is
glucose and docrea^e in sncrone that the effects of frost were to prudocs
an inversion of the sagar present in the juices of the plant.
If we consider the average results produced in a few of the diB&emt
varieties of cane, viz, Masto<Ion No. 24^ Honduras Xo. 25, Sngar Gaoe
»o. 2G, Wallis's Hybrid No. 27, White Imphee No. 28, and White Mam-
moth No. 7, for example, we shall find the effect even more marked.
For pur]M)se of comparison I have given the average results of anal vseB
of the above varieties by themselves, and also the average results of
several other varieties by themselves, viz. Early Amber No. 1, Early
Golden No. 2, White Liberiiui Nos. 3 and 4, Black Top No 6, African
No. 6, Regular Sorgho No. 9, Link's Ilybrid Nos. 10 and II.
Aterage results of analyses of Nos, 7, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, made jnst hrfore and Just afUf ^
frosts of October 6 and 11.
Snornna peroeat
Glu<'<»ee do...
....A. do...
Solids
.do.
Joice
8|»coi#r. sTOvlty ••
AyaUableea^r percent
EEPOBT OF THE CHEinST.
461
JUferage raraM» of anatydes of Nob, 1, 8, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, madeJuH hrfbro andfifii after
ihefroaU of October 0 and 11.
&ierofin« - - percent
uluroflo do...
8u1mU do...
Juic4) .......••..•••.•... do...
Spt^ifiecrarity
Availabte sugar ])ercen(
Befim.
JJltett
14.84
U06
1 03
1.25
2.90
4.39
54.85
5&«8
1.078
1.082
ia7S
9.43
From tbe above it will be seen that the effecta of tliese frosts were fai
more disastrous upon the first group of sorii^hums selected than upon
the ]a8t group, for, arranging the results side by sido^ this difierence io
efl'ect produced is readily compared, thus:
Sacstwe perci'Bt..
Glucuae do....
SolidA — do ...
JvAcfi do....
SpeciileEraTity
AT»il*ble tagMT 4..pei c«nt.
First groop
•
SeeoDd groap.
Loss. •-•«••. ■•••-•
44.1
38.3
15. 9
8w0
Sf).9
60.8
Osin
3.9
Gain
Gain
23.5
Loss.......
Gain
Gsin
5L4
tJaIn
3.S
Loss ....•.>•••....
Gain .^
5.1
Loss.. ..■■•« ••■■..
Loss..............
13.1
As will be pcen from the above statement, there is practically little
effect shown by the frost upon the t^everal varieties of sorghum in the
second group. The percentage of increane in glucose and solids is in
fact not a verj' large actual increase, while the percentage of sucrose la
tbe juice is slightly more.
It is more than ]>n)lmble that the difference in the effects of the fh>st
npon the two grouf»s in due to the fact that in the case of the second
group the different vnrieties of sorghum were those of early maturity,
and this ^ill bo seen by reference to the tables of analyses of these va-
rieties, w hich will show that for a long ponod tliese varieties ha<l reached
their maximum (content of sugar, ami in fact had begun to fall off a lit-
tle; while, as will l>e seen by reference to tlie tables, the members of the
first group were of the late varieties, and their full develo])ment had
Dot yet been attaineil, for their content of sucrose was and had been
gradually increasing. It is therefore probable that while the plant is
ID its immaHire condition, the functions of growth and the elaboration
of its sugar In ^igorons action, it is far more susce]>tible to the ac-
tion of frost than alter full maturity has been attained. Should this
prove to be the case it would explain the injurious action of frost upon
the sngar cane of Louisiana, which, o\iing to the long i>eriod necessary
for its full development, can never reach thatconditioiiof maturity which
would render it ccmiparatively safe.
The above results will enable us to expliitn the very conflicting testi-
mony of sorghum -growers as to the effects of frost u|>on their crops,
many having experienced no evil resulis, while others have found the
effects of frost most disasti-ous. At least these results will be of value
in guarding us from drawing too hasty ccmclusions, since, as will be
seen, a reasonable supjuirt is afforded in the above data for either view,
and it would seem wise to withhold couclu:sions until more facts are
accumulated.
408 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGKIOULTDRE.
AYIILABLB BUC^AR— MSANlNa 0¥ THB TBRM.
We have already explained the meaning of this term, bnt itrbnpw.
tanee is snch that a Jailer discussion of the conditians which tend to
increase or diminish the amount should be had, since although tlie
economical production of molasses of a goo<l quality firom sorgbom
would save us an annual importation of several miliioB dollars' worth,
of itself an amount fully justifying any reasonable exx>eDse of rnvestig^
tion looking to this proiiuction; yet the present annual ini|>ort;itiono(
sugar, wbich steadily increases in amount, makes this matter of sogir
production of extreme importance.
VALUE OF THE SUGAR AIXD MOLASSES IMPORTED IN 18T9.
In 1879 the sugar and molasses imported reached in round nnmben
the amount of $76,500,000, one-eighth of which was for molasse^ asam
requiring considerably more than the aggregate production of gold and
silver of our mines, which in 1880 was of gold $.'^,000,000 and of silver
$39,200,(KK), a total of $75,200,000, or $1,300,000 less than sufficient to
pay for the sugar imported the previous year.
GENERAL RESULTS OF ANALYSES BEARING UPON THS QXJS8TI0K OF
AVAILABLE SUGAR.
By reference to the table giving the general results of all the analyses
of the several varieties of sorghum in 1879, 1880, and 1881, the aggregate
number of analyses being 4,042 and the varieties analyzed being aboat
40, these results having been obtained from as many distinct varieties
by so large a number of separate analyses made in successive years, tiid
general eonclucdon reached appears established beyond qnest^'on.
It will be seen that during the early stages of development of these
plants, up to and including the sixth stage, the available sugar is given
as a minus quantity, i. e., the amount of sucrose in the juice is less
than the sum of the glucose and other solids. It will also be seen diat
in the seventh stage the available sugar is practically none, being only
•13 per cent., and this stage represents the perioil when the seed is in
the milky state. It is then obxiously absunl to ex]>ect to obtain anj
sugar by working up the crop until it has advanced beyond this condi-
tion toward maturity.
It will also be observed in the table that during these early stages
the amount of this minus available sugar remains nearly the same, the
average for the firHt Ave stages being — 3.22 per cent.; and also that
the available sugar after it tirst appears rapidly increases in quantity,
and remains practically constant through the several subsequent stages;
and ia this it agrees, as will be seen, with the development of the su-
crose, which, at a certain period, is very rapid, and afterward nearly
constant through the season, while, as has been remarked, the sum of
the glucose and solids is nearly the same throughout.
BANGER OF MIXING DdMATURB WITH MATURE CANE IN WORKINa.
It is of greatest practical importance also to consider the effect of
mixing immature with mature canes in the working. If, for example,
a ton of sorghum in the tenth stage was mixed with an equal quantity
in the third stage, and the mixe<l juices together boiled to a sirup, it is
doubtful whether any sugar would be obtained, for, as will be seen, the \
b£:pobt of trb chemist.
463
lot w<mld yletd a Jniee having 4.49 per eent. of at^flable sngar, the
dd lot of jniee would have — 3.24 per celit.. and the mix^ juice
d, of course, have bat .62 per cent, available, so small a quautity
) be practically valueless. It is, then, to be remembered that for
purpose of sugar-making every anrii)e cane allowed to go to the
is not only worthless in itself, but far wane than toarthUsSj since it
es the loss of sugar otherwise available.
lis fact will more clearly appear if the necessary calculations are
Q of the results. SupiK)sing that the mill gives 60 per cent, of the
ht of stalks in juice; we should then have 1,200 pounds of juice
each ton of stalks, and the former would give 4.i9 ])er cent, of
r, or 53.88 pounds, while the latter would give — 3.24, or minus
( pounds, the difference being 15 pounds of sugar from the two
of stalks, equal to .625 per cent, of 2,400 pounds of juice.
e thus see that by mixing in the immature can^ we really obtain
about one-fourth the sugar which the one ton of good cane would
yielded alone.
le above facts are practically understood by the sugar-planters of
I and Louisiana, for they are careful to cut off and leave upon t^e
the up]>er and immature portion of the sugar cane, knowing by
rience that by sending it to the mill it results in actual loss in th^
net of sugar.
at their i>ractice is entirely justified by the results of analysis will
'en by reference to the table below, which represents the average
Its in each case of four analyses of the juices from the butt, the
He, and the top of three varieties of sugar cane grown in Louisiana.
Table showing rtJaUve value of d^fermi porta of ougar-cane italM,
» ^ fer o«iii
e... •..••••• du....
do....
ble sngar do...
0 gtmyitj
Butt.
15.36
.76
.24
14.37
1.0«8
Ifiddla.
12. M
L42
.68
10.85
L061
Top.
8.21
3.68
2.28
—2.70
LU38
ora the above results there would seem to be in the immature sugar-
top a close resemblance to the immature stalk of sorghum, and
he analogy ceases so soon as the Sorghums have attaint full ma-
y, for, as the rtssults of very many analyses show, there is practi-
no difference in the juice from the upper or lower half of the
[lum stalks.
lis difference is probably due to the fact that, owing to the short
>n, comparatively, it is impossible for the Sugarcane to reach, even
>uisiaua, a condition of full maturity.
BANGEB FROM SUCKERS.
is important also to remember that, owing to the tendency of sor-
n to send up suckers from its roots fix)m time to time during the
)n, there is the liabilitj' of having in the crop Ciines of every stage
'velopraeni, and the injurious effect already shown is sure to result
therefore necessary, in order to secure the best results in the pro-
ion of sugar, to see to it that either the growth of these suckers be
euted by removing them from time to time during the season, or
466
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
examined was known only by a number, and this was known only to
one who himself performed no analytical work.
Every questionable result was at once repeated, and many duplicate
samples of juice, tinder different numbers, and without the knowledge
of any of those engaged in the analysis, were from time to time analyzed.
Each new lot of either of the reagents employed in analysis was care-
fully tested, and indeed nothing was ondtted which would tend to ac-
curacy in work.
The following table shows the the results of many duplicate analyses
of juices made during the season. It will be seen that the agreement
is generally very close, with very few exceptions.
Those familiar with chemical methods, and considering the vast
amount of work actually i)erformed in these analyses, are aware that
absolute accuracy is not to be expected, but whatever errors there may
be are certainly within very narrow limits, and the general results fur-
nished in the foregoing analyses may be confidently relied upon as being
practically near approximations to the truth.
List of duplicate test made in sorghum analysi^j 1881.
Number of analysis.
851
859
871
873
885
412..
437..
413..
436..
415..
434..
416..
439..
417..
432..
424..
438..
426..
431..
427..
440..
429..
435..
430..
433..
441..
452..
443..
445.,
446..
455.,
447..
451.,
449..
457..
466..
4«8..
467..
401.,
470.,
463.^,
476.,
462.,
472.,
s
S
•
■
8 .
2i
8 .
►i
s
P 2
^1
'^i
«-3
V. 4
go
4i«
ercent
by ti
11
p
r
11
Ph
&
&
OQ
P4
7.83
7.02
2.68
L045
147
7.12
7.25
2.75
L047
2.54
8.76?
2.61
2.61
a 12
L035
L030
1.M6
104
10.67
I4<
16.35
15.48
-L43
16.20
11.43
11.95
2.05
1.064
la
11.75
11.06
2.17
1.063
IH
9.55
9.00
3.95
1.061
L9l
9.27
8.94
4.21
1.060
IM
5.49
4.95
2.73
L041
tw
5.34
5.00
2.91
1.040
im
7.21
&58
2.72
1.049
2.21
7.05
6wS9
2.84
L047
0.71
7.59
7.25
2.03
1.047
13«
7.28
7.25
2.34
1.047
&»
5.34
6.17
6.22
L054
1.054
2.77
5.88
5.36
L75
5.62
3.19
3.49
1.044
1.043
%i»
5.21
5.06
2.42
4.14
3.80
5.44
1.044
t24
8.98
3.74
6.77
L044
2.18
4.11
2.72
5.16
1.039
L48
3.29
2.80
5.47
L039
1.49
2.03
1.29
5.93
1.036
1.59
1.72
1.27
6.03
1.036
1.95
9.02
9.18
3.02
1.058
2.75
9.49
9.21
2,82
1.057
i87
4.00
7.25
2.38
1.047
5.9*
7.32
7.21
2.42
1.047
2.67
6.68
6.09
2.61
1.046
2.75
6.16
6.18
2.69
L046
iOl
3.84
4.04
8.13
5.95
5.86
5.36
1.U45
1.045
1.040
i4l
1.34
2.76
an
3.15
2.85
5.44
1.040
2.79
7.02
6.95
2.62
1.048
476
7.01
..........
2.55
1.049
&79
5.72
5.49
1.59
1.50
1.041
1.041
445
5.31
496
3.03
2.87
a 51
1.034
8.S>
3.01
2.93
3.39
1.05P4
i03
5.64
4.32
2.34
L043
4.59
5.94
4.40
2.25
1.043
iff
14.53
14.15
.03
L044
^Sl
14. 19
,
REPOBT OF THE CHEMIST.
467
List of duplicate test fiMde in 9arghum anal^iUf 1881— Continiied.
Nnmber of aiudjBia.
o a
2 9*
d 0
€
t
1 ^
Ltraiio
-^5
li
if
§^
i^
P4
P4
1
s
ji
5.34
5.17
5.92
8.60
8.05
2.18
L046
L043
1.039
t.10
2.99
6l71
2.21
5.64
4.58
2.11
2.53
L039
1.037
2.07
4.15
2.72
4.92
4.25
2.53
L038
2.90
a 51
4.29
3.00
8.00
L041
L040
&S2
8.75
2.02
0.27
6.27
8.24
L046
2.21
5.81
6.30
3.16
L040
8.12
9.45
9l09
L42
L055
4.63
9.47
8.84
L39
L056
4.92
4.68
4.23
2.64
L039
&65
4.36
4.24
2.70
1.040
8.61
7.58
7.02
2.08
L049
LOS
&03
0.98
2.80
L040
LIS
7.66
7.02
2.77
L050
L7i
11.41
12.21
4.03
L009
L03
12.00
11.22
4.15
L069
a96
12.70
10.07
2.73
L064
0.03
12.25
10.65
2.70
L064
L66
4.43
4.01
6.14
L044
2.40
4.19
8.72
6w21
L043
2.68
3.84
3.02
6.24
L045
2.81
8.88
8.11
0.26
1.044
L74
0.99
7.60
2.20
L049
8.05
7.32
7.30
2.82
L049
-a.63
10.23
9.60
8.83
L054
.0.78
9.55
8.93
2.17
1.054
2.74
15w05
14.67
L04
1.079
2.72
15.15
14.82
LIO
L079
2.48
12.44
12.14
1.98
1.069
2.65
12.22
12.12
L98
L069
2.54
12.79
12.10
2.00
L071
2.42
12.40
12.07
2.03
L39
L071
L064
2.78
10.33
L58
10.93
10.27
LdO
1.064
2.90
10.15
8.88
4.29
L002
LOO
9.64
8.88
4.47
L062
L99
12.15
9.73
8.63
L005
a5i
10.55
9.72
3.67
L065
2.21
5.29
8.09
2,28
1.040
2.33
&16
4.73
2.42
1.040
2.61
&42
&26
4.42
4.52
1.055
L058
2.04
7.90
2.15
9.20
&50
1.50
1.050
L81
13.60
8.69
1,46
1.049
-^.48!
11.45
13.43
15.73
1.39
L21
1.69
L078
1.077
1.082
0.03
4.31
15.14
2.54
15.87
15.31
1.69
1.082
2.64
15.62
15.63
1.69
1. 082
2.65
iao7
23. GO
L78
.19
1.083
L'074
2.69
23.16
—0.39
23.15
11.02
11.61
2.30
1.002
LOS
1L74
11.63
2.36
1.062
LOO
11.56
10.77
i.:{2
1.060
2.54
11.48
10.76
1.53
1.061
2.07
13.83
13.15
L21
L078
3.M
14.28
&10
1.21
3.49
1.077
L049
2.76
6.37
4.18
&48
0.49
3.49
1.049
3.70
7.44
0.63
2.32
1.044
2.55
7.28
0,G6
2.39
1.048
2.41
14.12
13.60
2.02
1.078
L94
14.03
15. 29
1.96
L56
L080
1.076
3.87
14.21
3.42
15.07
14.19
1.56t
1.076
2.60
10.06
15. 40
1.87
1.8D
L078
1,078
2.61
15.07
2.21
5.20
5.20
1.55
1.042
3.90
5.42
10.90
1.61
1.042
;.087
3.62
3.21
4C8
KKPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICm.TURE.
List of duplicate test made in sorghum analysis, 1681 — Contmned.
Knmber of analytii.
071
P<»
«7ri
b70
inoi,
974
1002.
1012
3917
1016
1018
1010
1047
1090
1048
10«6
1067
1050
1068
1001
1101
1090
U02
^1
P4
16.06
12.57
1L17
13.98
18.66
15.80
15.96
15w67
16.53
9.65
9.42
laos
17.20
13.86
14.40
16. 00
1&64
1L77
8.97
9.54
9.79
14.27
14.60
H
kS
©i**
10.49
15.26
12.97
14.69
&86
9.02
17.10
15.33
15.14
7.41
7.34
9.03
&23
12.92
13.78
s
o S
P4
1.67
L76
2.46
3.22
1.21
1.47
L70
L27
fi.57
5.45
L21
L55
3.00
3.00
L73
1.78
5.19
&19
4.93
&28
1.61
L61
CO
1.085
l.(M>I
1.061
L075
L074
1 078
1.077
1.085
1.083
1.065
L066
1.088
L0S8
1.080
1.080
L083
1.083
LOSO
1.059
1.065
1.065
L073
1.073
■*» •
b
9
i&
LS3
2.9
LN
m
473
471
km
an
8.38
ts
tu
iff
IM
le
LM
S.41
111
2.a
THB AKALYTIOAL PSOOESSES FOE THE EXAHINATiON OF THE OAIIB&
One or more stalks of the variety of sorghum to be examined were
selected in the experimental field, and after recording the stage of de-
velopment and general appearance of the canes a num W iras affixed
by which they could be distinguished during the remainder of the ex-
amination. After being cut and brought to the laboratory, the lengtii
of the stalk from butt to the extremity of the head, ite entire weight,
and diameter at the batt were taken. It was then stripped and topped,
as in the usual way of preparation for the mill, and again weighed. (Die
<< stripped stalk" was then expressed in a three-roll mJU, and the juice
collected in a weighed flask and weighed to determine ''per cent of
juice" in the stripped stalk. The specie gravity was determined with a
piknometer, after an interval of an hour to allow the escape of air bub-
bles and the subsidence of suspended starch. For the determination of
the "total solids" in the juice 2<*°^ were accuratdy measured into a
weighed porcelain dish 6 to 7«™* wide and 1.6 to 2^- deep, the bottom of
which was previously covered with coarse sand to a deptJi of .TS"** to
insure complete desiccation. After twelve to fourteen hours' drying at
860 to 90° C, there was no farther loss of water. The weight of the
residue in grams divided by twice the specific gravity gave the per cent
of "total solids."
For the determination of glucose and sucrose, lOO""*- of the juice were
taken and defecated by the addition of 25*»»'* of solution of basic acetate
of lead in water. The filtrate from the lead precipitate, which was per-
fectly clear, was in many instances polarized and then devoted to the
methods of volumetric analysis. Owing to the degree of dilution, every
10oni3. Qf filtrate represented 8°™'- of juice.
For the determination of glucose 10<»™^* of the filtrate were taken; for
sucrose, 5*^™^.^ rjx^^Q portion for glucose was diluted with about 50 to 79^
-i_.
71
cent,
9.67
9.57
9.74
. 9.77
. 9.63
9.70
. 9.50
than
work
("68 as
limber
small,
results
orrect.
o
'Xi
12.80
2.60
13.21
2.00
12.86
2.44
13.20
2.44
12.81
L23
11.66
L76
13.21
1.15
14L00
1.76
13.87
1.06
14 01
2.10
18.18
a. 16
12L60
2.80
1L65
2.80
18.02
2.07
12.05
Z28
18.85
L97
\
12.81
2.24
.
18.60
2.06
1
12.13
1.86
s
12.72
2.50
J
13.88
LOO
.3
le jnices in a
3 after defeca-
mces, marked
d by errors in
iiich are given
vhich show an
rnents are that,
ely relied upon,
ire followed the
47^
SIPeBT OF IBB OOIDOBBIONSB 07 AGBIOUISnBE.
Of the solution No. 2, nine portioDS were taken of 5«^ eadi^ to
six of which (Nos. 1-6) Sf"'- of the usual dilute acid were add/^, and
to the remaining three, iO«"»^ ; otherwise the usual course of aDalysis
was pursued. The entire lot was carried through simoltaneonsly on
the same steam bath. The results were as follows :
1
i
s
•d
« a
P
a
o
SI
Bxperimenti
b
a
o
•s
1
'4*
i
V
1
0
o
O
P^
fit
Ko.l ^ ,
104.5
.5225
00.28
tK
No. 2
105.3
106.6
108.3
107.4
108.1
.5265
.5330
.6415
.5370
.5405
100.10
10L26
102.88
102.03
102.70
tf!
Ko. 3 •. «^
kli
No. 4 .^^
S.K
No. 6 ,
t9
No. 6 .....^
t»
No. 7
104.6
104.4
105.2
.5230
.5220
.5280
09.38
00.18
oao4
9lS1
No. 8
19
No.O -.— .......M...
LIS
Arvrng^ .•..^..— ....^ .......A...^............
ioa74
tn
The specific gravity was found to be 1.034 and the per cent of fingar
in the solution was therefore: By calculation, 9.67: by titration, 9.74
An estimation of total solids gave 9.70 per cent The addition of the
Iturger amount of acid apparently had the effect of lowering the per
cent of sucrose found, la no case was the error in the final result sd-
ficiently large to be of account in work on such a large scale.
Fifteen portions of 5<'°^* each were taken from solution Ko. 3. Its
specific gravity was 1.035, and the per cent, of sucrose 9.66.
Submitted to analysis in the usual way, the results wore :
Na
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
Na
No.
No.
No. 10
No. 11
Nal2
No. 13
Nal4
No. 15
1 —
2....
3....
4....
5....
6....
7..-.
8....
0....
Experiment.
Average ..
Ii
ii
107.0
108.0
106.0
106.0
107.0
106.0
1U&7
106.8
106.3
106.5
106.8
106.3
106.0
104.0
lO&S
.5350
.5400
.5300
.9300
.5350
.5300
.5435
.5340
.5315
.6325
.5340
.5315
.5300
.5245
.5265
.6083
.6130
.5035
.5035
.5082
.5035
.5163
.5073
.5049
.5059
.5073
.5049
.5035
.4083
.6003
I
in
in
•.n
9l7J
8.T3
8.K
9.:«
9.:?
99
an
9.6S
96S
In
Bj calculation
Bj titnUon...
9L«
9L77
BIPOBT OF THB
• i:i H m;
471
The results of thirty determinations may be stated as follows :
Percent.
Sngar Bolation containing • .... .... ..•• .••••. ••••.. •••••• ..•••. .... 9. 67
Ko. 1. Fonr determinations! by titration ^average) .•••..•••..•.••..••••••••••• 9.57
Ko, 2. Nine determinations, by titration (average; ..•••*•••.••.•••..••...•••— 9.74
No. 3. Fifteen determinations, by titration (average) ...•.••••..••••••••. ...... 9.77
No. 1. One polarization ...•.....•....••.4«. ...... .......... 9.63
Ko. 2. One determination of total solids. .... .••• .... .••• .... .••• ...... .••• .... 9. 70
The lowest resalt was ..•• •••. .... ..•• .•.. .... .... ..•••• .... 9. 50
The highest result was. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ••• ...... .... 9. 98
It may be assumed, therefore, that the greatest error is not more than
minus one-tenth or plus three-tenths of one per centj which, in the work
under hand, cannot be considered excessive.
In order to have a check on the process when applied to jnices as
well as pore sugar solutions, polarizations were made in a large number
of cases. Where the percentage of glucose or of invert sugar was small,
the agreement was close; but in the presence of these sugars the results
naturally fell below those by titration, the latter being more correct.
The following table gives a series of observations :
Comjnioes.
M
1037
38
39
41
42
43
44
46
•46
•47
'IMS
•62
63
64
65
66
67
58
79
80
81
I
« 2
S
o
d
10. eo
8.62
6.74
6.81
7.03
7.48
8.02
11.54
4.91
1.56
8.28
11.80
9.93
0.48
8.75
6.04
9.46
7.83
6.41
6.84
6.66
d
o
10.41
3.58
6.64
6.72
7.09
7.62
3.16
11.72
5.85
2.71
1.62
8.70
9.81
9.11
8.56
5.89
9.40
7.29
6.74
6.19
6.97
s
8
a
•-4
4.57
4.56
L92
Sorghum Juices.
45
o
2006
8
9
•10
14
15
16
18
♦22
24
2027
28
29
81
82
33
34
35
86
37
88
I
a
S
g
a
SQ
18.56
14.24
14.86
14.76
10.84
10.20
10.20
10.73
4.48
12.88
1L96
14.21
13.32
13.20
11.36
13.36
13.90
12.13
12.56
12.46
12.65
13.61
14.48
14.92
15.49
10.56
10.00
10.61
1L22
6.39
13.00
11.76
13.62
12.79
13.10
11.74
13.64
14.05
12.09
12.52
12.77
12.91
i
2.16
L36
.84
.69
L44
L41
L47
1.64
2.16
L67
1.96
L74
2.13
L23
1.27
.97
L09
1.92
2.18
2.01
2.34
i
I
^
2039
40
41
42
43
•44
60
61
62
•53
2054
65
66
67
68
69
60
61
62
64
65
s
§
&
12.66
12.94
12.28
12.93
12.86
13.25
12.96
18.66
ia49
12.61
12.93
12.43
1108
12.80
12.49
18.06
12.68
13.60
12.13
1L98
13.20
12.80
18.21
12.86
18.29
13.81
11.66
13.21
14L09
13.87
14 01
18.18
12.60
1L65
13.03
12.96
13.86
12.81
18.60
12.13
12.72
13.88
5
2.60
2.09
2.44
2.44
L23
L76
1.16
1.76
1.96
2.19
2.16
2.89
2.89
2.07
Z28
L97
2.24
2.08
L80
2.69
L90
In this table, which contains the polarization of all the juices in a
consecutive series which were clear enough for the purpose after defeca-
tion, the agreement is satisfactory in all but a few instances, marked
with an asterisk, and these cases are more easily explained by errors in
the polariscope work than in titration. The results which are given
are only a few out of several hundred similar ones which show an
equally close agreement.
The conclusions which may be drawn from our experiments are that,
in experienced hands, the relative results are to be entirely relied upon,
and when the conditions which have been detailed are followed the
absolute results are also satisfactory.
472
EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONEB OP AGRICULTURE.
POLARIZATION OF JUICES AND SIRUPS.
During this season, for the purpose of control, and because the re-
sults of the polariscope are generally if not better understood, at least
more readily accepted as conclusive^ we have made daily use of the
polariscope for the purpose of determining the content of sucrose in the
juices and sirups analyzed.
This method was also pursued in the work of 1879, though not to so
great an extent ; but as evidence of the correctness of the analytical
results, the average results of the polariscope then attained are given
for puipose of comparison :
Sorghum...
Sagar Cane.
Nnmbor
of anal-
yses.
22
ATorage sa-
orose by
analysis.
Percent
13.26
13.30
Areraee 8n>
croee Dyi>o-
lariscoi>e.
Per cent
13.15
13.09
It will be seen that in each case the results with the polariscope are
slightly less than by the analytical method,' and the same result ap-
pears almost invariably true this year. It is possible that the glucose
present in these juices may have a left-handed rotation as a whole, and,
indeed, owing to the uniformity of this result, especially in view of the
nearly constant results secured by analytical method, such an explana-
tion seems highly probable.
In any event, however, the difference, as will be seen, is so' small as
to make very little practical difference, and we may therefore with con-
fidence accept the foregoing results as being as nearly ccorect as could
be desired, and quite near enough to the exact truth for all practical
purposes, since a difference of only 4 per cent, between analysis and
the polariscope would necessitate, even if the action of the glucose
above referred to was shown to be nothing, only a change of a fraction
of a per cent, in estimating the amount of sugar in any sample of juice.
The following table gives the results of analysis and polarization for
juices of maize and sorghum containing different percentages of sugar.
It will be seen that the average results of 697 analyses of sorghum
juices give an average result by the polariscope 95.96 per cent, of the
results by analyses, and the average results of 103 analyses of maize
juices give by the polariscope 94.87 per cent, of the average results
obtained by analysis.
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
478
2
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474
REPORT OF THE OOlOflSSIONEB OF AaBICULTUSE.
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BBPOBT OF THB
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476
•
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107.00
17.83
110.53
1&42
409.94
16.40
. • . • t t
436. 26
17.45
397.04
15.88
412.34
16.49
•
748.61
15.55
868.98
14.02
890.76
14.37
12.32
12.99
12.71
13.11
13.41
12.59
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13.14
13.88
13.03
13.55
13.55
13.07
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946.99
11.84
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1, 009. 14
12.61
652.07
11.05
5^35
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443.50
10.31
t
•
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§8
• t
472
BEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
POLARIZATION OF JUICES AND SIRUPS.
During this season, for the purpose of control, and because the re-
sults of the polariscope are generally if not better understood, at least
more readily accepted as conclusive, we have made daily use of the
polariscope for the purpose of determining the content of sucrose in the
juices and sirups analyzed.
This method was also pursued in the work of 1879, though not to so
great an extent ; but as evidence of the correctness of the analytical
results, the average results of the polariscope then attained ai-e given
for purpose of comparison :
Sorghum ...
Sagar Cane.
Nnmbor
of iuial-
yses.
22
6
Average sii-
crose by
analjsia.
PereenL
13.26
13.30
ATerafTB ^
croeebf p^
larisoope.
PtrvA
Uiii
It will be seen that in each case the results with the polariscope are
slightly less than by the analytical method, and the same result ap-
pears almost invariably true this year. It is possible that the glucose
present in these juices may have a left-handed rotation as a whole, and,
indeed, owing to the uniformity of this result, especially in view of the
nearly constant results secured by analytical method, such an explana-
tion seems highly probable.
In any event, however, the difference, as will be seen, is so* small as
to make very little practical difference, and we may therefore with con-
fidence accept the foregoing results as being as nearly correct as could
be desired, and quite near enough to the exact truth for all practical
purposes^ since a difference of only 4 per cent, between analysis and
the polariscope would necessitate, even if the action of the glncose
above referred to was shown to be nothing, only a change of a fraction
of a per cent, in estimating the amount of sugar in any sample of juice.
The following table gives the results of analysis and polarization for
juices of maize and sorghum containing different percentages of sugar.
It will be seen that the average results of 697 analyses of gorghum
juices give an average result by the polariscope 95.96 per cent of tiie
results by analyses, and the average results of 103 analyses of maize
juices give by the polariscope 94.87 per cent, of the average results
obtained by analysis.
BEPORT OP THE CHEMIST.
478
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474
REPORT OF THE 001OIIS8I0NEB OF AaBICULTUBE.
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BBPOBT OF THB OEEMSfft,
476
S3
!•••••
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§8
TO
3-
476
BEFORT OF THE C0MMIS8I0MES OF AOBICULTUBE.
CompariBon of analyses and polarizations of maize juices.
1 to 2 per cent.
'3
1.77
L47
a
o
«;
N
O
Pi
1.47
L27
Totid....3.24
Average. 1.62
2.74
1.37
2 to 3 per cent.
.23
1
2.31
2.47
3 te 4 per cent.
2.16
2.26
4.78
3.39
4.42
2.21
3.8«
7.06
3.31
3.12
8.53
3.66
3.66
7 46
2.08
2.83
8.24
2.80
25.83
3.62
22.07
3.36
4 to 6 per cent.
4
I
4.86
4.81
9.90
aso
4.01
4.29
4.29
9.30
4.30
4.40
i
M
O
P4
4.24
4.61
&88
&40
5.10
3.95
3.76
9.26
4.36
8.66
59.16
4.56
56.20
4.32
6 to 6 per cent.
"a
4
11.58
10.06
10.68
11.76
5.20
10.44
11.14
10.62
16.17
5.82
&.12
6.94
I
I
10.60
6.36
9.82
10.22
7.01
12.82
10.72
10.52
17.18
&54
4.89
5.20
U4.68
«.45
110.83
5.25
6to7pereeBt
"a
6.13
6.95
12.40
6.90
6.16
6.87
d
"0
P4
45.41
6.49
5.M
7.15
ILtt
7. OS
&2S
&4I
7 to 8 per cent.
!■
4
7.8.'i
14.12
7.19
15. GO
7.16
7.58
14.72
15.28
7.59
15.06
15. 3G
a
o
o
7.
10.
7.
10.
6.
7.
13.
12.
7.
15.
14.
44
52
04
OC
97
02
30
2G
26
08
62
8 to 9 per
cent.
a
8.40
8.32
16. 6 (
8.24
&13
n
9 to 10 per
cent.
ee
1^
6.00
&03
24.74
7.5«
8.34
9.27
9.97
9.97
9.51
i
I
o
7.92
a 14
&73
9.39
Total.. 127. 51 120. .'iO 49.73 54.75 38.72 '84.18
Avcrage.7.50 . 7.09 I &I9 9.12 9.68 &64
10 to 11 per
cent.
j5
1
10.67
80.69
20.88
54.05
42.08
I
o
U
10.49
34.71
20.60
40.86
43.92
159.27
10.62
159. 47
10.68
11 to 12 per
cent.
t
4
1L02
1L89
28.14
28.80
68.85
U.47
10.98
11.44
20.98
2L70
65.10
10.86
12-to 18 per
cent.
"a
12.55
o
P4
1L74
12.55 11.74
12.55jU.74
10 to 14 per
oeat
S
m
I
2&40
SL68
26.40
13.20
Summary of analyses and polarizaiions of sorghum and maize Juices,
S0R6HTTM.
Number of determinationi.
4
4
ID
IK
40
fl*J
41
37
40.
43
r.a
80
n
(ij
4H
25
25
6
607
llatio
SncroMby
•nalyaiB.
7.00
11.09
62.08
82.29
222.79
^7.84
311.86
310.02
377.92
451.66
680.81
1009.14
1272.68
890.76
74a 51
412.84
436.26
110.58
i
BEPOBT OF THE CHEMIST.
477
Summary ofanalyset and poUiriMaHcni of sorghum and mairejuice«— Continued.
COBN.
Nnmber of determiiiAtlons.
SnoTose by
analyBiA.
2
•
3.24
4.78
25.33
59.16
114.53
45.41
127.51
49.73
88.72
159.27
68.85
12.55
28.40
2 ^....^ —
7 ^..
18 ^
21 ..i. *.
7 ,
17
6 ..„
4 ___ __
15 ^..
0 ....-^
1 „
o _
108
745.48
100 t
lUtdo .,•
Snorose by
polarization.
2.74
4.42
22.07
56.20
110.83
43.53
120.59
54.75
34^8
159.47
65.10
11.74
2L68
707.30
94.87
PEBIOD POS WOSKma THE SOSGHUMS.
In the following table is given the working x)eriod for the different
varieties of sorghnm, the number of analyses made daring this period,
and tiie maximum, minimum, and average per cent, of available sugar
daring this period.
The average number of analyses of each variety is 15, so that these
reflults may be relied upon with conlQidence. The entire period is from
July 30 to I^ovember 17, thus allowing 110 days in this latitude for
working up the crops, which may be so planted or selected among the
different varieties as to enable each crop to reach its mSiximum value
at tiie time of being worked up.
The average minimum of available sugar of the thirty-five varieties
is 6.44 per cent., while the average maximum is 12.51 per cent. The
average of the best half of the thirty-five varieties during the entire
period is 10.97 per cent., while the average of the poorer half during
the entire working period is 8.63 per cent. The average of the entire
number during their entire working period is 9.77 per cent, of available
sugar.
It will be remembered that these varieties were planted April 29, so
tiiat the length of time for each to reach the condition represented by
these averages may be readily determined, and are given in one of the
columns.
As will be seen, this period varies from 92 to 139 days, and several of
these later maturing varieties appear even in this latitude to have
failed in reaching their best condition, as will be seen in the fact that
their maximum of available sugar falls far below that of other varieties
of shorter periods of development. In fact, many of these varieties
cannot be successfully grown for sugar, perhaps, except in the Gulf
States.
Owing to the fact that the amount of sirup which may be produced
firom a juice depends upon the sum of the sucrose and glucose, it is
obvious that sirup may be produced from the canes in any condition
of maturity; but even for sirup production, it will be seen by reference
to the tables of analyses of the several varieties that the maximum of
Bimp may be produced at the same x)eriod when the sorghum may be
most profitably worked for sugar, since at that time the sum of the two
sugars is also at its maximum. For the production, then, of either sugar
or sirup it is desirable that only such varieties should be grown in any
locality as may be able to reach full maturity.
478 REPORT OF THE COMHI88IONEB OF AGRICULTURE.
Pmiod far working the d^erent varUfHei of 9orgkmii.
Yartoty.
Eftrly Amber .^..
Early Golden
White Liberian
Do
BUck Top «»
AiH<»n ....... ..•••MM. .....«••••...
"Wliite Kammoth
Oomaeeana
Regular Sorgho
liSt'E Hybrid
Do
Sugar Cane
Goose Keck •••...
Baar Tail ..:
Iowa Bed Top
New Variety „mmm
Eaily Orange
Do
Orange Cane .«....••...
Neeasana...
WolfTaU
Gray Top
Liberia*
Siaatodon.. mm..
Kondnras •
SagarCaoa
Hybrid Jfo. 4 ...•.•••••••..••••.«.•.
white Imphee
GtooeeNeck....
White African
West India Sugar Cane
Sugar Cane
New Variety, of Llberian and Oom-
seeana
Minnesota Sarly Amber
Honey Cane .•—
I
a
24
26
25
25
15
26
9
15
7
21
23
23
6
10
13
19
14
19
14
20
24
21
7
9
7
11
4
8
13
20
8
4
10
10
2
I
106
110
110
UO
76
85
42
75
18
100
97
103
16
56
70
92
72
86
71
89
94
90
88
41
25
62
8
56
72
97
49
23
51
63
16
]ftDD^—
Aug. S
July 30
July 80
July 30
Aug. 15
Aug. 24
Aug. 29
Aug. 16
Aug. 25
Aug. 3
Aug. 12
Aug. 6
Aug. 29
Aug. 16
Aug. 11
July 30
Aug. 19
Aug. 23
Aug. 20
Aug. 20
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Sept. 2
Aug. 30
Sept 2
Aug. 19
Aug. 26
Aug. 15
Aug. 19
Aug. 10
Aug. 14
Sept 7
Aug. 8
Aug. 8
Sept. 15
To-
Nov. 17
Nov. 17
Nov. 17
Nov. 17
Oct 30
Nov. 17
Oct 10
Oct 30
Sept 12
Nov. 17
Nov. 17
Nov. 17
Sept 14
Oct 10
Oct 20
Oct 80
Oct 80
Nov. 17
Oct 30
Nov. 17
Nov. 17
Nov. 17
Oct 16
Oct 10
Sept 27
Oct 20
Sept 3
Oct 10
Oct 80
Nov. 15
Oct 3
Sept 80
Sept 28
Sept 30
Sept 30
xV. ct.
6.06
7.06
6.71
6.71
7.70
5.16
8.46
4.37
&90
7.39
7.98
a 17
10.09
7.43
9.28
5.63
6.26
6.83
4.95
2.82
7.15
8.32
4.64
8.64
L80
2.06
&85
&08
6.78
4.99
7.67
6.51
6.81
&23
7.22
JPr.eL
14.62
14.00
14.77
15.12
1&15
14.00
12.51
13.46
11.76
14.53
14.87
12.81
11.90
11.59
14.17
14.56
15.05
12.35
U.44
9.07
12.21
9.00
11.89
n.87
8.39
10.31
10.20
15l36
12.17
12.04
14.10
1L27
9.84
12.17
8.15
Pr.et
10.12
10.02
ia4i
m6i
IL08
9i83
laoo
10.76
9l78
1L02
1L36
10.86
11.34
B.76
12.64
11.63
10.73
9.91
9.56
6l7«
9.67
6l79
&55
&66
6.56
7.82
9l45
n.90
9.29
8.21
10.70
8.76
8.30
ia78
7.61
•a
25.
ft
Dtp.
»
Si
8
e
IM
U7
13
10
US
II
m
m
104
IS
IB
III
IB
IB
103
IB
!»
13
IS
IB
IB
1«
IB
1(8
Id!
131
m
101
EXPEBIMENTS WITH THE SMALL MILL.
Near the close of the season, when some varieties, aa will be seen from
the tables of analyses, had already begun to fall off in their content of
sugar, and other varieties were still improving in quality, the crop of
sorghum was cut up, leaving enough of each variety standing in order
to continue and complete the daily analyses going on in the laboratoij.
The several lots were in succession cut up, weighed, and the juice
obtained from each lot, and a sample analyzed.
The juice was defecated with milk of lime, as usual, and the defecated
juice evaporated in an open pan to a sirup sufficiently dense to be kept
without danger of fermentation. The sirup was weighed and also
analyzed.
The apparatus used in these experiments was the same used in our
former experiments, with the exception of the mill, which was a new one.
The object of these experiments was to determine whether it was not
possible to prepare, with simple and inexpensive apparatus, such as tie
ordinary farmer might possess, sirups of high grade,.t. e., containing*
large percentage of sugar, which sirups it was intended to further re-
duce and crystallize in the vacuum pan of the large mill, and thus shov
REPORT OF THE CHEinST. 479
the farmer that he could, with little expense, prepare sirups from which
sugar could be profitably extracted ; and also to convince refiners and
others by our results that they could safely purchase these sirups and
as readily obtain from them the sugar as from similar products from
the sugar cane.
Our results in 1878 and 1879 had sufftciently demonstrated the ease
with which crystallizable sugar could be obtained even with this simple
outfit, but the practical difficulty experienced in purging it without a
centriftigal machine was such as to warrant us in recommending the
farmer not to endeavor to make sugar, but to make these high-grade
sirups, as then he would able to secure a local market for consumption
as sirups, or, should the product be very great, the refiners would be-
come purchasers so soon as they were convinced that they could' safely
and profitably work these sirups for sugar.
As evidence that our work in previous years sufficed to warrant our
discontinuiug experiments in that direction, those results are here given,
from which it will be seen that we then obtained an amount of sugar
fairly comparable with the average results from sugar cane. In 1878
we obtained sirups from the juices of sorghum, maize and pearl mil-
let of very excellent quality in their content of sugar, and we obtained
from these sirups sugars of a high grade when compared with other
muscovado sugars as these were. The sorghum sugar polarized 94^,
the maize sugar polarized 90^, and the sugar from pearl millet 92^.
Besides^ the yield of the sirup in sugar was larger, the sorghum sirup
giving in its first crystallization 34.6 per cent, of its weight in sugar,
another sample 31.3 per cent. ; the maize sirup giving in sugar 32 per
cent of its weight.
In 1879 we obtained sirups from sorghum, which in their first crys-
tallization yielded 64.7 per cent, of its weight in sugar of excellent
quality; another sirup gave 47.5 per cent., while a sirup from the
stalks of common field com gave 39.3 per cent, of sugar.
The above results fully justified the conclusion given in the report of
the work of 1878, viz :
The point which these ezperinients have fiilly settled is, that there exists no diffi-
culty in making from either com or sorghum a first rate quality of sugar, wliich wiU
compare favorably with the best product from sugar cane grown in the most fayor-
able localities.
During the past three years nothing has been done or been developed
by later investigations to necessitate any modification of the above con-
clusion. Since then our efforts have been directed towards the determ-
ination of those conditions which would render such production the
most profitable, and the continued and careful study of these several
plants during their period of life has appeared most likely to throw
light upon practical work.
Besides the experimental plat of sorghum upon the department
grounds, there were grown, as has been already stated, numerous small
|)lat8 of these several varieties upon the faim of Mr. Golden, near
Union town ; also small plats of several kinds of maize upon the farm
of Dr. Dean, near Benning's Station ; also a small plat of six varieties
of sorghum by Mr. Green upon the Potomac flats at the Virginia end
of the Long Bridge. These small plats were intended to be worked up
upon the small mill, and for the purpose of learning their relative pro-
tluctiveness and value in the production of good sirups rich in sugar.
The number of separate experiments made with the small mill was
40, and these e:s^tcniled from September 12 to October 22.
The following tables give every detail concerning these experimentSi
480 KEPORT OF THE COMICISSIONEB OP AGRICULTURE.
mid will repay a very careful consideration. Analyses of joices and
sirups, v.cij^hts of stalks and average yield, i>ercentage8 of jnioeand
of sirups, time occupied in eiicli operation, temperatures of defecation,
and in fact any detail calculated to throw light upon these resolts is
given.
And in Reference to these results, which have proved in many respects
so surprising, many may see abundant reason for any failure which has
attended their efforts, and will be impressed with the importance of
establishing by careful experiment points which by many would be
readily assumed as true, and even with a show of reason, but which in
fact may be far different from their preconceived ideas.
Plate XIX
o . o— o-Available Sugar.
; !
3
I
! *
i
■
Plate XIX
f AnaWses 1178.
«
i
I
s
1
I
l\
}
I
Z2
I
2
y
I
a
!
J L
T:^:::^
-f — ►
o ~ o~ o-Available Sugar.
I
a
I
I
I
2
t
Piare XX
Plate XVIII
o— o-Available Sugar
REPORT OP THE CHEMIST. 487
After the first analysis under date September 18, the results, as will
be seen, are widely different. In explanation of this Dr. Goessmann
has given ample reason in his report accompanying these analyses.
In regard to these early analyses (before September 18) he says the
juice from the freshly-cut canes grown upon the grounds of the Agri-
cultural College was ** treated without delay''; and of those subsequent
to September 18 he says: "A part of our cane after being cut was left
upon the field for about ten days before being ground and pressed."
He says that the results of these experiments "admit of no other expla-
nation, but that the best course to pursue consists in grinding the
matured cane as soon as it is cut."
In regard to the remainder of the experiments recorded by him, he
says :
Some of the cane sent on (by farmers growing It near the college) was ground soon
after it had. been cut; other lot« had been cut weeks before their turn in the miU
came round.
It will be observed, then, that only those analyses made previous to
September 18 are of fresljly-cut cane, and these analyses fully agree
with the average of our results with all the varieties of sorghum exper-
imented with.
It will be observed, also, that just as he found in those canes which
were brought in some days, or even weeks, after they had been cut, so
too, our results show the inversion of a large amount of sugar ; and,
except in the sum of the sugars present in the juices, these results are
not at all comparable with those secured by analyses of juices of the
same specific gravity from freshly-cut canes. It will also be of interest
to remember that the last examinations made by Dr. G. of the canes
grown under his supervision were made only lune days after he de-
scribes the " seeds as still soft," and by reference to the previous tables it
will be seen that during each of the past four years wo have found that it
is just at this period of development of the plant that the sugarin thejuice
becomes practically available, and that thereafter it rapidly increases
in quantity. In order to show more clearly the close agreement of our
results with those of Dr. Goessmann, his results have been platted
upon the following chart, and with them the average results of our
examinations (the number of which analyses are given) of juices hav-
ing the same specific gravity as those analyzed by him. The line A B
limits the analyses made by him of stalks grown by the college. The
very close agreement of sucrose and glucose between our results and
his own up to tliis period is very manifest, as also the wide differences
immediately after, except in the total sugars present in thejuice. The
dotted lines show where the lines of glucose and sucrose would have
gone, by estimating the relative amount of glucose and sucrose present
in the average of all the juices which have been analyzed by us, hav-
ing the same amount of total sugars as were shown by Dr. Goessmann's
analyses. The close agreement of these dotted lines with the results of
actual analyses, many hundreds in number, made by us, show beyond
question that in those juices analyzed by Dr. G. after September 18, a
large i)ortion of the sucrose had been inverted.
COMPAETIVE RESULTS, SUCKERED AND UNSUCKERED SORGHUMS.
It has l>een already stated that the plat of sorghums grown upon the
'grounds of the department was divided into two portions, one portion of
which was carefully kei^t free from suckers, and tlic other portion, after
488
REPORT OF THE COMlSIiSSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
havinor been tliiimed out like the former, was allowed to send up any
suckers which would grow.
The following table shows the results of the two methods of culture,
so far as the available sugar is concerned, and also the results of analy-
ses of the juices of the same kinds of sorghums grown by Mr. Golden and
Mr. Green. There is also appended the examination of several varieties
of maize grown upon the department grounds and by Mr. Dean, as
also the result of analyses of maize stalks sent by Mr. McMurray, of
Frederick, Md. It will be seen that the average available sugar firom
the thirty -four varieties of sorghum which were suckered was 8.29 per
cent, of the juice, while from the unsuckered plat the average of thirty
seven varieties was only 5 i)er cent, of the juice. Also, that while the
former gave sirups averaging in available sugur 32.17 per cent, of thdr
weight, the latter gave sirups averaging in available sugar only 18.71
per cent, of their weight, or 58.2 i)er cent, of the former. It will also be
remembered that the amount of stalks grown per acre was practic^y
the same whether the crop had been suckered or not. Also, that tbe
suckered portion had been during the season culled of exactly one-sixth
of its weight of stalks for purpose of analysis, and that these stalks, after
being cut, sent up numerous suckers, which really lowered the average
l)er cent, iu available sugar which would have been otherwise attaint.
It will be seen that of the sixteen varieties grown by Mr. Golden
only one gives any available sugar, and that one less than 2 per
cent., while the average of the entire sixteen gives minus 5.27 per cent,
and of the eleven sirups made from these juices not one gives any
available sugar, the average result of the eleven being minus 23.60 per
cent. These results which difler so widely from those obtained in the
examination and working of these same varieties grown upon the de-
partment grounds, are, however, similar to the results obtained by Dr.
Goessmannin his examinations of canes grown by the neighboring
farmers ; and in each case the cause of these unfavorable results is man-
ifest, viz., the want of promptness in working u^) the canes after they
were cut. To this suflicient cause must be superadded, in the case of
some of the canes of Mr. Golden, the very unfavorable effects of frost
upon those last worked from his plat.
l^er cent of avaiXahle sugar in juices of sorghums and maUe.
No.
1
o
3
4
5
C
7
H
I)
10
11
V2
r.i
14
IT)
IG
17
18
19
20
VarieUes.
Early Amber
Early Golden
White Liburian .-
do ^
Black Top
Afi-ican
Whit<.'' Mammoth
Oomaet'ana
llcfTularSorjjho..
Liuk's Hybrid.-..
do
Sitj^arCano
( J O080 !Ncck
IVarTail
IowaK«'.d Top..-.
Nt; w V aricty
Early Oran.sje ....
do.....
Oiatiijp ^^auc
NroH/nn.v
Wol flail
Gray Top
Dopartmcnt gronnds.
Suckered.
Juice.
Sirup.
10.87
10. 0.3
11.20
10. 27
8.10
7.81
35.90
9.70
8.18
5.45
15.49
13.10
12.84
7.26
7.10
9.01
35.18
9. 52
••••••••
9. C2
9. 23
9. 2f;
6. 1 15
10. IC!
G. 50
TJnsackered.
Juice.
12.05
12.76
9.G1
7.38,
.09
5! 51
1.84
- 1. 05
7.58
9.10
7.70
- .01
3.16
5. 97
8.02
4.76
10. 10
.5. IS
3. 42
G.2G
Simp.
/ 28.16
'23.90
16.19
2L56
"*6.'26'
35." i2'
18. 30
Golden.
Juice.
- 9.90
■10.10
-13.43
Sirap.
Green.
Juice. ; Simp.
-45.50
-35. 72
l-caeo
1.49
.65
7.27
g.G8
1.67
2.98
—28.40
—15.78
—12.20
2.50
2.24 —11.34
3.8i
2.89
'2.49
17.52
'i&«
L09
'4.07 I 11-3*
EEPOET OP THE CHEMIST.
489
Fef cent, of available sugar in juices of sorghutM and maife— Continued.
Varieties.
Department gronnda.
/Xnli
»^^
tirti—
Ko.
Snckered.
Unsuckered.
livmou.
ureou.
Jnioe.
Simp.
Juice.
Sirup.
Juice.
Sirup.
Juice.
Sir\ip.
vst
Liberian
1.97
5.88
.50
4.30
.23
0.01
6.34
7.57
9.96
6.55
9.53
9.93
37.40
'*20.*26*
.78
.93
— .33
— .61
— 1.55
.82
— 2.67
0.22
4.81
1.89
5.52
6.36
— 2.06
—10.70
24
Mastodon ....................
?5
HoD(loraa ....................
4.60
— 4.40
—do. 42
2f;
Suirar Cnne ..............
— .65
— .99
— 5.68
— .04
?7
Wallis Hvbrid
?8
Wliite Imnhee ...........
2«
Gooao N^eck ...............
30
White African
25. 06
31
West India
• aWss* ••
3?
Suear Cane ..................
33
New Varictv.................
■
.H4
Eariy Amber
9.49
- .94
9.70
0.71
L59
14.92
35
Holcus Snccbaratas
37
IIolcus Cemua ...............
38
Ilonev Cane
20.34
4?!
lloiid uTaa ...... • ..
—10. 30
1.85
— 9.12
r>o
Neeaz.ina
51
Liberian
•
— 3.'82'
Average ................
8.29
32.17
5.00
18.71
— 5.27
—23.60
, 1.73
9.8
INVERSION OF SUGAR IN CUT CANES.
Tlie effects of this inversion of sugar, due to allowing the cut canes to
remain sometime before working, will be seen in the following results
w ith three varieties grown on the department grounds and promptly
worked; these same varieties grown by Mr. Golden and not promptly
worke<l 5 and three of the results of Dr. Goessmann, of which three he
reports that the first analysis was of canes,- which, "after being cut,
were left for three weeks upon the field," the second analysis of " cane
several weeks old when groundr," the third analysis, of canes topped,
cut up, and "left upon the field nine days." These are the only cases
mentioned in his report in which the tinie is given during which the
canes, after being cut up, remained unworked.
The close agreement of results attained with those from Mr. Golden's
canes is obvious, and the great difierence between these and the results
from canes promptly worked up show the great importance of this
matter to those hoping for good results in the production of sugar.
Inversion of sugar by canes not being worked promptly.
Department ground.
Mr. Golden.
Dr. Goessmann
■
>,
•
•
'>,
->»
*»
•^
Varieties.
>
a
•
bfi
...
>
•
*r*
c
•
3
u
i
a
S
0
8
u
0
p4
s
1
•
I
0
a, ■
0
^^
0
p«
c
f-H
0
0
f*
0
m
QQ
0
H
w
cc
0
H
CQ
m
0
H
Early Araber
1.087
16.06
1.38
17.44
1.0C3
3.75
10.85
14.60
1.082
6.27
11.91
1&18
Euriv Golden
1. 088
15.93
1.37
17.30
1.069
3.66
11.69
15.35
1.075
(»)
10.42
Whit© Liberian..
L083
16.03
1.37
17.40
1.070
2.30
13.25
16.55
•
1.092
.60
10.00
10.60
The average of the seven varieties grown by Mr. Green is only 1.73
per cent, of available sugar in the juice, and, as will be seen, two of the
seven give a negative result.
The8etwovarietiesarethelatestinmatnring,andasheplantedqnitelate
(May 27), the frost, which came before any of his cane was worked, affected
as we have already seen, the more immature canes most injuriously.
490
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
EFFECT ON JUICE OF STANDING AFTER DEFECATION.
In the daily work of the small mill it became frequently desirable to
keep a supply of juice over night, and it was found that, after defecating
as usual with lime and heat, the juice could remain in the defecator
without suffering any detriment. As this is a matter of considerable
practical importance in working up large quantities of juice, especially
if the work is not carried on through the night, by enabling one to have
a fresh lot of juice for the evaporator early in the morning, the follow-
ing results of these experiments are given, including the analyses of
juice before defecation and after standing over night in the defecator,
of the sirups produced, and of the percentage of sugar present in the
juice and obtained in the sirup. It will be seen that the results show
no effects fairly to be charged against this mode of procedure.
It will be seen that in the experiment of October 3 there is apparently
a loss of more than half the sugar. This may be due to an error id
weighing the sirup, and probably is, since it is altogether exceptional,,
the average of the entire 40 experiments showing a saving of 87.5 per
cent, of the sugar present in the juice.
Effect on juice of standing after defecation.
ll
S
6
14
le*
19
22
23
26
29
Date.
Sept 14
Sept 15
Sept 27
Sept 28
Sept 30
Oct 3
Oct 4
Oct 6
Oct 7
PoimcU
juice.
C27.6
770.5
712.6
980
682
1,085.5
1,162.5
746
728.5
Time in
defecator.
17 hours
14. 5 hours
14. 5 hours
17 hours
15. 3 hours
15. 5 hours
15. 5 hours
16 hours
14 hours
Founds
w»t«r
added.
105
126
Per cent,
sucrose by
polarisa-
tion.
30.91
32.40
. 8.67
36.05
14.58
24.71
35.23
55.40*
Per cent of
glacose in
sirup.
16.15
28.00
50. 50 (f )
59.00
18.00
41. 75
37.00
34.40
6.50
Per cent of
sucrose in
sirup.
45.32
38.95
17.50(D
9.50
3&00
23.14
30.50
36.39
SO. 85
Perecattof
solids net
•n^is
sirap.
11 9B
13.45
12.50(1)
19.10
15.40
4.51
5,70
12.21
17.45
3
6
14
16*
19
22
23
26
29
Date.
Sept 14
Sept 15
Sept 27
S» pt 28
S«pt 30
0«:t 3
Oct- 4
(3ct 5
Oct 7
Analysis of juice.
Per cent
of plu-
cose.
8.92
7.10
6.01
1.79
Per cent
of su-
crose.
3.32
7.26
6.95
14.29
Per cent
of solids
not sagar.
Analysis of juico after defeca-
tion.
Per cent
ot glu-
cose.
Per cent
of su-
crose.
3.4«
1.19
1.59
3.64
9.80
H.40
6.91
1.84
4.64
7.43
7.12
14.73
Per cent
of solids
not sugar.
1.02
1.72
2.05
2. GO
Per cent
sucrose of
juice in
sirup.
98.7
98.5
80.6
75.5
44.4
W». 1
7fi.O
0:1.9
Per cent
gluCOM of
jaiceis
siiup.
96.5
78.3
77.7
7L8
31.1
99.4
83.1
69.1
*In Experiment No 16 the sirup was added to an ec^ual amount made by evaporation directly sftef
defecation.
EFFECT OF. ADDING WATER TO JUICE DURING DEFECATION.
It frequently happened in our experiments in working up the canea
from the department ground, owing to the great specific gravity of the
juices, from 1.075 to 1.090 (10^ to 12^ Baum6), that in the defecation the
precipitate formed by the addition of lime, would fail to subside and
remain permanently suspended in the defecated juice. Since it was
found upon trial that this precipitate was during the process of evap-
oration but partially brought to the surface as scum, and remained in
REPORT OP THE CHEMIST.
491
rup, giving it a disagreeable appearance and taste, the experiment
Qade of diluting the juice after defecation by adding buckets of
srater, and it was found to work with entire satisfaction, and neces-
d only the removal of this additional amount of water by evapor-
) following table gives the results of fourteen experiments, which
that there was no loss of sugar involved by this operation. The
ge amount of water added equaled 16 per cent, of the juice, but the
Qt added varied with the density of the juice operated upon.
Effect of adding water to juice during defecation.
9
P
pt IS
pt 17
pt 17
pt 27
pt 29
pt 30
t 1
t
t
t
t
3
4
7
8
;t 10
tt 11
rt 18
9
O
•3
0
O
P4
425
592.5
557.5
800.5
640.5
884.5
1,045.6
1, 133. 5
1,055
1,308
905.5
832.5
489
780
-s
u
9
•*■>
at
«
g
o
63
210
IG8
108
168
120
105
105
105
147
126
147
63
84
I'-l
^
§1
43.74
43.42
41.88
42.85
45.85
30.94
19.20
12.96
5.43
51.19
59.50
54.50
45.28
46.98
«
o
w
0
'3»d.
■a
a
S
u
9
18.00
7.20
10.00
10.25
20.50
28.20
38.20
45.75
49.50
14.85
7.00
9.00
12.50
22.65
9
0 .
mpk
:-3
3
50.35
47.98
43.23
44.15
46.08
38.29
19.76
17.39
14.73
53.87
59.09
58.90
45.60
4&36
1
o g
a
Ai
a45
19.22
26.97
15.60
19.22
13.91
14.24
12.26
16.17
19.18
16.91
12.50
12.90
ia79
§5
S •
fk
95.2
97.2
88.5
7a 6
80.5
119.4
64.0
7a 2
122.8
80.5
93.3
90.2
85.3
92.1
o
9
S •
u
*'«
g-s
fk
90.2
U6.2
74.8
70.1
105.2
69.9
na6
80.5
92.4
71.1
102.8
70.7
74.8
74.1
xp^rim(«nt No. 18 the dOuted jaice was added to about one-half its bulk of undilated Juloe, and
ftporated.
EXPERIMENTS IN DEFECATION.
sides the many experiments in defecation of sorghum juices which
made at the "small mill,'' and which are given in detail in another
m of this report, there were also made during the season a very
number of experiments in the laboratory with comparatively small
titles of juice, for the purpose of learning the effects of various def-
ig agents, especially lime, sulphurous acid, and sulphite of lime.
a results of many of these experiments are given in the following
, as being chiefly valuable to those who may desire to continue in-
▼ations in the same direction.
each case a sample of juice was analyzed as usual, and then separ-
)rtion8 of this juice were submitted to different modes of treatment,
the resulting ])roducts were in each case fully examined, and the
or loss of sucrose, glucose, and solids resulting from the several
ods of defecation were thus shown.
492
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
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REPORT OP THE CHEMIST. 493
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES OP JUICES OP SORGHUM AND MAIZE,
In the following tables the average results in i)ercentAge of juice
obtained, the percentage of the several constituents of the juice, the
available sugar calculated as the dili'erence between the sucrose and
the sum of the solids not sucrose, the exponent of purity, by which is
meant the percentage of sucrose in the total solids of the juices, and
the available sugar calculate<i from this "exponent,'' as also the number
of analyses made, is shown for each degree of specific gravity.
There is also given in the tables for maize and sorghum of 1881 the
average polarization of the several juices.
If we include all of the analyses of maize juices in which the specific
gra\ity exceeded 1.055 for 1880, it will be seen that there were made in
all 118 analyses, with the folloiying average results:
Average resulie for maizCy 18Q0,
Percent.
Jaice obtained 53.43
Sucrose in juice 11.30
Glucose in juice 1.01
SoUdsnot sugars in juice 4.12
Available sugar = sucrose — (glucose -f solids) 6.17
Exponent 6.88
Available sugar calculated by exponent 7.77
Number of analyses, 118.
Average results far maize, 1881.
[Juices above 1.055 speciHc gravity.]
Percent.
Jaice obtained •••..•••... 54.60
Sucrose in juice 11.72
Glucose in juice 2.27
Solids not sugars in juice 2.39
Polarization 10.86
Available sugar = sucrose — (glucose and solids) 7.06
Exponent 71.6
Available sugar calculated by exponent .••..... 8.39
Number of analyses, 28.
From the above results it will bo seen that the available sugar from
one ton- (2,000 pounds) of maize stalks was, in 1880, by exponent method
of estimation, 83 iK)unds, a difference between sucrose and other solids
of 66 pounds; in 18S1, from 2,000 pounds stalks, by exponent, 92 pounds,
a difference of 77 pounds between sucrose and other solids.
It will be observed that the results by polarization of the above
maize juices in 1881 was 92.6 per cent, of the results obtained by
analysis.
Average results far sorghum, 1880.
(JuiceB above 1.0G5 specific gravity.]
Per cent
•Juice obtained .., 60.22
Sucrose in juice 13.85
Glucose in juice 1. (>4
Solids not sugars in juice 3.85
Available sugar by difference 8.36
Exponent 71.7
Available sugar by exponent 9. ii3
Number of analyses, 1,127.
494
BEPORT OF THE COMlflSSIONEB OP AGRICULTURE,
Average results for sorghum^ 1681.
(Juices above 1.065 specific gravity.]
Juice obtained...... •••• 58.51
Sucrose in juice. 15.29
Polarization........... 14.34
Glucose in juice 1.6S
Solids not sngaiB in juice a.%
Available sugar by difTerence 10.12
Exponent : 74.7
Available sugar by exponent 1L42
Kumber of analyses, 591.
From the above results it will be seen that the available sugar from
one ton (2,000pounds) of sorghum was, in 1880, by exponent, 120 pounds ;
by difference, 101 pounds. In 1881, by exponent, 134 pounds, a differ-
ence of 118 pounds.
It will be observed, also, as in the case of the maize juices in 1881,
that the results by polarization are 93.8 per cent, of those obtained by
analysis.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES
liAIZE JUICES, 1880.
Speoiflo cnbT-
Per cent, of
Per oenl of
Per ceDt. of
Per cent, of
Per cent of
available
Kaof
'^ity"
Jnioe.
glacoBO.
suoroae.
solida.
analyu.
L019
87.83
L19
L05
• L18
- .87
1
1.020
L0?.1
47.'62
54.97
.84
.09
L77
L23
2.25'
i*"*
1.022
""-Lii
1
L023
45.96
.61
L72
2.26
-L15
1
L024
1.026
«5.'26
.*76
8.*2i
iii
.'28**'"
i""
L026
63.06
.72
2.64
2.74
- .82
2
L027
56.78
.85
8.71
2.10
.76
8
L028
55.75
L93
3.39
2.02
-. .56
1
L029
1.030
• • A • • WV • V ■ « M a a
L031
^ ^^ ^» ^ ^ ^ ^" ^^ ^ ^ ^ w ^ ^ w
54.53
i.26
3.32
i*37
*'"ll'.*3i'""'
z""
L032
61.98
1.61
8.16
2.31
. .66
1
L033
63.29
L46
4.63
2.29
.78
2
L034
04.05
1.05
4.88
2.48
L33
1
1.035
54.47
L15
4.87
2.24
.93
2
L036
L037
si'eo
L26
i'73
8.*00
.*53'*"'*
J'***
L038
58.65
L99
4.79
2.23
.57
2
L039
67.75
.42
6.16
8.00
2.74
1
L040
6L42
1.32
6.24
2.43
2.49
8 '
L041
50.57
1.45
&20
2.59
2.16
7
L048
57.58
1.80
5.90
2.62
L58
4
1.048
02.94
L80
6.85
L94
2.61
8
1.044
60.32
1.95
6.71
L76
3.00
2
1.045
60.97
L82
7.17
LOO
3.45
2
L046
6L67
L80
7.72
2.04
8.88
8
L047
5&52
L82
&17
2.75
4.10
7
1.048
56.55
1.81
7.08
2.80
2.47
4
1.049
63.67
1.08
7.96
2.92
3.96
3
L050
63.63
L02
9.18
L74
6.42
2
L051
L052
69.'75
""•i'ei
8."95
2.83
4.46
2"
1.053
55.35
L43
9.13
2.56
6.14
4
1.054
57.30
1.76
8.01
3.51
2.74
4
1.055
47.81
1.04
9.13
8.61
4.48
4
1.056
65.02
LOO
9.68
2.81
5.77
3
1.057
66.71
L28
9.02
8.65
4.09
11
1.058
57.29
1.33
9.49
2.75
5.41
5
1.059
68.39
L36
9.85
3.99
4.50
8
L060
63.45
.95
9.61
4.12
4.54
6
1.061
65.60
1.27
10.02
3.73
5.02
8
1.062
66.81
LOS
10.87
3..'>1
a 28
U
1.063
63.13
.03
10.27
3.78
5. .00
1.0G4
52.65
.99
11.05
3 96
a 10
1.065
54.81
L2G
10.98
3.73
5.99
13
1.066
49.63
.93
10.81
4.10
5.78
1.067
46.93
L12
n.33
4.21
6.00
1.068
57.20
.82
12.45
3.84
7.79
7
1.009
68.87
.60
12.54
4.39
7.55
KEPOBT OP THE CHEMIST.
495
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES-Continned.
MAIZE JUICES, 1880 -Continued.
Specific grav-
Per cent of
Per cent, of
Per cent of
Per cent of
Per cent of
available
sugar.
No. of
ity.
Juico.
glucose.
sucrose.
solids.
analyses.
1.070
48.27
.86
11.99
4.35
6.78
2
1.071
56.11
1.14
11.77
4.42
6.21
8
1.072
50.25
.77
12.14
4.43
6.94
1.073
49.76
L12
12.95
3.04
8.79
1.074
58.90
.91
11.49
5.83
5.75
L075
47.69
1.20
11.01
5.72
4.09
1.076
39.47
.68
11.45
6.18
4.59
1.077
57.63
.71
13.99
4.91
8.87
1.078
1.079
55.11
.89
15.16
3.27
ILOO
1
MAIZE JUICES, 1881.
Specific
gravity.
Per cent of
juice.
Percent of
glucose.
Per cent of
sucrose.
Per cent, of
solids not
sugars.
Per cent of
polarization.
Per cent of
available
sng^.
4
1.014
69.10
75 75
65.70
68.28
63.90
1.17
L69
L86
2.02
2.08
.47
.82
.80
.24
.27
L62
1.89
1.94
2.06
2.87
-2.22
-2.76
-3.00
-3.84
-4.18
1
L015
2
L016
8
L017
4
1.018
..saya •••••>.•
4
1.019
65.92
63.89
65.83
66.89
62.70
68L43
65.61
66.97
57.34
tiO.76
60.61
1.89
2.77
2.55
8.35
8.10
2.53
2.92
8.10
1.93
2.93
2.71
.55
.88
.60
.49
.86
L50
1.04
1.04
2.14
L60
2.45
8.14
8.40
2.26
2.66
2.93
2.85
2.83
8.11
8.20
8.31
2.63
-4.48
-6.79
-4.21
-6.62
-6.17
-8.88
-4.71
—6.17
-2.99
-4.74
—2.79
8
1.020
4
L021
4
1.022
4
1.023
6
L024
7
1.025
6
L026
2
L027
8
1.028
6
1.029
2.17
0
L030
56.57
2.54
4.81
2.88
8.24
- .61
6
L031
57.51
2.91
2.60
2.76
2.08
-2.08
2
1.032
59.42
2.92
8.07
2.80
2.80
-2.65
4
1.033
58.62
8.30
2.82
2.51
2.29
—2.99
8
L034
60.16
8.21
8.68
2.62
8.66
-2.15
8
L035
5L00
2.41
4.08
2.65
8.45
-.99
6
L't)36
56.05
2.98
8.76
2.95
4.63
—2.17
5
L037
55.17
2.60
4.47
2.96
4.25
— L09
4
1.038
61.47
3.07
4.16
1.63
8.72
- .64
3
1.039
56.33
2.51
5.50
2.11
5.08
.88
7
1.040
62.63
2.79
4.82
2.77
6.05
- .74
7
L041
57.47
2.74
5.49
2.24
5.00
.61
8
L042
54.63
2.43
5.56
2.93
6.87
.20
4
1.043
61.46
3.03
6.16
2.90
6.44
- .77
4
L044
.66.68
2.71
6.57
2.33
6.99
.63
5
1.045
58.22
2.99
6.97
2.96
6.39
.12
6
1.046
61..34
2.85
6.64
2.82
6.16
.97
2
l.«47
56.94
2.60
7.45
1.50
7.42
&85
3
L048
54.38
2.44
7.61
2.46
6.08
2.71
8
1.049
6L02
2.4^
8.89
2.10
7.51
4.80
6
1.050
57.71
2.73
7.81
2.47
7.54
2.61
6
1.051
57.30
2.08
8.27
3.14
7.20
8.05
3
1.052
54.90
8.20
8.24
2.81
7.58
2. S3
1
1. 0.53
56.75
2.75
9.10
2.10
8.66
4.25
8
1.054
71.39
2.92
7.64
8.86
7.52
.86
1
1.0.S5
57.18
2.78
9.18
1.99
6.91
4.41
8
1.056
53.72
2.39
10.88
2.51
9.46
5.98
2
1. 0.57
62.36
1.68
11.21
1.76
10.22
7.77
8
1.058
55.47
2.54
10.45
2.19
10.25
6.72
2
1.059
58.78
2.27
11.01
L76
10.52
6.98
2
1.060
53.31
2.12
10.02
2.44
10.58
6.06
8
1.061
56.07
1.99
11.92
1.85
10.65
8.08
5
1.062
53.49
2.30
11.44
3.46
11.39
5.68
4
l.t/Ca
1.004
53.14
i.29
12.04
i.88
12.37
9.77
1
1.065
53.90
2.05
11.92
2.36
11.40
7.51
2
1.066
1 067
53.11
1.44
13.88
2.86
9.58
1
1. otw
1.060
1.070
51.47
2.25
12.55
2.50
11.74
7.80
1
1. i»71
50.14
* 5.41
9.91
3.35
L16
1
1.072
1.073
54.89
L75
13.69
2.19
0.66
I
...
f -■
496
EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES— Continued.
S0RGHT7M JUICES, 1881.
Specific
gravity.
Per cent, of
Juice.
Per cent, of
glucose.
Per cent, of
aucroso.
Per cent, of
solids not
sugaf.
Per cent, of
Polarization.
Per cent, of
available
sugar.
1.012
65.67
1.11
.26
8.17
—4.02
1
1.014
66.08
1 69
.48
2.66
—3 92
3
1.015
63.84
1.64
.64
2.56
—3.56
5
L016
64.91
1.57
.26
2,27
—3.58
7
1.017
62.10
2.33
.43
M4 •* ■
2.50
4.40
s
1.018
58.96
1.66
.68
2.19
—3.17
5
1.019
64.97
2.55
.46
2.79
—4.88
9
L020
66.60
2.58
.90
8.10
—4.78
18
1. 021
65.26
2.80
.49
3.25
—6.56
11
1. 022
64.53
67.92
2.29
8.06
.99
.94
3.20
3.92
—4.50
—6.02
1.023
15
1.024
69.00
3.24
.80
2.72
-5.16
U
1.025
65.91
68.25
C7.87
67.37
66.57
2.68
3.21
3.12
3.55
3.64
1.49
1.61
1.44
L38
1.63
3.26
2.39
2.85
3.66
3.18
—4.45
-3.99
-4.53
-5.83
—5.19
13
1.026
17
1.027
14
1.028
9
L029
11
1.030
65.89
2.88
2.12
2.45
i."78*'*'
-3.21
%
1,031
59.56
2.68
2.69
2.94
2.01
—2.93
%
1.032
68.27
3.89
1.79
2.60
2.15
—4.70
12
1.033
68.40
3.30
3.08
3.05
2.89
-3.27
8
L034
64.83
3.41
2.68
2.81
2.95
-3.54
13
L035
70.12
4.32
2.70
2.76
2.92
-4.37
10
1. 030
66.80
3.95
2.97
3.19
1.28
-4.17
11
1.037
64.16
8.22
4.69
3.73
8.02
-2.26
8
L038
59.97
3.26
3.39
2.49
8.83
-2.36
9
1.039
66.98
8.93
4.10
2.15
4.28
-1.98
12
1.040
67.18
4.02
4.39
2.44
3.03
-2.07
14
1.041
66.32
3.41
5.21
8.16
4.36
-L86
11
1.042
64.84
3.14
5.14
2.68
4.82
— .68
12
1.043
66.17
3.76
4.81
8.22
4.41
—2.17
13
1.044
63.54
3.59
5.11
3.08
4.83
—1.56
15
1.045
68.42
3.86
5.54
2.61
5.46
- .83
12
1.046
62.99
3.29
5.31
2.92
6.56
-.90
29
1.047
62.75
2.52
6.83
3.07
6.77
.74
18
L048
6.'>. 97
8.48
6.01
8.3d
5.11
— .80
12
1.049
67.01
3.66
6.85
3.42
6.78
— .23
U
1. 050
64.07
8.47
6.66
3.03
5.90
.16
16
1.061
61.58
3.17
6.88
8.02
6.35
.61
16
1.052
63.62
3.17
7.19
3.41
6.74
.61
16
1.053
68.33
3.05
7.81
2.89
7.50
1.87
14
L054
64.40
3.08
8.08
3.19
7.69
1.81
15
L058
57.71
3.34
7.35
8.52
7.02
.49
16
1.056
61.93
2.79
7.18
3.75
7,78
.64
15
1.057
01.20
3.12
8.45
3.00
7.81
2.33
If
1.058
59.47
2.57
8.44
3.37
7.85
2.50
\i
1.059
62. 83
3.58
S.5i
t2.82
8.08
2.14
12
1.060
63. 33
3.22
10.10
2.58
9.72
4.86
5
1.061
62. 62
3.38
9.30
3. 20
9.34
2.72
13
1.062
63. 15
2.36
10.76
a 08
9.66
•5.32
13
1.063
62.34
2.13
11.44
2.82
10.46
6.49
11
1.064
60.26
2.45
10.49
3.40
9.67
4.64
20
1.065
62. 98
2.74
10.82
3.16
40.05
4.93
22
LOGO
62. 43
2.42
11.38
3.06
10.79
a90
5
1.067
59.22
1.83
11.51
3.19
11.14
6.49
ID
1.068
58. .^5
1.71
11.75
3.41
11.19
6.63
22
1.069
61. 24
1.97
12.10
3.46
11.56
6.67
WW
1.070
57. CO
2.57
12.24
2.86
11.53
a 81
21
1.071
59. 08
1.86
12.53
8.60
11.89
7.07
21
1.072
60.22
1.87
13.06
8.33
12.46
7.86
1.073
59.80
2.15
13.09
3.00
12.87
7.94
.^
1.074
59.28
1.56
13.45
3.75
13.36
&14
21
1.075
59. 35
2.05
13. 58
3.48
.13.09
ao5
39
1.076
60. 47
1.77
13.96
a. 52
13.66
a67
30
1.077
58. 58
1.41
14. 58
3.49
13.07
9.68
31
1.078
58. 71
1.42
14.53
3.42
14/00
9.69
2i
1.079
59. 47
1.18
14.86
3.50
14.65
10.18
2l»
1.080
58. 08
1.38
14.92
3.59
14.47
9.95
24
l.Ortl
57. 75
1.73
14. 79
3.71
14.17
9.35
19
1. 082
58.77
1.28 ,
15.88
3.37
15.41
11.23
35
1.0S3
59. OG
1..%
15.96
3.47
15. 24
10.93
31
1.074
5S. 61
1. 85
15.93
3.77
ir.. 27
10.31
14
1. 085
61. 15
.88
iai4
4.39
Vx 77
10.87
20
1.080
5H. 03
1.31
16.58
3.41
15. 98
11.86 i
36
1.087
57. 55
1.11
17. 15
3.89
10.18
12.15 1
W
1.088
58.41
1.59
17.45
3.96
15.83
11.90
IG
1.089
59. .56
1.48
17.54
3.85
15. 79
12.21
17
L090
59.61
1.24
17.79
8.06
15.79
18.49
9
REPORT OP THE CHEMIST.
497
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TABLES— Contanaed.
SORGHUK JUICES, 1881— GoatiBaed.
flo
Per cent, of
Jniee.
Per cent of
glncoee.
Per cent, of
■ncroae.
Per cenl of
■olide not
ftugar.
Polarift*-
Uon.
Per eent. of
ftTailable
■agar.
f2
53.63
53.25
56.52
55.29
50.51
1.50
.91
8.62
L03
.95
17.82
18.48
18.09
18.51
19.58
4.48
5.28
2.99
8.87
2.75
16.45
11.84
12.84
1L88
13.61
15.88
12
3
17.00
1&62
S
2
1
M
n
«
54.51
1.87
18.60
3.46
ia70
18.77
2
TIVB LENGTHS AND WEIGHTS OP THE DIFPERENT TARIETIES
OP SORGHUM.
the following table will be found the average length of the several
ties of sorghum, as grown upon the experimental plat upon the
rtment grounds, the average weight of the entire plant and of the
topped and stripped of its leaves and ready for the mill, as also
lumber of stalks of each variety upon which such averages are
I,
LB table will enable any one to determine the relative amount of
r variety which may be grown upon an acre, since these several
ties were grown from seed planted the same day and upon a plat
Dund which insured practically uniform conditions in every respect,
the culture of all varieties was the same.
similar table follows for the several kinds of maize which were
ined.
r the convenience of those who may wish to estimate the crop of
r variety of sorghum or of maize which may be grown to the acre,
bllowing calculations have been made, from which any one may
ly determine the weight of his crop according to different methods
anting.
NUMBER OF STALKS TER ACRE.
lis 3 feet apart and 3 staUuto the foot ...•••••••• 43,560
Ue 3i feet apart and 3 stalks to the foot •• 36,300
Us 3i feet apart and 3 stalks to the foot • 24,200
Is 3i feet by 3i feet and 5 stalks to the hUl 17,730
Is 3i feet by 2 feet and 4 stalks to the hiU 24, 895
is 3 feet by 3 feet and 4 stalks to the hill 19,360
Is 4 feet by 2 feet and 4 stalks to the hill ^ 21,780
)on good strong land the drills may be only 3 feet apart, and the
8 may be grown four inches apart, or 43,560 stalks to the acre,
will be observed that the average loss by stripping and topping is
e case of the sorghums 24.6 per cent, and of the maize 38.4 per
32 AG
498
BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
Belative lengtka and weiglUi of the different varietiee of eorgkum.
i
1
2
8
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
18
14
16
16
17
18
10
20
81
22
28
24
86
26
27
28
20
80
81
82
83
84
86
»
88
Vabm.
«l
.a
*»
if
^
1
m
i
a
3
I
&
S
^
§
net
Poundg.
Ppnirfi
111
a 70
1.390
aM
104
&70
L410
L«M
08
8.70
LS70
Lttl
101
8.50
L370
Lttl
62
&46
L629
LS7
64
8.64
1-817
a97l
48
7.48
L400
e.9ii
100
8.59
L664
L155
60
0.54
L637
L1S3
100
8.26
L578
IW
101
0.485
1.77t>
LM
43
&864
LOOl
Ltn
61
7.880
1361
0.M
62
8.306
LSIO
LU»
105
7.604
LSU
LM
04
0.067
L7S8
L85
02
8.238
2.115
tm
104
7.547
L450
LM7
41
0.144
L568
Lin
03
7.06
8.06
L722
L8S
34
L449
Lsn
02
7.419
L661
im
101
&61
2.370
LW
90
a29
2.154
LlfB
88
8.11
2.837
Lni
81
a 70
2.1T7
tea
46
11.84
2.612
LM
41
a84
2.057
LMI
78
a83
L786
LSDO
86
a68
2.047
Lsai
82
10.09
1.633
Lsa
84
It 35
2.771
lai
00
1L07
1878
tSM
62
iLeo
2.548
1143
07
1L48
2.517
tin
81
11,76
Z579
im
120
a82
L089
Q.m
67
ao5
L869
tie
35
9.29
L700
i.sn
42
ao6
1.383
t«a
41
aso
1.329
LOM
41
a 34
L309
1.037
16
7.89
2.107
LtS
33
7.75
L434
IMJ
31
a 10
L852
LS35
35
7.50
1.309
0l9U
40
aTo
L410
1.06
Early Amber .......••••••.
do ..••..••.••••.•
Barly Golden -^
Golden 8irap ......••••
White Liberlaa
Early Amber ....•••••......
Black Top Sorghum ..^
AMcan Sorghum —•••.••
White Mammoth ...••.•..
Oomseeana fBlymyer A Co.] f.
Regular Soreho •«•••.
Hybrid [B.£lnk1.
Sugar Cane [J. ^. Bargerl
Oomseeana Sorghum [D. W. Aiken] .
NeeaaanarW.H.LytIe]
(JooseNecK
Early Orange
Neeaxana fBlymyer A Co.]
New Variety [JS, Link]
Chinese .«••.••.
Wolf Tail
Gray Top .«.
Liberian [Blymyer & Co.]
Liberi8n[W.H.Lytle]
Oomseeana [W. L Ms^ea A Co.]....
Sumac IWillisPopeJ
Mastodon ••
Imphee
New Variety [J. W. H. SaDe]
Sumac [J. M. WightonJ
Honduras [Arsenal Grounds]
Honey Cane
Spangle Top.
Honduras [E.Llnk]
Honey Top or Texas Cane.
Honduras [L. BrandeJ —
Sugar Cane JC. E. Miller].
Hybrid [J. C. Moore]
Sugar Cane [B. Link]
Bear Tail
Iowa Red Top
New Variety IF. W. Stump].
West India Sugar Cane
White African ,
Goose Neck [Gibson] ,
White Imphee ,
Hybrid No. 4 [Wallis]
Relative lengike and weighte of the eeiferal varietiee of maiee.
Name.
BgjptiBn Sugar Com
Lindsay's Horse Tooth •...
Blonnt^B Prolific ^
Improved Prolific Bread •
Broad Flat White Dent
Long Narrow White Dent
Chester County Mammoth
18-Towed Yellow Dent
Stowell's Evergreen
Imprrive<l Prodiflc •— .
Saiiford Corn
Early Minnescita Dent
Number
of stalks.
58
38
83
93
19
19
22
20
32
20
49
62
Length.
FeeL
ass
a 93
9.65
10.03
9.48
9.13
a 49
a 24
ao8
7.37
6.94
a 78
Total
reight.
Poundi.
L710
2.933
2-065
2.865
2.616
2.874
2.732
2.860
0.816
L928
a6e2
a 449
SUIWM
weigtt
Lie
\ASi
L6»4
L6M
IU$
1.560
0.010
t4»
0.426
0.2IS
BEPOBT OF THB
.1 ^. II
«99
OOMPOSinON OF 8OB0HUM 8BBD.
Analyses of several varieties of sorghum seed have been made with a
view of determining their probable valae as food for animals; and, for
the purpose of comparison, an average of the analyses of the grain of
twenty-one varieties of common field corn is given:
Water ^
Afth
Fat
Soluble albiunen
Insoluble albumen
t^w
Gum ••
Starch
Crude fiber
i
I
iV.ee.
10.50
L45
4.84
6.08
4.27
.60
.00
00.04
2.02
100.00
I
I
Pr.et,
10.57
1.81
4.60
7.34
2.64
1.91
1.10
6&55
L48
100.00
I
Pr.ct
9.03
1.47
3.05
6.00
2.64
2.70
.72
7a 17
L52
100.00
Pr.et
10.00
2.00
4.14
6.60
&97
.88
2.20
65w71
L51
100.00
I
4
Pr.eL
10.48
1.68
4.26
6.48
4.18
L52
1.23
6a 86
L86
100.00
Fr.«L
0.86
L64
&66
&08
4.97
2.20
2.28
6&80
L42
100.00
The above analyses show the average composition of the sorghom
seed and corn to be of those nutritive constituents which are of value,
viz., the albumenoids, fats, and carbo-hydrates or non-nitrogenous mat-
ters, as follows:
BorghumMed.
Com
Album!-
noida.
Pr.et.
10.61
10.00
Fata.
Pr.el.
4.26
&56
KOB-
nitroge-
noua.
Pr.et.
71.11
71.22
Other
oonatita-
enta.
Pr.et.
14.02
12.32
Upon page 97, Annual Eeport Department of Agriculture, 1879, after
a discussion of the market value of the above nutritive constituents in
grains, the following prices are given as being approximately true for
our country, viz :
Centa per pouiid.
Albnmenoida ^ •• 4.50
Fata ^ 3.84
Non-nitrogenouB .95
At these prices it will be seen that 100 pounds of the sorghum seed
would be worth ♦1.32, and 100 pounds of com $1.38, or practically
almost the same.
The above results appear to have been confirmed by many in their
experiments in feeding the sorghum seed; and. as is well known, this
grain has been in very extensive use in China tor centuries as food for
both man and beast.
In the above analyses the percentage of starch as given is determined
• by difference; but in the analysis, in the attempt to determine the starch
by converting it into glucose, there was a considerable portion which
resisted such conversion. In the sorghum seed this amounted in the
case of the White Mammoth to 17.56 per cent., and in the Early Amber
to 19.44 per cent, of the grain.
This substance appears to be incapable of fermentation, is not able to
\
500
BEPOBT OF THE COKMI88IONES OF AGSICUIiTURE.
redace FetOing's Bolation, and is withoat action, bo far as conid be deter-
mined^ on polarized light. In a sample of corn analyzed 'there appealed
to be only 4.33 per cent, of this substance present. It will be still An-
ther examined.
LOBS OF SrOAB IN liAiaJFAOTUBB.
The average of two analyses of stripped stalks of sorghom gaTe
77.85 per cent, of water. Through the inability of the mill to express
all the juice fully one-third of the sugar present in the freBh Bttdks is
estimated as left in the begasse. This loss, with our present imperfecl
metiiods, is iuevitable, and the same is as true of the working of sugar
cane as of the sorghums.
In 1879 the experiments made in the manufacture of sirup and sugar
showed, as the average of twenty-two separate exi>criments, that die
proportion of sucrose to glucose in the sirup was nearly equal to thai
existing between these constituents in the juice. For example, in tiie
above twenty-two experiments the average amount of sucrose in the
total solids of the sirups was 95.68 per cent, of the amount of sucrose
in the total solids of the juice. It will appear then that, provided odIj
the juices are in the proper condition for sugar-making, there is no
diflBculty in securing a favorable result.
The experiments this year fully confirm the above results. In three
experiments, for example, the juices and sirups made from them had
the following composition :
HTnmber.
1
2
8
Juices.
SacroM.
Percent
7.28
6.95
14.29
Glucose.
Per oenL
7.10
&01
L79
Straps.
Saerose.
Per cent
saeo
30.89
50.85
OlnooM.
PercmL
87. «
14.40
The percentage of sucrose in the sum of the two sugars in the juices
and sirups is as follows :
VnmlMr.
Jnioes.
Straps.
SooroM
oMilned
insirap.
1 ,
Percent
50.6
53.1l
88.9
Percent.
45l2
51.4
90.2
PereeiU.
AS
2
96i9
8
U15
The above calculation, it will be seen, shows only that there has been
in the process of making the sirup little diminution in the relative
amounts of sucrose as compared to the glucose, but there is no indica-
tion of the absolute amount of sucrose recovered of that present in the
juice, since the presence of the same relative proportion of sucrose to
glucose in juice and sirup may be due either to no change having taken
place in either, or to the fact that a proportionate change has taken
place in both, so that the loss of sucrose by inversion may be jnst
counterbalanced by a corresponding destruction of glucose. Oarefnl
estimates have been made this year to determine the absolute loss of
sucrose incurred in the manufacture, and the results show that in the
forty experiments made the amount of sucrose recovered in the simp
was 87.6 per cent, of the actual amount in the juice, while individaal
cased show that the entire quantity was recovered. 13 ut it must be re-
BBPOST OF THE CHEMIST.
501
membered that, owing to the slight and unavoidable errors of analysis,
it is obvious that the multiplication of t^hat error in estimating the
total sugar in a large amount of juice or sirup renders any single re-
sult in itself unreliable ; but, since' the errors are as likely to be upon
one side as another, the average results of so large a number of sepa-
rate experiments may be regaided as close approximations to the truth.
ANALYSIS OF JUICE AT BIFFBBENT STAGES.
•
It has been supposed by some that the increase in the amount of
sugar at certain periods is due to the drying up of the plant and the
consequent concentration of the juice by evaporation.
This view, although apparently supported by some facts, is probably
erroneous, since, as will appear from the results of our determinations,
as shown upon either of the charts showing the average results for a
year, the amount of juice varies but little during the yeax^ but owing to
continuous increase in the sucrose, glucose, and other solids during the
season, as shown by the analyses and indicated by the steady increase
in i^ecific gravity, it follows of necessity that the amount of water in
the juice must as steadily decline.
Gl^is, however, would hardly appear as the result of a drying up of
the pbiatj since, as has been shown, neither the amount of juice nor its
composition suffers any great change, even when a heavy rainfall suc-
ceeds a period of prolonged drought.
It appears rather a normal condition of the plant's growth, and the
production of sugar seems to be accompanied by the elimination of a
certain amount of water.
If at any time we might look for more concentration of jnice by the
evaporation of water, and the consequent increase in the percentage of
the several constituents of the juice, it would seem to be during the later
I)eriods of the plant's growth. If, now, we take the results for the past
season as given in the general averages, we find that, for example, the
amount of total solids obtained in the juice were in the fifteenth, six-
teenth, and seventeenth stages, 12.35, 12.56, and 12.30 per cent, of the
weight of the stripped stalks, but the amount of water in the juices at
these i)eriods was, for these respective stages, 51.19, 47.69, and 46.65
per cent, of the weight of the stripped stalks.
As will be seen, there is in the above results a slow diminution of
water, but no corresponding increase of the solids.
The following table gives the results for the past season, showing the
X>6i: cent, of juice and of each -of its constituents, as also of avail&ble
sugar calculated to the stripped stalks:
Percentage of eucroiey total wl'uUy water ^ and atfailalle eugar in itripped etalJUf obtained in
Juioe at different etages.
Sta(^.
•
B .
o a
^■^
u
__e^_
8f. so
fl7 i:{
on. 18
(18. .M
(;s. ii7
67. LM
f.7. 81
CC.70
•
i
(a
X
O.
a.
1 01P
1. U.'U
1 •'••♦>
1 «»4.»
1.II4K
1. U.iJ
Per rent, of to-
tal soUds.
Per cent, of wa-
ter.
Per cent, of an-
cruae.
i
p4
■
9
|l
1
3 fi6
4. GO
5. ■J'*
r.. «7
6. .{9
f$. «5
7. *Ui
8.f.8
9.21
in.G4
«K>. 53
ei.79
(11. 2J
M. :>'»
60 13
67.55
.as
.81
1. -JS
1.37
1.911
2.4:.
3.17
4.12
4.99 1
10
2
38
3
40
4
52
5
40
6
51
7
4'J
8
io"
• • • * • • •
1&.20
42
9
45
602
BSPOST OF TRB OOMMISSIONKB OF A.aRICfni.TnBB.
Percentage oftuoroHf total »olid$t water and availahls eugar, ^ — ContinnM.
Stages.
10
11
12
13
14
16
1«
17
1«
19
»
I
^
•A
o
67.01
65.84
62.44
62.50
58.02
63.54
60.25
58.95
50.51
67.22
58.45
1.056
L061
L068
1.071
1.075
1.077
t083
1.081
1.081
1.080
L068
11
P4
0.06
ia44
11.04
11.57
11.25
12.85
12.66
12.30
12.12
11.80
10.20
e
t
A4
67.05
65.40
6L40
60.00
47.67
61.10
47.60
46.65
44.30
46.43
48.25
s
6.05
&68
7.50
&16
&24
9.11
9.63
0.40
0.30
&71
&05
1.04
2.73
3.0«
4.76
6.33
5.87
«.71
«.60
«.65
6.63
3.97
3a»
64.60
79.20
06l20
104.80
117.40
134.30
13a 00
133.00
U2.40
70.40
»
44
4e
r
S7
41
17
4S
41
m
It will be seen in the foregoing table that there is an oninterrapted
increase ia the percentage of sucrose, total solids, available sugar, and
specific gravity, with a corresponding decrease in the peroenta^ of
water, to about the sixteenth stage. It will be seen that daring the
sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth stages the per cent, of available
sugar in the stalks remains nearly constant and at its maximum, al-
though the per cent of sucrose and of available sugar in the juice ob-
tain^, as has been shown, is at its maximum at the eighteenth stage.
The number of pounds of available sugar to be obtained from a toB
of stalks at the different stages is also given in a separate column.
From these results it would appear, as the average result of 122 analyses
of thirty -five varieties of sorghum, that 133 pounds of sugar from a ton
of stripped stalks is not beyond the limits of even probability. It will
also be seen that these same stalks, if cut while the seed was in a doughy
condition, as shown by the ninth stage, would yield only 15 pounds (rf
sugar per ton of stalks.
THE INCUBASE IN SUGAR DURING THE LATER STAGES IN THE BETEL-
OPMENT OP THE SORGHUM IS BUT THE RESULT OF A LOSS OP WATEB
OR DRYING UP OP THE PLANT.
This is a matter of such great practical importance to the mannfiio-
turer of sugar from the sorghums, that a fuller discussion of the &ct8
obtained by analysis is justified, since, if it were true that the absolato
amount of sugar present in the plant was at its maximum during the
early stages in its development, it would certainly be advisable that the
crop be worked at such time as showed the greatest per cent, of juice,
since obviously a larger per cent, of the sugar actually present in the
plant would be extracted by pressing the cane at such time as showed
the maximum per cent, of juice.
It is true, as will be seen, that the per cent of juice expressed by the
mill is gre&test in the earlier stages of development, and it is also tnie
that the actual amount of water present in the plant, and in the ex-
pressed juice, is less at the later stages in the plant's life.
But it is obvious that if the increased pei: cent, of sugar, as shown in
the juice at these later stages, was due simply to loss of water through
a d^ng up of the plant, then it would necessarily follow that by such
evaporation the relative percentages of the several constituents present
in the juice would be maintained: but such is far from being- the case, as
will be seen by the following taole, for while the sugar and the solids
not sugar increase, it will be seen that their increase is by no means
BEPOBT OF THB OHEMUTT.
60S
proportional, the sacrose increasing firom the first to the seventeenth
stage 688 per cent, while the solids increase only 135 per cent. ; besides,
glacose, instead of increasing, as would be natural and inevitable if we
regard the matter as simply one of loss of water by evaporation, de-
creases 65 per cent.
But it is obvious that if the water present in the juice at the different
stages be multiplied by the per cent, of the several constituents, as, e, g.y
sacrose, the series of products would necessarily be a constant quantity;
but, on the other hand, we find that the sucrose increases 606 per cent.,
the solids 111 per cent., while the glucose decreases 68 per cent. Such
a result is wholly at variance with the view that the increase of sugar
is only apparent and due to the evaporation of water.
It will be observed that the actual increase in sugar in the plant is
in reality greater than is shown in the above results, since it is obvious
that a larger proportion of that present in the plant is expressed at the
time when the amount of water is at its maximum, viz., during tjie
earlier stages, and that a larger proportion is* left in the begasse during
the later stages.
TabU ihowing thai Ike increase in sugar dwring the later stages is not due to a drying up of
the plant.
StogM.
I.
2.
3.
4.
6.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
IS.
I
1
e
7.73
9.23
9.71
10.49
11.14
12.79
13.43
13.89
14.56
15.08
15.73
16.08
16.25
16.60
16.65
17.86
19.35
17.19
i
•a
o
s
u
58.72
59.92
59.68
61.58
63.00
62.60
63.84
65.65
64.96
64.94
65.04
63.62
63.14
6L72
60.45
6L20
60.17
62.09
I
o
o
54.18
54.03
53.79
55.12
55.96
54.59
55.27
56.63
55.50
55.15
54.81
53.39
52.88
51.47
50.39
50.58
48.53
51.42
i
9
I
^
59
70
58
72
77
64
70
111
266
217
166
170
183
191
217
197
191
i
s
S3
P4
L74
2.93
8.47
4.29
5.06
6.40
7.38
7.60
&95
9.98
10.66
1L18
11.40
11.76
11.69
12.40
13.72
1L92
0
1
4.26
4.44
4.45
4.28
4.11
8.94
8.86
3.83
3.19
2.60
2.85
2.07
2.03
L88
1.81
1.64
1.56
1.85
4
I
(^
1.73
L86
1.79
1.92
1.97
2.45
2.19
2.37
2.42
2.50
2.72
2.83
2.82
2.96
8.15
8.82
4.07
8.42
.943
L588
1.867
2.865
S.884
8.494
i.079
4.847
4.967
5.507
ft.
5.
5.
6.
5.
6.
6.
970
912
808
053
891
272
658
6.129
2.307
2.890
2.894
2.359
2.802
8.151
2.133
2.165
L-770
1.434
L106
1.095
1.045
.968
.912
.880
.757
.951
^
.087
LOOS
1.058
L108
1.887
L210
1.340
1.848
1.379
1.5U
L497
L451
L524
L587
L679
L975
L750
AVAILABLE SUGAR IN JUICE OP MAIZE.
The average per cent, of available sugar in the juices of eight varieties
of common iield maize grown upon the department grounds, and from
which the crop of ripe com was obtained, was 4.45 per cent., and the per
cent, of available sugar in the sirup made from these juices was 16.74.
The average number of bushels of shelled com gathered from the
above eight varieties was at the rate of 48.4 bushels per acre. The
entire plat was about one-sixth of an acre. Owing to the severe drought
the stalks had dried up before the time of working to a great extent,
and tiie average weight of stripped stalks per acre it was impossible to
determine, but those which were the least dried up yielded of stripped
stalks at the rate of 16.432 pounds per acre.
This would not give the results which have been obtained in the ex-
periments of previous years, but indicates as a result in available suga^
366 pounds per acrOi in addition to the 48.4 bushelB of shelled cohl
504 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
In contrast to these results some maize stalks grown by Dr. Dean
gave tlie following results in available sagar:
No. 1. Juice, — • 06 per cent. ; sirup, — 9. 68 per cent.
Fo. 2. Juiee, — 1. 01 per cent. : sirup, — 10. 96 per cent.
These stalks had lain several days, after being cut, before they were
worked, and it is quite probable that the results are due to this cause.
Several examinations were made of the juice of sngar-com stalks
from which ^he ears bad been removed for canning. The average of
seven different analyses of separate lots gave, in available sugar, 6M
per cent, of the juice. From the above results, which have bee-n also
obtained in previous years, it would appear to be very probable that
sugar could be profitably obtained from this practically refuse mate-
rial. At least, good sugar has been repeatedly obtained from com
stalks in our previous experiments, and in quantity and quality fully
warranting the continuance of efforts looking to its extraction upon a
large scale.
Two years in succession sugar has been produced from stalks upon
which the com had ripened, at the rate of fully 900 i>ounds per acre.
THE WORK OF THE LARGE SUGAR MILL.
Mention has already been made of the several plats of sorghum of
different varieties upon the lands of Mr. Patterson, Mr. Grolden, and Dr.
Dean, which were intended for working upon a scale of sufficient mag-
nitude to afford a practical demonstration of the economical production
of sugar upon a commercial scale.
Owing to the backward spring and the ravages of wire and cat
worms, two successive plantings of seed almost entirely failed, and it
was only after thoroughly coating the seed with coal tar that a final
stand of cane was secured. This third planting was concluded June
18, fully seven weeks after the planting of the plat upon the depart-
ment grounds, the examination and working of which has already be^
discussed in the preceding pages. To any one who has carefully pe-
rused this report thus far^ or either of the reports of the prec^iing
years, giving the results or our examination of sorghum, it is entirely
useless to say that this dcjilay was fatal to success in the production of
sugar, and that failure was inevitable, unless all our previous experi-
ence was to be falsified. ^
The failure of the crop to jnature, as had been confidently predicted
during the summer, was fully realized, and at last, with the assurance
that ^e fh>sts would soon render the crop unfit even for sirup, owing
to its immature states, it was resolved to begin work, since, with the lim-
ited capacity of the mill, it would require at least two months to work
up the entire crop of 135 acres. Accordingly the work of cutting the
cane began September 19, and grindmg bci^an September 26, and was
continued without any serious interruption until October 28. At this
time the cane still remaining upon the fi^d, through thee^Sect of frosts
and succeeding warm weaker, had become worthless, and the cane
from only 93^ acres in all was brought to the mill, the last portions of
which had already become sour and offensive.
Those portions worked were of the earliest varieties planted, since
there was more hope of possible success with those than with the oth^
varieties which matured stiU later.
As in the exx>eriments with the smaU mill, each load of cane was
weighed, the juice measured in the diefeoator, oi which the capacity was
known, and at intervals during the day samples of the freshly-ex-
pressed juices were taken for analysis in the laboratory. The simiw
produced were also carefully weighed and also analyzed*
HEPOBT OF THE CHEMIST. 505
As evidence of the condition of the crop, it n>fty be mentioned that
all the seed which had sufficiently matured to make it possible to save,
was carefully gathered, and the total product of the 93^ acres was
about 150 bushels, or one and two-thirds bushels per acre. If, now, we
estimate only 17 bushels of seed to the acre as a reasonable crop for
land of the character of that selected for growing this sorghum, it will
be seen that only 10 per cent of tiie crop had reached maturity, and un-
fortunately, as this was so intermixed with the other nine-tenths in
every condition of immaturity, a large portion of which was not even
in blossom^ the resulting sirups produced may be anticipated.
Since this matter, although already discussed, is of such vital prac-
tical importance in connection with the production of sugar from sor-
ghum, a brief review at this time of some of the salient points clearly
established will be appropriate.
BESULTS FROM ANALYSES OP THIRTY-FIVE VARIETIES OF SOROHTIM
IN 1881, WORKED AT LARGE MILL.
AVAILABUE 8UGAB.
By reference to the table giving the general results from analyses of
thirty-five varieties of sorghum in 1881, it will be seen that the availa-
ble sugar in their juices duiing the successive stages was as follows:
StAge. Per cent.
1. Not headed out — 3.82
2 — 4.45
3. PuUy headed out -- 3.92
4 — 4.29
r>. In fdU blosBom — 3.81
6 — 2.87
7. Seed in milk - L99
8 — .64
9. Seed in dough -f 1.14
10 H- 2.8G
U. Seed hard -f 4.14
12 -f 6.34
13 -f 7.61
14 -f 8.87
15 -f 9.24
16 H-11.14
17 -f 11.02
18 H-11.77
19 -f 9.83
20 -f 6.79
Now, as has been already stated, a large portion of the crop was not
yet in blossom, L «., was at about the fourth stage, while not over a tenth
had matured the seed, t. tf., reached the eleventh stage. If we take an
average of the fifth to the eleventh stages, inclusive, we shall find
that while the ninth, tenth, and eleventh stages give a total of 8.14 per
cent, plus, the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth stages give a total of
17.51 per cent, minus available sugar, or an average for the seven stages
of — 1.17 per cent. It will be remembered that by this is meant that the
per cent, of sucrose was 1.17 less than the sum of the per cents of glu-
cose and solids in the juices. It will follow, then, that the average con-
dition of the crop was such as to absolutely forbid the hope of aijy sugar
being produced, and that its production, art; any period during the work-
ing, was only possible when a lot of cane might happen to be brought
in which was considerably better than the average, as indeed happened
two or three times during the month of grinding.
The following tables represent the results of the work, and it will be
seen that these results are in entire harmony with the preceding state-
ments :
606
REPORT OF THB OOmmHBIOSBB OF AGRICULTURE.
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REPORT OF THE CO^fMTSSIONEB OF AGRICfULTUSE.
mature sufficiently long before frosts, so as to give a reasonable time to
work up the crop, cannot be overestimated.
The time required for the several varieties to reach a good condition
for working tor sugar from the time of planting the seed has been
found to be, from the results of our experiments in 1880 and 1881, as
follows:
Time from planting to maturity and nuniher of dajfM for working.
1881.
1880.
^.^
Varieties.
i
3
O
u
E
S
ii
if
1
1
d
1
1
s
Days fh>m planting to
working period.
•
tc
3
%
1
1
o
1
Daya fh>m plaatiDg to
working period.
1
1
i
•
1
Eariv Amber. ...... ..........
24
26
25
25
15
20
9
15
7
21
23
23
6
10
13
19
14
19
14
20
24
21
7
9
7
11
4
8
13
20
8
4
10
10
2
98
92
92
92
108
117
122
109
118
96
105
09
122
109
104
92
112
116
113
113
108
112
126
123
126
112
119
108
112
J 03
107
131
101
101
189
106
110
110
110
76
85
42
75
18
106
97
103
16
56
70
92
72
86
71
89
94
90
38
41
25
62
8
56
72
97
40
23
51
.^3
15
10.12
10.02
10.41
10.61
11.08
9.82
10.60
ia76
9.78
11.02
11.36
10.86
11.34
9.76
12.64
1L63
10.73
9.91
a56
6.78
9.67
&79
a55
8.66
6.56
7.82
9.45
11.90
9.29
8.21
10.70
8.76
8.30
10.78
7.68
80
76
39
77
80
88
99
104
101
7.89
6.62
8.95
«7
88
90
92
98
102
112
112
110
98
106
104
117
109
104
92
115
116
118
125
113
134
129
128
137
112
119 i
10b !
112
103
io;|
131
101
101
136
lOS IM
Bariv Golden
197 &fi
White Liboriau ..............
108 < ■'■
Do
UO
8S
M
ulu
Block Top
35
83
32
54
71
30
87
87
102
115
101
101
87
107
83
77
93
84
8.41
6.90
&88
7.60
7.28
9.88
IIM
African ......................
fin
White Mammoth
83 1 9 74
Oomseeana ...................
78 an
KofiTQlar Sorcho ..............
56 t ft «a
Link's Hybrid
95
97
90
44
68
70
92
78
86
71
74
75
75
38
51
27
82 '
IlSS
Do
ILW
Suiiar Cane ..................
28
44
108
111
77
72
9.20
7.81
16.(8
in
Goose Xeok ..................
Bear Tail
191
Iowa Red Ton
IZM
New Variety
II a
Barlv OraniEe
53
117
79
821
147
Do
111
Or^n£A Can^ ,, ,--r-
lL5f
Neeazana
38
21
83
22
23
27
136
118
135
131
128
148
"'is'
56
59
38
60
29
8L39
7.51
8.02
7.91
4.97
7SI
Wolf Tail
&5I
Gray Tod
7 41
Liiberian ....... ..............
&2S
Mastodon ....................
70
Honduras ....................
iT7
Suifar Cane ■ ..... ............
TA
Hybrid. Wallia
8 1 Ii45
56 ILN
72 ft2l
97 ; 8.21
49 10. 7t
23 &7f
51 ; a»
53 10.7!
24 C^n
White Imnhee
Goose N^ok ..................
Wliite African
West India Sugar Cane
Sugar Cane
......
New Variety
Karly Amber
Honey Ckue...
21
133
43
5.73
Averase
110
39
9.77
111
74
7.72
110
89
131
i
CAUSES OF FAILUBE
IN £
ivaA
R-Mi
LKING
FIl(
>M R
ORG
HUM
CON
TINT]
rED.
By reference to the experiments made with the small mill, and to the
explanation made of the failure in making sugar in the large mill, it will
be seen that there was a difference of nearly 100 per cent, between the
per cent, of available sugar in the juices of the suckered and unsuckered
plats of sorghum operated upon, and that this difference was obvioasly
due to the presence, along with the ripe cane, of a certain proiwrtionof
cane from suckers in different stages of immaturit)\ the juices from
which, as we have seen, conta>ined a minus amount or available sagar,
and therefore diminished the yield otherwise attainable from the matare
canes. So also with tbe crop for the large mill, the successive plant-
ings of seed produced a lot of cane of almost every degree of develop-
REPORT OF THE CHEIOST. 511
•ment, except that of complete ripeness; since not over 10 per cent, had
matored its seed; and the analyses of the juices and sirups showed a
result which was anticipated. It is therefore of importance, for the pur-
pose of sugar production, that the crop of cane be not only ripe, but that
it should be carefully suckered, or, if they fthe suckers) be allowed to
grow, tiiat in cutting the canes for the mill tliese suckers should be care-
ftilly kept apflfft, and removed to be worked up for simp, for which only
they are suitable. It is possible that some varieties of sorghum may be
found in which this tendency to throw up suckers from the roots is not
so strong as in others, and, other things being equal, such varieties are
much to be preferred for sugar production.
It should be the aim, then, to secure a good stand of sorghum at the
first planting, since the replanting of such portions of the field as should
fail at t^e first would destroy the equality of the crop, and unless time
should allow of this second planting to mature, it would be far better
to leave such portions of the field bare, unless such canes were reserved
solely for sirup.
2. Another frequent cause of failure is due to allowing the sorghum
to remain some time after being cut up before it is worked at the mill.
That such a course may be pursued in certain seasons and in certain
localities without producing an unfavorable result has been estab-
lished beyond much doubt ; but the climatic conditions which render
such a procedure possible are imperfectly understood at the present,
and repeated experiments have demonstrated that after being cut up
the iuices are subject to chemical changes which speedily result in the
destruction of the crystallizable sugar. For the present, then, the
only safe course to pursue is to work up the cane within at most 24
hours after it is cut up.
3. A third cause of failure exists in an imperfect method of defeca-
tion of the juice. The object of defecation, and the method by which
it is accomplished, should be carefully studied and as thoroughly
understood by the sugar-boiler as is possible, for, although somewhat
complex in its details, the general principles which underlie this
important step are few and easily comprehended.
The juices of sorghum or of maize, like the juice of sugar cane or of
beet8, contain, besides sugar, several other substauces, the removal of
which it is the object of defecation to accomplish, and the more com-
pletely the removal of these other substances is eftected the greater the
percentage of the sugar present in the juice which may be obtained.
Ajnong these impurities of the juice are certain organic acids and
organic salts, nitrogenous matters, and salts of mineral acids, together
with glucose and the mechanical impurities, as fragments of cane.
The universal practice among sugar-makers from sugar cane is to add
to the juice an amount of lime, generally as milk of lime, sufficient to
neutralize the free acid found in the juice, and then to heat the juice to
boiling.
The eflFect of the lime is not only to neutralize the fi^e organic acids,
but to form with certain other of these impurities insoluble lime salts.
The effect of the heat is to coagulate certain of the nitrogenous sub-
stances present in the juice.
Ui)on allowing the juice which has been brought to the boiling point
to stand a few moments there will be found a heavy scum upon the
8ur£Etce cgnsisting largely of the coagulated matters which have me-
chanically entangled and brought to the surface the fragments of cane
and other mechanical impurities of the juice. At the bottom of the
46fecator will be found a sediment, more or less abundant, comx)osed
512 EEPOBT OF THE C0MMI8SI0NEB OF AORIOULTUBB.
largely of the lime salts formed, and which, generally being
thfui tiie juice, will soon settle to the bottom.
If, however, the juice is very dense, it will occasionally happen tlial
this sediment will remain suspended in the jnioe, neither rising to ^
surface nor settling to the bottom. In such event it will be found
necessary to draw the juice, after skimming, into a cooling tank, or
allow it to remain in the defecator until these impurities shall setUe;
or it may* be hastened by adding to the juice, after skimming, enoogh
cold water to dilute the juice, and thus diminish its density, so tiiat
the lime salts present may settle. By reference to the result of oor
experiments already given, it will be seen that this method may be
pursued without loss of sug^r.
After the subsidence of these impurities the juice may be drawn off
from above this sediment, and it will be found to be, if the operation
has been properly conducted, quite clear and almost colorless. It is
then to be evaporated to a sirup as speedily as possible, and such ad-
ditional impurities as rise to the surface, especially during the earlier
stage in the evaporation, are removed by skimying.
l^m the above the importance of removing all those impurities
which have been rendered insoluble by the action of the lime and beal
combined is manifest, since if alloi^ed to remain it will be found that
they are but imperfectly removed during evaporation, and consequently
remain to a great extent in the sirup,, causing it to be muddy in ap-
pearance, impure in its coinposition, and disagreeable in quidity.
OHABACTEB AND COMPOSITION OP SOEGHTJM JUICE — CHEMICAL
CHANGES IN SUOAB-MAElNa.
In order that the sugar-boiler may understand the nature of this
operation and the character of the problem to be solved in defecation,
as also to assist those who may desire to experiment for themselves in
an effort to improve the present method, the following statement as to
the character and chemical composition of the juice of sorghum is given,
as also an account of certain of the chemical changes to which it is sub-
ject under certain conditions which naturally would exist in the ordi-
naiy operations of sugar-making.
SOBGFHUM JUICE.
The juiee expressed firom the sorghum at or near maturity is a liquid
containing quite a large amount of suspended matter, giving it a color
varying from green to a deep brown. This suspended matter is depos-
ited to a greater or less extent on standing, and consists of very line
starch granules, colored violet-blue by iodine, and easily discolored by
the acids of the juice^ fiber, and albumen, with the green coloring matter
of the outer portions of the stalk, and sometimes a red coloring matter
from the center of the stalk.
After allowing it to settle a few minutes, it has a specific gravity of
from 1.06 to 1.09, and contains in solution, in addition, the substances in
suspension, most prominently sucrose, with smaller amounts of glacose,
iiconitic acid, soluble albumen, amide bodies, and inorganic salts. It
cjin be freed from albumen, organic and some inorganic acids, by means
of basic acetate of lead, and this method of defecation is in use in most
laboratories in the analytical determination of the content of sugar in
the cane. The filtrate, after the addition of the acetate of lead, contains
in addition to the sugars nothing which reduces Fehling's cc/pper Solu-
tion with the exception possibly of a very small amount of amide sob-
stances.
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST. 513
The foUowiDg examination of a juice collected on November 2, 1881,
though somewhat late in the season and after a slight frost, will illus-
trate some points in the general composition :
TThite Liberian cane juice, No. 1678.
Per cent, of Jnice 65.00
Specific jopravity 1.00*2
Total solidB • •• percent.. 15.67
Glucose • do.... 2.17
Sacrose by titration do.... 9.79
Sucrose by polarization • do.... 9. 15
Solids not sugar • do.... 3.51
Containing —
Albumen per cent.. .13
Amido bodies, including ammonia salts do dff
Nitrate of potash do 01
Inorganic ash do.... 1.12
Organic acids and fiber do.... 1. 90
The inorganic part of the juice consists of soluble silica, iron, lime,
magnesia, potash, phosphate^s, sulphates, chlorides, nitrates.
All attempts to detect gum or any carbo-hydrates other than glucose
and sucrose in the juice, before it has changed its character by standing,
have failed.
After the juice has been left to itself, with or without the addition of
ferments, it undergoes certain changes.
In the first place, it deposits a white substance which, under the mi-
croscope, shows the organized structure of starch. The granules are,
however, much smaller than most starches, and do not give as deep a
blue color with iodine, the color fading out in a short time. On longer
standing there collects a greenish precipitate on the surface of the
starch, containing fiber, albumen, and coloring matter. The supernatant
liquor, however, never becomes entirely clear.
During the course of from twenty-four to forty-eight hours in warm
weather fermentation sets in, even with no addition of yeast. The pro-
ducts are not strictly those of the vinous fermentation, neither are they
entirely like the lactic. Much lactic acid is, however, formed, together
with a large amount of mannite and a smaller amount of alcohol, acetic
acid, glycerine, and succinic aeid. The same thing takes place even
when quite large quantities of yeast have been added to the juice.
If the juice immediately on extraction is filtered through paper and
allowed to stand, the cellulosic fermentation sets in, and over night
white clots of cellulose, or a similar substance, settle out on the walls
of the containing vessel. What the products in solution are, under
these circumstances, has not been investigated. If the expressed juice
in immediately mixed with numerous slices of fresh cane and left to
itself, lactic fermentation is probably the form to be expected. The
same lorm of fermentation alwa.ys occurs on adding slices of cane to a
pure sugar solution. If, however, to (he juice ^sufficient slices of cane
are added to fill the vessel as nearly as possible with them, then the
mucous fermentation takes place. After a few days the licjuid beccmios
sticky, and alcohol, precipitates from it a ropy slime, not easily soluble
m water, and resembling the gum found in many sorghum sirups.
TnE ACIDITY OF CORN AND SORGHUM JUICES.
Tlfe juices of four varieties of sorghum and two of corn have been
examined at various intervals during the growtli of the cnnes to de-
termine their acidity, and with the result presented in the following
tables.
514
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
While it is impossible to draw any very definite general condnsiona,
owing to the great irregularity in the amount of acid present in juices
expressed from canes in the same stage of development, it is apparent
that in all but one of the varieties which have been examined there if
a greater amount of free acid in the juice during the later stages os
growth. Two of the sorghums show besides an apparent decrease to
about the eighth or ninth stage, followed by an increase later on in the
development of the canes. Beyond these conclusions it is impossible
to go.
The determinations were made in the following manner:
The method employed for the volumetric determination of the add
present in sorghum or maize-stalk juice was as follows:
60 c. c. of the juice, usually of a greenish or greenish-brown
color, was titrated with a fiftieth normal solution of sodium hydrate
n
c
goNaOn).
The acid was calculated as malic acid =(H2 C4 H4 O5).
n
1 c. c. of ggHlN^aOss, .00134 malic acid.
As the most practical indicator for the final test of saturation of Uie
acid juice by soda solution, a dilute solution of extract of logwood was
used, which, when added to the juice containing a slight excess of
FaOH, turned to a bluish-purple or violet color. This final reaction
was made in small porcelain dishes, into which a few drops of juice
were brought and some drops of logwood added by means of a glass
rod. Before this point of neutrality was reached, red and blue Utmos
paper was employed.
The calculation was as follows :
Of "So. 622 sorghum juice, 60 c c required —
1. 44 c. 0. of ggHNaO solution for saturation; hence 100 c. c of joioe
44x2=88.0.
2. 8S, X. 00134 (malic acid)=, .11792.
^ .11792 (malic acid) ^^^^^ ^ ,. ., .
3- mm (specific gravity of juice)=' '^^^^^ ^™" ''^ '»**»*» **»^ "
100 c. c. of juice.
SORGHUM JUICE ACIDITY.
Eaklt Ambbr, Bow 1.
Date.
July 23
July 25
July 26
July 28
July 29
Aug. 1
Aug. 8
Aug. 24
Aug. 26
Aug. 27 y
Aug. 31
Sept 3
Sept. 7
Sept 10
Sept 17 .
caof
Stege.
Nnmber
of
^rof.o
Specific
gravity of
•nalysiB.
for 100 CO.
juice.
,
ofjolco.
7
832
00
1.041
9
359
100
1.047
9
351
120
1.049
9
411
124
L053
10
441
90
1.058
11
601
120
L066
12
578
156
L072
15
819
196
1.083
15
830
192
1.080
15
888
156
1.091
16
942
136
1.091
17
1,004
160
1.091
17
1, 059
192
L089
18
1,118
196
L061
18
1«220
238
L088
PeTC«t
of add
.13
.15
.153
.158
.m
.151
.1^
.1S2
.W
.18<
.»
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
516
SORGHUM JUICE, ACIDITY— Continued,
Golden Sirup, Row 4.
Date.
Jnly 27
Aug. 1
Aug. 8
Aug. 19
Aug. 24
Aug. 26
Aug. 29
Aug. 31
8cpc 3
8ept. 7
Sept. 17
CO. of
Stage.
Number
of
-^NaO
Specific
gravity of
analysis.
for 100 CO.
of Juice.
juioe.
10
391
132
L039
11
504
156
L073
12
581
160
L075
14
763
184
1.083
15
822
352
1.085
15
854
196
L086
16
893
172
L079
16
945
102
L089
17
1,007
164
1.091
17
1,062
180
L095
18
1,223
252
LOST
Percent.
of acid
as malic
.170
.195
.200
.228
.188
.239
.213
.286
.201
.220
.311
SORGHUM JUICE, ACIDITY.
Wolf Tail, Row 21.
July 21.
July 28.
Julv 29.
July 30.
Aug. 1.
Aug. 10.
Aug. 16.
Aug. 20.
Aug. 25.
Ang. 30.
Sept. 1.
Sept 5.
Sept. 9.
S<|>t. 14.
Sept. 27.
Date.
Stege.
3
4
5
6
5
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Number
of
analysis.
404
425
453
474
616
622
696
783
846
913
964
1,029
1,087
1,175
1,254
c cof
-^HNaO
forlOOc.c.
of juice.
128
120
122
84
02
88
120
88
108
156
120
152
148
152
156
Specific
gravity of
Juice.
1.043
L042
L049
L053
L054
1.066
L077
1.065
L078
1.086
1.087
1.084
L094
1.090
L086
Per cent.
of acid
as malic
.164
.154
.156
.107
.117
.111
.149
.111
.134
.155
.148
.189
.181
.187
.192
SORGHUM JUICE, ACIDITY.
OOMSEEANA, ROW 25,
July 28.
Aug. 2.
Aug. 11-.
Aug. 11.
Aug. 11.
Autf. 16.
Aug. 16.
Aug. 21.
Aug. 26.
Au;:. 30.
6«-pt. 2-
Sept. 5.
Sept. 9.
Sept. 15.
Sept 27.
Date.
Stage.
1
1
2
8
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U
12
13
Number
of
flkualysis.
428
522
632
633
GU
701
702
788
866
917
076
l.o:^:j
1, 01) I
1,1S4
1, 2G8
o.cof
^Hir.o
for 100 cc.
of Juice.
132
64
92
80
92
72
62
80
80
100
06
100
68
ir)2
160
Specific
gravity of
juice.
L032
L035
1.045
1.044
1.043
1.055
1.055
1.062
1.061
1. 072
1.075
1.073
1.065
1.076
1.072
Per cent.
of acid
as malic
.171
.088
.118
.103
.118
.091
.079
.101
.101
.125
.119
.125
.084
.190
.200
516
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
CORN JUICE, ACIDnT.
Egyptian Sugab Corn, Plat 1.
July 25
Jnly 26
Aog. 1
Aug. 6
Aug. 8
Aug 9
Aug. 17
Aug. 18
Aug. 23
Aug. 27
Aug. 31
Sept 2
Sept 7
Sept 10
Sept 10
Date.
Stage.
9
10
11
11
12
11
13
U
14
15
16
17
17
18
Number
of
analyiis.
366
372
481
575
585
697
729
760
805
880
934
990
1,051
1.104
1,110
o. o. of
^KNaO
50
for 100 ca
ofjoice.
93
152
122
352
140
124
164
184
92
148
136
80
1,04
1,32
1,48
Specifio
gravity of
Joioe.
L034
LOItO
LOoO
1.036
1.034
1.043
1.038
1.083
L0.53
L062
L040
L061
L073
1.042
L047
PerecB^
of add
.121
.]8I
.151
.197
.la
.19
.211
.22S
.117
.181
.17$
.IN
.13
.IS
.1»
Lindsay's Horse Tooth Corn, Plat 2.
Date.
July 25
July 26
Aug. 1
Aug. 1
Aug. 6
Aug. 8
Aug. 23
Aug. 27
Aug. 31
S«pt 2
Sept 7
Sept. 10
c. c. of
Stage.
Number
of
^-HNaO
Specifio
gravity of
analysis.
for 100 cc
of Juice.
juice.
0
367
152
L033
9
373
128
L030
11
4^2
156
L040
10
484
132
L050
11
570
118
L041
12
587
112
1.040
14
Si>C
112
1.042
15
881
140
L041
16
935
116
L050
17
991
56
L058
17
1,052
64
1.032
18
1,111
124
L061
Perofat
ofttid
umaliflL
.1«
.166
.201
.ie8
.151
.144
.144
.!)»
.148
.on
.157
IMPORTANCE OF A GOOD MILL.
It is most desirable, in order to secure the best results possible, that
great care be exercised in the selection of a mill, since, as is well known,
there is, even with the best mill, a very considerable amount of sugar
left in the bagasse. According to the testimony of an experienced
sugar chemist and engineer, it is probably true that nearly if not one-
half of the sugar present in the cane of Louisiana is left in the bagasse,
for he says:
To a great many it may appear startlinp; that about 50 per cent, of the sugar isleil
in the caue after it passes through the ordinary mill. Some who doubt this Case tbefr
opinions on the apparent dryness of ordinary bagasse, while others arrive at their
conclusions from experiments which, from their nature, arc fallacious. The fallacy
lies in the high percentage of juice claimed for the mills. It is probably quite correct
that by taking a few hundred, or eveu a few thousand, pounds of cane, and passing
them carefully through a good mill, sucli high percentages may be spcund; but with
the average mill, grinding in the ordinary way, I have reason to believe that the per-
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST. 517
\
centase of jnice obtained, on the whole weight of the cane, is more frequently under
fifty Uian over.
The above estimate of loss is undoubtedly too high, but all are agreed
that there is a very great loss in this operation of expressing the juice.
To illustrate this more fully, let us take the average results of the
analyses made in 1881 of the sorghums during those three periods when
the best results in sugar were found.
The average composition of the juices at this time was as follows, and
it must be remembered that these canes were passed singly through a
mill, giving, as will be seen, excellent results in juice:
Percent.
Jnice expressed 58.57
Sucrose in juice 16.16
Glncose in Juice - 1.83
Solids in juice 3.07
But 21.08 per cent, of the juice, the amount of total solids, is 12.35,
which, subtracted from the percentage of juice, leaves 46.22 per cent,
as the amount of water expressed in the juice.
Now, the amount of water actually present in the cane at this period
is probably not less than 75 per cent., which would leave in the bagasse
28.78 per cent, of the weight of the cane as water, and since the bagasse
coiitstitutes 41.43 per cent, of the weight of the cane, there would still
remain in the bagasse 69.47 per cent, of its weight of water. This to
the ordinary observer would appear incredible, since the bagasse is so
generally spoken of as being perfectly diy as it passes from the mill.
It is obvious therefore that, since even a good mill leaves 38.37 per
cent, of the water of the cane in the bagasse, there also remains along
with this water a large amount of sugar, and that this amount, if not
equal to that estimated above, is yet sufficiently great to demand that
only such mills should be used as will secure the greatest percentage of
juice.
If in the above calculation the amount of sugar lost is in proportion
to the per cent, of water remaining in the bagasse, it is clear that 46.22:
28.78:: 9.477: 5.901; i. c, while in the expressed juice there is an amount
of sugar equal to 9.48 per cent, of the weight of the cane, there is an
amount of sugar equal to 5.90 per cent, of the weight of the cane left in
the bagasse, equal to 62.27 per cent, of the amount actually expressed
in the juice, and equal to 38.40 per cent, of the total amount present in
the cane, which, as will be seen, is equal to 15.38 per cent, of the weight
of the stripped stalk.
From this it would appear that the general estimate as to the pro*
portion of sugar actually recovered in a marketable condition is not
far from the truth, the several sources of loss being given as follows:
Per oenL
Left in bagasse 6
Lost in skimming ...•. 2.5
Lost in molasses ...........1.... 3
Raw sngar obtidned •••• ..•. .... 6.6
Total in cane 18.
•
LOSS OF SUaAB IN THE BAOASSE.
In a previous report some results were given, which, through an
oversight in the calculation, were erroneous, and these results are
again repeated, in order to correct the error. Two varieties of sor-
ghum and one of maize stalks were selected for the experiment. Oare-
518
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
fdlly selected stripped stalks of each kind were taken, and, in order to
obtain an average, each stalk was split lengthwise into halves. The half
of each kind was carefully weighed, dried, and analyzed; the other half
of each variety was passed through the mill, and the bagasse weighed,
dried, and also analyzed. From the results given below, it will be seen
that in e<ach case the per cent, of water present in the cane was less than
the per cent, remaining in the bagasse; the average per cent, of water
in the three varieties of cane analyzed being 80.2 per cent., wlule the
average pef cent, of water in the three baga«ses is 85.5 per cent. This
rather surprising result is of course due to the fact that the exj^ressed
juice, which averaged 48.24 per cent, of the weight of the stripi>ed stalks,
Qontained a larger percentage of solid matter than did the fresh cane.
It will be observed also in these results that the amount of sugar
expressed in the juice was greater in proportion than would be due to
the amount of water expressed, for while not more than half the water
was expressed, it appears that an average of four-fifths of the sugar in
the cane was expressed with the water. From the published results
of numerous other experiments, it would appear that the proportional
amount of sugar which is expressed with the ordinary mill pressure is
not a constant quantity, but depends upon the amount p'^esent, since the
following results show a wide variation in this respect; for, while the
per cent, of water in the Honduras and Sugar Corn were nearly the same,
as also the per cent, of juice expressed, the total sugar found in the Hon-
duras was nearly twice the amount found in the Sugar Com, and while
only 15.2 per cent wa« lost in the bagasse from the Sugar Com, there
was 23.8 per cent, lost in the bagasse from the Honduras. These experi-
ments are of so great practical importance that this matter should be
more thoroughly investigated.
Loss of sugar in the bagasse.
Weight of Btripped cane ponnda..
Weight of juice pouixls..
Weight of bairnHso poiuiils..
Per cunt, of J nice
Per ct'nt. of bajinsae
Per oeut. of wAt€r in cane
Per cent, of water in bagasse
Per C€'ut. of dry raatt^T in cane
Per cent, of dry matter in bagasse
Per cent, of 8ur;ar8 in dry bagaaae
Per cent, of siigara in dry cane
Per cent, of sugars iu fre hU cane
Per cent, of eugnra in fieah ba^^asae
Per cent of augara in bagaase to that in cane
Per cent of augara loat iu bagaaae
Honda-
raa.
1.428
80.0
'26.0'
38.1
7.63
Hondu-
raa.
l,3f»0
6G6
724
47.91
52.09
84.0
16.0
21.8
3.48
45.7
23.8
Early
Amber.
651
75.7
24.3
34.7
8.44
Early
8n?ar
Amber.
Com.
905
832
447
458
49.39
50.61
84.9
83.7
15.1
1*0.8
19.4
2e.o
3w93
3.16
37.4
18.9
Snps
Cora.
87S
415
49
47. «
KL57
'i&l'
'iu"
lai
L14
29 «
15.2
ACTION OP LIME UPON THE GLUCOSE AND SUCROSE IN JUICES DUB-
ING EVAPORATION.
In the three sets of experiments, the results of which are given below,
a solution of the streiij^^th given equal in volume to 2,000 c. c. was placed
in a large glass flask and boiled in the open air over a gas stove for
several hours.
Samples were taken at first, and at varying intervals during the pro-
cess of boiling, and subjected to analysis. These samples were jilways
taken just after the evaporated water had been replaced. The amount
evaporated was determined by graduations upon the side of the fiJ^^)
but on account of the width of the column of liquid it was difficult al-
BEPOST OF TECE CHBWST.
S19
wayB b> briDg the Bolatiou back to tbe exaot volame of the original, and,
doubtless, aome of the iiregularitiea recorded below are due to ttiia
cause.
lu each sample tukeu for analysis the acidity or alkatltiity, glacose
and sneroso were determined, tJie sugars belug estimated by the same
methods used in the analysis of juices.
Iq the aeries of Experiments No. 1, no color appeared until sample
No. 5 was talien, at the eud of four and a half hours' boiling; the aolu-
tioD then became gradually dnrkcr uutil sample No. 8 was taken, which
was very much darker than sample No. 7.
No. 9 was still much darker, and then the coloration proceeded grad-
Daily until the end, sample Ho, 11 being of a sherry-ivine color.
In the series of Experiments No. 2, there was a gradual darkening of
color till the eud, sample No. 24 in this series resembling a dark
whisky in color.
In the series No. 3, sample No. 1 was colorless; No. 2 was dark-brown
■with a heavy precipitate. The color gradually darkened to the end.
Sample No. 12 was a very dark-red wine color.
EFFECT OF LIME DtmiNG EVAPORATION OF JUICES.
EXPKKIMUIT No. I.— Jfo lime «dd»d to lohMtm,
S
IS
5
%
i
3
■tL
a
2
■9
1
|.
I
w
5
l«
1
1
.a
1
1
B«^
Oram*
Orom*
OroBu.
Gram4.
Ptrtmt.
PtrttM.
lau
ExPEKuiK^fT No. 3. — A littie lim* adied to aolutton.
1
t
1
i
.087
013
0»
use
104
xn
2.S7
:.M
^90
3.K
V).-X
itita
IfcM
20.30
20.00
ai.w
20.29
o.ei
2.20
ft 19
4.44
1.W
2
23
WO
S30
870
7«;
TO-
7»l
520 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
EFFECT OF LIME DURING EVAPORATION OF JUICES— Continued.
EXPSRIMBNT No. 3.—Much lime added to 9olutian.
Number of sample.
•
q
o
o
a
Cft (H 0)s in 1.000
0.0.
Cft(H 0)9 required
to neutraliie
1,000 0. 0.
6
6
S
.S
s
g
0
o
c5
o
s
a
a
B
"3
4
I
c
3
m
a
a
3
1
Hourt.
0
0
U
3
4i
7*
104
]3j
16$
18
22
Qramt.
0.000
4.003
3.110
Gramt.
Qramt.
2.31
.28
.10
.07
.05
.01
.02
.04
.04
.02
.02
.07
Qratnt.
14.76
6.60
6.56
G.66
G.C8
7.43
7.17
6.93
6.63
6.94
6.77
7.18
Percent
PereetL
2
87.9
95.7
97.0
97.8
99.6
99.1
98.3
9a3
99.1
99.1
97.0
5S.3
3
Sai
4
54.1
6
2.563
2.577
2.563
2.520
2.549
1.541
1. 321
1.2*26
M.T
6
a?
7
51.4
8
53.1
9
511
10
Sli
u
5ift
12
SL4
In considering the results of the above experiments, it will be ob-
served that in the series of the first experiment, where no lime was
added, there was a continuous increase in the amount of glucose and
a decrease in the amount of sucrose as the result of the boiling, but
it will be observed that after an interval of two hours the actual loss in
sucrose was only .09 gram, while the increase in the glucose was .64
gram ; but, as is well known, the .09 gram sucrose would furnish by ita
inversion only .0947 + gram of glucose, which is much less than the gain
shown. It is probable that the commercial glucose was composed of
other compounds largely intermediate between starch and glucose— com-
pounds which would have no effect upon Fehling's solution, but which
by boiling were readily converted into glucose, or some coppe^-^edu^
ing compound.
The general result, however, is manifest, viz., the rapid and continu-
ous inversion of the sucrose present, until at the close of the experi-
ment sample 11 showed no sucrose present, and an increase of over 800
per cent, in the amount of glucose.
The increase in the acidity of the solution is noticeable, amounting to
800 per cent, and determined by the amount of lime required to neutol-
ize the solution, 1,000 c. c. requiring at the beginning only .004 gram,
but at the end of the experiment .032 gram. It will be observed that
this increase was by no means constant, but was most marked after
about eleven hours' boilibg.
In the series of Experiments No. 2, where a small amount of lime was
added to the solution, it will be observed that the solution, at first al-
kaline, becomes, after about nine hours' boiling, slightly acid, and this
acidity increases steadily to the end of the experiment, until at the end
of thirty-five hours' boiling the amount of lime necessary to restore
neutrality was t>vice as much as that originally added to the solution.
It will also be observed that after the solution had become distinctly
acid the inversion of the sugar became much more rapid.
It will be seen, also, that during the earlier periods of this experiment
the amount of glucose increases but slightly, although there is a grad-
ual decrease of sucrose. This is doubtless due to the fact that the action
of the lime is mainly exerted in the destruction of glucose, as has been
REPOBT OF THE CHEMIST. 521
sliown in previous reports to be true in our experiments in sugar-mak-
ing from sorghum and maize juices.
The practical point, however, to be observed is, that so long as the
solution remained distinctly tdkaline there was but very slight loss in
sugar and slight increase in glucose, two desirable conditions in the
economical production of sugar from sorghum. And it is also to be
remarked that, so soon as this alkalinity was destroyed through the
formation of acid products during the boiling, the inversion of sugar
became rapid, and the accumulation of glucose becomes very marked.
These results are obviously most undesirable in sugar-making. The
conclusion thus far would be that the solution should be, during boiling,
kept slightly alkaline.
In the series of Experiments Ko. 3, where a larger quantity of lime
was added to the solution, the eflfect at the outset was to remove from
the solution as a precipitate about half of the sugar, and the remainder
during eighteen hours of boiling was found to be unchanged in amount;
on the other hand, the action of this excess of lime upon the glucose
was very marked, effecting practically its destruction within two hours,
and producing from the glucose other compounds of high color, which
dissolved in the liquid and gave it a deep wine-red color.
It would appear from this last series of experiments that an excess of
lime has no action upon cane sugar, as has already been established,
and that its effect is to diminish rapidly the glucose present, and darken
the solution.
The above experiments corroborate the results of our practical work-
ing with large quantities of juice, and explain fully the loss of glucose-
shown to be present in the fresh juices, but which was found in com-
paratively small quantity in the sirups manufactured from these juices
522 KEPOBT OF THE C0MMIS8I0NEB OF AGEICULTUBK
APPENDIX
In the following appendix there will be found the reports of the engi-
neer, Mr. flarvey ; of the sug^ar-boiler, Mr. Lynch ; and of Mr. Parsons,
my assistant, to whom was intrusted the collection of data during the
work with the large sugar-mill.
The information embodied in all of them will fully corroborate all
which has been already said as to the reasons for failure, as also give
good reason to anticipate success in the future.
There is also appended a bibliography of sorghum, arranged chrono-
logically, and a general index for the several reix>rts uj)on sorghum
and maize, to be found in the Annual lleports of this Department for
1878, 1879, 1880, and the present volume.
Dr. Pkter Colusr, Chemist:
Sir: I have the honor to Babmit the following brief statement, embodying in cod-
densed form a report of my observations in connection with the raanofacture of eirnp
and sngar from sorghum while engineer in charge of the machinery used lor thjf
pnrpose at the Department of Agriculture.
Work was commenced on the 26th of April with one of ColwelFs three-roll hori-
zontal mills, having a general capacity on ordinary hard stalks of two and a half una
per hour.
The mill worked well ; the bagasse was good and dry ; the open evaporators and
the vacnnm-pan every way satisfactory. Used Blakd'8 vacnum-pump, which, after a
new set of springs had been added, also worked satisfactorily. The engine waa con-
nected with, the centrifugal with an eight-horse power, and worked unusually well
All the machinery, in fact, was in number one order, giving no tronble whatever dur-
ing the entire season. Did not have to stop one hour from the time work conmienced
till the work closed on account of the machinery.
The quality of the stalks delivered to the department was, in ray opinion, poor, evi-
dently not being ripe enough. A great deal of rust was noticed in the cane, owing
probably to the drought.
The general management of the juices was in charge of Mr. Lynch, a practical
sugar-maker from Baltimore, while the defecation was in charge of Mr. DuvaU, an
experienced defecator.
The sirup, before the sugar was separated, was very light and of exceUent qualitj,
and measured nearly 3,000 gallons. One hundred and sixty-five pounds of nearly white
sugar was obtained from the sirups made this year. A small amount of a second ciy>-
tallization of the sirup, purged from this sugar, was also noticed.
The gumminesH, whicli gave so much trouble last year, occasioned partly by the waj
the vacuum -pan was handled and partly in the centrifugal, causedno trouble this year,
showing that with proper treatment and proper handling of the vacuum-pan, and a
proper centrifugal, this ^um, so-called, will not be any serious inconvenience to the sngar.
The sirups made this year were all very fair with one exception, no disagreeable
sorghum taste, so-called, being generally noticeable. No difhculty was found in sell'
ing this sirup to wholesale dealei-s at 33 cents per gaUon.
Number of pounds of cane crushed 453,444
Number of gallons of juice obtained 26,794
Number of i^ounds of mrup obtained 34,9^6
Number of gallons of sirup obtained 2,977
Number of pounds of sugar obtained 165
It was necessary to employ seventeen men in working this sugar-mill, laborers beinc
paid $1.50 per diem, skimmers §1.75 ]>er diem, and mill-fceders §'i.25 per diem. One and
one-half tons of soft Cumberland coal, 2,'240 pounds to the ton, were used on an average
runfrom 6 o'clock a. m. till 10 p. m., costing §5.50 per ton delivered at the department
Amount paid for labor and running miU $1,342 11
Amount paid for coal and wood 325 4S
Total 1,G67 59
Very respeotfullyy
JOHN S. HARVEY, 'c\irf EngiMecr.
REPORT OP THE CHEMIST. 523
BYNOPnCAL BTATEMKNT OF MR. PETER LYNCH.
Mr. Peter Lynch, who had the general management of the sorghnm business, snper-
Sntending lt« manufacture into juice, sirup, and sugar, says that he has had fifteen
years' experience as a sugar-boiler with Cuban mola^sses, cane sugar, grape sugar, &o.
That of the 206^ gallons of light sirup obtained October 5 and 6, 1881, there were
from 175 to 200 pounds of sugar obtained — nearly one pound per gallon. It was good
sugar, worth 8 to 9 cents a pound wholesale. Would polarize between 96 and 98.
No special means were used to obtain this result. It was boiled to a proof that would
granulate. The juice from which this was made contained on an average Irom 2.8 to
3i per cent, of glucose and from 11 to 13^ per cent, of cane sugar.
The mill worked excellently, and every particle of juice possible was extracted.
Had this same quality prevailed with all the season's juice, the same average quality
of sugar would probably have been obtained every day.
The only canes really worth anything were those worked that day. On other days
the proportion of glucose was greater, owing.to bad cane. Do not think the equality
of sirup made this year as fair an average as might bo expected with fair soil, fair
climate. &c. Qood soil ought to raise from 16 to 18 tons of stripped stalk.
For tne results of the season's work no blame can be attached to the machinery or
Anything else. The only cause for failure to make sugar was that the cane was not
sufficiently ripe.
btatemeAt op the farmer, l. j. culver.
On Tuesday, May 10| I began planting the sorghnm, using ''Link's Hybrid" and
** Early Amber" seed. I planted about tnirty acres of each variety, but very little of
it sprouted, owing to the cold, damp weather that immediately followed the sowing.
On the 27th I commence<l replanting the same varieties, and this lot of seed was nearly
all destroyed by worms. On June 7 I commenced replanting the third time, and fin-
ished the work June 18. This third lot of seed was rolled in coal-tar in ordor to drive
away the worms. It sprouted quickly, but on July 15 the cane did not average one
foot in height. I began cutting the cane September 19.
Washington, D. C, November 2, 1881.
Prof. Peter Collier,
Chemisij Department of Agriculture :
Sir : Herewith I present a report of the work done at the sugar-mill between Sep-
teniber27 and October 28, 1881.
Machinery, — The machinery was in charge of Mr. John Harvey, engineer of this
department. His report is appended, and states that everything about the machinery
was satisfactorj^ the only drawback being an occasional lack of water in the conden-
ser connected with the vacuum-pan ; this lack of water prevented as rapid evapora-
tion from the vacuum-pan as might otherwise have been attained, but the sirups
made seem not to have been iujured by the longer boiling and the slightly higher
temperature of the vacuum-pan.
JJanagement of juices. — The practical treatment of the sorghum juices was in charge
of Mr. Peter Lynch, of Baltimore, Md. Mr. Lynch is a sugar-boiler of fifteen years'
practical experience in the workiug of Cuban molasses for sugar ; he has also had two
years' experience in working sorghum juices at Crystal Lake, Illinois. Mr. Lynch's
management was such, in my opinion, as to afibrdtiie best results obtainable from the
Juices furnished. A synopsis ot his report is appended.
Analyses and calculations.— The nndci-signed has kept a careful accountof the amounts
of cane and juices worked, and of the products obtained in form of molasses and sugar;
during one week's absence this part of the work was in charge of Mr. C. Wellington
of this division. The analyses here represented were made by laboratory assistants
who have had such an amount of experience during the past two years as to entitle
the results obtained to the fullest Confidence.
Methods of anal f/sis. — The nu'tliods used in these analyses were those detailed in
Annual Report of this Department, 1880, p. 42.
Polariscope tests. — Each juice and each sirup wjis polarized in order to have a check
on the analyses made by the other method. It appears that when a juice or a sirup is
'* normal," that is, when it contains a much smaller amount of uncrystallizable sugar
(glucose) than of crystallizable sugar (sucrose), the results are fairly comparable with
those obtained by analysis, being usually a little lower; but when iuices or sirups
are ''abnormal," that is, contain more glucose than sucrose, the results obtained by
the polariscope are no louirer trustworthy.
Quality of juices. — Kxccpt on the afternoon of October 4 and the morning of Octo-
ber 5, the amounts of glucose and solids not sugar in the juices were either in excess
of the amounts of sucroso, or so nearly equal thereto, as to atVord no reasonable ground
for the belief that any considerable crystallization could be expected. It is generally
conceded by practical sugar-makers that when the amount of substances not crystal-
524 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
lizable sugar are equal to or exceed the amonnt of crystallizable sagar in any uriip,
little or no crystallization can take place ; certainly not enough to pay for separatiii;
the crystals. And, farther, it is known to be a fact that the greater the excess of
crystallizable sugar above the glucose and other solids in the simp, the greater will
be the amount of crystals which can be recovered from the sirup.
Quality of sintps, — ^The sirups obtained wore such as would bo expected fix>m the
composition of the juices worked. Those made on October 5 and 6, from t&e juices
extracted October 4 and 5, were a very light color, pleasant taste, and have akeadj
furnished 200 pounds of very high-grade raw sugar; they are now again orystaUiziog
and will furnish a considerable additional amount of crystals.
It is probable that the sirups made on October 19 may furnish some cry8tallixal>Ie
sugar, as may also several other samples made on the 8tn, II th, and 17th of Octoba.
The latter can hardly furnish enough to pay for the expense of separation from the
molasses.
The sirups from which no crystallization mav be expected were in nearly every ca«
of medium color, good body, and were remarkably free from the raw, mpleasant taeto
so frequently noticed in sorghum sirups which have not been properly made. Mr.
Lynch, who is a practical judge, affirms that they are worth on an average fully tea
cents more per gallon than Cuban molasses, and that they are well adapted for lue,
without refining, for domestic and bakers' cooking. An oner of 33 cents per gallon ftr
the whole lot has already been made.
Tables A, B, and C, presented on page 50H, need no explanation. They represeot,
it is believed, all the more important practical results attained, ao far as snch resdti
can be expressed in figures.
In conclusion, I would state that this season's experience in the sagar-mill hssdd*
velopcd the following facts:
1st. The canes used were, with one exception, too immature.
2d. The juices were, consequently, not of sucn composition as to give any promin
that the sirup made from them could furnish any considerable amonnt of cryfftali.
(See this report. Table B, page 506.)
3d. The sirups were, conseciuently, of such composition as could not be expected
(except with two or three exceptions) to furnish crystals in any paying qnantitiee.
(Table C, page 508.)
4th. Those sirups which would not crystallize as well as those which would were of
good color, body, and taste, and well adapted for cooking purposes. They foimd
ready sale at 33 cents per gallon for the whole lot.
5th. The reason lissigned for the poor quality of the canes, and, consequently, tiie
low percentages of crystallizable sugar in the sirups, is that the sorghum seed were
thrice planted, in consequence of cold weather and the ravages of out-worms. These
circumstances prevented the cane from being sufficiently mature when the time for
working came.
very respectfully,
HENRY B. PARSONS, JMiUmL
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SORGHUM.
[Chronologically arranged.]
Arduino Pretro, Memorie di osservazioni e di sperienze sopra la colturae gli naidi
varie piantc, che servons o che servir possono utilimente alia tinctura 2l'econo-
mia, all'agricoltura, etc. Torao I. Padova, 1766.
Childy David Lee. The Culture of the Beet and Manufacture of Beet Sugar. Boston,
1840. 120. p. 156.
Notiz ii ber Mais-zucker. Annales maratimes et coloniales. Paris, 1842. n T., 2, p. 346.
ColemarCa Rural World. Saint Louis, Mo. 1848 to 1882.
Montigny. Liste dc Tenvoie Bulletin du cOmice agricole du Toulon. 1853.
Holcus Saccharatus. Rovue Horticole. 1854, February, July, and November.
BrownCy 2>. Jay. liosearclies on Sorgho-Sucrd, Department of Agriculture. Report
1854, P. Xil, and pp. 219-223.
Chinese Sugar Cane. Correspondence Department of Agriculture. Report, 1856, pp.
279-2a5.
Barrah Ueber den Zucker in Helens Sorghum. Moniteur industriel, 1855, p. 1919-
Ponsard, Verzuche mit Holcus Saccharatus. Moniteur industriel, 1855, No. 1939.
Beihlen. Ueber Holcus Saccharatus. Polytechnisches Centralblatt, 1855, p. 703.
Vilmorifif Louis. Le Bon Jardinier. 1855,"^ p. 41.
Sorghum^ Characteristics of. Massachusetts Agricultural Report, 1856, pt. 1, pp. ®»
91 , 98.
Sorghum Saccharatum brought from China. Illinois Agricultural Report, 185^*57, p. 44&
Browne, D.Jay. Crystallization of the juice of the Sorgho-Sucr^. Department w
Agriculture Report 1856, pp. 309-313.
JacJcsoiif C. T.J M. D. Chemical Researches on the Sorgho-Sucrd. Department «
Agriculture, Report, 1856, pp. 307-309.
1
REPORT OP THE CHEMIST. 625
EifiBiimngen fiber die Knitnr nnd Ansbente yon Zacker ans Sorghum. Moniteor
industriel, 1856, No. 2049.
Tmrfl, Ueber das Sorgbam in Nord-China. Monitenr industriel, 1856, No. 2110.
Zoulie, Ueber Sorghum. Moniteur industriel, 1856, No. 2110.
Madinier (P.) and G. Laooste, Guide du cnltivateur du Sorgho-I^Suor^ Paris, 1856.
Madinier, M, Department of Agriculture Report, 1856, p. 313.
Vilmorin, Louis, Department of Agriculture Report, 1856, p. 312.
Browne, D, Jay. Report of the United States Argicultural Society. Department of
Agriculture Report, 1857, pp. 181-183.
Sorghum, Experiments in the cultivation of. Massachusetts Agricultural Report,
1857, pt. 1, pp. 117-145, 149-215; pt. 2, pp. 157,170,222,38,225,229,234.
Sorghum Mills, Description of. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1857, p. 416.
Sorghum, Lovering's experiments of. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1857, p. 423.
Sorghum, Statement of, m Ohio. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1857, p. 437.
Hardy. Ueber Zucker aus Sorghum. Monitenr industriel, 1857, No. 2131.
Cavtf. Ueber den Anbau von Sorghum auf dem Gute de Cond^. Moniteur industriel,
1857, No. 2153.
Sorghum, Report on, at Fair. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1857, p. 142.
Sorghum Sugar Cane. New York Agricultural Report, 1857, pp. 16, 128, 135.
Hyde, J. F. C. The Chinese Sugar Cane. New York, 1857. 12^^.
Sorghum Saeoharatum, Pennsylvania Agricultural Report, 1857-^58, pp. 147, 557.
Sorghum, History of. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1857, p. 409.
Sorghum discussed in annual convention. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1857, p. 195.
Sorghum or Chinese Sugar Cane. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1857, p. 34.
Jaokson, C. T., AT. D. Chemical Researches on the Chinese and African Sugar Canes,
Department of Agriculture Report, 1857, pp. 185, ^92.
Zovering, Joseph S. Sorghum Saccharatum, or Chinese Sugar Cane. Detailed account
of experiments and observations upon, 1857.
On the Identity and Hyhriditti of the Chinese and African Sugar Canes. (Condensed from
the proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. ) Department of Agri-
culture Report, 1857, pp. 183-185.
Smith, J. Lawrence. Investigation of the Sugar-'^earing capacity of the Chinese Sugar
Cane. Department of Agriculture Report, 1857, pp. 192-196.
Sorghum Sugar, Coudensed correspondence on. Department of Agriculture Report,
1857, pp. 196, 226.
Stansbury, Charles F. Chinese Sugar Cane and Sugar Making. New York, 1857, 12^.
Sorghum Sirup, Statement in regard to making. New York Agricultural Report. 1H58,
p. 722.
Sorghum Cane, Letters read at a convention on. Illinois Agricultural Report, 1858, p.
306.
Sorghum Cane. Wisconsin Agricultural Report, 1858-^59, pp. 350, 261, 412, 409.
Sorghum. Now York Agricultural Report-. 1858, p. 12.
Sorghum. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1858, p. 9.
Sorghum Cane, Sugar from. Illinois Agricultural Report, 1858, pp. 107-109.
Sorghum Cane, On. Illinois Agricultural Report, 1858, p. 512.
Olcoti, Henry S. Sorgho and Imphee. The Chinese and African Sugar Canes. A
treatise upon their origin, varieties, and culture. New York, 1858, V29, p. 352.
Jackson, Ch. T. Compte rendus, xlvi, p. 55. 1858.
du Feyrai. Comparative Ausbeute aus Sorghum u. Zuckerrohr. Moniteur industriel,
1858, No. 2228.
Leplay, Ueber Sorghum u. dessen Zuckergehalt.
Moniteur industriel, 185«, No. 2334.
Comptes rendus, v. 46, p. 444.
Polytechnisches Contralblatt, 1858, p. 593.
Polytechnisches Jour. Ding., B. 148, p. 224,
ColUctaneen Uber Zucker ans Sorghum.
Polyt«^chnische8 Jour. Diug., B. 148, p. 158.
Bulletin de la Socidt6 dVncourageineut pour Pindustrie nationale, 1858| p. 505.
Polytechnisches Central blatt, 1n")8, p. 1102.
Hahich. Ueber Sorghum u. dessen Werlh.
Polytechnisches Jour. Ding., B. 148, p. 302.
Polytechnisches Contralblatt, iHoB, p. 1647.
Lovering, Ueber den Werth des Sorghums als Zuckerpflanze.
Moniteur indn.striel, 18rj8, No. 2;il3.
Bulletin do la Soci^t^ d'euconragement pour rindnatric nationale, 1858, p. 673.
Sorghum Saccharatum, Essay on its com posit ion. Micbi'jjan Agricultursil Report, 1859,
p. 213.
Wagner. Ueber den Mais als Zuckerpflanze. A^ronoinisclie Zeitnng, 1.H60, p. 12.
J)as Zucker-Sorgho. odvr ddH iihiMen'iHclmZnckavritliv (liokus Succharatus). Deutsche
Ctowerbezeiiung, Wiecks, lb59, p. 443 j 18(30, p. 150.
526 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
Pierre. Ueber das oMnesische Zacker-sor^ho als Fntter- n. Zackerpflanze. BuUetifi
de la Soci6t6 d'encouragemeDt ponr I'iudustxie nationale, 1860, p. 94.
Anhauversuehe mit der Zucker-hirse (Sorghnm Saccharatum.) Annaleu der Landwirtb-
schaft, Wochenblatt, Berlin, 18()0, p. 'S:>Q.
fk>ok, D. M. Culture and Manufacture of Sugar from Sorghum.. Department of Af-
riculture Report, 1861, pp. 3ll-iU4.
Sorghum. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1861, p. 52.
AwJ/Aam as an Exhauster of Soil. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1861, p. 626.
Sorghum as a Wine Plant. Ohio Agricultural Report, lb61, p. 526.
Sorghum^ Growth and Manufacture. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1861, p. 210.
Sorghum Sugar. Wanler'H statement. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1861, p. 15.
Sorghumj Culture and Manufacture. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1861, p. 208w
Sorghnm Sugar Cane. New York Agricultural Report., 1861, p. 785.
Cornntalk Sugar. Department of Agriculture Report 1861, p. 275.
Sorghum Culture. Illinois Agriculture Report, 18l)l-'64, pp. 553-567.
Sorghum. Iowa Agricultural Report, 18(>l, p. 8.
Sorghum, History of. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1861, p. 206.
Sorghum as a Forage Plant. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1861, p. 527.
Sorghum Culture. Wisconsin Agricultural Report, 1861-68, p. 35.
Gocssmann, C. A. Chinese Sugar Cane; contributions to the knowledge of its nature,
&c. Transactions of New York State Agricultural Society, 1861, pp. 785-811.
Hedges J Isaac A. Sorghum Culture and Sugar-making. Department of Agiicnltsn
Report, 1B(>1, pp. 293-311.
Sorghum. Illinois Agricultural Report, 1861-^64, pp. 32, 67, 208, 859.
BoUmany Lewi». Cultivation of the Sorghum. Department of Agriculture Report,
1862, pp. 140-147.
Smith f J. H. Impliee and Sorghum Culture, and Sugar, and Sirup Making. Depart-
ment of Agriculture Report, 1862, pp. 129-140.
Statistical report. Department of Agriculture Report., 1862, pp. 552, 553.
Sirup and Sugar Manufactured from Sorghum. Ohio Agricultural Report, 18@, p. 87.
Sorghum. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1862, p. 128.
Hedges, Isaac A. I^rgho, or the Northern Sugar Plant. With an introdaction by Wm.
Clough. Cincinnati, Ohio, 1862, 12^ p. 204.
Sorghum. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1862, p. 87.
Wetherill, Chas. M.. M. D., Chemist Department of Agriculture. Report on SoTgham.
Department oi Agriculture Report, 1862, pp. 514-540.
Cloughf Wm, Sorgho Journal, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1863 to 1869.
Oouldy John Stanton. Report on Sorghum. New York Agricultural Report, 1863, pp.
735-769.
Wallace, G. B. Sorghum. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1863, p. 162.
Moss, James W. Sorghum. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1863, p. 244.
Sorghum, Essay on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1863, pp. 137-244.
Gould, J. Stanton. Report on Sorghum and Sugar Beet Culture. Transactions of New
York State Agricultural Society, 1863, pp. 735-769.
Sugar Evaporator and Mills. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1863, p. 100.
Soighum Sugar, Protest from exhibitors of. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1863, p. 101.
Sorghum. Iowa Aericultural Report, 1863, p. 4.
Sugar Mills, Ohio Agricultural Report, 1863, p. 85.
Clough, Wm, Sorghum, or Northern Sugar Cane. Department of AiZTioaltare Report,
1864, pp. 54-87
Sorghum Mills. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1864.
Sorghum. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1864, p. 7.
Sorghum Mills, Report of Committee on. Ohio Agricultural Report. 1864, pp. 119,
120.
Collins, Varnum B. Sorgho, or Northern Chinese Sugar Cane. Joornal N(»th China
Branch Royal Asiatic Society, December, 1865, pp. 85-98. Shanghai, 1865.
Clough, Wm. Production of Sugar from Sorghum or Northern Sugar Cane. Depart-
ment of Agriculture Report, 1865, pp. 307-324.
Sorghum, Introduction into the State. Michigan Agricultural Report, 1865, p. 17,
Sorghum. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1865, pp. 14, 352.
Ives, Mrs. E. F. Essay on Sorghum-making. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1865, p. 225.
Feck, b\ Botanical History of Sorghum. Department of Agriculture Report, Ifife, pp.
Webster <f- Co., Sorgho Sugar-growers. The Culture and Manufacture of Sugar and
Sirup from the Chinese and African Canes, Chicago, 1865 (T), 32°, p. 41.
Beed, W. History of Sugar and Sugar-yielding Plants, and Epitome of ProoeMMof
Manufacture. Lonoon, 1866.
MoitTf J, YeiBUohes Stationen, yoL 8, p. 93, 1866.
REPOBT OP THE CHEMIST. 527
Jatob BroHerif Sorgho mannfaotnTers, Manual, &o. Columbus, Ohio, 1666.
JSorghum and its Products, Michip^an Agricultural Report, 1866, pp. 169-172.
Sorghum in Delaware County. Ohio Agricultural Keport, 1866, pt. 1, p. 188.
Sorghum and Imph$e. Missouri Agricultural Report. 1866, p. 28.
Sorghum Mills, Illinois Agricultural Report, 1865-^66, p. 202.
Sorghum, Rei>ort of Committee on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1866, pp. 133,223.
Sorghumf Report of Standing Committee on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1866, p. 223.
Sorghum Sugar Making. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1^, pt. 2, p. 287.
Stewarif F. L, Sorghum and its Products. Philadelphia, 1867, 12^, p. 240.
Sorghum and its Prdoucts, Michigan Agricultural Report, 1867, pp. 65-67.
Sorghum, Report of Committee ou. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1867, p. 18.
Sorghum, Resolutions and Report in regard to. Michigan Agricultural Report, 1867
r>p. 305-307.
Sorghum and its Products. Missouri Agricultural Report, 1867, p. 92.
Sorghum and Machinery, Awards on. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1867, p. 138.
Sorghum, Ohio Agricultural Report, 1867, pp. 62, 246; pt. 2, p. 16.
Sorghum of Van Wert County, Ohio Agricultural Report, 1867, pt. 1, p. 158.
Sorghum and Machinery, Ohio Agricultural Report, 1868, p. 97.
Sorgho, The Journal and Farm Mechanic. Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb., 1869, 8*^.
Sorghum, Committee on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1869, pp. 190-195.
Sorghum, Products of. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1^9, p. 17.
Sorghum, Report of Committee on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1869, p. 179.
Sorghum, Secretary's report on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1869, p. 16.
Sorghum and Imphee, Wisconsin Agricultural Report, 1869, p. 27.
Sorghum, Iowa Agricultural Report, 1869, p. 16 ; 1870, p. 189.
JSreischneider, Notes on History of Plants and Chinese Botany. Peking, 1870.
Sorghum Sirup. Wisconsin Agricultural Report, 1870, p. 34.
Sorghum and its Products, Michigan Agricultural Report, 1870, p. 149.
Sorghum, Statement as to. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1871, pp. 205-212.
Sorghum, Report of Secretary on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1871, p. 23.
Sorghum Sugar and Sirup, Report on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1871, p. 204.
Sorghum. Abstract of county agricultural societies. Iowa Agricultural Report. 1871,
p. 300.
Skinner, E, W. Sorghum. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1872, p. 290.
Sorghum Sirup and Sugar. Report of .Conunittee on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1872.
p. 325.
Cadwell, Phineas. Report of Committee on Sorghum and its Products in Iowa. Iowa
Agricultural Report. 1872, p, 286.
Sorghum Plant. NebrasKa Agricultural Report, 1873, p. 69.
Sorghum, Abstract of report on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1873, p. 313.
Sorghum, The production of. Nebraska Agricultural Report, 1873, p. 89.
Sorghum, Table of products and acreage. Kansas Agricultural Report, 1873, pp. 89-126.
Sorghum, Abstract of report on. Iow;a Agricultursd Report, 1874, p. 304.
Sorghum. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1874, pp. 254, 636.
Basset, N. Guide Pratique du Fabricant do Sucr^. Paris, 1875, 3 vols., 8^.
Sorghum, Number of acres in. Greorgia Agricultural Report, 1873-75, p. 9.
Sorghum, Abstract of report on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1875, p. 281.
Sorghum, Tables of product and value. Kansas Agricultural Report, 1875, pp. 464-
469.
Sorghum. Diagram showing product and value. Kansas Agricultural Report, 1875,
p. 460.
Sorghum. G^rgia Agricultural Report, 1876, n. 222.
Sorghum, Abstract of report on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1876, p. 312.
Sorghum, Report of Committee on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1^6, p. 224.
Stewart, F, L. Maize and Sorghum as Sugar Plants. Department of Agriculture Re-
port, 1877, pp. 228-264.
Sorgnum Molasses, Gallons ot Virginia Agricultural Report, 1877, p. 43.
Sorghum, AhstrsLct of report on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1877, p. 271.
Collier, Peter. Sorghum. Department of Agriculture Keport, 1878, p. 98.
Maumin6 E. J, Traits theorique et pratique de la Fabrication du Sucre. Paris, 1878,
2 vols., 8°.
Steieart, F. L. Sorghum Sugar made from Maize, &c. Washington, 1878.
Sorghum, Virginia Agricultural Report, 1878, p. 31.
Sorghum, AhstTiict of report on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1878, p. 386.
Sorghum, Introduction into the country. Kentucky Agricultural KejKut, 1878, p. 144.
Collier, Peter, Sorghum. Department of Agriculture Report, 1879, p. 36.
Sorghunt, Abstract of report on. Iowa Agricultural Report, 1879, p. 315.
Sorghum, Production of. Kentucky Agricultural Report, 1879, p. 64.
Goesfimann, C, A, Early Amber Cane. Report Massachusetts Agricultural College,
1879.
Sorghum, Sugar from. Vermont Agricultural Report, 1879-'80, p. 260.
La Suoruri§ Indigine, Extraction da Suoie du Sorgho et du Maisi 1879| p. 130.
528
BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF AGBICULTUBE.
Collier f Peter, Sugar from Sorghnm. Vermont Agrionltnral RexK)rt, 187^*80, p. 219.
Stewartj F, L, Sngarfrom Maize and Sorghum. Washlngtou, D. C, 1879, 13^, p.lOi
Drummond^ Victor A. W, Report on the production of Sugar from Sorghum, ^79.
Sorghum Cane, Proceedings of the WiBconsin Sugar Cane Growing and Manu&MiW
iug Association. Wisconsin Agricaltural Report, 187d-'60, p. 463.
Sorghum Sugar, Report on, to Johnston, Hon. J. W., Chairman of Committee on A^-
culture in U. S. Senate, 1880.
Blymyer Manufacturing Company. Sorgho Hand-Book. Cinoinnatly Ohio^ 1880.
CUmgh Rffining Company, Clough Refining Process for Sorghum, &c Cinciniuiti,
1880.
Collier, Peter, Cornstalk and Sorghum Sugar. Abstract of an address delivered in
the House of Representatives, HartfoM, Oonn., February 17, 1880. Pamphlet,
8<3, pp. 23.
Colliery Peter. Sorghum and Com as Sugar-producing Plants. Address delivered be-
fore Connecticut State Board of Agriculture, at Willimantio, 1880. Pamphlet,
8°, pp. 28.
Sorghum ; Sweets of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Agricultural Report, 1880-'81, p. 33L
Sorghum^ Statistics of. Quarterly Report. Kansas Agricultural Report, 1680, pp. 21, 2S.
Sorghum^ Productions of. Kentucky Agricultural Report, 1880, p. 140.
Colliery Peter, Sorghum. Department of Agriculture Report, 18ti0, p. 37, and Sp^
oial Report No. 33.
Ingram^ W, Sorghum Cultivation in Belvoir. London, 1880.
Department of Agriculture. Pi*eliminary Report> 1880.
Colliery Peter, Department of Agriculture Report, 1881, p. 17.
ffedgeSj Isaac A, Sugar Canes and their Products. Saint Louis, Mo., 1881.
Rutgers Scientific School. Seventeenth Antuial Report, 1881, p. 63.
Tu<Scerf J. J7., Ph. D. A Manual of Sugar Analysis, including the Application in gen-
eral of Analytical Methods to the Sugar Industry. New York, 1881, 8°, p. 353.
Weber and Soovelly Professors, Sorghum. Report on the Manufacture of Sugar, Sirup,
and Qlucose from. Illinois Industrial University, 1881.
Vilmoriny Andrieux. Le Sorgho sucre de Chine et le Sorgho hatif du Minnesota, oa
Sorgho sucr6 ambr6. - Journal d' Agriculture pratique, May 8, 1880, and Febmair
17, 1881.
Spends Dictionary. Article, Sorghum. London, 1881.
WarCy L. S. A study of the various sources of Sugar. Philadelphia, 1881.
Sorghumj Sugar from. Kentucky Agricultural Report, 18S1, p. 83.
Sorghum, Cultivation and manufacture of. Kentucky Agricultural Report, 1881,
p. 72.
Kolischer, Theo. Sorghum, Sugar from. Kentucky A^icultural Report, 1881, p. 85.
Locke, WigneTy and Harlana. Sugar growing and refining. London, 1882.
Experimental Farmy Madison, Wisconsin. Experiments in Amber Cane, 1882.
Biot und Souheirany Zucker in Mais. Polytechuisches Jour. Ding., 86 »., 213.
Pallas. Mais Zucker. Polytechuisches Jour. Ding., 94 s., 326. Br6v6t<^ d'inventioD,
Paris, T. 46, p. 146.
Vorschlag. Zn einor Prodnction von Zucker aus Holcus Sorghum. Technological Re-
pository, Gill, v. 10, p. 119 ; Franklin Jour., 1 s., v. 1, p. 201.
Pallas. Zucker aus Mais. Polytechuisches Jour. Ding., 63 s., 150 ; Jour, des con. usul.
et prat, Paris, T. 26, pp. 97, lOy.
Neumann. Zucker aus Mais. Polytechuisches Jour. Ding. 67 s.,300.
GENERAL INDEX TO THE SOUGHUM AND MAIZE SUGAR REPORTS OF 1878, 1S79, l.-S^
AND 1881.
A DDnp.I
report.
; Pap*.
Acidity of sorphum bd<1 maize Juices
Aci<iitv of Hoigbuni and maizo juiccH, modo of estimation
Ai'H', iimnht-r fif stnlliH t^» tho
Advinnbility of piv»;Hm>j stulkn soqoiid tlmo ,
Alcoliol Iroin hoi ^hiiin nnd coru stalks
An:»lvHi» nud pol.tiizati-'ii conipjired
Aii:ilv><' 8, average of all varit!ti«?s lor each st^ige iu 1879, 1880, 1S81, and lli« tLive > car;* ■
touethi'i'
Analysi H, duplicate lint of
AnulyH. 8 of »'ft<li variety In each stage of drvelopuu'Ut i
Au:il\«i»<. IIMll>«»d of I
Aualvrtes td" a^h fi-oiii sorghum cant».H und juifos
Analyses of fcitiliztirs usod upon sorghum plu,t
1881
513
1J«S1
&14
l>iM
497
lw78
114
!*"«
IS
IfcSI
473
1«?1
451
1S81
4t4
l^«?l
4i(
1881
4<S
18}«
12
1880
UJ
i
BBPORT OP THE CIFKMIST.
529
INDEX TO THE SORGHUM AND MAIZE SCO A 11 REPORTS, ETC—CoiitinucML
Juices from sorgbamt Nob. 1 to 87, indiuiTe...
lUAixe juices, a veraf^e of, for each staj;e
maize stalka during season
sirups and sugars received from abroad, table
soU in sorghum plat
sorghums, average of, for each stage
sorghum t>«fore and ajfter frost •
sorghum during season
sorghum and maixe giaphicallj shown
sorghum*seed
sorghum seeds, table of
stalks, bagasse, and leaves of sweet com and sorghum, calculated to the
inoe
sugar canes— butt, middle, top —
sugar<oane Juices
jrocessos for examination of canes
Old mill used
ised
tium Juices
rghum canes and Juices, analyses of
sand Juices of sorghum, composition of
hum Juice, composition of
hum Juice! effect of fertilisers on
bemistH. B. Parsons, statement of.
igar, as estimated, too low
LgaratdifTeient stages of development
Igar, average maximum per cent, of, during working period
Lgar, average minimum per cent of, during working period
Igar, average per cent ot during working period
Igar, definition of
Igar, development of
Igar in immature canes
igarinmaUc
Igar In mixed canes
Igar in sorghum
tgar in sorghum and maise juices, percentage of
Igar in suckered and unsuclcerod canes oumpsred
igxur, sorghum Juice, average
Igar produoed at large mill
Igar, when present m Juice
iljses of all varieties of sorghum for each stage in 1879, 1880, 1881, and for
fears
snend, for each stage
ults from maise in 1880
ults fh>m maixe in 1881
•ultsfh>m sorghum in 1880
lults ftvm sorghum in 1881
lountof water in
ves and stalks, sweet com and sorghum, analyses of, calculated to the dry
s of Sagarin
time of. after planting
helled maise (com) per acre ^
Dure in larfemiil
*ilure in maicing sugar
ilure to produce sugar
or quality of sorghum .«
1 at large mill, condition of
Ileal process for examination of
uicesof sorghum, analysis of ash
oicesuf sorghum, composition of ash of ,
nuentatiou in sorghum Juice
machine, necessity for ,
^ maise and sorghum operated upon ,
ious experiments with sorghum, millet, and sugar cuie
istant, H. B. Parsons, statement of
mpositiun of sorghum juice
ip increased by lime
of analysis and polarisation
of different hydrometers
of pulariscopfc and analytical results ,
of results in 1880 and 1881
of upper and lower halves of sorghum canes
) value <luriug the working perietl of sorghum and com stalks, with table.
I of ash of canes and juices of sorghum
I, chemical, of sorj^huin Juice
' cano wurkcMl at largo mill
cropof 1881
f experiments in 1881 very unfikvorable
AQ
Annual
report
1
1880
1881
1681
1880
1880
1881
1881
1881
1881
' 1879
1880
1881
1879
1880
1879
1881
1881
1880
1878
1879
1881
1H80
1880
1881
1880
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1880
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1879
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1880
1880
1880
1881
1881
1878
1879
1881
1881
1881
1881
1880
1881
1H81
1879
1880
1X80
1881
lh8l
1881
1881
Page.
40-109
4i*9
13-,'
117
414
450
387
414
64
134
499
64
184
67-^
463
453
42
98
54,55
413
126
125
513
125
523
413
605
477
477
477
413
463
463
493
463
403
413
464
465
509
413
451
110
493
493
aa
494
517
57-59
517
386
503
. 523
609-4
609
504
633
43
136
125
513
479
103
61,53
523
512
518
472
114
473
457
63
128
135
513
622
522
622
530 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULfURE.
GENERAL INDEX TO THE SORGHUM AND MAIZE SUGAR REPORTS, BTC.-ContlBtii
Annual
report
Pi«^
Condition of aorgbum, when best for sugnr
Condition of sorchum worked in large mill
Condition of stalks at time of cutting
Contentof sorghum Juices, table of percentages of
Cooling tanks, use of, in defecation
Com for canning and sugar from stalks ,
Com, shelled, bushels per acre
Cora, table of ex|)erimeuUi with
(^m used. Tariotiea of ,
Corn, Tsu-ieties planted
Cornstalks, alcohol from v.
Cornstalks, analyses of stalks, bagasse, and leaves, calculat'ed to the dry subnta-nce.
Cornstalks, available sugar in
Cornstalks, distinguishing marks of growth or development used in tables
Cornstalks grown on grounds of Department, table of experimeuta with
Gomstalks, Inversion of sugar in
Cornstalks, operated upon, character of
Cornstalks, period of jprobable maximum of crjstallizable sugar in
Cornstalks, practicabuity of making sugar from
Cornstalks, sirup from
Cornstalks, stripped, yield per acre
Cornstalks, sugar and grain from
Cornstalks ana sorghum, comparative value of, during working period, with table...
Cost of making sirup
Coat of running larf^e mill ,
Crop of 1881, condition of
Crop of sorghum, yield per acre
Crop of sorghum, yield per acre
Cultivation, method of ,
Culver. L. J., farmer, statement of
Doan, l)r. Julian W., faraier. statement of
Defecation, experiments in
Defecation, how accompliahed
Defecation, importance of
DefecaMou, object of ,
Defecation, water added during
Defecation, when complete ,
Defecated juice, effect of letting stand
Defecation of Juice, experiments in
Definition of exponent ^
Development oi^sorghnm and maize in height and 8ta;;e8
Development, stages of, explanation of
Different varieties of maize, relative lencrths and weights of
Different varieties of sorghum, relative lengths and weiglits of
Distinguishing marks of growth or development^ maize used, in table.<i
Distinguishing marks of growth or development, sorghum used, in tables
Doura, table of experiments with
Drought, abilit}' of sorghum to withstand
Drought, effect of, upon water in Juice
Drought, effect of, on sorghum
Drying up of plant durine later stages not shown by analyses
Duplicate analyses, list of .'
Early amber cane, table of experiments with
Effect of fertilizers on ash of sorghum Jnicea
Effect of fertilizers on sucrose, glucose, and solids in sor;; h um J uicea
Effect of frost
Effectonjuiceof standing after defecation
Effect of leaving cane unworked after cutting up
Effect of letting canes remain cutbeforo working
Egyptian ausar com, table of experiments with
Engineer John Harvey, statementof
Error, maximum in estimating sugar
Errors in analyses determinea
Enchloena luxurians, teosinte, coarse i;ni8S from Guatemala, experiments with
Evaporation of water from plant, as affecting peroentage of sugar in juice
Experiment with millet
Experiments in defecation
Experiment with coarse grass from Giuitemala, teoninte, euchloena luxurians
Experimeuta in making sirups from sorghum, pearl millet, and cornstalks, table of .
Experimeuta in sugar-making, large mill
Experiments of 1878. objects and resulta of
Experiments, quantitative, throughout
Experiments with corn, table of
Experimeuta with doura, table of
Expcrimt^nts with Louisiana 8ii<iar cane, table of
Experiments with Madras*, indin. Augs^r eaue, table of
Experimeuta with miUet, table of
Eaperimenta with small mill, ol>i<'<)tof
Experinfenta with sorghuniH. tabk-?* of
ExplMuntion of graphical plates ^
Explanation of specific gravity table
Exponent, definition of
1881
m
1881
sa
1878
«
1870
0
Iffia
m
im\
m
ViH\
»
1879
14
1879
SI
1881
m
1880
IB
1879
57-a
1881
w
1880
II
1879
ss
1881
SM
1878
113
1878
1€4
1878
I ^
1879
' 55
1&<I
m
18hl
w
1880
12S
1R81
&
1881
sa
1861
m
1881
m
1880
\M
1881
171
1881
sg
1881
an
1881
m
1881
511
1881
5U
1881
Sll
1881
4»
1881
m
1881
481
1881
4n
1881
4U
1881
1881
vi
1881
m
1881
m
1880
»
1880
a
1879
41
1881
4»
1881
457
1881
457
1881
501
1881
466
1879
57
1880
125
1880
115
1879
37
1881
490
1881
511
1«i1
487
lfc79
4S
1881
SS
1881
471
1881
4«
1878
104
1881
501
1878
194
188]
4U
1878
. !•*
1879
55,50
188L
504
1881
479
1881
504
1879
4f
1879
41
1879
50
1879
51
1879
4S
1881
478
1W79
3MT
1880
77
1880
lU
1881
413
SEPOBT OF THE CHEMIST.
531
AL IKDEX TO THE SOBGniTM AKD HAJZS BITGAB RIPOXTS, XTC.— C«lltlMi«d.
Aimiud
report
•■• •**••••«•••••••■•••••••■••••«•»•••••••
it not of general application ^
causes of^ iu larj^emill
cause of, in sugar-uiakini;
0 prodooe sugar at larj^ mill
1 report as to crop, L. J. Culrer ....
statemeot of
ation in sorj^liara Juice, oharactor of
atkmproducttf of sorchum Juice ....
ni, efitH^tot on ash of sorchum Juice
rs, elTect of, on sucrose, glucose, and solids in sorghum Joi
rs used upon sorghum p&t, analjses of
lalysos of sorghum before and alter....
ces.
foot of
feet of, on mature and immature sorghum compared.. .•••••••••• m......**..
fbctof, on sorghum .............•...•••.•••••.••••••••i
feet of, on sorghum Juices... .••- •.......<..•.•..•••••..••....
averages for each stage ..•.•••••^••••••••■.. •..••«••.•••«•» •••••••»••
lohsof, accounu^l for..% ..-.*•••••••••»•
loss in mnnufActurinz of sirups •••••••«»••••««>••.
elTectof furtilizere of, ijijnioe ••...••••.••...•.....
Injuicos, how determined • r.. ............ ••.•-••••••••••.
I, tahle of average • ..•••• •••.•..
nn. Dr. C. A., comparison of results by • •• ••••
nn. Dr. C. A., explanation of results by • .-•
nn, Dr.C. A., results by •.....•••••...•••.•.
)duction of. In United States in 1880 • ••...*..
a plates, I to XVI, inclusive •
il plates, eiplanation of •
d representation of analyses of sorghum and maise <
il repreaenUtion of avef.ige results of analyses of all yarieties for 1879, 1880,
nd for the three yenis combined ,
il representation of Dr. C. A. Groessmann's results •••.
^arse, from Guatemala, teosinte, eucbloena luxurians, exi>eriment with
ila, coarse ^8s from, tcosiute euchloena luxurians, exxHsriment with
torghumjaire, not present ^ ••••....
limps from large mill •— - •••••■
John, engineer, statement of •••.
f sorghum and maize at different dates
s sorghums, table of experiments with
'tters, comparison of diuerent • •.*-
-e cane used at large mill
e canes worthless for sugar
e sorghum, canne of failure
of sugar iu Juices daring later stages not due to drying ap of plant
a of sucmso in juices
orked atlar^c mill, analyses of • .'
tect on, bv standing after defeoatton
laize, tables of specific gi-avity, 18^0
)aize, tables of 8i>ocitic gi-avityi 1^1 > •••
high specific p-Hvity, exporimentH in defecating
'sorghum and''ulai^e, spetific gravity tables
rccntageof, in 1880 and 18S1
timation of. permauganato process
rghura, chanu tt-r of
rghum, choniiMl chnnges in
rghnm. yiob! in su^^ar, nuantity of
orghura, Uibles of HptH'iiic gravity, 1881
•ecTrte gravity of, in 18W)-'81
orked in \atso null, condition of
rmeutation m sor;;linm juice
II. de-script ion of apparatus, by engineer
italks, and bagasse, sweet corii and sorghum, analyses ot^ calculated to the
>«tdDCO ,
1881
ISU
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1880
1880
1880
1870
1879
1881
1881
1881
1880
1881
1881
1880
1881
1880
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1880
1881
1881
nd wi'itihts, dltTerent varieties of maize, relative
:ind wriubt^. difTerent varieties of sorghum, relative
if tint*' (or A^orkiii^ soigbuni
f wor k i ii;i p( rio<'i lor Borghuni •
«*rt of, dui ill',' evaporation of juice
lucoA* and HticrCiM} in making sirups
ngar m b«2a»so
a nugar C4in^!«, table of experiments with
etiT, BUirar-ljoiler, «t atenien t c»f
r\ tiHi'd in large luill. c<m«lition of
Iititia, sujar n^uo. tables of exjierinieutH with
iMlypfM of, durin;.; the »f*af«f»n
d Nor^-hnni, juiet^s t»f, Hp«>(i(ic gravity tabb-s
ruilublu sugar iu .' *.
erajre r»«MllH IVoni. l>^*?o
♦•ra/^e n stiltB Viuw, l^si . .
op of sugar and grain from
stinguishing marks of growth or development used, in tables
418
888^604
6061 AM
881,638
618
618
129
115
U7
87
87
461
460
460
UO
618
60O
116
468
121
486
487
486
463
414
111
414
414
1881
453
1881
487
1878
104
1878
104
1881
618
1881
623
1861
623
1881
888
1879
66-M
1880
114
1881
628
1881
483
1881
628
1881
602
1881
489
1681
609
1881
490
1881
494
1881
495
1881
400
1881
494
1881
467
1879
65
1881
512
1881
513
1881
412
J881
493
1881
494
1881
509
1881
513
1881
622
1879
67,58
1881
408
1881
498
1881
5i0
1881
51U
1^81
518
1881
509
lh>il
517
1879
50
]h8I
523
1881
52V
]H:i}
51
\m\
401)
1S81
494
IHKI
4ii:{
IKHI
41M
18M
4U5
1881
503
1860
I 8»
532
REPOKT OF THE COMM ISSIONFa OP AGRlCULTLTtE.
GBNERAL INDEX TO THB SORGHUM A SD ICAIZB SUOAR KBPOBTS, BTC.
Anaial
Maize, inversion of ragar in aUlks —
Mai»e juices, average analyses of; for each stage —
Maize' uicejs tables of specific gravity, 1880
Maizo juices, Ubles of spediic gravity, 1881
Maize operated upon, character of —
Maize, practicability of making sugar fjrom .................
Maize, relative lengths and weights of diflereni varieiies of.
Maize, shelled, bushels per acre -
Maize, stripped stalks, yield per acre ^ •»
Maize, varieties of - —
Maize, varieties planted — — •—
Mannito produced in sorghum Joice —
Manufacture of sirup, method pursnod . — ~
Manufacture of sirup, time required for -
Maximum amount of sugar in sorghiun, when
Maximum of crystaUizaole sugar in maize, period of probable.
Meteorological data, discussion of -
Meteorological daU for 1880 and 1881
Mill and apparatus used ^
Mill, force of men to run it • •-
Mill, importancoof a|;ood •»..••... -
Millet, experiment with ••
Millet, table of experiments with — ««
MiUet, variety grown and inveatigaied • .....
Minend matter in sorghum Juice —
Molasses, amount imported in 1879 .• -••
Mncua fermentation of sorghum Juice..
Number of stalks per acre Jm
Ohieot of experimenta with tmall Biill
Onginaldata •
Paper pulp...
ns.H.B.
{
Parsons, H. B.. assistant chemist, statement of ..« ••«.....
Pearl miUet, nmp firora
Period for working sorghum .«••.•••••..
Period of probable crystallizable sugar inmaise *.
Permanganate process for the estimation of augara in J uioes— preparation of tiie Jnioe.
Planting, care neceasary in
Planting, mode of •. ».• .•^.............
Planting, time of ........•«.•••.. •^••.••.....
Planting, time when crop waa planted mm** •...«•. ..m...
Planting to maturity, time required. .*••••.••... •.••••... •••...•••.••••....m....
Plates, graphical, explanation of
Plats, expfffimental, size of
Polariscopio and analytical determination of anoroae in torghnm and maiae Jniosa,
agreement in
Polariscope and titration results compared
Polariscope determinations accoontea for • ..r. ..•••. ........
Polarisation and analysis compared
Polarization and analytical resnlta, exphmatUm of difbrenee between
Polarisation of juices and simps
Preparation of the Juice, permanganate prooeai •
Pressing of stalks second time adviaable
Process used. F. L. Stewart's patent •
Process for the estimation of sugars in Jnicea—pennangaiiate preparation of the Jnice.
Productsof fermentation of sorghum J nice .•..•••....
Prompt working of sorghum necessary
Pulpnaper • •
Rainfall and temperature, discussion of
Rainfall and temperature for 1880 and 1881
Rainfall and temperature for the season, table ., ...••....
RainfaU, effector, explained
Rainfall, total, and mean temperature, Waehington, May 1 to Korember 80, 1880,
table of
Rains, effect on juice .*.
Rain-storms^ heavy, May 1 to Kovember 80, 1880, table ••
Reason for failure in sugar-making •
Relative amounts of sugar in different parts of stalks ...•.••.••....
Relative lengths and weights of different varieties of sorghum
Relntivolon^bsand weights of different Tarietiea of malsa
Replanting of sorghum and maize —
Replanting, why unadvisable
Report of farmer as to crop .....«••
Result of letting canee remain cut before working...
Results, average, from maize in 1880
Results, average, from maize in 1881
Results, average, from sorghum in 1880 .^
Results, average, from sorghum in 1881
Resum6 of experiments with maize and sorghum
Ripening, time required for
8eum and sediment obtained in defecating the Juice, table of analyses .«m.....
Season of 1881 rery anfavorable .•••• «••••• .•••..
1881
1881
1881
1881
1878
urn
1881
1881
1881
1880
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1878
1881
1881
1878
1881
1881
1878
1879
1879
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1880
^K^
1881
1879
1881
1878
1879
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1879
1878
1878
1879
1881
1881
1880
1881
1881
18R0
1881
1880
1881
188D
1881
1878
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1878
1881
1879
1881
m
4SS
M3
«
m
»
»
m
»
so
a
X
M
IX
iS
s
at
IM
«
412
m
Iff
u
IS
ss
8
fil
m
e
511
S»
331^X1
5»
114
S7S,3a
IT!
172
m
173
173
172
Iffi
«8
G
Sll
5U
133
iSt
153
121
19
19
4S
15
101
m
381
Ml
381. SS
5U
l»
IS
IS
IM
Ml
27
sa
REPORT OP THE CHEMIST.
533
BAL INDEX TO THB SORGHUM AND MAIZB SUGAR REPORTS, ETC.--€ontiniied.
Axmnal
report
pre«8lnKof stalks ftdrlsable
nt and scam obtained In def eoating the Jnioe, table of analyiea of.
srghnm, analyses of
prodaction of; in Unit^ States in 1680.
experimental plats
aiU, object ot experiments with.
\
aracterof I.
ndition off when cane was grown.
sorghum plat, analysis of
(m which crop of 1881 er«w, character of.
n foice, effect of fertilizers on
n loioes, how determined
table of average
m, alcohol firom
ma, analyses of during season
ms, analyses of Juices fh>m, Nos. 1 to 80 . .
ms, analyses of stalks, bagasse, and leaves, calculated to the dry substance . .
mandmaize,Jnicesof,speciflo<gTaTity tables •
m and cornstalks, comparotiye value of; during working period, with table . ..
m, arailable sugar in
m, average results ftorn, in 1880
m, average results firom, in 1881 <
m and sugar cane compared ^
m canes and Juices, analyses of ash
m, character of crop
m, distinguishing marks of growth or devdopment used in table •
m Juices, average analyses for each stage
m, nice, chemical description of
mluices, effect of fertiliaers on ash of
tn juice, effect on, of keeping ^
mluice, mannite produced m' .~.
m, nice producing sugar at large mfll, the character of
ra. uices, table ofpercentages of content —
m juices, tables of specific gravity, 1881 —
m operated on, character of.
mplat, analysis of fertilisers used ni»on ••
mplat, analysis of soil in ^ «
m plat. Department grounds
m, practicability of making sugar fh>m
ms, relative lengths and weights of different varieties of«
n seeds, analyses of .
m, simps from
ms, tables of experiments with
m used at large mill, condition of
m used not fully developed •
m used, variety of
m, varieties of^ .«.
ma, varieties o^ cultivated at Department.
\
Page.
m, varieties grown and investigated
m, varieties of, planted ..........^....-
m, yield of per acre
m, yield of stalks when suckeredand unsnckered •
n, yield of stripped stalks per acre ■
I wnence varieties of sorghum were obtained — ••
i gravity of Juices, how determined •
-gravity, table, explanation of
^gravity table, maize luicos, 1880 ^
-gravity table, mair.e juices, 1881
^gravity tables of Juices of sorghum and maize -
-gravity tablra, sorghum Juice, 1881 ^
g stalks disadvantaceons .^ ....i ^
>f development, explanation of ,
>f sorghum and maize at different dates
bagasse, and leaves, analyses o^ of sweet com and a &n4iiun, calculated to the
ibstance _
hnu which varieties of sorghum came
>er acre, number of.
h>m which varieties of sorel
; F. L., patent process used.
ig not necessary
1 stalks, yield per acre, suckered and unsnckered.
istaUcs, yield per acre
)d and unsnckered canes compared
id and unsuoknre<l (tanns, relative value of, for prodnc tion of sugar
•d and nusucker<Ml Borghum, analyses of
dcane only analyzed ..«•..-
iig»affB«tof.
1878
1870
1870
1880
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1880
1881
1880
1881
1880
1880
1881
1880
1879
1881
1880
1881
1881
1881
1881
1880
1881
1880
1881
1881
1880
1881
1881
1881
1870
1881
1878
1880
1880
1880
1878
1881
1870
1880
1881
1879
1879
1881
1878
1878
1880
1880
1879
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1880
1881
1881
1881
1881
1879
1H81
1881
{
102
64
64
184
499
462
37(L381
^478
879
623
117
523
115
468
123
123
887
46,109
22,28
57-M
494
128
466
493
494
453
125-126
622
89
414
612
126
618
613
623
66
496
103
117
U7
116
99
498
64
134
409
63
89-47
622
103
98
88
5 40,41
{ 46,47
86.88
380
464
464
464
380
468
111
494
495
494
495
55
386
382
.•><
1879
67-59
1881
497
1881
380
1878
98,99
:1879
100, 101
1881
464
1880
130
1881
464,488
1881
488
1881
464
1881
879
1881
466^619
634 REPORT OF THS OOmCflSIORRR OP AQBICULTURE.
gekehal dtdsx to the sobghum akd haizb sitgab bxpobts. xtc.
Auimal
report
>■•■ •••• ••<
Saelcering, importance of • • •>«
SneroAe, early appearanoe ot in eorgbiim aad Baiie.................
Hncrose estiniatea by polarlaoope
Sncrose in iromatare canea ......^....m.....
Snorose in Juire, effect of fertilizers on... ..........................^
Sacrone in juices, how determined
BncToee, inversion of, in jaicea ...•••.•.••....••.
Sncrose, loM of^ in manufacture of sirups
Sucrose in maize by pulari8Cope
Sucrose in sorghnms by polanaoope
Sucrose present in all varieties at same stages practically the same. .......
Sucroses, table of average
Sugar, absdutelossof^in mannfsotars
Sugar, amomnt imported in 1879 .•
Bagar, amonat produced from simp .,
Sagar and oom for canning
Sugar and grain from maize
Sugar, available, at different stages of development
Sugar, available, in maize
Sugar, available, in sorghum
Sugar, available, in sookered and onsuckered canea oompared.... .........
Sugar, available! produced at large mUl
Sugar>boiler (P. ijynoh), statement of
Sugar cane, analyses— butt, middle, top .m........
Sugar oaae, analyses of Juices of ••...•••..
Bugw cane and sorghum compared.... ..m...
Sugar oana, not a variety of sorghum
Sugar from maiae and sorghum compares fsvorably with sogar-cane sugar.
Sugar from maize and sorghum, practicability of making ..................
Sugar from maize and sorghum profitable .m.....
Sugar from sorghum ...m..
Sugar from sorghum, method of obtaining.......
Sugar from simp, how much
Sugar from simp made by farmer
Sugar, increase of; in Juices during late stage* not duA ib diying up of plant
Sugar in dlflR&rent parts of stalks, relative amounts of
Sugars in Juices, permanganate process for the estimirfion of— preparatisn of Qkb Jnlee.
Sugar in maize, period of probaole maTJmnm of crystaUiaed
Sugar, inversion of, in comatalks ...m.....^..
Sugar, loaiot in bagasse ....^ i.^....... ..*....
Sugar made at large mill fh>m sorghum — ..•••...•......•••...
Sugars made from sorghum, maize, Slo .«......•.•.••...... .................
Sugar-making experiments, large mill ..4. .•
Sugar-making firom sorghum, ease of
Sugar-making, results of exoeriments... ^
Sugar prodn^^d at large mill ^
Sugar purged in centrifngal at large mill.....
Sugar, quantity oi; made at large mill
Sugar, relative amonnt of, in Juice of 1880 and 1881
Sugar, relative loss of, in manufacture
Sugar, sorghnm, details of manufacture
Suffar, sorghum, vield per acre
Sulphnrous acid, benefit of ...*
Simps made at large mill, analyses of
Simps and snpirs received from abroad, analyses o^ table.......
Sirup, cost of making
Simps made at large mill ...—
Sirup made at lar^e null, quality of «.
Simp Minnnfacture, nictbod ptiiisued —
Sirup, nmnn Picture of, experiments
Simp manufacture, time required
Simp uf imr^hiiin. chantcter of
Sirups from sor^liuni. pearl mfllet, and ooifistalks, table of experimenta
Sirup, prroentaae of. in Juice —
Sirup suitable fur prmluclng sugar ^
Tableof avei-age ^Iucobcs , ,.
Talile of averaj2e.soli«lH ,.
Trthle of averH^je Hucroee «
Tablefl, 8p<H".iflo-Kravity, maize juiceH, 1880—
Tables, epecitic-gi-avlty, maizejulc€M», 1881,.
Tables, specirtc-jjravity, sorghum juices, IflBl
Teosiute, euciiloi'ua luxurians, coai-ae gra^i from Guatemala, experiment with
Temperature and rainfall. disouBi^ion of
Teniperatuie and rainfall for 1880 and 1881.
Temperature and rainfall for the season, ts^ble
Teiuperatare, maximum and minimum, Washiugton, October 1 to Xovember 30, 18S0,
table.
Temperature, mean, and total rainfall, Washington, May 1 to November 30, 1880, table
Time dorin;; which sorghums may be worked
Time required from planting to maturity
Tim© for working sorghum «.
Time to work sor^^hum for sugar „
Titration and polariecopic results compairod -
18S1
im
1881
1881
1880
1881
1881
1881
1881
18S1
1881
1880
1881
1881
18a
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
I8S1
1881
1881
1881
I8R1
1878
1878
1878
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1878
1879
1878
18S1
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1880
1881
1881
1881
1881
1981
]g«l
188!
1870
1881
1F81
1880
1880 \
IRSl 1
1881 I
1«81
1K7S :
1881
1K<1
1889 ^
1880
1881
1881
1881
18>a
1881 I
Paga
4»
m
a
m
m
m
w
in
471
m
40
4S
4S
SO
98
91
99
471
C9
ct
m
m
•
vs
SD4
sn
131
4:1
5M
522
471
S4
S2S
5SS
457
589
4SI
46S
4»
S88
IS
5S
S»
564
S23
478
4tl
S»
S
»9
569
111
13
11?
W
495
4!B
IM
456
4S!
1»
1!7
510, ID*
510. 47«
518,478
47J
BEPORT OF THE CHEIOST. 585
GENERAL INDEX TO THE SORGUDAI AND MAIZE SUGAR REPORTS, ETC.-Continned.
Total Aolida in Juices, bow determLned
Unripe oanoa wortliluAs for sagar
Unripe sorghum, cause of failure
Utilisation of waste products
Variety of com used
Varietiea of maize
"Varieties Of malxe planted
Vaii« tiea of maize, relative lengths and weights of different....
Varioties of sorghum
VariHJes of sorghnra and millet grown and investigated
Varieties of sorghum oultivHted at the Department
VartHiiffl of sorghum phinteil
Varieties of sorgbura, relative lengths and weighta of different.
"Waste producta, utilization of
"Weights and lengths of different varieties of maize, relative
"Weights and lengths of diiferent varieties of Sorghum, relative .
"Working period for differont sorghums
"Working period of sorghum
■yield of sorghum per acre
■yield of sorghum per acre
yield of stripped cornstalks per acre
Annaal
report
Pftge.
1881
468
1881
482
1881
611
1880
133
1878
08
1880
30
1881
381
1881
498
1880
38
1879
30,38
1880
40
1881
380
1881
498
1880
133
1881
498
1881
498
1881
478, 510
1881
478» 510
1881
464
1880
130
1881
608
ADDITIONAL WOEK OF THE DIVISION.
In addition to these investigations of sorgliom and maize, the chief
work of this division has been as follows:
1. Examination of the various methods for the analysis of phosphoric
acid in fertilizers.
2. Examination of commercial glucose and grape sugar.
3. Analyses of sea-weeds.
4. Analyses of soils and peats.
5. Proximate analyses of <^ poison sage" and of seeds of ^^ Spanish
buckeye."
6. Proximate analyses of grasses, feed-stuffo, fodder, and vegetables.
7. Examinations of 32 samples of wheat.
8. Analyses of maize and sorghum as fodder plants.
9. Analyses of ensilage.
Besides the above, there have been made a large number of analyses
of mineral and potable waters; of samples of fertilizing materials, as
marls and fertilizers ; of soils and kaolins, and assays of numerous ores of
gold, silver, lead, nickel, copper, and iron, and of coal; as also of various
minerals submitted to this division for examination.
In addition to the above work of this division, the amount of corres-
pondence has steadily increased, and to such an extent as to require
nearly the entire time of one person to attend to the same, concerning
matters which, though requiring no analytical work, are yet legitimate
subjects of inquiry from the agricultural community.
Itappears most desirable that for such purpose provision bemade by the
appointment of a clerk to whom such correspondence could be deputed.
The demand for better laboratory facilities for the proper performance
of the increasing work devolving upon this division of the department
becomes more imperative, as also for an increased force of assistants.
EXAMINATION OF METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OP PHOS-
PHORIC ACID IN ITS VARIOUS FORMS IN FERTILIZERS.
In accordance with the request of the committee appointed at the
Cincinnati meeting of agricultural chemists, the examination of the
action of oxalate of ammonia on various commercial fertilizers, accord-
ing to the schehule supjjlied by them, has been carried out with the re-
sults given in the accompanying table.
fi36
EXPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
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REPORT OF THE CHEMIST. 537
The conclusion from these results is that the amount of phosphoric
acid dissolved, or of so-called "reverted'' phosphoric acid present, is
dependent entirely on conditions, varying in all cases according to the
dilution of the reagent, temperature of treatment, and time during
which the action of the solvent is continued. It will be necessary, if
this reagent is employed, to decide the exact conditions under which
the determination is to be made, and it is evident that in no case would
the separation of dicalcic from tricalcic phosphate be an exact chemical
one, as some tricalcic phosphate is probably dissolved under any cir-
cumstances. In addition to these results, others were obtained with
the same superphosphates and several native phosphates and speci-
mens of ground bone.
The reagents which were employed were —
1. The ordinary citrate of ammonium solution, neutral, specific gravity
1.09.
2. A solution of the acid citrate of ammonium of specific gravity 1.09.
3. A solution of the citrate of ammonium of the above specific gravity,
made strongly alkaline with ammonia.
4. A solution of neutral citrate of ammonium, prepared by neutralis-
ing the acid citrate with carbonate of ammonium, according to the
method of Herzfelst and F^uerlein.
5. A solution of oxalate of anmionia, containing five grams of the
salt to the liter.
6. A solution of oxalate of ammonia, containing five grams to the
liter, made strongly alkaline with ammonia.
Attempts to employ acids in a diluted form were failures, as is
shown by one or two experiments with citric acid. From the deter-
minations given in the accompanying tables it is plain, that the action
of these reagents is different, but that the amoimt dissolved is still for
all of them a function of the time, temperature, and concentration, as
was found to be the case with oxalate from our results in the first series
of experiments. All the reagents, too, have a decided solvent action
on tricalic phosphate found in most of those native phosphates, guanos,
and bones which were employed. Only the very hardest sorts of min-
eral phosphates^ like apatite, resist the action of even the mildest sol-
vents. The action of acid, neutral and alkaline citrate, presents some
unexpected results. While it has been shown that in the case of ordinary
bone superphosphates the acid citrate dissolves more than the neutral,
and the neutral more than the alkaline, the contrary takes place with
ferruginous phosphates like the navassa, and the most phosphoric acid
is dissolved by the alkaline citrate. This shows the necessity for adapt-
ing our methods to different kinds of fertilizers, and that one method
is not suitable to all.
The results bring out many more points which are evident after a
careful examination, and among them the fact that the amount of ferric
phosphate which is dissolved in the navassa phosphate is never defi-
nite, but varies, as has been shown to be the ciise with the total
amount dissolved, according to the conditions of treatment. From
this it becomes apparent how very difficult any accurate analysis of a
navassa phosphate is. for we are dealing with a far more complicated
mixture than is found in an ordinary acid bone phosphate. As yet no
method has been proposed which can furnish anything more than the
merest empyrical results in the case of anything but pure bone phos-
phate and similar material free from iron.
Neutral salts of citric and oxalic acid appear to furnish the best sol-
veutSy or those to be most depended on. A proper modification of the
688 BEPOBT OF THB 0OKMIS8IONSB OF AGBIOULTUBE.
oxalate method, liowever, with the understandiDg that the streDgth of
solution mast be varied for such phosphates as the navass^^ or perhaps
the time of digestion increased, which amounts practically to the same
thing, seems from the greater certainty of procuring the neutral oxalate
in deflnite condition, from the greater ease of filtration, and more con-
venient temperature of working, to be the best method for universal
adoption until something better can be suggested which shall over-
come the many sources of error which are present in all the methods
of working which have been used up to the present time.
A few of the determinations given in the column lieiidtnl "DissolvtHl
I»hosphoric acid^^ were made by precipitating dii*ectly iHjconlin^ to the
method of Petermaun. Under proper regulations of condition this
seems to furnish accurate results, but there is such a liability to pre-
cii>itation of lime and magnesia that it is hardly to be depended on in
comparison with the siccuracy of the molyb<late method.
At the present time the agricultural or crop-producing value of this
reverted phosphoric acid, so called, a« compared with the soluble phos-
phoric acid of a superphosphate, or of the tricalcic phosphate as found
in bone meal, still remains a matter of grave doubt, even in the minds
of the best informed, and a series of experiments iu the field which
should throw light upon this important question would appear most
desirable. Certain experiments already reported appear to show that,
upon certain soils at least, this reverted phosphoric acid is more valuable
in increasing the crop than the soluble.
1
KBPOBT OF THE CHEMIST.
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544 REPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AGBICULTUBE.
•"GLUCOSE'' SUGAB.
From cornstarch there is produced in this country two substances
called glucose and grape sugar, which are sold in large quantities,
both for manufacturing purposes and for private consumption. "Glu-
cose," so-called, is a very thick transparent sirup, while *' grai>e sugar'' is
a white substance, resembling tallow or spermaceti in appearance, in
its crude condition. They both have a sweet taste, easily distinguish-
able from cane sugar. The question has arisen whether these sub-
stances are injurious to health, and it has been affirmed that it is not
always possible to remove completely the acid used in its manufocture.
If the acid were not completely removed, as it very easily may be, the
production of a white article would be imi>ossible. The appearance of
the sugars will always vouch for their purity in this respect. As to
what other substances injurious to health are present, one must judge
from the following analyses :
Dextroeet
Unfermentable subBtaQC«. .
Water .v.
Ash
Glnoote
drop.
43.52
40.73
15l62
.14
100.00
6npe
l&M
101 M
Disregarding, the water and ash, the latter being too small in amount
to be of any injury, there remains in the sirup and sugar dextrose and
an unfermentable substance. Pure dextrose, or glucose, as it is also
called, is produced by the action of acids upon starch. K, however,
the action of the acid is stopped before the complele conversion of the
starch to glucose, there will be found intermediate products, such as
the unfermentable substance mentioned above. Dextrose itseif is
readily converted by ferments into alcohol, but the unfermentable
substance is not, and, where these artificial sugars are used in brew-
ing, this substance will remain in the beer as such.
It will be noticed that the sirup contains twice as much unferment-
able substance as the solid sugar.
Aside Irom their use by brewers, there seems to be no reason why,
where no deceit is practiced in their sale, both glucose sirup and gi"ape
sugar should not be perfectly healthy articles of diet when taken in
moderation. It is only when deceit is intended and more expensive
articles, like cane sugar, are adulterated, that the sale or use of th(^
new products can be reprobated. A more complete examination of the
comi)osition and properties of this unfermentable portion of these suprars
may be found in Fresenius Zeitschrift fiir analytische Chemie, 1876,
X>. 188, in an article by C. Neubauer on the addition of grape sugar to
wine.
SEA-WEEDS.
The immense amount of rock weed and kelp which can be gathered
along our coast make any means of utilizing it very much to be desired.
At present along the New England coast the farmers find it of great
value as a fertilizer when applied to com and other crops, owing to its
content of nitrogen, potash, and soda. The following analyses of the
ash show the relative proportions of these valuable materials in one of
the commoner varieties:
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
645
He Book Weed {Ascaphyllum nodosum).
The air-dry weed contains:
Per oent
Water ^ 15.55
Ash 16.28
The latter consisting of—
Insoluble 1.67
Iron oxide, FotOs • .66
Manganic oxide, Mns04 ..•• • 69
Calcium oxide, CaO 10.52
Magnesia, MgO ^ 8.89
Potash, KsO 14.36
8oda,Na,0 '. 23.80
Phosphoric acid. PsOs • 1.82
Sulphuric acid SO3 29.18
Chlorine, bromine, and iodine, Cl.Br.IasCl 8.41
100.00
The remaining varieties, which are common north of New York, con-
tain in the air-dry weed :
N-.
She Bock Weed (Fucu» vetimdotut) . . ...
Ribbon Kelp(Lammaria saceharina) . .
Shoe-String Kelp
ConlJ£ou {Ohondnu erupui)
And, oalcnUted on the same basis :
He Bock Weed (AieophvUum nodotum)
KsO.
Na«0.
P,0^
1. 031
4.746
.320
7.557
4.361
.480
C.209
2.713
1.092
1.05C
4.589
.384
2.341
8.880
.290
. 66
.92
1.G8
1.23
.56
The kelps contain the most nitrogen, and at the same time more of
thi valuable a«h ingredients than the rock weeds, and arc by far the
most valuable as fertilizers. A ton of ribbon kelp in an airdry st^ate
would be worth to the farmer, according to the averafre prices for phos-
phoric acid, potash, and nitrogen, about $11; which sliows that in local-
ities where it can be collected in amount it will pay for hauling.
The value of many sea- weeds as nutrients has been known for a lon;r
time in China and the East, and in our own country large amounts of
chondrus are collected every year, which is sold un<ler the name of Irish
moss, and used for the manuiacture of jellies and similar articles, where
its gelatinizing properties can be made advantageous. In the British
Isles, along some portions of the coast, the sea-wei^d has been collected
for many years and used as a fodder. The possibility of the applica-
tion in this direction of the weeds of our coast depends merely upon
their nutritive properties and the removsil of a certiiin rank taste which
the fresh weed always carries with it. That the nutrients contained in
our common rock weeds are abundant iind valuable appears in ixa anal-
ysis of a mixture of He and She Rock Weed.
Proximate Analysis of Fttous Vesiculosus and Ascophyllum
Nodosum, Mixed.
AIR-DRY SUBSTANCE.
Water 15.&r)
Ash J' 16.27
Etlier Extract:
Oil 7.36
Green color (thallochlor) 40
Brown wax lAt
Alcohol extract, 80 per cent.
Brown leathery rcsiu 7.60
Mannite (and organic acids) 11. UU
Water extract:
Sea- weed mucilage
35 AG
J
546
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
Acid extract :
(f ) (Glucose equivalent, 8.60) 10.00
Undetermined soluble m alkali 7.19
Insoluble in acids and alkali 4.10
Nitrogenxe^ 3.50
Total 100.00
The oil which is present to tlie amount of 7 per cent, is at first very
rank and disagreeable, but ou ex]>osui'e to the air this odor is lost
entirely, and instead thei'e is only perceiv^ed that which is peculiar to
olive or other similar oils. It is a non-drying oil, not solidifying at — 15^
C, and giving no marked reactions with the usual reagents. Specific
gravity, .931 at loo C.
The alcohol extract, on evaporation and subsequent treatment with
water, gives a solution from which mannite crystallizes with groat ease,
and, being present in so large amount, naturally forms one of the most
valuable constituents of the plant. Its presence has been shown in
the kelps and some other alga), and it is not surprising that it occurs
in the rock weeds.
The substance insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, is similar in
character to the general nature of the fresh weed. It is, perhaps, odo
of the substances whicli assist in giving the weed its leathery aspect)
and, together, the large amount of mucilage found tn the water-extract,
its power of swelling up after drying when soaked in water.
Of what the acid extract consists it is difficult to say. The resijlting
substance reduces Fehling's solution, and probably possesses a nu^itive
value equal to the similar extract in land plants.
There is no true cellulose in the plant. Its place is substituted by a
substance of a slimy nature, which dries up into a horny mass. The
presence of so much oil, gum, and mannite, together wnth the absence of
a hard fibrous structure, point to an opportunity for the profitable use
of such weeds for food in combination with others of a more highly nitro-
genous nature, if it is possible to remove the excess of salt and the rank
taste by boiling, steaming, or some other method.
Mr. Murray, of New York, informs the department that he has for
some time been in the habit of preparing the rock weeds in a palatablecoD-
dition for use upon the table, and, if this is a possibility, it does not seem
too much to expect that they may be adapted to consumption by cattle.
SOILS.
Two soils from Texas, which were sent to the department for the pur-
pose of discovering the reason why one should cause rust upon the cot-
ton and the other not, have been analyzed. The results show how little
information can be derived from analyses of this kind.
Soils from Geo. Pfeuffer^ New Braunfels^ Texas.
[So, 1, not rusting tbe cotton. Ko. 2, nistinf; cotton.]
Xo.1.
JTaS.
Moisture
8.42
11.08
M.30
0.25
11. M
.52
1.55
.75
.11
.00
.06
trace.
.06
6L43
Orfranic mftttor .......................................................................
6.86
iDAolnblct .............................................................................
61.17
Silica
7.93
Irun and alumina...................
UK
Manfranea6 ...........................................................................
tiam.
Lime
lU
Magnesia
.6
Potash
.38
Soda
tneeu
Phosphoric acid
.04
Sulphurio acid i -
txvx-
Chlorine........
.«
COi
.9
ioao7
mis
XEPOBT OF THE OHEHIBT. 64T
From an itiBpectioo of Uiese resnita it appears tlmt tiiey differ no
more than might be expected in difGerent parts of the same field, and
that, aside from the fact that the iqjnTioas soil contains a small amount
of niaDganese, and the good Boil a amall percentage of carbonates, they
Itoth appear to be deficient in salphates and to a smaller extent in lime,
uiagnesia, and phosphoric acid. The additiou of these elements to (lie
miil miglit prove beneficial, bnt it is probable that insufficient rlraiunge
ill some of the lower parta of the field, or other physical causes, way
h»v»; been as active in producing rust as any lack of presence of any
particular Bubstauces.
PBi.TB.
[plom W. J. tewU, Wert Brook, Coud. ]
Analyses of tw^o peats from this scarce are pablished.
lA.8ur
ft« poM. >bNdrT. B.
1 f»t bdow (irikM, ^r-dTj-l
A.
».
ll.«
'i5
'.S7
■
The above analyses fitirly represent tjie average composition of this
material, many samples of which are sent to the Department for an;il-
ysts.
Generally an experiment with a sunple, nsing it as a top-dreuisg
npon grass lands, or for otjier crops, will prove ite va^ne far better tltao
the results of analysis.
PB0XI1U.TI AKALTSIB OF ZxaADENUS FAmOULAinB.
(Ths FoiMm S»ia of the Indluu.)
[Col]eot«d bf Huona E. Jonea. Utah, 1879.
The air-dry bulbs of this plant, which are said to be very poison-
OOB, CODt^n—
Water 7.10
Ash ii.n
Oil 4.16
White wax 5.30
KestDoUH matter and ooloi 21.64
Organic acids, augar, 1.30 pei oent.
Alkaloid, amides, Ae., tmdetennined ...-.- .......... 7. B3
Glim 7.10
Aiid oitract 7.H4
I'lKletcrmined alkali extiaot.... ........ ..-..- •• 11.07
Kil>6r(l) 10. lU
N. x6.as 11. 7r
Total _ „ » 100.(
Per oent. of nitromn.... • ........................... 1.8H
Per cent, of uon-albniiibiold nitrogen ........... ........ ........ . if^
Per cent, of nitrogen aanon-albomlnoid 'Si,:-
The petroleum ether extract of the bnlbs on evaporatioit leaves »
beautiful white wax, mixed with a yellow oil, the foi-mer mt;It!u~
easily. JSo detailed examination was made of them.
948 BEPOBT OF THE C0MMI8SI0NEB OF AGRICULTUBS.
In the alcohol extract were detected several substanceB, bat, owiog
to the small amount of material which was at hand, their separation
was not attempted.
Of the .48 per cent, of nitrogen which it containB, a portion at least
is in the fonn of an alkaloid, as shown by several alkaloid reagents.
Organic acids forming insolnole lead salts are present in small amount^
as well as glucose. The chief constituent, however, seems to be a res-
inous extractive amounting to 21.64 per cent.
The remaining constituents of the plant call for no explanation, and
it only remains at some future time, with a larger supply, to study the
alcoholic extract of the bulb. As the plant belongs to a family in se?-
end members of which alkaloids of a very poisonous nature have been
found, the trace of alkaloid detected in Zygadenus is undoubtedly the
cause of its poisonous properties.
Unguadia bpeoiosa.
The seeds of this plant, which is known in Texas as ^' Spanish Bad:-
eye," have been sent to the Department from Jasper, Jasper County,
Texas, by Mr. L. O. White. An examination shows that they contain
a light-colored oil to the extent of 27.4 per cent, of the seed, which, if
they can be collected in sufficient quantity, may furnish a supply of
some importance commercially. The very limited amount of nuts pre-
vented an examination of the properties of the oil.
GBASSES, FEED, FODDER, VEaETABLES, &C*
In the report of this Department for 1880. a series of analyses is gireo
of various grasses, showing the changes wnich take place during their
development, as far as it was possible to do so from t^e determinations
there given.
To extend our observations. Meadow Fox Tail {Alopecurus prateHm)
has been submitted to a more complete course of proximate analysis.
HBPOKT OF THE CHEIOST.
as ^SS : :s :
« 3C8CSXS8 S
mi
ill
ii
m
3
550 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
The results give a closer insight into the composition of this graai
than it was possible to obtain from our prc\iously limited work.
Our former conclusions were as follows:
As the i)lant advances in growth the water in the fi-esh grass de-
creases; and in the dry substance the ash decreases, the fat decreases,
the albumen decreases, while the fiber increases and the nitrogen free
extract increases.
These same results are shown in the analyses which we have at pres-
ent under consideration, and, in addition, it becomes plain that the al-
coliol extract, which contains the sugars, organic acids, resins^ amide
bo<lies, and other ^'extractives'' so called, is larger in tne young than
in the old plant. The question then arises, Wliat substances among
these diminish with the increasing age of the plant! It would be ex-
pected that the sugars would increase. On the contrary, they ap]>ear to
decrease. Under the head of sugars, however, may be included other
reducing substances which have acted upon the Fchling solution used
for the determination of the sugars. After defecation with lead the
amide substances are the only ones which could ptodttce such a resnlt,
and they undoubtedly introduce a slight error ; but in the two first exam-
ples, while the amount of amide bodies varies only slightly that of the
sugars or apparent sugar decreases one per cent., so that we are justi-
fied in assuming an actual decrease.
Those substances in the alcohol extract which are insoluble in water,
consisting of resinous and extractive nmtters, are of little ilnpoitaDce
from other than a physiological point of view. They appear to undergo
little change in amount.
In addition to the sugars, that portion of the alcohol extract soluble
in water contains the amide substances of the plant, which increase
with its course of develo])ment; and those substances, largely organic
acids and coloring rtiatter, which are precipitated by leak! and decrease
in the latest stJiges of growth. From tbe water extract we find that
the amount of gum is much larger in the earlier stages of growth, and
this has been found to be so in other plants which we have anjvlyzed.
That portion of the plant which is removed by acid and alkah is
greater in the later stages of growth, as is also true of the fiber.
If our conclusions fail to be entirely satisfactory in showing that
period in which the plant is most valuable for feeding purposes, it has
at least thrown some light on some of the changes which must be takes
into consideration in a future examination of the subject
The differences in composition which are brought about in the same
species of grass by changes in method of cultivation and character of
the soil was shown in a series of analyses of Dactylis, given in the last
report of this division.
This year a set of phleum pratense and two samples of trifolium pra-
tense, which were collected by Mr. J. W. Sanborn, at Hanover, N. H.,
have been analyzed, and the results ai^e presented in the followiiig
table, together with the similar specimens analyzed last year ainou^'
our collection of grasses grown in Washington :
REtORT OP THE CHEMIST.
651
I,
ft
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f
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lo Kj 00 "t "^ e> «de6»<^clc>^ *od
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4t
552
BEPOBT OF THE COMHISSIONEB OF AORICnLiTUBE.
n
■i •
I
The New Hampshire soil is much poorer than that of Washington,
perhaps not so by nature, but the latter has received a more careM
attention and more liberal supplies of manure. The effect is seen
plainly in the composition of the grasses. The amount of ash in tiie
phleum, which, indeed, suffers from the poverty of the soil more in all
respects than trifolium, is much less than in the Washington sample.
The supply of nitrogen, too, appears to have been inadequate, and tlw
proportion of fiber and ** nitrogen free substances ^ in the plant is
greater. In the New Hampshire samples the amide nitrogen is lower
than in those grown in Washington. From our averages it appears
that, as a rule, more nitrogen is present in the non-albuminoid form in
the poorer than in the better samples. Here, however, the total amoimt
falls so very low, comparatively, that it is possibly a necessity for it to
. be all used in the formation of albumen, leaving little to appear in the
transitory non-albuminoid form.
In concluding, attention is called to the averages of the composition
of American grasses derived from the numerous analyses made in this
laboratory during the last three years.
Table VIII. — Average oampoeitUm of graeaee in bloom.
Amerlcaii.
Asb
Fat
N. firceextnot
Cmde fiber
Nitat>gen X 6.25
Per cent. N. m non-albaniiiioid^.
Kutritive ratio
S
1
7.90
2.90
53.90
27.10
&20
84.7
1:10.2
s *
a fl
h
7.95
3.12
65.75
23.14
10.04
30.1
L&l
7.44
8.52
55.82
22.47
10.25
l&I
L&O
.a o
7.38
8.33
55.17
25.19
&91
25.2
1:9.4
WoUTtaTengM.
i
Pm
&30
2.34
40.53
34.09
10.74
L7.7
1
s
tc
7.23
2.92
47.84
3a«9
1L33
1:7.J
1%
4&«
VLTi
L&T
tl
American grasses are far from agreeing with the composition assigned
by Wolff to those of Germany. Tlie fiber is much less in amount,
which is an improvement, while the amount of nitrogen present is not
as large even as in the German grasses known as " fair.'' This of
course is a disadvantage to a certain extent, but with the reduced
amount of fiber and consequent easier digestibility we can make them
as valuable as any German grass by combination with the cheaper
forms of nitrogenous fodders. It is a question whether the nutritive
ratio demanded by the results of German feeding experiments is not
much too narrow, and whether our attention should not be turned more
in the direction of bringing about a proper assimilation of carbo-
hydrates. The feeding experiments of Professor Sanborn certainly
point in this direction, and in a recent communication he goes so faraA
BEPOBT OP' THE CHEMIST.
553
to say that it is his conviction that the Gennan feeding tables are ex-
tremely misleading and must be put aside. He derives this conviction
from six years' experience in exact feeding trials, many of which have
covered longer periods than those in Germany and furnished results
quite at variance with them.
In the light of this experience too implicit faith should not be placed
in the tables of rational feeding of animals, such a« are laid down by the
German experimenters, for it would appear that with bur animals and
our grasses, together with other conditions existing with us, the above
tables may require some material modification before they are found
adapted to this country.
ANALYSES OF FEED STUFFS.
In connection with Professor Sanborn's experiments previously
alluded to several feed stuffs have been analyzed and are given here.
m
Table IX. — Feeding material from J, W, Sanborn, Hanoter, N, JET.
Serial namber
•
t
•
8291
830.
88a
83L
332.
861
863.
864.
865.
S61.
1
1
1
o
O
HarnsinangeL
•
■i
a
i
J
Yellow oom.
1
a
.'
4i
1
1
g
1
•
'3
a
M
O
M
i
a
1
1
1
1
Water ...;....
S.90
a 30
15.80
19.07
4.09
43.75
7.00
91.86
1.07
• .M
4.08
.91
1.57
.261
.150
59.7
'is! is
6.29
50.16
11.12
19.28
3.084
1.848
59.7
11.10
6.30
5.84
50.41
10.10
16.25
2.60
.47
18.1
9.20
2.60
.87
66.68
18.21
2.44
.89
.08
20.5
'i6.'85'
L74
9.86
1.93
4.03
70.36
2.38
10.85
1.74
7.38
1.79
3.92
71.18
6.63
9.10
1.46
7.62
6.38
14.54
15.68
8.18
47.60
7.62
6.53
Ash
6.77
Pat
3.15
N. firee extract
44.26
Crude fiber .................
35.21
Cmde albninen
5.08
Total nitroeen
.81
If on-albnmuioid TS
.14
17.3
They present the ordinary composition of, such materials as are fed
in most parts of our country. The large percentage of non-albuminoid
nitrogen usually found in root crops is present in the mangel.
IMPROVED YELLOW-EYED BEANS AND PODS.
Professor Sanborn collected during the summer of 1881 a number of
samples of this bean, with its pods, illustrating its different stages of
development. The analyses are i)rcsented in the foUowiug table:
554
REPORT OF tHE COMMISSIONfeR OP AGRICULTURE.
Tablk X. — Beam and pods from J. W, Sanborn, ffanwer, N, H,
▲▼erase wei j(ht of bean .
Water
Ash
Fat
K. firee extract .
Crude fiber . . . .
▲Iboininoids ..
Total nitroeen
Non-albuixiiiiouA nitrogen
Per cent of N. as non-alb .
Dextrine or gam
Sngars and extract
Starch* or equivalent ....
K.free extract
Nitrogen
Inaolnble
Soluble in wat^
Soluble in 80 per cent ale.
Xon-albuTDinouB nitrogen
Total aoluble
Serial number.
8S3
335
837
839
341
843
Beans.
0
.05
6.80
5.60
1.76
52.59
3.40
20.85
I
4.42
.86
17.2
Si
0
a
bfi
P
.28
6.00
5.00
L96
58.48:
3.26'
25.30:
3.72
.50
13.4 i
10. 30; 6.05
.571 4.87
4L72! 47.56
52.50 58.48
4.18
.24
.62;
.86
.86
3.58
.14
.42
.50
.50
.38
4.20
4.70
2.40
61.40
3.50
23.80
3.52
.56
16.0
5.38
4.18
51.84
6L40
CO
u
9
B
9
■«-»
I
.50
4.50
4.50
2.43
57.65
2,90
28.02
S
.50
6.30
4.20
2.30
59.45
3.00
24.75
4. 12 3. 6t
.56 .59
13. 5 la 2
4.78
4.39
48.48
57.05
9
a
Pi
9
CO
.51
6.60
3.80
1.93
59.15
3.43
834
338
340
342
344
Pods.
25. 0»i 13. 63
3.69
.67
18.2
8.65
4.09
46.41
8.50
8.80
1.96
47.58
19.53
S2
m
S,
0
3.33
.17
.39
.50
.50
1.84
5.81
51. 80
59.45 59.15 47.58 50.47
2.18
1.31
60.1
10.40
8.56
28.12
7.10
8.10
1.46
.•50.47
26.06
6.81
1.09
.45
41.2
14.60
4.93
30.94
^
s
te
a
<
CO
a
«>
7.50
&40
1.16
50.28
22.16
3.50
.56
.06
10.7
a.
9
cc
8.701 9.10 "•
7 00 7.70 7.»
L33 2.66 LX
52.96^ Ti3.S7 58.T4
26. 13^ 24. 16 2L0
3.88 2.811 3.»
o
b
J
s
9
c
8.74
.38
.34
.56
.7Ji
3.19
.45
.39
.59
.84
3.53
.16
.34
.67
.50
.62
.20
32.2
.45
.06
13.3
15.50 16.00 15.03
1.50 2.83 6.98
42. 2» 34.13; 33.51
60.28! 52.96 53.57
T
.51
.11
117
U»
3a 44
5i74
The conclusions derived from the determinjation are not of as great
value as they might have been under a dili'erent method of collection,
owing to the fact that in the younger x>ods, the beans not having been
shelled immediately, the one nearest the stem had continued to grow at
the expense of the nutrients of the pod after separation from the plant,
causing the formation often of one large and well-formed bean among a
number of extremely small ones.
The tables, however, present to a certain extent the movement of the
nutrients through the pods to the beans. The presence of such a con-
siderable amount of .non-albuminoid nitrogen is somewhat unexpected
in the beans themselves, but various experiments seem to show that
there is a portion existing without doubt in that form.
The average weight of the beans is given in grams, and it may be
added that the soil upon which they grew was a heavy clay.
ANALYSES OP VEGETABLES.
A collection of several vegetables from the Washington market,
grown in the surrounding country, has furnished the following results:
SEPOBT OF THE CHEMIST.
656
8
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• •••••
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00
t» l-« t-«
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• •••••
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C4 ^ 74 CO C« CI
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ti
556 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
•
if The marked points are tUe large amount of ash in the leaves of the
beet and carrot, as well as of nitrogen in the same plants, and in the
onion and cabbage. *While there is quite a large proportion of non-
1, albuminoid nitrogen in all the vegetables, it is remarkable that in the
onion it should rise as high as seventy-five per cent, of the total nitro-
gen present. The analyses of the green apples were made at two stages
of growth; the first when the fruit was from 1^ to 2 inches in diame-
ter and averaged 20 grams in weight, and the second when it was be-
ginning to redden and the pieces were from 2^ to 3 inches in diameter.
At the latter point it will be noticed the non-albuminoid nitrogen dis-
appears. An examination of the apples at the first period at which they
I were collected showed that they contained a large amount of staich,
having a very small round grain^^ portion of which was easily sepa-
rated from the expressed juice. The juice at this time had a specific
gravity of 1.045, contained 12.39 per cent of solid matter, of which 6.65
per cent, was glucose and 2.20 per cent, sucrose. The fr*ee acid as malic
amounted to 1.8 per cent, of the juice. After fermentation for two
weeks the free acid calculated as acetic had reached 2.82 per cent.
Unfortunately, there was no opportunity to examine the apples more
closely at the second collection.
The ether extract in all the analyses given in the preceding table con-
tains, of course, in addition to the fat and oil, the frree acid and mnch
of the coloring matter of the fruit or vegetable, as may be seen in the
following more extended examination of t^e blackberry:
Ash 5.20
t{ Ether extract 18. 79
^i Insoluble in alcohol. ••• ••.•.•••..•••••.•••...•.•..•••••.••.•••• 8.68
Soluble in alcohol 10. 11
Insoluble in T^ater ••.••• ..•••• ..•••. ...... ..•• ..•• •••• 194
Soluble in water ...• .... ..•••• •••• ...• 8. 17
Acid as malic .•..••••...... ••... •••.••••.... 74
Undetermined color, &o •..•.....••• 7.43
80 per cent, alcohol extract. .••• •••• ....•• ..•••. ..••• • 25. 35
Insoluble in water ••.••..••••.•••••••••..•...•.••..•••.....• 2.17
Soluble in water 23. 18 .
Sugar 11.50
Organic salts, &c 10.37
Soluble nitrogen substance .. . ...... ••.. ..— .... ...... ...... .-.— 1.31
Water extract :
Gum and pectin ••...... 10.96
j Acid extract .....—............ 11.34
I Fiber ^. 22.19
I Albumen 6.77
I 100.59
WHEAT.
I At the meeting of agricnltnrists held at the department dnring the
I past winter, Prof. A. B. Blount, of the Colorado Agricnltnral College,
I presented a paper upon the cereals, and in it gave an account of bis
experiments with wheat, and his success in improving by selection, Md
in producing new varieties by crossing, illustrating the same by forty
samples of the wheat which he had grown. On his departure the sam-
ples were left at the department for analysis, and the results are tabu-
lated in the accompanying tables.
The methods which were employed in analysis were those described
in the report for 1879. The specific gravity was taken on portions of
ten grams of the grain in water, in a pyknometer, and may be a trifle
BEPOBT OF THE CHEHKT.
557
too low, owing to abaorptioii of watei by the grain, bat tbe filling of
tbe pykiioinet«r with water was done very quickly, and ^ter that was
accomplished absorption produced no error. ^
The weight of 100 grains ia of coarse a function of two qualities, size
and density, and the Bpeciflc gravity being known, an idea of the size
may be derived from their weight.
The fresh gluten was determined by kneading twenty grams of the
finely- powdered wheat with from twelve to fifteen cubic centimeters of
a saturated solution of gypsum, the dough being allowed to stand an
hour or more, and then carefully kneaded in water in a porcelain dish,
changing the water from time to time, and slowly pouring ofi' that con-
taining tiie suspended starch. This is readily accomplished in almost
all cases, but at times a wheat of more than two years of age, or having
little gluten, is difftcnit to manage in order to keep the gluten itsefi
from washing away. In such a case longer staoding of the dough is
advantageous.
Tbe '■'■freth ghttm,^ pressed as free &om water as possible, was weighed
and allowed to dry for a week at about 05° C, after which it Is again
weighed as "dry gluten."
WHEATS PROM COLOKADO.
i
1
2"
1.
u
i
^1
r
i
u
I
i
t
I
s
ii
11
i
1
IM
Color
Ambtt
Bed..
Bed.
Soft.
52. m
9. S3
2.M
B.3S
i.-a
i.ta
Hard
28:3
10 «
0.4
2.1
2. 40
4.22
3.0a
64. SU
HudD
Hwd.
I.30B
M.18
11. sa
•.B3
0.00
LCtt
flMmlM
iia
2.V)
2.M
2. IB
4.1!
2.22
II
LM
10.07
2! as
aw
Z.M
S.III
l.tT
32.22
»,71
2. IB
1.4ft
Lao
30. M
2 ID
85.22
i.K
10. H
2.32
S.64
2.60
to
LCT
jr™ ^
ft. OS
Albnmiui, aoliibie Iniiaobd
7™
Totil mitniOB X «.».
13. 7E
U.2&
ILTS
it-m
lZMlU.44
12.2s
12.82
13. Ot
ill
*■ si.
558
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
WHEATS FROM COLORADO-Continoed.
i I
|!
Kamber
Color-.
HftrdnoM
Weiffht of 100 grains
Rneolflo grarity
fresh gluten
Dryglnten
ToUl nitrogen
Moisture..
Ash
Fat
Sugar. ^
Dextrine, Ao
Staroh, Sco
Albamen, solnble in alcohol
Albumen, insoluble
Crude fiber
Total nitrogen X 0.25
1
Tellow
Hard.
4.702
L242
25.06
a 49
1.88
ia55
2.24
2.43
8.28
1.82
08.83
3.83
7.02
1.10
M
H
a
0
13
42.21
14.33
2.21
9.91
2.60
1.89
3.46
2.20
64.61
4.20
9.61
L52
1L75
18.81
o
19
Bed...
33.59
12.10
1.96
9.75
2.57
2.42
4.96
2.80
63.55
1.97
10.28
L70
12.25
a
0
5
22
Tellow
Soft...
5. 506
L305
25.28
8.91
1.7§
9.78*
1.85
2.23
3.30
1.92
6&28
3.01
8.18
L45
I
g
o
n
71
Yellow
Hard..
5.100
1. 806
35.15
11.93
2.18
10.58
2.70
2.15
2.86
2.32
64.36
8.53
10.20
1.32
I
1L19
13.02
70
YeOow
Hard..
5.536
L330
35.36
12.07
2.27
9.98
L99
2.r2
2.84
1.80
05.89
4.34
9l84
1.55
15
Soft...
4.131
l.Sll
32.41
12.13
2.82
9.55
1.90
2.01
3.70
2.20
63.96
3.81
10.08
L49
a
S
14.18
14.49
II
Soft...
S.M
LSI
ii»
13S
na
t«
tn
2L»
6ia
lis
1L»
LTf
lid
Number
Color —
Hardness
Weight of 100 grains
Specific gravity
Fresh gluten
Dry gluten
Total nitrogen
Moisture .>
Ash
Fat
Sugar. &o
Dextrine, tc
Starch, Ac
Albumen, (M)luble in alcohol
Albumen, iniiolublu
Crude fiber
Total nitrogen X 6.25
6
i
21
Yellow
Med*m
5.214
1.301
33.25
10.90
2.16
10.23
2.10
2.35
8.24
1.88
65.05
4.01
9.49
1.65
77
Bed...
Soft...
6. .368
1.283
38.33
14.45
2.41
10.42
2.31
2.79
2.02
1.50
68.42
4.24
10.82
1.48
t
§
feS
o
13.50 ; 15.06
10
YeUoir
Soft...
4.434
1.326
2a 92
10.06
1.96
9.59
LOl
2.19
3.10
1.50
67. M
4.:j4
7.91
1.6(J
i
o
I
12.25
12
Yellow
Soft...
4.739
L344
34.86
11.80
2.27
10.17
2.02
2.13
3.18
3.00
C3.92
6.51
12. 67
1.40
14.18
a
s
14
YeUow
Hard..
4.147
1.325
39.47
14.23
2.56
9.43
2.64
2.31
4.04
2.06
61.06
5.96
9.98
L63
I
20
Bed...
Soft...
3.851
L323
29.52
11.23
2.07
10.24
2.17
2.90
8.52
2.40
04.01
1.61
11.29
L74
&
O
9
83
YeUow
Hed*m
5.145
1.304
34.78
1L83
2.10
9.89
2.13
2.52
8.53
2.20
0&85
5.25
7.88
1.70
Hsri..
iOI
ISA
83.0
13.01
141
00
IS
121
tw
63.(9
141)
ll.«
15.94
12.93 ! 13.13 I 1^2S
tl
BEPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
5i
WHEATS FROM COLORADO— Gontinned.
1
mber
or
rdnesa
dj^ht of 100 Kndnt
wiflogTATity •••••..
Mb gluten
jrglaten
UJ nitrogen
istnre
h
k
5^*C/
Ktnae, iu>
trch, 4to
3amen, soluble in alcohol
anmen, inaolnble
ide fiber ,
Total nitrogen x 6.25
30
YeUow
Soft...
4.6^5
L289
26.01
9.90
L86
19.14
L04
2.31
4.10
2.30
65.86
3.44
&31
L60
1L75
a
\»
^
t^
>
&f
H
P u
© 9
*•»-
^»
"S^
-s^
m
n
g
41
TeUow
Hed'm
4.072
L357
34.01
nil
2.18
a 07
2.08
2.U
2.80
2.02
66.68
4.66
&96
L62
11L62
g
60
Amber
Hard..
4.409
1.8S8
80.14
10.60
S.07
a 17
2.50
2.90
8.12
2.10
66.66
410
8.75
12.04
i
74
Soft...
4.214
1.233
32.24
1L87
124
0 57
2.13
2.44
4.80
2.00
62.88
4.881
0.11
2.18
14.90
79
Yellow
Hard..
5.754
L316
34.82
18.06
2.18
10.02
2.67
2.65
4.60
2.84
62.09
5.65
7.97
1.51
13.62
I
S
81
Med*m
Hard..
5.924
1.326
87.54
18.51
2.44
0.01
2.32
2.00
4.28
t.U0
01.80
6 48
8.77
L54
15.25
87
Bed...
Soft...
4.873
1.284
85.81
12.68
2.24
0.41
135
2.50
8.68
2.92
63.04
5.60
8.81
1.80
14.00
i
g
Bed. >•
Soft...
6.198
1.293
88.61
11.88
8.44
aso
8.58
tvr
&12
2.94
6L17
5.86
0.89
15.15
The following history is given of the origin of the various wheats and
e treatment to which tiiey have been submitted, and some remarks
»on the crossing of the several so-called hybrids in Professor Blount's
^n words:
Bloant's Hybrid No. 10, a cross of the New York Delhi upon Virginia Golden Straw.
Ilount's Hybrid Ko 15, a cross of the Sonora upon Lost Nation.
Qoont's Hybrid No. 16, a oross of the Improved Fife upon Bossian.
loant's Hybrid No. 17, a oross of the Odessa upon Sonora.
lonnt's Hybrid No. 18, a cross of the Australian Clnb npon Improved Fife,
^nnt's Hybrid No. 19, a cross of the Improved Fife upon Oregon Clnb.
Rant's Hybrid No. 20, a cross of the Oregon Clnb npon Sonora.
le first-named variety in the list is the father, the second the mother.)
hybrids are bnt two years old, and hence have not become ** fixed." I crossed
In order to make the offspring better in quality and quantity, for both farmer
filer.
i objects attained by crossing wheats, or hybridization, as it is improperly called,
biiold. It inaproves the plant in various ways. It makes it more vigorons ; less
to the attacks of vegetable parasites ; the straw is stiffer, better glazed and
wealthy ; the leaves better feeders as well as the roots ; the glumes are more
I and better filled ; the heads longer, and fertilization takes place much more
bd successfully.
^, it improves the grain; makes it more plump, heavier, harder, conHcqnently
iited to milling purposes ; the bran is made thinner^ more free from fiuff and
t— the two obstacles that interfere so materially with milling; the grain is
transformed, being made to contain more or less gluten, starch, and other
that make good flour. The whole operation is very similar to breeding
lerimenter must thoroughlv understand the entire vegetable and physiologl-
ire of both wheats before ne can make a cross or an improvement on cither
iiination of the table of analysis, for instance, will show success and failures
|. A success cannot always be made the first trial nor the second. The ei-
is compelled to cross and recrosH again soraetirnes, in oriler to make a wheat
nit both farmer and miller. Take Hybrid No. IH, for instance. It is a
|?r as being fit for the mill is concerned. Why f Bet-Huse the per cent, of
rv much less than that of its mother (1423 — ^Imptoved Fife), and but lit-
ie, higher than that of its father (891 — the Australian Clnb). Had It
560 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
been 11.57 per cent., or the average of both, or more, there min^ht hare been a chanoi
of making it a suoceas. One mora trial Tlhe third) wiU settle the question whetbs
or not it is worthy to be placed among t<he standards. So ftur as it is a sncoeai or
failure for the farmer remaiAs yet to be determined. Many wheats are splendid in the
field and are no manner of account in the mill, and vice ver§a.
Please notice No. 19 in the table. The father wheat (Improred Fife) oontsiiu
14.23 per cent, of gluten, the mother (Oregon Club) 10.06 per cent. ; average, 12.14 per
cent. ; exactly the per cent, that No. 19 contains. Now, both these parent wheats are
good for both farmer and miller, and I have reason to conclude that this offspring
will be better than either parent when it becomes '^ fixed." It is now only two yean
old and will not become fixed or a standard until next year.
HISTORY.
The Black-Bearded Centennial came originally {torn New South Wales. It is prob-
ably the heaviest wheat known, 74 pounds per struck bushel. It is an enoimooi
feeder and an enormous yielder, 2 ounces producing last year 25 pounds 6 ounoee.
From the table it cannot be said to be a good milling wheat.
It has the finest head and kernel of any I have ever handled or seen. It took tiie
first premium for being the heaviest in New York last August over two or three thou-
sand competitors — average head weighing 107 grains troy, while the next heavieit
weighed 92, making the Black-Bearded Centennial 15 grains troy heavier than soy
other's average he^.
The Eldori^o is an improvement on the old Egyptian wheat, otherwise called Pha-
raoh's wheat. Seven-headed wheat, Mummy wheat, Slo, In this county (Larimer) it
has produced 90 bushels per acre.
The White Mexican vs. White Siberian origiually came from Siberia, in Asia. It
has held its own more tenaciously than any of the standards. It is whiter and lighter
than it was ten years ago, but the table shows it t^ be the best milling wheat whea
improved (as I have improved it in the last three years) of all the thirty-two. For
the farmer this variety is not profitable to raise, from the fact that the straw is very
weak and rusts badly on all the soils where there is the least dampness or too much
alluvial matter in the soil.
The Judkin is a Peimsylvania wheat, and comes as one of the best winter varieties.
I turned it into a spring wheat three years ago, since which time it has proved to be
amongthe best. It produces a little more grain in weight than straw, and yields
over &0 firom one. Its color is red, and remarkably uniform. It has a strong, stiff
straw,^ a little too long, and has ^ood milling properties.
While tJie Australian Club exhibits poor milling properties in the table, it is one of
the most prolific and successful varieties for the fanner. It produced 416 from one
last year, and has straw, color, and grain that can hardly be excelled. It came from
Australia, but is no kin to the hard and soft Australian wheats. It is hard, and has a
large amber kernel.
The White Fountain comes to me from Montana. I have raised it but one year. It
yields abundantly— 404 from one ; has a stiff, strong straw ; does not rust, aud ripeos
evenly. The table shows its milling properties to be good. I received 101 poands
from four ounces sowing. It is a smooth, white wheat, of great value.
Perfection was received last year from Palestine under a variety of names. Half
ounce produced six pounds of grain and seven of straw. Tho straw is coarse, strong,
and stiff; the grain is large, white, and uniform in color. Its milling properties are
fair. It does not appear to be subject to rust or smut in this climate. On the whole,
it is a good wheat K)r the farmer and miller.
The Kussian came to me from Moscow three years ago. Three years' test makes it
one of the best red wheats I have. It has one failing — shelling too easily when cnt
too ripe. Aside from this fault, it commends itself to every farmer, and especially to
the miller. As its flour is of the best, it produced, first year, 76 firom one ; becond
year, 17*2 froQi one ; third year, 448 firom one.
Rio Grande is the best of all the bearded varieties I have for milliDg. Like the
Bussian, it shells badly, being clad with but a single glume. Sometimes the grain
grows without any natural covering at all. I have crossed it upon the Champlain.
the effect of which has given every kernel in the offspring its proper amount of
clothing, two glumes, two palets, and two lodicules.
The Touzelle was obtained firom France. It is the finest looking of all the French
bearded wheats. It improves rapidly by selection and cultivation. First yearly
produced 56 from one : second year it produced 128 firom one ; third year it produced
480 from one. As will be seen in the table, it is not yet a good milling wheat, torn
the fact that it is destitute of the proper per cent, of gluten.
The German Fife came fiom Saxony, and has been tested on these grounds bat one
year. In all respects, as the table and the experiments made with it here shows, it is
unexceptionally one of the best wheats grown anywhere. It is not handsome, bat
REPORT OP THE CHEMIST. 561
▼ery Btrong, and a good one for both farmer and miller. It is a beanled, red variuty,
strong straw, with grain well protected. One ounce produced seven pounds grain
and eight of straw — 112 fold.
The Oregon Clnh has been a much better wheat than it now is. Its milliug prop-
erties have greatly deteriorated by bad selection, or no selection. It is proliAc, never-
theless, producing this year 480 from one. There are two evils that attend this wbo^t ;
it will rust in damp seasons and low soils, and the heads break off badly in harvesting
if permitted to get too ripe. I obtained seed fix>m Oregon.
The Sonora sells readily for seed and flour. Some millers do not like it, and some
farmers won't raise it. It is really a good wheat if milled properly and ciiUi rated
with some care. I have raised it for tl^ee years. The first year it produced 5G from
one, the second year it produced 110 from one, the third year it produced 446 from one.
It came from Mexico, below the Gulf of California.
The Improved Fife commends itself to every one who has seen and raised it. So far
as the farmer's interests are concerned, it will pay him to make oho of it. It lias for
three years exhibited no failing whatever. The table shows it to be of the best mill-
ing properties. It is an improvement on the old Saxon Fife. The first year it pro-
duced 56 from one, the second year it produced 126 from one, the third year it produced
416 from one on these grounds.
The Lost Nation is an old '^stand-by" in the Eastern States. Seed was sent me
three years ago from Chester County, Pennsylvania, and the three tests I have given
it show it to be an excellent variety for the farmer, and the table shows it to be a
pretty fair milling wheat. The first year it produced 76 from one, the Kocond year
it ibroduced 96 from one, the third year it produced 352 from one.
Although Prin^le's Hybrids Nos. 4 and 6 exhibit fair milling properties in the table,
the^ are not profitable for the farmer on account of one failing — both shell so hadly
while being narvested that the fanucr loses three or four bushels x>er acre. These
came from Vermont.
The ClawBon, from Pennsylvania, is so widely known it is hardly necessary to notice
anything pertaining to it, except the results that have been obtained on these grounds
for three years. It is a winter variety, and almost absolutely refuses to be trans-
formed into a spring wheat. It has done well, and commends itself to the farmer for
being very proMc and free fh>m almost all diseases and accidents. The first year it
Sroduced 68 from one, the second year it produced 136 from one, the third year it pro-
uced 544 from one. The straw is strong, well glazed, and never falls. The heads
are remarkably long, and always well fiUed. It does not *' kill out" in the winter, but
grows well, and is green all the^time, no matter how cold it is.
The Hedge Row Whit« Chaff is properly named. From what source it came I am
nnable to say. It shows fair milling properties, and so far as being profitable in the
field there is no doubt. The straw is coarse, stiff, and rough, and the chaff holds its
grain as tenaciously as an old animal does its prey ; in fact, it is so hard to thrash that
it is an utter impossibility to clean it thoroughly. It is a ^ood variety to cross with
a finer wheat that shells easily. Hedge Row Ked Chaff is, in all respects, like the
other, with the exception of the color of its chaff and grain. White Cnaff, so called
because its head, when repining, fairly glistens in the sun, has several names. It is
a bearded variety and prolific, producing more than 400 from one Triticum. I received
from Samara, on the Vbl^a River, last year. It was the poorest looking wheat I had
ever seen. The table shows it to be above medium for tne mill, and one season here
proves it to be excelled by but few. It produced as much grain as straw, and yielded
192 fold.
The Durum and Doty came from Saratov, Russia, last year. One test proved but
little as to their merits.
The Meeldns came from £t. Petersburgh, and commends itself to the farmer and
miller.
My No. 10, a cross of the New York Delhi upon the Virginia Golden Straw, now
three years old, is ''fixed" and so far claims the attention of all who see the grain or
* straw. Its mi-Iliug properitles, as seen in the table, speak for themselves. It bus a
stiff, strong straw, has not rusted at all, and the head is one of the finest and largest
known. Over 100 grains are found in a large proportion of them. The wheat came
from but one kernel planted in 1880. The one kernel produce*^ the first year five good
heads, containing in all 474 kernels. These I planted again in 1881, and I have now
thii-ty pounds or more, which will produce at least 50 to 100 bushels by careful sowing
Hud cultivation.
AH these remarks and statistics are made with reference to this climate and lorali ty.
Thoy may or may not apply to other sections and other States. All these wheutx have
brcn improved by selection and crossing, cultivation and irrigation, under ditlVivnt
tn utnient. In this as well as in different soils and climates they might do bettor or
they might do worse.
I am convinced that wheats that are made on the ground where they are to be raised
will do much better in every respect than such as may be imported.
30 Aa
f 4'
r>
lB^I
'J
1 t
ll^
562 REPORT OF THE GOlfMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
Professor Blount's description of his attempts aod tbeir results shovs
how niiich there is to be done in this ooantry in the improvement of
seed by selection and fixing of new varieties. There is no variety in
tlj(5 list analyzed which was not easily improved in yield, and probably
also in (luality, by selection and carefnl cultivation for a few years.
That the (juality of Professor Blount's wheats is above that of ordiuaiy
wheats is shown in the following table of averages :
Average ampoeition of wheats of North America.
Winter.
Spria^
32 wheata from
Blount, of Col-
orado.
Pi
5 « •
Wat«r
9.85
2.29
2.42
70.46
1.58
18.40
8.70 1 10.93
1. 87 ' 1 w»
A. V
19
Ash
173
Oil
2.22
^ 7&.M|
1L71
{ IM
Starch
74.97
1 40
10.05
< 7X17
Fiber....- ,....
I Lit
Albumen «
12 n
Hisheet nlbanien
15.94
1L19
13.82
9.23
14.47
&40
U0
Loweat albumen
la
Although the number of analyses of wheat made in this country is
very small, they will serve to show the immense opi>ortunity which we
have for improvement.
Wolil' gives the following as the average comi>osition of Germao
wheat :
Water ....T. Ii4
Ash 11
Fat 15
N. frco gnbataoco I ^ 66.4
Crude fiber , , 3.0
Crude albumen , ^ 13.0
It agrees with the composition of Professor Blount's wheat as far as the
most valuable constituent, albumen, is concerned, but beyond that the
Colorado wheat is superior, having more fat and less fiber, very much as
we have seen to be the relations of the German and American grasses.
The lower amount of water in our wheats is probably to be explained by
more thorough desiccation of the small 6an^)les which have been
analyzed.
As it has become the custom to judge from the amount of gluten in
a wheat as to its value and milling properties, it is advantageous to .
consider what this determination represents.
The nitrogenous constituents of the wheat, not including the outi^r
husk, which does not appear in flour, are four in number, i>osses3iu$
diflerent solubilities, by means of which they may be separated. What
is done in determining the amount of gluten in a wheat is to wash away
all the husk or bran and starch by means of water, as well as that por-
tion of the nitrogenous constituents which is solnole in water. What
is left is called gluten^ and consists, in addition to certain impurities
which escaped washing away, of the four principal nitrogenous sub-
stances in the wheat. They are ^called by Ritthausenj G/mi^ir, Glntnt-
caseiuy OhiicnFibrin^ and Mucedii^. Their relative proportion varie«
HEPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
663
in different wheats, and it is upon this as well as upon the amount of
gluten that the i)ropefties of the wheat depend.
As the greater portion of the albnmenoid substances are contained in
tlA gluten, the amount of the latter must be dependent on the amount
of nitrogen in the wheat. This determination is one that is easily made
in the laboratory, so it is of importance to see what the average rela-
tion of nitrogen to gluten is.
The determinations which we have made with Mr. Blount's wheats
are Uibulated below in the order of their nitrogen content, and it is
evident that in a general way the amount of gluten is proportional to
the amount of nitrogen.
Book nniBber.
744
731
728..
TJl
727
r20
725
730
738
724
728
m
741
746
742
736
722
732
745
748
729
747
750
733
739
734...
7B4
737
743
749
751
740
Ayengo .
Total nitro-
gen.
Diy glaten.
L88
9.99
1.88
11.19
L88
U.49
1.79
8.91
1.9S
9.22
1.96
11.38
1.96
11. 74
1.96
12.10
1.96
10.06
L99
12.14
2.02
10.64
10.74
2.07
2.07
11.23
2.07
10.69
2.16
U.83
2.16
10.00
2.18
11.88
2.18
11.93
2.18
12.11
2.18
13.08
2.21
14.33
2.24
11.37
2.24
12. 52
2.27
12. 07
2.27
11.83
2.32
12,13
2.35
12.34
2.41
14.45 '
2.44
12.06
2.44
13. 51
2.44
13.83
2.55
14.23
2.14
11.74
Moiat glu*
ten.
20.91
32.92
25.00
25.23
23.80
32. 24
35.22
33.50
28.92
36.96
2a 31
32.22
29.52
30.14
34.78
33.05
34.16
3.5. 15
34.01
34.32
42. 12
32.24
35.81
35.30
34.86
32.41
35.01
38.33
33 60
37.64
.36.61
39.47
83.12
Brv-moist
gluten.
s.
87.1
s.
34. D
H.
37.8
S.
35.3
<?)
38.7
s.
35.3
(t)
33.3
(?)
36.0
8.
34.8
(?)
32.8
II.
37.6
<0
33.3
8.
38.0
H.
35.5
M.
34.0
H.
33.9
H.
34.8
H.
83.9
M.
35.6
H.
38.1
0)
34.0
8.
35.3
8.
34.0
H.
34; 1
8.
83.9
S.
37.4
8.
35.2
8.
37.7
H.
35.8
H.
3.5. 9
S.
.37.8
H.
36.0
35.5
Dry gluten
to nitrogen.
5.81
6.48
5.05
4.97
4.77
5.81
6.00
6.17
5.13
6.10
5.26
5.19
5.41
5.16
5.63,
5.04
5.45
5.47
5.55
6.00
6.49
5.08
5.58
5.31
5.19
5.23
5 25
6.00
4.94
5.54
5.66
5.58
5.49
From an average of all, it appears that tlie dry gluten is 5.49 times
the nitrogen, with extremes of G.49 and 4.77, and the average amount
of dry gluten 11.74 per cent. Eitthausen found from the examination
of thirty-eight wheats that the gluten was 5.64 times the nitrogen, and
the average content of gluten was 14.38 per cent. These, however,
included many spring wheats, which are much higher in gluten tliau
winter varieties.
The name gluten has been the cause of great confusion in the English
language, having been applied to that portion of the nitrogenous ttub-
stanccs in the wheat extracted, as has already been described; an<l,
again, when 8|)elled glutin^ to that portion of the gluten which we have
called after Hitthausen Gliadin. It will be well, then, to remember
tlint gluten corresponds to the German Kleher^ and consists of four dis-
tinct substances, while the name glutiu is better replaced by Oliadin,
Another very serious error has fwisen, and had a large circulation of
late, in the (>])inicm that all the gluten of the wheat is in the husk, and
that the modern methods of milliug were preparing a flour more ^"d
;- i
. »
♦- I
11 r
i':i.
i
* i,
It
t '
i' !
t 1
I
I
ll
564
B£POBT OF THE COBOilSSlONEK OF AORICULTUBE.
more poor in this substance. This report has even been published ma
medical journal. Every miller probably understands that the modem
improvements, instead of diminishing the amount of gluten, wouldf if
anything, tend to increase it, or certainly to furnish a more valdirole
flour. From the previous explanation and discussion of the matter tiiis
must be plain to all.
GOBN AND SOBanUM AS FODDEB PLANTS.
The attention which, during the last few years, has been given to the
ensilage of corn and sorghum, and the large amount of discussion which
has taken place as to which was preferable, dried com fodder or that
which has been packed in silos, seem' to make a thorough investigation
of the subject both from a theoretical and practical point of view neoes-
sarj\
Among the questions which arise in either method of preserving com
and sorghum for feeding is, What is the proper time for cutting, and
which crop is the best as far as composition is concerned? The follow-
ing anal^'ses have been made as a contribution to our knowledge of the
subject:
Table XUL-^Egyptian Sugar Coin, planted Apiil 30, 1881.
STALKS.
•
i
*
§
«
§
■
8
»
id
m
9
m
i?
9
•
s
• DBVELomsirr.
Height •
2.5
.8
126.2
09.8
56.4
3.8
1.1
349
219
130
4.6
1.0
656
438
218
7.0
1.2
1242
900
216
66
7.2
1.2
1097
585
408
44
&5
Ll
1037
542
430
36
no
Di ameter ...................................
L2
Total weiclit
1378
Woiehtof Btolk
618
Welcht of leaves •
651
Weiirht of too
26
Weight of ear
83
Per cent, of stalk in whole Dlant . ...........
55.3
17.53
3.51
32.50
21.42
25.04
4.01
2.51
62.6
94.20
L02
.20
1.88
1.2.'>
1.45
a28
13.34
4.00
44.73
20.57
17.36
2.78
L70
6L1
04.10
.79
.24
2.04
1.11
1.02
6.68
9.74
3.02
55.43
22.74
0.07
L45
.76
61.7
02.60
.72
.22
4.11
1.68
.67
77.3
0.72
2.58
60.60
27.01
10.00
L61
.90
61.4
01.60
.82
.21
4.25
2.27
.85
53.3
•
9.00
1.80
61.20
26.38
11.53
L8S
L27
6&6
9LS0
.79
.16
4.46
2.80
LOO
52.1
6.53
L68
62.41
8L20
8.09
L29
.86
66iO
8&ao
.76
.10
6.14
8.66
.05
4i9
DBT BUBSTAKCB.
Ash
5.60
Crude fat
3.48
N. free extract .............................
60.45
Crude fiber
2i04
Crude albamen. ................. ...........
443
Total nitroeen
' .71
Nod •album moid N
.M
Per wntt of N. as non'ribtuninoid ..........
417
OBIOniAL BUllSTARCX.
Wnter
8S.90
Arth
,79
Crude fat
.49
K. froo extract .............................
i$3
Crude fiber..................
167
Cnide albumen ...,.-.. r .........
M
• 'l
Top Just oat.
t Anthers not out. ; Anthers out, filling
EEPORT OP THE CHEMIST.
565
Table XUL—EgypUan Sugar Com planted April 30, 1881— Gontinned.
BTALK&
%
«
it
a
«>
Sb
<
!
•
1
<
•
53
I
1
_m
DIVELOPMBirr.
Height •
0.2
1.2
1642
575
737
78
252
35.0
4.81
2. 75
61.53
26.06
4.85
.78
.39
CO.O
83.20
.81
.40
10.34
4.38
.81
10.2
L6
1722
630
864
32
190
87.0
5.87
2.35
66.72
22.07
2.09
00.5
•
80.20
L16
.47
13.21
4.37
.59
10.0
1.2
1068
r<93
800
9
166
55.5
4.07
2.10
67.87
21.82
3.74
.00
.33
55.0
80.60
.96
.41
13.07
4.23
.73
9.5
.9
712
309
9.5
1.1
820
871
&3
1.2
1000
505
9 2
DUimeter ......«•.
LI
Total weight
614
Weight of stalk
847
Weight of leaves
Weight of top
Weight of ear
Per cent of stalks in plant
43.4
8.54
2.21
64.13
24.41
5.71
.91
.58
63.7
79.20
.74
.46
18.33
5.08
L19
45.2
e.94
1.81
56.20
32.64
2.32
.37
.18
85.1
79.70
1.41
.37
11. 42
e.03
.47
50.6
&00
8.75
64.71
ia7i
6.83
1.09
.55
60.5
76.70
1.40
.87
15.08
4.86
L59
66.6
DRY SUB8TANCB.
Ash
4 17
Crude fat
L04
N. IVee «^ztract
60.18
Grade fiber
82.13
Grade albumen -
2.88
•
Total nitrogen
.46
If on album moid N
.22
Per oentb of N. as non*albuminold
47.8
OKIOIKAL BUDSTAMCK.
Water
74.80
Ash
LOS
Crude fat
.41
N. free extract
14.91
8. 10
Crude albumen
.73
•SUkout
t Ear formed.
Table Xlll,— Egyptian Sugar Com, planted April 30, 1881— Continued.
LEAVES.
•
o
a
a
a
ha
•
a
00
"a
•
1
o6
0
•
•
o
o
•
00
•A
•
2
00
2
t
•
i
USVBLOPMRXT.
Per cent, of leaves in nlant
44.7
37.2
83.2
17.4
42.7
4L4
47.2
44.9
50.0
28.1
DKT BUB8TAXCB.
Ash
11. 25
4. 59
32. .')6
10.16
4.00
40.00
24.11
19.13
3.06
L14
37.8
a 70
3.51
45.81
25.80
10.12
2.58
L08
4L8
8.67
3.64
40.96
24.94
15.79
2.53
.99
89.1
10.12
3.44
46.25
10.22
4.94
4r>. 4K
&83
3.58
52.69
24.51
10.^
L66
.65
39.2
7.60
4.62
56.95
2L96
8.87
L42
.30
2L1
1L36
4.15
55.44
20.48
8.57
L37
.68
42.8
8.71
Crude fat
N . free o x tract ........................
3. OH
58.29
Crude fil>cr
28.34
23.26
3.72
L69
45.4
25.15 25.79
15.04; 12LS7
24.08
Crude albumen
5.84
Total nitrocon.....
2.41
LOO
45.2
2.17
LOO
46.1
.93
Non-albuminoid N
Per cent of N. as noa>alburainoid
.25
26.0
OBIOINAL BUBSTAKCB.
Water .m.....
Ash .^
Crude Ikt
X. free extract
Crude fiber
Crude ^buroen
88.20
L.T3
..'i4
3.81
3. .H5
2,74
1
86.70
L35
. r>:{
5.67
3.21
2.54
84.80
LC2
.53
6.97
3.93
2.45
89.40
.92
.39
4.98
2.64
LOT
86.60 85.20
L36: L51
. 46 . 73
6.20 6.73
3.37| 3.82
2.01 2.01
84.20
L40
.. .'•.7
8.32
3.87
LC4
82.30
L35
.82
10.08
3.88
L57
6L10
4.42
L6I
9L57
7.97
3 ••"
64.50
3.09 ■
L09 1
20.70 '
8.5.'»
1
66G RBPOBT OF TH£ C0MMISfi(IONEB OT AOBICULTURE.
Table XllLSgyptian Sugar Corn, planted April 30, 1881-— Continued.
TOPS.
>»
•3
•-a
1
i
1
«D
1
■
1 '
P
•
•
S
§
DBVELOrMftNT.
Per oont. of toDs In oUuit
6.8
5.01
4.41
46.53
26.96
17.09
2.73
1.18
43.2
77.70
f 1.12
.98
10.38
6.01
3.81
4.0
4.03
3.80
51.93
23.37
15.97
2.55
.62
24.3
77.60
1.11
.86
11.68
5.26
3.59
6.5
4.99
5.80
51.00
19.73
18.48
2.96
1.08
36.5
57.40
2.13
2.47
21.72
8.41
7.87
6l81
3.68
53.16
27.33
10.11
1.62
.4%
29.6
58.40
2.42
L49
22.11
11.37
4.21
. 4.8
5.48
2.n
Ml 61
25.23
0.91
Lll
.24
2L6
52.40
2.06
1.04
22.41
9.49
2.60
1.8
7.02
3.74
55.07
25.47
7.70
.L23
.20
212
67.50
2.98
L50
23.4]
11.25
8.27
.f
DRT 8UB8TAKCB.
A»h
in
fJnide frtt «
112
N. fro© extract
81 S4
Cnnle tHior
8L9
Crude nlburoen
4.71
Total iiifroflren ...........
.if
If on-albiimiiioiil N .. .................
flg
Per cent, of N. as uon-albuminoid
OaiGlXAL 8U1S8TAKCB.
Water
It
Ash 4
Crade fat
S.f8
1 6!
"S. free extract .............................
41. tf
Crude fiUer.
22.87
Crude albumen........... ..................
144
Table XTV,^Lind$ay'B Horse Tooth Com, planted April 30, 188L
STALKS.
DBVKLOPMKXT.
Heipbt
Diameter
ToUl weight
Weight of «Ulk
Weight of leavea
Weight of t4»p
Weight of ear
Per ceut of stalk iu plant.
DRY 6U118TAXCB.
Ash
Crude fat
N. fice extract
Crude liber
Crude albumen
Tuial nitrogen
^on-albuminoid N
Per ceut of N. as nou albdrainoid
ORIGINAL 8UB8TANCB.
Water
Ash
Crude fat
N. free extract.
Crude tibecr —
Crude albamen.
52
o
2.8
1.0
2.^0
154
90
6L6
e4
O
3
»a
8.2
1.2
442
308
134
79.7
«
a
a*
ha
5.8
1.3
1076
801
275
l&OO
14.48
3.25
2.69
85.63
48.31
20.40
20.50
22.72
14. 02
3.C3
2.24
2.27
1.24
62.5
55.4
94.10
94.20
1.06
.84
.19
.16
2.10
2.80
1.21
1.19
1.34
.81
72.6
11.66
2.39
53.30
21.83
10. 8i
1.73
1.15
65.9
93.80
.72
.15
3.31
1.35
.67
"a
&0
1.0
1238
877
361
I &8
I L5
1598
I 928
617
53
7a 9 I 58.1
&03
2.31
61.19
24.25
4.22
.67
.29
43.3
89.60
.84
.24
6.36
2.52
.44
a 01
2.91
53.29
27.97
7.82
1.25
.88
70.4
90.50 !
.76
.2S
.\ « i
2.06 i
.74 I
10.8
l.S
1402
768
e:
30
52
M.I
SlSI
l.»
6155
3a 61
314
.5«
.US
i&e
.71
.:«
3.9
'BMP6W 6t THK G&SlftM.
567
II JB XIY. -^Lindsay's fform Tooth Cmnj planted April 30, 1881— Continued.
STALKS.
•
CI
5
•
00
p
b«
0
-<
9.0
1.4
1875
854
673
10
338
45.5
4.34
2.81
66.66
22.82
8.37
.54
.27
50.0
80.80
.83
.54
12.80
4.38
.65
*6
a
•
00
11.0
1.2
1174
559
6<'3
12
Si
««
d
10.7
1.4
2046
1133
388
3
c
S
tt)
a
<
10.3
1.1
1252
694
•
u
lb
S
•
s
DBVELOPMKNT.
11.3
1.1
1375 ^
730
522
95
28
53.1
5.07
2.55
60.70
27.99
3.69
.58
.21
36.2
83.20
.85
.43
10.20
4.70
.e2
10.8
1.2
jjht
865
fatallc
450
' loavf 8 . 1. ••••■•■...•*••.•■..••••••. ••••••
'ton
."'»'
■ oar
>f fltftlk in nlAnt
47.6
5.19
2.18
69.40
21.56
1.67
.27
.05
18.6
79.10
1 08
.45
14.51
4.51
.35
55.3
5.12
2.44
63.12
23. 41
5.91
.95
.05
68.4
80.00
1.02
.49
12.03
4.68
1.18
55.4
3.61
3.24
69.54
21.99
1.62
.26
.15
67.7
78.00
.77
.69
14.88
4.71
.35
52.0
DHT SUBOTAXCR.
5.08
i,,.
1.68
traot -.
50.60
)r. ....•..••>•....■•......••...•..•••••. •••
32. 32
uni6n .........•.......•>•••••....••••>••••
1.32
Of en ......................................
.21
ntnoidN f..
.13
of K. BAnon albuminoid ...................
61.9
Obian AL 8UBSTAKCB.
73.00
1.34
.44
tract...................
15.74
•r
8. .'VS
nmcn ..•.•■••......•....•..........••■....
.35
LEATES.
DSWLOrMKKT.
i>f leaves io plant..
DRY BUBSTAKCE.
braot
?r
nmen
o^en
uiDoid N ...
>f N. as non albnmiuoid
RIGUfAI. SUB8TA!CCE.
tract. .•••••
omen ,
£2
38.4
11.62
4.91
45. 04
13.25
25. H
4.03
1.49
37.0
■
•
s
S
o
«>
a
a
a
^
»-s
ci
d
w^
C^
o
lo
20.3
27.4
10.13
10.55
8.5. 80
1.65
.70|
6. 30;
1.88|
3.58
3.90
46.50
20. 62
18. 85
3.02
.W
32.8
8.5. 40
1.48
.57
0.79
3.01
2.75
3.97
44,97
23.70
10.81
2. 09
.98
36.4
84.40
1.65
.02
7.01
3.70
2.62
19.1
9.98
3.71
50.40
22. 91
13.00
2.08
.77
37.0
80.80
1.91
.71
9.68
4.40
2.50;
"a
3&6
9.59
2.99
49.37
24. 22
13.88
2.21
1.03
46.6
84.20 80.90' 80.20 81. .'>0 83.00
1.51
.47
7.80
3.63
2.19
1. 7.3
.64
10 40
4.47
1.80
1.71
.70
11.16
4.04
2.13
1.74
.64
10. .M
3.37
2.^1
1.18
.57
10.49
3.47
1. 29
63.70
4.01
1.08
20.71
7.70
2.77
J
568 REPORT OF THE COBOflSSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
Table XIY. —Lindsay'9 Mone Tooih Com, planted April 30, 1861— Continued.
TOPS.
F
^
;;
i
•
%
t
t
•
aa
rt
•
3
m
%
0
<
•
1
DSVBIX>FiaXT.
Pftrc«nt-ftf topi >n pLi^ntT................... ••...... 1,.. ••.*•*. ^r*T-
8.3
5.08
3.97
50.99
21.41
18.55
2.97
L24
4L7
74.60
1.30
1.01
13.00
5.46
4.73
2.1
6.04
3.68
61.63
19.56
10.09
1.61
.82
29.9
62.40
1.90
L38
23.17
7.36
8.79
7.0
5.29
3.20
59.99
28.71
7.81
1.25
.86
28.8
44.40
2r94
L78
33w36
13.18
4.84
.5
DBT 8UB8TAKCB.
Ash
&59
Crude fat
3.M
N. lYfifl fxtniot ..«•>....... .....M*....
SSL 21
Crude flber •.....—
Crude albumen ................h... ......................... .........
Total nitrosen
Ltt
Non-albuminoid N....
.42
Percent, of N. aa non-albnminoid... .•....•.........•...•.•...•
mo
ORIGINAL BUB8TAXCB.
Water .•.
44#
Aah
8.41
Crude fat Jt
N. free extract.
in
Crude fiber .....••...••...........••..•......•...••....•..•.....
110
Crude albumen —
iS
Tablb XY.— JSarZy Amber Sorgkum, planted May 1, 1881.
STALES.
•
i
m
10'
1
«
1
•
1
i
<
i
1
0
<
1
<
•
I
P
<
g
Si
i
9
•
s
DBVBLOPMKNT.
. Hoif^ht
2.8
.7
127
100
27
8.7
.7
225
168
57
&0
.7
862
233
108
21
7.7
.8
4C7
325
116
26
&5
.6
506
308
114
24
9.2
.7
515
375
125
15
&9
.6
461
328
100
&5
.6
389
250
70
18
Diameter..................
.7
Total weieht
497
Weiebt of Htalks
S43
AVeiif ht of leaves ..........
8S
Weiflrht of toDN
Weifflit of nuckpni . ... ...
33
7L1
2.64
4.43
72.40
17.20
8.33
.53
.22
4L7
6a 80
.82
1.38
22.50
5.37
1.04
60
66.6
6.20
3.74
68.86
17. 75
&45
.55
.28
5ao
67.80
2.03
1.22
22.52
.•^80
L13
** »
Por cent, of atalks in plant.
DCT ainiSTAKCB.
Asb
78.7
14.64
2.8G
27.70
37.10
17.70
2.83
1.85
65.4
03.20
1.00
.20
1.87
2..W
1.20
74.7
12.22
5.81
50.59
18.19
13.70
2.10
1.35
61.6
01.50
1.07
.45
4.30
1.55
1.33
64.4
7.39
3.61
56.09
25.62
7.27
1.16
.72
6L7
88.80
.83
.41
6.28
2.87
.80
70.0
5.71
5.40
54.20
28.85
6.84
.93
.48
51.6
86.40
.78
.74
7.37
3.91
.80
72.7
4.20
5.14
07.24
19.72
3.70
.59
.36
61.0
73.30
1.12
1.37
17.95
5.27
.99
72.8
8.07
6.02
69.69
17.67
8.55
.57
.24
41.6
72.60
.84
1.65
19.10
4. 84
.97
6819
iff
f -riitlt* flit .................
115
N. fno extract
Cnulo liber. ...............
73l15
15.16
(ynido albnmpn...... ......
tm
Ttital nitropcti
S'^on-albummoid N
Pur cent, of X. aa non-alb..
ORIOIKAL RUBSTAirCB.
•
Water
.49
.19
87.8
C&19
ArIi
.«
T/Vmlo fat
1.4T
N. frt'c extract ...... ......
■ »2
Crude liber
1 5.2»
Crude albumen
Lvl
1
•
*Top
»JU8tOU
U
ts<
oedinDL
ilk.
REPORT OP THE CHEMIST.
569
Table XV.-^Early Amber Sorghum, planted May 1, 1881— Continued.
LEAVES.
DKVTEI.OPMF.XT.
Per cent of Icares in plant
DBT BUDSTAHCE.
ARh
Crndefat
N.ft-t'O extrtct
Cnifle fiber
Grade albamcn
Totalnitro^n
Non-albuminoid X
Per c«nt. of N. as won-albu-
minoid
OIUGnfAL BUB6TAXCB.
Water
ARh...
Crndefat
N . free extract
Cmdo flbor
Crude albomen
a
d
*-9
U3
2L3
10.86
5. 03
36.61
24. C2
22.88
3.66
1.53
41.8
81.60
2.00
1.04
6.74
4. 42
4.20
I—*
s
25.3
8.85
5.30
43.43
24. 03
18. .13
2.93
L17
89.9
80.80
1.70
1.03
8.34
4.61
3.62
29.8
9.47
6.37
45.44
25. 59
13. 13
2.10
.51
24.3
81.30
1.77
1.19
8.50
4.79
2.45
8
24.8
9.50
4.27
49.80
Zi. 90
12. 53
2.00
.55
27.5
83.70
1.55
.70
8.12
3.89
2.04
^
>»
22.5
10. 00
5. 35
49. h3
22.47
12-. .35
1.08
.46
23.2
71.20
2.28
1. 22
11.36
5.12
2.82
I
«
s
3
O
00
21.6
8.
4.
(.2
5'J
11.
1.
hi. 4X
34
61
86
34
18.3
7.5. 60
2.11
1.12
12.89
5. 45 I
2.63
a
a
21.8
9.40
4. r.T
52. 47
22. 74
10. 82
1.73
.30
17.4
76.00
2.20 '
1. 10 I
12..5'.>
5.46 !
2.59
r.
18.0
0. 6 J
51. CI
22. 74
10. 23
1.60
.39
24.4
74.30
2. 25
1.70
13.27
5. 8,'i
2.63
< * I
^
17.1
9.01
6.80
52. 91
21. 54
9.74
1.56
.24
15.4
70.90
2.02
1.98
15.40
6.27
2.83
TOPS.
-
552. July 14.
•3
572. Jnly 25.
n
a
M
0
•
e6
1
•
DKVKIX)r»«»T.
Per cent, of tons in nlant.....
5.8
3.79
2.94
54.04
29.43
9.80
1.57
.49
81.2
74. 50
.97
.75
13.78
7.50
2.50
5.2
11.17
2.28
47.82
28. 73
10.00
1.60
• .57
85.6
69.20
2. 32
.47
9. 9-}
5. 93
2.0rf
4.8
6.56
3.60
52. 74
26. 12
10.98
1.76
.61
84.7
63.00
2.43
1.33
19.52
9.66
4.06
&9
1L88
3.21
54.74
18.86
11.81
1.89
.49
25.0
60.80
4.46
l.:i6
21.45
7.39
4.04
S.4
DRY 8UB8TAKCB.
Anil
6.40
C!ru*le fnt.... ......................... .............
2. H4
N. flt^O t'Xinict .....................................
55. 44
l.'rnd© rtl»6r .......................................
20. 72
Crude albumen «.
Total nitroj:in
l*ion>albnniinoid X
8.60
1.38
.31
Pur cent. N. as tinn-alburuuioid ....................
22.5
OUIGIXAL 8UB8TAXCX.
Water
59.30
A-^h ;
2.00
<."rud»> fat
1. IG
N. t'v*}v t'xtmtit ....................................
22. no
C'rude IIImt
10 KX
Crude albuni€D.......... ..........................
570 BEPOBT OF tus ooiofiMToirsB or LdKicuvruax.
Tablk %V.—fSarlg Ambrr Sorghum, plnnltd Mas h 1^1-^CoDtlDued.
8VCKBB3.
U
^
i
U
Dr.monmiT.
BHT lUiaTlXCI.
7.«
4. (Ml
KM
TMsl QilHmen
7.M
0B10[;i*L SUBCTIMCE.
Crndeiilroipen.
The vnnetieR cxaiDiiied were all grown oit the grouiida of the DeiMit-
mcnt. Tiie speciinena were collecte<l and dried every seven days, atalk*
lieiiig selected which seemed to reitreaeut tbe average development of the
plat. To obtniti au average B|>ecinieii of eucb a large plant is, however,
inueh more difficult thau in the case of the grasses, where many mav be
collected and an average taken. Inconsequence of thia, the series does
not present that unbroken aequeuc« which appeared in our aualysesof
tbe grasses lu tlio last report. For example, sample 026, Lindsay's
Horse Tooth Corn, cut August 22, contains au amount of nitrogen &r
abea^l of that in the stalks collected the week before aud the week after,
not, however, varying mnch in other respectis. Itwill I>e seen thattbis
is tbe heaviest cane which was cut, and tbe fine growth and develop-
ment may have been a I'eason for its increased content of nitrogen.
That it is an nnnsuol state of afliiirs is indicated by the fact that of tbe
total percentage of nitrogen more thau half ia in a nou -albuminoid
form.
The non-allmmiuoid nitrogen in corn and sorghum appears from tlie
tables to be higher tban was found to be the case in the grasses, ami
at tbe same time there are great variations from week to weekiu an
irregular way. This is more especially the case with the corns, aiid
such irregularities are not surprising after a consideration of the very
similar ones which were developed during our investigations of tlie
amount of sugar in the Juice of several varieties. How far the results
given iu the tables may have been changed, or to a certain extent iu-
validated by the diffieultiee that are met with in drying sncb large
stalks as those of com aud sorghum which contain much sugar, most
remain an open question. The atalka were cut, split in small pieces,
and dried in the sun as rapidly as ])oa8ible, but we are aware firom our
investigations of the fermentations of the juice of corn and sorghoiD
how liable these plants are to changes brought about in such a way.
EEPOET OF TR» CHEBnST. 671
Tlie sorghum apx>ears to be imicli more regular iii its composition
than the corn, as we should expect from our previous examination of
these plants. It contains, too, much less water in its fresh state, and
more nitrogen and fat. It appears, in fact, the question of git)wth and
cultivation aside, to be superior to corn for feeding purposes or
ensilage.
In both corn aud sorghum the leaves contain much more nitrogen
than the stem, and consequently should be most carefully preserved in
any system of curing, for, at its best, such a fodder is very deficient in
nitrogen, and this deficiency, which must be made up in feeding by
nitrogenous substances, is only increased by the loss of the leaves.
In the sorghum, it is of interest to see that the suckers, like all parts
of new growth, are much richer in nitrogen than the older parts ; but
at the same time, which is rather unexpected, the amount of fiber is
rather increased. In this very constituent, fiber, the sorghum plant
presents; an anomaly which we have not observed elsewhere. The fiber
in the stiilk is greatest in amount in the young plant, and decreases
with the growth of the stem. In the leaves the change is very small,
the older leaves having a trifie less of fiber.
The usual decrease of water in the fresh plant^with increase in size
is, of course, very apparent.
A further examination of the tops of the sorghum was rendered im-
possible by the fact that the seed heads were completely destroyed by
sparrows as soon as the seed began to harden. Analyses of the 8ee<l
will be found in another part of this report, from samples collected
from other localities.
It wa« intended to analyze the ears of com at different periods of
development; but, unfortunately, all the specimens were attacked by
maggots and spoiled, so that this work must be deferred till another
collection can be made.
As to the proper time for cutting com and sorghum for curing or
packing in silos, our analyses would seem to point, in the case of
sorghum, to that period in its growth just before the leaves show signs
of withering. It is then that the sugar is nearly at its maximum, the
nitrogen is in good condition, the leaves being fresh, and the fiber on
the decrease. Corn, apparently, for very much the same reasons, is in
its best condition about the timeof t^asseling. The irregularities in the
comiK>sition of corn at any one period prevent anything more than tlie
most general conclusions, from a chemical stand-point.
ENSILAGE.
Although the facilities of the Department prevent any elaborate
investigations into the value of ensilage, beyond a mere chemical
examination, the question has attracted so much attention that we
have collected and tabulated in this phice, together with two analyses
made at the Department and one at the New Jersey experiment station,
averages of the composition of nine specimens of ensilage from various
parts of the country, given in Bulletin No. XI of the New Jersey sta-
tion, and a general average of all the analyses which have been found
in the recent literature of the subject in this country.
In a<ldition, for comparison, are given analyses of a field and sugar
com grown at the Dei)artment, and an analysis by Dr* C. A. Goess-
mann, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, of a field com grown
by Dr. Bailey, in Massachusetts.
572 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
Table XVL^Analyaei of etmlage and com.
CoDBtitncjntfl.
Water
Aeh
Fat
N. IrtHj extract
Filmr
Albumen (N. X 6.25)
c
a.
.a
u
0
o .
.a
•
74.10
1.48
1.74
l-J. 87
7.04
2.77
-3
es
H
5
^^'
J
&
77.30
2.01
1.80
11.24
.5.71
1.94
2^
l-s
if
>2i
74.50
1.05
.77
1.1. 47
7.86
1.75
sl3
0)
s •
etg a
82.07
1.16
.61
9.37
5.60
1.10
6
I
&
ao.52
1.38
.77
10.02
5.99
L37
d
e
1
u
•mm
n
84.87
2.01
1.80
13.47
7.86
2.77
d
o
74.10
.81
.34
7.03
4.68
.6S
I-
■§^
1=32
« 9
•A
if
9 a
oc ^
'I
H
83.18
L17
.46
10.08
4.03
LOS
6
B
a
B
■
0
0
<
s
a
c
t
e
81.55 &N
1.16 .K
.67 .a
10.88 I 10
4.44
1.30
.18
Ensilage, then, is a fodder which presents large variations in compo-
sition, plainly dependent on three causes, the oiiginal composition of
the corn, which is itself very changeable for diflferent varieties, soils,
and period of harvesting, the amount of water lost by evaporation, and
the amount of fermentiitiou it undergoes. The first analysis in tbe
table shows a remarkably large amount of albumen, and it is owing in
this case to a relative increase from a large loss of carbo-hydrates by
feimentation. The next two analyses are in a like way higher than
usual in nitrogenous constituents. It will be noticed that this is a
relative gain from the increase in tlie amount of a^h and diminution of
water in all these specimens. This point should guard us firom too
hastily assigning an increased value to ensilage, judging from its rela-
tive percentage com]K>8ition. This is well shown in the following:
At the New Jersey College Farm an experiment was undertaken on
September 1, 1881, when the corn was iu the milk, and in flourishing
condition, to determine whether the loss of nutrients is greater when
gi*eeii corn fodder is dried in stacks or preserved in silos, and whether
ensilage is preferable to dried fodder com for the production of milk.
Ten tons of green fodder com was employed, half of it being stacked
in the field in fifty small portions, and the remainder, after being cat
in lengths of three-sixteenths of an inch, closely packed in a silo of
twelve tons capacity. A sample was carefully selectecl from the green
substance, and its analysis represents the average comiK>sition of the
lot.
In November, after an exposure to the weather of nearly three months,
twelve hundred pounds were passed through a cutter, and a sample
analyzed, showing the changes which the corn had undergone in Uiis
treatment.
On the 23d of December, the contents of the silo having been found
to be in good condition, a sample was taken 18 inches from the surfkee,
an analysis of which represtuts the changes which had taken place in
the formation of the ensihige. The sample was free from disagreeable
smell, insipid to the taste, and in all resx>ect8 equal to the best ensilage
seen at the experiment station.
IIEPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
673
The composition of the three samples may be compared in the follow-
ing table :
Wmtct
A*h.:
Fftt
N. ft'ee oxtTftot •••
Cmde fiber • ••
Crude albumen...^
DRY BUB8TAHCB.
Ash.....*.
Fat
N. free extract
Crude fiber
Crude albumen
I
I
75.00
1.58
.22
15.60
0.35
1.25
&32
.88
62.40
25.40
5.00
I
89.37
4.63
.66
82.85
ia65
3.84
7.64
1.09
54.18
30.76
a 33
I
74.50
1.95
.77
13.47
7.86
L75
7.71
1.06
53.24
31.07
6.92
The ash, of course, will not be affected by any fermentative changes,
so it furnishes a basis on which to calculate those changes which have
taken place in the organic constituents.
One hundred pounds of the dry matter of the green com contains 6.32
pounds of ash. The question then arises, How many pounds of the dry
matter of the cured corn and ensilage contain the same amount of ash !
And this is as follows :
Ash
Fat. ^
K. free extract
Crude fiber
Crude albumen
Total weight dry matter to 6.32 pounds ash
a
6.32
.88
62.40
25.40
5.00
100.00
I
6.32
.90
44.82
25.44
5.24
82.72
a
6.32
.86
43.64
25.49
5.67
81.98
It is plain that the total loss falls upon the carbo-hydrates, and that
the loss in field-curing is no greater than in the system of ensilage.
Admitting, however, this last fact, the question arises: Will cows eat
the dry fodder as readily and with as little waste as the ensilage, and
how does the quantity and quality of milk compare with each ! The
conclusions reached in this regard were:
When dried com fodder is cut and crushed it is eaten as readily
and with as little waste as ensilage. That with four cows in three
cases where ensilage was substituted for dried com in the ration no
increase of milk was apparent, while in the fourth there was an increase
of eighty-seven pounds of milk in forty days. That in the mixed milk
of one iierd ensilage caused no increase in solid matter, while in an-
other herd for the same period there was a gain of 8^ pounds, or 7 per
cent. It still remains an open question whether ensilage possesses
such an advantage over dried corn fodder as has been claimed for it,
and the question in fact seems to be reduced to one of economy in the
preservation and preparation of the com and of palatability to the
574 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
cattle. Before, however, a oondasion can be reached, further experi-
ments similar to those detailed must be carried out.
The acidity and alcoholic nature of the ensilage has been of universal
remark, and, to a certain extent, of exaggeration. With a view of
throwing some light upon this subject the juices expressed from the
two samples mentioned in the previous table have been examined. Li
both cases alcohol was found, but not in amount sufficient to be deter-
mined. In the sample from C. H. Boberts, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., the
conditions had been such as to make the alcoholic fermentation most
prominent, but even under these circumstances alcohol was only recog-
nized in the distillate from the juice by the iodoform test. The juice
expressed from the specimen amounted to 40J per cent, of the sob-
stauce taken. The following determinations were made :
Specific gravity, 15o C ^. 1.0335
Total solids a 14
Glucose .94
SiicroHe • •••.•^.•...•,.^.., .13
Total acid as acetic 2.71
Total acid as lactic • ..••••.... 3.0s
In the original substance was found :
Peront
Total acid 2.15
Lactic acid • 5i6
Acetic acid LS9
This sample may be regarded a« an extreme of aoidity owing to ite
having been out of the silo two days before examination. Mr. Eoberts,
however, feeds it after five or six days.
The second specimen, given in the table as from R. F. Boberts, Alex-
andria, Va., coutained 47 J per cent, of juice, in which was found:
Total acid as acetic 2. 12 per cent.
Lactic acid \ Traces.
The presence of lactic acid in the specimens under examination was
proved as follows: The filtered juice was treated with an excess of
carbonate of zinc, and after removal of the undissolved portion and
slight evaporation there separated crusts of a salt which on recrystal-
lization and analysis gave the following figures :
}(.0...i..... , ia46
ZuO 26.71
*
corresponding to zinc lactate.
The com[>o8ition of the nitrogen free extract of the specimens eiam-
iued ha« beeu determined roughly as follows:
iiaiu))le.
AlrnnHm
N. five px tract in lOfl luirts , ,
KvMJMMiiM niibHt^iuce
Oiptnic Mci<l*, Hupirs, amido lioiliei*, niul prodiictii of fpnnontation .
•luni
Li^ri in. iucniHtiiig niMtUr. &c,, soluMc hi acids nud nlkiili
«
12.87
11.24
Vk lii
:.y
::i.-2r
33. W
".. >Ci
4. .♦
5t;. 'io
52 10
k
REPORT OP THE CHEBflST. 675
Or, calculatiug the whole analysis to diy sabstanoe —
Drv sabfttaBce m •
A8h
Vat uod acid «••
Ke8iDoii8 - •
Bu<:ar, Sia <
Giiin - • •
A<-i«l nncl alkftli pxtrect
Fiber •— - ....&.
Albumen (N. X6.25)
Pouglikeepsie. Alexandria.
25.90
22.70
S.72
&87
6.73
7.01
3.14
8.M
15. M
17.76
2.89
2.10
28. 12
25.78
27.19
25. \h
10. «7
8.57
The following analysis of Egyptian Sugar Oom is given for com-
parison :
Ash 7.39
Fat^ &c 2.89
ResiuH, <Se^.... •••• 7. 17
Sugare, 4fec : 20.32
Gum, &o 2.39
Acid and alkali extract 31.37
Fiber 20.15
Albumen (N. X6.25) 8.32
Fjrom this it would appear that certain substances included in the
acid and alkali extract must undergo changes during the process of
preservation, and become much more soluble.
The nitrogen seems to undergo little change as far as we can judge
at present chemically, for in the sample fiSm C. H. Roberts, Pough-
ke«})sie, of the total nitrogen, only 37.4 per cent, was in the non-albu-
minoid form after removal from the silo for two days — an amount not
larger than would be expected in the fresh stalk.
In conclusion, I desire to call attention to the increasing necessities
of this division, arising from the steadily increasing work which is de-
manded in it.
A pressing need is for better laboratory facilities. At the present
time the laboratory is located in one end of the building, for which, in
its construction, no proper arrangements were made fitting it for a
laboratory, and in conseqneuce* many necessary operations of a chemi-
cal laboratory are impossible, and can only be conducted, if at all, with
great risk to the health of the operator, and with limited means for the
proper performance of the work.
An increased force of assistants for the work of this division, for this
work could be easily increased to an amount far beyond the ability of
the present force to perform. The correspondence alone which natu-
rally falls to this division is. sufficient to employ the time of a compe-
tent clerk.
It is also most desirable that a small tract of land be secured within
easy access to the Department for the purpose of growing such grasses,
vegetables, or other plants as are under examination, for the purpose
of studying tneir composition, physiological development, and nutritive
value at different periods in their growth.
Such a tract of land would be desirable also upon which could be
conducted a series of experiments tending to show the relative agricult-
ural value of the various fertilizing constituents upon the several crops.
It would be desirable if this division could have facilities for enter-
ing upon certain experiments in feeding animals, in order to determine,
so far as possible, experimentally, the relative food value of such ma-
terials as are in general . use 'in this country, in order to supple-
576 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AOBICULTUBE.
»
uicnt the results derived uow solely from chemical analysis, and io this
way obtain conclusions of greater practical value.
Finally, I desire to X'^^licly acknowledge my appreciation of the
faithful and efficient work which has been rendered by those engaged
with me in the labors of this division, and to whom of uecesiiity the
work recorded has been largely intrusted. In the sugar inve-stigations
with sorghum and maize, the selection of canes for daily examination,
and the observations in the field, as also the series of expeiiments illus-
trating the action of lime upon sugar solutions, was intrastetl to Mr.
Charles Wellington; the chemical investigations in connectiou with the
work of the large mill to Mr. Henry B. Parsons; the experinientsil work
with the small mill to Mr. William P. Wheeler and Mr. John Dugan;
the analytical work upon the juices and sirups from sorghum and
maize to Mr. Miles Fuller, who polarized the same; Mr. Charles Par-
sons, who performed the titrations; Prof. Henri Erui, who detei-mined
the acidity, and Mr. Markendorf, who determined the toUil soUds;
Messrs. Trescot, Menke, Wheeler, and Dugan assisted in other [>ortioii8
of the analytical work, to each and all of whom praise is due for its
* faithful performance.
In the other work of this division Mr. Clifford Bichardson had charge
of the current work, being assisted in the analytical work by Messrs.
Kiiorr, Fuller, Markendorf, Wheeler, C. Parsons, Trescot, and Dugan,
and to Mr. Kichardsou was intrusted the preparation of the report from
page 535.
liespectfully submitted.
PETEfi OOLLIBB,
OkamtU
Hon. Geo. B. LoBiNa,
CommUmner.
REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN.
Sib: I have the honor to present my foorteenth annual report as
Statistician of the Department, it being the nineteenth since the estab-
lishment of the Division of Statistics. The series of previous reports
covered the period from 1805 to 1877, inclusive.
The functions of the division always contemplated the collection and
exposition of general statistics of agriculture, but the means and facili-
ties provided have been inadequate to complete success in an under-
taking so large and so rapidly widening. A crop-reporting system was
adopted, which had been practiced to a limited e^ctent in Germany,
where it is now in use, upon the plan of making comparisons in percent-
ages rather than in vague and ever-varying expression^, which can-
not be reduced to mathematical equivalents, and which a dozen different
readers would interpret with as many varying results. It was necessary
not only that reports should be susceptible of tabulation, but that they
should cover a known and well-defined area ; and thus the county, with
its ascertained numbers, crop areas, and amount of production, became
the basis of comparison.
This system has been adopted by several State boards and departments
of agriculture, and other States have in contemplation an early effort in
this direction. The people have become familiar with the plan, the
ignorantareforgettiugtheir prejudices against theassumed impertinence
of statistical inquiries, and the work is becoming so popular that news-
paper and commercial firms are vicing with each other in the volume
and variety of their crop reports. These results are indications of the
growing interest in the subject; they also create some confusion in the
public mind, from their variable and often contradictory tenor, which
should be corrected by the superior completeness and accuracy of De-
partment results. It will be my constant aim to secure such superior
efficiency of the official crop-reporting system.
Believing that the unadorned truth will best promote the interests of
producer and consumer, it will be my endeavor to eliminate bias and
prejudice from returns and from the work of interpreting and averaging
these local estimates. The fact that speculation, gambling in food prod-
ucts of the people, is alert in issuing false and exaggerated reports of
crop production, and successful in securing their publication under
circumstances tending to gain for them public credence, renders neces-
sary the most prompt and accurate official information of the condition
and ultimate yield of all our staple crops.
THE CROPS OF 1881.
While a crop failure, or such scarcity as to limit necessary consnmp.
tion of food, is practically unknown in this country, the nearest ap-
pi-oach to it for many years occurred in 1881. It affected all the cereals
except oats, the potato crop to a very serious extent, and reduced the
proiliiction of cotton more than a million bales. Five consecutive
seasons, from 1876 to 1880, inclusive, produced crops of more than
37 AG 577
'\r
578
BEPOBTvOF THE COUHIgSIOirER OF AGBICITLTUSE.
♦;i
M
average yield, while the same period in Western Europe was attended
with medium or low production in nearly all branches of farm industry,
but especially in wheat. In 1875, the wheat product was redue^,
while the corn crop was above an average. In 1874, the reverse was
true, wheat making an average crop, and com nearly as bad a failure
as in 1881. In 1869, com was a comparative failure, while wheat pro-
duced more than an average yield. In no season since the inauguratioD
of crop-reporting has there been so general disaster, involving corn,
wheat, barley, buckwheat, and rye^ oats alone being exempt from loss.
The aggregate of corn estimates is 1,194,916,000 bushels, grown upon
64,262,025 acres, or 18.6 bushels per acre. This is a reduction of 32 i)er
cent, in rate of yield and 27 per cent, in absolute quantity from the crop
of 1880.
The wheat crop aggregates 383,280,090 bushels, a re<luction of 22
per cent., grown on 37,709,020 acres, a yield of 10.2 j)er acre, the lowest
rate of jneld yet reported for the whole country.
Eye, 20,704,950, a reduction of 27 per cent.; area, 1,789,100 acres,
yielding 11.6 bushels per acre.
The product of oats is 416,481,000 bushels, against 417,885,380 in
1880. The area is 16,831,600 acres, and the yield 24.7 bushels i)er acre.
Barley, 41,161,330 bushels, a reduction of 9 per cent., grown on
1,967,610 acres, or the rate of 20.9 bushels per acre.
Buckwheat, 9,486,200 bushels, grown on 828,815 acres, yielding 1L4
bushels per acre.
The aggregate product of all cereals is 2,066,029,570 bushels, against
2,718,193,501, a decrease of 24 per cent.
The aggregate value of cereals grown in 1881 is greater than the total
valuation for 1880.
Com and oats, mainly consumed at home, and used interchangeably,
are most afiected by the failure of inaisse. The average value of corn
has advanced from 39.6 cents In 1880, to 63.6 cents in 1881; oats from
36 to 46.4 cents: wheat has advanced from an average of 95 cents to
$1.19 per bushel.
While the reduction of product of corn in the seven surplus-yielding
States amounts to about four-tenths of the usual crop, the aggregate
still equals 62 per cent, of the crop of the country, leaving as the pro-
duction of thirty -one States and ten Territories but three-eighths of
the maize product. The yield per acre, which should be 30 bushels in
a year of average production, is but 21.3 bushels : yet this is larger than
the average yield of the remaining States, which is 15.4 bushels. The
price per bushel is less, being 55 cents instead of 81 cents, in the remain-
ing States. The aggregate quantities, areas, and valuations are as
follows :
Product*.
Com
Wheat
OaU
Barley .....
Rye
Buckwheat
Total
Bushela.
1, 104, 016. 000
383,280,000
410, 481, 000
41, 161, 330
20, 704, 950
0,486,200
2,060,039,570
Tield.
18.6
10.2
24.7
20.9
11.6
11.4
Aorea.
64.262.025
37, 709, 020
16,831.600
1,067,510
1,789,100
828,815
123,388,070
Pric*.
10
1
63.6
19
46.4
82.3
98.3
8&5
Value.
$759, 482. lil
4^ ^.4:?:
193.189,9/d
33,862,513
10,327,415
8,205.713
l,470,ftMi3M
jti
In comparison with these aggregates, {hose of the' ten preceding years
are presented.
REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN. ^
Recapitulaiion o/cenal aopa of the United States,
579
Years.
Total produo*
tion.
Total area of
crop.
Total value of
crop.
1871
BviheU.
1, 528. 776, 100
l,6«4.33l,600
1, 538, i<[rl, 891
1.454,1FO,200
2, 032. 235, 300
1, 962. 822, 100
2, 17H, 934, 048
3, 302, 254, 950
2, 437. 482, 300
2,718.193,501
2. 066, 029, 570
Aeref.
65. 061, 951
68,280,197
74,112,137
80, 051, 289
86,863.178
93, 920. 619
93, 150, 286
100, 956, 260
102, 2tiO, 950
120, 926, 286
123, 388, 070
Dollars.
911,845,441
874, 594, 469
919, 217, 273
1, 015, 530, 570
1, 030, 277, 099
935. 008, 844
1, 035. 571, 078
913.975,920
1, 245, 127. 719
1, 361, 497, 704
1, 470, 948. 200
1872
1873
1874
1875
1878 ^
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
Total
21.884,133,158
1,008,971,223
11.713.584.307
AnnuAl average
1, 989, 466, 651
91, 724, 637
1. 064. 871. 301
What 18 the official crop history of this season of comparative disas-
ter! A year so exceptional slioukl present, from beginning to end, indi-
cations of coming faihire. They were not wanting. In April the offi-
cial report of condition of wheat was 80, instead of 98 for the preceding
year, the worst record in ten seasons of crop reporting. In the great
grain growing States of the West condition was marked very low — but
67 in Illinois, the State of largest production, and not a single winter-
wheat State of the least importance, New York and Kansas alone ex-
cepted, reported as high as 1(K). In June the recorded condition of
winter wheat was further reduced to 75. The injury by the severity of
the winter proved to be irreparable, and a loss of nearly one-fourth of
the crop resulted. Unfavorable weather in spring, reported in Wiscon-
sin, Minnesota, and Iowa, also reduced the production of spring wheat.
The June report of cotton placed average condition at 93 instead of
90 for the previous year. There was "universal mention of the back-
wardness of the crop, owing to a cold and late spring." In July the plant
was "generally reported small and about ten days late, owing to an
imfavonible spring." The September report showed a decrease from
88 to 72 in a single mouth. In October the figure had dropped to 06,
lower than for fifteen years.
The " trade" was inclined to doubt the accuracy of this average, and
claimed a crop of 0,000,000 bales at least. The sanguine objected to
any view that involved a reduction of more than a fourth of a million
bales, but were finally obliged to admit the loss of a million more. The
October averages of the two years were, respectively, 85 and 66, show-
ing a decrease of 23 per cent., and the product was only saved from an
equal reduction by about 5 per cent, increase of area.
The Department record of the potato crop haa been thoughtlessly and
sometimes unfairly criticised. The early reports were favorable. It
was 92 on the first'of August, but the September report indicated the al-
most unprecedented decline of 22 points in a single month. A severe and
protracted drought was nearly universal, checking growth, enfeebling
vitality, and placing the crop at the mercy of blights and insects, of
which tlie potato beetle and chinch bug took prompt and fatal advan-
tage. The October returns showed a worse condition than those of
September, the general average being reduced to 67, indicating a loss
of 55,000,000 bushels. At the date of this return the crop in the north-
ern belt of States, in which this culture is prominent, had not generally
been harvested^ or the full extent of the failure been developed, yet this
■>1
580
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
i'l
ir
ii
li
»»
allowing of tbe first of October was far worse than any record of the
cro]) since the establishment of the Division of Statistics. The diffid-
ence between the rate of yield for the year 1881 and the lotout previous
annual estimate of yield per acre is twofold greater than the full amoant
of the extraordinary importation of potatoes to supply the deficiency, and
the re<luction from the crop of the previous year is about seven times as
large as that importation. However imperfect the information relative
to minor crops, the results show approximately the relative crop condi-
tions of consecutive years more accurately than has been exhibited by
any unofficial agency or method. The difference between the estimates
of the two years is 58,514,076 bushels.
CORN.
■f
The estimates for the year 1881, presented in comparison with others
of the decade, are in harmony with the facts of distribution, scarcity of
mefit products, and advance in prices. The crop is pot the smallest in
absolute volume of the series, but the smallest in yield per acre. The
requirement of increased population, of enlarged foreign demand, f^
j)ork and beef, and esi)ecially for corn-fed beef, makes the comparatire
scarcity as great as in 1874, when the occurrence of a shorter crop, fol-
lowing a short one in 1873, raised the average price from 48 to 64.7
cents. The average price of the crop of 1881 was 63.6 cents, and would
have been higher than that of 1874 if the production of 1880 had been
below an average.
The following table presents the annual estimates of acreage, prod-
uct, and value for a series of years. The abnormal extraordinar)'
increase of recent years made it difficult to keep pace with advancinj,'
production, as is shown by the reconl for 1879, which is widely at vari-
ance with the census returns for that year. In other crops the differ-
ence is usually slight between the two records, but in the corn estimate
it is evident that the Department figures are quite too low. The table
should be studied in connection with the variable character of the
seasons, and with the prices per bushel, as they will in the main bear
close scrutiny and afford reliable evidence of comparative accuracy.
Calondar yean.
r Total prodac«
lion.
1871
]«72
1873
1874
1875
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881 ^
Total
BuiheU.
991. 898. 000
1, 09S. 719, 000
932, 274. 000
850, 148. 500
1, 821. 069. 000
1. 283, 827, 600
1, 342. 558, 000
1, 888, 218, 750
1, 547, 901, 790
1,717,434,643
1. 194, 916, 000
13. 662, 966, 083
1, 242, 087, 735
Total area of
crop.
Acres.
34,091,137
35, 5-<>6, 8^)6
39, 197. 148
41.036,918
44.841.371
49, 033. 364
50. 369, 113
51, 585, 000
53, 085, 450
62, 317. 842
64.262,025
525. 846, 204
47, 758, 746
Total yalne of
crop.
1478.
435,
447,
650.
555,
475,
480,
441,
580,
679,
769,
275,900
149,290
183, 020
043, 080
445, 930
491. 210
643,400
153, 405
486, 217
714, 499
482,170
5. 883, 068, 121
Average
value per
bushel.
Cent:
. 48.2
39.8
48L0
64.7
42.0
37.0
35.8
ai.8
37.5
39.6
63.6
634,824,375
43.1
Average
yield per
aure.
BuihfU.
•2'X 1
30.7
23.8
20.7
20.4
26.1
26.6
26.9
29.2
27.6
ia6
Arerep)
value w
yield ppf
acre.
26
$14 n
12 IM
1141
13 4^
12 a
99
9 51
85S
10 93
10 ?1
1183
119
The census record of the great corn crop of 1870, of 1,754,861,53.5
bushels, arranged by groups of States for the purpose of showing the
supply in proportion to population, and to cattle and swine, makes an
BEPOBT OF THE STATI8TI0IA1T. '
681
average i>roduct of 35 busbels per capita. As the Laka 8tat«s, with 2L8
bushels, have no sarplus, and the Soath, with :^.l bushels, hay some
corn fh>m the West, only the seven central States bordering on the Ohio
and Missouri (and Kentucky and Tennessee, to a certain extent) have
com for shipment and exportation. The proportion of cattle, and
especially of swine, bears intimate relation to the supply of corn, aa is
seen in the record of the seven central Western States, which prodnce
nearly soven-tentjis of the crop of the TTnited States.
The following tables contrast the highest and lowest production of
recent years,.th^ figures for 1879 being those of the census of the United
States, and those of 1381 the estimates of this divisioQ:
Group of SUIM.
1
•s
r
1
g
t
it
Is
si
1^
■b
S
t
1
Sffj^s-ai::;;::::-;:::::::;::::::::::::;;::::
a, STS, 133
i3S.aia,B»a
1,301,841, 33S
8i.sa3,7Ta
s.si2.m
S'UhrU.
815
1,SN
So.
41
«3
11
m
w
u
4, no, stt
U,«01.3«T
s:iBi;o««
■'"" -
I,7M,e«l,53S
3,4M
73
1)3
M,liS,7B3
Swtt.— The SUtM crniprtalng the» »everal Bronpa »m M foUowB:
1. X«c£iujandfilril<-i.— Milue.N8vHiimp«lilre,r«Ti]onC,MHSKhiiietla.IUiodebtaod,Coim»otloat.
1. Jliddlt SloeM— No" York, Now Jemry, Pponnjlvuiii. DHUwam.
3. &>uM AUantie and CW.— Maryluiil. VlrElnik, W«C Tirgisl*, Noibli CaroUuk, SralJi CaniHna,
Oeorglk Fluriili, Almlxmo, Mlululprl. Louiiuus, Teiu. Atkuiui.
s! WuUm iintni.—Oblo. InrUinn, nUnoli, Iowa. Uluoail. Kuua, ITsliiHkk.
e. LaUSIatet.—Kic.Mnn. WLKonaio, MioDewU.
7. J'aaJU ai»Ut unit TirrUoriu.—CaJoruiiL, Xsradk, CkUfoisU, Oragan, Turltortw.
Qronp of St>tM.
i
1
1
k
1^
si
is:
' £uMelf.
7,470,001
Tolaoaiooo
8,600,000
Ke.
aa
87
30
BS
170
m
i,i»4,8io.ooo
.^
O&l
90
582
REPORT OF TH£ COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
n
The progress of thirty years has been so remarkable in the com pro-
dnotion of these sevei^central States which yiekl all tlie suqilus worth
considering, that the record is given in detail :
'J A
Ohio
Indianft...
lllinoU ...
Inwft ,
MisAoari..
KanHM ...
Nebraska .
Toul
BUtet.
lato.
Bti$heU.
59. 078, C95
52, MM, 363
57, 646, IMH
8. 656. 799
36, 214, 537
1859.
BuMheU.
73,543,190
71,588,919
115.174,777
42,410,686
7J.MI2, 157
6, ir>i>. 727
1. 482. 080
214. 561, 37ii 383. 242, 536
1809l
liusheU.
€.7. 501, 144
51.004.538
129, Ml. 395
68. ft:<5, 0tf5
64. 084, 075
17, 025. 525
4. 736, 71U
405. 248, 452
187*.
Bu^kdi.
11 1. 877. IN
115.482,306
325.792.4*1
275,a24.24T
202.48Si,T3
105.721.3:3
65.4^1^3
1,201,841.3s
In noting: the great increase since 1869, ft should be remembereil tliat
the cro]) of that year was a partial faihire, and that the area planted
sliould have yiehiiMl 550,000,000 instead of 405,0(H),00O bushels. A com-
parison with the remaining States will make a more striking showiug.
Ye.irs.
1840
1850
1860
li?79
ThirtTone StAteaud
Territuriea.
ButkeU.
214.561,378
:i&\, 242, 5:!0
4U5, 248, 452
1,201,841,335
Per cent.
3<i. 2
4.1.7
53.3
68.5
BfiMheU.
?ri7. 5lBl. 720
455, 5.^0. 2IM}
8:>%. 696, U97
553, 02U, 200
Percnt
63.8
W.3
447
8L5
In 1849, three- tenths of the crop was grown in the States toncliing
the Atlantic coast; in 1879 only 12 per c^nt. In the central belt,
including all States between the lirst named and the Mississippi River,
the jnoportion has j3:radually declined from 58 to 40 per cent* Tbe
country west of the Mississippi, coming in with 12 ]>er eent. thirty 3ears
ago, now yields 42 i^er cent, of the crop, as a[>i>ears in the folluwiug
statement:
Section.
Atlnntic oonat
CtiitMil belt
Tmus-MisMissippi belt
1849. 1859. I 1869. 1879.
30
24
20
12
58
55
53
44
12
21
27
C
The progress westward is best shown by a meridian line dividing the
croi? into ea^stern and western halves, which may thus be represented
for four decennial i)eriods:
Yeai-a.
Crop, iubaahela.
Central
nientliaa.
18<9
........... & ------ -
592,071.104
838. 792. 742
760. 9^4. 549
1.754.661,535
0 «
85
86 30
18^9
18:9
1879
8B9
REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN.
583
The distance traversed, calculated on the line of 40^ north latitude,
duriDg this thirty years of projjress westward, has averaged 7.8 miles
per annum, or 234 miles in all, from a line running through the eastern
line of counties in Indiana to a longitudinal line running a little east
of Springfield, Rl.
The question has been frequently asked. What is the necessary con-
sumption of maize per capita iu the United States! No fixed quantity
can be designated as a necessity in the whole countrj^, or in a particu-
lar State. It depends not only upon the numbers of people, but upon
the farm animals to be fed and fattened, and the comparative quantity
and price of hay and forage, and all substitutes for com which may be
used in larger proportion in a season of scarcity. The West, under ex-
isting circumstance, can consume 55 bushels for each unit of popula-
tion, ship 30, and have 5 as a surplus ; or with 800,000,000 instead of
1,200,000,000 bushels, it can, by economy and substitution, make 40
bushels answer, and ship 20, theiocreased price naturally reducing both
consumption and exportation. A reduction of over 500,000,000 in a
single year has had this effect : It has increased the price more than
50 per cent, and advanced the average price of swine, sold for packing,
to 31 per cent. ; the actual average of 1881-'82. It increased the cost of
beeves, but not in that proportion, as they are the growth of three or
four years, and not of a single season, and the product of grass rather
than corn. But when, during the planting season of 1882, there was
prospect of another failure, a panic seized the beef market, and the
advance was temporarily 30 per cent, additional.
The comparison of production of com by States, according to the
X)opu1ation In June, 1880, and the crop of the preceding calendar year,
gives precedence to Iowa as the first in rank, with 169.3 bushels to each
inhabitant. Nebraska claims the second place, with 144.7 bushels,
Kansas has 106.1 bushels, and Illinois 105.9 bushels. The State fiirst
in actual quantity is thereiore foiurth in per capita standing. There are
but nine States that have more than 30 bushels per head. The fifth iu
rank, Missouri, has 03.4 bushels; sixth, Indiana, 58.4; seventh, Ken-
tucky, 44.2; eighth, Tennessee, 40.7; ninth, Ohio, 34.9. New England,
New York, New Jersey, the Pacific coast, and the Territories, exclusive
of Dakota, have each less than 10 bushels per head. The following
table shows the details of this distribution :
Product of earn per capita, centus of 1880.
StatM.
M»1ne>
New I{ainp«hire
Vtftimmt
MaiMach u»ett« ,
Kbodt- lolaud
CoDDecticut
Kuw Englftnd...
New York
Kew J«T««»y
PenoAvlvaula
NorUiem Middlo
Popnlation.
648,936
340,901
332.286
1» 783,085
276, 531
622,700
4.610,529
6,082,871
1, 131, 116
4, 282, 891
10. 496. 878
Acres.
30,997
86, 612
55.249
53.344
11.893
55.796
243,891
779,272
344, 555
1.373.270
2, 497, 097
ProUuct
Bruhelt.
960, C33
1, 350. •J48
2, 014, 271
1. 707. 5»3
372. 967
1, 880, 421
8, 376, 133
25. 875, 480
11,150,705
45, 821. 5:11
82, 847, 716
acs-iiT-
Per
capit4L
1.5
3.9
6.1
1
1.3
3
2.1
5.1
9.9
10.7
7.9
M
r*
584
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
Product of com per capita, oeiuut of 1880 — Continaed.
t !
States.
Pclaware ••..••....•.....••..
Maryland
Yir^'iuia
Southern Middle
North Ciiroliua
South Caroliua
Georgia
Florida
South Atlantio
Alabama
Missisfiiippi
Lonisiaua.......
Texan
Arkansas
Tennessee
Southern
West Virginia .—
Kentucky
Ohio
Michigan
lodiaua
Illinois
Wisconsin
Ohio Yalley and Lake i
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouii
Kansas
Nebraska
Missouri Valley
Caliroinia
Ou'<;on
Nevada
Washington
Pacific
Colonulo
a\> i/oiia
D.iKolu
Ida In •
Mont una
K<'w Mexico
Utah
Wyoming
Dintrict uf Columbia
Kocky Mountains and District of Columbia
UnittMl states
Population.
146. G08
834,943
1,612,565
2, 504, 116
1, 399, 750
895.577
1,542,180
869.483
4,207,000
1,262.505
1, 131, 687
939,946
1, 591, 749
802,625
1,542,359
7, 270, 681
618,457
1,648,680
3, 198, 062
1, 63G, 937
1, 978, 301
8, 077, 871
1,315,497
13, 473, 815
780,773
1, 624, 615
2,168,380
996,096
452,402
6,022.266
864.694
174, 768
62.266
75. 116
1, 176. 844
194,327
40, 440
135, 177
32.610
39,159
119,565
143, 603
20. 789
177, 624
003,384
50,155,783
Aor««.
202.120
664.928
1,767,567
2, 634, 615
2, 305. 410
1,303,404
2,538.733
360.294
Product
8,894,884
15,968,533
29, 106. 661
P«
cspitu
48, 909, 458
28, 019. 839
11.767.09(1
23,202.018
3. 174, 234
6. 507, 860
2, 055. 929
1. 570, 560
74C.728
2. 468, 587
1,298,310
2. 904, 873
66, 163. 190
25.461.278
21, 340. 800
9.906.189
29, 065. 172
24.166.417
62, 764, 429
11,040.977
172. 684, 286
665,786
3, 021, 176
3, 281. 923
919. 792
3, 678, 420
9.019,381
1, 016, 393
21.601.870
14,090,609
72,852,363
111, 877, 124
32,461,462
115, 482, 300
326, 792. 481
34,230.679
700.786,808
438,737
6, 616, 144
^ 688, 265
3, 417. 817
1. 630, 660
17, 601. 623
14, 831, 741
275, 024. 347
202,485.723
105,728,326
65,450,135
663, 521, 171
71,781
6,646
487
2,117
80, 031
22,891
1,818
80.852
569
197
41, 449
12,007
1.032
170, 815
1.888.325
126,862
12,801
39,183
2.172.261
465,868
34,746
2,000,864
16.408
. 5. 649
633.786
1C3,;»43
29.760
3. 340. 614
62,368,869 1,764,861,535
2&I
IT.l
li2
U.9
30
11.
11.
15.7
30.2
\ki
1&3
IQLl
4a7
13.1
211
44!
319
l&S
S&4
lOif
»
S2.5
U
1«L3
Ai
1M.1
1447
119
1}
«l7
&2
0.5
U
13
0.8
14.S
&5
0.1
&3
LI
OlS
17
85
Tbe Tiiovemeiit of com prodaction lias been constant and stnkiD^.
It Lhs been not only westward, but also northward. The seat of tbe
production was formerly in the South. Tennessee held the first position
in 1840. In 1849 fifteen Southern States produced 59 per cent, of tbe
crop, though Tennessee ha<l dropped to fifth in rank, preceded by Obio,
Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana. In 1859 the Northern States had ex*
REPOET OF THE STATISTICIAN.
585
' chaoged position ^vith the Soiitb, and claimed about 8ix-t«iithe of the
production, Illinois taking the lead, followed by Ohio, Missouri, Indiana,
Kentucky, and Teiniestiec. Illinois had only half a crop iu 1369, yet
still held the first positioa; Iowa came in next,«ud five States followed
in the same order as ten years before. Illinois had in thirty years, firom
1849 to 1879, exchanged the third place for the first; Missouri the sixth
for the third. Indiana held Btill the fourth place. Ohio had dropped
from the first to the fifth, Kentucky from the second to the seventh,
and Tennessee from the fifth to the ninth. Iowa, Kansas, Kobraska,
and Pennsylvania came iutfl the list, and Virginia, Georgia, Alabama,
and North Carolina, which stood at the bottom of the first list, failed
to appear in that of 1879.
u t/ean of 1:^, 1859, 18G9,
So.
Sbtea.
1M».
So.
e»«..
im
Ohio „
s«.aTS.ew
M,ST2,M
«,SM.1W
as. MM. 303
52,278.2-.:
35.IM,31B
30.(WO.«»
x.iu:ms
27,M1.0S1
ID
iisTm.TTT
Iltt::::::::::-:;;::::::
in
jK^. ::::::::::::::::;:::;■
No.
»u».
18N.
No.
«.»..
IKTS.
BiixAfh.
12>.»2].3a.t
»:sM,5M
18.441,214
8
Wt'*^^,
hl^--^
So'^tcroii^v.::::-.::;::::;:
ti,M2l.5SI
Esporf/ttion. — Tlie exportation of com has been about C per cent, of
the |)roductioii during the last deca^le, or twice the proportion of the
previous five years. At earlier periods the shipments to foreign coun-
tries have ttuctuiited -greatly from a fraction of 1 i>er cent, to 3 per cent.
t)f the crop. It has never been suCBcient to control or greatly modify
Iiome prices. "When prices have been high at home ex^wrtatlon has
been greatly checked ; when very low, larger shipments have been
found desirable, in supplementing the feeding stufl'a of Europe, with
which com competes. It has ever been, until recently, an iru uiisidii'-
able element in such feeding material, a convenience for limiti-d a&en,
rather than a necessity to be had without regard to price. Tiic great
increase of the latest period of five years has been mainly due to great
abnndance and low price; in part, to the increasing apjmwialion cou-
wqucnt upon enlarged use. The following table from the I'lcasury
rc(;ord», iis arranged by the Bureau of Statistics, will illustrate these
views:
5Rfi EEPOET OP THE COmnSSIONEB OP AOJUCDI.TUKE.
Table thoieing quatititiei and valutt of comand cam nwl ezporlfdfrom 1859 la I8S1 ixi
K,:
T«.™«.dingJiiii6.-U
Corn.
Harrcl,.
ii
its
202,357
OS, 410
2m!281
MB. MS
S:S
an. en
447: au7
3!i7!iw
350.813
434,083
28(1. 042
ToMl CMH.
Com.
Conim«i]
ToUIno.
S::::::::::::::;::::
Butheli.
l,71S.LI»tl
li3U,IK
wins:*;!!
4,i>iM.eM
i^[ iit. an
uMm
11.147,<»0
III
H «*,«>«
SB, 8S8, 4M
40. 403. .''7-^
7ll,»».0«
III
43;iM;»is
ii:4!m4««
12.4*3,3-.-^
tl,2M«S
l^^ifiU
».BBi.tB4
sss
72.632,811
87, 102. 110
«:. 8M. «M
BO, 572, 329
4*; 340, eta
iS;S?:^
lis
11. 07U, :i«S
14:B7I:092
13.1*H,0WI
7.4*8.0117
»,0S1,3(H
23.7M.SM
!4,7«1.B51
24, 4M, 937
41I.SM, 12U
53.'28«;M7
-Vl, 7i)-i 0S9
M,iH5.(B0
•9H.SO
1.489, SM
1. lA 4M
1,555.585
£, OSS. 430
r-in.Ti
IftW
lr!^?5
25.34D.itl
A glance At tliis table will ])rove tliat exportation of core lias little
infliieiice upon price; at least., that tbe botne demand, from the relative
scarcity or abainlance uf productioii, is the controlling factor in fixing
price. Tbe value at ports of sbipuient was 55 cents in 1880, and tbe
quantity ebippcd within a fraction of one hundred million boslieU. On
tbo other hand, in 1870 the exjwrt price was Cl.04, and the shipments
ainouuted only to a fraction above two nrillions. Tbe price controls
mainly the foreign demand; that demand afiJects only in small degree
the prices in this country.
WHEAT.
The crop of 1881, grown upon a breadth greater, with one exception,
than ever before reported, was tbe smallest aince 1877, with a lower
yield per acre than any of which official record is made. The ayera((e
of 11 years is 12.2 bnshels per acre, ranging from 13.9 in 1877 to lOJI in
18S1. Tbe average price, on the basis of farm valnatiou, iu December,
is tl.19, which is high<-r than that of any crop since 1872, While the
price of C0171 is determined mainly by tbe per capita supply, tbe expor-
tation being oulj* 3 to 0 per cent., the valne of wheat depends upon
the combined production of Europe and America, three to four t^tbs
of the crop being shipped abroad in seasons of European scarcity. The
following statement presents the estimates of area, product, and valoe
for a period of eleven years :
Olmdir yean.
Total pisdao-
tign.
TbUI Talue of
crop.
ATersg.
ATenm
jirfilpw
j.-idp«
:S1. 2M, 7110
3«ii,na.7iw
2fiB, 3^:^011
3m,iw,i46
1B™,>W
27,0271 Ml
28,2TI.M«
32.1«K,.W
M,MS,OSO
37|7W;i20
»8»D,411,(I20
SID, IWl, M5
S;SS
474,2<II.K.VI
45.1. 700, 4L'7
Ctnlt.
1S&.8
loo'
103.7
ia7
10.4
!^i^:::::::::::::::::::::
iii!
J.7C4,472.534
SOfi.577,21'1
3, 956,199, S07
jLjmn»l«»er»ge....
3i2,!24,;;(i
2li, 052,480
359,(i:4;S2S
1(i5l1
1Z2
1212
REPORT OF THE STATf^TTCTAN. 587
With an iucrense of tbirteen millions in population from 1871 to 1S82,
and an increased ex])ortation of 130,000,000 biisheKs, we Hhonld require
twice as mucb wheat, and the apparent increase of area is found to be
90 ])er cent.
Wheat is a crop grown in all the States and Territories, though very
Tinequally, some States producing? scarcely a week's supply. The New
lingland States together grow only a sufficiency for three weeks, the
Middle States obtain three-tenths of their wheat from the West, and the
South has a deficiency quite as large. Kentucky and Tennessee pro-
duce brejidstuffs for home consumption, and sometimes a small quan-
tity toward filling the Southern demanu. The States that have any
considerable surplus of wheat are those north of the Ohio River, those
of the Missouri Valley, and of the Pacific coast. Twelve States and
two Territories comi)lete the list of reliable surplus w^heat producing
States.
Where and by whom is this surplus used! By an analysis of the
facts of production, local distribution, and exportation, we are able to
fi.K with considerable precision the local consumption. Yet the ])roduc-
tion varies annually, sometimes 20 per cent, or more in a single year.
Consumption isincreased by augmenting population, and great scarcity
^ith high prices may somewhat diminish the per capita rate. All these
changes add to the difficulties of calculating the distribution of each
crop.
Yet the writer four years ago attempted to show what had become of
the assumed crop of 1877, believing that similar calculations for sub-
sequent years would verify the accuracy of the estimates of protluction,
if substantiall}^ correct, or show wide and increasing discrepancies if
the bases of these calculations were unfounded and untrue. First, the
reserve for seed, a large proportion of it to be plants soon after ripen-
ing, requires a bushel and a half per aci*e, as established by a careful
investigation. Next, the exportation of the following fiscal year, which
corresponds with sufficient nearness to the crop year, which can be given
in actual bushels. The remainder is left for consumption, almost ex-
clusively as food for man. This requirement for local consumption, the
distribution of the supply, is not blindly assumed, but is fixed after in-
vestigation of the facts of transportation to the South, to the Eastern
seaboard, after examination of Aour-manofacturing data, and all facts
that bear upon local difierences in rate of consumption.
Without attempting too minute characterization of local differences
in rate of consumption, but averaging for large groups of States, the
assumed supply of twelve States, from Maryland to Texas, is placed at
4 bushels. A very large proportion of corn is used in this region, by
all classes, and especially by the great masses of laborers; in some dis-
tricts the consumption of w^eat is not half the average lor the whole
country. In Maryland and Virginia the proportion is much greater
than in Alabama or Mississippi, yet 4 bushels is probably an excessive
rather than a deficient supply for the whole region. In Kentucky and
Tennessee the average is placed at 4J bushels. In the great wheat-
growing States, and in the Middle and Eastern States, wheat is more
exclusively used for bread, though com, rj'e, and buckwheat are con-
sumed to a limited extent, and 5 bushels are allowed. This makes an
average of fully 4§ bushels, or a full barrel of flour, to each inhabitant
throughout the country — more in some Stat-es, less in others.
Upon such basis the following table is constructed, showing the dis-
r
i.1
» I
m
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r
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55 9!t !??
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590
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
been reduced nearly 60 per cent. The current annual ex[>ortatioii,
tboufrh less than two-thirds of that of 1880-'81, exhausts this surplus,
and also reduces to the lowest limit (in many years) the usual reserves
on hand in farmers' bin or merchants' granary at the close of each crop
year.
Summing up the results of these calculations^ it is seen that the dis-
tribution of two years is loss by a very small margin than tbe'prodnc-
ti(m. In two other years it is more by an equally small difference; and
only in the last year is there an apparent discrepancy, which is fiilly
accounted for by the diminished stocks in hands of growers and deal-
ers as coiiipare<i with the large surplus of August 1, 1881, when possi-
bly 45,000,000 bushels, exclusive of seed, were in existence east of the
liocky Mountiiius and 20,000,000 on the PaciHc coast. The recapita-
la t ion is as follows:
Years.
Prodaction.
For fbod.
For seed.
Exportation.
Total distribs-
Uon.
1877
ButheU.
364, 194. 146
41»«), 122, 400
459, 479. 505
49K, 549, 868
383.280,090
ButheU.
223, 302. 383
228, 877, 978
236, 182. 103
242, 086, 655
235, 243, 812
Biuhelt.
4U. 913. 308
48.162,810
5*!, 145, 076
56. .563, 530
55,215,573
Bushels.
90. 167. 959
147, 687. 649
180. 304. 180
180. .32 1.214
121. 892, 389
BusheU.
354,30,151
424,728,467
1P7H
1879
4119, 631 3SI
1)-8U
484.97L199
18bl
412.357.774
Total
2, 125. «26, 009
1. 105. 698. 031 254. 000. 327
728. 373, 391
2.14«.0T:.6tf
ATerai;e
425. 125. 202
233, 139, 786
60.800,065
145, 274, 078
439,214.531
The result is an estimated production of 2,122,626,009 bushels in fire
years, and a distribution of 2,146,180,260 bushels, an excess of 20.554^1
bushels. If this represents truly the facts of production and aistribu-
tion, it shows that the surplus on hand at the close of the wheat year,
August 1, 1882, was about 20,000,000 bushels less than at the same date
in 1877. It is certain that the unexampled exhaustion of stocks, in con-
sequence of last year's diminished product, did reduce stocks to that ex-
tent at least. A few facts will make this matter plain.
The early exhaustion of the surplus is indicated by results of returns
of wheat on hand March 20, 1882 (four months before the close of the
wheat year), compared with the quantity on hand March 20, 1881, in
the following States, which furnish a large proportion of the surplus of
wheat :
.1
I'
SUtea.
Ohio
In<liana....
lIlinoiH ....
J<^^\■^
Kansas
Kebiaska. .
Total
ICarcta 20, 1882.
Percent
of crop.
25
18
10
33
17
15
21
n
Buahela.
9,630,000
5,643,540
6,830.880
4, 197, 040
8, 467, 830
2,986,850
2,906,400
85^662,040
Harch 20. 1881.
Per cent
of crop.
30
28
24
28
28
26
23
25
Boakela
14,997.143
13,934.181
9,694,9(7
9, 2X9, 807
8.277.678
5.287.360
2.972,216
64,393,863
Instead of 25 per cent, on hand at that date, there was only 21 i>er
cent., while the actual quantity on hand of the reduced crop of 1881 was
less by nearly 2y,000,000 bushels; a decrease of nearly half.
The reduction in the visible supply of the Atlantic coast wheat was
uiao in very nearly tii^ wme proportion.
REPORT OP THE STATISTICIAN.
591
The comparison is as follows :
Biuholt.
March 20, 1880 ^ 26,864,237
March 19, 1881 22,907,003
March 18, 1882 13,415,924
From this time to June 24, the receipts at seaboard ports were only
10,042,838, and the visible supply (stock "in sight") had in that time
been reduced 2,860,478 bushels, showing that a little more than 7,000,000
bushels had in the meantime come from all farms east of the Eocky
Mountains over the through routes eastward, though a small additional
quantity had been drawn from farmers for local distribution. It is evi-
dent from these facts that there was little more than half of the usual
surplus.
From this exposition it may be fairly assumed that the amount of
whe^t required as food, in years of average abundance, is 4} bushels
per capita; that it scarcely ever exceeds ^, and rarely falls below 4}
bushels.
It may also be assumed that the estimates of production are substan-
tially correct as to the crop, and that they assuredly are not too high,
if divergent at all from the actual.
The increase of wheat production in thirty years is quite remarkable,
and its progress westward equally notable. There has been an increase
of (nearly) 14 per cent, on the Atlantic coast, of 427 per -cent, in the
Central States, and 3132 per cent, in the countiy beyond the Missis-
sippi. In ten years past the increase has been 63 -per cent, in the Central
belt and 92 in the Trans-Mississippi region, though the actual increase
in bushels wafi greater in the former— 88,388,110 against 82,120,609
bushels.
The production of each grand division is thus shown for each decennial
enumeration:
Sootions.
AtlaAtle coast ...
CentTAlbelt
Trans-MitsiMippl
total
1849.
Suaheli.
51, «57. 020
43,5^,046
5, 300, 278
100,485,fM4
1860.
StuheU.
&3,2fM,137
94.458,609
25^352,178
173, 104, 924
1809.
Buihdt.
87, 476, 371
140, 877, 070
89,892,185
287,745^626
1879.
Btuihdt.
58.701.531
229, 265, 180
171,512,794
459,479,505
The percentage proportions of each crop produced in each division
are thua compared:
Seottona.
1849.
18591
1869.
1879.
AilAntin coAiit ............... •■•.•^•••■■■■•■•«1*. >■•■>•■•■•..
61.4
48.3
5.8
30.7
54.6
14.7
20.
49.
3L
12.8
Central belt ~
Tranfl>Miaaiiwi0i)i ....•.......•..«•-.«••*-«- -.--.,--t..-r»'i-T-
49.9
87.8
loa
100.
100.
100.
It will be seen that the proportion grown in the central belt has not
declined in thirty years, though it is less than twenty years ago. In
the last decade it has slightly advanced.
The most striking fact in wheat production is the increase per capita,
notwithstanding the phenomenal increase in population. It was 4.33
bushels in 1849; 5.5 in 1859; 7.28 in 1869; and 9.2 in 1879. The fol-
lowing exhibit gives the qu^tity per capita, with the acreage and the
population of each State.
592
KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURK.
. 1
The local changes of prodaction are seen clearly in the accompanyiDg
diagram, which represents the ten principal wheat-growing States in
each enomeration in the order of their prominence. Two States in the
last list exceed the production of the whole ten of the first, and very
nearly equal the entire crop of 1849. The first in 1849 literally becomes
the last iu 1879. Only three of the first list, New York, Maryland, and
Vii'ginia, fail to appear in the last. The tenth State in 1879, Pennsyl-
vania, has a production considerably in excess of the first in the list of
1849, which is also Pennsylvania. Ten States in 1849 produced 86 per
cent, of the crop, 75 in 1859, 79 in 1869, and 75 in 1879; i. «., alwut
three-fourths of the product is grown in less than one-fourth of the
States and Territories, sliowing that while wheat can and may be grown
in every political division of the United States, there are climatic, geo-
logical, or economic reasons for unequal and patchy distribution of this
imi)ortant crop. These changes are shown in the following table:
4
Stotes.
PeDiiBylyaxiia
Ohio
New York...
Virf^niA
lllinoia
ludiauft
Alary land....
Wisconsin...
Hiasouri
TotAl..
1849.
BuMhelt.
15.307,691
14,4«7,351
13, 121, 498
11, 212, 616
9,414,575
6.214.458
4,925,889
4,494,680
4, 286, 131
2, 981, 662
86,506.641
states.
nUnoU
IndittDA
WisooQAin ...
Ohio
Vir^inift
Pennsylvanl*
New York ...
Iowa
MiohigMi....
Mary land....
Total...
1859.
23,837,«2S
16.84tl,2(<
15.65i,45«
15,1U,MT
13,130,f77
13.042,16
8.681,1«5
8,44fl>4fl
8.33«,SiB
6,103, 4a
129.205^38
States.
Illinois
Iowa
Ohio
Indiana
Wisconsin - . .
Pennsylvania
Minnesota . . .
Cnlifumia....
Michij]:an
Missouri
Total..
1889.
Busheii.
90, 128. 405
29, 435. 692
27, 882, 150
27. 747. 222
25.606,344
19, 672, 967
18. 866, 073
16. 676, 702
16. 265. 773
14. 316, 926
226,597,263
States.
niinois
Indiana
Ohio
Michigan....
Minnesota ...
Iowa
California
Missouri
Wisconsin . . .
Pennsylvania
Total ...
1879.
p-ffftffr
5i,ms«
47,284.'8S
46,014.80
35.5».5a
34.601««n
81.15i»
29.917.701
24,906^C7
24,8S4.M
19,46S.4M
844.a2l^4l>
The rate of westward movement of wheat is greater than that of com
Calculating the distance traversed westward on the line of the fortieth
parallel (which very nearly divides the crop into northern and soathern
halves) at the rate of 280,135 feet to each degree of longitnde, the move-
ment of thirty years is equal to 411 miles, or 13.7 miles per annum. The
center line of production passed throngh Eastern Ohio in 1849; through
the eastern Hue of counties of Indiana in 1859; Esystem Illinois, in the
western line of Pratt County in 1869, and the center of Illinois in 1879,
as indicated in the following statement:
Years.
Crop.
C«ntnlliM
oflonptode.
Ifit9
BvduU.
100.485.944
173, 104, 924
287, 745. 626
459,479,505
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I
h
REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN.
5D3
The accompanying outline map of this region shows the central lino
dividing the crops, both of wheat and corn, at the four decennial dat^s.
The movement of thirty years was through 7f degrees of longitude.
It has not been equal, more than half of the sthde having been accom-
plished in the first ten years. Nor has the march been without retro-
grade, as the line of equal division of the crop was carried in 1877 fully
a third of a degree farther than in 1879, when the Ohio Valley pro-
duced 180,000,000 bushels and the entire Northwest only about two-
thirds as much on nearly the same area. It is possible that the move-
ment may at some future day tend eastward after the western limit is
reached. The receding eastward in 1879 was in consequence of a
higher rate of yield in the older winter- wheat States, in part from bet-
ter cultivation, tile-draining, and wiser management, with the aid of a
propitious season. The following statement illustrates the difference in
yield:
states.
New York
Pennsylvania ,
Ohio :
Michigan
Indiana
niinoia
Total
1
Winter wheat.
Bushels.
Bushels
per acre.
11, 587, 766
19,462,405
40, 014, 860
35, 532, 543
47,284,863
51, 110, 502
15.7
13.5
lao
19.5
18.0
15.9
210, 992, 938
17.0
SUtes.
Wiaconsin
Minnesota
Iowa
Kobraska.
Dakota...
Total
Spring wheat.
Bushols.
24. 884. 689
34, 601, 030
31, 154, 205
13. 847, 007
2,830,289
107,317,220
'Bnshols
I>eracre.
12.8
11.4
10.2
0.4
10.7
11.0
The highest rate of yield in the northwest fails to equal the lowest in
the great winter-wheat States east of the Mississippi. It is fair to say
that the difference here presented is greater than the average difference
of a series of years, yet the causes producing it act with much uniform-
ity and certainty, and the fact enforces an important lesson in wheat
husbandry.
Exportation. — The exportation of wheat assumed increased impor-
tance during the war period from the high price of gold (wheat being
sold virtually for gold), and from the necessity for something in thQ
place of cotton with which to pay for necessarily heavy, imports.
During those four years the average annual shipments exceeded
50,000,000 bushels. For five years thereafter the annual shipments
averaged but 20,000,000. Then a new impetus was given to the trade,
first from increased consumption of wheat in an era of progress ana
prosperity, and afterwards, when a check came to the general prosperity
of the great nations of western Europe, several unpropitious seasons
in succession caused a largely increased demand on our supply, which,
fortunately, was ami)le for all demands. The high prices which re-
sulted have greatly increased the acreage, which has been doubled
in fifteen years. Since 1869 the exportation has never fallen below
fifty millions, except in 1871-'72, and for four years past it has averaged
159,000,000 bushels per annum, and an export value of $187,000,000.
The foreign shipments of five years have equaled the volume of exports
of sixteen previous crops.
9Q A At
i I
594
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AOBICULTURE.
Table Bhowing q}tantitie9 and values of wheat and wheat JUmr exported from 1859 (ol8S2,
incluHve,
Years.
1859.
I860.
1861.
1862.
1863.
1864.
1865.
1866.
1807.
1868.
1869.
1870.
1871-
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
Wheat
Bushelt.
3, 002, 016
4, 155, 153
31, 238, 057
37, 289, 572
36, 160, 414
23,681,712
9, 937, 152
5, 579, 103
6,146.411
15, 940, 809
17, 557, 836
36, 584, 115
34,310,906
26,423,080
39, 204. 285
71, 039, 928
53, 047, 177
65, 073, 122
40. 825, 611
72,404.061
122,353,936
153,252,795
150, 565, 477
95, 271, 802
Wheat-floar.
Total wheat
Barrels.
BwhOt.
2, 431, 824
13.945,224
2,611,596
15,907,335
4, 323, 756
50, 694, 959
4, 882. 033
59,258,720
4, 390, 055
55, 915, 661
3. 557, 347
39, 689. 773
2, 604, 542
21, 657, 591
2,183,050
15, 402, 828
1,300,106
11,996,888
2, 076, 423
25, 284, 802
2,431,873
28. 501, 264
3, 463. 333
52, 169. 113
3, 653, 841
50, 753, 190
2. 514, 535
37, 738, 487
2, 562, 086
50, 733, 672
4, 094, 094
89, 463, 351
3, 973, 128
70, 926, 253
3. 935. 512
72, 782. 926
3, 343, 665
55, 372, 103
3,947,33.J
90, 167. 950
5, 629, 714
147, 687, 649
6.011.419
180, 304, 180
7. 945, 786
180, 321, 514
5,915,686
121, 892, 389
Wheat
$2,849,192
4, 076. 704
38, 313, 624
42, 573, 295
46, 754. 195
31. 432, 133
19. 397, 197
7, 842, 749
7,822,555
30, 247, 632
24, 383. 250
47, 171, 229
45, 143, 424
38, 915, 060
51. 452, 254
101, 421, 459
59, 607. 863
68, 382, 899
47, 135. 562
96, 872, 016
130, 701, 079
190, 546, 305
167, 698, 485
112. 929, 718
Wheat floor. ! Total vkaH
$14,433,591
IS. 448. 507
24.045,849
27,584.677
28.308,06»
25, 588, 249
27, 222, 031
18,396.686
12. 803, T75
20, 887. 798
18. 813, 865
21.109,593
24.093.184
17.955.684
19, 381. 064
20,258.094
23.712.440
24.433,470
21.663,947
25, 095. 721
29. 567, 711
35, 333, 197
45. 047. 257
36, 375. 055
$17. 382.79
19.525^211
62,959.473
70,lfl7.97J
75,130,261
57, 020, £3
46,61i,SS
36.239,4»
20,62t,»
51.13S,4»
43, 197. m
68.94d.8a
56,870.744
70,833,918
130.a79;S53
83,320,368
92. 811^ 39
68.799.5tt
121. 967. W
160.2GS.7B
225,879.5(!S
212, 745. 76
149,301, 773
OATS.
This crop in 1881 was an exception, the only cereal not seriously im-
paired by the vicissitudes of the season. It was not a large crop', and
scarcely a medium yield. The average was 24.7 bushels per acre, the
average for eleven years being 27.G per acre. This is the lowest rate for
that period, with the exception of 22 bushels in 1874. The range wa«
from 22 to 31.6 bushels.
The value was also higher than in any year since 1870, except in 1874,
when it was 62 cents. In 1880, when the yield was 25.8 bushels, slightly
under an average, the price was 36 cents, precisely the average of eleven
years. It would have been somewhat higher but for the extraordinary
abundance and unusual cheapness of corn. So when the production of
maize fell oft' 500,000,000 bushels in 1881, the value of oats advanced
ten cents per bushel, notwithstanding the yield of 24.7 bushels, in con-
sequence of the still greater advance of corn, these grains being used in
terchangeably for feeding certain farm animals.
The value per acre for this series of years is found to be aboat $10
per acre.
Calendftr years.
1871
i8r2
1873
1874
1875 ^
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
Total
Annual average
Total produc-
tion.
BusheU.
255, 743, 000
271, 747. 000
270. 840, 000
240, 369, 000
854. 317, 500
820, 884, 000
406, 394, 000
413. 578. 560
363. 761. 320
417.885.380
416. 481. 000
Total area of
crop.
Aerea.
8, 365, 809
9, 000, 769
9, 751, 700
10, 897, 412
11,915.075
13, 358, 908
12, 826. 148
13, 176. 500
12. 683. 500
16, 187, 977
16, 831, 600
Total value of
crop.
$102.
01,
101.
125,
129,
112.
118,
101.
120,
150.
193,
570, 030
315,710
175,750
047,530
499. 930
865,900
661.550
945.830
533,294
243.565
198. 970
3. 731, 500. 760
339, 227, 342
134,995,398 I 1,347,058.059
12, 272, 309
122, 459, 823
Average
value per
bnahel.
Average
yield per
acre.
Aven^
ralaeof
yield per
acre.
Cent*.
40.1
33.6
37.4
52.0
36.5
35.1
29.2
24.6
33.1
36u0
46.4
Bushels.
30.5
30.1
27.7
22.0
29.7
24.0
31.6
31.4
28,7
25.8
24.7
36.1
27.6
$1131
10.14
iaS7
IL47
1(L»
&44
9.S
7.74
9l50
9.28
1L47
9l«
EEPORT OP THE STATISTICUN.
596
BARLEY.
#
I
This is the only cereal crop of which a supply for home consnmption
is not produced in this country. While the average production since
1870 has been 36,000,000 bushels, the importation in excess of exports
has been about 6,000,000. Its acreage has increased in nearly the same
ratio as the area of wheat, yet the supply lags behind demand, failing
to keep pace with the increase of the beer manufacture. The crop of
1881 was a small one, averaging 20.9 bushels per acre, about the same
as those of 1874 and 1875, and larger than that of 1872 ; others of the
past decade ranging upwards to 24.5 bushels. The influence of price
on extension of area is well exemplified in the history of this crop. In
1872 there was a large importation, causing some reduction in price.
The next year there was no enlargement of the breadth cultivated, and
the price went up from 73.9 cents to 91.5. In 1874, the year fol-
lowing, the expansion exceeded two hundred thousand acres, J)roducing
no increase of aggregate product in that year of low yield, so that the
jxrice stood at 92.1, and a further enlargement of 200,000 acres followed,
bringing the price down to 81.3 cents, which stopped the increase of
area, while better crops and larger imports still farther reduced the
price. The reduction of 4,000,000 last year sent up the price again
from 66.6 to 82.3. The crop statement is as follows :
A noticeable fact in the local distribution of barley cultivation is
the large proportion in three districts widely separated — California,
New York, and Minnesota — which together produced 23,000,000 of the
41,000,000 bushels grown last year, and 25,000,000 of the 44,000,000 in
the census year. In California its distribution is quite general — ^Ala-
meda, Colusa, Monterey, San Joaquin, Santa Clara, and Sacramento
being the counties of largest production, together supplying more than
5,000,000 of the 12,000^000 bushels produced in 1879. In New York,
Ontario, Cayuga, Monroe, Yates, Niagara, and Wayne, in the wheat
district of Western New York, are the principal factors in production,
producing nearly half the crop of the State. In Wisconsin, Eock,
Waukesha, Fond du Lac, Jefferson, Sheboygan, Walworth, Washing-
ton, and Milwaukee yield a large portion of the crop. In California it
is used considerably for feeding, as it is in the East for drinking pur-
poses. Very little is grown in the South.
Calendar years.
18n
1872
1873
1874
1875
1870
1877
1878 -
1879
1880
1881
Total
Annual average
Total prodao-
tion.
Buthelt.
26, 718, 500
25, 846, 400
32, 044, 491
32, 552, 500
36, 908, 600
38, 710, 500
34, 441, 400
42, 245, 630
40, 283, 100
45, 165, 346
41, 161, 330
397, 077, 797
36, 097, 082
Total area of
crop.
Acres.
1, 177, 668
1, 397, 082
1, 387, 106
1, 580, 626
1, 789, 902
1.766,511
1, 614, 054
1, 790, 400
1, 680, 700
1, 843, 329
1, 967, 510
17, 995, 486
1, 035, 953
Total yalne of
orop.
$21, 641, 777
19, 837, 733
29, 333, 529
29, 983, 769
29, 952, 082
25, 735, 110
22, 028, 044
24,483,315
23,714,444
30, 090, 742
33, 862, 513
290, 563, 058
20, 414, 823
Average
Average
Talae per
yield per
baahel.
acre.
Centt.
Buthelg.
80.0
22,7
73.9
19.2
91.5
23.1
92.1
20.6
81.3
20.6
66.5
21.9
64.0
21.3
58.0
23.6
68.9
24.0
66.6
24.5
82.3
20.9
73.2
22.0
Average
valaeof
yield per
acre.
$18 3(1
14 20
21 15
18 07
16 73
14 57
13 64
13 67
14 11
16 32
17 21
16 14
i
59G
REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE,
i
RYE.
This crop shared in the disaster that overtook wheat in 1881, and
made the lowest yield in ten years. Its average yield is greater than
that of wheat, being nearly 14 bushels for a period of years thronghont
the country, while that of wheat slightly exceeds 12 bushels. I^st
year the estimated average was 11.6 bushels. The range of the general
average is about 4 bushels, or from 11.6 to 15.9 during the past decade.
Pennsylvania, Illinois, New York, Wisconsin, and Iowa are the princi-
pal factors in the supply of this cereal, producing nearly two-thirds.
In the South its real prominence fails to appear in the census record,
as it* is far more used there for pasturage than for the grain, which is
uiaiuly used for seed. The following table is compiled from the records
of estimates of this Department:
Calendar year.
Total prodao-
tion.
1S71
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
Total
Annual average
Buthelt. .
15.365,500
14.888,600
15, 142, 000
14, 090, 900
17, 722, 100
20. 374, 800
21, 170, 100
25, 842. 790
23, 639, 460
24,540,829
20,704.050
214, 382, 029
19, 489, 275
Total taetk of
orop.
Aeret.
!« 009, 531
1,048,654
1,150,855
1, 116, 716
1, 359, 788
1,468,374
1,412,902
1,622,700
1.625.450
1, 767, 619
1, 789, 100
15, 431, 189
1,402,835
Total Talae of
crop.
$12, 145. 646
11,363,093
U, 548, 126
12,870,411
13, 631, 900
13. 635, 826
12,542,895
18, 602, 826
15,507.431
18.564,560
19,327,415
154.730,729
14,066,430
Average
valaeper
buaheL
OenU.
79.0
76.3
7&2
85.8
76.9
66.9
59.3
52.6
65.6
75.6
93.3
Arerage
yi«ldper
acre.
72.2
SuahsU.
14. S
14.1
lai
13.4
lao
13.8
14.9
15. 9
14.5
13.9
11.6
AT^agB
TalllBM
yield pa
U.9
19 S3
10 04
nsi
10 03
9S
887
8»
»54
lose
10 s
10 03
BUCKWHEAT.
This crop has a restricted range. It is annually grown to the extent
of about 12,000,000 bushels, of which two-thirds are produced in New
York and Pennsyl^nia, for consumption largely as break&st-cakes in
the great cities of the seaboard. A small quantity, however, is annu-
ally reported from nearly all the States. In the South its production \%
extremely limited — restricted to a few experimental patches. Its acre-
age has nearly doubled in ten years. The crop in 1881 was the smallest
ever reported — 11.4 bushels licr acre. The range has been firom this
figure up to 20 bushels. The comparison of estimates of eleven years is
as follows :
Calendar yean.
1871
1872
1873
1H74 ,
1875
1H7G
1877
1878
1879 ,
1880.
lh«l
Total
Annual average
ToUl
prodaction.
8,328,700
8. 133, 500
7, 837, 700
8, 010, 600
10, 082, 100
9, 668, 800
10, 177, 000
12. 240, 820
13, 140, 000
14, 617, 535
0, 486, 200
111,734,955
10, 157, 723
Total area
of crop.
Aeret,
413, 915
448,497
454, 152
452,590
575. 530
066.441
649.923
673. 100
639,900
822,802
828,815
6,625,665
602,333
Total valae
of orop.
$6,900,268
6, 747, 618
6,382.043
6, 477. 885
7.166,267
7,021,498
6, 998, 810
6,454,120
7, 856, 191
8,682,488
8, 205, 705
78, 892, 893
7, 172, 081
Average
Talne per
boaheL
OeniM,
82.8
82.9
81.4
sas
71.0
72.6
68.7
52.7
59. o
59.4
86.5
ATerage
yield per
acre.
20.1
l&l
17.2
17.7
17.5
14.5
15.6
18.3
20.5
17.7
1L4
ATeng:e
Talne of
jieldper
acre.
fl6«7
15 Oi
14 OS
14 31
1345
10 53
10 7S
959
1S2S
10 5i
9»
70.6
16.1
UH
REPORT OP THE STATISTICIAN.
POTATOES.
507
Never bos there been so disastrous a eeaaon for potatoea at tliat of
1881. Tlie range of estimated yields is from 53.5 bosbelsper acre in tbnt
year to 110.5 io 1875. TLe average for the period is placed at 84.2 bush-
els ; 80 that but half a full crop was gathered ; in some States scarcely a
third of a crop, while a few Lad two-thirds of a full yield. The jirico
was, of conrse, higher than ever before, 90.9 cents per bushel, at the
date of retiinis of prices in. Ueeerabor, and higher as consumption ix-
baustcd the partial supply. The lowest price during the period was
38.9 per bushel, in 1875, the average for eleven years 50.1. The loss of
70,000,000 bushels was severely felt, and could not be nnvdo good by
impoi'tation. Though Irish and Scotch potatoes were sold in every
market east and weatj and the trade acknowledged to have attained
extraordinary proportions, but 8,789,860 bushels were brought in at a
cost of $4,5[J0,12O, against 2,170,372 bushels the previons year. Sis-sev-
enths of the shortage was not made np, and there was a similar scarcity
of root crops of all luuds.
T*M.
QouitltT.
A«.
V«ln«.
\"isi:.^'
ywUpor
V.^p«
ISO, ui, 100
18,6:8,000
os,>ei!ooo
U, 877,000
124,827,000
70.002,000
aj lift 050
81, 826, 400
67,810,670
09.H^«4
Stra.
1. 205,139
1,741,893
1, 838,800
•aas
TV 774. 880
0&! 019,420
Kl,B61.B90
7C, 249, 600
7;i:u59:i2S
79,153,873
S9.B
JO.B
BT.I
43:8
90.9
JJuitulM.
85.2
B1.9
'i
9&0
IKS ~
4 M
TotX
1,4«).«I,2U
r,.;,'i,;ii
ABinuIsverag*....
13S,«l,01»
1.008.W4
71,74^8T»
M.i
M.S
47 08
The grass crop, green and dry, is worth more than any other in this
conntry. The hay is worth farless than the pasturage in intrinsic value,
and yet grass depastured produces an overwhelming proportion of the
growth in flesh of all animals, and bears an important part in the fatten-
ing or famishing of beeves. The following table presents the annual
estimates of this Departmeut of the product and value of the bay crop.
T-r..
Onwdly.
Area.
v„.
V.lu«p.r
Tldd per
Vmlooper
22,239,400
2S, 085, 100
ftg»
S0,M7,400
'iSS
lis
25282.707
25887.708
20,931.300
27^*M>1
25,M3,0SS
30,888,700
nr.l. 717,0.16
34 J. 900, OTH
S3^.fo^«8
34-.\ iri"i;i! 443
S:KS
871.811,06*
415.131,308
>1SB1
11
8M
11 06
i: 1
122
1B77
327,803.003
^8a,3lo,2^9
3. 037.832. 881
AiiDiiKlaTenGe
2», BOO, ZSl 24,392.860
335,212,082
1L26
1.22
13 7*
BEFOBT OF THE COUUIBBIONEB OF AGRZCUI.TDBE.
CROP ESTIMATES FOE 1881.
1
1
i-a
1
j
1
J
UA,,,.
■.""^l^."!
■■ffi:S
23
31, mo
4^,;oo
lljoo
'r-S
62
Kjo
Me.s>
41. 7K
sa.v
....llO-.
t Jii! duo
'5S
....hHU
liTiai
W1,<E0
.88
1.0M.»0T
liio
itai.)H
low
1,350,1(11
17.(M;»
HBW BAUPIIIIRB.
.baibcOa
....do..
'is
•3
1
B7
as
K!:--;:::;;:;:::::::
15, «<
B^EEEE^
....do..
•■■•t-
172,551
MtM
i^:;::;:::;:;;::;::;:
■-ss
TqW
ie,H8.N>
iDdiuioora
^«*- — ■
■.•rJ."-
1.890,000
178,000
18
ia.e-
l,!«i
1.10
55,800
im,5a«
M
147
1
IS
11 »
■■as
i^"s;i«v :-:
::::&:
185,000
sti.ooo
. 2,S01.<HO
132, 7M
I,030.1S»
■■ss
24i:s»
H.ir
■ po'jj;
11,BJ,7B
1.I8S.7MI
18.111 hi
■UMACHUUm.
l,40«.OO0
10.000
«s,ooo
S5.1
its
S7,M0
■|
I 00
18 80
fc::::::::::-::::::::
....do..
UK 880
4«.«
....do..
■PO<J^
H»r
12,«r.BS
_
7Sa.084
17 530 m
MODB MtAIO).
w.ooo
z«o
18,000
iw.ooo
18,600
»e2;«80
10.4
60
1^100
1,400
'■^
«,0<8
M
I M
1 00
9M
....do..
PoUtOfW
....do..
3e.8M
-.riiS
18, 6»
i"ii'
»,i«i
■n're'"
].3S1,I»
H,38>
2.1«.««
BEPOBT OF THB 8TATI8TIOIAR.
599
TabU Bhowing the product of each principal crop, ^0., for 1881 — Continned.
Prodaott.
CONXSCncUT.
Indian 00m bashels..
Wheat do....
Rye do
Oat« do....
Barley do....
Buckwheat do....
Potatoes do
Tobacco pounds..
Hay tons..
Total.
MEW TOBK.
Indian com hnshela.
Wheat do...
Bye do...
OaU do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoes do...
Tobacco pounds.
Hay tons.
Total.
K£W JERSEY.
Indian com ..bushels.
Wheat do...
Bye do...
OaU do...
Barley: do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoes do...
Tobacco pounds.
Hay tons.
-8
c
d
a
OP
1,427,000
39,000
451,000
1, 038, 000
12,300
146, 000
2,083,315
13, 703, 759
569, 017
20, 085, 000
10, 844, 000
2, 820, 000
38,160,000
8, 412, 000
3, 338, 000
20, 143, 914
6,291,217
5, 502, 591
Total.
PBMMBTLVAiriA.
Indian com bushels.
Wheat do...
Bye do.
OaU do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
PoUtoea do...
Tobacco , pounds.
Hay tons.
Total.
DELAWARE.
Indian com bnsbels.
Wheat do...
Bye do...
OaU do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoes do...
Tobacco a pounds.
Hay tons.
ToUl.
MABTLAlfD.
Indian com bushels.
Wheat do.
Rye •. do
OaU do....
Barley do
Buckwheat do....
PoUtoes do....
Tobacco pouuds..
SLay tons..
Total
7, 829, 000
2, 018, 000
1, 040, 000
4, 052, 000
4.200
312,000
2, 400. 960
181,689
529, 370
34, 599, 000
18, 797, 000
4. Oi)0, 000
38, 579, OUO
480, 000
2, 4G6, 000
8. 811, 600
38, 80.^ 601
2, 924, 120
2, 040, 000
1, 044, 000
6,500
316, OUO
5, 500
172,903
49,136
26.5
17.7
14.9
28.3
19.8
13*
65
1572
LOO
26.4
13.0
12
28.8
23.6
11.9
57
1249
1.12
23.2
12.7
10.8
30.7
16.8
9
60
1075
1.04
25.2
12.5
10.5
31.8
21.1
10.1
48.0
1173
1.10
14.4
10.1
8.1
ia5
13.7
43
L02
16,277,000
7,213,000
2K.'>. 000
1, 82,'J, 000
G. I'OO
Of), 000
955), !)0r»
25,8fi;),21«
272, 402
24.2
11.7
10.8
10. 3
20.8
10
47
676
.98
9j .
^ Oi
'J
55,000
2,200
30, 300
36,700
620
11,200
32,051
8,753
569,017
746, 741
1^
$0 80
1 42
08
56
1 00
05
1 02
16
17 64
761, 500
780,200
234, 600
1, 324, 700
855, 900
279,600
353. 402
5,037
4, 913, 028
9, 007, 967
$0 77
1 37
93
48
93
82
87
14
14 55
336.800
158, 700
96,600
131,800
250
34,700
40, 016
160
509,010
1,308,045
77
1 43
07
40
97
1 00
1 04
12
10 75
1, 374. 500
1, 503, 800
386, 600
1.212,700
22, 700
244. 000
183, 575
33. 080
2, 658, 291
7, 619, 246
75
1 34
06
48
95
96
97
13
13 53
204, 100
102, 900
800
17. 100
400
4,021
48, 173
377, 494
671. 400
618. aOO
26, .X^)
91, (iOO
U40
9, 5U0
20,415
38. 265
277. 961
1, 756, 981
60
1 40
87
45
98
1 00
17 70
64
1 35
1 00
48
1 10
90
03
08
18 00
1
o
o
H
$1, 141, 600
65,380
441. 080
581.280
12,300
138.700
2,124.981
2,202,201
10,037,460
16, 735, 882
$15,465,450
14. 856, 280
2.622,600
18. 316. 800
7, 823. 160
2. 737, leo
17, 525, 205
880.770
80, 062, 699
160, 290, 124
6,028,330
2.885,740
1, 008. 800
1, 085, 480
4,074
812,000
2,406,998
21,802
10, 455. 057
25, 108, 281
25, 049, 250
25, 187, 980
3,888,000
18, 517, 020
456. 000
2, 367, 360
8, 547, 252
5, 044, 735
39. 563, 344
129,521,841
1, 764, 000
1, 461. 600
5,656
142,200
6,300
172,903
869,707
4.421,455
10.417,280
9, 737, 550
2?\ 000
875, 040
6,820
85,500
088.702
2, 060, 537
4, 003, 236
20, 368, 6C5
■I—
600 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
Table Blunoing the product of eachpHncipal crop, feoffor 1881 — Continued.
J 1 1
:
|y
Producta.
VIBGIKIA.
IndiAn com basbels.
"WTieat do...
Rye do...
Oats do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat .....................do. ..
Potatoea do...
Tobacco pounds.
Hay tons.
Total.
HORTH CAROLINA.
ludianooni buBhels.
Wheat do...
Rye do...
Oata i do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoea do...
Tobacco ponude.
Hay toua.
Total.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Indian oom bnehcls..
Wheat do....
Rye do —
Oata do....
Barley do
Buckwheat do
Potatoea do —
Tobacco pounds..
Hay tona..
Total.
OBOBOIA.
Indian com bushela.
Wheat do...
Rye do...
Oata do...
Barley do
Buckwheat do
Potatoea do —
Tobacco pounda..
Hay tons..
o
a
27, 200, 000
7, 165, 000
304,000
4, 331, 000
14,750
153, 000
1. 348, 280
77, 049, 854
293,000
28,977,000
4, 579, 000
376,000
4, 081, 000
2,500
52,000
709, 910
24,827.532
90,900
8,809,000
988,000
32,000
3,098,000
16,850
98,460
47,528
2,787
Total.
FLORIDA.
Indian com bushels..
\rbeat do....
Rye do....
Oats t do
Barley ^ do....
Buckwheat do....
Potatoes do
Tobacco pounds..
Hay tons..
ToUI.
ALABAMA.
Indian com bushels.
Wheat do...
Rye. do...
Oata do...
Barley .....do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoea ..« do...
Tobaooo pounds.
Hay tons..
Total ,
19, 745, 000
2,933,000
144,000
6,566,000
22,000
294,245
242,758
15,129
at
15
8
&4
7.9
15.5
9.7
40
556
LOS
1L7
6.9
a2
8.1*
10
9.6
38
443
1.15
6.7
5.7
4.5
11
14
80
248
1.10
8.3
6.1
6.6
9.1
14.7
8, 170, 000
480
3,200
892,000
59,040
23,085
164
20, 250, 000
1,479,000
31,000
8, 073, 000
5,780
366,864
460, 133
10, 881
35
242
1.25
2
Sfl
So
7i P«
1.809.200
892,100
47.700
545,800
950
15,800
33.707
139,663
279.048
3, 763, 938
2,307,600
662,200
60,600
506,300
250
5,400
18,682
56,071
79,043
8, 696, 146
$0 71
1 33
92
53
1 10
73
08.6
16 72
79
1 49
97
62
1 15
71
70
13.5
15 80
§
0
►
3
o
1.308,900
173,900
7,100
281.900
1,200
3,282
192
2,534
1.779,008
2,388.700
477,200
21,900
612.300
1,500
8,407
1,004
12,103
90
1 65
1 60
97
1 20
71
14
17 GO
97
1 €3
1 40
87
1 25
60
14
17 24
3, 523. 114
8.8
6.1
4.9
&2
40
216
LOS
9.9
6.6
5.7
9.1
9.6
45
221
1.20
359,700
95
650
47.800
1.476
107
156
409,984
2, 035, 700
222,500
5,400
337,200
600
7,643
2,110
9,068
2.620,221
1 00
1 65
1 60
82
55
20
19 00
97
1 58
1 43
89
1 87
90
18
16 48
=\r-
$19, 312. m
9,5SI,4»
S7t,6S
2.295,431
18. 2S
lll.fn
1.15fl^SaB
2.677.907
4.888,9(0
44.S8Q.8Q
2l.31L8»
6.8S2,7»
384. T9
2.590,239
36. eo
498pMl
3. 851. TIC
1, 438,229
36.354,153
8.7aQ,91d
1,630,210
51. aK
S.0OS.MI
20,230
0,917
6,651
49,fl51
13.553,201
19.152,850
4,780,TM
201,800
4,842,^
27.580
176.547
33,986
28@,831
29.476.317
3.170,000
?92
5,iao
360,810
32.47?
4,817
3.110
3,576,757
i9,642.:4e
2.336.g»
44.330
2.734,970
7,910
330.171
83,903
179, W
25,350,139
REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN.
601
TdbU ahawing the product of each principal crop, ^c, for 1881— Coutinaed.
Products.
MISSIBSIFPI.
Indlftn corn bnahels.
"Wboftt do...
Kje do...
OitU do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoes do...
Tobacco poands.
Hay tons
Total.
L0U1BIAXA.
Indian com bnshels.
Wheat do...
"Rje do...
Oats do...
Barley' do...
Backirheat do...
Potatoes do...
^Cobaoco pounds.
Hay tons.
Total.
TEXAS.
Indian com bushels.
Wheat do...
R}'e do...
Oats do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoes do...
Tobacco .* pounds.
Hay tons.
Total.
▲BKANBAB.
Indian com bushels.
Wheat do...
Bye : do...
Oats do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoes do...
Tobacco ••. pounds.
Hay tons.
Total.
TEMXESSKK.
Indian com bushels..
Wheat do
Rye do
Oats do....
Barley do....
Buckwheat do
Potatoes do....
Tobacco pounds..
Hay tons..
Total.
WEST VIBQIIflA.
Indian com bushels:
Wheat do...
Rye do...
Oats do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoes do.w.
Tobacco I>ounds.
Hay ., tons.
Total ^
a
1-^
S3'
a
17,64e,000
197,000
5.250
2, 185, 000
208,320
436,010
0,072
u
Pi
.2 •
'8
11
5.6
6.2
10.3
40
287
L15
9.693.000
5,350
235,000
364,000
203,034
35,178
13
3.3
8.7
13.8
38
"ilio
33, 377, 000
8, 330, 000
42,000
8, 324, 000
106, 000
277,440
217, 950
62,684
11.9
12.7
14
2G.8
19.3
40
804
1.18
2
1,006,200
34,900
850
211, 700
7,458
1,519
7,889
1. 870, 516
745,600
1,600
27,100
26, 400
5,343
'sioso'
838,023
2, 803, 700
263.200
3,000
811. 100
5,500
6,936
716
68,122
8,447,274
%
■I
-a
$0 96
1 GO
1 40
85
92
17
16 47
98
1 50
1 40
89
95
ie'io'
99
40
20'
61
90
98
18
11 65
21,028,000
1, 017, 000
22,000
2,337,000
440,484
979,922
23,761
86, 232, 000
6. 408, 000
18-2,000
6, 726, 000
36,000
43, 000
1, 394, 447
22. 157. 300
181, 097
14.8
5.2
6.7
13.8
44
484
1.20
1,425,600
196,100
3.300
168,900
10,011
2.023
19.801
1,826,735
12.4
6.1
5.6
14.2
13.8
8.3
43
650
1.10
2, 915, 300
1, 055, 400
32,500
472,100
2,600
5,200
32,429
40,286
164,634
4, 720, 449
12, 980. 000
4, 413. 000
163, 000
2, 098. 000
10,250
325,000
1, 062. 720
2, 066, 581
236,985
22.7
10.5
0.8
16.8
20.5
10.3
45
503
1.06
6n,100
420. 600
16.000
124, 800
500
31,500
23,616
4,112
223,571
1,416,609
94
1 50
1 10
71
$16,940,160
315, 200
7.350
1,867.250
274.454
74, 121
149,416
19,617.951
99
08.4
16 00
1
1
72
36
00
56
1 06
84
80
07.6
14 75
74
1 25
96
47
90
81
99
08.6
12 85
::
9.499.140
8,025
329,000
323,960
192,882
'6a9,'884
10.922,891
33.043,280
4, 674, 600
60,400
6, 077, 640
96.400
271.891
39,831
730.269
43.982,661
19,706.820
1,525,500
24,200
1,059,270
430.079
82.813
860.415
23.860,097
20,087.040
8. 714, 880
182.000
8.766.560
88,160
36,120
1. 116, 668
1.083,954
2, 671. 181
44, 295, 453
9,006.200
6,610,250
158,400
988,060
9,225
263,250
1.062.093
176.666
3,045,267
20,811,890
f :
602 BEPORT OF THE COBiMISSIONEB OF AGBICULTUBE.
Table ahowing the product of each principal crop, ^c, for 1881 — Continned.
♦ , '
/
Products.
KENTUCKY.
Indian com bashels.
Wheat do...
Rye do...
Oats do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoes do...
Tobacco pounds.
Hay ^^ tons.
Total
OHIO.
Indian com bushels.
Wheat do...
Rye do...
Oats do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoes do ..
Tobacco : i)onnd8.
Hay tons.
Total.
MICIIIOAlf.
Indian com bushels.
Wheat do...
Bye i do...
Oats do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoes do...
Tobacco pounds.
Hay tons.
Total.
IXDIAITA.
Indian com bushels.
Wheat do...
Rye do...
Oats do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoes do...
Tobacco pounds.
Hay — tons.
Total.
ILLINOIS..
Indian com bu sh el s .
Wheat do...
Rye do...
Oats do...
Barley do...
Buckwheat do...
Potatoe.9 do..
Tobacco pounds.
Hay tons.
1
0
I-
51, 624. 000
8, 625, 000
694,000
6, 534. 000
344.000
10,500
1, 602, 803
163, 037, 700
220. 926
79, 760, 000
38, 620, 000
392,000
25, 009, 000
1, 122, 000
183, 000
4, 674, 459
35.419.913
2, 255, 141
25,068,000
21, 220, 000
271. 000
18, 057, 000
1, 249, 000
468,000
7, 632, 162
87,706
1,324,194
79.618,000
31, 353, 000
249, 000
15,711,000
385,000
79,000
2, 961, 910
7, 719, 373
1, 374, 694
176, 733, 000
26, 822, 000
2, 775, 000
66. 094. 000
754, 000
148. 000
6, 322, 464
3,346.195
3, 214. 713
Total.
WISCONSIN.
Indian com bushels .
Wheat do...
Rye do . . .
Oats do...
Barley do. . .
Buckwheat do. . .
Potatoes do...
Tobacco pounds .
Hay tons.
Total.
20, 040, 000
17, 987, 000
2, 3r)3, 000
31.204,000
5, 296. 000
r{RO, (H)0
7,221,000
8, 702, 770
1, 877, 989
17
7.5
1
3
11
16.
17
9.5
37
700
1.20
25.4
13.3
13.1
27.7
16.4
8.4
31
964
1.05
28
10.9
12.5
32.7
24.3
14.5
58
498
1.15
21.8
10.8
10.2
23
26
11
35
717
1
20
19.4
15.5
33.4
15.5
7.6
48
661
1.30
27.6
11.3
14.3
28.6
24. 5
12
75
8(i6
1.15
I
3,042,400
1, 156. 600
62.300
400, 500
20.200
1,100
43.319
232,911
184. 105
5, 144. 435
3,1.34,400
2,902,100
29.900
902,300
68,300
21,900
150, 789
36.760
2, 147, 753
9,394,202
894,000
1, 950, 300
21, 700
552,600
51,500
32, 200
131, 689
176
1, 151, 473
4, 785, 538
3. 657, 800
2,903,100
24,400
683,000
U.800
7,200
84,626
10,700
1, 145. 578
8, 531. 264
9.096,600
3, 285. 200
179.300
1. 979. 400
48,800
19, .'W)
131.718
5,062
2, 472. 856
$0 70
1 31
99
47
89
74
1 00
0&8
13 00
o
*
9
>•
$38,ia6,fi«l
11,298.7M
687, eo
3,070.9»
306,160
7.7T«
1,602. SOS
14,847.316
2,872,631
70,330.177
61
1 29
92
44
99
96
1 10
08
12 90
48.633,e»
49.690.800
360. 6M
11, 001, MO
I,n(l.7»
17S,6»
^141.M6
2,«33,Sil
29,091.310
63
1 25
91
46
93
90
80
115
13 15
148, 062, Sn
15. 792. MO
26,525,000
246^610
8,306^230
1,161,5TB
431.200
6^105.710
10.968
17,413,151
75.983,2B4
GO
1 27
93
42
1 05
99
1 06
07.5
12 20
47.770,
39,81K318
231. liTO
6, .sa^. 6»
404,230
7i». 210
3,139.625
.S7.\ SC.2
16,771,267
68
1 22
91
43
88
99
1 05
08.2
11 40
115,397.604
102, 50^ 140
32,722,840
2.52.'i.2»
28.420,430
64J^.440
146. .'iW
6,638,5F7
274, 3S7
36,647.728
17,218,436
1, 054, 000
1, 595, 300
164. 500
1, 092, 200
21.^800
32, 200
96.288
10,04.'!
1, 633, 034
54
1 19
90
40
84
84
84
12.5
10 82
210,529.31:
1.^.681,000
2l,4H530
2.117,700
12.481.000
4.448,040
824.940
6.060^144
l.«7.«W
20, 310; 8*1
REPORT OF THE STATISTICUN.
603
(ble showing the product of each principal cropf ^o., for 1881 — Continiied
Prodaots.
MUflfESOTA.
IOWA.
MISSOURI.
KANSAS.
MEBKA8KA.
CAUFOUXIA.
.bushelB..
do
....do
...do...
....do
..-.do
....do
.pounds..
tons..
.bashels..
do
....do....
do
....do....
do....
do
.pounds..
....tons..
.bushels..
....do....
....do....
do
....do
....do
....do
.pounds..
tons..
.bnshols..
....do....
....do
do....
....do....
....do
do
.ponnds..
tons..
.bushels..
do
....do
....do....
....do....
....do
....do
.pounds..
....tons..
.bushels.,
....do....
....do....
do....
....do....
....do
do
.pounds..
tons..
1
16, 252, 000
85, 952, 000
193, 000
23, 760, 000
4, U5, 000
46, 000
5,031.390
1,587,805
r
32
11.4
14.7
35.6
32.5
12.4
95
L18
s
508, 500
8, 152, 100
13, 100
667, 700
127, 700
3,700
53,962
1, 345, 597
5,871,359
173, 289, 000
18, 24«, 000
1,242,000
• . 42, 4'M, 000
3, 498, 000
167,000
6, 541, 150
3, 541, 602
25.8
6.6
11.4
26.2
20.8
12
55
1.25
93, C69, 000
20, 399, 000
458, 000
22, 783, 000
101, 000
66,000
2, 662, 881
12, 233, 959
1, 0C6, 683
16.5
&6
11.8
23.8
15.8
12.5
39
877
1.10
6,710,200
2, 77.^*, 500
109,200
1,618,700
167,800
13, 900
118,930
2, 833, 330
14, 347, 560
6, 650, 100
2, 382, 700
38. 900
959, 200
6, 400
6,300
68,279
13, 950
969, 712
76, 377, 000
19, 909, 000
467, 000
8, 754, 000
243, 000
40, 000
2, 627, 586
1,558,344
18.2
9.1
lo o
19.8
12.3
9.5
38
1.08
58, 913, 000
13, 840, 000
424,000
6, 976, 000
1, 270. 000
17, 000
1, 496, 730
801, 142
2, 633, 000
31, 406, 000
209, 000
1, 548, 000
10, 146, 000
6,100
4, 479, 245
1, 078, 421
27.4
7.1
ll.l
21.4
8.9
8.1
48
1.20
27.2
12
11.
23.
1H.9
17.9
85
1
1
1,35
10, 094, 541
4, 196, 500
2, 198, 000
38, 200
441,700
19, 700
4,200
69, 147
1,442,911
8,410,358
2. 149, 200
1, 958, ."iOO
38, 200
32o. 300
142, 200
2, 100
31, 182
667,618
5, 314, 300
96,700
2, 367, 200
18,800
07,100
5;i7, 000
.340
52, 097
798, 830
8, 938, 660
tun
® 3
$0 53
1 06
74
43
71
83
65
7 15
44
06
80
34
74
93
02
6 63
05
1 19
85
45
98
' 98
1 12
08.
12 50
58
05
74
40
75
99
30
5 40
39
97
71
37
55
97
98
4 50
78
03
OO
60
77
00
80
12 20
0
o
I
cS
3
o
H
$8, 613, 560
38, 109, 120
142,820
10. 216, 800
2, 942, 950
38,180
8,270,403
11, 352, 806
74, 686, 639
76, 247, 160
19, 342, 880
003,600
14,427,560
2, 588, 520
155,310
6, 671, 973
23,481,219
143, 908, 222
60,494.850
24, 274, 810
389,300
10, 252. 350
98,980
64,680
2,982.427
1, 015, 418
13,833,637
112, 906, 352
44, 298,
20, 904, 450
345, 580
3,501,600
182,250
39,600
3, 415, 862
8,41.5,058
81, 103, 060
22. 976. 070
13, 424, 800
301,040
2,5^1,120
6^8, 500
16. 490
1, 466, 801
3, 605. 139
45, 069, 960
2, 053, 740
32, 348, 180
209, 000
928, 800
7, 812, 420
6.100
3, 583, 396
13, 156, 736
60, 008, 372
J
G04
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
I
Table showing the product of each principal crop, ^^c.^for 1881 — CoDtinaed.
1 }
> ( !
■ ,1;
Frodncts.
OBEOON.
Indlim oom bnshels. .
Wheat do
Kye do
Oats do
Barley do....
Buckwheat do —
Potatoes do —
Tobacco pounds.
Hay '. tous.
n
101, 000
12, 673. 000
18,000
5, 278, 000
745,000
6,750
1, 238. 8d5
Total
MEVADJL.
Indian com bushels..
Wheat do
Bye do
Oats do
Barley..* do
Buckwheat do
Potatoes ^ do —
Tobaceo pounds..
Hay tons..
Total.
COLORADO.
Indian com bushels..
Wheat do —
Rye do
Oats do
Barley do —
Buckwheat do —
Potatoes do
Tobacco pounds..
Hay tons..
Total.
TBRIUT0RIB8.
Indian com bushels..
Wheat do...
Kye do
Oats do —
Barley ,do —
liuckM'hcat do
Potatoes do —
Tobacco pounds..
Hay tons..
Total
271, 511
&
c*
•^2
20.2
17.2
20
34.6
25.7
16
115
1 40
I,
I-
11
5,000
738,600
900
152, 400
29,000
450
10,773
193,936
1. 131, 059
« .
S3
b o
$0 75
88
67
43
58
1 00
50
12 08
13,000
48,000
190,000
450,000
294, 300
"98,729
24.8
14.5
31.7
21.4
90
"i 80
525
3,300
6,000
21,000
3,270
75,945
1 00
1 20
90
1 20
1 35
is 66"
110, 040
352, 000
1, 310, 000
28,000
771,000
88,000
428,560
' *85,"9i3'
5, 761, 000
11, 300, 000
96,000
7, 224, 000
1, 487, OUO
2,761,370
'**675,'269
25.5
19.8
20
27.4
18
80
'i.26
13,800
66,000
1,400
28,100
4.900
5,357
'71,594
32.2
17.9
18.8
28.7
21.3
101
"*L20
191, 151
178, 700
631,200
5,100
2.'il, 5<>0
69,700
27,434
" 662,' 067
1, 726, 301
1 06
1 33
97
81
1 15
1 30
2606'
1 08
87
62
84
70
12*46'
s
o
|7S.7»
ll,152,3tt
12. «l
2.»I,&H
432. in
6.75»
619,443
3,279.H3
17,847,741
13. «»
57,600
171, (M
540,W
397,366
'i4M,'»S
2.6S«,84»
1,742,3W
27, 1«
631, SM
101,
557,128
M46,158
5,472.K9
12,2M.0QO
83. 5»
4,478.^
1.249.060
1,932,860
'*8,"372;4»
33,793.80
HEPOET OP THE STATISTICIAN.
605
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a
H
REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN.
609
Table showing the average cash value per acre of farm products far (he year 1881.
BtirtM.
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
&
1
MaiAe
$30 94
29 75
30 70
22 00
24 80
20 40
20 33
17 86
18 90
8 64
15 49
10 65
0 24
6 63
8 05
880
9 60
10 56
12 74
11 78
13 91
• 8 93
16 80
11 90
15 40
17 64
13 08
11 25
14 90
16 96
11 35
10 73
10 56
10 69
21 22
15 15
24 80
26 77
30 59
$22 00
23 71
26 46
23 70
15 60
25 13
19 04
18 16
16 75
14 14
15 79
10 64
10 28
9 40
994
8 41
10 43
8 06
4 05
17 78
7 80
8 30
13 12
9 82
17 1'6
13 62
13 72
10 00
13 45
12 08
7 00
10 23
9 55
6 89
12 36
15 14
17 40
26 83
19 33
$16 05
11 13
17 14
18 26
12 88
14 60
11 16
10 48
10 08
7 05
10 80
6 89
6 01
7 20
0 24
7 84
8 15
8 68
12 18
16 80
7 37
560
9 41
10 99
12 05
11 37
9 49
14 10
12 87
10 88
9 12
10 03
903
7 88
11 10
13 40
**i9"40'
16 36
$16 03
18 04
16 80
19 76
19 63
15 85
13 82
15 04
15 26
8 32
9 26
4 10
5 02
10 67
7 92
7 54
8 10
8 75
12 28
16 35
9 80
7 95
7 90
7 66
12 19
15 04
9 66
14 36
11 44
15 31
8 91
10 71
7 92
7 92
13 86
14 88
28 53
22 19
17 79
$18 70
18 20
22 10
24 32
22 41
19 80
21 95
16 30
20 04
"28*88*
17 05
11 50
16 80
18 37
112 90
15 00
14 47
9 97
9 72
12 35
9 76
9 00
9 70
13 43
9 00
7 08
682
$40 04
50 40
62 50
55 00
60 00
66 30
49 50
62 40
46 56
43 00
48 41
84 40
26 60
21 81
21 00
22 00
48 90
86 80
86 10
89 20
43 56
34 40
44 55
87 00
84 10
46 40
87 10
50 40
63 00
61 75
56 10
43 68
49 40
47 04
68 00
57 60
121 50
104 00
70 70
$225*13*
234 80
228 00
'mH'
174 86
129 00
162 49
"64*08*
47 82
60 80
84 72
83 88
43 20
89 78
48 79
'*M*72'
40 66
41 80
42 75
61 60
77 12
62 26
63 77
64 20
108 26
'"7i*7i*
$10 41
10 57
Nftw HaoiDtbin ..••......
YermoDt ...•—....
Irf AAAAAhnaAtta
12 82
90 88
Rhodft Talmnii . .,,,,,.,,,,.
20 41
Cuuneoticafc ^. ...... ....••
17 64
New York
16 80
Now Jeney.. .••«.. .•...*«
20 54
PfiimvylTftDift ■■ .•>...
14 88
DelAWftTO. ...••• ••*■•••*•.
18 06
M MrvlanH
17 64
Virg^U
17 66
North CwoliTiA . . , . ; .•,.,-
18 17
Sonth { /AToIinA ......... .^
19 86
Ck)orcdA.
21 55
Florida
19 96
Alabttmft.. ....... •■•••••..
13 15
■ •• a • a^v
19 78
Miuiaaippi.... ...........
18 04
17 82
Texan ....................
17 37
18 76
18 00
Ti^nnMuiMi
14 63
18 45
15 13
16 24
22 60
27 30
13 33
20 58
23 07
15 39
15 48
9 22
4 K9
14 5rj
14 91
25 68
20 70
17 89
6 97
8 34
7 03
8 06
13 05
10 80
7 52
10 08
10 29
11 16
12 25
940
7 86
17 90
15 00
16 22
"WiMit Vi^lrinlf^ . , . . . r r , X T , T
13 62
Kentucky
Ohio
15 60
13 54
MicbifCAD ....■■....■.->■■>
15 12
Indian*...................
14 64
lUinoU
14 82
Wisoonsiii
12 44
Minneaot*
8 44
Iowa
8 28
Misi«oori. ....... ..........
18 75
Kannan ...................
6 88
Nebraska
6 40
California ................
16 47
Oreieuo
16 91
Nevada....... ............
19 50
Cotorado
24 00
Territoriea .*
14 88
Table showing the average cash value per acre of the cereals^ potatoeSf tobaceo, and hay
of the farm, taken togetlteTf for the year 1881.
Btataa.
Maine
New Hampahire
Veiiuont.,
MaM«achuaetta. .
];b«>de Inland...
Comiecticut ....
New York
New Jeraey
Pennsylrunia...
Delaware
Afarvlnnd
Tir^nia
North Carolina .
Soatb Carolina..
GeorfEia
F\inUU
Alabama
Itfiaaiaaippi
l.oiiiiiiaua
Texas
AvoraKe
▼alue per
acre.
$13
13
15
23
23
22
17
19
17
11
1*:
11
9
7
6
8
0
10
13
12
06
66
28
13
29
41
79
26
00
71
72
70
84
62
37
72
68
40
03
7«i
Arkansas
Tennessee
West Virginia
Kentucky ....
Ohio
Michitcau
Indiana
Illinois
Wisconsin ....
Minnesuta ....
Iciwa
Missouri
Kausas
Xt^braska
('alifoiiiia ....
Oii^ou
Novjxla
f'ol<»rado
Tenitoritts ...
Average
ralneper
acre.
$13 06
988
14 60
13 67
15 76
15 88
13 53
12 23
14 24
12 72
10 03
11 18
964
8 48
15 26
15 78
24 17
26 89
19 58
;s9 Ao
610
REPORT OF THE COBfHISSIONER OF AGBICULTURE.
A general eummar^ showing the eetimaied quantitieef number of acret, 4Mtd aggregate valu
of the principal crops of the farm in 1881.
ProdacU.
Inditnoom • bushels.
Wheat • do...
Rje do...
Osts do...
Bsrlej do...
BnckwhesI do...
PoUtoes do...
ToUl..
Tobaooo —..... pounds.
Est .....tons.
Cotto»
Grmnd total ^ —
Qasnti^ pro*
Knmber of
seres.
Yalns.
1,194,918.000
883,280,000
20,704,950
418,481,000
41,181,830
9,488.200
109,145,494
64, 203; 025
87,709,020
1,789,100
16,831,800
l,967,aO
828.815
2.041,870
1759,488.171
456,880,437
19,887.40
198, 186, no
33,8881811
8,285,m
99,2n,8a
2, 175, 176, 064
125,429,740
1, 571^248; id
449,880,014
85,185,064
5,400
648,239
80.888,700
16,710,790
48,871^831
418^181,831
280,018^811
.••••••.••••...••.
178,075,409
2,287,763L5S3
TahU showing the average yield and cash value per aer$f andprioeper luiM^ pounds or tot
of farm products for ike gear 18ol.
Products.
Indian com ..bushels.
A^heat ..........do. ..
Bye do...
Barley do...
18w6-
10.2—
11.6—
24.7+
20.9-1-
00 63.6-
1 19.3+
93.3+
46.4—
82.8—
$11 82
12 08
10 80
11 48
17 21
Products.
I
Bnckrvrheat . . . bnshels . .
Potatoes do....
Tobaooo pounds..
Hay tons..
Cotton pounds..
11.4+
53.5—
1006.1+
L14
156
[I
lis
00 86.5+^30
90.9-48 38
9.6+1
11
10
IS 43+
15 53
KEPOBT OF THE STATISIIOIAH.
6U
I
c
0
|£M<rV ni^itigf cvTVcvTcv V •»<tfe^o'**•rf•^f^•gf»^<^S'"cJ^•*2f^"•-^»rf"^^•4' itf
4
I
a.
I
St
I
CO
5 ^ Q P s £1 s5 p 9 Q 55 2 1^ R a :2 a S a s 2 9 at » * X a ^ g 2 E 36 X 5 s .^
2
S3
8
oo
s
i
I
^*
I
C
o
f3
o
m
I
fe-c
I
0
0
6
«
3
J
90
2|
•E
a
«.2
s 1
e.
612 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
4
s>
Pi
I
ig§S!igS§g§33ilgS§§S§§8§ii§g§§§gSSB3S S
3
i
8
0
I
f
I
I
I
9
s
•
I
'i
I
a
I
'i
1^
I
I
Mf Mf
SSS§S§§§ig§§SiS§§si§§S§ls§sH§§sS§SiS §
wf wt
^€f^^^
^ «eC m
88888S89S&SS8S;S8SSS8e{:&S888SS;6S8SSl:9 «
||8i(S8888ac;Si&SSS*<**;3SSSa8S;t;88as«888S9 8
gsg§§§§i§i§§s§s§§sisgi§§§ii§gg§§§i§g s
wf ^
^^rf
I
&
i
8
3
8
•0
a
0
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1
d
J
S
«
c
REPORT OF THE STATISTIOUN.
613
CATTLE BXPOETS.
Prior to 1877 the exports of stock were small and comparatiyely uni-
form. In October of that year commenced the export of beeves of
the short-horn and other grades firom northern seaports. The cattle
hitherto shipped were sent from Texas and Florida, and went mostly
to the West Indies. These cattle averaged $16 to $17 per head, and
the value of the aggregated cattle exported never went much above
$20 until the era of fat beeves commenced. The table of average
prices discloses the flEict that the shipments for three months of west-
em cattle brought the average for 1877 up to $31.86; the next year the
average was $48.69, and as the proportion of short-horn blood increased,
the average advanced, and stood at $77.03 in 1881. While the long
horns of Texas averaged $16.84 in that year, northern beeves exported
from Boston averaged $99.68, or one short-horn equal to six Texans.
The tables, which are deductions from the customs records, will be found
suggestive.
The increase in exportation of horses was rapid from 1870 to 1878, but
a steady decline has followed since that date. The decline in the move-
ment of mules commenced two years later. The prospect is favorable
for continuance of the foreign trade in both horses and mules. The ex-
port of sheep on foot has been declining for four years. Pork products
are shipped to foreign countries in preference to live hogs.
. 8UU0meiU qf ejq^ortatioM of farm wnkMhfnm 1871 to 1881, incInflM.
1871
1879
1878
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
HoiMt.
liolat.
Homed
oiiUlo.
Sheep.
Hogi.
1,188
\,m
20,530
46,466
8,770
1,722
2,121
28,033
85,218
66,110
2,814
1,659
35,455
66,717
99,720
1,432
1,252
50.067
124,248
^"^5S
3.220
2,802
S7,211
124,416
64,979
2,030
1,784
61.503
110,312
66,044
2,042
8,441
60.001
179,017
65,107
4,104
3,860
80,040
183,996
29,284
3,915
4,153
136,720
215,680
75,129
3,0G0
6,198
182,756
209,187
88,484
2,523
8,207
185, 707
179,919
77,456
2,248
2,632
108, UO
189,676
86^868
ExpwrU of cattle from 1871 to 1881^ incluHvej hy ciutomt diatrieti.
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1K80
1881
New York.
Number.
1,070
1,037
990
1,287
1,564
1,589
4,863
13,387
27,210
65,161
66,021
Value.
$128,785
106,038
06,675
226.894
234,938
160,268
485,183
1, 233, 223
2, 340, 007
0, 047, 914
5,330,502
Boeton.
Knmber.
4
1
6
1
8
144
1,506
13,887
85,503
52,842
it, 072
Valoe.
$250
200
600
112
340
18,720
175^675
1,346,748
8,615,069
6, 110, 563
6,984,838
Key West
Selarla.
Number.
7,171
17.712
17.088
17,627
11,453
8,482
9,071
16,190
25,466
28,600
22,580
Yalne.
291,691
278,244
317, 674
178,682
112, 874
120,244
220,764
346,300
400, 315
318,189
Number.
219
84
276
159
10,546
19,000
17,830
20,871
21,441
16,596
15,705
Yalne.
91.886
882
8,080
1,952
159,139
824,825
306,600
371,700
868.878
200,929
264^476
1
I
614
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF AQRICUIiTURE.
BrporU ofcattUfrom 1871 to 1881, {itcliMiM, hy oMtom* dUirieU — Continiiad.
! \
Tears.
1871.
I87q..
1873.
1874..
1875..
1876..
1877.,
1878..
l«7d..
L880.,
Udl..
New
T«rk.
ATen^e
raluoper
head.
912a M
102 83
99 67
179 08
150 22
100 86
99 77
93 12
86 03
92 S\
93 65
Bolton.
▼aJ«*Ber
heaa.
992 99
990 99
100 00
112 00
113 89
130 00
112 12
96 98
99 76
96 71
99 68
Key
Weti.
ATirra^e
ralueper
head.
^8 99
16 f7
16 28
19 09
15 60
13 31
13 28
13 64
13 60
14 09
14 09
Salaii*.
Avenite
▼almeper
head.
980
nu
10 98
13 28
15 09
17 10
17 19
17 81
IT 20
17 9Q
16 84
U^ladBtetM.
KvalMi;
20,800
18,088
8S»456
58.067
67. 2U
51,699
00,901
80^040
180,720
18^788
18S>,707
AT«n|e
TabM.
TakieMV
heedT
9«tt,49l
fua
586.718
29 11
685. 95T
19«
1,160,85?
29»
1,108,085
19 21
1.110.^08
215}
1,888,089
1 9181
^879^200
4^9
6121
18,844,188
72«
14,804,103
7711
ADVANCE nr PRICE OP BEEVES.
The course of prices of beeves for six years pd^t is dag'gestive. The
Chicago market, the center of the trade for dotnestie oonstiftiptiot! snd
export^ can furnish a sufficient history df ptices. For three years, from
187G to 1879^ there was a constant decline, aoKnmtin; to 20 per cent
for choice beeves dminpf this period. Then oominenced a rise, whidi
in three years exoeeded 40 per cent., tho advance moving alowlyin
1879 and 1880, but mnch more rapidly during 1881, the increase being
fully $1 per hundred of live weight during the yeftr. Bnt after Decem-
ber, 1881, the advance was extraordinary, if not anpreeedent<ed, the
range for "choice'' being from $5.85 to $6.35 in January of 1882, and
from $8.65 to $8.90 in <Iune, or more than 45 per c^nt. advance in six
months.
The advance in the value of extra beeves in these six months was al-
most 40 per cent., and nearly as much in June as In five months preced-
ing. The record of prices on the 1st of January is as follows:
Tear*.
Kxtr».
Choice.
Good.
IfedSoBL
1879. ......
96 25 to 95 75
5 00 to 5 50
4 50 to 4 90
4 10 to 4 35
4 60 to 4 75
4 85 to 5 40
5 85 to 6 35
94 50 to 95 10
4 50 to 4 80
4 00 to 4 40
3 60 to 4 00
84 09 to 91 59
1877
•
3 f^ to 4 40
1878..-
95 15 to 95 40
4 60 to 5 00
5 00 to 5 25
5 75 to 6 25
6 50 to 6 85
8 50 to Z9&
1879
3 Ou to 3 .'4
1880
*3 50 to 4 M
1881
*3 75 to i&
1882
4 50 to 5 15
*Good to mediiun includee two grades.
The upward movement of 1881 is only a prelude to the advance since
January, as follows:
Mod the.
Extra.
Choice.
Good.
Mcdiam
iTftBTiaTy
$6 50 to 90 ^5
6 :!0 to 6 50
6 (10 to fi 7:.
7 17 m 7 65
15 85 to 96 35
5 85 to 6 10
5 90 to 6 35
R 75 to 7 IK)
85 50 to 95 75
5 23 to 5 50
5 M to 5 75
6 25 t4> Q on
94 SO to |5 U
Pobn larv .-
4 50 to J M
March
5 25 to ^44
A pril .............
5 75 to € 94
May
7 m t(» 7 s.% i 7 :m lo 7 r»o 1 e do to 7 is
9 13to940l 86Sto89ei 800to8&0
6 50 to 6 75
Xttne J
7 00 to 7t«
1
or THB STATianoiiH. S15
In " bntehei'a stock " the range waa from t2.?S to $1.25 in January,
and from 93.60 to 16 in Jane; the latter rata being a redaction from
iiny priceR.
The oaiue of this great advance, which occasioned Bome surprise
among prodncen and great consternation among consomers, has been
often asfeed. There are several oanses. The e^ortation of extra
beeves, which commenced in 1S77, and increased year by year, both as
live and dead meat, is ao element bnt does not aocoant for the spas-
modic Jumps in the rates of recent months. <Another element of equal
or superior strength is the great destrnction of cattle on the plains, and
in the parks and valleys of the Booby Moontaina, in the winter of 18S&-
1881, by oold and starvation, amid the drifts and severities of the
minsnal season. While this caase tended to stiiFen prices in 1881, it is
not continnOuAly operative, as the past winter was very favorable, and
numbers are now increasing rather than diminishing. The third cause,
acting in conjunction with the two preceding with a cumulative effect,
is the ** failnre" of the last com crop, the high price of feeding mate-
rial— all together producing an excitement in the market that partook
of the nature of panic
There are assumed causes, assigned byoninformed writers, which are
baseless or without appreciable weight, such as the drowning of cattle
In the Mississippi ov^ow. It is true there was some loctd loss in
numbers, bat not in prospective beef supply of the great muket& or
tappreoiaoly in home supply, as beef is soaroely a product of cotton plan-
'taootis.
What of the Aiture of prices t There has already been a decline
■iQOe the 0(»nmencemeut of improvanent of the com prospects of 1682,
While prices cannot continue to increase, and cannot be permanently
naintuned ander fhll harvests, it is probable that the low rates of a few
yeuB ago will not soon prevail, if ever. The general tendency througb-
oat the world is toward a high rate for meat, compared with grain and
other animal products. *
VASU AKmAljB AT CHIOAOO.
The increase in the cattle movement to Ohioago has been steady, and
Is attaining large proportions, amounting to nearly two hundred per
cent, in ten years. The receipts of swine ^ve more than doubled in ^e
same time. Sheep are moving in larger numbers, but three times as
many cattle and twelve times as many hogs are now annnally received
In this market.
2Mal rtetlpli of itoekfor tkcttm yMf*.
T-«.
OMU*. 1 Odn*.
Bggl.
Sli«p,
Hbthi.
si
4^102
643. OW
HM.OJl
1,033.161
1,063.088
i,2iMn
'."'." ~"'.
i.w«:7se
llBBsllSg
1.980.083
». 012. 110
ass
B,114,BU
1,4m
Slg
270. Ml
S4>,BGI
ttiMii
ai^TM
ssSou
4IB,Mi
BOTOH
SIO.MO
11
■•R?
m
,^i
~"~:
S'?S
■-■■ittti-
a,in«,4es
*e.ws
»,m,m
m,m
616
EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AORICULTUBE.
Total thipmemU ofttoekfor tizUem
1806
1W7
1888
1808
1870
18n
1«2
1873
1874
1875
1870
1877
1878
1878
1880
1881
ToUl
CAttle.
263,608
203,580
215.087
204,717
801.700
401.027
610,025
574. 181
622,029
606,534
707.734
7U3.402
600.108
726.903
886,614
038,712
8,827.745
CalTi
13,465
83,405
482.
758,
1,026.
1.68^
824.
1,162.
1,835,
2.107.
2.830.
1,582,
1,131.
861.
1.366.
1,0B«.
1,884.
1,M8,
875
788
80S
453
388
584
557
381
643
221
806
361
880
079
11,167.964
73^441
60.275
81, 8M
188. «8
116. 7U
135^064
145. «]•
1J\2S5
243. «M
186;. 82S
156^856
156.727
llt.988
156.518
8,888.971
101
387
XU5
tm
31481
S.4S
UOI
K0H
11, 128
«,8»
«,8»
flLTIS
11.181
1201 8IT
The difference beticeen receipts and shipments represents the numbers
taken in Chicago for home consumption, a large proportion of which
is used in meat '^mannfactnre,'' in catting and packing for shipment,
and sale as ''dead meat." Tlie horses, which do not contribute to the
meat trade of Chicago, are rex)orted in small numbers:
C»tUe.
CalTM.
Hogs.
ShMp.
B^
n^MMlftia .........
13,046,483
8,027,745
48,948
83,465
60,517,161
11,107,964
MO018S8
1.828.m
115^0
fthlnmflnta .......*t-'
1201017
4.118,738
15.488
89^408^177
l,WI.8t2
1&0»
Live Miock receipt* at Union Stock Tardefor ike jfear ending Deeemher 31, 18B1.
Balthnora ind Obio Baflroftd
Chieago snd Alton Railroad
Cbioago, Burlington and Qaincy
Kawoad
Chioago and Eaateni Illinois Bail-
Road
Chicago aod Grand Tmnk Railroad
Chicago, Milwaokee and Saint Paal
Rj^road
Chicago and Vorthweatvm Railroad
Chicago, Rook Island and Pacitic
Ra^oad
lUinoia Central Railroad
Lake Shore and MicbiKiui Southern
Railroad
Michigan Central Railroad
PitUborgh, Cincinnati and Saint
Lenia Railroad
Pittoburgh, Fort Wayne and Chi-
cago Railroad
WabaMh, Saint Lonia and Pacific
Railroad
Driven into yards
Totals
Cattle.
S,U5
161,076
489,708
29,511
3,567
88,895
238.429
336,752
91.435
8,929
3.586
5,312
3.795
130.896
5,049
1. 498, 550
Calrea.
9,060
269
1,083
804
4,011
4,338
4.886
948
1,270
13.990
6,666
1.280
1.736
154
48,948
Hoga.
29.900
464,965
2,043,791
184, 4U
12,978
479.786
1.042,963
689,620
75.366
42,849
51,092
36,438
389,714
2,039
6. 474. 844
Sheep.
8,864
47.290
121. 674
17.313
2.685
65,877
92^813
87.188
40,807
18.195
8.259
4,315
1,6T7
25.817
1.217
493,624
2.341
2.948
271
Totals.
5fi2
1.075
1.022
1.145
681
154
610
12,909
48.82S
67S.MI
2,650^19
18tM
94. IM
638, W
l,S80i0iS
1,256,«
824,154
117,00
61, fU
cm
44. IM
547, »•
8.41!
8, 528^073
The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy line drains the central belt of
beef production, and the Chicago and Northwestern, the Rock Island,
Chicago and Alton, and Wabash roads hold each a share of the traflSc,
REPORT OP THE STATISTICIAN. 6Vi
while many other roads aid in collecting the herds that are shipped or
slaughtered at Chicago. The same lines are prominent in the move-
ment of other kinds of stock.
WINTEE FEEDING OF FAEM ANIMALS.
It has long been a question with thoughtful observers of average re-
sults of winter feeding of cattle, whether the manurial remainder of hay,
straw, and corn stover fed during the winter rjay not be the only profit-
able result of the winter's feeding. This material represents some
hundreds of millions of dollars in value, and it is saved with much
labor and expense, and "fed ouf^ daily for some five months of the
year in middle latitudes. Comparatively little of it does more than
keep up animal heat, acting as fuel in the animal furnace, but not as a
flesh former. ^
To ascertain the results of prevailing pi*actice, and learn whether this
loss is a necessity or a blunder little short of criminal waste, the inquiry
was instituted as to the average increase in weight of stock two years
old and upwards, during the season of winter feeding. Of course a
precise average is impracticable, as the facts vary so widely according
to prevailing practice, not only in different counties, but on cUfferent
farms; and the judgment of different observers would also be variant
if reporting upon the same district But the returns show clearly and
conclusively that —
1. A considerable percentage of stock fed actually lose in flesh and
in weight.
2. Another large fraction maintain their weight and add to bone and
size of frame, but decrease in flesh.
3. A small proportion make increase of weight, 5, 10, 20, or 30 per
cent., depending upon comfortable shelter and amount and variety of
feed.
The difference between a loss of 5 or 6 per cent, and a gain of equals
proportion, say 100 pounds in the northern belt, in which winter feeding
is a general necessity, is equivalent, at the low average rate of $3 per
hundred, to more than fifty million dollars. This amount could easily
be made if only a part of the difference between average neglect and
BkillVul feeding were obviated.
The New England returns claim a small gain in most counties; a few
report growth in frame with loss in flesh, and occasionally an unquali-
fied reduction in weight. In Vermont the gain is more general and
somewhat greater, usually 5 to 10 per cent., while soYne assume an
increase of 25 per cent. In Western Massachusetts a good gain is
reported; in the Connecticut Valley 15 per cent.
The estimate of 6 to 10 per cent, gain is very general in New York.
A few report 20; average, about 10. Some make any increase to depend
on feeding with grain. In Broome County the difference between ma-
terial loss and decided gain is made dependent on a ration of com meal.
The reported gain in New Jersey is about the same as in New York.
Three-fourths of the returns from Pennsylvania claim a gain of flesh
in winter. In Lancaster, Delaware, Bedford, Clmton, and other good
farming districts, where cattle are fed for bee^ a gain of 30 to 40 per
cent, is claimed; in most of the counties, according to the care or neg-
lect which characterizes their cattle husbandry, the percentage falls to
30, 15, 10, or less. In several a loss of 3 to 5 per cent, is assumed, and
probably with good judgment. The average gain is not more than 10
per cent.
618 REPORT OF THE COMHLSSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
Delaware and Maryland claim a small gain, averaging 5 to 10 per
cent. The gain is very little in Virginia. In Smyth County, a fine
grazing region, gain is estimated at 150 to 200 x>ounds. Matthews and
Warwick estimate 20 per cent Loudoun is placed at 15. The asnal
estimate is 5 to 10, and several reports indicate a loss. Among conn-
ties that report a loss are Patrick, Clarke, Hanover, Louisa, and King
George. Others say that cattle about "hold their own^ in winter. A
fair average of the somewhat indefinite returns scarcely exceeds 5 per
cent.
The gain and loss in North Carolina about balance each other. The
cattle have lived through the winter. It is not much better in Georgia.
Some report a loss of flesh and weight, others maintain a statu quo^ while
a few assert a small gain. In Texas cattle " sometimes lose and some-
times gain.'* or " merely live,'' and in some cases they are not fortunate
enough to live. It is rather a l#ss than a gain in Arkansas. Opinions
of Tennessee reporters are about equally divided between loss and
gain. In Anderson County it is estimated that two-year-olds will lose
30 per cent, in winter. "If well fed,'' they will gain 20 per cent, say
several reporters : " but they are not well fed as a rule, and so the
actual result is a loss of 20 per cenf
There is a great difference in fact and in opinion in the West Virginia
returns. The difference lies between a current habit of neglect aud a
thrifty custom of systematic feeding for flesh. " When sheltered and
fed com, steers two years old will gain 100 to 200 pounds" in Pleasants;
while in McDowell, Nicholas, and other southern counties a loss is
usually suffered. Taking the State altogether, it is evident that the
average increase of winter months is small.
The verdict of Ohio is that cattle well protected and properly fed
fain in flesh and in weight in winter. If unsheltered and kept on coarse
ay and straw, they will lose. Asa fact, the stock of many counties is
in worse condition in spring than in fall, and in some it is probable that
the loss in weight is not compensated for by growth in bone and frame.
There are others where the custom of feeding as a business has com-
pelled economy in flesh production, which by no means is equivalent to
stinting in feeding material. The statements of correspondents are in
some cases estimated averages, in others hypothetical estimates of what
might and should be. The Fayette return estimates with proper care
and feeding a gain of 150 to 200 pounds during the winter. In Clinton
the gain is placed at 50 to 150 ponnds in the hands of those esteemed
good feeders. ^Under such fjivorablo circumstances, the gain is placed
at 20 i)er cent, in Lorain, 15 to 30 in 8oiieca, 20 in Van Wert and«»Law-
rence, 15 to 20 in Fairfield, it grnin is fed ; 10 per cent, in Highland,
Union, and Wyandot ; 15 to 20 in a mild winter in Vinton; 10 x>er cent,
in Champaign, Noble, Pike, and Sandusky; 5 to 10 i>er cent, in Au-
glaize, 5 in Fulton.
It is not stated that these are the average gains of these counties
the favorable conditions required not existing on all farms. It is stated
that in Geauga, however, cattle '* gained in weight this winter 20 to 30
per cent.'' It is claimed that in Coshocton the actual gain of the winter
months is not more than a fourth as mnch as in the autumn. It is
held in Cuyahoga that on some farins there is gain, on others loss, de-
pendent on feed and care. Cattle are assumed barely to *» hold their
own'' in Greene, Hocking, nnd Lucas. A loss from 10 to 20 percent is
the estimated average result in Adams, Athens, Jefferson, Bichland,
and Wayne. The returns from many other counties give similar state-
mentS| showing that good farmers secure a gain, and others suffer loes
tUSPOST OF rSE KTATtSTtCtM. 619
of fleftb. It is repeatedly stated that ordinary nsa^e scarcely maintains
the status of the autntnn.
in Michigan, fully half of the counties report some gain, and half of
the remainder a loss yaryiug from 5 to 30 per cent. All show a wide
discrepancy between the actual and the possible. A few of the remarks
are appended.
ViCBiQAJX. -^Clinton : If w^H ffed and cared for will ffain, say, 30 per Mnt. : the aTer-
%f^ hold their (rWn as ordinarily cafed for. Barry: Always gain; if well fed shoald
Sin firom one to two pounds pec day, Otthtford : As a rule, if not properly cared for,
te 10 per cent. ; farmers are leirifting to take belfter oare of their young cattle. Alle-
pttn : If cared for will gain three pbnnds per day in flesh ; 30 ner cent, of the young
cattle lose dnrin|^ the winter months. Grand Travers: Are usually fed ruta-hagas and
potatoes, and gam handsonkely. Chippma : Always gain, when weU fed. say 10 per cent.
Let^enaiw : Generally lose 15 x>cr cent. ; if fed grain and roots wiU gain about 90 per
cent. Saainavo : If extra fed will gain ; generally loSe about 10 per cent, ^etttie : Are
doing well if they hold theif own. Tania : About an eren thing ; those who take
Modcare of their stock are rewarded by an increase of weight ; others (and I think
tiiey are in the minority) do not take care of their stock. I am pleased to sar that
yeat by year better methods of elating for stook is finding fayor and being ildopted by
OfirfiuRiien.
Indiana finrmers report a gain in cases of good and jndieions feeding,
yet the majority state as an existing fact that cattle lose in weight, in
many cases in excess of any development in bone and ^ame. A few
of the more soggestive statements are quoted :
tKDiANA.— -^ewiitw ; f earlings will not gain ; two-year-olds will gain, by extra care.
M> pounds each. Cfarhei If sheltered will gain 10 per cent. ; ii not sheltered will
lose Id per cent. Dearborn : Generally lose in weight on rough feed : if fbd grain wiU
gain 5 per cent. If\tltdn: If pro^rly fed and cared for would gain: if not, would
lose, say, about 20 per cent, in either case. Floyd: All young cattie hare gained
wondeiihllT this winter, considering the fact that our farmers had little to feed them
except fodder, hay. and the grass of the pasture. Fayette: If fed some grain and
good «lover hay will gain one and a half poands per day ; if fed nothing but straw
and husks will lose one-half pound a day. Clay: Grow sotne in stature, bnt shrink .
in weight from 15 to 25 per Cent. Decatur: When stabled and fed on grain wiU gain,
perhajto, 100 pounds firom December tp April ; if not sheltered and properly cared
for wul lose mm 50 tb 100 pounds. Ifanklin: If properly oared for wlU gain in
growth what they lose in flewi, often more. Hanoook : Depends upon the care they
receire; as a rule they lose 10 per cent. Huntington: If properly care<I for, fed, and
stabled will gain 25 per cent.; If not, will lose 25 per cent. Clinton : Require extra
eate to make them hold their own; usnally lose firom 12 to 15 per cent. Lagranae:
With warm stabling and heavy feeding can be made to ^ain; usually lose. Wetlet
Feeders say that if their steers weigh as much in the spring as in the fall they haye
done welL
It is evident from these retnms that in Illinois, the center of. cattle
feeding in the United States, with the exception of the herds of pro-
fessional fee<1ers, cattle make little actual gain in weight during four
months of winter, and that in many instances there is a serious losd of
condition which iWther impairs the capacity for ^ain under the best
oonditions of summer pasturage^ N'ote the following extracts:
^Xton: Lose if not fbd on grain and well sheltered, sav,5 per cent. Lee: Usually
gain 25 per cent. Ma»ou : Gain iu value, through age rather than condition, say, 15 to
20 per cent. Sihuylrt-: This depends much on the feeding. I think they are lighter
on the first day of May than they were on the first of January. Whitesidea : Lose 15
per cent. : when well housed and fed gain 25 per cent, ffenderion : If well fed with
plenty of grain and hay, will gain about 55 per cent. Jo Daviess: When properly fed
will gain 10 per cent. Rock Island: In the hninis of good feeders they gain. Stark:
Generally lose fieAh, because they are not fed much grain, say, one-fifth. Williamson:
Generally a slight gain, about 15 per ceut. Hancock: When sheltered and well fed
they gain; all is due to the amount of care bestowed. Will: Lose, should thiuk, 10
per cent, Kankalec : The growth will be from 5 to 10 per cent. ; about hold their own
in flesh. Franklin : Generally lose 20 per c^nt. This winter they have gained 25 per
oent., caused by being pastured on green wheat fields. Bond: With ordinary feed
will gain 10 per cent. This winter they have lost 20 per cent. De Kalb : If fed com
^
620 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
might gain 10 per cent. ; if not, the loss will be 3 to 5 per cent. Clark: In tim
hands of regular feeders they gain from 10 to 25 per cent. ; bnt in the hands of tiie
average farmer they lose from 5 to 20 per oent. Cook : No bullocks raised for feeding ;
expect oar heifers to gain in flesh all winter. Clinton : Haye lost this winter at lessl
25 per cent. Edgar : Generally lose about 20 per oent. This year, owing to the searoMy
of feed, have lost 33 per cent. A good many have died from poTorty. Fapette : 'Have
I I lost because of so little feed. Henry: Generally lose about 5 per oent. ffawUitatt:
Lose 20 percent. Jasper: Usually lose 20 per cent. KendaU: Generally lose about
J . 10 per cent.: some exceptions. McHenry: Generally gain in flesh, eay, about 10 pa
^ f cent. Biohland: As a rule, they lose about 30 per cent. White: SomeimproTo; othecs
lose ; depends on the feeding and care. Cumlirland : Lose about 10 per cent. Greau:
Unless well fed on com will lose. Iroquoie: The past winter have gained; esti-
mated 10 per cent. Jefferson : Gained but little, for the reason that they are not
sheltered from the storm. Morgan : When placed on frill feed gain ; but when fed
on stalks and straw they lose about 25 per oent. Pope: None fed. SkeUnf: Have
lost about 12 per cent, the past winter. Tazewell : If fed com with h^ and stalls
will gain 100 pounds during the winter : if fed only hay, will lose. Warren : Gen-
erally lose from 5 to 8 per cent. Clay : Ii sheltered and well fed will gain. La 8eXU:
Gain in growth and flesh 10 per cent. Johneon : The way the j are fed and cared for
as a rule lose 10 per cent. Kane: When well housed will gain 10 per oent. SeMmei
Gain, when properly cared for, 20 to 25 per cent. Woodford: Gain 10 per oent. Wu^
n^ago: Generally no gain. Galla^n: When fed, gain. Montgomery: Lose about-SO
per cent. Brown : Depends upon the manner they are fed and handled: in a migority
of oases gain from 10 to 25 per cent. Carroll: Generally gain. Bfinghom: When
well fed and sheltered, gain 5 per cent. MoDonough : Always ttnin when well fed and
sheltered 30 to 40 per cent. Sangamon: When poorly fed wiU lose f^m 100 to 300
I>onnd8; well fed will gain from 200 to 300 pounds. Ogle: Those properly fed and
sheltered gain 15 per cent. Vermillion : When fed on com gain ; if omy on rough food
will lose. Piatt : If properly fed and sheltered will gain ; on an average hardly hold
their own. Stephenson : Two-year-olds by feeding grain will gain a small per cent;
yearlings will lose. Boone : About hold their own. Coles : Cannot improve in wintd
from the fact that they are so much exposed to the inclement weather. Jackeon : Gen-
erally lose from 5 to 10 per cent. Washington : If properly fed and sheltered wUl gajin,
I would say, from 15 to 30 per oent. Du Page: Should gain, if properly cared for, 15
per cent.
Wisconsin returns generally indicate a slight gain in winter. Some
reports assume a loss, and others maintain the statu quo. In Minnesota
a pretty even balance between loss and gain is mentioned in the re-
turns. Iowa claims a small gain in two-tMrds of the oonntieSt but no
large percentage, except for that portion of the stock which has extra
attention and feed. In Missouri the estimates of loss ftdly balance
those of gain, and leave a distinct impression that the net result of the
winter's feed and care has been a bridging over of an unthrifty period,
and a safe approach to a season of growUi and profit, in which stock
can take their supplies directly from the hand of nature. In Kansas,
a gain.in size with a loss of flesh is noted, as a rule. With high feeding
large gains are sometimes made. Several counties report an actual
loss in weight. A few extracts are appended.
Elk: No yearlings fed for market; two-year-olds on full feed 150 days wiU make
an average gain of 225 pounds, or 25 per cent. Coffey : If well fed and sheltered will
Kain fr^m ten to 15 per cent. ; stock shippers say from 8 to 12 j^r cent. ; as fed by mcMft
farmers they usually lose from 3 to 10 per cent. Books : Gain in sixe, but lose in flesh,
about retain their own. Woodson : Lose from 10 to 15 per cent, in the hands of fsnn*
ers who raise cattle and grain to sell ; but with cattle men they ndn ^m 4 to 5 per
cent.; not many two-year-olds are sold to butchers or put on the market. Be»o:
When fed grain will ^ain about 10 per cent., but when not they wiU barely hold their
own. Lincoln : Gain in the fore part of the winter and lose in the latter part ; axer-
age loss 3 per cent. Cloud : Will gain from 200 to 500 pounds ; ^e manner of feeding
makes the difference. Crawford : If properly fed and housed will make a gain of 5 to
20 per cent. McPherson : Generally Jose, say, about 20 per cent, of £iJl weight. Le-
bette : Unless especially fed to fatten, lose on an average 15 per cent. Sumner : Gain:
Texas cattle on full feed have sained 25 per cent. : domestic or ^pnaded stock gain S
per cent. Ottawa : A bout hold their own ; when tnree years old^ if com fed, will gain
rapidly. Kingman : When fed on hay, wiU about hold their oym; when fed graioy
wul gain.
I
I
REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN. 62x
In Kebraslia gain is confined exclusively to the better class of farm-
ers, who feed and shelter well. Common usage is usually attended with
loss of condition as to flesh, and sometimes actual loss of weight. In-
crease is conditional, with great uniformity, in these reports, upon some-
what exceptional treatments
The Galifornia returns indicate a loss in winter under the treatment
usually practiced. At the same time the claim of possible gain is dis-
tinctly made, and in Fresno County it is asserted that, with good feed-
ing, the gain is greater in winter than in summer.
The lesson of this branch of the investigation is: That a large por-
tion of the farmers of the United States do not realize, practically, at
least, the physiological necessity for continuous growth in the produc-
tion of meat of juicy, rich, even quality, or the economic necessity of
making every x>ound of feed yield the highest possible firaction of a
pound of^flesh. To practice this ideal fully is not easy, even to the
highest skill and ripest experience; but an approach to it, in popular
practice, would save many millions annually.
GROWTH OF THE COTTON DTDUSTET.
For seven decades after the invention of the saw-gin, the increase of
cotton-growing was comparatively steady, though somewhat slow, until
the era of improvement in cotton machinery. In 1844 the product was
close to two and a half million bales, an aggregate attained but once in
the next six years. The cVop was subject tilien, as now, to annual fluc-
tuations in product and acreage, causing changes in price, which in
turn stimulated or depressed the ambition for extension of area. As the
factory system extended, the demand grew stronger and more impera-
tive. In 1851 the product exceeded three million bales, and advanced
to almost five million in 1880. After 1861 the cultivation was nearly
suspended during four years of war, causing a cotton famine of great
severity, which British spinners attempted to mitigate by encouraging
cotton-growing in India, with a very moderate degree of temporary
success.
There was naturally great despondency, with land in weeds and labor
beyond control, with little money to pay for voluntary labor, and less of
skill and experience for its profitable handling. Dark prophecies were
uttered; the seeming prosperity of old would never return, and ante-
beUum crops could never be gathered. This was the popular view; but
cooler brains and wiser judgments forecasted heavier crops and a truer
and better prosperity than ever.
Seventeen crops have been gathered since the advent of peace, and
the eighteenth is growing. A suflicient period has elapsed for a com-
parison of progress. The results are easily epitomized. The annual
"commercial movement,'' which is not identically the year's crop, but
sufficiently near it for practical purposes, the exx)ortation, and the rem-
nant left for American consumx^tion, during a period of seventeen years
before the war, are thus compared with similar data for the seventeen
cro]>s'that have been gathered since:
First period...
Secona period.
Crop moYe-
ment.
BaUi.
51, 330, 790
68, 377, 875
Exportation.
BdUi.
30, 013, 005
46, 892, 528
Consuinption.
BaUt.
J 1,422,779
21.404,210
6M
REPORT OF THB OOMHiainONBR OF AORICULTURE.
A million bales per wmnm aboye the ayerage of the first period,
though beginning witii a smaller prodaction than that of 1844, may be
deemed a good showing for the new regime; an average of 4,000,000
bales for the recent period, and of 3,000,000 for the former era.
The exportation is greater by 7.000,000 in the seventeen years just
passed, while the remainder left tor consumption is greater by s^most
10,000,000, nearly double the consumption prior to the war, attesting Uie
rapid growth of the American factory system, whicb is of late happfly ex-
tending through the cotton States at a gratifying rate. This consump
tion is nearly four times as great in 1882 as it was in 1845, while the
annual exportation is increcu^ but 75 per cent. The time will doobt-
less come — and the day should be hastened by the rapid extensioo of
cotunse manufactures in the South, and the fine textures in the North-*
when half to two-thirds of our production shall be manufactured in thii
country.
The accompanying diagram presents to the eye very clearly the fiiots
which are here co-ordinated*
In the following table the year of the crop movement commence
September 1, and closes Augrtst 31 of the succeeding year. The ex-
portation closes June 31. It is the commercial record, as published in
the Financial Chronicle.
18i4-'i5.
18i5-*4«.
184e-'47.
1847-'48.
1S4S-'4D
1849-'50.
185<V-*51.
166Kt2.
1852-53.
16S3-'54.
1864-'65.
1855-»66.
1856.'57.
lte7-'58.
1858- '59.
185»-'00.
1860-'61.
BmUi,
X4Bi,m
X 170, 5S7
1,810.479
2,424,113
2.008,506
2,171,700
2.415,257
3,090,020
3,852,883
3,085,027
2,932,839
3.045^345
3,060,^19
3.238,902
3,994,481
4,923,770
3,120^060
2,068,756
1,668,75
1,241,»
1,868,261
2.227.844
1.600,155
1,068.710
2,443.646
2» 938, 400
X 319. IM
2.944.209
2,964,606
2.262.697
2,500,456
8,021,403
8,774,172
8,197,868
4H,m
69^088
882, 7«
464, 1«
679,491
761, «8
718, sn
6781991
964.8a
ToUl
51,880,700
8% 912k 906
1863-'06.
186«-'67.
1867-'08.
186g-*60 .
1869-70.
1870-71.,
1871-72
1872-73.
187.V74.
1874-75.
1K75-76.
1876-'77.
l£t77-78.
187ft-79.
187»-80.
1880-'81.
1881-'82.
J, 328, 867
1,060.271
2,406,895
2.489.039
8,154,046
4.352,817
2,974,351
8,980,508
4.170,388
8. 827, 845
4, 682. 813
4,474,060
4,773,865
5, 074, 155
5,761,252
6,589,329
5^435.845
1,6601467
1,552,761
1,667.615
1,448,020
2, m, 917
8,166,742
1, 057. 814
2,679.966
2,840.061
2.684,706
3,282.994
3,049,497
3,346,640
9,467.569
3,865,621
4.596,279
605,031
ToUl.....^.
68^ 877. 875 j 46, 69S. 596
11,42^119
617.98
6801307
686vOU
80^088
86i8»
1,100^191
1,897,548
1,201,127
l,308^0tt
1,19S,«B
1,396, SB8
1,435.411
1.546,98
1^808. SB
1.881. 881
l,80lt2H
21.4H2lf
AGBEAOB.
I
The acreage of cotton has been estimated by the Department of Af-
rioulture, and in 1880 a census of the area of 1879 was taken as a psrt
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BEPOBT OF THE STATISTICIAN.
SS3
of tlie work of the Census of the United States. It was taken so thor-
oughly, and revised so minutely, farm by farm, that there is scarcely a
chance of material error. The following statement includes the census
returns of area of 1879, and estimates for tiie recent years.
The present statistician made the annual estimates of acreage on the
basis of returns from a large part of tbe area up to 1877, when the esti-
mated area was 12,600,000 acres. In 1879 he estimated (unofficially^ the
breadth at 14,500,000 acres. The census afterwards made it 14,462,431
acres for the same year.
As the acreage of cotton, by counties, has never before been publishedi
the local details of area and production in 1879, as returned by tbe cen-
sus, are here given:
AT.A-RAVA
CoaatiM.
The state
▲nteaffft ,
BaldwSi
Berbonr
Bibb
Bloant
Bnllbok ^
BatJer
Oalhoon
ObMnbers
Cherokee .•••..
GhUton
Choctaw
Clarke
Clay
iCiebanie
Ceffoe
Colbert
Conecuh
Cooea
Ceriiiflrteii
Crenshaw
Cnllman .......
Dale
Dallas .«
DeKalb
Slmore
Eeoambia
Btowah
Fayette
■ I'ranklin.......
Geneva
Oreene
2,330,080
30,474
1,884
100,443
15,787
13,503
80.470
35.861
36,435
70,034
34.388
11.558
31,08«
33,477
13.931
0,156
16.431
25,411
16.5*23
26.468
4.176
26.062
1,469
27,076
115,631
7,469
81,045
278
15, 187
12,331
10, 3ri8
4,947
63,643
Balea.
699,654
7,944
638
26,068
4,848
4,448
22,578
11,896
10,848
19, 476
10,777
8,584
9,054
11,007
4.973
8,600
4,788
9,012
4,638
8,411
1,158
8,173
378
6,224
33,534
2.859
9,771
94
6,571
4,268
3,603
1,112
15,811
Conntlee.
Hale
Henry
Jackaon ....
Jefferson....
Lamar
Lauderdale .
Lawrence...
Lee
Limestone . .
Lowndee....
Macon
Madison
Marengo....
Maiion
Marshall....
MobUe
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Perry
Pickens
PUce..
Randolph...
Russell
Saint Clair..
Shelby
Sumter
Talladega...
Tallapoosa..
Tuscaloosa..
Walker
Washington
Wilcox .....
Winston....
•••*•*•••• w«*i
69,995
54,305
19,685
14,220
!».?••
26,594
42,808
61,880
44,884
98,200
66.768
72,888
80,790
16,419
1
83,468
112,126
18,888
74,308
62,651
47,107
28,177
81,582
14,735
17, 919
80,662
82,841
41,200
83,773
8,743
3,280
77,076
2.048
18,008
12,578
6^235
5,888
5,015
9,270
18,791
18,18i
15,724
29,856
14,688
20,679
88,481
2, MO
6,886
1
10,421
81,788
e,18S
21,627
17.288
16,186
7,476
10,442
6,028
6,643
22,211
11,832
14.161
U,137
2,754
1.246
26,745
688
▲&KAKBA&
The State.
Arkansas....
Ashley
Baxter
Benton
Boooe
Bradley
Calhoun
Carroll
Chicot
Clark ^.
CUy
Columbia ....
Conway
Craighead....
Crawford
Crlttend^.^.
Cross
XMm.
■•• ■•••«•.«•••••*
1. 042, 976
12.611
19, 555
4,798
286
5,095
12,221
13.377
982
26,941
25,092
4. 239
32, 427
15, 424
7,246
16,145
24,413
7.607
14.806
608,256
8,508 1
11.371
2.879
126
2,686
, 4.000
5.370
502
25, 338 1
13,024 1
2.307 '
13.039
O.WKi
4,374
8.080
16,039
4.768
•.157 i
Deeha
Dorsey
Drew
Faulkner ....
Franklin
Fultou
Garland
Grant
Gr«ene
Hemstead ...
Hot Spring . .
Howard
Tndonendence
Izard
JaokiAon
JefforAon
JoImHon
La Fayotte ..
Lawrence —
Lee
21.150
15,462
21.796
15,749
16,205
8,994
903
9.680
6,886
27,142
8.068
12, 2.'>0
19,602
9,029
21.718
45, 426
12.217
10,611
10.768
88,009
18.108
6.146
9.964
8,692
9,268
2.438
534
8.999
3.711
13.985
3.755
7.051
11,156
4.800
13,895
34. 588
7,769
6.339
6.460
81,147
624 BUPOBT OF THE C0HHIB8I0ITBK OF AGRICDLTUEE.
ABSAKSAS-Contliiacd.
CodhUn.
ACM.
Stlf.
C<RUltl«.
A^r-.
Bd>.
17,519
1
il
Si
If
li.ssa
i
ii)!«o
io;sM
sis
ioei
jTri; — ■
a>.(apT
IS
''303
IS. MB
Is
■}S
'is
am
Mia
: Tb.s»..
SM,MS
54. WT
42. MS
7,283
5,83«
I.MS
1.137
37.800
a, Sid
1,M
171
M
-■^
ts
10, SM
107
iat
gSZi -.-:::;:;:;■••;:;
EriF;-";;;;;;-
PBhiiini....
K!
i.in
'"'"'"
il ', .,
ThaSUM
»,B17.1M
814. MI
C'""t.^-
Z(,7.M
S.1S9
I.T«7
».»3
1
27!s(i
1,7«3
ii!773
4.860
14. «S
H»
l.ON
a; MO
10, m
is
11
fS
I,™
^o"^-
§3^k ::;■
20«
22,503
MO
13,' 739
II
2S.303
i^'o'isv;;;::::::::;:::::::
Calhoun
Eminuel-
IS
fr^T'd"*.::::::::::::;::;;::
B,3M
i
13. «M
73«
8.818
t,M
Colquitt
ColiUbl.
■iS
hST^;.:: ::;:;::::;;.;:;:
REPOBT OP THE STATISTICIAN.
OIOBGU-ContliiiMd.
I^onntlep.
A««.
B*tM.
Cooaa*!.
Acn*.
B4«l.
•
li
"■SS
u,gu
SI, on
l:S
Is
i
1.900
I0,«3«
"•S
Sffl
IB,B7T
•a
;:i
•fls
4:490
S,M9
13,351
li
tl,ST4
U,UB
Kg
i
Is
80. »1
1
ill
MB
?s
KocM«le._,
Boblej
^■s
lion
11,4S1
iS.tu
*'?fS
11
1
WuUnEton
wr^-;;;."":::::
"!5
1.310
IS
INDIAN T£BBITOST.
15,000 17,000 .
.StM*
18
3
11
8
808
41
urn
1C5
fi^:;:;:;:::;:::.-:;:::
11*
1
S3
81
13
1
30
1
M
.:.:.:::::;
Mo'^i™:-::::::::::-
^
~
1
— —
w.™ _
1
"at
036
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
LOUISIANA.
FariehM.
AerM.
*i r'
if '4
i?
The SUt«.
AtAuiuptiun
ATojellea
Bieuville
Boaaier
Caddo
Calciisien
Caldwell
Cameron
Catahoula ........
Claiborne >....
Concordia
DeSoto
Kaat Baton RoQg«
EaeiCaiToll
EaatFelioiaiia....
Fi-anklin
Grant
Iberia «...
Iberville.. .,
Jackson .,
La Fayette
Lincpln ,
LiTiftgston
Madison
••«••••• •••• ••
864,787
1,286
285
88,722
18,242
87,133
40,288
1,493
9,919
1,662
15,885
40,667
42,044
87,807
11,808
40,167
28»868
12,663
11,165
7,443
771
10,138
12, 617
22,990
8,876
28,108
Bales.
508,669
602
119
18,365
7.208
26.078
20.063
514
6.904
636
11,766
19,568
' 83. 110
11,296
5,766
38,160
ii.m)8
8,472
6.158
2.482
679
8,753
3,489
9.728
1,844
23,891
ParishM.
Horehoase
Natohitoohes
Orieaas
Ooaohita
Point Coap6«
Rapides
Rod River
Richland
Sabine
Saint Bernard
Sftbit Charles
Saint Helena
Saint Landry
Saint Martin
Saint Tammany —
Tangipahoa
Tensas
Union
YermiUion
Vernon
Washington
"Webster
West Baton Bonge
West Carroll
West Feliciana....
Winn.-
28,560
26.784
7
29.040
24,136
36.632
19.300
15.809
5,952
248
51
13.626
42,135
6^942
225
7,682
50,555
28.808
2.379
4,791
6,371
16.401
3,784
5,517
21,072
7,S7»
Bsks.
n.«?i
is,»
12
IS, 79
ih,»
17, M
U,Stt
11. «I
2.313
14
47
5,39
23.141
2, as
m
41,891
11, «
537
1,«2
2.3W
6.2SS
2.4a
4,913
11. «•
8.60
MISSIS6IPPL
TheSUte.
! 11
I <
Adams «,.
Alcorn —
Amite
Attala
Benton.—
Bolivar
Calhoun .•
Carroll —
Chickasaw. ,
Choctaw...
Claiborne..
Clarke
CUy
Coanoma...
Copiah
Covington..
DeSoto
Franklin...
Greene ....
Grenada...!
Harrison...
Hinds
Holmes....
Issaquena..
Itawamba .
Jasper
Jefferson ...
Jones
Kemper....
1a Fayette
Laaderdale
Lawrence..
Leake
Lee
Le Flore...
^008,880
955,806
82,117
10,026
18,868
7,477
27,749
9,952
85.950
15,285
22,401
8,123
43,330
86,419
19,028
9,686
87,957
17,423
88,477
12,861
13,497
6,767
83,121
18,618
16,936
4,693
41,656
18.137
82,964
26.287
64,616
28,726
6,968
2,071
60.488
28,460
18,211
8,042
85
12
25,890
10.228
« 28
11
80,013
86,684
62,656
80,463
18,208
16,150
14,861
6.118
20,306
6,228
82,141
18,612
2,794
624
28,269
8.426
86,809
16. 214
32,373
9.350
17,806
5.967
24,000
9.016
38.576
14,466
17,730
U,925
Lincoln..
Lowndes.
Madison.
Marion ..
MarshaU.
Monroe..
Montgomery...,
Veshoba
Newton
Koxubee
Oktibbeha
Panola
Perry
Pike
Pontotoc
Prentiss .«l<
Qoitman ,
Kftff^*** .........
Soott
Sharkey —
Simpson
Smith
Sumner
Sunflower...
Tallahatchie
Tate
Tippah
Tishomingo.
Tuuioa
Union
Warren.....
Washington
Wayne
Wilkinson ..
Winston ....
Talabusha..
Yasoo ......
17,272
64,670
56,398
4.n7
67,411
71,402
24,636
14,021
19,589
82,483
29,679
67,060
587
19,842
21,448
18.610
8,420
30,151
16,282
17.041
8.855
10,543
13.613
7,107
22^463
48,245
18,756
7.555
ie.966
21,285
34,127
63.4i«
7,559
33,720
15, 081
30.396
83,184
21,59
i,5n
211441
23,81
10,541
4.477
1,341
25,94
9.0
30.653
141
8,«e
7.2»7
2,837
11.775
1^237
14,16
3,55
8,m
6,211
^7V7
11, sn
22,CS3
7,434
xm
10,70
8.2SI
21 Kl
64,173
1,919
16.0
41,321
BEPOBT or THE STATISTIOIAir.
627
CoVBtlM.
TbeSteU
Barry ••».
Boll&jcer
Batler ^
Otfter
Cedar
Cbriftian
DallM
DoucIm
Dunklin
Hickory
BoiMll
LftolAde
XiUer
liiMiadppl ....
t2,U0
4
29
445
8
8
6
4
13
11,100
9
1,800
45
5
218
Bales.
20,818
2
20
1
3
3
2
0
7,801
1,076
OonnliM.
NewMadxid
Oregon
Oeage
0«?k
Pemleooi ...
Perry
Beynoldi .mm
Btplay
Scott
Stoddard ...
Stone
Taney
Waeungton
Wayne
Wright
Bales.
2,518
1,049
1,848
1,128
10
6
1,500
800
8,787
2
1
^8M
1
800
471
204
165
5^570
8,202
700
400
1,800
700
10
6
19
18
8
5
i*
NORTH dAROLINA.
The State
Alamanee ..•••<
Jklezander
Anaon
Beaufort.. •••..
Bertie
Bladen
Brunsirick
Burke
Cabarrus
CaldweU
Camden
Carteret
Caawell
CaUwba
Chatham
Chowan
Cleveland
Colnmbua
Craren
Cumberland...
Currituck
Bare
DaridaoB
Davie
I>ut>lin
Sdgeeombe ....
Forsyth
JYaaVlin
Oaaton
Oates
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Henderson
Hertford
Hyde
IredeU
Jackson
Johnston
893,153
889.508
211
91
617
182
28,200
11,857
11,785
6,021
10,455
7,290
1,618
683
885
244
752
861
19,224
7,467
30
18
2.670
823
2,936
1,014
6
4
5,175
2,012
13.478
5^858
6,047
2,228
19, 238
6,126
2,113
930
12,838
5,782
0,210
3,905
816
139
16
8
8,779
1,653
790
302
9,654
4,490
51,880
26,250
16
10
30,274
12.938
10,949
4,588
5,707
1,868
6.559
2,685
16,988
8,020
283
114
43,206
16,661
9,281
3.627
10
4
14,605
6.860
2,513
718
11,003
4.657
16
6
32,193
15, 151
Jones
Lenoir ••
Lincoln
McDowell....
Madison
Martin
Meoklenburgh
MltcheU
Montgomery..
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton .
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasouotank...
Penaer
Perquimans ..
Person
Pitt
Polk
Bandolph
Kichmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham..
Rowan
Rutherford...
Sampson
Stanley
Stokea
Surry .........
Tyrrell
Union
Wake
Warren
Washington..
Watauga
Wavne
¥rilkes
TWlson
Yadkin
8,463
4,071
10,150
8,235
7.442
2,946
23
9
12
4
18,444
6.888
41,843
10,129
15
•
6,510
2,968
8.882
8.988
25,768
12,507
142
66
36.219
18,61fl
6.658
2.841
5.290
1,919
4.585
2.226
4,0U4
1,181
1,463
^35
7,025
2,778
2
1
81, 147
14,879
1.646
862
595
296
25.198
12,754
21,607
8,846
5
8
10,645
4.381
9,679
2.079
15,346
6,291
0,878
2,475
13
7
8
1
8.481
1,128
19,090
8,336
59. 016
80,115
21,603
7,778
8,117
8,524
10
8
82,103
14,568
107
29
23,706
18,040
87
26
628 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF AGBICULTUBE.
SOUTH CABOLDSTA.
CoimtlM.
The SUte m^..
jLbbeviUe ^
Aiken
Anderson ».
Barnwell
BeftofoEt.
Chuleston
Chester
Chesterfield
Clarendon
Colleton •
Darliofcton
Bdgofield
Fairfield
0<*orgetown
Greenville
Hampton
1, 864,240
83,688
87,018
6i«oeo
83,468
11,670
24,802
62,824
18,480
28,687
11,447
60,404
98,797
69,807
862
45,672
21,624
Balet.
622,648
26,380
14,884
21,897
28,764
2,740
9,803
19,061
7,733
8,589
4,860
28,946
85,894
25,729
160
17,064
7,7U
ConntiM.
Kersnaw
Lanoaater
Laorena
Lexington
Marion
Haiiborongh ..
Newberry
Oconee
Orangehnrgh..
Piokens
Biohland
Spartanbnrgh .
Bnmter
Union
Williamabnrgh
York .».
1,773
28,078
80.744
68,956
22,871
45,520
41,251
57,447
18,505
61,854
18,463
28,343
61,337
57,068
54,260
15,888
58, M«
11.281
12, en
21,481
9,0»
21,748
28,?tf
24, IR
8.811
24,481
5^781
2i,2fl8
29;ttl
6,m
TENinCSSEX.
The state
Andenion
Bedford
Benton
Bloant
Bradley
CampbeU
Cannon ,
Carroll
Cheatham
Claiborne
Clay
Cooke
Coffee
Crockett
Dayidfton
Decatur
UeKalb
Dickson
Dyer
Fayette
FentreiM
Franklin
Gibson
Giles
Grainger
Greene
Grundy .^
Hamblen
Hamilton
Hardeman t
Hardin
Hawkina
Hajrwood
Henderson
Henry
Hickman
Houston
Humphreys
Jaokaon
Knox
722,562
880,621
60
38
2.239
940
4,023
1,801
198
70
51
15
4
1
77
85
24,711
10,505
.5
2
18
6
2
1
8
6
55
20
17,807
9.320
3,224
1,833
6,591
2,169
26
12
81
18
14,687
8,564
92,231
89,221
6
2
414
171
86,820
19,272
81,416
18,802
50
86
3
1
82
21
12
2
486
143
44,885
18,937
12.850
49,919
6,845
2
^,092
22,344
9,419
18.186
5.516
8,128
1,802
8
4
155
90
56
28
U
7
Lake
Lauderdale ...•
Lewie
Lawrence. •••.••••■••
Lincoln .......••••...
Loudon
McMinn .••••••
MoNaiiy
Hacon
Madiaon
Marion
Marshall
Manry
Meigs
Monroe *.
Montgomery ,
Moore ,
Morgan ....«,
Obion
Overton... ■-...-•. ...I
Perry
Polk
Putnam ••...
Bhea
Boane
Bntherford
Scott V
Sevier jH
Shelby....
Stewart «•
Sumner • •«.
Tipton
Trousdale
Union
YanBuren
Warren
Wayne
Weakley
White
WilUamson
Witton
8.840
84.063
1,880
8.868
8
80
88^135
4
48^825
89
4,697
21,748
86
129
8
80
4
T.aso
95
468
116
14
9
85
88.657
8
10
8l;«20
46
788
88^439
1
8
88
806
8.206
15.406
11.889
8,181
2.412
18, S»
1«
70
^«
21
9^411
1^257
3$
1,731
8^913
U
73
2
7
*'i
IM
V
4
4
18
1X414
3
6
4% 881
15
817
21,415
1
1,317
7.5Jf
1,373
BEFOBT OF THE STATISTTCUH.
ConliUu.
ASTW.
B>J«.
Coontiee.
Aant.
»!«.,[
Tli«Ht««
J, 173,732
803, M3
J«™r
1,007
IS
ss
15, SIS
1:S
'is
0.701
*5,TH
i
41^804
i
37, m
01
■JS!
11, ««
'is
20.182
18, oS
a,8t<
ss
1,04a
'■*7?
1;S
■tf
"S
II
IS, 298
7 DM
"■«!
^1«
IS, ess
. M.KTT
now
M.gl3
81,S73
isa
ts
is: 787
••ss
U,M2
1
7, MB
"■'i
1*,7M
sa
B.!17
■■s
'dm
6,»«S
1.BW
7,000
g
,!:!l!
SI
1,813
Ml
u;u2
^^
11. M7
si
12, «5
22,886
S:7«8
'i
bImi
lis
JS
5!S
II
202
iS^-::::;:::":v;;::;
i^iEiiHEE
ssar"' -
^S!
IF^^~""-"
•^S!
&■::;:-::;:;::::;::
«
iSSlS^::::::::::;::::-:;
Etopheni
ifS
"^
Tt»Tl».._
fS
'S
li
VntGINIA.
(>,800
8,U0
1B,5»
2,950
3.000
t.ioo
MO
to
3.100
11
ITlDcsOwrsa
*
OslOO
680
npoBT OF nn creioasfliovn of AOBicnLTOBx.
RECAPITXTLATIOK BY BTATXS, WITH ▲▼SBAGB YIBLD PBB ▲CBS.
Sutai.
Total United StalM
Alabama
dirkaoaaa...
Florida
Georgia
Indian Terrltwry.
JBLentuoky
2,830,0m'
1,042,876
245,595
2,617.18s
85,000
2,667
%T«a;4u
686; 654
606,256
64,887
814,441
17,000
1,867
i
6.46
as6
a22
6.81
0.48
a6i
Tionliriaas
Ifiisifeiipiii ^.
Miaaoan
Korth CaroUBA
Soath Carolina.
Tenneaaee
Texaa
Virginia
864,787
2,088,830
82,116
883,153
1,364,248
722.562
2.173,738
45,640
606.568
856,806
ao.318
888.588
522.548
330. 6SI
803,642
18,585
1
2
isi
144
0.6
0.44
0.38
Cl4<
as?
a4l
rarOEBASB OP PRODUCTION OF CEREALS.
In considering the increase in the production of cereals, especially in
comparison with European production, it should be remembered that a
very large proportion is fed to farm animals in this country, and in
Europe a very smcdl proportion. Roots, beet-pulp, oil-cake, and other
products, in so general use there, find nere a substitute in maize and
oats." Rye is the bread grain of the central and eastern countries of
the continent, as wheat is in the United States. We find, therefore, in
the census year, sixty-five per cent, of the cereals represented by maize,
and fifteen by oats, four-fifths of all the cereals produced. Rye, barley,
and buckwheat, scarcely three per cent, of the volume, are used mostly
for bread, beer, and whisky, so that corn and oats constitute the grain
supplies of farm animals. The use of cereals in this country for food
of man can be very closely approximated. At present the proportion
so used (exclusive of seed) is very nearly one-fourth, farm animals con-
suming turee-fourths. This fact accounts for the extraordinary increase
in production of com and oats. The largest percentage of increase has
been in barley, as the consumption of beer has increased in greater
ratio than that of bread or meats.
The following table shows the increase in each kind of grain, the
percentage of such increase for thirty years, and the proportion of the
last census crop of each kind of grain expressed as a percentage of the
whole :
1848L
1858.
1869.
1879.
Prodaota.
Boahela.
Increaao
in thirty
yeara.
Pereeat
of all
aereala
Coni *....
Bu$h€lt.
592, 071, 104
100,485,944
146. 584, 179
14, 188, 818
5,167,015
8,956,912
Bu9h«U.
838, 792, 742
173, 104, 924
172, 643, 185
21. 101, 360
15, 825, 898
17, 671, 818
760. 044. 549
287, 745, 626
282, 107, 157
16. 918, f95
28, 761. 305
9, 821, 721
1, 754, 861. 535
459,479,505
407,858,999
19, 831, 585
44, 113, 405
11.817,327
PerefJit.
196
AS. 04
Wheat
357 17.01
Oata
178 li- 11
Barley
40
753
Buckwheat
32
.44
Total ^..
867,453,962
1,289,039,947
1,887.290,153
8.687,962,456
211
IMLN
Consumption and exportation, — ^The exportation of recent years has
been extraordinary, quite unprecedented in the history of any nation.
It has excited so much attention that the public is in danger of faihn^
to notice that the increase of consumption in tJiirty years is five tiroes
as much aA the enlargement of exportation. The volume of consump-
tion is three times* as large as in 1850. The grain spared to meet the
necessities of foreigners, in three years past, has reached an astonishing
I
i
ISPOBT W TBS STATISTICruy.
S81
figure, and realized a far larger sum in foreign exchange than cotton in
the same period; yet it has been less than a tenth of tiie production of
cereals in the same three years. The largest exportation ever made
was of the crop of 1879 and 1880, 10.5 per cent, of the former, and 10.4
per cent, of the latter, while in 1881 it was only 8.1 per cent, of the
greatly reduced production of that year. It is woHhy of thoughtful
consideration that while population has increased little more than 100
per cent, the means of subsistence have increased nearly '200 per cent. ;
that we are able to export nearly twice as much wheat as was produced
thirty years ago. This exportation is mostly of wheat and corn; of the
former from a third to four-tenths of the crop, and of the latter never
exceeding 6 per cent. Wheat is the only grain the price of which is
much affected by the foreign demand. A comparison of domestic and
foreign consumption is afforded by the following tables:
1879.
Cereals.
Com
Wheat
Cat*
Bariey
Rye
Buckwheat.
Total.
Prodactio&.
BuiheU.
1, 754, 861, 535
450,479^506
407,858,990
44, 118, 405
10,831.505
11,817,827
3,807,063,456
Consumption.
ButheXt.
1,655,280,206
279,075,826
407,002,688
42,064,573
10,805,401
11,817,827
2,413,154,554
Percent
04.3
60.7
00.0
07.4
86.2
100
Exportation.
Buihela.
99, 572, 329
180. 404, 180
766,866
1,128.038
2,036.104
284,807,008
Percent
5.7
30.3
0.1
2.6
14.8
10l5
1860.
Com
Wheat
Oata
BArley
Rye
Buckwheat.
Total.
1,717,484,848
408,540,868
417, 885, 380
45, 165, 346
24,640,820
14,617,535
8,718,193.501
1,628,786,306
312, 328k 864
417,482.476
. 44,280^100
22,602,364
14, 617, 536
3,434,087,215
016
63.6
00.0
06
02.1
100
98.648,147
186. 321, 614
403,004
885,246
1,048.475
863,206,286
6.5
37.4
0.1
2
7.0
10.4
1881.
Com
Wheat
Oats
Barley
Rye
Backwheat.
Total.
1. 104, 016, 000
383,280,090
416,481,000
41. 161. 330
20, 704, 050
9,486,200
2, 066. 029, 570
1.160; 876, 317
281,387,701
415, 865, 810
40, 055, 400
10,708.763
9,486,200
1,807,968,601
06.3
68L2
09.9
99.6
9&2
100
44,840,683
121, 802. 888
025,600
205,080
096,187
1€8, 060, 878
3.7
3L8
00.1
00.5
4.8
8.0
The average exportation of wheat for four years, since tbe annual
shipments reached one hundred million bushels, is 159,051,433 bushels,
or 37.5 per cent, of the four crops. The average quantity of com ex-
ported in the same time is 81,361,513 bushels, or 5.4 i)er cent, of the
production. The volume of exi)orts of wheat have doubled in hve years ;
of corn, in six years. The progress of this foreign trade is thus shown
in five-year periods :
Tear.
Wheat
Com.
1858-*62
Buehele.
164, 537. 101
144,062,741
104, 446, S56
339, 278, aO.'i
720, 873, 691
ButkeU.
44. 131. 907
1863-'67
56,000,490
69, 321, 237
229. 72m. ZSl
1868-72
187»-77
1878-'83
366, 297. 478
632
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOKER OF AGRICULTURE.
Before dismissing the subject of foreign tradcL in gram, the facts of
importation, which mt^e a meager show except as to barley, may be 8^
in the following statement:
Years.
1872
1073
1874
1875
187«
1877
1878
1870
1880
1881
Gon.
Boahflls.
68,668
61, 636
76,008
88,098
51,796
80, M2
18,428
83,869
68.876
75,156
WbMt
BnaheU.
1,546,628
1,47(^04
1,6467092
803,047
1,568,558
828,906
1,851,008
2, Oil, 291
462,882
200,620
BamlBof
flonr.
172,823
72,891
94,137
12,988
10. 116
7,431
7,941
12,606
5J.61
2^
OtA^
BodiAk.
683,260
825,555
101,102
1,600,040
121,547
41,507
21,801
18,805
489,676
64,412
Boihala.
240,146
214,102
164,158
208,642
241,201
06,074
480,236
477,762
532,585
473,025
8.665,991
4,944,751
4,80l«l»
•^256^083
16; 886^ 067
«,702,06S
0,628»616
ATERAOE YIELD BY STATES.
In the census year 1879, which was a year of more than aven^^ yield,
the common average of com was 28.5 bushels per acre. All of the Kew
England States, all of the Western (to the BockyJfiCountains), Kew Yoil^.
Pennsylvania, and Kew J^sey, were above that common average;, all
of the Southern States, and most of the States and Territories wei^ of
Nebraska, below average. Iowa stood in the first rank^ followed in
order by Nebraska, Kew Hampshire, Vermont, Missouit, and IlUnds.
The l^ew England States stand higher than any other section. Fertil-
ization and cultivation make amends for the lack'of fertility.
Minnesota holds the firi^t rank in wheat-growing as to quantity pro-
duced in proportion to population, the supply per head being 44.3 in
the census year. I^ext. Oregon, 42.9: Oalifomia, 33.6: Ifebraska, 30.6;
Washington, 25.6; Indiana, 23.9; Michigan, 21.7; Dakota, 20.9.
Only ten States east of the Bocky Mountains and two on the Padflc
coast have any considerable surplus; and but two Territories, Dakota
and WaAhington. The wheat belt lies west of the AUeghanies, and the
Lakes and the Ohio Biver.
The northern border, aa climatic conditions would indicate, furnishes
the higbest example of yield in the cultivation of oats, as well as the
best results in quality. Washington Territory heads the list of oats-
producing States, with a yield of 41.3 bushels; Minnesota, 37.9; Ver-
mont, 37.6; Montana, 36.5; Kew Hampshire, 34.5; Wisconsin. 34.4;
Michigan, 33.9. These are the highest yields, and they are all oorder
States. Kew England as a section gives tke highest average.
It is desirable to have a means of comparison of normal yiSds per acre
of different States. The result in no single year would fairly represent
the differences in productive capacity of States, yet 1879, as reported by
the census of 1880, comes as near it as can be expecteii in any year.
The average yields of the great grain-producing States, in 1879, were
among the highest ever obtained in States which return the largest
figures, higher than an average of a series of years would show. Keep-
ing this fact in view, and also the local causes which reduced the nor-
mal yield in certain States, a table showing the average yield of each
State will serve as a guide to the rate of p^duction of each State:
tt/»0f?7
•*»
«86
<"»
^^v.
/
/
/
A
m
090
618
,U7
,254
/,508
1,
19
90.7
20.2
1L9
11.9
12L2
/
19,848
17.5
/
r61,200
160,414
698,820
15.3
18.2
14.0
,520,949
14.9
5,857
186,607
186,004
14.8
18.8
&3
278,528
10.8
44,668
7.8
402
0.9
45,070
7.8
863
8.0
48
92
907
685
548
88,434
11.1
6.9
0.8
.089
34,880
0.9
:'),a84
1,024
-'2, lao
33,948
8,846
16, 457
34,117
285,298
9,942
280,229
418,062
89,707
178,859
299,107
9.5
9.7
12.7
12.2
lai
10.9
8.8
146,850
1,556,204
10.6
8,677
16,818
5,468
2,458
1( 666
8
41,750
166.895
57,6to
24,421
17.502
110
11.4
10.2
10.5
9.9
10.5
18.7
20,590
808,884
10.4
s
1,012
872
22,307
6,215
22
16.7
1 *j
1,884
1 28,523
20.0
3
I. 1
-^.8
'•.2
•■H.7
J. 3
100
821
84
2.408
2,521
487
23.0
7.9
12.9
i:i
12.3
10.5
461
5,45(^
11.8
10.8
848,389
1 11.817,327
12.8
684
npOBT or TBI (KnoaanoNiB or agbicultubi.
4v0y€ge yield pmr acre oj ^^^ <^^ to*Z€Sf, 1879.
Stutet.
ICaine
New HunfMhire
Vermont
HMMcboaetts..
Rhode IsUnd...
Conneoticat
New XngUuid 8t«lM .
New York....
New Jersey. .
PcnnsylTMii*
North Middle SUtas.
DelAWftro
HarylAnd.
YirKiBU..
Sottth Middle StAtae
North Carolin*
South CMToUaa.
Georgia
rioridA
Sotttb AtlAntio StfttM
JLlftbMnA...
MiisiMippi
Louisian*..
TexM
Arkftntae..
Teaneaaae .
Soathom Statea.
WeatYirginia
Kentnoky
Ohio
Miohiguk
Indiana
niinoia
Wiaoonain . . . . ,
Weatem Statea
Minneaota
Iowa
Miaaoari..
Kanwia —
Nebraska .
Colorado..
TransMiaaissippi SUtea.
California.
Orogon.....
Nevada . . .
Paciac States
Utoh
New Mexico
Washington
Dakota
Montano
Idaho ,
Arisona ,
"Wyoming ,
District of Colombia ,
The Territories
Total Sutes and Territoriea.
Onka.
78,785
29.485
90,548
20,ft5(»
5,575
86.601
270,743
1.261,171
137,422
1,287,508
8,636,186
i;,158
101,127
561; 448
681,728
600,415
261,445
.612,778
47,062
I
2,265,575
1,017,620
3,742,282
645,150
158.839
1.000.706
^8.889.681
.87,575,506
8, 710, 673
83.841,439
79,127,518
878,508
1,794,872
6,333.181
7,506.561
3,838.068
2, 715, 505
5,548.743
468,112
1,422.600
324,628
198,497
26,861
238,010
166,513
468,566
1,423,075
126.931
403.416
910,388
536^187
628,531
1,050,889
965^597
6,515.939
617, 469
1,607,577
968,473
435,850
250.457
23.023
8,802.858
40,947
151.634
5,937
207,508
12.670,428
8,089.639
1,950.620
229.840
4,893,850
2,219,822
4,722,190
17,064,470
1,908,505
4,580,738
28,664,505
18,190,798
15, 599, 518
63,189,200
32,005,320
165,038,579
28.8
34.5
37.6
3L8
2a6
27.5
32.6
29.8
27
27.8
2a6
22.1
17.7
9.5
11
7.7
ia4
ai
9.8
8.8
A.4
0L9
a6
20.6
13.3
lai
12
15
11.4
81.5
38.9
25
32.2
34.4
29.9
Bailaj.
I
11,106
3,461
10.652
8,171
715
ff75
0
29,580
896,629
240
23,502
880,461
243,181
77,877
267,625
80,128
17,783
12,286
c
21.1
215
3Si4
2SlS
XI
314
697.884 ! 211
7,792,062
4,001
438,100
2LI
17
l&l
8,234,253 SLI
19 533 j 27.5
226 6,097 27
859 14,233 16f
1.104
230
1,162
1,439
21
2,853
611
44
8,827
157
2^600
8,839
424
20,080
57,482
54,506
16.300
55,267
204,335
20,843
119
2.421
16^297
181662
210
10.5
14
13
10
37,550 112
5,281
348
las
7.1
72,788
1,962
80,019
US
12.4
ILS
110.388 US
9,740
485.326
1, 707, 129
1,204,316
382.835
1,229,523
5,043,118
408,502 10.062,987
23,382,158
60, 610, 591
20, 670, 958
8.180,385
6,555^875
640,900
UO, 040, 867
1, 341, 271
4,385,650
186,860
5, 013, 781
in, 525
9,237
37,962
78,226
24,691
13, 107
29
822
267
183,956
16^144,593
418, 082
156,527
1, 571, 706
2, 217, 132
900,915
462, 236
564
22,512
7,440
5, 757, 114
407,858,909
37.9
33.6
21.3
1&8
26.2
27.8
28.9
116,020
198,861
6,472
23,993
115, 201
4,112
464^659
2,972,965
4,022,588
123,031
300,27?
1,744,686
107, U6
28
Si2
2^7
28.1
2S.S
213
K7
211
211
20LS
II
12.5
111
20
9,270,650 20
26. jT
2&0
31.5
586,340
20,311
19,399
12.579,561
920,977
513,470
2L5
3L4
2&5
28.0
635.J050
21.4
16.0
41.3
2a 3
86.5
35
19.4
27.4
27.9
11.268
2,548
14.680
16,156
1.323
8.291
12.404
14, 014, OOS I 211
2n, 140
50.053
566.537
277.454
39,970
274, 750
239, 051
31.3
66,670
25. 3 1, 997. 717
1,664,925
44,113,495
19.3
no
3&5
17.1
36l1
311
lis
99
BKPOBT or THS STATUmOUM.
«85
Average yield per acre of rye and buckwheat, 1879.
SUtM.
Maine
If ew Hampabire.
Vermont
MaMachnsetta ..
Rhode Island....
Connecticut
l^ew England States.
New York
New Jersey . .
Pennsylvania
North Middle SUtee.
I>elaware
Harybind
Virginia : ».
South Middle SUtes.
North Carolina
South Carolina ,
Georsia
Florida........
Sonth Atlantic States
Alabama ...
MissiHsippi.
Liouisiana . .
Texas
Arkansas..,
Tennessee . .
Southern States
West Virginia.
Kentucky
Ohio
Michigan
Ibdfaiuk
niinois
Wisconsin
Western States.
Minnesota.
Iowa
Missouri ..
Kansas....
Nebraska .
Colorado ..
Trans-Mississippi States
California
Oregon . . .
Nevada...
Pacific States.
Utoh
New Mexico
Wash ington
Dakota
Montana
Idaho
Mristona
Wyoming
District of Columbia.
The Territoriea
Total States and Territories.
Bya.
8,161
8,218
6,319
81,666
1.270
20,704
64.428
244,923
106, 025
398,466
749,418
778
82,405
48, 746
81,024
61,953
7,152
25,854
601
95,560
5,834
806
201
3,326
3,290
32,493
17,279
89, 417
29,499
22.816
25,400.
102,138
169,692
13, 614
102,607
46.484
34,621
34,297
1,294
282,917
20. 281
841
21.122
•3
86,808
84.638
71, 788
213. 716
12,997
870,738
730, 216
2,634,690
049,064
8,683.521
7,267,875
5.953
288,067
324, 431
618, 451
285.160
27, 049
101, 716
2,965
416,890
28,402
5,134
1,013
25.899
22,387
156,419
45, 950 288, 754
113,181
668,050
889.221
294,918
803, 105
8, 121, 786
2,298.518
646,240 7,188,773
18.8
10.8
11.4
9.9
10.2
12.4
U.8
10.8
&9
0.2
0.7
7.7
8.9
6.7
7.5
4.6
3.8
8.9.
4.9
4.4
4.9
6.4
6
7.6
6.8
4.8
Buckwheat.
5.2
6.6
7.5
13.3
12.9
11.9
16.2
18.5
18.2
215, 245
1,518,606
635,426
418,181
424,348
19,465
3.126,270 13.4
15.8
14.8
1L5
11.9
12.4
15
181, 681
13,305
194,986
1, l.Vl
17
518
2,385
15
354
C
301
4,749
9,605
240
7,124
24, 859
430
4,341
9
15.8
9.2
20,185
4,535
17.640
6,617
105
11,231
50,272
201,228
35,873
246,100
578,800
897
10,204
16,463
27,154
5,725
'""is'
5,783
42
48
92
4,007
6,080
80,884
1,024
88,130
83,048
8,846
16, 457
84, 117
146,866
8,677
16, 818
5.468
2,458
1, 666
8
883,701
04,000
856,618
67, U7
1,254
187,568
1,080,848
4,461,200
466,414
8,608,826
8,520,046
5,857
186,667
186,004
878,528
44,668
""ioa*
45,070
863
535
548
),434
34,880
885,208
0,048
880,220
418,062
80,707
178.850
280,107
1,556,804
41,756
166,805
67,640
24,421
17,562
110
29. 600 808, 884
1,012
872
22,307
6,215
1,384
28,582
18
80.7
80.8
ILO
ILO
12.2
a3
14.1
18.8
10.2
28.7
12.3
78 13
3, 704 i 12. 3
49,881 I 10.5
106
821
84
2,498
2,521
487
461
5, 436
1, 842, 303
19, 831, 595 I 10. 8
848,389 11,817,327
17.5
liTi
18.2
14.0
14.8
14.8
18.8
&3
7.8
'i.*8
7.8
&6
11.1
5.0
6.8
"To
0.5
0.7
12.7
18.2
lai
10.0
8.8
IojS
11.4
10.8
10.5
0.9
10.5
18.7
10.4
16.7
20.6
23.6
7.0
12.0
11.8
mw
BEFOST OF THE GOHMISSIOKER OF AQBICULTUBE.
\m
\M
SEBDrNG OF WHEAT.
In an inveBtigation concerning the methods of seeding wioter vheat,
it u shown hov widely the time of sowing or drilling vanes in tlu
range of latitude from 30^ to 42°, covering a period of fbor montla
from Angnat 1 to December 31. In California exceptional oonditkmt
exist, and, except in cases where summer fallowing is practibed, seed-
ing mast wait for the rains to soften the ground, and continnes nearif
or qnite throngh the rainy season, say from November to Pebmary.
In the Middle and Western States wheat-growers commence drilling
in the latter part of August; in the Qnlf States, September is eariy,
and the work may be done, at the convenience or preference of the
farmer, during the autumn until Ohristmas. The length of the seeding
season is greatest in the most southern latitudes ; in Texas its extreme
duration is from September 1 to March 15, admitting of planting daring
the entire fall and winter. The average or middle date, represeDting
the seeding of half the breadth, is the 16th of September in ITew ToA,
the 20£h in Pwmsylvania, and 28th in New Jersey. Delaware, Maiy- '
land, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and ArkansaB
find their average date in October ; Georgia and all the Gulf States in
November. The table showing the time of seeding and proiwrtioD
dsilled is as follows :
,
D>teora«adlii»
•Mdioe.
Drtllad.
.™j.
i>
KOT. 1
NOY.
Not!
Not.
Oct- M
Si
Ptrtnt.
SI
70
7i
ts
M
«
M
n
PitmL
I^UtywOctoberM..^
41
HoflhCHolin.
B-puiiabon to January 10
K
ArknuM
M
S'^fe'^;;-:::::::::::
FKOFOBTIOH OF DEILLBD AND ADTAKTAGES OF DBII,Ln<G.
The area seeded with the drill amounts to 67 per cenL, or fourteen
million acres in the above-named States, leaving above ten million acres
sown broadcast, and mainly by hand. In the spring-wheat re^on of
the Northwest the drill is less used, though its use is increasing. The
broadcast seeder is also employed to facilitate the work, yet much of
the acreage is sown by hand in the old-fashioned style. On the Pacific
coast the drill has a limited use.
The question of drilling or broadcasting is virtually one of good or
BEPORT OP THE STATISTICIAN. 637
•
bad husbandry. Where the soil is in good tilth, high fertility, and free
from sadi obstractions as rocks or stumps, the preference expressed is
almost inyariably for drilling. In those districts in which custom fol-
lows com with wheat, the com is cut and stocked early, the shaded soil
is moist, and after stirring surface and breaking weeds with harrow or
cultivator, the seed is sown and soon comes up^ and produces a fair
.growth. With preparation so hasty and superficial, drilling is imprac-
ticable^ and broadcasting a necessi^. So in the weedy wheat fields of
primitive soils given year after year to wheat-growing; the land is cheap
and labor dear, and the surface yearly becomes weedier, making drill-
ing inconvenient and expensive. Then, there are wooded districts where
stumps for some years prevent the use of the drill; and in eastern fields
rocks are sometimes troublesome; while on steep mountain slopes, as
in the Alleghanies, drilling is inconvenient and little practiced.
As to direction of drilling, some prefer drills running north and south,
as a protection against western winds. In other locations east and west
lines are preferred.
Of nearly seven hundred counties from which reports were received
on this subject, preference was expressed for either drilling or broad-
casting in three-fourths of them, and, as between the two m^es, five of
every six favored the use of the drill.
As a rule, those who preferred broadcasting gave no reasons for it,
simply, acquiescing in the prevailing custom of the region. A corre-
spondent in Callahan County, Texas, asserts that '' when broadcasting
is properly done it is as good as drilling." The correspondent for Davis
County, Utah, strikes the key-note of primitive western wheat-growing
in commending ^^ drilling when land is clear, and broadcasting wheii land
is foul.'' One correspondent naively admits that he "can't tell why" he
prefers broadcasting. The most plausible reason for broadcast sowing
18 given in some flat prairie districts, where surface water wUl not drain
off, filling the drill furrows, freezing and destroying the plants.
The result of this inquiry may be summarized, and the essential points
presented, as follows:
1. Our correspondents very generally claim for the drill the fact "that
it tends to a clearing of the surface of obstructions and irregularities,
the turning under of weeds and the reftise of the previous harvest, ana
a suitable prep<aration of the soil.
2. It enables the grower to place a fertilizer in close proximity to the
seed^ stimulating a vigorous early growth, till the roots reach out for
nutnment to sustain the processes of later development, tillering and
I)erfecting of the grain.
3. Less seed is required in drilling, amounting to a saving of half a
bushel per acre, which would amount to nea^y twenty million bushels
were the entire wheat area drilled.
4. By this mode of seeding the grain is put in more evenly, its depth
is regulated to reach a requisite degree of moisture promotive of prompt
germination, and to secure ample growth and firm footing of the roots
and better winter protection.
5. The plant starts more uniformly, makes a more regular stand and
evener growth; and, when well established, tillers abundantiy, if the
soil is rich enough to give the requisite vigor. In a drought, if deeply
planted, it comes up more quickly than surface planting that requires
rain bafore germination, and stands better in after growth during a dry
season.
6. Drilled land is better drained in winter^ the disintegration of the
drill fuirow-sides famishes food and protection for the plants ; the de-
638
REPORT OP THE COBIMI88IONER OF AGRICJULTURE.
ii
pression catches and holds the winter snows; while the ridge proteots
against the wintry winds.
7. In the South, and in other districts where pastoring wheat fleldi
is practiced in fall or winter, it is found that drilled grain endures
pasturing with less iivjury than broadcast, being more deeply and firmly
rooted, and less affected by the trampling of cattle or horses.
8. Drilled wheat usually yields more per acre. There are few excep-
tions to this statement, occurring only where conditions are favorable
to the growth of grain sown broadcast. The United States census for
the year 1879 shows about 50 per cent higher rate of production in the
winter-wheat districts of the Ohio Valley, where the use of the drill is
general, than in the spring- wheat region, where its use is limited. How
much of this difference is due to prevalence of drilling may not be ex-
actly determined.
RATES OP WAGES OP PAEM LABORERS IN THE UNITED
STATES.
The first systematic general investigation of the rate of wages paid
for farm labor in the United States was undertaken in December, 186^
by the Division of Statistics of this Department. Some thirty years
previously Mr. H. 0. Oarey had made a careful estimate^ firom the best
information attainable, and placed the average wages of the whole
country at $9 per month, with board. In 1866, from returns embracing
about 1,500 counties, the average rate was found to be $15.50, wit£
board, showing an apparent increase of about 72 per cent, in one gen-
eration.
At the same date the average monthly wages, when board was not
provided, was $26 for the whole country, and for the States emplojring
white labor almost exclusively, $28.
In the next three years there was a material decline in the value of
farm products, to which labor yielded more slowly, the average rate in
1869 being $25.13 for labor without board. Prices had increased in the
South, and had been somewhat better maintained in the Eastern than
in t^e Western States, in consequence of the great activity of textile
manufEkCtures and iron production. The decline, though general, was
nowhere very great in this period.
In 1875, another investigation showed a stronger tendency to a lower
rate, somewhat more pronounced in the West and in New England than
in the Middle States. The reduction in six years had been from $32.08
to $28.96 in the East, from $28.02 to $26.02 in the Middle States, and
from $27.01 to $23.60 in the West.
The cumulative and e^lreme effect of the monetary revulsion which
commenced late in 1873 was not reached for several years after. At
the next investigation, in 1879, the time of deepest depression and dis-
tress of the laboring classes in manufacturing industry, when surplus
laborers had been thrown into competition with farm labor, a gen^
and heavy reduction was recorded. It was greatest now in mantlfac^
uring States, amounting to 30 per cent, in New England, 25 in tbe
Middle States, and but 14 in the Western. The neighborhoods con-
tiguous to great manufacturing centers suffered the largest decrease.
The ai-tisans of Massachusetts, tor instance, thrown out of employment,
returned to their former occupation in the neighboring States, and their
competition with rural labor depressed the rate severely; thus the de-
cline in Maine was from $25.40 to $18.25 ; in New Hampshire, $28.57
tfcia
fcliMte
^tmASMtmt^
Ca/rf,
itornia
A
EasternStates S
Middle States %
Sid/SJQ /S/S IA79 JSSi
J£
ss
7Alf6 Si
^ B2<K
30
Wester/? States % 2S
So(/f/?ernStatesii/6
MW so v/
Qi
^
06 26
U
oc/Z
_^.Ma_^i^i*iaaMHi
03
IIQL
ZL
26 cat
23
96 20
19
6i20S8
t6_22/A
2/b^
6^22
25
6L
2H
^5
Ilia
i
;
1 1
4
u
REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN.
689
to $10.75 ; in Yermont, $39.67 to $19. No other section showed a de-
cline of 30 per cent, in four nnfortonate years.
The present investigation shows the degree of recovery daring the
past three years of business activity and financial confidence. The
following statement presents the average rate of wages (without board)
in employment by the season or year:
V
1882.
1870.
18781.
1868.
1866.
Krmfern 8t«teii .....•...•.•...•••.•.••......•....••
$26 61
22 24
15 30
23 63
/38 25
$20 21
19 69
13 31
20 38
4100
$28 96
26 02
16 22
23 60
44 60
$32 08
28 02
17 21
27 01
46 38
$33 30
30 07
I^lifltllt) StAt«.i •........••.
Southern StAten. ........ ...1 .•.........•...•...••.
16 00
"VWrneru States
28 91
California ..................•.••••.......•..••..•..
35 75
These averages indicate a recovery of the status of 1875 in the West,
a near approach to the rate of that year in the New England States, and
a partial restoration in the Middle States. There is srall a decline of 20
]>er cent, or more fi'om the inflated rates of the flush times immediately
following the civil war.
There is one point, relative to wages in the South, of striking signifi-
cance, viz, with the same tendency to recede from 1869 to 1879 and to
advance from the latter date to the present time, the movement is very
mo<lerate, the decline being only 14 per cent., while in other sections it
was between 30 and 40. The reason is obvious to those who know the
history of the labor movement. Southern labor is about half negro
labor, and it has been gradually and surely improving in quality, com-
manding appreciation, so that it brings to-day very nearly the same
prjce when cotton is 12 cents per pound as it commanded when cotton
was worth 30 cents per pound. In comparison with wages in other
sections Southern rates ai*e low, because less intelligent and efficient, and
a))plied mainly to a single routine of cropping.
Tlie changes are shown in these approximate percentages of decrease
and increase of sections :
Decreane from 1866 to 1870.
Increaae from 1879 to 1882 .
Xaatem.
89
24
Middle.
85
12
Western.
80
14
Soathem.
14
13
California is somewhat peculiar in prices, as in crop distribution and
production. There was an extraordinay advance in wages from 1866 to
1809. Since that date the decline has been gradual and comparatively
UDiforra, and has continued through the last three years, while the move-
ment has been upward everywhere except on the Pacific coast Yet the
rate is still very high in comparison with that of any other section.
The exemption of that region from the effects of the monetary revul-
sion is illustiated by a diagram showing the movement of wages.
i'\>-\
!'i
640
BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF AOBICULTURE.
'i t
i^\
i
k
li
The following table presents the average rates of wages of farm labor,
with and wkhout board, in 1866, 1869, 1875, 1879, and 1882 :
Statement ihowing th^ average monthlyi rate of wages, hy Ute year, for ike yean rupetMi
named.
"•WC
SUtet.
Auuno .»••••-«••■••
JS«w Hampahlre . . .
Vermont
MaasAchasetts ....
Rhode Island
Connectiuat
New York
Kew Jersey
Pennsylyania
Delarvrare
Maryland
Virginia
Konh Carolina
Sonth Carolina
Georgia
Florida
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana .........
Texas
Arkansas
Tennessee
West Virginia
Kentaoky
Ohio
Michigan
Indiana..
Illinois
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri ..*.••.•..
Kansas
Nebraska
California
Oregon
Colorado
Utah
Kew Mexico
Dakota
1888.
1879.
$34 75
25 25
23 87
80 06
27 75
27 90
23 63
24 25
22 88
18 20
16 34
13 96
12 86
12 10
12 86
16 64
18 15
15 10
18 20
20 20
18 50
13 75
19 16
18 20
24 55
25 76
23 14
23 91
26 21
26 36
26 21
22 39
23 85
24 45
88 25
38 50
86 50
$16 15
16 72
16 00
18 25
17 00
17 87
15 36
14 20
14 21
12 50
9 89
^17
8 80
8 10
8 70
10 20
9 09
10 09
12 69
14 03
12 25
9 49
12 46
11 75
16 30
17 27
15 65
17 14
17 90
17 75
17 95
13 95
15 87
16 20
23 45
24 75
27 08
$18 25
19 75
19 00
25 00
23 00
23 29
20 61
20 22
19 92
17 00
14 00
11 00
11 19
10 25
10 73
13 80
12 20
13 31
16 40
18 27
17 12
12 78
16 98
15 17
20 72
22 88
20 20
20 61
21 07
24 55
22 09
17 59
20 67
23 04
41 00
85 45
35 00
28 87
22 10
28 56
187&
$11 08
12 30
11 50
15 33
13 25
14
13
23
19
11 53
11 46
9 50
8 95
7 66
7 66
6 66
7 38
8 73
8 30
928
1127
11 49
11 31
8 69
10 94
10 00
13 34
14 64
12 76
13 01
13 81
15 62
13 90
11 84
13 28
14 86
26 27
23 86
20 00
20 50
13 80
16 57
$25 40
28 57
29 67
81 87
30 00
28 25
27 14
30 71
25 89
20 33
20 02
14 84
13 46
12 84
14 40
15 50
13 60
16 40
18 40
19 50
20 50
15 20
20 75
18 12
24 05
28 22
24 20
25 20
25 50
26 16
24 35
19 40
23 20
24 00
44 50
38 25
88 50
35 50
22 75
32 50
11 25
12 20
13 37
13 00
10 00
18 10
12 00
16 83
18 46
16 14
16 87
16 45
16 36
16 11
13 15
14 65
14 75
28 60
25 67
21 14
25 33
14 25
20 50
1
A fair illustration of average wages and average conditions of fann
labor in the United States is furnished by the central belt of States on
the parallel of 40^, and the changes of the past fifteen years are also
clearly shovn in the figures which they present From Ohio to Iowa rentes
wei-e nearly equal in 1866, in Pennsylvania they were slightly higher,
and in Nebraska an entirely exceptional condition existed, immigrantB
pouring in to claim and possess the free virgin soil, and declining to
work for wages at any rates, however high. In three years conditions
changed materially, and in nine years, when production became abun-
dant, the rate of wages of IS^ebraska ranged in line with the more east-
em States of the fortieth parallel, as we see ; in 1875 the whole range
of diiterence in monthly rate from the Alleghanies to the Bocky Mount-
ains was only $1.20.
In 1879, the date of lowest prices, we find a sharp decline has oocoiied
dming the four years of busine^sii depression, which is wonderfolly nni-
REPORT OP THE STATISTICIAN.
641
form in the older agricultural States — Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois — ^but
much more severe in the manufacturing State of Pennsylyai?aa, and
comparatively small in the newer States beyond the Mississippi, into
which a stream of imjnigration was pouriDg, requiring food and every
kind of supplies necessary for farm equipment.
At this date the tide turned with resumption and specie payments,
and the present investigation shows an advance all along the line of
about three dollars per month in all the States east of the Mississippi,
bringing the average nearly up to that of 1875, except in Pennsylvania.
Beyond the Mississippi the average is higher than in 1875. The follow-
ing statement shows for these several dates, from 1866 to 1882, the —
Average montkty wages of lah<>rer8 employed by the year.
BtfttM.
1882.
1879.
1875.
1860.
1866.
PmnflTlyuiift t...«. ......................... .......
$22 8&
23 87
23 14
23 91
26 21
24 45
$10 02
20 72
20 20
20 61
22 09
23 04
$25 88
24 05
24 20
25 20
24 35
24 00
$28 68
26 85
25 42
27 32
28 39
38 25
$29 91
28 46
Ohio .1
TpfliiuiA
27 71
niinois
28 54
Iowa.... ••..••,..,........•........... .............
28 94
KebzatkA
88 87
The influence of manufacturers upon agricultnre is seen in the wages
of farm labor as well as in the prices of farm production. The rate is
higher in Massachusetts than in any other State east of the Bocky
Mountains. It is see^ in the west as well, affecting the averages of
States lying side by side. Ohio has become a manufacturing State of
considerable importance. It is dotted over with cities of 20,000 to 60,000
people, largely interested in manufacturing industiy. Kentucky, on the
other bank of the Ohio, is occupied mainly with the pursuits of agricult-
ure. This fact, together with . the larger proportion of negro labor,
reduces the rate of wages. The comparison is as follows:
StatM.
Ohio
Kontaoky.
1882.
$24 55
18 20
1879.
$20 72
15 17
1875.
$34 05
18 12
1869.
$26 85
18 84
1866.
$28 46
20 23
There is a marked difference in the several districts of Ohio. The north-
em belt includes the manufacturing centers — Cleveland, Toledo, Can-
ton, Wooster, Mansfield, and other towns — and is a seat of profitable
dairy and other rural interests.
The effect is seen in a high rate of wages. The limestone district
lying between the Scioto and Indiana line, and including the Miami
valleys, has also several towns prominent in manufactuiing interprise,
like Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton, and Springfield, and the wages of
form labor are also high. The country east of the Scioto has iron and
coal industries, with comparatively little variety in general manufact-
ures, and a more exclusive reliance upon agriculture.
The comparison is thuis made:
' Per month.
Northern district (25 96
Westetn district -..., 24 75
Eaatern district ^ « ^ 65
41 AO
I
642
BEPOBT OP THB COUUISSIONEtt OF AOUCUi:.TnRE.
Id popnlation, variety of Iiidii8tr7, and general indiutrial uLvuiet-
ment, the northern district of Illinois surpasses the southern. N^-
rally the wages of agricultural labor reflect this difference. DiTiding
the State on the line of counties reaohing below the furty-llrst panlW,
and again on the line of the twenty-ninth parallel, the sTwage wagM
are, respectiTely, from north to south, as follows :
Northern dirtriot ^ it
C«Dtr»l diutrict .................... .. ........... H to
HontUetit district 19 (!I
Proximity to large cities inorcaees the rate. "Saw Jersey hu tht
Mlvantage of extensive manufactures within her limits, and the added
advantage of cities immediately on her borders holding a population of
three millions of people engaged in manufactures and commerce. The
efi'ect is as follows:
SUtat.
1«S3.
II7S.
u».
■».
IMi.
y k
(KiBJ
•Si
SO 18
uss
«3t3l
Bin
VtwltmsY
Only in the time of manufactnring depression, as in 1879, does Kew
Jersey report wages as low as those of Sew York, whose rural territory'
extends to the great lakes.
Whenever other industries flourish, and the number of persons em-
ployed in agriculture are fewer than those engaged in other occnpationa,
it is found that- the wages of farm labor are higher than in districts
more exclusively iigricultaral ; and statistics show, further, that tfae
prices of farm products are also higher, and the gross and net earniogs
of the farm proprietor are greater. Wherever from manufactures, min-
ing, or commerce the non-agricultural population is relatively in smaller
proportion to the whole people, the law of supply and demand inevitablv
secures a higher reward to rural labor.
TRANSIENT WAQES' m HABTEST.
The higher wages in harvest will uniformly be found In the wheat-
growing States of the Northwest and California, becaose of the extra-
ordinary prominence of a single crop, which is an absorbing specialty.
In the winter-wheat region, Michigan, for a similar reason, oSers high
wages for labor and harvest. The harvest in the South is a loneer
season, not so exacting in demands for immediate and speedy concla-
sion, and wages are therefore lower, relatively, than ti^uaieut service
in the Went.
The rauge of rates in the present iuvc^igation ruus from 41.051a
Alabama to 12,65 in Dakota.
BEPOST OF THE 8TATISTI0IAN
648
TibU 9h<wing the rate 6f wage» of agrUmlUiral labor per dajf {« hnrveeU
6t#t6t.
\Mn»
Kew Hamiwhire .
Termoqt .1
if a»Bacbu8ett«. . . .
Rhode Island .....
Connt'etUut
fewJemej
'cnnsylvaniA.....
Delaware
Mainland
Virginia
Korth Carolina..,
South Carolina...
iGreorgia
Florida ,
Alabama
MiMbiiuiippi
iiouisiana
Texaa
Arkansal
XenueHtiefi <
Weet Virginia .. .
Kentucky
Ohio
Michijnui
Indiana
lUlnoia
'Wiaconsin
Miitneaota
Jowa...
Iliatourt
Kansas
IVebraska *.
CalifomiA
OrefTon
Colorado
TTtah
Kew Mexico
Wanhington
Dakota
1882.
$1 62
71
75
75
60
05
89
09
73
00
52
27
20
08
10
12
05
23
10
39
34
30
)0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 79
13
89
91
2 50
2 61
25
59
70
95
30
92
2 21
2 00
1 65
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
205
1^
$1 22
85
85
85
30
88
|7
74
30
25
15
90
85
78
80
80
80
95
85
03
02
00
PO
18
41
70
58
54
10
10
81
23
85
57
80
50
80
56
40
a 19
1879.
$142
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
25
29
00
80
00
53
55
83
37
13
10
99
80
98
02
90
00
03
80
38
28
20
49
51
02
08
52
n
03
00
1 70
2
2
2
2
1
1
a
17
27
02
08
82
00
15
09
90
97
00
96
25
18
80
99
00
12
90
70
08
01
78
77
85
77
!!
08
98
95
15
17
55
28
18
70
25
87
10
82
00
70
54
55
43
01
1B7&
119^
SOO
829
190
200
906
2 01
1
1
1
1
1
\
1
\
I
2
2
I
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
\
81
48
17
17
29
00
40
40
30
52
50
62
65
79
05
50
20
20
40
32
57
75
80
40
50
11
33
20
85
40
S7
«1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
49
64
85
OO
60
03
75
03
61
41
34
21
00
01
99
72
15
00
05
20
25
20
?>
40
00
00
75
88
92
80
10
48
40
98
00
72
60
75
90
00
1g
246
287
237
08
28
37
10
48
37
16
24
26
24
58
07
10
73
83
15
2 70
aio
234
246
290
385
280
208
2 41
282
1
\
1
X
1
2
i
i
X
X
1
1
1
I
1
\
1
1
2
2
1
1
I
96
00
96
76
00
78
00
07
IS
04
90
90
87
96
27
18
26
40
60
29
38
72
26
77
94
90
30
24
84
03
00
04
II
65
66
66
07
78
10
20
62
28
IS
2 68
38
16
31
09
86
40
17
42
60
00
60
i
IS
108
\^
117
.^
iao
i
IS
J70
*2
76
\^
83
72
82
16
06
80
87
49
12
26
00
! {i:
644 BEFOBT OF THE COMUISSIONEB OF A.&B1CXJUTUKR.
Ibtl* lAMrinf Ua awage rat« o/ «:age» per day, In fraiuteiil ttrviee, otktr Oima loi
!«
187B.
wa.
uaa
UK
SIMM.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
u
18
»
21
89
M
72
m
82
87
SO
Tl
n
100
88
u
a
m
70
c:
M
H
09
M
80
!S
1»
w
i
M
81
K
80
80
1 00
1 12
106
12«
84
SO
08
88
8!
48
SB
SO
01
8«
00
82
«s
T»
80
S
to
IS
1 2S
'is
•2
IS
Is
14S
108
78
71
M
7S
10*
1 14
1 10
9S
08
80
1
SO
H
47
fios
a
00
BS
TO
71
BE
80
70
ss
' 80
84
80
eo
T5
Is
' M
100
IS
•s
s
87
M
B3
«3
I 30
m
!!
J
1 18
1 88
1 14
188
!S
is
1S2
*U
flOB
u
sa
96
4»
H
71
W
81
1 01
7»
05
17
IS
IB
03
1 78
181
1 71
m
1 8*
1 U
111
n
n
111
I!
Shade IiUnd
HewJeney
S3?X*^
IS
Sonth CuDllu
«
i
i
88
11
U
g
i
i
»
s
■
WHrt*?lfiini«'''I'
iss
I 00
lU
IM
IM
176
140
108
DtkoU
m
WjmhIdb .. .
POPULATION.
The following are reaalte of the ceasos of popnlntion of the TTnited
States in June, 1880:
Penona — . 60,156,783
Ai«M in aqnare milea — ........... 3,900,170
FwniliM 9,94a,918
Dwelling* 8,965,818
Persona tottaqaare mile... IT.K
FMniliea to* sqaue mile. - 3.41
DwellingB to aBqturemile ........ 3.I1S
Aorea to a penoD 3T.01
Aote* to » family ie6.er
' F«rBOtiB to adwelUog.. ......... 5.0
Feisona toafomilj &,0t
REPOBT OP THE STATISTICIAN.
645
The clasBification of total numbers of the popnlation by age and 9ex
is as follows :
Allaget
Under 1 year C...
lye*r
2 yean -.
8 years
4 years ....^
Under 5 years
5 to 9 years
10 toU years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years.......! ,
80 to 34 years ,
85to39years
40 to44 years
45 to 49 years ,
50 to 54 years
66 to 59 years ..-.—
00 to 04 years '.
65 to 09 years ,
70 to74 years
76 to 79 years ,
80 to 84 years
85 to 89 years
90 to 94 years ....,
96 to 99 years *
100 years and oTor
All olsases.
TotaL
60,155,788
1,447,983
1,256,950
1,427,086
1,381,274
1,401,217
6,914,516
6, 479. 660
5,715,186
5,011,415
5, 087, 772
4, 080, 621
8, 368. 943
3, 000, 419
2,468,8U
2,089,445
1,830,883
1.271,434
1, 104, 219
725,876
495,442
281,065
146,362
49,835
16,100
4,763
4.016
Kales.
25,518,820
734,024
638,032
726,038
697,209
712,406
8,507,709
8, 275, 131
2,007,481
2,470.088
2,554,684
2. 100, 741
1, 744, 308
1, 627, 159
1, 243, 773
1. 078, 695
966,703
674.927
Oov, oOtS
379,408
250,001
138,601
67,941
21,008
6,351
1,855
1,408
FemaleSi
94, 686^ MS
718.959
618,924
701,048
084,066
688,811
8.406,807
8,204,529
2,807,706
2,536,827
2,533,088
1.970,890
1.624,635
1,478,260
1,225,038
1,010,750
873, 181
506,607
519.861
' 846.878
245,441
142,464
78,421
27,927
9,749
2,908
2; 607
K FABMS OP THE UNITBD STATES.
The increase in number of fiemns^ in decennial periods, as shown by
the national censoSi is as follows :
1850 1,449,073
1860 2,044-077
1870 2,659,986
1880 4,008,907
It is the distinctive peculiarity of American farm occupancy that the
tillers of the soil are owners of the land. Foreigners come here not to
become tenants, but proprietors. They move directly onward toward
the firee government lands, which furnish a vital inducement to immi-
giation. They go West rather than South ; first, because they can ob-
tain the best lands in fee simple, and not as rentera ; and a second con-
sideration is the fact that prairie lands can be selected which can be
opened and made productive the first year. Therefore we find that
2,984,306, or about three-fourths of all in number, and a fiEur greater
proportion of tiie total value, are occupied by the owner. Then there
are persons temporary occupants of holdings for various reasons in
the North, and in the South a large number of freedmen who are averse
to working for wages, and unable to own and stock a farm, who are
compelled to work the land for others. Preferring semi-proprietorship
or a sort of partnership in the produce of the farm, there are 702,244
who occupy land on shares in various proportions, according to the'
fertility of the soil and tiie conditions of the partnership, as to Aimish-
ing and feeding of farm animals, the use of implements, &c. The fol-
lowing figures will show how much smaller are i;he8e farms, which
«re usuaUy fragments of original fkrms of greater area. The number
IIIMI
I
IM
646 BEPORT OF THE COUKISStONEB OV AGRICDLTDBB.
rented at a fixed rental in moDey is very amall — ouly 322,357. The fol-
lowing Htatement gives the classification by size and also by tenure:
HlUBbn of KTM.
Wbdlanum-
Oecnpi«l by
owner.
BenUdfor
mOBBJ.
RaWia
4,3S!
71.1, «)
1.S01
12Z.41I
wu,m
.gn
41, sz:
lMHi«K>iui1uiidrrC<ID
'T3
4,(>0g,(W7
2,tlM,300
S2!,JM
Cfdl«iflcafiOR e/farnil in -fJ'c Tntfed 5lal», bg «i
.u,...
.™w.
I
1
I
1
i
s
1
i
s
1
1
8
i
s
1
i
1
i
1
!
..
IS.-., SIM
»4,l^'>
4U
,gs
l,8l<.'>
ii
is
St, MB
i'i
sis
■S|
m
B,!IOT
llflSS fivi laft«7 !«»«
4. MS
xm
ArL«nM»
tBlifMrnia
ColoiaJn
SEti"-:;::;:::::::
"34
2, WO
1.1W1
■.'iMi
3Jl
10.TM 10,SW
4M J i.m
SI.7ST
3.080
a, 030
ST.STfl
a).!i4
1^253
4,031
i.TSS
S,10f
S4<
iii
w
101
ZBU
100
«£
151
1,301 ],46a i T.MO
J.110] t.an ; 30.534
"4.'!76'i"i,"JM" iK'm
4,oc3 1 g,oie M,4W
fui
Z<1,0M
•4.030
40; SM
2LI)3S
T,7S8
Si
"isif'
I.tlO
S.2SS
il£:::::;-.;:::::::;:.
S.4II
ffi
K^...uV::::::::;:::::-
2,' (139
■11
soiort
1
84
133
'■a
11, BM
8.MT
as, we
43, JM
46, m
as
u,ou
■.IM
■.BM
■■s
(S
(U
7U
a. SOI
10. ui
41. M
•M
1
,C33
liwi
]3,BI4
10,»T4
12, SIB
'«
«,nT
wiow
U.4t«
3
Is!
2S
w
"■g
M
«!
101
K
1.4W
li'ii
JS
■if
14. 4M
44.71B
i.ma
i
5, 901
IGS
M
Wnnhitiiii™
WfHlVireinl.
Wyominii ;..:'."
1
BSFOBT OF THE STATISTICIAN,
647
SUGAR CANE.
(1879 CeBtot.)
States.
^Iftbam* I.
Floritla
GeurgiA
Loiiiaiana , »
MisiilMippi ...4
Boutli Curoliua
T«xns
Total
ikcraa.
5,«27
7,938
181, 502
4, 55.^
1,7«7
10, L'24
227, 776
BufU-
Hhdt.
1.2??
001
171,706
18
2Ud
4, 951
Hi, »72
IfoUiies.
OaUont.
795, 199
1, 029. 868
1. 5«r.. 784
11,696,248
5:{0, 6i5
1:^.8,944
810,605
16,573,273
BICE.
(1879 Centnt.)
Slates.
Alahmna ,
glorida ,,.
«urgia ,
LoQiiilMua ,
[ittiMippi.....
Tottliraroliaa.
>Qt|i Carolina .
Totol.
Acrei.
1,679
2.5&1
84. 973
43.UO0
3,501
10,846
78,S88
335
174, 173
^onn(l#.
810. 889
1. 2»M. 677
2.'», 369, 687
23.188,311
1,718,951
ft,6(»9, 191
42,077,515
62, 152
110,131,373
Average
ylelC
per acrf.
Ptmn49,.
501
725
559
491
517
6M
189
oaa
INCOMPLETE RETURNS OF STATE ASSESSORS.
Few of the States, tbrough assessors or other oiBcers, make any pre-
tense of obtaining annual statistics of farm crops or even farm animals.
Some of the more enterprising, mostly in the West (probably because
of the greater local prominence of agricultural production), have for
several years collected and published such statistics. The effort is
worthy of high commendation, and important results have followed it.
It has done much in educating the people in statistical methods and
the profitable uses of farm statistics. It is unfortunate that assessors,
who precede the tax gatherer and decide' the extent of his levy upon
the results of rural industry, should generally be the agents for this
purpose. The mind of the less intelligent cannot avoid some degree of
suspicion that taxation will be in proportion to their crops and live
stock ; and their statements, if estimates, will incline to conservatism.
This is a natural theory, and it is found to be a proven fact. As edu-
cation in general and statistical intelligence in particular shall be ad-
vanced this difficulty will diminish. It is decreasing, and In some States
the approximation to fullness of returns is becoming close.
Comparing State returns with the United States census, it is found
that they are always lower in aggregates than those of the national
census, and in States where the work is of recent origin or carelessly
executed the disparity is still greater. Generally the labor is unpaid
in State enumerations, and that fact is often openly made the excuse
for failure to report with full completeness. The United States census
was formerly taken under the direction of United States marshals who
were selected for other duties, and the work suffered inevitably from
this cause, and was, in a measure, incomplete, though still fuller thaq
648
BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AORICULTUBE.
H :
^
State retams. The recent national censas has been taken under better
angpices, and is nearer complete in retains than any former Federal or
State enomeration in this country.
The following table presents a comparison of results which will HIos-
trato the idea here presented. It will be seen that in Ohio the average
yield of com is 34.1 bushel per acre in the Federal and 34.3 in the State
census. Wheat averages 18 and 17.7 bushels, respectively. This is
very close; but the acres are more in the former case. In Michigan it
is 19.5 to 19.3 for wheat; 33.9 to 34.2 for oats. In Illinois the com aver-
age is identical in both enumerations; barley, 22.2 to 22.7. So in Min-
nesota; there is little difference in yield per acre; and the acres and
bushels are proportionally larger in the national census. This is the
* invariable rule, showing tiiat certain farms, neglected by the assessors,
have failed to appear in the aggregate of production. The loss is in
some cases 8 per cent.^ in others 10 or 12, and more in minor crops, like
potatoes, and greater in some States than in others.
In the case of com, in Michigan, there is another cause of difference,
the vicious habit of reporting bushels of ears instead of bushels of
shelled com. In this case the census may be somewhat at £ault in the
yield per acre, for, though enumerators were directed to return com as
shelled, there were many who returned ears as shelled com. It caused
a troublesome investigation, and the tJirowing out of 4,000,000 bushels
of cobs. But there was douotless more, that could not oe proven to be
ears, which remained to swell unduly the aggregate. For the same
* cause, the State returns must be equally inaccurate. It is to be hoped
that Michigan farmers and State officials will learn to report the yield
in the measure recognized by law and commercial usage.
There is one exception to the universality of this rule of lower aggre-
gates of State returns. Kansas is higher in every instance, and in wheat
and oats so much higher as to invalidate serioudy the correctness either
of the Federal or State figures. It would be invidious to theorize upon
the cause of such discrepancy.
INCOMPLETE RETURNS OF STATE ASSESSOSa
KENTUCKY,
Gropt.
Com
Wheat
Barley
Com
Wheat
Oato
Bye
Barley ,
Backwbeat
Com
Wheat ,
Oau ,
Barley
United States oenana.
Acrea.
8.021,176
1, 160, 108
20,089
Bnahels.
72,852,263
11,856,113
486,326
Yield
peraorew
84.1
8.8
24.2
State
S1,806,3M
7,018,487
888,786
Yidd
OHIO.
8,281,828
2,656.134
910,888
29.400
67,482
22,180
111.874,124
84.1
2,824,480
46.014,869
18
2,818,260
28,664,505
81.5
846,001
389,221
18.2
26,506
1,707,129
29.7
61,688
280.229
12.7
17,906
96^908,800
41,062,120
29,524,699
81B,896
1, 475.687
817,127
8il
17.7
8814
12
2&i
Ul
MICHIGAN.
919,702
1,822,749
536,187
&4,*5U6
32,461,452
35, 532, 543
18,190,793
1, 204. 316
35.8
las
33.9
22.1
742,850
1,605,636
440, 723
44,006
81,882,061
8Q,963,S40
15,080,855
991,659
218
lat
REPORT OP THE STATISTICIAN.
649
Incomplete retume of State OMeMora— Continofid.
JLLESOJB,
Cropa.
Com
Wheat
OaU
Bye
Barley ,
Buckwheat.....'
United Statea censiu.
Acres.
9, 019, 881
3, 218, 54'J
;L, 959, 889
192, 138
55,267
10, 457
Bnihelt.
825,792,481
51, no, 502
63, 189, 200
8, 121, 785
1« 229, 523
178,859
Yield
per acreu
86.1
15.9
32.2
16.2
22.2
10.9
State auessort.
iLcrea.
7, 692, 152
2,702.880
1. 703, 843
166, 915
43,227
10. 786
Bnahelfl.
274, 161, 028
46,388,774
61, 665, 473
2,648,893
980,250
112,180
Yield
per acre.
MINNESOTA.
Com
Wheat
OaU
Bye
Barley
Buckwheat
438,787
8, 044. 670
.617,469
13, 614
116, 020
3,077
14,831,741
83.8
84, 601. 030
1L4
23, 382. 158
37.8
215, 245
15.8
2,973,905
25.6
41.756
1L4
879,766
2, 762, 521
. 567,371
11,634
96,951
3,380
12. 989, 901
31,218,634
20,067,933
172,887
2,428,982
88,163
86.1
17.2
86.2
1&9
22.7
10.4
83.95
1L80
86.48
14.98
24.87
9.80
EAKSAS.
Com
Wheat
Oato
Bye
Bariey
Bnokwhaat
8,417,817
1,861,402
486,859
84,621
23,993
2,468
105,729,825
17, 824, 141
8,180,385
413, 181
800,273
24,421
80.9
9.3
18.8
11.9
12.6
9.9
2,995,070
1,932,798
673,982
43,675
46,861
2,817
108,704,927
20,550,936
18,826,687
660,409
720,098
41,800
86L8
10.6
28.2
16.1
16.7
U.7
PORK PACKING.
As maize is the national crop, found everywhere except upon the
highest elevations, so tiie hog is the principal meat-producing animal in
America, and Americans the most voracious pork-eaters in the world.
It is the best evidence of the healthfulness of our swine that we are
obliged to go to Europe fer testimony to its discredit
Nwaiber of hogs padced in the West for the twelve months ending March 1 for eleven yean.
1871-72
1872-78
187»-74
1874-75
1875-76
M76-'77
1877-78
1878-79
1879-'89
1880^*81
1881-'82
Bummer.
Number.
260,000
605,500
1,062,916
1,200,444
1, 262, 843
2,807,866
2,543,120
8,878,044
4,051,248
5,828,898
4,803,689
Winter.
Number,
4,831,658
6,410,814
6,466,200
6,566,226
4,880,135
5, 101, 808
6,605,446
7,480,648
6,(^,461
6,919,456
5,747,760
TotaL
Number.
6.081,658
6,915,814
6, 629, 116
6,766,670
6,142,478
7,409,174
9,048,666
10,868,792
11 001,699
12,248,854
10,661,449
Net weight of
hoga.
Ptnmdi.
1,146,088,888
1,858,664,283
1,869,610,699
1,864,612,267
1,286,301,741
1, 526, 357, 390
1,955,160,434
2,256,168,994
2,823,594,018
2,420,361,997
2,097,079,1^
4
(!^:!
^
650 BEPORT OF THE COUMISBIONBR OF AaRICUI.TnSE.
Product and txport of neaU.
PrwlBctlon of
Urd,
Eiport.^
h
Bnrnu uid
Port
L>H.
%
1871
PoKndf.
Pounii.
T«x m\ iwk
4M.«ii.;m
1,057, 109, SWI
1,WI9.7M,!)74
1,278,284. OH
1,129,074,571
FounS,.
203.838,303
415,22e.5R7
!64.211,BS»
4l4;il7.C07
KM. SS5, 010
T7S,Ka,,1U
778,»l,7W
«B2.«a8,lW7
Fimr,d>-
«l74.\«:i
iw:ioi;o74
77. MS!. 001
93.324.250
W.SS7.703
101. 409, BOS
»J. 00^713
3a(.BS7.5!l
177. ass. s*»
iv;!e(7,'9M
237. 74*. 307
S4S.i7l.SL1
S43.U0;ai«
gsts
n«
IS
IMD
1881
mWO-SO-"!
;m«K:7l)7
234.<!14,44l
; iXSS
'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. io57.7Si51S
I,»2,3fl7,a«l
ifn
can
The reoords of panking in the Ea-st and on the Pacific coast iocreaw
the numbers slaughtered in the West about thirty per coiit., mnking tlie
total records of pork-packing establishmeuta of the United Stat**, to
which must be added the number killed on fiirma to obtain the aggre-
gate of swine slaughtered in the United States. The figures of pork
packing are given upon the authority of Mr. Charles B. Murray, of Cln>
ciimati. The sammaiy is aa follows:
!*«-■«.
ItH-tL
10^S6L44B
S,^.
P«tod«&.(Wo,Alh»y.«dTToy.
"in.Mt
SSS^iM'^Sit™::'?^::^.*:'.;;;;:::::;::;::;::::::::::::::;:::::
asslooo 1 Wtw
J. 371,810 ! a,sK,J7J
AnpasitonuW „
14,^BB
1.737, MO
isei-'M.
!«».«.
l.»l7;4«7.MO
F«nd,
Gnu meat, >I1 kind! .*.
3,597, Me, W
i,i«."i
"*"™'
T]ie»e figures represent the organized pork-packing of the country.
In aildtt.iou to this 4]nautity the fiinners of the ]>ackiug regioim and of
non-paukiiig BCate^, Eiut and South, kill for home supply and liiniUil
ueighborhuud tmlo iibinit two-thirds iis much more in abiiolutd weigbt,
and in nuiobers killed a larger proportion.
REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN.
651
OUR AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS.
Statement of the export fi of affricultural producis of the United States, with th^r miMdiat§
marufavinres^ for the tiro fisixil yearn ending June 30, Ibdl, comjnlcd from the Treasury
report of commerce and nacigaiion.
Prodacts.
on
Aiiimaln, living:
HotfM , number..
Hdiiied (tattle (In....
litirxtfH (](>
MiiIfM do
Slicep do...
jIH otht^r, Rnd fow].s
Aniliitil matter:
Btme-black, ivory black, SiO pounds..
]lou»-8 and bouc «lu8t cwt..
CaudlfH pounds..
FuFH and fur-skins.
Glue pounds . .
Uair:
Uximanufactured
* Manutiu'turt-H of
Hid«'S And skins, other than furs
Leatlier:
Sole, upper a od otli at pounds . .
Moruc-co, and otlie.r tine
BootM and hIioc** pairs. .
Saddlery and lianu'!4s
Other man u fac tures «.
•
Lard ...gallons..
Other animal do
Provisions:
Bacon and bams pounds..
Beef, fresh do
salted '. do
Butter do
Cheene do....
Condensed milk
Kgp* dozens . .
l^rd pounds .
Mutton, fresh do
Pork do
Preserved meats
8o*p:
Perfumed and toUet
All other pounds..
Tallow do
Wax, bees' do
Wool:
Raw and fleece pounds..
Carpets yards..
Other manufactures
Total value of animala and animal
matter
Breadstuifa and other preparations :
Barley bnshels..
Bread and biscuita pounds..
Com bushels..
Com meal barrels..
Oats bushels..
Rye do ...
Rye flour barrels..
Wheat bu.stiels..
Wheat flour ban els . .
Other small grain and pulse
Other preparations of grain
Rice pounds..
Total value of breodstufls, Sto
Cotton and its manufactures :
Sea Island pounds..
Other unmanufactured do ..
Colored goods yards..
Uncolored do...
▲11 other manufactures
1880.
Quantity.
83,434
182, 750
3,UG<)
5, 198
200, 137
1, 249, 958
32,080
1, 954, 725
150, 718
21.834.492
'"'"378,'274
1, 507, 590
30.383
759. 773, 109
84,717,194
4.',, 237, 472
39, 280f 658
127. 553, 907
85, 885
374, 979, 280
2, 335, 858
95, 949, 780
14, 500, 891
110, 767, 627
193, 217
191, 551
8,541
1, 128, 923
14, 759, 755
98,109,877
350, 013
766,300
2, 912, 754
5,190
153, 252, 795
6, 011« 419
183,534
Value.
$421,089
13, 344. 195
675, 1:j9
532, :^2
892, 047
10,688
66.069
46, 431
2:57, 627
5,404,418
22,650
232,726
24, 552
049, 074
5. 080. 118
058, 242
441,069
133, 705
441,062
810.447
23,519
50,987,633
7. 441. 918
2, 881, 047
0, 090, 687
12, 171, 720
121, 013
14, 148
27, 920, 367
170, 218
5, 930, 252
7,877,200
38,507
090,122
7, 089, 232
48,880
71,987
8,530
208,040
161, 133, 376
784, 819
080,158
63, 21»8, 247
981, 301
308, 129
2, 302, 765
24,728
190. 546, 305
35. 333. 197
1, 272. 028
2, 439, 098
13,360
1881.
Quantity.
J88. 050, 201
77, 450
185, 707
2, 523
3, 207
179, 919
Yalne.
1,591.051
12, 674
1, 780, 672
307, 009
28, 690, 048
'"*36(V908
836,255
77,496
740,044,546
106, 004. 812
40. 698, 649
31, 500, 500
147, 995, 614
80,146
878, 142, 496
3, 380, 147
107, 928, 086
13, 323. 737
90, 403, 372
104,090
71,455
10,548
$572, 188
14, 304, 103
390, 243
353, 924
702, 932
89,058
61,682
34,066
210, 842
5,451,419
69,038
29M88
42,a33
908,464
6, 472, 695
001,019
374,343
148,567
431,831
666,676
60,860
61,161,206
0, §60, 284
2.666^761
6,266,r-
13,776
86,»i;675
258,008
8,272,286
6^071,667
44,496
' 650,361
6,800,628
40,203
12,217
10,760
320,888
188,258,091
885,246
10, 110, 788
91, 908, 175
434,993
402,904
1,928,437
4,453
150, 505, 477
7,945,786
150, 451
Total TahM of ootton, &o
5, 061, 634
1,816.91»9,4«U
37,7.'i8. IGO
68, 821, 557
1,6S3,900
200, 8'.2. 0().'>
2, yr.O, 7(K)
5, S'W, 541
1,190,117
221, 517. 323
7, 138, 351
2,183,790,421
68, 184. 203
80. 399, 154
649,246
748,490
60,702,660
1,270.200
186,890
1,886,813
24,082
107,698,485
45. 047, 257
775, 799
1,443,580
10,072
270, 342, 591
2, 101, 207
245, 5:^4, 539
4, 98:^. 312
6, 024, 374
1. 903. 701
201, 267, 133
»i ' :"'
I I
'1^
652 BEPOBT OF THE COHIdlSSlOKBS OF AOBICni.TUBE.
8tatnte»tofi]ttnporUiiftlua3rietiltitralpTOdtuifo/Ott United Blatti, 411,— CoatiBMA.
ProdDct*
1*80-
U>L '
Quntlty.
Talaa.
Qoatl«r.
Tata*.
VooA and iti prodneta:
Bouda, pluk«,J(>liU, io
IKS&'**.^.:;;
'■"'I-
»».1M
7SS.630
a8i.iM
1,718: ««
"as
aD;7M
"•■gs
.number.
iw.iso
§^ttS
Fire-wood cord..
i,sTa
■.BSS
Lc^™«..p«.,«doU,.^
"'■ai"i8i,lii
^S5
Timber, wired udhemsd ...cable Cett.
IS, 305.su
^SS
.pODldB..
l.i!ai,BM
i,SM,nt
Spliin of tnrpeitUn*
..bamla..
i,wo,m
7,091,200
1. an, 710
t.se5.sss
M.K1
JtSS
31.1«,14Z
uo.no
K«.«a8
1«,<MS
IWMO
«s.iw
Siii
8.7M
in.vn
igs
■gs
4s;gi3
■■1SS!
iit,8ia
Cordage, lope, ud twtoe of
dl kind!,
«.ia,8T0
S,IGS,S«7
1.121,7H
8.SM,8U
S1«2S,M3
I,OT1,«8
oi,w
i.MT,m
Applei,g™«ii or rips fiiiihoU..
-pcgd...
1ft 78!
owt..
tn
t01«.»Jt
•^i.tS."^:
.-^iiiidi::
Ue,73S
111, WW
«,BSD,8U
194,378
tM,55ei«8
Incuka
'*-s;£'^':r:rr........
-gallon...
ss,jn
'is
other mMeiiali
.-..do..:.
'*"'Cott™.«^
-pomid..-
.gaUon...
gss
^"„\i^ - "1°"
caCt»
ffi:!S
!,71T:6«3
MS.«03
81.767
IS. an, 107
1,988.871
IT.IES
"i8,i7i"s«"
K!,M7,B57
2.2U.*a
.gallona..
10,3I1.7M
in MS
S»g»r, "
^■e-e::e:;;;
»K
'"Si:! TH.::::.
"1™
^s
Sii^iii;--;;;;!;;.
6B,isa
Ml 174
&s
SSS:::::;;:;;:;:::::;;;
buabele..
«M,08D
C3KS40
T1~J«
.galloo...
1«.S34
a 817
M,818,nS
48.487.M
■
BEPOBT OF THE 8TATI8TI0IAN.
653
Stakmeni of the eseporU of agrioullural produeta of ike United SiateBg /t).<^oiitiniied.
SECAPIXULATION.
Prodaots.
AnimAlt and animal matter
Bread8tafly^ Sco
Cotton, &o
Wood. ^^ •
Miscellaneous .—
Tot4il agrionltural exports
Total exports
Per cent of agricoltaral matter
187L
$47, 010, 312
79, 519. 387
221,885,245
15,820,029
83, 060, 081
897, 205. 054
662, 518, 651
70
1872.
$77, 060, 849
85, 155, 523
182, 988. 925
21,425,068
40. 139, 296
406, 769, 661
549,219,718
74
1873.
$99,806,599
98,762,891
230, 190, 597
25, 854, 120
87,901,458
492,515,665
649, 132, 563
76
187i
$99,687,669
161,225,939
214,819,420
27, 675, 300
45,486,826
548,314,954
693,039,066
79
Products.
Animals and animal matter
Breadstofb, 4m}
Cotton, Sie
Wood,4u)
Hiscellaneons
Total agricnltural exports
Total exports
Per cent, of agricultural matter
1875.
$104, 314, 988
111, 478. 096
194. 710, 507
22, 875, 814
45, 294, 411
478,673,816
643, 694, 767
74
1876.
$113, 941, 509
181, 212, 471
200, 382, 240
21,620,486
46, 079, 567
513, 236, 273
644, 956, 406
79
1877.
$140, 564, 066
118, 126, 940
183,253,248
23.422,966
68,652,719
624. 019, 939
689.167,390
76
1^&
$145,587,515
181, 811, 794
191,470,144
21.747,107
62,245,306
692, 861, 876
722, 8U, 816
82
Prodaots.
Animals and animal matter
BreadstuflEs, ^
Cotton, &o
Wood.&o
Hiscellaneons
Total agrionltural exports
Total exports
Per cent, of agricultural matter
1879.
$146, 640, 233
210, 391, 066
173, 158, 200
2fe, 122, 967
63, 843, 026
1880.
$161, 138, 376
288, 050, 201
221, 517, 323
21. 143, 142
46, 018, 575
604, 155, 492
717,093,777
84
737,862,617
823,946^863
8916+
1881.
$186, 268, $91
270, 842, 691
261, 267, 138
23,915,724
46,407,608
788,191,747
888,926,947
80.2-
Y ••
654 REPORT OP THE CC»iMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
MARKET PEICE8 OP PABM
Tke following quotaUom repreomt a$ nmrljf a$pradiMU
ProdacU.
■BWTOBK.
Fknir:
Baperflne bbl
^rinewheftt extras . do
wintTwheat extxu . do
PstenU do
Bonthem extras and
ftmilj bbl.
Wbeat:
Spring... bash.
Winter do..
White do..
Barley do..
Con..*.... ••••-> ••••do..
Oats do..
Bye do..
Potatoes bbl.
Hay:
Baled, let quality.. ton.
Baled* 2d quality .. .do. .
Beef:
Plain mesa bbU
Extra meas do..
Hams ....... ......do..
Pork:
Extra prime bbl.
Prime meas ..do..
Lard cental.
Batter:
Western ...••••■....lb.
State do.
Cheese:
State factory lb.
Western factory — do.
Sogar, fair to prime re-
finius lb.
Cotton:
Ordinary to good ordi-
nary lb.
Low middling to good
middling lb.
Tobacco:
Common to good leat
New England lb .
Common to good leaf^
New York and Penn-
sylvania lb.
Common to good leaf^
Ohio and Wiscon-
sin lb.
Common to good leaf^
Southern lb.
Lugs, Virginia do.
Lu KS, Kentucky — do .
Wool:
American XXX and
picklock lb .
AmericanX and XX.do .
American combing . .do .
Pulled do.
California do.
cnxconxATi,
Flour:
Superfine bbl.
Extra do..
Pamily ............do..
Fancy ............. do..
Wheat:
Amber. .«. bush.
White do..
January.
]«276 to
415 to
485 to
650 to
Bed winter....
Com
Rye
Barley .m.
Oata
Hayt
Mad, No. 1....
Lower ftadas..
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do..
$3W
025
625
850
450 to 700
114
112
110
100
6t
42
05
150
22 00
19 00
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
850 to
950 to
17 00 to
10 50 to
1100 to
885 to
14 to
22 to
8|to
84 to
117
118
116
135
68
46
98
225
26 00
22 00
900
10 00
17 50
February.
^00 to 1400
425 to 650
450 to 650
650 to 850
4 75 to 7 00
14
14
13
90
52
42
97
00
24 00
2100
12 00
925
28
84
13
12|
Hto 7|
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
17
25
18
85
59
48
102
250
Uaroh.
93 75
440
450
656
to $4 10
to 625
to 6&0
to 825
118 80
440
450
650
4 75 to 6 75
1
1
1
to 25 00
to 22 00
900 to 080
10 50 to 11 00
19 50 to 20 00
10 75 to 11 00
18 50 to 14 00
9 80 to 10 00
10
12
14
85
56
42
98
200
23 00
20 00
925
10 80
2100
1150
14 00
960
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
118
126
120
127
65
48
103
285
14 to
22 to
84 to
81 to
27
84
131
13*
to 24 00
tc 23 00
to 950
to 1100
to 22 00
to 12 00
to 15 50
to 10 70
ApriL
to $4 10 <94 00
to 625
to 650
to 825
4 75 to 6 75
12
14
14
05
56
43
04
75
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
123
129
IS4
123
00
50
107
3 75
460
465
650
to(i<0
to 625
to 650
to 825
475 to 675
124 00
22 00
950
1100
2100
12 00
1500
10 96
74 to 7|
8|to 10| 841 to 10 A
ll^to 121: 111 to 12^".
18 to 20
8 to 16
71 to 14
6 to
4 to
44 to
49 to
87 to
43 to
21 to
14 to
^1
51
48
52
46
88
860
410
460
510
to 885
to 435
to 490
to 600
102 to 108
...ton..
>...do..
103
41
95
75
82
16 00
UOO
to 105
to 44
to 96
to 98
to 88
to 16 50
to 15 00
18 to 25
8 to 16
74 to 12
54 to
4 to
44 to
48 to
40 to
45 to
21 to
17 to
3 40 to
4 10 to
4 75 to
510 to
104
5
6
50
48
52
45
88
8 75
440
405
575
104 to 106
1 06 to 1 07
42 to 44
97 to 98
70 to 100
35 to 39
17 00
UOO
to 18 00
to 16 00
18 to
18 to
8 to
8 to
74 to
7Hto
lOfto
26
34
m
i'4
74
0(4
124
to 25 00
to 23 00
to 975
to 1175
to 23 50
to 12 25
to 16 00
to 1115
13 to
14 to
84 to
7 to
27
83
134
12
12
15
15
00
60
44
no
800
20 00
18 00
950
UOO
22 50
13 50
16 00
1100
to 126
to 1374
to 126
to 115
to 66
to 81
to 114
to 110
to 25 00
to 21 00
to 975
to 1175
to2300
to 14 00
to 17 00
toUSS
18 to 25
8 to 16
7 to 12
5 to
4 to
44to
46 to
38 to
45 to
21 to
14 to
104
5
6
48
45
50
45
36
840
410
4 75
525
to 8 75
to 440
to 500
to 5 75
101 to 108
104
43
103
87
35
15 50
10 00
to
to
to
to
to
107
45
105
103
38
to 16 50
to 15 00
74 to 74
7 to 94
10 to 1144
IS to 25
8 to 20
6 to 12
5 to
4 to
44to
44 to
32 to
40 to
20 to
15 to
f
46
42
46
38
25
8 85 to 8 75
410 to 4 40
4 70 to 5 00
525 to 600
108 to 109
107
46
111
95
36
16 50
UOO
to
to
to
to
to
110
48
112
103
40
taa7S0
toOSM
IS to
18 to
84to
8 to
11
U
74 to 74
611 to, m
941 to 111!
18 to 25
8 to 18
6 to
5 to
4 to
4ito
43 to
33 to
37 to
20 to
14 to
64
5
45
42
45
38
80
8 40 to 3 75
420 to 450
4 85 to 515
585 to 600
100 to 110
1 11
48
121
to
to
to
05 to
38 to
114
53
122
no
41
3000 toSlOO
1800 tollOO
SBPOBT OF THE 8TATISTICUK.
655
PEODUCTS FOB 1881.
the itaie of the wiarkei at the beginning of each monih.
June.
1410 to $4 60
4 50 to 6 50
4 80 to 6 75
650 to 825
535 to 700
12
15
16
00
47
43
108
150
20 00
17 00
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
124
120
125
112
66
51
112
300
1400 to $4 50
4 70 to 6 75
4 80 to 7 25
660 to 850
540 to 750
105 to 125
115 to 132
117 to 128
to 22 00
to 20 00
It 00 to 12 00
12 00 to 13 00
3300 to 2400
13 00 to 13 50
1550 to 1600
10 10 to 11 10
10 to 22
18 to 25
e^to
3|to
10
71 to 72
7|to H
10| to IIU
18 to 25
8 to 18
July.
88
42
105
150
19 00
16 00
to 62
to 47
to 108
to 200
to 20 00
to 18 00
12 00 to 12 50
12 50 to 18 50
23 50 to 2450
14 00 to 14 50
1575 to 16 00
940 to 1160
10 to
17 to
7 to
3 to
71 to
19
23
10
Angast.
$420 to $460
4 75 to 6 75
5 00 to 7 25
600 to 800
6 40 to 7 50
108 to 123
112 to 128
115 to 125
48
44
84
125
19 00
15 00
to 60
to 40
to 89
to 175
to 20 00
to 17 00
12 50 to 13 00
13 50 to 14 25
22 00 to 23 50
14 50 to 15 00
15 75 to 16 75
10 15 to 12 00
10 to 19
17 to 24
7|to
3 to
101
10
6 to
43 to
32 to
36 to
20 to
14 to
'I'
6i
45
41
45
40
30
365
450
510
645
to
to
to
to
410
485
530
625
118 to 114
71 to n
lOi to llii
13 to 25
8 to 18
7 to
5 to
4 to
4|to
43 to
34 to
36 to
20 to
14 to
9
10
5
61
45
42
45
40
24
400
4 70
525
585
to
to
to
to
4 40
500
635
6 50
114 to 115
September.
$5 00 to $6 00
600 to 750
6 40 to 7 75
700 to 900
650 to 800
$550 to $6 25
6 40 to 8 00
6 70 to 8 25
800 to950
700 to850
20
30
30
10
63
41
107
20O
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
138
146
143
115
79
51
112
300
20 00 to 21 00
14 00 to 17 00
12 50 to 13 00
13 50 to 14 00
22 00 to 23 00
15 00 to 15 50
16 50 to 17 60
11 10 to 12 10
10 to 36
22 to 81
20 00 to 28 00
18 00 to 18 00
12 00 to 12 50
12 60 to 13 00
22 00 to 23 00
16 00 to 16 75
17 00 to 18 00
U 00 to 12 85
12 to 28
22 to 36
9 to
3 to
12
11
7ito 8
81i to 101
11.^ to 12|
13 to 25
8 to 18
5 to 9
6 to
10
4 to
5
4|to
«»
43 to
34 to
36 to
20 to
14 to
435
510
5 75
625
to
to
to
to
45
43
46
36
30
465
5 35
600
685
115 to 130
71 to 7|
9]V to 10|
11 A to 131
13 to 25
8 to 18
5ito 12
4* to
4 to
7 to
48 to
84 to
36 to
20 to
14 to
'I'
8»
45
43
46
40
30
540
625
6 75
725
to585
to 660
to 700
to 7 75
185 to 136
October.
$4 70 to $5 25
535 to700
560 to 725
650 to 850
575 to750
125
140
140
115
70
41
105
335
to 147
to 155
152
125
89
58
110
to
to
to
to
to
to 800
9 to
8 to
13
8 to H
8ito lOf
111 to 12|
18 to 25
8 to 18
5 to 12
NoTenber.
$4 60 to $5 15
526 to 675
550 totOO
650 to 850
575 to 725
125
130
133
97
65
45
100
235
to 142
to 144
to 142
to 113
to 78
to 53
to 105
to300
20 00 to 28 00
14 00 to 19 00
12 00 to 12 25
12 25 to 13 00
20 00 to 21 00
15 50 to 15 75
16 50 to 17 00
1115 to 12 00
13 to
25 to
9 to
3 to
SO
86
IS
12
4ito
6 to
7 to
45 to
36 to
30 to
20 to
14 to
46
45
48
42
31
600
6 75
720
760
to650
to 700
to 7 75
to 800
1 86 to 1 48
8|to 8|
8} to 10}
11 A to 121
13 to 35
8 to 18
6 to 11
Deoember.
132
182
135
46
97
250
tol40
to 145
to 143
tolls
to U
to 54
to 101
to8l5
20 00 to 38 00
15 00 to Id 00
11 50 to 13 00
18 00 to 14 00
20 00 to 31 00
14 00 to 14 35
16 00 to 17 00
10 85 to 1180
14 to
31 to
8 to
3 to
11
5|to
6 to
7 to
45 to
86 to
39 to
20 to
14 to
81
46
45
48
41
80
850
610
650
710
to585
to68S
to 7 75
to 775
1 SO to 1 41
7|to H
9|te llA
Ufto 131
18 to 25
8 to 15
6 to 10
41 to IS
6 to 9
6|t» 8
44 to
37 to
42 to
20 to
13 to
515 to540
660 to 590
630 to 700
700 to776
185 tDl88
115
47
119
85
4t
to
to
to
to
to
116
54
123
102
43
to 16 00
to 11 00
115
46
09
70
89
18
to
to
to
to
to
120
53
100
90
42
115 to
63 to
82 to
75 to
37 to
125
59
85
02
40
to 14 00
to 13 00
16 00
900
to 16 00
to 18 00
128
65
110
95
43
17 00
10 00
to 188
to 75
to 112
to 110
to 45
tolSOO
to 16 00
137
69
116
105
45
19 00
18 00
to
to
to
to
to
150
80
117
118
48
to 30 00
tolSOO
1 30 to 1 41
57 to 68
1 08 to 1 12
92 to 117
43 to 47
800 tolSOO
00 tolOOO
188
63
102
97
46
tol40
to 67
tolOS
to 115
to 60
1960 toSlOO
1800 tOl800
656
REPOBT OF THE COMKISfllONER OF AGBICULTUBE.
- , %
MABKET PBIOES OF FABH
i
» *
.
Prodact
janoAiy.
840 to
CixciiniATi— Cont'd.
Porlc:
Mesa bbl.
Sufrar-curod bams. . .lb.
Sag^r-cured bacon, .do.
Sugar-oared shoulders,
pound
Lard cental.
Butter:
Choice to fiuicy grades,
pound
Prime to medium
grades lb.
Cheese:
Prime to ohoioe fltotory,
pound
Lower grades lb.
Potatoes bosh.
Peanuts:
Tennessee lb.
Virginia do.
Cotton:
Ordinary to good ordi-
naiy lb.
Low middling to good
middling lb.
Middling &ir to £air . do .
"Wool:
Fleece- washed lb.
Tub- washed do.
Unwashed do.
Pulled do.
BA5 FBAXCUCO.
Flour:
Superfine bbl
Extras do..
Fancy do..
Wheat:
California cental.
Oregon do..
Barley do..
Com. do..
Oats do..
Potatoes bush..
Hay ton..
Pork:
Mess bbl.
Prime mess do..
Bacon, domestio ....lb.
Hams do.
Beef:
Mess bbl.
Family mess h bbl.
Lard lb.
Butter:
Overland it Bastem . lb .
Oregon do.
Callfomia do.
Cheese dp.
Wool:
IfatlTe ..••••.«••. ..do.
California do.
Oregon do.
HXW OBLRAHl.
Flour:
Superfine bbl. 8 60
Extra do.. 375
Family and fiMicy..do.. 4 85
Patents do.. 575
Wheat bush. 117
Com ••■••••••■••••••do** 62
\/vwB ••«•••••■•• •■• • • aQO* • %0
Potatoes bbl. 2 40
Prime ..<««>«•• ■••••.ton. 22 00
Ghole6 .••••■■••••.do. .123 00
$12 75 to$13 75
Otto
9 to
Febmary.
March.
'n
$18 25to#14S0 $14 75to$16 00
91 to lOi Of to 10|
9} to 10 91 to IH
850
30 to 89
15 to 80
12 to
10 to
50 to
2f to
44 to
80
4
4|
Hto 8|
lOf to
12|to
40 to
85 to
25 to
32 to
13
43
46
32
38
350 to 400
500 to 525
525 to 550
130
140
100
100
125
60
10 00
to
to
to
to
to
to
150
145
125
105
160
100
to 15 00
20 00 to 21 00
12 00 to 12 50
10 to 12
12 to 16
10 00 toUOO
7 00 to 7 50
10 to 12
IB to
19 to
35 to
la to
25
20
40
16
12 to 20
20 to 28
20 to 28
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
8 75
450
600
800
118
55
48
2 75
to 23 00
to 24 00
6ito
950 to
24 to
17 to
12 to
11 to
75 to
21 to
4} to
8|to
10|to
121 to
88 to
85 to
28 to
80 to
664
955
86
21
13
85
4
4||
42
45
81
81
▲prfl.
$14 75to$1650 $17asto$1750
May.
9|to
9|to
101
m
10 to
9|to
1^
2 65 to 3 75
450 to 500
500 to 625
110
ISO
85
105
115
40
800
to
to
to
to
to
to
40
35
15
16
35
00
to 15 00
20 00
1200 to 1250
10 to 12
12 to 16
10 00 to 11 00
700 to 750
10 to 12
16 to
19 to
30 to
18 to
25
21
85
16
12 to 20
20 to 28
20 to 28
85(lt
400
5 25
590
117
52
46
205
124 00
25 00
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
400
600
6 35
860
118
54
47
810
to 26 00«
to 26 00^
7 to 7k 7 to m 6|to »
990 to 995 10 40 to 10 50 10 90 tollOO
23 to .86
15 to 21
12 to
11 to
75 to
2|to
4|to
8 to
104 to
124 to
36 to
33 to
21 to
30 to
124
HI
90
H
111
IS
41
44
28
81
2 75 to 4 25
4 50 to 4 75
4 75 to 5 00
120
130
75
100
125
60
800
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
140
185
125
115
150
110
14 60
18 00 to 20 00
1200 to 1250
12 to 18
12 to 14
10 00 to 10 50
750 to 800
10 to 12
16 to
80 to
13 to
25
20
85
16
12 to 20
20 to 28
20 to 28
Nominal.
425 to 500
5 25 to
6 75 to
00
45
200
28 00
24 00
to
to
to
6 25
8 00
117
63
60
2 75
to 24 00
to 26 00
25 to
16 to
87
24
12 to 18
11 to U4
80 to 100
9 to
to
6|tiP
9|to
111 to
86 to
28 to
20 to
27 to
^
'4
88
42
25
28
2 75 to 8 00
4 25 to 4 50
4 75 to 6 00
120
180
90
100
140
85
860
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
140
140
125
140
165
185
15 00
18 00 to 20 00
1250 to 1800
12 to 13
12 lo 14
10 00 to 10 60
760 to 800
10 to 12
15 to
18 to
20 to
13 to
18
20
28
16
12 to 18
18 to 20
20 to 25
800 to
8 50 to
540 to
600 to
22 to S
15 to 18
10 to 11
9 to 10
100 to 120
9£
eito
9 to
111 to
88 to
28 to
18 to
27 to
4
41
'^
87
25
275 to 400
425 to 600
475 to 52i
120
180
85
100
140
80
850
to
to
to
to
to
to
140
185
120
120
165
125
to 18 SI
1800 to 2000
1250 to 1800
12 to 18
12 to 14
10 00 to 10 50
760 to 800
10 to 12
16 to
18 to
20 to
13 to
18
80
28
16
61
48
250
24 00
25 00
to
to
to
to
to
825
625
625
825
117
68
60
800
85 00
MOO
12 to 18
20 to r
80 to 27
800 to 825
825 to 500
625 to 625
600 to 800
120
61 to 67
47 to 48
275 to 800
25 00
bWQO
to 28 00
to 27 61
REPOBT OF THE STATISTIOUN.
657
PBODUCTS FOB 1881— Continued.
June.
$16 50 to $1700
10 to 11
9ito lot
O^to ^
July.
▲ngoil
$1675to$1700 ;$18t5to$1860
11 to Hi 121 to 13
9|to 10 10 to 10|
^to
71 to 7|
Beptembtt.
Oetobtt.
$19 7B tofSOOO $20 TBtoin
IS to m\ 14i to
12 to 12{ 18 to
m\ 14ito 14}
121 18 to isl
9 to H] 9|to 9|
KoTomber.
Oooember.
00^18 75to$19 00;$17 60to$18 00
13ito 131 18|to 18
13 to
U|to 12|
9 to H\ 8 to hi
10 40 to 10 00 10 50 to 11 00 11 00 to U 25 10 75 toU 25 11 75 tol2 26 11 25 toll 85 10 80 toll 2U
18 to 23
12 to. 14
7|to 0
0 to 7
120 to 140
11 to
4 to
31
4*
Qto H
9|to
12 to
33 to
28 to
18 to
27 to
11
121
87
37
25
28
2 75 to 4 00
435 to 500
4 75 to 635
120
180
80
100
140
60
750
18 00
12 50
12
12
10 00
750
10
15
18
20
10
to
to
to
to
to
to
143
135
120
115
175
160
to 11 50
to 20 00
to 13 00
to 13
to 14
to 10 50
to 8 00
to 12
to
to
to
to
18
20
24
15
15 to 18
20 to 27
20 to 27
800
^25
525
600
125
53
47
225
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
815
500
640
800
126
67
48
250
23 00 to 23 00
23 90 to 24 00
18 to 24
12 to 16
81 to 0
71 to 8
100 to 105
2|to
4} to
4
4*
20 to 25
13 to 18
91 to 10^
7 to 8
95 to 100
3 to
4|to
5
6i
71 to 8|
81 to
13|to
35 to
28 to
18 to
28 to
14
87
88
26
80
275 to 8 50
4 00 to 4 75
4 75 to 5 00
120
180
90
100
150
25
700
18 00
12 50
II
10
10 00
750
10
15
18
24
10
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
145
142
120
115
175
00
UOO
7}to 9^
11 to
131 to
36 to
28 to
18 to
28 to
121
14
37
88
26
80
3 76 to 3 50
435 to 600
450 to 536
to 20 00
to 13 00
to 12|
to 14
to 10 60
to 800
to 12
to
to
to
to
20
20
27
13
15 to 18
20 to 27
20 to 80
800
325
535
600
127
64
44
125
18 00
19 00
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
310
525
650
825
128
68
45
175
to 18 50
to 20 00
132 to
140 to
921 to
100 to
155 to
60 to
600 to
161
146
115
1 15
1621
100
1150
23 00
16 00
121 to 14
11 to 15
10 00 to 12 75
7 75 to 8 25
121 to 14
20 to
27 to
321 to
12 to
35
831
35
19
16 to 17
18 to 36
34 to 36
325
3 75
5 75
700
128
55
50
250
16 00
18 00
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
850
5 25
6 75
800
129
67
55
2 76
24 to 30
16 to 24
111 to 13
7 to 9
1 10 to 1 30
4 to 61
6 to 61
7|to
10| to 12
181 to 13
86 to 87
28 to 89
18 to 26
28 to 39
400 to426
600 to 635
625 to660
I
166
160
113|tO
115 to
146
100
to 170
to 1671
125
1221
to 1 65
to 126
700 to 12 00
22 50
16 00
13 to 14f
11 to 151
9 00 to 10 50
7 76 to 8 00
10 to 141
30 to 36
371 to 821
82 to 85
13 to 19
16 to 16
35 to 27
37 to 80
450
550
725
800
142
72
55
826
to 600
to 700
to 825
to 9 00
to 143
to 85
to 56
to850
to 17 00 22 00 to 23 00
to 19 00 126 00 to 26 00
37 to 87
18 to 36
18 to 14
8 to 10
1 06 to 1 10
61to 61
61 to 8
8ito 9|
101 to 12
12{to 181
36 to 88
28 to 89
18 to 27
28 to 80
400 to435
600 to 686
636 to660
166 to 170
160 to 166
135 to 160
1 621 to 1 60
1 35 to 1 621
75 to 1 30
800 to 18 00
2100 to 38 00
18 50 to 19 00
14 to 16
13 to 17
27 to 37
17 to 26
13 to 13
7 to 8
1 00 to 1 16
41to 6
6 to 711
81 to 10
121
86 to 88
38 to 89
18 to 27
38 to 80
400 to436
600 to685
686 to660
170
170
140
125
145
75
to
to
to
to
28 to 40
20 to 28
111 to 121
6 to 71
1 05 to 1 20
4ito 6
6 to 7|
8|to lOi
11 to 11
121
to llf
to 131
86 to 38
29 to 89
18 to 27
38 to 30
400 to426
460 to476
600 to660
to 1771
to 176
1671
185
165
130
8 00 to 14 00
19 00
16 00
14ito
13 to
16
17
900 to 950 900
700 to750 I 700
10 to 161 14 to
90 to 25
321 to 85
871 to 40
13 to 18
11 to 18
11 to 14
17 to 20
500
550
750
800
151
74
53
400
to650
to 725
826
900
152
95
55
425
to
to
to
to
to
to
19 00 to 20 00
2100 to 23 00
20 to
40 to
46 to
12 to
161
26
42JI
47l
18
21 00 to 32 00
18 60 to 19 00
13 to 144
181 to 17i
900 to 960
600 to 660
14 to 161
11 to 13
121 to 14
17 to 20
600 to635
550 to 650
6 85 to 7 90
800 to 900
Nominal.
78 to 83
64 to 58
825 to850
42 Aa
24 00 to 25 00 24 00 to 26 00
26 00.to27 00 Q600 to27 00
170
166 to 167
1 421 to 1 50
1 421 to 1 50
1621 to 175
70 to 140
10 00 to 16 00
30 to
821 to
14
25
35
371
to 18
10 to 13
10 to 14
16 to 21
4 76 to 6 00
600 to 625
6 25 to 7 75
7 50 to 8 75
Nominml.
71 to 82
64 to 57
860 to 400
658 EEPORT OP THE C0MMIS8I0NEB OP AGRICULTUBE.
MAEKET PRICES OF FABM
Pioduot.
KSW OSLEAKS— Cont'd.
Beef:
Western mess bbl
Folton market. .. I bbl
Pork I
MeM bbl
B«con and ahoalders,
pound
Hmmt lb.
Lard do.
Batter I
CrMunery do.
Prime to dioiee dairy,
pound
Cbeeie:
Choice flMtory lb.
SosliBh dairy do.
Skima do.
Siisar:
Fair to ftaUy fkir lb.
Prime to ttrictly prime,
Donnd
C&rified .......lb.
Cotton:
Low otdinary lb.
Ordinary to good ordi«
nary lb.
Low middling to gpod
middling lb
Middling ftdr do.
Tobacco I
Lngt lb.
Low to mediam leaf;
ponnd
Wool:
Loaidaoadear lb.
do
do
do
January.
$9 00 to $10
6 00 to 6
Lake
Barry
Peanata
Bice:
Common to good. . . lb
Prime to chMoe do
00
50
to 00 to 911
8
12 75 to 13 50
CHIOACK).
Honr:
Winters bbl.
Bxtras ...........no..
Superflne.. ........ do..
Wbeat:
gpring bosh.
Wintc^...«w».*«...do..
Barley ..•■••••■•....do..
Com do..
OtU •• do..
Bye . .....•••••.••... do..
Potatoes ..••.•••»..do..
Hay:
Timothy ton
Prairie •••••..do..
Beef:
Mess bbl.
JExtra mess... •••..do..
Hams ......••••...do..
Pork:
Moss ••••....do..
Bsoon lb.
Hams ............. do.
Lard cental.
Butter:
Creamery lb
Good to ohoioe dairy,
pound
Cheene:
Pnlloream lb.
Lower fnrades do.
Rn^r, New Orleans . .do
Wool:
Unwashed lb
Fleece- washed do.
Xab-waahod do.
5) to
9 to
8|to
80 to
» to
12 to
15 to
51 to
6 to
nto
to
7|to
8|to
11 to
13 to
4|to
6ito
27 to
20 to
13 to
4 to
4|to
51 to
H
104
10
Febmary.
March.
Aprfl.
May.
00 'fO 00 to HI 00 $11 00 to flS 00 Wll 50to$14l|!
25
14 50 to 15 25
It
16
10
8
10*
12f
18*
41
7
28
80
16
51
6 to
9 to
10 to
28 to
28 to
12 to
15 io
7 to
85
lOi
11
81
25
13
16
11
835
15 50 to 16 00
825to 850
15 50 to 16 00
Qto
mto
io|to
81 to
22 to
11 to
15 to
6 to
6* to 6*1 6|to
5 00 to 6 00
450 to 525
800 to 850
85 to
89 to
60 to
83 to
29 to
85 to
60 to
103
118
37
37
89
70
13 50
800
to 15 00
to 1100
750 to 800
850 to 900
15 00 to 16 00
1280 to 1285
4} to 7
8*to 9
860 to 865
80 to 88
21 to 26
6|to
71 to
7* to
8|to
101 to
IHto
4|to
5* to
28 to
29 to
12 to
4* to
4 to
51 to
81'
H
7
J?
16
6
i
500 to 600
425 to 525
825 to 8 75
84 to
96 to
77 to
83 to
29 to
84 to
60 to
100
90
loe
37
80
89
75
9 to
8 to
6|to
tl
13 to
4 to
6* to
21 to
85 to
tt to
34
45
ft
20 to
35 to
80 to
13 00
700
750
850
19 50
to 14 00
toUOO
to 800
to 900
to 20 00
14 40 to 14 50
5* to
9* to
945 to 950
^
to 84
18 to
6|to
71 to
Qto
7} to
9|to
18 to
4* to
5* to
26 to
28 to
12 to
4 to
4* to
6 to
9
11
10*
36
25
"*
16
11 i
"I
13*1
4i
7
27
20
16
4*
500 to 600
400 to 550
3 00 to 8 75
87 to
97 to
80 to
87 to
80 to
95 to
75 to
100
101
103
89
32
96
99
13 00
900
to 14 50
to 13 50
890 to 900
9 50 to 10 00
12100 to 2150
6 to
10 to
lO^to
28 to
22 to
13 to
15 to
9 to
6* to
6* to
81 to
5|to
6|to
9 to
121 to
4* to
6* to
U to
20 to
10 to
4 to
4 to
5|to
»*
11
lU
37
20
13*
16
12
7*
9
i
5|
I
a;
4|
T
25
27
15
0
Hi
6
82Sto 8M
10 50 to 1851
7 to
10 to
111 to
22 to
18 to
11 to
15 to
5 to
11
12
22
121
7*to :|
500 to 0 90
450 to 625
280 to 850
96
102
84
35
80
14 00
900
10 00
10 75
20 00
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
100
108
98
41
37
100
90
15 50
18 50
to 10 25
to 1100
to 20 50
7fto
8Jto
5} to
6} to
9 to
111 to
4* to
5* to
18 to
10 to
10 to
4 to
3 to
to
I;
. I
410
4»
150
to
to
to
It
H
H
I
tM
41S
sse
n
101
le
i«
to
to
87 to lis
30 to 41
to
to
to
04
114
00
IT
lis
IM
1509 to 179
1009 toUM
1015 telOM
1125 to 11 50
12180 to23«
1460 to 1405 '1550 to 1S05
5* to 8* 5* to 8*
10 to 10*^ 10 to 10*
10 00 to 10 10 10 60 to 10 55
80 to
18 to
12* to
4 to
84
in
21 to
85 to
16 to
83
48
40
tnts to 170
o*to n,
IO*Cs 11
uio touy
00 to n
» to 17
18 to
4 to
0*to
14
11
8
S to
U to
9
10
to
10
18 to
0
»
to
40
» to
11
n
to
to
80 to
tf
tt to M
8 to 11
0*to *
661
to:
fry xm ^
'**— '"-"HMO,,
•W-t »,"=»
-«»
r •
- *r«r
»* « «.
•^ •,
» i
"«
/
1*
.'
r u.
^»
•H 1
i
i* w.
1
#« <
r
M
^
•
*.
0
mber.
to 04 75
to 5 75
C4> 710
to
135
to
to
to
to
to
68
00
101
48
117
> to 21 so
) to 16 00
) to 17 25
5 to 10 46
0 to 14 00
4> to 12 25
iO to 18 00
Uito 18
88 to
81 to
40
86
18 to
U to
16
12
6|to
4itO
?J
18 to
25
30 to
4 to
38
5
8|to 8|
Oito lOi
lU to 111
h
! 25811 25 to $12 00
150 925 to U 00
825 725to 900
^500 3500to 80^
050 475to 950
525 3 25 to 525
650 550to 626
i
I
i
I
600, 525to 600
525: 425to 500
1 450
400 to
450
0 875
300 to
875
» 275
175 to
250
to 4 2r>| 3 25 to 4 00
to 4 25 2 25 to <^x
I
V.
t-V.
• I
; ■•!■
i - 1 '■
I
I
I?
I
If'
!i
660 REPOBT OF THE COMinSSIONEB OF AOSICULTITSE.
MARKET PBIOES OF FABM
Product.
Janojirj.
SAIXT LOUIS.
Flour:
Fine and snperflne.bbl.
X, XX, and XXX. .do. .
Family and iknoiy..do..
Wheat:
Winter bnali.
Spring do..
Bye do..
oarley .«•■ a >•■•■•■•>. do . .
Oats •• do..
Potatoea. ••••••••■•••do..
Hay:
Timothy ton.
X raiffiw •••• • •••••••Qo.a
Pork:
Heaa .....bbl.
Bacon oental.
Hama ..•••,..«•••. do.*
I«ard ••••••••■••••■•••do..
Beef:
Meaa.. bbl.
Hama lb.
Butter :
Creamery lb.
Fair to choice do.
Cheese:
Full eream fkctot7..1b.
Lower grades do.
Tobaocot
Common to medium
leaf lb.
LuKs..^ ••..do.
Fsbmsry.
Haroh.
$2 50 to $8 15
825 to 440
460 to 650
90 to 09
WoolT
Unwashed lb.
Fleeoe- washed do.
Tub*waahed do.
Peanuts .do.
Sugar, New Orleana,
oommon to oboiee Jb.
Cotton t
Ordinary to good ordi*
nary lb.
Low middling to good
middling lb.
$2 60
I 3 16
i 460
to $3 00
to 440
to 550
84 to
80 to
29 to
80 to
38
84
77
32
85
16 00
10 60
to 17 60
to UOO
1225 to 12 50
650 to 760
9 50 to 10 50
785 to 840
89ito 101}
157 to
84 to
72 to
31 to
70 to
40
87
80
32|
90
$250 to
8 15 to
4 70 to
$8 00
485
660
901 to lt>l
37 to
90 to
90 to
32 to
70 to
14 60 to 16 50 14 60 to
10 50 to U 00 10 00 to
14 60 to 14 76
5 25 to 815
975 to 10 75
9 00 to 10 00
14 50 to
5 40 to
10 50 to
985 to
42
96
110
33
95
16 00
10 50
15 00
860
11 50
10 25
12 25 to 12 50 12 50 tol260!l2 50 to
9 to 10 I 10 to lOi Hi to
▲prfl.
$2 80 to 9S90
826 to 460
470 to 540
98 to 104
May.
$370 to$3ao
336 to 4S
4 70 to 559
97 to ler
88 to
100 to
89 to
35 to
66 to
42
104
96
96
9«5
1650
1100
to 17 00
to 1225
16 75 to
5 60 to
10 50 to
10 85 to
16 00
860
UOO
UOO
to
1 05 to
98 to
S4 to
70 to
4T
115
169
U
IK
20 to
20 to
14 to
11 to
S2 32 to
25 18 to
15
12
Koosinal.
Kominal.
17 to
82 to
87 to
2 to
7 to
29
84
42
8
8|to 10
lOfto 12|
14 to
10 to
83
26
15
11
KomfaiaL
NominaL
15 to
31 to
30 to
21 to
27
83
42
4
30 to
18 to
13 to
9 to
4to
15 to
80 to
8} to
2 to
7 to
8|to
lOfto
12 60 12 25 to 12 50
12^ 121 to 14
34 j 32 to 33
26 17 to 28
18 00
1109
i7 75
6 75
UOO
U8S
112 00
12
to22M
to law
to 18 35
to 956
to 13 00
to 12 00
to 12 50
to 14
13
11
26
83
89
4i
H
H
12
15 to
U to
4 to
«|to
20 to
27 to
89 to
2!ito
7 to
16
12
28
80
42
4
8
25 to 26
14 to S3
15 to
U to
4 to
3|.to
IB to
23 to
28 to
2 to
14
C
n
nto H
7 to 8| 7 to 9
91 to Hi 10} to 13
LIVESTOCK
HEW TOBK.
Cattle:
Extra beevea .. .cental.
Good to fair do..
Poor to common. ..do..
Milrh OOW8 head.
Veal calvea..... oental.
Sheep do..
Swine do..
CniCINMATl.
Cattle:
Choice to extra ship*
piuK Bti'era . cental
Fair to good ehi]>piiiK
flt't^i's diutal .
Good to choice butch*
era* jnradcs . cental.
Fair to ro«Hliaai butch-
era* imult'S ...oeiitiil
Commno butchers'
gra«lea cf nial
Oxen, cowa, and lii'if.
eis cental
Sheep do..
Swine ..•• do..
$11 00 to $12 00
lOOOto 1100
8 50 to 8 75
80 00 to 65 00
550to 760
4 5Uto 650
4 75 to 6 00
500 to
425 to
400 to
8 15 to
225 to
300 to
800 to
8 90 to
676
460
885
300
440
5.';o
&0O
$11 50 to $13 00
11 25 to 1150
SOOto 900
3000to 5500
600 to 9 00
4 35fo 6 35
675to 625
460to 625
4 75*-4<00to 4 50
4 15 to 4 75
325to 400
250to 300
300^ 465
3 00 to 5 50
426to 585
$10 75 to $11 50
9 75 to 10 25
850to 900
30 00 to 65 00
6 25 to 9 Oa
550to 700
6 70 to 6 20
476 to
400 to
425 to
8 25 to
2 25 to
S2.'ito
SOOto
450 to
625
450
<90
400
300
4 75
625
$11 75 to $12 00
10 50 to n50
9 75 to 10 25
30 00 to 65 00
500to 800
5 50 to 7 00
600to 630
$10 75to$llM
j 9 75 to 1051
; 900to
i aoooto
i 4 50 to
1 5 00 to
610to
10 «
40 00
451
775
*450
4 76 to 6 26 5 00to 550
400to 450 450to 4fO
450to 625 4S0to 541
S60to 425 SSOto 43S
226to 826 226te tJS
3 26 to 6 00 Z»to 513
325to 525 SSOto 4r:
425to 625* 450(0 049
' -1
REPORT OF THE STATISTICIAN.
661
PEODUOTS FOB 1881— Oontinaed.
Jane.
July.
▲ngnat
Sept«taiber.
October.
Kovember.
Deoember.
$276 to $335
345 to 460
490 to 685
$310 to $3 65
3 90 to 5 05
535 to 635
$300 to $365
3 90 to 6 05
5 65 to 6 60
$4 50 to $5 25
540 to 650
665 to 750
$4 60 to $6 85
5 60 to 6 70
6 90 to 7 70
$4 86 to $6 00
520 to 625
685 to 725
$4 25 to $4 75
4 90 to 5 75
6 10 to 7 10
102 to 114
105 to 115}
106 to 119
128 to 142
128 to- 146
120 to 137
119 to 135
47 to 65
1 10 to 1 15
Nominal.
35 to 37
70 to 105
37 to 48
60 to 80
Nominal.
33 to 34
80 to 100
49 to 62
84 to 86
XominaL
80 to 44
TO to 80
67 to 77
1 07 to 1 11
1 06 to 1 07
39 to 42
85 to 105
66 to 75
1 09 to 1 13
95 to 1 15
43 to 46
90 to 112
eoto 71
100 to 103
1 05 to 1 15
41 to 45
1 10 to 1 16
69to 68
92 to 99
85 to 101
46, to 48
1 ^ to 1 17
15 00 to 16 00
1000 to 1050
12 00 to 14 00
900 to 1050
12 00 to 15 00
'8 50 to 8 75
15 00 to 17 00
10 00 to 12 00
16 00 to 18 00
9 50 to 12 50
20 00 to 23 00
12 00 to 16 00
19 50 to 21 60
13 50 to 15 00
16 25 to 17 25
650 to 930
1100 to 13 00
10 60 to U 25
16 26 to 16 75
7 00 to 9 75
1>00 to 13 00
11 30 to 11 60
18 30 to 19 00
7 40 to 10 50
12 00 to 14 00
11 76 to 12 25
18 25 to 19 26
8 75 to 11 35
14 00 to 15 00
11 15 to 12 10
19 60 to 20 25
9 60 to 12 00
16 00 to 16 00
12 06 to 18 00
17 76 to 18 60
8 75 to 10 76
14 00 to 16 00
11 60 to 18 00
16 90 to 17 25
865 to 1046
13 00 to 14 00
11 00 to 12 25
12 00 to 12 60'
12 00 to 12 50
13 to 14
12 60
14|to 16
12 60
12 to 14
12 50 to 18 00
13 to 14
••■■•• •••••«••
Uito 18
20 to 26
16 to 18
20 to 28
14 to 17
22 to 24
16 to 20
28 to 31
18 to 24
30 to 84
19 to 28
88 to 86
28to 82
86to 40
24 to 85
14 to 16
13 to 14
9 to 10
KominaL
3ito 7
18 to 24
22 to 27
31 to 40
2} to 4
13 to 14
9 to 10
NdminaL
Kominal.
13 to 23
17 to 25
30 to 39
2 to 4
IS to 15
10 to 11
•
11 to 12
4 to 5|
34to 6{
18 to 26
22 to 28
NomlnaL
NominaL
18 to 25
18 to 29
80 to 89
2to 4
Kotninal.
KomlbaL
18 to 25
••••••■■••••••
18 to 26
18to 26
28 to 88
2 to 8i
81 to 41
6to 8
80 to 39
4 to 8
30 to 38
4 to 5
7*to 81
7ito 81
nto 81
7|la 81
8 to 9
8|to 8|
9|to 10|
8 to H
1
8 to 9^
*******
«|to H
8|to 10|
91 to 11
9ito Uk
10|to 111
101 to 111
10| to 111
lOfto 111
lUto 111
MARKETS.
HI 60 to $12 00-
$11 25 to $12 00
$12 00 to $12 50
$12 00to(
^250
$1150to$12 25
$11 75tol
tl2 25
$112Sto$]2 00
10 50 to
ll 00
10 50 to
1100
10 76 to
1125
11 00 to
1150
10 00 to
1100
900 to
1150
9 26 to
11 00
900 to
10 50
8 75 to
10 50
926 to
10,75
800 to
10 oa
7 00 to
10 00
700 to
825
725 to
900
30 .00 to
60 00
40 00 to
60 00
30 00 to
65 00
80 00 to
60 00
40 00 to
60 00
55 00to
6500
35 00 to
60^
500 to
6 75
550 to
7 75
500 to
7 75
600 to
850
500 to
850
550 to
950
475 to
950
4j50to
6 25
3 50 to
725
350 to
7 25
375 to
640
400 to
675
325 to
525
3 25 to
525
6 00 to
680
600 to
640
7 10 to
720
680 to
690
660 to
675
550 to
650
550 to
626
640 to
5 75
5 40 to
5 75
550 to
5 75
525 to
575
575 to
600
560 to
600
525 to
600
490 to
526
600 to
525
4 75 to
525
450 to
500
450 to
550
460 to
525
425 to
600
465 to
650
450 to
525
475 to
600
400 to
450
4 25 to
475
400 to
450
400 to
450
8 65 to
450
326 to
400
800 to
3 75
300 to
875
325 to
400
300 to
875
300 to
875
250 to
360
2 26 to
300
200 to
260
160 to
225
200 to
250
200 to
275
175 to
250
3 75^0
5 40
860 to
500
360 to
4 75
325 to
4 50
3 25 to
450
3 25 to
4 2r.
325 to
400
260 to
4 76
2 40 to
450
260 to
5 25
2 50 to
4 75
2 75 to
5 00
2 50 to
4 25
225to
4Sb
426 to-
610
460 to
6 25
5 25 to
7 0U
4 90 to
700
520 to
7 75
4 50 to
6 40
500 to
640
\
sir?
,1
I s «
662
BEPOBT OF THE COlOHSSIOineB OF AjQBIC1TI>TnBB.
LIVE-STOCK
ProdnoU.
OBICAOa
Cattle:
Extrm beeTM ...eeotal.
Choice beeves do..
Goo«l to medium cradea,
cental.
Poor to oommon gradea,
cental
Tealoalraa cental.
BD'^P* ••*•>•••• ••••••OO. •
owuie ■•••••• ••••■••■Qo. •
■anrr Loum.
Cattlet
Choice BstlTaa.. cental.
Fair to prime do..
Fair to good Imtchera*
ateeia cental.
Cownon to feed stock
ateert teaftl.
Oxen do..
Cowa and belfan. .do . .
IfUchoowa kead.
CalTca do..
Bwine .••••••••••••■■QOsa
Honea:
Good pinga bead.
SotttMitn do..
Btreetera do..
Fmacj drlTfflg do..
Heart draft do..
Voleai
14 handahigh do..
144handahiRh....do.
16 oanda high do.,
lU handahigh ....do.
IStaaadahign do..
OBLBAM.
CatUet
Com-fM beetea . cental
OraM-fed becTea .head.
Hilch cowa do..
Calvee ...... •*«...do..
Sheep do..
Swine cental
Horaent
Common ping.... bead
Qnod work .do..
Saddle and hameaa . do . .
Mul-s:
Small and oommon . do . .
Gr4»od medium do. .
Rice culture do. .
Flrnt-cla-Ha do..
Coal, cart, and heavy
city use bead
Januaiy.
$5 75 to
486 to
16 S5
640
3 76 to 4 65
260 to
350 to
350 to
370 to
626 to
425 to
850
6 75
66q
625
676
620
866te 4S6
236 to
800 to
2Mto
16 80 to
600 to
286 to
868 to
880
840
850
4600
10 00
660
480
2000to 4000
76 00toll0 00
75 00toll0 00
90 00 to 170 00
180 00 to 176 00
7500to 8000
80 00 to 100 00
100 00 to 110 00
125 00 tb 160 00
150 00 to 175 00
860 to
1000 to
26 00 to
600 to
200 to
260 to
460
80 00
8600
10 00
350
450
60 00tol1000
110 00 to ISO 00
150 00 to 200 00
75 00 to 125 00
150 00 to 180 00
120 00 to IGO 00
175 00 to 220 00
210 00 to 240 00
February.
$5 76 to
600 to
16 00
660
400to 486
260 to
850 to
860 to
425 to
626 to
426 to
3 85
6 75
650
630
680
520
866to 425
226 to
8 00 to
800 to
80 00 to
600 to
886 to
6 10 to
815
340
325
45 00
10 00
650
660
8600to 4000
6600to 8500
76 00 to 110 00
80 00 to 170 00
180 00 to 176 00
SOOOto 8500
8000to 8600
100 00 to 110 00
126 00 to 150 00
166 00 to 166 00
860 to
10 00 to
25 00 to
600 to
200 to
250 to
460
80 00
76 00
10 00
400
425
00 00 to 110 00
110 00 to 150 00
150 00 to 200 00
75 00 to 126 00
150 00 to 180 00
120 00 to 160 00
175 00 to 220 00
210 00 to 840 00
March.
86 76 to
626 to
8880
660
4 25 to 6 00
2 75 to
850 to
3 75 to
6 16 to
685 to
425 to
425
5 75
650
860
608
6 20
866to 426
2 50 to
800 to
3e0to
20 00 to-
500 to
825 to
6 15 to
26.00 to
66 00 to
80 00 to
100 00 to
130 00 to
80 00 to
00 00 to
ilOStMto
116 00 to
,156 00 to
8 75
400
400
46 00
10 00
650
816
86 00
100 00
U5 00
170 00
176 00
6600
100 oor
118 00
150 00
17600
250 to
10 00 to
26 00 to
600 to
200 to
300 to
650
2600
1680
800
600
650
▲l^iL
T
Maj.
$586to $63S
6 80 to 6 76
400io 550
3 25 to 4 50
8 75 to 6 25
400to 800
460to ^40
640 to
450 to
676
680
S76to 468
8688to fOOi
6 50to Sli
480to 544
8 50to 4 75
8 50 to ffM
4 75 to 6M
600to 6441
668 to
4 75 to
eisi
554
488tO 49l!
800 to
800 to
800 to
80 00 to
600 to
S50to
660 to
875
400
868
4680
10 00
800
• 15
00 00 to 110 00
110 00 to 450 00
150 00 to 800 00
75 00 to 126 00
150 00 to 180 00
120 00 to 160 00
175 00 to 220 00
210 00 to 940 00
36088O 4880
5000to 8808
80 00 to 180 00
100 00 to 170 00
180 88 to 176 80
70 00 to 7600
100 00 to U8 00
110 00 to 120 OO
188 00 to ^40 00
168 00tol1Stt»
850 to
10 00 to
85 00 to
650 to
200 to
300 to
60 00 to
OOOOlo
160 00 to
500
26 00
7580
10 00
600
625
100 00
145 00
180 00
too to
800 to
160 to
SO 00 to
5 00 to
t^to
580 to
zn
404
46041
18 4o:
I8S
i800te 8041
9800toltf44
80 00 to 124 40
100 00 to 204 14
lOOOOtolUOO
110 00 to US 40
198 00 to 180 40
18000toJ4040
lUiiOOtoUOOO
968 to
10 00 to
9500to
• 50 to
200 to
300 to
690
8SI0
1540
1000
501
550
•SOOtollOOO
125 00 to 160 00
lOU 00 to 140 00
150 00 to 190 00
190 00 to 995 00
SOOOtO 8000
! 90 OOto 14400
140 OO to 175 00
•5 00 to 11000}
148 00 to 155 00
110 00 to MO 00
ISO 00 to 180 00
185 08 to 800 00
SEPOST OP TH? STATISnriAK.
663
BIABKETS— Gontinaed.
Joae.
Jnlj.
▲ugiut. 8ept«nib«r.
•eooto $6 20
6 76 to 5 95
$8 00 to
5 75 to
•0 25
585
16 00 to
6 70 to
$0
580
r. I
fCOOto 1635 f640to f675]
625to 5501 580to 615
515to 570! 490to 565' 47fto 67:>' 400to 475
350to 500
4tfto 700
500to 600
600to 615
610to
600 to
690
600
490to 625
too to
800 to
350 to
2D 00 to
400 to
271 to
546 to
175
400
325
45 00
800
450
615
2000to 6000
600^ to 125 00
10000to185 00
lit 00 to 200 00
100 00 to 276 00
106 00 to 120 00
U6 60 to 125 06
ISO f6 to 120 00
1S6 06 to 150 00
ISO 00 to 100 00
3 25 to
35uto
300 to
460 to
600 to
600 to
450
700
5 25
6 25
025
600
4 75 to 615
3 00 to
300 to
2 50 to
18 00 to
400 to
2 76 to
670 to
B75
400
8 25
42 00
loo
460
620
aoooto 6000
6000to 9000
80 00 to 120 00
90 00 to 200 00
125 00 to 200 00
90 00 to 100 00
110 00tol25 00
125 00 to 186 OO
140 00 to 150 00
130 00 to 200 00
300 to
350 to
300 to
600 to
600 to
5 00 to
400
700
4 75
685
625
690
4 76 to 515
800 to
3 00 to
2 00 to
18 00 to
500 to
2 7510
600 to
3 75
400
400
40 00
10 00
450
700
300 to
350 to
300 to
600 to
350
650i
450
700
615 to
4 75 to
645
610
876to 650
275 to 3 50
400to 650
325to 425
625to 700
625 to
4 76 to
Korember. i December.
$8 60 to 1680,
600tO 630|
$8 60 to
665 to
$880
610
675
615
375to 425 885to 450
tOOOto 6000
60 00tolOOOO
60 00 to 120 00
90 00 to 140 00
115 00 to 200 00
OOOOtolOOOO
110 00 to 125 00
125 00 to 135 00
146 00 to 165 00
180 00 to 200 00
200
3 00
200
1500
500
225
626
5000
7000
7500
8000
11500
to 3
to 4
to 3
to 35
to 10
to 4
to 7
to 60
to 90
to 110
to 100
to 175
50 200
00 8 00
25 200
00, 1500
00 ^00
OOi 225
00
620
00 8000
00' 6000
00 9500
Oo! 8500
0012000
OOOOtolOOOO
lOOOOtoUOOO
to 3
to 4
to 4
to 40
to 10
to 4
to 7
to 40
to 85
to 125
tolOO
to 200
400 to
275 to
400 to
300 to
450 to
625 to
475 to
570^
4i)0'
7 00j
500
690
700'
615
425to 660
275 to
400 to
2 50 to
560 to
625 to
473 to
^85
700
515
660
650
615
400to 475, 400to 475
50
00
00
00
00
26
26<
200 to
3 00 to
200 to
1600 to
500 to
226 to
60<rto
3 50
400
400
4700
10 oa
42a)
650
200 to
200 to
200 to
20 00 to
5 00 to
800 to
600 to
276
460
400
5500
1000
600
650
00' 8S00to 4500; 3000to 5000
00 OOOOto 8000 5500to 8500
00 OOOOto 12000 8S00toll500
00 80 00 to 140 00100 00 to 175 00
00U000tol8000 8000to20000
8000tO 8500 8000tO 8600
OOOOtolOOOO 9000tol0500
110 00 to 120 00100 00 to 115 00 110 00 to 120 00
120 00 to 160 00 116 00 to 150 00 126 00 to 150 00 12900 to 140 00
110 00 to 225 00 160 00 to 200 00 UO 00 to 200 Oa 160^ to 200 00
7500to 8000
OOOOtolOOOO
11000 to 11500
10 00 to
16 90 to
660 to
2*0 to
IWtO
8600
76 00
900
600
600
10 00 to
25 00 to
600 to
160 to
850 to
36 00
76 00
10 00
400
660
11 00 to
25 00 to
660 to
150 to
360 to
86 00
76 00
1000
400
660
700 to
25 00 to
500 to
150 to
350 to
8800
7500
900
3 00
600i
700 to
25 00 to
500 to
150 to
850 to
3800
7500
900
350
600
oeooto 9000
100 00 to 145 00
160 00 to 175 00
•000 to 100 00
180)0 to 150 00
160 00 to 130 00
160 00 to 175 00
175 60 to 200 00
OOOOto 9000
100 00 to 146 00
150 00 to 176 00
OOOOtolOOOO
130 00 to 150 00
100 00 to 130 00
150 00 to 175 00
175 00 to 200 00
OOOOto 9000
100 00 to 145 00
150 00 to 176 00
OOOOtolOOOO
130 00 to ISO 00
100 00 to 130 00
150 00 to 176 00
7000
llOOO
15000
8000
jlOOOO
125 00
175 00
to 110
to 150
to 200
to 125
to 175
to 150
to 225
oo: 7000
00110 00
00115000
800 tb
25 00 to
600 to
l^to
350 to
40 00
80 00
10 00
3 00
7 00
700 to
25 00 to
500 to
150 to
600 to
8500
8000
900
800
700
WViJ
to 11000 7000toll000 7000ton000
to 150 00 no 00 to 150 00 no 00 to 150 00
to 200 00 150 00 to 200 00150 00 to 200 00
8000
00150 00
00 12500
0017500
to 12500! 8000to 12500! 8000to 12500
to 175 00 150 00 to K5 00 150 00 to 175 00
to 1 50 00 125 00 to 150 00 125 00 to 150 00
to 225 001175 00 to 225 00175 00 to 225 00
176 00 to 200 00 |225 00 to 260 00^225 00 to 250 00 226 00 to 250 00^225 00 to 260 00
If I ,
J
664 BEPOBT OF THE COMinSSIONER OF AOBICni.TUBE.
i
i i
(•i.
fit
I ^
I
: 1.
i "
I
'•
RAILBOAD BUILDmG.
The coDStmction of railroads has rendered possible the rapid settle-
ment of the great interior areas of fertile lands which must have re-
mained comparatively nncaltivated bat for facilities afforded for reach-
ing the markets of the world.
A half century ago, in 1831, there were 72 miles of railroads built
in addition to the 23 miles previously in operation. In the following
ten years, to the end of 1841, there were built 3,420 miles; in ten years
from 18^ to 1851 more than twice as much, or 7,447 miles. From 1832
to 1861, inclusive, a great impetus was given to railroad building, coin-
cident with the general industrial progress of the country^ and 20,304
miles were added to the completed mUeage of railroads.
A lower rate of progress obtained during the war period, yet by tbe
end of another decade 28,907 miles were added ; and in the ten years,
including 1881, the immense advance of 44,503 miles was contrihated
to the mileage of operative roads.
Mr. Henry N. Poor, the authority in railroad statistics, makes the
aggregate mileage at the close of 1881 104,813 miles, of which more
than a tenth is the work of the past year.
The work is now being rapidly pushed, increasing the magnitude of
these figures. The following are the authorized figures illustrating this
progress, which is also represented geographically in the diagram:
Yetf.
1830
1881
1888....
1683....
1884...
1835....
1836....
1887....
*o9o ....
1889,...
loVfm . ..
XO%l ....
ll>««. • ..
33
95
229
880
ess
1.098
1,278
1.497
1.918
2,302
2,818
8,535
4.028
r
72
134
151
253
465
175
224
416
889
516
717
491
Year.
lo43« ••
1845...
1847...
104o . ..
1849...
1850...
1851...
1852...
1858...
1854...
1855...
4,185
4,377
4.633
4,930
5,598
5,996
7,865
9.021
10.082
12,908
15,860
16,720
18,874
159
192
256
297
668
898
1,869
1,656
1,901
1,926
2,452
1,360
1.8M
1856.
1857.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
1868.
1864.
1865.
1866.
1867.
1888.
22,016
24,508
26,968
28,789
30,635
81,286
82,120
83,170
83,008
85,085
36.801
89,250
42; 229
8.647
2.647
2,465
1,821
1,846
651
834
1,050
738
1,177
1.742
2,440
2,979
1800.
1870.
1871.
1872.,
1873.,
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877..
1878..
1879.,
1880..
1881..
I
£i
8
46.844
62,914
•0,288
66, in
70.278
72.883
74,096
76.808
79.089
81.776
86,497
93.671
104,813
si
Sc8»
4.78
7.1T4
U,U3
THE NEW YORK CANAL SY8TE1L
This great work of internal improvement, which has been such a boon
to the farmers of Central New York and of the West, has carried freigbt
enough to load about half a million trains of twenty full cars each, and
is now annually fioating to market the equivalent of more than sixteen
thousand such train loads.
A record of the movement is carefully kept and audited by a State
officer, which shows the whole number of tons moved, the number car-
ried to tide- water, the number of tons of through freight &om the West
to tide- water, and the number received from points in the State of Nev
Xork. A summary of these figures, by decades, will mass tbe results to
be grasped conveniently by the understanding, and a diagram whidi
accompanies will present the movement of forty-four years to the c|f0
of the reader. In studying these figures it should be remembered tint
the tons to tide- water from the Western States do not include all t&e
freight that comes from the West, as a considerable and increasing pir-
tiOGL is uo^ (iiatdbut/ed through the interior of New York and St^
^
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.■
BEPOET OP THE STATISTICIAN.
665
Enf:land. This distribution is shown by subtracting the one hundred
million tons <^to tide- water'' from the grand aggregate of one hundred
and seventy-seven millions of tons, showing that 43 per cent, of all,
most of it from States west of New York, a large portion as far west as
Illinois, has failed to reach tide- water.
The freight from New York State, as the figures show, is much less
than between 1840 and I860, from the increase of railroads and de-
crease of their freight rates. The increase by decades is as follows:
Yean.
1837 to 1840
1841 to 1850
1851 to 1860
1861 to 1870
1871 to 1880
Totftl
Toms moved.
5.856,066
21,072,233
88, 439. 739
6^ 185. 326
56.290.026
177,248^890
Tons to tide-
water.
Tons to tide-
water from
Wefttern
States.
2,523,402
12, 682. 475
21, 5:i9. 453
81, 017, 912
82,755.956
100,519,108
410,277
4, 824t 724
11. 865. 329
21.501,150
21.980,740
Tons from New
York.
1.231.081
5, i:{2, 682
4, 201, 803
2,414.972
2, 936. 514
60, 591. 220
15,936,402
There have been annual fluctuations, due to difiference in quantity of
freight to be carried, and still more to the iudu cements ofifered by rail-
roads for the heavy freight that is the staple of the canal trade; but
there has been neither progressive advance or decline in quantity for
twenty years. The annual table will present these fluctuations, and the
prior progress of the trade:
Yean.
1837.
1838.
1839.
1840 ,
1841..
1842..
1843.
1844.
1845
1846.
1847.
1848.,
1849..
1850..
1851. ,
1852..
1853..
1854..
1855..
1856.,
1857..
1858..
1859 ,
I860..
1861..
1862.
1863.
1804.
1865.,
1866.
1867.
1868.
1869..
1870.
1871.,
1872.,
1873
1874.,
1875.,
1876
1877..
1878..
1879..
1880..
'77'
Tons' to tide-
Tons mored.
Tons to tide-
water.
water from
Western
SUtes.
1,171,296
611. 781
66,226
1,838,011
640,481
88.233
1,435,713
002. 128
121,671
1, 416, 046
669. 012
158,148
1, 521, 661
774, 334
224, 176
1, 238, 931
666,626
221, 477
1,513,439
836,801
256,376
1,816,586
l,a31.395
806, 025
1,977,566
1. 204. W3
304.551
2,268,662
1,362,319
506.608
2, 869, 810
1, 744, 2H3
812,840
2,796,230
2,804,782
1, 447. 905
1, 579, 946
O.'-K). 154
708,659
3,076,617
2.033,863
773,858
2, 582, ra3
1,977,151
966.993
8,863.441
2.234.F22
1,151,978
4. 247. 853
2. 505, 797
1, 213, 090
4,165.862
2. 223. 743
1, 100, 526
4, 022. 617
1. 895. 593
1, 092, 876
4,116,082
2, 12: J. 4C9
1, 212. 550
8, 844, 061
1. 617. 187
919,998
3,665,192
1, 985. 142
1,273,100
3, 781, 684
2.Kl.e72
1, 036, 634
4, 650, 214
2,854.877
1, 896, 975
4, 507, 685
2, 980, 144
2,158,425
5,598,785
3,402.709
2,504,837
6,557,692
8, 274, 727
2,279.252
4, 852. Ml
2, 805, 257
1, 907, 136
4,729,654
2, 730. 181
1, 903, 042
6, 775. 220
3, 305. 607
2, 2:». 716
5.688.325
3, 029, 605
2, 129. 405
6,442.225
.3, 237. 149
2,215.222
6,859,080
3,000,142
2,028,568
6, 173, 769
3, 156. 301
2, 048, 947
6, 467, 888
8,495,801
2,276.898
6, 673, 370
3, 647, 944
2.456.022
6,364,782
8, 376. 649
2, 527, 068
5,804.588
3,223,112
2,206.604
4. 850, 958
2,608,777
1, 476, 238
4,172.129
2.426,182
1,402,768
4, 955. 963
2, 986. 812
2. 010, 081
5, 171, 320
3, 637, 101
2.461,066
5,362,372
3, 286, 176
2,368.218
6. 457, 636
4,067,402
2,001,282
Total.
177.248,800 100,519,198
00,501,220
Tons ftom New
York.
821,252
886,016
264.606
800,167
808, 3U
268,672
878,960
499.416
656,039
600,662
618.412
534.183
498.068
780, 817
641.664
502,721
637,748
602, 167
327.839
874,580
197,201
223,578
414.699
879,086
291,184
822,257
868.437
239.498
174, 719
287.948
06,707
163,350
229,121
241, 751
872,484
214,383
68,287
288.698
438,704
842,552
287,927
870.624
182,784
425^076
16,980^102
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666 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONED OF AGRICULTURE.
THE DI\qSION Am) ITS WOEK-
Tlie province of a^cultnral Btatistics is to measure tbe prodactiTe
resources of tbe natiou, to survey its fzrop areas, to record its ^^aniered
products. It is more — to balance tbe production and consumittion of
the nations, and calculate therefrom the oscillation of prices. The rel-
ative profit of systems of culture, the profitable distribution of individ-
ual crop areas, can best be shown by statistics; questions of national
economy are aecided by appeal to statistical investigation; and while
the plain farmer cannot afford to decline the study of statistica, the
statesman finds it the most essential and the most difficult of his labors.
With a range through the entire field of rural effort^ and of science
applied to agriculture, the around occupied by agricultural statistics is
practically measureless and the demand for statistical service limitless.
Hence the work of the division has neither cessation nor respite.
(General and special statistics, domestic and foreign, national and in-
tematioual, are required for use of oflicials connected with the legisla-
tive and executive departments of the government, boards of agricult-
ure, chamWrs of commerce, educational institutions, editors, and others
in representative positions. Much service of this tenor is constant^
performed, limiteil only by practical possibilities and the endurance it
a small corps of clerical assistants.
The crop^reporting work of this division covers an area of nearly
200,000,000 acres of crops harvested by the band of man, and includes in
eattle industries a range of several hundred tiaillions more. The spirit
of the age demands prompt, frequent, and reasonably accurate reports
of these vast interests; the unreasoning haste of greedy impulsiveness
demands a minute census weekly, simultaneous in collection, and in-
stantaneous in consolidation and distribution. The tendency of the
unthinking public is to statistical pretense, inaccuracy, and looseness
of statement. It will be the aim of the direction of this service to ren-
der it thorough, efficient, and reliable in results; to use syst^natio scien-
tific metho<ls; to reach practical and exact conclusionsi and present
ihem conscientiously.
To this end the Commissioner of Agriculture has obtained asi in-
creased appropriation from Congress; and among the means adopted
for improvement of this 8er\ice is the appointment of a statistical agent
for each State and Territory, to act as head of a State corps of corre-
6iN)n<!ents, as a lieutenant of the statistician in directing and executing
the work of such district Among these agents are several experienced
officers of State departments or boards of agriculture, heretofore m
charge of a State corps of statistical reporters upon precisely the same
plan in operation in this department. Thus duplication of work is
avoided, discrepancies are harmonized, results are verified, avoiding the
confusion of a double series of reports, and securing greater accuracy
and higher public appreciation of the value of the results. Unfortu-
nately, there are few States that have an organization for the collection
of statistics, and in the others it becomes necessary to select agente who
have not been educated in statistical collection by such experience;
yet there are persons possessed of judgment in agricultural affairs,
capacity for organization, a taste for statistical collection, and a ^^ genius
for work,'' from whom to select these agente, in the expectation of de-
veloping trained and skilled assistants.
This improvement in our statistical machinery has been put in op-
eration, and valuable results have already been secured in different
igram showingihea^regate nambersi^ofis^//^M-moiredoa*
from Western States and tons from State (f^ew-Yor A.
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REPORT OP THE STATISTICIAN. 667
*
directions. It is realized, however, that whatever zeal and discretion
may plan and direct, there must be intelligent and permanent local cor-
respondents— resident farmers rather than peripatetic salesmen; estal)-
lished land-holders, instead of transient tradesmen — otherwise the pre-
sentation of approximately accurate resnlts will be an impossibility and
an absurdity. It is believed that with t)ie judicious assistance of these
agents an efficient organization of the machinery for statistical collec-
tion may be perfected and steadily maintained, with increasing compe-
tency and higher success.
In view of the influence of foreign demand on prices, and of the great
volume of exportation of certain producte, notably of gniiu and " provis-
ions," it has been deemed advisable, necessary even, that an effort should
l>e made to give early information to American farmers of the prospect-
ive requirements of the foreign trade.
For this purpose an agency has been established in Europe, in charge
of Mr. Edmund J. Moffat, with heiulquarters at London, at the office of
the consul-general. Ue arrived there at the close of the harvest season,
and has already vigorously commenced the work of organization through-
out Europe, with the cooperation of officers of the State Department
and our diplomatic service. Much is expected of this agency in the
future in accurate reports of crop prospects, valuable statistical ex-
oiiangcls, and miscellaneous information of value to this depai-tment and
the agriculture of the country.
A section of the division of statistics has been organized, under re-
quirement of Congress, for the monthly publication of freight rates of
transportation. The changes of rates on principal agricultural products
and farmers' supplies have been given for all the through east and west
trunk lines, the Pacific roads, an<l great north and south railway sys-
tems, and lake, river, and coast lines of steamers. Not only the through
rsrtes, but an immense array of local rates for groups of* minor points
in all parts of the country, have been accurately presented. Special
rates for certain products sent to various points, including live stock,
cotton, rice, &c., have been promptly published for the information of
farmers who wish to seek the best markets and forward their products
with an intelligent view of the cost of shipment
The organization of comprehensive special work in dairy statistics
has also been commenced, and other special investigations are in prog-
ress.
C£OFS OF THE TEAE 1882.
In order to bring the results of work in the division of statistics up
to the close of the year 1882, I respectfully present the following, lus
supplementary to this report, which includes the estimates of 1881, with
investigations of the early months of the present season.
The drganizat'on of the corps of State statistical agents, of the
European statistical agency with headquarters in the office of the con-
sul-general at London, and the section of statistics of railroad and
steamboat transportation rates, with other work for the improvement
Of the service of the division in other respects, are presented with suf-
ficient fullness perhaps in the preceding pages.
The unusual diminution of proilnctiou in 1881, in all cereals except
oats, in potatoes, in cotton, and in nearly all products of the farm,
caused an uneasy feeling during tiie untoward and unpromising plant-
ing season of the present year, which wa« generally late, cold, and wet,
preventing work, rendering necessarj^ replanting, and stiffening prices
of grains and meats. The tarmers, however, did not for a moment yield
668
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOMEB OP AGBICULTURE.
n
II 1:1
♦ ■!
to despondency, but redoubled their efforts, and with the aid of im-
proved implements accomplished more hard work than was ever done
in the same period in the United States. But from Jane the skies were
propitious, rains seasonable, and summer heat moderate and long oca-
tinned, and improvement was rapid and to an unusual degree uniiitw-
rupted. There were some exceptions, notably in New England, New
York, and New Jersey, where an injurious drought, extending to the
highlands and mountains from the sea-coast, reduced the production of
nearly all crops. Elsewhere, in the great agricultural sections, there
was less loss, whether from drought, storms, floods, or insects, than for
many years; and the aggregate result is a rate of yield generally above
the average, in those crops which mature by midsununer, and mediam
production of crops requiring longer time to mature. In the South all
crops were large, because the lateness of the spring was greatly modi-
fied there, and for all the cereals and vegetables the moisture and low
temperature of the spring was especially favorable. The aggregate
result is a year of general abundance.
CORN.
This is, next to grass, the great crop of the country, grown every-
where except on the highest elevations, and producing an aggregate in
comparison with which all the maize grown in the remainder of the
world is quite insignificant. Kansas produces more than Roumania,
Ohio more than Hungary, Pennsylvania more than France, aqd Michi-
gan more than Italy. Illinois in 1879 produced nearly as much as the
average crop of all Europe. The United States will, the present sea-
son, quadruple the European harvests. The area in maize has nearly
doubleil since 1870. The census reported the crop of 1869 at 760,944.549
bushels. The estimated annual average for six years, from 1871 to
1876, inclusive, slightly exceeds 1,000,000,000 bushels; for the last six
years it falls but little short of 1,500,000,000 bushels. The average
consumption for twelve years is about 1,150,000,000 bushels. The pres-
ent requirement is about 1,400,000,000, and 100,000,000 exceeds the
highest figures of exportation. But there is so much coarse material
available, as substitutes in feeding, that the absolutely necessary con-
sumption is difficult to fix. The yield per acre for twelve years has
been 2G bushels, rarely rising much above or falling below that figure,
though the average for last year was but 18.6 bushels, the lowest ever
reconled; the next lowest, 20.7, that of the disastrous year 1874.
The lossof 500,000,000 bushels in 1881, reducing the supply 300,000,000
bushels below the requirements of consumption and exportation, sent
up prices 60 per cent., and produced a determination to secure a large
crop the present year. The lateness of the spring, rains and fr6stsof
April and May, caused consternation for a time ; but replanting, in many
instances for the second time, resulted in some increase of area. July
came, with the plants small and discolored from frost and excess of
moisture, but improving. To show the condition from this date, the
following comparison of condition with the census year is made:
Year.
July.
AaguBt.
1
September. 0ctob«r.
1879
03
85
1
U3 95 U
1882
88 ffi ! 81
REPORT OP THE STATISTICflAN.
669
With this statement in view, it is obvious at a glance that the yield
cannot possibly equal that of 1879. As it was said in the St^ptember
report, ^Hhe heavy production of 1879 and 1880 cannot be approached
under the most favorable circumstances" of the later season; not verv*
nearly — not within 8 per cent., or more than one hundred' million
bushels. The estimates of yield per acre, in November, following the^e
reports of condition, made an average of between 24 and 25 bushels pei'
acre, while the average yield of 1879 was between 28 and 29.
The December returns make direct comparison with the product of
last year. In November the yield per acre was reported, and in Octo-
ber the last report of condition of the growing crops. The range of
variation in results of these three separate tests is but 3 per cent.
With so slight a difference, the tendency of more accurate information
is towards reduction. The present and final returns aggregate in round
numbers 1,625,000,000 bushels. The permanent estimates will be pub-
lished after analysis of all records of area, condition and production of
the year, and conscientious adjustment of all possible differences.
There is also much reduction in quality and intrinsic value in the
Northwest from immaturity and injury by firo^(, esi)ecially in Iowa. The
statistical agent of that State expresses the opinion that it will take three
bushels to equal the value of two bushels of good corn.
The following table gives the production of 1882, by States, subject
to such revision as the more thorough comparison of returns may ren-
der necessary:
states.
ICftloe
New Hampebire
VennuDt
MasaaobaaetU. .
Kbode laUod ...
Coniieoticat
New Yprk
New Jerney ....
Penosylrania...
Delaware
MaryUDd
Virginia
Notlh Carolina .
SootbCaroliua..
G«*orKia
XlnrMa
Ala(>aroa
MittMltutippi
LoaiHiana.
Texas
Arkansas
Basbela.
SUtee.
1,
20.
41,
8.
17.
35.
34,
15.
29.
8.
SO,
L'8,
H,
63,
84,
904,400
870. 700
930,300
237, 2P0
277,^00
155.800
887.500
942.800
518,800
936,800
904.700
904,000
260.700
856.200
»517,SOO
708.900
Of^A^OO
233, 600
636 4C0
416. 300
485, 900
Tennessee .,..
West Virginia
Keotnoky
Obio
Micbigan
Indiana
niinois
Wisconsin ....
Minnesota....
Inwa
MisNonri
Kansas ...^...
Nebraska
CHlifomia
Oregon
Nevada
Colorado
Territories....
Total....
Bnsbela.
73,188,600
14, 927. 000
79, ^. 900
93. 319, 200
30.081.600
107. 484, 300
187, 336. 900
30. 201. 600
21.127.600
178. 4H7. 600
174, 037, 000
150. 452, 600
82. 47^ 200
2, 790. 000
101.000
11.700
422,400
7,500,000
1,624,917.800
WHEAT.
The consumption of the present year (for 64,000,000 people) requires
260,0(H),(HH) bushelM, for seed 67,000,000, leaving nearly 200,000,000 for
ex])ortation, and for filling: the severely depleted stocks in first hands.
Such surplus, even if 40,000,000 bushels, in view of the exhaustion of
garner and local stocks at the end of the commercial year in August,
would be less than that of two years a^o, and would not depress prices.
The five preceding crops averaged (as e^^timate<l) 425,000,(KM) bushels
j>er annum; the db ^ribution of five years has averaged 42tM>0(MMM), the
20,000,0(M) difference having been drawn from stocks on hand, reducing
the sur])lus of 1882 to that extent in comparison with the surplus of
1877. Of this disti'ibution 145,000,000 haj» been exported per annum
670
EEPOET OP THE COMMI8SIONEE OP AaBICULTURE.
^
t"
i
It
i f
.- i
;,1
in wheat and flour, 51,000,000 was used for seed, and 233,000,000 con-
sumed as food.
There was an increase of area in tlie Sontli, where scarcely more than
a tenth of the entire breadth has formerly been planted, prodncing
scarcely one-twentieth of the crop. Intelligent planters there realize a
necessity for a home supply of breadstuff; for ^^ears they have talked,
and sometimes slowly acted in that direction; they are ** always to be
blest '' with diversity and abundance, but each waits for his neighbor to
"diversify," while he i)ut8 in an extra acre of cotton with the expecta-
tion of higher prices.
The Atlantic States made no increase in area, and the Westem winter-
wheat States suffered some decrease, as did also the 8i>rinfj- wheat States.
This decline is largely in the southern counties of Wisconsin and Min-
nesota, and in the northeastern districts of Iowa. It is caused by the
extension of dairying an<l stock farming generally, in a(xx)rdance with
an inexorable law of progress in agriculture, which compels the abandon-
ment of one-idea croi)ping upon penalty of loss of profit.
There was general exemption from winter-killing, and the promise of a
a good crop was early and positive. In July condition of winter-wheal
averaged 104 ami spring-wheat 100. The October returns indicated a
yield of about 13j^ bushels per acre, which has been rarely exceeded,
the average being 12 bushels, and that of last year about 10 boshda.
The preliminary estimates shghtly exceed 500,000,000 bushels.
SUtea.
Maine
Kew Hampshire.
VermoDt
Maaaacbusetta...
Bhode Inland....
Coonecticut
New York
Kew Jersey
Penna.vlvaalA ....
Delaware
Maryland
Virjcinla
North Carolina..
South Carolina . .
OeorgiA
Florida
AlalMDia
Mlaaiaaippi
Lonkdana
Xeaaa
Boahela.
512.100
14^,700
878,000
80,100
12.
2.
SO.
1,
8,
8.
6.
1,
8,
4.
1.
43.600
Uh, 200
008.700
300.700
200.600
«&5,600
31U400
494,800
720. 000
Hl2.9ti0
600
700,800
250.100
7,000
173, 700
566,100
Stotea.
Tenneaaee
Wt^l ytrginia.
Keutticky
Ohio
Michigaa
Indiana .«
Iliinuia
Wisconsin .....
MinntiaotA....,
Iowa
Misaoarl...*...
Kansas ........
Xebmska
Caliroruia
On^gon
Nevada
Colorado
Territoriea ....
Total
4.85iW
17.S56^IM
^fa^ ^N^^» ^^^w
83.3a4M
481461.11*
87.0ia.IM
2S^4S7.IM
f7.S3i6W
14. 947. 211
84.S446N
48L4II
1,SML8II
ie.000.6M
602. 788^ 8M
< i
OATS.
This crop in its uses is so allied with com that the low yield and high
price of maize last season had its effect upon the price of oats, and de
increase of value stimulated in turn the extension of areu, so that 7
per cent, was aiMed to the breadth. On the 1st of Jniie the condition
of the crop was higher than in any previous year since 1868. The only
cereal crop that did not meet with disaster last ye.ar was exceeiliiigly
prouiisinp^at the commencement of the present season, promising another
large >icld. In July the promise was still good of more than an aver-
age crop. There were some reports of the army- worm, aphis, and small
insects at the roots popularly described as "midgets,''in Maryland and
Virginia. The army- worm was injurious in West Virginia, and in Alii-
souri the chinch-bug appeared in some force*
BEPOET OP THE STATISTICIAN.
671
The average of general condition kept np to 100 until harvest, i. «.,
the average result, though varying in different States, equaled in the
aggregate a full yield for all. This has happened but once in thirteen
years, in 1877, when the average yield i)er acre was 31.6 bushels, and
the average value only 29.2 cents per bushel, the lowest price for thur-
teen years with the exception of 1878, when with another crop of larger
area and nearly as great a yield per acre, and a large surplus from 1877,
the price fell to 24.6 cents in December.
The average yield from 1871 to 1881, inclusive, was 27.6 per acre,
about a bushel more than the average }ield of corn for the same period.
The average price on the first of December has averaged 36.1 cents for
the same term of years. From 1875 to 1879 the annual average was
below this figure on account of good yields and increase of area. In
1880 enlarged demand brought the average to 36 cents, and in 1881 the
scarcity of corn advanced it to 46.4 cents. With a large com crop
there would have been no advance. The yield per acre of the present
crop is above an average of a series of years, and the product, with
increased area, is the largest ever harvested in this country. The pre-
liminary estimate of production in 1882 is as follows :
states.
Haine
New Hampshire
▼ermont
MMaaobiuetts . . .
Bhode Island....
CfOUMOtiont .....
Hew Tork ,
New Jersey .....
Punnsylvsala....
Delsware
Ifanrland
Vlrjrinia,
Iffortb Carolina ..
South Carolina ..
Geor^a
Florida ,
iLlabama
ICisfiissippi ,
Ix>uisiuna «.,
OTezMs
Bushels.
SUtes.
1,
1.
40.
8.
3i,
1,
8.
6,
776,700
ono.ooo
44.% 800
7U3.U00
155.800
048,300
068,000
808.800
721.100
891,800
658.900
551,400
713.400
430, 100
235,800
3.
8.
8>
994, 900
080,800
627,800
239,600
131,500
Tennessee
Wo8t Virginia
Kentucky ......•••«
Ohio
Michigan
Indiana •
Illinois
Wisconsin
Minnesota
lifwa
Missouri
Kansas
Nelimska...
Califoniia ,
Oregon
Nevada •••••
Colorado ....•
Territories •••
Total
Bushels.
7.129,600
1.97^400
7, 579. 400
16.732.100
18.057.000
18.601000
99. 141. 000
84.824.400
29, 700. 000
44. 555. 700
80,073.500
12. 780. 600
9.417.600
1,548,000
4,438,600
108.800
902,000
looaooo
47^656^700
BABLEY.
There has been a small increase of area, enlar^ng to breadtb slightly
above two million acres, and an average yield has been obtained, mak-
ing a crop of not less than forty-five million bushels, yet the supply
does not suffice for home consnmption. Though a small export trade
is carried on, the importation is larger by millions of bushels* The per*
centage of the supply that is imported is greater than the percentage
of any cereal pro^luct exi)orted, wheat only excepted.
The average yield per acre of barley for a series of years has been
found to be twenty-two bushels; it was greater in 1871, 1873, 1878,
1879, and 1880, and less in intervening years. It is nearly twenty-three
the present year.
California, New Tork, and Wisconsin furnish more than half the
acreage, and with Iowa, Minnesota, and Nebraska exceed three- fourths.
Y^vy little is grown in the South, usually, and the increase the present
year is very small.
It is a noticeable fact that the only cereal of which the United States
i'
II..
'''%l
672 REPORT OF THE COHHISSXONES OP AOKICULTUKE.
never prodaces a supply for home consnmptioTi is the one whicli yields
a higher valne per acre than an.v other. 'The average yield and vtlae
per acre for eleven yeara, from iS71 to 1881, inclusive, is thus compan-
dvely presented :
C««d».
TleU
TllM
Cum
SCO
at
«IS
Ik
|r"j
}'"
A proniioent reason for the bif^her valne of product per acre is tlu
fact that the cultivation of this grain is confined to the northern sec-
tion of the country, vbere the yields of all cereals are higher. It is
grown mainly in the fertile and improved districts of New York, the
rich lauds of the Nortiiwest, and in California, on soils generally veil
adapted to the crop. From recent increase of area — the breadth haviog
doubled in tifteen years — it would appear that the effort to keep pace
with consumption wonld nltimately Bucceed. The imports are received
from Canada, being grown principally near the State of Kew York, in
which oue-tUinl of the beer of the country is manofoctared. This proi-
iroity to the place of manufacture overbalances the duty on the grain.
Barley is nearly all transported by rail or wat«>r, bearing charges of
transportation, while four fifths of the corn and oats are required for
iiome consumption.
POTATOES.
The reduction of the supply of potatoes in 1881, amonnting to sboat
70,000, DUO bushels, and the unprecedented prices which followed such
a failure, stimulated the effort to achieve independence of foreign grow-
ers, who received nearly five million dollars for a quantity (8,789,860
bushels) that only made good one-eighth of the dehcieucy; and the
result was naturally an increase of area amounting to'7 percent. This
crop is becoming more important than ever before in the South. Pota-
toes have formerly been grown very sparingly, in gardens only, and
used for a few days or weeks in the spring as a vegetable of poflitiw
rarity. Their use has increased of late, and their shipment NortJi as
an early product is increasing with the development of railroads and
tlie tendency to "truckiug;" but it is a lesson that has been well learned
that garden vegetables, roots and the small grains, all products which
fiuurish in higher latitudes, must be grown in autumn, in winter, or
early spring, before the heats of summer reach their greatest elevation.
3o potatoes are planted on the Gulf coast in December or Jannary: a
little furtiier north at a somewhat later date, adapting the time of rii>en-
ing to the cIoho of the S'-asou's moderate temperature. But there bas
sprung up a practice, which should be encouraged, because it renders
potisible a winter supply fur the masses, promising to increase immensely
the consumption of Ibis valuable food product wLich caunot endure tlie
heats of summer. This practice is worthy of general extension, and it
should give the Irish potato a place side by side with the sweet potato
as a winter food for every day's consumption. It is by late summer
planting and early fall growth, ripeuing Iwfore f^ost. In high Utitodes
REPORT OP THE STATISTICIAN.
673
and devations there has been some difficulty in getting an antnmn crop
fhUy matured. By making two crops, one in winter and early spring,
the other in the autumn, it is possible to have a continuous supply, and
seed potatoes grown at home, instead of being brought from the Korth
as formerly.
The crop started well, and in July its condition was 102. The great
potato regions were reported: Kew York, 98; Ohio, 102 j Michigan, 99;
Indiana, 105; Illinois, 104; Iowa, 101. On the first of August the av-
erage was 101. A great reduction usually occurs in August the month
of droughts, and this season was not altogether exceptional, the average
of condition falling to 92 in September, and to 81 in October.
In New York condition decUned to 70, and ranged 70 to 85 in K ew
England, the result of drought. In New Jersey, where the drought
was somewhat less severe, it was 82. The promise continued high in
the Ohio Valley and in Michigan, but declined somewhat in the States
of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa.
Last year the decline in Augttet was from 92 to 70, falling to 6 on the
first of October, tfie yield per acre falling to 53.5 bushels per acre, the
lowest^ever recorded, the highest being 110.5 in 1875, and the average of
eleven years 84.2 bushels per acre. As the supply governs the price,
the average was, of course, unprecedented, being 90 cents per bushel
in December, while higher prices ruled for a portion of the consumption
remaining at a later date. The lowest average December price in eleven
years was 38.9 cents in 1875, and the average for the period 56.1 cents.
The average value per acr^ for the same period, is 947.08. Snudl as
was the crop last year, the average price was $48.03, which has not
been exceeded in any season since 1874, illustrating the fact that par-
tial failure of a crop does not reduce the income received from it*
While this is true as a rule, it does not mitigate the hardship of indi-
viduid losses, which are distributed among the careless and unskfllfhl
farmers^ the enjterprising cultivators usually getting good crops and
high pnces, and reaping rewards instead of suffering damage.
COTTON.
In 1879 the area in cotton had reached 14,480,000 acres, by census
returns. The unofficial estimate of the undersigned, after a series of
official estimates, from 1866 to 1877, inclusive, was 14,500,000 acres
prior to the census tabulation. The following are his official estimates
for the succeeding three years :
StatM.
Virjrinl*
North Carolina
Soath CaxolinA
G«orglA
Florida :
Alabiuna
MiflsiJwippi
Loiiifliana .,
Texas ,
Arkanaaa
TenneMee
Other States and Territories
43 Aa
1881
Per
cent
107
99
98
95
99
96
95
94
105
94
97
99
97.4
Aeret.
61.985
1, 050, 543
1, 587, 244
2, 844. 305
260, 402
2, 534, 388
2, 233, 844
887,524
2,810.113
1, 110, 790
815.760
79,793
16. 276, 681
188L
Per
cent.
109
109
lOG
104
lO'i
103
104
103
108
103
103
105
104.8
Acres.
67,930
1,061,155
1, 619, 639
2, 994, 005
263, 032
2, 639. 988
2, 351, 228
944,174
2, 676, 298
1. 181, 692
840,990
80, 599
1880.
Per
cent
16,710,730
118
109
U2
110
105
110
1Q8
106
114
110
113
110
110
68,147
973,537
1, 627, 959
2,878.861
257.875
2,663.095
2,260,796
916,974
2,478,054
1, 147, 274
816.495
76,761
15,960,518
ii ;
674 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE.
i^»t
n I
! iri
3!
» :!
f ,
The increase was 10 per cent, in 1880, nearly five in 1881, and in
the present year a small decline is reported in every State except.
Texas, the largest in production, and Virginia, one of the smallest
TUo overflow on the Mississippi cansed some reiluction of area, and in
the other States a prevailing conviction that cotton had become com-
paratively too prominent for the highest profit in the distribution of
crop areas. While this conviction appeared to be general among intel-
ligent growers, the old habit of too exclusive cotton-growing was too
strong to etect much reduction. Similar views have been entertained
less generally for years, with a constant increase of cotton area. It i«
therefore not surprising that the reduction is only 2 or 3 per cent
The planting season was not favorable, temperature being low in
April and May, and moisture excessive, causing deficient stands, re-
planting, slow growth, and unthrifty appearance. With such condi-
tions, the aphis flouiishes and rust appears. The June report averaged
the lowest condition at that date since 1874. The July reiwrt showed
decided improvement, with condition within one point of the July av-
erage of 1877 and 1879, but not equal to that of 1880. It was noticed
that there was an entire absence of unhealthful conditions. The plants
were uniformly vigorous and thrifty, rendering possible a large crop,
with a continuance of favoring weather, wluch fortunately was enjoyol
in a high degree, so that the August return was 94 against 91 In Augnst
of the census year. In September 9^ waa reached, thasame as in 1880,
a figure higher than in any other September of the last ten years. In
October, after the first picking, when the effects of drought, storms,
and fioods, and ravages of insects are seen and calculated, there is
almost invariably seen a reduction in averages of condition. This year
the average was 88 against 66 in 1881, 84 in 1880, and 81 in 1879.
These figures give a good idea of the firuitfulness of these re8i>ectiTe
seasons at that date, though the ultimate result is modified by three
months of further development and harvesting. The indications of Oc-
tober were substantially those of November following, when the yield
per acre was given looking to a crop of 6,636,600 b^es of 460 pounds
of net lint, or 490 pounds gross. This is not given as an estimate by
the Statistician, but as the result of the returns of November carefully
revised and consolidajied. The final report, showing tiie conclosipn of
the picking at its close, is not yet made. The figures of yield per acre
make the following aggregates :
u
StfttM.
VlrprlnlA ^
Korth Carolin*
SoQth Carolin*
OeoTfriA
Florida
Alabama ...••...
MisMiiiflippi
LonlHiana • •
Texas
ArkaoMM v— --^ %'
TejiDeH9e«
MlMouri, Indian Territory, Aus
Total
AorM.
Yield
per
aero.
Ponndt ef
lint
61, MS
178
11,083.330
1,060,543
180
180.097,740
1.587,244
183
200.465.063
2,844,305
162
432, 334. 310
200,402
117
30,467.004
2.584.3«8
150
880, 158. 2N
2.2S3,844
100
887,534
285
208,56&14i
674 42?; m
2,810,113
240
1, 110, 790
28S
258,814.031
815, 760
170
138, 670. »•
79,703
180
14, 361 741
16, 276, 601
187
8,052,8r.MI
The serious injury justly apprehended from lateness and vigor of
growth did not occur. Killing frosts were everywhere later than osoalf
BEPOET OP THE STATISTICIAN, 675
yet loss of immatnre bolls, in some districts estimated at 10 per cent^
resulted in parts of Nortji Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North-
em Texas, and in a less degree in other States of the cotton belt. In
Northern Mississippi frost was reported twenty to thirty days later
than in average years. The weather has been generally favorable for
picking ; at many points exceptionally good. The reverse hjis been
tme in portions of Louisiana and Northern Texas, in some counties of
Arkansas, and other parts of the Sonthwest, from continued wet
weather. Losses from the boll-worm continue to be reported, mainly
west of the Mississippi. This insect has probably caused as^ much
damage as the caterpillar this season.
SUGAR PEODUCTS.
The season has been unusually favorable for the growth and matur-
ing of sugar cane, and one of the largest crops of recent years is as
sured. The Department returns of results have not yet been received,
as it is yet too early to obtain full data of the manufacture. The indi-
cations, however, favor an aggregate of the Louisiana crop exceeding
200,000 hogsheaos of sugar, probably not less than 250.000,000 pounds.
The sorghum experiment has resulted the present season in the pro-
duction of a good grade of sugar, manufactured at an apparent profit,
in three factories, one of which produced 319,000 pounds, an3 in experi-
mental production of small quantities at several points in the North-
west. The aggregate will exceed half a miUion pounds.
Beet sugar has been made successfully for three successive seasons
in California, at one factory. The Maine factory, which was in opera-
tion three years, producing in one season 1,200,000 pounds, and in
another 1^000,000 pounds, was obliged to suspend operations for want of
beets, which farmers, inexperienced in sugar-beet culture, thought they
could not afford to produce at the prices, viz, $5 to $6 x>er ton, the
average production being ten tons per acre.
The season has been favorable for the production of a good. quantity
of sorghum sirup, and the reports concerning quality indicate gradual
improvement in the methods of defecation and clarifying. There has
been a marked increase in area in some sections of the SouSi and West.
SEEDING OP WINTER GEAIN.
The returns of December relative to winter wheat and rye show a very
small increase of area. In the South there is little increase, except in
Virginia, North Carolina, and Texas. Kentucky and West Virginia
have enlarged their area, and Kansas ha« made some increase.
In some parts of the Middle States the atUtumn was somewhat too dry.
but the crop is generally in good condition. It is looking fairly well
throughout the South, though the sowing has been later thaa usual.
In parts of Texas the weather has been too dry, and the pressure for
cotton picking has been an obstruction in some districts. Ck>ndition is
^ood throughout the West, nearly up to the normal standard of full
vitality.
The Hessian fly attacked early sown wheat in Delaware. The fly has
injured some tields in the Shenandoah Valley and in Southwest Vir-
ginia. Frequent mention is made of similar damage in Tennessee and
Kentucky. In Ohio such reports are less frequent, yet the fly has made
its appearance at many points. In Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and
£[ansaB early sown wheat has been attacked, but the injury has not gen-
erally been severe, and is nowhere considered irreparablei
"
u ■
u
1'
i
]| ^ lit
1 1 I <
' -pi
, ^ t
; r,
il
I \
I 1 . i
676
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AaRICULTURE.
In the more Soathem States seeding was not completed on the fiist
of December, so that the present report cannot indicate fully the com-
parative area, which can be more satisfSEu^torily shown in the retora of
next April.
CONCLUSION.
The estimates of various minor crops of 1882 are not yet completed,
but will be given soon in a special report, together with the general
estimates of area and loc^l values, with deductions of yield per acre,
value per bushel^ per acre, &c.
The comparative numbers and value of the different farm animals
will be returned in January, 1883, and will be included in the saiae
report.
J. R. BODGE.
StaHsUcian.
Hon. Geo. B. Lorxng,
Commissioner,
M
REPORT
OF
THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
FOR 1882.
DEPABTMBNT of AaBIOULTUBEy
Washingtony D. (7., November 20, 1882.
To the PreHdent:
I respectfully submit the aunual report of the Department of Agri-
eiilture for the year 1882.
During the past season the work of the department has been vigor-
ously prosecuted on the line laid down in my communication of NoTem-
ber 25, 1881. I have made personal investigation of the condition of
farming in most of the great agrictdtural States of the Union, and have
been deeply impressed by the energy and skill with which the industry
is conducted and the manifest success which attends it, as. evinced by
the prosperous appearance of the lands and homesteads of th^ people.
I have visited as many of 'the agricultural colleges as possible, and have
endeavored to impress upon these institutions the desire of the depart-
ment to co-operate with them in their efforts to diffuse sound practical
information throughout the country for the benefit of those who are en-
gaged in conducting our great industrial enterprises and developing
the enormous wealth of our resources. And whenever an object of im-
portance connected with the industry which this department represents
has presented itself, I have employed competent investigators to explore
and reiK>rt. The liberally increased appropriations made at the last
session of Congress for the benefit of the depjartment have been used in
such a manner as seemed most promotive of the objects which that body
had in view, and the expenditures have been confined strictly to the
divisions and work for which the appropriations were specifically made.
Provision has been made for the care and protection of the valuable
collections of minerals, ores, woods, and agricultural products presented
to the department by the exhibitors at the Atlanta Exi)osition of 1881,
and in a temporary and convenient building on the grouAds of the de-
partment these collections have been admirably arranged for easy access
by tiiose who desire to witness the producing capacity of those sectionB
of our country which have ftimished the exhibits.
A new building is nearly completed for the storing and distributing
of the large amount of seed now provided by Oongress.
977
fiflp
) )
j.
!
ii
iJ
678 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE, 1882.
The success which attended the conventions held at the department
in January, 18S2, has induced me to call others in January, 1883, to
which representatives of the agricultural colleges and societies have
been called together for the purpose of discussing the most important
points relating to agricultural education, the auimal industry of the
tJnited States, and the cotton industry.
I have received through the State Department a communication &om
Hamburg, requesting this country to unite with the great agricultural
nations of Europe in an exhibition of domestic animals, and the varioiLB
methods of feeding and plans for shelter, in July, 188^, which I troBt
will receive the consideration of Congress.
DIVISION OF GARDENS AND GROUNDS.
The number of plants distributed since my last report amounts to
about 70,000. The seeming falling off in numbers from those of recent
y^rs is due to the reduction of the number of tea plants, that distiiba-
tion being partly met with plants from the tea nursery in South Caro-
lina. Compared with the amount of appropriation available for thia
I)articular work, the fiumber of plants propagated is large, and as they
are mainly pack(!d so as to be sent through the mail, a considerable
amount of labor is required. About 4,500 packages, averaging 15 plants
to each' package, necessarily involves much manipulation in their prepar-
ation for the post-oAce.
Attention is again directed to the necessity of establishing: branches
of this division in semi-tropical climates foi^the more extensive propa-
gation of semi-tropical plants. The demands of the country for plants
of this character for the purposes of experimentation are constant and
persistent, and a^ the department is at present situated in regard to
facilities and encouragement in the propagation of such plants, bat
little of essential value can be done;
The distribution of economic plants is prosecuted to as great an ex-
tent as^the capabilities and appropriations for this particular purpose
will admit Efforts towards the introduction of the tea plant are
vigorouslj' maintained. The tea plantation instituted in the spring of
1881 is progressing favorably. Several acres have been planted and
the plants are making a satisfactory growth, so that in the course of a
few years they will be in good condition to fairly test the question of
profitable manufacture, which is, in fact, the only point now awaiting
consummation, the question of the adaptability of climate to the mere
growth of the plant having long been favorably determined.
BOTANICAL DIVISION.
The work of the botanical division has been steadily pursued through-
out the year. Good progress has been made in preparing and mounting
specimens and incorporating them in their proper places in the herb-
EBPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AQBICULTURE, 1881. 679
ariuBiy thereby rendering available for study and consultation a large
nomber of new specimens.
The collection has been largely increased during the past year by the
purchase of plants from Florida, Arizona, Kew MexicO| Texas, and the
Pacific slope, and a few from other points. Several packages of Arctic
plants have been received through the Smithsonian Institution, and
numerous small packages from various persons, part as donations, part
as exchanges.
Packages of plants have been sent .out to individuals as exchanges,
also to persons making a special study of some order of plants, and to
institutions of learning. The work of describing and illustrating our
native j^rasses for the annual report has been contini^ed, preference
having been given to those species concerning which special inquiries
have been made during the year by agriculturists and stock-raisers.
Circulars making inquiries concerning the various species of grass
relied upon for hay and grazing were sent to tiie Southern States, to the
Pacific slope, and to the Territories. Much valuable information was
obtaiiied, a digest of which is given in the annual report
MICBOSGOPICAL DIVnSION.
During the past year- the .work of the division has been of the usual
varied character. Many microscopical examinations have been made
of bi^adstuffsi, milk, butter, cheese, sugar, glucose, oleomargarine, food
oils, lard, vegetable fisits, &c., and 1i^ some instances new methods dis-
coTered for the detection of artificial impurities in them.
Investigations have been instituted to disc6v6r, if possible, the pri-
mary ^cause of what is known as pear-tree blight, so destructive to the
interest of orchardists in the Korthwest, where sometimes a thousand
valilable pear trees are destroyed by this disease in a single orchard in
a season. A large collection of microscopic sections have been made
and mounted to illustrate the distinctive peculiarities of different si>ecies
of oaks. These investigations have a special commercial and botanical
value.
The microscopist has also made investigation for several divisions of
the department, and in some instances for the general government.
Correspondence has also been kept up with eminent European micro-
soopists as well as those of the United States, and specimens having
relation to the work of this division exchanged.
OHEMIOAL DrVISIOK.
The work of the chemical division has been devoted largely to investi-
gating the sugar-producing qualities of sorghum, beets, and other plants,
as provided for by Congress. The analyses of last year have been re-
peated, and many varieties of sorghum raised on the grounds of the
department have been subjected to careful laboratory examination.
I
f
:
■■» ,
»
I
If'
680 REPOBT OF TH£ COMMISSIONEB OF AQRIOULTUREy 1889.
The laboratory work of 1882 will be necessarily extended beyond the
time fixed for the issae of the forthcoming volume, and must therefore
be retained for a f atai-e publication. Thirty -five new varieties of sorghum
from Katal, India, and China have been subjected to daily examination,
and I am informed by the chemist of the department that preparation
is made for analyses of nineteen varieties of bagasse, four varieties of
leaves, twelve varieties of juices, twenty-five varieties of sirups fiom
sorghum, together with three hundred and fifteen vegetables, fifty sped-
mens of wheat, and twenty-five of soils, during the immediate future.
Fifty-four miscellaneous analyses, including minerals, spring and well
waters* peats, soils, cereals, shales, kaolins, fertilizers, tanning materials,
waste products of glucose manufiictories, marls, &c., have been performed
during the last season, and several hundred determinations of water,
nitrogen, and proximate principles have already been made on the veg-
etable samples enumerated, and an increasing amount of correspondence
has received constant attention.
At the request of the chemist of the department, I subnutted the sor
ghum analyses and work of his division to the Ifational Academy of
Sciences on the 30th of January last for investigation by thfA body. A
committee appointed for that purpose entered upon thdr work with
great zeal and energy, and their report, which was laid before me, was,
on July 21, withdrawn formally by the secretary of the academy, ^^for
such action as the academy may deem necessary." On the 15th of Ko-
vember current, the president of the academy presented to me the final
report of that institution, a long and elaborate document, containing a
review of the history of the sorghum industry for twenty-five years, a
statement of the scientific investigations made in this country %ad in
Europe into the quality of sorghum and maize as sugar-producing plants,
a careful examination of the chemical work of the d^artment, a large
volume of testimony received £rom sugar manufiEM^turers, and certain
suggestions with regard to future investigations and tile work of the
department. This report is evidently the result of infinite care, and
has been subjected to careful revision, and I trust it will be found a
valuable text-book for those engaged in the sorghum sugar industry. As
a review of the successes and failures which have attended this industry,
it is invaluable. As a guide to those who are engaged in it, it contains
all the important results that have thus far been obtained by the chemist
in his laboratory and the manufacturer in his null. This report, together
with a most voluminous appendix, making an interesting mass of matter
far too large to be inclosed in the £uinual volume of the department for
this year, will be issued at an early day as a special publication.
The business of manufacturing si^gar from sorghum at the depart-
ment having failed in 1881, and having furnished discouragement rather
than information to those engaged in it, I have called upon the sorghum
manufacturers themselves for such information as they could furnish in
an accurate manner, for the benefit of the industiy they represent I
BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGBICfULTUBE, 1889. 681
have also made the same request of the mannfaotarers of sugar from
beets. I have received assurances from nearly a hundred manufacturers
that they will contribute to this work, and I feel confident that I shall
in this way receive a great amount of valuable information.
I have endeavored from the beginning of my connection with the
department so to conduct the work performed here as a part of that
interesting investigation into the value of sorghum now going on in the
field of the farmer, and the mill of the manufacturer, and the laboratory
of the chemist, as to secure for what appears to be a growing industry
all the information which unprejudiced science and tiie best practical
skill can provide; and I trust the knowledge I have gathered will, when
published, be found to be of value.
ENTOMOLOaiOAL DIVISION.
The work of the entomological division has progressed satisfactorily
during the year. The report of the entomologist includes observations
on many insects that have attracted attention during the year, while
special study has been given to those affecting the principal staples.
Yet the observations on these form but a smaU part of the work of the
division, since unpublished notes of observations and experiments have
been made on 590 diffierent species more or less injurious, ^.nd about
which littie or nothing was hitherto known, while many additions have
been made to our knowledge of the habits of species that had previ-
ously been but partly studied.
The chief staples have during the year suffered comparatively littie,
as a rule, from destructive insects. Yet many serious complaints have
come from several sections, and the ent(Mnologist has given particular
attention to such, visiting the localities that suffiored either personally
or by proxy.
The aggregate damage done to our products by injurious insects is
enormous, and few fields of inquiry promise more substantial and prac-
tical results than systematic and intelligent investigation into the habits
of these tiny marauders, and the best means of counteracting their
ravages. As an evidence of the interest in and appreciation of the
work which the department is doing in this field, some 2,500 letters of
inquiry have been received during the year, most of them requiring
full replies. This correspondence consumes a large share of the time
of the entomologist and his assistants.
The United States Entomological Oommission has ended its field
work and has weU-nigh completed its office work. The third report of
the Commission has been finished and placed in the printer's hands,
and the fourth, which is a re\ised edition of Dr. Biley's report on the
cotton worm, has been delayed so as to include the practical results ob-
j tained during the present year. The fifth, which is a revised edition of
' Dr. Packard's report on the insects affecting forest trees, is in course of
'; preparation.
683 BBPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF kQBICULTUmtj im
■|
In addition to the aboFO documents seyeral bulletins on important
insects are being prepared, as also a bibliography of economic ^to-
mology, and a special report on the insect diseases affecting the orange.
Special agents under the direction of tbs entomologist have be^i en-
gaged in several widely separated parts of the country making ob-
servations and experiments on species affecting the orange and the
cotton interests ; while a party has explored the northwest regions of
the United States and British America with a view of obtaining data
in reference to that scourge of the West, the Bocky Mountain locust
The conrse of exploration was through Dakota and Montana to Fort
HcLeod and back down the South Saskatchewan yia. Winnepeg — the
object being to depart £rom beaten routes and to make excursions, by
the way, into the great plains. The results of the journey warrant the
conclusion that the destructive insect is yet in altogether insufficient
liumbeis in these, its natite haunts, to threaten any serious migrations
or ii\jury to crops in the more fertile States to the southeast.
Dr. Kiley has for some years past made it a point to endeavor to
collect such data as would warrant anticipation of locust injury or im-
munity, and the anticipations, as set forth on repeated occasions, have
been verified in a remarkable degree.
The fanners of the West have, therefore, so far as the data obtained
warrant an opinion, the pleasing assurance that their cro^s will not
be ravaged by locusts in 1883.
The army worm appeared in injurious numbers in several of the
Atlantic States, and its advent the present year was also anticipated
by the entomologist, who endeavored, through the columns of the agri-
cultural press, to prepare farmed for the visitation. In like manner
timely information in reference to the cotton worm was disseminated
among the planters of the overflowed districts of the Mississippi Valley
in anticipation of possible injury, and the subsequent immunity from
injury was no doubt largely due to the preparation for meeting the evil
in its incipiency which planters in consequence made. Important im-
provements in the machinery used in poisoning this insect have been
made, and the interesting and mooted question as to whether or not
the parent of the worm survives throughout the year within the limits
of the United States has»been definitely settled in the affirmative.
Among other subjects worthy of mention in connection with the ento-
mological division is the introduction and cultivation of the pyrethrums,
which are known to have such great value as insect destroyers, and the
powder from which is variously sold under the names of " Persian In-
sect Powder,'' "Buhach,'' &c. The entomologist has ascertained by
experiment that preparations of this plant'may be used successftilly in
the field against several of our worst insect pests, and its cultivation
over as wide an area as possible is, consequently, most desirable. A
circular giving information about the two 8i)ecies having this virtue-was
accordingly sent out, with seed that had been imported from Russia and
SBPOBT OF TU£ COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE^ 188S. 683
the Oaucasns. The experience so far had by the lecipients of the seed
is, on the whole, most encouraging, as is also that had at Washington,
where plants of both species, grown from seed sown in the fall of 1880
and spring of 1881, flowered profusely and gave a powder equal in its
insecticide qualities to any previously tested.
DISTRIBUTION OF BREDS.
Tabulated statement showing the quantity and kind of seeds issued from the seed divisionf
Department of Agriculture^ under special appropriation act of Congress passed April 11,
1882, of pOflOO for the flooded districts south,
DESCRIPTION OF SEEDS.
PAokagM.
Vegetables 414,886
Field com 48,644
Field peoae 26,957
Field beans 1 3,964
Field miUet... * r. 14,348
Field cotton..^ 159
Grand total 508,058
RECAPITULATE.
BenatoTs and Members of Congress 1,068,479
State agricnltoral societies 7,588
Btatlstioal correspondents 269, 177
Special appropriation 508,958
Misoetlaneons applicants 552,274
Grand totals 2,396,476
TahuJated statement showing the quantity and kind of seeds issued from, the seed division^
Department of Agriculture, under the general and special appropriation acts of Congress
from July 1, 1881, to June 30, 1882, inclusive.
Description of seeds.
Tegetables . . .
nowcra
Herbs
Tobacco
Tree
Sunflower
Opinm poppy
Pyrethrum - . .
Grapevine...
Strawberry...
Tea seed
Coffee
es
107
86
15
7
3
1
1
1
5
4
1
1
^
fl a
SO
09
I
•
0 '
"Tj
0
o
I
(C
Si
g.i
S5
l'
H
eB
9
1
1
i
1
%.
CO
OQ
CO 1
p.
cS
Is
CO
^
Paekoffet.
719,855
75,627
62,447
381
10,246
14,029
54
435
Paekaget. Packages.
150,943
8,327
4
835
159
90
6
Package*, : Paekaget.
414,886
366,020
100,498
212
19,983
535
166
48
2,017
678
806
^
n
n
684 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF AGBIOULTUBE, 1809.
TahulaUd tUUement showing the quantity and hind of 8eed» %$$ued from ike $eed dtoitioUf
Department of Agriculture-^onianuedM
Description of leedi.
niLD tXKDa.
WhMt »
o»u
Cora ..., ^..
Barley •
Backwheat
Bye ^.-
Sorghnm ^.•..
Sagtf-beet
HADgel wnnel . .^•..
Gnu
Clover ,
Cow-pe*
BiohArdsoniA scalnm .
Borate •.>.••.■•••••..<
MiUet
Bioe.
Tnndpi, ipeeUl israe
Beenai ipechJ iaene ..,
Peaae, special issue. ..,
Cotton
Hemp.
Has..
Jute ..
Bamle.
15
5
13
Paekag€$.
52,847
40.684
19, 081
20
8,503
32
2,877
6e3
279
5
2
1
1
1
85,700
6
h
16
«
s
s
OQ
Packages,
6,084
1,408
64
8
20,287
54
e
8
I
OQ
i
Padiagei. Padkaget.
33,232 i
12,619 I
15,230 48,644
is
s
5,162
10,274
692
85
39
997
139
67
16
8
2
85^000
21
Orandtotal | t 1,058,479
7,588
269,177
14848
8.964
M,967
150
Packagtt,
5,788
20.563
9,942
4.715
659
3,503
1,416
66
2.883
828
138
43
5
2
4«
10,103
46
12
10
s
g
97.161
75,274
02,897
aos
13.389
1Q,96»
6; 572
1,801
115
4,106
1,»4
14,350
48
76. 7W
8,964
26^967
30^773
K
12
10
508.958 ; 552,274 2,390^471
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.— WOBE OF THE VETEBIKABY DI-
VISION.
The fikilnre of the com and hay crops last year resulted in the loss,
daring the following winter months, of large numbers of farm animals.
Since the opening of spring and the reappearance of grass, however, the
past season has been an exceptionally favorable one for all classes of
domestic animals. If we except Texas fever of cattle, no widespread
epidemic has prevailed among any class, and the aggregate loss from
disease will be less than in many former years.
Oontagious pleuro-pneumonia still prevails among cattle in the States
heretofore infected, but the area of the infected territory does not seem
to have been extended during the year.
i
BBPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE, 1882. 685
An outbreak of disease occurred in a large herd of cattle in Oulpeper
County, Virginia, in October last. It was thought to be Texas fever,
and Dr. Miller, a competent veterinarian, was directed by the depart-
ment to visit the locality of the outbreak and afford such relief as was
in his power. On his arrival he found but two animals remaining on
the place, and they were reported as being in a healthy condition.
A number of cattle had died, and in order to protect himself fro^fi
further loss the owner had shipped all those that showed no evidences
of disease to the Baltimore cattle market.
From all the information the inspector of the department was able to
glean respecting the symptoms of the malady and post mortem appear-
ances of the animals, he was led to believe that the disease was conta-
gious pleuro-pneumonia, or lung plague. However, as he saw no sick
animals and had no opportunity of making a post mortem examination
himself, the identity of the disease must remain in doubt.
A number of both acute and chronic cases of lung plague were found
by the inspectors of the department during their examinations of the
past season in the States of New Jersey and Maryland. In the early
part of the season a few cases were reported from Pennsylvania, caused
by the importation of diseased or infected cattle from Maryland.
Texas fever of cattle prevailed over a wider extent of country during
the season just closed than for many years. But few of the northern and*
border States escaped its ravages. The department sent members of the
veterinary corps toa number of localities in Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio,
Illinois, and Kansas, where the disease was reported as prevailing in a
most destructive form, for the purpose of instituting sach precautionary
and preventive measures as would most quickly suppress the malady by
preventing its further extension* In addition to this the department
issued special report No. 50, which it widely distributed among the
farmers and stock-raisers where southern cattle are usually grazed dur-
ing the summer and fall months. This monograph contained, in addi-
tion to the report of Dr. W. B. E. Miller, a valuable paper from the pen of
Dr. D. E. Salmon on the best means for controlling the contagion by the
prevention of its further extension.
In addition to investigations of sporadic outbreaks of disease in widely
separated localities, those employed by the veterinary division have con-
tinued the investigation of fowl cholera, swine plague, Texas fever of
catUe, and a number of contagious diseases incident to sheep, with a
view to determining their cause and the discovery of a remedy or pre-
ventive for the same. Dr. Detmers has spent the greater part of ihe
year in Texas in the study of the x>eculiar fever which seems to have its
home in the bodies of cattle raised in that State, and of some of the more
destructive contagious diseases that yearly destroy thousands of sheep
in the extensive ranges of the South and Southwest. The experiments
with contagious diseases generally are of a very delicate nature, ,and
the results sought necessarily of slow attainment. This seems esp&oiaUj
'
}
[13
.1
t
1,1
I
5
i
t
I
i
■:;
686 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AQRICULTURE, 1808.
the case with Texa« fever of cattle, bat as the end Boaght is one of siidi
great unportance to the fiitare cattle interests of the conntry, the small
sam annually expended in efforts to discover the true vinis of the mal-
ady will be considered of no consequence in comparison to the great
benefits which must result should these efforts eventually be crowned
with success.
While Dr. Salmon has been studying the nature of the contagions
and infectious diseases which are so fatal to the various species of live
stock in the different parts of the country, in order that we may know ex-
actly what causes them, how this cause is distributed firom place to
place, and what are the most efScient and practical means of destroying
it, he has had another and equally imx)ortant object in view.
It is now certain that with most of these diseases the living animal
may be brought into a condition to completely resist the effects which
usually follow exposure to the virus; that, strange as it may appear,
animals may be rendered perfectly safe though they are exposed on
every side to the germs of our most fatal diseases.
From the first he has been endeavoring to perfect the means of ob-
taining this desirable result, and although the investigation has been
an extremely difficult one, some very satisfactory discoveries have been
made. A new and very practical method of lessening the efRdcts of the
most virulent \irus has been developed, which is very manageable with
chicken cholera, and which it is believed is applicable to other diseases.
Inoculation with such attenuated virus is only followed by a slight
local irritation, and when this subsides the individual is found to have
acquired a very complete degree of insusceptibility. As soon as the
details concerning this are worked out it will be possible to furnish
vaccine firom the department with which the farmer in different parts
of the country can inotect his animals from, certainly, a number of the
plagues which are now so destructive, and it is hoped that this will be
true of all the important ones.
The experiments with Texas or Spanish fever of cattle seem to have
demonstrated very conclusively that this disease may be suooessftilly
inoculated by using material obtained from the spleen of siok oattloi A
peculiar microcoecus has been found in this material and cultivated out-
side of the body, but in such cultivations it loses its virulence. Bxper-
iments will soon be undertaken to learn the reason of this, and to dis-
cover, if possible, a vaocine that will protect the cattle exposed to
infected pastures. The investigations of the year have shown that a
large part of the State of Virginia is permanently infected with this dis-
ease, and that cattle from this district are as dangerous as those ttom
Texas. It was ignorance of this fact that led' to the enormous losses of
cattle in that State during the past summer.
The extension of the territory permanently infected by this plagn^ a
fact first established by the investigations of this department, has been
abundantiy confirmed ; the border line of the dangerous district is ad*
REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP AGBICtrLTURB, 1882. 687
yancing across the previously healthy country at the rate of from one
to four miles per annum.
Notwithstanding the importance of this fact the people most directly
interested hare scarcely suspected it, and much less hare they attempted
any effiective means to check such extension. It is believed that the
investigations now in progress will clearly outline this district and will
furnish sufficient data bearing upon other points of the question to en-
able the interested States to make intelligent and effective laws for
I holding this dangerous plague in check until we learn sufficient in re-
.gard to its nature to enable us to attempt its extermination with some
hope of success.
What has been discovered by the investigation of this disease cannot
fieu} to be of the greatest value, not only to the affected district but to
the country at large. It has been generally supposed that the only cattle
capable ol intectlDg northern pastures were those from the neighbor-
jhood of our South Atlantic and Gulf coasts from South Carolina to
'Texas; but it is shown that this dangerous district has advanced until
jit includes nearly all of North Carolina east of the Blue Eidge, and has
even crossed the James Biver in Virginia.
It has never heretofore been doubted that the contagion of Texas
j fever was destroyed by frost and could not survive the winter in sections
I where freezing weather occurred; but it is now demonstrated that this
: view is incorrect, that in many parts of the infected district it resists
^ severe winter^, and that as it advances northward this power of resist-
j ance is gradually increased.
These extremely important facts show the necessity of continuing^this
. investigation until we have acquired the means of controlling, if not of
, exterminating, the contagious disease which are on the increase among
; our animals, and which threaten to destroy the great advantage which
the £eu:mers of this country have heretofore enjoyed in the live-stock
industry. Detailed reports of the results of the work undertaken and
prosecuted during the year will be submitted hereafter.
The call upon the department for veterinary investigation, during the
year 1882, has been very great. Th^ sudden and unaccountable out-
break of disease among domestic animals has been a matter of great
anxiety in many portions of the country. As the number of our cattle,
horses, sheep, and swineincreases, the outbreak of contagious diseases
•also increases. The annpal disturbances, moreover, incident to the wojfk
and confinement to which all classes of animals are subjected, which
are held in immediate domestication, also increase as our popfilation
grows more and more dense.
To meet the calls which this state of affairs creates, I have been
obliged to depend on such temporary and outside service as I could ob-
tain. The absence of a well-organized veterinary division has been
severely felt in the department, and it is of the utmost importance that
such a dividon should be established, in which all investigations can
^fflll
♦H !• t I
: In
688 REPORT OF THE COMBHSSIONER OF AGRIOUIiTUREy 1881
be directed by a competent head, and on which the owners of live stock
can call for coansel and aid. It is important to know the precise extent
of existing disease. It is important to know how to ^ard against the
spread of contagion and how to provide for its removal. It is important
to know, if possible, the most economical remedies for disease, and how
best to avoid the vast annnal loss of animals from bad treatment and
exposure. It is important also to ascertain, by the most careful inves-
tigation, the breeds best adapted to different localities and pari>oses in
our country. To do this a well-organized division of veterinary inqniry
and animal industry in this department is absolutely necessary.
DIVISION OP STATISTICS.
The division of statistics has pursued its general and si>ecial lines of
effort, during the year, with new energy and persistence. Following »
year the most disastrous to production known in the recent histoiy of
American agriculture, it has been the more difficult to mark accurately
resulting changes in area and production of the present season, whidi
has been one of extraordinary character, threatening throughout the
planting season another year of comparative failure, firom supersatora-
tion of soils and river overflows, and thenceforward repairing continn-
ously the early loss of condition by seasonable moisture and requisite
sunshine, with little deterioration from storm or flood, drought or insect
depredations.
From Maine to New Jersey on the Atlantic coast, an exception oocun
in the prevalence of drought through the months of July and August
The unusual lateness of killing frosts crowned the record of the season's
favors and secured a medium to full supply of all the various crops of
the farm.
In recent years the aggregate production of cereals has reached a
maximum of about 2,700 millions of bushels. Last year it fell nearly
to 2,000 millions. The present crops, with some increase of area, will
make nearly 2,700 millions. It is too early for the complete estimates
of the year, but the results will be close to the following figures, which
are given in connection with those of 1881 and the census results for the
year 1879.
i,
CerMda.
r
Com
Wheat
Oats
Barley
Eye
Bnokwheal
Department of Agrioaltnra.
ISO.
-Ptifftrff.
1,635,000.000
610. 000, 000
470, 000. 000
45,000,000
20.000.000
12,000,000
2,692,000,000
188L
BuahOs,
1,194.916^000
888,280,080
41«, 481,000
41,161,880
20.704,950
9,486^200
l; 060^028, 570
1S78.
l,7M,88tStf
456^47«.Stf
407. 861^ IN
44,lU,4tf
11,817.0
XW!,9m,m
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE, 18S8. 689
There has-been an increase of com in the South, bat in Illinois and
Iowa- a decline.fh>m th^ census crop of more than two hundred million
bushels. The average yield per acre of corn will be nearly 25 bushels,
about two bushels less than an average. The yield of wheat will be
about ISj^'bushels per acre, or 1} bushels more than average. The prod-
uct of ootton will probably equal that of the year 1880 (which was the
largest ever made) and may slightly exceed it) approximating seven
million bales.
A plan for completing and perfecting the system of crop-reporting,
for which appropriation was made at the last session of Congress, has
been put into operation, with initiatory results which promise success.
It includes the appointment of State statistical agents, each at the
head of a corps of reliable and judicious correspondents, who n^e
simultaneous return, on the first of each month, both to the agent and
the department. The agent is further charged with any spfscial inves-
tigation that may from time to time be required, and with the collection
of results of local experiment, and any Valuable facts illustrating the
progress of agriculture.
The design is, by establishing a permanent system of efficient and
prompt ooUection of current statistics, to be able to present instantly
and accurately the current changes in crop areas and conditions, and
in production of breadstufE^, meats, industrial products, and all results
of agricultural labor.
In obedience to requirement of Gongress, there have been published,
for three months past, statements showing the through rates of trans-
portation by railroad and (Steamboat companies on all the principal
routes, including the great trunk lines, the Pacific roads, and the north
and south roads, and the coast lines of steamers upon the principal prod-
ucts of agriculture.
The local rates have also been given on all the prominent lineS| and
speeial freight rates have also been given, 'the railroads have re-
sponded with satisfEM^tory promptness, furnishing freely their through
and local tarifBs, freight classifications, routes, and connections, and
other information concerning their roads.
It has been found necessary to establish a European agency for col-
lection of statistics showing prospective demand for American prodi\cts,
especially of grain and meats, for the information of flEirmers of the
United States. This agency promises great efficacy and utility. Its
headquarters is established at the office of the consul-general at London.
FORESTRY DIVISION.
A report from the forestry division was laid before Congress on May
12y 1882, and has been printed. It deals with the care of forests ui^on
the public lands, exx)eriment stations for forest culture, meteo^^^ss^N^s^^
observations witii the view of determining the infiuence of Co^^^®^ ^^^
dimate, the statistics of forest products used %& \aaiKai!^\a3»X^>*^^^ '^
44 Aa
•
*
111
690 ftSPOKT OF THE COMHIBSIOKKB OF AQRICULiTUBE, tBHL
eat flre0, insect rayages, experiments in timber planting upon the eol-
lege-farm, at Lincoln, Kebr.^ forests in Europe, and the expensive and
wasteful use of timber as a fencing material. A report has also been
submitted on European schools of forestry, and forestry exi>eriment
stations. Large numbers of circulars have be^n issued asking for infor-
mation with regard to railroad ties, and the answers returned are being
e:(amined and arranged. Oitcnlars have also been issned inquiring into
tree-planting in the prairie States, the trees selected, and the method <tf
management.
The Hon. F. P. Baker, of Topeka, Kans., has also been employed to
investigate the condition of forests in the prairie States, and in the re-
gion lying west of the Mississippi and east of the Eocky Moniitaiud.
I'his preliminary report has been made, and contains valuable views
upon the timber-culture act, the po&sibility of forest ctilttire in the far
West, with a sketch of what has been done, and some suggestions as to
what should be done. Mi*. Baker tirges th^ absolute necessity of imme-
diate action by Congress in regaid to the timber-culture act, to make it
effective. He proposes to visit the regions where forest ^r^ have done
so much damage and investigate the causes, and the best means of con-
trolling them. This report will be published as a special, and laid before
Congress at an early day.
▲BTESIAN WELLS.
In accordance with suggestions made by the OdihmisMoh eidptoyed
last year to select proper locations for artesian wells, the Hon. Horace
Beach and Professor White, two of those Commissioners, were employed
to select what seemed to them proper placed for boring the wells. They
have located a well 112 miles easterly from the city of Denrer, upon gov-
ernment land, near the station of Akron, on the Burlington and Mis-
souri Bailroad, in Colorado. A second well has been located 177 miles
southeasterly from Denver, upon government land, near the line of tlie
station of Cheyenne Mills, on the Kansas Pacific Bailroad. Each loca-
tion has been niade with reference to the probability of supplying water
to good lands, and so as to be usefhl, if Isuccessfhl, for irrigating par-
poses and the watering of stock. Agreements have been made for
the supply of water for engine tise in drilling, with the railroads alluded
to, free of charge. The sites selected have been withdrawn from entry
under homestead, pre-emption, and timber acts.
Contracts have been awarded to James A. Fleming ft Co., of Denver,
Colo., for the sum of $14,000, for drilling both wells to the depth of
2,500 feet each, if required, the contractor to furnish all the materials
necessary to do the work and to pay for the labor employed. The wells
are divided into sections, as follows: The first thousand feet and the
balance of the 2,500 feet into ^00 feet sections, the Dex>artment of Agri-
culture retaining the right to stop the work at any distance below 1,000
feet, and pay pro rata for the distance bored. The machinery has been
placed on the ground, and the work of drilling has already commenced.
BBPOBT OF THIS COlIMI88ldl!tES OF AGBICULTUBiBy 1881 691
WOOLS IKD FIftBB0.
The report of Dr. McMnrtrie on wools and fibers has been presented,
and, in connection with a paper on the subject prepared by Miss Olara
P. Ames, of Boston, and fdtWarded to this Department by Hon. Edward
Atkinson, will soon be pablished. tn connection with the examination
of the fineness of fiber a careftd; study has been made of the internal
strncture of the fibers of pure bred and grade sheep to determine the
differences arising firom breeding and management, and their effect
apon the streh^h, elasticity, and ffilting properties. The iniattumentB
for testing the wool fiber hare been greatly improved^ and the experi-
ments entered upon by this division of the department are of great in-
terest. It is intended that the testing 6f cotton fiber will be pursued
in the same ihanner.
DBPAItTMEKTAL BBP0BT8*
In Edition to the aniiaal report of the Department for the year IdSO
and 1881, of which 300,000 copies each were ordered printed, the fol
lowing special and miscellaneous reports have been issued since July 1
1881:
0PKCIAL REPORTS.
Ko; of copies printed.
No. 34. Contagions di9ea8e8 of domestic animals. 39l pp., octavo. Dlustrated. 50,000
No. 37. Condition of crops, Jane and July, 1881. 24 pp., octavo . ..•••• ...... 10,000
No. 38. Conditon of crops, Angnst, 1881. 24 pp., octavo 10,000
No.39. Condition of crops, September, 1881. 30 pp ....• 10,000
No. 40. Condition and needs of spring- wheat cultnre in the Northwest. By C.
C. Andrews. 100 pp., octavo 10,000
No. 41. Estimated production of cereals of the United States for the year 1881.
8 pp., octavo 10,000
No. 42. Report on the condition of winter grain, nnmher and condition of farm
animals, &o., April, 1882. 82'^p., octavo 10,000
No. 43. Beport on the condition of winter grain, the progress of cotton and
com planting, rate of wages and labor, &o,, May, 1882. 20 pp., octavo.... 10,000
No. 44. Report hpon the licreage and condition of cotton, the condition of aU
cereals, and the area of spring wheat, ^c, Jane, 1882. 14 pp., octavo..^. 10^500
No. 45. Report upon the Urea and condition of com, the condition of cotton,
and of smaU grains, sorghum, tobacco, &c., July, 1882. 33 pp 11,000
No. 46. Report upon the condition of cotton, of spring wheat, fruits, A.c.^ also
freight rates of transportation companies, August, 1882. 54 pp., octavo 11,000
No. 47. Climate, soil, and agricultural capabilities of South Carolina and
Georgia. By J. C. Hemphill. 65 pp., 1882, octavo l0,000
No. 48. Silos and ensilage. A record of practical tests in several States and
Canada, 1882. 70 pp., octaVo 15,500
No. 49. Report upon the condition of com and cotton, of potatoes, fruits, Ao,^
also freight rates of trausportation companies, September, 1882. 48 pp.,
octavo 11,000
No. 50. The dissemination of Texas fever of cattle, and how to control it, 1882.
14 pp., octavo 12,000
No. 51. Report upon the yield of small grain, condition of com, cotton, potatoes,
and tobacco ; also freight rates of transportation companies, Octobex.>'S^^-
58 pp., octavo — >a..^5f5l^
No. 62. Report on yield per acre of cotton, com, potatoes, and other_^je^^- ^aRS^"^>
with comparative product of fruits ; also local freig,\i\tT«AjQi% «A Xx'SkS^^'^^^^^^ V^^
companies, Novembeii 1882 . — .. — . ..•••. — ^ •••»•• •«•«.«• — «« • •.•.•^'-^«*^
*I
4l
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i
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692 ftEPOBT OF THE COHMUNSIONES OF AGBIOULTURE, 188S.
1EUOSLLA1IBOX78 BXPOBT8.
Frelimixuury Report, Commiasioner of Agrionltnie, 1881. 58 pp., ooteTO...... 6^000
Fertilizers : oo-operative experimenting M » means of studying the effeoti of
fertilizers and the feeding oapaoities of plants. By Prot W. O. Atwater,
1882. 33 pp., octavo 1,600
Florida ; its climate, soil, prodaotions, and agricultural capabilities, 188L 96
ppi 10,000
Beport on the climatic and agrionltoral featores, and the agriooltiiral praotioe
and needs of the arid regions of the Pacific slope, Ac, 1882. By £. W. Hil-
gard, T. C. Jones, and B. W. Fomaoe. 182 pp • ^•..•... 8,500
Proceedings of a convention of agrionltorists, held in the Department of Agri-
enltnre, Janoary 10 to 18, 1882. 204 pp., octavo v 10,000
Artesian wells apon the Oreat Plains : being the report of a geologioai oom-
mission appointed to examine a portion of the great plains east of the Bookj
Moontains, and report apon the localities deemed most favorable for tn^ving
experimental borings, 1882 ^ 3,500
In addition to the above, there has also been prepared the following reportSy whiek
win be published as soon as the necessary funds are available :
The meat question analyzed. By Dr. G. Sprague, Chicago, 111.
Account of field experiments wiUi fertilizers. By Profl W. O. Atwater, FIl D.
Beport of the proceedings of the convention to promote the sheep and wool Indus-
try held in Philadelphia, Pa., September 22, 23, and 24, 1882.
DISBUBSma OFFIOB.
The following table exhibits in condensed fonn the appropitetioii^
made by Ck)ngre68 for this department, the disbursements and unex-
pended balances for the fiscal year ending Jnne 30, 1882 :
Title of appropristi&ii.
SalAriM — — — • •«•••
Colleotiiig itatistics :
Lftborfttory * ^..—
PnrohaM and dlstrilmtioii of Talpi(ble peedi
ExperimenU in the onltoro of tea ,
Ezi>eriinental garden
Hoseam •....•••.
Fnrnitore, oaeee, and repsin s ,
Amount M^
propiiAtea.
Amoontdle*
boned.
Library
loveeognting the history of ineeots
Examination of woola and other animal flbera.
InTeetigating the diaeaaea of awin^ fto
Reclamation of arid and waste landa
Report on forestry .-.•.. .^.a
Contingent expenses — .
Improrement of grounds
rraosporting, Ac, agrienltaral and mineral specimens from
Atlanta, CRi
Pnrchaae and distribntion of seeds to overflowed districts.
* Bxperiments in the mannftMstnre of i
sngar
BaQding foe the display of agrienltaral Implements.
Printing and binding
179^500 00
10,000 00
6,000 00
80,000 00
10,000 00
7,000 00
1,000 00
4^000 00
1,000 00
20,000 00
6,000 00
25,000 00
10,000 00
5,000 00
4,000 00
10,000 00
8,000 00
5,000 00
20,000 00
85,000 00
10.000 00
11,000 00
170^491
10.000
.5,811
70,901
8.743
6,008
1,000
4,000
073
10.908
5,000
22,443
10,000
4,941
4.000
10,000
8,000
00
85
5S
97
25
00
00
85
94
00
80
00
00
00
00
00
20.000 00
82,838 75
10,000 00
9»156 4a
u
xtois
847
81,75
is'is
IM
2»59IU
4,10814
ximi
1,00 SB
•This appropriation has been ezhansted sinee the doee of the last llseal jtnr.
Very respectfully.
GEO. B. LOEING,
Commissioner of AgrieuUmre.
INDEX.
Aggreffate of orop« for 1881. 678.
Agnomtnre of the Paoiflo slope, 17.
Agrionltaral CooTention for 1883, 678.
Department, proper work for thOi 7*
experta, 651.
JgroiUi CDoroia, 246.
mUfrophyllaf 246. ^
AMa x^Una, 152.
destroyed by boll worm, 149.
Alfalfa^ 232, 236.
description of, 235.
Allspice or pimento, ^.
Aloes, 221.
Ammonia for scale insects, 118.
Analysis of AJopeoyrui pratensia, 549; 550.
Analyees of beans and pods, 564.
com, 565-568.
feed-stnfTs, 553.
grasses, feed, fodder, yegetablee, ^ko., 548L
peats, 547.
poison sago {Zjfgademui ptmioidaHt)f6€I.
soils. 546.
sorghum, 568-570.
Tegetables, 555.
wheats from Colorado, 557.
sorghom and maize, 387, 412.
ayerage of, 414-451.
Andras, Johk C, experience in silk-worm raising, 70.
Andropogenf 238.
Animal fibers and roots, examiliation of, 17.
Animals, domesticated, contagions diseases of^ 22.
Anoma ek&rimolia^ 216.
»qitanimo$af 216.
AfUkonomuB qtuidrigibbuSj rayages of, 64.
Anthrax among cattle in New Jersey, 359.
or charbon, 372, 375.
AphodiuB lutulentu9f 65.
Apple maggot, 195.
report on, by Isaac Hicks, 196.
N. W. Hakdy, 196.
Apple tree bark-lice, remedy for, 96.
Appropriations, condensed table of, 25.
Aqnapult force-pump, 112, 114.
Aria aanihonioidety deacnption of, 249.
Army worm, 89-94, I7y.
account of invaRion of the, in 1881, by Rev. S. LoCKWOOD, lOL
farmers forewarned of its advent in 18d2, 6^,
injury from the, in Illinois and Indiana, 96.
to clover, 102.
inyasion in New Jersey, 101.
marching of the, 103.
meteorological influence on, 95.
moth, 104.
natural enemies of, 99.
predictions, 95.
remedies, 94, 96. 97, 104, 105.
reports from corT6H}>ou<ients, 99.
report on, by Mr. L. C. Howard, 97.
J. W. Sparks, 97.
•npposed appearance in New York, 179.
■■: p " 1 1
69i
i
II
I ■
n^
Jtrrlkettat^erimi' avefMoeMM, 240.
Arrowroot, 226.
Arsenio for cotton worms, 158.
Artesiftn wells, work on in 1881, 6, 16.
1882,690.
Ashy-gray lady-bird, 204. 205.
AssesBors. incomplete return of State, 647.
Atlanta Exposition, provision made for collections of the, 677.
Avena fatua, 2:W, 235, 250.
BadllM, 272.
anthracis, 270, 329.
rw6fi7w, 270, 329.
Bacteria, 2Cl-2(i<5.
Bacterium y how existin":, 279.
Barley, report on, by the statistician for 1881, 595.
1882, 671.
Barlow, J. G., on chinch-bng injury in Missouri, 88.
injnry by wheat stalk Isosome, ISj^
Barnard, Prof. W. S., new machine for applying poisoni 169.
Bayberry tiX5e, '225.
Beard grass, 246.
description of, 254.
Beet sugar, 25.
Beeves, advance in price of, 614.
Bermuda ^rass, 2:32, 239, 241, 242.
Bill-bugs, injuries to com, 1:J9.
Bisulphi(le of carbon for scale insects, 117, 125.
Black Media, description of, 254.
Blast of the rice, 136.
Blood-red ladybird, 205.
Blount, Prott A. E., on habits of Lygacu$ recHvatiUf 66.
Blue grasH, Texas, 231.
BoDDiB, J. W., ou identity of com worm and boll worm, 146.
Boll worm, alias com worm, particulars of, 145-150.
report on, by Judge L. Johnson, 150-152.
Botanical Division, work of the, for 1881, 9.
1882. 678.
report of, 231.
Bouftlonaj 237.
Breeding and mro of farm animals, 375.
iJromeZia,. varieties of, 216.
Bromu$ unioloideSf 231.
Bruchun pisi, 66.
Buchloe dacfyloideSj 237, 245.
Buckwheat, report on, by the Statistician, 596.
total production, acreage, and value o( 60&
Buffalo grass, 237.
Bulbous melic ^rass, description of, 251.
Balletius on injurious insects, 62.
Bunch grass, 234, 236.
description of, 247, 248, 252.
Burning as a remedy for army worm, 94.
chinch bug, 89.
corn-hill bug. 140.
cotton worm, 167.
Cabbage worms, effects of pyrethrum on, 85-87.
CaJamagroHtes sylruticay 247.
Calandra (jranaria and orvzce in seed com, 65.
HDXZ. CM
Cereal crops of the United States, 67.
Cereals, aggregate estimated prodnction of, for 1882, 682.
average yield of, by States, 632.
increased prodnction of, 630,
Cerocoocua quercusy 213.
Chaff-scale of the orange, 106 to IIQ.
experimenta on, 120-126.
Charhonf or anthrax^ 372.
Chemical Division, work of, 11.
additional work of the, 535.
Cherimoyer, the, 216.
Chemist, report of, 379.
Chinch-bug, 64, 65, 87, 88, 137.
coiTespoDdence regarding, 88.
found on blasted rice, 137.
injury in Illinois and Missouri, 88.
Chilo cramhidoidedj 134.
varieties of, 133, i:i5, 139.
Chinese tallovr-tree, 222.
Chios turpentine, 228.
Chocho or cluiyoia root, 222.
Chocolate plant, 218.
Chrysopa feeding on scale insects, 129.
Cinnamon tree, 224.
Clisocampa americanay 64.
Clover-hay worm, 100.
report on, by L. W. Day, 120.
leaf beetle, 171 to 178.
re])ort on, by £. A. SCHWARZ, 173.
Clover, small yellow, description of, 254.
Cloves, 235, 236, 238, 239.
Clove tree, 222.
Coal oil. Bee Kerosene,
CoccineVa ^noiata var. califomicn, 206.
Coccinellidaiy as enemies of scale insects, 109,204.
Cocoons and eggs, sales of, 69.
Codlin moth, 66, 195.
Colorado bottom grass, 238.
Commissioner of Agriculture, report of, for 1881, 6.
for 1882, 677.
Comparison ofPMeum and Trifoliutny 551.
COMSTOCK, Prof. J. Hknry, report on miscellaneooB inaeots, 195-214.
Contagious diseases of domestic animals, 22.
mediral treatment of, 312.
progress in prevention, 307.
fevers, cause of, 258.
pleuro-pneumonia, 352, 376.
Convention of agricoltarists, 7.
Cork tree, 223.
Com, analysis of, 565, 568.
and corn-meal, quantity and valae of, exported, 586.
sorghum as fodder plauts, 564.
distribution of, in 1879 and 1881, 581.
Egyptian, 564.
Com, prodnction and consumption of, per capita of 1880, 583.
of, by States in 1882, 669.
ten largest producing States of, 585.
total production, area, and value of, 580.
yield of, for 1882, 668.
Com-hill bug, 13^^140.
report on, by L. O. Howard, 139.
Com worm, see Boll worm,
habits of, by Prof. E. M. Claypole, 147.
identity of, with boll worm, by Prof T. GlX}VlBR, 145.
Correspondence on entomological subjects, 64 to 67.
Cotton, production of, in 1882, 674.
report on, by the Statistician, for 1882, 673.
Cotton industry, acreage of, 622 to 630.
grow til o^ 621.
womi, addreas on, by C. Y. Rilbt, 153.
fi
rW
'}.■
iii I
I*
J!'
i
t
1 ♦ .
696
IHDBX.
Cotton worm, damage by, 153, 163, 164.
hibernation, 166.
machine for sprajinff, 159.
natoral history of, 154.
planters forewarned of adrent oi^ in 1882| 688.
possible food-plants for, 164.
protecting the crop from, 157, 158.
remedies, 157.
Crab grasB, 238, 239.
CramKA8f varietiee of, 79 to 183.
Creosote. oU of, 116, 117, 123.
Crop estimatee for 1881, 598.
summary of, 605.
history, official, for IbBl, 579.
reporting, plan for, 669.
Crops of 1881, 577.
1882,667.
Orypiui sp. parasite on Cramhu9f 181.
Owmmla Flea-beetle, effects of Pyrethram on, 85.
Cwimma lonpa^ 219.
Cat-worms m Missonri, 66.
DaeiyUi fhtMraiu, 240.
DdotylcpiM, note on the stmctnre of, 214.
Ikm&omia ea^fomiot^^ description of, 252.
Datama miaittra, effects of Pyrethmm on, 85, 87.
Departmental reports since July, 1881, list of, 691.
jDstMia maoalAtit, ii\jnries of, in Missouri, 67.
i>iMno<2l«im, 238.
Digest of information on grasses, 234.
DisDOZsing office, amount disbursed by, in 1881, 25.
in 1882, 692.
Diseases among horses in Illinois, 355.
of domestic animals, 684.
DUHohUa ffiorittma, description of, 252.
Eggs, silkworm, sales of, 69, 73.
Mniiine Indica, 238.
Elm-leaf beetle, the great, 66.
El^ui, 234, 241.
eonienaatu8f description o^ 253.
tHUcaidet, 252,
Ensilage, 571.
analyses of; 572.
oomposition of, 573.
Entomologist, report of, 61. ^
Entomological correspondence, 64-^.
Entomological Commission, third, fourth, and fifth reports of, 681.
work of, for 1881,63.
for 1862, 681.
division, work of, 11.
EnModUc eercbro-meningitis among horses in Texas, 363.
causes of the, 368.
duration, mortality, and treatment, 370.
morbid changes, 367.
Briooma oiupidato, 23.'>, 247.
Mrodium oioutarium, 2^^, 245.
JSugenia pimenta and acria^ 225.
European statistical agency in London, 667.
Exoaoaria itMfera^ 222.
Exhibitioii of domeAtio animals in Hambnrcr. 678.
INDEX. 697
•
Feeone grass^ smAll, desoription of, 252.
Featuea Bodbrtllaf 234.
»{oro«(aoAy«, descriptioii of^ 253. •
Fibers, animal, 17.
^ cotton, experiments on, recommended, 19.
Foot and month disease, 30, 33.
introduction and spread of, 39.
Forestry diyision, work in reference to, for 1881, 16.
1882, 689.
Fowl cholera excrement, virulence of the. 273.
germs, virulence of, retainea, 274.
mveetiffation of, by Dr. Salmoit, 272.
medical treatment of^ 281.
sulphuric acid as a disinfectant of, 273.
virus, attenuation of, 283.
^ cultivation of, 275.
effect of acids on, 280.
how birds susceptible of, become insusceptible, 288.
insusceptible succumb to the disease, 289.
insusceptibility of, 290.
amount of chemicals required to produce, 299.
influence of the narcotic on, 295.
narcotic of, 295.
not diffusible, 272.
indefinitely preserved in earth, 273.
prevention of, 376.
susceptibility and insusceptibility, 285.
Freight rates, monthly report of, 667.
Fruits and plants, semi-tropical, introduction of, 8.
work recommended for, 8.
Fruit trees, apparatus for spraying, by S. F. Chapin, 208.
Gam4uid mite found on diseased nee, 137.
Gardens and grounds, work in the division of, in 1881, 8.
1882,678.
General index to sorghum and maize reports, 528-535.
Grain, seeding of winter, in 1882, 675.
Gramme grass, 237.
Grape-berry moth. 67.
Grape culture andf wine making, 19.
vine plume, 67.
Grapes, thrips on, 215.
Graphical charts of sorghum, 414.
Grasses, digest of information received on, 234.
experiments with, 242.
by 1. 1. Barclay, 243.
D. P. HURLKY, 243.
P. M. MOORBHOUSE, 243.
experiments with, in different States and Territories, 844, 24&
for Texas, 231.
figured, description of, 246.
in bloom, average composition of, 552.
Grass worm, injurious to rice, 138.
Hamburg exhibition of domestic animals, 678.
Hay production, acreage, and value of, 597.
report on by the Statistician, 597.
miiotJUi armigera, 98, 145, 149, 150.
report on, by L. Johnson, 150.
Herd grass^ 2:^.
Herva^ varieties of, 217.
Hessian fly, 172.
Hop medic, description of^ 254.
Mordmtm pratentey 241.
Horses, diseases among, in Illinois, 3.^.
emeodHo oerebra-meningiiis among, in Texas, 363.
MymMMpttrou9 parasites of scale insects, 109.
MjfptratpidiM$ oocddivwoua destroying scale insects, 109.
Jtee gigomtea and other varieties, 217.
Ii^urious insects, bulletin and report on, 62.
Inoculation experiments, 260.
JriiJhrmUiiM, Sfi^.
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ii
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f
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L<ace-win«ii: ny teediiig on bcale iosects, lUil.
Lac insects, '209.
Lady -bird of the Cactvs, 20o.
avibiguou8, ''20G,
ashy-gray, *2()4.
blood- red, 205.
Lady-birds aa enemies of scale insects, 109, 204.
Lambs, mortality am<m(r, in-Missonri,374.
Levamina^ characteristics of, 106.
Lee-chee tree, 220.
Lespedera striata, 238.
Letters to Veterinary Division, ettracts from, 371 to 377.
Lightning tree hopper, 193.
Lime water as a remedy for Catalpa Sphinx, 191.
Live stock, estimated number and value of, 611.
markets, 661.
Locust, Rocky Mountain, data in reference to, 682.
London purple for cotton worms, 158.
Long scale of the orange, 106, 107, 109.
effect« of kerosene on, 114, 120.
parasite of, 110.
Lubber grasshopper, injuring rice, 138.
Lucern,^2.
Lye as a remedy for scale insects, 65, 118, 207.
Machine for spraying from below, 160.
Machines for applying poisons, 156, 159.
Macrosila b-nrnculatOy 193.
Maggot of the rice plant, 130.
Maize, available sugar in juice of, 503.
Manikot utilissima and aipi^ 227.
Manual of silk culture, preface to, 74.
Maranta arundintioeaf 226.
Marsh grass, description of^ 252.
Meadow barley, 241.
oat-grass, 240.
Mealy bngs, note on structure of, 214.
Medicago denticulate ^ 2;^, 245.
lupulinay description of, 254.
iativa, 236, 237.
description of, 255.
Melioa huTboaa and imper/eotaf description of, 251.
Merigot force-pump, 208.
wLm 4^n ^^ w^ 9 ^ ^% *>m'W*^> 4
0/<:
nroiz. C98
Ifnlberry tree, new, 73.
Marvite, as remedy for scale insects, 127.
MiKtca domeaticaf cascr^ and atamoxys^ BO.
JidyrisHoa moachataf 225.
Kational Academy of Science, Report on Sorghum, 680.
ifemorasa leucanice, 99.
Nephelium liichi, 220.
violans, 179, 182.
Noctuid larvie injurious to HUgar-cane and corn, 64.
Ab/rt, varieties of, 187, 188.
Notodonta oandnna, eli'ects of pyretbruni on, 87.
Notes of the Season, by Miss M. E. Murtfkldt, 66.
Nozzles, improved, for applying xuiisons, 156,169.
Nntnieg tiee, 225.
Oats, report on, by the Statistician, for IB^-^l, r)94.
foi l^d2, G70.
total production, area, and value of, from 1871 to 1881, 594.
estimated productions of, by States, for 1882, 671.
Obscure Acridium on rice, 138.
Ocellate leaf-gall of red maple, 202.
Oecantkus nivena on grape-vines, 66.
Oethus sp. injuring chulas, 65.
Oil of creosote as remedy for scale insects, 116.
fungus disease, 117.
experiments with, 123.
saponaceous compound of, 117.
Onddcres cingulatusj girdling English walnut, 65.
Orange basket-worm as enemy oi scale insects, 116.
scale insects of, 106.
report on, by H. G. Hubbard, 106.
Orchard grass, 235, 540.
Orchelimum glaberrimum ovipositing on rice planta, 137.
Orris root, 229.
Osage orange sphinx, 193, 194.
Oyster sliell scale, 106.
Palms, the sago, 220, •
Fanioum jumen tommy 245.
sanguviale and Texanumj 238.
Paris green tor cotton worms, 158.
Farlatoria pergandii, 107, 109, 120.
Paspalum aratumj 231, 239.
Pathogenic bacteria, 259.
Peats, analyses of, 547.
Pempeliaj varieties of, 142, 144.
Pepper, 229.
Phakellura hyalinitalis injuring squash vines, 64.
Phosphoric acid in fertilizers, 535. t
action of reagents on, 539, 543. ^
Pkyllaxeraj scarcity of, in Mis.'^ouri in 1881, 67. ^
PhytonomuSf varieties of, 171-178.
Pimento f 225.
Pin grass, description of, 253.
Piper nigrum, 229.
Piitachio nut, 227.
terehinthuBj 22S.
Plearo-pneumonia, and foot and month disea«»e, by Prof. Chas. P. Lyman, 30.
final report of Prof. Chas. P. Lyman, :i52.
in New York, report on, by Doctor Hopkins, 43.
New Jersey, report on, by Doctor Millku, 45.
Doctor CoRLis, 46.
Maryland, District of Columbia, and Virginia, report on, by Doc-
tor RosK, 51.
Pennsylvania, report on, by Doctor Gadsden, 47,
Plum ourculio bred from gooseberries, G6,
in Missouri, 66.
slug, 66.
Plueia Inraanca, 82.
effects of pyrethrnm on, 87.
Plutella oruciferarumf effects of pyrethrnm on, 87.
Poa araohnifera, 231,240.
M/i/'omui, description of, 252.
wm
TOO
Inl-
. ... , ..tfaaoeof. in
Poeeilof)ttrapnii»o*a, 193.
PoboniDg tit amtf
1,96.
ootton wonn, 155, 156.
PoUoDj, impioTod maehinM ftiid □ozxlee for applying, 106, 160.
Pol]ipoffo% MMupeli«i<«i«, deaoriptioii of, 246.
Pomaoe flies, li«,ii01.
PopnlatioDL, o«niii« of, In the United StetM, 644.
Potk puking, report on, b; the 8t*tistloi»Q, 649.
Poaoible food-plante for the oottou worm, 164.
PotMh solntiaiu for aoale i)ueot«, 126.
Potato crop Cor ISSl, 579.
PotatoM, pcodaetioD, acreage, and ralae of, fcoin 1S71 to 1B81, 697.
( report on, bj the fitati«tioiaii, for ISHl, 597.
fur 1892,672.
Fntty pomaoe fly, 301, 203.
JYocri$ «ieri«aiiiii, inJnrieB of, in MiBsoiiri, 67.
Prodaota of the lontn, 8.
Pi)rckoiuf])lM«|^m«ni«, iuJurinE grape-TinM, 67.
Piuplo aoale of Iha orange, 107, 109, 115.
experimenta oo, 130.
poraoitee of; 110.
Pjrethmmy 76.
advantages ot, aa an tnteoticide, 79.
aloohoUo extract, 80.
oanoaolan specieH, history of, 77.
ohtmuiafolwm, 7ti, 77, 83, B4, S5.
OoltiTatTon of, at Washington, D. C, 78.
Bailroad
Franco, 78.
1882,683.
Dalmatian, history o^ 77.
decoction of, 81.
different inseota differently affected by, 79, 86.
diaadrautagee aa bo insecticide, 79.
diatribation of see<i by tlie department, 76.
experienoe with raising the plant iu America, 81.
Washington, D. C, B4.
axpeiimenta on Tarious insects, 85.
by Miss M. E. MDRTFKUrT, 8G
fhmea of, 80.
hiatory of the plant, 77.
inaeots not a little affected by it, 79 86, 87.
keeping the powder, 79.
modes oflipplioation, 79.
preparation of the plants for nse, 78.
pnlvericing the flower beadfi, 78.
reports from correspondents as to growing the plant, 61.
mporta npon oulti nation, 8i to 84.
on tea, by Prof. E. W. HiLflABD, 81.
■ncoewfhl raising in Wauhioglon, 74.
Talne as a general insecticide, 79.
water, iDlutioD of, 80.
boifding, 664.
Rtti.if.li and temperatare for 18S1, 453 to 456.
comparison of 1880 and If
efliMst of heavy, after long dronght, 458.
lUapberrv sing, 66.
Bed top, 835.
false, 246.
Kemedies for apple maggot, 196.
apple-tiee bark lice, 66.
bUl bugs, 140.
boll worm, 16L
INDEX. 701
Remedies for oatalpft sphinxf 192.
qhiBOii bDffs, 88.
doTer-leafbeetle, 1*77.
cotton worm, 1^.
oeeanihua kivtuSj 66.
pKomace flies. 201.
rioe grab, 128.
rloe-Btalk borer. 134.
scale insects, 65, ll2, 206.
smaller corn-stalk borer, 144.
rM<ib<md erambu9, 181.
wheat-stalk iwaoma. 185.
Report of artesian wells, by C. W. Whitb and S. Aughet, 27.
Botanist, 231.
Commissioner of Agricnltnre for 1881, 5.
1882,677.
Chemist, 379.
Dc. Gadsden on plenro-pnenmonia in Pennsylyani^ 47.
Dr. Hopkins on plenro-pnenmonia in New York, 43.
Dr. Miller on plenro-pnenmonia in New Jersey, 45.
Dr. RdsE on plenro-pnenmonia in Maryland, District of Colombia, and
Yirc^raia, 51.
Entomologist, 61.
on HeUMiB armigera, by Lawbxncs Johnson. 150.
miscellaneons insects, by Prof. J. Henry CfoMSTOCK, 195 to 214.
of observations upon the army worm, 97.
on plenro pnenmonia — foot and month disease, by C. P. Lyman, 90.
scale insects on the orange, by H. G. Hubbard, 106.
of superintendent of gardens and grounds, 215.
on tea plftnt culture, by Wm. Saunders, 23,
of veterinary division, by Drs. Salmon and Dbtmsbs, 257.
Reports to be issued on iigurious insects, 62.
Rescue grass, 231.
Eku9 wHaria, 219.
vemic^fera, 219.
Rioe, report on, by the Statistician, 647.
Rioe grub, report on, by L. O. Howard, 128.
stalk borer, report on, by L. O. Howard, 133.
white blast, report on, b^ L.'0. Howard, 137.
JE(amdlea micrapteraf ixguring nee, 138.
Rose slug; 66;
effects-of .pyrethmm on, 65, 86.
Rye, report on, by the Statistician, 596.
total production, area, and vahie of^- 596.
Sage, or sedgd grass, 237, 238.
Sago palms, 220.
SaU grass, 237.
description of^ 252.
Saponaceous compound of creosote, 117.
kerosene. 127.
Scale insects, apparatus for destroying, by S. F. Chapin, 207.
cnafif scale, characteristics of, 107.
characteristics of the species^ 106.
desfmction of the three species, 107.
difficulty in destroying, 108.
disappearance on accoutN; of undue multiplication of, 111.
enemies and parasites, 109, 124.
hymenopterous parasites, 109, 110.
Lady-bird, 109, 204.
mites, 109.
experiments with remedies, 65, 120, 207.
in California, 65, 207.
on destroying, by BIathsw Cooke, 65, 208.
period of growtl^ incubation and migration, 107/ 108.
recovery of infested trees, 110, 111.
remedies, 65, 108-120, 127, 206, 207.
sudden increase in the number, 110.
tables of experiments, 120.
vitality of eggs, 109.
Scaraburida pl$ure$Uotif olutfioteristios oi^ 129.
ti«"
70S niDEz.
Bra WMda M fertfliten, 544.
8«ed, bnilding for norintt and diHtrlliatian of, S77.
diBtribation, tabolar atalemeat of, in 1881,- 13.
1883, 6S3, 684.
nuder specikl •pproprfsUoa, 1<
BMding of winter gnia In 1883, 675.
BelanJna n«a, eSeoti of pjntlmiia on, 65.
Bioillmn nim»c, '219.
Eilk oaltui«rS7, 6a
Amerioui silk exohuifS, 68>
aasooiations, 68.
boaineM TSDtnrM In, 73.
Caucasiui malbenr ti
"-^- ■ ■ "■'' 1
„= Jf the depmrtm
egga and oooooui, Bal« of b; Um. 30BX Ldcas, 6
Mleaof, 73.
hatobod aX the department TL
importanoe of home market, 68.
prodnctton, 70.
the raw material, T9.
Id America, by E. Fariiach, 68.
Vtn. Theodorb H. HnTKix, 70.
Ladiei' Bilk Asxociatioii, At SpHng Hill, Alft., 68.
Hannal of Ihttruution, 74.
mnlberr; treee for sale, 73.
otMtaclen to, in America, 74.
protective doty recommended, 7S.
reporta from corre8]>ondent«, S>-71.
silk guild of Yokohama, Japan, 71.
guminary of, 74.
want of ready market for cocoona, TS.
women's aaeooiationa for, 63, 68, 73, 76.
wonnfl fed on morit Maf (ioanlil, 69.
oaage orange, 70, 72, 73, T&.
iSIpwiiu a4lt«aa, feeding on oorn, 66.
Smaller comslalk borer, 142-146.
Sorghiim analyaee, liGd to fi70.
and poIariEatlon, 485.
daplicat« teata made in, 46S.
in IBOi ego.
method of. 465.
and oomatnUu, work done on, 379,
maiie onaiyaee of, 3»7-412.
ftTerage reeults for IP79, 1880, 1881. 4R1, 506.
developmenta of, in height and stagra, 466.
average ef, 414-451, 459, 462, 4«.
jnicea, specific gravity o^ 493.
grapbical ehait, 414.
bii^rapby of, 624.
canee, analytical proceea for the examination o^ 488.
comparison of, with tugat canf, 4.5.1.
Sorgbnm, compaiiaon of analyses and pniariKatloil, 473.
oomparative results from Suckered and nnancfcer«d, 4M.
dangeia bnia Buckeis, 4G1.
of miiiDR mature with Immatnre, 468.
effect of fivst upon, \i^ to 461.
expense of, by Dr, C. A. OoEssUAim, 486.
experimente in defecation, 4U1.
with amall mill, 478.
General Indei of ClirmiBt's Reports on, 62&
kalapntr, «!, 232, -230, 241.
investL):ation of BUgar in cut oanea, 489.
Juive, 512.
acidity of, 513.
snal}-Hia of, 501.
efleot of aiiiiinc water to, 490.
iuioea and sirups, poUrlzMion of, 4T9,
INDEl. 703
Sorshom, period of working, 477.
relative len^h and height of diffiprent Tarieties, 497.
report od manafacture of, by J. S. Hartet, 522.
H. B. Parsons, 523.
seed, composition of, 499.
statement of the farmer as to raising, 523.
sagar, amount manufactured and cost of rtiaking, 20.
available, meaning of the term, 462.
causes of failure, 610.
effect of Ume upon, 518.
importance of a good mill, 516.
lost in the begasse, 517.
manufacture of, 500.
manufacture of, 519.
reports upon, from manufacturers Of, 680.
result of operation with, 20.
' value of imxK)rts in 1879, 462.
web worm, 187 to 189.
report on, by J. P. Stelle, 187.
Southern cattle fever, investigation of, by Dr. Salmon, 258.
SpaUuiopais suffuM^ 131.
Special bulletin on injurious insects, 62.
fpkenophonu coBiipennis. 138-141.
phinx, atro]^9. narriHi and kageMf and others, 85, 189, 193, 1^.
State statistical agent, 667.
Statistics of agriculture, method of collection and exposition, 577.
Statistical division^ work of, for 1881, 14, 666.
1882, 688.
recommendation for the, 16.
and its work, by J. B. Dodge, 666.
Statistician, report of, 577.
Staining fluid, anilene, preparing, 263.
Steamships with diseased cargoes of cattle, 35 to 38.
Stipa, 234, 238, 248.
Sugar from beets, 25, 675.
Sugar cane, report on, by the Statistician, 647.
beetle, 128.
products for 1882, 675.
Sulphate of iron as a remedy for scale inHiects, 118.
Sulphuric acid as a remedy for scale insects, 118.
Sunflower beetle, 128,
Sweet sop, the, 216.
Swine plague, causes of comparative mildness of, 318.
expeiiments,' 325.
with individual animals, 324.
prophylactics, 330.
results of, 342.
fourth report on, by Dr. DETBiSRS, 316.
in Arkansas, 375.
Michigan, South Carolina, and the Southwest, 376.
investigation of, 316.
by Dr. Salmon, 267.
means of prevention, 344.
morbid changes of, 332.
prevention of; 376.
treatment of very sick animaL), 352.
Tamarind tree ( Tamarindus indiciu), 216.
Tea of pyrethrum, 81.
plant, cultivation of, 5, 20.
tree, Paraguay, 217.
Temperature and rainfall of 1881, 453 to 456.
comparison of, 1880 and 1881, 456.
Texas blue grass, 231, 240.
description of, 252.
cattle fever in 1881, 372.
1882, 685.
grasses for, 231.
Iheohrama oucao, 218.
Thrips on grapes, 215.
rice plants, 137.
704
Mi
M
'I
;h
, I
Tifor ^tles on oloyer fields, 178.
Timothy, ^, 236.
Tiiieid moth deitroying scale insects, 109,
JHeXiimaf measures recommended in relation to, 24.
in swine, 42.
TriHtuo^eemuum and iubtpioatum, description of^ 249.
IHfoliwn pracumbeM, description of, 254.
lUbereuioBis, 373.
IWmsrio, 219.
Twice-stabbed lady bird, 205.
jiypA<M/iiiiuita, feeding on com, 65.
united States Entomological Commission, work of, 63.
National Mnsenm in connection, 63.
Vaccination, jPasteub's method oil 307.
Dr. Saxjion's method of, 310.
Vagabond erammu, 179 to 182.
Vanilla aromattca and planifolia, 228.
Veterinary division, work o^ in 1682, 684.
in this aepartment, importance of, 687.
Veterinary report, 257.
surgeon, work of, 6.
Vine-loYing jramace fly, 198 to 201.
Wages, transient, in harvest, 642.
Water solution or pyrethrum, 80.
weevil, 130 to 132.
identity of, with the maggot, by Col. John Scrxtzr, 130.
possible cause of the bltuS, 137.
report on, by L. O. Howasd, 130.
Wax insects, new species of, 213.
WhaleH>il soap as a remedy for scale insects, 116, 122.
Wheats, distribution ofl according to population, 588 to 591.
history ot by Professor Blount, 659-561.
isosoma. 18^-186.
of North America, average conl^osition of, 562-563.
product and value of, for eleven years, 586.
production of^ in different States, 592.
estimated fbr 1882, 670.
quantities and value of, exported, 694.
seeding of, 636.
proportion of drilled, and advantages of drilling, 636.
stalk insect, by Prot G. H. French, 184.
Statistician's report on. 586.
. westwi^ movement or, 592.
White blast of the rice, 136, 137.
Wild oats, 233.
pea vines, 238.
xye grass, 236, 241.
Wine maldngand grape culture, 19.
Wire grass, &7.
Wools and animal fibers, examination o(^ 17.
reports on. 691.
Yellow clover, smaU, description o^ 254.
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