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PRESENTED  TO  THE  LIBRARY 


OF 


PRINCETON  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY 


BY 


|VIps.  Ale*andei»  Proudfit. 


v.  i 


i*« 


r 


•* 


i 
UNIVERSAL  BIOGRAPHY; 

CONTAINING 

A  COPIOUS  ACCOUNT, 

CRITICAL  AND  HISTORICAL, 

OF  THE 

LIFE  AND  CHARACTER,  LABORS  AND  ACTIONS 

OF 

EMINENT  PERSONS, 

IN 

ALL  AGES  AND  COUNTRIES,  CONDITIONS  AND  PROFESSIONS. 

ARRANGED  IN  ALPHABETICAL  ORDER. 

AUTHOR  OF  THE  CLASSICAL  DICTIONARY. 
IN  TWO  VOLUMES- 

VOL.  I. 


NEW-YORK: 

PUBLISHED  BY  E.  SARGEANT,  86  BROADWAY, 

OPPOSITE  TRINITY  CHURCH-. 

1810. 


Printed  by  D.  &  G.  BRUCE, 
Slote-Lane. 


TO 

THE  RIGHT  HONORABLE 

CHARLES   ABBOT, 

SPEAKER  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  COMMONS, 

fyc.  £$c.  fyc. 

SIR, 

J.  HE  attempt  to  delineate  the  character  of  those  who 
have  distinguished  themselves  by  their  genius,  their 
services, or  their  virtues,  may  modestly  claim  the  notice 
of  the  learned,  and  of  the  great.  In  the  pages  which  I 
have  the  honor  of  presenting  to  you,  among  the  many 
who  are  entitled  to  the  praises  and  gratitude  of  posterity, 
there  are  not  a  few  whom  integrity  as  well  as  talents,  and 
perseverance  as  well  as  success,  have  raised  to  high  emi- 
nence. While  we  view  with  interest  and  with  respect, 
the  glorious  achievements,  and  the  honorable  labors  of 
the  departed  great,  we  can  dwell  with  pleasing  satisfaction 
on  the  survivors,  and  rejoice  that  the  present  times  have 
not  sunk  in  comparison  with  the  heroic  exertions,  the  vir- 
tuous deeds,  and  the  patriotic  efforts  of  our  forefathers.  It 
will  be  the  office  of  biography  hereafter,  to  celebrate  the 
superior  virtues  of  these  exalted  characters,  and  among 
them  your  name  will  shine  with  peculiar  lustre.  Your 
Contemporaries  may  admire  the  disinterestedness  of  your 
conduct,  the  zeal,  the  abilities,  the  moderation,  and  the 
firmness  with  which  you  guide  the  debates  of  the  most 
illustrious  of  all  assemblies,  they  may  re-echo  the  unani- 
mous applauses  of  the  whole  empire,  wrho  have  seen  you 
repeatedly  and  honorably  raised  to  the  chair  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  but  it  will  be  for  the  future  biogra- 
pher to  appreciate  your  real  merits,  to  separate  the  per- 
son from  the  office,  and  to  view  you  distinguished  by 


4  DEDICATION. 

unshaken  integrity,  by  wisdom  of  counsel,  by  indepen- 
dence of  character,  by  sincere  devotion  to  the  greatness 
and  glories  of  the  nation,  actuated  by  the  purest  princi- 
ples of  senatorial  impartiality,  and  respected  not  more 
for  dignified  public  consistency,  than  for  the  amiable  and 
endearing  virtues  of  private  life. 

Long  may  you  enjoy  the  distinction  to  which  your 
merits  have  elevated  you.  Long  may  you  adorn  the 
chair  of  the  Commons,  and,  as  you  are  the  first  in  rank, 
so  may  you  continue  the  first  in  the  high  pre-eminence  of 
virtue  and  of  public  services,  and  contribute  the  power- 
ful assistance  of  your  abilities,  and  of  your  example,  to 
support  the  spirit,  and  animate  the  loyalty  of  the  nation, 
and  prove  to  the  world  that  Britain,  though  surrounded 
with  unparalleled  dangers,  has  not  degenerated  from  the 
patriotism,  and  the  independence  of  former  ages. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  the  greatest  respect, 

Sir, 
Your  most  obliged 

and  devoted  Servant, 

J.  LEMPRIERE. 


PREFACE. 


X  HE  advantages  which  a  biographical  work  offers  to  the  reader  are  so 
numerous  and  so  important,  that  it  is  hoped  every  endeavor  to  enlarge  the 
knowledge  of  mankind,  and  impartially  to  develope  the  character  of  those 
who  have  contributed  to  the  happiness  or  to  the  calamities  of  the  world, 
will  be  received  by  the  public  with  indulgence  and  candor.  More  minute 
than  history,  biography  regards  the  person,  the  acquirements,  and  the  con- 
duct of  the  individual,  and  cursorily  passes  over  thuae  more  general  details 
of  public  transactions  which  are  more  properly  the  object  of  the  historian's 
research.  While  in  the  history  of  nations,  and  in  the  political  changes  of 
states,  the  reader  views  the  consequences  of  successful  intrigue,  of  diplomatic 
dexterity,  or  of  military  prowess,  it  is  in  the  details  of  private  and  of  domes- 
tic life  where  he  seeks  for  instruction,  and  for  the  minute  documents  which 
may  conduct  his  footsteps,  and  hold  out  the  lamp  of  experience  to  warn 
him  against  the  dangers  of  ill-directed  passions,  or  of  misguided  ambition. 
In  the  following  work,  every  character,  it  may  generally  be  said,  has 
been  included  which  might  have  strong  claim  on  the  notice  of  posterity, 
either  from  public  notoriety,  or  from  lasting  celebrity.  Those  who  have 
benefited  their  fellow  creatures  by  their  exertions  either  in  the  walks  of 
science  and  literature,  or  in  the  improvement  of  the  polite  arts,  in  the 
extension  of  commerce,  or  in  the  useful  labors  of  industry;  or  those  who,  in 
the  field  of  honor,  have  fought  with  superior  valor  for  the  glories  and  for  the 
independence  of  their  parent  state,  all  are  strongly  entitled  to  the  gratitude 
of  mankind.  Those  likewise,  whose  vices  and  crimes  have  rendered  them 
too  celebrated  in  the  annals  of  time,  have  a  claim  to  the  notice  of  the  biog- 
rapher ;  and  though  to  pass  over  the  foibles  as  well  as  the  enormities  of  his 
fellow-creatures  might  be  a  pleasing  omission,  yet  the  sacred  character  of 
truth  requires  that  the  irregular  passions  of  men  should  be  curbed,  by 
observing  the  fatal  effects  and  the  everlasting  disgrace  which  misapplied 
talents  have  produced,  and  the  many  calamities  which  the  indulgence  of 
criminal  desires  in  public  life,  as  well  as  in  domestic  society,  has  always 
entailed  on  the  world.  To  be  useful,  we  must  paint  impartially  the  conduct 
of  individuals,  whether  laudable  or  reprehensible ;  and  those  who  have  cau- 
sed the  miseries  of  their  fellow-men,  are  to  be  held  up  to  public  notice,  and 
to  public  detestation,  that,  in  their  history,  if  we  cannot  find  consolation, 


6  PREFACE. 

we  may  at  least  discover  those  striking  lessons  of  instruction  and  of  precau- 
tion with  experience  never  fails  to  afford  to  the  sober  and  the  contemplative 
mind. 

While,  however,  the  desire  of  gratifying  curiosity  has  been  fully  permitted 
to  prevail,  it  must  be  observed,  on  the  other  hand,  that  great  and  remarka- 
ble characters  only  can  be  entitled  to  more  minute  details.  In  this  particular, 
the  assistance  of  judgment,  and  the  rules  of  proportion,  are,  in  a  composition 
of  this  nature,  materially  essential.  It  is  within  the  general  observation,  that 
voluminous  works  have  been  written  todevelope  the  history,  and  to  portray 
the  characters  of  many  who,  as  public  men,  have,  by  their  intrigues,  their 
labors,  or  their  virtues,  commanded  the  general  attention  for  a  long  course 
of  years  ;  and  it  is  equally  known,  that  even  not  a  few  of  those  whose  great 
merits  have  but  shone  upon  the  world,  and,  like  the  momentary  dazzling  of 
a  meteor,  have  rapidly  disappeared,  have  formed  the  subject  of  long  and  de- 
sultory literary  investigation.  To  examine,  therefore,  and  to  select  the  most 
prominent  features,  to  compress  the  materials  copiously  scattered  around  him, 
and  to  assign  to  each,  to  the  mighty  conqueror,  to  the  vigilant  politician, 
to  the  popular  writer,  to  the  persevering  philosopher,  and  to  the  humble  but 
ingenious  mechanic,  his  due  proportion  of  attention  and  of  respect,  forms 
not  the  least  difficult  of  the  labors  of  the  biographer.  He  may  indeed  be 
forgiven  if  he  is  more  diffuse  in  painting  the  struggles  of  virtue  and  of  inno- 
cence against  the  inventive  powers  of  oppression  and  of  persecution ;  if  he 
expresses  with  warmth  his  detestation  against  successful  vice,  and  prospe- 
rous profligacy ;  and  if  he  is  alive  to  all  the  keen  sufferings  which  learning 
has  often  to  endure  from  the  sneers  of  pride,  and  the  clamors  of  ignorance 
•and  prejudice.  It  is  frequently  not  a  little  consolatory  to  the  virtuous  and 
to  the  truiy  great,  to  reflect  that  their  labors  will  not  be  in  vain.  Posterity, 
though  iate,  may  replace  in  their  native  dignity  and  honor,  with  perpetuated 
fame,  the  merits  and  services  which  the  jealousy  or  the  malice  of  contempo- 
raries may  have  endeavoured  to  blot  out  of  the  historic  page.  It  is  pleasing 
to  contemplate  the  differerent  destinies  which  accompany  merit,  and  its  at- 
tendant envy.  The  man  whose  genius,  whose  industry,  whose  talents,  or 
whose  honorable  labors  in  the  cause  of  science,  of  literature,  and  of  humani- 
ty, have  been  often  exposed  to  ridicule  and  contempt;  who  has  pined  in  the 
shade  of  indigence  or  ili-deserved  obscurity,  rises  gradually  in  the  good 
opinion  of  the  public,  and  ranks  with  the  dignified  benefactors  of  mankind; 
while  those  who  treated  him  with  supercilious  indifference,  who  prided 
themselves  in  the  transitory  advantages  of  rank,  of  birth,  or  of  opulence,  no 
longer  occupy  the  attention  of  the  world,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  years, 
sink  into  merited,  into  everlasting  oblivion. 


PREFACE.  7 

In  the  composition  of  his  biographical  work,  the  author  acknowledges 
himself  indebted  to  those,  at  home  and  abroad,  whose  labors  have  been  di- 
rected to  the  same  pursuits.  He  has  freely  drawn  his  materials  from  the 
researches  of  former  historians  and  biographers,  and  the  accuracy  and  the 
impartiality  of  their  statements,  which  concurrent  testimonies  fully  prove 
and  corroborate,  are  entitled  to  no  small  share  of  praise.  From  this  min- 
gled mass,  and  from  various  sources  of  information,  he  has  endeavored  to 
form  one  general  whole,  and  to  exhibit,  with  the  judicious  brevity  which  so 
numerous  a  class  of  objects  requires,  rather  "  characteristic  sketches,  in 
pleasing  miniature,  than  a  series  of  finished  and  full-sized  portraits." 
However  anxious  he  may  have  been  to  notice  every  one  who  has  risen  to 
temporary  or  to  lasting  eminence  in  the  long  lapse  of  so  many  ages,  he  may, 
perhaps,  in  the  opinion  of  some,  have  selected  the  subjects  of  his  biogra- 
phical labors  with  too  sparing  a  hand,  while  by  others  he  may  be  charged 
with  tedious  prolixity.  He  trusts,  however,  that  in  whatever  he  has  done, 
he  has  been  actuated  by  the  purest  motives  of  impartiality;  and  in  deline- 
ating the  life,  and  in  enumerating  the  productions  of  men  of  various  coun- 
tries, he  has  sacrificed  nationality  at  the  altar  of  truth.  He  trusts  that  he 
has  spoken  of  the  Christian  and  the  Pagan,  of  the  Catholic  and  the  Pro- 
testant, of  the  Churchman  and  Sectary,  with  the  bold  language  of  an  un- 
prejudiced narration,  which  would  not  condescend  to  flatter  the  great  and 
the  powerful,  when  in  the  height  of  authority,  at  the  expense  of  historical 
veracity,  and  which  disdains  to  insult  their  memory  after  they  have  de- 
scended to  the  tomb. 

With  these  sentiments  he  commits,  to  the  judgment  of  the  public,  his 
biographical  labors,  as  a  companion  to  the  Classical  Dictionary,  in 
anxious  confidence,  that  they  will  not  be  deemed  unworthy  of  the  same 
flattering  patronage,  and  of  the  same  extensive  circulation,  with  which  that 
work  has  so  long  and  so  liberally  been  honored, 

Abingdon,  March  8th,  1808. 


BIOGRAPHY, 


tie.  Xc.  8Cc. 


AA 

'  \  A,  Peter  Vander,  a  bookseller  of  Ley- 
x\.  den,  who,  under  the  title  of  Galerie  du 
Monde,  published  in  66  vols.  fol.  an  atlas  of 
200  charts,  as  explanatory  of  the  various  voy- 
ages made  between  the  1.3th  and  the  close  of 
the  17th  century.  These,  though  accompa- 
nied with  prints  to  represent  the  customs,  ed- 
ifices, and  curiosities  of  different  nations,  dis- 
play rather  the  labor  and  perseverance  of  the 
compiler,  than  either  his  judgment  or  accu- 
racy. Aa  made  a  continuation  of  Grxvius' 
Thesaurus  of  Italian  writers  in  six  other  vol- 
umes.    He  was  still  living  in  1T29. 

Aacard,  Nicholas  and  Christian,  two 
brothers,  born  at  Wiburg  in  Denmark  in  the 
beginning  of  the  18th  century.  The  eldest, 
who  was  distinguished  for  the  acuteuess  of 
his  philosophical  writings,  died  165",  and  the 
other,  known  for  his  poetical  talents,  died 
1664. 

Aalam,  an  astrologer  of  the  ninth  centu- 
ry at  the  court  of  Adado  Daula. 

Aalst,  Everard,  a  Dutch  painter  born  at 
Delft  1602.  His  talents  were  displayed  with 
peculiar  success  in  the  representation  of 
shields  and  military  accoutrements,  of  dead 
birds  and  inanimate  subjects,  and  his  paint- 
ings, few  in  number  are  now  highly  valued  for 
superiority  of  execution.  He  died  in  1658. 
His  nephew  William  became  the  rival  of  his 
uncle,  and  in  his  travels  through  France  and 
Italy  he  deserved  and  obtained  the  friendship 
and  patronage  of  the  great,  and  particularly 
of  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  who  liberal- 
ly rewarded  his  merit.  His  fruit  and  flower 
pieces  were  most  admired.  He  died  in  Hol- 
land in  1679  aged  59,  leaving  several  children 
by  his  servant  maid,  to  whom  he  was  mai'- 
ried  after  his  return  fromltaly. 

Aaron,  elder  brother  of  Moses,  son  of 
Amram,  of  the  trihe  of  Levi,  was  born  A.  M. 
2434.  He  was  the  friend  and  the  assistant  of 
liis  brother,  and  as  being  more  happily  gifted 
with  the  powers  of  eloquence,  he  attended 
him  in  all  his  interviews  with  Pharaoh  in 
Egypt,  and  in  his  conferences  with  the  peo- 
ple of  Israel.  Though  he  grievously  offend- 
ed (irwl  by  making  a  calf  of  gold,  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  divinity,  which  had  conduct- 
ed his  nation  safe  through  the  Red  Sea  from 
the  perils  of  Egypt,  he  was  permitted  to  be- 
come the  first  high  priest.  This  sacred  of- 
fice bestowed  upon  him  excited  discontent 
among  the  friends  of  Korah  and  his  asso- 
ciates, hut  Aaron  exercised  it  with  Honour  and 
VOL.   I.  £ 


AA 

fidelity,  and  after  investing  his  son  Erleazar 
as  his  successor,  he  died  in  his  123d  year, 
without  being  permitted  to  enter  the  prom- 
ised land. 

Aaron  Raschid,  a  caliph  of  the  Abas- 
sides,  distinguished  by  his  conquests,  and  he 
eccentricity  of  his  character.  Valiant  in. 
battle,  he  showed  himself  inhuman  and  per- 
fidious towards  the  conquered,  and  ever  made 
the  sacred  duliesof  the  sovereign  subservient 
to  caprice,  intemperance,  or  resentment.  At 
once  master  of  the  finest  provinces  of  Asia 
and  Africa,  his  power  extended  from  Spain 
to  the  banks  of  the  Ganges,  and  exacted  a  tri- 
bute from  Nieephorus  the  Roman  emperor 
of  the  East.  He  deserves  our  admiration  for 
the  patronage  which  he  afforded  to  literature 
and  to  the  arts.  He  was  eight  times  victori- 
ous in  battle,  and  eight  times  paid  his  adora- 
tion at  the  tomb  of  the  prophet.  Charle- 
magne respected  his  character,  and  Aaron 
in  token  of  friendship  presented  to  the  Euro- 
pean prince  a  clock  the  mechanism  and  con- 
struction of  which  were  regarded  among  the 
prodigies  of  the  age.  He  died  A.  D.  809  in 
the  23d  year  of  his  reign. 

Aaron  Schascou,  a  rabbi  of  Thessalo- 
nica,  celebrated  for  his  writings. 

Aaron,  a  British  saint,  put  to  death  with 
his  brother  Julius,  during  Dioclesian's  perse- 
cution of  the  Christians,  and  buried  at  Caer- 
leon  in  Wales. 

Aaron,  a  presbyter  and  physician  of  Al- 
exandria in  the  eighth  century,  who  wrote  30 
books  or  pandects  on  medicine  in  the  Syriac 
language.  He  is  the  first  author  who  makes 
mention  of  the  small-pox  and  of  the  measles, 
diseases  which  were  introduced  into  Egypt 
by  the  conquests  of  the  Arabians  about  640. 
He  was  particularly  explicit  on  the  symptoms 
and  on  the  progress  of  these  disorders;  but 
as  his  compositions  are  lost,  and  only  scatter- 
ed fragments  are  to  be  seen  in  the  collec- 
tions of  Mohammed  llhazis,  the  moderns 
must  ever  remain  in  ignorance  of  the  origin 
and  probable  causes  of  these  dreadful  scour- 
ges of  the  human  race. 

Aaron,  Hariscon,  a  Caraite  rabbi  who 
was  known  as  a  physician  at  Constantinople 
in  1294,  and  who  wrote  a  learned  commenta- 
ry on  the  pentateuch,  besides  annotations  on 
some  of  the  books  of  the  old  testament,  a  He- 
brew grammar,  Sec. 

Aaron,  Hacharon  or  Posterior,  anothei 
learned  rabbi,  whose  writings  are  hjghly  es- 


AA 


AB 


teemed  by  the  Caraite  Jews.  He  was  bora 
in  Nicomedia  1346.  He  wrote  on  the  law  of 
Moses,  and  particularly  on  the  customs  of 
his  nation,  in  a  treatise  entitled  the  Garden 
of  Eden. 

Aaron,  Isaac,  an  interpreter  of  languages 
at  the  court  of  Constantinople  under  the 
Commeni.  He  abused  the  confidence  repo- 
sed in  him,  and  with  unparalleled  inhumanity  j 
recommended  to  Andronicus,  the  usurper  J 
of  his  master's  throne,  to  put  out  the  eyes 
and  cut  off  the  tongue  of  his  enemies,  a  pun- 
ishment which  was  afterwards  inflicted  on 
himself  by  Isaac  Angelus  1203. 

Aaron  Ben-Chaim,  the  chief  of  the 
Jewish  synagogues  at  Fez  and  Morocco  in 
the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.  He  wrote 
commentaries  on  Joshua,  the  law,  the  pro- 
phets, bcc. 

Aaron  BEN-ASER,alearned  rabbi  in  the 
fifth  century,  to  whom  the  invention  of  the 
Hebrew  points  and  accents  is  attributed. 
He  wrote  a  Hebrew  grammer,  printed  1515. 

Aaron,  a  levite  of  Barcelona,  who  wrote 
613  precepts  on  Moses,  printed  at  Venice 
1523.     He  died    129& 

Aarsens,  Francis,  a  celebrated  statesman, 
son  of  the  register  of  the  United  Provinces. 
He  was  early  initialed  in  politics,  and  at  the 
court  of  France,  where  he  was  the  first  hon- 
ored and  recognised  as  the  ambassador  of 
Holland,  he  enlarged  his  understanding,  and 
acquired  the  knowledge  and  the  arts  of  nc- 
gociation  under  Henry  IV.  and  his  ministers 
Villeroi,  Rosni,  Silleri,  he.  Flattered  by 
the  people,  esteemed  by  the  monarch,  and 
raised  to  the  honors  of  nobility,  he  contin- 
ued 15  years  the  representative  of  his  na- 
tion, till  either  the  popularity  or  the  jealousy 
of  the  court  procured  his  recall.  He  after- 
wards was  employed  in  the  same  capacity  at 
Venice,  and  in  other  Italian  states,  and  he 
was  one  of  those  who  ncgociated  in  England 
for  the  marriage  of  William  of  Orange  with 
the  daughter  of  Charles  I.  A  persuasive  elo- 
quence and  the  arts  of  dissimulation  and  in- 
trigue were  united  in  Aarsens  with  an  im- 
posing appearance  of  bluntness  and  rustic 
simplicity,  and  rendered  him  at  once  dan- 
gerous and  successful,  so  that  Richelieu,  who 
knew  and  employed  his  abilities,  acknowledg- 
ed that  he  shared  with  Oxensticrn  of  Swe- 
den and  Viseardi  of  Montserrat  the  honor 
of  being  the  most  consummate  politician  of 
his  age.  He  died  in  an  advanced  age,  and 
his  son  had  the  singular  reputation  of  being 
the  most  opulent  citizen  of  Holland.  He 
left  behind  him  an  account  of  all  the  embas- 
sies in  which  he  was  engaged,  and  from  the 
accuracy,  the  judgment,  and  t >>c  exactness 
in  which  his  papers  are  drawn  up  and  ar- 
ranged, we  derive  a  further  proof  of  his 
genius  and  his  perseverance.  Memoirs  of 
him  were  published  by  Uu  Maurier. 

Aarsens  or  Aertsen, Peter,  surnamed 
Longo  from  his  tallness,  was  born  at  Amster- 
dam 1519,  where  he  also  died  in  his  Goth 
year.  Though  brought  up  like  his  father  to 
the  profession  of  a  stocking  maker,  he  was 
at  last  permitted,  by   the  entreaties  of  Ivis 


mother,  to  follow  the  bent  of  his  genius,  and  nl 
18  he  began  to  study  painting,  architecture, 
and  perspective.  At  Antwerp,  were  he  mar- 
ried, and  where  he  was  admitted  a  member 
of  the  academy  of  painters,  he  gave  proofs 
of  his  superior  talents,  and  in  his  first  pieces 
particularly  excelled  in  representing  tha 
utensils  of  a  kitchen.  A  painting  of  the 
death  of  the  Virgin  for  an  alter  piece  at  Am- 
sterdam was  highly  esteemed,  and  another 
equally  deserved  the  warmest  admiration, 
in  which  he  represented  the  crucifixion  with 
the  executioner  in  the  act  of  breaking  with 
an  iron  bar  the  legs  of  the  two  thieves. 
This  last  w:as  torn  to  pieces  in  a  public  in- 
surrection 1566,  and  so  unguarded  was  the 
painter  in  his  complaints  and  reproaches  on 
the  occasion  that  the  ferocious  populace  were 
with  difficulty  prevented  from  murdering 
him.  He  left  3  sons  who  also  engaged  in 
his  profession. 

Aartgen  or  Aertgen,  the  son  of  a 
woolcomber  at  Leyden,  who,  after  following 
his  father's  occupation,  turned  his  thoughts 
to  painting,  in  the  prosecution  of  which  he 
acquired  reputation  and  consequence.  Re- 
gardless of  the  conveniences  of  life  he  was 
visited  by  Floris  of  Antwerp,  and  rejected 
the  patronage  and  society  of  this  amiable  and 
disinterested  friend,  declaring  he  found  great- 
er gratification  in  his  mean  cottage  than  in 
the  enjoyment  of  opulence.  He  was  habit- 
ually intemperate,  and  as  he  never  touched 
his  pencil  on  Mondays,  he  devoted  those  days 
with  his  pupils  to  festivity  and  drunkenness. 
He  was  drowned  in  the  canals  of  the  city  in 
the  night  as  he  amused  himself  according  to 
his  usual  custom  in  playing  through  the 
streets  on  the  german  flute. 

Aba,  brother  in-law  to  Stephen  the  first 
Christian  king  of  Hungary,  defeated  Peter 
who  had  succeeded  his  uncle  on  the  throne, 
and  after  he  had  banished  him  to  Bavaria  he 
usurped  the  crown  1041  or  1042.  He  dis- 
graced himself  by  his  cruelties,  and  after  be- 
ing conquered  in  a  battle  by  the  emperor 
Henry  HI.  he  was  sacrificed  to  the  resent- 
ment of  his  offended  subjects,  1044. 

Abaffi,  Michael,  son  of  a  magistrate  of 
Hermaustad,  rose  by  his  abilities  and  in- 
trigues, to  the  sovereignty  of  Transylvania, 
in  1661.  He  bravely  assisted  the  Turks,  and 
became  formidable  to  the  emperor  of  Ger- 
many. 

Abaca  or  Abaka,  a  king  of  Tartary 
whose  ambassadors  were  introduced  in  12T4 
to  the  ecclesiastical  synod  of  Lyons.  He 
conquered  Persia,  and  proved  a  powerful 
and  formidable  neighbor  to  the  Christians 
who  had  settled  at  Jerusalem.     He  died  1282. 

Abano,  vid.  Apono. 

Abaris,  a  Scythian  philosopher,  the  his- 
tory of  whose  adventures  as  mentioned  by 
Herodotus  a  d  others  appears  more  fabulous 
than  authentic. 

Abas,  Schah,  was  seventh  king  of  Persia 
of  the  race  of  the  Sophis.  He  w  as  brave  and 
active,  and  enlarged  the  boundaries  of  bis 
dominions.  He  took  conjointly  with  the  En- 
glish forces  1622  the  island  of  Ormus  which 


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had  been  in  the  possession  of  the  Portuguese 
122  years.  He  died  16^9  in  the  4  4th  \  Hr 
of  Iiis  r«--ign,  and  obtained  from  his  grateful 
and  admiring  subjects  the  surname  of  great, 
and  of  restorer  of  Persia.  He  had  made 
Ispahan  his  capital. 

Abas,  Schah,  the  great-grandson  of  the 
preceding,  succeeded  his  fattier  in  1648  in 
his  13th  year.  He  took  Candahar  from  the 
Moguls,  and  valiantly  resisted  the  attacks  of 
300,000  besiegers.  Blessed  with  an  enlarged 
understanding  he  patronised  the  Christians, 
and  promised  by  deeds  of  benevolence  and 
liberality  to  rival  the  greatest  heroes  of  an- 
tiquity, when  he  was  cut  oft"  by  the  lues  ven- 
erea in  his  37th  jear,  Sep.  25,  1C6C. 

Abassa,  an  officer  who  revolted  against 
Mustapha  I.  emperor  of  the  Turks,  and  af- 
terwards was  employed  against  the  Poles 
1 0.v  i  :it.  the  head  of  60,000  men.  The  cow- 
ardice of  bis  troops  robbed  him  of  a  victory 
■which  his  courage,  his  aliililit  s,  and  bis  am- 
bition seemed  to  promise,  and  he  was  stran- 
gled by  order  of  the  Sultan. 

Abassa,  a  sister  of  Aaron  Raschild,  whose 
hand  was  bestowed  by  her  brother  on  Giafar 
on  condition  that  she  abstained  from  the 
marriage  rights.  The  promise  was  forgot- 
ten :  the  birth  of  a  son  that  was  secretly  sent 
to  Mecca  to  be  brought  up  incensed  the  em- 
peror, and  the  husband's  life  was  sacrificed 
by  the  tyrant,  and  Abassa  reduced  to  pover- 
ty There  are  still  extant  some  Arabic  ver- 
ses which  beautifully  celebrate  her  love  and 
her  misfortunes. 

Abasson,  an  impostor,  who,  under  the 
character  of  the  grandson  of  Abas  the  great, 
obtained  the  patronage  of  the  court,  of 
Prance  and  of  the  grand  seignior  by  whose 
orders  he  was  at  last  beheaded. 

Abats,  Andrew,  a  painter  born  at  Na- 
ples and  engaged  in  the  service  of  the  Span- 
ish king.  He  died  1732.  His  fruit  pieces 
and  landscapes  were  admired. 

Abauzit,  Pirmin,  born  at  Uzes  11th 
November  1679,  fled  from  the  persecution 
■which  attended  his  parents  on  account  of 
their  profession  of  protestantism,  and  retired 
to  Geneva  where  he  found  protection  and 
peace  As  he  had  early  lost  his  father,  his 
education  was  promoted  by  the  care  of  his 
mother,  who  had  the  happiness  to  discover 
that  the  small  remains  of  her  shuttered  for- 
tune were  amply  compensated  by  the  im- 
provement of  her  son.  Geneva  was  the  seat 
of  literature  as  well  as  of  freedom,  and 
Abauzit  was  soon  distinguished  for  his  su- 
perior progress  in  every  branch  Oi"  polite 
learning,  but  particularly  mathematics  and 
natural  history.  In  Holland  be  became  the 
friend  of  Bayle,  of  Jurieu,  and  Basnage  ;  in 
England  he  was  honored  with  the  friendship 
of  St.  Evremond  and  the  correspondence  of 
Newton;  and  William  III.  invited  him,  by 
offers  of  liberal  patronage,  to  settle  in  his 
dominions;  but  I  he  remembrance  of  Geneva, 
the  asylum  of  his  infant  years,  made  him 
decline  the  generosity  of  the  monarch.  The 
fruits  of  his  literary  labors  were  few,  un- 
ambitious to  appear  before   the  public,  he 


chose  rather  to  assist  his  friends  than  solicit 
fame  in  his  own  person.  He  however  applied 
himself  to  antiquities,  and  as  he  was  now 
enrolled  among  the  citizens  of  Geneva  and 
appointed  public  librarian,  he  showed  his 
gratitude  by  republishing  Spon's  history  of 
this  favorite  city,  which  he  enriched  with 
two  dissertations, and  other  valuable  explana- 
tions. As  he  grew  in  years,  he  continued  to 
increase  in  fame,  and  it  must  be  mentioned 
to  his  praise  that  he  was  flattered  by  Vol- 
taire and  complimented  by  Rousseau.  He 
was  an  Arian  in  religion,  but  bis  sentiments 
were  liberal  and  humane.  He  died  March 
201  h  17o7. 

Abbadie,  James,  D.  D.  a  celebrated 
protestant  minister  horn  at  Nay  in  Berne 
1654,  or  according  to  others  58.  After  im- 
proving himself  in  Prance  and  Holland,  he 
visited  Prussia  and  settled  at  Berlin,  at  the 
solicitation  of  the  elector  of  Brandenbmgh, 
where,  as  minister  of  the  French  church,  he 
enforced  the  duties  of  religion  and  morality, 
and  gained  by  persuasive  eloquence  the  favor 
of  the  prince  and  people.  After  bis  patron's 
death  he  accompanied  the  duke  of  Schom- 
berg  to  Holland  and  to  England,  and  after 
the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  he  was  patronised 
by  king  William,  whose  cause  he  ably  sup- 
ported by  his  pen,  and  was  made  minister 
of  the  Savoy,  and  afterwards  advanced  to  the 
deanry  of  Killaloe  in  Ireland,  lie  died  in 
London  soon  after  fiis  return  from  a  tour  to 
Holland,  Sept.  23,  1727.  Well  informed  as 
a  writer,  eloquent  as  a  preacher,  ami  as  a 
man  virtuous  and  charitable,  he  was  univer- 
sally respected  and  beloved.  His  writings 
were  mostly  on  divinity,  and  they  acquired 
unusual  popularity,  especially  his  treatise  on 
the  Christian  religion.  He  also  published  a 
defence  of  the  revolution,  and,  at  the  request 
of  William,  an  account  of  the  late  con- 
spiracy in  England,  compiled  from  the  ma- 
terials furnished  by  the  earl  of  Portland 
and  secretary  Trumbull. 

Abbas,  Halli,  a  physician,  and  one  of  the 
Persian  magi,  who  followed  the  doctrines 
of  Zoroaster.  He  wrote  A.  I).  980,  a  book 
called  royal  work,  at  the  request  of  the  ca- 
liph's son,  to  whom  he  has  dedicated  it,  in 
the  pompous  and  bombastic  language  of  the 
East.  It  was  translated  into  Latin  by  Ste- 
phen of  Antioch  1127,  which  is  now  extant. 

Aebas,  the  uncle  of  Mahomet,  opposed 
the  ambitious  views  of  the  impostor,  but 
when  defeated  in  the  battle  of  Bedr,  he  was 
not  only  reconciled  to  his  nephew  but  he 
warmly  embraced  his  religion,  and  thanked 
heaven  for  the  prosperity  and  the  grace 
which  he  enjoyed  as  a  mussulman.  He  ac- 
quired fame  as  the  interpreter  of  the  verses 
of  the  koran,  and  more  powerfully  served 
the  cause  of  Mahomet  at  the  battle  of  Ho- 
nain  by  recalling  his  dismayed  troops  to  the 
charge,  and  inciting  them  boldly  to  rally 
round  their  prophet  who  was  near  expiring 
under  the  scymctars  of  the  infidel  Thake- 
sites.  His  son,  of  the  same  name,  became 
still  more  celebrated  by  his  knowledge  of 
the  koran.     Abbas   was  regarded    -with  so 


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ynuih  veneration  that  tlic  caliphs  Omar  and 
Othman  never  appeared  before  him  without 
dismounting  from  their  horses,  anil  saluting 
him  with  the  most  profound  humility.  He 
died  in  the  32d  year  of  the  hegira  ^  and 
100  years  after,  Abulabbas  SafFa,  his  grand- 
son, investing  himself  with  sovereign  power, 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  dynasty  of  the 
Abbassides,  which  continued  to  be  transmit- 
ted in  his  family  from  father  to  son  524 
vears,  during  an  uninterrupted  succession  of 
37  caliphs,  till  they  were  dispossessed  by 
the  Tartars.  Abbas  Abdallah,  the  grand- 
son of  Abbas,  the  uncle  of  the  prophet,  was 
also  distinguished  as  a  teacher  of  the  sacred 
book:  as,  before  he  was  10  years  of  age,  he 
was  said  to  have  received  inspiration  from 
the  angel  Gabriel,  whose  communications 
with  Mahomet  were  frequent  and  numerous. 
He  died  in  the  68th  year  of  the  hegira,  and 
■was  universally  lamented  as  the  most  learn- 
ed doctor  of  mussulmanism. 

Abbassa,  vid.  Abassa. 

Abbategio,  Marian  d',  an  ecclesiastic 
of  the  14th  century,  who  rose  by  his  abilities 
to  be  governor  of  Aquila. 

ABBATissAjPaul,  a  famous  Sicilian  poet 
horn  at  Messina  1570.  He  translated  into 
Italian  verse  Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey,  and 
Ovid's  Metamorphoses. 

Abbiati,  Philip,  an  historical  painter  of 
Milan,  who  died  1715,  aged  75. 

Abbon,  a  monk  of  St.  Germain  des  Pies, 
who  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Paris  by  the 
Normans  at  the  close  of  the  9th  century. 
He  wrote  an  account  of  this  event  in  1200 
verses  in  execrable  Latin,  but,  however,  va- 
luable for  its  fidelity  and  impartial  minute- 
ness. It  is  in  Huchesne's  collection,  and 
it  has  since  been  edited  by  Duplessis,  1753. 

Abbon,  de  Fleury,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Or- 
leans, who  after  displaying  his  supei-ior  abili- 
ties in  every  branch  of  polite  literature  at 
Paris  and  Rheims,  became  abbot  of  Fleury, 
and  supported  with  vehemence  and  energy 
the  rights  of  the  monastic  order  against  the 
intrusions  of  the  bishops.  He  was  employed 
by  king  Robert  to  appease  pope  Gregory  V. 
who  wished  to  place  the  kingdom  of  France 
under  an  interdict,  and  he  proved  successful 
at  Rome.  He  was  killed  in  a  quarrel  between 
the  French  and  Gascons  1004,  whilst  he  en- 
deavored to  introduce  a  reform  in  the  abbey 
of  Reole  in  Gascony.  Besides  canons  in 
■which  he  explained  the  duty  of  kings  and 
subjects,  there  is  a  volume  of  his  letters  ex- 
tant, printed  1687,  in  folio. 

Abbot,  George,  son  of  a  clothworker 
and  archbishop  of  Canterbury*  was  born  at 
Guildford  in  Surrey  29th  Oct.  1562.  After 
receiving  his  education  at  the  grammar 
school  in  his  native  town  he  became  a  mem- 
ber and  fellow  of  Baliol  College  in  Oxford, 
where  he  soon  after  distinguished  himself  as 
a  preacher.  His  popularity  recommended 
him  to  favor ;  he  was  chosen  master  of 
University  College  in  1599,  installed  dean 
of  Winchester,  and  after  serving  three  times 
with  dignity  and  moderation  the  office  of 
rite-chancellor,  he  was  consecrated  bishop 


of  Lichfield  and  Coventry  1609.  His  lead- 
ing was  universally  respected,  as  before  his 
elevation  to  the  episcopal  chair,  he  was  the 
second  of  the  Oxford  divines  whom  king 
James  appointed  to  translate  the  new  testa- 
ment, except  the  epistles  ;  and  as  a  negocia- 
tor  he  was  employed  to  establish  and  ce- 
ment an  union  between  the  churches  of 
England  and  Scotland,  where  his  address, 
his  eloquence,  and  moderation  were  par- 
ticularly conspicuous.  After  a  rapid  trans- 
lation to  the  see  of  London  he  was,  on  the 
death  of  Bancroft,  1610,  raised  to  the  pri- 
macy, and  in  this  high  situation  he  main- 
tained his  character  unspotted,  and  neither 
submitted  to  the  arbitrary  mandates  of  des- 
potic power,  nor  exercised  the  ecclesiastical 
authority  in  the  establishment  of  unmeaning 
ceremonies,  or  in  shackling  the  judgment  or 
devotion  of  the  people.  In  his  zeal  for  the 
protestant  faith  he  promoted  the  union  of 
the  princess  Elizabeth  with  the  elector  pala- 
tine, aad  he  strenuously  withstood  the  influ- 
ence which  James  exerted  to  make  him  de- 
clare in  favor  of  the  divorce  between  the 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Suffolk,  and  the  royal 
favorite  Robert  earl  of  Essex.  He  refused 
to  sanction  the  mandate  by  which  James 
permitted  sports  and  pastimes  on  the  Lord's 
day,  and  he  forbad  it  to  be  publicly  read  at 
Croydon,  where  he  then  was.  The  evening 
of  his  life  was  darkened  by  a  melancholy 
event,  which  his  enemies  wished  to  convert 
to  his  disgrace  and  degradation.  As  he 
amused  himself  with  a  crossbow  in  the 
grounds  of  lord  Zouch  at  Bransill  in  Hamp- 
shire, where  he  retired  for  recreation  every 
summer,  he  accidently  killed  the  park  keep- 
er by  an  arrow  which  he  aimed  at  a  deer. 
This  homicide  was  attended  with  a  settled 
melancholy  in  the  archbishop,  who,  as  aa 
atonement  for  the  accident,  granted  an  an- 
nuity of  20/.  to  the  widow,  and  ever  after 
once  a  month  observed  the  fatal  day,  Tues- 
day, in  penitence  and  prayer.  His  conduct 
however  was  misrepresented,  and  though 
James  remarked  that  "  an  angel  might  have 
miscarried  in  this  sort,"  a  commission  of  tea 
persons  was  directed  to  inquire  whether  he 
was  incapacitated  from  performing  the  duties 
of  his  office.  He  was  honorably  restored  to 
his  functions,  the  king  passing  a  pardon  and  a 
dispensation  by  which  he  was  cleared  from, 
all  scandal,  irregularity,  or  infamation.  From, 
infirmity  he  was  unable  to  attend  the  coun- 
cils, though  he  was  present  at  the  last  illness 
of  the  king,  and  he  assisted  at  the  corona- 
tion of  Charles  I.  But  his  influence  now 
began  to  decrease  at  court ;  the  intrigues  of 
Buckingham  poisoned  the  ears  of  the  young 
monarch  ;  and  when  the  archbishop  in  1627 
refused  to  license  a  sermon  of  Dr.  Sibthorpe, 
which  justified,  by  unconstitutional  means, 
the  raising  of  a  loan,  he  was  disgracefully 
dismissed  from  the  powers  of  primate,  and 
ordered  to  withdraw  to  Canterbury,  while 
the  episcopal  authority  was  exercised  by 
commission  by  five  prelates.  He  was  how- 
ever soon  after  restored  to  his  full  preroga- 
tive ;  but  neither  the  threats  of  his  powerful 


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•rnemies,  nor  the  enmity  of  Laud  and  Buck- 
ingham, could  prevail  against  his  determi- 
nate zeal  in  support  of  the  rights  of  the  sub- 
ject, and  the  liberty  of  conscience,  lie  did 
not  long  preserve  the  royal  favor,  he  died  at 
Croydon  on  the  fifth  of  August  1633,  in  his 
71st  year,  and  was  buried  according  to  his 
direction  in  the  church  of  Holy  Trinity  at 
Guildford,  where  a  stately  monument  was 
erected  over  his  grave  by  his  brother  Mau- 
rice. In  his  general  character  Abbot  was 
moderate  and  inoffensive  ;  though  a  rigid 
Calvinist,  he  recommended  to  his  clergy  ra- 
ther to  gain  the  public  esteem  by  morality 
than  claim  it  as  a  due  to  their  office.  He  was 
'benevolent  and  humane,  and  among  other 
acts  of  charity  he  endowed,  with  an  income 
of  300/.  a  year,  a  hospital  at  Guildford  for  the 
support  and  maintenance  of -the  poor,  Lis 
publications  were  chiefly  divinity,  besides 
some  treatises  occasioned  by  the  situation  of 
the  times. 

Abbot,  Maurice,  youngest  brother  of  the 
archbishop,  acquired  consequence  in  com- 
mercial affairs,  and  was  employed  in  the  di- 
rection </i'  the  East  India  company's  concerns, 
respecting  the  Molucca  Islands,  which  were 
in  the  hands  of  the  Dutch.  He  was  employed 
in  1024  in  establishing  the  settlement  of 
Virginia,  and  he  was  the  first  person  on  j 
■whom  Charles  I.  conferred  the  honor  of 
knighthood.  Raised  by  industry  to  opulence  | 
and  distinction,  he  was  elected  representative 
for  London,  and  in  1038  was  raised  to  the 
mayoralty  of  the  city,  a  high  office,  which  he 
adorned  by  the  amiableness  of  bis  manners, 
and  the  goodness  of  his  heart.  He  died  Jan. 
10th,  1640.  His  son  George  was  of  Merlon 
college,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.15. 
1G30,  and  he  distinguished  himself  during 
the  civil  wars  in  defending  Caldecote  Hall  in 
Warwickshire,  against  the  attacks  of  prince 
Maurice  and  Rupert.  He  died  1648,  Feb.  4, 
aged  44.  He  published  a  paraphrase  on  Job 
1640, — Vindicise  Sabbati  1641, — brief  notes 
on  the  Psalms  1651. 

Abbot,  Robert,  D.  D.  eldest  brother  of 
the  two  preceding,  was  born  at  Guildford, 
and  educated  at  Baliol  college.  After  a  short 
residence  at  Worcester,  and  at  Bingham  in 
Nottinghamshire,  he  was  elected  master  of 
his  college  1609,  where  he  supported  the 
respectability  of  his  station  by  enforcing  obe- 
dience, regularity,  and  temperance  in  the 
society.  His  eloquence  as  a  preacher  re- 
commended him  to  further  patronage ;  he 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  re- 
gius  professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford,  and  in 
this  office  he  neglected  no  opportunity  to  sup- 
port the  reformation,  and  warn  his  audience 
against  the  insinuations  of  popery.  Laud 
was  one  of  those  who  felt  the  severity  of  his 
oratory,  and  in  a  discourse  in  which  the  prea- 
cher inveighed  against  the  arts  of  the  puri- 
tans and  the  friends  of  the  Romish  church, 
the  ejTes  of  the  audience  were  fixed  upon  the 
future  archbishop,  and  created  confusion  and 
shame.  On  the  vacancy  of  Salisbury,  10).'), 
the  king  rewarded  the  labors  of  Abbot  by 
nominating  him  to  the  see,  and  he  was  con- 


secrated  by  his  brother  at  Lambeth.  The 
infirmities  of  a  sedentary  life  however  check- 
ed the  intended  improvements  and  reforma- 
tions of  the  new  prelate.  He  died  March 
'2d,  1617,  in  his  58th  year,  and  was  one  of 
the  five  bishops  who  in  six  successive  years 
were  installed  at  Salisbury  He  was  buried 
in  his  cathedral.  Ilis  writings  though  few 
were  principally  controversial,  and  sdme  of 
his  manuscripts  were  presented  to  the  Bod- 
leian Library,  by  Dr.  Corbet,  who  had  mar- 
ried one  of  his  daughters,  and  who  was  rec- 
tor of  Hasele.y.  Oxfordshire. 

Abbt  Thomas,  the  German  translator  of 
Sallust,  and  the  admired  author  of  a  treatise 
"  on  merit,"  and  of  another  "  of  dying  for 
one's  country,"  was  born  at  Ulm  and  died  at 
Buckelerg  1"66,  aged  28. 

Abdalcader,  a  Persian,  who  Was  great- 
ly revered  by  the  mussulmans  for  his  learn- 
ing, his  piety,  and  the  sanctity  of  his  manner?. 
His  prayers  breathed  the  spirit  of  Christiani- 
ty :  Almighty  God,  said  he,  in  his  devotions, 
I  never  forget  thy  bounty  ;  my  adoration  is 
perpetually  directed  to  thee,  deign  therefore 
sometimes  to  remember  and  pity  my  infir- 
mities. 

Abdallah,  father  of  Mahomet,  was  a 
slave  and  a  driver  of  camels,  who  however 
possessed  such  merit  according  to  the  follow- 
ers of  the  prophet,  that  his  hand  was  solicited 
in  marriage  by  the  fairest  and  the  most  vir- 
tuous of  the  women  of  his  tribe.  lie  was  then 
in  his  75th  or  85th  year,  but  so  universally 
admired  that  on  the  night  of  his  nuptials  100 
young  females  expired  in  despair.  His  wife, 
though  long  barren,  at  last  became  mother 
of  Mahomet. 

Abdallah,  son  of  Zobair,  was  proclaim- 
ed caliph  of  Mecca  and  Medina,  after  the 
expulsion  of  Yesid.  After  enjoying  the  sove- 
reignty for  four  years  he  was  besieged  in 
Mecca  by  the  successor  of  Yesid  in  Syria, 
and  he  was  sacrificed  to  the  ambition  of  his 
rival,  733. 

Abdallah,  a  son  of  Yesid,  celebrated 
as  a  mussulman  lawyer  in  the  7th  century. 

Abdallah,  son  of  Abbas,  endeavored 
t<>  raise  his  family  on  the  ruins  of  the  Omrai- 
ades.  He  was  defeated  by  his  rivals,  and  af- 
terwards, on  pretence  of  reconciliation,  he 
was  perfidiously  murdered  754. 

Abdalmalek,  son  of  Marvah,  was  5th 
caliph  of  the  Ommiades,  and  began  to  reign 
GS5.  He  surpassed  his  predecessors  in  mili- 
tary exploits,  and  extended  his  power  as  far 
as  Spain  in  the  west  and  India  in  the  east. 
His  avarice  however  was  unbounded.  He  was 
called  Abulzebab,  because  his  breath  was  so 
offensive  that  it  killed  the  very  flies  that  set- 
tled on  his  lips.  He  reigned  '21  years,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Valid  the  eldest  of  his  10 
sons. 

Abdalmalek,  the  last  of  the  caliphs  of 
the  race  of  the  Samanides,  was  dethroned 
and  murdered  by  Alahmoud  999,  after  a 
short  reign  disgraced  by  effeminacy  and 
weakness. 

Abdalrahman  or  Abderames,  rid. 
Abdeka.mes.- 


AB 


AB 


AedAS,  •..  bishop  in  Persia,  •who,  by  incon- 
siderately abolishing  a  Pagan  temple  of  the 
ran,  excited  the  public  indignation  against 
himself  and  his  religion.  He  was  the  first 
victim  of  a  persecution  which  called  for  the 
interference  of  Theodosius  the  younger  in 
favor  of  the  Christians,  and  which  during  30 
years  produced  war,  carnage,  and  desolation, 
"between  the  Roman  and  Persian  empires. 

Abdemelek,  king  of  Fez  and  Morocco, 
■was  dethroned  by  his  nephew  Mahomet,  but 
by  the  assistance  of  the  troops  sent  him  by 
the  Sultan  Selim,  he  defeated  Sebastian  king 
of  Portugal,  who  had  landed  in  Africa  to  sup- 
port the  usurper.  The  two  African  mon- 
archsand  Sebastian  fell  on  the  field,  1578. 

Abderames,  a  caliph  of  the  race  of  the 
Ommiades.  He  was  invited  into  Spain  by  the 
Saracens  who  had  revolted  from  Joseph,  and 
after  he  had  conquered  the  whole  kingdom 
he  assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Corduba,  and 
the  surname  of  Just,  though  his  cruelties  and 
ravages  were  unequalled  in  tli3  Spanish  his- 
tory.   He  died  790,  after  reigning  32  years. 

Abderames,  a  Saracen  general  of  the 
caliph  Hescham,  who  after  conquering  Spain 
penetrated  into  Aquitain  and  Poitou,  and 
was  at  last  defeated  by  Charles  Martel  near 
Poitiers,  732. 

Abderames,  a  petty  prince  in  the  king- 
dom of  Morocco.  He  murdered  Amadin  his 
predecessor  and  nephew,  and  was  himself 
after  a  long  reign  assassinated  by  a  chieftain 
whose  death  he  meditated  because  he  presu- 
med to  court  his  daughter,  1505. 

Abdias,  a  native  of  Babylon,  who  preten- 
ded to  be  one  of  the  72  disciples  of  our  Sa- 
viour. He  wrote  a  legendary  treatise  called 
Historia  certaminis  Apostolici,  which  was  ed- 
ited and  translated  into  Latin  by  Wolfgang 
Lazius,  Basil  1571,  and  is  full  of  contradic- 
tion and  absurdity. 

Abdissi,  a  patriarch  of  Assyria,  who 
paid  homage  to  pope  Pius  IV.  1562,  and  ex- 
tended  the  power  of  the  Romish  church  in 
the  east 

Abdolonymus,  a  Sidonian  of  the  royal 
family,  taken  from  the  obscure  occupation 
of  gardener  and  placed  on  the  throne  by  Al- 
exander the  Great. 

Abdon,  a  Persian,  who  suffered  martyr- 
dom in  support  of  Christianity  under  the  per- 
secution of  Decius,  250. 

Ardulmumex,  a  man  of  obscure  origin, 
bat  of  superior  talents,  who  seized  the  crown 
of  Morocco,  by  destroying  the  royal  family 
of  the  Almoravide  race,  and  who  extended 
3  lis  dominions  by  the  conquest  of  Tunis,  Fez, 
and  Tremecen.  He  meditated  the  invasion 
of  Spain,  when  death  stopped  his  career 
115C.  His  son  Joseph  II.  carried  his  views  of 
ambition  into  effect. 

Abeille,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Riez  in 
Provence,  1648.  His  wit  procured  him  the 
friendship  of  the  marechal  de  Luxembourgh, 
who  at  his  death  recommended  him  to  the 
prince  of  Centi,  and  the  duke  de  Vendome.  J 
His  animated  conversation  proved  agreeable 
to  his  patrons,  and  his  witticisms  were  at- 
tended with  peculiar  effect  when  delivered 


with  all  the  grimace  of  a  wrinkled  and  de> 
formed  countenance,  artfully  distorted,  to  ex- 
presss  the  most  ludicrous  and  comic  ejacula- 
tions. He  was  at  the  head  of  a  prioiy,  and 
had  a  place  in  the  French  academy.  Besides 
odes  and  epistles  he  wrote  several  tragedies, 
one  comedy,  and  two  operas,  in  a  style  lan- 
guid, puerile,  and  uninteresting.  He  died  at 
Paris,  21st  May,  1718. 

Abeille,  Scipio,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  surgeon  in  the  regiment  of  Picardy, 
and  he  published  an  excellent  history  of  the 
bones,  12mo.  1685,  besides  some  poetry  and 
a  treatise  relative  to  the  employment  which 
he  held  in  the  army,  in  12mo.  1669.  He  died 
1697. 

Abel,  second  son  of  Adam,  was  cruelly 
massacred  by  his  brother  Cain,  because  his 
sacrifice  was  accepted  by  the  Almighty  with 
greater  favor  than  that  of  his  murderer. 
This  remarkable  portion  of  sacred  history 
has  been  beautifuly  enlarged  upon  in  the  ele- 
gant and  interesting  performance  of  Cesner 
the  German  poet. 

Abel,  king  of  Denmark,  and  son  of  Val- 
dimar  II.  quarrelled  with  his  eldest  brother 
Eric,  and  when  he  had  invited  him  to  a  re- 
conciliation he  ferociously  murdered  him  and 
usurped  his  throne  1250.  He  was  killed  iu 
battle  two  years  after,  during  an  insurrection 
of  the  Frisons,  occasioned  by  his  extortions 
and  the  severity  of  his  taxes. 

Abel,  Frederick  Gottfried,  a  native  of 
Halberstadt,  who  abandoned  divinity  for  the 
pursuit  of  medicine,  and  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree at  Konigsberg  1744.  He  published  a  po- 
etical translation  of  Juvenal  in  German  1788, 
and  after  practising  with  great  success  in  his 
native  town  died  there  1794  aged  80. 

Abel,  Charles  Frederick,  an  eminent  mu- 
sician whose  performances  on  the  viol  di- 
gamba  were  much  admired.  He  died  20th 
June   1787. 

A  be  la,  John  Francis,  a  commander  of  the 
order  of  Malta,  known  by  an  excellent  work 
called  Malta  illustrata  in  four  books  in  folio 
1647,  in  which  he  gives  an  account  of  the 
island. 

Abe  lard,  Peter,  a  native  of  Palais  near 
Nantz  in  Britany,  born  1079,  who  became 
celebrated  for  his  learning  and  his  misfor- 
tunes. Blest  with  a  retentive  memory  and 
great  acuteness  of  genius  he  made  unusual 
progress  in  logic,  and  wielded  the  weapons 
of  subtile  disputation  with  admirable  dexter- 
ity. After  being  the  pupil  and  friend  of 
William  de  Champeaux,  a  famous  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Paris,  he  declared  himself 
his  rival,  and  opened  a  school  at  Melun, 
which  he  afterwards  removed  to  Caheil, 
where  the  display  of  his  abilities  drew  num- 
bers of  pupils,  and  added  stability  to  his  re- 
putation. Illness,  however,  interrupted  his 
career,  and  after  two  years  spent  with  his 
family  in  Britany  he  returned  to  Paris,  and 
by  the  superiority  of  his  mental  powers  he 
had  the  interest  to  gain  the  professorial 
chair  which  the  successor  of  Champeaux  re- 
signed to  become  the  pupil  of  this  famous 
logician.    But  envy  soon  dr«ye  him  from  his 


AB 


AB 


elevation,  and  after  violent  struggles  with 
Champeaux  and  his  partisans,  Abelard  aban- 
doned the  field  and  retired  to  Laon,  where  he 
applied  himself  to  the  study  of  divinity. 
Here  he  brought  on  himself  the  resentment 
of  Anselm,  who  delivered  lectures  on  theol- 
ogy, and  he  again  retired  to  Paris,  where 
his  explanations  of  Ezekiel  gathered  around 
him  the  respect  and  the  attention  of  a  crowd- 
ed audience.  Naturally  vain  of  his  person, 
which  was  elegant,  graceful,  and  engaging, 
and  not  unconscious  of  the  reputation  which 
his  learning  had  acquired,  he  listened  to  the 
applauses  of  one  sex,  and  received  with  avid- 
ity the  admiration  and  the  praises  of  the 
other.  His  success  had  rendered  him  opu- 
lent ;  but  amongst  those  whose  favors  he  boas- 
ted he  could  gain,  he  selected  Heloise,  whom 
her  uncle  Fulbert,  a  canon  of  Paris,  was  am- 
bitious to  render  as  superior  to  her  sex  in 
learning  as  she  was  in  personal  charms.  With 
this  view  the  artful  Abelard  was  easily  per- 
suaded to  board  in  the  house,  and  he  was 
now  intrusted  with  the  education  of  the  ob- 
ject of  his  heart,  whose  improvement  he 
was  exhorted  by  the  unthinking  Fulbert  to 
promote  by  compulsion  and  even  by  stripes. 
The  moments  intended  for  mental  instruc- 
tion were  soon  devoted  to  love,  and,  as  he 
says  himself,  our  studies  now  furnished  us 
with  that  privacy  and  retirement  which  our 
passion  desired.  In  this  enjoyment  of  un- 
lawful pleasures  Abelard  forgot  the  duties  of 
his  public  life  for  the  company  of  Heloise  ;  his 
lectures  were  delivered  with  unconcern  and 
remissness,  and  soon  his  pupils  ceased  to  fre- 
quent his  school.  The  passion  of  the  lovers 
however  was  unveiled  to  the  public  eye,  but 
Fulbert  alone  remained  unconscious  of  the 
guilt  of  the  preceptor  until  the  situation  of 
the  unfortunate  Heloise  at  last  filled  him  with 
remorse  and  resentment.  Abelard  fled  from 
the  house,  and  persuaded  soon  after  Heloise 
to  retire  to  his  sister's  house  in  Britany, 
where  she  gave  birth  to  a  son,  whom  she  cal- 
led Astrolabus.  The  indignation  of  the  un- 
cle was  pacified  by  offers  of  marriage  from 
Abelard,  who  wished  probably  to  recover 
the  public  esteem  rather  than  to  regain  the 
confidence  of  Fulbert ;  and  Heloise,  though 
actuated  by  the  singular  wish  of  being  the 
mistress  rather  than  the  wife  of  the  man  she 
loved,  with  difficulty  consented.  The  nup- 
tial blessing  was  pronounced  in  private  ;  but 
whilst  Fulbert  wished  the  union  to  be  pub- 
licly known,  Heloise  disdained  to  acknow- 
ledge it,  and  even  solemnly  denied  it  with  an 
oath.  Her  conduct  irritated  Fulbert,  and 
Abelard  removed  her  from  his  pursuit  to  the 
convent  of  Argenteuil,  where  she  assumed 
the  religious  habit  but  not  the  veil.  This 
however  incensed  the  resentment  of  her 
family,  who  seemed  to  dread  further  treach- 
ery from  the  lovers,  and  ruflians  were  hired 
by  their  intrigues,  who  in  the  dead  of  night 
introduced  themselves  into  the  unsuspecting 
husband's  chamber  and  inhumanly  deprived 
him  of  his  manhood.  Abelard  fled  upon 
this  to  a  cloister,  where  lie  concealed  his 
■•qufusion  from   the  public  eye  by  assuming 


the  habit  of  St.  Dennis.  Here  the  immoral- 
ity of  the  monks  roused  his  indignation,  and 
after  he  had  wandered  on  the  territories  of 
the  count  of  Champagne,  and  been  exposed  to 
the  persecution  of  an  ecclesiastical  council  at 
Soissons,  he  retired  to  a  solitary  place  in  the 
diocese  of  Troyes,  where  he  built  an  orato- 
ry ;  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  the  Pa- 
raclete. His  reputation  and  his  misfortunes 
here  drew  around  him  a  number  of  pupils, 
and  by  his  eloquence  the  solitude  of  his  re- 
sidence was  converted  into  a  popular  assem- 
blage of  theologians  and  philosophers.  New- 
persecutions  however  again  awaited  him ; 
St.  Bernard  attacked  him  with  such  viru- 
lence and  envy,  that  he  left  Troyes  and  fled 
to  the  abbey  of  Ituis  in  the  diocese  of  Vali- 
nes, where  the  monks  had  elected  him  their 
superior.  It  might  however  be  some  couso- 
lation  to  him  in  his  misfortunes  to  dedicate 
the  Paraclete  to  the  residence  of  Heloise  and 
her  sister  nuns,  who  had  been  driven  from. 
Argenteuil.  He  had  scarcely  entered  upon 
his  office  at  Ruis  than  the  monks,  whose  dis- 
sipated morals  he  wished  to  reform,  began  to 
persecute  him,  and  even  to  attempt  his  life 
by  poison.  His  writings  on  the  Trinity  like- 
wise brought  upon  him  the  accusation  of 
heresy  from  the  archbishop  of  Sens,  and  as 
he  demanded  to  make  his  defence,  a  council 
was  assembled,  in  which  Lewis  VII.  assisted, 
and  St.  Bernard  appeared  as  the  accuser. 
Abelard  was  terrified  at  the  solemnity  of  the 
scene,  and,  instead  of  defending  himself,  he 
declared,  that  he  appealed  to  Rome,  and  im- 
mediately left  the  assembly.  His  conduct 
was  considered  as  irreverent,  and  as  a  proo;' 
of  his  guilt;  and  pope  Innocent  II.  was  so- 
licited by  the^council  to  condemn  his  wri- 
tings to  the  flames,  and  his  person  to  perpet-* 
ual  imprisonment.  The  sentence  however 
was  delayed  by  the  intercession  of  Peter  the 
venerable  abbot  of  Clugni.  Abelard  was  re- 
ceived again  into  the  bosom  of  the  church- 
and  even  reconciled  to  his  persecutor  St.- 
Beruard.  In  the  peaceful  retreat  of  Clugni, 
in  the  company  and  friendship  of  Peter,  who 
had  received  the  melancholy  wanderer  with 
hospitality  and  compassion,  the  husband  of 
Heloise  forgot  his  misfortunes,  and  in  his  in- 
tercourse with  the  monks  he  exemplified  the 
virtues  of  humility  and  resignation,  which  he 
frequently  enforced  to  them  with  the  elo- 
quence of  youth.  He  died  soon  after  at  the 
abbey  at  St.  Marcellus  on  the  Saon  near  Cha- 
lons, April  21st,  1142,  in  the  G3d  year  of  his 
age,  and  his  remains  were  claimed  by  the  un- 
fortunate Heloise,  who  deposited  them  in 
the  Paraclete,  and  who,  while  she  paid 
honor  to  his  memory  as  the  founder  of  her 
house,  still  remetnbe.red  him  with  the  keen- 
ness of  anguish  as  the  former  object  of  her 
love.  She  survived  him  till  the  17th  May, 
1163,  and  was  buried  in  the  same  tomb,  where 
her  bones  still  repose,  though  removed  to  a 
different  part  of  the  church  ;  and  an  inscrip- 
tion and  monument,  raised  by  madame  de 
Courcy,  the  abbess,  in  1780,  point  out  the 
venerated  spot.  The  loves  of  Abelard  and 
Heloise  have  been  immortalized  by  the  pes 


AB 


AB 


of  Pope ;  but  the  genius  of  the  poet,  however 
brilliant  cannot  throw  a  veil  over  the  failings 
of  the  man.  If  we  execrate  the  conduct  of 
Abelard  to  Heloise  while  in  the  house  ofFul- 
bert,  we  cannot  but  contemplate  with  in- 
creased indignation  the  coldness  and  indif- 
ference with  which  lie  treats  in  his  letters  the 
affections  and  the  friendship  of  the  abbess  of 
the  Paraclete.  Whilst  he  languished  during 
the  decline  of  life  under  the  unmanly  ven- 
geance of  Fulbert,  lie  forgot  that  Heloise 
once  virtuous  had  sacrificed  her  name,  her 
honor,  and  happiness  to  his  passion.  The 
writings  of  Abelard  are  mostly  on  divinity  or 
logical  subjects,  but  his  letters  excite  inter- 
est from  the  sensibility,  the  animation,  and 
the  elegance  which  Heloise  has  infused  into 
them.  A  voluminous  life  of  these  two  lov- 
ers has  been  published  in  English  by  Bering- 
ton. 

Abell,  John,  an  English  musician,  known 
for  a  fine  countertenor  voice,  and  bis  skill  on 
the  lute.  Charles  II.  in  whose  service  he  was, 
intended  to  send  him  to  Venice,  to  convince 
the  Italians  of  the  musical  powers  of  an  Eng- 
lishman, "but  the  scheme  was  dropped,  and 
Abell  at  the  revolution  was  dismissed  from 
the  chapel  royal  for  his  attachment  to  pope- 
ry, lie  quitted  England,  and  after  various 
:>  1  ventures  in  Holland  and  Germany,  in  the 
midst  of  opulence  and  of  poverty,  he  at  last 
reached  Warsaw  where  he  was  invited  to 
court.  He  evaded  the  invitation,  till  obliged 
to  attend  in  consequence  of  a  second  order, 
he  found  himself  in  the  midst  of  a  large  hall, 
Seated  in  a  chair  which  was  suddenly  drawn 
up  opposite  a  gallery  were  the  king  appeared 
With  his  nobles.  At  the  same^islant  a  num- 
ber of  bears  were  let  loose  below,  and  the  ter- 
rified musician  was  ordered  by  the  king  to 
choose  either  to  sing  or  be  let  down  among 
the  ferocious  animals.  Abell  chose  to  sing, 
and  afterwards  declared  he  never  exerted 
himself  with  such 'successful  powers  before. 
He  returned  to  England,  where  he  published 
a  collection  of  songs  dedicated  to  king  Wil- 
liam 17dl.  He  visited  Cambridge  in  queen 
Anne's  reign,  but  did  not  meet  with  the  pat- 
ronage he  expected.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  unknown.  He  is  supposed  to  have  had 
some  secret  by  which  he  preserved  the  natu- 
ral powers  of  his  voice  to  his  last  moments. 
Abella,  a  female  writer  born  at  Salerne 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  of  Anjou.  Among 
other  books  on  medicine  she  wrote  a  trea- 
tise de  atra  hili. 

Abe  1. li,  Leu  is,  a  native  of  Vexin  Fran- 
cois, who  was  made  bishop  of  Rhodes.  Af- 
ter thre  years' residence  hs  abdicated  his 
episcopal  office,  and  chose  rather  to  live  in 
privacy  at  St.  Lazarc  in  Paris,  in  the  bosom 
of  literary  case.  He  died  th.  re  1691  in  his 
88th  year.  lie  published  among  other  works 
Medulla  theologica,  and  his  works  are  often 
quoted  by  the  protestants  against  the  elo- 
quence of  Bossuet  and  of  the  catholics,  in 
(he  support  of  their  worship  of  the  irgin. 
Hi  was  harsh  and  inelegant, 
ABENDANA,  Jacob,  a  Spanish  Jew  who 
died  1 685,  prefect  of  (He  synagogue  in  Lon- 


don. He  wrote  a  Specilegium,  or  Hebrew 
explanation  of  select  passages  in  the  scrip- 
tures, much  esteemed,  and  published  ..t  Am- 
sterdam. 

Abenexra,  Abraham,  a  Spanish  rabbi, 
surnamed  the  wise,  great  and  admirable,  for 
the  extent  of  his  learning.  Though  skilled 
in  geometry,  astronomy,  and  poetry,  he  pre- 
ened the  explanation  of  the  scriptures,  in 
which  his  zeal  was  often  manifested  by  the 
boldness  of  his  conjectures.  His  commenta- 
ries are  highly  valued,  and  also  his  Jesud 
mora,  in  which  he  recommends  the  study  of 
the  Talmud.  He  died  1174,  aged  about  75, 
after  having  acquired  and  deserved  the  re- 
putation of  one  of  the  greatest  men  of  his 
age  and  nation. 

Abengnefil,  an  Arabian  physician  of 
the  12th  century,  who  wrote  a  treatise  de 
virtutibus  medicinarum  and  ciborum,  little 
known,  folio,  Venice  1581. 

Abenmelek,  a  learned  rabbi  who  wrote 
in  Hebrew  a  commentary  on  the  bible  which 
he  called  the  perfection  of  beauty,  Amster- 
dam 1661  in  folio,  translated  into  Latin  in  4lo. 
and  8vo. 

Abercrombie,  Sir  Ralph,  an  Eng'ish 
general  celebrated  for  his  bravery.  He  ear- 
ly devoted  himself  to  the  military  service, 
and  in  1760  obtained  a  lieutenancy  in  the 
third  of  dragoon  guards,  and  two  years  al- 
ter he  became  captain  of  the  third  regiment 
of  horse,  and  in  1773  lieutenant-colonel  of 
that  corps.  As  his  ambition  was  to  distin- 
guish himself  in  the  service  of  his  country 
he  studied  the  duties  of  the  military  profes- 
sion, and  when  he  rose  to  the  title  of  major- 
general  in  1787,  the  rank  Was  due  to  his  mer- 
its and  to  his  experience.  When,  in  the  re- 
volutionary war  of  Prance,  England  deter- 
mined to  support  the  cause  of  Austria  and 
of  humanity,  Sir  Ralph  was  one  of  the  gal- 
I  lant  officers  employed,  and  iu  the  famous 
action  on  the  heights  of  Cateau  he  conuuet- 
|  ed  himself  with  such  bravery  that  he  was 
particularly  noticed  in  the  dispatches  of  the 
royal  commander  in  chief.  Ever  foremost 
I  in  feats  of  danger  or  glory,  Sir  Ralph  u  as 
!  slightly  wounded  at  the  affair  of  Nimeguen  ; 
'  and  in  the  winter  of  1796,  when  the  treache- 
j  ry  of  the  Dutch  rendered  the  continuance  of 
the  English  troops  no  longer  necessary  in 
Holland,  he  had  the  care  of  tie  retreat  of  his 
brave  countrymen.  So  much  valor  did  not 
pass  unrewarded  with  the  ministry;  after 
supporting  the  honor  of  the  British  arms  iu 
the  West  Indies  as  commander  in  chief  and 
reducing  several  of  the  enemies  colonies,  lie 
was  made  a  knight  of  the  bath,  governor  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight  and  forts  George  and  Au- 
gustus, and  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieu! 
general.  When  Ireland,  was  distracted  by 
faction,  and  a  prey  to  seditious  leaders,  no 
officer  seemed  better  calculated  to  restore 
order  and  confidence,  and  to  suppress  rebel- 
lion than  Sir  Ralph  :  and  during  his  resi- 
dence in  the  sister  island  his  whole  lime  was 
laudably  devoted  to  the  health  and  discipline 
of  his  troops  and  to  the  re-establish tm  nt  ol 
concord  and  mutual  attachment   among  the 


•nuivc 
parf. 


AB 

ive  Irish.  In  the  attack  made  on  Holland 
by^the  English  Sir  Ralph  bore  a  conspicuous 
par£  and  the  landing  at  the  Helder  and  the 
subsequent  actions  evinced  not  only  the  bra- 
very of  his  troops,  but  the  judicious  arrange- 
ment and  military  skill  of  theirheroic  leader, 
whose  abilities  even  the  French  themselves 
were  eager  to  admire  and  commend.  In  the 
Egyptian  expedition,  the  popularity  of  the 
veteran  chief  marked  him  as  destined  to 
gather  iresh  laurels  for  his  country.  After 
a  long  delay  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, which  seemed  to  argue  almost  timi- 
dity, Sir  Ralph  soon  convinced  the  enemy 
that  every  noble  exertion  in  the  field  of  hon- 
or and  glory  can  be  expected  from  a  British 
army.  He  landed  at  Aboukir,  in  spite  of  the 
obstinate  opposition  of  the  French,  eighth 
Alarch  1801,  and  advanced  boldly  towards 
Alexandria.  On  the  21st  March  a  bloody 
battle  was  fought  between  the  two  armies, 
and  the  French,  who  had  attempted  to  seize 
the  English  by  surprise,  fouud  themselves 
unable  to  withstand  the  impetuosity  of  their 
opponents,  and  retired  dismayed  and  con- 
quered. This  brilliant  victory  however  was 
dearly  bought;  Sir  Ralph,  whilst  animating 
his  troops,  received  a  musket  ball  in  the  hip, 
and  died  seven  days  after  on  board  the  fleet. 
His  remains  were  conveyed  to  Malta,  and 
there  interred  in  the  great  church,  where  a 
noble  monument  with  a  becoming  inscrip- 
tion records  his  meritorious  services.  This 
illustrious  hero,  whose  character  was  so 
well  delineated  by  his  brave  successor  Lord 
Hutchinson,  received  in  his  decendants  the 
noblest  marks  of  respect  which  a  grateful 
people  can  paj-.  The  applauses  of  the  na- 
tion were  seconded  by  the  approbation  of 
the  king  and  the  parliament;  and  the  hon- 
ors of  the  peerage  were  granted  to  his  wi- 
dow and  to  his  children.  Sir  Ralph  was  des- 
cended from  an  ancient  and  respectable  fa- 
mily in  Scotland,  and  one  of  his  brothers, 
likewise  engaged  in  the  military  service  of 
his  country,  fell  at  the  melancholy  affair  of 
Bunker's  hill  in  the  American  war.  Anoth- 
er brother  has  also  acquired  high  distinction 
in  the  army.  Sir  Ralph  was  member  of 
parliament  for  Kinross  from  1774  to  17S0. 

ABERCROMBY.Thomas,  M.  D.  anativeof 
Forfar,  who  after  studying  medicine  in  the 
universities  of  Saint  Andrews  and  Leyden, 
became  physician  to  James  II.  by  renouncing 
the  protestant  religion.  The  revolution  soon 
after  dismissed  him  from  the  court,  and  he 
applied  himself  to  celebrate  the  martial 
achievements  of  Scotland  in  2  vols.  fol.  in  the 
1st  of  which  he  is  fabulous  and  disgusting,  but 
iu  the  2d  learned  and  instructive,  and  well 
acquainted  with  the  history  of  the  14th  and 
15th  centuries.  He  wrote  besides  a  treatise 
on  wit,  no  longer  known;  but  he  never  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  his  profession.  He  di- 
ed 1726  aged  70,  and  was  buried  in  Holyrood- 
house  abbey. 

Abernethy,  John,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, born  at  Coleraine  in  Ireland,  October 
19th,  1680.  He  was  early  removed  to  Scot- 
land where  he  escaped  the  miseries  which 
vol.  l.  .'} 


AB 

his  family  endured  at  the  siege  of  Derry  ;  and 
after  he  had  finished  his  studies  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  and  obtained  the  degree 
of  M.  A.  he  returned  to  Ireland,  and  was  soon 
after  appointed  minister  of  the  dissenting  con- 
gregation of  Antrim.  His  attempts  to  convert 
the  catholics  in  his  neighborhood  met  with 
success;  but  the  concerns  of  religion  were 
for  a  while  disregarded  whilst  he  pursued  with 
more  zeal  than  prudence  the  views  of  the 
Belfast  nonconformists,  a  society  whose  mea- 
sures would  have  eventually  proved  dange- 
rous to  the  peace  and  tranquillity  of  the  coun- 
try. Unpopularity  was  the  consequence  of 
these  rash  proceedings,  and  Abernethy,  aban- 
doned by  his  congregation  and  forsaken  by 
his  friends,  retired  to  Dublin,  where  lie  be- 
came the  pastor  of  a  small  society  in  Wood- 
street,  and  for  ten  years  displayed  modera- 
tion in  opinions  and  exemplary  manners. 
He  died  of  the  gout  December  1740  in  the 
60th  year  of  his  age.  He  left  several  vol- 
umes of  sermons  much  esteemed,  which 
were  published  174S,  and  to  which  an  ac- 
count of  his  life  was  prefixed. 

Abgarus,  a  king  of  Edessa,  famous  for 
the  letter  which  he  is  said  to  have  sent  to  our 
Saviour,  and  for  the  answer  he  received. 
This  legend,  first  divulged  by  Eusebius,  who 
asserted  that  he  copied  it  from  the  public 
records  of  Edessa,  has  been  sufficiently  re- 
futed by  Spanheim,  Du  Pin,  and  Lardner, 
though  supported  by  Cave  and  Pearson  as 
founded  on  fact. 

Abgillus,  son  of  the  king  of  the  Frisii, 
was  surnamed  Prester  John.  He  was  in  the 
Holy  land  with  Charlemagne,  and  afterwards 
it  is  said  wen^o  Abyssinia  where  he  made 
extensive  coflkests.  He  is  the  reputed  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  his  journey  and  of  that  of 
Charlemagne  into  the  East. 

Abiathae,  son  of  Abimelech,  was  the 
high  priest  of  the  Jews,  and  the  friend  and 
fellow  sufferer  of  David.  After  that  mon- 
arch'sdeath  he  espoused  the  cause  of  Adoni- 
jah,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  depo- 
sed from  his  office  by  the  successful  prince 
Solomon  and  sent  into  banishment  1014  B.  C. 

Abigail,  wife  of  Nabal,  averted  by  her 
submissive  demeanor  the  vengance  which 
her  husband's  insolence  towards  David  had 
brought  upon  him.  The  monarch,  struck 
with  her  beautv,  married  her  after  Nabal's 
death  1057  B.  C. 

Abijah,  son  of  Rehoboam,  washing  of 
Judah  after  his  father  958  years  before 
Christ.  He  made  war  against  Jeroboam 
king  of  Israel,  and  defeated  him,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Asa  one  of  his  22  sons. 

Abiosi,  John,  an  Italian  physician  and  as- 
tronomer, at  the  beginning  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. His  dialogue  on  astrology  was  in  great 
esteem. 

Ablancourt, viil.  Perrot. 

Able  or  Abel,  Thomas,  a  chaplain  at  the 
court  of  Henry  V  III.  His  attachment  to  the 
cause  of  queen  Catherine,  whose  innocence 
he  ably  supported,  brought  upon  him  the  re- 
sentment of  the  tyrant.  He  was  accused  as 
concerned  in  the  affair  of  the  holy  maid  of 


AB 


AB 


Kentj  and  afterwards  by  the  king's  order  be 
was  sentenced  to  die  on  pretence  of  deny- 
ing his  supremacy,  He  was  executed  July 
30th,  1540.     His  writings  are  now  lost. 

Abxer,  son  of  Ner,  was  Saul's  uncle,  and 
his  faithful  general.  After  the  monarch's 
death,  he  wished  to  place  Ishbosheth  on  the 
throne,  but  afterwards  followed  the  cause  of 
David,  whom  he  served  with  fidelity  and 
honor.  He  was  perfidiously  slain  by  Joab, 
and  buried  with  great  magnificence  by  his 
master,  who  honored  his  remains  with  an 
epitaph,  1048  B.  C. 

Aboubeker,  vid.  Abtjbeker. 

Abougehel,  one  of  the  enemies  of  Ma- 
homet and  of  his  religion.  Though  his  son 
Aeramas  became  a  convert  to  the  tenets  of 
the  impostor,  yet  the  father  was  for  ever 
shut  out  from  the  blessings  of  paradise  ;  and 
so  violent  is  the  resentment  of  the  mussul- 
mans  against  this  first  enemy  of  their  pro- 
phet, that  they  call  the  fruit  coloquintida,  or 
cucumis  asininus,  in  contempt,  the  melon  of 
Abougehel. 

Abou-hanifah,  surnamed  Al-nooman, 
a  celebrated  doctor  among  the  mussulmans, 
born  in  the  80th  year  of  the  hegira.  Though 
he  was  imprisoned  at  Bagdatby  the  violence 
of  a  caliph,  and  though  he  died  in  his  con- 
finement, yet  his  learning,  his' virtues,  and 
moderation  found  partisans  in  the  east,  and 
33;>  years  after  his  decease  the  sultan  Me- 
likshah  erected  a  noble  mausoleum  in  the  ci- 
ty where  his  remains  were  deposited;  and 
there  were  not  wanting  enthusiasts  who  de- 
clared that  his  name  was  enrolled  in  the  old 
testament,  and  that  his  birth  had  been  fore- 
told as  well  as  that  of  the  prophet.  What- 
ever honors  however  Ahou-haAah  received 
from  this  zeal  of  posterity  anxffrom  his  ad- 
mirers who  assumed  the  name  of  Hanifah- 
ites,  they  were  due  to  his  temperance,  to 
his  exemplary  life  and  the  mildness  of  his 
character. 

Abo  u-joseph,  a  learned  mussulman,  ap- 
pointed supreme  judge  of  Bagdat  by  the  ca- 
liphs Hadi  and  Aaron  Raschid.  He  suppor- 
ted the  tenets  of  Abou-hanifah,  and  main- 
tained the  dignity  of  his  office  by  impartiality. 
When  he  was  one  day  reproached  for  his 
ignorance  of  one  of  the  causes  brought  be- 
fore him,  for  the  decision  of  which  he  re- 
ceived an  ample  allowance,  he  jocosely  re- 
plied, that  he  received  in  proportion  as  he 
knew  ;  but,  says  he,  if  I  was  paid  for  all  I  do 
not  know,  the  riches  of  the  caliphat  itself 
would  not  be  sufficient  to  answer  my  de- 
mand. 

Aboulaina,  a  mussulman  doctor,  cele- 
brated for  his  wit.  When  Moses,  son  of 
the  caliph  Abdalmalek,  put  to  death  one  of 
his  friends,  and  afterwards  spread  a  report 
that  he  had  escaped,  Aboulaina,  on  hearing 
the  circumstance,  said  in  the  words  of  the 
lawgiver  of  the  Hebrews,  Moses  smote  him 
and  he  died.  The  sentence  was  reported  to 
the  prince,  and  Aboulaina  was  summoned  to 
appear.  Instead  of  dreading  the  threats  of 
the  oppressor  of  his  friend,  lie  boldly  replied 
in  the  wcrds  of  the  following  verse"  in  Lxo- 


dus,  Wilt  thou  kill  me  to-day  as  thou  killedst 
the  other  man  yesterday  ?  The  ingenuity  of 
the  expression  disarmed  the  anger  of  Moses, 
who  loaded  him  with  presents. 

Abou-lola,  an  Arabian  poet,  born  at 
Maora  in  973.  Though  he  lost  his  sight  in 
the  3d  year  of  his  age  by  the  small-pox,  yet 
his  poetry  was  animated,  and  his  descriptions 
beautiful  and  interesting.  He  became  a 
brahmin,  and  devoted  himself  faithfully  to 
the  abstinence  and  mortifications  of  that  sect, 
and  died  1057. 

Abou-navas,  an  Arabian  poet,  whose 
merit  was  protected  and  encouraged  at  the 
court  of  Aaron  Raschid. 

Abou-rihan,  a  geographer  and  astrono- 
mer, who  employed  40  years  of  his  life 
in  travelling  through  the  Indies.  TlAugh 
highly  esteemed  by  the  mussulmans,  he 
has  few  pretensions  to  superiority  of  merit. 

Abrabanel,  Isaac,  a  Jew  of  Lisbon, 
who  pretended  to  be  descended  from  David 
kiug  of  Israel.  He  was  employed  in  offices 
of  importance  by  Alphonso  V.  king  of  Por- 
tugal ;  but  on  the  accession  of  John  II.  he 
shared  the  disgrace  of  the  ministry,  and 
either,  from  the  consciousness  of  guilt  or 
the  apprehension  of  persecution,  he  fled 
to  Spain,  where  he  applied  himself  to  liter- 
ature. His  fame  recommended  him  to  Fer- 
dinand and  Isabel,  but  when  the  Jews  were 
banished  from  Castille,  he  yielded  to  the 
storm  which  neither  his  intrigues  nor  his 
influence  could  avert.  He  found  an  asylum, 
at  the  court  of  Ferdinand  king  of  Naples,  but 
upon  the  defeat  of  the  next  monarch  Al- 
phonso, by  the  French  armies  under  Charles 
VIII.  he  retired  to  Corfu,  and  at  last  to 
Venice,  where  he  died  in  1508  in  his  71st 
year.  He  was  buried  with  great  pomp  at 
Padua  without  the  walls  of  the  city.  Though 
engaged  during  the  best  part  of  his  life  in 
the  turn  ultf  and  the  intrigues  of  courts,  Abra- 
banel cultivated  literature  in  his  hours  of 
privacy  and  retirement.  Blessed  with  a 
strong  mind,  he  wrote  with  facility,  but  the 
persecutions  which  his  nation  had  suffered, 
and  which  he  himself  had  shared  in  all  their 
bitterness,  envenomed  his  pen,  and  scarce 
any  thing  was  composed  which  did  not 
breathe  the  most  violent  invectives  against 
Christianity,  and  the  most  vehement  desire 
of  revenge.  His  writings  are  chiefly  com- 
mentaries or  explanations  of  scripture. 

Abraham,  the  patriarch,  was  born  at 
Ur  in  Chaldea,  A.  M.  2004.  He  lived  at 
Haran  in  Mesopotamia  with  his  father  Te- 
rah  who  was  an  idolater,  and  there  he  was 
informed  by  God  that  he  should  become  the 
progenitor  of  a  great  nation.  He  left  Haran 
and  went  with  his  wife  Sarah  and  his  ne- 
phew Lot  to  settle  at  Sichcm,  and  from 
thence  in  consequence  of  a  famine  passed  in- 
to Egypt.  On  his  return  to  Bethel  he  sep- 
arated from  Lot,  as  their  flocks  were  ton 
numerous  to  continue  in  the  same  company, 
and  he  afterwards  rescued  him  when  violent- 
ly seized  and  plundered  by  the  princes  of 
the  country.  Despairing  of  raising  children 
by  Sarah,  he  had  a  son,  Isluuael,  by  Hagar 


AB 


AB 


">iis  Egyptian  slave,  and  afterwards  was  pro- 
mised by  the  message  of  an  angel  that  his 
wife,  though  90  years  old,  should  bear  him 
a  son,  and  his  name  was  by  divine  command 
changed  from  Abram,  into  Abraham,  or  the 
lather  of  a  great  multitude.  The  promised 
son,  Isaac,  was  born  in  due  time,  and  the 
rites  of  circumcision  established  ;  but  no 
sooner  had  Isaac  reached  his  25th  year  than 
God,  to  try  the  fidelity  of  the  father,  de- 
manded the  sacrifice  of  his  favorite  son. 
Abraham  obeyed,  and  seized  the  knife  to 
slay  his  sou,  when  an  angel  from  heaven 
stopped  his  hand,  and  substituted  a  ram  for 
the  burnt  sacrifice.  After  Sarah's  death 
Abraham  married  Keturah,  by  whom  he  had 
six  sons.     He  died  in  his  175th  year. 

Abraham,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Jesuit  in 
the  diocese  of  Toul  in  Lorraine,  who  was  for 
17  years  divinity  professor  at  Pont  a  Mous- 
son,  where  he  died  September  7th,  1655,  in 
Jiis  CGth  year.  His  writings  were  on  theolo- 
gical subjects,  besides  some  commentaries  on 
the  classics. 

Abraham,  Ben-choila,  a  Spanish  rabbi 
skilled  in  astrology.  He  prophesied  that 
the  coming  of  the  Messiah  expected  by 
the  Jews  would  be  in  1358.  He  died  1303. 
He  was  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  figure  of 
the  earth. 

Abraham,  Usque,  a  Jew  of  Portugal, 
though  Arnaud  considers  him  as  a  Christian. 
He  undertook  with  Tobias  Athias  to  trans- 
late the  bible  into  Spanish  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury ;  but  though  accuracy  seems  to  per- 
vade the  whole,  yet  it  is  justly  viewed  as  a 
compilation  from  preceding  Chaldee  para- 
phrases and  Spanish  glossaries.  Another 
edition  was  published  for  the  use  of  the  Span- 
ish Christians,  and  the  difference  of  the  two 
translations  is  particularly  observable  in 
those  passages  which  appeal  to  the  faith  and 
belief  of  the  readers. 

Abraham,  an  emperor  of  flie  Moors  of 
Africa  in  the  12th  century.  He  was  dethron- 
ed by  his  subjects,  and  his  crown  usurped 
by  Abdul  mumen. 

Abrosi,  John,  an  Italian  physician.  He 
wrote  a  dialogue  on  astrology,  4to.  Venice 
1494,  which  is  to  be  found  in  the  index  ex- 
purgatorius. 

Abruzzo,  Balthasar,  a  Sicilian,  known 
for  his  abilities  as  a  philosopher  and  a  civil- 
ian.   He  died  1665,  aged  64. 

Abruzzo,  Peter,  a  Neapolitan  architect, 
in  the  17th  century.  His  taste  and  genius 
■were  displayed  in  the  beautiful  edifices  he 
erected  in  several  cities  in  Italy. 

Absalom,  son  of  king  David,  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  personal  acquirements,  his 
popularity,  and  his  vices.  He  became  the 
murderer  of  his  brother  Ammon  who  hail 
defiled  his  sister  Tamar,  and  he  afterwards 
headed  a  rebellion  against  his  father.  He 
was  slain  by  Joab,  and  his  death  was  bitterly 
lamented  by  David,  about  1030  B.  C. 

Absalom,  archbishop  of  Lunden  in  Den- 
mark, is  celebrated  as  the  minister,  the  fa- 
rorite,  and  the  friend  of  Waldemir.  He 
displayed  his  abifities  not  only  in  the  cabinet 


but  in  the  field  as  a  general,  and  at  sea  as 
the  commander  of  'the  fleet.  To  these 
great  qualities  he  added  the  virtues  of  a  most 
humane  and  benevolent  heart.  He  died  uni- 
versally regretted  1202. 

Abstemius,  Laurentius,  a  native  of  Ma- 
cerata,  in  the  march  of  Ancona,  who  lived 
at  the  time  of  the  revival  of  learning  in  Eu- 
rope. His  abilities  recommended  him  to 
the  duke  of  Urbino  who  patronised  him. 
IJis  writings  were  chiefly  explanations  of 
difficult  passages,  besides  a  collection  of  100 
fables  after  the  manner  of  JEsop,  Phtedrus, 
Avienus,  &c.  in  which  he  frequently  lashes 
the  vices  of  his  age,  especially  the  immoral- 
ity of  the  clergy. 

Abubeker,  fatlier-in-law  of  Mahomet, 
was  elected  his  successor,  in  opposition  to  Ali 
the  son-in-law  of  the  prophet.  He  suppor- 
ted with  energy  the  fabric  erected  by  the 
aits  of  the  impostor,  and  reduced  by  con- 
quest several  of  the  Arabian  tribes  who 
wished  to  abandon  the  new  doctrines  to  re- 
turn to  the  religion  of  their  fathers.  After- 
wards Abubeker  turned  his  arms  against 
foreign  nations,  and  by  the  valor  of  his  ac- 
tive general  Khaled  at  the  head  of  36,000 
men,  he  defeated  an  army  of  200,000  men 
whom  the  Greek  emperor  Heraclius  had  sent 
to  ravage  the  borders  of  Syria.  His  victories 
however  were  of  short  duration,  a  slow  fe- 
ver wasted  his  vigor,  but  before  he  died  he 
appointed  for  his  successor  Omar  a  valiant 
chieftain,  and  after  a  reign  of  two'  years  and 
six  months  he  expired  in  his  C3d  year.  He 
was  buried  in  the  tomb  of  Mahomet. 

Abucara,  Theodore,  the  metropolitan 
of  Caria,  whqttfcjured  the  tenets  of  Photiu? 
to  which  he  WKL  some  time  adhered,  and 
obtained  a  seat  in  the  synod  held  at  Constan- 
tinople 869.  He  wrote  several  treatises 
against  the  Jews  and  Mahometans,  which 
have  been  published. 

Abudhaher,  the  father  of  the  Carma- 
tians  in  Arabia,  spread  his  doctrines  by  his 
eloquence  as  well  as  by  the  sword.  He  not 
only  opposed  the  religion  of  Mahomet,  but 
plundered  and  insulted  the  temple  of  Mecca, 
and  carried  away  the  black  stone  which 
was  superstitiously  believed  to  have  fallen 
from  heaven.  His  violence  was  not  checked 
by  the  Mussulmans,  and  he  died  in  peaceful 
possession  of  his  extensive  dominions  953. 

Abulfaragius,  Gregory,  son  of  a  C  hris- 
tian  physician,  was  born  at  Malatia  near  the 
source  of  the  Euphrates.  He  followed  his 
father's  profession,  but  afterwards  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  the  eastern  languages 
and  of  divinity,  and  so  great  was  his  progress 
that  he  was  ordained  bishop  of  Guba  iu  his 
20th  year,  from  whence  he  was  afterwards 
translated  to  Lacabena  and  Aleppo.  Though 
he  gave  way  to  the  superstitions  of  his  time, 
he  is  to  be  remembered  with  gratitude  for 
the  Arabic  history  which  he  wrote,  divided 
into  dynasties.  This  excellent  book,  which 
is  an  epitome  of  universal  history  from  the 
creation  to  his  own  time,  has  been  published 
with  a  Latin  translation  1663  by  Dr.  Pocoke, 
who  has  added  a  short  continuation  on  the 


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history  of  the  cast.  Abulfaragius  died  in  his 
60tli  year  1286,  and  his  memory  was  deser- 
vedly honored  with  the  highest  encomium 
which  li is  nation  could  bestow. 

Abulfeda,  Ismael,  succeeded  his  bro- 
theras  king  of  Hamath  in  Syria  1342.  When 
a  private  man  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
researches  in  geography,  and  published  in 
Arabic  an  account  of  the  regions  beyond  the 
Oxus,  which  was  first  edited  by  Grsevitis 
with  a  Latin  translation,  London  1650,  and 
more  recently  by  Hudson,  Oxford  1712. 
Abulfeda,  who  had  passed  some  part  of  his 
life  in  England,  died  in  1345  in  his  72d  year. 

Abulgasi-bayatur,  khan  of  the  Tar- 
tars, was  descended  from  the  great  Zingis, 
and  as  his  youth  was  spent  in  the  school  of 
adversity,  misfortunes  and  experience  fitted 
him  for  the  government  of  a  state.  After  a 
reign  of  20  years,  during  which  he  was  res- 
pected at  heme  and  abroad,  he  resigned  the 
sovereignty  to  his  son,  and  retired  to  devote 
himself  to  literature.  He  wrote  a  genealogi- 
cal history  of  the  Tartars,  which  though  oc- 
casionally disfigured  by  conceited  terms,  and 
•various  interpolations  from  the  Koran,  is 
truly  valuable,  as  the  only  Tartar  history 
known  in  Europe.  It  has  been  translated 
into  German  and  French.     He  died  1063. 

Abulola,  vid.  Aboulola. 

Abu-meslem,  a  mussulman  governor  of 
Khorasan,  who  in  746  transferred  the  dignity 
of  caliph  from  the  family  of  the  Ommiades 
to  that  of  the  Abbassides,  and  by  that  revo- 
lution occasioned  the  death  of  above  600,OUO 
men.  The  caliph  Almansor,  whom  he  had 
supported  by  his  services,  cruelly  seized  him 
and  threw  him  into  the  Tigrjflfe'54. 

Abundius,  a  bishop  of^ome  in  Italy, 
who  assisted  at  the  council  of  Constantinople, 
as  the  representative  of  Leo,  and  died  469. 
1  buxowas,  an  Arabian  poet,  deservedly 
patronised  with  other  learned  men  by  Aaron 
Haschid.  He  died  810.  His  works  are  still 
extant. 

Abu-obeidah,  a  friend  and  associate  of 
Mahomet.  He  extended  his  conquests  over 
Palestine  and  Syria,  and  died  639. 

Abu-said-ebn-alj aptu,  a  sultan,  the 
last  of  the  family  of  Zingis-khan.  After  his 
death  1335,  the  empire  was  torn  by  civil 
dsicord  and  ambitious  chieftains. 

Ab>  said-mirza,  a  man  of  enterprise, 
who,  during  the  civil  dissensions  between 
TJlcg  Beg  and  his  sons,  placed  himself  at  the 
i  an  army,  and  declared  himself  indc- 
pendent.  He  fell  at  last  in  an  ambush,  and 
was  killed  1468,  aged  42. 

Abutema  n,  a  poet  in  high  repute  among 
the  Arabian's,  and  said  to  be  inferior  only  to 
Alrootanabbi.  The  liberality  of  the  caliphs 
•who  patronised  him  was  the  constant  theme 
of  his  muse.  He  was  born  at  Yasem  be- 
tween "Damascus  and  Tiberias  about  846. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Ab>  dene,  wrote  an  history  of  Chaldea 
and  Assyria  of  which  valuable  composition 
Only  a  few  fragments  have  been  preserved  by 
Eusebius. 

Acacius,  surnamed  Lvscvs,  from  hav- 


ing but  one  eye,  was  the  founder  of  the  sect 
of  the  Acaciani.  When  elevated  to  the  epis- 
copal dignity,  he  opposed  Athanasius,  and 
hastened  the  banishment  of  Liberius  from 
Rome.  He  was  himself  deposed  by  the 
council  of  Sardica,  and  died  365.  He  wrote, 
among  other  works,  the  life  of  Eusebius, 
whose  pupil  and  successor  he  was  at  Cajsarea, 

Acacius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople  af- 
ter Gennadius  471,  established  the  superi- 
ority of  his  see  over  the  eastern  bishops,  by 
his  adulation  and  his  intrigues  with  the  em- 
peror Zeno.  He  was  opposed  by  pope  Fe- 
lix, but  secure  in  the  imperial  protection  be 
derided  the  thunder's  and  the  excommunica- 
tions of  Rome.     He  died  489w 

Acacius,  a  bishop  of  Berea  in  Syria, 
who,  though  distinguished  by  learning  and 
piety,  persecuted  Chrysostom  and  Cyril  of 
Alexandria.  He  assisted  at  the  council  of 
Constantinople  381,  in  which  were  present 
150  bishops.  He  died  432  in  a  very  advan- 
ced age. 

Acacius,  a  bishop  of  Amida  on  the  Ti- 
gris, who  sold  the  sacred  vessels  of  his 
churches'  to  ransom  7000  Persian  slaves, 
which  generous  action  produced  a  peace  be- 
tween the  Persian  king  and  Theodosius  the 
younger.  " 

Acca-laurentia,  a  woman  celebra- 
ted in  Roman  history  as  the  nurse  of  Romu- 
lus and  Remus.  She  was  the  wife  of  the 
shepherd  Faustulus,  or  according  to  others 
she  was  a  common  prostitute. 

Acca,  bishop  of  Hexham,  was  author  of' 
treatises  on  the  sufferings  of  the  saints,  and. 
other  divinity  works.  He  was  a  great  pa- 
tron of,  learned  men,  and  contributed  much 
to  the  embellishment  of  his  cathedral.  He 
died  at  Hexham  1740. 

Accarisi,  James,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Mantua.  He  pub- 
lished some  learned  works  and  died  October 
1654. 

Accetto,  Reginald,  nn  Italian,  author  of 
a  thesarus  of  the  Italian  tongue,  died  at  Na- 
ples 1560. 

Acciaioli,  Donatus,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
learning,  and  by  his  political  services  to  his 
country.  Besides  several  treatises  he  wrote 
commentaries  on  the  ethics  of  Aristotle, 
and  translated  some  of  the  lives  of  Plutarch. 
He  died  1478  in  his  50th  year  at  Milan  in  his 
journey  to  France  as  ambassador  from  the 
Florentines  to  Lewis  XI.  to  implore  his  as- 
sistance against  the  ambitious  views  of  pope 
Sixtus  IVr.  His  fortune  was  discovered  to 
be  so  small  that  his  daughters  were  portion- 
ed for  marriage  at  the  public  expense,  as  a 
mark  of  the  gratitude  of  the  country  to  the 
virtues  of  the  father. 

Acciaioli,  Renatus,  a  noble  Florentine 
who  conquered  Athens,  Corinth,  and  Bceo- 
tia  in  the  beginning  of  the  ltth  century.  As 
he  had  no  male  issue  by  Eubois  his  wife,  he 
divided  his  conquests,  and  gave  Athens  to 
the  Venitians,  Corinth  to  Theodorus  Palwo- 
logus  who  had  married  his  eldest  daughter, 
and  Bteotia  to  his  natural  son  Antony3  who 


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afterwards  seized  Athens,  of  which  his  suc- 
cesors  were  dispossessed  by  Mahomet  II. 
1455. 

Acciaioli,  Zenobio,  a  learned  ecclesi- 
astic of  Florence,  who  for  19  years  was  li- 
brarian to  Leo  X.  at  Rome.  Besides  seve- 
ral treatises  and  sermons  he  published  a  col- 
lection of  Politian's  epigrams.   He  died  1537. 

Acciaioli  or  Acciauolt,  Angelo,  a 
learned  cardinal,  archbishop  of  Florence, 
who  wrote  in  favor  of  Urban  VI.  He  re- 
tained by  his  influence  the  Florentines  faith- 
ful to  Rome,  against  the  opposition  of  De 
Prata,  who  wished  to  seduce  them  to  the 
side  of  Clement  VII.     He  died  1407. 

Acciaioli,  Magdalen,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, celebrated  for  her  beauty,  but  more 
for  the  powers  of  her  mind.  She  was  in 
great  favor  with  Christina  duchess  of  Tusca- 
ny, and  wrote  verses  in  a  very  pleasing  and 
elegant  style.  She  began  a  heroic  poem  on 
the  persecutions  of  David,  but  died  before  its 
completion  1610. 

Ace i  us,  Lucius,  a  Roman  Latin  poet  about 
170  B.  C. 

Accius  Zuchus,  an  Italian  poet  of  the 
ICth  century,,  who  has  paraphrased  some  of 
the  fables  of  iEsop.  He  is  highly  commen- 
ded by  Jul.  Scaliger,  but  perhaps  undeserv- 
edly. 

Accolti,  Benedict,  a  lawyer  of-Flo- 
rence,  but  originally  of  Arezzo,  secretary  to 
the  republic.  Besides  an  account  of  the 
great  men  of  his  time,  he  has  written  an  ele- 
.gant  account  in  three  books  of  the  war  of 
the  Christians  against  the  Infidels,  for  the  re- 
covery of  the  Holy  Land,  from  which  Tasso 
has  drawn  the  foundation  of  his  Jerusalem 
delivered.  His  memory  was  so  retentive 
that  he  repeated  verbatim  the  Latin  ha- 
rangues of  the  Hungarian  ambassador,  on 
his'introduetion  to  the  Florentine  senate.  He 
died  1466,  aged  51. 

Accolti,  Francis,  brother  to  Benedict, 
acquired  an  extensive  reputation  by  the  clear- 
ness of  his  judgment,  the  graces  of  his  elo- 
quence, and  his  knowledge  of  jurisprudence. 
He  aspired  to  the  purple,  but  Sixtus  VI.  in 
refusing  it,  flattered  him  with  the  compli- 
ment that  such  a  promotion  would  deprive 
his  pupils  and  the  world  of  the  advantages  of 
his  instruction.  He  died  in  1470,  leaving  a 
large  property  accumulated  by  excessive  par- 
simony. He  wrote  some  ill  digested  law 
books,  and  incorrect  translations  of  St.  Chry- 
sostom.  As  he  was  a  native  of  Arezzo  he  is 
sometimes  called  Aretin.     Vid.  Aretin. 

Accolti,  Peter,  a  son  of  Benedict,  pa- 
tronised by  the  popes,  and  raised  to  the  dig- 
nity of  cardinal.  He  defended  in  his  treati- 
ses the  right  of  the  pope  over  the  crown  of 
Naples,  and  died  at  Florence  1549,  in  bis  52d 
year.  His  brother  Benedict,  duke  of  Nepi, 
distinguished  himself  as  a  poet;  and  his  Vir- 
ginia, a  comedy,  and  some  small  poems  are 
mentioned  as  deserving  celebrity. 

Accolti,  Benedict,  a  man  of  violent  pas- 
sions, who  conspired  with  five  others  to  mur- 
der Pius  IV.  on  pretence  that  he  was  not 
lawfully  elected.     The  frequent  audiences 


that  he  demanded  of  the  pope  rendered  hint 
suspected  ;  he  was  seized,  and  with  his  com- 
panions suffered  capital  punishment,  1564. 

Accords,  Stephen  Tabourot,  Seigneur 
des,  an  advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Bijon, 
who  distinguished  himself  by  writing  some 
sonnets,  and  other  light  pieces  of  poetry. 
His  "  Bigarrures,"  and  "  les  Touches," 
though  tilled  with  wit  and  humor,  yet  con- 
tain indelicate  passages,  under  the  name  of 
acrostics,  rebuses,  leonine  verses,  &c.  His 
title  was  imaginary,  and  borrowed  from  the 
arms  of  his  ancestors,  which  was.  a  drum, 
with  the  motto  of  "  a  tons  accords."  He  died 
July  the  24th  1561,  in  his  4Gth  year. 

Accurse,  Francis,  a  native  of  Florence 
who  became  a  professor  of  law  at  Bologna. 
Though  suruamed  the  idol  of  lawyers,  his 
glossary,  printed  at  Lyons,  in  6  vols.  fol. 
1627,  is  both  inelegant  and  incorrect.  He 
died  about  1229,  in  his  78th  year.  His  son. 
also  distinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer  at  Tou- 
louse. 

Accurse,  Mflrius  Angelo,  a  native  of 
Aquilia  in  the  10th  century,  eminent  for  his 
critical  and  literary  abilities.  His  Diatriba; 
on  ancient  and  modern  authors,  tire  a  monu- 
ment of  his  extensive  erudition,  and  of  the 
delicacyr  of  his  taste.  He  also  published  Am- 
mianus  Marcellinus,  besides  notes  on  Ovid, 
Solinus,  Ausonius,  and  other  classics;  and  he 
made  a  valuable  collection  of  MSS. 

Acerbo,  Francis,  a  native  of  Nocera,  who 
published  some  inferior  poems  at  Naples, 
1666,  to  sooth  the  pangs  of  his  indisposition-. 

Acesius,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  rigid- 
ly maintained  at  the  council  of  Nice,  that 
those  who  had  committed  any  sin  after  be- 
ing baptised,  ought  not  to  be  again  admitted 
into  the  church,  though  they  might  repent. 
Constantine  felt  the  severity  of  the  remark, 
and  told  the  austere  prelate,  Acesius,  make 
a  ladder  for  yourself  and  go  to  heaven  alone. 

Ach  Van  or  Achen,  John,  an  eminent 
historical  painter  born  at  Cologne.  He  died 
1621,  aged  55. 

Achards,  Eleazar  Francis  des,  a  native 
of  Avignon,  distinguished  as  much  by  his 
learning  as  by  his  piety  and  great  humanity  to 
the  poor  during  a  plague.  He  was  nominated 
bishop  of  Halicarnassus  by  Clement  XII.  and 
soon  after  sent  to  China  as  apostolic  vicar  to 
settle  the  disputes  of  the  missionaries.  Af- 
ter four  years  of  labors  and  danger,  he  died 
at  Cochin  in  1741,  aged  62.  A  tedious  ac- 
count of  his  mission  had  been  published  in 
three  vols.  12mo.  by  Fabre  bis  secretary. 

Ach  ale  n,  a  British  sovereign  in  the  sixth 
century.  When  driven  from  his  dominions  he 
took  refuge  in  Wales.  He  is  mentioned  with 
some  commendation  by  Owen  in  his  Cambri- 
an biography,  for  having  with  his  brother 
Arthanad  performed  a  difficult  journey  on 
horseback  up  the  Maelvg  hills  in  Cardigan- 
shire to  avenge  their  father's  death. 

Acherv,  Dora  Luc  d',  a  native  of  St. 
Quintin  in  Picardy,  who  displayed  bis  learn- 
ing as  an  ecclesiastic  and  an  antiquary  by  sev- 
eral valuable  publications,  particularly  edi- 
tions of  the  Fathers.    In  private  life  he  was 


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respected  and  admired.    He  died   at  Paris 
1685,  aged  76. 

Achillini,  Alexander,  a Bolognese  phy- 
sician known  by  his  useful  publications  on 
anatomy  and  medicine,  published  at  Venice 
1568  in  folio.  He  gave  the  name  of  hammer 
and  anvil  to  two  of  the  auditory  bones,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  the  follower  of  Aver- 
roes.     He  died  in  his  40th  year  1512. 

Achillini,  Philotheus,  a  relation  of  the 
preceding,  who  wrote  "  il  viridario,"  a  res- 
pectable poem,  to  honor  the  memory  of 
Italian  genius,  and  recommend  morality.  He 
Jied  1538. 

Achillini,  Claude,  grand  nephew  of 
Alexander,  was  distinguished  for  his  know- 
ledge of  medicine,  theology,  and  jurispru- 
dence. As  a  professor  of  law  he  acquired  re- 
putation and  honor  at  Parma,  Ferrara,  and 
Bologna,  and  gained  the  applauses  of  the  sov- 
ereign pontif.  In  poetry  he  shone  among 
the  learned  of  his  age,  and  his  well  known 
sonnet  on  the  conquests  of  Lewis  XIII.  in 
Piedmont,  procured  from  Richelieu  the  lib- 
eral present  of  a  chain  of  gold  worth  1000 
«rowns.  He  died  at  Bologna  1640  in  his  66th 
year. 

Achmet,  I.  emperor  of  Turkey,  son  and 
successor  of  Mahomet  III.  made  war  against 
the  Hungarians,  and  afterwards  was  engaged 
in  quelling  the  commotions  of  insurgents  and 
of  rivals.  He  died  1617  in  his  30th  year,  and 
14th  of  his  reign. 

Achmet  II.  succeeded  his  brother  Soly- 
man  III.  1631,  on  the  throne  of  Constanti- 
nople. He  was  unfortunate  in  his  wars  against 
the  Venetians  and  the  Austrians,  but  his  pri- 
vate character  was  amiable.  He  died  in  1695. 

Achmet  HI.  son  of  Mahomet  IV.  was 
placed  on  the  throne  by  the  heads  of  a  fac- 
tion which  had  deposed  his  brother  Musta- 
pha  II.  After  he  had  artfully  destroyed  those 
dangerous  subjects,  he  endeavored  to  in- 
crease the  revenues  of  his  empire  by  new 
taxes  and  by  an  alteration  of  the  value  of  the 
current  coin.  He  granted  a  friendly  asylum 
to  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  after  the  battle 
of  Pultowa,  and  the  kindness  and  the  hospital- 
ity which  marked  the  whole  of  his  inter- 
course with  that  unfortunate  monarch  are 
entitled  to  the  highest  encomiums.  Ach- 
Diet  made  war  against  the  Russians  and  Per- 
sians, and  conquered  Morea  from  Venice, 
hut  his  armies  were  less  successful  against 
Hungary ;  and  he  was  defeated  by  prince  Eu- 
gene at  the  battle  of  Peterwaradin.  He  was 
preparing  another  expedition  against  Persia, 
when  an  insurrection  hurled  him  from  his 
throne,  and  exalted  his  nephew  Mahomet  V. 
from  a  prison  to  assume  the  sovereign  pow- 
er. He  died  of  an  apoplexy  23d  June  1736, 
in  his  74th  year. 

Achmet  Geduc,  or  Acomet,  a  cele- 
brated general  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  who 
assisted  Bajazet  II.  in  obtaining  the  throne 
1482,'by  whom  he  was  afterwards  inhumanly 
assassinated. 

Achmet  Bacha,  a  genera!  of  Solyman, 
■who,  when  appointed  governor  of  Egypt,  re- 
volted from  his  sorereigu  1524,  and  assumed 


the  dignity  of  independent  emperor,  which 
he  deserved  by  his  popularity,  the  firmness 
of  his  government,  and  the  amiabteness  of  his 
character.  He  was  soon  after  defeated  by 
Ibrahim  the  favorite  of  Solyman,  and  his 
head  sent  to  Constantinople. 

Achmet,  an  Arabian,  who  wrote  on  the 
interpretation  of  dreams.  The  original  of  this 
puerile  performance  is  now  lost,  but  a  trans- 
lation of  it  was  made  in  the  ninth  century, 
and  it  was  published  in  Greek  and  Latin  by 
Rigault  1603  in  4to. 

Acidalius,  Valens,  a  native  of  Wistoek 
in  Brandebourg,  who  distinguished  himself 
by  his  extensive  erudition,  and  published 
learned  notes  on  Q.  Curtius.  He  died  of  a 
fever  before  his  30th  year  1595. 

Acoluthus,  Andrew,  a  learned  profes- 
sor of  languages  at  Breslaw.  He  published 
a  treatise  de  aquis  amaris,  4to.  besides  a  La- 
tin translation  of  the  Armenian  version  of 
Obadiah,  4to.  Leipsic,  and  died  1704. 

Acontius,  a  native  of  Trent,  eminentas 
a  philosopher,  divine,  and  civilian.  He  be- 
came a  convert  to  the  protestant  religion, 
and  found  an  asylum  in  the  court  of  Eng- 
land, which  he  repaid  by  fulsome  adulation 
to  queen  Elizabeth.  His  books  met  with 
great  popularity,  especially  his  works  of  the 
Stratagems  of  Satan,  in  which  he  wished  to 
reduce  to  a  small  compass  the  fundamental 
doctrines  of  the  Christian  faith,  and  introdu- 
ced an  universal  toleration  in  religious  tenets. 
He  possessed  extensive  abilities  and  deep  pe- 
netration, but  as  he  carried  his  ideas  on  re- 
ligion too  near  scepticism,  he  drew  upon 
himself  the  odium  of  the  clergy.  The  time 
of  his  death  is  unknown.  He  was  still  living 
in  1566.  He  wrote  other  works  besides,  but 
his  best  performance  is  a  treatise  on  the  me- 
thod of  studying,  printed  Utrecht  1658. 

Acosta,  Gabriel,  divinity  professor  at 
Coimbra,  wrote  a  Latin  commentary  on  the 
old  testament,  published  in  folio,  and  died 
1616. 

Acosta,  Joseph,  a  provincial  of  the  Je- 
suits in  Peru,  was  born  at  Medina  del  Cam- 
po,  and  died  at  Salamanca  1600,  in  his  60th 
year.  Among  his  writings,  his  history  natu- 
ral and  moral  of  the  West  Indies  in  Spanish 
and  translated  into  French,  is  particularly  ce- 
lebrated. As  a  missionary  he  laboured  as- 
siduously and  successfully  in  the  conversion 
of  the  Americans. 

Acosta,  Uriel,  a  native  of  Oporto,  edu- 
cated in  the  Romish  religion,  which  his  fam- 
ily though  of  Jewish  extraction  had  embra- 
ced by  compulsion.  Naturally  of  a  timid  and 
superstitious  mind,  he  directed  his  inquiries 
to  comprehend  the  means  by  which  he  might 
escape  eternal  death,  but  finding  himself  be- 
wildered in  the  writings  and  the  spiritual 
creeds  of  professors,  he  sunk  underpins  ap- 
prehension, and  despaired  of  salvation.  He 
was  at  that  time  only  in  his  22d  year,  when 
the  passions  often  mislead  the  judgment; 
but  instead  of  pausing  in  silence  and  medita- 
tion, he  flew  to  Judaism,  and  expected  to 
find  in  the  law  of  Moses  what  the  religion  of 
Christ  seemed  to  deny.    With  this  view  he 


AC 


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prevailed  on  his  mother  and  brothers  to 
leave  Portugal,  where  the  inquisition  para- 
lyzed the  powers  of  the  mind,  and  to  accom- 
pany him  to  Holland.  Here  he  was  circum- 
cised and  admitted  into  the  synagogue,  but 
soon  found  that  the  rabbis  were  followers  of 
Moses  more  in  appearance  than  reality.  He 
exclaimed  against  their  profanation  of  the 
law,  and  his  complaints  were  answered  by 
excommunication.  Under  this  dreadful  sen- 
tence, in  which  he  was  not  even  permitted 
to  salute  his  brothers,  Acosta  maintained  an 
unyielding  character,  and  even  published  a 
treatise  against  the  immortality  of  the  soul, 
and  attempted  to  prove  that  the  laws  of  Mo- 
ses were  not  derived  from  God,  but  were  a 
mere  political  institution.  His  infidelity  was 
resented  by  the  Jews,  he  was  accused  before 
the  magistrates,  and  the  payment  of  a  fine  of 
300  florins  at  last  delivered  hira  from  the 
horrors  of  imprisonment.  Reflection  now 
operated  upon  his  mind,  and  after  an  exclusion 
of"  15  years,  he  was  again  reconciled  to  the 
synagogue,  and  renounced  his  errors.  Fresh 
imprudences  however  tarnished  his  sinceri- 
ty, he  was  accused  by  his  own  nephew  of  not 
conforming  to  the  rites  of  Moses,  in  his  eat- 
ing and  other  particulars,  and  a  second  time 
excommunicated.  Seven  years  of  persecu- 
tion at  last  re-opened  the  door  of  the  syna- 
gogue ;  but  while  he  was  promised  forgive- 
ness, he  was  artfully  drawn  into  a  submission 
to  the  severest  discipline,  which  produced 
not  only  a  public  recantation  of  past  errors, 
hut  the  infliction  of  the  39  scourges  of  the 
law.  This  disgraceful  treatment  probably 
•roused  his  passions  to  the  commission  of  stii- 
cide.  He  attempted  to  shoot  one  of  his  prin- 
cipal enemies  as  he  passed  through  the 
street,  but  missing  in  his  aim,  he  immediately 
shot  himself  in  the  head  with  another  pistol 
1640,  or  according  to  others  1647.  A  few 
<lays  before  his  death  it  is  supposed  that  he 
wrote  his  exemplar  humanse  vitae,  a  bold  in- 
coherent composition. 

Acquaviva,  vid.  Aquaviva. 

Acron,  a  physician  of  Sicily  who  relieved 
Athens  during  a  plague  by  burning  perfumes. 
He  lived  about440B.  C.  One  of  the  commen- 
tators on  Horace.  His  scholia  were  publish- 
ed in  the  edition  of  Basil  in  8vo.  1527. 

Acronius,  John,  a  mathematician  of 
Friesland,  who  wrote  on  the  motion  of  the 
earth.    He  died  at  Basle,  1563. 

Acronius,  John,  a  Dutch  writer  of  the 
17th  century,  who  wrote  against  the  Romish 
religion. 

Acropolita,  George,  one  of  the  Byzan- 
tine historians  in  the  13th  century,  celebra- 
ted for  his  knowledge  of  poetry,  mathema- 
tics,and  rhetoric.  He  was  employed  as  am- 
bassador and  as  governor  at  the  court  of 
Constantinople,  and  was  the  means  of  a  re- 
conciliation and  reunion  of  religion  between 
the  two  churches  of  the  east  and  west,  to 
which  he  gave  his  solemn  sanction  in  the 
name  of  the  emperor,  at  the  second  council 
of  Lyons  1274.  His  history  was  discovered 
in  the  east  by  Douza,  and  published  1614.  It 
is'a  faithful  narrative  of  the  public  transac- 


tions from  1205  to  1265.  Acropolita  is  gene-r 
rally  called  Logothete,  the  name  of  thepiace 
or  chancellorship  which  he  held.  He  died 
about  theyear  1283,  aged  62.  His  sonConstan- 
tine  distinguished  himself  also  by  the  public 
offices  he  filled  at  the  court  of  the  Palteologi. 

Acxius  or  Azzo,  Visconti,  sovereign  of 
Milan,  distinguished  himself  by  his  valor, 
and  the  integrity  of  his  government.  He 
died  in  his  38th  year  after  a  reign  of  16 
years,  in  1355. 

Actuarius,  a  Jew  physician,  who  prac- 
tised at  Constantinople  in  the  13th  century. 
His  treatises  in  Greek  are  chiefly  drawn 
from  Galen,  Paulus,  and  preceding  medical 
writers.  He  is  the  first  who  recommended 
the  mild  purgative  medicines  of  manna,  sen- 
na, cassia,  &c.  used  by  the  Arabians  about  300 
years  before  his  time.  His  works  on  the- 
rapeutics, on  urines,  and  on  the  animal  spi- 
rits, &c.  are  inserted  in  Stephens's  medical 
artis  principes,  fol.  1567.  It  is  said  that  in 
honor  of  him  the  name  of  Actuarius  is  still 
given  to  the  physicians  of  the  court. 

Acuna,  Christopher,  a  Jesuit  of  Burgos, 
employed  as  a  missionary  in  America.  He 
published  an  interesting  account  of  the  Ama- 
zon river  on  his  return  to  Madrid  1641,  and 
the  work  has  been  translated  into  French,  in, 
4  vols.  12mo.  1CS2. 

Adair,  James,  an  English  lawyer  of  em- 
inence, son  of  an  army  agent.  He  was  in 
parliament  for  Cockermouth  in  1780,  and 
afterwards  for  Higham  Ferrers.  He  suc- 
ceeded Serjeant  Glynne  as  recorder  of  Lou- 
don, and  afterwards  resigned  that  situation, 
in  which  he  had  displayed  integrity  as  well  as 
ability  ;  but  his  expectations  of  superior  pre- 
ferment were  disappointed.  He  was  one  of 
the  lawyers  employed  in  the  prosecution  oi 
the  persons  accused  of  high  treason  in  1794, 
and  conducted  himself  with  great  candour 
and  liberality.  He  died  1798.  Two  extracts 
were  published  by  him  called  thoughts  on 
the  dismission  of  officers  for  their  conduct  ia 
parliament,  and  observations  on  the  power 
of  alienations  of  the  crown,  before  the  first 
of  queen  Anne. 

Adalard,  or  Adelard,  son  of  count 
Bernard,  and  grandson  of  Charles  Martel, 
was  related  to  Charlemagne.  On  the  di- 
vorce of  Ermengarda  by  the  emperor,  Ada- 
lard  left  the  court  in  disgust,  and  assumed 
the  religious  habit  at  Corbie.  He  was  how- 
ever still  patronised  by  the  great,  and  made 
prime  minister  of  Pepin  king  of  Italy ;  but 
hepreferred  solitude  to  tke  turbulence  of  an 
elevated  station,  and  founded  the  abbey  of 
New  Corbie,  or  Corwey,  in  Saxony.  He 
died  2d  Jan.  826,  in  his  72d  year  greatly  la- 
mented, as  his  virtues  had  procured  him  the 
respect  of  the  world,  and  his  learning  the  ti- 
tle of  the  Augustine  of  his  age.  Only  frag- 
ments of  his  writings  remain. 

Ada  lb  eron,  archbishop  of  Rheiras,  and 
chancellor  of  France,  was  known  for  his 
great  services  as  an  ecclesiastic  and  as  the 
minister  of  Lothaire.    He  died  988. 

Adalberon,  Ascclin,  bishop  of  Leon, 
meanly  betrayed  into  the  hand  of  Hugh  Ca- 


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pet,  Arnoul  arch-bishop  of  Rheims,  and 
Charles  of  Lorraine,  the  king's  rival,  who 
had  taken  refuge  under  his  episcopal  protec- 
tion. He  died  1030.  He  published  a  satiri- 
cal poem  in  430  verses  containing  some  cu- 
rious historical  facts. 

Adalbert,  archbishop  of  Prague, 
preached  the  gospel  among  the  Bohemians, 
and  after-wards  among  the  Poles,  by  whom 

he  was  murdered  29th  April  997. Another 

cf  the  same  name,  bishop  of  Magdeburg, 
converted  the  Sclavonians,  and  penetrated 
far  into  Pomcrania,  as  a  Christian  mission- 
ary. He  died  at  Presburg  20th  June  981. 

Another  archbishop  of  Bremen,  who  became 
•very  powerful  in  Denmark,  and  even  obliged 
the  king  to  divorce  his  wife  Gutha,  because 
she  was  somewhat  allied  to  him.  Though 
intriguing  aud  violent,  he  possessed  some 
good  qualities,  and  in  1072,  he  formed  some 
wise  regulations  for  the  conduct  of  the  cler- 
gy and  for  the  government  of  the  kingdom 
in  civil  and  ecclesiastical  affairs. 

Adalgise,  son  of  Didier  king  of  Lom- 
bardy,  opposed  the  power  of  Charlemagne 
after  the  defeat  of  his  father,  hut  was  at  last 
conquered,  though  supported  by  the  troops 
of  Constantinople,  aud  he  was  put  to  death 
788. 

Adaloald,  a  king  of  Lombard}",  who 
was  deposed  by  his  subjects  for  his  oppres- 
sion, as  well  as  his  incapacity,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  sister's  husband  Ariovald.  He 
died  629  in  a  private  station. 

Adam,  the  father  of  the  human  race,  was 
formed  from  the  dust,  on  the  sixth  day  of 
the  creation,  and  placed  in  the  garden  of 
Eden,  from  whicli  he  was  banished  for  Lis 
disobedience.  This  sera  is  fixed  4004  years 
B.  C.  Adam  lived  930  years  pfter  his  ex- 
pulsion from  paradise  ;  and  besides  Cain, 
Abel,  and  Seth,  he  had  several  other  chil- 
dren whose  names  are  not  mentioned  in 
scripture.  The  name  of  Adamites  was  as- 
sumed in  the  13lh  century,  by  some  enthu- 
siasts of  Antwerp,  who  appeared  naked  In 
their  meetings,  and  pretended  that  since  the 
death  of  Christ  men  were  restored  to  the 
original  innocence  of  Adam.  These  tenets, 
which  opened  the  door  to  every  lascivious- 
ness,  were  also  followed  in  Bohemia  in  the 
15th  century,  and  from  thence  passed  into 
Poland,  where  it  is  said  they  still  exist. 

Adam,  Melchior,  a  protestant  of  Grot- 
kaw  in  Silesia,  remarkable  for  his  learning 
and  his  perseverance.  After  being  appoint- 
ed rector  of  a  college  at  Heidelberg,  he 
published  in  four  volumes  the  lives  of  illus- 
trious men,  who  had  flourished  m  Germany 
and  Flanders,  during  the  loth  and  17th  cen- 
tury. Though  the  lives  are  not  numerous, 
yet  the  execution  was  laborious.  He  is  how- 
ever accused  of  partiality  by  the  Lutherans, 
who  consider  him  as  too  insignificant  to  pass 
judgment  on  the  merit  and  demerits  of  the 
literati  of  Germany.     He  died  in  1622. 

Adam,  Lambert  Sigisbert,  an  ingenious 
sculptor  born  at  Nanci.  He  improved  him- 
self at  Berlin,  but  the  labors  of  his  chisel 
were  reserved  for  the  admiration  of  his  coun- 


trymen, and  to  adorn  the  palaces  of  St. 
Cloud  and  Versailles.  Kis  Prometheus,  and 
Mars  caressed  by  Love  are  most  admired. 
He  died  1759  aged  59. 

Adam,  Nicolas,  brother  of  Lambert,  imi- 
tated and  equalled  him.  He  executed  the 
mausoleum  of  the  queen  cf  Poland  at  Bonse- 
cours,  besides  other  works  equally  admired. 
He  lost  his  sight  some  years  before  his  death, 
which  happened  1778. 

Adam,  Francis  Gaspard, younger  brother 
of  the  two  preceding,  excelled  also  like  them 
as  an  artist.  He  resided  for  some  years  in 
Prussia,  and  died  at  Paris  1757,  aged  49. 

Adam,  Thomas,  au  English  divine,  born 
at  Leeds  in  Yorkshire,  and  edueated  in  his 
native  town  and  at  Wakefield  school.  He 
was  of  Christ  college  Cambridge,  but  remo- 
ved to  Har-hall  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
bachelor's  degree.  He  afterwards  obtained. 
the  living  of  Wintringham,  Lincolnshire, 
where  he  resided  for  58  years,  an  active,  pi-» 
ous,  and  benevolent  parish  priest,  and  where 
he  died  1781  aged  83.  He  published  lectures 
on  the  church  catechism,  sermons,  a  pa- 
raphrase of  the  11  first  chapters  of  the  Ro- 
mans, and  after  his  death  appeared  a  collec- 
tion of  thoughts,  to  which  his  life  is  prefixed. 

Adam,  Billaut,  a  joiner  of  Nevers,  better 
known  by  the  name  of  Master  Adam.  He 
wrote  poetry  while  employed  at  his  tools, 
and  his  effusions  were  often  elegant  and  hap- 
py. He  was  flattered  by  the  great,  and  pa- 
tronised by  Richelieu,  but  he  had  the  great- 
ness of  mind  to  refuse  the  pomp  of  Ver- 
sailles for  the  tranquil  obscurity  of  Nevers 
where  he  died  1662.  His,  poems,  though 
once  very  popular,  are  now  seldom  perused. 

Adam,  Robert,  an  architect,  born  at  Kir- 
kaldy  in  Scotland,  and  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  possesed  of  a  strong  genius, 
and  he  improved  himself  by  study  and  ap- 
plication, and  acquired  in  Italy  a  taste  for 
whatever  is  great,  bold  and  magnificent.  He 
was  patronised  by  George  HI.  but  resigned 
his  employment  of  royal  architect  in  1768,  on 
being  elected  member  for  Kinross.  The 
breaking  of  a  blood  vessel  put  a  period  to 
his  labors  March  3t\,  1792,  and  he  was  buried, 
in  Westminster  abbey.  His  talents  had  been 
happily  called  into  action  by  the  public  voice, 
and  not  less  than  eight  great  public  works 
and  25  private  buildings  were  designed  the 
year  preceding  his  death,  to  remain  as  mon- 
uments of  his  superior  powers. 

Adam,  a  canon  of  Bremen  in  the  17th 
century,  who  published  an  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory of  Bremen  and  Hamburg,  in  four  books, 
from  the  reign  of  Charlemagne  to  that  of 
the  emperor  Henry  IV.  edited   1670,  in  4to. 

Adam,  St.  Victor,  an  ecclesiastic  at  Par- 
is, who  published  some  theological  treatises. 
He  died  1177. 

Adam,  Scotus,  a  monkish  writer  born  in 
Scotland  and  educated  at  the  monastery  of 
Lindisferna,  now  Holy  Island  south  of  Ber- 
wick, at  that  time  famous  for  the  learning 
of  its  professors.  He  went  to  Paris  and 
taught  divinity  at  the  Sorbonne,  but  after- 
wards became  a  resident  monk  at  Melross 


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aud  Durham,  where  ha  wrote,  besides  an 
account  of  David  I.  of  Scotland,  the  lives  of 
Columbus  and  of  some  of  the  saints  of  the 
sixth  century.  He  died  1180.  His  works 
were  published  at  Antwerp,  fol.  1659. 

Adam,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Bourdeaux,  who 
wrote  several  treatises  against  the  new  dis- 
ciples of  St.  Austin.    He  died  1684. 

Adam,  d'Orleton,  a  native  of  Hereford, 
who  became  bishop  of  Winchester.  He  was 
intriguing  and  turbulent,  and  it  is  said  that 
the  life  of  Edward  II.  was  sacrificed  to  this 
ambiguous  expression  which  he  used  :  Ed- 
wardum  regem  occidere  nolite  timere  bo- 
numest,  which,  with  and  without  punctuation 
after  uolite,  will  admit  of  two  very  different 
meanings. 

Adam,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Limosin,  profes- 
sor of  philosophy.  He  wrote  several  works 
on  theological  subjects,  little  esteemed,  and 
died  at  Bourdeaux  1684. 

Adams,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of  Wem  in 
Shropshire,  who  after  receiving  his  educa- 
tion in  Cambridge,  became  a  draper  in  Lon- 
don, and  rose  to  the  high  honor  of  lord 
mayor  of  London  1645.  He  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  privileges  of  the  city, 
which  he  maintained  with  the  spirit  of  inde- 
pendence. His  partiality  however  to  the 
royal  cause  rendered  him  suspicious,  and  the 
republicans  searched  his  house  for  the  un- 
fortunate Charles.  His  affection  was  after- 
wards transferred  to  the  son,  to  whom  du- 
ring his  exile  he  sent  as  a  present  10,000/. 
He  accompanied  Monk  to  Breda,  to  con- 
gratulate the  monarch  on  his  restoration, 
and  for  his  loyalty  he  received  the  honor  of 
knighthood  and  a  baronetcy.  His  liberality 
in  public  and  private  life  was  unbounded  ;  he 
erected  and  nobly  endowed  a  school  at  his 
native  place,  founded  the  Arabic  professor- 
ship at  Cambridge,  and  at  his  sole  expense 
printed  the  gospel  in  Persian,  which  he  dis- 
tributed in  the  east.  He  died  in  his  81st 
year,  24th  Feb.  1667,  of  the  stone,  and  after 
death  his  body  was  opened  and  a  calculus  of 
the  extraordinary  weight  of  25  ounces  ex- 
tracted, which  is  still  preserved  in  the  labo- 
ratory of  Cambridge.  His  honors  were  en- 
joyed by  his  descendants  till  the  late  Sir 
Thomas  who  died  captain  in  the  navy. 

Adams,  Thomas,  a  fellow  of  Brazen  Nose, 
distinguished  for  his  learning.  He  was  tu- 
tor to  persons  of  rank  and  respectability  du- 
ring Cromwell's  usurpation,  and  officiated  as 
chaplain  to  Sir  Samuel  Jones  of  Shropshire, 
and  to  lady  Clare  of  Noi'thamptonshire.  He 
published  "  Protestant  Union,  or  Principles 
of  Religion,"  a  valuable  work,  and  died  Dec. 
11th,  1670. 

Adams,  Richard,  a  member  of  Brazen 
Nose,  minister  of  St.  Mildred,  Bread-street, 
from  which  place  he  was  ejected  1662.  He 
wrote  a  few  sermons,  and  assisted  in  the 
completion  of  Pool's  annotations,  and  in  the 
editing  of  Charnock's  works.     He  died  1698. 

Adams,  William,  D.  D.  fellow  and  after- 
wards master  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford, 
was  the  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  distin- 
guished no  less  for  the  urbanity  of  his  man- 

"VOL.  t.  4 


ners  than  the  extent  of  his  learning.  He 
wrote  some  tracts  and  sermons,  and  acqui- 
red celebrity  by  the  manner  in  which  he  at- 
tacked the  tenets  of  Hume.  It  was  during 
this  controversy  that  the  historian  observed 
that  ha  was  the  only  opponent  who  main- 
tained the  dispute  with  the  spirit  and  the 
manners  of  a  gentleman.  He  died  17S9,  be- 
loved and  respected  by  the  society  over  which 
he  presided  for  fourteen  years. 

Adamson,  Patrick,  a  native  of  Perth,  who 
after  studying  at  St.  Andrews,  travelled  into 
France,  as  tutor,  and  with  difficulty  escaped 
the  persecuting  spirit  which  at  the  massacre 
of  Paris,  doomed  to  torture  and  to  death  the 
unfortunate  protestants  of  every  age  and  of 
every  station.  On  his  return  to  Scotland  he 
was  appointed  minister  of  Paisley,  and  af- 
terwards, by  the  favor  and  interest  of  lord 
Moreton,  he  was  raised  to  the  archbishopric 
of  St.  Andrews.  In  this  elevated  situation 
he  was  surrounded  with  dangers  and  difficul- 
ties, and  the  virulence  of  the  presbyterians 
was  successfully  directed  against  him  as  the 
firmest  pillar  of  episcopacy.  James  YI.  how- 
ever patronised  him,  and  sent  him  as  his 
ambassador  to  England,  where  his  eloquence 
and  his  address  gained  him  admirers,  and 
raised  such  a  tide  of  popularity  in  favour  of 
the  young  king  his  master,  that  the  jealousy 
of  Elizabeth  forbade  him  again  to  ascend  the 
pulpit  while  at  her  court.  In  1584  he  was 
recalled  home,  and  so  violent  was  the  irrita- 
tion of  the  presbyterians  against  him,  that, 
at  a  provincial  synod,  he  was  accused  and  ex- 
communicated ;  and  neither  appeals  to  the 
king  and  to  the  states,  nor  the  protestations 
of  innocence,  would  have  saved  him  from 
this  disgraceful  sentence,  if  he  had  not  yield- 
ed to  the  storm,  and  implored  for  pardon  by 
the  most  abject  submission.  His  life  contin- 
ued a  scene  of  persecution;  even  the  mon- 
arch grew  deaf  to  his  petitions,  and  alienated 
the  revenues  of  his  see  in  favour  of  the  duke 
of  Lenox,  so  that  Adamson  had  to  add  to  the 
indignities  offered  to  his  office,  the  more 
poignant  sufferings  of  indigence  and  wretch- 
edness, in  the  midst  of  a  forlorn,  a  deserted, 
and  starving  family.  He  died  1591,  in  his 
48th  year.  A  4to.  volume  of  his  works  was 
published  containing  translations  of  some  of 
the  books  of  the  bible  in  Latin  verse,  fre- 
quently composed  to  alleviate  his  grief,  and 
disarm  the  terrors  of  persecution. 

Addison,  Lancelot,  D.  D.  son  of  a  cler- 
gyman of  the  same  name,  born  at  Maulds 
Meaburne  in  Westmoreland,  was  educated 
at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where  his  satiri- 
cal reflections  on  the  pride,  ignorance,  and 
hypocrisy  of  his  superiors,  in  an  oration  165S, 
caused  such  irritation  that  he  obtained  for- 
giveness only  by  a  public  recantation  on  his 
knees.  He  was  afterwards  engaged  as  chap- 
lain at  Dunkirk  and  at  Tangier,  and  in  con- 
sideration of  his  services,  and  of  what  he  had 
suffered  for  his  loyally,  he  was  deservedly- 
preferred  to  the  Iking  of  Milston  and  a  Sa- 
rum  prebend,  and  in  1683  to  the  deanry  of 
Lichfield  and  the  archdeaconry  of  Coventry. 
He  died  April  20th  1703,  aged  71,  and  was 


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buried  at  Lichfield.  He  wrote  several  valu- 
able treatises,  among  which  were  his  histori- 
cal observations,  while  resident  in  Africa,  an 
account  of  the  present  state  of  the  Jews,  &c. 
Addison,  Joseph,  son  of  Dr.  Lancelot 
Addison,  was  born  May  1st,  1672,  at  Mil- 
si.on  near  Ambrosbury,  Wiltshire,  of  which 
place  his  father  was  rector.  He  appeared  so 
weak  and  so  unlikely  to  live  that  he  was  chris- 
tened the  same  day.  After  passing  through  the 
rudiments  of  his  education  under  Mr.  Naish 
of  his  native  place,  Mr.  Taylor  of  Salisbury, 
and  Mr.  Shaw  of  Lichfield,  he  was  placed  at 
the  Charter-house  under  Dr.  Ellis,  where 
an  intimacy  began  with  Sir  Richard  Steele, 
which  genius  and  reciprocal  friendship  have 
immortalized.  At  Oxford  he  entered  at 
Queen's  College,  but  the  accidental  perusal 
of  some  Latin  verses  recommended  him  to 
Dr.  Lancaster,  by  whose  patronage  he  was 
two  years  after,  1689,  elected  demy  of  Mag- 
dalen. His  academical  hours  were  not  here 
devoted  to  bacchanalian  orgies,  or  disgrace- 
ful intrigues  ;  hut  the  powers  of  the  mind 
were  cultivated  and  improved,  and  the  fre- 
quent composition  of  Latin  verses  produced 
such  correctness  of  style  and  elegance  of  dic- 
tion tliat  the  Musce  Anglicanie  alone  would 
give  celebrity  to  the  name  of  Addison.  He 
next,  in  his  22d  year,  displayed  his  powers 
in  English  poetry,  by  some  verses  addressed 
to  Dryden,  and  by  a  translation  of  part  of 
Virgil's  fourth  georgic  on  the  bees  ;  and  as 
the  number  of  his  friends  increased  with 
his  popularity,  the  student  was  gradually 
converted  into  the  courtier,  and  introduced 
by  Congreve  to  Montague  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  a  man  who  in  discerning  merit 
did  not  wish  it  to  be  forgotten  that  flattery  is 
a  tribute  paid  to  power.  By  the  advice  of 
Montague,  Addison  laid  aside  his  intention 
of  taking  orders;  and,  studying  the  temper 
of  the  times,  he  published  a  poem  addressed 
to  king  William,  and  two  years  after  cele- 
hrated  the  peace  of  Ryswick  in  Latin  verses, 
which  paved  the  way  to  a  pension  of  300/. 
a  year,  and  claimed  the  still  more  honorable 
merit  of  beinic,  in  the  opinion  of  Smith,  the 
hest  Latin  poem  since  the  iEneid.  Raised 
now  to  easy  circumstances,  he  travelled  to 
Italy,  and  with  the  eyes  and  the  genius  of  a 
classical  poet  surveyed  the  monuments  and 
the  heroic  deeds  of  ancient  Rome,  which  he 
described  in  his  famous  epistle  to  lord  Hali- 
fax, the  most  elegant  if  not  the  most  sub- 
lime of  his  productions.  He  wrote  here 
also  his  dialogues  on  medals,  and  accor- 
ding to  Tickell,  some  acts  of  his  Cato  ; 
and  after  a  residence  of  two  years  returned 
to  England  1702,  with  a  meanness  of  appear- 
ance, which  proclaimed  aloud  that  he  la- 
bored under  pecuniary  distresses.  He  now 
published  his  travels,  with  a  dedication  to 
lord  Somers,  and  so  great  was  its  popularity 
that  the  book  rose  to  five  times  its  original 
price  before  it  could  be  reprinted.  When 
the  victory  of  Blenheim  was  obtained,  Go- 
dolphin  looked  out  for  a  poet  equal  to  ce- 
lebrate the  glory  of  his  country,  and  Addi- 
$pn  was  recommended  by  Halifax  ;  and  soon 


after,  when  he  had  read  to  his  patron  whaC 
he  had  written,  as  far  as  the  simile  of  the 
angel,  he  was  appointed  commissioner  of. 
appeals.  On  the  following  year  he  accom- 
panied Halifax  to  Hanover,  and  was  the  next 
year  made  under-secretary  of  state.  About 
this  time  he  tried  the  opera  of  Rosamond  on 
the  stage,  but  the  audience  were  regardless 
of  the  poet's  fame,  and  it  was  condemned, 
only  because  it  was  an  English  performance.. 
When  the  duke  of  Wharton  went  as  viceroy 
to  Ireland,  Addison  accepted  the  place  of  his 
secretary,  and  with  a  salary  of  300  pounds  a 
year  as  keeper  of  the  records  of  Birming- 
ham, he  made  a  rule,  as  Swift  observes,  of 
never  returning  to  his  friends,  out  of  polite- 
ness, the  fees  due  to  his  office.  During  his 
residence  in  Ireland  the  first  paper  of  the 
Tatler  was  published  by  Steele,  April  22d, 
1709,  unknown  to  him,  though  he  soon  dis- 
covered by  the  insertion  of  a  remark  on 
Virgil,  which  had  originated  in  himself,  who 
the  author  was.  The  Tatler  was  succeeded 
in  about  two  months  by  the  Spectator,  a 
series  of  essays  of  the  same  nature,  but  writ- 
ten with  less  levity,  and  upon  a  more  regu- 
lar plan  and  published  daily.  In  1713  the 
Cato  was  produced  on  the  stage,  and  was 
the  grand  climacteric  of  Addison's  reputa- 
tion. The  last  act  was  composed  with 
haste,  and  a  house  was  assembled  by  the 
intrigues  of  Steele  to  judge  of  the  merits  of 
his  friend's  performance.  As  the  nation  was 
at  that  time  heated  by  party  spirit,  the 
production  of  an  historical  play  was  consi- 
dered as  political  craft.  The  whigs  ap- 
plauded every  line  which  extolled  liberty,  as 
a  satire  on  the  tories  ;  and  the  tories  echoed 
every  clap  to  show  that  the  satire  was  unfelt. 
When  the  play  was  printed,  the  queen  ex- 
pressed a  wish  it  might  be  dedicated  to  her, 
but  as  Addison  had  promised  it  elsewhere,  as 
a  man  of  honor  he  could  not  retract,  and  Cato 
appeared  without  a  patron  ;  but  such  was  its 
popularity,  that  it  was  translated  into  several 
languages,  and  introduced  upon  some  of  the 
other  theatres  of  Europe.  During  the  re- 
presentation of  Cato,  Steele  published  ano- 
ther daily  paper  called  the  Guardian,  to 
which  Addison  contributed  much  of  his  as- 
sistance. In  this  publication  his  papers  were 
distinguished  by  a  hand;  in  the  Spectator 
they  are  marked  by  one  of  the  letters  which 
compose  the  name  of  the  muse  Clio.  Suc- 
cess in  literature  did  not  render  Addison  iu- 
•dolent  or  conceited,  and  Steele  has  attribu- 
ted to  him  the  comedy  of  the  Drummer, 
which  he  said  he  carried  for  him  to  the  play- 
house, and  of  which  afterwards  he  sold  the 
copy  for  50  guineas.  These  circumstances 
are  denied  by  Tickell ;  but  as  no  writer  has 
claimed  the  Drummer,  it  is  deservedly  con- 
sidered as  the  production  of  the  author  of 
Cato.  Political  discussions  occasionally  en- 
gaged the  attention  of  Addison,  and  on  tem- 
porary topics  he  wrote  the  present  state  of 
the  war — the  whig  examiner — the  trial  of 
count  Tariff;  pamphlets  which  disappeared 
with  the  subjects  which  gave  them  birth 
Some  time  after,  an  attempt  was  made  to 


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revive  the  Spectator,  and  80  numbers  were 
published  of  which  a  fourth  part  was  by 
Addison;  and  these  papers,  perhaps  more 
valuable  than  the  others,  for  the  religious 
and  moral  topics  which  they  discuss,  were 
collected  to  form  an  8vo.  volume.  On  the 
death  of  queen  Anne,  Addison,  who  had 
been  appointed  secretary  to  the  regency, 
was  officially  required  to  announce  to  the 
elector  of  Hanover  his  accession  to  the 
English  throne.  He  was  however  so  over- 
powered by  the  greatness  of  the  event,  that 
the  Lords  grew  tired  while  waiting  for  the 
niceties  of  his  expressions,  and  Southwell, 
one  of  the  clerks  of  the  office,  was  directed 
to  close  the  dispatches,  which  he  immedi- 
ately completed  in  the  common  style  of  busi- 
ness, not  a  little  elated  that  he  could  do  what 
seemed  so  difficult  for  the  gigantic  powers  of 
Addison.  Never  loosing  sight  however  of 
his  public  character,  he  published  the  Free- 
holder twice  a  week,  from  December  23d, 
1715,  to  the  middle  of  the  following  year,  in 
support  of  the  government,  full  of  the  most 
convincing  arguments,  and  with  humor  forci- 
ble, singular,  and  matchless.  In  August  1716 
he  married  the  countess  dowager  of  War- 
wick ;  but  if  it  added  to  his  elevation,  it  di- 
minished his  happiness,  for  it  neither  found 
them  nor  made  them  equal.  She  remem- 
bered her  rank,  and  treated  with  so  little 
ceremony  a  husband  who  had  been  tutor  to 
her  son,  that  the  example  of  Addison  can 
hold  no  great  encouragement  to  ambitious 
love.  In  1717,  he  was  raised  to  his  highest 
dignity,  being  made  secretary  of  state,  a 
place  to  which  he  was  unequal,  as  he  pos- 
sessed not  either  boldness  or  eloquence  to 
defend  the  measures  of  government  in  the 
house  of  Commons,  but  rather  wasted  away 
his  time  in  his  office  in  quest  of  fine  expres- 
sions. He  therefore  soon  solicited  and  ob- 
tained his  dismission  with  a  pension  of  1500 
pounds  a  year.  His  friends  indeed  palliated 
this  relinquishment,  but  they  as  well  as  his 
enemies  knew  well  that  it  was  not  on  account 
of  declining  health  or  from  the  necessity  of 
relaxation  and  repose.  In  his  retirement  he 
now  laid  plans  for  literary  labors  :  he  wrote  a 
defence  of  the  Christian  religion,  part  of 
•which  was  published  after  his  death,  and  he 
proposed  a  tragedy  on  the  death  of  Socrates, 
besides  an  English  dictionary,  and  a  version 
of  the  psalms.  It  is  painful  to  relate  that,  in 
the  decline  of  life,  this  illustrious  man  gave- 
way  to  the  suggestions  of  malice,  and  treat- 
ed with  unkiudness  Steele,  whose  friendship 
had  been  cemented  by  the  lapse  and  trial  of 
a  long  series  of  years.  Lord  Sunderland  at- 
tempted to  introduce  a  bill  to  limit  the  crea- 
tion of  peers,  and  this  supported  by  Addison 
was  vehemently  opposed  by  Steele,  so  that 
various  pamphlets  replete  with  rancor  and 
acrimonious  expressions  were  issued  from 
the  press,  and  a  perfect  reconciliation  could 
never  be  effected.  But  now  he  felt  his  end 
approach  from  shortness  of  breath,  aggra- 
vated by  a  dropsy,  and,  like  a  Christian,  de- 
termined to  die  at  peace  with  all  the  world, 
he  sent  for  Gay,  and  told  him  that  he  had  in- 


jured him,  for  which  he  would  recompense 
him.  Of  the  nature  of  this  offence  Gay  was 
ignorant,  and  Addison  did  not  mention  it, 
though  it  was  supposed  that  some  prefer- 
ment had  by  his  influence  been  withheld 
from  him.  Anxious  still  to  do  another  kind 
office,  he  sent  for  Lord  Warwick  whose  mor- 
als were  dissipated,  and  whose  principles 
were  most  licentious  ;  and  as  he  had  often 
endeavored  in  vain  to  reclaim  him  by  ad- 
vice, he  now  wished  to  raise  in  him  reflec- 
tion and  repentance.  When  he  begged  to 
know  his  last  injunctions,  I  have  sent  for  you, 
said  the  expiring  man,  that  you  may  see  how 
a  Christian  can  die.  The  effect  of  this  on  the 
conduct  of  the  earl  is  not  known,  as  he  died 
shortly  after.  When  he  had  given  direc- 
tions to  Tickell  about  the  publication  of  his 
works,  and  on  his  death-bed  dedicated  them, 
to  his  friend  Mr.  Craggs,  he  expired  June 
17,  1729,  at  Holland  house,  leaving  only  one 
daughter,  who  died  unmarried  1797.  Of 
Addison's  character  as  a  poet  and  a  moral 
writer  little  more  can  be  added,  he  was  not 
only  the  ornament  of  his  age  and  country, 
but  he  reflects  dignity  on  the  nature  of  man. 
He  has  divested  vice  of  its  meretricious  or- 
naments, and  painted  religion  and  virtue  in 
the  modest  and  graceful  attire  which  charm 
and  elevate  the  heart.  In  Dr.  Johnson's  and 
Dr.  Anderson's  lives,  from  whom  the  above 
is  extracted,  a  fuller  account  may  be  found. 

Adelaide,  daughter  of  Rodolphus  king 
of  Burgundy,  married  Lotharius  II.  king  of 
Italy,  and  after  his  death  the  emperor  Otho  I. 
Her  manners  were  exemplary,  and  her  judg- 
ment and  benevolence  were  exerted  for  the 
good  of  her  subjects.  She  died  aged  69,  in  999. 

Adelaide,  wife  of  Frederic  prince  of 
Saxony,  conspired  with  Lewis,  marquis  of 
Thuringfa,  against  her  husband's  life,  and 
married  the  murderer,  1055. 

Adelaide,  daughter  of  Humbert  count 
of  Maurienne,  was  queen  to  Lewis  VI,  of 
France,  and  mother  of  seven  sons  and  a 
daughter.  After  the  king's  death  she  marri- 
ed Matthew  of  Montmorenci,  and  died  1154. 

Adelaide,  wife  ofLewis  II.  of  PYance, 
was  mother  of  Charles  IH.  surnamed  the 
simple,  who  was  king  898. 

Adelard,  an  English  monk  who,  in  the 
12th  Eentury,  visited  Egypt  and  Arabia,  and 
translated  into  Latin  Euclid's  Elements,  be- 
fore the  Greek  manuscripts  of  the  work  were 
known  in  Europe.  Several  other  translations 
by  him  from  mathematical  as  well  as  medical 
writers,  are  still  preserved  in  Corpus  Christi 
and  Trinity  College  libraries  at  Oxford. 

Adelbold,  bishop  of  Utrecht,  and  author 
of  a  life  of  the  emperor  Henry  II.  died  1207. 

Adeler,  Curtius,  called  also  Servisen,  a 
native  of  Norway,  who  served  in  the  Dutch 
navy,  and  then  went  to  Venice,  where  he 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  admiral,  and  made 
knight  of  St.  Mark,  with  a  pension  for  his  me- 
ritorious services  against  the  Turks.  He 
married  a  woman  of  rank  at  Amsterdam,  and 
spent  the  latter  part  of  his  life  at  Copenhagen, 
where  he  died  1675  aged  53,  universally  ivl 
pected. 


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Adelcreiff,  John  Albrecht,  natural  son 
of  a  priest  near  Elbing,  was  known  for  the 
eccentricity  and  madness  of  his  conduct. 
He  pretended  to  be  the  vicegerent  of  God 
on  earth,  an  office  which  he  said  he  had  re- 
ceived from  seven  angels,  and  he  was  at  last 
condemned  to  death  at  Koningsberg  for  blas- 
phemy and  magic  in  1656.  He  ridiculed  his 
judges,  and  asserted  that  his  body  would  rise 
again  in  three  days. 

Adelman,  a  bishop  of  Bresci  in  the  Uth 
centurv,  who  wrote  a  letter  on  the  eucharist 
to  Berenger,  in  a  style  argumentative  and 
dispassionate,  and  printed  at  Louvaine  1561 
in  8vo.     He  died  1062. 

Adet.phus,  a  philosopher  of  the  third 
century,  who  mingled  the  doctrines  of  Plato 
with  the  tenets  of  the  Gnostics.  He  was  op- 
posed by  Plotinus. 

Adeodatus  or  Godsgtft,  a  Roman 
priest,  elevated  to  the  papal  throne  672.  He 
died  four  years  after  universally  respected 
for  piety  and  many  virtues. 

Ader,  William,  a  learned  physician  of 
Toulouse  in  the  17th  century  who  wrote  a 
book  to  prove  that  the  diseases  and  infirmi- 
ties which  our  Saviour  cured  could  not  have 
heen  removed  by  human  art.  Vigueul  Mar- 
ville  says,  this  book  was  written  to  disprove 
what  the  author  had  before  asserted,  when 
lie  maintained  a  contary  opinion. 

ADHAB-EDDOULAT,an  emperor  of  Per- 
sia, after  his  uncle  Amad-Eddoulat.  He  was 
not  only  warlike  but  humane,  and  a  great 
patron  of  letters  and  of  arts.  He  embellished 
Bagdad  and  other  places  which  he  had  con- 
quered, by  magnificent  public  edifices,  and 
died  982  aged  47. 

Adhelme,  William,  nephew  to  Ina  king 
of  the  West  Saxons,  was  the  first  bishop  of 
Sherborne,  and  so  learned  that  he  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  Englishman  who  wrote 
Latin,  and  introduced  poetry  into  England. 
His  life  was  written  by  William  of  Malmes- 
bury.  He  died  in  709.  "  His  works  were  edited 
1601  at  Mentz. 

Adhkmar,  William,  a  native  of  Pro- 
vence, who  dedicated  his  book  on  illustrious 
ladies  to  the  empress  Beatrix  wife  of  Frede- 
ric Barbarossa,  whose  patronage  and  esteem 
he  experienced.     He  died  about  1190. 

Adimantus,  a  Maniehtean  sectary  at 
the  close  of  the  third  century,  who  denied 
the  authenticity  of  the  old  testament,  in  a 
treatise  which  was  ably  combatted  by  St.  Au- 
gustine. 

Adimari,  Raphael,  an  Italian  historian, 
born  at  Rimini  in  the  10th  century,  not  so 
highly  esteemed  as  Clementini.  He  wrote 
the  history  of  his  country  in  2  vols.  4to.  1616. 
Adimari,  Alexander,  a  Florentine,  ad- 
mired for  his  poetical  genius.  He  died  in 
his  70lh  year,  in  1649. 

Adlerfeldt,  Gustavus,  a  learned 
Swede,  who  was  in  the  suit  of  Charles  XII. 
of  whose  battles  he  has  given  a  faithful  and 
minute  account.  He  was  killed  by  a  cannon 
hall  at  the  battle  of  Pultowa  1709,  and  on 
that  fatal  day  his  history  concludes.  The 
work  was  translated  into  French  by  his  son, 
four  vols.  12mo.  1740. 


Adlxreitter,  John,  chancellor  of  Ba- 
varia, in  the  17th  century,  wrote  in  Latin 
the  annals  of  his  country,  printed,  Leipsic, 
folio,  1710. 

Avo, vid.  Adon. 

Adolphus,  count  of  Nassau,  was  crown- 
ed king  and  emperor  of  the  Romans  1292. 
He  showed  himself  violent  and  oppressive, 
and  was  killed  six  years  after  in  a  battle  near 
Spires  by  his  rival  Albert  of  Austria,  wha 
succeeded  him  July  2d,  1298. 

Adolphus,  a  count  of  Cleves,  whoinsti- 
tuted  an  order  of  chivalry  in  1380,  which  has  , 
long  since  been  abolished. 

Adolphus,  bishop  of  Mersburg,  opposed 
the  doctrines  of  Luther,  but  afterwards  fa- 
vored their  establishment.  He  died  1526, 
aged  68. 

Adolphus  Frederic  II.  king  of  Swe- 
den, showed  himself  the  patron  of  learning 
and  science,  the  dispenser  of  justice,  and 
the  friend  of  merit.  He  founded  the  acad- 
emy of  inscriptions  and  belles  lettres,  at  Tor- 
neo,  and  died  12th  of  Feb.  1771,  in  his  61st 
year,  and  in  the  20th  of  his  reign. 

Adolphus,  duke  of  Sleswick,  refused 
the  crown  of  Denmark  after  the  death  of 
Christopher  in.  and  placed  it  on  the  head  of 
Ids  nephew  Christiern  I.  He  died  in  1459, 
after  a  life  of  benevolence  and  wisdom. 

Adon,  archbishop  of  Vienne  in  Dauphine, 
died  16th  December  875  at  the  age  of  76,  af- 
ter a  life  devoted  to  the  care  of  his  diocese 
and  the  regulation  of  his  clergy.  He  wrote 
a  useful  chronicle,  printed  at  Paris,  folio, 
1522,  and  at  Rome  1745,  folio,  besides  amar- 
tyrology,  published  1613. 

Adokne,  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of  a  Genoese 
family,  wrote  on  ecclesiastical  discipline  at 
the  request  of  Charles  IX.  He  died  13th 
January  1586  aged  56. 

Adorne,  Antony,  a  Genoese,  of  a  plebe- 
ian family,  raised  to  the  dignity  of  doge  in 
1383.  His  reign  was  in  the  midst  of  tumults 
and  insurrections,  which  the  Genoese  at- 
tempted to  appease  by  resigning  their  inde- 
pendence into  the  hands  of  Charles  VI.  of 
France  in  1396.  Adorne  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor, but  Genoa  regained  her  liberty  after- 
wards. 

Adorne,  Gabriel,  a  Genoese,  who  dur- 
ing the  tumultuous  times  of  his  country  be- 
came doge,  1336.  He  was  driven  from  pow- 
er four  years  after  by  Fregose  a  more  suc- 
cessful rival. 

Adorne,  Prosper,  a  Genoese,  made  doge 
after  the  expulsion  of  the  French  in  1460. 
He  afterwards  betrayed  his  power  into  the 
hands  of  the  duke  of  Milan,  to  avenge  him- 
self against  his  rivals  in  the  state  ;  but  the 
love  of  independence  prevailed,  the  Milan- 
ese were  banished,  and  Prosper  declared 
the  defender  of  Genoese  liberty.  His  ene- 
mies at  last  prevailed,  and  at  the  end  of  a  life 
chequered  by  popularity  and  by  misfortunes 
he  fiVd  to  Naples,  where  he  died  1486. 

Adorne,  Jerome,  a  Genoese  of  the  same 
family,  who  opposed  the  party  of  the  Frego- 
ses,  who  aspired  to  the  supreme  power.  His 
abilities  were  of  great  service  to  his  country, 


AD 


AD 


and  Genoa,  placed  by  his  means  in  1522  un- 
der the  protection  and  in  the  alliance  of 
Charles  V.  enjoyed  peace  and  prosperity. 
He  was  much  respected  as  a  negociator,  as 
an  admiral,  as  a  politician,  and  as  a  public 
magistrate. 

Adorn  I,  Catherine  Fieschi,  a  Genoese 
lady  who  married  her  countryman  Julian  A- 
dorni,  a  dissipated  youth,  whom  by  her  mod- 
est and  virtuous  conduct  she  reclaimed. 
After  his  death  she  retired  to  Geneva,  where 
she  devoted  herself  to  acts  of  piety  and  be- 
nevolence. She  died  there  14th  December 
1510  aged  63.  She  wrote  several  works  on 
divinity  subjects. 

Adrets,  Francis  Beaumont  des,  a  de- 
scendant of  an  ancient  family  in  Dauphine, 
possessed  a  bold  enterprising  spirit.  He 
embraced  the  cause  of  the  Huguenots  in  re- 
sentment to  the  duke  of  Guise,  and  glutted 
his  vengeance  by  inflicting  the  most  barba- 
rous punishments  and  tortures  on  those  who 
fell  into  his  hands.  It  is  said  that  he  often 
compelled  his  prisoners  to  leap  from  the  bat- 
tlements on  the  pikes  of  his  soldiers.  One 
of  these  wretched  victims,  being  severely  re- 
proved for  having  twice  shrunk  from  the  fa- 
tal leap,  answered,  As  bold  as  you  are,  I  de- 
fy your  leaping  in  the  third  attempt.  The 
reply  saved  the  devoted  man.  Even  his 
friends  feared  him,  and  Coligny  palliated  his 
licentiousness  by  comparing  him  to  a  lion 
whose  fury  was  accidentally  converted  to  the 
good  of  his  party.  He  died  despised  and  ne- 
glected in  1587,  leaving  two  sons  and  a 
daughter  in  whom  the  family  became  ex- 
tinct. One  of  the  sons  was  engaged  in  the 
murders  of  St.  Bartholomew,  and  lie  showed 
himself  as  cruel  and  vindictive  as  his  father. 
The  life  of  Adrets  was  published  by  Guy  Al- 
lard,  Grenoble  1675,  in  12mo. 

Adria,  John  James,  a  physician  in  the 
service  of  Charles  V.  He  wrote  some  trea- 
tises on  his  profession,  and  died  in  his  native 
town  of  Mazara  1560. 

Adrian,  Publ.  vElius,  emperor  of  Rome 
after  the  death  of  Trajan,  died  in  the  63d 
year  of  his  age,  and  the  22d  of  his  reign, 
A.  D.  139. 

Adrian,  a  Greek  author  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury, who  wrote  an  introduction  to  the 
scriptures  in  Greek,  printed  at  Augsburg, 
1602,  in  4to.  and  in  Latin  1650,  fol. 

Adrian,  a  learned  Carthusian,  who  like 
Petrarch  wrote  an  admired  treatise  called 
de  remediis  utriusque  fortuuse,  published  at 
Cologne  1471  in  4to. 

Adrian  I.  a  Roman  patrician  raised  to 
the  pontificate  in  772.  He  'highly  embel- 
lished St.  Peter's  church,  and  showed  him- 
self very  benevolent  and  humane,  during  a 
famine  occasioned  by  the  inundations  of  the 
'liber.     He  died  26th  December  795. 

Adrian  II.  was  raised  to  the  popedom 
867.  He  was  in  this  character  artful  and  in- 
triguing, and  was  deeply  engaged  in  making 
the  patriarch  of  Constantinople  bow  before 
the  chair  of  St.  Peter,  and  in  subjecting  un- 
der the  papal  power  the  kings  and  princes  of 
western  Europe,  by  the  threats  of  excom- 
munication.   He  died  872. 


Adrian  III.  was  elected  Pope  884,  and 
enjoyed  his  dignity  only  one  year.  He  died 
as  he  was  going  to  the  diet  to  be  held  at 
Worms. 

Adrian  IV.  a  native  of  Langley  in. 
Hertfordshire,  the  only  Englishman  raised 
to  the  papal  chair.  Hi«  name  was  Nicholas 
Brekespere.  In  his  youth  he  was  employed 
in  mean  offices  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Alban's, 
and  after  his  being  refused  admission  in  a 
superior  order,  he  travelled  though  in  ob- 
scure circumstances  into  France,  where  his 
orderly  behaviour  and  his  engaging  appear- 
ance recommended  him  to  the  monks  of 
Paris,  and  procured  him  an  acquaintance 
with  the  most  essential  branches  of  litcra- 
ture.  He  afterwards  retired  to  the  abbey  of 
St.  Rufus  in  Provence,  where  he  was  made 
superior,  but  the  turbulence  of  the  monks 
carried  accusations  to  Rome  against  him, 
and  the  pope,  Eugenius  III.  who  admired 
the  eloquence  of  Adrian,  removed  him  from 
his  persecutors,  and  created  him  cardinal 
and  bishop  of  Alba,  1146.  Under  this  pa- 
tronage he  was  sent  as  legate  to  Norway  and 
Denmark,  and  his  popular  preaching  and  his 
influence  were  successful  in  spreading  the 
light  of  the  gospel  in  these  uncivilized  coun- 
tries. On  the  death  of  Anastasius  he  was 
elected  to  the  papal  chair  November  1154, 
and  he  received  on  his  elevation  by  the  em- 
bassy of  three  bishops  and  an  abbot,  the  con- 
gratulations of  Henry  II.  of  England,  who 
thus  paid  homage  to  a  man  who  a  few  years 
before  had  left  his  kingdom  as  a  mendicaut. 
Henry  was  the  favorite  of  the  pope,  and  he 
received  the  papal  permissiou  and  apostolic 
blessing,  when  he  undertook  the  conquest  of 
Ireland.  In  his  government  of  Rome,  Adrian 
was  jealous  of  his  power,  he  repressed  the 
insurrections  of  the  consuls  who  aspired  to 
the  independence  of  ancient  times,  and  by 
the  terrors  of  excommunication  he  rendered 
the  king  of  Sicily  submissive  to  his  temporal 
authority.  The  emperor  of  Germany  like- 
wise acknowledged  his  power,  and  after 
holding  the  stirrup  whilst  his  spiritual  mas- 
ter mounted  on  horseback,  he  owned  his  de- 
pendence on  the  see  of  Rome,  and  humbly 
received  consecration  in  the  church  of  St. 
Peter.  Yet  in  the  midst  of  prosperity,  A- 
drian  felt  the  oppressive  weight  of  greatness, 
and  in  a  familiar  conversation  with  his  friend 
and  couutryman  John  of  Salisbury,  he  bit- 
terly complained  that  an  elevated  situation  is 
not  always  the  parent  of  happiness.  He 
died  September  1st,  1559,  in  the  fourth  year 
and  tenth  month  of  his  pontificate,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Peter's  church.  He  showed 
himself  an  able  and  prudent  pontiff,  and  his 
short  reign  added  much  to  the  security  and 
to  the  happiness  of  the  Roman  state. 

Adrian  V.  a  native  of  Genoa,  raised  to 
the  pontificate  in  1276.  He  died  38  days  af- 
ter. He  had  been  employed  in  1254  and  iu 
1265  as  papal  legate  in  England,  to  settle  the 
disputes  between  the  king  and  his  rebellious 
barons. 

Adrian  VI.  a  native  of  Utrecht,  of  ob- 
scure  birth.    His   abilities  gradually  raised 


AD 


MM 


him  to  consequence;  he  was  preceptor  to 
the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  procured  in  the 
Spanish  dominions  the  highest  honors  in 
church  and  state  which  could  gratify  his  am- 
hition.  He  was  elected  pope  in  1522,  and 
died  after  a  short  and  turbulent  reign  of  one 
year,  in  which  like  his  predecessor  Adrian 
IV.  be  lamented  the  misery  of  greatness. 

Adrian  de  Castello,  born  at  Cornetto  in 
Tuscany  of  obscure  parentage,  was  employed 
by  the  popes  as  legate  in  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land. Mis  great  abilities  recommended  him 
to  the  friendship  of  Morton  the  primate  and 
to  the  patronage  of  Henry  VII,  by  whom  he 
■was  raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Hereford,  and 
afterwards  of  Bath  and  Wells.  He  chiefly 
resided  at  Rome,  while  the  care  of  his  dio- 
cese was  intrusted  to  Wolsey,  and  in  this 
place  of  intrigue  and  treachery  he  forgot  the 
dignity  of  his  character,  b}r  conspiring  against 
pope  Leo  X.  from  the  ambitious  expectation 
of  being  raised  to  the  pontificate,  according 
to  a  prophecy  which  declared  the  name  of 
the  successor  to  be  Adrian.  He  was  fined 
12,500  ducats,  and  forbidden  to  leave  Rome; 
but  afterwards,  upon  the  discovery  of  the 
plot,  Adrian  fled  from  the  city,  and  in  con- 
sequence was  solemnly  stripped  of  all  his  ec- 
clesiastical honors  1518.  The  place  of  his 
retreat,  and  the  time  of  his  death,  are  un- 
known, though  some  imag'ne  that  he  con- 
cealed his  disgrace  among  the  Mahometans 
of  Asia.  Polydore  Virgil,  who  shared  his 
friendship  and  his  liberality,  has  bestowed 
the  highest  encomium  upon  his  character, 
as  a  man  of  taste  and  judgment,  and  as  the 
first  since  the  age  of  Cicero,  who  had  revi- 
ved the  classical  style  of  chaste  latinity  and 
pure  diction.  According  to  Polydore,  he 
died  at  Riba  in  the  bishopric  of  Trent. 

Adriani,  John  Baptist,  a  noble  of  Flo- 
rence, who  was  secretary  to  the  republic, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  a  statesman  and 
a  man  of  letters.  He  died  1579  in  his  68th 
year.  He  wrote  an  history  of  his  own  times, 
which  is  a  continuation  of  Guicciardini's,  va- 
luable for  its  candor  and  authenticity,  and 
highly  commended  by  the  indefatigable  Thu- 
anus.  He  composed,  besides,  six  funeral 
orations  upon  the  first  characters  of  the 
times,  and  was  the  author  of  a  letter  on  an- 
cient painters  and  sculptors  prefixed  to  Va- 
sari. 

Adriani,  Marecllus,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  left  a  manuscript  translation  of 
Plutarch,  and  of  Demetrius  Phalereus.  This 
last  was  published  by  the  able  Gozi  at  Flo- 
rence 1738.    He  died  1604. 

Adrichomia,  Cornelia,  a  nun  in  Hol- 
land of  the  Augustine  order,  who  published  a 
poetical  version  of  the  psalms  in  the  16th 
century. 

Adrichomius,  Christian,  a  native  of 
Delft,  who  died  at  Cologne  in  1585  in  his 
52d  year.  He  was  for  some  time  director  of 
the  nuns  of  Barbara;  and  afterwards,  when 
civil  commotions  drove  him  from  his  coun- 
try, he  presided  in  the  same  capacity  over 
the  canonesses  of  Nazareth.  He  published 
a  description  of  Juckea,  called  Theatrum  ter- 


ras sanctse,  with  a  chronicle  of  the  old  and 
new  testameut,  fol.  1593,  in  which  he  de- 
pends too  much  on  the  authority  of  Annius 
of  Viterbo. 

Adson,  an  abbot  of  Luxeuil,  in  960,  au- 
thor of  the  miracles  of  Saint  Vandalbert, 
third  abbot  of  the  place,  a  work  full  of  super- 
stitious and  legendary  tales. 

JiDESius,  succeeded  Jamblichus,  as 
teacher  of  Platonic  philosophy  in  Cappado- 
cia  in  the  4th  century. 

iliGEATES,  John,  a  priest  of  the  Nesto- 
rian  sect,  who  flourished  483,  and  wrote  a 
treatise  against  the  council  of  Chalcedon, 
and  an  ecclesiastical  history  from  the  reign 
of  Theodosius  to  that  of  Zeuo. 

JEgidius,  Peter  Albiensis,  a  writer  sent 
by  Francis  I.  to  examine  and  to  give  an  ac» 
count  of  the  most  celebrated  places  of  Asia, 
Greece,  and  Africa.  He  was  seized  by  pi- 
rates, but  made  his  escape,  and  died  of  a 
surfeit  in  his  65th  year,  1555.  He  published 
an  account  of  his  travels  besides  other 
works. 

./Egidius,  Atheniensis,  a  Grecian  physi- 
cian in  the  8th  century,  who  became  a  Bene- 
dictine monk,  and  published  several  learned 
treatises,  especially  de  pulsibus,  and  de  ve- 
nenis.  Some  imagine  there  was  another  au- 
thor of  the  same  name. 

-Egidius,  de  Colouna,  divinity  professor 
at  Paris,  was  general  of  the  Augustines,  and> 
for  his  learning  received  the  appellation  of 
Doctor  fundatissimus.  His  works  are  now 
deservedly  forgotten.    He  died  1316. 

JEgineta,  Paulus,  a  physician  of  iEgina 
in  the  7th  century,  who  first  was  acquainted 
with  the  cathartic  powers  of  rhubarb.  His 
works  appeared  at  Paris  in  fol.  1532. 

jEginhard,  a  German,  educated  by 
Charlemagne  of  whom  he  became  the  faith- 
ful secretary.  He  retired  from  the  active 
scenesof  life  after  the  loss  of  Imma  his  belo- 
ved wife,  whom  some  have  falsely  called 
daughter  of  the  emperor,  asserting  that  she 
conveyed  her  husband  on  her  shoulders 
from  her  house  through  the  snow,  that  his 
escape  might  not  be  traced  by  the  jealousy 
of  her  father.  JEginhard  is  the  author  of  a 
valuable  life  of  Charlemagne,  besides  annals 
from  741  to  839,  and  letters.  He  died  840. 
His  works  were  first  edited  at  Paris,  2  vols,: 
fol.  1576. 

JElfred,  vid.  Alfred. 

JElian,  Claudius,  an  historian  born  in 
Italy  in  the  first  century.  He  wrote  in  the 
Greek  language  an  history  of  animals,  a  va- 
rious history,  &c.  published  by  Gesner  1556. 

JElianus,  Meccius,  a  physician  before 
Galen,  the  first  who  used  treacle  against  the 
plague,  and  with  success. 

JElst,  a  Dutch  painter,  vid.  Aalst. 

JEmilianj,  Jerome,  a  noble  Venetian, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  regular  clerks  of 
Saint  Maicul,  in  the  16th  century. 

JEmilianus,  C.  Julius,  a  Moor  who, 
from  the  lowest  station,  rose  to  the  imperial 
dignity,  which  he  enjoyed  only  four  months. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Valerian. 

iEjiiLius,  Paulus,  a  Roman  general,  <5e- 


JLN 


JS.T 


lebrated  for  his  victory  over  Perseus  king  of 
Macedonia.     He  died  aged  64,  B.  C.  164. 

iEiuiLius,  Paulus,  a  native  of  Verona,  in- 
vited into  France  by  Lewis  XII.  by  the  ad- 
vice of  Poncher  bishop  of  Paris,  and  engaged 
to  write  a  Latin  history  of  the  French  mo- 
narchy. The  work,  which  employed  18  or 
according  to  others  30  years  of  his  life,  was 
left  unfinished  at  his  death,  is  divided  into 
ten  books,  from  the  reia;n  of  Pharamond  to 
the  fifth  year  of  Charles  "VIIl.  in  1488.  The 
wholeis  written  with  judgment  and  precision, 
and  though  the  author  was  delicate  even  to  a 
fault  in  the  choice  and  collocation  of  his 
words,  yet  his  style  is  elegant  and  correct,  if 
we  except  a  studied  affectation  of  antiquity 
in  the  names  of  men  and  of  places.  This  his- 
tory was  continued  by  Arnoldus  Ferronius 
who  completed  it  by  the  addition  of  nine 
books  to  the  death  of  Francis  I.  JEmilius 
died  in  1529,  and  left  behind  him  the  amia- 
ble character  of  a  man  of  learning,  virtue, 
and  integrity.  He  was  buried  in  the  cathe- 
dral at  Paris. 

JEneas,  Gazeus,  author  of  a  dialogue  on 
the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  the  resur- 
rection, printed  Greek  and  Latin,  1560, 
Basil,  and  Leipsic  1655,  was  a  platonic  phi- 
losopher of  the  fifth  century  converted  to 
Christianity. 

./Eneas,  Sylvius,  a  native  of  Corsigny  in 
Sienna,  of  the  family  of  the  Piccolimini. 
After  struggling  with  poverty  in  his  younger 
years,  he  rose  to  consequence  by  his  abili- 
ties and  was  employed  as  secretary  to  car- 
dinal Capranica,  at  the  council  of  Basil  in 
14S1.  He  came  to  Scotland  to  mediate  a 
peace  between  that  country  and  the  Eng- 
lish crown,  and  at  his  return  was  promoted 
to  the  dignity  of  secretary  to  the  council  of 
Basil,  an  assembly  which  he  defended  a- 
gainstihe  usurpation  of  Rome  by  his  elo- 
quence as  well  as  by  his  writings.  He  was 
afterwards  engaged  in  several  embassies  to 
Trent,  Frankfort,  &c.  and  in  one  of  these, 
at  Strasburg,  he  had  an  intrigue  with  a  lady, 
by  whom  he  had  a  son  ;  a  circumstance 
which  he  endeavors  to  palliate  and  ridicule  in 
a  letter  to  his  father,  with  more  affectation 
than  vivacity.  About  1439  he  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  the  imperial  court,  and  so 
high  was  his  reputation  that  the  emperor 
Frederic  not  only  received  him  with  kind- 
ness, but  crowned  him  with  the  poetical  lau- 
rel, promoted  him  to  the  highest  dignities, 
and  honored  him  with  his  friendship  and  con- 
fidence. During  the  schism  which  distrac- 
ted Rome,  he  wished  to  stand  neuter  ;  but 
lie  at  last  followed  the  example  of  Frederic, 
and  espoused  the  cause  of  Eugenius,  to  whom, 
after  a  recantation  of  his  errors,  he  was  re- 
conciled. His  elevation  to  the  rank  of  cardi- 
nal as  a  reward  for  his  services,  was  followed 
in  145S,  by  his  election  to  the  papal  chair,  on 
the  death  of  Callixtus,  and  by  the  publication 
of  a  bull  which  condemned  and  renounced 
all  that  he  had  said  or  written  in  the  defence 
of  the  council  of  Basil,  and  exhorted  the 
members  of  his  church  to  reject  .(Eneas  Syl- 
vius and  submissively  to  receive  Pius  II.  the 


name  which  he  assumed.  The  character  of 
firmness  and  dignity  which  he  had  maintained 
in  private  life,  he  displayed  at  the  head  of  the 
church.  He  expelled  tyrants,  supported  the 
election  of  princes,  and  every  where  estab- 
lished and  confirmed  the  temporal  power  of 
Rome  over  the  Christian  world.  He  died  in 
his  59th  year,  1 4th  of  August  1464,  after  a 
reign  of  nearly  seven  years,  during  which  he 
deserved  the  eulogium  which  was  passed 
upon  him  in  the  conclave  by  the  cardinal  of 
Pavia,  by  his  zeal  for  religion,  his  integrity 
of  manners,  his  solid  judgment  and  profound 
learning.  His  works,  which  consist  of  let- 
ters, of  memoirs  of  the  council  of  Basil — 
of  two  books  on  cosmograph)- — of  Euryalus, 
and  Lucretia  a  romance — of  a  poem  on  the 
crucifixion — of  a  history  of  the  Bohemiana, 
— of  memoirs  of  his  own  life,  &c.  were  prin- 
ted at  Basil  in  fol.  1551,  and  at  Helmstadt 
1700,  fol.  His  life  was  published  by  Gobeliu 
his  secretary,  at  Rome  1584  aud  15S9,  and  at. 
Frankfort  1614. 

./Eneas,  Tacticus,  author  of  a  Greek 
treatise  on  the  art  of  war,  flourished  336  B.  C* 

Aertien,  vid.  Arsens. 

iEmus,  a  presbyter  of  Sebastia,  who  is 
supposed  by  some  to  be  the  founder  of 
the  presbyterians.  He  separated  from  the 
church,  because  Eustathius  was  raised  to  the 
bishopric  of  Sebastia  in  preference  to  him- 
self, and  in  asserting  that  presbyters  and 
bishops  were  the  same  in  rank  in  the  Chris- 
tian church,  he  established  a  sect  which  was 
branded  with  the  name  of  heresy,  and  his 
supporters  expelled  from  towns  and  villages 
to  the  fields  and  woods,  where  their  doctrines 
were  propagated.     He  flourished  about  385. 

JEschines,  a  disciple  of  Socrates,  au- 
thor of  some  dialogues,  of  which  only  three 
are  extant. 

iEscHiNES,  a  celebrated  orator  known 
particularly  as  the  rival  of  Demosthenes. 
He  flourished  342  B.  C.  and  died  at  Samos 
or  Rhodes. 

JEschylus,  a  celebrated  tragic  poet  oi 
Athens,  of  whose  plays  only  seven  are  ex- 
tant. He  died  in  the  69th  year  of  his  age, 
456  B.C. 

JEsop,  a  Phrygian,  well  known  as  a  fabu- 
list. He  lived  in  the  age  of  Solon  and  Cree- 
sus,  about  600  B.  C. 

iEsofus,  Clodius,  a  famous  actor  at  Rome 
in  the  age  of  Cicero. 

jEtion,  a  Grecian  painter  of  celebrity. 

jEthrius,  an  architect  in  the  sixth  cen- 
tury, raised  to  the  confidence  of  Anastasius 
I.  He  is  supposed  to  have  built  the  wall 
which  extended  from  Selembria  to  the  sea 
to  check  the  inroads  of  the  barbarians  of  the 
north. 

JE t  i  us,  an  able  general  under  Valentinian 
III.  He  devoted  himself  to  military  affairs, 
and  at  one  time  weakened  the  Roman  power 
by  espousing  the  cause  of  the  barbarians, 
His  valor  at  last  however  was  exerted  no- 
bly in  the  defence  of  the  tottering  empire, 
and  he  obliged  the  victorious  Attila  to  retire 
beyond  the  Rhine.  He  was  stabbed  by  Va- 
lentinian 454j  who  was  jealous  of  his  military 


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glory,  and  suspected  that  he  aspired  to  the 
.imperial  throne. 

JItius,  a  Syrian,  who  from  a  menial  ser- 
vant rose  to  consequence,  and  was  made  bish- 
op by  Eudoxus  the  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple. He  was  the  founder  of  a  sect  called 
JEtians,  which  adopted  the  tenets  of  the 
Arians,  and  besides  maintained  that  faith 
alone  without  good  works  was  sufiieient  for 
salvation.     He  flourished  336. 

iExius,  a  physician  of  Amida  in  the  fifth 
century.  His  work  called  Tetrabiblos,  in 
Greek,  is  divided  into  16  books,  containing 
the  opinions  of  preceding  physicians,  with 
occasional  observations  of  his  own.  He  stu- 
died at  Alexandria. 

Afer,  Domitius,  an  orator  born  at  Nis- 
mes.  He  was  in  consequence  of  his  flattery 
noticed  by  Tiberius  and  by  Caligula;  and 
raised  to  the  consulship.     He  died  A.  U.  59. 

Afflitto,  Matthew,  an  able  civilian, 
born  at  Naples  1443,  he  wrote  various  books 
on  the  civil  and  canon  law,  and  died  1553. 
His  family  produced  other  men  of  celebrity. 

Afranius,  a  Roman  comic  poet,  who 
florished  100  B.  C. 

Africanus,  Julius,  wrote  a  chronicle  of 
which  some  fragments  remain,  besides  a  let- 
ter to  Origen,  censuring  the  history  of  Su- 
sanna as  a  romance,  and  another  to  reconcile 
the  apparent  contradictions  of  the  genealo- 
gies of  St.  Matthew  and  St.  Luke. 

Agapetus  I.  was  made  pope  535.  He 
died  at  Constantinople  the  following  year. 
The  second  of  that  name  was  elected  pope 
946,  and  died  965. 

Agapetus,  a  deacon  of  Constantinople, 
who  wrote  a  valuable  letter  to  the  emperor 
Justinian  on  the  duties  of  a  Christian  prince. 

A  ga p i  us,  a  Greek  monk  of  mount  Athos, 
in  the  17th  century.  He  wrote  a  treatise  in 
modern  Greek  in  favor  of  transubstantiation 
called  the  salvation  of  sinners,  printed  at 
Venice  1641. 

Acard,  Arthur,  an  English  antiquary, 
born  at  Toston  in  Derbyshire.  He  held  the 
respectable  employment  of  deputy  cham- 
berlain in  the  exchequer  office,  which  afford- 
ed him  the  means  of  consulting  valuable 
books  and  records,  and  his  inquiries  on  po- 
litical and  constitutional  subjects  were  after- 
wards made  public  by  Mr.  Hearne,  among 
the  papers  of  the  antiquarian  society,  to  the 
establishment  of  which  he  himself  contribu- 
ted. He  died  August  22d,  1615,  in  his  75th 
year,  and  was  interred  in  Westminster  Ab- 
bey. Some  of  his  papers  were  bequeathed 
for  the  use  of  his  successors  in  the  exchequer, 
hut  20  volumes  of  his  excellent  collections 
were  left  by  his  will  to  his  friend  Sir  Robert 
Cotton. 

Agatharcidas,  a  Cnidian,  180  B.  C. 
author  of  a  Greek  history  of  Alexander's 
wars. 

AGATHARCus,aSamian,  engaged  by  JEs- 
chylus  as  a  stage  painter. 

Agathemer,  Orthonis,  wrote  a  Greek 
compendium  of  geography',  edited  by  Hud- 
son, Oxford  1703. 

A  gat  h  ias,  a  Greek  Idstarian,  author  of 


an  account  of  Justinian's  reign,  published  in 
Greek  and  Latin,  Levden  1594,  and  Paris 
1658. 

Agathocles,  a  Sicilian,  who  rose  from 
the  obscurity  of  a  potter  to  the  sovereign 
power  of  all  Sicily.  He  died  289  B.  C.  ased 
72.  ° 

Agathon,  a  tragic  poet,  crowned  at  the 
Olympic  games,  B.  C.  419. 

Agathon,  a  native  of  Palermo,  elected 
to  the  papal  chair  679.  In  his  time  the  Eu- 
tychians  or  Monothelites  were  condemned 
at  the  council  of  Constantinople.  He  died 
682. 

Agelias,  Anthony,  bishop  of  Acerno  in 
Italy,  published  commentaries  on  the  psalms, 
and  some  of  the  prophets.     He  died  1608. 

Agelnoth,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
refused  to  crown  Harold  king,  though  he 
had  enjoyed  the  patronage  of  his  father  Can- 
ute. He  died  1038,  after  being  seventeen 
years  in  the  see  of  Canterbury. 

Agesilaus,  a  king  of  Sparta,  celebrated 
for  his  victories  against  the  Persians.  He 
died  B.  C.  362. 

Aggas,  Robert,  called  Augus,  a  landscape 
painter,  one  of  whose  pieces  is  still  preserv- 
ed in  the  hall  of  the  paper-stainers'  compa- 
ny. He  died  1679,  in  London,  in  his  60th 
year. 

Agila,  king  of  the  Visigoths  in  Spain, 
w-as  murdered  by  his  nobles  in  the  fifth  year 
of  his  reign,  554. 

Agilulf,  duke  of  Turin,  was  appointed 
on  the  death  of  Antharic  king  of  Lombardy, 
his  successor,  and  married  his  widow  Theu- 
delinda.  He  abandoned  arianism  for  the 
catholic  faith,  and  displayed  great  abilities 
as  a  warrior  and  a  statesman.  He  died  616 
after  a  reign  of  25  years,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Adalnald. 

Agis,  the  name  of  some  Spartan  kings. 
The  most  famous  arc  the  second  of  that 
name  who  was  engaged  in  the  Peloponnesian 
war,  and  died  427  B.  C.  and  the  fourth  who, 
in  consequence  of  his  attempts  to  restore 
Lacedcemon  to  her  ancient  discipline  and  glo- 
rious independence,  was  put  to  death  241 
B.C. 

Aglionby,  John,  D.  D.  a  native  ofCum- 
berland,  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  known  for  his  great  learning  and 
Ids  knowledge  of  school  divinity.  He  was 
head  of  St.  Edmund's  Hall,  chaplain  to 
James  I.  and  one  of  those  who  translated  the 
new  testament.  He  died  at  Islip,  where  he 
was  rector,  1610,  February  6th,  in  his  43d 
year,  and  was  buried  in  the  chancel  there. 
His  son  of  the  same  name,  was  dean  of  Can- 
terbury, an  honor  which  he  enjoyed  but  a 
few  months,  and  died  1643. 

Agnellus,  an  abbot  of  Ravenna,  in  the 
ninth  century,  often  confounded  with  a  bish- 
op of  Ravenna  of  the  same  name  in  the  sixth 
century.  Agnellus  wrote  an  history  of  the 
lives  of  the  prelates  of  Ravenna,  which  is  of- 
ten quoted  by  Jerome  Rubens,  and  is  full  of 
uninteresting  matter  but  deserved  sarcasm 
upon  the  debauchery  of  the  monks. 

Agnesi,  Maria  Gaetana,  a  learned  Italian 


AG 


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iady,  born  at  Milan,  ami  made  in  conse- 
quence of  her  great  merit,  and  her  many 
virtues,  mathematical  professor  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Bologna  by  Benedict  XIV.  She 
died  about  1770,  aged  52,  universally  res- 
pected. Her  analytical  institutions  appear- 
ed atMilan,  2  vols.  4to.  1748,  and  were  trans- 
lated into  French  by  Consin  1775,  and  lately 
into  English  2  vols.  4to.  with  her  life  from 
Montucla. 

Agobard,  archbishop  of  Lyons,  support- 
ed the  revolt  of  Lothaire  against  Lewis  the 
debonnaire.  In  consequence  of  this  violent 
opposition  he  was  deposed  at  Thionville,  but 
afterwards  restored  to  his  ecclesiastical  hon- 
ors, on  being  reconciled  to  Lewis.  He  died, 
840.  His  works  were  edited  by  Baluze  in 
1666,  2  vols.  8vo.  They  contain  able  argu- 
ments against  image  worship,  against  witch- 
craft, and  against  duelling. 

Agostino,  Paolo,  a  musical  composer, 
master  of  the  papal  chapel  at  Rome.  His 
chorusses  are  much  commended.  He  died 
1629,  aged  36. 

Agoult,  Guillaume  d',  a  poet  of  Prov- 
ence in  1198.  His  ballads  were  most  esteem- 
ed in  those  times  of  chivalry  and  hospitable 
rusticity. 

**  Agreda,  Mary  d',  superior  of  aconvent 
at  Agreda  in  Spain,  wrote  a  fanatical  book 
on  the  life  of  the  virgin  Mary,  which  she 
said  had  been  revealed  to  her  from  heaven. 
A  translation  of  this  nonsensical  book,  which 
was  censured  by  the  Sorbonne  and  prohib- 
ited at  Rome,  was  published  at  Brussels 
1717  in  8  vols  12mo.  She  died  1665,  aged 
63. 

Agresti,  Licio,  an  historical  painter, 
whose  abilities  were  employed  by  Gregory 
XIU.  in  adorning  the  Vatican.  He  died  1580. 

Agrestis,  Julius,  a  Roman  general  un- 
der Vespasian,  who  destroyed  himself. 

Acricola,  Cn.  Julius,  an  illustrious  Ro- 
man, known  for  his  humanity  when  gover- 
nor of  Britain,  and  immortalized  by  the  pen 
of  his  son-in-law  the  historian  Tacitus.  He 
died  A.  D.  93,  aged  56. 

Acricola,  Rodolphus,  a  native  of  Gro- 
ningen  who  travelled  into  France  and  Italy, 
where  he  was  honored  with  the  patronage 
of  Hercules  d'Est  duke  of  Ferrara.  He  di- 
ed at  Heidelberg  14S5.  His  works  on  histo- 
rical subjects  were  published  at  Cologne  in 
4to.  1539  ;  but  though  nattered  by  the  com- 
pliments of  Erasmus,  and  called  in  prose  and 
poetry  the  Polition  and  Virgil  of  his  time, 
they  are  not  possessed  of  superior  merit, 
lie  had  the  singular  merit  of  first  introdu- 
cing (he  study  of  Greek  into  Germany,  and 
he  himself  gave  lectures  at  Worms  and  Hei- 
delberg. 

Acricola,  George,  a  physician  of  Glau- 
cen  in  Misnia,  known  for  his  learning  and 
iiis  works  on  metallic  substances  and  miner- 
als.   He  died  1555,  November  21,  aged  61. 

Acricola,  Michael,  a  minister  of  Abo 
in  Finland,  the  first  who  translated  the  new 
testament  into  the  language  of  the  country, 
and  thus  greatly  favored  the  doctrines  of 
Luther. 

VOL.  I.  5 


Acricola,  a  learned  bishop  of  Chalons- 
sur-Saone.     He  died  in  his  83d  year,  530. 

Agricola,  John,  a  German  divine,  born 
at  Isleb.  He  was  the  friend  and  the  disciple 
of  Luther,  but  afterwards  violently  opposed 
him,  and  became  the  head  of  the  Anomeans, 
a  sect  which  regarded  faith  as  the  whole  of 
the  duties  of  man.  He  was  also  engaged  in 
a  dispute  with  Melancthon,  but  with  the 
most  laudable  motives  he  endeavored  to  ef- 
fect a  reconciliation  between  the  catholics 
and  protestants.  He  died  at  Berlin  1566 
aged  74.  His  commentaries  on  St.  Luke  8vo. 
his  historia  passionis  J.  C.  fol.  and  his  collec- 
tion of  German  proverbs,  have  been  printed, 
and  possess  merit. 

Agrippa,  Menenius,  a  Roman  patrician, 
known  in  history  for  appeasing  a  sedition  by 
the  fable  of  the  belly  and  the  limbs,  B.  C.  492. 

Agrippa,  Marcus  Vipsanius,  a  Roman 
general  celebrated  for  his  military  exploits, 
but  more  for  his  intimacy  with  Augustus. 
He  died  12  B.  C. 

Agrippa,  Herod,  grandson  of  Herod  the 
Great,  was  noticed  by  the  Roman  emperors, 
and  made  king  of  all  Judsea  and  some  other 
neighboring  provinces.  He  persecuted  the 
Christians,  and  was  the  person  represented 
in  scripture  as  struck  with  death  on  his  throne 
by  an  angel  for  his  impious  vanity,  A.  D.  44. 

Agrippa  II.  son  of  the  above,  and  his 
successor  on  the  throne,  and  last  king  of  Ju- 
da?a,  was  the  monarch  before  whom  Paul  ap- 
peared as  a  prisoner,  and  whom  he  persua- 
ded almost  to  be  a  Christian.  He  died  at 
Rome  A.  D.  94. 

Agrippa,  Henvy  Cornelius,  a  native  of 
Cologne  descended  from  a  noble  family.  He 
was  in  the  armies  of  the  emperor  Maximil- 
ian, and  distinguished  himself  so  much  by 
his  courage  and  military  abilities,  that  he  was 
knighted  after  seven  years'  service  in  Italy. 
Eager  to  add  to  his  laurels  the  honors  of  learn- 
ing, he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  the 
more  abstruse  sciences,  and  took  degrees  in 
law  and  medicine.  The  fickleness  of  his 
temper,  however,  and  his  irritable  passions, 
prevented  him  from  acquiring  that  distinc- 
tion which  is  due  to  superior  genius  and  vir- 
tue. His  writings,  often  severe,  drew  upon, 
him  the  resentmentof  the  monks,  and  though 
liberally  patronised  by  the  great,  he  led  a 
fugitive  and  solitary  life.  After  reading  lec- 
tures in  several  places  in  France,  and  at  Pa- 
via,  where  his  eloquence  commanded  admi- 
ration, he  retired  to  Metz  by  the  solicitations 
of  his  friends;  but  his  engaging  in  the  pue- 
rile disputes  about  St.  Anne,  whether  she  had 
one  or  three  husbands  according  to  the  opin- 
ion of  the  ecclesiastics  of  the  times,  render- 
ed him  so  unpopular  that  he  fled  to  Cologne, 
and  afterward s  to  Switzerland.  Fortune  here 
seemed  to  favor  him,  Francis  I.  granted  him 
a  pension,  and  he  was  made  physician  to  the 
queen  mother  ;  but  his  unwillingness  to  ap- 
ply his  knowledge  of  astrology  to  foretell  suc- 
cess to  the  arms  of  France,  incensed  the  court, 
and  he  was  dimissed  in  disgrace.  He  reti- 
red with  difficulty  to  Antwerp,  and  after  re- 
ceiving invitations  from  Henry  king  of  Eng- 


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laud  aud  from  other  powerful  princes,  he 
preferred  the  protection  of  Margaret  of  Aus- 
tria, governess  of  the  low  countries,  and  as 
historiographer  to  the  emperor,  he  began 
the  history  of  the  government  of  Charles  V. 
The  death  of  his  patroness  occasioned  a 
change  in  his  affairs,  and  though  he  was  per- 
mitted to  pronounce  her  funeral  oration, 
he  found  that  his  enemies  %>ere  inveterate 
against  him,  and  that  from  their  malevolence 
the  favors  of  the  emperor  were  for  ever  for- 
feited. After  being  persecuted  and  impri- 
soned at  Brussels,  and  at  Lyons,  he  at  last 
retired  to  Grenoble,  where  he  died  1535  in 
his  49th  year.  By  his  first  wife,  who  died 
in  1521,  he  had  one  son  ;  and  by  his  second, 
whom  he  married  in  1522  and  who  died  1529, 
he  had  five  sons.  It  is  worthy  of  remark 
that  he  has  been  lavish  of  his  praises  on  the 
merits  and  virtues  of  these  two  amiable  wo- 
men, and  if  he  met  persecution,  enmity,  and 
ingratitude  in  the  world,  he  had  the  singular 
happiness  to  find  peace,  support,  and  conso- 
lation in  the  bosom  of  his  family.  He  lived 
and  died  in  the  Romish  church,  according  to 
iiayle,  though  others  suppose  that  he  favor- 
ed the  cause  of  Luther.  Of  this  celebrated 
reformer  he  speaks  with  harshness,  some- 
times eveu  with  contempt,  and  only  once 
with  respect  in  the  19th  chapter  of  his  apol- 
ogy. He  opposed  the  divorce  of  Henry  VIII. 
from  queen  Catherine,  and  ridiculed  the 
meanness  of  his  contemporaries,  whose  re- 
ligious opinions  yielded  to  the  gold  and  the 
lust  of  a  tyrant.  The  most  celebrated  of  his 
writings  were,  his  treatise  on  the  excellence 
of  women,  which  recommend? d  him  to  the 
favor  of  Margaret ;  his  commentary  on  St 
Paul's  epistles,  written  in  England  ;  his  oc- 
cult philosophy,  and  his  key  to  it ;  a  disser- 
tation on  original  sin,  his  letters,  &c.  His 
great  learning  and  extensive  information 
probably  procured  him  in  these  ages  of  dark- 
ness and  barbarism  the  fame  of  magician 
and  astrologer,  and  hence  his  enemies  have 
been  fond  of  recording  his  frequent  inter- 
course with  departed  spirits,  and  with  all  the 
demons  of  the  infernal  regions.  His  works 
were  published  at  Lyons  1550,  in  3  vols.  8vo. 

Ageifpina,  the  virtuous  wife  of  Ger- 
manicus  Coesar,  was  banished,  after  her  hus- 
band's death,  by  Tiberius,  and  died  in  exile, 
A.  D.  33. 

Acripi  ina,  daughter  of  the  preceding, 
took  as  her  third  husband  the  emperor 
Claudius,  whom  she  poisoned,  to  raise  her 
son  Nero  to  the  throne.  She  perished  by 
the  order  of  that  ungrateful  son. 

Aguesseau,  Henry  Francisd',  the  de- 
scendant of  a  noble  family  of  Saintonge,  was 
born  at  Limoges  1668,  and  after  completing 
his  education,  which  was  begun  under  the 
direction  of  his  father,  he  cultivated  poetry 
with  taslo  and  elegance,  and  acquired  the  es- 
teem and  friendship  of  men  of  letters,  par- 
ticularly of  Boileau  and  Racine.  In  the  of- 
fice of  advocate-general  of  Paris  in  1691, 
and,  nine  years  after,  of  procurer-general, 
he  displayed  all  the  energies  of  his  nature  ; 
be  gave  vigor  and  support  to  the  laws,  ban- 
ished  corruption  from   the  tribunals,  and 


distributed  justice  with  an  impartial  hantf. 
His  attention  was  particularly  directed  to 
the  management  of  the  hospitals;  and  in  the 
enlarged  views  of  a  benevolent  heart,  he  often 
resisted  with  boldness  and  success  the  in- 
trigues of  favorites  and  even  the  prejudices 
of  Lewis  XIV.  After  this  monarch's  death 
he  was  appointed  by  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
the  regent,  to  succeed  Voisin  as  chancellor, 
and  by  his  eloquence  and  firmness  he  oppo- 
sed and  rejected  the  schemes  of  Law,  which 
w  ere  afterwards  too  fatally  adopted,  and  hurl- 
ed the  whole  kingdom  into  ruin  and  despon- 
dency. The  machinations  of  enemies  were 
however  too  powerful  against  integrity  of 
conduct,  and  Aguesseau  was  twice  obliged 
to  resign  the  seals,  and  retire  in  disgrace  to 
his  seat  of  Fresnes,  and  twice  again  he  was 
solicited  by  the  regent  to  resume  a  situation 
which  he  adorned  and  dignified.  The  wishes 
nearest  to  his  heart  were,  to  be  useful  to  his 
country,  to  maintain  her  liberties,  and  not 
to  accumulate  wealth  by  oppression  or  dis- 
honorable measures.  On  the  tribunal,  his 
moderation  and  his  equity  were  ever  appa- 
rent, and  in  his  retirementat  Fresnes  where, 
as  he  says,  he  passed  the  fairest  days  of  his 
life,  the  chancellor  of  France  was  employed 
in  the  education  of  his  children,  in  literary 
pursuits,  and  often  amused  himself  in  digging 
the  ground.  Temperance  and  cheerfulness 
added  to  the  pleasures  of  science,  and  con- 
tributed to  the  health  of  the  body  and  vigor 
of  the  mind,  and  till  his  80th  year  he  enjoyed 
a  robust  constitution.  At  this  advanced  age 
infirmities  came  upon  him,  he  resigned  the 
office  of  chancellor,  and  died  soon  after,  on 
the  ninth  of  February  1751.  He  married 
1694  Anne  le  Fevre  d  Ormesson,  who  died 
at  Auteuil  1735,  mother  of  six  chiidren,  and 
leaving  him  disconsolate  for  the  dissolution  of 
mutual  tenderness.  D' Aguesseau  was  humane 
and  religious  from  his  childhood,  he  never 
spent  a  day  without  reading  the  scriptures 
which  he  called  the  balm  of  his  life.  From, 
the  vast  conceptions  of  his  genius,  France 
derived  new  regulations,  which  tended  to 
strengthen  the  liberties  of  the  subject,  check 
the  rapacity  of  the  nobles,  and  unite  the 
whole  kingdom  in  paying  reverence  to  the 
laws,  which  he  wished  to  see  adminstered 
with  impartiality andwithoutunnecessary de- 
lay. His  memory  was  quick  and  retentive, 
and  besides  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  dead 
languages,  he  spoke  with  ease  the  Arabic, 
Portuguese,  English,  Italian,  and  Spanish. 
His  works  have  been  published  in  9  vols.  4to. 
M.  Thomas  has  written  his  eulogy,  which 
obtained  the  prize  of  the  French  academy 
in  1760,  and  from  it  this  article  is  extracted. 

Acui,  a  king  of  Bantam  in  Java,  at  the 
end  of  the  17th  century,  who,  after  succeed- 
ing to  the  throne  on  the  resignation  of  his 
father  Agouin,  extended  his  power  by  means 
of  the  Dutch,  and  imprisoned  the  old  mon- 
arch, who  wished  to  check  the  career  of  his 
ambition. 

Aguillon,  Francis,  a  mathematician  of 
Brussels,  who  published  a  treatise  on  optics, 
and  another  on  spheric  projections,  and  died 
1617  at  Seville  in  his  50th  year. 


AI 


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ActriERE,  Joseph,  a  learned  Benedictine, 
a  native  of  Spain  who  was  raised  to  the  rank 
ef  Cardinal  by  Innocent  XI.  His  writings 
■were  on  theological  subjects,  besides  a  collec- 
tion of  the  councils  of  Spain  6  vols.  fol.  He 
died  at  Rome  1699  in  his  69th  year. 

Agylaus,  Henry,  a  native  of  Bois-le-I)uc, 
■who  made  an  inelegant  translation  of  Photius' 
Monocanon.     He  died  1595  in  his  62d  year.  | 

Ahab,  son  and  successor  of  Omri  as  king  • 
of  Israel,   was  remarkable  for  his  impieties, 
his  oppression,  and    his    wickedness,    which 
■were  increased  by  the   influence  of  his  wife  | 
Jezebel.     He  was  killed  in  a  battle  which  he  \ 
fought  against  the  Syrians,  and,    according  ' 
to  the  prophecy  of  Elijah,  the  dogs  licked  his  i 
blood  on  the  very  spot  where  he  had  cruelly 
shed    the   blood  of    the    innocent    Naboth, 
■whose  vineyard  he  had  unjustly  seized,  about 
S98  B.  C. 

Ahaz,    son  and    successor  of  Jotham  on 
the   throne   of  Judah,  B.  C.  742,  defeated 
Rezin  king  of  Syria,  but  afterwards  was  rout- 
ed by  him,  and  beqame  tributary  to  Tiglath- 
pileser  king  of  Assyria,  whose  assistance  he  ' 
had  implored.     He  afterwards   defaced  the 
holy  vessels  of  the  temple,   and   forbad    the  '• 
people  to  assemble  there  for  the  offering  of 
prayers  and  oblations  ;  and  such  was  his  im-  j 
piety  that,   at  his  death,  his   remains  were 
deemed  unworthy  to  repose  in  the  tomb  of  ( 
his  ancestors. 

Ahaziah,  succeeded  his  father  Ahab  on 
the  throne  of  Israel,  and  reigned  two  years,  j 
in  which  he  followed  the  impious   examples 
of  his   rebellious  house. — Another  Ahaziah,  ! 
son  of  Jehoram,    was    king   of  Judah,  and  j 
reigned  but  one  year,  and  was  killed  by  Je- 
hu, who  succeeded  him  889  B.  C. 

Ahlwardt,    Peter,  a  native  of  Griefs- 
valde  in  Germany,  who,  though  but  the  son  i 
of  a  shoemaker,  rose  by  his  abilities,  and  be-  I 
came  an   eminent  professor  of  logic  and  me- 
taphysics.    He  wrote  some  treatises  on  the  , 
human   understanding,    on  the  immortality  j 
of  the   soul,  and   thoughts  on   thunder  and 
lightning,  and  died  1791  aged  81. 

Ahmed  Khan,  son  of  flulagu,  succeeded 
his  brother  Abaka  on  the  throne  of  the  Mo- 
guls, and  was  the  first  emperor  who  embra- 
ced the  Mahometan  religion.  This  change, 
so  displeasing  to  his  family,  excited  an  insur- 
rection against  him,  which  proved  victorious, 
and  in  dooming  him  to  death  placed  his 
nephew  Argoun  on  his  throne  1284. 

Ajala,  Martin  Perez  d',  anative  of  Car- 
tbagena,  who,  though  of  obscure  birth,  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  abilities,  and  ser- 
ved Charles  V.  at  the  council  of  Trent- 
He  was  promoted  to  two  bishoprics,  and  was 
at  last  made  archbishop  of  Valencia,  where 
lie  died,  universally  respected  1566,  in  his 
62d  year.  He  wrote  a  Latin  treatise  in  10 
books  on  apostolic  traditions. — There  were 
of  the  same  name  Gabriel  a  physician  of 
Louvain,  who  wrote  populariaepigrammaai, 
— 8c  de  hie  pestilent!,  &c. — and  Balthazar  of 
Antwerp,  author  of  a  treatise  de  jure  &  ofTi- 
iiis  bellicis  ac  militari  diciplina  These  two 
were  brothers,  and  lived  in  the  16th  century. 


Aidan,  bishop  of  Lindisfarne  or  Holy 
Island  in  Northumberland,  was  a  prelate  hu- 
man*;, mild,  and  benevolent,  who  by  his 
exemplary  zeal  converted  many  of  the  north- 
ern heathens  of  Britain  to  Christianity.  He- 
died  651. 

At  km  an,  William,  son  of  an  advocate 
of  Scotland  of  the  same  name,  was  brought 
up  to  the  profession  of  his  father.  A  natur- 
al bias  for  the  arts,  however,  prevailed  upon 
the  son  to  relinquish  the  honors  of  the 
Scotch  bar  for  distinction  in  the  cultivation 
of  painting,  and  an  absence  of  five  years  in 
visiting  Italy  and  Constantinople  and  Smyrna, 
served  to  improve  and  adorn  his  mind,  and 
enlarge  and  correct  his  taste.  As  bis  fortune 
was  independent  he  did  not  court  the  patron- 
age of  the  great  by  flattery,  and  to  his  merit 
alone  he  was  indebted  for  the  esteem  of  John 
duke  of  Argyle,  and  of  the  earl  of  Burling- 
ton, and  for  the  affectionate  friendship  of 
Allan  Ramsay,  Thomson,  Swift,  Pope,  Ar- 
buthnot,  Gay,  Somerville,  and  the  other 
wits  of  the  age.  His  genius  was  exerted  in 
portrait  painting,  and  many  of  those  who 
then  shone  in  rank  and  fashion  will  receive 
more  celebrity  from  his  pencil,  than  from 
the  possession  of  beauty  destroyed  by  incon- 
tinence, and  of  riches  wasted  in  riot  and  ef- 
feminacy. A  picture  of  the  royal  family 
of  England,  now  in  possession  of  the  duke  of 
Devonshire,  and  several  portraits  of  the  earl 
of  Buckinghamshire's  family,  were  among 
the  last  of  his  pieces.  He  died  in  Leicester 
Field  1731,  the  7th  of  June,  in  the  49th  year 
of  his  age.  His  son,  aged  17,  had  died  the 
January  preceding.  He  left  two  daughters. 
His  abilities  and  the  virtues  of  his  heart  had 
the  singular  honor  of  being  celebrated  by  his 
poetic  friends,  Thomson,  Somerville,  Smol- 
let,  and  Ramsay. 

Ailhaud,  John,  a  "French  surgeon  of 
Cadenet  in  Provence,  who  acquired  some 
celebrity  and  fortune  by  the  selling  of  a  pur- 
gative powder,  which  he,  with  all  the  art  of 
an  empiric,  declared  capable  to  cure  all  dis- 
eases.    He  died  in  a  good  old  age  1756. 

Ailly,  Peter  d',  born  of  an  obscure  fami- 
ly, rose  by  his  merit  to  the  highest  honors  in 
the  service  of  Charles  VI.  and  was  made 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Pans,  and  af- 
terwards bishop  of  Puy  and  Cambra)-.  His 
eloquence  was  exerted  to  heal  the  wounds 
which  existed  in  the  Romish  church,  though 
he  presided  over  the  council  of  Constance, 
and  shared  their  guilt  when  they  condemned 
John  Huss  to  the  flames.  He  was  rewarded 
by  John  XXIII.  with  a  cardinal's  hat,  and 
the  office  of  legate  to  the  holy  see.  He  died 
the  eighth  of  August  1419.  His  works  on 
theological  subjects  were  published  at  Stras- 
burg. 

Ailred,  or  Ethelred,  author  of  a  ge- 
nealogy of  English  kings — of  a  life  of  Ed- 
ward the  confessor,  Sec.  was  abbot  of  Rcves- 
ly  in  Lincolnshire,  and  florished  about  the 
middle  of  the  12th  century. 

Aimoin,  a  Benedictine  of  Aquitaine,  ait- 
thor  of  an  inelegant  and  puerile  history  of 
France  in  five  boobs  found  in  the  third,  vol- 


AL 


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w>r.  Charles  V.  received  him  with  coldness, 
and  in  answer  to  his  fulsome  but  eloquent 
address  repeated  the  ludicrous  verses  which 
he  had  written  against  him.  Alamanni  vin- 
dicated himself,  and  by  his  firmness  and  the 
dexterity  of  his  speech  he  changed  the  em- 
peror's displeasure  into  admiration  and  es- 
teem. After  being  employed  in  another  em- 
bassy to  Genoa,  he  died  at  Amboise,  18th 
April  15(j6,  in  his  06th  year.  His  poems  and 
other  compositions  in  Italian  are  highly  com- 
mended. His  son  Baptist  was  almoner  to  the 
queen,  and  also  bishop  of  Bazar  and  Maion, 
and  died  1581,  author  of  some  letters  and 
other  pieces. 

Alamos,  Balthazar,  a  Spanish  writer  in 
the  service  of  Anthony  Perez,  the  secretary 
of  state  under  Philip  II.  He  shared  his 
master's  disgrace,  and  was  imprisoned  for  11 
years,  till  his  abilities  were  called  into  action 
by  Olivarez  the  favorite  of  Philip  IV.  He 
•was  made  counsellor  of  the  council  of  the 
Indies,  and  honored  with  knighthood.  Me 
died  in  his  88th  year.  He  published  an  excel- 
lent translation  of  Tacitus  1614,  besides  apho- 
risms much  admired,  written  during  his  con- 
finement. Some  of  his  works  are  still  unpub- 
lished. 

Alamtjndir,  a  king  of  the  Saracens  509, 
whom  the  bishops  of  his  age  endeavored  to 
convert  to  Christianity. 

Alan,  Allen,  Allyn,  William,  a  na-' 
tive  of  Rossal  in  Lancashire,  educated  at  O- 
riel  College,  aud  made  principal  of  St.  Mary 
Hall  in  his  24th  year.  As  he  was  a  warm 
defender  of  the  pope,  he  left  his  preferment 
in  England  on  the  accession  of  Elizabeth,  and 
retired  to  the  English  college  of  Louvaine, 
■where  he  supported  the  tenets  of  his  reli- 
gion by  his  writings.  The  intensenessof  his 
application,  however,  endangered  his  health, 
and  his  physicians  advised  his  return  to  Eng- 
land. There,  with  more  zeal  than  pru- 
dence, he  publicly  avowed  his  principles,  and 
attempted  to  make  converts  ;  but  neither 
Lancashire,  nor  Oxford,  nor  London  could 
long  conceal  the  author  of  virulent  attacks 
against  the  established  religion  of  his  country, 
and  he  fled  with  difficulty  to  Douay.  Here 
preferments  were  heaped  upon  him  by  the 
Guises,  as  he  was  considered  the  champion 
and  martyr  of  the  catholic  cause,  and  he 
■was  soon  after  raised  to  the  dignity  of  car- 
dinal, and  the  archbishopric  of  Mechlin. 
His  resentment  kept  pace  with  his  elevation; 
in  1586  he  published  a  book  to  explain  the 
pope's  bull,  for  the  excommunication  of  Eli- 
zabeth, and  to  excite  the  people  of  England 
to  revolt  against  their  lawful  sovereign,  and 
espouse  the  cause  of  Philip  of  Spain,  and  of 
the  invading  catholics  ;  and  several  thousand 
copies  of  this  unnatural  composition  were 
sent  on  board  the  Armada,  but  were  happily 
destroyed  with  the  projects  of  the  tyrant. 
Elizabeth  indeed  complained  of  the  indigni- 
ty by  Dr.  Dale  sent  as  ambassador  to  the 
Low  Countries  ;  but  the  duke  of  Parma  re- 
reived  the  messenger  with  supercilious  indif- 
ference. Alan  died  at  Rome,  26th  Oct.  1594, 
in  hisj63d  year.  His  old  age  wasnot  free  from 


disquietudes;  his  person  was  surrounded  Wy- 
the spies  of  the  English  court ;  he  grew  un- 
popular among  the  Jesuits,  who  are  even  sus- 
pected ot  poisoning  him ;  and  to  his  sufferings 
must  be  added  that  inward  torment,  which 
persecutes  and  harrows  up  the  heart  that 
has  formed  the  homicidal  design  of  making 
his  country  bend  to  the  yoke  of  foreign  usur- 
pation. His  publications  were  mostly  on 
controversial  or  political  subjects,  one  partic- 
ularly in  answer  to  Lord  Burleigh. 

Alan,  of  Lynn  in  Norfolk,  a  divine 
known  as  the  author  of  useful  indexes  to  the 
books  he  read.  He  wrote  a  book  called  Mo- 
ralia  Bibliorum,  hue.  He  florished  in  the 
15th  century. 

Aland,  Sir  John  Fortescue,  was  descen- 
ded from  Sir  John  Fortescue  lord  chancellor 
under  Henry  VI.  Naturally  endowed  with 
strong  powers  of  mind,  he  cultivated  his  un- 
derstanding with  successful  industry,  and  after 
being  honored  with  a  degree  at  Oxford,  and 
called  to  the  bar,  his  abilities  were  further 
distinguished  by  being  made  solicitor  to  the 
prince  of  Wales,  and  afterwards  to  George  I. 
and  the  next  year  1716-7,  raised  to  the  dig- 
nity of  a  baron  of  the  exchequer.  In  his  ju- 
dicial capacity,  he  displayed  integrity  of  heart 
and  firmness  of  conduct ;  but  his  services 
were  neglected,  and  either  from  private  re- 
sentment, or  the  spirit  of  misrepresentation 
which  too  often  poisons  the  ears  of  kings,  he 
was  the  only  judge  whose  patent  was  not  re- 
newed on  the  accession  of  George  II.  This 
apparent  disgrace  however  was  momentary, 
he  was  restored  the  following  year  to  his  pro- 
fession, and  he  continued  to  dignify  the  bench 
and  to  benefit  the  public  by  his  wisdom  till 
1746,  when  he  resigned,  and  as  a  reward  for 
his  long  and  laborious  services  as  a  judge  for 
30  years,  he  was  created  a  peer  of  Ireland. 
Sir  John  had  assumed  the  surname  of  Aland 
in  compliment  to  the  virtues  of  an  amiable 
wife,  of  the  Aland  family  at  Waterford,  and 
he  maintained  through  life  the  dignity  of 
character  which  had  been  so  much  admired 
in  his  great  ancestor,  and  which  received 
fresh  lustre  from  the  merits  and  eminent 
services  of  his  descendant.  He  was  remark- 
able for  a  small,  short,  flat  nose,  which  how- 
ever was  made  to  disappear  in  his  portrait, 
either  by  the  adulation  or  the  dexterity  of 
the  pencil  of  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller.  This  de- 
formity exposed  him  once  to  the  sarcasm  of 
a  barrister,  whom  he  censured  for  treating 
his  cause  rather  obscurely  : — My  lord,  repli- 
ed the  undismayed  lawyer,  if  you  will  have 
patience  I  will  make  it  appear  as  plain  as 
the  nose  in  your  lordship's  face.  His  wri- 
tings, which  were  on  judicial  subjects,  have 
been  published,  and  are  held  in  esteem.  He 
was  born  7th  of  March  1670,  and  died  1746. 
The  family  is  now  extinct. 

Alankava,  daughter  of  Gioubire,  mar- 
ried her  cousin  Doujoun  king  of  the  Mon- 
gouls  in  the  North  of  Asia,  by  whom  she 
had  two  sons.  Some  miraculous  reports 
concerning  her  conception  are  related  among 
the  nations  over  which  she  reigned,  and  tend 
to  prove  that  in  all  ages  and  countries  the 


AL 


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.  iiroJjc  is  supported  by  the  fiction  of  super- 
natural events,  and  by  imposture,  if  it  rests 
not.  on  the  love  of  the  people,  and  the  hap- 
piness of  the  subject. 

Alard,  a  priest  of  Amsterdam,  author 
of  some  learned  works,  especially  selectee 
similitudines,  or  collationes,  exbibliis,  3  vol9. 
Svo.  Paris  1543.     He  died  at  Louvaine  1531. 

Alaric  I.  a  celebrated  king  of  the  Visi- 
goths who  made  war  against  Arcadius,  and 
after  spreading  his  devastations  over  Greece, 
entered  Italy  and  laid  siege  to  Home.  Though 
his  retreat  was  repeatedly  purchased  with 
gold,  he  at  last  plundered  the  imperial  eity 
400,  A.  D.  and  extorted  the  heaviest  con- 
tributions from  the  inhabitants  of  Italy.  He 
died  soon  after  at  Cosenza. 

Alaric  II.  made  king  of  the  Visigoths 
484,  was  slain  in  a  battle  by  the  hand  of 
Clovis  king  of  France  at  Vougle  in  Pictou  509. 

Alasco,  John,  a  Roman  Catholic  bishop, 
uncle  to  the  king  of  Poland.  He  became  af- 
lerwards  a  convert  to  the  protestant  princi- 
ples, and  came  to  England  under  Edward 
VI.  and  took  care  of  a  Dutch  congregation 
in  London.  His  piety  and  his  virtues  ren- 
dered him  popular,  but  the  reign  of  Mary 
drove  him  to  the  continent,  where  he  died 
1560.  He  was  much  esteemed  by  the  learn- 
ed of  the  times,  and  particularly  by  Erasmus, 
whose  library  he  bought. 

Ala  va,  Diego  Esquivel,  a  learned  bishop, 
born  at  Vittoria  in  Biscay.  He  was  at  the 
council  of  Trent,  and  published  a  valuable 
work  on  councils  and  the  regulations  neces- 
sary to  reform  the  Christian  religion.  He 
died  March  17th  1562. 

Alavin,  a  chief  of  the  Goths  who  set- 
tled on  the  banks  of  the  Danube,  by  permis- 
sion of  Valens,  and  afterwards  rose  against 
the  imperial  troops,  and  defeated  them  near 
Adrianople  378. 

Alban,  St.  a  native  of  Verulam,  thepro- 
tomartyr  of  England.  He  travelled  in  his 
youth  to  Rome,  and  served  as  a  soldier  in 
Dioclesian's  army  for  seven  years.  On  his 
Teturn  to  England  he  renounced  the  Pagan 
religion  by  the  advice  and  influence  of  his 
friend  Ainphibalus,  a  monk  of  Caerleon,  and 
during  the  persecution  of  Dioclesian,  he  was 
martyred  for  the  Christian  faith  286  or  296, 
or  seven  years  later  according  to  Usher. 
Nearly  500  years  after  his  memory  was  hon- 
ored by  Offa  king  of  the  Mercians,  who 
built  a  stately  monastery  over  him,  from 
which  the  modern  town  of  St.  Albans  re- 
ceives its  name. 

Albani,  Francis,  son  of  a  silk  merchant 
at  Bologna,  forsook  his  father's  profession 
for  painting,  in  which  nature  had  formed  him 
tjo  excel.  He  was  the  school-fellow  and  after- 
wards the  pupil  of  Guido,  by  whom  he  was 
introduced  to  the  Caracchis  ;  and  after  he 
had  studied  amongst  the  monuments  of 
Rome  for  some  years  he  returned  to  Bologna, 
ivhere  he  married  for  his  second  wife  Dora- 
lite,  a  woman  of  matchless  beauty,  and  of 
superior  understanding.  In  her  he  found  a 
mo6t  perfect  model,  and  the  Venus,  the 
Nymphs  and  the  Graces,  which  came  from' 


his  pencil,  possessed  all  her  charms,  and 
though  remarkable  for  too  much  uniformity, 
yet  tbey  were  universally  admired.  She  be- 
came mother  of  twelve  children,  who 
equally  inherited  her  personal  accomplish- 
ments, and  were  made  by  the  fond  father 
the  originals  of  his  Cupids  in  the  most  playful 
and  enchanting  attitudes.  Albani  particu- 
larly excelled  in  expressing  the  graces  of  the 
fair  sex ;  in  his  imitation  of  men  he  was  less 
fortunate  ;  but  into  every  thing  which  he  drew 
he  transfused  the  happiness  an.i-serenity  of  his 
disposition,  and  all  the  miltf  virtues  of  am 
amiable  character.  He  died  in  his  82dyear, 
October  4,  1660,  and  the  whole  city  of  Bo- 
logna testified  their  grief  for  the  loss  of  a 
man  who  during  life  had  been  honored  with 
the  esteem  not  only  of  the  most  eminent  of 
his  fellow-citizens  but  even  of  monarchs. 
Charles  I.  of  England  was  one  of  those  who 
invited  him  to  his  dominions.  His  pieces  are 
highly  esteemed,  and  are  dispersed  in  the 
cabinets  of  Europe.  His  brother,  John  Bap- 
tist, was  his  pupil,  and  excelled  as  a  landscape 
painter.     He  died  1668. 

Albani,  John  Jerome,  a  learned  civilian, 
made  cardinal  after  the  death  of  his  wife 
1570.  He  wrote  treatises  on  ecclesiastical 
affairs,  &c.  and  died  1591. 

Albani,  Alexander,  a  Roman  cardinal, 
who  died  2d  December,  1779,  aged  87.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  merit,  well  acquainted 
with  the  records  and  monuments  of  antiqui- 
ty, and  a  liberal  patron  of  men  of  letters. 

Albany,  John  duke  of,  a  Scotch  noble- 
man in  the  service  of  Francis  I.  king  of 
France.  He  was  intrusted  by  that  monarch 
with  an  army  of  10,000  men  to  attack  Naples, 
but  the  fatal  battle  of  Pavia  obliged  him  to 
return  to  France,  where  he  died,  1536. 

Albategnius,  an  Arabian  astronomer, 
who  died  929.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
knowledge  and  the  obliquity  of  the  zodiac  of 
the  stars,  printed  4to.  at  Nuremberg  1537, 
and  at  Bologna  1545. 

Albemarle,  Monk  duke  of,  vid.  Monk. 

Albemarle,  Anne  Clarges  duchess  of, 
daughter  of  a  blacksmith,  was  brought  up  as 
a  milliner,  and  retained  the  vulgarity  of  her 
manners  in  her  highest  elevation.  She  was 
first  the  mistress  of  general  Monk  when  con- 
fined in  the  tower,  and  afterwards  his  wife  ; 
but  so  clear  was  her  understanding,  that  she 
was  often  consulted  in  the  greatest  emergen- 
cies ;  and  there  is  little  doubt,  but  that  by  fa- 
vor and  bribery,  she  filled  up  the  list  of  pri- 
vy counsellors  which  was  presented  to  the 
second  Charles  on  his  landing.  Her  animo- 
sity was  so  great  against  Clarendon  that  she 
prevailed  upon  her  husband  to'  join  in  the 
ruin  of  his  former  friend  ;  and  as  the  viru- 
lence of  her  temper  was  unbounded,  the 
general  was  often  forced  to  comply  under  her 
threats,  as  he  dreaded  her  invectives  more 
than  the  cannon's  mouth. 

Albemarle,  Keppel  Lord,  a  native  of 
Guelders,  one  of  the  favorites  of  William 
III.  by  whom  he  was  raised  to  an  earldom. 
In  the  last  of  queen  Anne's  wars  he  was 
made  commander  of  the  D'Urh  forces,  and 


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was  defeated  by  marshal  Villavs  at  Denian 
1712,  and  made  prisoner.  He  died  six  years 
after. 

Albergati,  Capacelli  Marquis,  a  native 
of  Bologna,  who  devoted  the  first  years  of 
liis  life  to  dissipation  and  licentiousness,  and 
at  the  age  of  34  began  to  make  amends  for 
ill  spent  hours,  by  the  severest  application 
to  literary  pursuits.  Nature  had  endowed 
him  with  great  talents,  and  the  knowledge  of 
the  world  had  enriched  his  mind  with  salu- 
tary reflections,  so  that  at  the  age  of  40  he 
burst  upon  the  public  not  only  as  a  dramatist, 
elegant,  correct,  and  sublime,  but  as  an  actor 
lively,  interesting,  and  judicious.  Honored 
■with  the  appellation  of  the  Garrick  of  Italy, 
lie  displayed  his  abilities  with  effect,  and  ac- 
quired deserved  reputation  by  the  wit  and 
facetiousness  of  his  compositions.  He  died 
1802.  His  works  were  published  together 
1783,  in  12  vols.  8vo. 

Albergotti,  Francis,  an  ancient  civil- 
ian born  at  Arezzo,  where  he  practised  till 
his  I'emoval  to  Florence.  At  Florence  he 
was  raised  to  the  honor  of  nobility,  and  de- 
served for  his  abilities  the  name  of  "the 
teacher  of  solid  truth."  His  treatises  on  the 
Digest  and  the  Code  were  much  read  in  his 
time,  but  are  now  little  known.  He  died  at 
Florence  1370. 

Alderic  or  Albert,  a  canon  of  Aix 
in  Provence,  who  not  being  able  to  accom- 
pany the  first  Crusaders,  wrote  from  the 
best  authorities  an  account  of  their  adven- 
tures from  1095  to  1120  under  the  title  of 
Chronicon  Hierosolymitanum,  published  in 
two  vols.  8vo.  1584. 

Alberic,  a  French  monk  of  Cluny, 
bishop  of  Ostia  and  a  cardinal,  was  legate  in 
England,  Scotland,  France,  inc.  and  "died 
1147. 

Alberic,  of  Rosata,  a  learned  lawyer  of 
Bergamo,  who  wrote  commentaries  on  the 
six  books  of  the  Decretals,  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury. 

Alberic,  a  monk  in  the  abbey  of  Trois- 
fontaines  near  Chalons,  wrote  a  chronicle 
from  the  creation  to  the  year  1241,  soon  after 
which  year  he  died.  The  work  was  edited 
by  Leibnitz,  4to.  1G98. 

ALBERiNi,Rodiana,  a  lady  born  at  Par- 
raa  1530,  distinguished  for  her  poetical 
works  both  in  Latin  and  in  Italian,  as  well 
as  for  her  many  amiable  and  virtuous  qual- 
ities. 

Alberoni,  Julius,  son  of  a  gardener  in 
the  suburbs  of  Placentia,  worked  with  his 
father  till  his  14th  year,  but  afterwards  being 
admitted  to  the  meaner  employments  of  the 
cathedral,  he  was  ordained  priest,  and  pre- 
ferred to  a  benefice.  At  that  time  the  poet 
Campistron,  the  favorite  of  the  duke  of  Yen- 
dome,  was  plundered  in  his  way  to  Rome, 
and  in  his  distress  he  fount!  a  hospitable  asy- 
lum in  the  bouse  of  the  new  ecclesiastic, 
who  supplied  him  with  clothes  and  money 
for  his  journej.  The  kindness  was  not  for- 
gotten ;  Campistron  mentioned  the  generous 
treatment  to  the  duke,  and  Alberoni  soon 
after  gained  his  protection  and   confidence, 


by  discovering  to  him,  in  the  wars  of  Italy, 
the  places  where  the  inhabitants  had  con- 
cealed their  corn  from  the  plunder  of  the 
soldiery.  Obliged  therefore  to  fly  from  a 
neighborhood  whose  secrets  he  had  betrayed, 
he  followed  the  army,  and  when  Vendome 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  militai'y  for- 
ces in  Spain,  his  abilities  were  employed  to 
negotiate  between  the  duke  and  the  princess 
of  Ursino,  whose  wit  and  whose  intrigues 
had  gained  an  ascendency  over  the  Spanish 
monarch.  He  behaved  with  such  dexterity, 
that  he  became  the  favorite  of  the  princess; 
and  to  appear  with  greater  dignity  he  assu- 
med the  character  of  agent  of  the  duke  of 
Parma  to  the  court  of  Madrid,  and  employed 
his  influence  to  fix  a  daughter  of  that  house 
on  the  throne  of  Spain.  The  task  was 
dangerous,  but  the  princess  of  Ursino  was 
soothed  and  flattered  into  compliance  with 
the  artful  representation  that  the  intended 
queen  was  given  to  gaiety  and  pleasure,  and 
of  a  weak  insignificant  character  which  could 
easily  be  governed.  Alberoni  used  all  possi- 
ble dispatch  in  this  delicate  affair,  the  prin- 
cess of  Ursino  had  already  changed  her 
mind,  and  a  courier  was  sent  to  stop  the  ne- 
gotiation, but  the  minister  forbad  his  appear- 
ance on  pain  of  death,  the  treaty  was  signed, 
and  Philip  V.  received  his  new  queen.  The 
consequent  disgrace  of  the  princess  of  Ur- 
sino made  room  for  Alberoni,  the  beauty  and 
the  wit  of  the  queen  were  made,  with  the 
king,  subservient  to  the  elevation  of  the  fa- 
vorite, who  became  prime  minister,  and  was 
raised  to  the  purple.  His  abilities  deserved 
the  honors  he  held ;  he  gave  vigor  to  the 
nation,  and  in  a  little  time  infused  such  a 
spirit  of  activity  and  enterprise  into  the  in- 
dolent Spaniards,  that  after  a  lethargic  repose 
of  a  century  they  rose  to  the  hardihood  and 
heroic,  deeds  of  their  forefathers.  Madrid 
became  the  centre  of  negotiation,  and  of  in- 
trigue, and  the  gigantie  mind  of  the  cardi- 
nal formed  the  design  of  seizing  Sardinia  and 
Sicily,  of  replacing  the  pretender  on  the 
English  throne  by  the  hands  of  Charles  XII. 
and  the  czar  of  Russia,  whilst  in  the  east  the 
Turks  were  to  arm  against  Germany,  whose 
sceptre  in  Italy  was  to  be  broken,  whilst  the 
duke  of  Orleans  was  to  be  deprived  of  the 
regencyof  France.  These  vast  projects  how- 
ever were  defeated  by  the  arts  of  Orleans, 
who  with  George  I.  declared  war  against 
Spain  1719,  and  made  it  one  of  the  conditions 
of  peace,  that  the  cai'dinal  should  be  ban- 
ished from  the  court.  Alberoni  yielded  to 
the  storm,  and  retired  to  Rome,  where  he 
was  basely  accused  of  intrigues  and  corres- 
pondence with  the  infidel  Turks,  and  confi- 
ned for  one  year.  He  however  still  retained 
sorae  share  of  influence  at  Madrid  ;  but  his 
old  age  was  tarnished  by  the  attempt  to  des- 
troy the  independence  of  the  little  republic 
of  St.  Marino.  He  died  at  Placentia,  26th 
June  1752,  in  his  89th  year,  with  the  char- 
acter of  a  great  and  ambitious  statesman. 
He  left  his  estates  to  the  college  of  Lazarus. 
His  testament  politique  was  published  at 
Lausanne  1753,  though  some  consider  it  as  a 


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literary  fraud  imposed  on  his  name.    His  life 
was  published  by  J.  Rousset  in  1  vol.  12mo. 

Albert  I.  son  of  the  emperor  Rodol- 
phus,  was  chosen  emperor  of  Germany,  af- 
ter the  defeat  of  his  competitor  Adolphus  of 
Nassau.  •  He  was  frequently  guilty  of  injus- 
tice in  his  attempts  to  extend  the  power  of 
his  family,  and  to  his  oppressions  the  Swiss 
were  indebted  for  the  assertion  of  their  in- 
dependence. He  was  killed  by  his  own  ne- 
phew John  duke  of  Swabia  1308,  leaving  five 
sons  and  six  daughters. 

Albert  II.  emperor  of  Germany,  was 
called  grave  or  magnanime,  and  he  possessed 
the  milder  virtues  which  render  a  prince  pop- 
ular and  beloved.  He  married  the  daughter 
of  Sigismund  king  of  Hungary,  and  thus  suc- 
ceeded to  that  kingdom.  He  died 27th  October 
1439,  in  the  second  year  of  his  reign,  aged  45. 

Albert,  archduke  of  Austria,  sixth  son 
of  the  emperor  Maximilian,  was  at  first  a 
cardinal  and  archbishop  of  Toledo;  but  in 
1583  he  was  made  governor  of  Portugal, 
and  some  time  after  governor  of  the  Low 
Countries.  He  here  distinguished  himself 
by  the  reduction  of  Calais,  Ardres,  and  oth- 
er towns ;  and  afterwards  he  undertook  the 
siege  of  Ostcnd,  which  lasted  three  years, 
three  months  and  three  days,  and  which, 
when  taken,  22d  September  1604,  was  only 
a  heap  of  ashes,  after  the  slaughter  of  more 
than  100,000  men.  The  archduke  had  re- 
signed the  purple  in  1598  to  marry  Elizabeth 
daughter  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  and  he  ob- 
tained as  her  portion  the  sovereignty  of  the 
Netherlands.  He  made  a  peace  with  the 
Dutch  in  1609,  and  the  last  years  of  his  life 
were  usefully  devoted  to  the  happiness  of 
his  people,  and  to  the  encouragement  of 
the  arts.     He  died  1621,  in  his  62d  year. 

Albert  I.  son  of  Otho  prince  of  Anhalt 
was  made  elector  of  Brandenburg  1150,  and 
he  immortalized  himself  by  converting  vast 
forests  into  cultivated  lands,  where  he  built 
churches  and  towns  for  the  comfort  ai»d  se- 
curity of  grateful  subjects.  He  died  univer- 
sally regretted  18th  November  1168. 

Albert  V.  duke  of  Bavaria,  deserved 
and  obtained  the  surname  of  the  Magnani- 
mous. He  was  a  wise,  humane,  and  enlight- 
ened prince,  the  liberal  patron  of  literature 
and  of  the  arts,  and  himself  a  pattern  of  ev- 
ery amiable  virtue.     He  died  1579,  aged  50. 

Albert  VI.  duke  of  Bavaria  was  known 
for  his  learning.     He  died  at  Munich  1666. 

Albert,  Charles  d',  duke  of  Luynes, 
was  the  descendant  of  a  noble  family  of 
Florence  who  settled  in  France.  lie  was 
much  noticed  by  Henry  IV.  and  rose  by  de- 
grees from  inferior  offices  to  be  the  favorite 
and  the  counsellor  of  Lewis  XIII.  His  pow- 
er over  the  monarch  was  so  great  that  the 
kingdom  obeyed  him  as  their  sovereign  ;  but 
his  tyranny  became  so  odious  that,  when  he 
died  of  a  fever  in  the  camp  of  Longueville 
1621,  the  soldiers  plundered  his  tent,  so  that 
there  could  not  be  found  a  cloth  to  cover  the 
remains  of  the  royal  favourite. 

Albebt,  Joseph  d',  of  Luynes,  was  am 
hassador  from  the  emperor  Charles  VII.  in 
VOL.  I.  (i 


France,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  man 
,of  letters.  His  different  pieces,  amongst 
which  are  Le  Songe  d'  Alcibiade — Timan- 
dre  instruit  par  son  genie,  &cc.  have  been 
collected  and  published  1759  in  Svo. 

Albert,  Honore  d',  duke  of  Chaulnes^ 
was  indebted  for  his  greatness  to  the  favors 
and  intrigues  of  his  elder  brother  the  duke 
of  Luynes,  as  well  as  to  the  partiality  of 
Richelieu.     He  died  1649   in   his  CUth  year. 

Albert,  king  of  Sweden,  succeeded  to 
the  throne  on  the  deposition  of  Magnus  II. 
by  his  rebellious  nobles  1363.  Though  for 
some  time  he  weathered  the  storms  of  op- 
position, he  was  at  last  taken  prisoner  1387 
by  Margaret  queen  of  Norway  and  Den- 
mark, v.  ho  had  listened  to  the  intrigues  of 
his  disaffected  barons ;  and  though  he  re- 
covered his  liberty,  it  was  to  se£  his  attempts 
to  regain  the  sovereign  power  utterly  fail, 
and  himself  an  exile  at  Mecklenburg,  where 
he  ended  his  days  1412. 

Albert,  margrave  of  Brandenburg,  first 
duke  of  Prussia,  was  for  some  time  engaged 
in  a  war  with  Sigismund  king  of  Poland,  but 
at  last  he  consented  to  hold  Prussia  as  a  fief 
of  Poland.  He  married  a  Danish  princess, 
and  declared  himself  a  protestant.  He  died 
1568,  aged  78. 

Albert,  of  Brandenburg,  surnamed  the 
Alcibiades  of  Germany,  was  son  of  Casimir 
margrave  of  Culembach,  and  he  distinguished 
himself  by  his  opposition  to  the  views  of 
Charles  V.  against  whom  he  made  war  with 
other  confederated  states.  A  reconciliation, 
at  last  was  effected,  but  it  was  of  short  con- 
tinuance, as  he  provoked  the  resentment  of 
his  late  allies,  even  of  his  friend  Maurice 
elector  of  Saxony,  by  retaining  in  his  hands 
the  plunder  of  the .  ecclesiastical  states.  A 
battle  was  fought  by  the  rival  powers,  and 
Maurice  was  slain  and  Albert  severely  wound- 
ed. He  was  afterwards  deprived  of  his  pos- 
sessions by  the  decree  of  the  diet  of  the  em- 
pire, and  died  1558.  To  the  intrepidity  and 
manliness  of  his  character  were  united  ar- 
rogance, violence,  and  licentiousness  of  man; 
ners. 

Albert,  Erasmus,  a  native  of  Frankfort 
preacher  to  Joachim  II.  elector  of  Branden- 
burg. He  was  the  pupil  of  Luther,  and  he 
assisted  his  cause  by  collecting  the  greatest 
absurdities  of  the  conformities  of  Saint  Fran- 
cis with  Jesus  Christ,  which  he  published  in 
German  and  Latin  under  the  name  of  the 
Alcoran  of  the  Cordeliers.  This  satirical 
work,  to  which  Luther  wrote  a  preface,,  high- 
ly promoted  the  cause  of  the  reformation. 
Albert  was  at  Magdeburg  during  its  siege, 
and  died  at  New  Brandenburg,  1551.  The 
last  edition  of  his  work  is  that  of  Amster- 
dam, 2  vols.  12mo.  1734. 

Albert,  Krantz,  author  of  the  history 
of  Saxony  and  of  the  Vandals,  and  of  a 
chronicle  of  Charlemagne  up  to  1504,  was 
divinity  professor  at  Hamburgh,  and  died 
151J. 

Albert,  of  Stade,  author  of  a  chronicle 
from  the  creation  to  1286,  was  a  Benedictine 
monk  of  the  1 3th  century. 


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A  luei,  of  Stra&borg,  author  of  a  ehroai- 
Oefimm  197Q  to  1  S7%,  fiorished  in  the  roid- 
<ik-  of  the  14th  century. 

p  of  Meats,  revolted 
i  friend  and  benefactor  the  empe- 
pOI    11':. rj  V.     He  (Bed  1157. 

Aleeet,  called  the  Great,  was  born  at 
Law  ingcri  in  Swabia,  and  put  on  tbe  Domi- 
nican habit  after  visiting  Pavia,  Cologne,  and 
Pari=,  where  he  read  lectures  with  credit 
and  repatation.  He  was  called  to  Rome  by 
pope  Alexander  IV.  and  appointed  ma-' 
the  sacred  palace,  and  afterwards  raised  to 
the  archbishopric  of  Batisboa.  A  life  of 
ease  was,  however,  fan  delight,  and  the  cro- 
sier wa3  soon  resigned  for  the  monastic  hab- 
l  studies  were  eagerly  pursued  ■  bis 
retirement,  and  the  great  knowledge  which 
sot  famous  for  inqui- 
-■•>  or  information,  soon  passed  among 
the  vulgar  and  illiterate  for  magic  and  en- 
chantment Albert  not  only  labored  in 
;'  the  philosophers  stone,  but  he  was 
•aid  to  have  formed  a  human  head  of  brass, 
which,  like  an  oraele,  guided  all  his  actions. 
His  works  were  voluminous,  without  contain- 
irig  much  information.  They  were  publish- 
ed at  Lyons  1615  in  -2.X  vols,  folio  ;  b 
treatises  of  an  unchaste  or  licentious  tenden- 
cy have  been  falsely  ascribed  to  him, 
the    master  •■■  — de  natura  rerum 

— rle  secretis  rnulierum,  &tc.  He  rlied  at  Go- 
's overnber   15th,  12SO,  n  his   S7th  or 
ing  to  others ia  his  75  year.     M a tth se- 
ns has  improperly   attributed   the  invention 
of  fire-arms  to  him, 

A  i.bert,  Jane  d',  daughter  of  Margaret 
Of  Navarre,  was  married)  at  the  age  of  11, 
to  the  duke  of  Cloves,  bat  this  union  was  an- 
nulled by  the  pope,  and  in  15  '■'■■  she  gave  her 
hand  to  Antony  duke  of  Veadomej  and  five 
years  after  ga-.e  birth  to  a  son  who  became 
Henry  I V.  of  France.  In  1 555  die  was made 
fp(  <:'•  of  Navarre  on  her  father's  death,  and 
bame  zealous  to  promote  the  refor- 
mation there.  She  was  present  at  Parit  at 
the  nuptials  of  her  son  with  Margaret  of 
Valois,  and  died  there  suddenly,  as  it  is  sup- 
posed, in  eonseqneaee  of  poison,  1572,  in 
li  year.  She  had  written  some  works 
which  arc  still  preserved. 

Ai.ber'iet,  a  mathematician  and  poet 
in  the  13th  century,  whose  amorotU  verses 
were  perfidiously  published  after  his  death 
bj  one  oi  his  friends,  to  whom  he  had  in- 
kratu  -I  the  care  of  committing  them  to  the 
flames. 

Albebti,  Cherubino,  an  Italian  painter 
and  engraver  of  eminence,  v. ho  died   1615, 
I  0.3. 
Amjerti,  Giovanni,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was    equally  eminent   in   the     per- 
spective, arid   in  historical  pieces.     He   was 
bora  Dear  Florence,   and  died  1601,  aged  43. 
Ai.tiEKii,  Dominico,  a  native  of  Venice, 
whose  musical   powers    were  displayed   in 
London  in  the  suite  of  the  Spanish  ambassa- 
dor, arid  also  at  Home,    and  other    places  on 
itinent      In  1737  he  set  to  music  Me- 
re Kndymiou,    and   published    other 


things.    Asa  performer  on  the  harpsichord 
he  was  particularly  admired. 

Albert  i,  Andrew,  was  author  of  an  ad- 
mired treatise  on  perspective,  printed  in  fo- 
lio at  Nuremberg  I 

A  l beet  i,  John,  a  German  lawyer  surna- 
med  Widmaii  StaditLs.  His  knowledge  of  the 
oriental  languages  enabled  him  to  abridge 
the  Alcoran,  and  illustrate  it  with  learned 
notes ;  a  work  which  procured  him  the 
chancellorship  of  Austria.  He  also  publish- 
ed a  beautiful  edition  of  tbe  New  Testament 
in  Byriae  at  the  expense  of  the  emperor,  in 
■which  the  Apoeaiypse  was  omitted  and  St.  Pe- 
ter's second  epistle,  Jude's,  and  Saint  Janes' 
second  and  third.  Of  this  work  1000  copies 
were  printed,  half  of  which  were  kept  by  the 
emperor,  and  the  others  sent  in  to  the  east. 

ALBKETI,  Leander,  a  Dominican  of  Bo- 
logr.a,  •*  ho  wrote  some  interesting  works, 
.ally  a  history  of  Italy  4to. — biographi- 
cal memoirs — the  history  of  Bologna — 
and  that  of  illustrious  Dominicans,  8tc.  He 
died  1552  in  hi.s  74th  year. 

Alberti,  Leon  Baptista,  a  Florentine, 
author  of  a  valuable  work  on  architecture  in 
10  books.  He  was  well  acquainted  with  paint- 
ing and  sculpture,  and  was  employed  with 
commendation  by  pope  Nicholas  V.  in  orna- 
menting the  bowlings  which  he  erected. 
He  died  1*85. 

Alberti-Aristotile,  called  also  Ili- 
dolfe  Fioravente,  a  celebrated  mechanic  of 
Bologna  in  the  16th  century,  who  is  said  to 
have  removed  one  of  the  steeples  of  his  na- 
tive city,  with  all  the  bells,  to  the  distance 
of  35  paces.  He  extended  his  fame  in  Hun- 
gary, where  he  built  a  remarkable  bridge, 
and  where  he  received  the  highest  honors. 
He  was  also  employed  in  erecting  churches 
in  Russia. 

Albertixi,  Francis,  a  Calabrian  Jesuit, 
author  of  some  theological  works  in  2  vols. 
foL  and  a  treatise,  in  which  he  asserts  that 
brute  animals  have  their  guardian  angels. 
He  died  1619. 

Ai.bektixo,  Edmund,  a  Calvinist  min- 
ister, born  at  Chalons-sur-Marne,  who  wrote 
a  treatise  against  the  cucharist,  which  excit- 
ed violent  opposition,  and  was  ably  refuted. 
He  died  5th  April  1052. 

Ai.ber'i  i  no,  Francis,  a  Florentine,  au- 
thor of  a  book  on  the  wonders  of  ancient  and 
of  modern  itome,  bcc.  at  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century. 

AJLBBBTXWS*  Nussatus,  an  Italian,  au- 
thor of  a  history  ofthe  emperor  Henry  VII. 
and  of  some  poetical  pieces,  &tc. 

Albertus,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  was 
known  for  a  conspiracy  which  he  formed 
against  the  emperor  Henry  V.  v.  hose  favors 
and  liberality  he  had  repeatedly  experienced. 
He  was  imprisoned  for  four  years,  hut  he 
was  so  popular  that  the  inhabitants  rose  up 
in  arms  against  the  emperor  and  restored 
him  to  liberty.     He  died  June  23d,  1 1.-7. 

Albi,  Henry,  author  of  an  uninteresting 
history  of  illustrious  cardinals,   besides 
eral  lives,  was  a  Jesuit  of  Bolene  in  the  \  e- 
naiasin,  and  died  at  Aries  1659. 


AL 

Albicus,  was  made  archbishop  of  Prague 
*t>y  Sigismund  king  of  Bohemia*  "is  partial* 
itv  to  John  Huss,  and  the  followers  of  Wick- 
liff,  have  exposed  him  to  the  severe  censures 
of  the  catholics.  He  wrote  three  treatises 
on  medicines,  (dinted,  Leipsic,  1484. 

Albinovanus,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  age 
of  Ovid.     Only   tWO  of  his  elegies  are  extant. 

Albinus,  Dec.  Clodius,  a  Roman,  who 
assumed  the  imperial  purple  in  opposition  to 
Severus.     He  was  slain  in  battle,  A.  D.  197. 

Albinus,  A.  Posthum.  a  Roman,  author 
of  an  history  of  his  own  country  in  Greek, 
florished  about  150  years  15.  C. 

Albinus,  Bernard,  a  celebrated  physi- 
cian, born  at  Dessau  in  Anhalt.  He  studied 
at  Leyden,  and  after  travelling  overtheLow 
Countries  and  France  for  improvement,  he 
was  raised  lo  a  professor's  chair,  at  Frank- 
fort on  Oder,  and  22  years  after  enjoyed  the 
tame  dignity  at  Leyden.  He  died  7th  Dec. 
1721,  in  his  09th  year.  He  was  a  great  favo- 
rite of  the  elector  of  Brandenbcrg,  who  gave 
him  ecclesiastical  preferment  which  he  soon 
resigned.  The  list  of  his  numerous  medical 
treatises,  is  in  the  Bibliotheque  de  M  .Carrere. 

Albinus,  Bernard  Sigfred,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  professor  of  medicine  at  Ley- 
den, and  surpassed  all  former  masters  in  the 
knowledge  of  anatomy.  He  published  three 
volumes  folio  in  1744,  174'J,  and  175.3,  with 
elegant  and  accurate  plates  of  the  muscles, 
ligaments,  and  bones  of  the  human  body. 
He  married  in  his  73d  year  a  young  girl,  and 
died  1771  aged  88.  His  brother,  Christian 
Bernard,  who  was  professor  at  Utrecht, 
equally  distinguished  himself  by  his  history  of 
spiders  and  insects,  with  engravings. 

Albinus,  Eleazar,  was  author  of  a  natu- 
ral history  of  birds,  with  30  copocr-plates 
colored,  of  which  a  French  translation  ap- 
peared at  the  Hague  1750  in  two  vols.  4to. 
The  work  is  in  less  estimation  than  that  of 
Edwards. 

Albinus,  Peter;  an  historian  and  poet  of 
the  ICth  century,  professor  at  \\  iitemberg, 
and  afterwards  secretary  to  the  elector  at 
Dresden.  He  was  author  of  some  esteemed 
historical  treatises,  especially  the  chronicles 
of  Misnia  his  native  country. 

Albis,  Thomas,  or  White,  a  cath*olic 
priest  and  eminent  philosopher  of  Essex. 
He  was  intimate  with  Ifobbsof  .Malmesbury, 
and  in  their  dissertations  it  was  often  ac- 
knowledged that  While  was  superior.  He 
died  167G,  aged  94. 

Aleixi,  Bartholomew,  a  native  ofRiva- 
no  in  Tuscany,  distinguished  by  his  preach- 
ing, and  the  works  of  his  pen.  He  is  author 
of  the  conformity  of  St.  Francis  with  Jesus 
Christ,  a  performance  in  which  be  equals 
the  saint  to  the  Son  of  God.  He  died  at  Pi- 
sa in  1401,  in  the  convent  of  the  Cordeliers, 
an  order  to  which  he  belonged. 

Aleoin  or  Aleovinus,  succeeded  his 
father  Audoin  as  king  of  Lombardy.  From 
Panuonia,  where  he  had  first  settled,  he  ad- 
vanced towards  Italy  and  tarried  every  thing 
before  him,  and  caused  himself  to  be  pro- 
claimed king  of  the  country  in  570,  and  .-.,ade 


AL 

Pavia  the  capital  of  his  new  dominions.     He 
was  assassinated  by  order  of  his  wife  Ro 
moiid,  whom  he  had  insulted  by  sending  her 

wine  in  the  skull  of  her  father  Gunimond, 

lie  had  slain  in  battle  Gunimoiid,  who 
king  of  a  neighbouring  horde  ;  but  while  be 
took  his  captive  daughter  for  his  wife,  hi 
wished  to  retain  a  monoment  of  his  victory 
by  converting  the  head  of  her  father  into  a 
drinking  cup. 

Albon,  James d',  a  famous  French  gen- 
eral, known  as  mareschal  Saint  Andre.  He 
distinguished  himself  in  the  campaigns  of 
1552  and  1554,  at  the  retreat  ol  Qaesnoy, 
and  at  the  battles  of  Keuty  and  St.  Quiutiii. 
He  was  a  Calvinist,  and  at  last  favored  the 
party  of  the  Guises.  He  was  shot  at  the  bat- 
tle ofDreux,  1502. 

A  i. Bon,  Carnille,  a  descendant  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Lyons,  and  died  at 
Paris  178>;,  aged  35.  He  published  rarions 
treatises,  &e.  which  possess  some  merit,  but 
with  many  good  qualities  he  united  some  dis- 
agreeable singularities,  and  an  affectation  of 
misanthropy. 

Aj.bop.nos,  Giles  Alvarez  Carillo,  a  na- 
tive of  Suena,  archbishop  of  Toledo,  if 
signed  his  preferment  when  raised  to  the 
rank  of  cardinal,  and  taking  up  arms,  he  re- 
duced Italy  to  the  obedience  of  the  church, 
and  recalled  the  pope  from  Avignon  \<. 
Rome.  When  questioned  about  the  money 
with  which  he  had  been  supplied,  he  brought 
to  the  pope's  palace,  a  waggon  loaded  with 
locks,  keys,  and  bars,  and  declared  that  the 
money  had  been  expended  in  obtaining  pos- 
session of  the  cities  to  which  those  belonged. 
This  truly  great  man  founded  the  splendid 
college  of  Barcelona,  and  retired  to  Vitei  bo, 
where  he  died  1307. 

Alboenos,  Diego  Philip,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Carthagena  in  Spain,  author  of  a  Spanish 
book  called  Elements  of  Politique,  which  at- 
tracted the  notice  of  Ferdinand  son  of  Philip 
V.  though  a  youth  only  ten  years  old,  and 
drew  on  the  author  the  patronage  of  the 
court. 

Albret,  a  noble  and  illustrious  family  in 
France,  which  has  given  generals  and  states- 
men to  the  kingdom.  Charles  commanded 
the  French  forces  at  the  battle  of  Agmcourt 
against  Henry  V.  of  England,  and  he  perish- 
ed in  the  field. 

Alericus,  a  native  of  London,  known  as 
a  learned  philosopher  and  physician.  He 
studied  at  Oxford  about  1217,  and  travelled 
for  improvement.  Bayle  has  given  a  cata- 
logue of  his  writings,  which  however  were 
never  made  public. 

Aleucasa  or  Albucascis,  an  Arabian 
phvsician  of  the  11th  century,  who  wrote 
some  valuable  tracts  on  medicine,  ornament- 
ed with  cuts  of  chirurgical  instruments  in 
use  of  that  time. 

Albumazar,  an  Arabian  physician  of 
the  ninth  century,  known  also  as  an  astrolo- 
ger. His  works — de  py'  conjunctioni- 
bus,  annorum  revolutioi-ibus,  ac  eorurn  per- 
fectionibus,  appeared  at  Venice  152-'. 
and  his  introductio  ad  astronomiam,  I 


AL 


AL 


Albuquerque,  Alfonso,  a  native  of  Lis- 
bon, whose  great  genius  laid  the  foundation 
of  the  Portuguese  power  in  India.  He  was 
sent  by  Emmanuel  king  of  Portugal,  in  1503, 
■with  his  brother  Francis,  to  form  an  estab- 
lishment in  the  east ;  and  by  his  spirited  bra- 
vely, he  supported  his  allies,  and  maintain- 
ed the  superiority  of  his  nation.  He  gained 
large  possessions  on  the  coast  of  Cochin, 
which  was  secured  by  strong  and  impregna- 
ble fortifications.  His  return  to  Europe  was 
attended  by  the  death  of  his  brother,  who 
perished  in  the  voyage  ;  but  private  sorrow 
gave  way  before  public  concerns,  and  Albu- 
querque in  1 508,  invested  with  new  power 
by  bis  sovereign,  sailed  back  to  India.  In  his 
way  he  plundered  the  coast  of  Arabia,  and 
with  unparalleled  boldness,  with  a  corps  of 
only  470  men,  he  undertook  the  siege  of  Or- 
nmz,  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  the  Persian 
gulf,  subject  to  a  king  of  its  own,  and  defen- 
ded by  numerous  forces;  and  after  some 
months'  obstinate  resistence,  the  place  sub- 
mitted to  the  conqueror,  and  the  king  in 
despair  became  tributary  to  Portugal;  but 
when  the  Persian  monarch  demanded  the 
tribute  which  Ormuz  paid  to  his  superior 
power,  Albuquerque  threw  down  bullets  and 
arms  before  the  ambassadors,  and  exclaimed, 
to  their  consternation,  Those  are  the  trib- 
utes which  my  master  consents  to  pay.  His 
arms  were  now-  directed  against  Goa,  which 
he  subdued  ;  but  the  dissentions  of  his  offi- 
cers, who,  in  sharing  his  victories  were  yet 
jealous  of  his  glory,  disturbed  for  a  while  the 
career  of  his  triumphs.  He  retired  from  his 
new  conquest,  but  unbroken  by  misfortune, 
and  the  ingratitude  of  his  countrymen,  now 
he  soon  returned  to  Goa,  which  after  the  loss 
of  3000  of  its  defenders,  again  submitted  to 
his  superior  valor.  His  power  was  now  ex- 
tended over  the  whole  coast  of  Malabar,  and 
therefore  he  sailed  towards  the  east,  and 
made  the  island  of  Sumatra,  Malacca,  and 
the  neighbouring  cities  tributary  to  the  Por- 
tuguese government.  On  his  return  to  Goa, 
he  meditated  fresh  conquests,  when  he  sud- 
denly fell  sick,  and  died  15 15, in  his  63d  year. 
In  him  were  happily  united  the  valor  of  a 
hero,  and  the  more  amiable  virtues  of  mild- 
ness and  humanity  ;  but  this  great,  this  il- 
lustrious character,  whose  genius  reared  the 
power  of  Portugal  in  the  east,  and  whose 
memory  was  cherished  even  to  adoration  by 
the  native  Indians,  felt  the  persecution  of  en- 
vy, and  on  his  death-bed  he  had  the  morti- 
fication to  learn,  that  the  monarch  whom  he 
had  so  faithfully  served  had  the  ingratitude 
to  recall  him  by  the  appointment  of  a  suc- 
cessor. 

Albuquerque,  Blaise, son  of  Alphonso, 
Was  born  in  1500.  The  merit  of  his  father, 
and  the  regret  of  Emmanuel  for  the  loss  of 
the  conqueror  of  the  east,  raised  him  to  the 
first  honors  of  the  state,  and  to  the  rank  of 
nobility.  He  published  an  account  in  Por- 
tuguese of  his  father's  victories,  Lisbon, 
1576. 

Albuquerque  Coelho, Edward,  ano- 
bleman  in  the  serviee  of  Philip  IV.  of  Por- 
tugal, who  wrote  a  journal  of  the  war  of  the 


"Brazils  begun  in  1630,  printed  at  Madrid 
1654.     He  died  at  Madrid,  1658. 

Albutius,  Caius  Silus,  a  Roman  orator 
id  the  age  of  Augustus,  who  starved  himself 
to  death. 

Albutius,  Titus,  a  Roman  philosopher, 
banished  by  the  senate  for  corruption. 

Alceus,  an  ancient  poet  of  Lesbos,  who 
florished  600  before  Christ. 

Alcasar,  Louis  d',  a  Jesuit  of  Seville, 
author  of  a  commentary  on  the  Apocalypse 
and  other  works.     He  died  1613,  aged  59. 

Alcendi,  James,  an  Arabian  physician 
about  the  year  1145,  supposed  to  be  the  same 
as  Alchindres  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  in 
the  reign  of  Almanzor  king  of  Morocco. 
His  works  are  mentioned  in  the  Biblioth.  de 
medicine  de  M.  Carbcre. 

Alchabitius,  author  of  treatises  on  the 
judgment  of  the  stars — on  optics — on  the 
conjunction  of  the  planets,  printed  Venice 
1491,  and  Seville  1521,  was  an  Arabian  as- 
trologer of  the  12th  century. 

Alchindus,  an  Arabian  physician  and 
astrologer,  considered  by  Jerome  Cardan  as 
one  of  the  12  men. who  possessed  superior 
genius  and  learning.  He  florished  before  the 
twelfth  century,  and  was  accused  of  magic. 
He  wrote  several  tracts  often  quoted. 

Alciat,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Milan, 
who  after  studying  the  law  at  Pavia  and  Bo- 
logna was  advanced  to  the  professor's  chair 
at  Avignon.  Francis  I.  knew  his  merit,  and 
prevailed  upon  him  to  remove  to  Bourges, 
where  his  lectures  on  law  were  frequented 
and  admired.  His  abilities  however  were 
too  great  to  be  lost  in  a  distant  country,  and 
therefore  the  duke  of  Milan  invited  him  back 
to  his  native  town,  and  welcomed  his  return 
by  the  grant  of  a  large  salary  and  the  dignity 
of  senator.  These  honors  were  not  bestow- 
ed in  vain,  Alciat  labored  with  indefatigable 
zeal  in  the  service  of  science,  and  at  Pavia, 
at  Bologna,  and  afterwards  at  Ferrara,  his 
lectures  were  delivered  to  crowded  and  ap- 
plauding auditors.  The  pope,  Paul  III.  treat- 
ed him  with  kindness,  but  he  modestly  re- 
fused the  preferment  which  he  offered.  The 
emperor  also  raised  him  to  the  rank  of  count 
palatine  and  senator,  and  Philip  king  of  Spain 
gave  him  a  gold  chain  as  a  mark  of  his  favor. 
He  died  at  Pavia  12th  January  1550,  in  his 
58th  year.  It  was  his  intention  with  his  im- 
mense wealth,  to  found  and  endow  a  college  ; 
but  the  insolence  of  some  students  to  his  per- 
son irritated  him,  and  he  adopted  for  his  heir 
his  distant  relation  Francis  Alciat.  His  pub- 
lications were  chiefly  on  law,  besides  notes 
on  Tacitus,  and  some  emblems  which  have 
been  justly  commended  for  their  elegance, 
purity,  and  the  flow  of  genius  which  they 
display.  He  was  succeeded  in  his  profession- 
al chair  at  Pavia,  by  his  heir,  whose  law  lec- 
tures were  equally  learned  and  equally  ad- 
mired. Francis  was  recommended  to  the 
patronage  of  pope  Pius  IV.  by  his  pupil  car- 
dinal Barromeo,  and  he  was  raised  to  a  bish- 
opric, the  chancellorship  of  Rome,  and  the 
dignity  of  cardinal.  He  died  at  Rome,  A- 
pril  i5S0,  in  bis  50th  year. 

A)-cxbiades,    an  illustrious   Athenian, 


AL 


AL 


disciple  of  Socrates.  He  for  a  while  enjoy- 
ed popularity,  and  afterwards  felt  the  op- 
pressive hatred  of  "his  fickle  countrymen, 
and  was  at  last  assassinated  in  Persia  about 
404  B.  C.  in  his  46th  year. 

Alcidamas,  a  Greek  rhetorician  about 
420  years  B.  C. 

Alcimus,  called  also  Jachim,  was  made 
high-priest  of  Judea  by  Antiochus  Eupator. 
He  rendered  himself  unpopular  by  his  op- 
pression and  avarice,  and  died  two  or  three 
years  after  his  elevation,  about  105  B.  C. 

Alcimus,  Alethius,  an  historian  and  po- 
et of  Agin,  in  the  4th  century,  who  wrote 
the  history  of  Julian,  and  of  Sallust,  prefect 
of  Gaul.  This  work  is  lost,  and  only  an  epi- 
gram on  Homer  and  Virgil  preserve  his 
name  in  Maittaire's  Corpus  Poet.  1714. 

Alcinous,  a  Platonic  philosopher  in  the 
second  century. 

Alciphron,  a  Greek  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

ALCM£ON,a  disciple  of  Pythagoras,  who 
dwelt  at  Crotona 

A lc man,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  about 
072  B.  C.  There  was  another  of  the  same 
name  who  wrote  lyrics  about  612  B.  C. 

Alcock,  John,  an  English  divine  born  at 
Beverley,  and  raised  in  1471  to  the  see  of  Ro- 
chester, and  afterwards  translated  to  Wor- 
cester and  Ely.  His  great  learning  recom- 
mended him  to  the  king's  favor,  by  whom 
he  was.  appointed  president  of  Wales,  and 
chancellor  of  England.  He  was  the  founder 
of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge.  He  wrote  sev- 
eral theological  tracts,  and  died  1st  Oct.  1500. 
He  was  buried  at  Kingston  upon  Hull  in  the 
chapel,  which,  besides  the  grammar  school, 
lie  had  erected  there  and  liberally  endowed. 

Alcuinus  or  Albinus,  Flaccus,  a  na- 
tive of  Yorkshire,  educated  by  venerable  Be- 
de  and  Egbert  archbishop  of  York.  He  was 
made  abbot  of  Canterbury,  and  afterwards 
passed  to  the  continent  on  the  invitation  of 
Charlemagne,  whose  favours  he  experien- 
ced, and  whose  confidence  and  friendship  he 
fully  enjoyed.  He  instructed  his  royal  pat- 
ron in  rhetoric,  logic,  divinity,  and  mathe- 
matics, and  labored  to  diffuse  through  Eu- 
rope the  learning  and  the  genius  which  he  so 
eminently  possessed.  With  difficulty  he  ob- 
tained pei-mission  from  the  fondness  of  the 
emperor  to  retire  from  court,  to  the  abbey 
of  St.  Martin  at  Tours,  where  he  devoted 
the  rest  of  his  life  to  study,  and  the  duties 
of  religion.  He  died  on  Whitsunday  804, 
and  was  buried  at  Tours,  and  a  Latin  epi- 
taph of  24  verses  of  his  own  composition  was 
placed  on  his  grave.  His  writings,  most  of 
which  are  extant,  are  numerous ;  his  style  is 
elegant  and  sprightly,  and  his  language  suf- 
ficiently pure  for  the  age  ;  and  he  may  be  con- 
sidered as  one  of  the  learned  few,  whose  ge- 
nius dissipated  the  gloom  of  the  eighth  cen- 
tury. Andrew  du  Chesne  published  his 
works  in  one  volume  folio,  1617. 

Alcyonius,  Peter,  an  Italian,  for  some 
time  corrector  of  the  press  for  Aldus  Manu- 
tius,  and  author  of  some  learned  publications. 
He  translated  some  of  Aristotle's  treatises, 


and  was  severely  censured  by  Sepulveda  for 
inaccuracy.  In  his  work  on  banishment  he 
displayed  such  a  mixture  of  elegant  and  bar- 
barous words,  that  he  was  suspected  of  large- 
ly borrowing  from  Cicero's  treatise  de  Glo- 
ria ;  and  it  is  said  that  to  avoid  detection  of 
this  illiberal  deed,  he  burnt  the  only  extant 
manuscript  of  Cicero,  which  had  been  given 
by  Bernard  to  the  library  of  a  nunnery,  of 
which  Alcyonius  was  physician.  At  Flo- 
rence he  was  promoted  to  a  professor's  chair, 
but  the  ambition  of  rising  to  higher  emi- 
nence drew  him  to  Rome,  where  he  lost  all 
his  property,  during  the  insurrection  of  the 
Columnas.  When  the  imperial  troops  took 
the  city  1527,  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
pope,  and  though  wounded  he  joined  him  in 
the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  afterwards  in 
bold  and  elegant  language  he  arraigned,  in 
two  orations,  the  injustice  of  Charles  V.  and 
the  barbarity  of  his  soldiers.  When  the 
siege  was  raised,  he  abandoned  the  pope,  and 
with  a  fickleness  that  deserves  the  name  of 
ingratitude,  he  retired  to  the  house  of  car- 
dinal Pompeius  Columna,  where  he  fell  sick 
and  died  a  few  months  after.  Alcyonius  has 
been  in  some  instances  highly  applauded  for 
his  many  accomplishments,  though  his  vani- 
ty, self-conceit,  and  abusive  language,  have 
tarnished  his  private  character. 

Aldana,  Bernard,  a  Spaniard,  governor 
ofLippaon  the  confines  of  Turkey,  which, 
in  a  fit  of  panic,  he  set  on  fire  1552.  He  was 
pardoned  for  his  cowardice  by  the  interfer- 
ence of  Mary  queen  of  Bohemia,  and  after- 
wards behaved  with  great  valor  at  Tripoli. 

Aldebert,  an  impostor  in  France,  who, 
by  bribes  and  pretended  visions,  raised  him- 
self to  a  bishopric.  He  asserted  that  he  had 
a  letter  written  by  our  Saviour  which  had 
been  brought  to  him  by  St.  Michael.  His 
opinions  were  condemned  by  two  general 
councils  in  744  and  746,  and  he  died  in  pri- 
son. 

Aldegraff,  Albert,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver of  Zoust  in  Westphalia,  born  1502. 
His  nativity  was  highly  admired.  He  made, 
however,  engraving  his  principal  pursuit. 

Alderette,  Bernard  and  Joseph,  Je- 
suits of  Malaga  it  the  beginning  of  the  17th 
century,  in  their  features  and  voice  very 
much  alike.  They  were  authors  of  antiqui- 
ties of  Spain,  1614,  in  4to. — a  book  on  the 
Castilian  language,  4to.  1606. 

Alderoti,  Thadeus,  a  Florentine, known 
for  his  great  abilities  as  a  physician.  He  set 
so  high  a  value  upon  his  skill,  that  only  prin- 
ces and  prelates  could  be  admitted  as  his  pa- 
tients. He  died  1295,  aged  80.  His  life  has 
been  written  by  Villani. 

Aidhelm,  or  Adelm,  Saint,  an  English 
divine  during  the  heptarchy.  He  was  rela- 
ted to  the  king  of  the  West  Saxons,  by  whom 
he  was  raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Shireburn, 
over  the  counties  of  Devon,  Cornwall,  Dor- 
set, and  Wilts.  He  travelled  in  France  and 
Italy,  and  he  is  said  to  be  the  first  English- 
man who  ever  wrote  in  Latin,  and  introdu- 
ced poetry  into  the  island  He  led  a  roost 
exemplary  life  ;  and  in  those  times  of  barba- 


AL 


AL 


ftlm  and  ignorance,  lie  often  gained  auditors 
by  stopping  on  the  bridges  and  in  the  high- 
ways, and  commanding  their  attention  to  his 
religious  discourses  by  mixing  ballads  and 
songs  to  grave  and  serious  exhortations,  lie 
died  May  the  25th  709. 

Aldhun,  a  bishop  of  Holy  Island,  who 
left  his  habitation  because  infested  by  the 
Danes,  and  retired  with  the  body  of  St.  Cuth- 
bert  to  Durham,  where  he  became  the  first 
bishop  of  that  see.  He  built  the  cathedral, 
and  died  1018. 

Aldini,  Tobias,  a  physician  of  Cesena, 
author  of  a  botanical  work,  printed  at  Rome 
1525,  in  folio. 

Aldobrandin,  Sylvester,  a  native  of 
Florence,  professor  of  law  at  Pisa.  He  was 
banished  for  his  opposition  to  the  Medicis, 
and  he   died  at  Rome  1558,  aged   58.    His 

son    Hippolytus   became   pope. Another 

son,  John,  was  made  cardinal  1570,  and  died 
at  Rome  three  years  after. 

Aldred,  abbot  of"  Tavistock,  and  after- 
wards bishop  of  Worcester,  1046.  He  was 
a  great  favorite  of  Edward  the  confessor,  and 
his  influence  produced  a  reconciliation  be- 
tween that  monarch  and  Griffith  king  of 
Wales,  and  also  with  Swaine  son  of  Godwin, 
who  had  invaded  the  kingdom.  He  was  the 
first  English  bishop  who  visited  Jerusalem, 
and  after  his  return  he  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  York;  an  elevation  which,  when  he  ap- 
peared at  Rome,  the  pope  refused  to  ratify, 
on  account  of  his  ignorance  and  simony.  Al- 
dred's  solicitations  however  prevailed,  and 
he  received  the  pallium  from  the  pontiff.  On 
the  death  of  Ed  ward  he  crowned  Harold,  and 
afterwards  the  conqueror,  whose  esteem  he 
enjoyed,  and  whose  power  he  made  subser- 
vient to  the  views  of  the  church.  When  he 
had  received  some  indignities  from  a  gover- 
nor of  York,  he  flew  to  London,  and  with  all 
the  indignation  and  haughtiness  of  an  offend- 
ed prelate,  demanded  vengeance,  and  pro- 
nounced a  curse  on  the  head  of  William. 
His  wrath  was  with  difficulty  pacified  by  the 
entreaties  of  the  sovereign  and  his  nobles, 
and  the  curse  was  recalled,  and  changed  in- 
to a  blessing.  It  is  said  that  he  died  with 
grief  in  seeing  the  north  of  England  desola- 
ted by  the  ravages  of  Harold  and  Canute, 
sons  of  Swayne,  11th  Sept.  1068. 

Aldric,  Saint,  bishop  of  Mans,  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  learning,and  collected 
the  decrees  of  the  popes,  &c.  He  died  856, 
after  enjoying  the  favors,  and  feeling  the  per- 
secutions of  the  nobles,  in  the  courts  of  Char- 
lemagne, Louis,  Clotiiaire,  and  Charles  II. 

Ai.drich,  Robert,  a  native  of  Burnham 
in  Buckinghamshire,  educated  at  Eton,  and 
King's  College,  Cambridge.  He  was  elected 
master  of  Eton  and  provost,  and  afterwards 
in  1537,  raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Carlisle. 
Leland,  who  enjoyed  his  friendship,  has  com- 
mended his  learning  and  piety.  He  wrote 
epigrams,  &c  and  died  March  25th,  1555,  at 
Horncastle  in  Lincolnshire. 

Aldrich,  Henry, a  native  of  Westminster, 
educated  under  Busby,  and  admitted  at  Christ 
Church,  where  he  distinguished  himself  as  a 


tutor.  He  was  made  canon  in  1681,  and  at 
the  revolution  he  replaced  Massey  the  popish 
dean  of  Christ  Church.  In  this  dignified  sit- 
uation he  supported  discipline,  promoted  re- 
ligion, and  encouraged  learning.  He  pub- 
lished, with  Dr.  Sprat,  Clarendon's  history, 
not  however  without  being  charged  by  Old- 
mixon  with  improper  interpolations  ;  an  ac- 
cusation which  Atterbury  proved  to  be  false 
and  invidious.  He  was  fond  of  music,  and 
collected  materials  for  the  history  of  it,  which 
are  still  preserved  ;  but  as  an  architect  he 
gained  deserved  praise,  and  to  his  liberality  as 
well  as  to  his  taste,  Christ  Church  is  indebted 
for  the  erection  of  three  sides  of  Peckwater 
quadrangle,  Trinity  College  rbr  its  elegant 
chaple,  and  the  parish  of  All  Saints  for  its 
beautiful  church.  Dr.  Aldrich  was  author 
of  a  compendium  of  logic,  and  several  other 
useful  publications ;  but  he  particularly  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  editing  several  of  the 
Greek  classics,  which  generally  appeared  an- 
nually for  the  benefit  of  the  students  of  his 
society.  He  also  passes  as  the  composer  of 
those  popular  catches,  "  Hark  the  bonny 
Christ  Church  bells,"  and  a  smoking  catch. 
He  was  rector  of  Wem  in  Shropshire,  and 
died  at  Christ  Church,  Dec.  14th,  1710. 

Aldringer,  a  native  of  Luxembourg, 
who  from  a  common  soldier  was  raised  by 
merit  to  be  a  general  of  Ferdinand  II.  His 
abilities  were  exerted  in  raising  the  siege  of 
Constance,  but  avarice  and  cruelty  tarnished 
a  great  and  illustrious  military  character.  He 
fell  at  Landshut  in  Bavaria  1634,  and  it  has 
been  doubted  whether  he  died  by  the  hand 
of  his  own  soldiers  or  of  the  Swedes. 

Aldrovandus,  Ulysses,  a  native  of  Bo.- 
logna,  professor  of  physic  and  philosophy. 
His  inquiries  into  the  history  of  nature  were 
so  ardent  that  he  visited  the  most  distant 
countries  in  search  of  minerals,  plants,  me- 
tals, animals,  and  birds,  and  he  spared  no  ex- 
pense that  he  might  procure  exact  figures 
taken  from  the  life.  It  is  to  be  lamented 
that  so  noble  a  spirit  of  liberality  should  have 
been  checked  ;  but  the  resources  of  Aldro- 
vandus failed,  and  he  ended  his  days  in  an 
hospital  at  Bologna,  at  the  great  age  of  80, 
and  after  surviving  the  loss  of  his  sight  1605. 
About  six  large  volumes  folio,  containing  the 
history  of  birds  and  insects,  where  published 
during  his  life,  and  the  work  was  continued 
on  the  same  scale  after  his  death  and  under 
his  name,  as  it  certainly  derived  a  high  re- 
commendation for  the  illustrious  undertaker 
of  the  plan. 

Aldrbde,  countess  of  Bertinoro,  is  cele- 
brated in  Italy  for  her  courage  and  her  elo- 
quence. When  Ancona  was  besieged  by  the 
arms  of  the  Venetians,  and  of  the  emperor 
Frederic  I.  in  1172,  she  pitied  the  situation  of 
the  distressed  inhabitants,  and  with  heroic  in- 
trepidity flew  to  their  relief,  at  the  head  of  her 
dependants  and  friends,  and  supported  by 
William  Degli  Adelardi,  of  Ferrara.  Her 
troops  were  animated  by  her  eloquence  and 
her  example,  and  the  enemy  fled  at  her  ap- 
proach; and  though  on  her  return  home  she 
was  attacked  by  some  parties  of  the  enraged 


Ah 

H&s'iegers,  she  routed  them  in  every  encoun- 
ter, and  added  fresh  laurels  to  her  fame.  The 
.history  of  that  memorable  siege  has  been 
published  by  Buon-Campagnono  of  Florence. 
Aldus,  Manutius,  a  native  of  Bassano,  il- 
lustrious as  a  correct  printer,  and  as  the  re- 
storer of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages  to 
Europe.  He  is  the  inventor  of  the  Italic  let- 
ter, and  was  alone  permitted  by  the  pope 
the  use  of  it.  He  wrote  a  Greek  grammar, 
and  published  learned  notes  on  Horace,  Ho- 
mer, &c. ;  and  his  editions  of  the  classics  are 
admired  for  neatness  and  elegance.  He  di- 
ed at  Venice  1516,  in  a  good  old  age.  For 
bis  son,  &c.  we?. Manutius. 

Aleander,  Jerome,  was  born  in  a 
small  village  of  Istria,  and  recommended 
himself  by  his  great  abilities  and  his  learn- 
ing to  pope  Alexander  VI.  and  Lewis  XII. 
under  whose  patronage  he  taught  belles  let- 
tres  at  Paris.  He  was  afterwards  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Leo  X.  at  Rome,  and  as  nuncio  of  the 
holy  see  he  acquired  great  reputation  by  the 
eloquent  harangue  which  he  delivered  in 
the  diet  of  Worms,  against  the  doctrines  of 
.Luther,  the  burning  of  whose  books  he  pro- 
cured, though  he  could  not  silence  his  preach- 
ing. On  his  return  to  Rome  he  was  made 
archbishop  of  Brindisi  by  Clement  VIII.  and 
his  services  were  again  employed  in  Germa- 
jny  against  the  protestants,  whose  opinions 
he  attacked  with  virulence,  not  however 
without  being  loaded  in  his  turn  with  sarcas- 
tic reflections  and  invectives,  but  all  his  in- 
trigues were  unable  to  prevent  the  truce 
which  Charles  V.  at  last  made  with  these 
persecuted  men.  Aleauder  was  made  a  car- 
dinal by  Paul  III.  and  died  1st  February 
1542,  by  a  mistake,  as  some  say,  of  his  phy- 
sician. 

Aleander,  Jerome,  great  nephew  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Friuli.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  antiquarian,  a  poet, 
and  a  lawyer,  and  died  at  Rome  1631,  in  con- 
sequence of  an  excess  of  eating  at  the  table 
of  one  of  his  friends.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  members  of  the  academy  of  Humor- 
ists, and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  pope  Ur- 
ban VII.  by  whose  means  he  passed  from  the 
family  of  the  Bandini  into  that  of  the  Barbe- 
rini,  who  honored  his  remains  with  a  most 
magnificent  funeral. 

A  leg  am  be,  Philip,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
who  attended  the  duke  of  Ossuna,  when 
Spanish  viceroy  of  Sicily,  and  entered  into 
the  society  of  the  Jesuits  at  Palermo.  Af- 
ter studying  divinity  at  Rome,  he  retired  to 
Gratz,  where  his  good  conduct  and  his  abil- 
ities raised  him  to  the  professorial  chair. 
He  afterwards,  as  tutor  to  the  prince  of 
Eggemberg's  son,  travelled  for  five  years 
through  Germany,  France,  Spain,  Portugal, 
and  Italy,  and  obtained  offices  of  trust  and 
respectability  near  his  patron,  and  in  the  col- 
lege of  the  Jesuits.  He  died  at  Rome  of  a 
dropsy,  6th  Sept.  1652.  The  few  books 
which  he  wrote  were  in  high  estimation. 

Alegre,  Yves  d',  an  officer  of  an  ancient 
family  in  the  service  of  the  kings  of  France. 
He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Ravenna,  1512. 


AL 

—Another  of  the  same  family,died  maresehal 
of  France  1733,  aged  80. 

ALEGRiNus,John,  a  native  of  Abbeville, 
made  a  cardinal  and  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople, and  employed  as  legate  in  Spain  and 
Portugal.  His  works  were  once  in  public 
esteem.     He  died  1240. 

Aleman,  Lewis  Augustine,  a  lawyer  of 
Grenoble,  born  1653,  author  of  two  volumes 
of  an  historical  journal  of  Europe,  and  other 
works. 

Aleman,  Lewis,  archbishop  of  Aries, 
and  a  cardinal,  was  born  at  the  castle  of  Ar- 
bent,  1390.  His  abilities  were  employed  as 
legate  to  Sienna,  to  procure  the  removal  of 
the  council  of  Pavia  to  Sienna ;  but  at  the 
council  of  Basil,  where  he  presided,  his  op- 
position to  Eugenius  IV.  was  followed  by  his 
degradation  from  the  purple,  and  his  excom- 
munication. He  was  restored  to  his  honors 
by  Nicholas  V.  and  sent  as  legate  into  Ger- 
many.    He  died  1450,  and  was  canonized. 

Aleman,  Maeto,  a  Spaniard,  born  near 
Seville.  He  was  nearly  twenty  years  in  the 
service  of  the  court  of  Philip  II.  and  then  re- 
tired to  privacy,  and  employed  himself  in 
writing  the  history  of  Guzman  d'Alfarache, 
a  romance,  which  has  been  through  more 
than  30  editions  in  Spain,  and  has  been  trans- 
lated into  most  of  the  languages  of  Europe. 

Alembert,  John  le  Rond  d',  an  illustri- 
ous philosopher,  born  at  Paris  16th  Nov. 
1717.  He  was  exposed  as  a  foundling,  and 
from  the  church,  near  which  he  almost  per- 
ished, he  received  the  name  of  le  Rond.  His 
father,  however,  listened  to  the  cries  of  na- 
ture and  humanity,  and  to  reward  the  neces- 
sary comfort  which  he  provided  for  his  son, 
he  had  the  satisfaction  soon  to  learn  that  his 
abilities  were  brilliant,  and  his  improvement 
unusually  rapid.  As  the  flashes  of  his  genius 
were  early  displayed,  he  was  encouraged  by 
his  friends  to  seek  reputation  and  opulence 
in  studying  the  law  ;  bat  that  pursuit  as  well 
as  the  study  of  medicine  was  quickly  aban- 
doned, and  retirement  and  geometry  seem- 
ed the  only  ambition  of  the  young  philoso- 
pher. In  the  house  of  his  nurse,  whose  ig- 
norance and  poverty  did  not  diminish  the 
flow  of  his  affections,  he  passed  40  years,  and 
refused  to  quit  this  humble  and  peaceful 
dwelling  for  the  splendor  of  a  palace.  Fred- 
eric of  Prussia,  whose  friendship  he  enjoyed 
through  life,  wished  to  invite  him  to  Berlin, 
with  the  most  liberal  offers  of  patronage  and 
literary  ease,  but  he  refused  ;  and  when  the 
empress  Catharine  solicited  him  to  take  the 
care  of  the  education  of  her  son,  with  the 
promise  of  a  pension  of  a  hundred  thousand 
livres,  besides  the  most  distinguished  honors, 
he  declined  the  princely  offer  in  firm  but 
respectful  terms,  and  devoted  the  strong 
powers  of  his  mind  to  the  service  of  the 
country  which  gave  him  birth.  His  labors 
were  usefully  exerted  on  philosophical  sub- 
jects. He  examined  the  power  of  fluids  oa 
the  motion  of  bodies,  he  wrote  a  discourse  on 
the  general  theory  of  the  winds,  which  ob- 
tained the  prize  medal  at  Berlin  in  1746,  he 
solved  the  problem  of  the  procession  of  the 


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equinoxes,  and  explained  the  rotation  of  the 
terrestrial  axis  ;  and  in  these  and  other  nu- 
jnerous  philosophical  works,  he  enriched 
science  with  new  facts,  produced  original 
ideas,  and  explained  the  various  phenomena 
of  nature  in  the  most  interesting  and  satis- 
factoi'y  point  of  view.  Few  but  select  were 
the  friends  to  whom  this  great  man  was 
known  ;  and  it  must  be  considered  as  not  the 
least  striking  part  of  his  character,  that  he 
■who  was  flattered  by  the  learned,  courted  by 
the  great,  and  admired  by  princes,  did  not 
pay  "his  adoration  to  power;  but  with  a  grati- 
tude which  deserves  the  highest  encomiums, 
he  dedicated  his  work  to  the  count  d'Argen- 
son  and  his  brother,  two  men  who  had  been 
banished  from  the  court,  but  who  in  their 
prosperity  had  seen  and  respected  the  phi- 
losopher, and  rewarded  his  genius  by  the 
grant  of  a  small  pension.  U'Alembert  is  to 
be  considered  also  in  a  different  light  from 
that  of  a  mathematician.  Besides  geometri- 
cal calculations,  his  mind  was  stored  with  all 
the  powers  of  literature,  and  of  a  refined 
taste,  and  it  has  been  said,  with  exactness  and 
truth,  that  what  he  expressed  on  every  sub- 
ject, could  by  no  other  man  have  been  ex- 
pressed with  greater  elegance,  more  preci- 
sion, or  stricter  propriety.  To  his  gigantic 
powers,  and  those  of  Diderot  and  others,  wc 
are  to  ascribe  the  plan  of  the  Encyclopedie ; 
and  he  adorned  this  stupendous  work,  by 
writing  the  preliminary  discourse  prefixed 
to  it,  so  deservedly  admired  for  the  master- 
ly record  which  it  unfolds,  concerning  the 
rise,  progress,  connections,  and  affinities  of 
all  the  branches  of  human  knowledge,  and 
the  gradual  improvement  of  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences. Every  thing  which  tends  to  meliorate 
the  condition  of  man,  is  entitled  to  the  bles- 
sings of  posterity  ;  but  the  best  friends  of 
d'Alembert  could  not  perceive  in  the  philos- 
opher, and  in  his  coadjutors  in  the  Encyclo- 
pedie, the  supporters  of  virtue  and  morality ; 
and  latter  times  have  too  fatally,  too  bitterly 
proved  that  a  work  which  in  explaining  the 
mysteries  of  philosophy,  disarms  providence 
of  her  powers  of  benevolence  and  govern- 
ment, and  obscures  the  views  of  salvation, 
which  religion  holds  forth  to  her  votaries,  but 
ill  deserves  the  applauses  of  mankind.  Besides 
his  contributions  to  the  Encyclopdie  which 
were  very  large  and  numerous,  d'Alembert 
published  a  dissertation  on  the  fall  of  the  Jes- 
uits, which  in  adding  to  his  fame  increased 
the  number  of  adversaries  which  ever  dep- 
recate the  merits  of  literary  labors.  His 
opuscules  or  memoirs,  in  nine  volumes,  con- 
tained among  other  things  the  solution  of 
problems  in  astronomy,  mathematics,  and 
natural  philosophy.  After  enjoying  the  high- 
est honors  in  the  French  academy,  and  the 
friendship  of  the  literati  of  the  age,  and  the 
veneration  of  Europe,  this  great  man  died, 
29th  Oct.  1773,  still  in  the  full  possession  of 
all  his  faculties,  leaving  behind  him  a  high 
character  for  learning  and  disinterestedness, 
in  which  however  it  must  be  confessed  were 
united  profound  dissimulation,  affected  can- 
dor, and   imposing  moderation.    His  eulo- 


ghim  as  an  academician,  and  after  the  man- 
ner that  he  had  honored  70  of  his  predeces- 
sors, has  been  drawn  up  by  Condorcet,  Hist, 
de  l'Academie  Roy  des  Sciences,  1783. 

Alen,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  of  Am- 
sterdam, eminent  in  representing  birds, 
landscapes,  and  still  life.  He  died  169S, 
aged  47. 

Aj.enio,  Julius,  a  Jesuit  of  Brescia,  who 
went  as  a  missionary  to  China,  where,  for  3G 
years,  he  preached  the  Christian  religion  and 
built  several  churches.  He  died  August  1649. 
He  left  several  works  in  the  Chinese  language 
on  theological  subjects. 

Aleotti,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian,  who, 
from  the  mean  occupation  of  carrying  bricks 
and  mortar  to  workmen,  rose  to  eminence 
as  an  astrologer  and  geometrician,  by  the 
strength  of  his  genius,  and  even  wrote  books 
on  the  subject.  He  was  concerned  in  the 
hydrostatic  controversies  about  the  inunda- 
tions so  frequent  at  Bologna,  Ferrara,  and 
Romagna.     He  died  1630. 

Ales,  or  Hales,  Alexander  d',  a  native 
of  England,  who  taught  philosophy  and  di- 
vinity at  Paris,  where  he  was  much  admired, 
and  called  the  irrefragable  doctor.  His  vo- 
luminous works,  however,  are  now  little 
known.     He  died  1245. 

Ales,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Edinburgh, 
who  warmly  opposed  the  tenets  of  Luther, 
which  lie  afterwards  as  eagerly  embraced, 
when  he  had  suffered  persecution  for  his  re- 
ligion, and  seen  the  firmness  with  which  his 
countryman  Patrick  Hamilton  was  burnt  to 
death  by  Beaton  archbishop  of  Saint  An- 
drews for  protestantism.  He  came  back  to 
London  from  Germany,  when  Henry  VIII. 
abolished  the  papal  power  in  England,  and 
he  there  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Cranmcr, 
Cromwell,  and  Latimer.  He  afterwards  re- 
tired to  Germany,  and  was  appointed  to  a 
professorial  chair  at  Frankfort  upon  Oder, 
and  afterwards,  when  persecuted  by  the 
court  of  Brandenburg,  at  Leipsic,  where  he 
died  March  17th  1565,  in  his  65th  year.  His 
works  were  on  controversial  subjects. 

Alesio,  Matthew  Perez  d',  a  native  of 
Rome,  skilful  in  the  exercise  of  the  pencil 
as  well  as  of  the  graver.  His  most  curious 
piece  is  the  colossal  Saint  Christopher  in 
fresco,  in  the  great  church  of  Seville,  the 
calf  of  whose  leg  is  an  ell  in  thickness.  He 
died  1600. 

Alessi,  Galcas,  an  architect  of  Perusia, 
whose  plans  were  the  result  of  great  abilities, 
and  a  fertile  genius.  He  decorated  many  of 
the  towns  of  Spain,  France,  and  Germany 
with  palaces,  churches,  and  extensive  baths  ; 
but  the  noblest  monuments  of  his  taste  and 
judgment  are  the  public  edifices  of  Genoa, 
and  the  monastery  of  the  Escurial.  He  died 
1572,  in  his  72d  year. 

Aletino,  Benedetto,  a  professor  in  the 
Jesuits'  College  at  Naples,  who,  in  1688  in 
elegant  language  refuted  the  Cartesian  sys- 
tem, and  undertook  to  re-establish  the  phi- 
losophy of  Aristotle,  as  more  congenial  to 
the  catholic  faith,  but  not  with,  the  success 
he  expected.    He  died  1719. 


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Alexander,  tlie  Great,  son  of  Philip  of  I 
Macedonia,  was  born  at  Pella  355  years  ] 
B.  C.  After  extending  his  power  with  un-  ; 
nsal  rapidity  over  Greece,  and  destroying  | 
Thebes,  he  invaded  Asia.  The  defeat  of  I 
the  Persian  forces  at  the  three  celebrated 
battles  of  the  Granicus,  of  Isus,  and  of  Arbe-  j 
la,  rendered  him  master  of  the  country  ;  I 
and  after  he  had  laid  the  foundation  of  Alex-  , 
andria  in  Egypt  as  the  future  capital  of  his  I 
extensive  dominions,  and  after  he  had  wan-  , 
dered  over  Asia  in  quest  of  more  enemies, 
he  returned  to  Babylon,  where  he  died  of  ; 
intemperance  B.  C.  323,  in  his  33d  year.  \ 
His  vast  empire,  which  his  wisdom  and  the  \ 
great  energies  of  his  mind,  if  not  corrupted  j 
by  flattery  and  success,  might  have  consoli-  j 
dated,  was  divided  at  his  death  among  his 
generals. 

Alexander,  Balas,  an  imposter  who 
pretended  to  be  the  son  of  Antiochus  Epi- 
phanes.  He  was  slain  146  B.  C.  by  Deme- 
trius Soter. 

Alexander,  Severus,  aRoman  emperor, 
by  birth  a  Phoenician.  He  was  distinguished 
by  great  virtues  in  public  and  private  life. 
He  was  cruelly  murdered  by  his  mutinous 
soldiers  A.  D.  235,  after  a  glorious  reign  of 
13  years 

Alexander,  Janneus,  a  king  of  the 
Jews,  warlike  but  cruel  and  oppressive.  He 
died  of  intemperance  B.  C.  79. 

Alexander  IT.  son  of  Aristobulus,  was 
carried  to  Rome  prisoner  by  Pompey.  When 
afterwards  restored  to  liberty  and  made  king 
of  Judaea,  he  proved  ungrateful  to  the  Ro- 
mans, and  was  put  to  death  B.  C.  49. 

Alexander,  bishop  of  Hierapolis  in  the 
fifth  century,  maintained  after  Nestorius 
that  there  were  two  natures  in  Christ.  He 
was  banished,  and  died  an  exile. 

Alexander,  a  bishop  of  Alexandria, 
who  opposed  the  tenets  of  Arius,  and  dis- 
played in  his  office  the  most  exemplary  pi- 
ety with  ever}'  Christian  virtue.  He  died 
about  325. 

Alexander,  a  bishop  of  Jerusalem, 
knowu  for  his  virtues  and  his  sufferings. 
He  was  exposed  to  the  persecutions  of  Se- 
verus and  also  of  Decius,  and  died  in  prison, 
inconsequence  of  ill  treatment,  about  251. 
He  wrote  some  letters,  now  lost,  and  foun- 
ded a  library  at  Jerusalem. 

Alexander,  of  Lycopolis,  strongly  op- 
posed the  Manichsaan  system  in  a  work  edi- 
ted at  Paris  1672  in  folio.  Some  call  him  a 
Pagan  and  others  a  Christian. 

Alexander,  Trallianus,  a  philosopher 
and  physician  in  the  sixth  century,  whose 
works  were  edited  at  Paris  1543,  and  at  Lau- 
sanne 1772,  in  two  vols.  Svo. 

Alexander,  Polyhistor,  a  Latin  histo- 
rian about  80  B.  C.  His  works  are  all  now 
lost.  He  was  burnt  to  death  at  Laurcntum. 
Alexander,  Aphrodisoeus,  a  Peripa- 
tetic philosopher,  called  also  the  commenta- 
tor, in  the  second  century.  His  work  "  de 
f;:to"  appeared  at  London  LG8S,and  his  com- 
mentaries on  Aristotle  were  edited  at  Venice 
by  Aldus. 

VOL.  I.  7 


Alexander,  of  iEgea,  a  philosopher, 
preceptor  to  Nero.  He  wrote  a  commen- 
tary on  Aristotle's  meteorology. 

Alexander,  the  Paphlagonian,  an  im- 
postor who  gained  the  respect  of  his  credu- 
lous and  ignorant  countrymen,  and  thus  ac- 
quired such  celebrity  that  Marcus  Aurelius 
himself,  deceived  by  his  artifice,  honorably 
invited  him  to  Rome  A.  D.  174.  He  died 
at  the  age  of  70. 

Alexander,  an  abbot  of  Sicily  in  the 
12th  century,  author  of  a  history  of  Roger, 
king  of  Sicily,  edited  1578  at  Saragossa. 

Alexander,  an  English  abbot,  who 
boldly  supported  the  rights  and  honors  of 
his  master  Henry  II.  at  the  court  of  Rome, 
for  which  he  was  tyrannically  excommunica- 
ted by  Pandulph  the  papal  legate  1217. 
He  wrote  victoria  a  Proteo — de  ecelesice 
potestatc — de  cessatione  papali — de  potes- 
tate  vicaria,  &c. 

Alexander  succeeded  his  brother  John 
Albert  as  king  of  Poland  1501.  He  died  five 
years  after,  aged  45,  and  left  behind  him. 
the  respectable  character  of  a  man  of  cour- 
age, virtue,  piety  and  benevolence. 

Alexander  I.  king  of  Scotland,  ascended 
the  throne  1107  after  his  brother  Edgar,  and 
merited  by  his  severity  the  appellation  of 
"  the  fierce,"  though  in  private  life  he  had 
been  distinguished  for  meekness,  benevo- 
lence, and  moderation.  He  had  the  good 
fortune  to  suppress  all  the  insurrections  rai- 
sed against  his  tyranny,  and  died  1124. 

Alexander  II.  king  of  Scotland  1214„ 
after  his  father  William  the  Lion,  was  enga- 
ged in  war  with  John  of  England,  whose  do- 
minions he  boldly  invaded.  Peace  was  res- 
tored to  the  two  kingdoms  in  1221,  by  the 
marriage  of  Alexander  with  the  sister  of 
Henry  III.     He  died  1249,  aged  51. 

Alexander  III.  king  of  Scotland,  son 
of  the  preceding  by  a  second  wife,  succeeded 
his  father  1249,  when  eight  years  old.  He 
married  Margaret  daughter  of  Henry  III. 
He  was  successful  in  his  defeat  of  the  Nor- 
wegians who  had  invaded  his  kingdom,  and 
he  assisted  his  father-in-law  against  his  rebel- 
lious barons.  He  was  killed  in  hunting  12S5, 
and  left  behind  him  a  high  character  for 
courage,  for  benevolence,  and  magnanimity. 
Alexander  I.  bishop  of  Rome,  109, 
after  Saint  Evaristus,  died  3d  May  119.  He 
is  mentioned  as  a  saint  and  a  martyr  in  the 
catholic  calendar,  and  according  to  Platina, 
he  first  introduced  the  use  of  holy  water  in 
the  Roman  church.  The  epistles  attributed 
to  him  are  spurious. 

Alexander  II.  pope,  succeeded  1061. 
His  elevation  was  opposed  by  the  imperial 
court,  and  Cadalous,  bishop  of  Parma,  was 
appointed,  under  the  title  of  Honorius  II. 
Alexander,  however,  though  of  dissolute 
manners,  prevailed,  and  banished  his  rival 
from  Rome,  and  then  employed  himself  in 
securing  his  power,  and  in  extending  the  pa- 
pal authority  over  the  neighboring  princes. 
His  humanity  towards  the  Jews,  whom  he 
protected  against  their  persecutors  and  mur- 
derers, is  deservedly  commended.  He  died 
21st  April  1073. 


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Alexander  III.  pope,  was  a  uat'ire  of 
Sienna,  and  was  raised  to  the  papal  chair 
after  Adrian  IV.  1159.  His  election,  though 
acknowledged  by  England  and  France,  was 
disputed  by  the  emperor  Frederic,  who 
caused  Victor  to  be  nominated  in  his  room 
at  Pavia.  Alexander  for  a  while  yielded  to 
the  storm  ;  but  after  the  death  of  Victor  his 
imperial  persecutor  elected  another  succes- 
sor, cardinal  Guy,  under  the  name  of  Pas- 
chal III.  Alexander,  who  had  fled  into 
France,  and  who  had  hurled  the  thunders 
of  excommunication  against  Frederic,  and 
even  absolved  his  subjects  from  their  oaths 
of  allegiance,  now  determined  to  maintain 
his  cause  by  force,  and  to  arm  the  Venetians 
in  his  favor.  These  bold  measures  might 
have  succeeded,  but  Frederic  either  tired 
of  the  contest,  or  terrified  by  the  prepara- 
tions, acknowledged  Alexander  as  the  lawful 
pontiff,  and  was  reconciled  to  him  at  an  in- 
terview at  Venice.  Alexander  died  at  Rome 
30th  Aug.  1181,  beloved  by  his  subjects  and 
respected  by  the  world. 

Alexander  IV.  bishop  of  Ostia,  was 
raised  to  the  papal  chair  at  the  death  of  In- 
nocent IV.  1254.  He  opposed  the  settle- 
ment of  the  emperor's  natural  son  as  king 
of  Sicily,  and  bestowed  the  crown  on  Ed- 
mund son  of  the  king  of  England.  He 
wished  to  re-unite  the  Greek  and  Latin 
churches,  but  did  not  seriously  attempt  it. 
He  died  at  Viterbo  25th  May  1261. 

Alexander  V.  pope,  was  born  of  mean 
parents  at  Candia  near  Milan.  While  beg- 
ging his  bread  from  door  to  door,  an  Italian 
monk  noticed  his  engaging  manners,  and 
procured  his  admission  into  his  order.  Thus 
enabled  to  cultivate  his  mind,  he  devoted 
himself  laboriously  to  study,  and  after  dis- 
tinguishing himself  at  Oxford  and  Paris,  he 
obtained  preferment  by  the  patronage  of  the 
duke  of  Milan,  was  made  bishop  of  Vicenza, 
and  then  archbishop  of  the  Milanese,  and 
raised  by  Innocent  VII  to  the  purple,  and 
named  legate  in  Lombarby.  He  was  elected 
pope  at  the  council  of  Pisa  1409,  but  he  died 
the  next  year,  3d  May,  not  without  suspi- 
cions of  poison  administered  by  his  favorite, 
cardinal  Cossa.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
firmness,  and  in  his  character  liberal  and 
munificent. 

Alexander  VI.  pope,  a  native  of  Va- 
lencia in  Spain,  originally  called  Roderic 
Borgia.  The  elevation  of  his  uncle  Calixtus 
III.  to  the  pontificate  paved  the  way  to  his 
greatness;  he  was  made  cardinal,  and  after- 
wards archbishop  of  Valencia.  On  the 
death  of  Innocent  VIII.  his  intrigues  ensu- 
red him  the  papal  chair,  though  he  was  then 
infamous  for  his  debaucheries,  and  offensive 
to  the  purity  of  the  holy  conclave,  as  the 
adulterous  father  of  four  sons  and  one  daugh- 
ter, by  a  Roman  lady  of  the  name  of  Vano- 
'zia.  These  children  followed  the  example 
of  their  dissolute  father,  and  became  mon- 
sters of  profligacy.  The  two  eldest,  the 
duke  of  Candia  and  Csesar,  disputed  about 
the  incestuous  favors  of  their  sister  Lucre- 
tia,  and  the  hoary  father  himself  is  said  to 


have  increased  the  abomination  by  a  horrid 
commerce  with  his  own  daughter.  Though 
thus  devoted  to  the  grossest  licentiousness, 
Alexander  found  the  time  and  the  means  to 
raise  cabals,  and  to  create  intrigues  in  the 
courts  of  Europe,  and  to  convert  their  dis- 
sentions  to  the  advantage  of  the  holy  see, 
and  the  enriching  of  his  favorite  Caesar.  His 
death  which  happened  8th  Aug.  1503,  was 
such  as  might  be  expected  to  conclude  an  in- 
famous life.  The  great  opulence  of  cardi- 
nal Corncto  and  others,  were  strong  temp- 
tations to  the  avaricious  pope  and  his  profli- 
gate son  Cassar.  These  innocent  victims 
were  invited  to  a  banquet,  but  by  some  mis- 
take the  poison  intended  for  them  was  takeu 
by  the  guilty  pontiff  and  his  son.  The  pope 
immediately  expired,  but  Csesar  survived 
the  accident  some  years  to  perish  by  the 
hands  of  an  assassin.  This  account  of  the 
manner  of  his  death  is  doubted  by  some. 
His  life  has  been  written  in  English  by  Alex- 
ander Gordon  1729  folio,  and  by  Burchard 
in  Latin. 

Alexander  VII.  pope,  a  native  of  Sien- 
na, whose  name  was  Fabio  Chigi.  He  grad- 
ually rose  through  the  offices  of  inquisitor, 
legate,  bishop,  and  cardinal,  -to  the  papal 
chair  1G55,  on  the  death  of  Innocent  X. 
Thus  elevated  by  dissembled  humility  to  the 
head  of  the  church,  he  confirmed  by  a  buH 
his  predecessor's  measures  against  the  Jan- 
senists  1656.  But  while  much  was  expected 
from  him,  he  showed  himself,  as  has  been 
observed  by  a  biographer,  little  in  great 
things,  and  great  in  little  ones.  In  his  con- 
duct towards  men  of  letters  he  was  liberal 
and  munificent,  and  he  embellished  Rome 
with  some  splendid  buildings.  He  died  22d 
May  1667,  aged  68. 

Alexander  VIII.  pope,  Mark  Otto- 
boni,  was  a  native  of  Venice,  and  became 
bishop  of  Brescia  and  Frescati,  and  cardinal, 
and  in  1689  succeeded  to  the  papal  chair,  on 
the  death  of  Innocent  XI.  He  died  two 
years  after,  1st  Feb.  1691  aged  82. 

Alexander,  ab  Alexandro,  a  native  of 
Naples,  who  applied  himself  to  the  law,  but 
afterwards  left  it  that  he  might  more  seri- 
ously devote  his  time  to  polite  literature. 
He  possessed  genius  and  abilities,  and  his  re- 
marks on  mankind  are  judicious  and  interes- 
ting. The  particulars  of  his  life  are  related 
in  his  Genialiun  Dierum,  a  work  in  the  man- 
ner of  Gellius'  Attic  nights,  which  was  pub- 
lished with  a  learned  commentary  by  Tira- 
queau  1587.  Alexander  died  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  16th  century,  and  was  buried  in 
the  monastery  of  the  Olivets. 

Alexander,  Neckam,  a  native  of  St. 
Albans,  who,  after  studying  in  England, 
France,  and  Italy,  gave  public  lectures  at 
Paris,  which  at  that  time  was  the  most  cele- 
brated university  in  Europe.  He  returned 
to  England,  where  his  genius  and  learning 
recommended  him  to  preferment.  He  died 
1227  abbot  of  Exeter.  His  works,  which 
were  written  in  elegant  language  for  the 
time,  have  never  been  published,  but  remain 
iu  manuscript  iu  public  libraries. 


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Alexander,  Noel  or  Natalis,  an  emi- 
nent writer  born  at  Rouen  in  Normandy.  For 
12  years  he  taught  philosophy  at  the  great 
convent  at  Paris,  and  as  a  Dominican  friar, 
propagated  the  doctrines  of  his  order  from 
the  pulpit,  but  as  lie  did  not  possess  in  a  high 
degree  the  fluence  and  eloquence  rt quired 
in  a  popular  preacher,  he  afterwards  devo- 
ted himself  to  ecclesiastical  history,  and 
was  created  a  doctor  of  the  Serbonne  in 
1675.  Colbert  saw  his  abilities,  and  patron- 
ised them,  by  intrusting  him  with  part  of 
the  education  of  his  son.  The  life  of  Alex- 
ander spent  in  seclusion  contains  no  particu- 
lar events ;  his  studies  were  laborious,  and 
his  works  many.  His  ecclesiastical  history  is 
chiefly  admired  for  its  accuracy,  moderation 
and  fidelity.  It  was  published  in  24  vols. 
8vo.  or  8  vols.  fol.  Though  for  a  little  while 
persecuted  b}  the  pope  for  some  of  his  opin- 
ions, yet  he  was  beloved  and  respected.  He 
bore  with  infinite  resignation  the  loss  of  his 
sight  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  and  died  of 
a  decay  of  nature  in  his  86th  year  1724.  A 
catalogue  of  his  works  was  printed  at  Paris 
1716. 

Alexander,  William,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, w  ho,  after  his  return  from  the  conti- 
nent, where  he  had  attended  the  duke  of 
Argyle,  as  tutor,  celebrated  in  a  poem  called 
the  Aurora,  the  charms  of  a  lady  to  whom 
he  had  unsuccessfully  paid  his  addresses. 
When  this  unkind  mistress  was  married,  he 
extinguished  his  former  flame  by  imitating 
her  example,  and  in  the  retirement  and  pat- 
ronage which  James  VI.  granted  him,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  more  serious  pursuits  by 
writing  plays  on  the  ancient  models  of  Greece 
and  Rome.  After  being  flattered  by  the  po- 
ets of  the  age,  he  became  a  regular  atten- 
dant on  the  court,  was  knighted,  and  in  1621 
received  a  grant  of  Nova  Seotia,  which  he 
proposed  to  colonize  at  his  ow  n  expense,  and 
that  of  those  who  wished  to  embark  on  the 
enterprise.  The  death  of  James  prevented 
the  creation  of  baronets  to  the  number  of 
150,  who  were  to  contribute  to  support  the 
▼iews  of  the  favorite  ;  though  Charles  I.  in 
some  degree  pursued  the  intentions  of  his 
father  by  granting  patents  of  knight  baronet 
to  the  chief  promoters  of  the  settlement. 
The  original  scheme  was  defeated,  and  Sir 
William  sold  his  property  in  Nova  Scotia  to 
the  French,  Sir  William  served  Charles 
with  fidelity  as  secretary  for  Scotland,  and 
was  created  Lord  Stirling.  He  died  12th 
February  1640  in  his  60th  year.  His  poeti- 
cal works  appeai'ed  in  one  vol.  fol.  three 
years  before  his  death. 

Alexander,  de  Medicis,  first  duke  of 
Florence  in  1530,  was  the  natural  son  of  Lo- 
renzo de  Medicis,  and  nephew  to  pope  Cle- 
ment VII.  He  owed  his  elevation  to  the  arts 
of  his  uncle  and  the  influence  of  Charles  V. 
but  his  power,  however  weak,  became  odious 
hy  his  cruelty,  the  debauchery  of  his  man- 
ners, and  his  incontinence.  He  was  at  last 
murdered  by  his  relation  Lorenzo,  who  had 
gained  his  confidence  by  promising  him  an 
interview  with  a  woman  of  whom  he   was 


|  enamored.  He  died  in  his  26th  year  1537, 
I  and  the  duchy  passed  into  the  hands  of  Cos- 
:  mo  de  Medicis. 

j  Alexander,  Farnese,  duke  of  Parma, 
I  distinguished  himself  in  the  16th  century  by 
I  his  military  valor.  He  was  engaged  in  the 
wars  of  Flanders  and  of  France,  and  died  of 
!  a  wound  which  he  received  at  the  siege  of 
Rouen,  2d  Dec.  1592. 

Alexander,  Farnese,  uncle  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  a  cardinal,  and  the  favorite  of 
pope  Clement  VII.  He  was  engaged  in  differ- 
ent embassies  in  France,  Germany,  and  Flan- 
ders, and  afterwards  retired  to  Rome,  where 
he  lived  iu  great  splendor,  the  friend  of  the 
indigent,  and  the  patron  of  the  learned.  He 
died  1589,  aged  69. 

Alexander,  a  Norman,  nephew  to  Ro- 
ger bishop  of  Salisbury  in  the  reign  of  Hen- 
ry 1  and  Stephen.  By  the  interest  of  his 
uncle  he  was  made  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and 
he  rebuilt  his  cathedral,  which  had  been  de- 
stroyed by  tire,  and  added  to  its  security  by 
making  the  roof  of  stone.  Like  the  barons 
in  those  turbulent  times,  he  raised  the  castles 
of  Banbury,  Sleaford,  and  Newark  for  hia 
defence,  and  founded  two  monasteries  which 
he  liberally  endowed.  After  visiting  the 
pope  three  times  on  the  continent,  he  return- 
ed to  England  where  he  died  1147  in  the 
24th  year  of  his  prelacy. 

Alexander,  a  native  of  Asia  Minor,  who 
retired  from  the  emperor's  court,  and  be- 
came the  founder  of  the  sect  called  Aceme- 
tus  (non-Sleepers)  because  one  of  the  com- 
munity was  always  awake  to  sing.  He  died 
about  the  430th  year  of  the  Christian  era, 
near  the  shores  of  the  Euxine. 

Alexander,  St.  Elpide,  a  hermit  of  St. 
Austin,  archbishop  of  Amalfi,  author  of  an 
incorrect  and  partial  treatise  of  the  papal 
power,  &c.  in  the  beginning  of  the  14th  cen- 
tury.    His  book  was  printed  1624. 

Alexander,  Dom.  James,  a  Benedic- 
tine of  St.  Maur,  born  at  Orleans,  author  of 
a  treatise  on  elementary  clocks,  printed  8vo. 
1734.     He  died  1734,  aged  S2. 

Alexander,  of  Paris  a  poet  of  the  12th 
century,  who  introduced  in  a  poem  on  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  verses  of  12  syllables,  which 
from  him  have   been  called  Alexandrines 

Alexander,  Nicholas,  a  Benedictine  of 
St  Maur,  known  for  hi3  charitable  charac- 
ter, as  well  as  his  extensive  knowledge  of 
simples.  He  is  author  of  two  useful  works, 
"  Physic  and  Surgery  for  the  poor,"  publish- 
ed 1738,  "  and  a  Botanical  and  Pharmaceuti- 
cal Dictionary,"  8vo,  He  was  born  at  Paris, 
and  died  at  St.  Denys,  1728,  in  an  advanced 
age. 

Alexander,  Neuskoi,  grand  duke  of 
Russia,  born  1218,  signalized  himself  by  a 
victory  which  he  obtained  over  the  northern 
powers  on  the  banks  of  the  Neva.  His  mili- 
tary and  political  character,  which  procured 
him  the  title  of  saint,  was, five  centuries  after, 
more  highly  honored  by  the  policy  of  Peter 
the  Great.  The  spot  where  the  victory  had 
been  won  was  consecrated  for  a  monastery, 
where  the  bones  of  the  saint  were  deposited 


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with  religious  pomp,  and  which  is  become 
the  mausoleum  of  the  sovereigns  of  Russia. 
There  is  an  order  of  knighthood  instituted 
in  honor  of  the  saint,  w.hich  consists  now  of 
about  135  knights. 

Alexandrini,  Julius  deNeustain,  a  na- 
tive of  Trent,  physician  and  favorite  of 
Maximilian  II.  He  died  1590  in  his  84th 
year.  He  was  author  of  some  medical  trea- 
tises in  prose  and  verse,  which  display  his 
genius,  sense  and  erudition. 

Alexis,  William,  a  Benedictine  monk  of 
Lyra,  author  of  some  poems  of  considerable 
merit.  He  was  prior  of  Bussiau  Perche,  and 
was  living  in  1500. 

Alexis,  a  Piedmontese,  who  applied  him- 
self to  study,  but  with  the  determination 
of  not  revealing  the  discoveries  he  might 
make  in  philosophy.  After  57  years  of  trav- 
els, he  saw  a  poor  man  die  of  a  disorder 
•which  might  have  been  removed,  if  he  had 
imparted  his  knowledge  to  the  surgeon,  and 
with  such  remorse  was  he  visited,  that  he 
retired  from  the  world,  and  set  in  order  for 
the  benefit  of  mankind,  the  result  of  his  re- 
searches, which  were  afterwards  published 
under  the  name  of  his  secrets  at  Basil  1536, 
and  dispersed  through  Europe. 

Alexius,  Michaelovitch,  son  of  Michael, 
Czar  of  Russia,  succeeded  to  the  throne  at  the 
age  of  sixteen,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
his  wars  against  the  Turks,  the  Swedes,  and 
Poles.  Respected  abroad,  he  was  beloved  at 
home,  as  the  improvement  of  his  barbarian 
subjects  was  the  sole  wish  of  his  heart.  The 
laws  of  the  empire  were  printed  for  public 
information,  and  no  longer  trusted  to  the  in- 
correctness of  manuscripts  ;  commerce  was 
eniouraged,  and  manufactures  of  silk  and  lin- 
en wereiutroduced ;  and  the  munificence  of 
the  emperor  was  supported  by  economy,  and 
hyr  the  prosperity  of  the  state.  Alexius  died 
in  his  46th  year  1677,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  the  famous  Czar  Peter. 

Alexius,  Petrovitch,  only  son  of  Peter 
the  Great  and  Eudocia  Lapukin,  was  born 
1690.  His  early  youth  was  neglected  in  the 
hands  of  women,  and  of  ignorant  priests  ;  but 
when  in  his  eleventh  year,  he  was  intrusted 
to  the  care  of  baron  Huysen,  the  instructions 
of  this  able  and  meritorious  man  were  coun- 
teracted by  the  intrigues  and  infernal'  policy 
of  Mentshikof  one  of  the  Czar's  ministers. 
The  young  prince,  permitted  to  indulge  eve- 
ry passion  by  the  example  and  encourage- 
Mctit  of  the  meanest  and  most  debauched 
of  the  vulgar,  who  were  his  constant  associ- 
ates, grew  unprincipled  and  virions,  and  soon 
converted  the  contempt  he  felt  for  restraint 
upon  the  conduct  and  the  character  of  his  fa- 
ther. This  mutualhatred  between  the  Czar 
and  bis  son  was  fomented  by  the  arts  of  ene- 
mies, and  at  last  Alexius  renounced  all  his 
fights  to  the  succession,  that  he  might  spend 
in  the  retirement  of  a  convent  the  remains  of 
a  life  already  shortened  by  drunkenness  and 
intemperance.  Persecution  however  at- 
tended him  ;  though  protected  by  the  em- 
peror of  Germany,  he  was  betrayed  by  his 
Finlandish  mistress,  whom  he  is  said  to  have 


married,  and  conveyed  to  Petersburg,  where 
he  was  tried  by  secret  judges,  and  condemned 
to  death  1719.  This  cruel  unfeeling  conduct 
of  the  father,  which  not  all  the  impruden- 
cies  and  provocations  of  a  licentious  son. 
could  justify,  has  been  palliated  by  his  pane- 
gyrists, Who  attribute  the  death  of  the  prince 
to  an  apoplectic  fit,  brought  on  by  his  vio- 
lent irregularities. 

Alexius  or  Alexis  I.  Commenus,  born 
at  Constantinople  1048,  was  nephew  to  the 
emperor  Isaac  Commenus.  He  usurped 
the  throne  in  1081,  after  banishing  Niceph- 
orus,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  wars 
againstthe  Turks,  and  other  nothern  invaders. 
He  received  with  coldness  the  crusaders; 
but,  intimidated  by  their  numbers  and  conse- 
quence, he  signed  a  treaty  of  peace  with  them, 
and  promised  them  support.  He  died  in 
his  70th  year  1118.  His  daughter  AnnaCom- 
mena,  has  written  a  Greek  aecount  of  his 
reign  ;  but  her  history  is  a  panegyric  on  the 
virtues  of  her  father,  and  not  the  record  of 
truth. 

Alexius  II.  Commenus,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther Michael  on  the  throne  of  Constantino- 
ple 1180,  in  his  12th  year.  His  tender  age 
was  the  cause  of  dissention  and  tumult,  and 
he  was  murdered  with  his  mother  Mary  two 
years  after  by  Andronicus  who  usurped  the 
throne. 

Alexius  III.  Angelus,  dethroned  his 
brother  Isaac  Angelus  1195,  and  put  out  his 
eyes.  An  effeminate  life  rendered  him  des- 
pised at  home  and  abroad  ;  he  was  defeated 
by  the  Turks  and  Bulgarians,  and  his  capital 
was  soon  besieged  and  taken  1203,  by  an  ar- 
my of  Venetians  and  French  crusaders,  head- 
ed by  Alexius  the  son  of  the  deposed  mon- 
arch, who  had  fled  to  the  court  of  Vienna. 
Alexius  received  from  Theodore  Lascaris  the 
same  cruel  punishment  which  he  had  inflict- 
ed on  his  brother,  and  the  voung  conquer- 
or placed  his  blind  father  from  the  dungeon 
on  the  throne,  and  reigned  with  him  as  Alex- 
ius IV. ;  but  his  elevation  was  succeeded  by 
a  rebellion,  because  he  wished  to  raise  great 
contributions  upon  his  subjects,  and  his  life 
was  sacrificed  to  the  fury  of  the  people  1204. 

Alexius  IV.  rid  Alexius  III. 

Alexius  V.  DucasMurtzuphle  or  Mour- 
zoufle,  from  his  black  eyebrows,  an  officer 
at  the  court  of  Isaac  Angelus  and  Alexius  IV. 
who  dethroned  and  murdered  his  master, 
and  usurped  the  throne  of  Constantinople. 
He  was  attacked  by  the  crusaders,  who  took 
his  capital,  and  after  putting  out  his  eyes 
threw  him  down  from  the  top  of  Theodosius' 
pillar,  147  feet  high,  and  killed  him,  1264,  af- 
ter a  reign  of  only  three  months,  of  extor- 
tion, arrogance,  and  cruelty.  The  conquer- 
ors elected  two  emperors  ;  Baldwin  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Latins,  and  Theodore  Lascaris 
by  the  Greeks. 
.Alexius,  an  impostor,  who  for  some 
time  assumed  the  name  and  character  of 
Alexius  son  of  Michael  Commenus  emperor 
of  Constantinople,  and  raised  an  army  in  A- 
sia,  with  which  he  ravaged  the  country  and 
spread  terror  to  the  gates  of  the  capital.    He 


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was  murdered  by  a  priest  as  he  unguardedly 
retired  from  a  banquet,  at  a  time  when  lie 
might  have  overturned  the  empire  and  seated 
himself  on  the  throne. 

Aleyn,  Charles,  an  English  poet  who  pub- 
lished in  1G31,  in  stanzas  of  six  lines,  two  po- 
ems on  the  battles  of  Cressy  and  Poictiers, 
and  seven  years  after  another  poem  on  Bos- 
worth  field,  besides  the  history  Euryalus  and 
Lucretia,  translated  from  ./Eneas  Sylvius. 
He  was  educated  at  Sidney  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  assistant  to  Thomas  Earnaby 
in  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate,  London,  a  d  after- 
wards tutor  to  the  son  of  Edward  Sherburne 
esquire,  who  was  clerk  of  the  ordnance  to 
Charles  I.  He  died  in  1640,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Andrew's  church  Holborn. 

Al-farabia,  a  mussulman  philosopher 
in  the  10th  century,  remarkable  for  tbe  gen- 
erality and  greatness  of  his  talents.  He  was 
killed  by  robbers  in  Syria  in  954.  His  works 
on  various  subjects  are  said  to  be  in  the  Ley- 
den  library. 

Alfargan,  Ahmed  Ebn  Cothair,  or 
Alfraganius,  an  Arabian  astronomer  of  the 
ninth  century,  author  of  an  introduction  to 
astronomy,  printed  by  Goliusin  1669  at  Am- 
sterdam, with  curious  notes. 

Alfenus  Varus  Publius,  a  native  of 
Cremona,  who  rose  from  the  mean  occupa- 
tion of  a  cobler  to  the  dignity  of  consul. 

Alfes,  an  eminent  rabbi,  who  epitomized 
the  Talmud.    He  died  1103. 

Alfonso,  rid.  Alphonsus. 
-  Alford,  Michael,  author  of  "  Britan- 
nia illustrata" — "  Annales  Ecclesiastici  Bri- 
tannorum",  and  other  works,  was  an  En- 
glish Jesuit,  born  in  London,  and  educated  at 
Rome  and  in  Spain.  He  resided  in  England 
as  Jesuits'  missionary  for  above  30  years,  and 
died  at  St.  Omer's  1652,  aged  65. 

Alfred,  tbe  Great,  fifth  and  youngest 
son  of  Ethelwolf,  king  of  the  west  Saxons, 
was  born  at  Wantage  in  Berkshire  S49.  His 
father  sent  him  earl}'  to  Rome,  where  he  was 
confirmed,  and  according  to  some  privately 
anointed  king  by  pope  Leo  IV.  who  saw  and 
admired  his  manly  character.  After  the 
death  of  his  brother,  Alfred  mounted  the 
throne  of  England  in  bis  22d  year  in  871, 
at  a  time  when  the  kingdom  was  a  prey  to 
domestic  dissensions,  and  to  the  invasion  of 
the  Danes.  His  valor  was  soon  called  into 
the  field,  battles  were  followed  by  battles  : 
but  the  slaughter  of  thousands  seemed  not  to 
heal  the  wounds  of  the  country  or  to  remove 
the  rapacious  foe  from  the  coasts.  After  a 
dreadful  overthrow  Alfred  concealed  his 
misfortunes  for  a  year,  under  the  dress  of  a 
peasant,  till  the  success  of  one  of  his  chiefs, 
Odun  earl  of  Devon,  in  defeating  a  body  of 
the  Danes,  drew  him  from  his  retirement. 
With  unusual  boldness  he  examined  the  false 
security  of  the  enemy's  camp,  he  was  admit- 
ted into  the  presence  of  the  chief  under  the 
disguise  of  a  harper,  and  returned  to  his 
friends  to  inspire  them  with  courage  and 
lead  them  to  victory.  The  Danes  were  to- 
tally routed  atEddington  :  and  Guthrum  their 
chief  despairing  of  further  opposition,  con- 


sented to  renounce  Paganism,  and  was  pre- 
sented at  the  font  by  his  conqueror.  From 
that  period  the  kingdom  became  more  set- 
tled, and  though  the  Danes  occasionally  re- 
peated their  predatory  attacks,  the  mind  of 
Alfred  was  not  shaken  from  its  noble  purpose 
of  enlightening  his  subjects,  and  giving  stabil- 
ity to  their  independence,  and  protection  to 
their  property.  He  published  laws  to  the 
number  of  51,  which  were  partly  collected, 
as  he  himself  said  in  the  preface,  from  those 
of  his  predecessor  king  Ina,  and  from  the 
Trojan  and  Grecian  codes.  He  not  only  di- 
vided his  dominions  into  counties,  and  other 
smaller  subdivisions,  but  he  made  each  house- 
holder responsible  for  the  behaviour  of  his 
family,  and  as  the  tythings  consisted  of  ten 
families,  each  became  a  pledge  for  tbe  peace- 
ful conduct  of  the  rest,  so  that  the  whole 
kingdom  was  but  a  large  family  eager  to  pre- 
serve the  public  security,  while  they  ensured 
domestic  concord.  As  a  man  of  letters,  Al- 
fred gained  reputation,  he  not  only  transla- 
ted and  wrote  several  books,  particularly  Bo- 
ethius' Consolations  of  Philosophy  :  but  that 
learning  might  find  an  asylum  in  England, 
he  endowed  several  schools  in  tbe  kingdom, 
and  founded,  or  according  to  others  restored, 
the  university  of  Oxford,  and  filled  the  pro- 
fessorial chairs  with  men  of  taste,  genius, 
and  erudition.  In  his  own  conduct  he  was  a 
pattern  of  regularity,  so  that  he  divided  the 
24  hours  of  the  day  into  three  equal  portions, 
one  of  which  was  set  apart  for  religious  du- 
ties, tbe  other  for  repose,  recreation,  and 
literature,  and  the  third  for  tbe  affairs  of  the 
state.  To  his  wisdom  and  foresight,  England 
may  look  back  with  gratitude  for  the  first  be- 
ginning of  her  naval  greatness.  Alfred  not 
only  built  ships,  and  enured  bis  subjects  to 
the  toils  and  dangers  of  the  sea,  but  he  had 
the  boldness  to  attempt  to  discover  the  north- 
east passage.  Though  by  profession  and  the 
circumstances  of  tbe  times  a  soldier,  tbe  hu- 
mane monarch,  who  had  been  personally  en- 
gaged in  56  battles  for  the  defence  and  "inde- 
pendence of  his  country,  viewed  with  detes- 
tation the  scenes  of  carnage  which  ambition 
or  the  love  of  plunder  might  exhibit,  and 
considered  his  glory  as  better  cemented  by 
the  peaceful  occupations  of  his  subjects  than 
by  war,  and  by  the  promotion  of  industry  and 
mutual  confidence  than  by  the  use  of  arms. 
After  a  reign  of  above  2S  years,  in  which 
ever}'  moment  had  been  devoted  to  tbe  hap- 
piness of  his  people,  this  magnanimous  prince 
died  on  the  28th  of  October  900,  and  was 
buried  in  Winchester  cathedral.  History 
does  not  present  a  man  more  amiable  in  his 
public  and  private  character,  or  whose  vir- 
tues entitled  him  to  a  throne  more  than  this 
great  and  benevolent  hero.  He  left  by  his 
queen  Elswitha  two  sons  and  three  daughters, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  second  son,  Edward, 
surnamed  the  elder. 

Alfred  or  Alured,  son  of  Etbelrcd  by 
Emma  daughter  of  Richard  duke  of  Norman- 
dy was  sent  by  bis  lather  with  his  brother 
Edward  to  the  Norman  court,  during  the 
invasions  of  the  Danes.    After  Canute's  death 


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he  landed  it.  England  with  a  force,  and 
might  have  succeeded  in  the  expulsion  oi 
Harold,  if  not  thwarted  by  the  arts  of  Goii- 
ivin.  lie  fell  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies, 
who  cruelly  put  out  his  eyes  and  confined  him 
in  Eiy  monastery,  where  he  was  murdered, 
as  itis  supposed,  1037  in  Ii  is  3i'h  year. 

Alfred,  a  learned  Benedictine  monk  of 
.Malmesbury,  made  hishop  of  Exeter  in  the 
10th  century.  He  was  intimate  with  St 
UuDStan,  and  wrote  several  learned  hooks, 
particuiary  the  life  of  Adelmus — the  history 
of  Malmeshury  abhey — de    naturis  rerum. 

Alfred,  of  Berveiley,  an  historian.  Vid. 
Alredvs, 

Alfred,  an  Englishman,  surnamed  the 
Philosopher,  much  respected  at  Rome.  He 
died  1270,  and  left  four  hooks  on  the  meteors 
of  Aristotle — one  on  vegetahles  and  five  on 
the  Consolations  of  Boethius. 

Alfride,  or  Elfrid,  the  natural  son 
ofOswy  king  of  Northumberland,  fled  to  Ire- 
land, or  as  some  suppose  to  Scotland,  to 
avoid  the  persecution  of  his  brother  Egfrid, 
whom  he  had  succeeded,  on  the  throne.  Li 
his  exile  he  still  felt  the  virulence  of  his  ene- 
mies and  at  last  the  two  brothers  met  to  de- 
cide their  fate  by  arms.  Egfrid  was  slain, 
and  Alfride  ascended  the  vacant  throne  686, 
and  deserved  the  love  and  the  applauses  of 
his  subjects  by  his  benevolence  and  mildness, 
and  the  liberal  patronage  which  he  afforded 
to  literature.     He  died  705. 

Algardi,  Alexander,  an  architect  and 
sculptor  of  Bologna,  pupil  to  Lewis  Carrachi, 
and  intimate  with  Dominichino.  He  died  at 
Rome  1654.  There  is  at  Bologna,  a  group  of 
the  beheading  of  St. Paul  by  him  much  admi- 
red, besides  a  bas-relief  in  the  Vatican  repe- 
senting  St.  Leo  in  the  presence  of  Atilla. 

Algarotti,  Francis,  son  of  a  Venetian 
merchant,  who,  after  improving  himself  at 
Rome  and  Bologna,  came  to  Paris  where  he 
published  his  Newtonianisin  for  the  ladies, 
In  Italian,  a  work  which  was  translated  into 
French  by  Du  Perron,  but  was  of  inferior 
merit  to  Fontenelle's  plurality  of  worlds. 
From  thence  Algarotti  visited  England  and 
Germany,  and  received  repeated  marks  of 
esteem  and  honor  from  the  kings  of  Poland 
and  Prussia.  After  some  residence  in  the 
Polish  court  as  privy  counsellor  for  the  af- 
fairs of  war,  he  returned  to  Italy,  and  died 
unexpectedly  at  Pisa  23d  of  May  1764,  in 
his  52d  year.  As  a  connoisseur  in  painting, 
sculpture,  and  architecture,  he  possessed 
taste  and  judgment,  and  his  genius  as  a  poet 
is  fully  proved  in  the  elegant  trifles  which  he 
wrote  in  Italian.  His  works  were  published 
in  4  volumes  8vo.  in  1765,  and  translated  into 
French  at  Berlin  1772,  8  volumes  8vo.  They 
consist  chiefly  of  historical  and  philosophical 
dissertations,  essays  and  poetry. 

Algaxali,  an  Arabian,  born  at  Thous 
in  Khorassan, author  of  atrcatise  on  the  dif- 
ferent classes  of  science  which  concern  reli- 
gion. He  made  the  pilgrimage  of  Mecca, 
and  died  in  the  504th  year  of  the  hegira. 

Alger,  a  monk  of  Liege,  author  of  a 
book  on  the  sacraments.  He  died  at  Clu- 
ny,  1131. 


Alghisi,  Thomas,  an  eminent  surgeon 
and  liihotomist  of  Florence.  He  died  in  con« 
sequence  of  being  severely  wounded  by  the 
bursting  of  his  gun  1713.  He  published 
Lithotomia  in  4to.  1708,  &c. 

Algieri,  Peter,  a  Venetian,  whose  ta- 
lents in  painting  were  usefully  employed  in 
the  decorations  of  the  opera  at  Paris.  He 
died  1760. 

Alhazen,  an  Arabian  who  wrote  on  op- 
tics, about  the  year  1 100 

A li,  cousin  and  son-in-law  of  Mahomet, 
was  opposed  in  his  view  to  succeed  the  pro- 
phet, h)  Othman  and  Omar,  and  retired  in- 
to Arabia  where  his  mild  and  enlarged  inter- 
pretation of  the  Koran  increased  the  num- 
ber of  his  proselytes.  After  the  death  of 
Othman  he  was  acknowledged  caliph  by  the 
Egyptians  and  Arabians,  but  in  less  than  five 
years  after  he  was  assassinated  in  a  mosque 
660.  Ali,  after  the  decease  of  his  beloved 
Fatima,  claimed  the  privilege  of  polygamy, 
and  left  15  sous  and  18  daughters.  His  memo- 
ry is  still  held  in  the  highest  venemtion  by  the 
Persians,  who  pronounce  with  contempt  the 
names  of  Othmanand  Omar,  whilstlhe  Turks 
despise  him  and  pay  adoration  to  his  oppo- 
nents. 

A  li-bass A,  a  distinguished  general  of 
the  Ottoman  empire,  to  whom  Achmet  IV. 
gave  his  sister  in  marriage.  He  died  1663 
in  his  70th  year. 

Ali  Beg,  a  Pole,  born  of  Christian  par- 
ents, when  young  he  was  made  prisoner  by 
the  Tartars  and  sold  to  the  Turks,  who  edu- 
cated him  in  the  Mahometan  faith.  He  rose 
to  consequence  in  the  Turkish  court  and  was 
appointed  interpreter  to  the  grand  signior. 
He  employed  himself  in  tranlating  the  Bible 
and  the  English  catechism  into  the  Turkish 
language  ;  but  his  great  work  is  on  the  liturgy 
of  the  Turks,  their  pilgrimages  to  Mecca, 
and  other  religious  ceremonies.  This  work 
was  translated  into  Latin  by  Dr.  Smith.  Ali 
died  1675,  at  a  time  when  he  intended  to  ab- 
jure the  Mahometan  tenets  for  Christianity. 

Ali  Bey,  a  native  of  Natolia,  son  of  a 
Greek  priest.  In  his  13th  year  he  was  car- 
ried away  by  some  robbers  as  he  was  hun- 
ting, and  sold  to  Ibrahim,  a  lieutenant  of  the 
Janissaries,  at  Grand  Cairo,  who  treated  him 
with  kindness,  and  from  a  slave  raised  hira. 
to  power  and  consequence.  Ali  distinguish- 
ed himself  against  the  Arabs,  and  his  military 
valor  rendered  him  feared  and  respected  ; 
but  when  his  friend  and  patron  was  basely 
assassinated  1758,  by  Ibrahim  the  Circas- 
sian, he  avenged  his  death,  and  slew  the 
murderer  with  his  own  hand.  This  violent 
measure  raised  him  enemies,  and  his  flight 
to  Jerusalem  and  to  St.  John  of  Acre  with 
difficulty  saved  him  from  the  resentment  of 
the  Ottoman  porte,  that  had  demanded  his 
head.  Time,  however,  paved  the  way  to 
his  elevation  to  the  supreme  power  of  Egypt. 
Those  who  had  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
Circassian  were  sacrificed  to  the  public  safe- 
ty ;  and  Ali,  recalled  by  the  public  voice, 
governed  the  country  with  benevolence  and 
equity.  The  chiefs  of  each  village  were  de- 
clared responsible  for  the  ill  conduct  of  their 


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aelghbors,  »nd  whilst  the  general  link  was 
exteuded  through  every  province,  security 
was  restored,  and  confidence  revived.  But 
the  power  of  an  eastern  prince  is  always 
precarious;  ingratitude  was  found  among 
those  on  whom  AN  had  heaped  favors,  and 
when  he  assisted  the  Turkish  government 
with  12,000  auxiliary  troops  in  the  Russian 
war  of  1768,  his  conduct  was  viewed  with  a 
jealous  eye,  and  his  death  determined  at 
Constantinople.  He  however  evaded  the 
blow,  and  in  declaring  war  against  the  Porte 
to  avenge  his  wrongs,  he  intrusted  the  com- 
mand of  his  armies  to  Abou  Dahab,  a  per- 
fidious Mameluke,  who,  in  extending  the  con- 
quests of  Ali  over  Arabia  and  Syria,  hoped 
to  establish  his  reputation  over  the  ruins  of 
his  patron.  The  traitor  revolted  and  was 
followed  by  the  beys,  whose  fidelity  was 
shaken  either  by  jealousy  or  by  bribes;  but 
Ali  was  not  deserted  though  he  fled  from 
Cairo  to  Gaza,  and  he  marched  into  the  field 
at  the  head  of  a  numerous  army.  But  trea- 
son pervaded  his  ranks,  and  when  the  deci- 
sive battle  was  fought  13th  of  April  1773, 
Ali  saw  some  of  his  troops  desert,  and,  un- 
willing to  survive  a  defeat,  he  defended  him- 
self with  the  fury  of  a  lion,  till  he  was  cut 
down  by  a  sabre  and  carried  to  the  conquer- 
or's tent,  where  eight  days  after  he  expired 
of  his  wounds.  Ali  died  in  his  45th  year,  and 
left  behind  him  a  character  unrivalled  for 
excellence,  for  courage,  and  magnanimity. 
As  governor  of  Egypt  he  behaved  with  the 
tenderness  of  a  parent ;  and  to  the  love  of 
his  country  were  united  humanity,  a  gener- 
ous heart,  and  an  elevated  genius. 

Ali  Berg,  a  learned  Turk  in  the  17th 
century,  acquainted  with  17  languages.  He 
translated  the  Bible  into  the  Turkish  lan- 
guage. 

Alice,  daughter  of  Theobald  IV.  count 
of  Champagne,  married  Lewis  VII.  king  of 
France,  by  whom  she  had,  1165,  a  son  called 
Philip  Augustus.  During  her  son's  absence 
in  the  holy  land,  she  was  appointed  queen 
regent  of  the  kingdom,  and  her  government 
was  marked  by  prudence,  moderation,  and 
justice.  She  died  at  Paris  universally  res- 
pected 4th  June  I '206. 

Aligre,  Etienne,  a  native  of  Chartres, 
who  rose  by  his  merit  to  be  chancellor  of 
France.  He  did  not  however  possess  the 
firmness  required  for  an  elevated  station. 
He  died  1635  in  his  76th  year.  His  son  of 
the  same  name,  was  raised  to  the  same  dig- 
nity as  his  father,  and  enjoyed  the  character 
of  a  great  and  upright  magistrate.  He  died 
1677  in  his  85th  year. 

Alimentus,  Cneius,  a  Roman  historian 
B.  C.  150. 

Alipivs,  a  bishop  of  Tagaste  in  Africa, 
394.  He  was  the  friend  of  Augustine,  and 
was  baptised  together  with  him  at  Milan  by 
the  hands  of  St.  Ambrose.  He  was  an  ac- 
tive and  zealous  prelnte,  and  assisted  at  sev- 
eral councils,  especial!}  those  of  Carthpge, 
where  he  opposed  the  Donatists.  He  died 
430. 

Alipus,  a  geographer  of  Antioch,  com- 


missioned by  Julian  to  rebuild  the  temple  of 
Jerusalem.  It  is  unknown  whether  he  is 
author  of  the  system  of  geography  publish- 
ed under  his  name  in  Greek  aim  Latin,  Ge- 
neva 1628,  in  4to.  by  Jac.  Godefroi. 

Alkmaar,  Henry  D',  an  eminent  Ger- 
man of  the  15th  century,  author  of  the  fa- 
ble of  Reynard,  an  ingenious  poem  which 
lashes  the  vcies  and  foibles  of  mankind  in 
the  character  of  beasts  especially  the  fox. 
Gottsched  has  given  a  magnificent  edition  of 
this  valuable  book.  Some  suppose  that  Alk- 
maar is  the  fictitious  name  assumed  by  Nich- 
olas Ban  maun    of  Friesland,  who  died   1503. 

Allainval,  Leonor  Jean-Christine  Sou- 
las  d',  a  native  of  Chartres,  author  of  several 
comedies  of  considerable  merit.  His  best 
piece  was  l'embarras  des  richesses.  D'Al- 
lainval  was,  like  most  men  of  genius,  indigent. 
He  died  of  the  palsy  in  the  Holel-dieu,  where 
he  had  been  admitted  a  patient,  2d  May  1753. 

Allais,  Denys  Vairasse  d',  a  native  of 
Allais  in  Languedoc,  who  served  in  1C65  in 
the  duke  of  York's  fleet,  and  afterwards 
taught  the  English  language  in  Paris.  His 
writings  were  not  much  esteemed,  except 
his  history  of  Sevarambia,  apolitical  romance 
first  printed  1677  in  2  vols.  l'2mo. 

Allam,  Andrew,  born  at  Garsington  in 
Oxfordshire,  was  of  St.  Edmund-hall  of  which 
he  became  the  vice  principal.  He  translated 
the  life  of  Iphicrates,  and  assisted  Wood  in 
his  Athense  Oxonienses.  He  died  of  the 
small-pox  17th  June  1685, in  his  30th  year,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Peter's  in  the  east. 

Allard,  Guy,  was  author  ot  several 
scarce  treatises  on  the  history  of  Dauphine 
valuable  for  provincial  and  genealogical  an- 
ecdotes ;  and  also  of  the  history  of  prince 
Zizim,  an  amorous  romance.  He  died  1715, 
aged  70. 

Allatius,  Leo,  a  native  of  the  Island  of 
Scio,  who  studied  belles  lettres  and  the  lan- 
guages at  Rome.  After  visiting  Naples  and 
his  native  country  he  returned  to  Rome, 
where  he  applied  himself  to  physic,  in  which 
he  took  a  degree,  but  literature  was  his  fa- 
vorite pursuit,  and  as  his  erudition  was 
great,  he  distinguished  himself  as  a  teacher 
in  the  Greek  college  at  Rome.  He  was  af- 
terwards employed  by  pope  Gregory  XV.  to 
remove  the  elector  Palatine's  library  from 
Germany  to  the  Vatican,  in  reward  for 
which  services,  though  for  a  while  neglected, 
he  was  appointed  librarian.  Though  bred 
and  employed  among  ecclesiastics,  he  never 
entered  into  orders  because,  as  he  told  the 
pope,  he  wished  to  retain  the  privilege  of 
marrying  if  he  pleased.  His  publications 
were  numerous  but  chiefly  on  divinity,  and, 
though  full  of  learning  and  good  sense,  re- 
markable for  unnecessary  digressions.  In 
the  controversy  of  the  gentlenieu  of  the 
Port  Royal  with  (Maude  concerning  the  ect- 
charist,  he  greatly  assisted  the  former,  for 
which  he  was  severely  abused  by  their  bold 
antagonist.  It  is  said  by  Joannes  Patricias 
that  e  wrote  Greek  for  40  years  with  the 
same  pen,  and  that  when  he  lost  it,  he  ex- 
pressed his  concern  even  to  the  shedding  of 


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tears.  Allatius  died  at  Rome  in  his  83d  year, 
1669. 

Allectus,  prefect  of  Britain  murdered 
Caraasius  294,  and  made  himself  emperor, 
He  was  defeated  by  Asclepiodotus  three 
years  after. 

Allegrain,  Christopher  Gabriel,  a 
French  sculptor,  admitted  into  the  academy 
for  the  masterly  execution  of  the  figure  of  a 
young  man.  Among  other  pieces  his  Venus 
and  Ins  Diana  were  much  admired.  He  was 
in  his  private  character  very  modest  and 
amiable.  He  died  1795.  His  father  and 
grandfather  before  him  bad  been  members 
of  the  academy  of  painting. 

Allecri,  Autonio,  an  illustrious  paint- 
er, better  known  by  the  name  of  Corregio, 
from  the  place  where  he  was  born.  As  he 
was  born  to  poverty,  his  education  was  neg- 
lected, and  he  was  not  able  to  see  and  to  stu- 
dy the  beautiful  models  of  ancient  times,  or 
the  productions  of  the  Roman  or  Venetian 
schools.  Nature  however  had  formed  him 
for  a  painter,  and  his  genius  burst  through 
the  shackles  of  ignorance  and  poverty.  It 
is  to  be  lamented  that  he  never  visited  Rome, 
as  his  residence  at  Parma  procured  him 
neither  patronage  nor  fame.  His  most  cele- 
brated paintings  were  the  Virgin  and  child, 
with  Mary  Magdalen,  St.  Jerome,  and  the 
Notte  or  Night,  which  is  so  well  described 
by  lady  Millar  in  her  letters  from  Italy  ;  but 
in  every  thing  thathe  did  there  was  superior 
execution,  great  judgment,  an<l  infinite  taste. 
Theencomiumsof  Annibal  Caracci  who,  fifty 
years  after  his  death,  admired  and  imitated 
him,  are  strong  but  just.  "  Every  thing," 
says  he,  "  that  I  see  astonishes  me,  particu- 
larly the  coloring  and  the  beauty  of  the 
children.  They  live — they  breathe — they 
,smile  with  so  much  grace  and  so  much  reali- 
ty, that  the  beholder  smiles  and  partakes  of 
their  enjoyments."  Corregio  was  employed 
by  the  canons  of  Parma  to  paint  the  assump- 
tion of  the  Virgin  on  the  cupola  of  the  cath- 
edral ;  but  when  the  work,  which  will  ever 
immortalize  his  name,  was  completed,  the 
artist  was  indignantly  treated  by  the  proud 
and  ignorant  ecclesiastics,  who  abused  bis  ex- 
ecution, and  refused  to  fulfil  their  agreement. 
The  painter  was  meanly  forced  to  except 
the  small  pittance  of  200  livres ;  and,  to  load 
him  with  greater  indignity,  it  was  paid  in 
copper.  Corregio  hastened  with'the  money 
to  his  starving  family,  but  as  he  had  six  or 
eight  miles  to  travel  from  Parma,  the  weight 
of  his  burden  and  the  heat  of  the  climate, 
added  to  the  oppression  of  his  breaking  heart, 
and  he  was  attacked  with  a  pleurisy  which  in 
three  days  terminated  his  existence  and  his 
sorrows  1534,  in  his  40th  year.  Titian  was 
the  cause  that  this  great  work  was  not  des- 
troyed. As  he  passed  through  Parma,  he 
visited  and  admired  the  cathedral,  and  told 
the  ignorant,  priests  who  threatened  speedi- 
ly to  efface  the  painting,  that  they  ought  to 
value  it  as  most  inestimable,  for,  added  lie 
emphatically,  "  were  I  not  Titian,  I  would 
wish  to  be  Cost;  gio."  Corregio  was  the 
first  who  happily  introduced  in  his  pictures 


fore  shortenings,  an  attitude  which  expres- 
ses boldness  of  conception,  and  is  attended 
with  striking  effect. 

Allegri,  Gregorio,  an  eminent  compo- 
ser, whose  works  are  still  used  in  the  pope's 
chapel  at  Rome.  His  "  miserere"  is  always 
used  on  Good  Friday,  and  is  much  admired. 
Clement  XIV.  sent  a  copy  of  this  beautiful 
composition  to  George  III.  in  1773.  -Allegri 
died  1672. 

Allein,  Richard,  was  born  atDitchetiu 
Somersetshire,  where  his  father  was  rector 
for  50  years.  He  studied  at  St.  Alban  and 
New  Inn  Halls,  in  Oxford,  and  afterwards 
obtained  the  living  of  Batcomh  in  Dorset- 
shire. As  he  favored  the  puritanical  doc- 
trines of  the  times,  he  was  employed  as 
commissioner  by  parliament  for  the  ejecting 
of  scandalous  ministers,  and  on  the  restora- 
tion he  was  expelled  from  his  living,  as  he 
refused  to  subscribe  to  the  act  of  conformi- 
ty. His  peaceful  behaviour,  however,  enti^ 
tied  him  to  respect  and  popularity;  he 
preached  frequently  in  private  houses,  and 
though  sometimes  reprimanded  as  the  hold- 
e"  of  a  conventicle,  yet  his  learning  and  ex- 
emplary life  shielded  him  against  persecution 
and  imprisonment.  His  writings  were  most-" 
ly  on  theological  subjects.  He  died  Decem- 
ber 22d,  16*1,  in  his  65th  year. 

Allein,  William,  son  of  the  above,  was 
of  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  degrees.  He  afterwards  settled  at  Bland- 
ford,  Dorset,  from  which  he  was  ejected  as 
a  non  conformist.  His  millennium,  among 
other  curious  theological  tracts,  was  much 
admired.     He  died  1677. 

Alleust,  Joseph,  son  of  Tobias  Allein 
was  born  at  Devizes  1623.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  Lincoln  and  Corpus  Christi  colleges, 
in  Oxford,  and  took  orders,  and  afterwards 
went  to  Taunton  in  Somersetshire,  where 
he  married,  and  where  as  minister  he  appli- 
ed himself  with  indefatigable  zeal  to  his  of- 
fice. His  income  was  small,  but  it  was  in- 
creased by  the  industry  of  his  wife,  who 
kept  a  boarding  school.  At  the  restoration 
he  was  ejected  as  a  non-conformist,  but  as  he 
continued  his  ministry  in  private,  he  was 
committed  to  Ilchester  gaol,  and  sentenced 
at  the  assizes  by  judge  Foster  to  pay  a  fine 
of  100  marks,  and  to  remain  in  prison  till 
the  payment.  His  confinement  which  was 
extended  to  one  year,  ruined  his  constitu- 
tion, and  though  the  liberality  of  his  friends 
enabled  him  to  visit,  different  places  for  the 
re-establishment  of  his  health,  all  his  care 
was  ineffectual.  He  died  in  November  1668 
in  his  36th  year,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mag- 
dalen's church,  Taunton.  Anthony  Wood 
has  severely  lashed  him  as  a  non-conformist ; 
but  his  learning,  his  piety,  his  inoffensive 
manners,  cast  an  amiable  light  on  his  charac- 
ter. His  alarm  to  unconverted  sinners  has 
often  been  republished. 

Allen,  John,  archbishop  of  Dublin,  took 
his  degree  of  LL.  B.  at  Cambridge  though 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  was  nine  years  at 
Rome  as  commissioner  from  Wareham  the 
primate,  and  at  his  return  he  entered  into 


AL 


AL 


the  service  of  Wolsey,  who  made  him  his 
chaplain,  and  the  judge  of  his  court  as  legate 
a  latere.  In  1588  he  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  Dublin,  and  made  chancellor  of  Ireland. 
He  was  murdered  six  years  after  by  Thomas 
Fitzgerald,  son  of  lord  Kildare. 

Allen,  Sir  Thomas,  illustrious  as  an 
English  admiral,  made  the  firsthostile  attack 
on  the  Dutch  in  1665.  Though  with  only 
eight  ships  he  attacked  their  Smyrna  fleet, 
killed  their  commander  Brackel,  took  four 
prizes,  and  dispersed  the  rest  into  Cadiz. 
The  next  year  he  was  at  the  memorable 
hattle  of  the  25th  July,  when  De  Ruyter  the 
Dutch  commander,  seeing  his  van  defeated 
and  three  of  his  admirals  killed,  exclaimed, 
what  a  wretch  I  am,  that,  among  so  many 
thousand  bullets,  none  can  come  and  put  an 
end  to  my  misery. 

Allen,  Thomas,  a  divine  educated  at 
Worcester  school  and  at  Brazen  Nose  and 
Merten,  Oxford,  and  intimate  with  Sir  Hen- 
ry Saville,  by  whose  influence  he  was  pro- 
moted to  a  fellowship  at  Eton.  He  wrote 
learned  observations  on  Chrysostom's  book 
on  Isaiah,  and  died  October  10th,  1638,  aged 
65,  and  was  buried  in  Eton  college  chapel. 

Allen,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Uttoxeter 
in  Staffordshire,  illustrious  for  his  know- 
ledge of  mathematics  and  philosophy.  He 
was  fellow  of  Trinity  college,  Oxford,  which 
he  quitted  1590  for  Gloucester  hall,  where  he 
applied  himself  with  greater  assiduity  to  his 
favorite  studies.  His  abilities  not  only  pro- 
cured liim  the  friendship  of  the  greatest  ma- 
thematicians of  the  age,  but  gained  him  the 
esteem  of  the  earl  of  Northumberland.  Ro- 
bert earl  of  Leicester  was  also  particularly 
attached  to  him  ;  he  gave  him  his  confidence, 
consulted  him  on  affairs  of  state,  but  at- 
tempted in  vain  to  withdraw  him  from  his 
retirement  by  the  offer  of  a  bishopric.  Al- 
len, who  was  employed  in  collecting  the 
most  curious  manuscripts  on  history  and  as- 
tronomy, did  not  escape  the  suspicions  of 
the  ignorant,  who  accused  him  of  using  ma- 
gic and  conjuration  to  produce  a  marriage 
between  the  queen  and  Leicester.  He  pub- 
lished in  Latin  the  second  and  third  books  of 
Ptolemy  concerning  the  judgment  of  the 
stars,  besides  notes  on  Lilly's  books,  and  on 
Bale's  work  de  Scriptoribus  Britan.  He  di- 
ed in  an  advanced  age  at  Gloucester  hall  in 
1632,  universalry  respected  for  his  great 
learning,  his  piety,  and  the  affability  of  his 
manners. 

Allestry  or  Allestree,  Richard,  a 
native  of  Uppington  in  Shrophsire,  born  in 
March  1619.  He  entered  at  Christ  Church 
in  Oxford,  under  the  care  of  the  famous 
Busby,  and  for  his  industry  was  presented 
with  a  studentship  by  dean  Fell.  During 
the  civil  war  he  joined  the  king's  party  un- 
der Sir  John  Biron,  and  was  at  the  battle  of 
Keinton«-field  in  Warwickshire.  At  the  con- 
clusion of  the  war  he  took  orders,  and  was 
afterwards  one  of  those  expelled  when  the 
parliament  in  1648  sent  visitors  to  Oxford  to 
demand  the  submission  of  the  university. 
He  found  an  asylum  in  the  family  of  lord 
VOL.  T.  8 


Newport,  in  Shropshire,  and  after  the  battle 
of  Worcester,  he  was  fixed  upon  by  the  roy- 
alists as  a  proper  person  to  convey  dispatch- 
es, and  have  a  conference  with  the  king  at 
Rouen.  On  his  return  from  a  second  jour- 
ney in  1659  he  was  seized  at  Dover  by  the 
parliament  party,  but  he  had  the  address  to 
save  his  papers,  and  after  six  or  eight  weeks' 
confinement  he  was  restored  to  liberty. 
Soon  after  the  return  of  Charles,  he  was 
made  canon  of  Christ  Church,  king's  chap- 
lain, Regius  professor  of  divinity,  and  in 
1665  promoted  to  the  provostship  of  Eton, 
which  he  resigned  1678.  He  died  of  a  drop- 
sy in  January  1680,  and  was  buried  in  Eton, 
chapel.  He  published  40  sermons,  besides 
a  small  tract  on  the  privileges  of  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford. 

Allestry,  Jacob,  an  English  poet,  ne- 
phew of  the  preceding,  and  son  of  James 
Allestry  a  London  book-seller,  who  was  ru- 
ined by  the  fire  of  1666.  From  Westmin- 
ster school  he  passed  to  Christ  Church  ,Ox- 
ford,  where  he  distinguished  himself  as  the 
author  of  some  verses  and  pastorals,  which 
were  repeated  before  the  duke  of  York 
when  he  visited  the  university.  He  died 
October  15th,  1686,  and  was  hui'ied  in  St. 
Thomas's  church-yard. 

Alletz.,  Pons  Augustin,  a  native  of 
Montpellicr,  who  at  first  studied  the  law, 
but  afterwards  devoted  himself  to  literary 
pursuits.  He  published  various  works  of 
gome  celebrity  in  France,  in  the  composition 
of  which  he  showed  indefatigable  perseve- 
rance, and  great  judgment.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris seventh  March  1785,  aged  82. 

Alley,  William,  a  native  of  Wycomb, 
Bucks,  who,  after  an  Eton  education,  went 
to  King's  college  Cambridge.  Heafterwards 
studied  at  Oxford,  but  as  he  was  a  zealous 
advocate  for  the  reformation,  he  retired  du- 
ring Mary's  reign  into  the  north,  where  he 
kept  a  school,  and  practised  physic.  Under 
Elizabeth  he  was  made  lecturer  of  St  Paul's, 
and  in  1560  bishop  of  Exeter.  He  wrote  the, 
poor  man's  library,  containing  sermons,  Sec. 
besides  a  commentary  on  St.  Peter's  first 
epistle,  and  a  translation  of  the  Pentateuch, 
in  the  bishop's  Bible.  He  died  April  15th, 
1570,  and  was  buried  at  Exeter. 

Alleyn,  Edward,  founder  of  Du'.wich 
college,  was  born  at  St.  Botolph,  London, 
Sept.  1st,  1566.  As  he  possessed  an  elegant 
person,  cheerful  manners,  and  a  retentive 
memory,  he  applied  himself  to  the  stage, 
and  with  so  much  success  that  he  was  flat- 
tered by  Ben  Jonson's  muse  and  applaud- 
ed by  crowded  audiences.  He  was  one  of 
the  original  actors  in  Shakspeare's  plays,  and 
his  popularity  procured  him  not  only  friends 
but  opulence.  He  built  at  his  own  expense 
the  Fortune  playhouse  near  Whitecross- 
street,  .vloorfields,  and  still  added  to  his  in- 
come by  being  keeper  of  the  king's  wild 
beasts,  with  a  salary  of  50U/.  per  annum. 
His  erection  of  Dulwich  college  is  attribu- 
ted to  a  superstious  cause.  Whilst  with  six 
others  he  was  acting  the  part  of  a  demon 
in  one  of  Shakspeare's   plavs   he   is  said  to 


AL 


AL 


have  been  terrified  by  the  real  appearance 
of  tliL-  devil,  and  the  power  of  imagination 
■was  so  great,  that  a  solemn  vow  was  made, 
and  thecollege  in  1614  was  begun  under  the 
direction  of"  Inigo  Jones,  and  in  three  years 
finished  at  the  expense  of  10,000/.  This  no- 
ble edifice,  which  was  to  afford  an  asylum 
to  indigence  and  infirmity,  was  nearly  ruin- 
ed by  the  opposition  of  chancellor  Bacon, 
■who  refused  to  grant  the  patent;  but  Alleyn's 
solicitations  prevailed,  and  the  hospital,  by 
the  name  of  "  the  college  of  God's  gift"  was 
solemly  appropriated  on  the  13th  Sept.  1619, 
in  the  presence  of  a  numerous  audience,  to 
the  humane  purposes  of  the  founder,  who 
appointed  himself  its  first  master.  The 
original  endowment  was  800/.  per  annum, 
for  the  maintenance  of  one  master,one  war- 
den, always  to  be  unmarried  and  of  the  name 
of  Alleyn,  four  fellows,  three  of  whom  are 
in  orders,  and  the  fourth  an  organist,  besides 
six  poor  men,  and  six  women,  and  twelve 
boys  to  be  educated  till  the  age  of  14  or  16, 
and  then  to  be  apprenticed.  Alleyn  married 
three  wives,  the  last  of  whom  survived  him. 
He  died  Nov.  25th,  1626,  in  his  61st  year, 
and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  his  college. 

Alliosi,  N.  a  civil  officer  in  the  service 
of  Stanislaus  king  of  Poland:  He  wrote  an 
account  of  the  expenses  of  his  master  in  the 
buildings  at  Nancy — and  a  relation  of  the 
funeral  pomp  of  Leopold  II.  1730.  He  died 
1779. 

Allix,  Peter,  a  native  of  Alencon,  who 
became  minister  of  the  protestant  congrega- 
tion of  Rouen,  and  afterwards  of  Charenton 
near  Paris.  On  the  cancelling  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  he  left  his  eountry  and  came  to 
England,  where  he  soon  acquired  the  know- 
ledge of  the  language,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  zeal  and  learning,  in  defence  of 
the  reformed  church.  His  reflections  on 
the  holy  scriptures  were  dedicated  to  king 
.fames  II.  and  his  remarks  on  the  ecclesias- 
tical history  of  the  churches  of  Piedmont  to 
William.  He  was  honored  with  the  degree 
of  D.  D.  and  promoted  to  the  place  of  trea- 
surer of  Salisbury.  He  died  in  London  Feb. 
2lst,  1717,  in  his  76th  year.  His  works, 
which  are  numerous,  and  expressive  of  his 
piety  and  great  erudition,  are  all  on  theolo- 
gical subjects,  and  consist  of  reflections  on 
all  the  books  of  scripture,  1688,  republished 
by  bishop  Watson  in  his  theological  tracts, — 
the  ancient  Jewish  church  vindicated  against 
the  Unitarians  161)1,  Svo.  mentioned  with 
high  commendation  by  Horsley  in  Ids  letters 
to  Priestley, — Remarks  on  the  ecclesiastical 
history  of  the  Piedmontese  churches,  4to.  Ixc. 

Alloisi,  Balthazar,  and  able  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  who  studied  under  the 
Caraccis.  He  was  born  at  Bologna,  and  di- 
ed 1638,  aged  60. 

A l lory,  Alexander,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, famous  for  his  skill  in  the  represen- 
tation of  naked  figures.  As  he  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  anatomy,  his  portraits  are^cor- 
rcct  and  graceful.  He  was  nephew  and  dis- 
ciple of  Bronzin,  and  his  pieces  are  preser- 
ved atR.>me  and  Florence.  He  died  1607, 
in  his  72d  year. 


Almagro,  Diego,  one  of  the  conquerors 
of  Peru,  was  of  so  obscure  an  origin  that  he- 
knew  not  his  pareats.  He  accompanied  Pi- 
zarro  in  1525,  and  every  where  showed  the 
greatest  valor  mingled  with  the  basest  cruel- 
ty. He  penetrated  in  1525  to  Chili,  took 
Cuzco,  and  at  last  assassinated  his  friend 
Pizarro.  His  violent  conduct  armed  the 
partisans  of  Pizarro  against  him,  awl  he  was, 
after  experiencing  some  success,  defeated, 
and  condemned  to  be  strangled  1538  in  his 
75th  year.  His  son  rose  up  to  vindicate  his 
character,  and  to  avenge  his  death,  but  he 
was  defeated  by  Vacca  de  Castro,  the  viceroy 
of  Peru,  and  with  40  of  his  adherents  was  be- 
headed 1542.  Almagro's  cruelty  to  the  un- 
fortunate Atahualpa,  is  deservedly  censured 
as  infamous. 

Almain,  James,  a  professor  of  the  col- 
lege of  Navarre  at  Paris,  famous  as  a  logi- 
cian and  a  divine.  He  defended  Lewis  XII. 
against  pope  Julius  II.  and  wrote  also  against 
Cajetan,  in  support  of  general  councils.  He 
died  1515. 

Almamon  or  Abdallah  III.  son  of 
Aaron  al  Raschid,  caliph  of  the  house  of  the 
Abbassides,  after  his  brother  Alamin,  813, 
was  famous  for  his  protection  oi'learning  and  of 
learned  men.  He  conquered  part  of  Crete. 
He  had  the  last  Greek  writers  translated  in- 
to Arabic,  and  made  a  collection  of  the  best 
authors.  He  also  calculated  a  set  of  astro- 
nomical tables  and  founded  an  academy  at 
Bagdad.     He  died  833. 

Almansor  or  Almanzor,  succeeded 
Alhaca  on  the  throne  of  Cordova  in  Spain, 
976.  He  took  Barcelona,  and  rendered  him- 
self very  formidable  to  the  Christians,  whom 
he  conquered  in  sevsral  battles.  He  died 
1002. 

Almanxor,  the  Victorious,  second  ca- 
liph of  the  race  of  the  Abbassides,  rose  to 
the  sovereignty  753.  He  was  opposed  by  his 
uncle  Abdallah-ebn-Ali,  whom  he  conquer- 
ed by  means  of  his  brave  general  Abu  Mos- 
lem, a  man  "whose  services  he  repaid  by 
mean  assassination.  He  died  as  he  was  go- 
ing to  Mecca  on  a  pilgrimage,  aged  63. 

Almanzor,  Joseph,  a  king  of  Morocco, 
defeated  by  the  Spaniards  1158. 

Almanzor,  Jacob,  son  of  Joseph,  gained 
by  his  valor  possession  of  Morocco,  Fez,  Tu- 
nis, and  Tremezen,  and  obtained  the  cele- 
brated victory  of  Alacros  in  Castille.  The 
Christian  slaves  in  his  army  were  ransomed 
1199,  by  the  interference  of  pope  Innocent 
III.  who  addressed  a  bull  to  him. 

Almarus,  Elmerus,  or  Elmarus,  was  ab- 
bot of  St.  Augustin's  monastery  in  Canter- 
bury, when  archbishop  Alphage  was  mur- 
dered by  the  Danes  1011.  He  escaped,  and 
11  years  after  was  made  bishop  of  Sher- 
borne, before  the  see  was  transferred  to  Sa- 
rum.  After  an  active  life  he  became  blind, 
and  resigned  his  episcopal  dignity  to  resume 
the  habit  of  a  monk.  His  memory  was  held 
in  the  highest  veneration. 

Almeida,  Francis,  a  Portuguese,  who 
distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  C.rona- 
da,  and  was  sent  out  by  Emanuel  in  15U5,  as 


AT, 


AL 


jirst  viceroy  of  India.  After  a  perilous  voy- 
age he  crossed  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
proceeded  along  the  coast  of  Africa,  where 
he  spread  conquest,  terror,  and  desolation. 
He  took  Quiloa  and  Mombassa,  and  made 
their  inhabitants  as  well  as  those  of  Onor, 
Cananor,  and  Narsinga,  submit  to  the  yoke 
of  Portugal.  With  only  700  men  he  storm- 
ed the  fort  of  Panama,  which  was  defended 
by  a  strong  rampart  and  a  garrison  of  4000 
men  of  tried  and  desperate  valor,  and  instead 
of  sharing  a  booty  which  might  have  rendered 
his  soldiers  inactive  and  checked  the  torrent 
of  his  ambition,  he  destroyed  it  by  fire. 
When  his  son  was  killed  in  an  engagement 
with  the  Arabians,  the  father  refused  to 
mourn  with  his  friends,  but  declared  that  he 
had  obtained  a  short  but  glorious  life.  The 
fame  of  Albuquerque,  and  the  malice  of  en- 
emies at  home,  however,  soon  stopped  his 
career  ;  but  he  refueed  to  accept  the  orders 
of  his  recall,  and  on  pretence  of  avenging  his 
son's  death  he  sailed  to  Dabul  in  quest  of 
fresh  laurels,  and  in  an  engagement  with  the 
enemy's  fleet,  he  killed  4u00  men.  The  ani- 
mosities between  the  rival  governors  were 
appeased  by  the  friendship  and  interference 
of  Contigna  ;  and  Almeida,  after  resigning 
his  power  to  Albuquerque,  set  sail  for  Eu- 
rope. In  his  way  he  landed  near  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  and  in  an  unfortunate  quarrel 
with  the  natives  he  was  wounded  in  the 
throat  with  a  javelin,  and  immediately  expi- 
red. Some  of  the  Portuguese  who  were  his 
companions,  and  had  shared  his  toils  and 
his  glory,  attempted  to  recover  his  body, 
but  they  shared  his  fate. 

Almeida,  Lawrence,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, accompanied  his  father  to  India,  and 
was  employed  by  him  in  many  bold  and  haz- 
ardous enterprises.  He  destroyed  the  ships 
of  Caulan,  and  in  visiting  Ceylon  he  made  it 
tributary  to  Portugal,  and  brought  away 
250,0001bs.  of  cinnamon  as  the  first  annual 
payment.  He  was  sent  with  eight  ships  to 
attack  the  Arabians,  who  were  supported  by 
the  sultan  of  Egypt ;  but  the  superiority  of 
the  enemy's  vessels  and  the  dangers  of  the 
coast  proved  fatal  to  his  views.  His  ship  ran 
aground,  and  whilst  the  other  vessels  at- 
tempted in  vain  to  relieve  him  from  the 
pressure  of  a  more  powerful  adversary,  he 
fought  with  undaunted  courage,  regardless  of 
the  wounds  he  had  received.  A  ball  at  last 
struck  him  on  the  breast,  and  put  a  period  to 
his  brilliant  career.  His  sailors,  now  redu- 
ced to  20  in  number,  unwilling  to  submit, 
were  boarded  and  overpowered,  and  met 
from  their  conquerors  that  humanity  and  at- 
tention which  their  valor  and  fidelity  de- 
served. 

Almeida,  Apollinarius  de,  a  Portuguese 
bishop  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits  who  went 
as  missionary  to  ^Ethiopia,  but  was  treated 
with  great  indignities  there.  Though  ban- 
ished by  the  inhabitants,  he  had  the  bold- 
ness to  return  with  two  other  ecclesiastics, 
who  together  with  him  Mere  cruelly  mur- 
dered by  the  barbarous  natives,  1568. 
Almeida,  Manuel  d',  a  Portuguese  Je- 


suit who,  after  a  "residence  of  40  years  as 
missionary  in  the  Indies,  died  at  Goa  lOth 
May  1646.  He  published  historical  obser- 
vations on  ^Ethiopia. 

Almeloveen,  Thomas  Janssen  d',  a 
Dutch  physician,  author  of  the  Hortus  Mal- 
abaricus,  and  Flora  Malabarica,  descriptive 
of  the  Malabar  plants,  published  in  13  vols, 
fol.  1678,  8c  seq. 

Almeloveen,  Theodore  Janssen  d',  a 
professor  of  Greek,  of  history,  and  physic 
at  Harderwick  in  Holland.  He  wrote  learn- 
ed notes  on  ancient  authors,  and  published 
the  Fasti  Consulares — Amcenitates — Ouo- 
masticon — Vitie  Stephauorum,  &c.  He  died 
at  Amsterdam  1742. 

Almici,  Peter  Camillus,  an  ecclesiastic 
born  at  Brescia  in  Italy.  He  was  well  ver- 
sed in  classical  literature,  and  published 
some  critical  reflections  on  Febrouins,  Sec. 
He  died  30th  Dec.  1779  aged  65. 

Alomuyadad,  Ismael,  an  Arabian  his- 
torian who  gave  a  chronological  account  of 
the  Saracen  affairs  in  Sicily  from  842  to 
904.  This  is  preserved  in  the  Escurial  with 
Marc.  Dobelius  Citero's  .Latin  translation  of 
it,  and  a  further  account  of  the  Saracens  to 
1040.  It  is  also  inserted  in  Muratori's  Scrip- 
tores  Ital. 

A loadi?j,  a  Mahometan,  prince  of  the 
Arsasides  or  Assassins,  was  called  the  old 
man  of  the  mountain.  He  lived  in  a  castle 
between  Damascus  and  Antioch,  and  was 
surrounded  by  a  number  of  intrepid  youths, 
whom  he  intoxicated  with  pleasures,  and 
rendered  subservient  to  his  views,  by  pro- 
mising still  greater  voluptuousness  in  the  next 
world.  As  these  were  too  successfully  em- 
ployed to  stab  his  enemies,  he  was  dreaded 
by  the  neighboring  princes.  From  the 
name  and  character  of  his  follow ers  the 
word  assassin  is  derived. 

Alonio,  John,  an  eminent  architect  of 
Spain.  The  church  of  the  Hieronymites  at 
Guadaloupe,  in  Eslramadura,  is  a  beautiful 
monument  of  his  genius  and  abilities. 

Alpago,  Andrew,  an  Italian  physician, 
who  visited  the  East,  and  some  time  resided 
at  Damascus.  On  his  return  he  was  made 
professor  of  medicine  at  Venice,  and  died 
there  1555.  He  translated  Avicenna,  Aver- 
roes,  and  Serapion,  and  enriched  the  work 
with  notes,  some  of  which  now  remain  in 
manuscript. 

Alpaide  was  the  beautiful  wife  of  Pepin 
Ileristel,  after  his  divorce  from  Plectrude 
his  first  consort.  This  union  was  censured 
by  Lambert  bishop  of  Liege,  and  Alpaide 
had  the  meanness  to  excite  her  brother  Do- 
don  to  murder  the  bold  ecclesiastic.  Alpaide 
became  mother  of  Charles  Martel,  and 
after  her  husband's  death  she  retired  to  a  con- 
vent near  Namur,  where  she  died. 

Alp  Aeslan,  second  sultan  of  the  race 
of  Stljuk,  after  his  uncle  Togrul  Beg  1063. 
He  was  successful  against  the  Greek  empe- 
ror Romanus  Diogenc.-,  and  at  last  perished 
by  the  dagger  of  a  Carizmian  whom  he  had 
■condemned  to  death  1072. 

A  f.PH  ANUS,  Benedict,  archbishop  of  Pa- 


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lermo,  better  known  as  a  physician  and  a 
poet.  He  died  1086,  author  of  the  lives  of 
some  saints  in  verse,  &c. 

Alphery,  Mekepper  or  Nicephorus,  a 
native  of  Russia,  descended  from  the  impe- 
rial family.  During  the  civil  dissensions  of 
his  country  he  came  to  England  with  his  two 
brothers,  and  by  the  care  of  Mr.  Bidell,  a 
Russian  merchant,  he  studied  at  Oxford, 
where  his  brothers  fell  victims  to  the  small- 
pox. In  1618  he  succeeded  to  the  living  of 
Wooley  in  Huntingdonshire,  and  though  lie 
was  twice  invited  to  return  to  Russia  with 
the  certainty  of  being  placed  on  the  throne, 
he  preferred  the  character  of  a  parish  priest 
in  England  to  the  splendor  of  the  purple. 
He  was  ejected  from  his  living  during  the 
civil  wars,  and  ill  treated  by  the  republican 
soldiers,  though  his  presbyterian  successor 
behaved  towards  him  with  humanity.  He 
saw  the  restoration,  and  was  replaced  in  his 
living,  but  retired  to  Hammersmith  where 
his  son  had  settled,  and  there  died  aged 
above  80.  The  last  descendant  of  this  fallen 
family  married  a  Johnson  a  cutler  at  Hun- 
tingdon, by  whom  she  had  eight  children. 
She  was  living  in  1764. 

Alphesius,  a  rabbi  who  abridged  the 
Talmud,  and  died  1103. 

Alphius,  A vitus,  a  Roman  poet  in  the 
third  century. 

Alphonso  or  Alphonsus,  surnamed 
the  Catholic,  king  of  Anurias,  was  of  a  war- 
like character,  which  he  displayed  against 
the  Moors,  from  whom  he  took  upwards  of 
30  towns.  He  died  in  the  18th  year  of  his 
reign,  757,  aged  64. 

Alphonso  II.  surnamed  the  Chaste, 
king  of  Asturias,  was  the  friend  of  Charle- 
magne, and  signalized  himself  against  the 
Moors.  He  took  Lisbon,  and  died  842,  after 
reigning  50  years. 

Alphonso  III.  or  the  Great,  king  of  As- 
turias, succeeded  his  father  Ordogno,  806. 
He  waged  successful  wars  against  the  Moors, 
but  the  insurrections  of  his  subjects,  headed 
by  Froila  count  of  Gallicia,  drove  him  from 
his  throne.  The  usurper's  tyranny  became 
soon  so  odious,  that  he  was  murdered  by  the 
people  of  Oviedo,  and  Alphonso  was  recalled. 
Alphonso  afterwards  abdicated  the  crown  in 
favor  of  his  eldest  son  Garcias,  who  had 
some  time  before  ungratefully  raised  an  in- 
surrection against  him,  and  then  been  par- 
doned ;  but  when  the  Moors  threatened  the 
kingdom,  he  quitted  his  retirement,  and,  at 
the  head  of  his  brave  countrymen,  he  obtain- 
ed a  most  signal  victory  over  the  enemy.  He 
died  soon  after  at  Zamora,  20th  Dec.  912, 
universally  respected  for  valor  and  benevo- 
lence. He  wrote  a  chronicle  of  the  Spanish 
monarchs. 

Alphonso  VI.  king  of  Leon  and  Castille, 
made  war  against  the  Moors,  and  took  To- 
ledo.    He  died  110U. 

Alphonso  VIII.  or IX.  kingof  Leon  and 
Castille,  surnamed  the  good  or  noble,  came 
to  the  throne  when  only  four  years  old,  1158. 
When  of  age  he  waged  war  against  the 
Moors,  and  retook  the  places  lost  during  his 


minority.  He  'defeated  his  enemies  at  the 
great  battle  of  Muradat  where  the  Moors 
lo3t  near  200,000  men.  He  died  1212  aged 
60,  universally  mourned  by  his  affectionate 
subjects. 

Alphonso  X.  kingof  Leon  and  Castille, 
surnamed  the  Wise,  succeeded  his  father 
Ferdinand  III.  in  1252.  He  married  Iolante 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Arragon,  whom  he 
was  going  to  divorce  for  a  Danish  princess, 
because  she  was  barren ;  but  the  queen  at 
last  brought  him  nine  children.  He  was 
elected  emperor  of  Germany  in  1258,  but  as 
he  delayed  visiting  the  empire,  Rodolphus 
was  chosen  in  his  room,  and  all  opposition 
proved  fruitless.  Though  respected  for  his 
eloquence  and  political  knowledge,  he  was 
not  free  from  domestic  dissensions.  His  son 
conspired  against  him  and  dethroned  him  ; 
and  though  he  fled  among  the  Saracens  for 
protection,  and  gained  a  victory  over  this  un- 
natural child,  yet  he  was  not  reinstated. 
He  died  of  a  broken  heart  1284.  As  an  as- 
tronomer and  a  man  of  letters,  Alphonsus 
obtained  greater  fame  than  as  a  monarch. 
He  perceived  the  errors  of  Ptolemy's  tables 
and  under  his  direction  at  Toledo,  those  ta- 
bles, called  the  Alphonsine  tables,  were 
drawn  up  by  the  skill  of  Hazan  a  Jew,  and 
their  epoch  fixed  on  the  30th  May  1332, 
the  day  on  which  he  began  his  reign.  It 
has  been  said  of  Alphonsus  that,  in  viewing 
the  Ptolemaic  system,  he  declared  that  if 
God  had  consulted  him  in  the  formation  of 
the  universe,  he  could  have  given  him  di- 
rections for  a  more  pefect  whole ;  a  bold  ex- 
pression which,  if  it  does  not  breathe  the 
spirit  of  profane  scepticism,  at  least  conveys 
severe  censure  upon  the  ignorance  of  pre- 
ceding astronomers. — Alphonsus  was  the 
first  Castilian  king  who  had  the  public  laws 
drawn  in  the  vulgar  tongue,  and  the  scrip- 
tures translated  into  the  same  language. 

Alphonso  II.  king  of  Leon  and  Castille, 
succeeded  Ferdinand  IV.  in  1312.  He  de- 
feated the  Moors  1340,  and  killed  not  less 
than  200,000  of  them.  He  died  of  the  plague 
at  the  siege  of  Gibraltar  27th  March  1350, 
aged  38. 

Alphonso  V.  king  of  Arragon,  surnamed 
the  magnanimous,  succeeded  his  father  Fer- 
dinand the  Just  1416.  He  extended  the 
Spanish  influence  over  Italy,  and  made  him- 
self master  of  Naples  and  of  Sicily,  where 
he  was  acknowledged  king  1442.  He  died 
1458  aged  74,  leaving  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples to  his  natural  son  Ferdinand,  and  those 
of  Spain,  Sardinia,  and  Sicily  to  Juan  his 
brother,  king  of  Navarre.  He  was  not  only 
a  brave  prince,  but  a  man  of  learning,  the 
patron  of  literature,  and  the  father  of  his 
people.  He  gave  a  welcome  asylum  to  the 
muses  which  persecution  banished  from 
Constantinople,  and  every  where  encouraged 
the  cultivation  of  science.  He  walked  with 
the  greatest  familiarity  among  his  subjects, 
observing  to  his  courtiers,  who  fancied  dan- 
gers and  conspiracies,  that  a  father  has  no- 
thing to  fear  among  his  children.  Seeing 
once  one  of  his  vessels  ready  to  perish,  he 


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iiastened  in  a  small  boat  to  the  assistance  of 
the  crew,  exclaiming,  I  had  rather  die  with 
you  than  see  you  perish.  His  most  remar- 
kable sayings  have  been  published  under  the 
name  of  "  Genie,"  by  Meri  de  la  Canorgue, 
1765. 

Alphonso  I.  king  of  Portugal,  son  of 
Henry  of  Burgundy  of  France,  by  Theresa 
daughter  of  Alphonso  king  of  Leon,  was  on- 
ly three  years  old  at  his  father's  death.  He 
defeated  five  Moorish  kings  at  the  battle  of 
Ourique,  25th  July  1139,  though  with  a  very 
inferior  force  ;  and  thus  he  raised  his  coun- 
try from  a  dependent  state  to  a  powerful 
monarchy,  of  which  he  was  proclaimed  the 
first  sovereign  by  his  victorious  soldiers  in 
the  field  of  battle.  He  was  afterwards  de- 
feated and  taken  prisoner  by  Ferdinand  II. 
of  Castille,  who  nobly  set  him  at  liberty.  He 
died  6th  December  1185,  aged  76. 

Alphonso  II.  king  of  Portugal,  succeed- 
ed his  father  Sancho  1211.  He  was  engaged 
in  war  with  the  Moors,  and  his  reign  was 
unfortunately  disturbed  by  a  quarrel  with 
his  brothers.  He  died  25th  March,  1223, 
aged  38. 

Alphonso  III.  king  of  Portugal,  brother 
of  Sancho  II.  succeeded  1248.  His  reign 
was  disturbed  by  dissentions  with  his  clergy 
and  with  the  pope.  He  died  16th  February 
1279,  aged  69. 

Alphonso  IV.  king  of  Portugal,  suceeed- 
ded  his  father  Denys,  1325.  He  was  enga- 
ged in  war  with  the  king  of  Castille,  but  af- 
terwards assisted  him  against  the  Moors. 
He  was  an  able  prince,  popular  and  benevo- 
lent, and  under  him  justice  was  administered 
with  great  impartiality.  He  died  28th  May 
1357,  aged  66. 

Alphonso  V.  king  of  Portugal,  surna- 
med  the  African,  succeeded  his  father  Ed- 
ward, though  only  six  years  old,  1438.  He 
made  war  in  Africa,  and  took  Arzilla  and 
Tangier  from  the  Moors,  and  he  was  also 
engaged  in  a  quarrel  with  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella of  Castille.  He  died  of  the  plague  at 
Sintra  24th  August,  1481,  aged  49.  During 
his  reign  the  Portuguese  discovered  Guinea, 
and  began  to  spread  Christianity  in  that  part  of 
Africa.  Alphonso  was  a  great  patron  of  learn- 
ing and  in  his  character  was  very  amiable. 

Alphonso  VI.  king  of  Portugal,  succeed- 
ed his  father  John  IV.  His  intellects  pro- 
ved to  be  weak,  and  in  his  conduct  he  exhib- 
ited the  tyrant  and  the  madman.  He  abdi- 
cated the  crown  in  favor  of  his  brother  Don 
Pedro,  who  presided  over  the  state  with  the 
title  of  regent.  He  also  married  the  queen, 
who  asserted  that  her  union  with  a  madman 
was  not  legal.  Alphonso  died  at  Cintra  12th 
September  10S3,  aged  41. 

Alphonso,  duke  of  Ferrara  and  Mode- 
na,  died  1534. 

AlphOnsus,  Peter,  a  Jewish  writer  of 
Spain.  He  was  converted  to  Christianity, 
and  had  Alphonso  king  of  Arragon  for  his 
sponsor  1106.  He  wrote  a  vindication  of  the 
Christian  religion,  which  was  edited  Colosrne 
tS36. 

A  LP]  nj,  Prospero,  a  native  of  Marostica 


in  the  Venetian  territory,  born  1553  Novem- 
ber 23d.  lie  left  the  profession  of  arms,  and 
by  the  persuasion  of  his  father  applied  him- 
self to  the  study  of  botany  and  physic,  and 
obtained  preferment  in  the  university  of 
Padua.  In  1589  he  embarked  for  Egypt 
with  bis  friend  George  Eino  or  Hemi,  the 
consul  of  the  republic,  and  for  three  years 
he  was  employed  along  the  banks  of  the 
Nile  in  learned  researches,  and  in  examining 
the  nature  of  plants.  On  his  return  he  was 
appointed  physician  to  AndrewDoria  prince 
of  Melti,  but  his  residence  at  Genoa  was  dis- 
pleasing to  his  countrymen,  who  were  unwil- 
ling to  be  deprived  of  his  great  services  and 
abilities,  and  he  was  recalled  in  1593,  and 
honorably  placed  in  the  professorial  chair 
of  Padua,  which  he  filled  with  dignity  and 
credit.  As  his  health  had  been  injured  by 
his  travels  he  died  at  Padua,  5th  of  Febru- 
ary 1617,  in  his  64th  year,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Anthony's  church  without  pomp.  His 
works,  which  are  in  Latin,  are  chiefly  on  bo- 
tanical and  medicinal  subjects,  valuable  for 
the  curious  hiformation  which  they  contain. 
They  are,  d  e  medicina  JEgyptiorum,  libri  4, — 
de  plantis  JEgypti, — de  balsamo, — de  pra;sa- 
gienda  vita  and  morte  agrotorum, — de  me- 
dicina methodica, — de  raphantico  disputatio 
in  gymnasio  Pataviuo  habita, — de  plantis  ex- 
oticis,  &c. 

ALREDUS,  ALFREDUS,    OrALUREDUS, 

a  native  of  Beverley  in  Yorkshire,  who  after 
studying  at  Cambridge  became  a  secular 
priest  and  treasurer  of  St.  John's  church  in 
his  own  town.  He  is  styled  the  English  Flo- 
rus,  from  the  Latin  history  which  he  wrote 
of  the  Britons  from  king  Brutus,  and  which 
he  afterwards  brought  down  to  his  own  times. 
This  work  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  elegance 
and  perspicuity,  and  for  the  accuracy  of  dates 
and  authorities.  It  was  published  by  Hearne 
at  Oxford  1716  with  a  preface.  Alredus 
wrote  besides  an  history  of  Beverly,  not 
printed,  but  preserved  in  the  Cotton  library. 
He  died  1126,  or  according  to  others  two  or 
three  years  later. 

Alsaharavius,  an  Arabian  physician, 
author  of  Altasrif,  a  treatise  in  32  books  on 
medical  practice.  He  is  supposed  to  be  the 
same  person  as  Abulcasem.  He  lived  about 
1085,  or  according   to  Dr.    Friend,  in  1404. 

A  lsop,  Anthony,  received  his  education 
at  Westminster  school  and  at  Christ  Church, 
where  dean  A  Id  rich  noticed  his  superior 
abilities.  After  holding  the  offices  of  the 
college  with  credit,  he  was  recommended 
to  Trelawney  bishop  of  Winchester,  who 
with  a  prebend  promoted  him  to  a  tranquil 
retirement  in  the  rectory  of  Brightwell  in 
Berks.  In  1717  he  was  sued  by  Airs.  Eliza- 
beth Astrey  of  Oxford,  for  a  breach  of  mar- 
riage, and  damages  for  2000^.  were  given 
against  him ;  so  that  he  retired  abroad  to 
avoid  the  sneers  of  the  censorious,  as  well  as 
to  elude  contributing  with  his  purse  to  the 
triumph  of  his  fair  one.  The  time  of  his 
absence  is  not  known.  His  death  was  occa- 
sioned by  a  fall  into  a  ditcli  from  near  his 
garden  door  June  10th,    1726.     He  posses- 


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ssed  a  poetical  genius,  which,  however,  was 
tiot  frequently  exerted.  He  published  early 
JEsop's  Greek  fables,  in  the  preface  to 
which  he  attacked  Bentley.  Some  of  his  po- 
ems are  preserved  in  Dodsley's  and  Peach's 
collections,  and  in  the  Gent,  magazine. 

Al sop,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, who,  after  taking  his  first  degree  at 
St.  John's,  Cambridge,  and  entering  into  or- 
ders, became  assistant  in  Oakham  grammar 
school.  He  married  Mr.  King's  daughter, 
by  whose  persuasion  he  left  the  church  for 
the  presbyterian  tenets.  In  his  writings  he 
attacked  Dr.  Sherlock  with  humor  and  spi- 
rit, and  after  residing  at  V/ilby  and  Welling- 
borough, and  suffering  imprisonment  for  six 
months  during  the  prevailing  persecution  of 
the  times,  he  settled  in  London,  where  his 
neighborhood  to  the  court  exposed  him  to 
misrepresentation  and  unkindness.  After 
the  death  of  Charles  II.  he  was  reconciled  to 
kingly  power,  when  James  pardoned  his  only 
son,  whose  life  might  have  been  forfeited 
for  treasonable  practices.  His  life  was  spent 
in  the  exercise  of  piety,  and  in  the  discharge 
of  his  ministry ;  but  in  his  writings,  which 
were  all  on  theological  subjects,  he  displayed, 
with  a  mixture  of  seriousness,  powerful  flash- 
es of  the  wit  with  which  nature  had  so  strong- 
ly gifted  him.  He  died  in  an  advanced  age, 
May  8th  1703. 

Alstedius,  John  Henry,  a  protestant, 
public  professor  of  divinity  at  Nassau,  and 
afterwards  at  Alba  Julia  in  Transylvania, 
where  he  died  1G38  in  his  50th  year.  He  is 
best  known  for  his  Encyclopedia,  which, 
though  in  many  places  not  sufficiently  accu- 
rate, yet  obtained  unusual  popularity,  and  is 
become  the  foundation  of  all  modern  works 
of  the  same  kiud.  His  Thesaurus  Theolo- 
gicus  and  his  treatise  on  arithmetic  are 
equally  esteemed,  and  show  him  to  have 
possessed  a  mind  well  stored  with  all  the 
treasures  of  literature.  He  defended  the 
doctrine  of  the  millennium,  and  fixed  the  be- 
ginning of  Christ's  reign  on  earth  in  1694. 

Alston,  Charles,  a  Scotch  physician, 
who  studied  at  Glasgow,  and  after  taking  his 
degrees  at  Leyden,  settled  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  lectured  on  the  Materia  Medicaand 
Botany.  He  is  author  of  Tyrocinium  Bo- 
tanicum  Edinburgense,  in  which  he  censured 
Linne's  sexual  system,  1753, — Lectures  on 
the  Materia  Medica,  2  vols.  4to.  1770,  besides 
some  essays  in  the  Edinburgh  Medical  Es- 
says.   He  died  1760,  aged  77. 

Althamnee,  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  min- 
ister of  Nuremburg,  author  of  notes  on  Ta- 
citus' treatise  de  German.  Moribus,  4to. 
1529,  and  8vo.  1609,  besides  controversial 
works.  He  died  the  latter  part  of  the  16th 
century. 

Althusius,  John,  a  German  lawyer  in 
the  17th  century,  who  inveighed  against  king- 
ly power,  and  proved  the  sovereignty  of  the 
people.     His  great  opponent  was  Boeder. 

Altilius,  Gabriel,  a  Neapolitan  poet, 
preceptor  to  Ferdinand  son  of  the  king  of 
Naples.  He  was  a  favorite  of  the  court,  and 
his  learning reeommended  him  to  the  bishop- 
ric of  Policastro,    in    1471.     Though   some 


imagine  that  he  forsook  the  muses  when  rais- 
ed to  the  episcopal  throne,  it  is  certain  that 
he  wrote  after  that  the  first  of  his  poems,  his 
epithalamium  on  the  marriage  of  Isabella  of 
Arragon,  found  in  the  Deliciae  Iialor.  Poet. 
Altilius  died  in  1484,  or  according  to  Bayle 
not  before  1501. 

Alting,  Menson,  a  burgomaster  of  Gro- 
ningen,  author  of  the  best  description  of 
the  Low  Countries  now  extant,  in  fouo  1697. 
He  died  Aug.  2d,  1713,  aged  76. 

Altino,  Henry,  was  born  at  Embden  in 
1 583.  He  was  the  preceptor,  the  friend,  and 
the  minister  of  the  elector  palatine,  and  sat 
as  one  of  the  deputies  of  the  palatinate  at 
the  synod  of  Dort.  He  nearly  escaped  be- 
ing killed  by  a  soldier  at  the  taking  of  Hei- 
delberg, in  1622.  He  filled  the  Theological 
chair  of  Groningen  from  1627  tili  his  death 
in  1644.  His  works,  which  are  on  religious 
subjects,  are  numerous  but  little  read. 

Alting,  James  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Heidelberg  27th  Sept.  1618.. 
He  studied  at  Groningen  and  Embden,  and 
afterwards  passed  into  England,  where  he 
was  ordained  by  Prideaux  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester. His  determination  to  reside  in  Eng- 
land was  altered  by  the  offer  of  the  Hebrew 
professorship  at  Groningen,  which  he  accept- 
led.  In  this  new  office  it  was  his  misfortune, 
to  quarrel  with  Samuel  des  Marets,  divinity 
professor,  who  with  obstinate  zeal  maintain- 
ed the  doctrines  of  the  schoolmen,  against 
the  simpler  method  of  teaching  which  his 
antagonist  wished  to  introduce.  Alting  who 
followed  the  scriptures,  acquired  popularity 
by  his  lectures  ;  but  he  was  soon  impeached 
by  des  Marets  as  an  innovator,  and  the  21  ar- 
ticles of  his  accusation,  were  carried  before 
the  divines  of  Leyden,  who  acquitted  the  ac- 
cused of  heresy,  though  not  of  imprudence, 
and  passed  a  censure  upon  his  accuser  for 
want  of  moderation.  These  differences  which 
had  embittered  his  life,  were  at  last,  after 
some  little  difficulties  and  objections  settled 
by  the  kind  interference  of  their  friends,  on 
the  death-bed  of  des  Marets,  and  though  Al- 
ting saw  some  illiberal  passages  still  preserv- 
ed in  the  new  editions  of  the  works  of  his  an- 
tagonist he  might  reflect  with  pleasure  that 
he  had  obtained  his  reconciliation  before  he- 
died.  The  three  last  years  of  his  life  were 
subject  to  constant  pain  and  disease,  and  he 
died  at  last  of  a  fever  in  August  1679.  His 
works  were  printed  in  five  vols,  folio,  Am- 
sterdam 1687  containing  practical  philosoph- 
ical, and  problematical  tracts. 

Alton,  Richard  count  d',  an  Austrian 
general,  who  had  the  command  of  the  Low 
Countries  in  1787.  Though  a  strict  disci- 
plinarian and  a  man  of  bravery,  he  betrayed 
weakness  during  the  insurrections  in  Bra- 
bant 1789,  for  which  he  was  sent  for  to  Vi- 
enna, to  clear  his  character.  He  died  on  the 
journey  12th  Dec.  1789.  His  brother  dis- 
tinguished himself  against  the  Turks,  and  also 
against  the  French  at  the  siege  of  Valencien- 
nes. He  was  killed  near  Dunkirk  24th  Aug. 
1793,  much  regretted  as  a  good  soldier  and 
an  amiable  man. 

Alto vi ti,   Marseille  d',    a  Florentine 


AL 


AM 


3adv,  -who  settled  at  Marseilles,  and  devoted 
herself  to  the  writing  of  Italian  poetry.  Her 
pieces  have  been  published.     She  died  1009. 

Alured,  of  Beverly,  vid.  Aluedus. 

Alva,  Peter  d',  a  Spaniard  who  travel- 
led through  Peru,  and  in  different  countries 
of  Europe.  He  died  in  the  Low  Countries 
in  1667,  leaving  a  curious  life  of  Saint  Frau- 
ds, the  saint  whose  order  he  had  assumed. 

Alva,  Ferdinand  Alvarez,  duke  of,  a  fa- 
mous general  descended  from  a  noble  and 
ancient  family  in  Spain.  He  early  followed 
the  profession  of  arms,  and  was  noticed  by 
Charles  V.  for  his  intrepidity  at  the  battle  of 
Pavia  and  at  the  siege  of  Mcntz.  He  was 
intrusted  with  the  expedition  against  the 
holy  see,  and  after  h-v  had  obliged  the  pope 
to  sue  for  peace,  he  repaired  to  Rome,  and 
with  superstitious  mockery  threw  himself  at 
the  feet  of  the  humbled  pontiff,  and  implo- 
red his  forgiveness.  When  the  flame  of  lib- 
erty was  kindled  in  the  Low  Countries,  no 
general  was  considered  as  better  calculated 
to  repress  the  insurrection  than  Alva,  and  lie 
was  accordingly  sent  with  full  powers  by 
Philip  II.  1567.  His  measures  were  at  first 
crowned  with  success,  the  undisciplined  for- 
ees  of  his  opponents  sunk  before  his  veterans, 
but  the  minds  of  the  people,  which  mildness 
and  humanity  might  have  soothed  and  recon- 
ciled to  a  foreign  yoke,  were  alienated  by  the 
carnage  and  devastation  that  spread  over 
their  fields,  under  the  direction  of  the  gover- 
nor and  of  his  council,  deservedly  denomina- 
ted the  bloody  tribunal.  Alva  hated  for  his 
cruelties  soon  felt  the  tide  of  fortune,  and  of 
unpopularity,  set  against  him,  and  after  ren- 
dering his  memory  execrable  in  the  Low 
Countries  for  his  inhumanity  he  solicited  and 
obtained  his  recall  1573.  His  abilities  were 
afterwards  employed  against  Portugal,  and  he 
had  the  good  fortune  to  drive  Don  Antonio 
from  the  throne  1581,  and  thus  to  add  fresh 
laurels  to  his  military  fame.  He  died  1582 
aged  74,  respected  for  his  valor  and  presence 
of  mind  as  a  general,  but  despised  and  de- 
tested for  his  atrocities  as  a  civil  governor. 

Alvares,  Francis,  a  Portuguese  priest 
at  the  court  of  Emanuel.  He  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  David  king  of  Abyssinia,  and, 
lifter  a  residence  of  six  years  in  that  distant 
country,  he  returned  to  Europe,  and  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  adventures,  and  of 
the  country  which  he  had  visited.  This  his- 
tory was  translated  into  French,  and  abridged 
also  by  Ramusius.     Alvares  died  in  1540. 

Alvares  de  Luna,  or  Alvaro,  natural 
son  of  Don  Alvaro  de  Luna  by  a  common 
prostitute,  was  born  in  1388.  He  was  in  his 
20th  year  introduced  at  the  court  of  John  II. 
king  of  Caslille,  and  so  great  was  the  power 
which  he  gained  over  the  mind  of  the  mo- 
narch, that  the  whole  empire  was  at  his  dis- 
posal. The  nobles  rose  indignant  against  the 
favorite,  and  he  was  banished  one  year  and 
a  half,  but  such  was  the  king's  partiality  that 
he  was  recalled  and  loaded  with  greater  hon- 
ors. For  30  years  out  of  the  45  which  he 
spent  at  court,  he  possessed  such  an  ascen- 
dancy that  the  king  could  not  change  a  min- 


ister, or  even  alter  his  diet  or  his  clothes., 
without  the  approbation  of  the  favorite.  Act 
of  tyranny  and  extortion,  however,  hastened 
his  ruin,  he  was  artfully  seized  by  his  ene- 
mies, ana  though  he  tried  by  letter  to  soften 
the  king  to  mercy,  he  was  tried  and  senten- 
ced to  lose  his  head.  His  punishment  was 
attended  with  every  possible  ignominy.  On. 
the  scaffold  observing  a  hook  on  a  pole  he 
asked  the  executioner  what  it  meant,  and  be- 
ing informed  it  was  to  suspend  his  head  up- 
on it,  you  may,  says  he,  do  what  you  please 
with  my  body  after  I  am  dead,  death  can 
bring  no  disgrace  to  a  man  of  courage,  nor 
is  it  untimely  to  a  man  who  has  enjoyed  so 
many  honors.  He  bent  his  neck  to  the  axe 
with  the  coolest  intrepidity  4lh  of  June  or  5th 
of  July  1453,  exhibiting  in  his  life  and  death 
the  danger  and  the  uncertainty  of  royal  fa- 
vor improperly  bestowed,  and  unworthily 
enjoyed. 

Alvarez.,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese'  Jesuit', 
born  at  Madeira  4th  of  June  1526.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  grammarian  and  phi- 
lologist at  the  head  of  the  colleges  of  Coim- 
bra,  Evora,  and  Lisbon.  He  died  at  Evora 
30th  Dec.  1582.  His  grammar  is  highly  es- 
teemed. 

Alvarez  de  Paz,  James,  a  Jesuit  born 
at  Toledo,  author  of  some  divinity  tracts. 
He  died  Jan   17th  1620. 

Alvarez,  Diego,  a  Spanish  Dominican, 
who  engaged  in  the  controvery  of  the  Tlioni- 
ists  against  the  Mohnists.  He  was  arch- 
bishop of  Trani  in  Italy  and  died  1635.  Hi1; 
writings  are  all  on  polemical  divinity. 

Alvarotto,  James,  a  learned  law  pro- 
fessor :it  Padua,  whose  authority  is  frequent- 
ly quoted  by  Italian  lawyers.  He  died  1452 
aged  68.  His  commentaria  in  libros  feudo- 
rum,  appeared,  Frankfort  15S7,  folio. 

Alviano,  Bartholomew,  an  illustrious 
general  in  the  service  of  Venice,  who  obtain- 
ed some  signal  advantages  over  the  arms  of 
the  emperor  Maximilian.  He  died  1515  in 
his  60lh  year  at  Brescia,  and  so  poor  that  his 
son  was  maintained  and  his  daughters  mar- 
ried, at  the  public  expense. 

Alyattes,  a  king  of  Lydia,  who  died  in 
the  57th  year  of  his  reign  B.  C.  562. 

Alypius,  a  Platonic  philosopher  of  the 
fifth  century,  small  in  stature  but  gigantic  in 
mind. 

Alypius, a  geographer,  employed  in  B  ri- 
tain  and  at  Jerusalem,  by  the  emperor  Julian. 
His  description  of  the  world  was  published 
1628  at  Geneva  4to. 

Amadeddulat,  the  son  of  a  fisherman, 
rose  by  his  abilities  to  the- command  of  the 
armies  of  Makan,  Sultan  of  Decan,  and  a' 
last  obtained  possession  of  Persia,  Irack  and 
Caramania,  which  he  divided  with  his  two 
brothers.  He  fixed  his  residence  at  Shiraz 
933  ;  and  was  the  first  of  the  dynasty  of  the 
Buides.  He  died  949  much  regretted  by  his 
soldiers  and  his  subjects. 

Amadeus  V.  count  of  Savoy,  surnamed 
the  great,  bravely  defended  Rhodes  against, 
the  lurks,  and  for  this  celebrated  exploit 
added  to  his  arms  the   cross  of  Malta  wi'h 


AM 


AM 


.these  letters  F.  E.  R.  T.  fortitude  ejus  Rho- 
dum  tenuit.  It  is  said  that  he  besieged  32 
towns  and  took  them  all.  He  died  at  Avig- 
non 1323. 

Amadeus  VI.  count  of  Savoy  1343,  assis- 
ted the  French  king  John  against  the  arms 
of  Edward  III.  of  England,  and  afterwards 
distinguished  himself  in  Greece,  by  support- 
ing John  PalKologus,  against  the  king  of  Bul- 
garia. He  presented  the  Patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople, to  the  pope  Urban  V.  at  Viterbo, 
and  for  his  services  was  properly  regarded 
as  the  arbiter  of  the  affairs  of  Italy.  He  died 
of  the  plague  1  383. 

Amadeus  VIII.  count  of  Savoy,  surnamed 
the  pacificator,  succeeded  Amadeus  VII.  in 
1391.  After  he  had  erected  Savoy  into  a 
dutchy  1416,  he  retired  from  his  family  to  a 
hermitage  called  Ripaille,  where  he  institu- 
ted 1434,  the  order  of  the  secular  knights  of 
the  annunciation.  In  this  retreat,  in  the 
midst  of  every  luxury,  with  no  appearance 
of  seclusion  from  the  world,  except  in  name, 
he  passed  his  time  till  1439,  when  the  coun- 
cil of  Basil  elected  him  pope,  in  opposition  to 
Eugenius  IV.  He  quitted  his  hermitage  for 
this  elevation,  and  cut  offthe  venerable  beard, 
which  he  had  affectedly  permitted  to  grow 
to  a  great  length,  and  assumed  the  name  of 
Felix  V.  but  as  he  found  his  enemies  deter- 
mined to  support  his  rival,  he  abdicated  the 
tiara  in  favor  of  Nicholas  V.  the  successor  of 
Eugenius,  and  remained  satisfied  with  a  car- 
dinal's hat,  and  the  office  of  dean  of  the  sa- 
cred college.  He  died  1451  aged  69,  at 
Geneva. 

Amadeus  IX.  duke  of  Savoy  succeeded 
Lewis  1465,  and  was  a  brave  as  well  as  a  pop- 
ular and  charitable  prince.  His  subjects, 
who  knew  the  goodness  of  his  heart,  ga»e 
him  the  surname  of  the  blessed.  He  had 
married  Yolande  of  France,  and  he  died  1472, 
universally  lamented. 

Amadeus,  a  Franciscan  monk,  in  Portu- 
gal. He  drew  the  public  attention  upon  him 
bv  his  publication  of  some  mystical  revela- 
tions at  Rome,  and  died  1482. 

Amadeus,  bishop  of  Lausanne,  died  1158. 
He  is  author  of  a  panegyric  on  the  blessed 
virgin,  edited  1537  Basil. 

Amaja,  Francis,  a  Spanish  professor  of 
civil  law  at  Ossuna  and  Salamanca.  He  died 
:it  Valladolid  about  1640.  His  commentary 
on  the  eight  last  books  of  the  Code,  printed 
Lyons  1 6.39  folio,  and  his  other  treatises,  were 
highly  valued. 

Amak,  a  Persian  poet  of  the  fiflh  century, 
at  the  court  of  the  sultan  Khedar  Khan,  who 
made  him  president  of  the  academy  of  poets, 
which  he  had  established.  His  poem  on  the 
loves  of  Joseph  and  Zoleiskah  was  much  ad- 
mired.    He  lived  to  a  great  age. 

Amalaric  or  Amaury,  king  of  the  Vi- 
sigoths, son  of  Alaric  II.  succeeded  his  grand- 
father Theodoric  in  526.  He  married  Clo- 
tilda the  daughter  of  Clovis  king  of  France, 
whom  he  attempted  to  convert  to  Arianism, 
at  firt  by  caresses,  afterwards  by  threats  and 
violence,  but  in  vain.  The  injured  queen 
•it  last  convoyed,  as  a  token  of  her  miser)',  a 


handkerchief  covered  with  her  blood  to  her 
brothers,  in  consequence  of  which  Childebert 
king  of  Paris  marched  against  her  oppressor, 
and  defeated  him  near  Narbonne.  Amala- 
ric was  put  to  death  either  as  he  fled  from 
the  battle,  or  afterwards,  by  the  hand  of  one 
of  his  soldiers,  531. 

Amalarius,  Fortunatus,  archbishop  of 
Treves,  was  ambassador  of  Charlemagne  to 
Constantinople.  He  died  814,  and  left  a  trea- 
tise on  baptism. 

Amalarius,  Symphosias,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Mentz,  author  of  a  valuable  book  on  the 
offices  and  antiquities  of  the  church.  He  di- 
ed about  837. 

Amalasontha,  daughter  of  Theodoric 
king  of  the  Ostrogoths. ^was  mother  of  Atha- 
laric,  by  Eutharic.  She  inherited  her  fath* 
er's  possessions  as  the  guardian  of  her  son, 
but  while,  with  the  most  enlightened  views, 
she  wished  to  educate  him  in  the  manners 
and  learning  of  her  polished  neighbors  of 
Rome,  she  offended  her  nobles,  who  conspi- 
red against  her,  and  obtained  the  government 
of  the  young  prince.  Athalaric  was  now  no 
longer  instructed  in  the  arts  and  habits  of 
polished  life,  but  inured  to  debauchery,  and 
he  sunk  under  the  fatal  power  of  licentious- 
nesin  his  17th  year  534.  The  afflicted  mo- 
ther knew  not  how  to  support  herself  against 
her  rebellious  subjects,  but  by  taking  as  her 
husband  and  her  partner  on  the  throne,  her 
reh.»ion  Theodatus,  but  such  is  the  force  of 
ingratitude,  that  this  favored  villain  dispatch- 
ed his  unsuspecting  queen,  by  causing  her  to 
be  strangled  in  a  bath  534.  She  was  univer- 
sally regretted,  as  for  learning  and  humanity 
she  had    tew  equals. 

Amalek,  son  of  Eliphaz,  the  son  of  Esau, 
was  the  founder  of  a  nation  which  settled  in 
Idumea,  and  made  war  against  the  Israelites, 
under  Saul  and  David. 

Amalric,  Augeri,  author  of  a  history  of 
the  popes,  dedicated  to  Urban  V.  florished 
in  the  14th  century. 

Amalric,  Arnold,  archbishop  of  Nar- 
bonne, animated  the  princes  of  Spain  against 
the  Moors,  and  obtained  a  victory  over  them, 
1212,  of  which,  as  an  ocular  witness,  he  has 
given  mi  history.     He  died  1225. 

AMALTHffiA,  the  name  of  the  Sibyl  of 
Cunv.c,  who  sold  her  books  to  Tarquin. 

Amaltheus,  Jerome,  John  Baptiste, 
and  Cornelius,  three  brothers  born  at  Oder- 
zo,  in  Italy,  equally  celebrated  for  their  poe- 
try. The  first  studied  philosophy  and  medi- 
cine, the  second  was  secretary  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Trent,  and  the  last  applied  himself  to 
literature,  and  translated  the  catechism  of 
the  council  into  Latin.  Among  their  poems 
printed  at  Amsterdam  1685,  and  in  1728,  in 
Svo.  is  the  following  delicate  epigram  on  two 
beautiful  children  who  had  lost  each  an  eye. 

JLumine  .Icon  dextro,  capta  est  Leonilla 
sinistro  ; 
Et  poleret  forma  vincere  vterque  Deos. 

Parve  puer,   lumen  quod  luibes,   concede 
sorori, 

Sic  tu  Cit'cus  Amor,  sic  erit  ilia  Venus. 
They  are  said  by  L'advocat  to  have  died  all 


AM 


AM 


three  in  1574.  There  was  an  archbishop  of 
Athens  of  the  same  name,  Attilius,who  died 
about  1600,  illustrious  for  his  learning  and 
disinterested  spirit.  He  went  as  nuncio  from 
Paul  V.  to  Cologne. 

Amama,  Sixtinus,  a  Hebrew  professor  at 
Franeker,  who  refused  the  liberal  offers  of  the 
university  of  Leyden,  which  wished  him  to 
succeed  to  the  vacant  chair  of  Erpenius. 
He  was  long  employed  in  the  great  design  of 
refuting  and  censuring  the  vulgate  translation 
which  had  received  the  sanction  of  the  council 
of  Trent.  This  learned  work  called  "  Anti- 
barbarus  Biblicus"  was  to  consist  of  two 
parts,  but  only  one  was  published  before 
Amama  died,  and  so  powerful  were  his  ar- 
guments, that  some  synods  refused  to  admit 
candidates  to  holy  orders  except  they  per- 
fectly understood  Hebrew  and  Greek  origi- 
jials.  His  precepts  and  example  were  suc- 
cessfully employed  in  checking  the  dissolute 
and  intemperate  manners  which  prevailed 
in  the  university  of  Franeker,  and  after 
his  death  iff  1629,  the  gratitude  of  the  people 
of  Friesland  for  his  memory  was  shown  in 
their  generous  conduct  towards  his  children, 
as  his  son  Nicholas  acknowledges  in  a  dedi- 
cation to  his  Dissertat.  marinarum  decas. 
He  was  in  1613  at  Oxford,  and  taughtfor  some 
time  Hebrew  in  Exeter  College. 

Am  and,  Mark  Anthony  Gerard,  Sieur  de 
St.  born  at  Rouen  in  Normandy  1594,  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  poet  on  comic,  burlesque 
and  amorous  subjects.  His  father  had  the 
command  of  a  squadron  of  ships  under  Eli- 
zabeth of  England  for  22  years,  and  he  him- 
self employed  the  greatest  part  of  his  life  in 
travelling.  He  was  one  of  the  first  members 
of  the  French  academy,  and  instead  of  spea- 
king a  public  oration,  he  undertook  to  make 
a  collection  of  burlesque  terms  and  expres- 
sions for  the  dictiqnary  which  that  learned 
hody  intended  to  publish.  His  "  Moise 
Sauve"  and  his  "  Solitude"  were  much  ad- 
mired, but  have  since  been  neglected  or  for- 
gotten. In  a  poem  on  the  moon  it  is  said 
that  he  praised  the  skill  of  Lewis  XIV.  in 
swimming,  a  compliment  which  the  mon- 
arch disdained,  and  which  so  affected  the 
poet  that  he  did  not  long  survive  the  indiffer- 
ence with  which  his  muse  was  treated.  He 
died  1661  in  his  67th  year. 

Amand,  St.  a  bishop  ofBourdeaux404. — 
Another,  bishop  of  Maestrichtwho  converted 
the  Low  Countries  to  Christianity.  He  died 
679. 

Am  aral,  Andrew  d',  a  Portuguese  of  the 
order  of  Malta  who  betrayed  Rhodes  to  So- 
lyman.     He  was  put  death  1522. 

Amaseus,  Romulus,  a  learned  professor 
of  Bologna,  author  of  some  orations,  and  of 
a  translation  of  Pausanias.  He  died  1558. 
His  son  Pompilius  published  a  translation  of 
part  of  Polybius,  and  was  professor  of  Greek 
at  Bologna. 

Amasis,  a  king  of  Egypt  who  died  about 
525  B.C. 

Amatus  de  Portugal,  a  physician  about 
1550,  whose  real  name  was  John  Rod  de 
Castelbranco.    He  travelled  through  Europe, 

vol.  r.  ) 


and  wrote    commentaries  on  Dioseorides, 
Avicenna,  &c. 

Amauri,  de  Chartres,  a  professor  of  phi- 
losophy born  at  Bonne  near  Chartres  in  the 
13th  century.  He  formed  a  new  system  of 
religion  on  the  metaphysics  of  Aristotle,  and 
acknowledged  three  persons  in  the  Godhead, 
which  he  considered  as  the  primary  cause  of 
matter  from  which  all  beings  are  created. 
He  supposed  that  there  would  be  three 
epochs  in  the  government  of  the  world  as 
there  were  three  persons  in  the  trinity. 
The  reign  of  God  he  limited  to  the  extinction 
of  the  law  of  Moses,  that  of  the  Son  was  to 
last  as  long  as  the  Christian  religion,  after 
which  would  succeed  the  empire  of  the  Holy 
Ghost  wheu  men  would  offer  only  a  spiritual 
worship  to  the  Supreme  Being.  These  opin- 
ions were  violently  resisted,  and  Amauri 
having  appealed  to  the  Pope  was  condemned 
by  him,  and  for  fear  of  punishment  retracted 
his  p  -rnicious  doctrines,  and  soon  after  died 
at  St.  Martin  des  Champs  of  disappointment. 
His  most  zealous  disciple  was  Dizant. 

Amauri,  king  of  Jerusalem  after  Bald- 
win in  1162,  was  unsuccessful  in  an  expedi- 
tion against  Egypt,  and  died  11th  July,  1173, 
in'his  38th  year.  In  his  character  he  was  brave 
nnd  warlike,  but  avaricious  and  cruel. 

Amauri  II.  washing  of  Cyprus  and  of  Je- 
rusalem, after  his  brother  Guy  de  Lusignan 
1164,  and  he  married  Isabella  the  second 
daughter  of  the  preceding,  who  had  laid 
claims  to  his  crown.  He  was  unsuccessful 
in  his  wars  against  the  Saracens,  and  died 
1205,  before  succours  arrived  from  the  Chris- 
tian princes  of  Europe  to  support  him  against 
the  infidels. 

Amaziah,  succeeded  his  father  Joash, 
as  king  of  Judah,  in  his  25th  year.  He  made 
war  against  the  Edomites,  and  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Israel,  conquered  them  in  the  Val- 
ley of  Salt,  but  grown  proud  of  his  victory, 
he  threatened  his  allies  and  attacked  them. 
The  invasion  proved  fatal  to  himself.  He 
was  ta"ken  prisoner,  and  at  last  put  to  death 
by  his  subjects,  810  B.  C. 

Amboise,  Francois  d',  son  of  a  surgeon 
of  Charles  IX.  of  France,  rose  to  the  rank  of 
counsellor  of  state  by  his  learning  and  indus- 
try. He  published  the  works  of  Abelard, 
and  wrote  several  pieces  for  the  theatre, 
which  he  refused  to  print.  One  of  these, 
however,  the  Neapolitans,  was  published  by 
the  interference  of  his  friends,  and  was  most 
universally  applauded.  He  died  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  17th  century. — His  brother 
Adrian,  author  of  the  tragedy  of  Holofernes, 
was  bishop  of  Tregulier,  and  died  1616. — 
James,  another  brother,  studied  medicine, 
and  was  rector  of  the  university  of  Paris. 
Some  of  his  orations  are  preserved.  He  di- 
ed of  the  plague  1C0G. 

Amboise,  George  d',  of  the  house  of 
Amboise  in  France,  was  born  in  1460  and 
educated  for  the  church,  and  at  the  age  of 
14  elected  bishop  of  Montauban.  After  the 
death  of  Lewis  XI.  he  favored  the  party  of 
the  duke  of  Orleans,  and  for  a  while  shared 
his  disgrace,  but  h/s  abilities  were,  however, 


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rewarded  by  the  archbishopric  of  Narbonne, 
-which  be  exchanged  for  Rouen.     As  deputy 
of  Orleans  he  restored  tranquillity  and  confi- 
dence in  the  province  of  Rouen,  and  for  his 
great  services   was  promoted  to  the   dange- 
rous office  of  prime   minister,  when  his  pat- 
ron, after  the  death  of  Charles  the  VIIT.  as- 
cended the  throne,  under  the  name  of  Lewis 
XII.     In  this  high  situation  he   deservedly 
acquired   popularity.     Instead  of  rasing  the 
taxes,    he    diminished    the   burdens  of  the 
people,  and,  by  mixing  economy  with  pru- 
dence, he    maintained  the   honor  and   glory 
of  the   French   name.     The  Milanese  was 
conquered,  and  added  to  the  kingdom.  Abu- 
ses were   corrected  ,  and  the  administration 
of  justice  was  rendered   more  quick  and  im- 
partial, so  that  no  longer  power  or  opulence, 
but  equity,  guided  the  decision  of  the  judge. 
Amboise,  who  had  obtained  a  cardinal's  bat, 
aspired  to  the  papal  chair,  but  the  intrigues 
of  the  Italian  bishops  were  too  powerful  for 
his  integrity,   anrl  he  was  disappointed.     He 
died  of  the  gout  in    his  stomach  at  Lyons,  in 
his  50th   year,   1510.     He  left  behind  him  a 
popular    character,    and   though    his  genius 
was  not   gigantic,  nor  his  counsels  guided  by 
ambition,  yet  he  possessed  firmness  and  ener- 
gy, and  he  exhibited  disinterestedness  which 
awed    cabal    and   intrigue    into  admiration. 
His  nephew   George  succeeded   him  in  his' 
archbishopric,  and  was  raised  also  to  the  dig- 
nity of  cardinal.     He  died  1550. 

Amboise.  Michael  d',  of  Chevillan,  au- 
thor of  several  epistles,  complaints,  ballads, 
epitaphs,  &c.  florished  in  the  16th  century. 
Amboise,  Aimeiy  d',  brother  to  the  car- 
dinal, was  famous  ibr  the  naval  victory  which 
he  obtained  over  the  Sultan  of  Egypt  1510. 
He  died  in  his  78th  year,  8lh  November, 
1512. 

Amboise,  Frances  d',  a  lady  celebrated 
for  the  improvement  which  she  introduced 
in  the  manners  and  the  sentiments  of  the 
Bretons.  She  was  wife  of  Peter  II.  duke  of 
Britanny,  whose  great  inhumanity  towards 
her  she  bore  with  Christian  resignation. 
After  his  death,  1437,  she  refused  to  marry 
the  dnke  of  Savoy,  and  retired  to  the  tran- 
quillity of  a  convent,  where  she  died  1485. 

Ambrogi,  Antony  Marie,  professor  of 
eloquence  at  Rome,  was  eminent  for  his 
learning,  his  taste,  and  his  eloquence.  He 
published  various  works,  and  died  at  Rome 
17S8,  aged  75. 

Ambrose,  Saint,  archbishop  of  Milan, 
died  4th  April  397,  aged  57.  He  is  famous 
for  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  Christianity,  for 
his  learning,  and  for  the  noble  severity  with 
which  he  censured  and  corrected  the  empe- 
ror Theodosius,  who  had  barbarously  order- 
ed several  innocent  persons  to  be  put  to 
death  at  Thessalonica.  He  is  said  to  have 
composed  that  pious  hymn  "  Te  deum." 

Ambrose,  deacon  of  Alexandria,  was  of 
an  opulent  family.  He  was  the  patron  of 
Origen  by  whose  eloquence  he  had  been 
converted  to  Christianity.  He  died  '250  at 
Alexandria.  His  letters  mentioned  by  Saint 
Jerome,  are  lost: 


Ambrose,  of  the  order  of  Camaldoli,  was 
born  at  Portico  in  Romania,  and  distinguish* 
ed  himself  by  his  fluency  in  the  Greek 
tongue  at  the  councils  of  Basil,  Ferrara,  and 
Florence.  He  translated  several  Greek  au- 
thors, and  died  21st  October,  1439. 

Ambrose,  de  Lombez,  Pere,  a  capuchin, 
author  of  a  tract  on  inward  Peace,  and  of 
letters  spirituelles  esteemed  for  their  good 
sens*,  mode  ration  and  piety.  He  is  extolled 
as  a  man  of  uncommon  meekness  and  hu- 
manity. He  died  25th  October  1778,  at  St. 
Saviour  near  Bareges,  aged  70. 

Ambrose,  Isaac,  descended  of  the  Am- 
broses of  Ambrose-hall  in  Lancashire,  was 
of  Brazen  Nose  college,  Oxford,  1621,  and 
took  orders,  which  however  he  renounced, 
to  adopt  the  principles  of  the  presbyterians 
in  the  civil  wars.  As  he  was  in  indigent  cir- 
cumstances he  was  often,  says  Ward,  re- 
lieved by  William  earl  of  Bedford,  and  he 
became  a  preacher  at  Garstang  and  Preston, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  vehement 
zeal  in  ejecting  the  ministers  of  the  estab- 
lished church.  He  published  a  few  tracts, 
one  of  which  "  looking  unto  Jesus"  was  in 
high  repute  among  Calvinists,  and  died  of  an 
apoplexy. 

Ambrosini,  Bartholomew,  was  profes- 
sor of  medicine  and  botany  in  his  native  city 
of  Bologna,  and  published  several  learned 
books  on  the  studies  which  he  so  much  loved 
and  adorned.  The  best  known  of  his  works 
are  Panacica  ex  herbis  qua;  a  Sanctis  deno- 
minantur,  8vb.  1630 — Historia  capsicorum. 
cum  iconibus,  12mo. — The  odorica  medicina 
1632,  4to — He  died  1657. 

Ambrosini,  Hyacinth,  brother  and  suc- 
cessor of  the  preceding,  in  the  care  of  the 
botanical  garden  of  Bologna,  wrote  some 
treatises  on  the  names  and  synonimes  of 
plants  discovered  in  the  17th  century. 

Ambrosius,  Aurelianus,  a  prince  of  Ar- 
morica  who  came,  457,  to  assist  the  Britons 
in  the  expulsion  of  the  Saxons,  whom  Vor- 
tigern  had  invited  into  the  kingdom.  After 
the  death  of  Vortigern,  he  was  placed  on  the 
throne  of  Britain,  as  the  reward  of  his  me- 
ritorious services,  and  he  reigned  with  great 
popularity.  He  died  at  Winchester  508. 
Arthur  is  said  to  have  been  his  eleve. 

Ambrosius,  Catharinus  Politus,  a  learn- 
ed Dominican,  afterwards  archbishop  of 
Compsa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  In  his 
works,  which  ai'e  scriptural,  some  of  his 
tenets  are  erroneous,  and  he  is,  therefore, 
according  to  Bellarmine,  to  be  read  with 
caution.  He  died  at  Naples  1552. 
Amedeus,  vid.  Amadeus. 
Amelius,  Gentilianus,  a  Platonic  philo- 
sopher in  the  third  century,  disciple  to  Plo- 
tinus. 

Amelot  de  la  Houssaye,  Abraham 
Nicolas,  a  native  of  Orleans  1634,  sent  as 
secretary  to  the  French  ambassador  at  Ve- 
nice. His  writings  were  numerous,  but  some 
of  them  gave  such  offence  that  he  was  con- 
fined in  the  Bastile.  His  most  popular 
works  were  his  translation  of  father  Paul's 
history   of  the   council  of  Trent,  and    bis 


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«*  Courtier,"  translated  from  Baltasar's 
Gratian's  oraculo  manual.  He  also  transla- 
te<l  Machiavel's  Prince,  and  the  six  first,  books 
of  Tacitus's  annals,  and  wrote  a  preliminary 
discourse  for  the  treaties  of  peace  between 
the  French  kings  and  the  princes  of  Europe, 
&c     He  died  at  Paris  1706,  aged  nearly  73. 

Amelot,  Denis,  a  French  writer  born 
at  Saintonge  1606.  In  his  life  of  Charles  de 
Gondren,  one  of  the  superiors  of  the  Oratory 
founded  by  Philip  of  Neri,  he  spoke  with 
severity  of  the  abbe.  St  Cyran,  and  drew 
upon  himself  the  hatred  of  the  gentlemen  of 
Port  Royal.  He  however  disregarded  the 
sarcasms  ot  their  attack,  and  had  influence 
enough  in  the  Sorbonne,  and  with  chancellor 
Seguier  to  prevent  their  obtaining  the  royal 
license  to  priut  the  translation  of  the  New- 
Testament,  which  they  had  just  completed. 
Further,  to  thwart  their  views,  he  published 
a  translation  himself  in  4  vols.  8vo.  which 
though  not  free  from  error  had  yet  its  ad- 
mirers. In  his  old  age,  Amelot  solicited  his 
friends  in  pbwer  for  a  bishopric,  but  though 
lie  had  supported  their  cause  against  the  so- 
ciety of  Port  Royal  he  was  refused  in  his  ap- 
plication. He  became  member  of  the  Orato- 
ry 1650,  and  died  there  1678.  He  published 
besides,  a  harmony  of  the  gospels,  12mo. — 
an  abridgment  of  theology,  4to. 

Amerbach,  John,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
distinguished  for  his  learning,  and  more  as 
being  one  of  the  first  printers,  who,  instead 
of  the  Gothic  and  Italian,  recommended 
the  round  and  perfect  Roman  letter.  He 
settled  with  success  at  Basil  with  Froben, 
anddiedin  1515..  His  son  John  was  professor 
of  law  at  Basil,  and  Syndic,  and  the  friend  of 
Erasmus.     He  died  1562,  aged  67. 

Amerbach,  Vitus,  a  native  of  Bavaria, 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Ingoldstadt,  where 
he  died  1550,  aged  70.  He  translated  into 
Latin,  the  orations  of  Demosthenes,  and  Iso- 
crates,  and  wrote  besides  Commentaries  on 
Cicero,  the  Tristia  of  Ovid,  Horace's  Art  of 
Poetry,  &c. 

Americus,  Vesputius,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, whose  mind  was  early  bent  to  mathe- 
matics and  navagation.  The  fame  of  Colum- 
bus attracted  his  notice,  and  determined  to 
rival  his  glory,  he  obtained  from  Ferdinand 
king  of  Spain  a  squadron  of  4  ships,  with 
which  he  sailed  from  Cadiz  1497.  During 
this  voyage,  which  lasted  18  months,  he  visited 
the  coast  of  Paria  and  Terra  Firma  along  the 
Mexican  gulf,  and  in  a  subsequent  enter- 
prise the  following  year  with  six  ships,  he  ex- 
tended his  discoveries  to  the  Antilles  and  the 
.■■-bores  of  Guiana  and  Vennezuela.  On  his 
return  in  1500,  he  was  received  by  the  Span- 
ish court  with  a  coolness  which  his  services 
ill  deserved  ;  but  his  discontent  was  forgotten 
under  the  patronage  of  Emanuel  of  Portu- 
gal, who  furnished  him  with  three  ships  in 
May,  1501.  In  this  third  voyage,  Americus 
discovered  the  Brazils  from  La  Plata  to  the 
coast  of  Patagonia,  and  he  returned  to  Lis- 
bon September  1502.  A  fourth  voyage  was 
undertaken  vt  ith  six  ships,  with  the  in- 
t'ention  of  proceeding  to  the  Molucca  islands 


in  a  southern  direction  along  the  American 
coast,  but  he  was  detained  by  contrary  winds 
for  five  months  near  the  river  Curabado,  and 
the  want  of  provisions  obliged  him  to  return 
to  Europe.  Americus  died  in  the  island  of 
Tereera  in  1514,  aged  6.3.  He  published  an 
entertaining  account  of  his  voyages,  but  he 
is  become  illustrious  as  he  obtained  the  sin- 
gular honor  of  giving  his  name  to  the  new- 
world,  and  thus  monopolized  the  glory  which 
was  due  to  the  genius,  and  the  enterprises  of 
the  great  Columbus.  He  has  been  accused 
by  the  Spanish  writers  ef  giving  false  dates  to 
his  writings,  that  he  might  establish  aprior- 
ity of  discovery  before  his  rival.  The  remains 
of  his  ship,  the  Victory,  were  preserved  by 
the  king  of  Portugal  in  the  cathedral  of  Lis- 
bon. 

Ames,  William,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  who, 
after  being  educated  at  Christ's  college  Cam- 
bridge, left  his  country ,  where  hisCalvinisti- 
cai  tenets  were  becoming  unpopular,  and 
settled  as  professor  in  the  university  of  Fran* 
eker  in  Holland.  Here  he  enjoyed  fame  and 
independence,  but  as  the  air  of  the  place  was 
too  sharp  for  his  asthmatic  constitution,  he 
removed  to  Rotterdam  with  the  intention  of 
passing  into  New  England  He,  however,  di- 
ed at  Rotterdam  Nov.  1633,  aged  57.  He 
was  a  learned  divine,  and  his  writings  were 
voluminous,  and  all  on  controversial  subjects, 
the  principal  of  which  is  Medulla  Theologica. 
His  son  William  was  ejected  for  nonconfor- 
mity, from  the  living  of  Wrentham  in  Suffolk 
in  1662,  and  died  1689,  aged  66.  lie  publish- 
ed a  sermon,  "  the  saint's  security  against 
the  seducing  spirits,"  &c. 

Ames,  Joseph,  a  ship-chandler  of  Wap- 
ping,  who,  in  an  advanced  period  of  life,  studi- 
ed antiquities,  and  rose  by  his  genius  and  ap- 
plication to  consequence,  and  to  the  secreta- 
ryship of  the  society  of  Antiquaries.  He 
pubished  an  account  of  the  earliest  printers, 
with  a  register  of  the  books  which  they  prin- 
ted, in  4to.  1749,  besides  the  list  of  English 
heads  engraved  and  mezzotinto,  ice.  in  Svo. 
He  also  compiled  the  "  parentalia",  from 
Wren's  papers.  He  died  Oct.  7,  1759,  and 
the  following  year  his  curious  collection  of 
fossils,  shells,  medals,  &c.  was  sold  by  pub- 
lic auction.  His  daughter  married  Captain 
Dampier  in  the  East  India  sea  service. 

Amherst,  Jcffery  lord,  an  English  gene- 
ral of  considerable  celebrity,  descended 
from  an  ancient  family  seated  at  Sevenoaks 
in  Kent.  He  was  born  1727,  and  at  the  age 
of  14  embraced  the  military  profession.  In 
1741  he  was  aid-de-camp  to  general  Ligonier 
at  the  battles  of  Dettingen,  Fontenoy,  and 
Rocoux,  and  in  1756  he  obtained  the  colo- 
nelcy of  the  15th  regiment  of  fput  His 
abilities  and  experience  were  now  called  into 
action  ;  he  was  employed  1758  at  the  siege  of 
Louisbourg,  and  was  made  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  commander  in  chief  of  the  forces 
in  America,  and,  in  this  part  of  the  world, 
the  fall  of  Niagara,  Tieonderago,  Quebec, 
and  Montreal,  with  the  submission  of  all 
Canada,  marked  the  progress  of  his  judicious 
and  successful  measures.     His  great  scrv  ices 


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were  honorably  rewarded  by  the  court ;  lie 
was  made  a  knight  of  the  bath,  in  1771  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Guernsey,  the  next  year 
lieutenant  general  of  the  ordnance,  and  in  1776 
created  baron  Amherst  of  Holmsdale.  In 
1778  he  was  made  commander  in  chief,  and 
in  1782appointed  goldstick,  and,  though  upon 
the  change  of  ministry,  these  offices  were 
withdrawn,  he  was  again  reinstated  in  1793, 
when  two  years  after,  he  resigned  the  com- 
mand of  the  forces  to  the  duke  of  York,  and 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  field  marshal. 
He  died  1798,  and  was  buried  at  Sevenoaks. 
Though  twice  married,  he  had  no  issue,  and 
his  titles  therefore  have  devolved  to  his  ne- 
phew. 

Amhuust,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Marden 
in   Kent,   educated    at    Merchant  Taylors' 
school,  and  St.  John's  Oxford,  from  which 
last  he  was  expelled  on  a  charge  of  irregu- 
larity.    This  disgrace,  which  he  attributed  to 
the   liberality   and  freedom  of  his  opinions, 
and  to  his  attachment  to  the  Hanover  succes- 
sion, he  severely  resented,  and  all  his  powers 
of  satire  and  abuse  were  exerted  against  the 
university  and  its  members,  in  his   "  Oculus 
Britannia;,"  and  "  Terra?  filius,"  published  in 
two  vols.  12mo.  1726.    After  his  expulsion  he 
settled  in  London  as  a  professional  writer, 
but  his  most  successful  undertaking  was  the 
conducting  of  the  "  Craftsman,"  a  paper  of 
which  10  or  12  thousand  copies  were  daily 
dispersed,  and    which  for  a  series  of  years 
guided  the  public  taste  in  politics,  and  awed 
the  adminstration  into  measures  of  populari- 
ty.    In  this  he  was  occasionally  assisted  by 
lord   Bolingbvoke,    and  Mr.  Pulteney-,   and 
others  ;  but  his  own  productions  were  little 
inferior   to  the   papers  of  these   celebrated 
leaders  of  opposition.    When  the  act  for  li- 
censing plays   was  passed,   a    letter  in  the 
name  of  Colley  Gibber  appeared  in  the  Crafts- 
man, July  2d,  1737,   to  ridicule  the   check 
which  the  law  had  placed  upon  the  effusions 
of  poetry,  and  this  so  offended  the   ministry 
that  the  printer  was  siezed,  but  Amhurst  sur- 
rendered himself,  and  after  being  imprisoned, 
and  refusing  to  give  hail  for  his  good  beha- 
viour, he  obtained  his  release  by  bringing  his 
habeas  corpus, and  the  prosecution  was  drop- 
ped.    On  the  reconciliation  of  the  opposition 
to  the  court,  his  services,  which  for  20  years 
had  been  exerted  in  the   cause  of  his  parlia- 
mentary friends,  were  forgotten,  and  the  ne- 
glect with  which  he  was  treated  depressed 
his  spirits,  and  probably  hastened  his  dissolu- 
tion.   He  died  of  a  fever  at  Twickenham  A- 
pril  27th  1743,  and  was  buried  at  the  expense 
of  Richard  Franklin,   his  printer.     Though 
his  morals  were  impeachable,  and  his  integ- 
rity of  a  doubtful    appearance,  yet  the  in- 
gratitude which  marked  the  evening  of  his 
days,  reflects  dishonor  on  the  name  of  Bo- 
lingbrok-e  and  Pulteney,   and  prove  that  vir- 
tue and  honesty  are  seldom  found  with  the 
great,  unmixed  with  interested  and  ambittous 
views. 

A  mj  co  xi,Giaeomo,a  Venetian  who  came 
to  England  in  1729,  and  was  employed  with 
success  as  a  portrait    and  history    painter. 


He  adorned  the  staircase  of  Powis  house, 
Ormond  street,  with  the  story  of  Judith  and 
Holofernes,  and  the  hall  of  More-park  house 
in  Herts  with  the  fable  of  Jupiter  and  lo.  In 
1736  Amiconi  went  to  Paris,  and  marrying 
an  Italian  singer,  he  returned  three  years 
after  to  his  own  country.  He  afterwards  visi- 
ted Spain,  and  was  made  painter  to  the  king, 
and  died  at  Madrid,  Sep.  1752. 

Amicus,  Antony,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Paler- 
mo, historiographer  royal  to  Philip  IV.  of 
Spain,  and  author  of  a  chronological  history 
of  the  bishops  of  Syracuse,  of  Sicilix  regum 
annales  ab  anno  1060,  usque  ad  prresenssecu- 
lum.     He  died  at  Palermo  1641. 

Amin-Ben-Haroun,  the  sixth  calif  of 
the  house  of  the  Abbassides,  was  son  of 
Aaron  Raschid,  to  whom  he  succeeded.  He 
was  wantonly  cruel,  and  imprudent  in  his 
general  conduct,  and  was  at  last  conquered 
and  put  to  death  by  Thaher,  his  brother  Al- 
mamoun's  general  822,  after  a  short  reign 
of  five  years. 

Amiral,  Henry,  a  native  of  Auzolet  in 
Auvergne,  known  during  the  French  revolu- 
tion for  his  attempt  to  assassinate  Collot  d' 
Herbois  and  Robespierre,  and  thus  to  rid 
France  of  her  tyrants.  He  was  seized  in  the 
fact  and  condemned  to  die.  He  suffered 
with  great  intrepidity  1792. 

Amman,  Paul,  of  Breslau,  was  professor 
of  medicine  at  Leipsic.  He  wrote  some  bo- 
tanical tracts,  and  died  1600. 

Amman,  John  Conrad,  a  Swiss  physician 
successfully  employed  in  teaching  the  deaf 
to  speak  in  France  and  Holland.  He  pub- 
lished a  curious  account  of  the  method  he 
pursued  in  two  tracts  called  Surdus  loquens, 
and  died  at  Amsterdam  about  1730. 

Ammanati,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of 
Florence,  eminent  as  a  sculptor  and  archi- 
tect. Many  of  the  Italian  cities,  especially 
Rome,  contained  specimens  of  his  labors  and 
genius.  He  wrote  a  work  called  Cita,  with 
designs  for  all  the  public  and  ornamental 
buildings  necessary  in  a  capital.  He  died 
1586  in  his  75th  year,  or  according  to  some 
in  1592. 

Ammanati,  Laura  Battiferri,  wife  to  the 
preceding,  was  daughter  of  John  Antony 
Battiferri,  and  born  at  Urbino.  She  became 
celebrated  for  her  genius  and  learning.  Her 
poems  which  abound  with  excellent  morality, 
are  esteemed  high  among  the  productions  of 
the  Italian  muse.  She  was  one  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Intronati  academy  at  Sienna,  and 
died  at  Florence,  November  1589,  aged  76. 

Am  mi  an  us,  Marcellinus,  a  Latin  histo- 
rian. He  wrote  in  31  books  the  Roman  histo- 
ry from  Nerva  to  the  death  of  Valens,  and 
died  about  390. 

Ammirato,  Scipio,  a  native  of  Lucca  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples.  He  was  intended 
for  the  law,  but  he  took  orders,  and,  after  a 
wandering  and  unsettled  life  through  Italy, 
he  fixed  his  residence  at  Florence  under  the 
patronage  of  the  grand  duke  who  gave  him 
a  canonry  in  the  cathedral.  He  wrote  the 
history  of  Florence  in  2  vols,  folio,  besides  nu- 
merous other  tracts  of  Italian  both  in  prose 


AM 


AM 


slnd  verse,  and  died  there,  the  30th  January 
1600,  in  his  6«Jth  year. 

A  mm  on,  the  progenitor  of  the  Ammonites, 
the  turbulent  enemies  of  Israel,  was  son  of 
Lot  and  lived  about  1900  B.  C. 

Ammonius,  a  Peripatetic  philosopher, 
preceptor  to  Platarch. — Another  philoso- 
pher in  the  Gth  century,  son  of  Hermias  of 
Alexandria,  disciple  of  Proclus,  and  author 
ef  commentaries  on  Aristotle  and  Porphyry, 
and  also  of  a  Lexicon  of  Greek  synonyrries, 
printed  Venice  1497. ' 

Ammonius,  Saccus,  a  philosopher  in  the 
3d  century,  founder  of  the  Eclectic  sect.  He 
is  said  to  have  rejected  the  Christian  religion 
in  which  he  was  educated,  and  to  have  estab- 
lished a  school  at  Alexandria,  in  which  he  at- 
tempted to  reconcile  the  tenets  of  Aristotle 
and  Plato.  Longinus  was  in  the  number  of 
his  pupils.     He  died  A.  D.  243. 

Ammonius,  Livinus,  a  Carthusian  monk 
of  Flanders  esteemed  by  Erasmus  for  his 
learning,  piety,  and  other  excellent  qualities. 
He  died  at  Ghent  1556. 

Ammonius,  a  surgeon  of  Alexandria  sur- 
named  Lithotomist  because  he  first  adopted 
the  present  mode  of  extracting  the  stone 
from  the  bladder. 

Ammonius,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Lucca 
who  settled  in  England  and  lived  for  a  while 
under  the  patronage  and  in  the  house  of  Sir 
Thomas  More.  He  was  intimate  with  Eras- 
mus and  corresponded  with  him.  He  was 
made  secretary  to  Henry  VIII.  and  employ- 
ed in  a  public  character  by  pope  Leo  X.  He 
died  of  that  dreadful  disease  the  sweating 
sickness,  in  1517  in  his  40th  year,  and  was 
greatly  lamented  by  Erasmus.  He  wrote 
some  poetical  trifles  in  Latin  of  considerable 
merit. 

Amontons,  William,  an  eminent  me- 
chanic, born  in  Normandy  31st  August  IOCS. 
When  at  school  at  Paris  he  was  siezed  with 
such  deafness  that  he  gave  up  all  pursuits 
of  a  public  nature,  and  devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  geometry,  and  of  the  invariable 
laws,  which  regulate  the  motion  of  the  plan- 
ets. He  suggested  some  improvements  in 
the  structure  of  barometers  and  thermome- 
ters, on  winch  he  published  a  treatise,  and 
he  invented  a  method  for  the  rapid  commu- 
nication of  intelligence  from  one  place  to  the 
other,  which  has  lately  been  adopted  under 
the  appellation  of  telegraph.  Much  of  his 
time  was  employed  in  constructing  a  new 
hour-glass  for  the  use  of  the  navy,  which 
might  not  be  subject  to  the  irregularities  of 
sudden  and  violent  motion,  and  in  his  new 
theory  of  friction  which  he  read  to  the  royal 
academy  in  1699,  he  evinced  the  penetration 
of  his  genius,  the  delicacy  of  his  judgment, 
and  the  exactness  of  his  experiments.  He 
died  of  an  inflammation  in  his  bowels,  11th 
October  1705,  aged  42. 

Amort,  Eusebius,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 
of  Bavaria.  His  works  are  in  Latin,  and 
chiefly  on  theological  subjects.  He  died  25th 
November  1775,  aged  82. 

Amory,  Thomas,  D.  D.  in  the  university 
«f  Edinburgh,  was  son  of  a  grocer  at  Taun- 


ton in  Somersetshire,  and  distinguished  hiiic- 
self  as  a  preacher  among  the  dissenters. 
After  passing  the  greatest  part  of  his  life 
near  the  place  of  his  nativity,  as  public  teach- 
er, and  as  instructor  of  youth,  he  removed  to 
London  where  he  formed  an  intimate  ac- 
quaintance with  the  most  respectable  mem- 
bers of  his  persuasion.  He  was  a  bold  as- 
sertor  of  toleration,  and  therefore,  warmly 
espoused  the  cause  of  those  who  solicited 
the  repeal  of  the  test  act.  In  his  general 
conduct  Dr.  Amory  was  exemplary,  his  dis- 
courses from  the  pulpit  were  excellent,  but 
perhaps  too  serious  and  philosophical  for  the 
vulgar  apprehension.  His  writings,  which 
were  mostly  on  theological  subjects,  have 
been  enumerated  by  Dr.  Kippis,  Biogr.  Brit. 
I.  p.  178.  He  died  on  the  24th  of  June  1774 
in  his  74th  year,  and  was  buried  in  Bunhill 
fields  burial  grounds. 

Amory,  Thomas,  Esq.  an  eccentric  cha- 
racter, son  of  counsellor  Amory  who  went 
w  ith  king  William  to  Ireland,  and  acquired 
considerable  property  in  the  county  of 
Clare.  Young  Amory  was  not  born  in  Ire- 
land though  he  resided  there,  and  frequently 
accompanied  dean  Swift  in  his  walks  and  ex- 
cursions round  Dublin,  without  being  known. 
He  afterwards  lived  in  Orchard-street, 
Westminster,  about  1757,  with  his  wife  and 
a  son  wrho  acquired  reputation  as  a  physician 
(hiring  a  residence  of  27  years  at  Wakefield. 
The  most  remarkable  of  his  publications  are 
his  "  memoirs  on  the  lives  of  several  ladies," 
Svo.  1755,  and  in  12mo.  2  vols,  and  his  life  of 
John  Buncle,  Esq.  4  vols.  12mo.  In  this  last 
he  is  supposed  to  give  a  description  of  him- 
self. He  is  said  by  a  person  who  knew  him 
to  have  had  a  peculiar  look,  though  not  with- 
out the  deportment  of  the  gentleman.  His 
application  to  his  studies  was  intense,  and  his 
walks  through  the  most  crowded  streets 
exhibited  him  wrapped  in  the  deepest  me- 
ditation and  inattentive  to  what  surrounded 
him.  He  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  97,  in 
May  1789. 

Amos,  the  third  of  the  12  minor  prophets, 
was  a  shepherd  at  Tekoa.  He  prophesied 
in  the  reigns  of  Jehoram  king  of  Israel  and 
Uzziah,  king  of  Judab,  and  his  prophecies 
contained  in  9  chapters  are  written  in  a  very 
plain  unadorned  style.  He  died  about  785  B. 
C.  The  father  of  the  prophet  Isaiah  is  also 
called  Amos. 

Amour,  William  dc  St.  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  canon  of  Bouvais,  was  born  at 
St.  Amour  in  Franche  Comte.  His  book  on 
the  perils  of  latter  times  was,  condemned  by 
pope  Alexander  IV.  and  he  himself  was 
banished  to  his  native  town.  He  was  author 
of  several  other  works,  and  died  September 
13,  1272. 

Amour,  Louis  Gorin  de  St.  a  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne,  author  of  a  journal  of  what 
passed  at  Rome  during  his  attendance  there 
before  the  pope  in  favor  of  some  French 
bishops  of  the  persuasion  of  the  Jansenisis. 
He  was  expelled  from  the  Sorbonne  for  not 
signing  Arnaud's  condemnation,  and  <'tp*I 
1687. ' 


AM 


AM 


Amoureux,  N.  1',  an  eminent  sculptor!  Am  death  III.  succeeded  his  father  Se- 
■whose  works  are  preserved  in  his  native  ci-  lim  II.  1575,  and  to  secure  himself  in  the 
ty  of  Lyons.  He  was  unfortunately  drown-  '  possession  of  the  throne,  he  caused  his  five 
ed  in  the  Soane  in  the  beginning  of  the  19th  j  brothers  to  be  assassinated.  This  act  of 
century.  i  cruelty  so  affected  his  mother  that  she  des- 

Amphibilus,  a  native  of  Briton,  said  to  j  troyed  herself.  Amurath  like  the  race  of 
have  been  born  at  Exeter,  and  to  have  been  \  Mahomet  was  valiant,  and  he  added  several 
bishop  of  Anglesea.  He  studied  at  Home,  j  of  the  Persian  provinces  to  his  dominions, 
and  is  said  to  have  exerted  his  eloquence  in  I  He  died  18th  Jan.  1595,  aged  50. 
the  cause  of  Christianity,  and  in  making  con-  Amurath  I.  succeeded  his  uncle  Musta- 
verts  in  England  and  in  Scotland.  Accor-  \  pha"  in  1622,  and  was  like  his  predecessors 
ding  to  some,  he  suffered  martyrdom  about  ,  given  to  cruelty,  and  engaged  in  war.  He 
291.  I  took  Bagdad,  30,000  of  whose  inhabitants  he 

Amphilochus,  bishop  of  Iconium,  was  !  put  to  the  sword,  though  he  had  promised, 
the  friend  of  Gregory  Nazianzen  and  Basil,  j  them  protection.  He  died  in  1640,  aged  31, 
and  the  opposer  of  the  Arians.  He  offend-  I  of  excessive  intoxication, 
ed  Theodosius  by  pretending  not  to  pay  suf- I  Amy,  N.  advocate  of  the  parliament  of 
ficient  respect  to  his  son  Areadius,  upon  Aix,  was  author  of  some  very  useful  works 
■which  he  observed  that  if  he  thus  vindicated  i  in  natural  science,  particularly  observations 
his  son's  character,  surely  God  would  vindi-  j  on  the  waters  of  the  Seine,  &c.  12mo. — new 
cate  that  of  his  son  and  punish  his  blasphe-  j  filtrating  fountains,  12rao. — reflections  on 
mers.    This  reproof  was  felt  by  Theodosius  i  lead,  copper,  and  tin  utensils,  12mo.  &c.    He 


•who  favored  the  Arians,  and  laws  were 
soon  enacted  to  prevent  their  assemblies. 
Amphilochus  died  394. 

Amphinomus  and  ANAPius,two  broth- 
ers of  Catana,  whose  names  are  itnmortali- 


died  1760. 

Amyot,  James,  was  born  at  Milan  1513, 
of  an  obscure  family,  but  though  of  a  dull 
understanding,  he  improved  himself  by  in- 
defatigable application,  and  after  studying  at 


zed  for  saving  on  their  shoulders  their  aged    Paris,  he  acquired  independence  and  repu- 
parents,  during  an  eruption  of  iEtna.  tation,  as  tutor  to  the  children  of  persons 

Ampsingius,  John   Assuer,  a  professor  |  of  respectability.     His  merit  recommended 
of  physic  at  Rostock,  in  the  beginning  of  the  j  him  to  Margaret  of  Berry,  sister  to  Francis 


17th  century,  author  of  several  medical  trea- 
tises, printed  1619. 


I.  and  he  was  promoted  to  a  public  professor- 
ship in  the  university  of  Bourges.     His  time 


Amru  Ebn-al-as,  a  celebrated  mussul-  was  here  usefully  devoted  to  literature,  and 
man,  at  first  the  enemy  and  afterwards  the  '  he  published  translations  of  the  loves  of  The- 
friend  of  Mahomet.  He  extended  his  con-  '  agenes  and  Chariclea,  besides  Plutarch's  lives 
quests  in  Egypt,  and  Syria,  and  Africa,  and  ;  aud  morals.  He  visited  Venice  and  Rome, 
died  governor  of  Egypt  663.  and  in  his  return  to  France,  he  was  at  the  re- 

Amsdorf,  Nicholas,  a  spirited  follower  ;  commendation  of  cardinal  de  Tournon  in- 
of  Luther  and  bishop  of  Nuremburg.  He  I  trusted  with  the  care  of  the  king's  two 
died  at  Magdeburg  1541,  and  the  sect  who  !  younger  sons,  and  for  his  meritorious  servi- 
adhered  to  his  tenets,  and  supported  in  op-  ces  he  was  raised  by  Charles  to  the  bishop- 
position  to  Malancthon,  that  good  works  are  ;  ric  of  Auxerre,  the  abbey  of  Cornelius  de 
not  necessary  to  salvation,  were  called  Ams-  j  Compiegne,  the  high  office  of  great  almo- 
dorfians.  ner  and  curator  of  the  university  of  Paris, 

Amurath  I.  an  Ottoman  emperor,  who  !  and  commander  of  the  order  of  the  Holy 
succeeded  his  father  Orchan,  and  was  known  I  Ghost.  He  died  sixth  February  1593,  in  his 
for  his  cruelties  towards  his  son,  and  those  !  79th  year.  He  also  translated  the  seven 
who  espoused  his  cause.  He  was  a  great  ,  first  books  of  Diodorus  Siculus,  some  trage- 
warrior,  and  obtained  37  victories,  in  the  last  ;  dies  from  the  Greek,  the  pastorals  of  Daph- 


of  which  he  perished,  1389,  aged  71,  by  the 
hand  of  a  soldier.  lie  was  the  first  who  es- 
tablished the  formidable  force  of  the  Janissa- 
ries. 

Amurath  II.  was  son  and  successor  of 
Mahomet,  as  Ottoman  emperor,  and  his  ar- 
mies were  directed  against  the  falling  em- 
pire of  the  east.  He  was  the  first  Turk 
who  used  cannon  in   the  field  of  battle.     He 


nis,  &c. 

Amyrault,  Moses,  a  French  protestant 
divine  born  at  Bourgueil  in  Tourraine  1596. 
He  studied  the  law,  but  afterwards  entered 
the  church,  and  was  divinity  professor  at 
Saumur,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
zeal  and  activity  so  much,  that  he  was  depu- 
ted by  the  national  council  of  Charenton,  to 
present  an  address  to  the  French  king,  con- 


resigned  the  crown  in  favor  of  his  son   Ma-    cerning  the  inspection  of  edicts  in  favor  of 


hornet  1443,  and  retired  to  the  seclusion  of 
the  dervises;  but  the  invasion  of  the  Hunga- 
rians, roused  him  from  his  solitude  to  con- 
quer at  the  dreadful  battle  of  Varna.  He 
afterwards  reduced  the  rebellious  Jannissa- 
ries  to  obedience,  and  defeated  the  famous 
Scanderbeg,  and  finding  his  son  incapable  to 
hold  the  reigns  of  a  turbulent  empire,  he 
abandoned  his  retirement  again  for  the  throne 
and  again  routed  the  Hungarians.  He  died 
1451,  aged  75. 


the  protestants,  without  however  paying 
homage  upon  his  knees.  Richelieu,  who 
was  present  at  this  interview,  saw  and  admi- 
red the  bold  character  of  Amyrault,  and  he 
wished  to  use  his  abilities  to  procure  a  re- 
conciliation between  the  Romish  church  and 
the  protestants,  but  in  vain.  His  life  was 
passed  in  the  midst  of  theological  disputes, 
in  which  he  displayed  much  firmness  and 
composure,  and  as  he  enforced  byhiswri- 


AN 


AN 


ring?  as  well  as  his  discourses  the  obedience 
due  to  a  lawful  sovereign,  aud  the  impropri- 
ety of  resisting  the  constituted  authorities  in 
matters  not  of  conscience,  he  was  esteemed 
by  persons  of  different  persuasions,  and  by 
the  ministers  of  the  king  themselves.  This 
humane,  virtuous,  and  charitable  man  died 
the  8th  Feb.  1604,  leaving  one  son,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  advocate  at  Paris, 
but  retired  to  the  Hague,  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  His  works,  which 
are  very  numerous,  are  chiefly  theological. 
The  following  quaint  lines  were  written  by 
M.  du  Bosc  under  his  portrait : 
■A  J\lose  ad  Jlfosem  par  JMosi  nonfuit  ullus. 
■More,  ore,  et  calamo,  minis  uterquefitit. 

Amyrut2.es,  a  philosopher  of  Trebizond, 
■who  was  carried  to  Constantinople  with  Da- 
vid emperor  of  Trebizond,  when  that  city 
■was  reduced  1461.  He  renounced  the  Chris- 
tian faith  for  Mahometanism,  and  assumed 
the  name  of  Mahomet  Beg.  He  translated 
several  books  into  Arabic  at  the  desire  of 
Mahomet  II.  whose  favor  he  enjoyed. 

Anacharsis,  a  Scythian  philosopher, 
who  visited  Athens  in  the  age  of  Solon.  On 
his  return  to  Scythia  he  wished  to  intro- 
duce the  laws  and  customs  of  the  more  pol- 
ished Greeks  into  his  country,  but  was 
thwarted  in  his  views  by  the  king,  and  at  last 
perished  by  the  hand  of  this  cruel  sovereign. 

Anacletus,  a  bishop  of  Rome  after  Linus 
79.     He  suffered  martyrdom  13  years  after. 

Anacletus,  an  antipope,  supported  in 
his  election  by  Roger  king  of  Sicily,  against 
Innocent  II.  the  favorite  of  the  emperor 
Lotharius  H.  The  influence  of  Innocent  at 
last  prevailed,  and  his  rival  died  in  obscurity 
1138. 

Anacoana,  queen  of  Xiragua,  in  the 
island  of  St.  Domingo,  was  cruelly  put  to 
death  by  Ovando,  who  owed  her,  agreeable 
to  the  promises  of  Bartholomew  Columbus, 
both  friendship  and  protection. 

AnacreOn,  a  lyric  poet  of  Teos,  who 
florished  about  532  years  B.  C.  His  morals 
-were  licentious,  and  his  odes,  therefore,  ex- 
hibit the  character  of  a  man  basely  devoted 
to  every  intemperate  indulgence,  and  who 
considers  life  as  best  spent  in  riot  and  de- 
hauchery. 

Anagnosta,  John,  one  of  the  Bizantine 
historians,  whose  work,  dc  rebus  Constauti- 
nopolitanorum  Macedonicis,  was  edited  in 
Greek  and  Latin  at  Cologne  1653. 

Anastasius  I.  the  Silentiary,  emperor 
of  the  east,  was  born  of  obscure  parents  at 
Duras  in  lllyrictim,  but  his  engagements 
about  the  imperial  family  rendered  him 
known,  and  by  marrying  Ariadne,  the  widow 
of  the  emperor  Zeno,  he  was  enabled  to  as- 
cend the  throne  491.  He  possessed  merit 
and  valor,  and  his  reign  might  have  been 
prosperous  if  he  had  not  embraced  the  te- 
nets of  the  Eutychians,  and  thus  offeuded 
his  subjects.  He  at  last  perceived  his  error, 
and  withdrew  his  protection  from  these 
heretics.    He  died  518,  aged  88. 

Anastasius  II.  was  raised  to  the  throne 
from  a  private  station  b_v  the  acclamations  of 


the  people  713.  Three  years  after,  how- 
ever, he  wished  to  abdicate  the  sovereign 
power  for  a  religious  habit,  but  with  equal 
levity  he  sighed  again  lor  the  imperial  pur- 
ple; and,  assisted  by  the  Bulgarians,  he  be- 
sieged Constantinople,  where  his  rival  Leo 
the  lsaurian  was  seated  on  the  throne.  His 
hopes  of  success  soon  vanished,  he  was  be- 
trayed by  the  Bulgarians  iuto  the  hands  of 
Leo,  and  cruelly  put  to  death  719. 

Anastasius  I.  pope,  succeeded  Siriciu3 
in  the  papyl  chair  398.  He  excommunica- 
ted the  Origenists,  and  brought  on  a  recon- 
ciliation between  the  eastern  and  western 
churches.  He  died  402,  much  respected  for 
his  sanctity  and  virtues. 

AnastasiusII.  pope, after  Gelasius  496, 
died  after  a  short  reign  of  two  years. 

Anastasius  III.  pope,  after  Sergius  III. 
911,  was  emiuent  for  wisdom  and  moderation. 
He  sat  in  the  papal  chair  only  two  years. 

Anastasius  IV.  pope,  after  Eugenius 
III.  1153,  died  the  following  year  Dec.  2. 
He  showed  himself  very  charitable  and  hu- 
mane during  a  famine. 

Anastasius,  an  antipope,  against  Bene- 
dict III.  S53.  Though  for  a  while  supported 
by  the  Imperialists,  he  at  last  gave  way  to  his 
more    fortunate  rival,  and  died  in  obscurity. 

Anastasius,  Bibliothecarius,  a  learned 
Greek  of  the  9th  century,  librarian  of  the 
church  of  Rome,  and  abbot  of  St.  Mary  be- 
yond the  Tiber.  He  wrote,  Liber  Pontifi- 
calis,  four  vols.  fol.  718,  containing  the  lives  of 
some  of  the  popes  ;  and  assisted  at  the  eighth 
general  council  of  Constantinople,  whose  ca- 
nons he  translated  from  Greek  into  Latin. 
Bishop  Pearson  places  him  in  tiie  sixth  cen- 
tury. 

Anastasius,  Sinaite,  a  monk  of  mount 
Sinai,  inthe  seventh  century,  author  of  some 
theological  tracts,  published  at  Ingoldstadt. 
4to.  1606. 

Anastasius,  Theopolitanus,  bishop  of 
Antioch,  was  banished  from  his  see  570,  for 
supporting,  against  the  sentiments  of  Justin- 
ian the  opinion  of  the  incorruptibles,  which 
asserted  that  the  body  of  our  Saviour  was 
incapable  of  corruption,  even  before  his  re- 
surrection. He  was  restored  593,  and  died 
six  years  after.  His  successor  was  of  the 
same  name,  and  was  author  of  some  religious 
discourses. 

Anatoli  us,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
yielded,  after  some  dispute,  with  respect  to 
the  equality  of  the  two  metropolitan  churches, 
superiority  in  ecclesiastical  affairs,  to  Leo 
pope  of  Rome,  and  died  458. 

Anatolius  a  bishop  of  Laodicea  about 
269,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  arithme- 
tic, geometry,  and  literature.""  His  tract  on 
the  time  of  celebrating  Easter,  is  in  the  Doc- 
trina  Temporum,  printed,  Antwerp,  1634. 

Anaxagoras,  a  celebrated  philosopher 
of  Clazomense,  who  had  Euripides  and  Peri- 
cles among  his  pupils.  He  was  accused  of 
impiety  at  Athens  and  banished.  He  died 
at  Lampsacus  428  B.  C.  aged  7i.. 

Anaxandrides,  a  king  of  Sparta  about 
550,  B.  C.  father  of  Cleomenes  and  Leoni<'a> 


AN 


AN 


Anaxandrides,  a  comic  poet  of  Rhodes 
about  350,  E.  C.  starved  to  death  for  censur- 
ing the  Athenian  government. 

Anaxarchus,  a  philosopher  of  Abdera 
said  to  have  been  pounded  to  death  by  Nico- 
c.reon  king  of  Cyprus. 

Anaxilaus,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
banished  from  Italy  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

Anaximander,  a  philosopher  of  Mile- 
tus, successor  to  Thales.  He  was  tolerably 
■wall  acquainted  with  geography  and  astrono- 
my for  the  times.  He  died  547  B.  C  aged 
f>4.  There  was  also  an  historian  of  the  same 
name. 

Anaximenes,  the  pupil  and  successor 
of  Anaximander,  florished  550  B.  C. 

Anaximenes,  an  historian  of  Lampsa- 
cus  who  accompanied  Alexander  the  great 
in  his  expedition.  He  wrote  the  history  of 
Greece,  besides  the  lives  of  Philip  and  of  his 
son  Alexander. 

Ancharano,  Peter,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
ehosen  iu  1409  by  the  council  of  Pisa,  to  de- 
fend the  rights  of  that  assembly  during  the 
schisms  of  the  popes.  He  wrote  several 
nooks  on  civil  and  canon  law,  and  on  the 
decretals,  and  died  1417. 

Ancharano,  James,  or  Paladino,  author 
of  two  curious  books,  on  the  temptations  of 
the  virgin  Mary,  and  of  Christ,  by  the  devil. 

Ancillox,  David,  a  protestant  divine 
horn  at  Metz,  who  in  his  youth  refused  to  sa- 
crifice his  religion  to  tiie  solicitations  of  the 
Jesuits.  He  studied  divinity  and  philosophy 
at  Geneva  under  Du  Pin,  Spanhcim,  the 
Deodati,  kc.  and  deserved  to  be  recommend- 
ed by  the  synod  of  Charenton  to  the  church 
of  Meaux.  After  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  he  retired  to  Frankfort,  and  set- 
tled at  Hanau,  where  his  discourses  were 
heard  and  admired  by  the  most  crowded  audi- 
ences. His  colleagues  in  the  ministry,  how- 
ever, were  jealous  of  his  popularity,  and  their 
little  intrigues  forced  him  to  abandon  the  place 
He  came  to  settle  at  Berlin,  where  he  was 
■received  with  kindness  by  the  court,  and  had 
the  satisfaction  to  see  his  family  promoted  to 
places  of  honor  and  trust.  He  died  in  his 
75th  year,  3d  Sept.  1692.  As  his  learning 
•was  very  extensive,  he  published  several  use- 
ful works,  and  from  the  affluence  of  his  cir- 
cumstances, he  made  so  judicious  a  collec- 
tion of  books,  that  it  was  frequently  visited 
as  a  curiosity  by  foreigners  who  travelled 
through  Metz.  The  best  known  of  his  works 
are  a  relation  of  the  controversy  concerning 
traditions,  4to.  1657, — an  apology  for  Luther, 
Zuinglius,  and  Beza,  1666, — the  life  of  Wil- 
liam Fare!, — Conversations,  two  vols.  12mo. 
published  by  his  son. 

Ancillon,  Charles,  eldest  son  of  the 
fbregoing,  was  born  at  Metz,  July  29th,  1659, 
and  was  made  inspector  of  the  French  courts 
of  justice  in  Berlin,  and  historiographer  to 
the  king.  He  wrote  on  the  edict  of  Nantes, 
and  the  persecution  of  the  protestants,  &cc. 
and  died  at  Berlin  July  5th,  1751. 

Anckwitz,  a  Pole  of  considerable  abil- 
ities. After  being  employed  by  his  country 
as  ambassador  at  the  court  of  Denmark,  and 


negotiating' a  treaty  with  the  Rusians,  he  wos, 
at  the  insurrection  of  Warsaw  in  1794,  seiz- 
ed and  imprisoned.  His  enemies  accused 
him  of  attempts  to  betray  his  country  to  the 
Russians,  and  they  endeavored  to  prove 
the  assertion  by  the  papers  which  they  found 
in  his  possession.  He  was  in  consequence 
condemned  and  hanged  at  Warsaw  with  the 
greatest  iguomy. 

Ancourt,  Florent  carton  d,'  a  French 
actor  and  dramatic  writer,  born  at  Fontain- 
bleau,  October  1661.  The  Jesuits  tried  in 
vain  to  gain  him  into  their  society,  but  he 
preferred  the  study  of  philosophy  and  law  to 
divinity,  and  at  last  turned  his  thoughts  to 
the  stage  by  marrying  in  his  19th  year  an  ac- 
tress. Not  satisfied  with  the  unbounded  ap- 
plause given  to  his  popular  exertions,  he 
commenced  writer  for  the  stage,  and  obtain- 
ed by  his  pieces  credit  to  himself  and  wealth 
to  the  actor.  His  conversation  was  so  agree- 
able that  he  was  universally  courted,  and 
Lewis  XIV.  bestowed  many  marks  of  his 
favor  upon  him,  as  also  the  duke  of  Bavaria, 
whose  arrival  at  Paris  was  celebrated  by  the 
poet,  by  a  particular  entertainment  written 
on  the  occasion.  Ancourt,  after  being  the 
hero  of  the  stage,  retired  in  1713  to  his  es- 
tate at  Courcelles  le  Boy,  in  Berry,  that  lie 
might  devote  himself  to  religion.  He  there 
translated  the  psalms  into  verse,  and  wrote 
a  sacred  tiagedy  never  printed.  He  died  6tU 
December  1726,  in  his  65th  year.  His  plays 
were  52  in  number.  His  works  appeared  in 
9  vols.  12mo.  1729. 

Ancus  Martius,  fourth  king  of  Rome, 
gained  victories  over  the  neighboring  states, 
and  extended  the  confines  of  his  kingdom  to 
the  sea  shore,  and  built  Ostia.  He  died  after 
a  reign  of  24  years,  B.  C.  646. 

Anderson,  Alexander,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  Paris,  and  author  in  the  16th 
century  of  a  book  called  Supplementum 
ApolloniiRedivivi,  dedicated  to  cardinal  Per- 
ron, 1592. 

Anderson,  Andrew,  a  Glasgow  printer, 
who  obtained  by  clandestine  means  a  patent 
from  Charles  II.  to  print  every  thing  in  Scot- 
land for  41  years.  After  his  death,  his  pa- 
tent was  disputed,  and  though  restricted  to 
the  printing  of  bibles  and  acts  of  Parliament, 
it  sunk  into  contempt. 

Anderson,  Adam,  a  Scotchman,  for  40 
years  employed  as  clerk  to  the  South-sea 
house,  and  also  trustee  for  the  colonization 
in  America,  &c.  He  is  known  as  the  author 
of  an  historical  and  chronological  deduction 
of  trade  and  commerce,  a  most  valuable  book 
published  in  1762,  and  since  re-published, 
four  vols.  4to.  He  was  married  three  times, 
and  died  at  his  house,  lied  Lion-street, 
Clerkenwell,  Jan.  10th,  17751. 

Anderson,  James  D.  D.  brother  to 
Adam,  was  minister  of  the  Scots  presbyte- 
rian  church  in  Swallow -street,  London,  and 
editor  of  the  Diplomata  Scotia?,  and  Royal 
genealogies.  He  was  a  thoughtless  impru- 
dent man. 

Anderson,  James,  esq.  an  advocate  at 
the  Scotch  bar,  and  clerk  of  the  Scotch. pafi- 


AN 


AN 


(lament  1700.  He  was  author  of  a  masterly 
viudication  of  the  independence  of  the  Scotch 
parliament,  for  which  he  was  publicly  thank- 
ed by  that  body,  and  rewarded  with  a  pen- 
sion of  400  pounds  per  annum.  He  made  a 
collection  of  records  from  king  Duncan  to 
Robert  Bruce;  which  were  beautifully  en- 
graved and  published  in  one  vol.  fol.  by  Rud- 
diman.   He  died  at  Edinburgh  1712,  aged  4fi. 

Anderson,  John,  A.  M.  was  horn  near 
Glasgow,  and  was  educated  at  St.  Andrews. 
He  was  a  popular  preacher,  and  a  nervous 
and  spirited  writer  in  favor  of  the  presby- 
terians,  against  the  episcopalians.  He  was 
much  abused  by  his  antagonists  especially 
Caldcr.  He  was  minister  of  Dumbarton 
1704,  and  in  1710  removed  to  Glasgow.  He 
died  aged  42,  1720. 

Anderson,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Lin- 
colnshire, descended  from  a  Scotch  family. 
He  studied  at  Lincoln  college,  Oxford,  and 
afterwards  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  was 
promoted  to  the  dignity  of  judge  under  Eli. 
zabeth,  1578.  He  was  advanced  to  the  office 
of  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas  in  1582, 
and  knighted,  and  four  years  after  he  sat  in 
judgment  upon  the  unfortunate  Mary  of  Scot- 
land, whose  life  was  sacrificed  to  the  jealousy 
and  ambition  of  her  rival.  He  afterwards 
presided  at  the  trial  of  Davison,  who  had  is- 
sued the  warrant  for  the  execution  of  that 
wretched  queen.  During  the  time  that  he 
served  his  country  in  the  capacity  of  judge, 
he  was  esteemed  for  his  firmness  and  im- 
partiality. He  maintained  the  dignity  of  the 
throne,  and  the  rights  of  the  people;  but  he 
never  sacrificed  his  private  feelings  to  influ- 
ence and  cabal,  and  he  resisted  Elizabeth  her- 
self, when  she  was  advised  to  act  contrary  to 
the  laws  of  the  land.  He  was  continued  in  his 
office  under  James,  and  died  first  of  August 
1605.  His  works,  which  are  all  on  law,  and 
which  fully  evince  the  integrity  of  his  heart, 
and  the  depth  of  his  judgment,  were  publish- 
ed by  I.  Goldesborough,  esq.  1653,  in  4to. 

Anderson,  John,  author  of  the  natural 
histoiy  of  Iceland,  Greenland,  Davis's  straits, 
kc.  was  syndic  of  his  native  city,  Hamburgh, 
and  acted  as  its  commercial  agent  and  nego- 
tiator in  various  courts  of  Europe.  He  died 
1743. 

Anderson,  George,  a  native  of  Weston, 
Buckinghamshire,  who,  though  for  some 
time  engaged  in  the  humble  occupations  of 
a  day  laborer,  distinguished  himself  by  the 
powers  of  his  genius,  and  his  self-taught 
knowledge  of  mathematics.  A  neighboring 
clergyman  saw  and  noticed  the  powers  of  his 
mind,  and  with  friendly  humanity  enabled 
him  to  receive  instructions  at  a  grammar- 
school,  and  to  enter  at  New  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  master's  degree  and  took 
deacon's  orders.  From  Oxford  he  came  to 
London,  and  obtained  the  appointment  of 
clerk  in  the  board  of  control,  under  the 
present  Lord  Melville  ;  but  so  indefatigable 
was  his  application,  that  he  brought  on  a 
disorder  which  proved  fatal,  30th  April  1796, 
in  his  36th  year.  His  widow  received  a  pen- 
sion, as  the  reward  due  to  the  merits  of  her 
VOT,.  7.  ]0 


husband.  He  was  author  of  a  general  view 
of  the  variations  in  the  affairs  of  the  East 
India  Company,  since  the  conclusion  of  the 
war  of  1784,  and  he  also  translated  Archime- 
des' treatise  on  measuring  the  sand. 

Anderson, Larz, a  minister  of  Gustavus 
Vasa,  whose  abilities  and  intrigues  raised  him. 
from  obscurity  to  the  dignity  of  chancellor 
of  Sweden.  He  was  the  means  of  the  intro- 
duction of  Lutheranism  into  Sweden. 

Anderson,  James,  L.  L.  D.  a  native  of 
Scotland,  and  formerly  of  Monk's  Hill, 
Aberdeenshire.  Distinguished  by  superior 
talents  for  experimental  husbandry,  he 
was  employed  by  government  to  examine 
into  the  state  of  the  western  coasts  and  isl- 
ands of  Scotland,  and  confirmed  by  his  rela- 
tions the  accounts  which  had  been  given  of 
the  melancholy  poverty  and  depression  of 
the  inhabitants.  Dr.  A.  was  the  author  of 
numerous  works  on  agriculture  and  political 
economy  ;  and  was  conductor  of  the  Bee,  a 
periodical  publication,  consisting  of  essays, 
philosophical,  philological,  and  miscellane- 
ous, published  some  years  ago  at  Edinburgh, 
and  discontinued  upon  the  completion  of 
eighteen  small  octavo  volumes.  He  was  also 
the  author  of  several  articles  for  the  Ency- 
clop.  Brit.  1st.  toI.  Edin.  which  are,  under 
the  heads  dictionary,  winds  and  monsoons, 
language,  sound.  He  contributed  numerous 
essays,  under  a  variety  of  signatures,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  Edinburgh  Weekly  Maga- 
zine, the  principal  of  which  were,  Agrieola, 
Timoleon,  Germanicus,  Cimon,  Scoto  Bri- 
tannus,  E.  Aberdeen,  Henry  Plain,  Impar- 
tial, a  Scot.  He  reviewed  the  subject  of 
agriculture  for  the  Monthly  Review  for  sev- 
eral years.  He  was  born  about  the  year  1739, 
at  Hermiton,  a  village  about  six  miles  from, 
Edinburgh,  and  died  at  West  Ham  near 
London  in  1808. 

Andier  des  Rochers,  John,a  French 
engraver  born  at  Lyons,  known  for  his  en- 
gravings after  Corregio,  and  parti  cularly  for 
his  portraits  in  busts  of  persons  distinguished 
by  birth  or  talents,  amounting  to  upwards  of 
700,  with  descriptive  verses  at  the  bottom  by 
Gacjon.  He  was  rewarded  with  a  fine  gold 
medal  by  the  emperor  Charles  VI.  for  a  por- 
trait of  his  majesty.  He  died  1741,  very 
advanced  in  years. 

Andocides,  an  Athenian  orator,  four  of 
whose  orations  are  extant.  He  florished 
B.  C.  460. 

Andrada,  Diego  de  Payva  d',  a  Portu- 
guese, born  at  Conimbria.  He  was  sent  by 
king  Sebastian  to  the  council  of  Trent,  1562, 
and  there  in  defending  the  canons  against 
Chemnitius,  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
eloquence  as  a  preacher,  and  his  vivacity  in 
reasoning  as  an  author.  Though  a  warm 
catholic  he  is  universally  quoted  by  the  pro- 
testants,  and  deservedly  admired  for  his 
great  erudition,  deep  penetration,  and  un- 
corrupted  judgment. 

Andrada,  Francis  d',  brother  to  the 
above,  and  historiographer  to  Philip  in.  of 
Spain,  was  author  of  an  history  of  John  TIT. 
of  Portugal,  printed  1533  in  4to. 


AN 


AN 


Andrada,  Thomas  d',  reformer  of  the 
barefoot  Augustiues,  was  called  Thomas  of 
Jesus.  He  was  with  Sebastian  in  Africa,  and 
being  taken  by  the  infidels,  was  confined  in 
a  cave,  where  he  wrote  his  "  Sufferings  of 
Jesus,"  translated  into  English  by  Welton. 
He  refused  to  purchase  his  liberty  accoi  ding 
to  the  offers  of  his  sister,  but  preferred  con- 
soling the  captivity  of  his  fellow  slaves.  He 
died  1682. 

Andrada,  Anthony  d',  a  Jesuit  of  Por- 
tugal, who  when  missionary  discovered  Thi- 
bet and  Cathay,  of  which  he  has  written  an 
account.    He  died  1634. 

Andre,  Nathaniel  St.  a  surgeon  intimate 
•with  Pope.  He  was  poisoned  by  drinking  a 
glass  with  an  unknown  patient,  1725,  but  un- 
expectedly recovered.  He  died  advanced  in 
life  1776  at  Southampton.  He  was  imposed 
upon  in  the  affair  of  Mary  Tofts,  but  he  af- 
terwards discovered  it,  and  publicly  ac- 
knowledged his  error. 

Andre,  John,  aBntish  officer,  who  from 
the  conipting  house,  entered  the  army,  and 
embarked  for  the  new  continent  under  gen- 
eral Clinton,  during  the  American  troubles. 
He  rose  by  his  merits  to  the  rank  of  major, 
and  when  general  Arnold  made  an  offer  of 
surrendering  a  strong  position  to  the  British 
forces,  Andre  was  intrusted  with  the  deli- 
cate negotiation.  When  challenged  by  the 
American  out-posts,  he  had  the  imprudence 
to  betray  bis  commission  by  offering  the  sen- 
tinal  his  watch  and  money  if  permitted  to 
return.  The  offer  was  indignantly  rejected, 
and  Andre  examined  before  the  American 
officers,  and  discovered  by  the  papers  which 
he  had  in  his  pocket,  was  regarded  as  a  spy, 
and  tried  by  a  court-martial,  by  order  of 
general  Washington.  He  was  found  guilty, 
and  sentenced  to  be  hanged.  Though  he 
requested  to  die  like  a  soldier,  the  ignomi- 
nious sentence  was  executed  upon  him  2d 
October  1780,  and  he  fell  with  great  intrepi- 
dity at  the  age  of  29  The  American  gene- 
ral was  censured  for  the  severity  of  his  con- 
duct, and  not  only  Englishmen,  but  the 
Americans  themselves,  murmured  at  the 
cruel  conduct  of  the  new  government,  and 
pitied  the  fate  of  a  deserving  officer.  A 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  by 
the  king,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  with  every 
mark  of  respect  which  could  honor  his 
virtues  and  commiserate  bis  misfortunes. 

Andreas,  James,  an  eminent  Lutheran, 
born  1528,  at  Warbling  in  the  dutchy  of  Wir- 
temberg.  His  parents,  who  were  poor,  had 
bound  him  to  a  carpenter,  but  he  was  re- 
lieved from  this  humble  situation  by  some 
persons  of  distinction,  who  had  observed  his 
promising  genius,  and  in  two  years  of  close 
application  he  made  himself  master  of  Latin, 
Greek,  and  logic.  He  took  his  degrees  at 
Tubingen,  and  was  in  1540  made  minister 
of  Stutgard,  which  soon  after  he  resigned. 
In  those  turbulent  times  of  theological  con- 
tention he  took  a  bold  and  active  part,  and 
was  employed  either  as  a  writer  or  as  a  de- 
puted divine,  at  the  public  conferences  held 
at  Worms,  llatisbon,    Augsburg,   &c.     In 


1561  he  was  made  chancellor  and  rector  of 
the  university  of  Tubingen,  and  from  his 
learning  and  eloquence  he  acquired  th^ 
friendship  of  the  dukes  of  Wirtemberg  and 
Brunswick,  and  of  the  emperor  Maximilian 
II.  His  works  are  numerous,  and  all  on 
polemical  divinity,  the  most  famous  of  which 
is  that  on  Concord.  He  died  7th  January, 
1590,  61  years  and  9  months  old.  On  his 
death-bed  he  made  a  solemn  profession  of 
his  faith  in  protestantism,  though  the  catho- 
lics have  asserted  falsely,  that  he  expressed 
wishes  of  being  reconciled  to  the  Roman 
church. 

Andreas,  John,  a  native  of  Mugello 
near  Florence,  who  studied  the  canon  law 
at  Bologna,  and  by  his  application  obtained 
there  a  professor's  chair.  He  gained  great 
popularity  by  his  learning,  as  well  as  by  the 
austerity  of  his  life,  as  much  of  his  time  was 
devoted  to  prayer  and  fasting,  and  he  lay 
upon  the  ground  for  20  years,  covered  only 
with  a  bear  skin.  Poggius,  however  de- 
tracts from  his  merits,  by  mentioning  a  story 
highly  subversive  of  his  great  continence. 
His  daughter,  called  Novella,  was  carefully 
instructed  in  the  learning  of  the  times,  and. 
when  her  father  was  employed,  she  was  in- 
troduced in  his  room  to  read  lectures  to  his 
scholars ;  but  that  her  great  beauty  might 
not  draw  off  the  attention  of  her  audience, 
a  curtain  was  placed  before  her.  Novella 
married  John  Calderinus,  a  learned  canon- 
ist. The  works  of  Andreas  were  numerous 
and  all  on  law.  He  died  of  the  plague  at 
Bologna  in  1348,  after  enjojing  his  profes- 
sorship 45  years.  In  his  epitaph  he  was 
styled  "  Rabbi  doctorum,  lux,  censor,  nor- 
maque  morum ;"  and  pope  Boniface  called 
him  "  lumen  mundi." 

Andreas,  John  Valentine,  a  German 
protestant  divine,  author  of  some  mystical 
books  in  Latin.  Some  call  him  falsely  the 
founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Rosicrusians.  He 
died  1654. 

Andreas,  John,  a  Mahometan  of  Xativa 
in  Valencia,  converted  to  Christianity  on 
hearing  a  sermon  in  the  great  church  of 
Valencia.  He  was  instantly  baptized  and 
called  John  Andreas,  from  the  calling  of  St. 
John  and  St.  Andrew.  He  was  afterwards 
admitted  into  holy  orders,  and  exerted  his 
abilities  and  his  zeal  in  the  conversion  of  the 
Moors,  with  wonderful  success.  He  translated 
from  the  Arabic  into  Spanish  the  laws  of  the 
Moors,  but  his  most  valuable  work  was  the 
"  Confusion  of  the  sect  of  Mahommed1'  in  12 
chapters,  in  which  he  throws  into  view  all 
the  stories,  fables,  absurdities,  and  contra- 
dictions which  the  impostor  has  used  as  wea- 
pons to  propagate  his  religion  among  the 
credulous  Arabians.  This  work  has  been 
translated  into  several  languages,  and  is  fre- 
quently quoted  by  Christian  writers. 

Andre*,  John  Gerhard  Reinhard,  a 
native  of  Hanover,  son  of  an  apothecary. 
He  was  brought  up  to  his  father's  profession 
and  followed  the  bent  of  his  inclination  in 
travelling  over  different  countries  to  ascer- 
tain their  natural  history    and   their  pro- 


AN 


AN 


(auctions,  thus  to  enlarge  his  knowledge  of 
chemistry  and  botany.  He  died  L93,  aged 
69.  He  wrote  various  works  on  his  favorite 
studies,  the  best  known  of  which  are  his 
Tour  in  Switzerland,  4to.  1776 — a  treatise 
on  the  several  kinds  of  earth  found  in  Han- 
over, 1769,  &c. 

Andreini,  Isabella,  a  famous  actress 
born  at  Padua  1562.  She  distinguished  her- 
self not  only  on  the  stage  but  also  as  a  poet- 
ess, and  the  eulogiums  passed  upon  her  as 
well  as  her  writings  shew  that  she  possessed, 
■with  great  personal  beauty,  wit  and  genius 
in  a  superior  degree.  She  visited  France, 
where  she  was  received  by  the  court  with 
particular  attention.  She  died  of  a  miscar- 
riage at  Lyons,  10th  of  June  1604,  in  her'42d 
year,  and  her  husband  Frant  is  Andreini 
praised  her  virtues  in  the  following  epitaph  : 
"  Isah.  Andr.  Patavina  mulier  magna  virtute 
prcedita,  honestatis  ornamentum,  maritalis- 
que  pudicitiue  decus,  ore  facunda,  mente 
isecunda,  religiosa,  pia,  musis  arnica,  et  artis 
scenicce  caput,  hie  resurreetionenv  expectat." 
Her  compositions  were,  sonnets,  songs,  mad- 
rigals, eclogues,  &c.  printed  t.t  Milan  1605. 
Her  husband,  who  quitted  the  stage  on  her 
death,  wrote  some  dialogues  which  possessed 
merit. 

Andrelinus,  Publ.  Faustus,  a  native 
■of  Forli  in  Italy,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Paris,  and  poet  laureat  to  Lewis  XII.  and  to 
his  queen.  He  was  dissolute  in  his  manners, 
hut  neither  his  life  nor  his  satires  against 
the  clergy,  as  Erasmus  observes,  brought 
him  into  trouble.  His  epistles  were  learned, 
witty,  and  useful,  and  his  verses  elegant, 
especially  those  on  Livia  his  mistress,  which 
procured  him  the  prize  of  Latin  poetry 
from  the  Roman  academy.  He  died  1518. 
His  works  consist  of  four  books  of  love-let- 
ters, miscellaneous  elegies,  about  '200  dis- 
tiebs,  and  the  12  eclogues  published  by  Opo- 
rinus  in  his  collection  of  38  Bucolic  poets. 

Andrew,  St.  a  fisherman  of  Bethsaida 
in  Galilee.  After  being  for  some  time  a  dis- 
ciple of  John  the  Baptist,  be  was  called  with 
his  brother  Peter  to  witness  the  holy  life  and 
to  learn  the  doctrines  of  our  blessed  Saviour. 
ft  is  supposed  that  he  preached  the  gospel  in 
Scythia,  and  that  there  he  was  put  to 
death  on  a  cross  of  the  figure  of  the  let- 
ter X. 

Andrew,  a  native  of  Damascus,  bishop 
of  Aleria  in  Crete,  and  thence  called  of 
Crete,  and  of  Jerusalem,  because  he  re- 
tired there  and  died  720,  or  723.  He  wrote 
commentaries  on  some  books  of  scriptures, 
besides  sermons,  published  at  Paris  1644, 
folio. 

Andrew,  a  native  of  Pisa,  known  as  a 
sculptor,  architect,  painter,  and  musician 
He  was  highly  honored  by  the  Florentines, 
many  of  whose  edifices  were  built  on  his 
plans,  as  also  the  arsenal  of  Venice.  He 
died  at  Florence  1330,  aged  60. 

Andrew,  bishop  of  Samosata,  ably  de- 
fended Theodoret  against  Cyril,  in  the  5th 
century.    Some  of  his  letters  are  still  extant 

Andrew,  Jonn,  secretary  of  the  Vatican 


and  bishop  of  Aleria  in  Corsica,  published 
editions  of  Livy,  Auins  Gellius,  Herodotus, 
Strabo,  &c.  and  dieti  1493. 

Andrew,  of  Ratisbon,  was  author  of  a 
chronicle  of  the  dukes  of  Bavaria,  and  of  an 
history  ot  Bohemia,  in  the  15th  century. 

Andrew,  Tobias,  author  of  Methodi 
Cartesians;  assertio  printed  1653,  was  a  bold 
defender  of  the  Cartesian  philosophy.  He  was 
professor  of  Greek  and  of  history  at  Gronin- 
gen,  and  died  1676. 

Andrew  del  Sarto,  a  painter  born 
at  Florence  1483,  son  of  a  taylor.  He  was 
a  great  favorite  of  Francis  I.  of  Franct,  who 
wished  to  retain  him,  but  in  vain,  as  his  wife 
insisted  upon  his  residence  in  Italy.  He  is 
particularly  commended  for  the  coloring  of 
his  pictures,  and  the  correctness  and  ele- 
gance of  his  figures,  though  there  is  a  cold- 
ness and  uniformity  in  all.  He  possessed  the 
happy  talent  of  copying  pictures  to  such 
perfection,  that  Julio  Romano,  who  had 
finished  the  draperies  of  Raphael's  Leo  Xth. 
took  a  copy  of  that  celebrated  piece  by  Del 
Sarto  for  the  original.     He  died  1  530. 

Andrew,  Valerius,  a  native  of  Brabant, 
born  1588,  professor  of  civil  law  at  Louvain* 
and  author  of  Bibliotheca  Belgica,  or  account 
of  Belgic  worthies,  valuable  for  the  informa- 
tion it  contains,  though  occasi'.nally  inaccu- 
rate, published  1G43.  He  was  still  living  in 
1652. 

Andrew,  Ives  Mary,  a  native  of  Cha- 
teaulin  in  Cornouailles,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Caen  for  33  years.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  learning  and  genuine  vivacity.  His 
poetry  is  admired,  but  his  chief  work  is 
his  essay  sur  le  beau,  as  also  his  traite  sur 
l'homme.  He  retired  from  his  laborious 
office  1759,  and  died  1764,  February  26th,  in 
his  89th  year.  His  works  were  published  to- 
gether 1766,  five  vols.  12mo. 

Andrew  I.  king  of  Hungary,  eldest  son 
of  Ladislaus  the  bald,  left  his  native  country 
with  Bela  his  brother  in  1044,  when  Peter 
was  raised  to  the  throne.  He  was  afterwards 
invited  back  by  the  people,  who  wished  to 
restore  the  Pagan  religion,  but  when  invest- 
ed with  the  royal  power  he  violated  his  pro- 
mise, and  obliged  his  barbarous  subjects  to 
embrace  Christianity.  He  was  attacked  by 
his  brother  and  slain  in  battle,  1059. 

Andrew  II.  king  of  Hungary,  succeeded 
his  nephew  Ladislaus  1204.  He  was  in  the 
crusades,  and  behaved  with  such  valor  that 
he  obtained  the  surname  of  lerosolvmilan. 
He  was  successful  in  the  wars  in  which  he 
was  engaged,  and  he  endeavored  to  melio- 
rate the  situation  of  the  middle  ranks  of  his 
kingdom.     He  died  1235. 

Andrew  III.  king  of  Hungary,  grandson 
of  the  preceding,  succeeded  on  the  death  of 
Ladislaus,  1299.  His  elevation  was  opposed 
by  Charles  of  Sicily,  son  of  Ladislaus'  sister, 
and  a  civil  war  and  all  its  terrors  were  the 
consequence.  The  troubles  continued  till 
the  death  of  both  the  rivals,  who  died  the. 
same  year  1305. 

Andrew,  son  of  king  Charobert  of  Hun- 
gary, king  of  Naples,  was  called  by  the  Nea- 


AN 


AN 


politans  Audreasso.  He  married  Joan  II. 
queen  of  Naples  his  cousin,  but  such  was 
the  dislike  which  was  kindled  between  these 
youthful  sovereigns,  that  the  queen  was  at 
last  persuaded  by  her  favorites  to  consent  to 
the  assassination  of  her  husband  in  his  19th 
year,  1345. 

Andrews  or  Andrewe,  Eusebius,  a 
barrister  of  good  family  in  Middlesex,  se- 
cretary to  lord  Capel,  and  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  wars,  a  colonel  in  Charles' 
service.  After  the  loss  of  Worcester,  he 
attempted  the  recovery  of  the  island  of  Ely, 
and  being  taken  prisoner  by  the  republican 
army  he  was  prosecuted  before  Bradshaw 
and  the  high  court  of  justice.  He  was  con- 
demned to  be  hanged  and  quartered,  but  on 
his  petition  the  sentence  was  changed  to  be- 
heading, which  he  suffered  with  great  forti- 
tude on  Tower  Hill,  22d  August  1650. 

Andrews,  Lancelot,  an  English  divine, 
born  in  London  1565.  After  being  educated 
at  Merchant  Taylors',  he  entered  on  one  of 
Dr.  Watts'  scholarships  at  Pembroke-hall, 
Cambridge,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
as  a  public  lecturer  in  divinity.  His  abilities 
were  made  known  to  Walsingham,  secretary 
to  Elizabeth,  who  procured  for  him,  on  the 
death  of  Fulke,  St.  Giles  Cripplegate  in  Lon- 
don, and  a  prebend  and  residentiaryship  of 
St.  Paul's.  He  was  afterwards  chosen  mas- 
ter of  his  college,  and  on  the  decease  of 
Elizabeth  he  gained  the  favor  of  James  so 
much  by  his  pulpit  eloquence,  that  the  mon- 
arch employed  him  to  defend  his  knightly 
right  against  the  attack  of  cardinal  Bellar- 
rnine,  under  the  name  of  Matthew  Tortus. 
Andrews  supported  his  cause  with  firmness 
and  spirit  in  his  Tortura  torti,  and  the  king 
rewarded  his  zeal  with  the  rank  of  privy 
counsellor,  and  the  place  of  almoner,  the 
deanery  of  the  royal  chapel,  and  the  bishop- 
ric of  Chichester  1605.  He  was  afterwards 
advanced  to  Ely,  and  then  to  Winchester; 
but  though  he  enjoyed  in  the  highest  degree 
the  favors  of  the  monarch,  he  did  not  forget 
the  dignity  of  his  character,  or  his  indepen- 
dence as  an  Englishman ;  and  when  James 
wished  to  know  the  sentiments  of  his  cour- 
tiers with  respect  to  raising  money  without 
parliamentary  authority,  he  found  Andrews 
decidedly  severe  against  the  unconstitutional 
measure.  He  died  at  Winchester-house  in 
Southwark,  September  27,  1626,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Saviour's  chi'rch,  where  a 
neat  monument  is  erected.  Milton  has  writ- 
ten an  elegant  elegy  on  him.  Besides  the 
Tortura  torti,  he  wrote  a  manual  of  devo- 
tions in  Greek,  translated  by  Stanhope  into 
English,  a  volume  of  sermons  printed  after 
bis  decease  by  Laud  and  Buckeridge,  and 
he  had  a  share  in  translating  the  Pentateuch 
and  the  books  from  Joshua  to  1st  Chronicles. 
Andriscus,  an  impostor  who  pretended 
to  be  the  son  of  Perses  the  last  king  of  Ma- 
cedonia. After  reigning  some  time  over  the 
country,  he  was  defeated  by  the  Romans, 
and  put  to  death  by  order  of  the  senate, 
B.  C.  147. 

Andromachus,  a  Cretan,  physician  to 
the  emperor  Nero. 


Andronicus  I.  son  of  Isaac  Commenus, 
was  imprisoned  for  his  rebellious  conduct 
against  the  emperor  Manuel,  but  after  12 
years  confinement,  he  escaped  into  Russia, 
and  on  the  elevation  of  young  Alexis  II.  he 
had  the  art  to  cause  himself  to  be  received 
as  a  protector,  and  as  partner  of  the  throne. 
Thus  armed  with  power  he  strangled  the 
unsuspecting  youth,  and  seated  himself  sole 
emperor  on  the  throne  of  Constantinople 
1183,  in  his  71st  year.  His  cruelties  however 
rendered  him  odious,  and  he  was  two  years 
after  seized  in  an  insurrection,  and  put  to 
death  in  the  most  ignominious  manner,  and 
Isaac  Angelus  placed  in  his  room. 

Andronicus  Pal/eologus  II.  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Michael  VHI.  1282.  His 
feeble  rule  was  unable  to  withstand  the  at- 
tacks of  barbarians  from  without,  and  the 
dissentions  of  contending  chiefs  from  within  ; 
and  lie  was  banished  from  the  throne  by  his 
grandson  of  the  same  name,  and  finished  his 
days  in  a  monastery  1332,  aged  74. 

Andronicus  Paljeologus  III.  grand- 
son of  the  preceding,  was  warlike,  bold,  and 
enterprising.  He  died  of  a  fever  occasioned 
by  intemperance,  universally  regretted  by 
his  subjects,  June  1341,  in  his  45th  year. 

Andronicus  IV.  was  associated  to  his 
father  John  V.  on  the  Constantinopolitan 
throne,  1355.  His  perfidy  irritated  his  father, 
who  put  out  one  of  his  eyes,  and  raised  his 
brotherMauuel  in  his  place.  He  died  in  exile. 
Andronicus,  founder  of  a  sect  of  the 
same  name,  adopted  the  errors  of  the  Seve- 
rians,  and  supported  that  the  upper  part  of 
a  woman  was  the  work  of  God,  but  the  lower 
the  work  of  the  devil. 

Andronicus,  a  learned  man  of  Thessa- 
lonica,  who  took  refuge  in  Italy,  after  the 
fall  of  Constantinople,  and  taught  Greek  at 
Rome,  Florence,  and  Paris.  He  died  at 
Paris  1478. 

Andronicus,  Livius,  the  oldest  of  the 
Roman  dramatists.  His  first  piece  was  pre- 
sented before  the  Roman  people  about  240 
B.C. 

Andronicus,  Cyrestes,  an  Athenian, 
said  to  be  the  inventor  of  weather-cocks,  and 
the  architect  of  the  famous  octagon  temple 
built  at  Athens  in  honor  of  the  winds. 

Andronicus,  a  Rhodian  philosopher, 
who  published  the  collected  works  of  Aris- 
totle. He  florished  in  the  age  of  Sylla, 
about  63  B.  C. 

Androuet  du  Cerceau,  James,  an 
architect  at  the  end  of  the  16th  century,  who 
furnished  the  designs  for  the  grand  gallery 
of  the  Louvre,  the  Pontneuf,  &c.  He  pub- 
lished some  works  on  his  profession,  and 
died  abroad,  whither  he  had  retired  as  a 
zealous  disciple  of  Calvin. 

Andry,  Nicholas,  a  professor  of  philoso- 
phy, and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  medicine  at 
Paris,  was  a  native  of  Lyons,  and  author  of 
several  treatises  now  little  known,  except 
those  on  medicine,  which  preserve  his  fame, 
especially  a  treatise  on  the  generation  of 
worms  in  the  human  body — on  phlebotomy 
— on  orthopsedia,  or  the  method  of  correcting 


AN 


AN 


deformities  in    children.     He  died    1742, 
aged  84. 

Aneau,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of  Bour- 
ges,  principal  of  the  college  of  Lyons.  In 
1965,  daring  a  procession,  a  stone  was 
thrown  from  the  college  upon  the  priest 
who  carried  the  consecrated  bread,  and  im- 
mediately the  place  was  stormed,  and 
Aneau,  whose  Calvinistical  opinions  were 
unpopular,  being  found  alone  and  suspected, 
was  dragged,  and  inhumanly  murdered  by 
the  populace.  He  was  author  of  some  satires 
and  other  pieces  in  French  and  in  Latin. 

Anello,  Thomas,  called  commonly 
Massaniello,  a  fisherman  of  Naples,  born 
16'23.  He  felt  for  the  wrongs  of  his  country, 
when  the  Austrian  government,  to  which 
Naples  was  subject,  laid  a  fresh  tax  upon 
fruits  which  the  already  oppressed  people 
were  unable  to  bear.  A  number  of  boys,  to 
the  amount  of  2000,  between  the  age  of  16 
and  17,  were  armed  with  canes  by  the  de- 
magogue, the  viceroy  was  attacked,  and  the 
government  was  suspended.  Anello  posses- 
sed firmness  and  popularity,  and  he  was  in- 
vested with  the  supreme  power,  and  saw 
himself  suddenly  at  the  head  of  150,000 
people,  who  with  the  most  implicit  obedi- 
ence bowed  to  his  very  nod.  In  his  elevation 
he  did  not  forget  the  right  of  the  nation,  he 
signed  a  solemn  convention  with  the  terrified 
government,  and  after  he  had  secured  the 
freedom  of  the  subject,  he  nobly  determined 
to  lay  aside  his  power,  and  to  retire  to  a 
private  station.  The  thought  was  heroic, 
but  the  solicitations  of  his  wife  and  kindred, 
or  the  more  powevful  calls  of  ambition,  for- 
bad it;  and  he  still  continued  his  authority, 
lost  in  debauchery  and  intemperance,  till 
the  dagger  of  four  assassins  rid  the  world  of 
a  man  whom  the  intoxication  of  splendor 
began  to  render  cruel  and  vindictive,  1G47. 

Aneurijj,  a  British  poet,  celebrated  as 
the  king  of  bards,  and  also  as  the  heroic 
leader  of  the  Olidinian  Britons  at  the  battle 
of  Cattraeth.  The  valor  displayed  on  this 
bloody  day  was  celebrated  by  the  warlike 
bard  in  a  poem  which  is  still  preserved 
among  the  records  of  Welch  literature,  as 
also  his  odes  of  the  months.  He  died  abont 
570.  Some  suppose  that  this  famed  poet 
was  the  same  as  the  venerable  historian 
Gildas. 

Ange  de  St.  Joseph,  le  Pere,  a  Car- 
melite of  Toulouse,  whose  real  name  was  la 
Brosse.  He  travelled  into  Persia  as  mis- 
sionary, and  translated  the  Persian  pharma- 
copoeia into  Latin,  printed  1631,  8vo.  Paris, 
besides  a  treatise  on  the  language  of  the 
country,  a  useful  and  very  valuable  per- 
formance, edited  Amsterdam,  1684,  folio. 
He  died  at  Perpignan,  1697. 

Ange  de  Ste.  Rosalie,  a  learned 
Augustine  born  at  Blois.  He  died  at  Paris 
1726,  aged  71,  before  he  had  completed  the 
new  edition  of  the  history  of  the  royal  family 
of  France,  &c.  by  Anselm.  This  valuable 
work  was  afterwards  edited  by  Simplicien 
his  associate,  in  y  vols,  folio.  Ange  had 
written  before  l'Etat  de  la  France,  5  vols. 
12  mo. 


Angeli,  Bonaventure,  a  native  of  Fer- 
rara,  and  professor  of  the  law,  author  of  tlio 
history  of  Parma,  printed  1591.  He  died 
1576,  at  Parma,  where  he  had  settled. 

Angeli,  Baldus,  an  Italian  physician  of 
reputation,  author  of  a  Latin  treatise  on 
vipers  1589,  4to.  He  lived  at  the  latter  end 
of  the  16th  century. 

Angeli,  Peter,  a  Latin  poet  of  Barga 
in  Tuscany.  After  teaching  the  learned 
languages  at  Reggio  in  Lombardy,  he  came 
to  Pisa,  where  Cosmo  I.  patronised  him,  and 
seated  him  on  a  professorial  chair.  When 
the  town  was  suddenly  besieged  by  Strozzi 
in  1554,  Angeli  animated  the  students  by  his 
example,  and  withstood  the  enemy  till  suc- 
cours came  from  Florence.  He  wrote  two 
poems,  Cynegeticon  or  of  the  Chase,  in  sis 
books,  printed  in  8vo.  156S,  which  cost  hiru 
20  years  labor,  and  Syrius  or  the  expedition 
of  Godfrey  de  Bouillon,  in  12  books,  1591, 
4to.     He  died  1596,  aged  79. 

Angelic,  .lohn,  a  Dominican  of  Fiezo- 
la,  known  as  the  painter  of  pope  Nicljolas 
V's  chapel,  for  which  he  refused  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Florence.  He  is  said  to  have 
left  designedly  some  inaccuracies  in  his  great 
works,  that  he  might  not  draw  too  much  the 
admiration  of  mankind.  He  died  1455, 
aged  63. 

Angel  is,  Dominicode,  a  native  of  Lecce 
in  Otrauto,  whose  learning  procured  him  ad- 
mission into  the  most  celebrated  academies, 
when  he  travelled  through  France  and  Spain. 
When  Philip  V.  of  Spain  was  master  of 
Naples,  he  was  appointed  historiographer, 
and  afterwards  was  made  secretary  to  the 
duke  of  Gravina.  He  deserved  every  dis- 
tinction, as  his  services  in  literature  show. 
His  compositions  are  14  in  number,  mostly 
upon  historical,  biographical,  or  critical  sub- 
jects, in  Italian.  He  died  at  Lecce,  9th  Au- 
gust 171 U,  in  his  44th  year. 

Angelo  Buonaroti,  Michael,  a  great 
painter,  sculptor,  and  architect.  He  was 
born  1474,  at  the  castle  ofChiusi  in  Tuscany, 
and  was  nursed  by  a  woman  of  Scttiniauno, 
whose  husband  was  eminent  as  a  sculptor, 
so  that  he  was  said  to  have  sucked  sculptor 
with  his  very  milk.  His  genius  was  early 
displayed,  and  it  raised  such  jealousy  among 
his  youthful  rivals,  that  one  of  them,  Tor- 
rigianno,  struck  him  with  such  violence  on 
the  nose,  that  he  carried  the  mark  to  his 
grave.  The  protection  of  Lorenzo  de  Mc- 
dicis  raised  him  to  consequence.  An  acade- 
my was  erected,  but  the  painter  fled  with  his 
patron  during  the  troubles  of  Florence,  and 
retired  to  Bologna.  It  is  said  that,  abont 
this  time,  he  made  and  buried  an  image  of 
Cupid  at  Rome,  which  was  soon  after  dug 
up,  and  considered  by  cardinal  Gregory  as  a 
most  valuable  antique,  till  Michael  Angelo 
proved  it  to  be  his  own,  by  fitting  to  it  the 
broken  arm  which  it  had  lost,  and  which  he 
had  kept  on  purpose.  The  most  celebrated 
of  his  pieces  is  his  last  judgment,  painted 
for  Paul  III.  though  it  is  perhaps  to  be  lamen- 
ted, that  the  artist's  revenge  had  been  cruel- 
ly immortalized,  by  his  representation  of  a 


AN 


AN 


cardinal,  who  was  his  enemy,  in  the  number 
of  the  damned.  His  architectural  abilities 
«re  best  displayed  in  the  public  buildings  of 
Florence,  and  particularly  of  Rome,  where 
he  completed  the  building  of  St.  Peter's 
ehurch,  in  the  execution  of  which  he  spent 
17  laborious  years  without  salary.  He  was 
also  an  elegant  poet,  as  his  sonnets,  canzonets, 
&c.  published  by  his  grand-nephew  at  Flor- 
ence 1627,  fully  show.    He  died  1564,aged  90. 

Angelo,  Thomas  de,  an  ecclesiastic, 
author  of  an  history  of  Sicily  for  the  first  five 
centuries,  and  of  other  works.  He  died  in 
an  advanced  age  at  Messina,  1720. 

Angelo  ni,  Francis,  born  at  Terni  in 
Spolatto,  was  author  of  an  history  of  his  na- 
tive town,  and  of  a  valuable  Augustan  histo- 
ry by  medals,  from  J.  Caesar  to  Constantine 
the  great,  the  best  edition  of  which  is  Rome 
16S5,  fol.  He  wrote  also  the  history  of  Ter- 
ni, and  died  1652. 

Angelus,  Christopher,  a  learned  Greek, 
driven  from  Peloponnesus  bAr  the  Turks. 
He  eame  to  England,  and  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge under  the  patronage  of  the  bishop  of 
Norwich.  He  afterwards  went  to  Baliol  col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  proved  very  useful 
in  instructing  the  students  in  Greek.  He  died 
1638.  He  was  author  of  several  works,  the 
most  valuable  of  which  is  his  account  of  his 
sufferings, printed  1617,  in  Greekand  English. 

Angier,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Oedham, 
in  Essex,  educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  ejected  for  nonconformity 
from  hisliving  at  Denton,  Lancashire,  in  1662, 
and  died  1677,  aged  72.  He  was  author  of 
a  theological  treatise  called  a  help  to  better 
hearts  for  better  times. 

Angilbert,  St.  descended  from  a  no- 
ble family  of  Neustria,  studied  under  Alcui- 
nus  with  Charlemagne,  and  not  only  became 
his  minister  and  favorite,  but  married  his 
daughter  Bertha.  He  was  made  governor 
of  the  coast  from  the  Scheld  to  the  Seine, 
but  he  resigned  his  honors  and  the  company 
of  his  wife  for  the  monastery  of  Centula  or 
St.  Requier  of  which  he  became  the  abbot. 
He  was  often  drawn  from  his  religious  re- 
tirement to  affairs  of  state ;  he  went  three 
times  to  Rome,  and  saw  Charlemagne  crown- 
ed emperor  of  the  West.  Of  his  works  few 
remain.  He  was  so  elegant  a  poet  that  Char- 
lemagne called  him  his  Homer.  He  died  the 
18th  of  February  814. 

Angiolello,  born  at  Vicenza,  wrote 
in  the  Italian  and  Turkish  tongue  an  history 
of  Mahomet  I.  which  he  inscribed  to  him. 
He  had  been  slave  to  Mustapha  in  an  expe- 
dition to  Persia  1473,  and  therefore  his  his- 
tory isthatof  an  e)e  witness.  He  wrote  also 
the  history  of  Usson  Casson. 

Anglicus,  Gilbertus,  physician  to  Her- 
bert, archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  author 
of  a  compendium  of  physic,  the  earliest  ex- 
tant, of  which  Dr.  Freind  has  spoken  at 
length.  He  lived  according  to  some  at  the 
latter  end  of  the  13th  century. 

Anglicus,  Ricardus,  an  English  medical 
writer,  who  studied  at  Oxford,  and  after- 
wards at  Paris.    He  was  a  very  carlv  author 


|  on  medicine,  and  eminent  in  his  profession. 

A  list  of  his  works  is   preserved  in   Aikin's 

t  Biog.  Mem.  of  medicine.  He  lived  about  1230. 

I      Anglus,  Thomas,  an  English  priest,  the 

|  friend  of   Sir  Kenelm  Digby,  known  by  the 

several  names  of  Albius  Candidus,  Bianchi, 

|  Richworth,  White,  and  Vitus,  which  he  as- 

|  sumed  in  the  different   countries  of  Europe, 

j  where  he  spent  the  greatest  part  of  his  life. 

He  distinguished  himself  by  his  learning  and 

genius,  but  his  fondness  for  the  Peripatetic 

\  philosophy,  and   his  attempts  to  apply  the 

principles  of  Aristole  to  explain  the  mysteries 

of  religion,  created  him  many  enemies,  who 

procured  the  condemnation  of  his  writings, 

both  at  Douay  and  at  Rome.     He  died  after 

the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  but  the  year  is 

unknown. 

Anguier,  Francis  and  Michael,  two  bro- 
thers, natives  of  Eu,  in  Normandy,  who  a- 
dorned  Paris  by  their  beautiful  sculptures. 
The  former  died  1699,  aged  95,  and  the  other 
16S6,  aged  74.  The  tomb  of  James  Souvre 
at  St.  John  de  Lateran,  the  ornaments  of  St. 
Denis,  &c.  are  among  the  most  admired  pie- 
ces of  Michael  ;  and  of  those  of  Francis,  the 
large  crucifix  over  the  high  altar  of  the  church 
of  the  Sorbonne,  tiie  mausoleum  of  the  duke 
of  Montmorency,  at  Moulines,  of  De  Thou. 
Anguillari,  John  Andre  del',  an  es- 
teemed Italian  poet,  who  wrote  a  tragedy  on 
G^dipus,  notes  on  the  Orlando  of  Ariosto, 
and  a  valuable  translation  of  Ovid's  Meta- 
morphoses, printed  Venice  1554  in  4to.  He 
lived  in  the  16th  century. 

Angusciola,  Sophonisba,  a  native  of 
Almona  in  Italy,  eminent  for  her  historical 
and  portrait  paintings.  She  bestowed  such 
attention  to  her  profession  that  she  became 
blind.  She  died  1626,  aged  93.  Her  sister 
Lucia  and  Eiuopa,  also  excelled  in  the  exe- 
cution of  the  pencil. 

Anicetus,  pope  of  Rome,  after  Pius,  157, 
suffered  martyrdom  under  M.  Aurelius,  168. 
A  n  i  ch,  Peter,  son  of  a  turner,  was  born  at 
Oberpersuf  near  lnspruck  1723,  and  after 
being  employed  as  a  laborer  and  a  shepherd, 
his  genius  for  mechanics  burst  forth,  and  was 
improved  and  corrtcted  by  the  friendly  as- 
sistance of  father  Hill  a  Jesuit.  He  was  ad- 
mired for  his  knowledge  of  astronomy,  for 
the  elegance  and  accuracy  of  the  maps  and 
charts  which  he  drew  ;  and  the  pair  of  globes 
which  he  made  for  the  university  of  lnspruck 
were  justly  considered  as  of  superior  beauty 
and  value.  He  died  early  in  life  1766,  seri- 
ously lamented,  and  the  empress  queen  hon- 
ored his  memory  by  bestowing  a  pension  of 
50  florins  on  his  sister. 

Anichini,  Lewis,  a  Venetian  engraver, 
much  celebrated  for  the  delicacy  and  preci- 
sion with  which  he  engraved  even  the  min- 
utest objects.  It  was  at  the  sight  of  his  pie- 
ces that  Michael  Angelo  exclaimed,  that  the 
art  of  engraving  under  his  hand  had  reached 
the  summit  of  perfection.  His  best  pieces 
was  a  medal  of  Alexander  the  great,  pros- 
trating himself  before  the  high-priest  at  Je- 
rusalem, the  head  of  pope  Paul  III.  and  Hen.- 
ry  III.  of  France  on  the  reverse. 


AN 


AN 


A  niello,  Thomas,  vid.  Anello. 
Ankerstaoom,  John  James,  a  Swedish 
•flicer  who,  in  the  war  carried  on  by  Sweden 
against  Russia,  suffered  himself  to  be  gained 
over  against  the  interests  of  his  country. 
lie  was  discovered  and  sentenced  to  death, 
hutthe  pardon  of  his  king,instead  of  producing 
gratitude  and  loyality,  rendered  his  hatred 
more  inveterate.  He  conspired  against  Gus- 
tavus,  and  as  the  unsuspecting  monarch  en- 
tered a  room  where  a  masked  ball  was  assem- 
bled, the  assassin  discharged  at  him  a  pistol 
containing  two  balls  and  some  nails.  The 
•wound  was  mortal  and  the  king  expired,  291'. 
March  1792.  The  27th  of  April  following 
the  bloody  murderer  was  led  to  execution,  but 
instead  of  contrition  he  gloried  in  his  deed. 
His  right  hand  and  his  head  were  cut  off. 

Anna  Commena,  daughter  of  Alexis 
Commenus  emperor  of  Constantinople,  and 
celebrated  for  the  Greek  history  which  she 
has  written,  in  which,  with  great  elegance  and 
spirit,  though  often  with  partiality,  she 
records  the  events  which  distinguished  her 
father's  reign. 

Anna  Ivanovna,  daughter  of  Ivan  A- 
lexiovitch,  emperor  of  Russia,:married  in  1710 
Frederic  William  duke  of  Courland,  and  suc- 
ceeded Peter  II.  on  the  throne  1730.  At 
the  death  of  her  husband,  1719,  she  took  for 
her  favorite  Biren,  a  person  of  low  birth,  but 
great  duplicity;  and  when  raised  to  the  throne 
her  subjects  were  ruled  by  this  capricious 
and  cruel  minion,  who  it  is  said  banished  no 
less  than  20,000  persons  to  Siberia  through 
pique,  malice  and  revenge.  Anna  died  1740, 
aged  47.  She  was  succeeded  hy  her  grand- 
nephew  Ivan,  whose  minority  was  intrusted 
to  the  care  of  the  guilty  Biren,  now  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  duke  of  Courland. 

Annand,  William,  A.  M.  a  native  of 
Edinburgh,  who  was  chosen  one  of  the  min- 
isters and  became  a  popular  preacher  there. 
He  behaved  with  great  kindness  towards  the 
persecuted  presbyterians,  and  opposed  James 
when  he  wished  to  dispense  with  the  penal 
laws.  At  the  revolution  he  was  made  dean 
of  Raphoe  in  Ireland,  where  he  died  1710, 
aged  64.  He  wrote  a  volume  of  valuable  ser- 
mons, little  known. 

Annat,  Francis,  a  native  of  Rouergue, 
of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  teacher  of  phil- 
osophy at  Toulouse,  and  afterwards  employed 
at  Rome  and  in  France,  in  the  service  of  the 
pope.  He  was  made  confessor  to  the  French 
king  1654,  which  office  he  held  16  years,  and 
then  solicited  his  dismission  from  increasing 
infirmities.  He  is  known  for  his  great  zeal 
in  opposing  the  Jansenists,  and  for  his  un- 
common modesty  and  disinterestedness  which 
never  employed  the  influence  he  possessed 
at  court  to  promote  his  family.  His  wri- 
tings, which  are  controversial,  are  admired 
for  great  judgment,  learning,  and  modera- 
tion.    He  died  at  Paris  1670,  aged  80. 

Anne,  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Philip  n. 
of  Spain  married  Lewis  XIH.  1615,  and  was 
mother  of  Lewis  XIV.  of  France.  The  in- 
trigues of  Richelieu  rendered  her  marriage 
state  unhappy,  but  during  the  minority  of  her 


son,  she  was  permitted  to  govern  the  kingdom 
by  means  of  Mazarine  ;  but  though  she  offend- 
ed the  nation  by  means  of  this  favorite,  her 
power  was  rendered  popular  by  the  victories 
of  the  great  Conde.  When  Lewis  XIV.  suc- 
ceeded to  the  government  in  \GC0,  she  retired 
to  a  convent,  and  died  1606,  aged  64. 

Anne,  of  Beaujcu,  daughter  of  Lewis  XII. 
of  France,  married  the  duke  of  Bourbon,  and 
v,  as  regent  d  uring  the  minority  of  her  brother 
Charles  VIII.  Her  government  was  marked 
by  prudence,  firmness,  and  wisdom,  though 
in  her  private  character  she  was  vindictive 
and  violent.  She  died  at  Chautclle  1522, 
aged  60. 

Anne,  of  Britany,  was  daughter  and  heir- 
ess of  the  last  duke  of  thatdutchy.  She  was 
wife  of  Maximilian  of  Austria,  and  next 
married  Charles  VIII.  of  France,  and,  after 
his  death  Lewis  XII.  She  was  celebrated 
for  her  heauty,  her  modesty,  and  her  patron- 
age of  the  learned  and  the  indigent.  She 
died  1514  in  her  S8th  year. 

Anne,  of  Cleves,  a  daughter  of  John  III. 
duke  of  Cleves.  Her  picture  by  Holbein 
was  shewn  by  lord  Cromwell  to  the  licentious 
Henry  VIII.  and  he  demanded  her  for  his 
queen.  The  painter  had  flattered  the  prin- 
cess, and  Henry,  soon  disgusted  with  the 
Flander's  mare,  as  he  called  this  ill  treated 
woman,  obtained  a  divorce  from  his  obsequi- 
ous parliament.  Anne,  without  struggle,  and 
indeed  with  unconcern,  left  England,  and 
retired  to  Cleves,  where  she  died   1557. 

Anne,  daughter  of  James  II.  succeeded 
William  III.  as  queen  of  England.  Her  reign 
forms  a  brilliant  epoch  in  the  English  history 
from  the  victories  of  Marlborough  ;  but  she 
possessed  not  the  firmness  required  to  dis- 
tinguish the  merits  and  virtues  of  her  sub- 
jects ;  and  while  she  suffered  herself  to  be 
ruled  by  a  cabal,  she  lost  the  power  of  de- 
stroying the  dissensions  which  agitated  her 
courtiers.  Under  her  administration,  Scot- 
land was  united  to  England.  The  queen 
possessed  the  peculiar  felicity  of  having  for 
her  ministers  the  ablest  statesman  that  ever 
lived,  and  among  her  subjects  the  most  learn- 
ed, sublime,  and  eloquent  writers  in  the  walks 
of  poetry,  science,  and  general  literature; 
and  therefore  with  truth  her  reign  has  been 
denominated  the  Augustan  age  of  England. 
In  16S3  she  married  prince  George  of  Den- 
mark, by  whom  she  had  several  children  who 
all  died  young.  She  died  August  1714  aged  50. 
A  nne,  dulchess  of  the  Viennois, after  the 
death  of  her  brother  John  I.  defended  her 
rights  with  great  courage  and  equal  success 
against  the  claims  of  Robert  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy.    She  died  1296. 

ANNE,ofFerrara,  daughterof  Hercules  II. 
duke  of  Ferrara,  married  1549  Francis  duke 
of  Guise,  and  behaved  with  great  spirit  and 
courage  during  the  unfortunate  quarrels  of 
the  league.  She  was  afterwards  for  some- 
time imprisoned  at  Blois. 

Anne,  of  Russia,  daughter  of  Jaraslaus, 
married  Henry  I.  king  of  France  1044,  after 
his  death  she  married  Raoul,  who  was  allied 
to  her  first  husband  ;  in  consequence  of  which 


AN 


AN 


she  was  excommunicated,  and  at  last  repudi- 
ated, and  obliged  to  return  to  Russia. 

Anne,  of  Cyprus,  married  in  14.31  Lewis 
duke  of  Savoy,  and  showed  herself  able, 
active,  and  discriminating  at  the  head  of  pub- 
lic affairs.     She  died  11th  Nov.  1462. 

Anne,  of  Hungary,  daughter  of  Ladislaus 
VI.  married  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  and 
placed  him  upon  the  throne  of  Bohemia.  She 
died  27th  Jan.  1547. 

Anne  d  e  G  o  nz  a  g  u  e,  wife  of  Ed  ward 
count  Palatine,  died  at  Paris  6th  July  1684 
aged  68,  and  was  honored  with  an  eulogiura 
by  the  celebrated  Bossuet. 

Annebaut,  Claude  d',  of  an  ancient 
family  in  Normandy,  was  taken  prisoner 
with  Francis  I.  at  the  battle  of  Pavia.  He 
was  afterwards  marshall  and  admiral  of 
France,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
bravery  and  wisdom.    He  died  2d  Nov.  1552. 

Anne ix  de  So  uvenel,  Alexis  Francis, 
a  learned  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Bri- 
tany,  known  by  an  elegant  epistle  in  verse 
to  the  shades  of  Boileau.  He  died  at  Ren- 
nes  1758  aged  69. 

Annesley,  Samuel,  LL.  D.  a  native  of 
Cumberland,  educated  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxford,  and  afterwards  chaplain  of  a  man  of 
■war,  and  then  minister  of  Blisse  in  Kent, 
■where  his  services  as  a  pastor  were  of  the 
most  benevolent  nature.  He  afterwards,  in 
consequence  of  his  violent  sermons  against 
the  monarchy,  obtained  St.  Giles Cripplegate, 
London,  from  which  he  was  ejected  by  the 
act  of  uniformnitv  1662.  He  died  1696,  Dec. 
31,  aged  77,  author  of  several  sermons.  It 
is  said  John  Wesley  was  his  grandson  by  the 
mother's  side. 

Annesley,  Arthur,  earl  of  Anglese)-, 
a  native  of  Dublin  1614,  educated  at  Magda- 
len college,  Oxford,  which  he  left  to  study 
the  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  In  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  wars  he  favored  the  royal,  cause  and 
satin  the  parliament  held  at  Oxford  in  1648; 
but  he  afterwards  espoused  the  republican 
side,  and  was  employed  with  success  as  a  com- 
missioner in  quelling  the  disturbances  of  Ul- 
ster, and  in  withdrawing  the  command  of 
Dublin  from  the  hands  of  the  duke  of  Or- 
mond.  The  violence  of  his  party,  however, 
displeased  him,  and,  after  the  death  of  Crom- 
well, he  began  to  favor  the  re-establishment 
of  regal  authority,  and  on  Charles's  return 
he  was  made  a  peer  for  his  signal  services, 
as  his  patent  mentions,  in  effecting  the  resto- 
ration. He  was  made  treasurer  of  the  navy 
1667,  and  1672  commissioner  to  examine  the 
affairs  of  Ireland,  and  the  next  year  privy- 
seal  ;  but  his  political  quarrel  with  Lord  Cas- 
tlehaven  and  the  duke  of  Ormond,  with  res- 
pect to  the  insurrections  in  Ireland,  rendered 
him  unpopular  with  the  king,  to  whom,  in 
1682,  he  ventured  to  present  a  petition  a- 
gainst  the  succession  of  the  duke  of  York, 
and  he  resigned,  and  retired  to  his  seat  at 
Bleachingdon,  Oxfordshire.  He  was  marked 
out  by  James  II.  for  the  office  of  chancellor, 
hut  his  death  prevented  his  elevation  to  this 
dignity,  April  6th,  1686,  in  his  73d  year.  He 
was  :i"  man  of  abilities,  and  great  sagacity 


and  learning.  He  wrote,  besides  political 
pamphlets,  a  valuable  history  of  the  troubles 
of  Ireland,  from  1641  to  1660,  said  to  have 
been  destroyed.  He  was  the  first  of  those 
spirited  nobles,  who  considered  a  choice  li- 
brary as  an  ornament  to  their  splendid 
equipage,  and  he  made  a  valuable  but  expen- 
sive collection.  On  the  sale  of  his  books,  a 
memorandum  was  found  on  a  leaf,  to  men- 
tion that  the  E«ow  lixn\ix>t  was  not  the  work  of 
the  unfortunate  Charles,  but  of  Dr.  Gauden, 
which  circumstance  produced  a  war  of  con- 
troversy. His  interesting  memoirs  were 
fublished  1603,  8 vo. 

Annius,  de  Viterho,  a  Dominican,  whose 
real  name  was  John  Nanni,  master  of  the 
sacred  palace  of  Alexander  VI.  He  wrote 
commentaries,  &c.  besides  17  books  of  auti- 
quities,  a  foolish  and  injudicious  collection  of 
the  spurious  works  attributed  to  Xenophon, 
Archilochus,  Philo,  Fabius  Pictor,  Berosus, 
&c.  a  mean  artifice,  which  for  some  time  suc- 
ceeded upon  the  unsuspecting  judgment  of 
the  learned.  He  died  1502  at  Rome,  aged  70. 

Anscharius,  a  Frenchman,  bishop  of 
Hamburgh  and  Bremen,  celebrated  for  the 
success  of  his  preaching  in  the  conversion 
of  the  Danes  to  Christianity.  He  died  865, 
aged  64. 

Ansegisus,  abbot  of  Lobbes  in  the  dio- 
cese of  Cambray,  made  a  collection  of  the 
capitularies  of  the  emperor  Charlemagne, 
and  Lewis  his  son,  in  2  vols,  folio.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  learning  and  application,  and 
died  833. 

Ansegisus,  a  learned  priest  of  Rheims, 
often  confounded  with  the  preceding.  He 
was  made  archbishop  of  Sens,  and  died  883. 

Anselm,  a  native  of  Aost  in  Savoy,  who, 
after  travelling  through  France,  where  he 
was  prior  of  Bee,  and  abbot  of  Caen  in  Nor- 
mandy, came  over  to  England  in  1092,  and 
was  with  difficulty  prevailed  upon  by  king 
Rufus  to  fill  the  vacant  see  of  Canterbury. 
Though  gratitude  might  have  influenced  the 
conduct  of  a  subject,  Anselm  looked  with 
indifference  upon  the  monarch,  and  refused 
to  receive  the  metropolitan  pall  from  his 
hands.  A  quarrel  thus  begun,  was  more 
strongly  fomented,  while  the  one  wished  to 
abridge,  and  the  other  wished  to  enlarge, 
the  powers  of  the  church,  and  therefore, 
Anselm  had  no  sooner  left  the  kingdom  to 
repair  to  Rome,  than  the  king  seized  the  re- 
venues and  privileges  of  the  archbishop. 
The  prelate  complained  to  Urban  II.  who, 
while  he  wished  to  defend  the  rights  of  his 
office,  did  not  fail  to  listen  to  the  more  pow- 
erful arguments  of  his  rival,  accompanied 
by  presents  and  promises,  and  the  dispute 
remained  undecided  till  the  death  of  the 
monarch,  and  the  pope.  On  the  accession 
of  Henry  I.  Anselm,  who  had  resided  at  Ly- 
ons, received  au  invitation  to  return,  and  his 
arrival  was  marked  with  the  most  extraor- 
dinary respect,  both  from  the  king  and  the 
people  ;  but  when  re-investiture  was  demand- 
ed, and  the  homage  generally  paid  to  a  new 
monarch,  the  haughty  prolate  refused,  and 
found  his  conduct  applauded  at  Rome.    Tht 


AN 


AN 


king  was  firm  in  his  determination,  and  An- 
selm  was  bound  to  obey  the  commands  of  the 
pope,  who  regarded  the  claims  of  the  king 
as  intrusive.  The  bishops,  who  had  before 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  king,  now  changed 
their  sentiments,  and  Anselm,  who  had  re- 
tired into  Normandy,  at  last  had  the  gratifica- 
tion to  see  the  king  come  to  solicit  a  recon- 
ciliation, which  was  effected  in  the  abbey  of 
Bee.  Anselm  returned  to  England  before 
the  final  settlement  of  this  dispute,  and  died 
21st  of  April  1109  in  his  "6th  year.  He  was 
author  of  several  theological  treatises.  He 
was  the  first  prelate  who  insisted  upon  the 
celibacy  of  his  clergy,  in  the  synod  of  West- 
minster' 1102.  In  his  time,  it  is  remarkable, 
that  the  archbishop  of  York  attempted  to 
throw  off  the  dependency  on  the  see  of 
Canterbury,  in  which,  however,  lie  failed. 
Anselm  was  canonized  under  Henry  VII.  at 
the  instance  of  his  successor  cardinal  Morton. 
His  works  were  published  at  Cologne  1612, 
and  at  Lyons  1630. 

Amselm,  an  Augustine  monk,  author  of 
a  chronological  history  of  France,  &c.  1694, 
continued  afterwards  and  swelled,  by  Ange 
and  Simplicien,  to  nine  vols,  folio  1726.  He 
died  at  Paris  1694,  aged  69. 

Anselm,  Anthony,  son  of  a  surgeon  of 
Armagnac,  distinguished  himself  as  a  prea- 
cher and  poet.  His  panegyrics  and  funeral 
orations  were  much  admired.  He  died  1737, 
aged  86. 

Anser,  a  Latin  poet,  the  friend  of  Anto- 
ny, in  the  age  of  Horace  and  Virgil. 

Anson,  George  lord,  was  son  of  William 
Anson,  esquire,  of  Huckborough,  the  descen- 
dant of  an  ancient  family  in  Staffordshire. 
His  fondness  for  naval  history  and  bold  ad- 
ventures was  perceived  and  encouraged  by 
his  father,  and  after  receiving  a  becoming 
education  he  distinguished  himself  in  the  na- 
vy so  much  that  he  was  sent  with  a  squadron 
of  five  ships  to  annoy  the  Spaniards  in  the 
southern  ocean,  and  he  sailed  from  Ports- 
mouth 18th  Sept.  1740.  He  was  40  days  in 
crossing  Cape  Horn,  March  1741,  in  the  most 
tempestuous  season,  but  undismayed  he  pro- 
ceeded and  reached  Juan  Fernandez  with  on- 
ly two  ships  and  two  smaller  attendant  vessels 
and  335  men.  From  thence  he  set  sail  to 
attack  Paita,  and  after  he  had  destroyed  his 
ships  as  unserviceable,  except  the  Centurion 
of  64  guns,  he  crossed  the  Pacific  ocean,  and 
after  refreshing  for  some  time  in  China,  he 
returned  towards  the  east,  and  took  the  fa- 
mous Acapulco  galleon,  off  the  Philippine 
islands.  He  touched  at  Canton,  where  he 
supported  the  dignity  of  the  British  flag,  and 
returning  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  he 
passed  during  a  fog  through  a  French  fleet, 
and  arrived  at  Spithead  the  15th  June  1744, 
after  a  voyage  of  three  years  and  nine  months. 
His  riches  were  conveyed  to  London  in  32 
waggons,  with  music  playing,  and  amidst 
the  shouts  of  the  rejoicing  populace,  and 
the  booty  was  divided  among  those  brave 
men  who  had  shared  his  glory  and  his  toils. 
Some  years  after,  his  good  fortune  next  led 
him  among  a  French  fleet  of  six  men  of  war 
VOL.  1.  11 


and  four  East  India  ships  which  he  took. 
It  was  on  this  occasion  that  the  French  ad- 
miral said  to  him,  in  presenting  his  sword 
and  pointing  to  two  of  his  ships  "  monsieur, 
vous  avez  vaincu  l'invincible,  et  la  gloire  vous 
suit."  His  great  services  were  rewarded  by 
George  II.  with  a  peerage,  and  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  admiralty,  nomi- 
nated vice  admiral  of  England  on  the  death 
of  sir  John  Norris,  and  became  the  naval 
oracle  of  his  country.  He  afterwards  pro- 
tected with  a  squadron  the  descent  made  in 
1758  at  Cherbourg  and  St.  Maloes,  but  hisex- 
ertious  were  too  great  for  the  languid  state  of 
his  health,  and  the  last  office  he  performed 
was  the  conveying  of  Charlotte,  the  consort 
of  George  III.  to  England.  He  died  June 
6th,  1762,  at  his  seat  Moor  park  Herts,  la- 
mented by  the  whole  nation.  He  had  no  issue 
by  his  lady,  who  was  daughter  of  Earl  Hard- 
wicke,  and  who  died  before  him.  Lord  Anson 
was  a  great  and  popular  character,  he  posses- 
sed audi  inulTcuaive  artless  manners,  that  it 
was  jocosely  said  of  htm  hy  a  person  who  ob- 
served how  he  was  imposed  upon  by  charac- 
ters of  whose  company  he  was  too  fond,  that 
he  had  been  round  the  world  but  never  in  it. 
His  voyage  round  the  world  was  a  well  exe- 
cuted performance,  compiled  by  Benjamia 
Robins  ;  and  so  popular  that  four  large  im- 
pressions were  sold  in  12  months,  and  it  was 
translated  into  several  languages. 

Anstis,  John,  a  n:  tire  of  St.  Neots  in 
Cornwall,  born  2Sth  Sept.  1659,  and  educated 
at  Exeter  college  Oxford,  and  at  the  Middle 
Temple.  He  was  in  1702  member  for  St. 
Germain's,  and  opposed  the  bill  for  occasion- 
al conformity,  for  which  he  was  ridiculed 
among  the  Tackers.  He  was  commissioner 
of  prizes  under  queen  Anne,  and  was  garter 
king  at  arms  from  1714  to  his  death,  which 
happened  March  4th,  1744.  He  was  buried 
at  Dulo  in  Cornwall.  He  was  distinguished 
by  his  great  knowledge  of  heraldry,  a  science 
which  he  enriched  by  many  learned  publi- 
cations, as  well  as  other  genealogical  trea- 
tises, &c.  some  of  which  were  left  in  ma- 
nuscript and  purchased  by  All  Souls  college. 
The  best  known  of  his  publications  were  a 
letter  on  the  honor  of  the  earl  marshal,  8vo. 
1706 — the  form  of  the  garter  installation,  8vo. 
1720 — the  register  of  the  noble  order  of  the 
garter,  2*'ols.  folio,  1724  observation  intro- 
ductory and  an  historical  essay  on  the  knight- 
hood of  the  bath,  4to.  1725.  His  eldest  son 
John  was  also  acquainted  with  heraldry.  He 
was  of  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  degree  of  L.  L.  D.  He  was  associated  with 
his  father  as  garter  king  1725,  and  made  ge- 
nealogist and  register  of  the  bath.  He  died  a 
bachelor  Dec.  5th,  1754. 

Antaooras,  aRodianpoet,  in  the  service 
of  Antigonus  of  Macedon. 

Antelmi,  Joseph,  a  canon  of  Frejus  in 
Provence,  author  of  some  theological  tracts, 
among  which  is  a  dissertation  on  the  church 
of  Frejus,  and  an  inquiry  concerning  the 
author  of  St.  Athanasius's  creed .  He  died 
1697  aged  49. 

Antesignan,  Peter,  a  native  ofRabas- 


AN 


AN 


teinsin  the  ICtli  century,  author  of  a  Greek 
and  an  universal  grammar,  and  editor  of 
Terence. 

Anthemius,  Procopius,  of  the  family  of 
the  tyrant  Procopius,  married  Flavia  Euphe- 
mia,  daughter  of  Marcian.  His  alliance  as 
well  as  his  valor  procured  him  the  title  of 
Augustus  467.  He  gave  his  daughter  in  mar- 
riage to  Ricimer,  a  general,  who  soon  after 
attacked  Rome  and  imbrued  his  hands  in  the 
blood  of  his  father-in-law  472. 

A  n  t  hemius,  an  architect  of  Lydia,  in  the 
fith  century,  who  was  also  an  able  mathema- 
tician, and  good  experimental  philosopher, 
and  invented  several  machines  to  imitate 
thunder,  earthquakes,  See.  He  was  employ- 
ed  by  Justinian  in  the  erection  of  St.  Sophia's 
church,  Constantinople,  and  other  edifices. 

Anthony,  Saint,  the  founder  of  monastic 
life,  was  born  at  Coma  in  Egypt,  251 .  He  sold 
his  possessions,  which  he  distributed  to  the 
poor,  and  retired  into  the  desert,  where,  for 
520  years,  say  the  catholics,  his  virtue  was 
exposed  to  tbe  greatest  temptations  from  the 
wiles  of  Satan,  till  he  prevailed,  and  saw  him- 
self at  last  surrounded  by  a  crowd  of  follow- 
ers, zealous  to  merit  his  blessings  and  to  imi- 
tate his  piety.  He  twice  visited  Alexandria 
to  give  assistance  to  the  suffering  Christians 
under  the  persecution  of  Arius.  He  died  356, 
in  the  105th  year  of  his  age.  St.  Athanasius, 
to  whom,  he  gave  his  tunic,  has  written  his 
life.  Two  orders  of  chivalry  have  been  insti- 
tuted under  his  name. 

Anthony,  Francis,  was  born  in  London 
April  16th  1550,  and  studied  at  Cambridge, 
were  he  laid  the  foundation  of  that  chemical 
knowledge  which  enabled  him  to  impose  upon 
the  credulous  and  the  unwary,  by  selling  his 
panacea  of  potable  gold,  on  which  a  treatise 
was  printed  at  Hamburgh  1508.  His  success 
as  an  empiric  was  great,  but  he  was  violently 
opposed  by  Di-s.  G  whine  and  Cotta,  and  it 
was  confidently  asserted  that  his  nostrum  was 
poisonous,  and  many  on  their  death  bed  attri- 
buted their  death  to  it.  The  inoffensiveness 
of  his  manners,  his  learning  and  his  private 
virtues/however,  stemmed  the  torrent  of  un- 
popularity, and  though  he  was  lined  and  im- 
prisoned for  practising  without  a  license,  his 
reputation  and  his  fortune  increased.  He 
died  in  Bartholomew  Close,  May  26th,  1623, 
aged  74,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  there, 
leaving  two  sons  both  physicians,  one  of 
■whom,  John,  succeeded  his  father  as  the  pro- 
prietor of  his  medicine,  and  the  other  prac- 
tised at  Bedford  with  deserved  applause. 

Anthony,  John,  son  of  the  above  and  ven- 
der of  his  AurumPotabilc,  was  author  of  "Lu- 
cas redivivus,"  or  gospel  physician,  &c.  prin- 
ted 4to.  1656.  He  died  April  28th  1655,  aged 
70.  A  monument  is  placed  over  him  and  hisfa- 
thef  in  St.  Bartholomew  the  great  in  London. 

Anthony,  king  of  Navarre,  was  son  of 
Charles  of  Bourbon,  duke  of  Vendome,  and 
married  Joan  d'  Albret  154S,  who  brought 
him  the  principality  of  Bearnc  and  the  king- 
dom of  Navarre.  He  was  a  weak  and  irre- 
solute prince.  He  abandoned  the  protectant 
tenets  for  the  catholic  faith,  and  then  formed, 


with  the  duke  o?  Guise  and  the  constable 
Montmorency,  the  famous  league  called  the 
triumvirate.  During  the  civil  wars,  in  1562, 
he  took  the  command  of  the  army,  and  Blois, 
Tours  and  Rouen  surrendered  to  his  arms. 
He  was  wounded  on  the  shoulder  at  the  siege 
of  this  last  place,  and  died  35  days  after  at 
Andeli,  17th  Nov.  1562.  His  son  was  after- 
wards the  celebrated  Henry  IV.  of  France. 

Anthony,  titular  king  of  Portugal,  was 
son  of  Lewis  the  second  son  of  king  Emanuel. 
His  pretensions  to  the  throne  were  opposed 
by  Philip  II  of  Spain,  who  sent  the  duke  of 
Alva  against  him  1580,  and  obliged  him  to  fly 
from  his  dominions.  Anthony  was  a  wretch- 
ed fugitive  in  Holland,  France  and  England, 
and  died  at  Paris,  2d  May  1595,  aged  64. 

Anthony,  illegitimate  son  of  Philip  duke 
of  Burgundy,  deserved  by  his  valor  the  name 
of  the  Great.  He  was  engaged  in  Africa 
against  the  Moors,  and  in  Switzerland,  and 
was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Nanci. 
Lewis  XI.  of  France  and  Charles  VIIT.  hon- 
orably rewarded  his  services.  He  died  1504 
aged  83. 

Anthony,  a  native  of  Andalusia.  Vid. 
Antonius  called  Nebrissensis. 

Anthony,  Paul  Gabriel,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  at  Luneville.  He  yvas  professor  of  phi- 
losophy and  theology,  and  died  at  Pont-a- 
Mousson  1743.  He  wrote  tbeologia  universa 
dogmatica,  7  vols.  12mo.  and  theologia  mora- 
lis,  four  vols.  12mo. 

Anthony,  a  Sicilian,  who  when  taken 
prisoner  by  Mahomet  II.  at  the  Negropont 
1473,  set  fire  to  the  arsenal  of  Gallipoli,  for 
which  he  was  ordered  to  be  sawed  in  two  by 
the  vindictive  Turk. 

Anthony,  N.  an  architect  yvho  settled  at 
Paris,  from  Switzerland,  during  the  revolu- 
tion, and  adorned  the  capital  with  several 
beautiful  edfices.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy  1S01 . 

Anthony,  of  Padua,  a  Franciscan  monk, 
born  at  Lisbon.  He  taught  in  the  Italian 
universities  and  died  at  Padua  1231  aged  36. 
His  works  appeared  at  the  Hague  1641. 

Anthony,  of  Pratovecchio,  a  lawyer  of 
Tuscany,  professor  at  Bologna.  He  publish- 
ed his  course  of  feudal  law  1428,  besides 
other  admired  works  on  the  same  subjects. 
He  died  about  1464. 

Anthony,  St.  a  native  of  Lisbon  1195, 
professor  of  divinity  at  Toulouse,  Montpel- 
lier,  and  Padua,  where  he  died  1231,  aged  36. 
His  memory  is  still  so  much  venerated  in 
Portugal,  that  he  is  looked  upon  as  the  gen- 
eral of  the  armies  of  the  kingdom.  Some  of 
his  yvorks,  especially  his  sermons,  are  extant. 

Anthony,  a  native  of  Palermo,  sent  by 
Alphonso  V.  king  of  Naples  to  purchase  the 
bone  of  the  arm  of  the  historian  Livy,  which 
the  people  of  Venice  pretended  they  posses- 
sed. He  yvas  known  as  a  poet  and  writer. 
He  died  6th  Jan.    1471  at  Naples,  aged  78. 

Anthony,  of  Messina,  called  also  Anto- 
nello,  was  the  first  Italian  who  painted  in  oil, 
about  1430.  He  had  received  the  secret 
from  Van-'eyck,  and  he  was  basely  murde- 
red by  Andrew  del  Castagno,  who  wished 
to  possess  alone  the  valuable  information. 


AN 


AN 


Antigenides,  a  Thebau  musician  who 
instructed  Alcibiades  and  others  in  playing 
on  the  flute. 

Antigonus  I.  a  Macedonian  general, 
•who  after  Alexander's  death  obtained  for  his 
share  Pamphylia,  Lydia,  Phrygia  major,  Sec. 
He  was  slain  at  the  battle  of  lpsus  SOI  B.  C. 

Antigonus,  Gonatas,  grandson  of  the 
above,  was  remarkable  for  his  affection  to 
his  father  Demetrius  Poliorcetes.  lie  fought 
against  the  Gauis  and  Pyrrhus,  and  died  B.  C. 
248. 

Antigonus,  Doson,  king  of  Macedonia 
after  Demetrius  II.  took  Sparta  and  defeated 
the  Illyrians.     He  died  B.  C.  221. 

Antigonus,  Carystius,  a  Greek  philoso- 
pher about  300  B.C.  author  of  a  collection 
of  wonderful  stories. 

Antigonus,  SocIiieus,  founder  of  the 
sect  of  the  Sadducees  about  300  B.  C.  in  op- 
position to  the  Pharisees. 

Antigonus,  son  of  Aristobulus  II.  king 
©f  Judrea,  was  led  in  the  procession  when 
Pompey  triumphed  over  Jerusalem.  He  at- 
tempted in  vain  to  recover  the  kingdom  by 
soliciting  the  favors  of  Ctesar,  and  then  had 
recourse  to  Pacorus  king  of  Parthia,  who 
placed  him  ou  the  throne  of  Jerusalem.  He 
-was  afterwards  driven  from  his  power  by  the 
generals  of  M.  Antony,  and  iguominiously 
put  to  death  37  B.  C. 

Antimacho,  Mark  Anthony,  a  native 
of  Mantua,  author  of  some  Latin  poems,  and 
of  some  Italian  translations  from  the  Greek. 
He  died  1552  at  Ferrara,  where  he  was 
much  respected  as  a  Greek  professor. 

Antimachus,  a  Greek  poet,  author  of 
the  Thebaid,  or  theWar  of  Thebes,  B.  C.  408. 

Antine,  Maur  Francois  d',  a  Benedic- 
tine who  was  born  at  Gouvieux  in  Liege,  and 
died  1746,  aged  58.  He  was  highly  admired 
for  his  piety,  and  the  mildness  of  his  man- 
ners. He  published  the  first  5  vols,  of  Du 
Cange  besides  othervaluable  historical  works, 
especially  the  art  of  verifying  dates,  1750  in 
4to.  re-printed  folio  1770. 

Antiochus  I.  succeeded  his  father  Se- 
leucus  on  the  throne  of  Antioch,  and  died 
B.  C.  2fil. 

Antiochus  II.  surnamed  Theos,  lost  a 
great  part  of  his  dominions  by  the  revolt  of 
the  Parthians  and  other  nations,  and  was  poi- 
soned by  his  wife  Laodice,  B.  C.  246. 
Antiochus  III.  or  Great,  son  of  Seleucus, 
succeeded  his  brother  Seleucus  Ceraunus. 
He  recovered  some  of  the  provinces  which 
had  been  taken  from  him  by  the  king  of 
Egypt,  but  his  war  with  the  Romans  proved 
disastrous,  and  he  was  conquered  by  the 
Scipios,  and  died  soon  after,  about  B.  C.  187. 

Antiochus  IV.  son  of  the  Great,  succeed- 
ed B.  C.  176,  after  his  brother  Philopater. 
He  was  successful  against  Egypt,  and  after- 
wards invaded  Judtea,  where  he  behaved 
with  unparalleled  cruelty  to  the  inhabitants. 
He  died  B.  C.  165. 

Antiochus  V.  was  slain  by  Demetrius  in 
(be  2d  year  of  his  reign  aged  1  i. 

Antiochus,  Sidetes,  obtained  the  crown 
of  Syria  by  putting  to  death  Tryphon.    He 


wa3  slain  in   a  battle   against  the   Parthians 
B.C.  130. 

Antiochus,  Grypus,  son  of  Sidetes,  cau- 
sed his  mother  Cleopatra  to  drink  a  tup  of 
poison  which  she  had  prepared  for  liini.  He 
fell  by  the  hand  of  one  of  his  subjects  B.  C.  97. 

Antiochus,  a  Stoic  philosopher  ofAs- 
calon  B.  C.  100. 

Antiochus,  author  of  homilies  on  the 
scriptures  printed  in  the  Bibl.  Pat  rum,  was 
a  monk  of  Seba  in  Palestine  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury. 

Antipater,  one  of  Alexander's  gene- 
rals, who  obtained  for  his  share,  at  the  divi- 
sion of  the  empire,  the  European  provinces. 
He  died  B.  C.  318,  aged  80. 

Antipater,  Lielius  Cad.  a  Latin  histo- 
rian, who  wrote  an  account  of  the  Punic 
wars,  now  lost. 

Antipater,  a  Stoic  philosopher  of  Si- 
don. 

Antipater,  a  Jew,  minister  to  Hyrca- 
nus,  the  brother  of  Aristobulus  the  high- 
priest.  By  the  friendship  of  the  Romans  he 
obtained  the  sovereign  power  over  his  coun- 
try, but  his  conduct  rendered  him  unpopular, 
and  he  died  by  poison  B.  C. 

Antipater,  a  bishop  of  Bostra  in  Ara- 
bia, who  wrote  against  Eusebius'  defence  ot 
Origen  in  the  5th  century. 

Antiphilus,  a  painter  of  such  emi- 
nence  that  he  was  the  rival  of  the  great 
Apelles. 

Antiphon,  the  Rhamnusian,  an  orator 
of  Athens,  put  to  death  B.  C.  411,  for  his  as- 
sisting in  the  establishment  of  the  400  tyrants 

Antisthenes,  a  philosopher  of  Athens, 
founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Cynics. 

Antoinette,  queen  of  France,  vid. 
Marie. 

Antoni  de  Sceaux,  a  famous  rope 
dancer  on  the  French  stage,  who  died  1732. 

Anton i a,  daughter  of  Mark  Antony 
and  Octavia,  married  Drusus,  by  whom  she 
had  three  children,  and  proved  a  virtuous 
wife  in  the  midst  of  a  dissipated  city.  She 
died  in  the  reign  of  her  grandson  Caligula. 

Antoniano,  Silvio,  a  man  of  extensive 
learning,  born  of  obscure  parents  at  Rome 
1540.  When  he  was  but  ten  years  old,  he 
could  compose  verses  with  uncommon  fa- 
cility, and  as  a  proof  of  this,  he  was  produ- 
ced at  the  table  of  the  cardinal  of  Pisa, 
where  Alexander  Farnese  gave  him  a  nose- 
gay, and  desired  him  to  give  it  with  an  ap- 
propriate address  to  the  man  whom  he  con- 
sidered as  likely  to  be  pope,  which  he  im- 
mediately did  to  the  cardinal  of  Medicis, 
afterwards  Pius  IV.  with  a  delicate  poetical 
eulogium.  These  uncommon  talents  were 
improved  by  the  patronage  of  the  duke  of 
Ferrara  ;  and  when  Pius  IV.  was  seated  in  St. 
Peter's  chair,  he  remembered  the  youthful 
poet,  and  gave  him  an  honorable  situation  in 
his  palace.  Antoniano  was  professor  of  belles 
lettresat  Rome,  and  saw  not  less  than  25  car- 
dinals among  his  auditors ;  and  after  w  :irds  as 
rector,  and  under  Pius  V.  secretary  to  the 
sacred  college  for  25  years,  he  preserved  the 
same    dignitr    of  character  and  (he   same 


AN 


AN 


popularity.  He  was  as  last  made  cardinal 
by  Clement  VIII.  but  he  refused  the  hon- 
ors of  a  bishopric,  satisfied  with  literary 
ease  and  retirement.  He  died  through  ex- 
cessive application  1603,  in  his  63d  year, 
leaving  several  admired  pieces  both  in  prose 
and  verse. 

Antonides,  Vander  Goes,  John,  a 
poet  born  at  Goes  in  Zealand,  April  3d,  1547. 
The  early  part  of  his  life  was  past  at  Am- 
sterdam, and  he  was  bred  up  as  an  apothe- 
cary ;  but  the  fondness  which  he  had  for  the 
classics  proved  more  powerful  than  the  pes- 
tle and  mortar,  and  though  he  pursued  his 
medical  studies,  and  took  a  degree  at  Ley- 
den,  under  the  patronage  of  Buofero,  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  cultivate  poetry.  His  first 
attempt  was  a  tragedy  called  Trazil  or  the 
invasion  of  China.  His  modesty  would  not 
permit  him  to  make  it  public;  but  Vondel, 
who  was  engaged  on  a  similar  play,  read  it 
with  raptures,  and  as  it  was  to  be  de  oted  to 
the  flames,  obtained  the  permission  to  adopt 
as  his  own  some  of  the  most  striking  and 
beautiful  passages.  On  the  conclusion  of 
the  war  with  England,  in  1697,  the  poet 
■wrote  his  Bellona  chained,  and  afterwards 
his  beautiful  poem  called  the  river  Y,  in 
four  books.  In  this  he  has  displayed  his  ge- 
nius as  a  poet.  The  river  on  which  Amster- 
dam is  built,  is  a  fertile  subject  for  superior 
nts,  and  as  such  it  has  been  treated. 
The  1st  books  give  a  description  of  every 
rliing  worthy  of  admiration  on  the  banks  of 
the  Y,  on  which  the  city  stands.  In  the  2d, 
lie  contemplates  the  navies  which  repose  on 
its  bosom,  and  spread  commerce  and  know- 
ledge through  the  world.  In  the  3rd,  in  a 
masterly  episode,  he  transports  himself  to 
the  bottom  of  the  river,  anJ  sees  the  divini- 
ties of  the  ocean  going  to  celebrate  the  an- 
niversary of  Thetis's  marriage  with  Peleus; 
and  in  the  last,  he  paints  the  wonders  of  the 
other  side  of  the  river  ;  and  concludes  with 
a  delicate  compliment  to  the  magistrates  of 
the  city.  After  Vondel,  Antonides  holds 
the  palm  of  poetical  excellence,  and  for  his 
sweetness  of  expression  and  elegance  of  style 
he  is  deservedly  admired,  though  correct- 
ness and  majesty  are  often  sought  for  in 
vain.  He  married,  1678,  Susanna  Bermans, 
who  was  also  fond  of  poetry,  and  died  of  a 
consumption  18th  Sept.  1684.  His  works 
were  edited  at  Amsterdam  1714  in  4to. 

Antoninus  Pius,  a  celebrated  Roman 
emperoi",  who  succeeded  Adrian  138,  and 
died  universally  lamented  1G1. 

Antoninus,  Marcus  Aurelitis,  surna- 
med  the  Philosopher,  succeeded  the  prece- 
ding, and  married  his  daughter  Faustina, 
His  conduct  on  the  throne  was  so  universal- 
ly popular  that  the  gratitude  of  Koine  pla- 
ced him  at  his  death  among  the  number  of 
the  gods,  180.  He  was  succeeded  by  his 
worthless  son  Commodus. 

Antoninus,  a  geographer,  whose  age  is 
unknown.  His  Itinerarium  was  edited  by 
Gale,  London,  4<o.  1709. 

Antonio,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Seville, 
who,  after  studying  at  Salamanca,  retired  to 
his  native  town,  where  he  composed  his  use 


ful  Bibliotheca  Hispanica,  in  four  vols,  folio 
1672,  containing  an  account  of  all  the  Spa- 
nish writers.  As  he  was  an  ecclesiastic, 
he  was  happily  patronised  both  in  Spain  and 
at  Rome,  and  the  whole  of  his  income  was 
spent  either  in  acts  of  charity,  or  in  the  pur- 
chase of  books,  which  at  last  swelled  his 
collection  to  30,000  volumes.  Besides  his 
Bibliotheque  he  projected  other  works,  and 
wrote  a  treatise  on  exile,  &c.  He  died  1684 
aged  67,  leaving  nothing  behind  him  besides 
his  valuable  collection  of  books. 

A  n to ni  us,  Marcus,  a  Roman  orator  of 
great  celebrity,  and  much  commended  by 
Cicero.  He  was  killed  in  the  civil  wars  of 
Marius  and  China,  B.C.  67. 

Antonius,  Marcus,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man, grandson  of  the  orator.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  war,  and,  as  the  friend  of 
Julius  Coesar,  he  obtained  consequence  at 
Rome  and  in  the  armies.  On  the  death  of 
Caesar  he  conducted  himself  with  great  art", 
and  by  his  dissimulation  obtained  a  share  of 
the  Roman  empire,  in  the  triumvirate  which 
he  formed  with  Augustus  and  Lepidus.  He 
had  married  Octavia  the  sister  of  Augustus, 
but  bis  partiality  for  Cleopatra,  the  beautiful 
queen  of  Egypt,  occasioned  a  civil  war,  and 
Antony,  crashed  at  the  battle  of  Actium, 
fled  to  Egypt,  there  to  perish  by  his  own 
hands  B.  C.  30. 

Antonius,  Marcus  Junius,  son  of  the 
triumvir,  debauched  Julia  the  daughter  of 
Augustus,  and  destroyed  himself  when  his 
rli "grace  was  made  public. 

Antonius,  Liberalis,  a  Greek  author, 
of  whom  nothing  is  known.  He  wrote  in 
Greek,  metamorphoses,  inserted  in  the  My- 
thologi  Grxci,  and  priuted,  London  1676, 
and  Amsterdam  1688. 

Antonius,  Honoratus,  bishop  ofCon- 
stanline  in  Africa,  author  of  a  letter  to  Ar- 
cadius  435. 

Antonius,  called  Nebrissensis,  or  Laxi- 
bra,  his  native  village  in  Andalusia.  He  stu- 
died at  Bologna,  and  was  afterwards  for  five 
years  professor  at  Salamanca,  which  he  left 
to  teach  in  cardinal  Ximeues'  university  of 
Alcala.  He  was  concerned  in  the  cardinal's 
polyglot  and  in  some  commentaries,  &c.  and 
historical   works.     He  died  July  11th,  1522. 

Antony,  vid.  Anthony. 

Anvari,  called  king  of  Khorassan,  from 
the  superiority  of  his  poetical  talents,  was  the 
favorite  of  the  sultan  Sangiar,  and  the  rival 
of  the  poet  Raschidi,  who  had  espoused  the 
cause  of  Alsitz.  Whilst  the  two  princes 
were  engaged  in  war,  the  two  poets  assailed 
one  another  by  rhymes  sent  on  the  point  of 
arrows;  but  this  amusement  was  of  short  du- 
ration. Anvari  was  accused  for  his  predic- 
tions as  an  astrologer  and  fled  to  Balke, 
where  he  died  1200.  He  possessed  genius, 
and  to  his  correct  judgment  the  Persians 
owed  the  repression  of  licentiousness  among' 
their  poets-. 

Anville,  John  Baptiste Bourguignon  d\ 
a  celebrated  geographer,  whose  early  genius 
tended  to  that  superiority  which  he  has  so 
justly  acquired.  While  at  school  he  drew 
charts  and  globes  for  his  amusement;  hetra 


AP 


AP 


ced  with  indefatigable  zeal  the  march  of  gen- 
erals, and  in  his  riper  age  he  applied  himself 
daily  for  15  hours  during  50  years  to  give  cor- 
rectness, accuracy,  and  perfection  to  his  la- 
bors. His  maps  are  highly  and  deservedly 
esteemed,  as  modern  discoveries  are  careful- 
ly marked  out.  He  is  author  of  several  very 
valuable  works  on  geography  and  history, 
besides  learned  papers  in  the  academy  of 
inscriptions.  The  best  known  of  his  works 
are — a  dissertation  on  the  extent  of  ancient 
Jerusalem — some  particulars  of  ancient  Gaul 
from  the  remains  of  the  Romans — an  abridg- 
ment of  ancient  geography,  3  vols. — on  an- 
cient and  modern  Egypt,  with  a  description 
of  the  Arabian  gulf — the  governments  es- 
tablished in  Europe  after  the  fall  of  the  Ro- 
man empire  in  the  west — a  treatise  on  itine- 
rary measures  ancient  and  modern — geogra- 
phical analysis  of  Italy,  &c. — He  died  at  Paris 
28th  Jan.  1782,  aged  SO. 
Anvta,  a  Greek  poetess. 
Anytus,  a  rhetorician  of  Athens,  who 
caused  the  condemnation  and  death  of  So- 
crates. He  was  afterwards  stoned  to  death 
at  Heraclea. 

Ape  lles,  the  prince  of  painters,  was  born 
at  Cos.  He  was  patronised  by  Alexander 
the  Great,  and  the  genius  of  the  painter  was 
equal  to  the  greatness  of  the  hero. 

Apelles,  a  heretic  of  Syria  in  the  2d 
century,  who,  upon  beingdisgraced  for  incon- 
tinence, became  the  tool  of  Philumena,  a 
woman  who  pretended  to  be  inspired.  He 
wrote  the  revelations  which  she  dictated  as 
oracles  and  by  which  she  presumed  to  deny 
the  resurrection  of  the  body,  to  reject  the  law 
of  Moses,  and  to  disbelieve  the  authority  of 
the  prophets.  He  lived  to  a  great  age,  and 
exercised  much  authority  over  his  followers, 
who  were  called  Apellites,  or  Apelleians. 

Apellicon,  a  peripatetic  philosopher, 
who,  by  purchasing  the  works  of  Aristotle, 
was  the  means  of  their  preservation,  about 
90  B.  C. 

Aper,  Marcus,  a  Roman  orator,  said  to 
be  author  of  the  dialogues  of  orators,  printed 
generally  with  Tacitus  and  Quintilian.  He 
died  A.  D.  85. 

Aphthonius,  a  rhetorician  of  Antioch 
in  the  third  century,  author  of  some  treati- 
ses, a  system  of  rhetoric  Upsal  1670,  8vo. — 
fables  printed  with  those  of  Esop,  Frankfort 
1610,  8vo. 

Apicius,  the  name  of  three  Romans,  in- 
famous for  their  gluttony,  the  first  of  whom 
lived  in  Sylla's  age,  the  second  under  Augus- 
tus, and  the  last  under  Trajan,  of  these  the 
Sri  is  best  known. 

Apien,  Peter,  a  mathematican  of  Ingol- 
stadt,  born  at  Misnia.  He  was  author  of  a 
cosmography,  published  1539,  and  other 
works,  for  which  he  was  ennobled  by  Charles 
V.     He  died  1552. 

Apien,  Philip,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  atlngolstadt,  and  died  atTubingen  1589, 
aged  58.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  sun-dials, 
and  other  works,  and  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  medicine,  which  he  practised  with 
success.    He  was  a  great  favorite  of  Charles 


Apion,  an  ancient  grammarian  of  Oasis 
in  Egypt,  who  proved  a  great  enemy  to  Jo- 
sephus,  and  also  to  the  Jewish  nation. 

Apocauchus,  a  Greek  of  mean  origin, 
who  became  the  favorite  and  the  master  of. 
the  emperor  Andronicus.  He  built  prisons 
to  confine  his  enemies,  and  he  was  at  last  cut 
off  by  some  of  those  whom  his  cruelty  had 
incensed,  1345.  His  son,  who  was  governor 
of  Thessaloniea,  perished  in  a  sedition. 
There  was  a  man  of  the  same  name  of  some 
consequence  in  letters  in  the  13th  century, 
to  whom  Actuarius  dedicated  his  works  on 
medicine. 

Apollinaris,  C.  Sulpit,  a  native  of  Car- 
thage, professor  of  grammar  at  Rome  in  the 
second  century. 

Apollinarius,  a  presbyter  of  Alexan- 
dria in  the  4th  century.  His  son,  bishop  of 
Laodicea,  wrote  a  book  against  paganism, 
which  he  sent  to  Julian.  Julian  sent  it  back 
with  "  I  have  read,  understood,  and  condem- 
ned; "  to  which  the  bishop  answered  "  You 
have  read  but  not  understood,  or  you  would 
not  have  condemned. "  His  assertion  that 
Christ  did  not  assume  human  flesh,  but  pas- 
sed through  the  body  of  the  virgin  as  through 
a  canal  or  pipe,  was  condemned  by  two  coun- 
cils. He  wrote  some  learned  works  in  poet- 
ry as  well  as  prose,  and  died  about  380. 

Afollodorus,  a  grammarian  of  Athens 
B.  C.  104. 

Apollodorus,  an  architect  of  Damas- 
cus under  Trajan.     He  built  the  bridge  over 
the  Danube,  and  was  put  to  death  by  Adrian. 
Apollodorus,  a  painter  of  Athens,  the 
rival  of  Zeuxis,  B.  C.  408. 

Apollonia,  St.  a  martyr  of  Alexandria, 
who  in  her  old  age  was  threatened  with  death 
if  she  did  not  renounce  the  Christian  religion. 
She  threw  herself  upon  the  funeral  pile, 
which  was  prepared  to  destroy  her  248. 

Apollonius,  a  Greek  poet  of  Rhodes, 
author  of  the  poem  on  the  argonautic  expe- 
dition under  the  Ptolemies. 

Apollonius,  a  geometrician  of  Perga 
inPamphylia,B.  C.240. 

Apollonius,  a  grammarian  of  Alexan- 
dria, in  the  2d  century,  author  of  a  work  on 
Syntax. 

Apollonius,  a  Roman  senator  who  suf- 
fered martyrdom  for  the  Christian  religion 
in  the  2d  century. 

Apollonius,  a  Stoic  philosopher  of 
Chalcis,  who  was  preceptor  to  the  emperor 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

Apollonius,  a  grammarian,  author  of 
a  lexicon  on  Homer  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 
Apollonius,    a    Pythagorean    philoso- 
pher of  Tyana,  in  the  first  century,  whose 
life  was  written  by  Philostratus. 

Apollonius  Collatius,  Peter,  a 
priest  of  Navarre  in  the  15th  century,  who 
wrote  an  indifferent  poem  in  four  books  on 
Vespasian's  siege  of  Jerusalem,  besides  Da- 
vid's battle  with  Goliath,  &c. 

Apollos,  a  Jew  of  Alexandria,  who  be- 
came a  convert  to  Christianity,  and  employ- 
ed his  eloquence  with  such  effect,  especially 
at  Corinth,    that  his   powers  of  preaching 


AQ 

■were  more  regarded  and  admired  than  those 
of  Paul.  Though  a  schism  was  almost  form- 
ed by  the  adherents  of  these  two  holy  men, 
they  were  themselves  united  by  the  firmest 
bonds  of  charity  and  friendship. 

Aposo,  Peter  d',  was  born  near  Padua, 
and  studied  at  Paris,  where  he  took  his  de- 
grees in  medicine  and  philosophy.  As  his 
abilities  were  great,  his  advice  was  eagerly 
solicited;  but  he  was  high  in  his  demands  for 
attendance,  and  he  refused  to  go  to  pope 
Hcmorious  IV.  without  receiving  400  ducats 
for  each  day's  visit.  His  learning  and  suc- 
cess in  his  profession  procured  him  enemies, 
lie  was  suspected  of  magic,  anil  was  said  to 
possess  the  power  of  calling  back  to  his  pock- 
et the  money  which  he  had  spent,  and  to 
have  enclosed  in  a  crystal  bottle  the  spirits  of 
seven  familiar  demons,  who  were  devoted 
to  his  wishes.  These  were  serious  crimes  in 
a  barbarous  age,  and  before  a  sanguinary  in- 
quisition; but  he  died  before  the  prosecu- 
tion was  completed,  in  his  80th  year,  1316. 
His  body  was,  however,  ordered  to  be  burnt, 
in  Padua,  but  as  it  was  removed  by  his  friends, 
only  his  effigy  was  thrown  into  the  fire  His 
remains  were  at  last  suffered  to  repose  in 
the  church  of  St.  Austin  without  a  memento. 
He  published  some  works  on  medicine  and 
necromancy,  &c.  particularly  Heptameron, 
printed  with  the  first  volume  of  Agrippa's 
works — Elucidarium  necromanticum, — li- 
ber experimentorum  mirabilium  de  annulis 
secundum  2S  mansiones  lunse — de  medicina 
omnintoda,  &c.  His  statue  was  afterwards 
honorably  placed  by  the  duke  of  Urbino  be- 
tween these  of  Livy,  Albert,  and  Julius 
Paulus. 

Afostolius,  Michael,  a  learned  Greek, 
author  of  a  collection  of  apophthegms  of 
wise  men,  and  of  proverbs,  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury. Only  extracts  from  these  have  been 
published;  the  first  1619,  and  the  last  1538. 

Ap  pi  an,  a  native  of  Alexandria,  author 
of  a  history  of  Rome,  in  Greek. 

Appian,  Peter,  a  mathematician,  vid. 
Apien. 

A  pries,  a  king  of  Egypt,  after  Psammis 
5QA-  B.  C.  He  is  supposed  by  some  to  be 
the  Pharaoh  Hophra  of  the  scriptures. 

Aprosio,  Angelico,  an  Augustine,  born 
at  "Ventimigila  in  the  Genoese,  1607,  a  place 
■which  he  greatly  adorned  by  a  beautiful  and 
valuable  collection  of  books,  of  which  he 
published  an  account.  He  had  disguised 
himself  under  various  appellations  in  that 
hook,  from  an  excessive  delicacy  for  bis  cha- 
racter as  an  ecclesiastic.  After  travelling 
through  Ttaly,  he  settled  at  Venice,  and  was 
honored  with  a  place  in  several  academies, 
in  reward  for  his  learning  and  his  services  to 
literature.  He  has  been  greatly  praised  by 
authors,  and  his  life  is  written  in  the  Bibli- 
otheca  Aprosiana,  which  he  printed  1673. 
He  died  about  1682. 

Apui.eils,  Lucius,  a  Platonic  philoso- 
pher of  the  2d  century,  who  settled  atRome, 
and  was  author,  among  other  things,  of  the 
«  Golden  Ass." 

.AquavivAj    Octavio,    cardinal,   legate, 


AQ 

and  archbishop  of  Naples,  was  descended 
from  an  illustrious  family.  He  is  eminent  as 
the  friend  and  patron  of  science  and  learned 
men,  and  he  was  particularly  attached  to  the 
famous  Peiresc.  He  obtained  from  Clement 
VIII.  the  legation  of  Avignon,  where  his 
government  was  guided  by  justice,  wisdom 
and  moderation.  He  died  5th  December, 
161'2,  aged  52. 

Aquaviva,  Andrew  Matth.  d',  duke  of 
Atri,  and  prince  of  Teramo,  a  Neapolitan 
nobleman,  who  patronised  literature.  He 
was  also  fond  of  military  glory,  and  served 
under  Ferdinand  of  Arragon  with  great  cre- 
dit. He  wrote  an  imperfect  encyclopedia, 
besides  commentaries  on  Plutarch's  Morals, 
and  died  1528,  in  his  73d  year. 

Aqua  viva,  Claude,  son  of  Andrew,  was 
governor  of  the  Jesuits,  and  was  eminent 
for  his  moderation  and  meekness.  He  wrote 
several  letters  and  lectures  on  his  religion, 
and  also  a  tract  on  the  cure  of  mental  diseas- 
es.    He  died  1615,  aged  72  years. 

A  qui  la,  a  mathematician  of  Pontus,  em- 
ployed by  Adrian  to  rebuild  Jerusalem.  He 
embraced  Christianity,  and  afterwards  he- 
came  a  Jew,  and  was  circumcised.  He  was 
engaged  in  translating  the  bible  from  He- 
brew into  Greek;  and  though  he  was  in 
some  instances  very  incorrect  and  partial, 
the  work  was  generally  approved  bj-  the 
Jews.    Only  a  few  fragments  of  it  remain. 

Aq_uilano,  Serasino,  a  native  of  Aqui- 
la,  known  by  his  sonnets,  eclogues,  and 
other  poetical  trifles,  published  at  Rome 
1503.  He  was  the  rival  of  Tebaldeo  de 
Ferrara.  He  died  at  Rome,  1500,  in  his 
35th  year. 

Aq_uilanus,  Sebastian,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, whose  real  name  is  unknown.  He  was 
born  at  Aquila  of  Abruzzo,  and  was  profes- 
sor at  Padua.  He  was  a  follower  of  Galen, 
and  obtained  reputation  and  success  in  his 
profession.  Among  his  treatises  is  one  de 
Galico  morbo.     He  died  1543  at  Padua. 

Aquinas,  St.  Thomas,  called  the  angelic- 
al doctor,  was  of  the  noble  family  of  Aquine, 
descended  from  the  kings  of  Arragon  and 
Sicily.  He  was  educated  by  the  monks  of 
Mount  Cassino,  and  removed  to  Naples  ;  but 
the  inclination  which  he  had  to  embrace  an 
ecclesiastical  life  was  opposed  by  his  mother, 
who,  after  great  difficulties,  obtained  him 
from  the  power  of  the  monks,  and  confined 
him  in  her  castle  for  two  years.  He  howev- 
er escaped,  and  fled  to  Naples,  and  after- 
wards to  Rome  ;  and  when  improved  by  stu- 
dy, and  the  famous  lectures  of  Albertus 
Magnus  at  Cologne,  he  appeared  at  Paris, 
and  read  public  lectures  to  an  applauding  au- 
dience. On  his  return  to  Italy,  he  became 
divinity  professor  to  several  universities,  and 
at  last  settled  at  Naples,  where  he  led  an  ex- 
emplary life  of  chastity  and  devotion,  and 
refused  the  archbishopric  of  the  city,  in  the 
most  disinterested  manner,  when  offered  by 
Clement  IV.  Gregory  X.  invited  him  to  the 
council  of  Lyons,  to  read  the  book  which  he 
had  written  against  the  Greeks  ;  and  he  died 
on  his  way  to  ioin  the  pontiff  at  the  monaste- 


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vy  of  Fossanova,  near  Terracina,  7tlv  March 
1*274,  in  his  50th  year.  He  was  canonized 
1323.  His  writings,  which  are  numerous, 
and  mostly  upon  theological  subjects,  prove 
him  to  have  been  a  man  of  great  learning, 
and  extensive  knowledge.  They  have  often 
been  published,  in  17  vols,  folio.  His  author- 
ity in  religion  became  decisive  in  the  catho- 
lic schools,  and  he  approached  so  near  to 
the  erudition  of  St.  Augustine,  that  he  was 
said,  in  the  true  spirit  of  the  metempsycho- 
sis, to  possess  the  transmigrated  soul  of  that 
celebrated  saint.  It  was  in  defence  of  Tho- 
mas Aquinas  that  Henry  VIII.  composed  the 
hook  which  procured  him  from  the  pope  the 
title  of  Defender  of  the  Faith. 

Aqjltino,  Philip,  a  Jew  of  Carpentras, 
converted  to  Christianity,  and  professor  of 
Hebrew  at  Paris.  He  wrote  a  Hebrew  tal- 
mudical,  &c.  dictionary,  and  corrected  Le 
Jay's  polyglot  Bible.  He  died  1650.  His  son, 
Lewis  d'  Aquino,  was  author  of  several  val- 
uable books  in  Oriental  literature.  Antoine, 
son  of  Lewis,  was  physician  to  Lewis  XIV. 
and  died  1690. 

Ahabschah,  author  of  a  history  of  Ta- 
merlane, and  of  a  treatise  on  the  unity  of 
God,  was  a  Mahometan  historiau  of  Damas- 
cus, who  died  there  1450. 

An. agon,  Jane  d',  wife  of  Ascanius  Colon- 
n a,  was  illustrious  for  her  virtues  and  her 
fortitude  during  the  quarrels  which  her  hus- 
band's family  had  with  Paul  IV.  She  died 
1577,  in  an  advanced  age.  Her  memory  was 
honored  by  the  poets  of  liie  times,  and  the 
verses  were  published  in  one  volume. 

Aram,  Eugene,  a  native  of  Ramsgill, 
Yorkshire,  son  of  a  gardener.  His  genius  dis- 
played itself  whilst  be  followed  the  humble 
occupation  of  his  father;  mathematical  calcu- 
lations and  geometrical  knowledge  were  quic- 
ly  acquired,  and,  with  the  most  indefatigable 
zeal, Lilly's  grammar,  though  in  unintellgible 
language,  was  learnt  by  heart,  and  afterwards 
Camden's  Greek,  till  this  self-taught  classic 
unfolded  the  meaning  of  a  few  Latin  lines, 
and  then  with  rapid  steps  advanced  to  the 
comprehension  of  more  difficult  authors,  till 
the  whole  stores  of  Latin  and  Greek  litera- 
ture were  familiarized  to  his  understanding. 
He  also  studied  and  made  himself  perfect  in 
Hebrew,  and  with  these  great  acquirements 
he  gained  his  livelihood,  by  engaging  in  seve- 
ral schools  in  the  south  of  England.  In  1757 
he  came  to  the  tree  school  at  Lynn,  a  per- 
fect master  of  the  most  abstruse  studies,  and 
acquainted  with  heraldry  and  botany.  He 
hail  begun  to  make  collections  for  radical 
comparisons  between  the  modern  languages 
and  ancient  tongues,  and  already  more  than 
3000  words  were  selected  to  establish  this 
surprising  affinity  in  a  comparative  lexicon, 
when  his  labors  were  arrested  by  the  hands 
of  justice  He  was  taken  up  at  Lynn,  175S, 
for  the  murder  of  Daniel  Clarke,  a  shoe- 
maker of  Knaresborough,  who  had  been 
murdered  thirteen  years  before  ;  and,  after 
atrial,  in  which  he  defended  himself  with 
coolness  and  ability,  he  was  found  guiltv  of 
the  crime,  and  after  attempting  to  commit 


suicide,  he  suffered  death  at  York,  Aligns;, 
1759.  He  acknowledged  the  justice  of  his 
sentence,  and  attributed  the  crime  to  a  sus- 
picion of  adultery  between  his  wife  and 
Clarke. 

Arantius,  Julius,  an  Italian  physician 
and  anatomist  of  eminence,  the  pupil  of  Ve- 
salius  and  Bart.  Magus,  known  by  a  learned 
treatise  on  the  hum:n  foetus,  printed  Venice 
1595.  He  was  born  at  Bologna,  and  died 
there  1581,  aged  61. 

A-ratus,  a  Greek  poet,  author  of  phe- 
nomena, still  extant,  about  300  B.  C. 

Aratus,  a  native  of  Sicyon,  illustrious 
as  the  deliverer  of  his  country,  and  as  the 
heroic  promoter  of  the  Achican  league.  He 
died  about  216  B.  C.  and  it  is  said  that  he 
was  poisoned. 

Arbogastes,  a  Roman  general,  who 
murdered  Valentinian,  and  placed  Eugenius 
on  the  throne.  He  was  attacked  and  defeat- 
ed by  Theodosius,  and  destroyed  himself 
A.  D.  394. 

Arbrissel,  Robert  d',  a  native  of  Bri- 
tany,  who  founded  the  monastery  of  Fon- 
tevrault,  and  separated  his  male  and  female 
disciples.  He  has  been  accused  of  inconti- 
nencv,  but  ably  defended  bv  his  followers. 
He  died  1117. 

Arbuckle,  James,  M.  A.  a  native  of 
Glasgow,  master  of  a  school  in  the  north 
of  Ireland.  He  possessed  genius,  and  his 
merit  was  acknowledged  in  his  poems. 
He  proposed  a  translation  of  Virgil,  but  did 
not  finish  it.  He  died  1734,  aged  34.  His 
poems  were  published  in  1  vol.  12mo. 

Aubuthnot,  Alexander,  son  of  lord 
Arbuthnot,  was  eminent  for  his  learning  as 
a  scholar,  and  his  piety  as  a  divine.  He  was 
a  zealous  defender  of  the  reformation,  and 
published  Buchanan's  history  of  Scotland, 
besides  some  poetical  trifles,  and  orations  on. 
the  origin  of  law,  printed  1572.  He  died  at 
Aberdeen,  1538. 

Arbuthnot,  John,  M.  D.  son  of  an  epis- 
copal clergyman,  was  descended  from  the 
noble  family  of  the  same  name,  and  born  at 
Arbuthnot,  near  Montrose.  After  finishing 
his  education  at  Aberdeen,  he  came  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  acquired  reputation  by  at- 
tacking "  Woodward's  essay  towards  a  na- 
tural history  of  the  earth  ;"  and  he  soon  rose 
in  the  medical  prefession,  when  he  had  suc- 
cessfully attended  prince  George  of  Denmark, 
who  was  taken  suddenly  ill  at  Epsom.  He 
was  made  physician  to  queen  Anne,  1709; 
and,  soon  after,  his  acquaintance  was  formed 
with  the  most  celebrated  wits  of  the  age, 
with  two  of  whom,  Swift  and  Pope,  he  en- 
gaged, in  1714,  to  compose,  in  the  true  Cer- 
vantic  style,  a  satire  on  degenerated  taste  and 
the  abuse  of  learning.  Of  this  plan  only  the 
first  book  was  published,  under  the  name  oi' 
"  memoirs  of  Martinus  Scriblerus."  The 
queen's  death  in  some  degree  overturned  the 
hopes  and  fortunes  of  Arbuthnot.  He  felt 
the  blow,  and  passed  some  time  with  his 
brother,  the  banker,  at  Paris.  In  1727,  he 
published  in  4to.  his  tables  of  ancient  coins, 
&c.  and  afterwards  employed  his  pen  in  med- 


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Seal  tracts,  one  of  which,  "  effects  of  air  on 
human  bodies,"  was  unhappily  sugge  ed  by 
the  asthmatic  complaint  under  which  he  la- 
bored. He  died  under  this  dreadful  disorder, 
at  his  house,  Cork-street,  February  1735. 
His  son  George  enjoyed  a  place  in  the  Ex- 
chequer, and  was  one  of  Pope's  executors ; 
and  his  daughter  Anne  was  a  legatee  in  the 
poet's  will.  In  praise  of  Arbuthnot,  too 
much  cannot  be  said.  His  benevolence  was 
equal  to  his  wit,  and  it  is  admitted  that  he 
was  inferior  to  none  in  learning,  vivacity, 
and  genuine  humor.  The  letter  which  he 
wrote  to  Pope  on  his  death  bed  is  a  strong 
instance  of  the  goodness  of  his  heart,  the  pu- 
rity of  his  principles,  and  the  constancy  of 
his  religious  faith.  His  miscellaneous  works 
have  been  frequently  edited,  but  not  in  a  cor- 
rect form. 

Arc,  Joan  of.     Vid.  Joan. 

Arcadius,  succeeded  his  father,  the 
great  Theodosius,  as  emperor  of  the  east, 
395,  whilst  his  brother  Honor i us  became  em- 
peror of  the  West.     He  died  408. 

Arcadius,  an  African  bishop,  put  todeath 
by  order  of  Genseric,  the  Vandal  king,  437, 
because  he  opposed  with  great  violence  the 
Arians. 

Arcere,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
who  was  a  priest  of  the  oratory.  As  he  was 
skilled  in  the  Oriental  languages,  he  travelled 
into  the  east,  where  he  made  a  valuable  col- 
lection of  manuscripts.  He  began  a  French 
and  Turkish  dictionary,  the  compilation  of 
which  was  unfortunately  prevented  by  a  fever, 
which   proved  fatal,    1699,  in  his  35th  year. 

Arcere,  Lewis  Etienne,  a  priest  of  the 
oratory  of  Marseilles,  known  as  a  poet,  but 
more  as  tiie  historian  of  Rocheile  and  of  A- 
miens,  in  a  work  published,  2  vols.  4to.  in 
1756.     He  died  1781,  in  extreme  old  age. 

Arcesilaus,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who 
succeeded  Crates  in  his  school.  He  was  born 
about  316  B.  C. 

Archelaus,  son  of  Herod  the  great, 
king  of  Judaea,  disputed  with  his  brother  An- 
tipas  for  the  sovereignty,  on  his  father's  death. 
Augustus,  as  umpire,  divided  the  dominions 
between  the  two  brothers ;  but  Archelaus 
showed  himself  so  oppressive,  that  the  em- 
peror banished  him  to  Gaul,  A.  D.  6,  where 
he  died. 

Archelaus,  king  of  Alacedonia  after 
Percliccas  II.  was  an  able  prince,  and  a  great 
encourager  of  learning.  He  died  about  398 
B.C. 

Archelaus,  a  philosopher,  successor  to 
Anaxagoras  at  Lampsacus.  He  afterwards 
settled  at  Athens. 

Archelaus,  a  bishop  of  Mesopotamia, 
278,  known  for  opposition  against  the  Mani- 
chceans.  A  Latin  translation  of  his  work  is  ex- 
tant. 

Archelaus,  a  geographer  in  the  age  of 
Alexander. 

Archias,  a  native  of  Antioch,  known  for 
the  oration  which  his  friend  Cicero  spoke  in 
his  defence. 

Archidamus,  kingof  Sparta  after  Age- 
silaus,  his  father,  B.  C.  561. 


Archigenes,  a  Greek  physician  in  the 
age  of  Trajan. 

Arch  i  loch  us,  a  Greek  satirist  of  Paros, 
the  inventor  of  iambics,  B.  C.  640. 

Archimedes,  a  celebrated  mathemati- 
cian of  Syracuse.  He  defended  his  country 
against  the  besieging  Romans,  and  at  last  per- 
ished by  the  hand  of  a  soldier,  who  would  not 
respect  his  literary  retirement  and  peaceful 
occupation,  B.  C.  208. 

Archinto,  Octavius,  descended  of  a  no- 
ble family  in  the  Milanese,  is  known  for  hit 
"  antiquities,"  in  1  vol.  folio.  He  lived  in  the 
16th  century. 

A  r  ch o  n,  Lewis,  a  chaplain  of  Lewis  XIV. 
born  atRiom  in  Auvergne.  He  was  patron- 
ised by  the  cardinal  of  Bouillon,  and  made 
himself  known  by  his  entertaining  history  of 
the  French  king's  chapel,  in  2  vols.  4to.  1711. 
He  die  1  at  the  abbey  of  St.  Gilbert-neuf-fon- 
taines,  of  which  he  was  the  head,  1717,  in 
his  72d  year. 

Archytas,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
and  mathematician  of  Tarentum,  known 
also  as  the  general  of  his  country,  about  400 
B.C. 

Arcons,  Csesar  de'  a  Gascon,  advocate 
in  the  parliament  of  Bourdeaux.  He  died 
1681,  author  of  some  treatises  on  the  flux  and 
reflux  of  the  sea,  and  longitude,  dissertations 
on  the  scriptures,  &c. 

ARCq_, Philip  AugustedeSt.Foid',  an  inge- 
nious Parisian,  said  to  have  been  the  natural 
son  of  count  Toulouse.  He  is  known  for  his 
history  of  commerce  and  navigation — his  tem- 
ple of  silence — letters  of  Osman,  3  vols.  12mo. 
— his  general  history  of  war,  2  vols.  4to — his 
Loisirs,  &c.  The  last  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  at  Gentilly  in  great,  devotion.  He  di- 
ed 1774. 

Arcudi,  Alexander  Thomas,  a  Dominican 
of  Venice,  author  of  Galatino  literata  ;  — the 
history  of  Athanasius — and  other  historical 
and  biographical  works.    He  died  about  1720. 

Arc udi us,  Peter,  a  Greek  ecclesiastic  of 
Corfu,  employed  in  Russia  by  Clement  VHI. 
He  was  patronised  by  the  pope's  nephew, 
cardinal  Borghese;  and  he  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  writer  on  controversial  works  against 
the  Greek  and  Protestant  churches.  He  di- 
ed of  an  accident  at  Rome,  1635. 

Arculphus,  a  French  divine,  who  in  the 
7th  century,  travelled  to  the  holy  land,  of 
which  he  wrote  an  interesting  account,  pub- 
lished in  4to.  at  Ingoldstadt,  1619. 

Arcy,  Patrick  d',  an  Englishman.  Vid. 
Darcy. 

Arden,  Edward,  a  native  of  Warwick- 
shire, of  a  respectable  family,  who  married 
Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  George  Throgmorton, 
and  lived  a  retired  life  on  his  estate,  both 
from  inclination  and  from  his  attachment  to 
the  catholic  religion.  He  had  frequent  quar- 
rels with  his  neighbor,  the  great  earl  of 
Leicester,  whose  pride  looked  down  with 
contempt  on  the  independence  of  a  country 
gentleman,  and  his  ruin  was  determined. 
Somerville,  a  rash,  thoughtless  young  man, 
who  had  married  one  of  his  daughters,  was 
drawn    into  a  supposed  conspiracy   against 


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the  queen's  life;  and  though  no  evidence  ap- 
peared against  him,  except  the  report  of  a 
letter  which  had  been  thrown  into  the  fire 
by  his  father-in-law,  not  only  he,  but  Arden, 
his  wife,  his  daughter,  wife  of  Somerville, 
and  Sonierville's  sister,  were  conveyed  to  the 
Tower,  and  after  torture  had  been  barba- 
rously used  to  draw  confessions  from  Arden 
and  from  Hale  a  priest,  who  was  supposed 
to  have  been  concerned,  this  unhappy  family 
were  condemned  to  suffer  death.  Somerville 
was  found  strangled  the  night  before  his  ex- 
ecution, as  was  supposed,  that  lie  might  not 
accuse  his  persecutors,  and  Arden  expired  by 
the  hand  of  the  executioner  in  Smithfield, 
December  20,  1583,  in  his  5  2d  year,  amidst 
the  tears  of  pitying  thousands.  The  rest 
were  pardoned,  but  the  mangled  heads  of  the 
father  and  of  the  son  in-law  were  exposed  on 
London  bridge.  The  dignity  of  this  respect- 
able family  was  restored  by  the  prudence 
and  good  fortune  of  the  two  next  heirs,  and 
became  nearly  allied  to  the  Fieldings,  earls 
of  Denbigh. 

Ardern,  John,  an  early  medical  writer, 
settled  at  Newark  from  1348  to  1370,  after 
which  he  came  to  London.  He  was  eminent 
in  his  profession,  and  thence  his  cures  were 
attributed  to  magic  and  superstition.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  on  the  fistula  in  ano,  pub- 
lished by  Read,  1588,  and  left  a  MS.  in  the 
Sloane  Library,  de  re  herbaria,  physica  et 
chirurgica. 

Areagathus,  a  Greek  physician,  at 
Rome,  B.  C.  269. 

Arena,  Anthony  de,  a  native  of  Soliers 
near  Toulon,  author  of  some  inferior  trea- 
tises on  jurisprudence.  He  alsowrote  maca- 
ronic verses,  a  farago  of  barbarous  language, 
partly  French,  and  partly  Latin,  and  partly 
provincial,  first  brought  into  fashion  by  Mer- 
lin Coccaio.  His  chief  work  is  his  war  of 
Charles  V.  in  Provence,  reprinted  in  1747. 
He  was  judge  of  St.  Remi,  near  Aries,  and 
died  1544.  His  other  peices  appeared  1670, 
12mo. 

Aresi,  Paul,  a  native  of  Cremona,  bishop 
of  Tortona,  and  author  of  some  theological 
works,  in  Latin  and  in  Italian.  He  encou- 
raged learning,  and  distinguished  himself  in 
the  order  of  Theatins.  He  died  at  Tortona, 
1645,  aged  71. 

Aret^kus,  a  Greek  physician,  in  the 
age  of  Vespasian,  whose  works  were  edited 
by  Wigan,  Oxford,  1723. 

Aretaphila,  a  woman  of  Cyrene,  who 
avenged  the  death  of  Iter  husband,  Phsedi- 
mus,  on  his  murderer,  Nicocrates. 
Arete,  daughter  of  Aristippus,  of  Cyrene, 
acquired  reputation  as  a  teacher  of  philoso- 
phy. 

Arethas,  a  bishop  of  Cappadocia,  in 
the  10th  century,  author  of  a  commentary 
on  the  Revelations,  still  extant. 

Aretin,  Guy, aBenedictine  monk, known 
for  his  discovery  of  a  new  method  to  learn 
music,  which  he  published  under  the  name 
of  "  Micrologus."  He  is  the  inventor  of  six 
notes  in  music,  "  ut,  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la," 
borrowed,  it  is  said,  from  the  hrmn  to  St. 
VOL.  T.  10 


John,  by  taking  the  first  and  sixth  syllables  <■ 

ut  queant  laxis  REsonare  flbris 

Mira  gestorum  FAmuli  tuorum 

soLve  polutis  i.Abiis  reatura. 

Some   attribute  the  word   gammut  to  him, 

which  he    borrowed  from  the   3d  letter   of 

the  Greek,  in  the  marking  of  bis  notes,  and 

with  the  idea  that  music  originated  in  Greece. 

One  of  his  letters  was  printed   by  Baronius 

in  the  annals  under  1022. 

Aretin,  Leonard,  a  native  of  Arezzo, 
from  whence  his  name,  better  known  than 
his  family  appellatiou  of  Bruni.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  learned  men  of  the  15th  century, 
and  he  ma)-  be  considered  as  the  restorer  of 
the  Greek  language  to  Italy.  He  was  em- 
ployed as  secretary  of  the  briefs  under  five 
popes,  after  which  he  became  secretary  to 
the  republic  of  Florence.  He  translated 
some  of  Plutarch's  Lives,  and  wrote  some 
historical  pieces,  admired  for  their  elegance 
and  accuracy.  His  history  of  the  Goths  ac- 
quired him  also  fame  and  patronage  ;  but 
his  reputation  suffered,  when  Christopher 
Perrona  discovered  it  to  be  nothing  but  a 
compilation  or  translation  of  Procopius.  He 
died  at  Florence,  1443,  in  his  74th  year.  Pog- 
gius,  who  had  cultivated  his  friendship  for 
40  years,  spoke  his  funeral  oration. 

Aretin,  Francis,  a  man  eminent  for  his 
leafning,  and  his  knowledge  in  Greek.  He 
studied  at  Vienna,  and  afterwards  taught 
there  with  such  success  that  he  was  called 
prince  of  subtleties,  and  his  wit  became  pro- 
verbial. In  law,  his  opinion  was  considered 
of  such  weight,  that  whatever  cause  he  pre- 
viously condemned  was  generally  lost.  He 
read  lectures  also  at  Pisa  and  Ferrara  ;  but 
he  was  disappointed  in  his  expectations  at 
Rome,  though  Sextus  IV.  declared  he  would 
have  honored  him  with  a  cardinal's  hat,  which 
was  due  to  his  merits,  where  he  not  afraid 
that  by  so  doing  he  should  rob  the  public  of  a 
most  incomparable  professor.  Aretin,  whose 
temper  was  choleric,  never  kept  his  servants 
more  than  one  or  two  months,  as  he  expected 
better  attendance  from  new  ones.  He  waspar- 
simonious,  and  as  he  lived  in  celibacy,  his  for- 
tune became  immense  and  was  divided  among 
his  relations.      He  died  about  1470. 

Aretin,  Peter,  natural  son  of  Lewis  Boc- 
ci  of  Arezzo,  became  so  celebrated  for  his 
satire,  that  he  was  called  the  scourge  of  prin- 
ces. His  friendship  was  courted  by  Charles 
V.  and  Francis  L  who  no  doubt  dreaded  the 
venom  of  his  pen  more  than  they  esteemed 
his  merits;  and  he  grew  so  arrogant,  that  he 
represented  himself  on  a  medal  as  a  god,  and 
on  the  reverse  received  the  presents  of  ob- 
sequious monarchs.  His  lampoons,  as  it  was 
observed,  subdued  more  princes  than  the 
most  powerful  conqueror  ever  had  done.  It 
is  to  be  lamented,  that  a  genius,  which  so 
strongly  possessed  the  powers  of  satire  and 
genuine  humor,  was  not  fully  employed  in 
lashing  the  vices  of  men.  The  name  of  Are- 
tin will  be  execrated  by  the  modest  and  the 
virtuous,  for  the  obscenities,  the  profane,  and 
immoral  writings  with  which  he  has  insulted 
the  world.     His   comedies  were  highly  ap- 


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plauded,  his  letters  are  valuable,  and  his 
works  of  devotion  may  be  read  with  satisfac- 
tion and  surprise.  Some  have  said,  but  falsely, 
that  he  abandoned  his  lascivious  principles. 
He  ridiculed  Peter  Strozzi,  who  threatened 
revenge,  not  that  of  the  pen,  but  that  of  supe- 
rior manual  strength,  which  so  terrified  the 
poet,  that  he  confined  himself  whilst  his  an- 
tagonist remained  at  Venice.  Are  tin  is  said 
to  have  died,  by  falling  from  a  chair,  and  in- 
juring his  head,  upon  laughing  immoderately 
at  some  indelicate  conversation  at  which  he 
was  present.     He  died  1556,  aged  65. 

Aretin,  John,  an  able  writer  of  Berne, 
in  the  1 5th  century.  He  is  author  of  examen 
theologicum — a  catalogue  of  comets — ser- 
mons, &c. 

Aretin,  Angelo,  a  learned  professor  of 
law  at  Bologna  and  Ferrara.  He  wrote  four 
treatises  on  his  profession,  and  died  1480. 

Argall,  John,  an  eminent  scholar,  edu- 
cated at  Christ-church,  and  rector  of  Hales- 
worth,  Suffolk.  He  died  suddenly  at  a  feast 
at  Cheston,  one  mile  from  his  parsonage,  Oc- 
tober 1606.  He  published  two  tracts  in  Latin. 
Argellata,  Peter,  a  physician  of  Bo- 
logna, who  died  1423.  His  treatises  on  sur- 
gery was  printed,  folio,  1480,  at  Venice. 

Argellati,  Philip,  an  indefatigable  wri- 
ter, born  at  Bologna,  and  died  at  Milan,  25th 
January  1755,  aged  70.  He  wrote  a  cata- 
logue of  Milanese  writers,  2  vols.  fol.  and  of 
Italian  translators,  5  vols.  4to.  besides  edi- 
tions of  various  Italian  authors,  &c. 

Argens,  Jean  Baptiste  de  Boyer,  Mar- 
quis d',  a  native  of  Aix  in  Provence.  He 
followed  for  some  time  the  military  profes- 
sion, and  afterwards  distinguished  himself  as  a 
writer,  and  as  the  friend  of  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia, with  whom  he  lived  25  years  as  chamber- 
lain. He  returned  to  his  native  country,  and 
died  there,  at  the  end  of  1770,  aged  60.  He 
was  a  man  of  strong  sense,  and  great  learn- 
ing, ashislettres  Juives,  Chinoises,  Cabalis- 
tiques,  and  his  philosophy  of  good  sense,  &c. 
sufficiently  prove,  though  it  is  to  be  lamented 
that  he  occasionally  disgraced  his  pages  by- 
expressions  of  licentiousness  and  infidelity. 

Arc  en  so  la,  Leonard  and  Bartholomew, 
two  Spanish  poets  of  merit.  The  conquest 
of  the  Moluccas  was  the  admired  work  of 
Bartholomew. 

Argenson,  Mark  Rene  le  Voyer,  Mar- 
quis d',  celebrated  as  the  first  who  introduced 
lettres  de  cachet,  during  his  adminslratinn  of 
the  police  at  Paris,  1697,  was  born  at  Venice, 
where  his  father  was  ambassador  from  the 
French  court.  He  was  highly  respected  for 
his  abilities,  and  the  firmness  of  his  cliarac* 
ter.  He  succeeded  d'  Aguesseau  in  the  office 
of  chancellor,  1719,  but  was  disgraced  the 
following  year,  and  died  of  a  broken  heart  in 
1721,  aged  69. 

Argental,  Charles  Augustus  count  d', 
a  foreign  minister  at  the  French  court,  known 
as  the  friend  of  Lekain,  Voltaire,  and  other 
learned  men,  and  as  the  author  of  some  ele- 
gant verses.  He  died  6th  January  17  88, 
aged  88. 
Argentier,  John,  horn  atCastlenovoin 


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Piedmont,  died  at  Turin,  1572,  aged  58.  He 
studied  medicine,  and  acquired  high  reputa- 
tion in  the  theory,  but  not  in  the  practice, 
of  his  profession.  He  was  called  Censor  Medi- 
corum,  because  he  censured  Galen.  His 
works  appeared  in  12  vols  folio,  Venice,  1592. 

Argentina,  Thomas  d',  a  learned  head 
of  the  Angustines  in  1345,  author  of  commen- 
taries on  the  master  of  the  sentences,  prin- 
ted, folio,  Strasburg,  1490. 

Argentre,  Bertrand  d',  a  native  of  Vi- 
tre,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  jurispru- 
dence and  history.  He  died  1590,  in  his  71st 
year,  of  a  broken  heart,  on  account  of  the 
disasters  brought  upon  his  country  by  the 
plague.     He  wrote  an  account  of  Britany,  &c. 

Argentre,  Charles  Duplessis  d',  a  na- 
tive of  Britany,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  alo- 
moner  to  the  king,  am!  bishop  of  Tulles,  and 
known  for  his  valuable  and  interesting  col- 
lectio  judiciorum  de  novis  erroribus,  &c.  S 
vols,  folio,  a  work  much  resembling  Bossuet's 
histoire  des  variations.  He  died  in  1740, 
aged  67. 

Argenville,  Anthon.  Joseph  D.zel- 
lier  d',  a  French  writer,  son  of  a  bookseller 
at  Paris.  He  wrote  several  useful  works, 
especially  his  lives  of  painters,  in  3  vols  4to. 
1755,  of  which  Horace  Walpole  does  not 
speak  with  sufficient  encomium — a  valuable 
treatise  on  gardening,  4to.  1747 — a  catalogue 
of  French  fossils — and  other  curious  and  val- 
uable works.  He  was  also  one  of  the  com- 
pilers of  the  encyclopedia.  He  died  Novem- 
ber 30,  1765 

Aitgoli,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Tagliacoz- 
zo  in  Italy,  patronised  by  the  enate  of  Ve- 
nice, and  made  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Padua,  with  the  title  of  chevalier  He  died 
1657,  author  of  a  book,  dediebuscriticis,  4to. 
1652 — ephemerides  from  1640,  after  his 
death  continued  to  1700,  4  vols.4to. — proble- 
mata  astronomica. 

Argoli,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  pub- 
lished an  id)  Ilium  on  the  silk  worm,  at  the  age 
of  15.  With  the  desire  of  attaining  further 
applause,  he  shut  himself  up,  and  at  the  ex- 
piration of  seven  months,  at  the  age  of  17, 
he  produced  his  Endymion,  in  12  cantoes,  a 
poem  so  elegant  that  it  was  attributed  to  the 
abilities  of  the  father,  and  not  of  the  son.  He 
wrote  other  pieces,  equally  admired  and  fol- 
lowed the  profession  of  jurisprudence  at  Bo- 
logna for  five  years,  with  great  credit.  He 
died  about  1660. 

Argonne,  Don  Bonaventurc  d',  a  na- 
tive of  Paris,  author  of  some  useful  works, 
especially  miscellanies  of  history  and  litera- 
ture, replete  with  entertaining  anecdotes, 
and  valuable  reflections,  published  under 
the  name  of  Vigneul  de  Marville,  re- 
printed, 3  vols.  12mo.  1725.  He  died  a 
Carthusian  monk  at  Gaillon,  near  Rouen, 
1704,  aged  64  He  wrote  also  a  method  of 
reading  the  church  fathers,  12mo.  1697. 

Argou,  Gabriel,  an  advocate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  born  at  Vivarez.  He  died 
at  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century,  author 
of  an  excellent  work,  1'institution  au  droit 
Francois,  2  vols.  12mo. 


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Argues,  Gerard  des,  a  geometrician,  in- 
timate with  Descartes.  He  was  born  at  Ly- 
ons, 1597,  and  died  there  1G61.  He  wrote 
treatises  on  conic  sections,  on  perspective, 
on  stone-cutting,  on  the  practice  of  draw- 
ing, &c. 

Argyre,  Isaac,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician of  the  14th  century,  author  of  some 
works  on  geography  and  chronology. 

Argyropyj.us,  Joannes,  a  learned  man 
■who  fled  from  Constantinople  when  taken 
by  Mahomet  II.  and  contributed  to  the  re- 
vival of  Greek  literature  in  Europe.  He 
was  received  with  kindness  by  Cosmo  de 
Medicis,  duke  of  Tuscany,  placed  in  the 
professor's  chair  at  Florence,  and  made  tutor 
in  the  prince's  family.  He  retired  from 
thence,  during  the  plague,  to  Rome,  where 
lie  lectured  on  Aristotle.  He  died  of  a  fever 
occasioned  by  eating  melons,  in  his  70th 
year,  about  1478.  He  translated  several  of 
Aristotle's  works,  in  a  manner  which  pro- 
ved him  to  be  an  able  Grecian,  and  a  scholar 
of  the  most  comprehensive  erudition.  He 
was  said  to  be  an  intemperate  epicure,  so 
that  the  whole  of  his  fortune  was  squandered 
in  supplying  the  delicacies  of  his  table.  He 
treated  the  character  of  Cicero  with  con- 
tempt, because  he  had  said  of  his  favorite 
Greek,  that  it  is  a  language  verborum  inops. 
He  left  some  sons,  equally  learned.  His 
commentary  on  Aristotle's  ethics  was  print- 
ed 1.541,  folio. 

Ariadne,  daughter  of  Leo  I.  married 
to  Zeno,  who  succeeded  as  emperor,  474. 
She  was  so  disgusted  with  the  intemperance 
of  her  husband,  and  so  eager  to  enjoy  the 
company  of  her  favorite  Anastasius,  that  she 
forgot  her  dignity  and  character  in  barba- 
rity. Zeno,  when  intoxicated,  was  shut  up 
in  a  sepulchre,  where  he  was  suffered  to 
die;  and  Anastasius,  though  of  obscure 
origin,  was  placed  on  the  throne.  She 
died  515. 

Ariarathes  I.  a  king  of  Cappadocia, 
engaged  on  an  expedition  against  Egypt  with 
Darius  Ochus. 

Ariarathes  II.  nephew  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  defeated  by  the  Macedonians,  and 
put  to  death  321  B.  C. 

Ariarathes  III.  son  of  the  lid.  reco- 
vered his  kingdom  by  the  conquest  of  the 
Macedonians. 

Ariarathes IV.  son  of  Ariamnes,  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Antiochus,  and  died  B. 
C.  220. 

Ariarathes  V.  king  of  Cappadocia, 
died  B.  C.  1GG,  after  a  reign  of  62  years. 
He  was  learned  and  humane. 

Ariarathes  VI.  son  of  the  preceding, 
perished  in  battle,  B.  C.  130. 

Ariarathes  VII.  son  of  the  Vlth.  was 
murdered  by  his  brother-in-law,  Mithridates. 
Ariarathes  V1IL  son  of  the  Vllth.  was 
also  murdered  by  Mithridatea,  who  placed 
on  the  vacant  throne  bis  own  son,  whom  he 
called  the  IXth  Ariarathes, 

Arias  Montan us,  Benedict,  a  native 
of  Seville,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  mo- 
dern  and   ancient   literature.      He  was  en- 


|  gaged  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  to  publish  an 
.  edition  of  the  polyglot  Bible,  which  he  com- 
I  pleted,  and  published  at  Antwerp,  1569-72, 
[  in  8  vols,  folio.  The  monarch  liberally  of- 
I  fered  the  author  a  bishopric,  but  it  was  mo- 
I  destly  refused,  and  only  a  pension  of  2000 
ducats  accepted,  and  the  honor  of  being 
,  chaplain  to  the  king.  Arias  wrote  some 
i  biblical  and  historical  treatises,  besides 
I  translating  the  Psalter  into  Latin  verse.  He 
i  died  1598,  in  his  71st  year. 

Arias,  Francis,  a  learned  Jesuit,  author 
'  several  of  theological  treatises.  He  died  1605, 
i  aged  72. 

Aribert,  son  of  Clotaire  II.  king  of 
.  France,  obtained  part  of  Aquitaine  as  his 
•  patrimony  from  his  elder  brother,  Dago- 
;  bert  I.  He  caused  himself  to  be  crowned 
'  king  at  Toulouse,  and  died  two  years  after, 
i  630. 

Arieh,   Jacob  Juda,   a  learned  rabbi  of 

Amsterdam,  in  the  17th  century,  author  of 

I  a  description  of  the  tabernacle,  which  has 

'  been    translated    from    the     Hebrew    into 

Flemish,  Spanish,  and  Latin. 

Ariobarzanes  I.  king  of  Cappadocia, 
B.  C.  91,  was  replaced  on  his  throne  by  the 
Romans,  after  his  expulsion  by  Tigranes. 

Ariobarzanes  II.  king  of  Cappadocia, 
was  put  to  death  by  Cassius,  as  being  the 
friend  of  the  murdered  Cassar. 

Ariobarzanes  III.  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  put  to  death  by  Antony,  and  his 
dominions  seized  by  the  Romans. 

Ariosti,  Attilio,  a  musician,  born  at 
Bologna.  He  was  at  first  of  the  order  of  the 
Dominicans,  but  quitted  the  society  with  the 
permission  of  the  pope,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  composer  at  Bologna,  and  Ve- 
nice, and  in  Germany.  He  afterwards  came 
to  England,  where  his  abilities,  especially 
his  masterly  execution  on  the  viol  d'amore, 
a  new  instrument,  gained  him  applause  and 
opulence.  He  published  by  subscription,  a 
book  of  cantatas,  1725  ;  but  how  soon  after 
he  died  is  not  ascertained. 

Ariosto,  Lodovico,  or  Lewis,  an  illus- 
trious poet,  born  at  Reggio,  1474,  of  a  family 
allied  to  the  dukes  of  Ferrara.  His  early 
genius  displayed  itself  in  the  composition  of 
the  play  of  Pyramus  and  Thisbe,  which  he 
acted  with  his  brothers  and  sisters ;  but  his 
father,  like  the  father  of  Ovid,  viewed  his 
studies  with  a  jealous  eye,  and  bade  him  for- 
sake the  muses  for  the  bar.  After  his  fa- 
ther's decease,  he  returned  to  his  favorite 
pursuits,  and,  under  the  friendly  patronage 
of  Hippolito,  cardinal  d'Estc,  he  began  the 
plan  of  a  poem,  which  was  to  immortalize 
the  Italian  muse.  He  was  invited  to  write 
in  Latin  by  cardinal  Bembo ;  but  with  the 
ardor  of  a  poet  he  replied,  that  he  aspired 
to  the  first  rank  of  Italian  composition,  and 
knew  he  must  be  placed  only  second  as  the 
votary  of  the  Latin  muse.  He  read  with  at- 
tention the  works  of  Homer  and  Virgil,  and, 
with  a  mind  stored  with  all  the  learning  of 
ancient  times,  he  borrowed  a  subject  from 
Bojardo's  Orlando  Inamorato,  and  produced 
his  incomparable  poem  of  Orlando  Furioso. 


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Though  peculiarly  devoted  to  poetry,  Ariosto 
however,  was  employed  in  negotiations;  and 
when,  on  the  death  of  Hippolito,  Alphonso, 
duke  of  Ferrara  succeeded  as  patron  of  the 
poet,  he  showed  his  regard  for  him  by  ap- 
pointing him  governor  of  Graflignana,  a  post 
■which  he  discharged  with  honor  and  lidelity. 
For  his  retirement,  he  built  a  house  at  Fer- 
rara; and  when  questioned  why  he,  who 
shone  in  the  description  of  magnificent  halls, 
and  splendid  palaces,  had  made  it  so  small, 
he  replied,  that  words  were  cheaper  placed 
together  than  stones.  He  read  his  poems 
with  so  sweet  a  voice,  that  his  friends  were 
enraptured  to  hear  him;  and  he  possessed 
so  delicate  an  ear,  with  so  choleric  a  temper, 
that  he  once  entered  into  a  potter's  shop, 
who  had  been  repeating  some  of  his  verses, 
■with  an  improper  accent,  and  broke  a  great 
number  of  the  pots  exposed  to  sale.  The 
man  expostulated  in  vain  at  the  violence  of 
the  stranger.  I  have  not  sufficiently  l-eveng- 
ed  myself  on  thee,  exclaimed  Ariosto ;  I  have 
broke  only  a  few  pots,  and  you  have  spoiled 
the  most  beautiful  of  compositions  to  my 
face.  Ariosto  was  of  a  sickly  constitution,  and 
was  frequently  attended  by  physicians.  He 
died  at  Ferrara,  8th  July,  1533,  in  his  59th 
year.  A  bust  was  erected  to  his  memory, 
with  an  epitaph  wriUen  by  himself.  He  had 
two  sons  by  a  favorite,  called  Alexandra, 
■whom  he  would  have  married,  had  he  not 
teen  apprehensive  of  losing  his  benefices. 
The  Orlando  Furioso  has  been  deservedly 
extolled,  and  it  ranks  high  after  Homer. 
Ariosto  possesses  all  the  fire  of  poetry  ;  he 
passes  with  incredible  rapidity  and  ease 
from  the  terrible  to  the  tender,  from  the 
soft  to  the  sublime ;  every  character  is  in- 
teresting ;  his  heroes  are  valiant  without 
rashness;  and  his  heroines  are  feminine 
without  vulgarity  ;  and  nature  appears  in  all 
her  native  majesty,  adorned  by  all  the  graces 
of  art,  and  recommended  by  the  most  en- 
chanting language  of  poetry.  Besides  the 
Orlando,  Ariosto  wrote  seven  satires,  five 
comedies,  sonnets,  ballads,  &c.  His  life  has 
been  written  by  Sir  John  Harrington,  pre- 
fixed to  a  translation  of  the  Orlando  Furioso, 
in  1634 ;  and  in  1783,  Hoole  gave  a  spirited 
and  elegant  version  of  this  admired  poem. 

Ariosto,  Gabriel,  brother  to  the  poet, 
was  himself  eminent  as  a  Latin  poet,  in  the 
style  of  Statius.  His  poems  were  published 
at  Ferrara,  1582.  He  died  1552.  His  son 
Horace  was  born  at  Ferrara,  and  died  there 
1593,  aged  38.  He  was  author  of  a  sprited 
defence  of  his  uncle's  poem  against  Pelegri- 
no;  and  he  himself  composed  besides  come- 
dies, a  poem  called  Alpheus. 

Ariovistus,  king  of  Germany,  assisted 
the  Gauls  against  the  Romans,  and  was  de- 
feated by  J.  Caesar. 

Ari  pert,  king  of  Lombardy,  succeeded 
his  father,  Ragimbert,  702.  He  was  cruel 
and  vindictive  in  his  conduct,  and  was  drown- 
ed as  he  attempted  to  swim  across  a  rivei-,  to 
escape  from  the  pursuit  of  his  enemies,  736. 

Ari  si,  Francis,  an  able  writer  of  Cremo- 
na, who  died  25th  January   1743,  aged   86. 


Among  his  valuable  works  is  Cremona  liter*-- 
ta,  3  vols.  fol. 

Arist.en.etes,  author  of  elegant  love 
epistles  in  Greek,  died  at  Nicomedia,  358. 

Aristander,  a  soothsayer  in  the  army 
of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Aristarchus,  a  philosopher  of  Samoj^ 
said  first  to  have  supported  the  diurnal  re- 
volution of  the  earth. 

Aristarchus,  a  grammarian  of  Sa- 
mothrace,  patronised  by  Ptolemy, B.C.  160. 

Aristarchus,  a  Jew  of  Thessalonica, 
the  compauion  of  St.  Paul. 

Aristeas,  a  Greek  historian,  550  B.  C. 

Aristeas,  one  of  the  70  translators  of 
the  Septuagint  at  the  court  of  Philadelphus. 

Ari st eug,  a  Greek  mathematician,  350 
B.  C. 

Aristides,  a  celebrated  Athenian,  the 
friend  of  Themistocles.  His  virtues  and 
services  where  such,  that  he  received  the 
honorable  appellation  of  just.  He  died  in 
great  poverty,  about  467  B.  C. 

Aristides,  a  philosopher  of  Athens, 
who  was  converted  to  Christianity,  and  wrote 
an  apology  for  the  Christians,  A.  D.  125. 

Aristides,  a  sophist  of  Mysia,  who  ob- 
tained from  the  emperor  the  rebuilding  of 
Smj'rna,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake,  178. 

Aristides,  a  painter  of  Thebes,  B.  C. 
340,  one  of  whose  best  pieces  represented 
the  taking  of  a  town  by  storm. 

Aristides,  an  historian  of  Miletus,  who 
wrote  an  account  of  Italy,  &c. 

Aristippus,  a  philosopher  of  Cyrene, 
disciple  to  Socrates,  died  about  400  B.  C. 
he  placed  pleasure  as  the  chief  good  of  man. 

Aristo,  a  Stoic  philosopher  of  Cos,  B.  C. 
260.  He  maintained  that  virtue  is  the  su- 
preme good. 

Aristo,  a  Peripatetic  philosopher,  B.  C. 
230. 

Aristo,  Titus,  a  Roman  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, in  the  age  of  Trajan. 

Aristobulus  I.  high-priest  and  king 
of  the  Jews,  after  his  father  Hyrcanus. 
He  died  B.  C.  104. 

Aristobulus  II.  son  of  Alexander  Jan- 
nseus,  was  deposed  by  Pompey,  and  carried 
prisoner  to  Rome,  where  he  was  poisoned, 
B.C.  15. 

Aristobulus,  an  Alexandrian  Jew,  who 
united  the  Peripatetic  philosophy  with  the 
laws  of  Moses. 

Aristobulus,  grandson  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  made,  high-priest,  but  was  after- 
wards put  to  death  by  Herod,  who  was  jea- 
lous of  his  popularity,  B.  C.  36. 

Aristogiton,  an  Athenian,  celebrated 
for  his  union  with  Harmodius,  by  which  the 
tyranny  of  the  Pisistratidse,  was  abolished  at 
Athens,  B.C.  516. 

Aristomenes,  a  Messenian,  whose 
courage  caused  his  countrymen  to  oppose 
aud  avenge  the  oppression  of  the  Spartans, 
B.  C.  685.  He  was  successful  in  various  bat- 
tles. 

Aristophanes,  a  celebrated  comic  wri- 
ter of  Athens,  in  the  age  of  Socrates.    He 


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united  the  greatest  wit  with  the  most  biting 
satire,  and,  in  those  days  when  living  charac- 
ters could  be  attacked  on  the  stage  with  im- 
punity, his  influence  was  very  great.  So- 
crates, among  others,  felt  the  bitterness  of 
his  sarcasms.  Only  eleven  of  his  pieces  are 
preserved. 

Aristotle,  a  celebrated  philosopher  of 
Stagira.  He  was  employed  as  the  tutor  of 
Alexander  the  Great;  but  his  fame  is  built 
on  the  werks  which  he  composed  on  ethics, 
poetry,  politics,  physic,  logic,  &c.  He  died 
about  323  B.  C.  and  it  is  said  that  he  threw 
himself  into  the  Euripus,  because  he  could 
not  explain  satisfactorily  the  causes  of  the 
flux  and  reflux. 

Aristoxenus,  a  Grecian  philosopher 
of  Tarentum,  the  disciple  of  Aristotle, 
about  324  B.C. 

Arius,  founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Arians, 
was  an  African  by  birth.  Disappointment 
made  him  a  sectary.  He  propagated  the 
opinion,  that  the  word  was  not  a  divine  per- 
son; and  the  heresy,  though  condemned  by 
various  councils,  gained  followers,  and  exci- 
ted schisms  in  the  Roman  empire.  The  Ni- 
«ene  creed  was  drawn  up  to  combat  his  er- 
rors. He  was  the  violent  enemy  of  Athana- 
sius.     He  died  at  Alexandria  386. 

Arkel,  Cornel.  Van,  a  Dutch  divine  of 
Amsterdam,  educated  under  Limborch  and 
Le  Clerc.  He  was  eminent  among  the  Ar- 
menian preachers,  and  died  1724,  aged  54. 
He  is  author  of  Hadriani  Junii,  Romani  me- 
dici,  animadversis,  and  de  coma  commenta- 
rius,  &c. 

Arkenholz,,  John,  a  native  of  Helsing- 
fors  in  Sweden.  He  studied  at  Upsal,  and 
obtained  the  place  of  registrar,  which  he  lost 
for  writing  against  cardinal  Pleury,  in  his 
considerations  sur  la  France  par  raport  a  la 
Suede,  written  at  Paris.  In  1743,  he  obtain- 
ed the  office  of  secretary  of  public  accounts, 
and  was  appointed,  in  1740,  keeper  of  the 
cabinet  curiosities  of  Cassel.  He  died  1777, 
author  of  some  treatises  on  political  subjects, 
memoirs  of  queen  Christina,  &c.  He  also 
published  Grotius'  letters  to  that  queen,  and 
began  an  history  of  Frederic,  never  com- 
pleted. 

Arkwright,  Sir  Richard,  a  man  who 
rose  to  opulence  and  reputatiou  from  the 
humble  station  of  penny  barber,  in  Bolton, 
Lancashire.  He  was  the  iuventor  of  the 
spinning  jenny,  a  system  of  machinery  which, 
by  his  genius  and  perseverance,  and  by  the 
assistance  of  Cay,  a  watch  maker  of  War- 
rington, and  Atherton  of  Liverpool,  was 
made  to  shorten  and  facilitate  the  labor  of 
spinning  cotton,  and  which  has  introduced 
plenty  and  independence  among  the  lower 
orders  of  the  community,  by  giving  employ- 
ment to  the  industry  of  many  thousand  fami- 
lies. This  enterprising  man,  after  trying 
his  fortune  at  Preston  with  Smalley,  and 
at  Nottingham,  raised  extensive  works  at 
Cromford-bridge,  Derbyshire,  where  he 
built  a  heautiful  mansion,  and  a  church,  in 
which  his  remains  were  deposited  When 
sheriff"  for  the  county,  he  was  knighted,  and 


at  his  death,  3d  August  1792,  he  left  proper- 
ty to  the  amount  of  nearly  half  a  million. 

Arlaud,  James  Antony,  a  native  of  Ge- 
neva, eminent  as  a  painter.  He  came  to 
Paris,  where  be  was  patronised  by  the  duke 
of  Orleans,  regent  of  the  kingdom,  and  af- 
terwards passed  to  London.  His  most  cele- 
brated piece  was  a  copy  of  Leda,  which  al 
last,  in  a  moment  of  superstitious  devotion, 
he  him  himself  destroyed,  by  cutting  it  in  an 
anatomical  style,  and  dividing  the  limbs 
among  his  friends.  A  copy  of  this  celebra- 
ted picture  was  sold  in  London  for  600/.  He 
died  at  Geneva,  May  25,  1743,  aged  75. 

Aklotta,  a  beautiful  woman  of  Falaise, 
daughter  of  a  tanner.  She  was  seen  gazing 
at  her  door  by  Robert  duke  of  Normandy, 
as  he  passed  through  the  street ;  and  he  made 
her  his  mistress.  She  had  by  him  the  con- 
queror, William  ;  and  after  Robert's  death, 
she  married  Herluin,  a  Norman  gentleman, 
by  whom  she  had  three  children,  for  w  horn 
Wdliam  honorably  provided. 

Arlotto,  a  native  of  Magello,  in  Tus- 
cany, 1385,  whose  right  name  was  Mainardi, 
though  he  is  better  known  as  Arlotto.  He 
was  early  brought  up  in  the  trade  of  the 
woollen  manufacture,  which  formed  the  em- 
ployment and  the  consequence  of  the  Flo- 
rentines; but  he  left  it  for  the  church  ;  and 
he  had  the  good  fortune  to  obtain  the  rural 
deanery  of  St.  Cresci  in  the  diocese  of  Fie- 
soie.  The  income  of  this  was  sufficiently 
large  to  maintain  him  in  ease  and  indepen- 
dence ;  and  as  residence  was  not  required, 
he  indulged  his  partiality  for  foreign  coun- 
tries by  travelling.  He  visited  London  where 
he  was  noticed  by  Edward  IV.  and  after  a 
serious  of  strange  adventures,  he  returned 
to  his  native  country.  As  he  posesssed  an 
inexhaustible  fund  of  genuine  humour,  he 
was  the  companion  of  the  gay  and  the  dissi- 
pated, and  he  frequently  forgot  the  dignity 
of  his  ecclesiastical  character,  by  descending 
during  the  most  solemn  services,  to  the  low 
buffoonery  of  a  mimic,  or  the  broad  jest  of  a 
debauchee.  On  his  return  to  his  deanery,  he 
swore  that  he  would  clear  his  church  of 
mice  ;  and  accordingly  the  animals  were 
caught  and  confined  in  great  numbers  in  a 
glass  cage  for  a  month.  Only  one  sur\ived 
this  dreadful  punishment,  it  was  restored  to 
liberty,  with  a  little  bell  about  its  neck,  which 
served  to  scare  away  the  whole  race,  ami  it 
was  alive  three  years  afterwards.  Among 
the  patrons  and  friends  of  Arlotto  were  Lo- 
renzo Medici,  and  his  brother  Guliano,  who 
loved  him  for  his  levity  and  the  witticisms  of 
his  conversation.  He  died  at  Florence,  1483, 
in  his  98th  year,  and  was  buried  in  a  tomb, 
which  ten  years  before  he  had  perparedin  St. 
James's  church  there. 

Armagxac,  John  d',  of  an  ancient  fami- 
ly in  Fiance,  was  raised  to  the  highest  digni- 
ties in  the  national  church.  He  died  about 
140S. 

Armacn  AC,  Bernard  count  d',  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
party  of  Orleans  bv  the  queen  of  Charles 
VI.  of  France.    He  quarrelled  with  his  be- 


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Kefattress,  and  was  some  time  afterwards  as- 
sassinated, during  an  insurrection,  1418. 

Armellino,  Francis,  a  banker,  made 
cardinal  by  Leo  X.  who  found  him  an  able 
minister  in  the  art  of  raising  money.  He  be- 
came unpopular  on  account  of  the  taxes 
which  he  recommended.    He  died    1527. 

AiisiENO  nville,  Joseph  John  Baptist 
Fleurion  d',  a  French  statesman,  keeper  of 
the  seals  from  1722  to  1727,  when  he  was 
dismissed.     He  died  the  following  year. 

Arminius,  a  brave  chief  of  the  Catti, 
called  the  deliverer  of  Germany.  Though 
noticed  and  honored  by  Augustus,  he  de- 
termined to  avenge  the  wrongs  of  his  en- 
slaved country.  The  Romans  were  defeat- 
ed under  Varus,  and  Arminius  at  last,  after 
various  encounters  with  the  enemy,  was  as- 
sassinated, A.  D.  21. 

Arminius,  James,  a  native  of  Oude-wa- 
ter,  in  Holland,  1560,  founder  of  the  sect  of 
the  Arminians.     As  he  lost  his  father  early, 
he  was  supported  at  the  university  of  Utrecht, 
and    of   Marpurg,    by    the  liberality  of   his 
friends;  but  when  lie  returned  home,  in  the 
midst  of  the  ravages  caused  by  the  Spanish 
arms,  instead  of  being  received   by  his  mo- 
ther, he  found  that  she,  as  well  as  her  daugh- 
ters, and   ail  her  family,   had  been  sacrificed 
to  the  wantonness   of  the  ferocious   enemy. 
His  distress  was  for  a  while  inconsolable,  but 
the  thirst  after  distinction   called  him  to  the 
newly  founded  university  of  Leyden,  where 
his  industry  acquired   him  the  protection  of 
the  magistrates  of  Amsterdam,  at  whose  ex- 
pense he   travelled  to   Geneva  and  Italy,  to 
hear  the  lectures   of  Theodore   Bexa    and 
James  Zabarella.     On  his  return  to  Holland, 
he  was  ordained  minister   of  Amsterdam, 
1588;  and  so  great  was  his  popularity,  and 
so  powerful  his  eloquence,  that  lie  was  every 
where  followed  by    admiring   auditors,    and 
the  enemies  of  his  doctrines  and  of  his  suc- 
cess were  silenced  by  the  solidity  of  his  ar- 
guments, by  the  perseverance  of  his   mind, 
and  the  integrity  of  his  heart.     In   theologi- 
cal disputes  upon  grace,  and  other  contested 
points,  he  preserved    his  high   reputation  ; 
and  though  not  only  his  friends  but  the  ma- 
gistrates frequently  interfered  in  the  dispute, 
the  force   of  his  reasoning  was  never  weak- 
ened, or  his  learning  misapplied  in  indecent 
invectives.     As  professor  of  divinity  at  Ley- 
den, to  which  oflice  he   was  called    1603,  he 
distinguished  himself  by  three  valuable  ora- 
tions on  the  object  of  theology — on  the  au- 
thor and  end  of  it — and  on  the   certainty  of 
it  and  he  afterwards   explained  the  prophet 
Jonah.     In  his  public  and  private  life,  Armi- 
nius has  been   admired  for  his  moderation  ; 
and  though    many    gross  insinuations   have 
been    thrown  against  him,   yet  his  memory 
has  been  fully  vindicated  by  the  ablest  pens, 
and  he  seemed  entitled   to  the  motto  which 
lie  assumed, — a  good  conscience  isaparadise. 
A  life  ol  perpetual  labor  and  vexation  of  mind 
at  last  brought  on  a  sickness  of  which  he  di- 
ed, October  19,   1619.     His  writings  were  all 
on  controversial  and  theological  subjects,  and 
were    published  in    1  vol.    4to.    Frankfort, 


1631.  The  Arminians,  in  the  number  of 
whom  appear  Grotius,  Episcopius,  Courcel- 
le,  Le  Clerk,  &c.  are  still  numerous  and  pow- 
erful in  Holland.  They  maintain,  that  man 
is  made  by  God  a  free  agent,  and  that  provi- 
dence before-hand  decrees  his  salvation  or 
damnation,  which  however,  totally  depend 
upon  his  own  uninfluenced  action;  a  doc- 
trine directly  opposed  by  the  Calvinistical 
tenets  of  predestination.  Of  these  impor- 
tant opinions  Burnet  has  given  an  account  in 
his  exposition  of  the  17th  article. 

Armstrong,  Thomas,   an   active    sup- 
porter of  the   royal   cause  during  the   civil 
wars,  for  which  lie  was  honored  with  knight- 
hood.    Cromwell  knew  and  dreaded  his  abi- 
lities, therefore  he  seized   his  person,  and 
threatened  to  put  him  to  death.     After  the 
restoration,  Armstrong  showed  the  most  vio- 
lent opposition  to  popery ;  and  when  Mon- 
mouth   was   determined    on    rebellion,    lie 
espoused  his  cause,  and  visited  with  him  the 
guards,  with  the  intention  either  of  attack- 
ing them  by  force,  or  gaining  them  by  arti- 
fice.   These   bold  measures  rendered    him 
suspected  to   the  government ;  and  he  fled 
from  the  country,   and  was  in   consequence 
outlawed.     His  persecutors,  however,  seized 
him  abroad  and  he  was  brought  to  London, 
and  executed  without  atrial,  20th  June  1684. 
Armstrong,     Dr.   John,   a    celebrated 
poet,    born     at   Castleton,   Edinburghshire, 
where   his  father  and  brother  were  minis- 
ters.   He  took  his  degrees  of  M.  D.  in  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,    1732,  but   he   did 
not  meet  with  the  success  in   his  profession 
which  his  merits  deserved.      His  first  exer- 
tions for  the  amusement  of  the  public,  were 
some  small   medical  tracts,  which  were  fol- 
lowed by  the  economy  of  love,  a  poem  after 
the  manner  of  Ovid,  objectionable  for  its  li- 
centiousness, though  admired   for  the  spirit 
of  its  lines,  corrected  and  purged  in  the  edi- 
tion of  1 768.     In  1744,  the  art  of  preserving 
health  was  published,  and  on  this  great  and 
highly   finished    performance,   the   fame   of 
Armstrong   totally    depends.     By  means  of 
his  friends,    the  poet  was  i*ecommeiided   to 
the  notice  of  the   great.     He  was  appointed 
physician  to  the  lame  and  sick  soldiers,  be- 
hind   Buckingham-house,  and    in    1760,    he 
was  made  physician  to  the  army  in  Germa- 
ny.    It  was  at  this  time  that  he  wrote  his 
poem   called   "  Day,"     inscribed     to    John 
Wilkes;  and  the  freedom  of  remark  which 
he  used  in  one  passage  upon  Churchill  not 
only  drew  the  vengeance  of  the  satirist  upon 
him,  but  dissolved  the  friendship  which  had 
before   cordially   existed    with  Wilkes.     He 
collected  his  scattered  pieces  which  he  pub- 
lished in   1770,   and    the   following  year  he 
wrote  a  short  ramble  through    France   and 
Italy  by  Lancelot  Temple.     He  died  in  Sep- 
tember,   1779,    leaving  behind    him    about 
3000/.  a  sum  which  surprised  his  friends,  as 
they  knew   that  his  income  was  small,  and 
that  his  heart  was  generous.     Mr.  Nicholl's 
anecdotes  of  Bowyer  contain  some  further 
particulars  of  this  great  and  ingenious  man. 
His  medical  esssays  appeared  collected  in  1 


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volume  4to.  1773.  Of  these  the  essay  for 
abridging  the  study  of  physic  was  first  print- 
ed 1735,  and  the  synopsis  of  the  history  and 
cure  of  the  venereal  disease  in  1737,  8vo. 
His  sketches  or  essays  on  various  subjects  by 
Lancelot  Temple  were  printed  1738. 

Armstrong,  John,  a  native  of  Leith, 
educated  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  took  his 
degree  of  M.  A.  and  where  he  published  his 
juvenile  poems,  and  an  essay  on  the  means 
of  punishing  and  preventing  crimes.  He 
came  to  London  about  1793,  and  earned  a 
scanty  subsistence  by  writing  for  the  news- 
papers, and  preaching  among  the  dissenters. 
He  died,  after  a  short  illness,  in  his  26th 
year,  1797. 

Armyne,  Lady  Mary,  daughter  of  Henry 
Talbot,  the  fourth  son  of  George,  earl  of 
Shrewsbury,  married  Sir  William  Armyne, 
and  rendered  herself  distinguished  by  her 
piety  and  benevolence,  as  well  as  her  know- 
ledge of  history,  of  divinity,  and  of  the  lan- 
guages. She  was  very  liberal  to  the  poor, 
and  contributed  largely  towards  the  encour- 
agement and  support  of  the  missionaries  sent 
to  North  America.  She  also  endowed  three 
hospitals;  and  died  1675. 

Arsai.d,  Richard,  B.  D.  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, educated  at  Benet's  and  Emanuel  col- 
lege, and  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Thur- 
caston  in  Leicestershire.  He  published  se- 
veral sermons,  and  besides  a  commentary  on 
wisdom,  on  ecclesiasticus,  etc.  but  his  best 
known  performance  is  his  commentary  on 
the  apocrypha.  He  died  1756  ;  and  his  wi- 
dow, daughter  of  Mr.  Wood,  rector  of  Wil- 
ford,  Nottingham,  11th  April  1782.  His 
son,  Dr.  Arnald,  was  patronised  by  Dr. 
Hurd,  hishop  of  Worcester. 

Arnali.,  William,  an  attorney's  clerk, 
who  became  a  political  writer  in  the  pay  of 
sir  Robert  Walpole.  It  appears  from  the 
report  of  a  secret  commute,  that,  in  four 
years,  he  received  10,997/.  6s.  Hcl.  for  his 
pamphlets;  and  though  so  liberally  reward- 
ed, he  died  of  a  broken  heart  and  in  debt, 
1741,  aged  26. 

Aksaud  de  Meyrville,  or  Mere- 
uil,  a  poet  of  Provence,  in  the  service  of 
viscount  Bcziers,  of  whose  wife  he  became 
deeply  enamoured.  He  praised  the  lady  in 
anonymous  lines;  and  when  at  last  discover- 
ed, he  was  not  discarded,  but  received  valu- 
able presents  from  the  hands  of  a  woman 
■who  had  the  virtue  to  pity  and  not  to  en- 
flame  his  passion.     He  died  1220. 

Arnaud  de  Villa  Nova,  a  physician, 
who  improved  himself  by  travelling  through 
Europe,  and  created  himself  enemies  by  ha- 
ving recourse  to  astrology.  He  enjoyed  some 
reputation  at  Paris,  and  afterwards  retired 
to  Sicily,  to  Frederic  king  of  Arragon.  He 
•was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Genoa  as  he 
was  returning  to  attend  pope  Clement,  who 
labored  under  a  severe  illness,  1310  or  1S13. 
His  works  appeared  at  Lyons,  2  vols,  folio, 
1520,  and  Basil,  1585. 

Arnaud,  Anthony,  an  advocate,  of  Paris, 
born  1550.  He  was  attorney-general  to  Ca- 
tharine de  Medici,   and  acquired   opulence 


and  reputation  by  the  exertion  of  his  abili- 
ties, and  particularly  distinguished  himself 
in  defending,  with  success,  the  university  of 
Paris,  where  he  had  been  educated  against 
the  Jesuits,  1594.  He  married  Catharine, 
daughter  of  the  advocate-general,  Marion. 
Bayle  denies  his  being  of  the  reformed  reli- 
gion. He  died  in  his  Goth,  or,  according  to 
some,  in  his  70th  or  103d  year. 

Arnaud  1)'  Anbili.i,  Robert,  eldest 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  early  introduced 
at  court,  where  he  distinguished  himself  as 
the  friend  of  the  great,  and  the  patron  of 
genius  and  learning.  He  retired  in  his  55th 
year,  to  the  convent  of  Port  Royal  des 
Champs,  and  employed  himself  not  only  to 
study,  but  to  the  cultivation  of  trees,  the 
fruit  of  which  he  yearly  presented  to  queen 
Anne  of  Austria.  He  died  1674,  in  his  8Ctli 
year.  He  was  author  of  memoirs  of  his  own 
life — memoirs  of  the  house  of  Portugal — be- 
sides a  translation  of  Josephus,  and  other 
works. 

Arnaud,  Anthony,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  1'aris,  February  6,  1612. 
He  was  originally  intended  for  the  law  ;  but 
the  representations  of  his  friends  and  of  St. 
Cyren  prevailed  upon  him  to  study  divinity, 
in  which  he  took  his  degrees  at  the  Sor- 
bonne.  He  was  engaged  in  the  controversy 
of  the  times  upon  grace,  and  sided,  like  his 
family,  with  the  Jansenists  against  the  Je- 
suits, and  supported  the  cause  with  great 
ability  and  vehement  zeal.  In  one  of  his 
public  letters,  however,  he  proceeded  far- 
ther than  propriety  or  prudence  permitted  ; 
for  which  he  was  expelled  from  the  faculty 
of  divinity ;  and  it  was  during  this  suspen- 
sion of  popular  favor  that  he  rc,;red,  and 
for  twenty-five  years  devoted  himself  to  the 
composition  of  those  works  in  logic,  geome- 
try, grammar,  theology,  and  metaphysics, 
which  have  immortalized  his  name.  On  his 
return  to  public  life,  he  was  presented  to  the 
king,  and  recovered  his  popularity;  but  the 
violence  and  animosity  of  his  enemies  drove 
him  a  second  time,  1679,  into  obscurity  in 
the  Netherlands,  where  he  continued  his 
controversial  labors  against  the  Calvanista 
and  Jesuits.  Pie  died,  iu  his  S2d  year,  Ptli 
August  1694,  desiring  that  his  heart  might 
be  deposited  in  the  Port  Royal.  He  was  a 
man  of  a  mild  and  inoffensive  character,  of 
no  very  promising  appearance,  but  endowed 
with  uncommon  powers  of  mind.  The  Je- 
suits carried  their  hatred  against  him  so  far 
as  to  destroy  the  sheet  which  Perrault,  in 
his  panegyric  of  great  men,  had  written  in 
his  favor.  His  works  are  very  numerous. 
His  letters,  after  Ids  death,  were  published 
in  9  vols,  by  father  Quesnel. 

Arnaud,  Henry,  brother  of  Robert  and 
Anthony,  was  made  bishop  of  Toul;  but  as 
his  election  was  disputed,  lie  was  not  put  in- 
to possession.  He  was  employed  as  a  nego- 
tiator at  the  court  of  Rome;  and,  on  his  re- 
turn, in  1649,  he  was  made  bishop  of  An- 
gers, where,  like  a  father,  he  protected  the 
poor,  and  by  the  most  exemplary  virtues 
discharged    the   high    duties  of  his  office; 


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When  the  queen  mother  marched  with  an 
army  to  punish  the  rebellion  of  Angers,  the 
good  bishop  disarmed  her  resentment,  in  his 
administration  of  the  sacrament.  Take, 
says  he,  to  the  incensed  princess,  the  body 
of  Kim  who  forgave  his  enemies  as  lie  was 
dying  on  the  cross.  An  interesting  account 
of  his  negotiations  was  published  at  Paris, 
in  5  vols.  Umo.  1748.  He  died  at  Angers, 
June  8,  1692,  in  his  95th  year. 

Arnaud,  Angelique,  sister  of  Henry, 
■was  abbess  of  the  Port  Royal  convent,  and 
distinguished  herself  by  the  reformation  and 
the  sanctity  which  she  introduced  there,  and 
afterwards  also  at  the  convent  of  Maubuis- 
son,  where  she  presided  five  years.  She 
removed  afterwards  to  Paris,  with  the  king's 
permission,  and  died  1661,  aged  65.  Six 
sisters  of  her  family,  with  their  mother, 
passed  the  evening  of  their  life  in  her 
convent. 

Arnaud,  de  Brescie,  a  bold  and  inde- 
pendent ecclesiastic,  the  disciple  of  Peter 
Abelard,  in  the  12th  century,  who  main- 
tained, that  it  was  unlawful  for  the  clergy  to 
bold  a  temporal  estate.  On  the  death  of  In- 
nocent II.  by  whom  he  had  been  condemned, 
and  obliged  to  fly  to  Switzerland,  he  attack- 
ed the  papal  power,  drove  the  pontiff  from 
Koine,  and  reformed  the  government  of  the 
city.  He  was  afterwards  seized,  and  by  or- 
der of  Adrian  IV.  he  was  burnt  alive,  in  ill5, 
and  his  ashes  thrown  into  the  Tiber.  Some 
of  his  followers  came  to  England,  1160;  but 
were  all  put  to  death,  as  persons  dangerous 
and  hostile  to  the  happiness  of  the  state. 

Arnaud,  Anthony,  son  of  Robert,  was 
abbot  of  Chaumes.  He  lived  with  his  uncle, 
the  bishop  of  Angers,  and  died  1698,  author 
of  some  memoirs,  in  three  vols.  12mo. 

Arnaud,  Francis,  a  native  of  Carpen- 
tras,  abbot  of  Grand  Champs.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  literary  labors,  in 
connection  with  Sicard,  especially  the  Ga- 
zette literaire  de  I'Europe — in  the  journal 
etranger — and  in  pieces  on  philosophy,  lite- 
rature, and  the  arts,  4  vols.  12mo.  1770;  and 
he  died  at  Paris,  2d  Dec.  1784. 

Arnaud,  Simon,  marquis  of  Pompone, 
was  brother  to  the  preceding,  and  known  at 
the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  as  an  able  negotia- 
tor, and  as  an  ambassador  to  the  Hague  and 
Stockholm.  He  was  afterwards  made  se- 
cretary of  state,  an  office  from  which  he  was 
scon  removed.     He  died  1699,  aged  8  . 

Arnaud,  Henry  Charles,  son  of  Simon, 
was  born  at  the  Hague.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  an  ecclesiastic,  and  more  as  a 
statesman  in  the  character  of  an  ambassador 
to  the  court  of  Vienna,  and  as  chancellor. 
He  died  1756,  in  his  87th  year. 

Arndt,  John,  a  native  of  Bellenstadt  in 
Anhalt,  known  as  minister  of  Quedlinburg, 
and  afterwards  of  Brunswick,  where  his 
abilities  as  preacher  were  obstinately  oppo- 
sed by  the  envy  of  his  ecclesiastical  brethren. 
As  he  lived  in  times  when  controversial 
points  were  disputed  upon  with  acrimony, 
he  felt  the  rancor  of  opposite  opinions.  He 
was  for  eleven  years  minister  of  Kell,  on  the 


presentation  of  the  duke  of  Lunenberg, 
where  he  died  1621.  His  chief  work  is  his 
treatise  of  true  Christianity,  in  4  books,  in 
German,  which,  on  account  of  its  excel- 
lence, has  been  translated  into  Several  lan- 
guages, and,  among  others,  into  English,  by 
Boehm,  and  dedicated  to  queen  Anne,  1712, 
in  8vo.  in  3  vols. 

Arndt,  Joshua,  professor  of  logic  at 
Rostock,  died  at  Gustrof,  the  place  of  his 
birth,  5th  April  1687,  in  his  61st  year.  He 
wrote  miscellanea  sacra,  8vo.  164S — tracta- 
tus  de  superstitione,  Leipsic,  1707,  4to. — 
Clavis  antiqult.  Jud.  &c.  His  sou  Charles 
was  professor  of  poetry  and  Hebrew  at  Mech- 
lin, :uid  died  1721,  author  of  some  learned 
dissertations  in  the  Lepsic  miscellany. 

Arne,  Thomas  Augustine,  son  of  an  up- 
holsterer in  Covent  Garden,  whom  Addison 
characterized  in  the  Tatler,  No.  155  &  160. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  bound  to  an  at- 
torney :  but  he  possessed  a  strong  inclination 
for  music,  and  soon  rose  to  be  leader  of  the 
band  at  Drury  Lane.  He  composed  in  1733, 
the  music  for  Addison's  oper-a  of  Rosamond, 
in  1738,  that  for  Milton's  Comus,  and  in  1740 
that  of  Mallet's  masque  of  Alfred,  in  which 
Rule  Britannia  was  first  introduced  :  and,  in 
consequence  of  his  high  reputation,  he  was 
created  Mils.  D.  at  Oxford,  in  1759.  He  died 
of  a  spasm  in  the  lungs,  March  5,  1778,  au- 
thor of  the  favorite  opera  of  Artaxerxes,  the 
Guardian  outwitted,  and  the  Rose.  Mrs. 
Cibber,  the  famous  actress,  was  his  sifter. 
Though  apparently  little  attached  to  religion, 
he  was  a  catholic,  and  died  a  penitent  son  of 
Rome. 

Arngrim,  Jonas,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 
of  Ireland,  who  wrote  a  peice  on  the  Runic 
letters,  found  in  Olaus  Wormius'  collection, 
besides  other  tracts  illustrative  of  the  history 
of  his  country.     He  died  about  1649. 

Arnis^us,  Kenningus,  a  German  profes- 
sor of  physic  at  Helmstadt.  He  is  known 
for  his  able  political  treatises  in  defence  of  the 
authority  of  princes.  He  travelled  through 
France  and  England,  and  was  honored  with 
the  place  of  counsellor  and  physician  to  the 
king  of  Denmark.  He  died  November  1635. 
Arnobius,  rhetorical  professor  at  Sicca 
in  Numidia,  at  the  end  of  the  3d  century, 
was  a  violent  enemy  to  Christianity,  and  af- 
terwards its  stedfast  friend. 

Arnobius,  a  native  of  Gaul,  author  of  a 
commentary  on  the  Psalms,  and  of  a  defence 
of  the  Pelagians  in  the  5lh  century. 

Arnold,  Samuel,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  educated  under  Gates  and  Nares, 
at  St.  James's  chapel.  His  cure  of  Saul, 
and  his  prodigal  son,  obtained  him  great  ap- 
plause and  celebrity,  so  that,  in  1778,  he 
was  honored  with  the  degree  of  Mus.  D.  by 
the  university'  of  Oxford.  After  leaving  Co- 
ventGarden,  where  he  first  appeared,  1760, 
he  became  proprietor  of  the  fashionable  Ma- 
ry bone  Gardens;  and, in  1783, succeeded  Dr. 
Nares  as  organist  of  the  royal  chapel.  He 
was  also  organist  of  Westminster  Abbey,  in 
which  his  remains  are  deposited.  He  died 
13th  Oct.  1802.    Besides  musical  composi- 


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tions,  he  began  a  splendid  edition  of  Handel's 
works,  in  1786. 

Arnold,  of  Brescia.  Vid.  Arnaud. 
Arnold,  Nicolas,  a  protestant  of  Lesna, 
■who  improved  himself  by  travelling,  and  af- 
terwards succeeded  to  the  professor's  chair  of 
theology  at  Franeker  in  Friesland,  where  he 
acquired  reputation  by  his  sermons  and  po- 
lemical works,  printed,  Leipsic,  1 59 *J.  He 
died  1 080,  :.ged  6'2.    " 

Arnold,  Jeffery,  author  of  a  history  of 
mystical  theology,  and  of  a  history  of  the 
church  and  of  heretics,  printed,  Leipsic, 
1700,  besides  other  tracts,  was  a  zealous  min- 
ister of  Perleberg,  and  a  strong  advocate  of 
the  pietists.     He  died  1714. 

Arnold,  of  Hildesheira,  an  historian  of 
the  13th  century,  who  continued  Helmcldus' 
chronicle  of  the  Sclavonians,  published  atLu- 
bec,  1659. 

AiiNOLD,Christopher,  a  native  of  Nurem- 
berg, who  studied  at  Altorf,  and  afterwards 
travelled  on  the  continent  and  in  England. 
He  died  professor  at  Altorf,  I  CSS,  aged  58. 
He  is  au'.'ior  of  testimonium  Flavianum,  seu 
epistolie  30,  de  Josephi  testimoniode  Christo 
— liuperti  historia  universalis — editions  of 
Latin  classics,  &c. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  an  American,  born  in 
New  England,  and  brought  up  as  a  surgeon. 
He  quitted  this  profession  for  the  sea  ;  and 
after  being  for  some  years  employed  as  mas- 
ter and  supercargo  of  a  trading  vessel,  he 
embraced,  with  enthusiasm,  the  republican 
cause  against  the  mother-country,  and  took 
the  command  of  a  company  of  volunteers  at 
New-Haven.  His  good  conduct  raised  him 
to  higher  offices,  and  he  was  for  the  boldness 
of  his  character,  pointed  out  to  make  an  at- 
tack, through  pathless  wilds,  upon  Canada. 
Jn  his  attempt  to  lake  Quebec  by  surprise, 
he  received  a  wound  in  the  leg ;  and  upon  the 
failure  of  his  plans,  and  the  death  of  his  gal- 
lant associate,  Montgomery,  he  withdrew  the 
remains  of  his  forces  to  Crown  Point.  He 
■was  afterwards  employed  in  the  flotilla  on 
Lake  Champlain;  but  though  he  seemed  at- 
tached to  the  American  cause,  eithev  dissa- 
tisfaction, or  the  fear  of  finding  himself  on 
the  vanquished  side,  induced  him  to  open  a 
negotiation  with  sir  Henry  Clinton,  and,  as 
a  proof  of  his  sincerity,  to  deliver  up  into 
the  hands  of  the  English  West  Point,  of 
which  he  had  the  command.  In  the  at- 
tempt, poor  Andre  was  sacrificed,  and  Ar- 
nold, with  difficulty,  escaped  on  board  a 
British  ship  of  war.  Here  he  was  treated 
■with  respect,  and  honorably  employed  ;  and 
on  the  unfortunate  conclusion  of  the  war,  he 
was  rewarded  with  a  pension.  He  was  af- 
terwards in  Nova  Scotia,  and  in  the  AV  est  In- 
dies, last  war,  where  he  was  taken  by  the 
French,  from  whom  he  escaped.  He  retur- 
ned to  England,  and  died  in  London,  1801. 
Arxoul,  a  bishop  of  Lisieux,  who  resign- 
ed his  office  to  retire,  in  his  old  age,  to  the 
abbey  of  St.  Victor  at  Paris,  where  he  died 
31st  August  1184.  His  letters  are  curious, 
in  containing  au  account  otthe  discipline  and 
VOL.  1.  13 


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manners  of  his  time,  printed,  Paris,  1585, 

3vo. 

Arntienius,  John  Henry,  a  learned 
Dutchman,  law  professor  at  Utrecht,  where 
he  died,  1799.  He  wrote  academical  discour- 
ses and  dissertations — miscellanies — institu- 
tiones  juris  Belgici,  2  vols.  8vo — Sedulius 
and  Arator — panegyrici  veteres,  &c. 

Arnu,  Nicholas,  a  Dominican,  born  at 
Mersncourt  near  Verdun.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  metaphysics  at  Padua,  where  he  died, 
1692,  aged  63."  His  works,  in  10  vols,  were 
chiefly  on  the  theology  and  philosophy  of 
Aquinas,  and  curious  for  the  extravagance 
of  his  ideas,  and  the  denunciations  which  he 
pronounced  against  the  Turkish  empire. 

Arnulph  or  Ernulph,  a  monk  of  St. 
Lucian  de  Beauvais,  patronised  by  his  friend 
Lanfranc  of  Canterbury,  and  made  bishop  of 
Rochester  under  Henry  1.  He  wrote  an  his- 
tory of  the  church  of  his  diocese,  which  is 
still  preserved  at  Rochester,  and  which  has 
been  published  by  Dr.  Thorpe.  He  was  also 
author  of  some  theological  treatises,  and  died 
in  March  1124,  aged  84,  after  being  nine  years 
bishop  of  the  see  of  Rochester. 

Arnulph,  natural  son  of  Carloman,  king 
of  Bavaria,  was  elected  emperor  of  Germany 
8S8,  and  crowned  at  Rome  896,  by  pope 
Formosus.  He  died,  as  is  supposed,  by  poi- 
son, 899,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Lewis  IV. 

Arnulphus,  an  Egyptian,  famous  at 
Rome,  in  the  reign  of  M.  Antoninus,  for  his 
skill  in  magic. 

Arnway,  John,  a  native  of  Shropshire, 
who  studied  at  St.  Edmund  hall,  Oxford,  and 
became  rector  of  Hodret  and  Ightfield,  in  his 
native  country.  In  the  civil  wars  he  lost  his 
estates,  and  retired  to  Oxford,  1640,  where 
he  served  the  king,  and  was  made  archdea- 
con of  Coventry  ;  but  on  the  success  of  Crom- 
well, he  left  the  kingdom,  and  went  to  the 
Hague,  where  he  published  two  pamphlets, 
on  the  moderation  of  Charles  I. — and  an 
alarm  to  the  English.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Virginia,  where  he  died,  of  a  broken 
heart,  1653. 

Aron,  Peter,  a  musical  writer,  born  at 
Florence.  He  was  patronised  by  Leo  X. 
and  was  made  canon  of  Rimini.  The  best 
known  of  his  compositions  is  de  institutione 
harmonica,  translated  into  Latin,  1516. 

Arpino,  Joseph  d',  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, born  at  Arpino,  1560.  In  his  13th 
year  he  was  in  the  hnmble  situation  of  wai- 
ter on  the  painters  who  were  adorning  the 
Vatican  ;  and  it  was  from  this  time  that  his 
genius  burst  forth.  The  pope  was  made  ac- 
quainted with  his  merit,  and  favors  were  heap- 
ed upon  him,  and  he  was  created  knight  of  St. 
Michael.  He  possessed  spirit;  but  when  his 
rival  Caravagio  attacked  him,  he  refused  to 
fight  him  before  he  was  a  knight  like  him- 
self. Against  Annibal  Carachi  he  likewise 
meditated  revenge  ;  but  the  painter  showing 
him  his  pencil,  added,  with  this  weapon  I 
defy  you.  The  best  pieces  of  Arpino,  who 
is  known  among  painters  by  the  name  of  Jo- 
sepin,  are  from  the,  history  of  Romci  (he, 

! 


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most  capital  of  which  is  the  battle  of  Romu- 
lus with  the  Sabines.  He  died  at  Rome,  1640 
aged  80. 

Arragon,  Jeanne  d',  a  celebrated  Italian 
lady,  mother  of  Marc  Anthony  Colonna,  who 
distinguished  himself  against  the  Turks  at 
Lepanto.  She  is  known  for  the  very  singular 
honor  paid  her,  by  the  wits  of  the  age,  who 
embalmed  her  virtues  and  her  praises  in  ele- 
gies  in  all  languages,  published  at  Venice 
1558,  under  the  title  of  Tempio  alia  divina 
signora  Arragona.  She  died  1577,  in  a  great 
old  age. 

Arrak,  James  Hamilton  earl  of,  a  Scotch 
nobleman,  who  was  highly  favored  by  Hen- 
ry II.  of  France,  in  1555,  and  made  captain 
of  his  Scotch  life  guards.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  his  virtues  and  abilities,  and  at 
one  time  aspired  to  the  hand  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth of  England,  which,  however,  he  did  not 
disclose,  to  pay  his  adoration  to  her  more 
beautiful  rival,  the  now  widowed  queen  of 
Scots.  Mary  received  his  proposals  with 
indifference  and  contempt,  and  Arran  sunk 
into  despair  and  insanity.     He  died  1609. 

Arria,  the  wife  of  Psetus,  under  Clau- 
dius, is  celebrated  for  her  heroism,  and  con- 
jugal fidelity. 

Arriaga,  Roderic  d',  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
professor  of  theology  at  Salamanca  and 
Prague.  His  works  were  on  metaphysics, 
printed,  Antwerp  1632,  and  on  divinity  8  vols, 
lol.  1043.    He  died  1667,  aged  75,  at  Prague. 

Arrian,  a  Greek  historian,  of  the  second 
century,  born  at  Nicomedia,  and  highly  hon- 
ored at  Rome.  He  wrote  the  history  of 
Alexander  the  great,  dissertations  on  Epio- 
tetus,  &c. 

Arrowsmith,  John,  a  theological  pro- 
fessor at  Cambridge,  1660,  author  of  several 
valuable  works  stronglyCalvinistic,  especially 
Tactica  sacra — Godman,  or  exposition  of  St. 
John's  first  chapter — a  chain  of  principles, 
or  a  course  of  theology,  all  in  4to. 

Arsaces  I.  a  Parthian,  who  emancipated 
his  country  from  the  Macedonian  yoke,  B. 
C.  250,  into  an  independent  kingdom.  He 
was  killed  in  battle,  after  reigning  38  years. 

Arsaces  II.  son  of  the  first,  made  war 
against  Antiochus  the  great. 

Arsaces  Tiranus,  king  of  Armenia, 
taken  prisoner  by  Sapor  king  of  Persia,  who 
bound  him  in  silver  chains.  He  died  in  his 
prison  of  Ecbatana,  B  C.  362. 

Arsenius,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  ex- 
communicated Michael  Palxologus,  for  dis- 
possessing John  Lascaris  of  the  crown.  The 
emperor  demanded  absolution,  but  the  pre- 
late refused  without  resignation,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  his  firmness,  he  was  banished 
to  an  island,  where  he  died  in  the  thirteenth 
century. 

Arsenius,  a  Roman  deacon  appointed 
by  pope  Damascus,  preceptor  to  Accadius, 
son  of  Theodosius.  The  virtues  of  the  mas- 
ter were  unable  to  correct  the  haughtiness 
of  the  pupil.  One  day  Theodosius  found  his 
son  sitting  and  the  preceptor  standing  before 
him,  upon  which  he  ordered  him  to  sit  down 
and  his  pupil  to  rise,  but  this  did  not  avail. 
It  is  even  said  that  the  licentious  prince  or- 


dered his  master  to  be  dispatched,  and  thai 
Arsenius,  discovering  the  perfidy,  fled  from 
the  court  to  Egypt,  and  passed  the  rest  of  his 
life  among  the  anchorites  of  Scetis,  where 
he  died,  aged  95.  His  tract  for  the  rule  of 
the  monks  is  preserved. 

Arsenius,  archbishop  of  Malvasia  in  the 
Morea,  was  excommunicated  by  the  patri- 
arch for  submitting  to  the  pope.  He  was 
author  of  a  collection  of  apophthegms,  and 
some  scholia  on  Euripides,  and  died  at  Ve- 
nice, 1435. 

Arseian,  Paderd',  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
author  of  two  tragedies,  Agamemnon  and 
Antigone      He  died  1696. 

Artabanus,  a  king  of  Parthia,  who 
conducted  himself  with  great  severity,  but  at 
last  obtained  the  good  wishes  of  his  subjects, 
and  died  A.  D.  48. 

Artabanus,  a  king  of  Parthia,  insulted 
by  Caracalla.  He  was  defeated  in  battle,  and 
in  him  the  empire  of  Parthia  became  ex* 
tinct,  A.  D.  226. 

Artali,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Mazara  in 
Sicily,  who  in  his  youth  fought  a  'duel  and 
killed  his  adversary,  and  fled  to  Candia  when 
it  was  besieged  hy  the  Turks.  In  this  place 
he  highly  distinguished  himself,  and  was 
knighted,  and  on  his  return  to  Europe,  he 
was  patronised  by  several  princes,  especially 
the  duke  of  Brunswic,  and  the  emperor 
Leopold.  He  was  so  skilful  as  a  duellist,  that 
he  was  cailed  the  chevalier  du  Sang.  He 
cultivated  poetry  with  success,  and  wrote 
several  pieces,  and  died  1679,  at  Naples,  in 
his  51st  year. 

Artaud,  Peter  Joseph,  a  native  of  Bo- 
nieux,  in  the  comtat  Vanaissin,  bishop  of 
Cavaillon,  esteemed  for  his  learning,  his  ex- 
emplary piety  and  goodness  of  heart.  His 
works  are  pastoral  discourses,  fccc.  He  died 
1760,  aged  54. 

Artaud,  archbishop  of  Rheims,  was  be- 
sieged in  his  palace  by  Hubert  and  Hugues, 
I  counts  of  Paris,  assisted  bjr  William  of  Nor- 
;  mandy.  His  enemies  prevailed,  and  Hu^ues 
I  was  named  his  successor.  Afterwards  he 
was  restored  to  his  diocese,  where  he  died 
j  948. 

Artavasdes  I.  king  of  Armenia,  after 

)  Tigranes  his  father,  behaved  with  perfidy  te 

'  Crassus  and  M.  Antony.      After  the  battle 

of  Actium,  his  head  was  cut  off  and  sent  to 

Media. 

Art  a  v  as  des  II.  grandson  of  the  above, 
was  king  of  Armenia,  under  the  protection 
of  Augustus. 

Artaxerxes  I.  king  of  Persia  son  of 
I  Xerxes,  is  supposed  to  be  the  Ahasureus  of 
•  scripture.  He  died  424,  B.  C.  and  was  sue- 
I  ceded  by  Xerxes. 

Artaxerxes   II.    surnamed    Mnemon, 
defeated  his  brother  Cyrus  at  the   battle  of 
I  Cunaxa,  401  B.  C.     He"  died  aged  94,  after 
j  a  reign  of  62  years. 

Artaxerxes  III.  succeeded  the  second, 
i  and  slew  all  his  brothers,  and  the  whole  of 
;  his  family.  He  made  war  against  Egypt,  and 
'  was  murdered  by  Bagoas  the  eunuch,  who 
made  handles  for  knives  with  his  bones,  B- 
iC.  338. 


AR 


AR 


Artaxerxes  Bebegan,  sonofashep- 
iierd,  first  king  of  Persia,  of  the  race  of  the 
Sassanides.  He  defeated  Ardavan  and  mar- 
ried liis  daughter,  whom  he  ordered  to  be 
put  to  death,  because  she  attempted  to  poi- 
son him.  Her  life  was  preserved  as  she  was 
pregnant,  and  the  child  she  brought  forth 
•was  received  with  gratitude  by  the  father, 
and  became  his  successor  by  the  name  of 
Sapor,  A.  IX  240 

ArtaxIas  I.  governor  of  Upper  Arme- 
nia under  \ntiochus,  made  himself  king  of 
the  country,  and  maintained  his  power 
against  Antiochus 

ArtaxiasH.  king  of  Armenia  after  Ar- 
tavasdes  I.  was  expelled  by  Anthony,  and 
restored  by  the  assistance  of  the  Parthians. 
Tigranes  succeeded  him. 

Ah  taxi  as  III.  son  of  Polemo,  was  made 
king  by  Germanicus,  in  the  room  of  Orodes 
son  of  Vonones,  and  reigned  17  years. 

Arte ac a,  Don  Stephano,  a  Spanish 
Jesuit,  who  died  at  Paris,  1800,  aged  55. 
He  is  author  of  a  treatise  on  ideal  beauty  in 
Spanish,  an  edition  of  which  appeared  in 
Italian — the  revolutions  of  the  Italian  theatre 
to  the  present  time,  in  Italian,  3  vols.  Svo. 
1785.  He  left  in  MS.  another  learned  work 
in  Italian  called  Kitmo  Sonoro,  edelritmo 
muto  degli  \ntichi. 

Artedi,  Peter,  a  physician  of  Sweden, 
so  intimate  with  Linnaeus,  that  they  made 
each  other  heirs  of  their  manuscripts,  and 
literary  property.  He  is  known  for  his  dili- 
gence iu  the  history  of  fossils  and  quadru- 
peds. Ho  was  accidentally  drowned  in  a 
canal  at  Leyden,  1735,  in  his  30th  year,  and 
the  works  which  he  intended  to  publish  were 
completed  for  him  by  his  friends,  under  the 
title  of  Bibliotheca  ichthyologiea,  and  Philo- 
sophia  ichthyologiea. 

Artemas  or  Artemon,  founder  of  a 
sect  in  the  third  century,  which  maintained 
that  Christ  was  but  a  man,  without  the 
powers  or  substance  of  a  God. 

Artemidorus,  a  philosopher  of  Ephe- 
sus,  author  of  a  book  on  dreams,  in  the  age 
of  the  Antonines. 

Artemidorus,  an  Ephesian,  author  of 
a  description  of  the  earth  100  B.C. 

Artemisia  I.  queen  of  Caria,  assisted 
Xerxes  against  the  Creeks,  and  behaved 
with  astonishing  valor 

Artemisia  II.  queen  of  Caria,  is  cele- 
brated for  the  erection  of  a  mausoleum,  to 
honor  the  memory  of  her  husband  Mauso- 
lus.     She  took  Rhodes,  B.  C.  251. 

Arthington,  Henry,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, who  joined  with  Edmund  Coppinger 
and  Hacket,  and,  under  the  pretence  of  be- 
ing inspired,  attempted  to  introduce  a  re- 
formation in  the  kingdom,  by  the  most  vio- 
lent and  the  wildest  schemes.  Hacket  was 
hanged  for  his  conduct,  and  Arthington  ob- 
tained his  pardon  by  recantation. 

Arthur,  a  British  prince,  whose  exist- 
ence some  historians  regard  as  fabulous.  He 
is  said  to  have  succeeded  his  father  as  king 
of  Britain  51f>.  He  attacked  the  Saxons, 
whom  he  defeated,  and   afterwards  carried 


I  his  victorious  army  against  the  Picts,  and 
j  against  Ireland  and  the  western  Isles  of  Scot- 
land. Kb  turning  from  the  field  he  devoted 
i  himself  to  cultivate  the  arts  of  peace,  and 
became  a  most  popular  governor.  He  estab- 
lished the  order  of  the  knights  of  the  round 
table  at  Winchester,  and  died  about  542. 

Arthur,  dukeof  Britany,  was  the  post- 
humous son  of  Geoffrey  Plantagenet  son  of 
Henry  II.  by  Constantine  daughter  of  the 
duke  of  Britany.     Though  established  in  his 
I  dominions  by  .Richard  I.  his  uncle,  he  was 
i  treated  harshly  by  the  next  king  John,  also 
j  his  uncle,  who  took  him  prisoner,  and  con- 
j  fined    him  in  the  castle  of  Rouen,  where  it 
j  is  supposed  he  vas  murdered. 

Aktigni,  Anthony  Gachet  d',  an  eccle- 
I  siastic,  born  at  Vienna,  known  by  his  me- 
I  moires   d'histoire,    de  critique,  &c.   7  vols. 
1  12mo.  Paris,  1749;  a  work  partly  compiled 
\  from   the  writings  of   the  abbe  Brun.     He 
was  a  man  deservedly  esteemed   in  his  pri- 
l  vate  character.     He  died  at  Vienna  in  his 
!  65th  year,  6th  May,  1768. 
!      Artusi,  Giamara,  a  musical  writer,  au- 
!  thor  of  the  art  of  counterpoint  reduced  to 
,  tables,  published  1 586,  at  Venice,  and  com- 
pleted 1589 — the  imperfections   of  modern 
music,  1600  and  1603,  &c. 
|      Arvieux,  Laurent  d',  a  native  of  Mar- 
|  seillus,  who,  during    12  years  residence  iti 
•  Palestine,  acquired   the  eriental  languages, 
;  and  was  employed  as  a  useful  negociator  for 
!  the  Freuch  court.     His  name  deserves  to  be 
;  mentioned  with  every  mark  of  respect,  for 
:  his  deliverance  of   380  .captives  from    the 
I  dungeon   of  Tunis,  who,  in  mark   of  their 
:  gratitude,  presented  him  with  a  purse  of  600 
pistoles,  which  he  generously  refused.     He 
j  also  redeemed  240  slaves  at  Algiers,  and  af- 
j  ter  serving  his  country   at  Constantinople, 
Aleppo,  and    other  places,  died  1702,  aged 
67.     His  travels  to  Constantinople,  Aleppo, 
Arabia,  8cc.   were  published  by  le  P.  Rabat 
at  Paris,  1735,  6  vols,  l'imo. 

Arviracus,  a  king  of  Britain,  in  the 
age  of  Domitian.  He  was  buried  at  Glouces- 
ter, in  a  temple  built  by  him  iu  honor  of 
Claudius. 

Arundel,  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  Tho- 
mas Arundel,  and  wife  first  to  Robert  Rat- 
clifF,  and  secondly  to  Henry  Howard,  earl  of 
Arundel,  is  known  by  her  translation  of  the 
wise  sayings,  he.  of  Alexander  Severus,  and 
of  other  things  from  Seneca,  Plato,  &c.  She 
lived  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century. 

Arundel,  Thomas,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Arundel,  was  made  bishop  of  Ely,  though 
only  21  yrears  old,  under  Edward  III.  and 
afterwards  translated  to  York,  and  from 
thence  to  Canterbury.  He  also  held  with 
the  primacy  the  office  of  lord  chancellor. 
His  quarrel  with  Richard  n.  obliged  him  to 
leave  the  kingdom,  and  to  fly  to  Rome,  and 
to  his  resentment  may  iu  some  degree  be  at- 
tributed the  success  with  which  Henry  IV. 
invaded  England,  and  seized  the  crown.  He 
was  a  zealous  defender  of  the  temporal  pow- 
er of  the  church,  and  he  persecuted  the  fol- 
lowers of  WtckliiFwitfl   great  severity,  and 


A3 


AS 


Jbrbade  the  translation  of  the  Bible  into  the 
vulgar  tongue.     He  died  1414. 

Arundel,  Thomas  Howard  earl  of,  is 
famous  for  the  discovery  of  the  Parian  mar- 
bles which  bear  his  name,  and  which  he  gave 
to  the  university  of  Oxford.  Prideaux, 
Chandler,  and  Maittaire,  are  in  the  number 
of  those  who  published  an  account  of  these 
valuable  relics  ol  antiquity. 

Arundel,  Blanche,  daughter  of  lord 
Worcester,  and  wife  of  lord  Arundel,  is 
celebrated  for  her  brave  defence  of  War- 
dour  Castle,  against  the  parliamentary  forces. 
Though  assisted  only  by  25  men,  she  resist- 
ed the  attack  of  1300  men,  and  at  last  capi- 
tulated on  honorable  terms,  which  the  con- 
querors basely  violated.  She  died  1649, 
aged  6G,  and  w  as  buried  iu  Wardour  Castle 
chapel. 

ArzacHEl,  a  Spanish  astronomer,  au- 
thor of  a  book  of  observations  on  the  obliqui- 
ty of  the  ecliptic  in  the  11th  century. 

Asa,  sou  of  Abijah,  made  king  of  Judah, 
B.  C.  955.  He  solicited  the  aid  of  Benhadad, 
king  of  Syria,  against  the  Israelites  for 
which  he  was  reproved  by  the  prophet 
Hanani.  He  was  a  gr;at  enemy  to  idolatry, 
and  reigned  41  years. 

Asaph,  St.  a  native  of  North  Wales,  who 
was  a  monk  of  Llanelvy  under  Kentigern, 
the  bishop  of  that  see.  He  succeeded  to  the 
bishopric,  and  so  great  was  his  sanctity,  that 
Llanelvy  exchanged  its  name  for  St.  Asaph. 
The  bishop  wrote  the  ordinances  of  his 
church,  the  life  of  his  predecessor,  &c.  and 
xlled  about  600.  The  see  was  vacant  nearly 
500  years  after  his  death. 

Asaph,  a  musician  of  the  tribe  of  Levi, 
in  the  age  of  king  David.  He  is  said  to  have 
Composed  several  of  the  psalms. 

Asar-Haddost,  king  of  Assyria  after  his 
father  Sennacherib,  obtained  afterwards  the 
kingdom  of  Babylon,  and  died  B.  C.  667, 
after  a  reign  of  45  years 

Ascelin,  an  ecclesiastic  who  in  the  11th 
century  defended  transubstantiation  against 
Berenger. 

Ascham,  Roger,  a  native  of  Kirkby- 
Wiske,  near  Northallerton,  Yorkshire, 
known  for  his  learning,  and  more  for  the  re- 
spectable share  he  bore  in  the  education  of 
the  family  of  Henry  VIII.  Under  the  liberal 
and  early  patronage  of  Sir  Anthony  Wing- 
field,  he  was  brought  up  at  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  by  his  application,  and  a  superior 
knowledge  of  the  Creek  language.  He  was 
introduced  to  Henry  VHI.  to  whom  he  in- 
scribed his  treatise  on  archery,  and  he  not 
only  received  a  pension,  but  as  he  wrote  a 
beautiful  hand,  he  was  appointed  to  instruct 
in  writing  prince  Edward,  the  lady  Eliza- 
beth, and  the  two  brothers,  Henry  and 
Charles,  dukes  of  Suffolk.  Elizabeth  was 
indebted  to  him  also  for  her  knowledge  of 
Greek  and  Latin,  as  he  read  with  her  the 
best  part  of  Livy,  Cicero,  Isocrates,  Sopho- 
cles, &c.  He  afterwards  returned  to  Cam- 
bridge as  public  orator  of  the  university,  and 
was  invited    1550^  to  attend    Sir  Richard 


Moiysine  in  an  embassy  to  Charles  V.  and 
it  was  on  his  way  to  London  he  visited  lady 
Jane  Grey  at  Bradgate-hall,  in  Leicester- 
shire, in  w  hose  hands  he  found  a  Greek  edi- 
tion of  Plato's  Phxdo,  a  book  from  which 
this  amiable  woman  said  she  received  more 
real  pleasure  than  from  sharing  the  diver- 
sion of  her  attendants  and  family  who  were 
hunting  in  the  park,  His  time  was  not  un- 
pleasantly spent  in  Germany,  as  he  assisted 
the  ambassador,  and  applied  himself  to  poli- 
tics so  successfully  that  he  wrote  a  book  on 
the  affairs  of  the  empire.  He  was  appoint- 
ed, w  hen  returned  to  England,  Latin  secre- 
tary to  king  Edward,  an  office  which  was 
still  continued  to  him  under  Alary  and  Eli- 
zabeth; but  though  a  favorite  at  court  and 
universally  respected,  he  did  not  use  his  in- 
fluence to  raise  himself  to  preferment,  as  a 
prebend  in  the  church  of  York  was  the  only 
favor  he  received,  and  unasked,  from  the 
crown.  He  died  in  London,  4th  January, 
1568,  aged  53,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Se- 
pulchre. Buchanan  wrote  the  following 
just  tribute  to  the  memory  of  his  departed 
friend  : 

riscltamiim  cxiinetum  Patri<e  Graioeque  ca- 
mxnee, 

Et  La/ice  vera  cum  pietate  (Merit. 
Principibus  vixit  cams,  jucvndus  amicis, 

He  moclicd  :  in  mores  dicere  fama  neqvit. 
Ascham's  most  valuable  work  is  his  school- 
n;aster,  which  he  wrote  at  the  request  of 
Sir  Richard  Sackville,  in  consequence  of  a 
dispute  with  respect  to  the  various  modes 
of  education.  His  Latinity  and  t;.e  elegance 
of  his  diction  in  his  letters  have  been  greatly 
and  deservedly  admired.  His  works  were 
printed  in  one  vol.4to.  1769,  and  the  School- 
master was  edited  by  Upton  in  1711. 

Ascham,  Anthony,  author  of  tracts  on 
astrology,  and  on  the  properties  of  herbs, 
gathered  1550,  was  a  physician,  and  also  an 
ecclesiastic.  He  was  preferred  by  Edward 
YI.  to  the  living  of  Barnishton,  Yorkshire. 

Ascham,  Anthony,  a  friend  of  Cromwell, 
and  a  member  of  the  long  parliament  He 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  college, 
Cambridge.  He  was  assassinated  with  his 
interpreter  by  six  exiled  royalists  in  Spain, 
where  he  had  been  sent  as  envoy  frotu  Eng- 
land, 6th  June,  1650.  He  wrote  a  discourse 
on  the  revolutions  and  confusions  of  govern- 
ments, 8vo.  1648. 

Aschari,  a  mussulman  doctor,  founder 
of  a  sect  which  bears  his  name.  He  suppos- 
ed that  the  Supreme  Being  follows  only  gen- 
eral established  laws;  but  the  Hanbalites,  at 
the  head  of  which  was  his  father-in-law  Han- 
balite,  supported  that  providence  acted  dif- 
ferently in  particular  circumstances.  As- 
chari died  at  Bagdad,  940. 

Asclepiades,  a  Greek  philosopher,  B. 
C.  350.  He  worked  at  the  mill  in  the  night 
that  he  might  on  the  day  be  enabled  to  at- 
tend Plato's  lectures. 

Ascolj,  Cecco  di,  or  Francisco  de  Sta- 
bili,  professor  of  mathematics  at  Bologna, 
wrote  an  Italian  poem  on  the  system  of  Era- 
pedocles,  for  which  he  was  burnt  as  a  here- 


AS 


AS 


nc  at  Florence,  1328,  aged  70.  He  was  also 
author  of  a  commentary  on  tlie  sphere  of 
John  Holy  Wood,  or  Sacrobosco. 

A sco Mus  1'edianus,  a  grammarian  of 
Padua  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

Ascough,  William,  made  bishop  of  Sa- 
ruiu  1438,  was  murdered  at  the  altar  by  Jack 
Cade  and  his  followers  1450.  He  was  de- 
scended from    a  very  ancient  Lincolnshire 

family. 

Asduubal,  founder  of  New  Carthage  in 
Spain,  was  brother-in-law  of  the  great  Anni- 
Iml.     He  was  assassinated  by  a  Gaul. 

Asdrubal  Barca,  brother  of  Annibal, 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Metaurus  as 
lie  «as  advancing  into  Italy  with  reinforce- 
ments. 

Ase  i.i.i,  Gaspar,  a  physician  of  Cremona, 
known  as  the  discoverer  of  the  lacteal  veins 
in  the  mesentery.  He  was  professor  of  ana- 
tomy at  Paris,  where  he  died  1020,  and  he 
published  a  valuable  account  of  his  discov- 
eries, printed  Milan,  4to.  1627. 

Asfkld,  Claude  Francois  Bidal  marquis 
d',  an  illustrious  warrior  at  the  battle  of  Al- 
munza  in  170",  rewarded  by  the  kings  of 
Spain  and  of  France  for  his  important  ser- 
vices. He  took  Philipsburg  in  1734,  and 
died  at  Paris  1743. 

Asfeld,  Jacques  Vincent  Bidal  d',  an  ec- 
clesiastic, brother  to  the  preceding,  impri- 
soned for  his  attachment  to  the  Jansenists. 
He  wrote  several  uninteresting  treatises  on 
theology,  and  died  at  Paris  1745,  aged  81. 

Asgile,  John,  a  lawyer  of  eminence, 
known  for  his  wit  and  his  misfortunes.  He 
■was  brought  up  at  Lincoln's  inn  under  the 
patronage  of  judge  Eyre  in  king  William's 
reign,  and  his  abilities  were  such  that  he 
rose  to  consequence  and  employment.  Two 
treatises  replete  with  humor  and  sarcasm 
had  already  given  him  popularity,  when  he 
published  another  on  the  possibility  of  avoid- 
ing death,  which  drew  down  upon  him  the 
odium  of  the  friends  of  the  church,  and  par- 
ticularly of  Dr.  Saeheverell;  so  that,  wheu 
he  afterwards  went  to  Ireland,  and  by  suc- 
cess in  (he  law  purchased  an  estate  and  pro- 
cured a  seat  in  the  house  of  commons,  he 
was  ignominiously  expelled  for  the  contents 
of  his  pamphlet.  On  his  return  to  England, 
he  was  returned  for  Bramber  in  Sussex  ;  but 
here  the  morality  of  his  writings  was  also 
called  in  question,  and  though  he  made  an 
eloquent  defence  in  favor  of  his  opinions, 
which  he  refused  to  retract,  he  was  expelled 
as  a  disgraced  and  unworthy  member.  This 
blow  hastened  the  ruin  of  his  fortunes,  he  be- 
came a  prisoner  of  the  King's  Bench  and  af- 
terwards of  the  Fleet,  where  he  continued  to 
subsist  by  writing  political  pamphlets,  and  by 
transacting  some  professional  business.  Af- 
ter 30  years  thus  spent  in  confinement  and 
poverty  he  expired  in  November  1738,  aged 
tip  wards  of  80. 

Ashe,  Simeon,  a  nonconformist,  chaplain 
to  lord  Warwick  during  the  civil  wars.  He 
was  a  man  of  property,  and  of  great  influ- 
ence among  his  persuasion.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Emanuel  college,    and  settled  in  Staf- 


fordshire, where  he  became  acquainted  with 
Dod,  Ball,  Hildersham,  Langiey,  and  others. 
His  principles  were  obnoxious  to  Cromwell's 
party,  and  it  is  said,  that  he  was  greatly  in- 
strumental in  the  restoration  of  Charles  II. 
He  died  1062.  He  published  sermons,  and 
edited  Ball's  works. 

Ashley,  Robert,  a  native  of  Nashhill  in 
Wilts,  educated  at  Harthall  Oxford  and  the 
Middle  Temple  London.  He  was  called  to 
the  bar,  and  distinguished  himself  as  an  emi- 
nent writer,  as  a  collector  of  books,  in  Hol- 
land, France,  fccc.  and  as  a  benefactor  to  the 
society  to  which  he  belonged.  He  published 
a  relation  of  the  kingdom  of  Cochin  China,  and 
the  life  of  Almanzor,  kc.  and  died  October 
1641,  in  an  advanced  old  age,  and  was  buried 
in  the  Temple  church. 

Ashmole,  or  Asm ole,  Elias,  was  born 
at  Lichfield,  23d  May  1617,  and  is  known  as 
an  antiquarian  and  as  the  founder  of  the 
Ashmolean  museum  at  Oxford.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  grammar-school  in  his  native 
town,  became  a  chorister  of  the  cathedral, 
and  at  the  age  of  16  was  admitted  into  the 
family  and  under  the  patrouage  of  James 
Paget,  baron  of  the  exchequer,  by  whose 
means  he  rose  to  be  solicitor  and  attorney  in 
the  common  pleas.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
disputes  which  preceded  the  civil  war,  he 
retired  to  Oxford,  where,  having  entered  a 
member  of  Brazen-nose  college,  he  labored 
with  great  assiduity  in  mathematics,  philoso- 
phy, and  astronomy.  He  afterwards  engaged 
in  the  service  of  the  king  as  commissioner 
and  register  of  excise,  and  was  captain  in 
lord  Ashley's  regiment;  hut  the  fatal  battle 
of  Worcester  obliged  him  to  retire  to  Che- 
shire lor  a  while,  tiH  again  he  returned  to 
London,  and  1647,  to  Englefield  in  Berkshire, 
where  he  married  lady  Maiuwaring.  Ever 
employed  in  advancing  science,  his  labors 
were  indefatigable  in  procuring  a  collection 
of  the  manuscript  works  of  English  chemists, 
and  in  tracing  the  Woman  roads  mentioned  in 
the  itinerary  of  Antoninus.  His  greatest 
work  was  the  history  of  the  order  of  the  gar- 
ter, which  procured  him  not  only  fame  and 
additional  respectability,  but  the  patronage 
of  Charles  11.  by  whom  he  was  graciously  re- 
ceived at  the  restoration,  and  honored  with 
the  place  of  Windsor  herald,  besides  a  pen- 
sion of  400/.  out  of  the  customs  of  paper. 
The  valuable  collection  of  coins  to  the  num- 
ber of  9000,  besides  books  and  other  curiosi- 
ties which  he  had  made,  was  unfortunately 
destroved  at  the  Middle  Temple  by  fire  in 
1679;  but  his  most  precious  gold  medals, 
and  manuscripts  Mere  then  at  Lambeth,  and 
thus  escaped  the  dreadful  conflagration.  So 
much  public  merit  did  not  pass  unrewarded 
by  the  learned  body  to  which  he  belonged ; 
the  university  of  Oxford  granted  him  the 
degree  of  doctor  in  physic  by  diploma,  and 
in  I68S  they  completed  a  handsome  building 
for  the  reception  of  the  valuable  collection  of 
manuscripts,  books,  medals,  and  curiosities, 
which  he  intended  to  deposit  within  its  pre- 
cincts as  a  token  of  his  gratitude,  and  as  the 
memorial  of  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  science. 


AS 


AS 


Ashmole  died  at  Lambeth,  May  18th,  1GS2, 
aged  75.  His  works,  some  of  which  are  still 
i«  manuscript,  are  all  on  historical  and  anti- 
quarian subjects,  but  highly  esteemed  for  the 
depth  of  research  and  various  information 
•which  they  contain.  His  history  of  Berk- 
shire— his  miscellanies  on  several  curious 
subjects — and  memoirs  of  his  life  in  the  form 
of  a  diary — were  published  after  his  death. 

Ash  ton,  Charier,,  a  learned  critic,  elec- 
ted master  of  Jesus  college,  Cambridge,  1701. 
He  lived  to  a  great  age,  distinguished  for  his 
erudition  and  for  the  delicacy  and  correct- 
ness of  his  criticisms.  His  works  were  all 
critical.  It  was  said  of  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge that,  among  those  whom  the  fellows 
appointed  to  tlie  headship  of  a  college,  there 
■were  not  three  equal  to  those  only  three 
"whom  the  privilege  of  visitors  selected  to 
preside  over  societies  to  which  before  they 
did  not  probably  belong;  that  is,  Bentley  of 
Trinity  by  the  king;  Ashton  of  Jesus  by  the 
bishop  of  Ely  ;  and  Waterland  of  Magdalen, 
by  the  earl  of  Suffolk;  a  circumstance  highly 
honorable  to  the  elector  as  well  as  to  the 
elected.  Among  his  publications  were — lo- 
cus Justini  martyris  emendatus,  Sec. — Tully 
and  Hirtius  reconciled  as  to  the  time  of  Cae- 
sar's going  to  the  African  war,  &c. — Origin 
de  oratione,  4to. — Hierocles  in  aurea  carrni- 
na  Pythagorea  comment.  1742,  8vo.  ke. 

Ashto.v,  Thomas,  D.  D.  a  learned  divine, 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  afterwards  promoted  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Aldingham  in  Lancashire,  and  St.  Bo- 
tolph  in  London.  He  was  also  fellow  of  Eton, 
and,  as  preacher  at  Lincoln's  inn,  he  acqui- 
red great  popularity  by  the  elegance  of  his 
language  and  the  persuasive  eloquence  of  his 
delivery.  He  published  some  sermons  on 
various  occasions,  besides  controversial  pam- 
phlets against  Jones  a  mtthodist,  and  upon 
filling  the  Eton  fellowships  with  persons  who 
are  or  have  been  fellows  of  King's  college. 
He  died  March  1st,  1775,  in  his  59th  year, 
after  surviving  some  years  a  dreadful  attack 
of  the  palsy. 

Ashwell,  George,  was  born  in  Ludgate- 
street,  and  educated  at  Harrow,  and  Wad- 
ham  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became 
fellow.  During  the  civil  war  he  preached 
frequently  before  the  king,  but  he  submitted 
to  the  authority  of  the  parliamentary  visitors, 
and  was  afterwards  rector  of  Hanwell  near 
Banburj-,  where  he  died  1693,  aged  CO.  His 
writings  were  on  divinity,  but  not  in  high 
esteem.  The  best  known  was  a  treatise  on 
the  Apostolic,  Athanasian,  and  .Xiceue  creeds, 
8vo.  1613. 

AsHwoon,  Bartholomew,  a  minister  of 
Axminster  in  Devon,  from  which  he  was 
ejected  in  1662.  He  was  afterwards  minis- 
ter of  a  congregation  at  Peckham  in  Surrey, 
and  died  there  a  few  years  before  the  revo- 
lution. He  wrote  some  small  tracts,  especi- 
ally the  heavenly  trade, — and  the  best  trea- 
sure. 

Askworth, Caleb,  a  native  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, who,  from  the  humble  employ- 
ment of  carpenter,  rose,  by  the  instruction 


and  patronage  of  Dr.  Doddridge,  to  the  re- 
spectability of  minister  of  a  dissenting  con- 
gregation, and  at  last  successor  in  the  school 
of  his  able  master.  He  wrote  the  paradigms 
of  Hebrew  verbs,  and  other  works,  and  died 
at  Daventry  1774,  aged  65,  respected  as  a 
man  and  as  a  scholar.  He  was  created  D. 
D.  by  a  Scotch  university. 

Askew,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Kendall  in 
Westmorland,  eminent  as  a  physician  and  as 
a  man  of  letters.  He  was  educated  at  Sed- 
burgh  school,  and  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  first  degree  1745. 
He  afterwards  studied  one  year  at  Leyden, 
and  then  accompanied  the  English  ambassa- 
dor to  Constantinople.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  at 
Cambridge,  and  began  to  practise.  He  was 
also  made  fellow  of  the  royal  society,  and  of 
the  college  of  physicians ;  but  his  celebrity 
arises  more  from  his  fondness  for  literature 
than  his  success  in  the  medical  profession. 
He  collected  a  most  valuable  library,  which 
was  disposed  of  by  public  auction  for  above 
5,000/.    He  died  at  Hampstcad  1784. 

Askew,  Anne,  daughter  of  sir  William 
Askew  of  Kelsay,  Lincolnshire,  was  eminent 
for  her  virtues  and  misfortunes.  She  mar- 
ried when  y"oung  Mr.  Kyme,  against  her  in- 
clination, and  the  treatment  which  she  re- 
ceived from  her  husband  was  so  inhuman, 
that  she  came  to  the  court  of  Henry  VIH.  in 
person  to  solicit  a  divorce.  Her  story  inter- 
ested the  ladies  of  the  court ;  but  as  it  was 
suspected  that  she  was  attached  to  the  refor- 
mation her  person  was  seized  and  confined 
in  Newgate,  and  afterwards  cruelly  tortured 
in  the  Tower;  and  in  1546  she  was  burnt  in 
Smithfield  with  her  tutor  and  two  other  per- 
sons, like  herself,  more  attached  to  her  faith 
than  to  life.  Some  of  her  letters,  preserved 
by  Fox  and  Strype,  prove  her  to  have  been 
amiable,  accomplished,  and  virtuous.  She 
was  about  26  when  she  suffered. 

Asp asia,  a  native  of  Miletus,  who  settled 
at  Athens.  Though  her  character  and  com- 
pany were  most  licentious,  yet  her  wit  and 
learning  v.evc  so  dazzling  that  Socrates  him- 
self visited  her.  Pericles  married  her,  after 
divorcing  his  wife. 

Astasia,  the  mistress  of  young  Cyrus, 
and  after  his  death  of  his  brother  Artaxerxes, 
was  originally  called  Milto. 

Aspelt,  Peter  d',  a  native  of  Treves, 
who  studied  medicine  at  Paris,  and  was  in 
consequence  of  his  curing  the  pope  in  a  dan- 
gerous disorder,  raised  to  an  archbishopric 
by  the  grateful  pontiff.     He  died  1320. 

Asselin,  Giles  Thomas,  a  native  of  Vire, 
and  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  respectable  for 
his  piety  as  well  as  his  poetical  abilities, 
which  frequently  were  rewarded  with  the 
prize.  He  died  at  Paris  11th  Oct.  1567, 
aged  75.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Thomas  Cor- 
neille,  and  the  friend  of  la  Motte  Houdar. 
His  poems  are  blamed  by  some  for  want  of 
ornament;  the  best  are,  an  ode  on  the  im- 
mortality of  the  soul — and  the  other  on  the 
existence  of  God. 

Asselyn,  JohD,  a  pupil  of  Vandenvelde, 


AS 


AS 


who  after  visiting  Italy  settled  at  Amster- 
dam, "wftere  he  acquired  celebrity' as  an  his- 
torical and  landscape  painter.  Me  die  1  1650, 
aged  40. 

Asser,  a  Jewish  r;ihhi  of  the  5th  century, 
author  of  the  Talmud  of  Babylon,  printed 
with  notes  Amsterdam,  in  12  vols.  fol.  1744. 

Asser,  of  St.  David's,  a  learned  author  in 
the  reign  of  Alfred,  raised  to  the  see  of  Sher- 
borne by  that  prince,  of  whose  life  he  wrote 
an  account.  There  is  a  chronicle  or  annals 
ascribed  also  to  him,  printed  at  Oxford  1691, 
fol.  It  is  said  that  he  persuaded  Alfred  to 
found  Oxford,  and  to  maintain  professors 
there.     He  died  909. 

Asshetox,  Dr.  William,  born  in  1C4I, 
■was  the  son  of  the  rector  of  Middleton  in 
Lancashire,  and  was  of  Brazen-nose  college, 
of  which  he  became  a  fellow.  He  obtained 
preferment  by  means  of  the  duke  of  Ormond, 
to  whom  he  was  chaplain,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  the  projector  of  that  most  charita- 
ble scheme  of  providing  a  maintenance  for 
the  widows  of  clergymen  and  others,  by  a 
'ointure  payable  by  the  mercers'  company. 
This  scheme  was  the  labor  of  many  years, 
and  before  it  was  completed,  he  had  addres- 
sed himself  to  the  corporation  of  the  clergy 
and  to  the  bank  of  England,  who  showed  an 
unwillingness  to  adopt  his  plan.  Me  refused, 
a  few  years  before  his  death,  the  headship 
of  Brazen-nose.  He  died  in  his  G9th  year  in 
September  1711,  at  Beckenhain,  to  the  rec- 
tory of  which  he  had  been  presenteil  by  the 
St.  Johns.  He  wrote,  besides  devotional 
tracts,  some  pieces  against  the  dissenters 
and  papists. 

Assoitci,  Charles  Coypeau,  Sieur  d',  a 
poet  called  the  ape  of  Scarron,  was  the  son 
of  an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
where  he  was  born  1604.  The  wildness  of 
his  character  displayed  itself  at  the  age  of 
eight,  when  he  ran  away  from  his  father, 
and  after  strange  adventures  at  Calais,  Lon- 
don, Turin,  and  Montpellier,  be  came  to 
Rome,  where,  for  his  ridicule  of  the  popish 
court,  he  was  imprisoned.  On  his  liberation 
lie  came  to  Paris,  where  some  improper  a- 
mours  exposed  him  to  persecution  and  to  con- 
finement in  the  Bastille  and  in  the  Chatelet. 
He  died  1C79.  His  poetry  consists  of  scat- 
tered pieces,  published  in  three  vols.  12mo, 
1C78,  in  which  the  reader  finds  little  wit,  but 
much  immorality  and  buffoonery.  He  also 
translated  part  of  Ovid's  metamorphoses, 
and  Claud ian's rape  of  Proserpine. 

Astell,  Mary,  a  learned  woman, 
daughter  of  a  merchant  of  Newcastle  upon 
Tyne.  She  was  educated  by  her  uncle,  a 
clergyman,  not  only  in  logic  and  philosophy, 
but  in  the  learned  languages,  so  that  the 
most  difficult  authors,  Plato,  Epictetus,  Ci- 
cero, and  Antoninus,  were  as  familiar  to  her 
as  the  writings  of  her  own  countrymen.  She 
lived  at  Chelsea,  where  she  employed  her- 
self in  acts  of  devotion  and  charity  ;  and  she 
became  acquainted  with  the  most  learned 
men  of  the  age,  Atterbury,  Dodwell,  Nor- 
ris,  Hickes,  &c.  and  like  them  advanced  the 
cause  of  Science  and  piety,  by  useful  publi- 


cations on  religion  and  morality.  She  did 
not  long  survive  tho  amputation  of  one  oi" 
her  breasts  for  a  cancer;  bul  after  she  had 
directed  her  shroud  and  coffin  for  some 
time  to  be  placed  by  tier  bedside,  she  expi- 
red, 1731,  in  her  6.>d  year,  and  was  buried 
at  Chelsea.  Her  publications  were,  letters 
concerning  the  love  of  God,  8vo.  1695 — au 
essay  in  defence  of  the  female  sex  in  a  letter 
to  a  lady,  Svo.  1690 — a  serious  proposal  to  the 
ladies  for  the  advancement  of  llieir  true  ami 
greatest  interests,  2  parts,  12mo.  1097 — a 
fair  way  with  the  dissenters  and  their  pat- 
rons, 1704, 4to. — reaefctions/in  marriage,  8vo. 
1705 — the  Christian  religion,  as  professed  by 
a  daughter  of  the  church  of  England,  1705, 
8vo.  kc. 

Asterius,  an  Arian,  of  Cappadocia,  in 
the  4th  century.  He  abandoned  his  faith,  to 
escape  the  persecution  under  Maximinian, 
and  thus  lost  his  reputation  for  piety  and 
consistency. 

Asterius  a  native  of  Antioch,  made,  in 
the  4th  century,  bishop  of  Amasea  in 
Pontus. 

Asterius  Urban  us,  a  bishop  of  the  3d 
century,  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  the 
Montanists  of  Aneyra  in  Galatia. 

Astle,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquary, 
born  in  Staffordshire,  where  his  father  was 
a  farmer.  He  was  engaged,  in  1763,  under 
the  patronage  of  Mr.  Greuville,  in  examin- 
ing the  records  of  Westminster  with  Sir  Jo- 
seph Aylofte  and  Dr.  Ducarcl ;  and,  in 
1766,  he  superintended  the  printing  of  the 
ancient  Parliamentary  records.  He  was,  in 
1775,  made  chief  clerk  of  the  record  office 
in  the  Tower,  and  succeeded  Sir  John  Shel- 
ley as  keeper.  He  died  December  1803. 
He  wrote  a  curious  work  on  the  origin  and 
progress  of  writing,  as  well  hieroglyphic  as 
elementary,  first  printed  17S4,  in  4to.  ami 
again  edited  1803.  He  also  contributed  some 
valuable  papers  to  the  Archicologia,  and 
other  publications. 

Astle,  John,  was  horn  at  Whem  in 
Shropshire,  and  apprenticed  to  Hudson  the 
pot-trait  painter,  known  as-the  master  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  After  improving  his 
talents  at  Rome,  under  the  patronage  erf  lord 
Chesterfield,  and  copying  some  of  the  finest 
works  of  Titian  and  Bentivoglio,  he  return- 
ed to  England,  and  from  thence  passed  to 
Ireland,  where  he  rapidly  gained  reputation, 
and  increased  his  fortune  with  3000/.  On  his 
return  to  London,  he  passed  through  Knuts- 
ford,  where,  at  an  assembly,  lie  gained  the 
heart  of  lady  Daniel,  who,  with  her  hand, 
gave  him  soon  after  the  whole  DuckenSeld 
estate  in  fee,  worth  5000/.  a  year.  A  fond- 
ness for  extravagance  and  dissipation  seemed 
to  be  his  only  passion  ;  but  while  he  squan- 
dered with  one  hand,  Fortune  seemed,  in 
the  most  profuse  manner,  to  replenish  the 
other.  The  death  of  his  brother  brought 
him  10,000/.  and  his  success  in  painting,  and 
other  contingencies,  increased  his  property 
so  much,  that  at  one  time  he  was  worth  up- 
wards of  100,000/.  Of  this  sum,  25,0007. 
were  spent  in  fanciful   improvements  in  his 


AS 


AT 


houses  at  Duckenfield  and  in  London ;  and 
.30,000  as  he  informed  Dr.  Warren,  vanished, 
In  seven  years,  in  criminal  pleasures  the  re- 
collection of  which  often  wrung  his  heart 
•with  anguish,  as  his  body  suffered  under  the 
pressure  of  pain  and  debility.  He  posses- 
sed the  convivial  habits  which  hospitality 
should  maintain,  he  was  free,  easy,  and  en- 
gaging in  his  manners,  and  though  too  often 
a  deoauchee  in  character,  yet  his  heart  was 
not  devoid  of  sensibility  ;  as  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted, that  the  man  who  at  last,  in  seeing 
the  vanity  of  pleasure  and  of  life,  wishes  he 
could  retrace  the  stef^i  of  childhood,  and 
give  the  world  a  better  example,  is  not  total- 
ly dead  to  virtue.  He  was  three  times  mar- 
vied,  and  proved  an  affectionate  husband  ; 
but  his  management  of  his  three  children 
■was  such  as  showed  that  he  did  not  possess 
the  judicious  and  parental  attention  which  is 
required  from  a  father. 

Astolph,  king  of  Lombardy,  after  his 
brother  Rachis,  749.  He  attacked  the  pope's 
dominions,  and  would  have  overrun  Italy, 
had  he  not  been  prevented  by  the  negotia- 
tions and  the  armies  of  Pepin  of  France. 
He  died  "56. 

Aston,  Sir  Arthur,  a  native  of  Fulham, 
of  an  ancient  family,  who,  after  serving 
abroad,  came  back,  on  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  wars,  to  offer  his  life  and  fortunes 
to  Charles  1.  He  was  at  the  head  of  the 
dragoons  at  the  battle  of  Edgehill,  and  three 
times  defeated  lord  Essex;  and  for  his  servi- 
ces was  intrusted  with  the  government  of 
Reading,  and  afterwards  of  Oxford.  After 
the  king's  death,  he  went  to  Ireland,  and 
bravely  defended  Drogheda  against  the  re- 
publicans: but  when  he  was  obliged  to  sur- 
render the  place  to  Cromwell,  the  victorious 
enemy  ordered  his  brains  to  be  dashed  to 
pieces  by  repeated  blows  with  the  wooden 
stump  which  he  used,  in  consequence  of  the 
amputation  of  his  leg  by  an  unfortunate 
accident. 

Aston,  Sir  Thomas,  of  an  ancient  Chesh- 
ire family,  was  educated  at  Brazen-nose  col- 
lege, Oxford,  and,  in  1608,  was  made  a  ba- 
ronet. In  1635,  he  served  the  office  of  she- 
riff for  his  native  county ;  and,  in  the  civil 
wars,  raised  a  troop  of  horse  for  the  king, 
but  was  defeated  and  wounded  at  Namtwich, 
in  1642.  He  was  afterwards  taken  prisoner, 
hut  in  his  attempt  to  make  his  escape  from 
his  confinement  at  Stafford,  he  was  struck 
'with  great  violence  by  a  soldier  on  the  head, 
so  that  the  blow  produced  a  fever,  which 
proved  fatal,  1643.  He  is  author  of  a  re- 
monstrance against  presbj  eery — of  a  short 
survey  of  presbyterian  discipline — of  a  brief 
review  of  the  institution,  succession,  and 
jurisdiction  of  bishops,  &c. 

Astorca:,  Marchioness  of,  a  lady,  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.  of  Spain,  who  kdled 
■with  her  own  hands  a  beautiful  mistress  to 
whom  her  husband  was  criminally  attached. 
She  afterwards  prepared  the  heart  of  this 
unfortunate  victim,  and  when  her  husband 
had  eat  it,  she  rolled  the  bleeding  head  of 
his  murdered  mistress  before  him  on  the  ta- 


ble. This  wretched  guilty  woman  escaped 
into  a  convent,  where  she  became  insane 
through  rage  and  jealousy. 

Astro N ome,  P,  an  historian  of  the  9th 
century,  author  of  the  life  of  Lewis  the 
Debonnaire,  his  patron,  preserved  in  du 
Chesne's  collection. 

Astruc,  John,  a  French  physician  of 
Sauves,  in  Lower  Langucdoc,  who,  after  stu- 
dying at  Moutpellier,  acquired  great  reputa- 
tion at  Paris,  both  as  a  practitioner  and  as  a 
professor.  He  was  for  some  time  in  Poland, 
physician  to  the  king  at  Warsaw.  His 
works,  de  morbis  venereis,  &c.  are  highly  es- 
teemed. He  was  born  1684,  19th  March, 
and  died  at  Paris,  5th  May  1766.  Besides  the 
above,  he  wrote  treatises  on  pathology — on 
ulcers  and  tumors — on  therapeutics — on  the 
inoculation  of  the  small-pox — on  female  dis- 
eases, translated  into  English — memoirs  re- 
lating to  the  natural  history  of  Languedoc,  fsc. 

As  yages,  a  king  of  Media,  B.  C.  594, 
called  by  some  the  Ahasuerus  of  scripture. 

At  A,  Abdal,  a  mussulman  dervise  in  the 
age  of  Tamerline,  regarded  as  a  god  by  his 
followers. 

Atabalipa,  or  Atahualpa,  the  last 
king  of  Peru,  of  the  race  of  the  incas.  He 
was  made  king  of  Quito  on  his  father's  death, 
15429  ;  but  he  aspired  to  the  whole  kingdom, 
and  defeated  his  brother  Hualscar,  who  sat 
on  the  throne  of  Peru.  When  Pizarro  with 
the  Spaniards  invaded  the  kingdom  of  Peru, 
the  unhappy  monarch  was  invited  to  a  par- 
ley, and  treacherously  seized,  and  soon  after 
barbarously  strangled,  or  burnt  at  the  stake, 
1533,  though  he  had  paid  for  his  ransom  all 
the  gold  which  a  room  pointed  out  by  the 
Spaniards  could  contain.  Some  of  the  Span- 
ish authors  have  endeavored  to  represent 
him  as  an  usurper,  and  as  faithless  in  the 
first  treaty  which  he  had  made  with  Pizar- 
ro; but  little  credit  is  to  be  given  to  their  as- 
sertions. They  wish  to  wipe  off  the  odium 
deservedly  fallen  on  their  countrymen,  by  at- 
tacking the  innocent  character  of  Atabalipa. 

Athaliah,  wife  of  .lehoram,  and  mo- 
ther of  Ahaziah  king  of  .ludah,  was  daughter 
of  Ahab,  by  Jezebel.  Her  son,  excited  by 
her  advice  and  example,  committed  every 
excess  of  cruelty  and  wickedness;  and,  al- 
ter his  death,  the  licentious  mother,  to  ob- 
tain the  sovereign  power,  murdered  the 
whole  of  the  royal  family,  except  Joash,  who 
was  with  difficulty  preserved  by  Jehoshaba, 
daughter  of  Jehoram.  She  was,  after  a  reign 
of  seven  years,  made  to  expiate  her  crimes 
by  death.  The  history  of  this  vicious  prin- 
cess is  the  subject  of  one  of  the  finest  of  the 
tragedies  of  Racine. 

Athaxasius,  St.  a  native  of  Alexandria, 
raised,  in  consequence  of  his  abilities  and 
great  eloquence,  to  the  see  of  his  native  town, 
A.  U.  3'26.  He  was  a  violent  opposer  of  the 
Arians,  and  suffered  great,  persecution  for 
his  firmness.     He  died  371. 

A  the  ling,  Edgar,  sop  of  Edward,  and 
grandson  of  Edmund  Ironside,  king  of  Eng- 
land, «  as  regarded  as  the  future  monarch; 
but  the  intrigues  of  Harold  pretailed  against 


AT 


AT 


him.  The  battle  of  Hastings,  1066,  in  ties- 1 
troying  his  rival,  cut  oft'  his  hopes  of  success ; 
and,  after  making  some  resistance  at  York  J 
to  little  purpose,  lie  fled  to  Scotland  and  af-  | 
terwards  to  Normandy.  He  was  reconciled  j 
to  the  conqueror,  and  was  at  the  first  cru-  ; 
sade  with  Baldwin  II.  where  he  behaved  I 
with  great  intrepidity.  He  passed  the  last 
years  of  his  life  at  Malmsbury. 

Athelstan,  though  but  natural  son  of 
Edward  the  elder,   was  made  king  of  Eng-  | 
land   after  his  father's  death,  925.     He  was  . 
happily  successful  against  the  Danes,  whom  i 
he  defeated  in  Northumberland ;  and  after-  ; 
•wards    he  devoted    himself  to    the   arts   of  1 
peace.     He  encouraged   commerce,   by  be-  | 
stowing  the  title   of   thane   on  such  of  his 
merchants  as  had  performed  three  voyages. 
He  died  941. 

Athenagop.AS,  a  Christian  philosopher 
of  Athens,  in  the  2d  century. 

Athenjeus,  a  Greek  grammarian  and 
■writer  of  Alexandria,  in  the  3d  century. 

Athemus,  a  mathematician,  B.  C.  200. 

Athenjeus,  an  orator  at  Rome  in  the  age 
of  Augustus. 

Athenodorus,  a  Stoic  philosopher,  pre- 
ceptor to  Augustus.  He  died  in  his  native 
town  of  Tarsus,  aged  82. 

Athias,  Isaac,  author  of  an  explication 
of  the  law  of  Moses,  printed  at  Amsterdam 
and  Venice,  was  a  Jew  of  Spain. 

Athias,  Joseph,  a  learned  printer  of 
Amsterdam,  who  published  an  edition  of  the 
Hebrew  Bible,  2  vols.  1677,  highly  esteemed, 
besides  editions  in  Spanish,  English,  and 
German.  His  services  were  rewarded  with 
a  gold  chain  and  medal  by  the  states.  He 
died  1700. 

Atkins,  James,  D.  D.  a  learned  Scotch- 
man, of  Kirkwall  in  Orkney,  educated  at 
Edinburgh  and  Oxford,  and  patronised  by 
^he  marquis  of  Hamilton.  He  was  made 
bishop  of  Moray  in  1077,  and  afterwards 
translated  to  Galloway.  He  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, October  28,  1687.  He  wrote  against 
the  presbyterians;  but  his  treatises  are  now 
unknown 

Atkins,  Sir  Robert,  was  descended  from 
the  ancient  family  of  the  same  name  in 
Glocestershire.  He  was  educated  at  Baliol 
college,  and  after  being  made  a  knight  of  the 
Bath,  and  taking  his  degrees  in  law,  he  was 
made  a  judge  of  the  court  of  Common  Pleas, 
1672,  which  he  resigned,  in  1679,  through 
disgust  at  the  conduct  of  the  government. 
He  showed  his  impartiality  on  the  bench, 
though  his  mind  was  occasionally  tinctured  by 
superstition ;  and  at  the  revolution,  which 
he  favored  with  all  the  ardor  of  a  patriot,  he 
was  made  Lord  chief  baron  by  William.  In 
June  1695  he  resigned  his  high  office,  and 
spent  the  last  fourteen  years  of  his  life  in 
peaceful  and  dignified  retirement  at  Saper- 
lon  Hall  in  Glocestershire.  He  died  in  the 
beginning  of  1709,  aged  88,  leaving  behind 
him  a  character  of  great  probity,  and  repea- 
ted instances  of  unshaken  attachment  to  the 
freedom  and  constitution  of  England.  He 
■was  twice  married,  and  his  only  son,  Sir 
VOT,.  T.  14 


Robert  Atkins,  inherited  his  virtues,  and 
was  for  a  long 'time  representative  of  the 
county.  He  published,  in  folio,  the  history 
of  Glocestershire,  from  the  materials  collec- 
ted by  Dr.  Parsons;  and  died  1711,  aged  64. 
The  writings  of  Judge  Atkins  are  all  on 
constitutional  and  juridical  subjects,  and  are 
highly  valued. 

Atkyns,  Richard,  a  native  of  Glocester- 
shire, educated  at  Baliol,  and  Lincoln's  Inn. 
He  suffered  during  the  civil  wars  for  his  at- 
tachment to  the  royal  cause,  and  spent  above 
1000/.  in  lawsuits,  in  twenty-four  years,  to  es- 
tablish the  right  of  the  king's  grunt  in  printing- 
law  books.  He  published  on  the  subject  his 
original  and  growth  of  printing,  in  4to.  and, 
five  years  after,  his  vindication,  Sec.  He  was 
unhappily  married.  He  died  in  confinement 
in  the  Marshalsea,  September  14,  1677. 

Atratus,  Hugh,  or  Black,  called  the 
phoenix  of  his  age,  from  the  great  powers  of 
bis  mind,  and  his  unwearied  application,  was 
born  at  Evesham  in  Worcestershire,  and 
was  made  a  cardinal  by  Martin  II.  1281.  He 
died  of  the  plague,  six  years  after,  author  of 
genealogia  humana — problemata — canones 
medicinales,  &c. 

Attalus  I.  king  of  Pergamus,  was  a 
great  patron  of  learning.  He  died  in  his 
72d  year,  B.  C.  198. 

Attalus  II.  son  of  the  above,  succeed- 
ed his  brother  Eumenes,  159,  and  reigned 
21  years. 

Attalus  III.  nephew  of  the  second,  died 
B.  C-  133,  in  the  fifth  yrear  of  his  reign.  As 
he  had  no  issue,  he  left  all  his  possessions  to 
the  Romans. 

Attalus,  a  native  of  Pergamus,  who 
was  burnt  alive  for  the  Christian  religion,  in 
the  persecution  of  M.  Antoninus,  177. 

Attenduli,  Margaret,  a  sister  of 
Sforza,  grand  constable  of  Naples.  When 
her  brother  was  perfidiously  seized,  she 
armed  her  friends  and  domestics,  and  at 
their  head  made  reprisals,  and  thus  obtained 
the  liberation  of  the  captive. 

Atterbury,  Lewis,  son  of  Dr.  Atter- 
bury,  rector  of  Milton,  Northamptonshire, 
was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  and  submit- 
ted to  the  republican  visitors.  He  was,  in 
1654,  made  rector  of  Great  Rissington,  Glo- 
cestershire, and  three  years  after,  obtained 
the  living  of  Milton  Bucks.  After  the  res- 
toration, he  took  his  degree  of  D.  D.  at  Ox- 
ford. He  was,  on  his  return  from  London, 
drowned,  near  his  house,  December  7,  1693. 
He  published  three  sermons. 

Atterbury,  Lewis,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  educated  at  Westminster 
school,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He 
was  chaplain,  in  1683,  to  the  lord  mayor, 
sir  William  Pritchard,  and  (he  next  yeai 
became  rector  of  Sy:nel,  in  Northampton- 
shire, which  he  afterwards  resigned,  upon 
greater  promotion.  He  succeeded  :is  prea- 
cher at  High  gate  chapel,  where  he  hail  of- 
ficiated for  the  late  incumbent,  Daniel  La- 
thom,  and,  by  being  one  of  the  chaplains  of 
the  princess  Anne,  he  recommended  him- 
self to  favor,  and  was  afterward 


AT 


AT 


sented  to  the  living  of  Shepperton  by  the 
queen,  and  by  the  bishop  of  London  to  that 
of  Hornsey,  1719,  in  which  parish  his  own 
chapel  was  situate.  His  charitable  disposi- 
tion was  strongly  displayed  in  his  studying 
physic  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  at  High- 
gate,  and  distributing  advice  and  drugs  gra- 
tis. On  the  death  of  Dr.  Sprat,  the  arch- 
deacon of  Rochester,  he  made  application 
for  the  office,  and  as  his  brother  was  bishop 
of  the  see  and  patron,  he  expected  no  re- 
fusal ;  but  he  was  disappointed  and  Dr. 
Brydges  was  nominated.  He  died  at  Bath, 
of  a  paralytic  stroke,  October  29,  1731,  in 
his  75th  year,  and  he  was  buried  at  High- 
gate.  He  was  author  of  two  volumes  of  ser- 
mons, and  other  tracts,  and  he  left  his  col- 
lection of  pamphlets,  &c.  to  Christ  Church. 
He  gave  10/.  a  year  to  a  master  to  instruct 
girls  at  Newport  Pagnel,  and  left  the  bishop's 
son,  Osborne,  heir  to  his  fortune.  He  had 
married  the  niece  of  Sir  Robert  Bedingfield 
knight,  mayor  of  London,  by  whom  he  had 
three  sons  anTi  a  daughter,  none  of  whom 
survived  him. 

Atterbury,  Francis,  bishop  of  Ro- 
chester, was  born  at  Middleton  Keynes,  near 
Newport  Pagnel,  March  6,  1662;  and  after 
finishing  his  education  at  Westminster,  he 
entered  at  Christ  Church,  where  he  became 
known  by  his  wit  and  his  learning.  His  po- 
etical abilities  were  early  displayed  ;  and  as 
a  defender  of  the  protestant  religion,  he  also 
acquired  celebrity.  He  was,  however,  un- 
willing to  submit  long  to  the  confinement  and 
S'meness  of  a  college  life.  Though  dis- 
tinguished in  the  society  as  a  scholar,  and  a 
tutor,  he  frequently  complained  of  the  hard- 
ship of  his  situation  to  his  father,  and  at  last 
followed  his  advice,  by  marrying  miss  Os- 
born,  a  lady  in  the  neighborhood,  from  whose 
distant  relationship  to  the  Leeds  family,  he 
expected  preferment.  On  leaving  Oxford, 
he  was  elected  lecturer  of  St.  Bride's,  Lon- 
don, 1691,  and  soon  after  made  chaplain  to 
"William  and  Mary.  With  the  eloquence  of 
a  popular  preacher,  he  possessed  the  obsti- 
nacy of  a  controversialist,  and  therefore  his 
sermons  and  works  when  published,  drew 
upon  him  the  anmadversions  of  Hoadly,  of 
Bentleyr,  of  Wake,  and  others.  His  zeal, 
however,  in  the  service  of  the  church,  and 
in  support  of  the  rights  of  convocations,  was 
rewarded  by  the  thanks  of  the  Lower  House 
of  Convocation,  and  by  a  diploma  of  the  de- 
cree of  D.  D.  from  the  university  of  Oxford. 
Preferment  and  distinction  were  now  heap- 
ed upon  him ;  Sir  John  Trelawney,  bishop 
of  Exeter,  gave  him  the  archdeaconry  of 
Totness,  he  became  chaplain  to  queen 
Anne,  and  was,  in  October  1704,  raised  to  the 
deanery  of  Carlisle.  In  1712,  he  was  made 
dean  of  Christ  Church,  though  power  and 
influence  were  exerted  in  favor  of  his  anta- 
gonist, Dr.  Smalridge;  and  the  following 
year  he  attained  the  height  of  his  ecclesias- 
tical dignity,  by  being  made  bishop  of  Ro- 
chester, and  dean  of  Westminster,  at  the 
particular  recommendation  of  chancellor 
Harcourt.    When  George  succeeded  to  the 


throne,  the  bishop  was  treated  with  coolness 
and  indifference  ;  and  he  resented   the   af- 
front, and  displayed  his  attachment  to  the 
house  of  Stuart,  by  refusing  to  sign  the  de- 
claration of  the  bishops,  and  by  opposing  in. 
the  parliament,   with  vigor  and  eloquence, 
the  measures  of  the  government.     This  de- 
cided and  hostile  behaviour  proved  the  be- 
ginning of  his   misfortunes.    He  was  suspec- 
ted of  favoring  the  pretender,  and   August 
24,  1722,  he  was  arrested  as  a  traitor,  and 
confined  in  the  Tower.     Though  the  mes- 
sengers treated  him  with  rudeness  and  harsh 
incivility  while  they  secured  his  person  and 
seized  his  papers,  yet  the  council  behaved 
towards   him   with   that  candor,    attention, 
and  affability,  which  justice  and  impartiality- 
recommend.    March  23,  1723,    a   bill    was 
brought  in  the  house  of  commons  to  inflict 
penalties  on  Francis,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
and  he  was  ordered  to  prepare  his  defence. 
He  declined  using  his  influence  among  the 
commons,  but,  as  he  wrote  to  the   speaker, 
he  reserved  the  vindication  of  his  conduct  iu 
that  house,  of  which  he  had  the  honor  to  be 
a  member.     The  trial  lasted  above  a  week. 
The  bishop  was  supported  by  all  the  learn- 
ing and  the  eloquence  of  the  bar,  and   he 
spoke  in  his  own  cause  with  all  the  energy  of 
the  persuasive  powers  which  he  was  known 
to  possess ;  but  he  was  condemned  by  a  ma- 
jority of  83  to  43  votes;  and   the  king,  on 
the   27th   May,   confirmed   the  decision  of 
X)arliament.    The  bishop  met  the  disgrace  of 
banishment  with  unusual  firmness  and  dig- 
nity ;    he  took  an   affectionate  leave   of  his 
friends;  and,  June  18,  1723,  he  embarked 
in  the  Aldborough  man  of  war,    and   was 
landed  at  Calais,  where  he  met  lord  Boling- 
broke,  whom   the  royal  pardon  recalled  to 
England,  upon  which  he  observed  with  his 
usual  facetiousness,  "  then  his  lordship  and 
I  are  exchanged."     It  is  to  be  lamented  that 
persecution  is  not  softened  by  the  fall  of  an 
enemy.     Atterbury,  in  his  exile,  was  pur- 
sued with  more  vindictive  rage  than  when 
in  England.    Access  to  him  was  denied  to 
his  family,   without  the  king's  sign-manual, 
and   the   favor  was  with  difficulty  obtained 
from  the  extortion  of  high  fees.     He  wished 
to  pass  the  remainder  of  his  life  at  Brussels ; 
but  he  was  hurried  to  Paris,  where  he  had 
the  prudence  to  resist  the  solicitations  of  the 
pretender,  and  not  concern  himself  with  his 
secret   negotiations.     He  was  from  thence 
carried  to  Montpellier,  for  two  years;  and 
on  his  return  to  Paris,  worn  out  by  the  un- 
kindness  of  mankind,  and  domestic  sorrow 
on  the  loss  of  his  daughter,  in  1729,  he  died, 
February  15,  1732.     His  body  was  brought 
over  to  England,  and  deposited  in  Westmin- 
ster Abbey,  in  a  monument  which,  in  1722, 
he  had  prepared ;  but  no  inscription  marks 
the  spot,  as  his  friends  were  unwilling  that 
his  name  should   be   recorded    on    marble 
without  mentioning  that  he  died  bishop  of 
Rochester.     He  had  by  his  lady,    who  died 
April  26,  1722,  four  children ;  Francis,  who 
died  an  infant ;  Osborne,  whose  descendants 
arc  still  alive  ;  Elizabeth,  who  died  in  1716. 


AV 


AU 


sged  17  ;  and  Mary,  who  married  Mr.  Mo- 
rice,  and  died  1729.  However  blamable  his 
conduct  may  appear  as  a  politician,  it  is  to 
he  remembered  that  those  who  have  drawn 
his  portrait  have  espoused  a  different  cause. 
His  good  sense  and  his  prudence  forbid  us 
to  think  that  he  formed  any  plot  for  the  res- 
toration of  the  Stuarts,  to  whom  it  is  proba- 
ble that  he  was  attached  from  strong  preju- 
dices, from  early  habits,  and  from  the  tem- 
per of  the  times,  which  permit  neutrality  to 
no  man;  but  it  is  certain,  that  lie  was  offer- 
ed the  see  of  Winchester,  and  a  pension  of 
50O0/.  if  he  would  discontinue  his  opposition 
to  the  measures  of  Walpole,  and  it  is  known 
that  the  rejection  of  this  mean  offer  hastened 
his  downfal.  His  private  character  as  a  man 
was  most  amiable  and  exemplary ;  as  a 
preacher,  he  was  great  and  eloquent ;  and 
as  a  writer,  his  sermons,  his  letters,  and 
other  tracts,  prove  most  decidedly,  that  he 
possessed  pietj-,  genius,  flow  of  language, 
and  erudition. 

Atticus,  Hcrodes,  a  celebrated  orator 
horn  at  Marathon.  He  was  preceptor  to 
Marcus  Aurelius  and  Lucius  Varus,  and  died 
at  Marathon,  76  A.  D. 

Atticus,  Titus  Pomponiua,  a  Roman,  of 
the  most  amiable  manners,  who  in  the  midst 
of  civil  wars  and  party  animosities,  maintain- 
ed his  independence,  his  character,  and  his 
possessions.  He  was  respected  by  all  parties, 
and  his  virtues  and  moderation  deserved  the 
general  esteem.  He  died  aged  77,  B.  C.  54. 
Atticus,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
was  the  enemy  of  John  Chrysostom,  whom 
he  expelled  from  his  see.     He  died  427. 

Attila,  king  of  the  Huns,  ravaged 
Gaul  and  Italy,  and  levied  contributions  from 
Theodosius  and  Valentinian,  the  Roman  em- 
perors.    He  died  453. 

Avalos,  Ferdinand  Francis,  d',  marquis 
of  Pescara,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  was 
distinguished  for  his  valor  in  the  service  of 
Charles  V.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  the 
hattle  of  Ravenna,  1512,  and  employed  the 
hours  of  his  captivity  in  writing  a  dialogue 
of  love,  addressed  to  his  wife,  the  virtuous 
Victoria  Colonna.  His  abilities  contributed 
much  to  the  battle  of  Bicoque,  the  recovery 
of  the  Milanese,  and  the  victory  of  Pavia. 
It  is  said  that  the  pope  wished  to  gain  him  to 
his  cause  by  the  promise  of  the  kingdom  of 
Naples.  He  died  without  issue,  at  Milan, 
4th  November  1525,  aged  36. 

Avalos,  Alphonsod',  marquis  del  Vasto, 
was  the  heir  of  the  preceding,  who  was  his 
relation.  He  assisted  bravely  the  arms  of 
Charles  V.  in  Italy  ;  but  he  was  defeated  at 
Cerisoles,  1544,  and  died  3lst  March  1546, 
aged  42. 

Avantio,  John  Marion,  a  learned  civi- 
lian, who  left  Rovigo  when  his  brother  had 
been  assassinated  there,  and  settled  at 
Padua,  where  he  acquired  great  reputation. 
He  died  2d  March  1622,  aged  58.  He  wrote 
a  poem,  and  left  a  manuscript  of  an  eccle- 
siastical history,  and  concilia  de  criminali- 
bus  rebus,  &c.  His  son,  Charles,  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  physician,  and  by  his 


annotations  on  Bap.  Fiera,  published  after 
his  death  at  Padua,  1G49,  in  4to. 

Aubert,  Peter,  a  French  lawyer,  who 
died  1733,  aged  91.  He  left  to  his  native 
city,  Lyons,  where  he  had  exercised  various 
civil  offices,  his  valuable  library.  He  was 
author  of  retour  d'isle  d'amour,  a  romance — 
2  vols,  of  factions,  in  1710 — an  edition  of 
Richelet's  dictionary,  3  vols,  folio,  172S,  he. 
Aubert,  William,  a  native  of  Poitiers, 
advocate  at  Paris,  where  he  died,  1601.  He 
was  author  of  some  works  of  merit. 

Aubert  du  Bayet,  N.  a  French  officer 
engaged  in  the  American  war.  At  the  re- 
volution he  distinguished  himself  in  favor  of 
the  popular  cause,  in  the  national  assembly, 
at  the  defence  of  Mentz,  in  1793,  and  in  the 
war  of  la  Vendee.  He  was  afterwards  am- 
bassador at  Constantinople,  and  died  of  a 
fever,  brought  on  by  excess  and  intemper- 
ance, 17th  December  1797. 

Aubert  in,  Ed  me,  minister  of  the  re- 
formed church  at  Charenton,  and  afterwards 
at  Paris,  in  1631,  died  at  Paris,  1652.  He 
was  author  of  a  work  on  the  eucharist  of  the 
ancient  church,  fol.  1633,  which  was  attacked 
by  Arnauld  and  others. 

Aubery,  or  Aubry,  John,  a  physician 
of  Bourbonois,  author,  among  other  things, 
of  a  curious  and  learned  work  called  l'anti- 
dote  de  l'amour,  1599,  in  12mo.  and  of  an 
apology  for  ph)'sic,  Latin,  printed,  Paris, 
1608,  8vo. 

Aubery,  Anthony,  a  lawyer  of  Paris, 
remarkable  for  his  uncommon  application  to 
study,  from  5  in  the  morning  till  6  in  the 
evening.  His  works,  the  principal  of  which 
are,  his  history  of  Richelieu,  2  vols,  folio, 
1660,  and  Mazarin,  4  vols.  12mo.  1751,  and 
of  the  cardinals,  5  vols.  4to.  1642,  are  not 
possessed  of  superior  merit,  though  they 
contain  historical  anecdotes  and  judicious 
remarks.  He  wrote  besides  a  treatise  on  the 
pre-eminence  of  the  kings  of  France,  4to. 
1649,  and  on  the  French  king's  pretensions 
to  the  empire,  4to.  1667.  He  died  of  a  fall, 
1695,  aged  upwards  of  78. 

Aubery,  Louis,  sieur  du  Maurier,  tra- 
velled with  his  father,  who  was  ambassador 
to  Holland,  and  visited  Poland,  Berlin,  and 
Rome.  After  a  few  years  passed  at  court, 
he  retired  to  lead  a  life  of  literary  and  phi- 
losophical ease  at  his  country  seat,  where  he 
died,  1687.  His  memoirs  on  the  history  of 
Holland,  2  vols.  12mo.  1682,  are  often  quot- 
ed, and  are  truly  valuable.  His  grandson 
published,  in  17S7,  his  memoirs  of  Ham- 
burgh, Lubec,  Holstein,  Denmark,  and 
Sweden. 

Aubespine,  Claude  del',  was  descend- 
ed of  a  noble  family  in  Burgundy.  He  was 
usefully  employed  in  the  service  of  Francis  I. 
Henry  II.  and  his  two  successors,  so  that  his 
advice  often  guided  the  measures  adopted  in 
the  cabinet.  He  died  in  1567,  the  very  day 
after  being  consulted  by  Catharine  de  Me- 
dina* 

Aubespine, Charles  de,  marquis  ol'Cha- 
teau-neuf,  chancellor  of  France,  was  an  able 
statesman,   but  proud  and  haughty  in  his 


AU 


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demeanor.  He  excited  the  jealousy  of 
Richelieu  and  Mazarin,  and  though  the  favo- 
rite of  the  court,  was  imprisoned  for  ten 
years;  and  died  1C53,  aged  73. 

Aubespine,  Gabriel  de  1',  an  ambassa- 
dor in  England,  and  afterwards  bishop  of 
Orleans.  lie  was  a  man  of  abilities,  and 
wrote  several  things  on  ecclesiastical  history, 
&c.     He  died  1630,  aged  52. 

Aueespine,  Magdelene  de  1',  wife  of 
Nicolas  de  Neufville  de  Villeroi,  was  cele- 
brated for  her  wit  and  beauty  at  the  court  of 
Charles  IX.  and  his  two  successors.  She 
died  at  Villeroi,  1596.  She  translated  the 
epistles  of  Ovid,  &c. 

Aubigne,  Theodore  Agrippa  d',  a  learn- 
ed Frenchman,  grandfather  to  madame 
Maintenon.  He  is  said  to  have  translated 
the  Crito  of  Plato  into  French  when  he  was 
only  eight  years  old;  but  the  improvement 
of  his  mind  was  checked  by  the  death  of  his 
father,  when  he  had  attained  his  13th  year, 
so  that  he  forsook  letters  for  the  court,  and 
became  the  favorite  of  Henry  IV.  An  un- 
cburteous  behaviour,  however,  rendered  him 
soon  unwelcome  ;  and  he  retired  to  Geneva, 
where  his  abilities  were  courted  and  admi- 
l'ed.  His  principal  work  is  an  historie  uni- 
versale, 3  vols.  fol.  which  merited  to  be  pub- 
licly burnt  by  the  pailiament  of  Paris,  be- 
cause he  treats  the  name  of  king  with  unbe- 
coming harshness  and  studied  contempt.  He 
died  at  Geneva,  1030,  in  his  80th  year.  He 
wrote  an  account  of  his  own  life,  which  was 
printed  1731,  besides  two  satirical  pieces, 
the  confession  of  Sancy,  and  the  baron  de 
Fiencste. 

Aubrey,  John,  an  English  antiquary, 
born  at  b'aston-Piers,  in  Wiltshire,  Novem- 
ber 3,  \.&25.,ov  16'26,  and  educated  at  Malms- 
bury,  where  he  had  for  his  school-fellow  the 
famous  Thomas  Hobbes,  with  whom  he  cul- 
tivated a  long  and  sincere  friendship.  He 
entered  as  gentleman  commoner  of  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  and,  four  years  after,  1646, 
was  admitted  of  the  Middle  Temple ;  but 
bis  father's  death  checked  his  study  of  the 
law  ;  and  the  various  litigations  which  he  had 
in  succeeding  to  his  paternal  estates,  not  on- 
ly reduced  his  property,  but  called  him  to 
more  active  pursuits.  As  a  man  of  letters, 
lie  distinguished  himself  in  the  Monasticon 
Anglicanum,  and  preserved  the  remem- 
brance of  Osney  abbey  by  a  curious  draught 
before  it  was  destroyed  ;  he  corresponded 
with  the  most  learned  of  the  age  ;  .and  as- 
sisted Anthony  Wood  with  confidential  ma- 
terials. After  the  restoration,  he  visited 
Ireland.  After  being  twice  shipwrecked,  he 
left  his  country  for  a  short  tour  to  Orleans  ; 
but  misfortunes  crowded  upou  him  so  that 
be  parted  with  all  his  estates,  and  at  last  was 
reduced  to  indigence.  His  virtues  and  his 
learning,  however,  were  not  forgotten.  Lady 
Long,  of  Drayton,  received  him  with  hospi- 
tality, and,  under  her  protection,  he  con- 
tinued bis  indefatigable  labors  in  pursuit  of 
antiquities  and  of  natural  curiosities.  He 
died  suddenly  about  1700,  and  was  buried  at 
Draytou.    His  works  are  chiefly  on  antiqui- 


ties, consisting  of  miscellanies  on  apparitions, 
magic,  harms,  &c.  1696  and  1721,  8vo. — a 
perambulation  of  the  county  of  Surrey,  5  vols. 
8vo.  1719,  besides  MSS  in  the  Oxford  mu- 
seum. 

Aubriot,  Hugo,  a  native  of  Burgundy, 
famous  as  the  builder  of  the  Bastille  by  order 
of  Charles  V.  of  France,  in  1369.  He  was 
accused  of  heresy,  and  became  the  founder 
of  the  sect  which  were  called  after  him  Hu- 
gonots,  but  for  his  error  he  was  condemned 
to  he  confined  for  life  between  two  hare 
walls,  for  which,  however,  he  was  set  at 
liberty  by  the  Maillotins,  who  rebelled  against 
the  power  of  the  inquisition,  and  wished  him. 
to  be  their  leader.  He  died  in  Burgundy, 
1382. 

Aubusson,  Peter'd,  grandmaster  of  the 
order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  1476,  was 
born  at  Lamarche,  and  died  at  Rhodes  in 
1503,  aged  81,  after  having  repeatedly  sig- 
nalized himself  as  a  warrior  against  the  be- 
sieging- Turks,  and  as  a  statesman.  He  ia 
however  blamed  for  betraying  to  the  pope 
prince  Zizim,  the  brother  of  Bajazet,  wha 
had  returned  to  Rhodes,  trusting  to  his  ho- 
nor and  protection.  For  this  act  of  villany 
he  was  made  a  ctirrlinal. 

Aubusson,  Francis  d",  duke  de  la  Feuil- 
lade,  was  descended  from  the  preceding, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of 
Flanders.     He  died  suddenly,  1681. 

Audebert,  Germain,  a  counsellor  of 
Orleans,  who,  in  a  tour  through  Italy,  cele- 
brated Venice  in  a  poem,  for  which  be  was 
honored  by  the  Venetians  with  the  order  of 
St.  Mark.  He  was  ennobled  by  Henry  III. 
and  died  1598,  aged  above  80.  His  Latin 
poems  were  published  in  Hanover  1603,  in 
8vo 

Audebert,  John  Baptist,  a  French  na- 
turalist, born  at  Rochefort,  1759.  As  an 
engraver  his  merit  was  very  great,  and  his 
application  in  the  cause  of  science  was  inde- 
fatigable. He  died  1800.  His  first  per- 
formance was  l'Histoire  des  Singes,  des  ma- 
kis,  and  des  galeopitheques,  1  vol.  fol.  1802, 
and  such  was  the  execution  of  the  work  that 
he  was  introduced  to  the  ablest  artists  and 
the  most  eminent  persons  of  Paris. 

Audifret,  Jean  Baptiste  d',  a  native  of 
Marseilles,  employed  as  ambassador  to  the 
courts  of  Parma,  Modena,  Mantua,  &c.  He 
died  at  I*iancy,  1733,  aged  76,  author  of  an 
useful  geography  ancient  and  modern,  in  3 
vols.  4to.  1689. 

Audifret,  Hercules,  of  Carpentras,  was 
the  preceptor  of  Flechier.  He  wrote  ora- 
tions, &c.  and  died  1659. 

Audiguier,  Vital  d',  a  native  of  Ville- 
franche  de  Rouergue,  known  for  his  adven- 
tures in  quest  of  independence.  He  wras  au- 
thor of  some  romances,  light  poems,  &c.  2 
vols.  1614, — a  treatise  on  duels  1617,  &c.  and 
was  assassinated  1630. 

Audius,  the  founder  of  a  sect  in  the  4th 
century,  was  banished  into  Scythia,  where 
his  disciples  became  numerous.  He  celebar- 
ted  Easter  like  the  Jewish  passover,  and  con- 
sidered the  Deity  as  having  a  human  form. 


AV 


AV 


Audley,  James  lord,  of  Heleigh,  Staf-i 
ftjrdshire,  is  distinguished  for  his  valor  in  j 
the  wars  of  Fiance  under  Edward  III. at  the 
battle  of  Poitiers.  After  deeds  of  heroism, 
lie  was  so  severely  wounded  that  his  atten- 
dants bore  him  with  difficulty  from  the  field. 
These  high  services  were  rewarded  by  the 
Blaek  Prince,  who  bestowed  on  him  a  pen- 
sion, and  made  him  constable  of  Glocester 
castle,  governor  of  Aquitaine,  and  Senes- 
chal of  Poictou.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
knights  of  the  garter,  and  died  about  13S6. 

Audley,  Edmund,  a  descendant  of  tne 
above,  educated  at  Oxford,  and  successively 
made  bishop  of  Rochester,  Hereford,  and 
Salisbury.  He  died  1524  ;  and  the  honor  of 
being  chancellor  of  the  garter,  which  he 
held,  has  passed,  by  the  interest  of  bishop 
Seth  Ward,  to  his  successors  at  Salisbury. 

Audley  or  Awdeley,  Thomas,  of  a 
noble  family  in  Essex,  w^as  called  to  the  bar 
after  an  education  at  the  university,  and  in 
1529,  his  merits  raised  him  to  the  chair  of 
the  house  of  commons.  He  was  so  subser- 
vient to  the  will  of  the  capricious  Henry, 
that  he  not  only  received  from  him  the  scite 
of  Christ  church  priory,  with  the  plate  and 
lands  belonging  to  it,  but  was  appointed 
chancellor  in  the  room  of  sir  Thomas  More. 
He  also  sat  as  judge  at  the  trial  of  his  dis- 
honored predecessor,  and  at  that  of  bishop 
Fisher,  and  easily  consented  to  all  the  rapaci- 
ous and  cruel  measures  of  his  tyrannical 
master.  He  was  a  great  benefactor  to  Mag- 
dalen, Cambridge,  and  died  1544. 

Audran,  Girard,  son  of  an  engraver  of 
Lyons,  perfected  at  Rome  what  he  had  learn- 
ed at  home,  and  at  his  return  to  Paris,  en- 
gaged to  finish  the  battles  of  Alexander  by 
jle  Brun.  He  gained  great  reputation  by  his 
art,  as  he  was  esteemed  the  most  correct 
historical  engraver  that  ever  lived.  Besides 
Alexander's  battles  he  finished  six  sheets  of 
the  Cupola  of  Val-de-grace,  from  the  designs 
of  Mignard.  He  died  1703,  aged  63.  His 
uncle  Charles  was  also  an  eminent  artist, 
born  at  Paris,  1594.  His  works  are  marked 
with  a  K. 

Audran,  Claude,  brother  to  Girard,  an 
historical  painter  employed  by  Le  Brun.  He 
died  at  Paris,  1684,  aged  42,  professor  of  the 
academy  of  painting.  His  nephew,  of  the 
same  name,  excelled  as  a  painter  of  orna- 
ments. His  best  work  is  the  12  months  of 
the  year  with  the  presiding  deities.  He  died 
1734,  aged  49. 

Audran,  John,  nephew  of  Girard,  an 
engraver  of  Lyons.  His  principal  works 
were  the  draught  of  fishes  and  the  resurrec- 
tion of  Lazarus,  from  Jouvenet ;  the  rape 
of  the  Sabines  from  Poussin;  the  coronation 
of  Mary  de  Medicis ;  the  departure  of  Henry 
IV.  for  Germany,  8tc.  He  died  1756,  aged 
89.  This  family  has  been  particularly  dis- 
tinguished by  painters  and  engravers.  There 
were  one  or  two  still  living  in  1789,  and  still 
worthy   of  the  reputation  of  their  ancestors. 

Aved,  Jacques-Andre  Joseph,  a  painter 
of  eminence,  son  of  a  physician  of  Douai.  A 
portrait  of  the  ambassador  of  the  Porte  pre- 


sented to  Louis  XV.  procured  him  a  name 
and  distinction.  He  died  at  Paris,  1766, 
aged  64. 

Aveiro,  Joseph  duke  of,  a  Portuguese 
noble,  who  conspired  with  the  Jesuits  against 
king  Joseph  1.  and,  after  shooting  at  the  king, 
was  seized  and  broke  on  the  wheel,  1759. 

Avenpaca,  a  Spanish  moor,  known  as  a 
Peripatetic  philosopher,  who  attempted  to 
reconcile  and  explain  the  Koran  by  the  sys- 
tem of  Aristotle,  for  which  he  was  impri- 
soned at  Corduba.  He  is  author  of  a  com- 
mentary on  Euclid  in  the  12th  century. 

Avelar,  a  Portuguese  painter,  who  be- 
came so  rich  by  his  profession  that  his  name 
became  proverbial. 

Avestin,  John,  was  born  of  obscure 
parents,  1460,  at  Abensperg,  in  Bavaria,  and 
after  studying  at  Ingolstadt  and  Paris,  he  be- 
came professor  of  the  learned  languages  at 
Vienna  and  Cracow.  He  was  made  tutor  to 
the  duke  of  Bavaria's  children,  and  increas- 
ed his  reputation  by  writing  the  annals  of 
Bavaria,  which  were  first  published  in  1554, 
by  Jerome  Zieglerus.  In  1529,  Aventiu  was 
violently  seized  and  imprisoned,  it  is  suppos- 
ed, on  a  complaint  of  heresy,  but  as  no 
charge  was  made  against  him,  he  was  re- 
leased from  his  captivity  by  his  patron,  and, 
though  now  64,  he  began  to  think  of  mar- 
riage. In  the  effervescence  of  a  heated 
brain,  he  consulted  his  Bible,  and  determin- 
ed to  take  the  first  woman  he  met,  which 
proved  to  be  his  own  maid,  deformed,  poor, 
and  ill  tempered.  By  this  union  he  had  a 
son  who  died  young,  and  a  daughter  who  sur- 
vived him.  He  died  1534,  aged  68.  He  has 
been  suspected  by  the  Jesuits  of  being  a  Lu- 
therian  in  disguise,  but  the  imputation  is 
against  his  writings  and  not  against  his  re- 
ligion, as  his  well  known  annals  speak  with 
freedom  of  the  libertanism  of  the  Catholic 
clergy. 

Avehioar,  an  Arabian  physician  of  the 
12th  century,  author  of  a  treatise  for  the 
proper  use  of  medicine.  He  was  a  follower 
of  Galen.  He  died  at  Morocco,  at  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  135.  Dr.  Freind  speaks  of  his 
practice  and  of  his  abilities  with  great  com- 
mendation- 

Averaxius,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, possessed  of  strong  powers  of  mind. 
He  acquired  very  rapidly  an  intimate  know- 
ledge of  the  learned  languages,  of  mathema- 
tics and  philosophy,  and  of  law.  Besides 
translating  the  works  of  Archimedes,  in  his 
leisure  hours,  he  ascertained  the  momentum 
of  bodies  on  inclined  planes,  defended  Gali- 
leo's philosophy,  and  inquired  into  the  swift- 
ness and  propagation  of  sound.  As  a  lawyer 
he  was  patronised  by  Cosmo  III.  de  Medicis, 
who  made  him  professor  of  civil  law  at  Pisa. 
He  died  22d  Sept.  173S,  aged  76.  There 
are  four  volumes  of  his  dissertations  on  the 
Florentine  academy,  published  by  Anton. 
Francisco  Gorio. 

Averanius,  Benedict,  eldest  brother 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Florence,  1645, 
and  early  distinguished  himself  by  his  ad- 
vancement in  literature,  and  his  familiar  ae- 


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Ac- 


quaintance with  the  obscurest  parts  of  Plato 
and  Aristotle.  He  also  cultivated  poetry,  but, 
by  the  direction  of  his  father,  he  studied 
jurisprudence  at  Pisa,  and  in  1676,  he  was 
made  Greek  professor  there  by  Cosmo  III. 
and  six  years  after,  raised  to  the  chair  of 
humanity.  He  was  universally  respected  for 
his  learning,  so  that  he  was  solicited  by  the 
university  of  Pavia  to  accept  a  professor's 
chair,  and  also  hy  pope  Innocent  XI.  who 
admired  his  genius.  To  improve  and  facili- 
tate his  style,  he  translated  Sallust,  Celsus, 
and  other  Latin  authors  into  Greek,  and 
wrote  Greek  elegies.  In  1088,  he  published 
his  orations,  and  died  1707.  His  disserta- 
tions delivered  at  Pisa,  his  orations,  his  poe- 
try, and  other  works,  were  printed  after  his 
death,  in  3  vols.  fol.  at  Florence,  1717. — His 
younger  brother,  Nicholas,  was  also  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  jurisprudence, 
and  of  mathematics. 

Averdy,  Clement  Charles  de  1',  a  native 
of  Paris,  minister  and  comptroller  of  the 
finances  under  Lewis  XV.  was  at  one  lime 
the  favorite  of  the  people.  Though  he  in- 
troduced the  reform  of  abuses,  and  encour- 
aged commerce  and  industry  through  the 
nation,  his  endeavors  proved  abortive  in  the 
midst  of  a  luxurious  court  and  of  an  unprin- 
cipled ministry;  and  in  1764,  the  measures 
which  he  was  forced  to  recommend  proved 
So  unpopular,  that  he  solicited  and  obtained 
his  dismission.  He  retired  to  his  country 
seat,  where  the  revolution  found  him  enga- 
ged in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  regardless 
of  the  politics  and  the  prejudices  of  party. 
The  recollection  of  his  services  and  of  his 
abilities  was  too  powerful  to  suffer  him  to 
eud  his  days  in  privacy  ;  he  was  suspected, 
and  consequently  condemned  and  guillotined 
Oct.  1794,  aged  74.  He  was  author  of  the 
Code  penal,  1752,  12mo. — the  king's  sove- 
reignty over  Britany  1765,  8vo. — memoirs 
about  Robert  1)'  Artois,  &c. — experiments 
at.  Gambars  his  country  seat  on  barley,  &c. 
1788,  8 vo. 

Averroes,  an  Arabian  philosopher  born 
at  Corduba,  where  his  father  was  judge,  un- 
der the  emperor  of  Morocco.  His  know- 
ledge of  law,  divinity,  mathematics,  and  as- 
trology was  very  extensive,  and  to  this  was 
added  the  theory  rather  than  the  practice 
of  medicine.  After  being  professor  in  the 
university  of  Morocco  he  was  called  away 
ro  succeed  his  father  in  the  important  office 
of  judge,  in  Corduba,  and  soon  after  he  was 
invested  with  the  same  powers  in  Morocco 
and  Mauritania.  So  extensive  an  authority 
did  not  fail  to  raise  enemies,  jealous  of  merit 
and  detractors  of  eminent  talents;  but  the 
genius  of  Averroes  rose  superior  to  private 
envy.  He  possessed  a  firmness  and  patience 
of  mind,  which  could  distinguish  and  inves- 
tigate the  bias  of  human  passions,  and  he 
was  every  where  humane  and  liberal,  so 
that  the  opulence  which  he  derived  from  his 
marriage  and  from  his  posts  was  not  heaped 
up,  but  generously  dispersed  for  the  relief 
of  indigence  and  starving  merit.  The  repea- 
ted attacks  of  malice  however  have  too  often 


prevailed,  and  Averroes  is  in  the  number  of 
those  whom  superior  virtues  have  not  al- 
waj's  shielded.  He  was  at  last  represented 
by  the  nobility  and  doctors  of  Corduba,  to 
Mansor  king  of  Moroceo,  as  a  profane  phi- 
losopher and  a  heretic,  and  the  judge  upon 
this  accusation  was  insulted  and  imprisoned. 
Many  of  his  enemies  urged  the  necessity  of 
capital  punishment  on  so  great  an  offender; 
but  it  was  at  last  agreed  by  the  doctors  whom 
the  monarch  consulted  that  Averroes  should 
retract.  He  was  accordingly  conducted  to 
the  gate  of  the  mosque,  bareheaded,  where 
every  one  who  entered  indignantly  spit  into 
his  face  ;  after  which  he  was  asked  by  the 
doctors  if  he  repented  of  his  heresy,  to  which 
he  replied  Yes,  and  was  discharged.  He 
continued  under  disgrace,  though  permitted 
to  read  lectures  at  Fez,till  thekingdiscovered 
that  his  successor  did  not  possess  the  same 
uprightness  and  virtue,  and  that  the  dignity 
of  the  law  could  be  supported  by  none  bet- 
ter than  by  Averroes.  He  was  therefore  re- 
stored to  all  his  honors,  though  unwilling  to 
leave  the  tranquillity  of  retirement,  yet  glad 
to  find  his  innocence  acknowledged  by  the 
people  and  the  monarch.  He  died  at  Mo- 
rocco 1206.  As  a  judge  he  was  humane  and 
impartial,  as  a  man  he  was  friendly  and  char- 
itable, so  that  it  may  be  said  that  virtue  is  the 
growth  of  every  climate  and  of  every  religion. 
In  his  private  life  Averroes  was  regular,  and 
devoted  much  of  his  time  to  philosophical 
pursuits.  He  grew  very  corpulent,  so  that 
he  eat  but  once  a  day.  He  was  particularly 
fond  of  Aristotle,  on  whose  works  he  wrote 
commentaries,  and  for  which  he  was  called 
the  commentator.  Ludovicus  Vives  how- 
ever and  others  assert  that  he  did  not  under- 
stand the  writings  of  the  philosopher,  as  he 
was  ignorant  of  Greek  and  Latin,  and  recei- 
ved all  his  knowledge  from  a  wretched  trans- 
lation from  the  Latin  into  Arabic.  He  also 
wrote  a  treatise  on  astrology,  and  made  an 
epitome  of  Ptolemy's  Almagest.  The  me- 
dical works  of  Averroes  are  scarce  and  above 
mediocrity,  and  of  his  numerous  verses  on 
amorous  and  light  subjects  very  few  remain. 
He  looked  back  upon  his  youthful  follies  with 
regret ;  and  though  a  Mahometan  in  religion, 
he  exclaimed  in  the  spirit  of  a  Christian, 
"  Would  to  God  I  had  been  born  old,  or  that 
in  my  youth  I  had  been  in  a  state  of  perfec- 
tion." The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  that 
of  Venice,  1608. 

Avesbuhy,  Robert,  an  English  historian, 
author  of  the  history  of  Edward  III.  to  the 
year  1356.  The  work  was  published  by 
Heame  1720. 

Auger,  Edmund,  a  Jesuit,  whose  elo- 
quence is  found  to  have  converted  40,000 
protestants  to  the  catholic  faith.  His  disin- 
terestedness was  such  that  he  refused  pro- 
motion in  the  church  and  even  a  bishopric. 
He  died  1591,  aged  61. 

Aucurelli,  John  Aurelius,  a  poet  and 
philosopher  of  Rimini,  who  died  at  Trevisa, 
1524,  aged  83.  He  was  professor  of  litera- 
ture at  Venice,  and  it  was  said  of  him  by 
Paulus  Jovius  that  he  had  a  great  genius  in  a 


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AV 


,  little  body.  He  ruined  himself  by  pretend- 
ing that  he  had  discovered  the  philosopher's 
stone,  so  that  Leo  X.  to  whom  he  dedicated 
his  best  poem  called  Chrysopoea,  gave  him  a 
large  empty  purse,  adding,  he  who  can  make 
gold,  wants  nothing  but  a  place  to  keep  it  in. 
His  poems  were  printed  at  Verona  1491, 4to. 
and  151S. 

Augustin,  Antony,  a  native  of  Saragos- 
sa,  distinguished  by  his  abilities,  and  employ- 
ed by  the  pope  as  ambassador  to  England 
1554,  and  afterwards  as  his  agent  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Trent.  In  1574  he  was  made  archbi- 
shop of  Tarragona,  and  so  charitable  was 
his  deportment  in  this  high  station,  that  lie 
did  not  leave  enough  wherewith  to  be  buried, 
1586.  He  was  author  of  some  treatises  and 
of  dialogues  on  medals,  in  Spanish  1587. 

August  i  ne,  Saint,  a  father  of  the  church, 
horn  at  Tagaste  in  Africa.  He  became,  from 
a  debauched  youth,  a  stead}'  and  zealous 
<r  Christian,  and  was  made  bishop  of  Hippo. 
He  died  430,  aged  76.  His  works,  which  are 
much  esteemed,  were  edited  10  vols.  fol. 
1579  and  1690  Paris. 

Augustine  or  Austin,  Saint,  first 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  sent  with  40 
others  by  pope  Gregory  I.  from  Rome  to 
convert  the  Britons  to  Christianity,  and  he 
landed  in  the  isle  of  Thanet  about  the  year 
596.  He  met  with  a  kind  reception  from 
king  Ethelbert,  and  after  making  a  number 
of  proselytes  he  returned  to  Aries  in  France, 
where  he  was  consecrated  metropolitan  of 
the  English  church.  He  fixed  his  seat  at 
Canterbury,  and  by  the  directions  of  the 
pope  he  used  with  tenderness  and  modera- 
tion his  new  converts,  by  permitting  them 
still  to  assemble  in  the  temples  which  were 
now  converted  into  Christian  churches,  and 
by  only  destroying  the  idols  to  which  they 
paid  the  most  solemn  worship.  The  con- 
version of  the  whole  nation  however  was  a 
work  of  difficulty.  Austin  found  adversaries 
unwilling  to  yield  to  reason  and  argument, 
and  probably  the  disrespect  which  he  shewed 
to  the  Britons  in  receiving  their  deputies 
sitting,  and  without  the  common  forms  of  ci- 
vility, irritated  against  his  doctrines  a  people 
naturally  superstitious,  and  strongly  attached 
to  the  religious  tenets  of  their  forefathers. 
With  too  much  haughtiness  he  insisted  on 
their  celebrating  caster  like  the  Romish 
church,  and  though  he  was  lenient  in  some 
particulars,  he  was  too  sanguine  in  establish- 
ing the  pope's  supremacy  among  independ- 
ent barbarians.  Austin  died  at  Canterbury 
C04,  and  superstition  has  ascribed  miracles 
to  his  ashes.  A  festival  was  ordered  in  hon- 
or of  him  by  the  pope's  bull  in  Edward  ind's 
reign. 

Augustine,  Leonard,  commonly  called 
Agostini,  a  learned  antiquarian  of  Sienna  in 
the  17th  century.  His  valuable  work  called 
Le  gemme  autiche  figurate,  first  published 
1657,  2  vols.  4to.  and  1707,  four  vols.  4to.  has 
been  universally  admired,  and  was  transla- 
ted by  Gronovius  into  Latin,  printed  at  Am- 
sterdam 1685,  and  Franeker  1694. 

Augustulus,  Romulus,  the  last  empe- 


ror of  Rome,  was  son  of  Orestes  who  had 
deposed  Julius  Nepos.  Young  and  unexpe- 
rienced, he  was  unable  to  withstand  the  at- 
tacks of  Odoacer  king  of  Italy,  and  after  the 
death  of  his  father  Orestes  and  the  ruin  of 
his  country,  he  retired  to  Campania,  where 
he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  iu  obscurity, 
maintained  by  a  small  pension. 

Augustus,  C.  Jul.  Cxs.  Octavianus,  the 
first  Roman  emperor,  was  born  B.  C.  62. 
He  was  educated  under  the  care  of  his  uncle 
Jul.  Csesar,  and  after  his  death,  he  had  the 
artifice  to  conclude  a  treaty  with  Antony  and 
Lepidus,  and  by  thus  establishing  a  triumvi- 
rate, he  made  himself  absolute  at  Rome. 
His  associates  Anton)'  and  Lepidus  were  re- 
moved in  consequence  of  quarrels  and  in- 
trigues, and  the  young  Cxsar,  now  sole  mas- 
ter of  Rome,  was  in  the  36th  year  of  his  age 
called  Augustus  by  the  obsequious  senate, 
and  invested  with  the  sovereign  power.  Thui 
raised  to  the  highest  elevation,  he  used  his 
power  with  moderation  and  prudence,  and 
all  his  measures  tended  to  increase  the  glory 
and  the  triumphs,  the  comforts  and  the  pros- 
perity, of  Rome.  Augustus  died  at  Nola 
A.  D.  14,  aged  76,  and  his  memory  was  em- 
balmed by  the  panegyrics  of  the  poets  and 
historians,  whom  with  a  lavish  hand  he  pro- 
tected and  patronised. 

Auhadi-Maragah,  a  musselman  poet 
who  put  into  Persian  verse  the  Giam-giam, 
a  book  full  of  Mahometan  spirituality.  He 
was  poor,  but  he  was  enriched  by  the  pre- 
sents of  the  emperor  of  the  Tartars  in  1319- 
His  tomb  is  held  in  great  veneration  at  Ispa- 
han. 

Avicenna,  a  famous  Mahometan  physi- 
cian and  philosopher,  who  early  applied  him- 
self to  the  study  of  literature,  to  botany, 
arithmetic,  and  mathematics.  At  the  age  of 
16  he  was  so  far  acquainted  with  physic  that 
he  visited  patients  with  great  reputation  and 
success,  and  that  he  might  still  more  improve 
his  understanding,  he  applied  himself  to  Aris- 
totle's metaphysics,  which,  after  reading  40 
times,  he  gave  up  in  despair  as  unintelligible, 
till  by  accident  he  met  a  beggar  that  offered 
him  to  sale  a  treatise  of  Al  Farabius  on  me- 
taphysics, which  clearly  opened  to  him  the 
sense  and  the  meaning  of  the  Grecian  philo- 
sopher, which  he  had  so  long  studied  in  vain. 
He  now  acquired  credit  as  a  physician  by 
curing  the  king  of  Khorassan,  but  his  ene- 
mies raised  a  perscution  against  him,  when 
the  monarch's  library  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
as  he  was  foolishly  accused  of  the  mischief, 
that  he  might  arrogate  to  himself  all  the 
learning  which  he  had  received  from  books. 
There  have  not  been  wanting  persons  to 
assert  that  all  his  celebrity  arose  from  the 
superior  talents  of  his  master,  to  whom  his 
mother  had  bound  him  as  a  servant  on  pre- 
tence of  being  deaf.  The  old  man,  as  it  is 
said,  admired  his  fulelitv  and  services,  and 
left  his  papers  open  to  his  view,  which  the 
crafty  pupil  copied  and  sent  to  his  mother, 
and  after  his  master's  death  published  as  the 
result  of  his  ow  n  knowledge  and  experience. 
In  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Frciud,  who  must  be 


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AU 


considered  as  a  judge,  Avicenna  had  feV 
merits,  his  writings  are  extracts  from  Galen, 
from  Rliazes,  and  from  Halyabbas  ;  and  he 
often  confuses  the  nature  or  description  of  a 
disease  by  an  affected  display  of  learned 
terms.  Avicenna  died  1036,  in  his  56th 
year,  with  the  character  of  a  learned  man 
hut  too  much  addicted  to  wine  and  to  effemi- 
nate pleasures.  His  books  on  medicine  and 
philosophy  including  his  smaller  tracts  were 
in  number  about  100,  now  nearly  all  lost. 

Avienus,  Rufus  Festus,  a  Latin  poet, 
who  translated  Aratus'  pluenomena,  he.  in 
■the  fourth  century.  His  works  were  edited 
12mo.  Paris  1590,  and  1731,  8vo. 

Avila,  Louis'  d',  a  native  of  Placentia, 
general  of  cavalry  under  Charles  V.  at  the 
siege  of  Metz  1552,  of  which  the  defence 
was  conducted  by  the  duke  of  Guise.  He 
•wrote  memoirs  of  the  African  war,  and  of 
the  wars  of  Charles  V.  against  the  protestants 
of  Germany,  printed  1546,  and  is  censured 
by  De  Thou  for  his  partiality. 

Avila,  Giles  Gonzales  d',  historiographer 
to  the  Spanish  king,  died  1658,  aged  above 
SO,  author  of  a  Spanish  history  of  the  anti- 
quities of  Salamanca,  the  state  of  the  churches 
in  India,  &c. 

Avila,  John  d1,  a  learned  and  pious  ec- 
clesiastic of  Toledo,  who  died  1569,  author 
of  some  spiritual  letters,  he. 

Avila,  Sancho  d',  bishop  of  Murcia  and 
afterwards  of  Placentia,  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  piety.  He  wrote  some  theological 
tracts,  and  died  1626,  aged  80. 

A  viler,  Augustin  Charles  d',  a  native  of 
Paris,  taken  by  the  Algerine  pirates  as  he 
•was  saihngfrom  Marseilles  to  Rome  with  the 
view  of  enlarging  his  ideas  of  architecture. 
During  his  two  years  of  captivity  at  Tunis  he 
merited  the  thanks  of  the  dey  by  producing 
the  much  admired  plan  of  the  mosque  there, 
and  on  regaining  his  liberty  he  visited  Rome, 
and  afterwards  beautified  Montpellier  by  the 
erection  of  a  magnificent  gate  in  honor  of 
Lewis  XIV.  He  died  at  Montpellier,  1700, 
aged  47.  He  wrote  a  course  of  architecture 
in  two  vols.  4to.  highly  esteemed.  He  had 
before  translated  from  the  Italian  Scamozz,i's 
sixth  book  of  architecture. 

Aviron,  James  le  Bathelier,  author  of 
commentaries  on  the  provincial  laws  of  Nor- 
mandy published  after  his  death,  lived  in  the 
16th  century. 

Avitus,  Mai'k  Miecilius,  a  native  of 
Auvergne,  emperor  of  the  West  on  the 
death  of  Maximus  455.  His  elevation  was 
not  attended  by  popularity  and  by  virtuous 
actions;  on  the  contrary  he  devoted  himself 
to  pleasure,  and  soon  offended  the  senate,  so 
that  at  the  end  of  14  months  he  was  marked 
for  disgrace  and  death.  He  fled  from  the 
hands  of  his  persecutors  towards  the  Alps, 
and  died  on  the  road.  His  daughter  married 
Apollinaris  Sidonius,  an  historian  who  em- 
balmed the  memory  of  his  father-in-law. 

Aui.us  Gellius,  a  Latin  grammarian 
in  the  age  of  Trajan.  His  noctes  attics  are 
a  valuable  and  interesting  work. 

Auhon't,    John  d\  count  of  Chntcroux, 


marshal  of  France  under  Henry  HI.  and 
governor  of  Champagne  and  Britany  under 
Henry  IV.  He  distinguished  himself  by  his 
bravery,  and  fell  at  the  siege  of  Comper  near 
Rennes,  1595,  aged  73. 

Aumont,  Anthony  d',  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  was  also  marshal  of  France,  and 
governor  of  Paris.  He  distinguished  himself 
at  the  battle  of  Rethel,  and  died  at  Paris 
1669,  aged  68. 

Aungerville,  Richard,  a  native  of 
St.  Edmundsbury,  Suffolk,  educated  at  Ox- 
ford. He  was  tutor  to  Edward  HI.  and  for 
his  services  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Durham, 
1333,  and  in  1334  made  lord  chancellor,  and 
two  years  after  treasurer.  He  was  not  only 
learned,  but  the  munificent  patron  of  learned 
men,  and  founded  a  library  at  Oxford.  He 
wrote  Philobiblos  or  the  right  use  of  books, 
printed  Oxford  1599,  and  died  at  Durham, 
1345,  aged  74. 

Aunoy,  Marie  Catharine  Jumelle  de 
Bernville  Countess  d',  widow  of  count  d'Au- 
noy,  and  niece  of  madame  Desloges,  is  known 
as  a  voluminous  writer  of  romances  in  a 
careless  style,  and  with  much  affectation  of 
the  supernatural  and  marvellous.  Her  ad- 
ventures of  Hippolytus,  earl  of  Douglas,  and 
tales  of  the  Fairies,  are  her  best  pieces.  Her 
husband  was  accused  of  treason,  and  with 
difficulty  cleared  himself.  One  of  his  three 
accusers  afterwards  through  remorse  of  con- 
science confessed  the  charge  to  be  false.  She 
died  1705. 

Avogardi,  Lucia  Albani,  an  Italian  po- 
etess of  Bergamo.  Her  pieces  possessed 
such  merit,  that  Tasso  became  her  commen- 
tator. She  died  at  Brescia,  where  she  had 
married  a  Venetian  nobleman. 

Aurelian,  son  of  an  Illyrian  peasant, 
was  raised  to  the  imperial  throne  of  Rome, 
after  Claudius  II.  His  conquest  of  Zenobia 
is  famous.     He  was  assassinated  275. 

Aurelius  Victor,  Sextus,  a  Roman 
historian  of  the  fourth  century,  prefect  of 
Pannonia  and  consul.  His  Roman  history  is 
much  admired. 

Aurllli  or  Arelli,  John  Mutio,  a 
Latin  poet,  who  closely  imitated  Catullus, 
but  without  following  his  feeble  or  indecent 
parts.  He  was  made  by  Pope  Leo  X.  gov- 
ernor of  a  place,  where  he  was  found  dead 
soon  after  with  his  mule  at  the  bottom  of  a 
well,  1520,  and  it  is  supposed  that  his  op- 
pression had  drawn  upon  him  this  violent 
punishment  from  the  inhabitants.        . 

Aureng-z.eb,  great  mogul,  conspired 
with  Morad  one  of  his  brothers  against  his 
father  Shah-Gehen  at  Agra,  and  kept  him  in 
confinement  till  he  caused  him  to  be  poison- 
ed by  one  of  his  pbysicians.  His  brothers 
Morad  and  Dara  were  destroyed  with  equal 
cruelty,  and  he  became  master  of  a  large 
dominion,  which  he  extended  by  the  conquest 
of  Deean,  Visapour,  Golconda,  and  nearly 
the  whole  Indian  peninsula.  A  power  ac- 
quired by  perfidy  and  bloodshed,  was  main- 
tained with  vigor  and  equity,  and  though 
Aurcng-Zeb  did  not  escape  the  tortures  of 
a  reproaching  conscience,  he  was  mild  in  his 


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AU 


manners,  and  consulted  the  good  of  his  sub- 
jects. As  he  had  been  cruel  to  his  father,  he 
dreaded  retaliation  from  his  sons,  and  lived 
himself  constantly  in  his  camp,  in  the  ..Alst 
of  his  soldiers.  He  died  at  Ahmednager, 
1707,  aged  89 

Aureolus,  Manius  Acilius,  a  Dacian, 
who  from  a  shepherd  became  a  general,  and 
had  the  meanness  to  cause  his  patron,  Galli- 
enus  the  emperor,  to  be  assassinated.  He 
was  put  to  death  at  Milan  207,  by  the  second 
Claudius. 

Auria,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Palermo, 
distinguished  as  a  man  of  letters.  He  wrote 
several  works  in  Latin  and  in  Italian.  The 
most  esteemed  of  his  writings  are  his  histo- 
ry of  the  great  men  of  Sicily,  in  4to.  1704, 
and  his  history  of  the  viceroys  of  Sicily,  fol. 
1697.  He  died  1710,  aged  85.  He  was  born 
poor,  but  indigence  is  the  mother  of  indus- 
try, and  of  distinction. 

Aurificus  or  OrificusBonefilius, 
Nicholas,  a  Carmelite  of  Sienna,  author  of 
several  religious  books.  His  best  works  is 
de  antiquiiate,  and  ceremoniis  missce  in  Svo. 
He  died  the  latter  end  of  the  16th  century, 
aged  about  70. 

Aurigny,  dilies  d',  an  ingenious  French 
poet  of  the  16th  century,  of  whose  private 
character  little  is  known.  His  tuteur  d'a- 
mour  is  a  chef  d'eeuvre  for  fancy,  ease,  and 
elegance.  It  is  with  some  others  of  his  po- 
ems inserted  in  the  annates  poetiques. 

Aurigny,  Hyacintha  Robiliard  d',  a  Je- 
suit, born  at  Caen,  and  appointed  regent  of 
the  college  of  Alencon.  He  wrote  some 
chronological  memoirs  on  history,  valuable 
for  their  accuracy.  He  died  1719,  in  his 
44th  year. 

Aurillon,  Jean  Baptiste  Elie,  a  native 
of  Paris,  admired  for  his  eloquence  in  the 
pulpit,  his  piety  and  his  learning.  He  was 
author  of  some  divinity  tracts,  and  died 
1729,  aged  78. 

Auriol,  Blaise  d',  professor  of  the  canon 
law  at  Toulouse,  known  byr  some  poetical 
pieces,  and  treatises  on  jurisprudence.  He 
was  so  terrified  at  the  prediction  of  an  ap- 
proaching deluge,  by  a  pretended  prophet 
of  his  time,  that  he  built  himself  a  large  ark 
in  which,  like  another  Noah,  he  hoped  to  sur- 
vive the  general  calamity.     He  died  1540. 

Aurispa,  John,  a  native  of  Noto  in  Sici- 
ly, patronised  and  preferred  by  pope  Nicho- 
las V.  He  translated  Archimedes,  Hiero- 
cles'  commentary  on  Pythagoras's  golden 
verses,  &c.  and  died  in  a  good  old  age  at 
Ferrara,  at.  the  end  of  the  15th  century. 

Auuogallus,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Bo- 
hemia, professor  at  Wittemburg,  and  assis- 
tant to  Luther  in  translating  the  Bible  into 
German.  He  published  a  Chaldee  and  He- 
brew grammar,  &c.  Basil  1539,  and  died 
1543.  ' 

Aunoux,  Matthew,  a  lawyer,  author  of  a 
curious  commentary  on  the  costume  du  Bour- 
bonnois.     He  died    about  the   middle  of  the 

fl8th  century. 
Ausoxius,    Decimus    Magnus,   a  Latin 
poet  of  the  fourth   century,  born  at  Bour- 
VOL.  I.  15 


deaux.  He  was  preceptor  to  Cratian,  \  a- 
lentinian's  son,  and  wrote  some  admired 
poems. 

Aussun,  Pierre  d',  a  distinguished  officer 
in  the  French  service  at  the  battles  of  Ceri- 
soles  and  Ureux.     He  died  1563. 

Austin,  William,  a  barister  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  author  of  hrec  homo,  or  the  excellency 
of  women,  partly  extracted  from  Agrippa's 
book  de  nobilitate  et  praecellent.  fxminei 
sexus  He  wrote  also  meditations  on  the 
fasts  and  feasts  of  the  church,  published  af- 
ter his  death,  folio,  1637. 

Autels,  Gillaume  des,  an  indifferent 
French  poet  of  Charolles  in  Burgundy,  who 
died  1576  aged  47. 

Auteroche,  Jean  Chappe  d',  was  born 
at  Mauriac,  in  Upper  Auvergne,  son  of  the 
lord  Auteroche,  and  he  early  distinguished 
himself  by  his  rapid  progress  in  the  acquisi- 
tion of  learning,  which  was  aided  by  the  ad- 
vantages of  rank  and  of  opulence.  His  superior 
abilities,  especially  in  drawing  and  mathema- 
tics, soon  recommended  him  to  public  no- 
tice. The  principal  of  his  college,  de  la 
Tour,  mentioned  him  to  Cassini,  and  the 
philosopher  found  him  equal  to  his  great  ex- 
pectations. Auteroche  was  employed  to  sur- 
vey the  royal  buildings,  and  he  advanced  his 
reputation  by  translating  Dr.  Halley's  works, 
and  displayed  the  accuracy  of  his  calculations 
in  bis  assiduous  observations  on  the  two  co- 
mets which  appeared  in  1760.  The  transit 
of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disk,  on  the  6th  of 
June  1761,  added  still  to  his  popularity. 
While  Pinge  was  sent  to  the  isle  of  Rode- 
rigo,  the  abbe  Auteroche  braved  the  rigors 
of  the  north,  and  fixed  upon  Tobolsk,  the 
capital  of  Siberia,  as  the  place  for  his  obser- 
vations. The  appearance  of  the  philosopher 
with  his  mathematical  apparatus  was  viewed 
by  the  barbarian  natives  with  astonishment 
and  terror,  so  that  the  governor  was  obliged 
to  protect  Ids  person  with  a  guard  ;  but  the 
cause  of  science  triumphed,  and  though  the 
clouded  skies  seemed  not  to  promise  a  favor- 
able day,  yet  the  transit  became  visible,  and 
the  exulting  astronomer,  who  made  his  ob- 
servations in  the  presence  of  the  archbishop 
of  Tobolsk,  and  other  men  of  science,  im- 
mediately dispatched  a  courier  to  Paris  with 
the  result  of  his  observations.  So  much  in- 
trepidity manifested  for  the  advancement  of 
philosophy  did  not  pass  unnoticed  by  the  em- 
press of  Russia ;  the  abbe  was  invited  to 
Petersburg,  an  I  ihe  most  ample  patronage 
and  the  highest  academical  honors  were  to 
attend  his  settlement  at  Petersburg.  The 
liberal  offers  were  however  rejected  by  the 
independent  Frenchman,  who  prepared,  in 
1769,  to  view  another  transit  of  Venus,  and 
crossed  in  a  small  vessel  the  Atlantic,  eager 
to  reach  the  coast  of  California,  which  was 
the  place  most  favorable  for  the  observation 
of  the  phenomenon.  A  pestilential  disease 
had  spread  devastation  over  the  country,  but 
the  abbe  fearless  of  danger  landed  at  St.  Jo- 
seph, determined  there  to  make  his  astrono- 
mical remarks  against  the  advice  of  his 
friends.    The  3d  of  June,  the  wished  for  day 


t4u-rtvK/> 


AU 


AY 


arrived,  the  observations  were  completed, 
and  the  disorder  seemed  to  respect  the  per- 
son of  the  abbe  ;  but,  however,  three  days 
after  he  was  attacked.  Yet  he  might  have 
struggled  against  the  violence  of  the  disease, 
and  survived  the  dreadful  shock,  had  he  not 
imprudently  exposed  himself  to  the  air,  and 
to  the  fatigue  of  observing  an  eclipse  of  the 
moon,  on  the  very  day  that  he  took  physic. 
His  fate  was  now  decided,  he  grew  worse, 
and  died  August  1st,  1769,  in  his  49th  year, 
a  remarkable  instance  of  indefatigable  appli- 
cation unfortunately  sacrificed  to  a  too  eager 
pursuit  after  knowledge.  His  papers  were 
preserved  by  M.  Pauli  who  accompanied 
him,  and  were  presented  to  the  world  by 
young  Cassini. 

Authon,  John  d',  abbot  of  Angle  in 
Poitou,  and  of  the  same  family  from  which 
sprung  Barbarossa,  was  historiographer  to 
Lewis  XII.  His  history  of  France  from  1490 
to  1508  is  very  circumstantial  and  entertain- 
ing, though  hfris  blamed  by  some  for  a  cool- 
ness of  narration,  and  a  disinteresting  detail 
of  trifles  occasionally  interspersed  with  im- 
probable facts.  He  died  15-23.  Part  of  his 
works  was  published  b)*  Godefroi,  and  the 
rest  still  remains  in  manuscript. 

A  ntomne,  Bernard,  advocate  in  the  par- 
liament of  Bourdeaux,  was  author  of  a  com- 
mentary on  the  provincial  law  of  Bourdeaux 
—of  Censura  Gallica  in  jus  civile  Romanum 
— of  a  comparison  of  the  French  and  Roman 
law,  &c.     He  died  1666,  aged  99. 

Autreau,  Jacquesd',  a  painter  of  Paris, 
who,  at  the  age  of  60,  began  to  write  for  the 
stage.  His  pieces  were  favorably  received, 
and  though  they  were  deficient  in  intricacy 
of  plot  and  action,  yet  they  were  admired 
for  vivacity,  ease,  and  comic  spirit.  His 
works  were  published  1749,  in  4  vols,  12mo. 
with  a  preface  by  Pelessier.  The  best 
known  of  his  pictures  was  his  Diogenes  with 
a  lanthern  in  his  hand  in  search  of  an  honest 
man,  which  he  finds  in  a  representation  of 
cardinal  de  Fleury.  Autreau  lived  in  retire- 
ment, an  enemy  to  the  parade,  bustle,  and 
follies  of  life,  and  happy  in  his  poverty. 
He  died  at  Paris  1745,  in  the  hospital  of 
incurables. 

Auvergne,  Anthony  d',  a  native  of 
Clermont,  director  of  the  opera  at  Paris,  and 
known  as  a  very  eminent  composer,  whose 
works  are  held  in  the  highest  admiration. 
He  died  at  Lyons,  12th  February  1797, 
aged  84. 

Auvigny,  N.  Castres  d',  a  man  of  great 
genius,  born  in  the  Hainaut,  and  intimate 
with  l'abbe  des  Fontaines,  who  nurtured  and 
directed  his  taste.  He  was  an  officer  in  the 
light-horse  guards,  and  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Dettingen,  1743,  in  his  3lst  year. 
His  writings  were  numerous  for  his  age,  and 
all  on  historical  subjects,  the  most  admired 
of  which  are  his  lives  of  illustrious  French- 
men, 8  vols,  l'imo. — his  history  of  Paris,  4 
vols.  12mo. — besides  memoirs  of  madame 
Barneveldt,  2  vols.  12mo. — and  histories  of 
Rome  and  France  abridged.  He  is  authen- 
tic, though  his  style  is  occasionally  too  de- 
clamatory and  romantic. 


Auxentius,  a  native  of  Cappadocia, 
made  bishop  of  Milan  by  Constantius,  but 
excommunicated  by  a  council  at  Rome.  He 
was  an  Arian  by  principle.  He  died  374. — 
Another  of  the  same  name  was  so  violent  in 
his  tenets  that  he  challenged  St.  Ambrose 
to  a  public  disputation  which  he  as  prudently 
rejected. 

Auiont,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
known  as  a  mathematician  He  is  said  to  be 
the  inventor  of  the  micrometer  in  1667,  the 
merit  of  which,  however,  is  claimed  also  by 
the  English.  He  first  suggested  the  idea  of 
applying  the  telescope  to  the  astronomical 
quadrant,  though  some  attribute  it  to  Picard. 
He  died  1691.  He  wrote  a  treatise  of  the 
micrometer,  printed  1603,  folio. 

Axereto  or  Asseeeto,  Blaise,  a  cele- 
brated Genoese  admiral  who  defeated  Al- 
phonso  V.  king  of  Arragon,  in  a  naval  battle, 
1435,  and  took  him  prisoner. 

Axiothea,  a  female  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Plato,  whose  lectures  she  attended  in 
man's  clothes. 

Axtel,  Daniel,  a  colonel  in  the  parlia- 
mentary army,  of  whose  private  character 
few  circumstances  are  known.  He  was 
strongly  infected  with  the  puritanical  tenets 
of  the  times,  and  so  firmly  convinced  of  the 
justice  of  the  cause  of  the  parliament,  that 
from  a  grocer  he  became  a  soldier,  and  by 
his  good  conduct  rose  to  the  place  of  colonel. 
He  was  one  of  the  officers  employed  at  the 
trial  of  the  king,  and  his  behaviour  showed 
that  he  had  not  preserved  much  reverence 
for  fallen  majesty.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Ireland,  but  being  dissatisfied  with  the  con- 
duct of  Henry  Cromwell,  the  lord  lieutenant, 
he  gave  in  his  resignation,  till  the  expulsion  of 
the  second  protector  and  the  restoration  of  the 
old  parliament  called  him  again  to  action.  He 
was  however  opposed  by  Monk  and  dispos- 
sessed of  his  command,  and  after  supporting 
general  Lambert  against  Ingoldsby,  he  Mas 
obliged  to  fly,  but  was  soon  taken  and  com- 
mitted to  the  tower.  He  was  the  50th  of  the 
52  excepted  from  the  bill  of  indemnity,  and 
he  was  accordingly  tried  as  being  concerned 
in  the  king's  murder.  It  was  sufficiently 
evident  that  he  had  acted  with  unusual  se- 
verity against  the  king,  and  that  he  had  been 
concerned  in  his  execution,  and  therefore  he 
was  sentenced  to  be  hanged  at  Tyburn, 
which  sentence  was  executed  on  the  19th 
October  1660.  Axtel  in  his  last  moments 
showed  great  firmness  of  mind,  and  attemp- 
ted to  justify  his  conduct  to  the  spectators. 
His  head  was  set  up  at  the  end  of  Westmin- 
ster-hall, and  the  limbs  exposed  in  other 
places.  He  left  a  widow  and  seven  children, 
for  whom  lie  had  provided  in  the  da}'S  of  his 
prosperity  a  sufficient  subsistence. 

Ayesha,  daughter  of  Abubeker,  was  the 
most  beloved  of  the  wives  of  Mahomet, 
though  she  bore  him  no  child.  After  his 
death  she  opposed  the  succession  of  Ali,  but, 
though  violent  and  revengeful,  her  charac- 
ter was  respected,  and  when  taken  prisoner, 
she  was  dismissed  without  injury.  She  died 
077,  aged  67. 


AY 


AY 


Aylesbury,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of 
London,  educated  at  Westminster  school  and 
Christ  Church,  where  he  took  his  master's 
degree.  His  abilities  as  a  mathematician  and 
man  of  science  recommended  him  to  the 
duke  of  Buckingham,  by  whose  influence  he 
was  made  a  baronet,  and  master  of  the  mint. 
During  the  civil  wars  lie  suffered  much  from 
the  virulence  of  the  persecution  of  the  par- 
liament, and  on  the  king's  death  he  retired 
to  Flanders,  where  he  died  1657.  In  his 
public  character  he  was  a  great  patron  of 
literature  ;  and  among  his  friends  particular- 
ly was  Thomas  Harriot,  and  also  Thomas 
Ailen  who  intrusted  his  MSS.  to  his  confi- 
dential care.  His  daughter  married  lord 
Clarendon. 

Aylesbury,  William,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Westminster,  and  like 
his  father,  educated  at  Westminster  school 
and  Christ  Church.  Charles  I.  who  knew 
his  merits,  appointed  him  tutor  to  the  young 
duke  of  Buckingham,  and  his  brother  lord 
Francis  Villiers,  with  whom  he  travelled, 
and  on  his  return  he  was  made  groom  of  the 
royal  chamber,  and  encouraged  to  translate 
d'Avila's  history  of  the  civil  wars  of  France, 
"which  appeared  in  London,  folio,  1647,  and 
1678.  The  civil  wars  reduced  him  from 
comfortable  independence  to  poverty,  and 
he  passed  to  Jamaica,  where  he  died  about 
1657.  While  in  Italy  it  is  said  that  he  was 
nearly  murdered  by  two  assassins,  who  mis- 
took him  for  another  person  against  whom 
their  weapons  were  directed. 

Aylett,  Robert,  a  master  in  chancery, 
of  Trinity-hall,  Cambridge,  L.  L.  D.  1614. 
He  wrote  Susanna,  or  the  arraignment  of  the 
two  elders,  ifl  8vo.  16'22,  and  divine  and 
moral  speculations  in  verse — the  Britannia 
antiqua  illustrata,  though  ascribed  to  him, 
was  supposed  to  be  written  by  his  nephew, 
Aylett  Sammes,  as  he  did  not  possess  suffici- 
ent labor  and  learning  for  the  execution. 

Aylin,  John,  author  of  the  history  of 
Friuli,  found  in  Muralori's  antiquitat.  Ital. 
medii  a>vi,  Milan,  1740,  was  an  Italian  writer 
of  the  I4tli  century. 

Aylmer,  John,  was  born  at  Aylmer-hall, 
in  Norfolk,  15iil,  and  patronised  by  the 
marquis  of  Dorset  afterwards  duke  of  Suffolk, 
■who  maintained  hint  at  Cambridge,  and 
made  him  tutor  to  his  children,  among  whom 
was  lady  Jane  Grey.  He  warmly  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  reformation,  so  that  his 
pulpit  eloquence  was  instrumental  iu  con- 
verting many  of  the  people  in  Leicester- 
shire; but  when  Mary  came  to  the  throne, 
he  had  shown  himself  too  zealous  against 
popery  to  be  safe  in  England,  and  therefore 
he  fled  to  Strasburg  and  Zurich  till  the  ele- 
vation of  Elizabeth  recalled  him  home.  He 
•was  one  of  the  eight  divines  appointed  to  dis- 
pute with  the  same  number  of  Catholics ; 
hut  though  his  learning  was  great,  and  his 
zeal  unceasing,  he  received  little  prefer- 
ment, because  it  is  said  he  had  with  some 
asperity  reflected  upon  the  indolence  of  the 
hisbops  and  their  excessive  incomes.  His 
abilities,  however,  were    at  last   rewarded, 


I  and  he  was   made  bishop   of  London  when 
'  Sandys  was  translated  from  that  see  to  Can- 
!  terbury.     It  is,  however,  a  strong  reflection 
!  on  his  character,  that   he  sued   lor  dilapida- 
tions and  with  great  earnestness   bis   prede- 
cessor, who  had  been   warm  in  his  recom- 
j  mendation  of  him  to  a  diocese,  and  recover- 
ed 900/.  or  1000/     His  attention  as  a  bishop 
was  exemplary,  he   watched    with  a  jealous 
I  eye  over  the  dignity  of  the  clergy,  and  none 
but  deserving  characters  were  admitted  can- 
1  didates  for   orders.     During  the   plague  the 
|  bishop's  humanity    was  eminently  conspdeu- 
i  ous.     By  his  orders  the  sick  were  visited  by 
his  clergy,  every  possible  comfort  was  liber- 
|  ally  administered,  and  books  with  directions 
to   prevent  the    spreading  of  the    contagion 
J  were  freely  circulated    at  his   expense.     In 
his   last  years    he   wished    to  exchange   his 
diocese  for  Ely    or  Winchester,  but  when 
this  could  not  be  effected,  he  hoped  to  resign 
in  favor  of  Dr.  Bancroft,  which  the  latter  re- 
jected.     He  died  at  Fulham,    3d   of  June, 
1594,  aged  73.     He  was  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, strong   sense,  of  a   warm    independent 
|  temper,  eloquent  and  popular  as  a  preacher, 
j  and  as  a  bishop,  rigid  in  enforcing  punctualli- 
j  ty    and   subordination,  so   that  the   puritans 
;  and  anabaptists  whom  he  opposed,  have  de- 
:  scribed    him  as   intolerable   in  his    conduct, 
j  virulent  in  his  language,  and  tyrannical  over 
his  inferiors.     Though  economical   he  loved 
magnificence,  so   that  his  household  consis- 
ted of  80  persons.  He  married  Judith  Buers, 
by  whom  he  had  seven  sons  and  two  or  three 
daughters.     He  died  rich,  but   his  successor 
obtained  dilapidations.    He  has  been  accused 
of  avarice  iu  cutting  down  the  woods  which 
belonged   to    his  diocese,   to   the  amount  of 
1000/.  to  the  hurt  of  his   successor,  and   in 
consequence  of  a  representation  to  the  coun- 
cil of  the  circumstance,  the  queen  enjoined 
him  to  desist.     He  was  author  of  an   answer 
to  Knox's  blast  against  the   empire  of   wo- 
men. 

Ayloffe,  Sir  Joseph,  bart.  was  de- 
scended of  an  ancient  Saxon  family,  seated 
at  Baeton  Alof,  near  Wye,  in  Kent,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  III.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  St.  John's  college, 
Oxford,  and  became  eminent  for  his  learn- 
ing and  his  knowledge  of  the  history  and  an- 
tiquities of  his  country.  He  intended  to 
write  the  history  of  Suffolk,  but  he  dropped 
the  intention  from  the  deficiency  of  the  ma- 
terials promised  to  him,  and  in  1747,  he 
circulated  proposals  for  a  translation  of  the 
French  encyclopaedia  with  additions  anil  a 
large  collection  of  articles  concerning  tin; 
history  and  antiquities  of  Great-Britain,  in 
10  volumes  4to.  price  9/.  9s.  but  after  the  first 
volume  was  published,  the  prosecution  of 
the  work  was  laid  aside  for  want  of  sufficient 
patronage.  Sir  Joseph  was  elected  vice- 
president  of  the  antiquarian  society,  and  his 
various  publications  on  the  antiquities  of 
England,  and  on  local  history,  and  on  dif- 
ferent monuments,  proved  how  well  he  de- 
served the  public  favor.  He  married,  in 
1734,    Mr«.   .Margaret   Bailton,    widow,    by 


AY 


AY 


whom  he  had  an  only  son  who  died  of  the  1 
small  pox,  at  Cambridge,  in  his   21st   year,  . 
December    19th,  1756,  and  the  father   died  | 
at  Lambeth,  April  1781,  aged   72,  and  was  ' 
buried  with  his  father  and  son  in  the  vault  of  I 
Heiulon  church.     His  manuscripts  were  sold 
after    his  death.     On   the    establishment  of  j 
the  paper  office,  he  was  the  first  in  the  com- 
mission  ;  he    was  also  secretary  to  the  com- 
missioners for  the  building  of  Westminster-  I 
bridge.     Besides  various   papers  in  the  Ar- 
chxoiogia,  he  published  calendars  of  the  an-  | 
cient  charters  in  the  Tower  of  London,  1772, 
4to. — additions    of   Leland's   collectanea,    9 
vols.  8vo. — liber  niger  Scaccarii,  2  vols.  8vo. —  . 
Hearne's  curious  discourses,  2  vols.  8vo.  &c. 

Aylon,  Luke  Vasques  d  ,  a  Spaniard  en- 
gaged in  the  discovery  and  conquest  of  Ame- 
rica. He  made  an  expedition  into  Florida, 
1520,  and  is  supposed  to  have  perished  in  a 
second  voyage  to  the  same  place. 

Aymar,  James,  a  peasant  of  Dauphine,  : 
who  acquired  some  reputatio  by  pretend- 
ing to  discover  secrets,  hidden  treasures, 
robberies,  &c.  by  means  of  a  sacred  wand: 
His  fraud  was  discovered,  and  he  retired 
again  to  obscurity.  De  Vallemont,  however, 
wrote  a  book  on  his  divining  rod.  He  died 
1708,  in  his  46th  year. 

Aymon,  John,  a  Piedmontese  who  em- 
braced the  tenets  of  Calvin  in  Holland,  and 
afterwards  returned  to  the  Romish  church 
under  the  patronage  of  the  cardinal  de  Noial- 
les,  who  procured  for  him  a  pension.  He 
was  permitted  access  to  the  king's  libra  y  at 
Paris,  but  he  dishonorably  abused  the  confi- 
dence reposed  in  him  by  conveying  away 
some  of  the  books,  and  among  others  the 
manuscript  original  of  the  synod  of  Jerusa- 
lem, held  1672  This  he  printed  in  Holland  i 
with  other  pieces,  under  the  name  of  monu- 
mens  de  la  religion  des  Grecs,  et  de  la 
faussete  de  plusieurs  confessions  de  foi,  1718, 
in  4to.  This  was  answered  and  criticised 
with  spirit  and  ability  by  Renaudot.  He 
wrote  besides  some  treatises  on  ecclesiastical 
history,  especially  les  Synodes  nationanx  des 
eglises  reformees  de  France,  1710,  2  vols. 
4tn. — tableau  de  la  cour  de  Rome,  1707, 
12mo. — the  letters  of  Cyril,  Lucar,  &c. 

Ayres,  John,  an  English  penman  of  con- 
siderable eminence,  of  whose  life  few  par- 
ticulars are  known.  He  was  in  the  house- 
hold of  sir  William  Ashurst,  lord  mayor  of 
London,  1694,  to  whom  he  dedicated  his 
arithmetic  made  easy,  a  popular  work  of 
which  a  12th  edition  appeared  1714.  His 
tutor  to  penmanship,  engraved  by  John 
Strut,  was  published  1695,  and  inscribed  to 
king  William ;  and  in  1700  appeared  his 
Paul's  school  round  hand.  He  lived  at  the 
hand  and  pen  in  St.  Paul's  church  yard, 
where  he  published  several  other  works  on 
penmanship. 

Ayrmin  or  Ayermin,  William,  a  na- 
tive of  Lincolnshire,  made  chancellor  of 
England  by  Edward  HI.  and  afterwards  trea- 
surer. He  was  also  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Rome,  where,  by  his  intrigues,  he  obtained 
the   nomination   to  the  vacant   bishopric  of 


Norwich  from  the  pope,  which  so  offended 
the  king,  that  he  refused  for  a  long  time  to 
admit  him  to  his  see.     He  died  about  1387. 

Aysa,  a  Moorish  female,  taken  prisoner 
by  the  Spaniards  under  Charles  V.  ai  the 
siege  of  Tunis.  She  rejected  with  noble  in- 
dignation the  offers  of  Muley-Haseeu  who 
wished  to  redeem  her  from  captivity,  and 
observed  that  as  he  had  been  stripped  oi  his 
kingdom,  she  disdainet  to  owe  her  liberty  to 
so  great  a  coward. 

Avscough,  George  Edward,  son  of  Dr. 
Ayscough  dean  of  Bristol,  and  of  Anne, 
fifth  sister  of  lord  Lyttleton,  was  an  officer 
in  the  toot  guards,  and  distinguished  by  his 
literary  accomplishments.  He  wrote  Semi- 
ramis  a  tragedy,  If 7 T,  and  on  his  return  from 
the  continent,  which  he  visited  for  the  bene- 
fit ol'  his  health,  he  published  letters  from 
an  officer  of  the  guards  to  his  friend  in  Eng- 
land, with  some  account  of  France  and  Italy 
1/78,  8vo.  He  fell  a  victim  to  a  rapid  con- 
sumption 14th  Oct.  17  9. 

Ayscough,  Samuel,  an  indefatigable 
compiler.  He  was  born  at  Nottngham, 
where  his  education  was  begun  under  the 
care  of  Mr.  Johnson,  till  the  misfortunes  of 
his  father  rendered  his  further  progress  in 
learning  impossible.  From  the  mean  occu- 
pation of  servant  in  a  mill,  young  Ayscough 
was  drawn  by  the  friendship  of  a  school-fel- 
low who  knew  his  meiit  and  his  industry, 
and  he  was  in  17/0  admitted  into  the  British 
museum,  and  some  time  after  obtained  the 
office  of  under  librarian.  His  time  was  use- 
fully employed  in  this  noble  national  estab- 
lishment, and  he  made  a  correct  catalogue 
of  the  MSS.  of  the  collection.  He  also  as- 
sisted in  the  arrangement  of  the  papers  in 
the  Tower,  and  made  an  index  to  the  first 
56  vols  of  the  Gentleman's  .\iagaz;ne,  to 
the  Monthly  Review,  to  the  British  Critic, 
to  Shakspeare,  and  to  other  popular  w oiks. 
He  wrote  besides  remarks  on  the  letters  of 
an  American  farmer,  &c.  He  was  for  some 
time  curate  of  St.  Giles's  in  the  Fields,  and 
he  began  in  1790  to  preach  the  Fairchild 
lecture  on  Whit-Tuesday,  founded  in  Shore- 
ditch  church,  before  the  Royal  Society, 
which  he  continued  for  14  years.  In  1804 
the  lord  chancellor  gave  him  the  living  of 
Cudham  in  Kent,  but  the  appointment  came 
too  late  to  a  man  who  deserved,  for  his  inde- 
fatigable industry  and  correct  conduct,  bet- 
ter preferment,  for  he  died  the  next  J  ear. 

Aysche,  Sir  George,  a  gallant  English  ad- 
miral descended  from  an  ancient  family  in 
Lincolnshire.  He  was  knighted  by  Charles 
I.  but  in  the  civil  wars  he  declared  for  the 
commonwealth  ;  and  when  the  fleet  revolted 
to  prince  Rupert,  he  brought  his  ship,  the 
Lion,  into  the  Thames,  and  was  rewarded 
for  his  attachment  to  the  parliament  with  a 
command  on  the  Irish  station,  where  his  va- 
lor and  experience  greatly  contributed  to  the 
reduction  of  Ireland.  In  1651  he  reduced 
Barbadoes,  and  the  next  year  he  defeated  a 
Dutch  fleet,  and  soon  after,  in  consequence  of 
his  dispute  with  Blake,  he  retired  from  the 
service  to  command  the  fleet  of  Charles  Gus- 


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tarns  king  of  Sweden.  After  the  restoration 
he  was  promoted  in  the  English  navy,  and  in 
1666  commanded  the  Royal  Prince,  the 
largest  ship  in  the  world  ;  when,  during  a  des- 
perate fight  of  four  days  with  the  Dutch 
fleet,  he  unfortunately,  after  performing  re- 
peated acts  of  heroism,  struck  on  the  Gal- 
lop! r  Sand,  and  was,  against  his  will,  obliged 
by  his  crew  to  surrender.  The  Dutch,  proud 
of  their  captive,  carried  him  from  town  to 
town  as  a  spectacle  to  the  people.  Sir 
George  after  this  never  went  again  to  sea, 
but  Ihed  and  died  in  retirement. 

A'iARiAH  or  UniAH,  king  of  Judah  af- 
ter Amaziah,  B.  C.  810,  was  at  first  a  good 
and  popular  prince,  but  afterwards  became 
xm  idolater,  and  died  a  leper. 

AZ.ARIAS,  a  rabbi,  author  of  a  Hebrew 
work  called  the  light  of  the  eyes,  containing 
various  historical  miscellaneous  suhjects,  be- 
sides Aristeas'  letter  on  the  Septuagint  trans- 
lated into  Hebrew.  The  work  was  printed 
at  Mantua  1574. 

.  Azevedo,  Ignatius,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit 
born  1527.  He  relinquished  the  indepen- 
dence of  a  large  fortune  to  embark  a9  a  mis- 
sionary to  India.  The  vessel  in  which  he  v.  as 
■was  attacked  by  pirates,  and  he  and  his  11) 
companions  were  massacred  by  the  barbarous 
enemy  15th  July  1570,  near  Palma.  This 
cruel  event  was  felt  and  lamented  through  Eu- 
rope, and  Azevedo  was  proclaimed  a  martyr 
by  a  papal  bull. 

Azaicueta,  Martin,  surnamed  Navarre, 
a  lawyer,  born  1494  at  Verasoa,  near  Pam- 
peluna,  distinguished  as  a  professor  in  vari- 


|ous  universities.  He  died  at  Rome  158C. 
His  works  appeared  at  L)ons,  6  vols,  folio, 
1597. 

Aiorius,  John,  a  native  of  Lucca  near 
Carthagena,  who  became  eminent  among 
the  Jesuits,  as  a  public  professor,  at  AlcaLa, 
and  at  Koine.  He  wrote  Institutionum  mo- 
ralium,  3  vols,  folio  in  oantieum,  kc.  anil  died 
at  Rome  1603. 

Azzi  De  Fortt,  Faustina,  a  native  of 
Arezzo,  distinguished  for  her  poetical  ta- 
lents, and  ad  mi  lied  int.;;  the  academy  of  Ar- 
cadia under  the  name  of  Eiuinouiia.  She 
published  a  volume  of  Italian  poems,  and 
died  May  4,  1724. 

Azxo,  Portius,  a  native  of  Rologna,  made 
professor  of  law  there  1190.  He  is  author 
of  a  summary  of  the  code,  and  the  institute, 
much  esteemed.     He  died  1220. 

Azzoguidi,  Valerius  Fluecus,  a  learned 
antiquarian  of  Bologna.  He  wrote  on  the 
origin  of  the  town  of  Bologna,  and  the  chro- 
nology of  the  first  king  of  Klruria,  and  on. 
the  age  of  the  patriarchs  mentioned  in  Ge- 
nesis. He  died  at  Bologna,  172S,  aged  77- 
There  were  two  other  authors  of  that  name, 
of  no  great  celebrity. 

Azzoliki,  Lawrence,  secretary  to  pope 
Urban  VIII.  and  bishop  of  Narni,  died  1532. 
He  wrote  an  admired  satire  against  de- 
bauchery, 8vo.  His  relation,  Decio,  was  rais- 
ed to  the  dignity  of  cardinal  by  Innocent  X. 
He  wrote  political  aphorisms,  and  was  the 
favorite  of  Christina  queen  of  Sweden  who 
left  to  him  all  her  property.  He  died  1689, 
acred  67. 


BA 

BAAHDIN,  Mahomet  Gebet  Amali,  a 
learned  Persian,  author  of  a  summary 
of  civil  and  canon  law,  which  was  complet- 
ed and  enforced  through  Persia  by  the  com- 
mand of  Abbas  the  great. 

Baan,  John  de,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  Haerlem  1633.  He  studied  under  Bek- 
ker,  aud  acquired  so  much  celebrity,  that 
Charles  II.  and  all  the  royal  family  were 
painted  by  him.  After  some  residence  in 
England,  he  went  to  Italy,  where  he  was  pa- 
tronised by  the  givnd  duke  of  Tuscany.  His 
talents  were  so  great,  that  he  excited  the 
jealousy  of  inferior  artists,  and  one  of  them 
nearly  succeeded  in  stabbing  him  to  the 
heart.  This  ingenious  man,  whom  his  pen- 
cil had  rendered  rich  and  independent,  died 
at  Amsterdam  1702.  His  son  James  was 
also  an  artist  of  eminence,  who  followed 
king  William  into  England  at  the  revolution, 
and  died  1700,  aged  27. 

Baarsdorf,  Cornelius,  author  of  Me- 
tbodus  uni versa  artis  medicte,  5  vols,  folio, 
Bruges  153S,  was  patronised  by  Charles  V. 
to  whom  he  was  physician  and  chamber- 
lain. 

Baart,  Peter,  a  Latin  and  Flemish  poet 
and  physician,  author  of  t)ie  Flemish  Geor- 


BA 

gics,  a  poem  in  imitation  of  Virgil,  and 
highly  commended  by  his  country  men,  but 
with  undiscerning  partiality.  He  wrote  also 
another  poem,  called  le  Triton  de  Frise. 
The  year  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Bab  a,  a  Turkish  impostor.  He  anoun- 
ced  himself  in  1260,  in  the  town  of  Amasia, 
as  the  messenger  of  God  ;  and  when  oppo- 
sed by  the  Turks,  he  collected  a  number  of 
adherents,  at  whose  head  he  laid  waste  the 
fairest  portion  of  Natolia.  He  was  at  last 
overpowered,  and  his  sect  totally  dispersed. 

Babek,  a  Persian,  who  in  823  assembled 
a  multitude  of  fanatical  followers,  with  whom 
he  defeated  the  troops  of  the  caliph  Alma- 
mon.  He  was  conquered  by  the  next  caliph, 
and  after  being  led  about  on  an  elephant 
through  the  streets  of  Samara,  his  hands 
and  legs  were  cut  oft",  and  he  expired  in  the 
midst  of  the  greatest  agonies.  One  of  the 
ten  executioners  who  followed  him  declared 
that  he  had  himself  put  to  death  not  less 
than  20,000  men. 

Babacocschi,  the  surname  of  a  mufti 
of  Caffa  in  the  Taurida,  author  of  a  political 
treatise  called  the  friend  and  favorite  of 
princes.  He  died  783  of  the  hegira.  Ano- 
ther of  the  same  n-.mc  and  place  died  97  V. 


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author  of  a  book  of  moral  essays  tailed  the 
Garden  of  Anemones.  Both  productions  are 
probably  by  tbe  same  pen,  from  a  mistake 
in  the  figures  of  the  hegira,  from  the  negli- 
gence of  copyists. 

Babeuf,  Francis  Noel,  a  native  of  St. 
Quintin.  He  was  at  first  a  menial  servant  in 
the  family  of  a  benevolent  master  near  Roye, 
■whose  kinduess  in  instructing  him  in  reading 
and  writing,  be  repaid  by  distressing  him  in 
an  iniquitous  lawsuit.  He  next  became  an 
attorney,  and  in  the  beginning  of  the  French 
revolution,  he  escaped  from  tbe  prison  of 
Arras,  where  his  dishonesty  had  immured 
him,  to  come  to  Paris,  where,  assuming  the 
name  of  Gracchus,  he  published  a  paper  cal- 
led the  Tribune  of  the  people.  By  dissemi- 
nating the  most  pernicious  principles,  and  re- 
commending the  division  of  all  property,  he 
continued  popular,  and  on  the  fall  of  Robes- 
pierre, he  was  regarded  as  a  proper  person 
to  succeed  the  tyrant,  and  to  guide  the  des- 
tinies of  France,  by  shedding  the  blood  of 
her  virtuous  citizens.  This  profligate  char- 
acter was  at  last  denounced  by  some  of  his 
accomplices,  and  condemned  to  the  guillo- 
tine. He  suffered  with  great  composure, 
3  797,  aged  37.  An  account  of  bis  trial,  in 
•which  he  displayed  great  eloquence  and  as- 
tonishing firmness  of  mind,  has  been  publish- 
ed in  3  vols.  8vo. 

Babin,  Francis,  a  native  of  Angers, 
known  as  a  learned  and  virtuous  ecclesiastic. 
He  was  divinity  professor,  and  published  the 
conferences  of  the  diocese  of  Angers,  18 
vols.  l'2mo.  continued  in  10  other  volumes, 
by  la  Blaniere.  He  died  19th  Dec.  1734, 
aged  85. 

Babington,  Gervase,  a  native  of  Not- 
tinghamshire, educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow. 
By  the  interest  of  Henry  earl  of  Pembroke, 
to  whom  he  was  chaplain,  he  obtained  pre- 
ferment, and  was  at  last  raised  to  the  see  of 
Uandaff,  and  from  thence  translated  to  Here- 
ford; and  in  1597  to  Worcester.  He  was  a 
great  benefactor  to  the  cathedral  library  at 
Worcester.  He  died  of  the  jaundice  May 
17th,  1610.  He  wrote  notes  on  the  five 
hooks  of  Moses,  and  expositions  of  the  creed, 
&c.  besides  sermons  published  in  folio,  1615 
and  1637. 

Babington,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Der- 
byshire, known  in  English  history  for  his 
conspiracy  to  assassinate,  with  other  Roman 
catholic  associates,  queen  Elizabeth,  and 
thus  to  procure  the  release  of  the  unfortu- 
nate Mary  of  Scots.  This  diabolical  scheme 
•was  zealously  undertaken  in  the  hope  that 
Mary  would  reward  her  deliverer  by  taking 
him  to  share  her  throne.  The  plot  was'dis- 
eovered  by  Walsingham,  and  the  conspira- 
tors suffered  death,  1586. 

Babur,  grandson  of  Tamerlane,  dis- 
puted with  his  elder  brother  Aly  Doulat  for 
the  sovereignty,  and  in  consequence  of  a 
treaty  obtained  the  province  of  Georgia.  He 
-was  afterwards  engaged  in  bloody  wars  with 
his  relations,  and  after  a  terrible  battle  he 
ordered  the  head  of  his  brother  Mohammed, 


who  had  fallen  into  his  hands,  to  be  cut  off 
in  his  presence.  He  died  1471,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  violent  fit  of  passion. 

Babylas,  a  bishop  of  Antioch,  put  to 
death  during  the  persecution  of  the  emperor 
Decius,  '251. 

Bacai,  the  surname  of  Ibrahim  Ben- 
omar,  a  learned  mussulman,  who  died  885,  of 
the  hegira.  He  is  author  of  several  treati- 
ses on  the  manners  of  ancient  philosophers, 
on  the  art  of  divination  by  numbers,  the 
praises  of  poverty,  a  commentary  on  the  Ko- 
ran, he. 

Baca  LAN  I,  the  surname  of  Abubecre,  the 
author  of  a  book  to  explain  the  difficult  pas- 
sages which  occur  in  tbe  Koran. 

Baccalar-y-sanna,  Vincent,  marquis 
of  St.  Philip,  a  native  of  Sardinia,  who  raised 
himself  to  consequence  by  his  services  to 
Charles  II.  and  Philip  V.  of  Spain,  in  his 
native  country.  He  wrote  The  Monarchy 
of  the  Hebrews,  which  has  been  translated 
into  French,  4  vols.  12mo. — and  Memoirs  of 
Philip  V.  4  vols.  12mo.  and  died  at  Madrid 
1726. 

Baccalt,  a  learned  Mahometan,  sur- 
named,  from  his  learning,  the  ornament  of 
the  doctors.  He  wrote  a  book  on  the  prayers 
of  the  Musselmans,  and  on  the  glory  and 
excellence  of  the  Arabs.  He  died  in  the  year 
of  the  hegira  562,  or,  according  to  others, 
573. 

Baccelli,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  translated  the  Odyssey  into 
Italian  seiolti  verses  1558.  He  died  before 
the  completion  of  his  translation  of  the  Iliad. 

Bacchetti,  Lawrence,  professor  of 
medicine  and  jurisprudence  at  Padua,  pub- 
lished dissertations  on  acids,  alkalis,  he.  and 
died  1708. 

Bacchinj,  Benedict,  a  Benedictine  of 
Parma,  author  of  a  literary  journal  which 
gave  offence  to  his  superiors.  He  retired  to 
Modena,  where  he  became  librarian  and 
historiographer  to  the  duke,  and  afterwards 
he  filled  the  chair  of  ecclesiastical  history 
with  ability.  He  published  several  very- 
learned  works,  and  made  a  collection  for  the 
history  of  tbe  house  of  Este,  which  he  left 
in  the  hands  of  Muratori.  He  died  1721, 
aged  70. 

Bacchylides,  a  lyric  poet  of  Cos,  who 
fiorished  about  452  B.  C. 

Bacchylus,  bishop  of  Corinth  in  the 
second  century, -wrote  a  letter  in  the  name 
of  the  bishop  of  Achaia,  on  the  proper  time 
for  the  celebration  of  the  feast  of  Easter. 

Baccio,  Andreas,  a  native  of  Ancona, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Rome,  and  physi- 
cian to  pope  Sixtus  V.  He  wrote  some 
learned  and  valuable  treatises,  de  venenis  et 
antidotis ;  de  gemmis,  de  thermis,  de  naturali 
vinorum  historia,  he.  He  died  about  the  be- 
ginning of  the  17th  century. 

Bracio,  Francis  Bartholomew,  an  histo- 
rical and  portrait  painter  of  Florence,  who 
died  1517,  aged  4S.  His  coloring  and  the 
elegance  of  his  figures  were  much  admired. 

Bach,  John  Sebastian,  a  German  musi- 
cian, born  at  Eisenach.    He  was  in  the  ser- 


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vice  of  the  duke  of  Saxe  Weimar,  and  was 
eminent  for  his  skill  in  playing  on  the  organ. 
His  compositions  are  much  admired.  He 
died  at  Leipsie,  1754,  aged  69.  His  sons, 
Charles  and  John,  were  equally  eminent  as 
musicians  and  composers. 

Bach  a  um  on,  Lewis  Petit  de,  a  native 
of  Paris,  known  as  the  author  of  secret  me- 
moirs,  to  elucidate  the  history  of  literature 
in  France,  in  36  vols.  12mo.  and  other  works. 
He  died  May  1st,  1771. 

Bachelier,  Nicholas,  an  architect  and 
sculptor,  who,  after  studing  at  Rome  under 
Michael  Angelo,  introduced  at  Toulouse  and 
Lucca,  the  graceful  and  easy  manner  of  his 
master  instead  of  the  heavy  gothic  which  then 
prevailed.  He  adorned  several  churches  hy 
his  sculpture,  and  was  universally  admired 
for  the  power  of  his  chisel.  He  died  af- 
ter 1553. 

Bachini,  Bernardine,  a  Benedictine, 
horn  at  Borgo  San  Domino.  The  weakness 
of  his  constitution  obliged  him  to  relinquish 
the  pulpit,  and  in  his  learned  retirement  he 
composed  some  valuable  books  in  Latin  and 
Italian,  a  literary  journal  from  1686  to  1697, 
i)  vols.  4to.  de  sistrorum  figuris,  &c.  and  died 
at  Bologne,  September  1st,  1721,  aged  70. 

Bachovius,  Render,  a  native  of  Cologne, 
who  became  eminent  as  a  civilian.  He  left 
Leipsie,  because  his  tenets  as  a  Calvinist 
were  disagreeable  to  the  people,  and  after- 
wards he  embraced  the  opinions  of  the  Ca- 
tholics, and  was  made  professor  at  Heidel- 
berg by  the  duke  of  Bavaria.  He  died  1614, 
aged  70.  His  son  was  professor  also  at  Hei- 
delberg, and  died  a  good  Catholic.  He  pub- 
lished exercitations  ad  partem  posteriorem 
Chiliados  Fabri,  1624 — de  actionibus,  1626 
— depignoribus  8c  hypothecis,  1627 — dispu- 
tat.  de  variis  juris  civilis  materiis,  1604 — In 
institutionum  Juris  Justinian,  libros  4  com- 
mentar.  1628. 

Bacici,  John  Baptiste  Gauli,  a  native  of 
Genoa  who,  at  the  age  of  14,  entered  into  the 
-service  of  a  dealer  in  pictures  at  Rome, 
■where  he  saw  and  was  patronised  and  in- 
structed by  Bernini.  He  soon  became  emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  and  particularly  distin- 
guished himself  by  drawing  the  portrait  of  a 
man  dead  for  20 years,  whose  features  he  gra- 
dually collected  from  the  information  of  sur- 
viving friends,  so  that  at  last  he  produced  a 
most  perfect  and  complete  resemblance. 
Though  bold  in  his  ideas  and  great  in  his  co- 
lorings and  his  foreshortening,  Bacici  is  occa- 
sionally blamed  for  incorrectness,  and  for 
want  of  taste  in  his  draperies.  The  violence 
of  his  temper  proved  fatal  to  his  family,  in 
reproving  his  son  before  his  companions  he 
gave  him  a  blow  on  the  face,  which  so  irri- 
tated the  feelings  of  the  youth  that  he  threw 
himself  into  the  Tyber,  and  left  his  father  in- 
consolable.    He  died  1709,  in  his  70th  year. 

Backer,  James,  a  Dutch  portrait  poin- 
ter of  eminence,  who  died  1560,  aged  30. 

Backer,  Jacob,  a  portrait  painter,  born 
at  Heulingen.  His  pieces  are  much  admi- 
red.    He  died  1651,  aged  42. 

Backhouse,  William,  a  Berkshire  gen- 


tleman, educated  at  Christ  Church.  He  left 
Oxford  without  a  degree,  and  retired  to  his 
seat,  Where  be  devoted  himself  to  alchemv 
and  astrology,  and  had  among  his  pupils  and 
friends  Elias  Ashmole,  who  called  him  father. 
He  died  1662.  He  was  author  of  the  plea- 
sant fountain  of  knowledge,  from  the  French, 
8vo.  1644 — The  complaint  of  nature — The 
golden  fleece,  &c. — and  he  also  invented  the 
instrument  called  the  Way -wiser. 

Backhuysen,  Ludolph,  a  painter  of 
Embden,  whose  sea  pieces  were  much  ad- 
mired.    He  died  1709,  aged  78. 

Bacon,  Robert,  an  English  friar,  known 
at  Oxford  as  divinity  professor  as  well  as  by 
his  opposition  to  Peter  de  Rupibus  bishop  of 
Winton,  the  favorite  of  Henry  1U.  He  vi- 
sited Paris,  and  in  1233  was  made  treasurer 
of  Salisbury  cathedral."'  He  wrote  among 
other  things  the  life  of  St.  Edmund  the  pri- 
mate, and  died  1248,  and  was  buried  at  Ox- 
ford. 

Bacon,  Roger,  was  born  near  Ilchester, 
of  a  respectable  family,  1214.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  visited  Paris,  the  com- 
mon resort  of  the  learned  of  the  times,  and 
after  taking  the  degree  of  doctor,  and  be- 
coming monk  of  the  Franciscan  order  1240, 
he  returned  to  his  native  country.  A  strong 
inquisitive  mind  soon  raised  him  to  conse- 
quence, and  as  he  was  liberally  supported  in 
his  pursuits  by  the  munificence  of  his  friends, 
among  whom  were  bishop  Crostete,  Rich 
the  primate,  Shirwood  chancellor  of  Lincoln, 
and  professor  Fishacr£,  he  made  the  most 
rapid  strides  in  the  advancement  of  science 
and  philosophy.  His  experiments  and  his 
calculations  were  so  far  above  the  compre- 
hensions of  his  age,  that  he  was  accused  of 
magic  ;  and  the  eagerness  with  which  he  stu- 
died astrology  strongly  supported  the  suspi- 
cion. The  monks  of  his  order  grew  jealous 
of  his  reputation,  his  works  were  rejected 
from  their  library,  and  the  principals  of  the 
order  was  prevailed  upon  to  imprison  him. 
In  his  confinement  Bacon  composed  his 
"  Opus  majus,"  addressed  to  the  Pope,  in 
which  he  hoped  to  prevail  upon  the  pontiff 
to  reform  the  errors  of  the  church,  or  pro- 
pose some  efficient  method  to  stop  the  pow- 
er of  scepticism  and  of  antichrist.  At  last, 
after  ten  years  of  painful  solitude,  he  was  set 
at  liberty  by  the  interference  of  his  friends, 
and  the  success  of  his  application  to  the  ge- 
neral of  his  order,  Jerom  dM  scoli,  who  was 
lately  raised  to  the  papal  chair,  to  whom  he 
inscribed  his  treatise  "  on  the  means  of 
avoiding  the  infirmities  of  old  age."  The 
remainder  of  his  life  was  spent  in  academical 
repose  at  Oxford,  where  he  died  I lth  June, 
1294.  Bacon  is  universally  allowed  to  have 
been  a  man  of  superior  merit,  and  his  exam- 
ple and  the  vast  acquirements  of  his  mind  in 
a  barbarous  age  strongly  evince  with  what 
success  industry  and  perseverance  may  la- 
bor in  the  road  of  learning.  The  discoveries 
and  the  more  accurate  experiments  of  the 
moderns  pay  daily  tributes  of  gratitude  and 
reverence  to  this  father  of  philosophy,  and 
it  is  now  manifest  that  to  his  comprehensive 


BA 


BA 


miud  were  known  many  of  the  secrets  which 
the  toil  and  repeated  efforts  of  succeeding 
ages  have  scarce  brought  to  light.  He  was 
acquainted  with  the  structure  of  an  air  pump 
stud  with  the  laws  of  optics,  and  the  power  of 
glasses;  he  knew  the  preparation  of  phospho- 
rus, and  lie  clothed  in  unintelligible  language, 
the  name  of  gunpowder,  which  he  said  was 
formed  wit  i  sulphur,  nitre  and  charcoal,  as 
if  he  anticipated  the  devastation  which  its 
discovery  by  Schwart,  some  ages  after,  was 
to  bring  upon  mankind.  In  his  writings, 
■which  amounted  to  above  80  treatises,  some 
of  which  are  published  and  some  preserved 
in  manuscript  in  the  libraries  of  Europe,  he 
used  an  e.egant  and  nervous  style,  and  was 
always  accurate  in  his  observations  on  na- 
ture. His  great  knowledge  of  chemistry 
has  been  most  satisfactorily  proved  bv  the 
experiments  of  Mr  Horn  berg.  To  his  me- 
rits much  praise  is  paid  by  Drs.  Jebb, 
Browne,  Boerhaave,  Freirid,   Peter  Shaw, 

Bacon,  Sir  Nicholas,  keeper  of  the  great 
seal  under  Elizabeth,  and  the  descendant  of 
an  ancient  Suffolk  family,  was  born  1510. 
He  wasofCorpusChristi  college,  Cambridge, 
to  which  he  became  a  munificent  benefactor, 
and  after  travelling  in  France  he  studied  the 
law  at  Gray's  Inn.  He  was  employed  under 
Henry  VIII.  to  whom  he  proposed  a  plan, 
-which  however  was  never  adopted,  for  the 
erecting  of  a  college  to  instruct  young  states- 
men in  all  the  branches  of  political  know- 
ledge. He  was  knighted  by  Elizabeth,  and 
made  keeper  of  the  seals  in  the  room  of 
Heath  archbishop  of  York ;  but  as  he  favored 
the  Suffolk  succession  he  was  treated  with 
coldness,  and  suspected  of  assisting  Hales  in 
writing  a  tract  to  favor  the  claims  of  the 
dutchess  of  Suffolk  against  the  rights  of  the 
queen  of  Scotland.  He  was,  however,  soon 
after  reinstated  in  the  queen's  good  opinion 
hy  the  interference  of  sir  William  Cecil,  and 
he  died  20th  February  15/"9.  He  was  buried 
in  St.  Paul's,  and  his  monument  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  great  fire  in  lo66.  By  Jane 
Ferneley  his  first  wife  he  had  three  daugh- 
ters and  three  sons,  Nicholas,  Nathaniel,  and 
Edward  ;  and  by  his  second,  Anne  Cook,  he 
left  two  sons,  Anthony  and  Francis. 

Bacon,  Anne,  second  daughter  of  sir 
Anthony  Cook,  preceptor  to  king  Edward 
VI.  and  wife  of  the  preceding,  was  eminent 
for  her  learning,  piety,  and  virtue.  She 
translated  from  the  Italian  into  English  O- 
chine's  sermons,  and  Jewel's  apology" for  the 
church  of  England,  from  the  Latin ;  and 
died  about  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
James  I.  at  Gorhambury,  near  St.  Albans. 

Baco  n,  Francis,  viscount  St.  Albans,  was 
son  of  sir  Nicholas  Bacon  mentioned  above, 
and  was  born  at  York-house  in  the  Strand, 
22d  January  1561.  He  was  early  introdu- 
ced at  court ;  and  after  he  had  studied  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  under  Whitgift. 
afterwards  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  he  ac- 
companied, though  little  more  than  16,  sir 
Amias  Pawkt,  ambassador  to  the  court  of 
France,  where,  by  his  diligence  and  punctu- 


ality, he  gave  great  satisfaction  to  the  queen. 
Dining  his  travels,  his  father  died  ;  and  as  he 
found  himself  not  master  of  the  independ- 
ence which  he  expected,  he  applied  himself 
to  the  study  of  law  at  Gray's  Inn;  and,  by 
the  means  of  lord  Burleigh,  he  obtained  at 
court  the  reversion  of  the  registership  to  the 
star  chamber,  worth  1600/.  a  year,  which, 
however,  he  did  not  enjoy  till  twenty  years 
after.  Whilst  at  Gray's  Inn,  where  he  was 
chosen  Leut-reader,  he  formed  the  plan  and 
drew  the  outline  of  his  great  philosophical 
work,  the  instauration  of  the  sciences;  but 
neither  his  learning  nor  his  abilities  recom- 
mended him  at  court,  as  the  favors  of  the 
queen  were  divided  between  the  Cecils 
and  the  earl  of  Leicester,  who  was  after- 
wards succeeded  by  Essex  :  and  Bacon,  un- 
fortunately for  his  advancement,  warmly 
embraced  the  cause  of  the  latter.  Elizabeth 
was  sensible  of  his  great  talents,  but  neither 
her  partiality  nor  the  friendship  of  Essex 
could  overpower  the  cold  phlegmatic  aver- 
sion of  the  Cecils,  who  represented  Bacon 
as  a  speculative  man,  whose  head  was  filled 
with  philosophy,  and  not  with  political  know- 
ledge. The  disappointment  was  great,  and 
Bacon  would  have  buried  himself  in  a  foreign 
kingdom,  if  his  friends  had  not  interfered. 
On  the  succession  of  James  I.  he  rose  into 
power,  though  still  opposed  by  Cecil  earl  of 
Salisbury  and  by  sir  Edward  Coke.  He  was 
knighted  and  successively  made  attorney- 
general,  keeper  of  the  seals,  lord  chancellor, 
and  raised  to  the  peerage.  His  elevation 
was  not  unattended  by  the  envy  of  enemies; 
and  he  was  soon  accused  at  the  bar  of  the 
house  of  lords  by  the  commons  of  gross  bri- 
bery and  corruption.  The  king,  who  saw 
that  not  only  Bacon  hut  his  favorite  Villiers, 
was  aimed  at,  advised  his  chancellor  to  make 
no  defence,  and  promised  him  both  protec- 
tion and  favor  if  he  were  condemned  Bacon, 
unhappily  for  his  reputation,  made  no  de- 
fence, and  he  was  found  guilty,  3d  May, 
1621,  fined  40,000/.  imprisoned  in  the  Tower, 
and  declared  incapable  to  serve  his  majesty, 
and  unworthy  to  retain  his  seat  in  parlia- 
ment. Though  there  is  some  reason  to  sup- 
pose that  Bacon  listened  to  bribery,  either 
by  himself  or  his  servants,  in  cases  wdiich 
were  pending  before  him,  yet  it  is  remark- 
able that  none  of  his  decrees  in  chancery 
were  afterwards  set  aside,  as  dictated  by  op- 
pression, partiality,  or  falsehood  ;  a  fact  that 
establishes  his  probity  far  beyond  the  power 
of  interested  declaimers,  or  venal  panegy- 
rists The  fine  was  remitted  by  the  king; 
and  though  the  disgraced  chancellor  deter- 
mined to  spend  the  rest  of  his  life  in  pri- 
vacy, yet  he  was  restored  to  the  public  opi- 
nion, and  sat  in  the  first  parliament  called  by 
Charles.  At  no  time,  either  of  elevation  or 
disgrace,  Bacon  forgot  the  great  object  of  his 
heart :  he  labored  assiduously  and  earnestly 
for  the  establishment  of  his  new  philosophy. 
He  died  April  9,  1626,  at  lord  Arundel's 
house,  Highgate,  of  a  fever,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Michael's  church,  St.  Alban's,  where 
sir  Thomas  Meautys,  his  secretary,  erected 


BA 

a  monument  to  his  honor.  At  the  age  of  40,  Ba- 1 
coa  married  the  daughter  of  alderman  Barn- 
ham,  of  London,  by  whom  he  had  no  issue. 
The  lady  survived  him  -M  years.  In  his  con- 
duct, Bacon  was  generous  and  humane,  for 
though  he  had  a  good  income,  1800/.  a  year 
from  his  pension,  and  700/.  from  his  estates,  his 
debts  at  his  decease  were  found  to  amount  to 
22,0(J0Z.  Baeon  has  been  censured,  and  de- 
servedly, for  standing  forth  as  the  accuser  of 
Essex,  a  man  who  had  patronised  and  pro- 
tected him.  As  a  writer,  his  "  novum  orga- 
num  seientarium,"  has,  among  his  other  per- 
formances, immortalized  his  name.  He  has 
introduced  a  new  species  of  philosophy  to 
enlighten  and  dignify  man,  to  teach  him  how 
to  think,  and  to  lead  him  from  error,  from 
darkness,  and  false  comprehension,  to  truth 
and  to  the  most  accurate  conclusions.  Ba- 
con, however,  as  a  philosopher,  has  met  op 
ponents,  and  Hume  has  not  hesitated,  in  his 
comparison  of  his  merits  with  those  of  (Gali- 
leo, to  raise  the  Italian  far  above  the  fame  of 
his  countryman.  Bacon's  works  were  col- 
lected in  5  vols.  4to.  and  beautifully  printed 
by  Bowyer  and  Strahan  17GG,  and  in  1778  in 
5  vols.  4to.  and  since,  10  vols.  8vo. 

Bacon,  Anthony,  elder  brother  to  the 
chancellor,  distinguished  himself  for  his  great 
knowledge  of  politics,  which,  however,  he 
did  not  display  in  the  public  service,  as  he 
was  satisfied  with  the  tranquillity  of  a  more 
private  station.  He  was  very  intimate  with 
Essex,  and  he  assisted  him  with  his  advice, 
in  the  midst  of  his  distresses,  and  even  re- 
sided for  some  time  in  his  house,  as  he  was 
unable  from  lameness  to  visit  him  frequently. 
He  left  his  estate  to  his  brother,  the  chancel- 
lor. 

Bacon,  Sir  Nathaniel,  knight  of  the  bath, 
half  brother  to  the  chancellor,  was  distin- 
guished as  a  painter  in  the  style  of  the  Fle- 
mish school.  Some  of  his  pieces  are  pre- 
served at  his  seat  atCulford,  and  atGorham- 
bury,  among  which  a  picture  of  himself  by 
himself  is  much  admired,  and  a  cook-maid 
with  dead  fowl. 

Bacon,  Phanuel,  was  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen college,  Oxford.  He  took  his  degree 
of  D.  D.  1735,  and  became  rector  of  Baldon, 
Oxfordshire,  where  he  died,  January  2,  1783. 
He  wrote,  besides  five  plays,  published  in 
1757,  an  elegant  poem  called  "  the  artificial 
kite,"  first  printed  in  1719,  and  inserted  in 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine  1758  ;  and  he  was 
admired  for  the  ready  flashes  of  his  wit  and 
for  his  punning. 

Bacon,  John,  an  English  sculptor,  born 
at  Southwark,  24th  November,  1740.  At 
the  age  of  15,  he  was  bound  to  a  china  ma- 
nufacturer at  Lambeth;  and  in  this  employ- 
ment he  so  distinguished  himself  by  his  assi- 
duity, that  in  w.  little  time  the  improvements 
of  the  manufactory  were  all  the  efforts  of  his 
genius.  From  the  various  models  which 
were  presented  to  his  view,  he  laid  the  foun- 
dations of  his  future  fame;  and  in  his  execu- 
tion displayed  such  taste  and  correctness, 
that  he  obtained  not  less  than  nine  premiums 
from  the  society  for  the  encouragement  of 
VOL.  I.  ]f) 


AR 

arts.  He  formed  and  carried  into  perfection, 
the  designs  of  making  statues  of  artificial 
stone,  and  in  1763,  he  began  first  louse  the 
instrument,  since  improved,  by  which  hS 
transferred  the  form  of  the  model  to  the 
marble.  He  obtained,  in  17G9,  the  gold  me- 
dal of  the  royal  society,  and  was  admitted  an 
associate  ;  and  his  manly  figure  of  Mars  in- 
creased, if  possible,  the  high  reputation, 
which  he  had  already  acquired.  His  admi- 
red bust  of  the  king,  for  Dr.  Markham,  to 
be  placed  in  Christ  Church-hall,  Oxford, 
procured  him  the  royal  patronage.  Another 
bust  was  also  made  for  Gottingen  university; 
and  he  was  now  considered  as  the  only  artist 
whose  genius  could  delineate  the  group  of 
lord  Chatham's  monument  in  Guildhall,  and 
that  of  the  celebrated  Guy,  for  his  noble  hos- 
pital The  other  more  remarkable  produc- 
tions of  his  chisel  are  Mrs.  Draper's  monu- 
ment inBristol  cathedral,  two  groups  at  the 
top  of  Somerset-house,  a  statue  of  Henry  VI. 
for  Eton  college,  judge  Blackstone's  statue 
for  All-soul's  college,  Chatham's  monument 
in  Westminster  abbey,  and  the  statues  of 
Johnson  and  of  Howard  in  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral An  inflammation  in  the  bowels  proved 
fatal  to  this  most  ingenious  artist,  4th  August, 
1799.  He  left  a  wife  and  eight  children. 
The  inscription  over  his  grave  declares,  in. 
his  own  words,  that  whatever  he  might  have 
been  as  an  artist,  his  belief  in  Christ  is  the 
only  important  thing  now.  The  article  on 
sculptor  in  Kees'  encyclopaedia  was  his  ele- 
gant production. 

Baconthorpe,  John,  a  monk  of  Nor- 
folk, called  the  resolute  doctor.  He  wrote 
commentaries  on  the  four  books  of  senten- 
ces, a  compendium  of  the  law  of  Christ,  &c. 
and  died  in  London,  134G. 

Bacoue,  Leo,  a  protestant  of  Gascony, 
who  became  a  convert  to  popery,  and  was 
the  only  one  who  as  such  obtained  a  bishop- 
ric under  Lewis  XIV.  at  the  solicitation  of 
the  duke  of  Montausier,  as  the  reward  of  his 
Latin  poem  on  the  education  of  a  prince. 
He  died  bishop  of  Pamiers,  1694,  aged  94. 

Bacqjjerre,  Benedict  de,  a  physician, 
little  known,  but  as  the  author  of  an  excel- 
lent work,  "  senum  medicus,"  printed  at 
Cologne,  1673. 

BAcqjJET,advocateto  the  kingof  France, 
wrote  some  ingenious  law  works,  printed, 
Lyons,  2  vols.  fol.  1744.     He  died  1597. 

Bactishua,  George  Ebn,  a  Christian 
physician,  noticed  at  the  court  of  Alman- 
sor.  A3  he  had  an  old  woman  for  his  wife, 
the  caliph  sent  him  3000  dinars,  and  three 
beautiful  girls,  as  a  present,  which  the  phy- 
sician sent  back,  observing,  that  his  religion 
forbade  him  the  use  of  more  than  one  wo- 
man at  a  time.  Almansor,  pleased  with  him, 
sent  him  back  to  Korasan.  His  son  Gabriel 
was  also  a  physician  in  the  household  of 
Haronn  Al  Raschid. 

BADAKSCHi,aPersian  poet  under  the  ca- 
liph Moctafi.  Hisdivan,  or  collection  of  poem9, 
is  written  upon  the  fortunes  which  attended 
the  great  men  of  the  court  ;  and  he  says, 
that  the  varied  scene  m  hum^ui  affairs  oujlu 


BA 


BA 


not  (o  create  surprise,  as  we  see  that  life  is 
measured  by  an  hour-glass,  and  that  an  hour 
is  always  above  and  frhe  other  below  in  alter- 
nate succession. 

Badasch,  a  commentator  on  the  book  of 
Ben  Sarragi,  on  Arabic  grammar.  He  died 
in  the  year  of  the  hegira  528. 

Badcock,  Samuel,  son  of  a  butcher  of 
South  Moulton,  was  born  February  23, 1747, 
and  was  educated,  after  his  family,  in  the 
tenets  of  the  dissenters,  among  whom  he  was 
intended  for  minister.  During  the  period  of 
his  education,  he  imbibed  some  of  the  strong 
principles  of  the  methodisls  on  free  grace, 
election,  &c.  which  in  his  maturer  years  he 
totally  abandoned.  His  first  employment  as 
pastor  was  at  Wimbof  ne,  in  Dorsetshire  ; 
from  whence  he  shortly  removed  to  Barn- 
staple, in  Devonshire.  In  this  new  situation, 
he  met  some  of  Dr.  Priestley's  theological 
works,  which  he  admired  so  much,  that  he 
paid  a  visit  to  the  author  atCalne,  and  after- 
wards corresponded  with  him.  His  vivaci- 
ty, however,  the  modest  elegance  of  his  dis- 
courses, and  the  easiness  of  his  manners  and 
conversation,  soon  raised  him  enemies  among 
a  set  of  men  who  had  embraced  the  rigid  te- 
nets of  the  nonconformists  in  the  age  of 
Cromwell,  and  he  was  ejected  from  his  of- 
fice, in  1777,  on  a  scandalous  imputation, 
which  afterwards  proved  false,  and  highly 
veflected  on  his  accusers.  He  retired  to 
South  Moulton,  where  he  found  his  friends 
sincere,  but  his  income  small.  In  1780,  he 
began  to  write  for  the  Monthly  Review,  and 
likewise  published  a  small,  but  accurately 
penned,  pamphlet  on  the  topic  of  the  day, 
the  materiality  or  immateriality  of  the  soul. 
As  a  reviewer,  he  distinguished  himself  by 
his  critique  on  Madan's  Thelyphthora,  and 
the  Chattertonian  controversy  ;  but  when 
Priestley's  corruptions  of  Christianity  ap- 
peared, his  observations  upon  it  were  so 
pointed,  so  forcible,  and  so  well  supported, 
that  they  drew  an  answer  from  the  author  in 
less  than  a  month,  in  which  the  abilities  of 
the  unknown  critic  were  candidly  allowed  to 
be  great  and  respectable.  Priestley  found 
himself  likewise  attacked  by  archdeacon 
Horsley  ;  and  when  Badcock,  in  the  Review, 
praised  the  performance,  the  offended  uni- 
tarian, who  had  discovered  his  anonymous 
antagonist,  accused  him  of  misrepresentation 
and  gross  illiberality.  Badcock  had  the  good 
sense  not  to  reply.  During  his  residence  at 
South  Moulton,  he  married  the  daughter  of 
Samuel  Wesley,  master  of  Tiverton  school, 
and  brother  to  the  famous  John  Wesley  ; 
and  from  the  papers  which  he  received  by 
that  connection,  he  published  an  account  of 
tlie  family.  His  literary  character  was  now 
so  well  established,  that  his  assistance  was 
courted  by  Mr.  professor  White,  who  had 
been  appointed  Bampton  lecturer  at  Ox- 
iord,  in  1783  ;  and  from  their  united  labors 
were  produced  those  sermons  which  have 
been  so  much  and  so  deservedly  admired. 
What  the  extent  of  this  connection  was,  has 
been  a  matter  of  contiwersy  ;  but  it  must 
be  allowed,  even  by  Dr.  Gabriel,  who  took 


up  the  pen  with  more  warmth  than  pru- 
dence, that  the  professor  claims  unequivo- 
cally the  whole  merit  of  the  plan  and  of  the 
execution  of  the  better  part,  and  that  what 
he  wrote  possesses  equal  strength,  elegance, 
and  energy,  as  what  was  furnished  by  his  co- 
adjutor. If  Dr.  White  had  been  more  punc- 
tual in  his  payment  of  a  reward  so  justly  de- 
served, his  character  might  have  been  unas- 
sailed,  and  he  might  have  securely  reposed 
under  the  patronage  of  the  great.  In  1786, 
Badcock  quitted  the  dissenters,  and  the  fol- 
lowing spring  was  ordained  at  Exeter,  by 
bishop  Ross.  He  engaged  as  assistant  to  Dr. 
Gabriel  at  the  octagon  chapel,  in  Bath,  where 
he  preached  a  much  admired  charity  sermon, 
printed,  but  not  published.  He  preached  al- 
so before  the  judges  at  Exeter,  in  Lent,  17S3  ; 
and  the  following  May  19th,  he  died,  of  a 
bilious  complaint,  at  the  house  of  his  friend, 
sir  John  Chichester,  baronet,  Queen-street, 
May  Fair.  His  constitution  was  naturally 
weak,  and  he  was  frequently  attacked  by 
unpleasant  and  delirious  headaches,  which  so 
much  affected  his  spirits  that  he  dreaded  the 
loss  of  reason  far  more  than  death.  The 
powers  of  his  mind  were  strong  and  vivid, 
and  his  genius  was  exerted,  with  the  liberal- 
ity of  his  friends,  to  support  him  above  the 
embarrassments  of  indigence. 

Badens,  Francis,  an  historical  and  por- 
trait painter  of  Antwerp.  He  died  1G03, 
aged  32. 

Badew,  Richard  de,  a  native  of  Badoiv 
Essex.  He  was  chancellor  of  Cambridge 
1326,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  college  cal- 
led University  hall,  which  was  destroyed  ac- 
cidentally by  fire  ;  and  when  rebuilt  by  the 
daughter  of  Robert  de  Clare,  earl  of  Gloces- 
ter,  was  called  Clare-hall. 

Badile,  Anthony,  an  Italian  painter  of 
Verona,  whose  peiceswere  admired  for  cor- 
rectness and  taste.     He  died  15C0,  aged  80. 

Baduel,  Claude,  a  protestant  divine  at 
Nismes,  professor  in  Switzerland,  where  he 
died  1561.  He  wrote  on  theological  subjects. 
Baersius,  or  Vekenstil,  Henry,  au- 
thor, among  other  things,  of  tables  of  the 
longitudes  and  latitudes  of  the  planets,  pub- 
lished 1528,  was  a  painter  and  mathemati- 
cian of  Louvain,in  the  16th  century. 

Baerstrat,  a  Dutch  painter.  His  sea 
and  fish  peices  were  much  admired.  He  di- 
ed 1687. 

Bafkarkah,  the  surname  of  Abn  Zohal, 
a  commentator  on  Euclid. 

Bagdedin,  Mahommed,  author  of  a  trea- 
tise on  the  division  of  superficies,  published 
in  a  Latin  translation  by  John  Dee,  was  an 
Arabian  mathematician  of  the  10th  century 
Bagford,  John,  a  native  of  London, 
originally  a  shoemaker,  andafterwardsabook- 
seller  and  an  antiquarian,  an  '  a  collector  of 
old  English  books,  curious  prints,  &c.  He 
enriched  the  famous  library  of  Moore,  bishop 
of  Ely,  for  which  he  was  admitted  into  the 
Charter-house  by  the  prelate.  He  died  at. 
Islington,  May  15th,  1716,  aged  65,  and  was 
buried  at  the  Charter -house.  His  very  val- 
uable collection  of  books  and  antiquities,  pro- 


I3A 


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cured  not  only  at  home  but  abroad,  was  pur- 
chased by  the  earl  of  Oxford,  and  added  to 
his  library.  He  published  proposals,  1707,  in 
the  Philosophical  Transactions,  for  a  general 
history  of  printing;  and  his  manuscripts, 
though  badly  written,  and  worse  spelled,  may 
be  consulted  with  advantage.  Some  of  his 
letters  and  collections  are  preserved  in  the 
British  Museum  and  in  the  public  library  of 
Cambridge.  There  was  a  print  engraved  of 
him,  1728,  by  George  Vertue. 

Bagger,  John,  made  bishop  of  Copenha- 
gen at  the  age  of  29,  in  consequence  of  his 
extensive  knowledge  of  oriental  learning  and 
of  theology,  was  a  native  of  Lunden,  and  di- 
ed 1693,  aged  47.  He  published  some  learn- 
ed discourses  in  Danish  and  Latin. 

Bagi,  Zadeh,  a  Mahometan  commeuta- 
tor  on  the  book  escharat,  &c.  who  died  the 
year  of  the  hegira  1013. 

Baglioni,  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Peru- 
gia, who  usurped  the  sovereignty  of  his  coun- 
try, of  which  he  was  dispossessed  by  Cossar 
Borgia.  He  afterwards  served  in  the  Italian 
armies,  especially  in  the  pay  of  Venice,  and 
was  at  last  treacherously  invited  to  Rome  by 
the  pope,  Leo  X.  who  dreaded  his  intrigues, 
and  cruely  beheaded,  1520. 

Baglivi,  George,  a  native  of  Apulia, 
who,  after  studying  at  Padua,  settled  as  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  at  Rome,  where  he  died, 
1T06,  in  his  58th  year.  He  possessed  superi- 
or abilities  in  his  profession,  as  is  fully  evin- 
ced by  his  compositions,  all  written  in  Latin, 
and  first  published  in  1710,  in4to.  He  wrote 
a  curious  dissertation  on  the  anatomy,  Stc.  of 
the  tarantula. 

Bagnioli,  Julius  Ccesar,  an  Italian  poet 
of  Bagna  Cabano,  patronised  by  Michael 
Perreti,  prince  of  Venefro.  His  best  peices 
are  the  judgment  of  Paris,  and  the  tragedy  of 
Aragonois.     He  died  about  1600. 

Bagoas,  an  Egyptian  eunuch,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Artaxerxes.  He  was  put  to  death  by 
Codomanuus,  356. 

Bagshaw,  William,  a  native  of  Tidswell, 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  minister  of  Glessop,  which  he 
resigned  in  1662,  for  not  submitting  to  the 
act  for  uniformity.  He  continued  to  preach 
privately,  as  he'  was  eloquent  and  popular, 
and  a  large  meeting-house  was  erected  for 
him  at  the  revolution.  He  wrote  several 
valuable  treatises  ;  and  died  1703,  aged  75. 

Bagshaw,  Edward,  M.  A.  a  student  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  for  some  time  assis- 
tant at  Westminster,  under  Busby.  He  was 
ordained  by  Brownrigg  bishop  of  Exeter,  but 
.proved  so  violent  in  his  principles  that  he 
was  imprisoned  for  nonconfomity,  and  died 
in  New-gate,  1671.  He  was  a  man  of  abilities, 
and  wrote  Dissertationes  duie  AntisochrianK, 
•ito.— -de  monarchic  absoluta  dissertatio  po- 
iilica,  tec. 

Baguri,  a  Mahometan,  author  of  a  book 
on,  intemperance  and  convivial  companies. 
He  died  679  of  the  hegira. 

Baha,  a  learned  Mussulman,  surnamed 
■  tie  ornament  of  justice  and  religion,  and  re- 
garded as  a  saint  and  a  worker  of  miracles. 
He  died  857  of  the  hegira,  at  Hafara. 


Bahali,  a  Mussulman,  author  of  a  book 
on  the  derivation  of  Arabic  names.  He  di- 
ed in  the  220th  year  of  the  hegira. — Ano- 
ther, who  abridged  a  treatise  on  the  diver- 
sity of  opinions  of  Mahometan  doctors.  He 
died  the  321st  year  of  the  hegira. 

Baharal  hefdh,  or  the  sea  of  memo- 
ry, wrote  a  treatise  on  the  manners  and  qual- 
ities of  princes,  and  died  in  the  year  255th 
of  the  hegira. 

Bahier,  John,  a  priest  of  the  oratory, 
born  at  Chattillon.  He  wrote  some  Latin 
poems  on  various  subjects,  inserted  in  the 
collection  of  de  Brienne  ;  and  died  1707. 

Bahram,  a  brave  general,  under  Chos- 
roes  I.  or  Nushervan,  and  under  his  son  Hor- 
mouz,  whom  he  deposed,  to  seat  himself  on 
his  throne.  His  usurpation  was  checked  by 
Chosroes,  the  son  of  Hormouz ;  and,  when 
defeated,  he  fled  to  the  the  great  khan,  by 
whom  he  was  afterwards  put  to  death. 

Bahrdt,  Charles  Prederic,  M.  A.  a  na- 
tive of  Bisschosswerda,  who  studied  at  Leip- 
sic,  and  assisted  his  father,  who  was  there  di- 
vinity professor.  An  intrigue  drove  him 
from  Leipsic  to  Erfurt,  where  he  gave  lec- 
tures on  biblical  antiquities;  and  he  then  re- 
moved to  Giessen,  and  afterwards  to  Durk- 
hcim.  Here,  as  preacher  to  count  Von. 
Leiningen  Dachsburg,  he  opened  a  house  for 
the  instruction  of  youth,  which  he  called 
Philanthropinum  ;  but  his  plans  failing,  he 
went  to  Holland,  and  then  to  England,  where 
he  obtained  four  pupils.  On  his  return  to 
the  continent,  he  found  that  his  conduct  had 
given  offence  at  Arienna,  and  therefore  he  re- 
tired to  Prussia,  and  next  settled  at  Halle,  as 
an  inn-keeper  and  farmer.  The  sentiments 
of  which  he  boasted  in  public  as  a  deist,  and 
the  establishment  of  a  lodge  of  new  free- 
masons, rendered  him  suspected  to  the  ma- 
gistrates, and  he  was  imprisoned  for  twelve 
months  He  died  1792,  aged  51.  His  char- 
acter was  unprincipled  and  licentious.  He 
turned  out  his  wife  from  his  protection  and 
house,  to  live  in  adultery  with  his  servant ; 
aud  in  every  part  of  his  conduct  gloried  in 
what  could  offend  religion  and  morality. 
Besides  his  essay  towards  a  system  of  the 
doctrines  of  the  Bible,  1769,  he*  published 
other  works,  equally  singular  for  extrava- 
gances, profaneness,  and  licentious  opinions. 

Baian,  or  Baios;  a  native  of  Goa,  who 
embraced  Christianity,  and  came  to  Rome, 
where  he  was  ordained  priest,  about  1630. 
He  was  author  of  some  ingenious  works,  be- 
sides a  translation  of  the  JEneid  into  Greek 
verse,  and  the  Lusiae'  of  Camoens  into 
Latin. 

Bajakd,  Andrew,  an  Italian  poet  of 
Parma,  patronised  by  the  duke  of  Milan,  in 
the  15th  century.  His  poems  were  first  pub- 
lished by  Fogliazzi,  1756. 

Bajazet  I.  emperor  of  Turkey,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Amurat  I.  1389.  He  con- 
quered, with  unusual  rapidity,  the  provinces 
of  Bulgaria,  Macedonh,  and  Thessaly  ;  and 
after  he  had  made  the  emperor  of  Constan- 
tinople tributary  to  his  po'.ver,  and  defeated 
the  army  of  Sigismun  1,  kin?  >f  Hungary, 
1396,  he  marched  to  attack   Tamerlane,  in 


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the  east,  whom  he  treated  with  such  con- 
tempt, that  he  caused  his  ambassadors  to  be 
shaved  in  derision.  He  was,  however,  to- 
tally defeated  near  Angoury,  1402,  and  taken 
prisoner;  and  when  the  proud  conqueror 
asked  him  what  he  would  have  done  with 
him  it'  he  had  obtained  the  victory,  Bajazet 
answered,  I  would  have  confined  you  in  an 
iron  cage.  Such,  then,  shall  be  thy  fate, 
rejoined  Tamerlane.  In  his  cage,  Bajazet 
behaved  with  his  native  fierceness,  expect- 
ing that  his  sons  would  rescue  him  ;  but 
■when  he  was  disappointed,  he  dashed  his 
head  against  the  bars  of  the  cage,  and  died, 
1403,  at  Antioch  in  Pisidia.  Some  however 
say,  that  he  was  honorably  treated  by  Tamer- 
lane. 

Bajaxet  II.  succeeded  his  father  Maho- 
met II.  1481,  and  caused  his  brother  Zi- 
zim,  who  opposed  him,  to  be  assassinated. 
He  extended  the  boundaries  of  his  king- 
dom ;  and  though  checked  in  his  attacks  on 
Syria,  he  made  himself  master  of  the  strong- 
est places  of  the  Peloponnesus,  and  obliged 
the  Venetians  to  sue  for  peace.  His  reign 
■was  distracted  by  intestine  discord,  and  he 
fell  by  the  perfidy  of  his  son  Selim,  who  not 
only  dethroned  him,  but  caused  him  to  be 
poisoned,  1512,  in  his  60th  year. 

Baier,  John  William,  a  divine  of  Nu- 
remberg, rector  and  professor  of  divinity  at 
Halle,  where  he  died,  1094,  aged  49.  He 
-was  author  of  a  compendium  of  theology 
and  other  learned  works. 

Baier,  Jean  Jaques,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, born  at  Jena,  practised  with  success  in 
several  cities  of  Germany,  particularly  at 
Ratisbon,  Nuremberg,  and  Altorf,  where 
he  was  professor  of  physiology  and  presi- 
dent of  the  college  of  physicians,  See.  and 
-where  he  died,  14th  July,  1735.  He  was 
author  of  some  Latin  dissertations,  &c.  on 
medical  and  botanical  subjects,  particularly 
Gemmarum  aftabre  sculptarum  thesaurus — 
de  hortis  celelwioribus  Germanke  Ik  horti 
medici  Alldorfini  histor. — orationes  varii 
argumenti — biographia  professorum  in  acad. 
Altdorf.  &c. 

Baif,  Lazarus,  a  native  of  Pins,  near  la 
Fleche,  abbot  of  Charroux  and  Greneticre, 
and  employed  as  ambassador  to  Venice,  &c. 
by  Francis  I.  He  wrote  some  learned,  but 
incoherent,  treatises, — de  re  navali — de  re 
■vestiaria,  printed  at  Basil,  1541;  and  died 
1545.  His  son,  John  Anthony,  wrote  some 
poems,  and  died  1592. 

Bail,  Lewis,  author  of  a  summary  of 
councils,  printed,  2  vols.  fol.  Paris  1672,  and 
an  account  of  celebrated  preachers,  was  a 
native  of  Abbeville,  whoflorished  in  the  17th 
century. 

Bailies,  William,  a  Prussian  physician, 
member  of  the  London  and  Edinburgh  soci- 
eties, and  author  of  an  essay  on  the  Bath 
-waters,  &c.  1757.  When  introduced  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  the  monarch  told  him,  that 
to  have  acquired  the  great  reputation  which 
he  possessed  he  must  have  killed  many  peo- 
ple. He  boldly  replied,  not  so  many  as 
your  majesty. 


Baillet,  Adrian,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  of  poor  parents  atNeuville,  near  Beau- 
vais,  in  Picardy,  and  educated  by  the  hu- 
manity of  the  lathers  of  a  neighbouring 
convent.  He  early  distinguished  himself  by 
his  great  application;  and  when  in  orders, 
and  possessed  of  the  small  living  of  Lardie- 
res,  which  produced  not  more  than  30/.  a 
year,  he  maintained  himself  and  his  brother 
respectably.  In  1680,  he  became  library- 
keeper  to  M.  de  Lamoignon,  and  began  to 
form  an  index  of  every  subject  which  was 
treated  in  the  books  which  he  possessed ; 
and  so  voluminous  were  his  labors,  that  they 
were  contained  in  35  folio  volumes,  and  all 
written  with  his  own  hand.  His  next  work 
was  "  jugemens  des  savans."  which  had  a 
very  rapid  sale,  and  which  he  totally  gave  to 
the  bookseller,  requesting  only  a  few  copies 
for  his  friends.  As  in  this  work  he  men- 
tioned not  only  the  praises  but  the  censures 
passed  on  different  authors,  he  met  with 
violent  opposition,  and  those  who  suffered 
by  the  lash  of  his  criticism  rose  up  in  their 
defence,  so  that  under  the  names  of  Asi- 
nus  in  Parnasso,  anti  Baillet,  &c.  he  was 
virulently  attacked  and  ridiculed.  The  Je- 
suits were  particularly  severe  against  him, 
because  he  had  spoken  disrespectfully  of 
their  society  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  ex- 
pressed himself  in  handsome  terms  of  the 
gentlemen  of  the  Port  Royal.  Besides  these, 
his  indefatigable  labors  produced  a  prolix 
life  of  Descartes,  2  vols.  4to. — an  history  of 
Holland — the  lives  of  saints,  4  vols.  fol. — 
and  several  theological  works;  and  he  form- 
ed the  plan  of  "  an  universal  ecclesiastical 
dictionary,"  which  was  to  contain  a  perfect 
system  of  divinity,  supported  by  authorities 
from  scripture  and  from  the  fathers  of  the 
church,  in  3  vols,  folio,  when  he  died  of  a 
lingering  illness,  21st  January  1706,  in  his57th 
year. 

Bailli,  Roche  le,  called  also  Riviere,  a 
native  of  Falaise,  physician  to  Henry  IV. 
He  was  learned  and  successful,  but  too  strong 
a  supporter  of  the  doctrines  of  Paracelsus. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  plague  and  other 
works  in  Latin,  and  died  at  Paris,  1605. 

Baillie,  Robert,  a  native  of  Glasgow, 
known  as  a  presbyterian  divine  and  as  a  firm 
opposer  of  episcopacy.  He  was  tutor  to  lord 
Montgomery,  and  was  patronised  by  lord 
Eglintoun.  He  was  one  of  those  who  drew 
up  an  accusation  against  Laud  ;  and  during 
the  troubles  of  Scotland,  he  was  ever  active 
in  support  of  the  presbytery,  as  well  as  in 
opposition  to  toleration.  After  the  death  of 
Charles  I.  he  waited  as  a  deputed  divine 
from  the  general  assembly  upon  Charles  II. 
at  the  Hague,  and  he  expressed  in  a  speech 
his  respect  for  his  sovereign,  and  his  abhor- 
rence for  the  murderers  of  his  father.  On 
the  restoration,  he  was  made  principal  of 
the  university  of  Glasgow,  by  the  interest 
of  Lord  Lauderdale;  but  so  great  was  his 
aversion  to  episcopacy,  that  he  refused  n 
bishopric.  When  he  was  visited,  during  his 
illness,  by  the  new-made  archbishop  of  Glas- 
gow,    he   addressed    him  i,n  these   words ; 


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■"  Mr.  Andrews,  (I  will  not  call  you  my  lord,) 
king  Charles  would  have  made  me  one  of 
these  lords,  but  I  do  not  find  in  the  New 
Testament  that  Christ  had  any  lords  in  his 
house ;"  but  he  accompanied  his  censure 
with  kindness  and  courteous  liberality,  tie 
died  July  1662,  aged  63.  He  had  by  his  first 
■wife  several  children,  of  whom  one  son  and 
five  daughters  survived  him.  His  writings, 
"which  are  now  little  perused,  displayed 
great  learning  and  ingenuity.  His  letters  and 
journals  have  lately  been  published,  Edin- 
burgh, 2  vols.  Svo.  ITT 5. 

Baillon,  William  de,  a  learned  French 
physician,  who  obtained  great  reputation  by 
his  profession,  as  well  as  by  his  charity.  His 
■works,  which  are  valuable,  were  edited  by 
his  friend  and  relation,  tin  ingenious  Dr. 
Thevart,  Venice,   1734,  in  4to.  and  Geneva, 

1762,  4  vols.  4to.  Baillon  died  1616,  in  his 
78th  year. 

Bailly,  James,  a  French  writer,  born  at 
Versailles.  He  died  18th  November  1768, 
«ged  67.  His  "  theatre"  appeared  1768,  2 
vols.  8vo. 

Bailly,  John  Sylvain,  a  famous  astrono- 
mer, son  of  the  preceding,  born  at  Paris, 
15th  September  1736.  He  was  carefully  and 
tenderly  educated  by  his  friends,  and  his 
mind  was  stored  with  the  treasures  of  science, 
though  without  the  labors  of  classical  in- 
struction. At  the  age  of  16,  he  wrote  two 
tragedies;  in  one  of  which,  Clotaire,  he 
painted  in  vivid  colors  the  sufferings  and  the 
death  of  a  mayor  of  Paris  by  an  infuriate 
populace;  dreadful  prognostic  of  the  mise- 
ries which  awaited  him.  Dramatic  compo- 
sitions, however,  were  not  calculated  to  dis- 
play the  powers  of  his  genius.  The  acci- 
dental friendship  of  the  abbe  de  la  Caille  di- 
rect d  him  in  the  pursuit  of  science  ;  and,  in 

1763,  he  introduced  to  the  academy  his  ob- 
servations on  the  moon,  and  the  next  year 
his  treatise  on  the  zodiacal  stars.  In  1766, 
he  published  his  essay  on  the  satellites  of 
Jupiter,  and  in  other  treatises  enlarged  fur- 
ther on  the  important  subject.  In  1775,  the 
first  volume  of  his  history  of  ancient  and 
modern  astronomy  appeared,  and  the  third 
and  last  in  1779  ;  and,  in  1787,  that  of  In- 
dian and  oriental  astronomy,  in  3  vols.  4to. 
He  was  drawn  from  his  literary  retirement 
to  public  view  as  a  deputy  to  the  first  na- 
tional assembly ;  and  such  was  his  popularity, 
that  he  was,  on  July  14th,  1789,  nominated 
mayor  of  Paris.  In  this  dangerous  office,  he 
conducted  himself  in  a  very  becoming  man- 
ner, eager  to  check  violence,  and  to  enforce 
respect  for  the  laws;  but  his  impartiality  was 
considered  soon  as  a  crime;  and  when  he 
spoke  with  reverence  of  the  royal  family, 
on  the  trial  of  the  queen,  he  was  regarded 
as  unfit  to  preside  over  the  destinies  of  a  re- 
bellious city.  He  descended,  in  1791,  from 
his  elevation,  and  retired  to  Meiun,  deter- 
mined to  devote  the  rest  of  his  life  to  lite- 
rature and  science  ;  but  the  sanguinary  tri- 
bunal of  Robespierre,  who  knew  his  merit, 
and  would  not  protect  it,  dragged  him  to  ex- 
ecution.    He  lost  his  head  by  the  guillotine, 


12th  Novemher  1793,  exhibiting,  in  death, 
heroism,  resignation,  and  dignity.  Besides 
his  great  works,  he  wrote  the  eloges  of  Leib- 
nitz, Charles  V.  la  Caille,  Corneille,  two 
"  rapports,"  and  left  among  his  papers  me- 
moirs of  the  revolution,  and  a  work  on  the 
origin  of  fables,  and  of  ancient  religions. 

Bailly,  David,  a  painter,  born  at  Ley- 
den.  His  father,  who  was  a  painter,  placed 
him  under  the  care  of  de  Geyn,  the  engra- 
ver ;  and  after  visiting  Italy  and  Holland,  he 
settled  at  Leyden,  where  he  acquired  great 
reputation  for  his  historical  pieces.  He  died 
1630. 

Bailly,  James,  a  French  painter  of 
Gracay  in  Berry,  who  died  2d  September 
1679,  aged  50.  His  flowers,  fruits,  ike.  were 
much  admired. 

Bainbridce,  John,  a  physician  and  as- 
tronomer of  Ashby  de  la  Zouch,  in  Leices- 
tershire. After  taking  his  degrees  at  Ema- 
nual  college,  Cambridge,  under  the  tuition 
of  Dr.  Joseph  Hall,  afterwards  bishop  of 
Norwich,  he  settled  in  his  native  country, 
where  he  practised  physic,  and  undertook, 
the  care  of  a  grammar  school  ;  and  from 
thence  he  was  invited  by  his  friends  to  Lon- 
don, where  his  application  to  astronomy  and 
mathematics,  and  his  scientific  description  of 
the  comet  of  1618,  published  in  4to.  raised 
him  to  fame  and  consequence.  In  1619,  he 
was  made,  by  his  friend,  sir  Henry  Saville, 
first  astronomical  professor  at  Oxford  ;  and 
he  entered  at  Merton  college,  where  he 
was  appointed  reader  of  Linacer's  lecture. 
He  died  in  1643,  aged  Gl,  and  his  body, 
after  it  had  been  carried  to  the  schools, 
where  the  singular  honor  of  an  oration  was 
pronounced  over  it  by  the  university  orator, 
was  buried  near  the  altar  of  Merlon  church. 
Bainbridge  was  indefatigable  after  litera- 
ture ;  and  he  begun  at  the  age  of  40  to  study 
the  Arabic,  that  he  might  give  a  more  cor- 
rect edition  of  all  the  ancient  astronomers, 
agreeable  to  the  statutes  of  his  founder.  Se- 
veral of  his  works  have  been  published.  His 
Prodi  spha;ra,  Ptolemxi  de  h'ypothesibus 
planetarum  liber  singularis,  with  Ptolemy's 
canon  regnorum,  appeared  in  1620,  in  4to. 

Baithosus,  founded,  with  his  friend  Sa- 
doc,  the  sect  which  denied  a  future  state  and 
resurrection.  These  here'ics,  at  first  called 
Baithossei,  were  better  known  by  the  name 
of  Sadducees. 

Baius,  or  De  Bay,  Michael,  a  native  of 
Melin,  made  divinity  professor  of  Louvain 
by  Charles  V.  His  abilities  were  so  respec- 
table, that  he  was  sent  as  deputy  at the  coun- 
cil of  Trent;  but  his  wish  to  bring  back  the 
followers  of  Luther  and  Calvin  to  the  bosom, 
of  the  church,  induced  him  to  adopt  some 
of  the  tenets  with  respect  to  justification, 
which  drew  upon  him  the  clamors  of  the 
Franciscans  and  other  catholics,  so  that  his 
writings  were  not  only  denounced  by  the  in- 
quisition of  Louvain  and  the  Sorbonne,  but 
the  pope,  Pius  V.  condemned  76  of  the  point's 
which  he  advanced.  He  was  obliged,  there- 
fore, to  acknowledge  his  errors  and  his  sub- 
mission to   the   holy  see;  and  a  second  lime 


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the  papal  power  interfered  between  his  fol- 
lowers and  those  of  the  Jesuit  Lessius,  who 
lilled  Louvain  and  the  Low  Countries  with 
their  clamor  and  altercation.  Baius  died 
16th  September  1589,  aged  76.  His  works, 
which  are  written  in  a  correct  and  close 
style,  far  superior  to  the  learning  of  the 
times,  were  published  1606,  in  4to.  at  Co- 
logne. He  was  very  attentive  in  his  studies, 
and  it  is  said  that  he  read  St.  Augustin  not 
less  than  nine  times,  to  acquire  the  graces 
and  beauty  of  his  language.  His  nephew, 
James  Baius,  also  doctor  oi  Louvain,  wrote 
on  the  eucharist,  Sec.  and  died  1614.  The 
opinions  of  Baius  were  adopted  by  Cor- 
nelius Jansenius. 

Baker,  David,  an  English  Benedictine, 
who  studied  at  Broadgate-hall,  now  Pem- 
broke college,  Oxford,  and  was  converted 
from  Atheism  to  Christianity.  He  travelled 
in  Italy,  and  resided  in  England  in  the  time 
or  Charles  I.  as  missionary  ;  after  which,  he 
settled  as  director  and  confessor  of  the  Eng- 
lish nuns  at  Cambray.  He  died  in  London, 
1641.  He  was  remarkable  for  his  rreligioos 
zeal.  His  writings  were  mostly  on  theologi- 
cal subjects,  and  said  by  Wood  to  he  pre- 
served in  the  monastery  at  Cambray.  His 
collections  for  an  ecclesiastical  history  of 
England, in  six  folio  volumes,  arelost.  Though 
none  of  his  works  were  ever  printed,  they 
were  judiciously  drawn  up,  and  have  proved, 
according  to  Hugh  Cressy,  very  serviceable 
to  succeeding  writers. 

Baker,  Sir  Richard,  author  of  the  chro- 
nicler- of  the  kings  of  England,  was  born  at 
Sissinghurst,  in  Kent,  and  after  studying 
three  years  at  Hart-hall,  Oxford,  he  went 
abroad  to  complete  his  education.  He  was 
knighted  at  Theobalds  by  James  I.  1603; 
and  as  he  possessed  Middle  Aston,  and  other 
property  in  Oxfordshire,  he  was  made  sheriff 
1620.  He  married  a  daughter  of  sir  George 
Manwaring,  of  Shropshire,  and  by  becom- 
ing surety  for  some  of  her  family  he  was 
ruined,  and  died  in  the  Fleet  prison,  Februa- 
ry 18,  1645,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Bride's 
church.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive  learning, 
as  his  miscellaneous  works  sufficiently  prove. 
The  last  edition  of  his  chronicle  was  1730, 
fol. 

Baker,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ilton,  So- 
mersetshire, who,  after  studying  at  Magda- 
len-hall and  Wadham  college,  Oxford,  ob- 
tained the  vicarage  of  Bishop's  Nymmet,  in 
Devonshire,  where  he  lived  a  retired  and 
literary  life,  and  died  1690,  aged  65.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  his  general  know- 
ledge, and  particularly  by  his  acquaintanee 
with  the  mathematics,  as  he  showed  by  his 
useful  book  called  geometrical  key,  &c.  16S4, 
in  4to.  and  by  the  answers  he  sent  to  the 
emeries  proposed  to  him  by  the  royal  society, 
for  which  he  received  their  medal. 

Baker,  Thomas,  a  learned  antiquary, 
horn  of  a  very  respectable  family.  His 
grandfather,  sir  George,  who  was  recorder 
of  Newcastle,  distinguished  himself  by  his 
great  exertions  in  the  royal  cause,  and  was 
almost  ruined  by  his  liberality  in  favor  of  the 


monarch.  His  son,  George,  of  Crook,  in 
the  county  of  Durham,  married  into  the 
Northumberland  family  of  Forster ;  and 
Thomas,  one  of  the  issue  of  this  marriage, 
was  born  September  14th,  1656,  and  educa- 
ted at  Durham  grammar-school,  and  after- 
wards at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  fellow  1580.  He  entered 
into  orders,  and  was  presented  to  Long  New- 
ton rectory  by  bishop  Crew,  to  whom  he 
was  chaplain ;  but  he  was  soon  after  disgra- 
ced, for  refusing  to  read  James  IFs  declara- 
tion for  liberty  of  conscience  ;  and  he  resign- 
ed his  living,  1690,  and  returned  to  college, 
where  he  enjoyed  his  fellowship  till,  with 
twenty-one  others,  he  was  dispossessed,  in 
1717.  He  might  have  continued  in  this,  but 
he  refused  to  subscribe  to  what  his  con- 
science disapproved ;  and  he  expressed 
greater  indignation  against  the  unprincipled 
time -serving  conduct  of  his  immediate  friends 
than  against  the  severity  of  his  persecutors. 
Though  deprived  of  all  offices,  he  still  con- 
tinued to  reside  in  the  college  a  commoner 
master  till  the  day  of  his  death,  supported, 
it  is  said,  by  Mathew  Prior,  who  retained 
his  fellowship  to  supply  the  income  to  hi3 
friend.  He  was  attacked  by  a  paralytic 
stroke,  which  in  three  days  terminated  his 
existence,  July  2d,  1740.  He  was  buried  in 
the  outer  chapel  of  the  college,  near  Ash- 
ton's  monument,  and,  hy  his  direction,  noth- 
ing has  been  erected  over  his  remains.  In 
private  life,  Baker  was  distinguished  by  his 
affability,  his  easy  and  mild  manners,  and  as 
a  scholar  he  was  equally  known.  Besides  his 
"  reflections  on  learning,"  which  passed 
through  eight  editions,  and  his  preface  to 
bishop  Fisher's  funeral  sermon  for  the  coun- 
tess of  Richmond  and  Derby,  nothing  has 
been  published  of  his  works  ;  but  his  labors 
were  indefatigable  in  making  collections  for 
the  history  of  Str  John's  college  and  the  an- 
tiquity of  Cambridge  university,  so  that  not 
less  than  39  volumes  in  folio  and  three  in  4to. 
of  these  valuable  manuscripts  are  preserved 
both  in  the  British  museum  and  the  public 
library  of  Cambridge.  As  his  industry  was 
so  great,  and  his  abilities  as  an  antiquarian 
so  remarkably  extensive,  it  is  to  be  lamented 
that  he  did  not  complete  a  plan  which  might 
hare  rivalled  the  sister  university  in  the 
labors  of  her  Wood.  Baker,  as  executor  of 
his  eider  brother's  will,  was  the  means  of 
founding  six  exhibitions  at  St.  John's,  with 
money  which  had  been  left  for  charitable 
uses.  He  was  intimate  with  the  most  cele- 
brated literati  of  his  age,  who  respected  his 
talents,  and  frequently  consulted  him.  There 
is  a  good  likeness  of  him  by  C-  Bridges,  and 
an  excellent  portrait  of  him  is  also  preser- 
ved by  the  Antiquarian  society. 

Baker,  Henry,  an  ingenious  naturalist, 
born  in  Fleet-street,  London.  His  mother 
was  a  midwife  of  great  practice  ;  and  lie  was 
apprenticed  to  the  eminent  bookseller  who 
succeeded  the  Dodsley's;  an  employment 
which,  however,  he  early  resigned  for  phi- 
losophical pursuits.  His  chief  employment 
was  to  correct  the  stammering  of  grown  up 


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persons,  and  to  teach  the  deaf  and  dumb  to 
speak;  and  so  successful  were  his  exertions, 
that  he  acquired  an  ample  fortune  by  this 
most  honorable  profession.  He  was  an  ac- 
tive and  useful  member  of  the  royal  and  an- 
tiquarian societies,  to  whose  high  reputation 
he  contributed  by  frequent  and  sensible  com- 
munications. He  wrote  poetry  in  the  younger 
part  of  his  life,  and  maintained  throughout 
a  character  respectable  for  urbanity  of  man- 
ners, and  a  conciliating  deportment.  He 
died  in  the  Strand,  25th  November,  1774, 
in  his  71st  year,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mary- 
le-Strand  church-yard.  His  microscopical 
experiments  were  very  valuable,  and  have 
been  published.  His  valuable  collection  of 
shells,  native  and  foreign  fossils,  petrefac- 
tions,  corals,  ores,  &c.  was  sold  by  auction, 
March  13th,  1775,  and  the  following  day. 
His  name  must  be  mentioned  as  the  first  who 
introduced  into  England  the  large  Alpine 
.strawberry,  the  seed  of  which  was  transmit- 
ted to  him  in  a  letter  by  professor  Brims,  of 
Turin.  He  likewise  introduced  the  seeds  of 
the  true  rhubarb,  rheum  palmatum,  sent 
over  to  him  by  Dr.  Mouusey,  the  physician 
of  the  empress  of  Russia.  He  married  the 
youngest  daughter  of  the  well-known  Daniel 
Dufoe,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons,  who  died 
before  him.  The  eldest,  David  Erskine 
Baker,  was  brought  up  to  the  business  of  a 
silk  throwster,  in  Spital-fields  ;  but  he  grew 
extravagant  and  inattentive,  and  at  last  lost 
himself,  by  enlisting  in  the  mean  retinue  of 
a  company  of  strolling  players.  He  wrote 
poetry,  and  that  entertaining  book  called  the 
companion  to  the  play-house,  2  vols.  12mo. 
17C4,  since  enlarged,  under  the  title  of  bio- 
graphia  dramatica,  2  vols.  8vo.  The  second 
son,  Henry,  was  a  lawyer,  but  far  from  re- 
spectable in  his  profession.  He  left  an  only 
son,  born  February  17th,  17G3,  to  whom  his 
grandfather  left  all  his  property.  It  is  said 
that  the  art  of  instructing  deaf  persons 
perished  with  Baker,  as  he  enjoined  those 
who  benefited  by  his  services  the  most  pro- 
found secrecy,  and  moreover  took  a  bond  of 
100/.  for  their  faithful  observance  of  the  pro- 
mise. 

Bakewell,  Robert,  eminent  as  the  im- 
prover of  British  cattle,  was  born,  1726,  at 
Dishley,  Leicestershire,  where  his  father 
had  a  farm.  His  attention  was  directed  to 
the  improvement  of  the  breed  of  cattle,  and 
so  successful  were  his  labors,  that  the  Dish- 
ley  sheep  became  celebrated  over  the  coun- 
try, and  one  of  his  rams  was  let  for  the  ex- 
traordinary price  of  400  guineas,  and  his 
bulls  at  50  guineas  each  a  season.  He  died 
much  respected,  1798. 

Bakhuisen,  Ludolph,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver of  Embden,  who  died  1709,  aged  78. 
He  was  self-taught,  but  his  genius  soon  re- 
commended him  to  public  notice  and  to  re- 
putation. His  pieces,  the  subject  of  which 
are  generally  tempests  and  sea  views,  &c. 
are  highly  admired  for  their  spirit,  their 
correctness,  and  the  softness  and  delicacy  of 
his  coloring.  A,mong  his  patrons  and  fre- 
quent visitors  v\  ere  the  king  of  Prussia,  the 
czar  Peter  I.  and  the  grand  duke  of  Tusca- 


ny,  who  chose   among  his  collection  what 
best  might  adorn  their  palaces. 

Balaam,  son  of  Beor  or  Bosor,  a  cele- 
brated prophet  of  Pethor,  in  Mesopotamia, 
who  was  sent  for  by  Balak,  king  of  Moab, 
that  -he  might  curse  the  children  of  Israel. 
The  curse  which  he  intended  to  pronounce 
against  this  favorite  people  was,  by  the  in- 
fluence of  the  Almighty,  changed  into  a  bles- 
sing; but  though  he  thus  disappointed  the 
expectations  of  Balak,  the  wicked  prophet 
encouraged  hire  privately  to  allure  the  Israel- 
ites to  the  commission  of  debauchery  and 
lewdness  ;  and  the  advice  fatally  succeeded. 
Balaam  was  killed  with  Balak  in  a  battle, 
about  1450,  B.  C. 

Balamio,  Ferdinand,  a  native  of  Sicilv, 
physician  to  pope  Leo  X.  about  1555.  He 
was  eminent  in  literature  as  well  as  medi- 
cine, and  translated  some  of  Galen's  works 
into  Latin,  published  1586,  in  Latin,  at  V< 
nice. 

Balassi,  Mario,  a  painter  at  Florence. 
His  copy  of  Raphael's  transfiguration  was 
much  admired,  as  also  his  historical  pieces. 
He  died  1667,  aged  63. 

Balathi,  a  surname  of  Abulfeda  Oth- 
mau  ben  Issa,  who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
characters  of  different  alphabets,  ko. 

Balbi,  .John  or  Janua,  a  Genoese  Do- 
minican, author  of  several  commentaries, 
&c.  His  chief  work  is  his  "  catholicon,"  an 
useful  and  popular  book,  containing  a  classi- 
cal encyclopaedia,  &c.  printed  1460,  folio, 
Mentz.  It  was  One  of  the  first  books  ever 
printed. 

Baleimus,  Decimus  Cxlius,  emperor  of 
Rome,  237,  with  Maximus,  was  the  next 
year  murdered  by  his  soldiers. 

Balbo,  Jerome,  a  bishop  of  Goritz,  who 
died  at  A'enice,  1535.  He  wrote  de  rebus 
Turcicis,  1526, 4to. — de  futuris  Caroli  V.  suc- 
cessoribus,  &c. 

Balboa,  Vasco  Nugues  de,  a  Gastilian, 
known  by  his  enterprising  genius  and  his 
misfortunes.  He  acquired  reputation  as  one 
of  the  American  adventurers,  and  in  1513 
he  left  Spain,  to  discover  the  South  Sea, 
and  in  one  month  after  his  departure  he 
gained  the  wished  for  ocean.  Fame,  and 
not  the  accumulation  of  wealth,  was  the  ob- 
ject of  his  heart.  Though  he  could  possess 
pearls  and  gold_,  he  preferred  the  love  of  his 
fellow  adventurers.  He  was  found  at  Santa 
Maria,  on  the  coast  of  Darien,  where  he  had 
built  a  town,  and  crossed  the  isthmus,  in  the 
meanest  habit,  building  a  hut  for  his  dwel- 
ling, by  the  governor  of  the  Spanish  king, 
who  became  jealous  of  his  popularity,  and 
falsely  accused  him  of  felony.  The  charge 
was  easily  proved  before  a  corrupted  tribu- 
nal; and  the  unfortunate  Balboa  lost  his 
head  bv  a  tyrannical  sentence,  1517,  at  the  age 
of  42.  ' 

Balbuena,  Bernard  de,  a  Spanish  poet 
of  eminence,  born  at  Toledo,  and  educated 
at  Salamanca*  where  he  took  his  doctor's 
degrees.  He  settled  in  America,  and  died 
there  1627,  after  being  l^ven  years  bishop  of 
Porto  Rico. 

Balcanqjtal,  Walter,  a  Scotsman,  who 


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attended  James  I.  when  he  came  to  England, 
and  became  his  chaplain.  He  took  the  de- 
gree of  D.  D.  at  Oxford,  and  appeared  at  the 
synod  of  Dort  as  representative  for  the 
church  of  Scotland.  He  was  successively 
master  of  the  Savoy,  in  1624  dean  of  Roches- 
ter, and  in  163'J  dean  of  Durham.  He  wrote 
king  Charles'  declaration  concerning  the 
late  tumults  in  Scotland,  fol.  1630 — ser- 
mons,— epistles  concerning  the  Dort  synod, 
Sec.  He  was  a  great  sufferer  during  the  re- 
bellion, and  with  difficulty  escaped  his  perse- 
cutors. He  died  at  Chirk  castle,  Denbigh- 
shire, Christmas  day,  1645. 

Balde,  James,  a  native  of  Upper  Alsatia, 
very  highly  applauded  in  Germany  for  his 
poetry,  and  surnamed  the  Horace  of  his 
country.  He  died  at  Neuburg,  1668,  in  his 
65th  year;  and  so  honored  was  his  memory, 
that  the  senators  of  the  place  eagerly  solicited 
to  obtain  his  pen,  which  was,  as  a  most  preci- 
ous relict,  carefully  kept  in  a  silver  case.  The 
labors  of  Balde  are  miscellaneous,  partly  dra- 
matic, partly  odes,  kc.  exhibiting  strong 
flashes  of  genius,  but  without  the  correct- 
ness and  judgment  of  mature  taste.  His 
Uranie  victorieuse  was  rewarded  by  Alexan- 
der VII.  with  a  gold  medal.  The  best  edi- 
tions of  his  works  are,  Cologne,  4to.  and 
12mo.  1645. 

Balderic,  a  bishop  of  Noyon,  in  the 
12th  century,  author  of  the  chronique  des 
eveques  d'Arras  et  de  Cambrai. — Another, 
of  the  same  age,  bishop  of  Dol,  was  author 
of  the  crusades,  &o. 

Baldi,  Lazarro,  a  disciple  of  Peter  da 
Cortona,  horn  in  Tuscany,  and  distinguished 
as  a  painter.  He  was  employed  by  Alexan- 
der VII.  in  the  painting  of  the  gallery  at 
Monte  Cavallo.     He  died  170.3. 

Baldini,  John  Anthony,  a  nobleman  of 
Placentia,  engaged  as  ambassador  at  various 
courts  of  Europe,  and  at  the  congress  of 
Utrecht.  He  died  1735,  aged  71.  He  made 
a  valuable  collection  of  curiosities  and  of 
hooks,  a  catalogue  of  which  appeared  in  the 
Italian  literary  journal. 

Baldinucci,  Philip,  a  Florentine  of  the 
academy  of  la  Crusca,  well  acquainted  with 
painting  and  sculpture,  of  which  he  began  the 
history,  at  the  request  of  cardinal  Leopold  of 
Tuscany.  His  death,  in  1696,  in  his  7'2d 
year,  prevented  the  execution  of  a  plan  ac- 
curately and  ably  conducted.  He  wrote  the 
general  history  of  painters,  6  vols. — an  ac- 
count of  the  progress  of  engraving  on  copper 
— a  vocabulary  of  designs. 

Baldock,  Robert  de,  an  ecclesiastic, 
who  shared  the  favors  and  the  misfortunes  of 
Edward  II.     He  died  in  Newgate. 

Baldock,  Walphe  de,  was  educated  at 
Merton,  Oxford,  and  made  bishop  of  London 
on  the  death  of  Gravesend,  1304.  His  elec- 
tion was  disputed  ;  hut  he  was  confirmed  by 
the  pope,  and  consecrated  at  Lyons  by  the 
cardinal  of  Alba,  1306  ;  and  on  his  return  to 
England  he  was  made  chancellor  of  the  realm 
by  lid  ward  I.  which  he  resigned  on  the  king's 
death.  He  was  a  virtuous  and  charitable 
prelate;  and  his  history  of  the  British  affairs, 


how  unfortunately  lost,  though  seen  by  Le- 
land,  proves  that  he  possessed  learning  and 
great  judgment.  He  died  at  Stepney,  July 
24th,  1313,  and  was  buried  in  St  Mary  s 
chapel,  at  the  east  of  St.  Paul's,  to  the  build- 
ing of  which  he  had  liberally  contributed 

Bald  us,  or  Baldi,  Bernard,  a  native 
of  Urbino,  abbot  of  Guastalla,  distinguished 
by  his  great  learning,  indefatigable  applica- 
tion, and  his  knowledge  of  sixteen  languages. 
He  published  tracts  on  mechanics,  &c.  and 
had  begun  an  historical  and  geographical  de- 
scription of  the  world,  which  he  did  not  finish, 
dying  1617,  aged  64.  His  lives  of  mathema- 
ticians appeared  1707. 

Bald  us,  de  Ubaldis,  a  civilian  of  Peru- 
gia, and  writer  on  the  canon  law,  who  died 
1433,  at  Pavia.  His  works  appeared  in  3  vols, 
folio. 

Baldwin  I.  count  of  Flanders,  was  en- 
gaged in  the  crusades,  and  behaved  with  such 
bravery,  that  when  Constantinople  was  taken, 
1204,  byr  the  united  forces  of  the  French  and 
Venetians,  he  was  appointed  emperor  of  the 
East.  His  virtues  deserved  the  high  eleva- 
tion ;  but,  in  those  turbulent  times,  he  was 
unfortunate  in  a  battle  which  he  fought 
against  the  Greeks  and  Bulgarians,  15th 
April,  1205.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by  his 
ferocious  enemies,  and,  after  a  confinement 
of  sixteen  months,  barbarously  put  to  death, 
in  his  35th  year. 

Baldwin  II.  the  last  Latin  emperor  of 
Constantinople,  was  raised  to  the  throne 
1228,  in  his  llth  year,  after  his  brother  Ro- 
bert. His  reign  was  agitated  with  the  dis- 
sensions of  powerful  rivals ;  and  though  he 
was  once  victorious  over  his  enemies,  he  had 
the  misfortune  to  see  his  capital  taken,  by 
Michael  Palteologus,  in  1261,  and,  to  avoid 
falling  into  the  hands  of  the  conquerer,  he 
fled  to  Negropont,  and  then  to  Italy,  where 
he  died,  1273,  aged  55.  His  only  son  Philip 
died  two  years  after  him. 

Baldwin  I.  king  of  Jerusalem,  was  bro- 
ther of  Godfrey  de  Bouillon,  whom  he  ac- 
companied to  Palestine  during  the  crusades.. 
After  the  death  of  Godfrey,  he  succeeded  to 
the  throne  of  Jerusalem,  1100,  and  the  next 
year  conquered  the  towns  of  Antipatris, 
Csesaria,  and  Azotus,  to  which  Acre  was  ad- 
ded in  1104,  after  an  obstinate  siege.  He 
died  1118,  and  his  remains  were  deposited 
in  a  church  on  Mount  Calvary. 

Baldwin  II.  king  of  Jerusalem,  was  son 
of  Hugh  count  Rethel,  and  succeeded  to  the 
throne  after  Eustace,  brother  to  Baldwin  I. 
had  declared  his  unwillingness  to  reign, 
1118.  He  was  a  brave  warrior,  and  defeated 
the  Saracens  in  1120,  but  four  years  after  he 
was  unfortunately  taken  prisoner,  and  ob- 
tained his  release  only  byr  delivering  up  the 
town  anil  fortress  of  Tyre.     He  died  1131. 

Baldwin  III.  king  of  Jerusalem,  son  of 
Fulk  of  Anjou,  succeeded  bis  father,  1143, 
under  the  guardianship  of  his  mother.  He 
was  successful  in  some  battles,  and  took  As- 
calon,  and  died  1163. 

Baldwin  IV.  king  of  Jerusalem,  suc- 
ceeded his   father  Amaury,   1174.    A«  ha 


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^as  a  leper,  Hay mond  of  Tripoli  held  the 
reins  of  government,  which  were  resigned 
by  the  subtle  Sovereign  to  his  nephew,  Bald- 
win V.  He  died  1185,  and  his  successor  the 
following  year,  as  it  is  said,  of  poison,  ad- 
ministered by  his  mother,  that  her  husband, 
Guy  de  Lusignan,  might  ascend  the  vacant 
throne. 

Baldwin,  Francis,  a  native  of  Arras, 
professor  of  law  at  Bourges,  Angers,  Paris, 
Strasburg,  and  Heidelberg.  He  was  patro- 
nised by  Anthony  king  of  Navarre,  Charles 
V.  and  by  Henry  III.  duke  of  Anjou,  and  af- 
terwards king  of  France,  whom  he  intended 
to  accompany  when.eiected  king  of  Poland  ; 
but  a  violent  fever  checked  his  journey,  and 
proved  fatal,  1 573,  in  his  54th  year.  He  died 
a  catholic,  though  it  is  said  that  he  four  times 
exchanged  his  religion  from  catholic  to  pro- 
testant.  He  was  author  of  leges  de  re  rus- 
tica — novella  constitutio  prima — de  hrcredi- 
bus — &t  de  lege  Placidia,  &c. 

Baldwin,  Martin,  a  native  of  Camper,  in 
Brabant,  first  bishop  of  Ipres,  who  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  councils  of  Trent  and 
Malines,  1570,  and  wrote  commentaries,  &c. 

Baldwin,  Frederic,  a  native  of  Dres- 
den, who  wrote  commentaries  on  St.  Paul's 
epistles,  &c.  and  died  1 027. 

Baldwin,  a  native  of  Exeter,  primate  of 
England,  who  attended  Richard  I.  in  his 
crusade  to  the  holy  land,  and  died  there,  1191. 
His  works  appeared  by  Tissier,  1662. 

Bale,  Robert,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  edu- 
cated among  the  Carmelites  of  Norwich, 
-where  he  became  prior,  and  died  1503.  He 
is  author  of  annalcs  per  breves  ordinis  Car- 
melit. — historic  JEelije  prophetse — officium 
Simonis  Angli,  &c. 

Bale,  John,  a  native  of  Cove,  in  Suffolk, 
educated,  from  poverty,  among  the  Carme- 
lites at  Norwich,  and  thence  removed  to  Je- 
sus college,  Cambridge.  He  was  a  Roman 
catholic,  but  by  the  influence  of  lord  Went- 
worth  he  became  protestant.  The  resent- 
ment of  the  Romish  priests,  however,  was  so 
great,  that  he  fled  over  to  Holland,  where 
he  continued  six  years,  till  he  was  recalled 
and  promoted  by  Edward  VI.  to  a  living  in 
Hampshire,  and  afterwards  raised  to  the  see 
of  Ossory,  in  Ireland,  which  however,  he 
abandoned,  on  the  accession  of  Mary,  to 
avoid  the  persecution  of  the  catholics.  He 
retired  to  Holland  and  Switzerland ;  but  on 
the  accession  of  Elizabeth  he  refused  to  re- 
turn to  his  diocese,  satisfied  in  the  peaceable 
enjoyment  of  a  prebend  at  Canterbury, 
where  he  died,  1563,  aged  07.  During  his 
absence  in  Holland,  he  wrote  some  excellent 
books  in  English  ;  but  his  most  valuable  work 
is  his  Latin  account  of  the  best  English  wri- 
ters, which  he  gradually  enlarged,  and  dedi- 
cated to  Edward  Vl.  It  contained  a  catalogue 
of  3618  years,  from  Japhet  to  1557,  extracted 
from  Berosus,  Bede,  Ike.  printed  Basil,  1557. 

Balechox,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  engra- 
ver, born  at  Aries,  son  of  a  button-seller. 
He  died  suddenly,  at  Avignon,  August  1765, 
aged  46.  There  was  much  delicacy  and 
softness  in  his  execution.  His  principal 
VOL.  I.  17 


pieces  are  !es  belles  marines,  Ste.  Genevieve, 
and  a  portrait  of  Frederic  Augustus  king  of 
Poland.  Of  this  last  Vie  took  proof  impres- 
sions, contrary  to  his  promise  to  the  dau- 
phiness,  for  which  violation  of  his  word  he 
was  expelled  from  the  academy,  and  sent  to 
a  disagreeable  retirement.  He  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  chemistry. 

Balen,  Matthias,  a  native  of  Dordt,  born 
1611.  He  published,  in  1077,  an  interesting 
account  of  his  native  city. 

Bale  N,Hendrick  Van,  a  native  of  A  ntwerp, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  best  pieces  are  the 
drowning  of  Pharaoh,  and  the  judgment  of 
Paris.  He  died  1032,  aged  72.  His  son  John 
was  also  eminent  as  a  landscape  painter. 

Bales,  Peter,  a  man  eminent  for  his  skill  in 
penmanship,  and  considered  as  the  inventor 
of  short-hand  writing.  He  studied  at  Glo- 
cester-hall,  Oxford  ;  and  in  1575  he  wrote 
the  Lord's  prayer,  the  creed,  the  ten  com- 
mandments, with  two  short  prayers  in  Latin, 
besides  his  own  name,  motto,  day  of  the 
month,  year  of  the  Lord  and  of  the  queen's 
reign,  all  within  the  circle  of  a  single  penny, 
inchased  in  a  ring  and  golden  border,  which 
he  presented  to  the  queen  at  Hampton  court, 
to  the  admiration  of  her  majesty  and  the 
whole  court.  He  was  employed  by  Waking- 
ham  in  imitating  hand-writing  for  political 
purposes;  and  four  years  after,  1590,  he 
opened  a  school  near  the  Old  Bailey.  He 
published  at  this  time  his  "  writing  school- 
master," an  useful  performance,  which  ap- 
peared recommended  by  no  less  than  eigh- 
teen copies  of  complimentary  verses  from 
men  of  genius  and  learning.  He  is  impro- 
perly suspected  by  Anthony  Wood  of  being 
concerned  in  Essex's  treasonable  practices. 
He  died  1610. 

Balestra,  Anthony,  an  historical  pain- 
ter of  Verona,  who,  in  IG94,  was  rewarded 
with  the  prize  of  merit  by  the  academy  of 
St.  Luke.     He  died  1720,  aged  54. 

Baley,  Walter,  a  native  of  Portsham, 
Dorsetshire,  educated  at  Winchester-school, 
and  New  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  be- 
came a  fellow.  He  was  proctor  of  tlit- 
university,  1558,  and  took  his  degrees  in 
physic,  whilst  he  studied  divinity  with  equal 
attention.  He  was  made  professor  of  phy- 
sic at  Oxford,  and  soon  after  became  physi- 
cian to  queen  Elizabeth,  which  recommend- 
ed him  to  practice  and  to  opulence.  He  died 
March  3,  1592,  .aged  63,  and  is  buried  in 
New  college  chapel.  His  writings  were 
chiefly  on  the  eye-sight  and  its  preservation, 
and  were  neither  valuable  nor  learned.  He 
also  wrote  a  discourse  on  the  qualities  of 
pepper,  15  88,  8vo. — directions  for  health, 
4to. 

Balguy,  John,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Sheffield,  where  his  father  was  master  of 
the  grammar  school.  He  was  admitted  of 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  la- 
ments, that  two  years  were  lost  to  himself  by 
an  improper  fondness  for  reading  romances, 
till  he  was  awakened  from  his  inactivity  by 
perusing  Livy,  and  by  reflection  urged  to 
more  serious  and  honorable  pursuits.    Some 


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part  of  his  time  was  spent  in  the  cave  of 
Sheffield  school,  either  as  head  or  assistant ; 
and  afterwards  he  entered  the  family  of  Mr. 
Banks,  of  Lincolnshire,  as  tutor.  When 
admitted  to  orders,  he  soon  distinguished 
himself  as  a  preacher.  During  the  four  first 
years  of  his  residence  on  the  donative  of 
Lumesley  and  Tanfield,  in  Durham,  he  never 
omitted  writing  a  new  sermon  every  week, 
so  that  afterwards  he  committed  at  once  to 
the  flames  200  of  these  valuable  composi- 
tions, in  the  presence  of  his  son,  afterwards 
arch-deacon  and  prebendary  of  Winches- 
ter, whom  he  wished  to  excite  to  the  same 
laudable  application.  As  a  writer,  he  became 
respected  in  the  Bangorian  controversy,  and 
at  all  times  he  maintained  the  character  of  a 
good  divine,  and  a  warm  advocate  in  the 
cause  of  rational  religion  and  Christian  li- 
berty. His  works  consist  of  sermons  and  of 
tracts,  all  on  divinity ;  and  though  some  of 
his  philosophical  opinions  are  considered 
erroneous,  his  principles  must  ever  he  ap- 
plauded, and  his  discourses  highly  admired. 
Ife  was  a  great  friend  to  toleration,  and 
whilst  he  abhorred  the  tenets  of  the  Romish 
church,  he  cultivated  an  acquaintance  with 
the  most  respectable  of  the  dissenters  and  of 
the  quakers.  His  defence  of  Hoadley  re- 
commended him  to  the  friendship  and  pa- 
tronage of  that  prelate ;  but  he  nobly  dis- 
dained to  use  the  esteem  of  the  great  for  his 
character  as  a  step  to  rise  to  preferment. 
Besides  a  prebend  at  Salisbury,  he  obtained 
the  living  of  North  Allerton,  which  he  re- 
tained till  his  death,  which  happened  at  Har- 
rovvgate,  2lst  September,  1748,  in  his  63d 
year. 

Bali,  Meula  Bali,  a  Mussulman  who 
wrote  on  the  jurisprudence  of  his  country, 
and  died  the  year  of  the  hegira  977. 

Baliol,  Sir  John,  the  founder  of  Baliol 
college,  Oxford,  was  born  at  Barnard  castle, 
Durham.  He  was  governor  of  Carlisle,  1248; 
and  the  guardianship  of  Alexander  III.  of 
Scotland  and  of  Margaret,  daughter  of  king 
Henry  III.  of  England,  his  wife,  was  intrus- 
ted to  his  care  ;  but  an  accusation  of  miscon- 
duct drew  upon  him  the  vengeance  of  the 
English  king,  which  he  averted  by  paying  a 
lai'ge  sum  of  money.  The  foundation  of  his 
college  was  laid,  12G3,  and  the  building  was 
completed  by  his  lady.  During  the  wars  of 
Henry  III.  and  his  barons,  he  supported  the 
king's  power.    He  left  three  sons. 

Baliol,  John  de,  king  of  Scotland.  He 
was  descended  from  David  earl  of  Hunting- 
ton, brother  of  king  William  called  the  Lion  ; 
and  on  the  death  of  queen  Margaret,  in  her 
passage  from  Norway,  he  laid  claims  to  the 
crown,  in  which  he  was  opposed  by  Bruce, 
his  rights  were  established  by  the  decision 
of  Edward  I.  of  England,  who  acted  as  arbi- 
trator; and  he  did  homage  12th  November, 
1292.  When,  however,  he  found  himself 
not  an  independent  monarch,  but  a  vassal  of 
England,  he  boldly  shook  off  the  yoke,  and 
made  an  alliance  with  the  French  king,  and 
war  was  kindled  between  the  two  countries; 
but  the  battle  of  Dunbar  proved  fatal  to  Ba- 


liol, who,  with  his  son,  was  carried  a  captive 
to  the  Tower,  and  afterwards  was  released 
by  the  pope's  legate,  1299.  Baliol  retired 
to  France,  where  he  died,  1314.  His  son 
Edward  afterwards  claimed  the  kingdom, 
and  obtained  it  for  a  little  time;  but  dying 
without  issue,  the  family  in  them  became 
extinct. 

Balkini,  a  surname  of  Yelaleddin,  who 
wrote  a  book  on  the  jurisprudence  of  the 
Mussulmans,  besides  treatises  on  the  diffi- 
culties of  various  sciences,  on  hermaphro- 
dites, &c. 

Ball,  John,  an  English  divine,  horn  in 
Oxfordshire,  1585,  and  afterwards  minister 
of  Whitmore  in  Staffordshire,  where  his 
abilities  as  a  teacher  were  displayed  in  the 
respectability  of  his  pupils.  Though  in  his 
principles  a  puritan,  he  was  severe  against 
those  who  separated  from  the  church.  He 
wrote  a  book  on  the  power  of  godliness;  and 
died  1640. 

Ballard,  George,  a  native  of  Campden, 
in  Gloucestershire,  who,  while  the  obscure 
apprentice  of  a  habit-maker,  employed  the 
hours  which  his  companions  devoted  to  sleep, 
to  the  acquisition  of  the  Saxon  language,  and 
recommended  himself  by  his  industry  to  the 
patronage  of  lord  Chedworth,  who  liberally 
offered  him  an  annuity  of  100/.  a  year,  of 
which,  however,  he  only  accepted  60/.  as 
sufficient  for  his  expenses.  He  went  to  Ox- 
ford, where,  by  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Jenner, 
he  was  made  one  of  the  eight  clerks  of  Mag- 
dp.len  college,  and  afterwards  one  of  the  bea- 
dles of  the  university.  His  weakly  constitu- 
tion was  impaired  by  the  severity  of  his  stu- 
dies, and  he  died  June,  1755,  in  the  prime  of 
life.  His  access  to  the  Bodleian  was  the 
means  of  his  increasing  his  valuable  collec- 
tions ;  but  he  published  only  "  memoirs  of 
British  ladies  celebrated  for  their  writings," 
in  4to.  1752.  His  account  of  Campden  church 
was  read  before  the  antiquarian  society, 
1771,  November  21. 

BALLENDEN,orBuLLANDEN,  Sir  John, 
a  Scotch  historian,  in  favor  with  James  VI. 
He  took  orders,  and  was  made  canon  of 
Ross  and  archdeacon  of  Murray,  and  he  af- 
terwards succeeded  to  the  office  of  clerk- 
register  to  the  court  of  chancery,  which  the 
troubles  of  the  times  obliged  him  to  resign, 
but  to  which  he  was  restored  in  the  succeed- 
ing reign.  He  was  also  a  lord  of  session  ;  but 
the  opposition  which  he,  with  Dr.  Laing, 
made  to  the  reformation,  rendered  him  ob- 
noxious to  the  ruling  powers,  so  that  he  re- 
tired to  Rome,  where  he  died,  1550.  He 
wrote  several  pieces  in  prose  and  verse,  be- 
sides a  translation  of  Hector  Boetius'  history. 

Ballerini,  Peter  and  Jerome,  two 
learned  brothers,  ecclesiastics,  at  Verona, 
the  former  of  whom  was  born  1698,  the  lat- 
ter 1702.  They  devoted  themselves  with 
equal  alacrity  to  the  pursuit  of  literature, 
particularly  ecclesiastical  history ;  and  be- 
sides several  valuable  works  of  their  own, 
they  edited  the  works  of  Leo  the  Great, 
those  of  cardinal  Noris,  those  of  Gilbert  bi- 
shop of  Verona,  &c.  They  were  still  living 
in  1758. 


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BALLEXPERD,anativeof  Geneva,  author 
of  the  education  physique  des  enfans,  a  valu- 
able composition,  honorably  noticed  by  the 
society  of  sciences  of  Haerlera.  He  wrote 
also  on  the  causes  of  the  death  of  so  many 
ehildren,  an  equally  meritorious  publication. 
He  died  1774,  aged  48. 

Balli,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Palermo,  ca- 
non of  Bari,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  and 
author  of  de  fxcunditate  dei — de  morte  cor- 
poruni  naturalium,  &c.    He  died  1640. 

Balliani,  John  Baptist,  author  of  a 
treatise  on  the  natural  motion  of  heavy  bo- 
dies, 1645,  was  a  native  of  Genoa,  and  also  a 
senator.    He  died  1666,  aged  80. 

Ball  in,  Claude,  a  goldsmith  of  Paris, 
early  distinguished  by  his  superior  genius. 
He  executed,  in  the  most  perfect  style  of 
elegant  workmanship,  four  vases,  represent- 
ing the  four  ages  of  the  world,  for  Richelieu, 
with  four  antique  vases  to  match  them,  and 
also  silver  tables,  dishes,  girandoles,  &c.  for 
Lewis  XIV.  and  was  advanced  on  the  death 
of  Varin,  to  the  lucrative  direction  of  the 
dies  for  striking  medals,  Sec.  Several  works 
of  this  illustrious  artist  are  still  admired  at 
Paris,  St.  Denys,  and  Pontoise;  but  the  sil- 
ver vessels  made  for  the  monarch  were  con- 
verted into  coin,  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
his  protracted  wars.  Ballin  died  22d  Janua- 
ry, 1678,  aged  63. 

Balsamon,  Theodore,  a  learned  patri- 
arch of  Antioch,  some  of  whose  works  are 
written  against  the  Romish  church,  and  on 
the  canon  law,  printed,  Paris,  1620,  in  folio. 
He  died  1214. 

B  ALSH  am,  Hugh  de,  bishop  of  Ely,  found- 
ed Peter-house,  at  Cambridge,  and  died 
1286. 

Balthasar,  Christopher,  a  king's  ad- 
vocate at  Auxerre,  who  abandoned  the  emo- 
luments of  his  office,  and  the  catholic  re- 
ligion, to  embrace  the  tenets  of  the  protes- 
tants,  in  whose  favor  he  wrote  several  con- 
troversial treatises,  especially  against  Baro- 
nius,  which  were  received  with  great  avidi- 
ty. The  synod  of  Loudun  granted  him,  in 
1659,  a  pension  of  750  livres,  for  his  literary 
servKses. 

Balthaiarini,  surnamed  Beaujoyeux, 
an  Italian  musician,  recommended  by  Bris- 
sac,  governor  of  Piedmont,  to  Henry  III.  of 
France,  by  whom  he  was  liberally  patroni- 
sed, and  for  the  entertainment  of  whose  court 
he  wrote  several  ballads  and  pieces  of  music. 
He  composed  a  ballet  called  Ceres  and  her 
nymphs,  for  the  nuptials  of  the  due  de 
Joyeuse  with  the  queen's  sister,  mademoi- 
selle de  Yaudemont ;  and  this  is  regarded  as 
the  origin  of  the  ballet  heroique  of  France. 
Baltus,  JohnFrancis,  a  Jesuitof  Metz, 
author  of  several  works,  especially  of  an  an- 
swer to  Fontenelle's  history  of  oracles,  print- 
ed at  Strasburg,  8vo.  He  died  librarian  of 
Rheims,  the  9th  of  March  1743,  at  the  age 
of  76. 

Balue,  John,  a  cardinal,  born  of  mean 
parents  in  Poitou.  He  raised  himself  to  con- 
sequence by  flattery  and  merit,  and  gradual- 
ly became  bishop  <jf  Evreux  and  fcf  Arras 


He  was  raised  to  the  purple  by  Paul  II.  and 
when  honored  with  the  confidence  of  Lewis 
XI.  he  became  his  minister,  and  acted  as 
general  over  his  troops.  Ungrateful  to  his 
duty  and  to  his  master,  he  formed  intrigues 
with  the  dukes  of  Burgundy  and  Berri ;  and 
when  at  last  discovered  by  the  king,  he  was 
imprisoned  for  eleven  years;  after  which  he 
repaired  to  Rome,  and  rose  to  new  prefer- 
ments. He  afterwards  came  to  France  as 
pope's  legate,  though  he  had  so  ill  deserved 
of  the  confidence  and  honor  of  his  country. 
He  died  at  Ancona,  1491. 

Balzue,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Tulles  in 
Guienne,  patronised  by  Peter  de  Marca, 
archbishop  of  Toulouse,  by  Tellier,  after- 
wards chancellor  of  France,  and  by  Colbert. 
He  employed  the  hours  of  his  easy  indepen- 
dent life,  in  enriching  the  libraries  of  his 
patrons  with  valuable  manuscripts,  till  in  his 
39th  year  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
canon  law  in  the  royal  college  with  every 
mark  of  distinction.  His  lives  of  the  popes 
of  Avignon  proved  so  interesting  to  the  king 
that  he  granted  the  author  a  pension,  but 
his  attachment  to  the  duke  of  Bouillon,  the 
history  of  whose  family  he  had  undertaken 
to  write,  but  in  which  he  inserted  some  of- 
fensive remarks,  was  soon  after  productive 
of  trouble.  When  the  duke  was  banished 
he  shared  his  disgrace,  and  was  confined  by 
a  lettre  de  cachet  at  Orleans  ;  he  however 
was  restored  to  favor,  though  he  was  not 
replaced  to  his  directorial  chair  of  the  Royal 
college,  which  he  before  held.  He  died  28ih 
of  July,  1718,  in  his  87th  year,  and  left  be- 
hind him  the  character  of  an  indefatigable 
collector  of  curious  manuscripts  and  annota- 
tions. He  wrote  little  though  he  possessed 
an  extensive  acquaintance  with  polite  litera- 
ture, and  was  connected  by  correspondence 
and  friendship  with  the  most  learned  men 
of  his  age.  By  his  will  he  capriciously  left 
all  his  property  from  his  family,  to  a  woman 
not  related  to  him.  He  wrote  also  the  histo- 
ry of  Tulles. 

Balzac,  John  Louis  Guez  de,  a  native 
of  Angouleme,  who  visited  Holland  in  his 
17th  year,  where  he  wrote  a  discourse  on 
the  state  of  the  united  provinces.  He  tra- 
velled with  the  duke  d'Epernon,  and  was  at 
Rome  with  the  cardinal  de  la  Valette,  but 
he  found  at  last  the  tranquillity  of  retire* 
ment  on  his  estate  at  Balzac  more  congenial 
to  his  studious  inclinations,  than  paying  court 
to  Richelieu,  who  flattered  hi9  ambition  with 
promises  of  high  patronage.  He  was  univer- 
sally admired  for  the  elegance  of  his  wri- 
tings, especially  his  letters  to  Voltaire,  who 
however  censures  his  style,  but  allows  him 
the  merit  of  having  given  harmony  aud  num- 
bers to  French  prose.  His  writings  created 
him  some  political  opponents,  but  though 
he  dreaded  the  weapons  of  an  adversary,  he 
was  pleased  with  the  familiarity  of  the  great, 
and  a  pension  from  the  court  of  2000  Uvres, 
and  the  pompous  title  of  historiographer  of 
France  and  counsellor  of  state.  He  was  of  a 
weakly  constitution,  so  that  he  used  to  say 
when  he  was  but  30,  that  he  was  older  than 


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his  father.  Ho  died  Feb.  ISth,  1G54,  in  bis 
60th  year,  and  left  12000  livres  to  the  hospi- 
tal of  Notredame  des  Anges,  in  which  lie 
was  buried,  besides  a  small  estate  for  a  gol- 
den medal,  as  the  reward  of  the  best  com- 
position on  a  moral  subject,  to  be  adjudged 
every  two  years  by  the  French  academy. 
His  works,  consisting  of  le  Prince — le  So- 
crate  Chretien — l'Aristippe — Entretiens — 
Christ  vietorieux,  &c.  were  collected  and 
printed  at  Paris  in  1C65,  with  a  preface  by 
abbe  de  Cassagues. 

Bamboche,  a  nick-name  given  to  Peter 
de  Laer  for  his  deformity.  He  was  a  native 
of  Laerden,  near  Marden,  in  Holland,  where 
he  died,  1673,  aged  60.  Tbe  chief  merit  of 
his  pieces,  is  the  ease  and  correctness  with 
which  he  delineates  characters,  so  that 
shops,  inns,  conversations,  cattle,  &e.  are 
touched  with  the  highest  success  by  his  pen- 
cil. He  improved  much  in  his  profession 
b)r  a  residence  of  16  months  at  Rome. 

Bambridge,  Christopher,  a  native  of 
Westmoreland,  educated  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxford,  and  employed  as  ambassador  from 
Henry  VIII.  to  pope  Julius  II.  who  raised 
him  to  the  purple.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
Durham,  and  in  1508,  translated  to  York, 
and  six  years  after  he  was  poisoned  by  his 
servant,  who  thus  revenged  himself  for  some 
blows  which  he  had  received  from  him. 

Bampfield,  Francis,  M.  A.  a  native  of 
Devonshire,  educated  at  Wadbam  college, 
became  prebendary  of  Exeter,  and  minister 
of  Sherborne,  Dorsetshire,  but  was  ejected 
'or  nonconformity.  He  was  author  of  a 
book  on  the  observation  of  the  sabbath,  and 
died  in  Newgate  1684. 

Banchi,  Seraphin,  a  Dominican  of  Flo- 
rence, who  came  to  France  for  the  impiwe- 
ment  of  his  studies.  When  Peter  Barrere, 
a  youth  of  27,  formed  the  diabolical  project 
of  assassinating  Henry  IV.  Banchi  became 
ucquainted  with  the  secret,  which  he  pru- 
dently revealed  to  one  of  the  lords  of  the 
court.  The  assassin  was  thus  discovered  as 
lie  was  ready  to  perpetrate  the  deed,  and 
Banchi  was  rewarded  with  the  bishopric  of 
Angouleme,  which  however  he  resigued,  in 
1608,  for  the  life  of  a  recluse  in  the  monastery 
of  St.  James  de  Paris,  where  he  died  some 
years  after.  His  writings  were  chiefly  con- 
troversial. 

Banck,  Lawrence,  a  Swede,  professor  of 
law  at  Norkoping  his  native  place.  He  died 
in  1662,  author  of  several  works  of  jurispru- 
dence, and  treatises  against  the  pope's  usur- 
pation. 

Bancroft,  Richard,  was  born  near  Man- 
chester, and  educated  at  Jesus  college.  He 
was  chaplain  to  queen  Elizabeth,  and  bishop 
of  London,  1597,  and  advanced  to  Canter- 
bury on  the  death  of  Whitgift,  1604.  He 
■was  a  strong  advocate  for  the  royal  preroga- 
tive, and  the  rights  of  the  church  ;  and  in  a 
conference  at  Hampton  court  in  an  oration 
of  mean  (lattery,  he  compared  James  I.  to 
Solomon  for  wisdom,  to  Hezekiah  for  piety, 
and  to  Paul  for  learning.  He  was  indefatiga- 
ble in  his  eiideavors  to  establish  episcopacy 


in  Scotland.  He  died  at  Lambeth,  1610, 
aged  06. 

Bancroft,  John,  nephew  to  the  pri- 
mate, was  born  in  Oxfordshire,  and  educated 
at  Christ  Church.  He  was  afterwards  elec- 
ted master  of  University  college,  and  during 
the  20  years  in  which  he  presided  over  the 
society,  he  laboriously  employed  himself  in 
establishing  their  rights  and  improving  their 
property.  In  1622  he  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  Oxford,  and  built  the  palace  of  Cuddesden 
for  the  residence  of  the  bishops.  He  died 
1640,  and  was  buried  at  Cuddesden. 

Bandarra,  Gonzales,  a  Portuguese  cob- 
ler,  who  distinguished  himself  some  time  as 
a  prophet  and  versifier.  He  was  silenced  by 
the  inquisition,  and  narrowly  escaped  being 
burnt  1541,  and  died  1556. 

Bandello,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Castel- 
nuovo  in  the  Milanese,  author  of  several  cu- 
rious novels  in  the  style  and  manner  of  Boc- 
cace.  He  was  ruined  by  the  Spanish  con- 
quests at  Pavia  and  Milan,  and  retired  as  an 
outcast  into  France,  upon  the  estate  of  his 
friend  Csesar  Fregosa  near  Agen.  He  was 
made  bishop  of  Agen  in  1550  by  Henry  II. 
and  devoted  his  time  to  literary  pursuits,  ra- 
ther than  to  the  discharge  of  his  episcopal 
functions.  He  resigned  his  bishopric  in  1555, 
according  to  his  promise,  and  the  vacant  see 
was  conferred  on  James  the  son  of  Fregosa. 
He  died  in  1561.  His  novels  were  edited  at 
Lucca  1554,  in  three  vols.  4to.  with  a  fourth 
volume  printed  at  Lyons,  and  again  at  Lou- 
don 1740,  in  four  vols.  4to. 

Bandinelli,  Baccio,  a  nathe  of  Flo- 
rence, known  by  his  pieces  in  painting  and 
designing,  and  particularly  in  sculpture.  His 
copy  of  the  famous  Laocoon,  in  the  gardeu 
of  the  Medicisat  Florence,  is  much  admired. 
He  died  in  1559,  aged  72. 

Banduri,  Anselra,  a  monk  born  at  Ra- 
gusa,  who  studied  in  France,  where  he  was 
patronised  by  the  duke  of  Orleans,  and  ad- 
mitted into  the  academy  of  inscriptions.  The 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  who  was  not  igno- 
rant of  his  merit  intended  to  place  him  at  the 
bead  of  the  academy  of  Pisa.  He  died  at 
Paris  1743,  aged  72.  His  antiquitates  Con- 
stantinopolitaniB,  in  two  vols.  fol.  and  his  nu- 
mismata  Roman.  Imperat.  a  Trajano  ad  Pa- 
lreologos  1718,  are  chiefly  valuable. 

Banguis,  Peter,  a  native  of  Helsingberg 
in  Sweden,  professor  of  theology  at  Abo  for 
32  years,  and  in  1682  raised  to  the  see  ot 
Wyburg.  He  wrote  an  ecclesiastical  history 
of  Sweden,  a  sacred  chronology,  and  other 
works,  and  died  1696,  aged  63. 

Banguis  i,  Thomas,  author  of  an  Hebrew 
lexicon,  and  of  a  treatise  on  the  origin  of 
the  diversity  of  languages,  was  professor  of 
Hebrew,  theology,  and  philosophy  at  Copen- 
hagen, where  he  died  1661,  aged  61. 

Banier,  Anthony,  an  ecclesiastic  of  the 
diocese  of  Clermont  in  Auvergne,  who  ac- 
quired by  his  industry  and  the  patronage  of 
his  friends  those  means  of  education  which 
the  poverty  of  his  parents  could  not  supply. 
He  was  intrusted  with  the  care  of  the  ujiil- 
dren  of  Monsieur  de  Metz,  president  of  the 


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chamber  of  accounts  at  Paris;  and  it  was  for 
their  education  and  improvement  that  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  mythological  studies,  and 
soon  produced  his  "  Historical  explanation 
of  fables."  This  work  on  its  appearance  was 
universally  admired,  and  procured  the  author 
admission  to  the  academy  of  inscriptions  be- 
sides the  applauses  of  the  learned  world.  A 
new  edition  soon  after  appeared  with  impor- 
tant improvements,  and  the  addition  of  five 
dialogues,  further  to  illustrate  and  to  enrich 
the  work.  The  fruits  of  his  literary  labors 
were  numerous  and  valuable,  various  essays 
and  not  less  than  30  dissertations  were  pro- 
duced by  him  to  the  academy  of  Belles  Let- 
tres,  the  treatises  on  history  and  literature 
by  Vigneul  Marville  or  rather  Bonaventure 
D'Argonne,  were  republished,  and  new 
light  and  beauty  given  to  the  voyages  of  Paul 
Lucas  into  Egypt,  and  of  Cornelius  le  Brun 
to  the  Levant.  In  the  last  ten  years  of  his 
life  Banier  particularly  devoted  his  time  to 
his  favorite  study  of  mythology,  and  then 
translated  the  metamorphoses  of  Ovid,  with 
historical  remarks  and  explanations,  publish- 
ed at  Amsterdam  in  folio,  1732.  It  was  also 
at  that  time  that  he  completed  his  mytholo- 
gy or  fables  explained  by  history,  Paris  1740, 
in  3  vols.  4to.  or  7  in  12mo.  a  book  abounding 
in  erudition,  and  deservedly  admired.  He 
was  prevailed  upon  by  the  booksellers  when 
lie  labored  under  the  attacks  of  a  fatal  dis- 
temper, to  superintend  a  new  edition  of  a 
general  history  of  the  ceremonies,  &c.  of 
all  the  nations  in  the  world,  which  20  years 
before  had  appeared  in  Holland,  and  he  had 
the  gratification  to  see  it  finished  in  1741  in 
7  vols.  fol.  with  the  assistance  of  le  Maserier 
a  Jesuit  of  learning.  Banier  died  Nov.  19th, 
1741,  in  his  69th  year.  An  English  transla- 
tion of  his  mythology  and  fables  of  the  an- 
cients was  printed  in  London  the  year  of 
his  death  in  4  vols.  8vo. 

Banistek,  John,  a  learned  physician  of 
the  16th  century,  who,  after  studying  at  Ox- 
ford and  proceeding  there  to  his  first  degree 
in  physic  in  1573,  removed  to  Nottingham, 
where  he  acquired  great  reputation.  He 
was  author  of  several  works  on  physic  and 
surgery. 

Banister,  Richard,  the  younger,  was 
educated  under  his  relation  of  whom  men- 
tion has  just  been  made,  and  applied  himself 
to  the  acquisition  of  superior  skill  in  cuia- 
plaints  of  the  eyes,  ears,  hare-lips,  and  wry 
necks.  He  was  settled  at  Stamford  in  Lin- 
colnshire, but  he  occasionally  visited  London, 
and  other  places.  He  obtained  a  certificate 
of  the  magistrates  of  Norwich  of  his  having 
cured  24  blind  persons  in  that  city.  His  lan- 
guage is  harsh,  and  of  his  life  the  only  ac- 
count is  to  be  derived  from  his  works.  '  The 
lime  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Banks,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  barrister  of 
Gray's  Inn,  born  at  Keswick  in  Cumberland, 
and  educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford. 
lie  was  in  1630  attorney  general  to  the 
prince  of  Wales,  and  was  afterwards  made 
chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench  from  which 
he  removed  to  the  common  pleas.  lie  died  at 


Oxford,  Dec.  2Sth,  1664.  Several oPWa M8S 

on  law  are  still  extant,  His  wife  is  famous 
for  defending  Corft'-castlc  against  the  parlia- 
ment, till  relieved   by  the  Carl  of  Carnarvon. 

Banks,  John,  a  native  of  Sunning  ia 
Berkshire,  apprenticed  to  a  weaver  at  Jrte; 
ding.  He  left  his  trade  in  consequence  of 
breaking  his  arm,  and  retired  to  London 
with  ten  pounds  left  him  by  a  relation,  and 
after  feeling  all  the  hardships  of  disappoint 
ment  and  poverty,  he  became,  from  a  book- 
seller's stall  in  Spitalfields,  and  a  bookbinder's 
shop,  a  writer  of  miscellaneous  essays,  and 
solicited  subscriptions  to  some  trifling  poems. 
Pope,  to  whom  he  addressed  a  letter  and  a 
poem,  honored  him  with  an  answer  and  a 
double  subscription,  and  the  obscure  poet 
rose  to  literary  consequence,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  the  author  of  the  critical 
review  of  Oliver  Cromwell's  life  12mo.  a 
work  frequently  reprinted.  He  wrote  be- 
sides, in  the  beginning  of  his  literary  career, 
the  Weaver's  miscellany,  in  imitation  of 
Duck's  thresher,  and  in  the  latter  part  of 
his  life  he  was  engaged  on  the  Old  England 
and  Westminster  Journals.  He  died  of  a 
nervous  disorder  at  Islington,  April  19th 
1751. 

Banks,  John,  was  a  member  of  the  soci- 
ety of  New  inn,  which  he  abandoned  for  the 
cultivation  of  the  muses.  Asa  writer  for 
the  theatres  he  did  not  meet  with  that  en- 
couragement Which  might  give  reputation  to 
his  labors,  and  independence  to  his  fortune. 
Though  his  language  is  not  often  the  lan- 
guage of  poetry,  nor  his  style  the  effusion  of 
genius  or  vivacity,  yet  there  is  something  in- 
teresting in  his  compositions.  The  subjects 
are  happily  drawn  from  history,  and  those 
incidents  are  introduced  which  can  move  the 
heart  and  call  forth  all  the  sympathizing  feel- 
ings of  an  audience.  His  tragedies  are  se- 
ven in  number,  of  which  the  best  is  indubi- 
tably the  earl  oi'  Essex,  a  drama  abounding 
in  bold  strokes  of  nature,  and  some  fine  in^ 
instances  of  the  pathetic.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  not  known.  His  remains  were  de. 
posited  in  St.  James's,  Westminster. 

Bannes,  Dominique,  a  Spanish  ecclesi- 
astic, who  died  at  Medina  del  Campoin  1604, 
aged  77.  His  writings  on  Aristotle  and  on 
the  fathers  abounded  in  warmth  of  language 
rather  than  in  taste  or  judgment. 

Basnier,  John,  a  Swedish  general  un- 
der.Gustavus  Adnlphus.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  various  battles,  and  after  the  death, 
of  his  master  added  to  the  glory  of  Sweden 
by  fresh  victories  and  by  the  taking  of  seve- 
ral important  places  from  the  Germans  and 
Saxons.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  was 
unfortunate,  and  he  forgot  his  military  cha- 
racter to  espouse  the  daughter  of  the  prince 
of  Baden,  after  the  death  of  his  wife.  He 
died  10th  May,  1641,  aged  40. 

Banquo  or  Bancho,  a  Scotch  general  of 
royal  birth,  often  victorious  over  the  Danes 
and  the  Highlanders  in  the  reign  of  Donald 
YU.  He  joined  Macbeth  in  the  overthrow 
of  his  sovereign,  and  for  his  services  wss 
murdered  by  the  usurper. 


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Baptist,  John,  surnamed  Monnoyer,  a 
native  of  Lisle,  resident  for  some  time  in 
England,  and  distinguished  as  a  painter  of 
flowers.  He  studied  at  Antwerp,  and  he 
displayed  the  superiority  of  his  talents  in  as- 
sisting le  Brun  in  painting  the.  palace  of  Ver- 
sailles, in  which  the  flowers  were  his  execu- 
tion. The  duke  of  Montague,  who  was  am- 
bassador in  France,  saw  and  admired  his  me- 
rit, and  he  employed  him  with  la  Fosse  and 
Rousseau  in  the  decoration  of  Montague 
house,  now  the  British  museum.  A  looking- 
glass  which  he  adorned  with  a  garland  of 
flowers  for  queen  Mary,  is  still  preserved  at 
Kensington  palace.  There  is  a  print  of  him 
from  a  painting  by  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  in 
Wj»I pole's  anecdotes.  He  died  1699,  and  was 
buried  in  London.  His  son  Anthony  distin- 
guished himself  also  in  flower  painting. 
Another  of  the  same  name,  called  also  Gas- 
pars  and  Lely's  Baptist,  was  born  at  Ant- 
werp. He  visited  England  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  was  engaged  in  general  Lambert's 
service,  and  after  the  restoration  he  painted 
the  attitudes  and  draperies  of  sir  Peter  Le- 
ly's portraits.  He  died  in  1691,  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Saint  James's.  Charles  II.'s  portrait 
in  painter's  hall,  and  that  in  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's hospital,  were  painted  by  him. 

Baptistin,  John  Baptiste  Slruk,  a  mu- 
sician of  Florence,  who  died  1740.  He  com- 
posed the  three  operas  of  Meleager,  Manto, 
and  Polydorus,  and  excelled  in  the  music  of 
his  cantatas.  He  first  introduced  the  use  of 
the  violencello  in  France. 

Barach  was  fourth  judge  of  the  Hebrews 
for  33  years,  about  1240  fi.  C.  He  delive- 
red his  country  from  the  oppression  of  Jabin 
king  of  Canaan,  and  of  Sisera,  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Deborah. 

Baradjeus,  called  also  Zanzalus  Jacobus, 
bishop  of  Edessa,  revived  in  the  sixth  centu- 
ry the  tenets  of  the  Monophysites,  who  sup- 
ported that  there  was  but  one  nature  in 
Christ.  His  followers  were  called  from  him 
Jacobites.     He  died  588. 

Baranz.ano,  RedemptUS,  a  monk  born 
at  Serravalle  near  Verceil  in  Piedmont,  was 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Anneci,  and  the 
correspondent  of  the  great  Bacon.  He  pos- 
sessed vast  energy  of  mind,  and  acquired 
great  reputation  at  Paris,  both  as  a  preacher 
and  a  philosopher,  but  more  as  a  warm  and 
judicious  opposer  of  Aristotle's  doctrines. 
HediedatMontargis,  23d  December  1622,  in 
his  33d  year,  and  thus  early  was  finished  a 
career,  which  promised  to  add  much  splen- 
dor to  literature,  and  to  criticism.  His  works 
on  philosophical  subjects,  were  "  doctrina  de 
cobIo,"  1617,  fol. — de  novis  opinionibus  phy- 
sicis,  8vo.  1617 — Campus  philosophorum, 
<Svo.  1620. 

Baratier,  John  Phillip,  a  most  extraor- 
dinary person,  born.  January  19th,  1721,  at 
Schwobach,  in  the  Margravate  of  Anspach, 
and  of  such  uncommon  powers  of  memory, 
that  at  the  age  of  four,  he  conversed  with 
his  mother  in  French,  with  his  father  in  La- 
tin, and  with  his  servants  in  German.  The 
rapidity  of  his  improvements    augmented 


with  his  years,  so  that  he  became  perfectly 
acquainted  with  Greek  at  six,  with  Hebrew 
at  eight,  and  in  his  1 1th  year  translated  from 
the  Hebrew  into  French  the  travels  of  the 
rabbi  Benjamin  of  Tudela,  which  he  enrich- 
ed with  valuable  annotations.  His  proficien- 
cy in  mathematics  was  so  great  that  he  sub- 
mitted to  the  London  Royal  Society  a  scheme 
for  finding  the  longitude,  which,  though 
found  insufficient,  exhibited  the  strongest 
marks  of  superior  abilities,  with  all  the  la- 
bor of  mathematical  calculation.  He  visited 
Halle  with  his  father  in  1735,  where  he  was 
offered  by  the  university  the  degree  of  M.  A. 
The  young  philosopher  drew  up  14  theses, 
which  he  printed,  and  the  next  morning  dis- 
puted upon  them  with  such  ability  and  logi- 
cal precision  that  he  astonished  and  delight- 
ed the  most  crowded  audience.  At  Berlin 
he  was  received  with  kindness  by  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  honored  with  those  marks  of 
distinction  which  his  superior  genius  deserv- 
ed. His  abilities  however,  so  great  and  so 
splendid,  shone  but  like  a  meteor  ;  a  consti- 
tution naturally  delicate,  was  rendered  still 
more  weak  by  excessive  application  ;  and  a 
cough,  spitting  of  blood,  and  fever  on  the 
spirits,  put  an  end  to  his  life,  at  Halle,  fifth 
cf  October  1740,  in  his  20th  year.  Baratier 
has  deservedly  been  mentioned  as  a  prodigy 
of  learning  and  of  genius,  his  memory  was 
universally  retentive,  and  his  application 
scarcely  credible,  when  it  is  recollected  that 
he  spent  12  hours  in  bed  till  his  tenth  year, 
and  ten  afterwards.  In  one  winter  he  read  20 
great  folios,  wi  th  all  the  attention  of  a  vast  com- 
prehensive mind,  and  the  large  work  which 
he  prepared  on  Egyptian  antiquities,  showed 
the  variety  of  materials  collected,  as  well  as 
their  judicious  and  laborious  arrangement.  In 
his  domestic  economy  he  was  very  temperate  ; 
he  ate  little  flesh,  lived  totally  on  milk,  tea, 
bread,  and  fruit ;  he  disliked  wine,  he  had 
an  aversion  to  dancing,  music,  and  the  sports 
of  the  field,  so  that  he  wished  for  no  recrea- 
tion from  study  but  in  walking,  or  in  the  con- 
versation of  a  few  friends,  whom  he  loved 
and  courted,  with  all  the  openness  and  un- 
reserved gaiety  of  a  generous  heart. 

Baratier,  Bartholomew,  author  of  a 
new  digest  of  the  feudal  law,  printed  3  611  at 
Paris,  was  a  native  of  Placentia,  and  profes- 
sor of  jurisprudence  atPavia  and  Ferrara  in 
the  fifteenth  century. 

Barb  a,  Alvarez  Alonzo,  curate  of  St. 
Bernard  de  Potosi,  is  the  author  of  a  scarce 
book  called  arte  de  los  metallos,  Madrid  1620, 
4to.  reprinted  1729  in  4to.  with  the  addition 
of  Carillo  Lasso's  treatise  on  the  mines  of 
Spain.  His  works  have  been  abridged  in 
French,  io  one  vol.  12mo.  17S0,  with  a  valua- 
ble collection  of  treatises  on  the  same  subject. 

Barbadillo,  Alphonsus  Jerome  de  Sa- 
las,  author  of  several  ad  mired  comedies,  died 
at  Madrid  about  1630.  The  elegance  and 
correctness  of  his  style  improved  and  embel- 
lished the  Spanish  language.  He  also  wrote 
the  adventures  of  Don  Diego  de  Nochc,  1624, 
in  8vo. 

Barbadino,  a  Portuguese,  whose  work 


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on  the  state  of  literature  in  Portugal,  prin- 
ted at  Paris  1746,  was  severely  censured  by 
a  Portuguese  Jesuit,  and  ably  defended  by 
Don  Joseph  de  Maymo. 

Barbaro,  Francis,  a  noble  Venetian, 
distinguished  by  his  learning  as  well  as  his 
political  talents.  He  defended  Brescia,  of 
which  he  was  govenor,  against  the  duke  of 
Milan,  and  obliged  the  besiegers  to  retreat. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  in  Latin,  de  re  uxor,  on 
the  choice  of  a  wife,  and  the  duties  of  women, 
1515,  Paris,  besides  a  translation  of  some  of 
Plutarch's  works,  &c.  He  died  1454,  aged 
about  56.     His  letters  appeared  1743. 

Barbaro,  Ermolao,  the  elder,  nephew 
to  Francis,  was  bishop  of  T  re  visa,  and  after- 
wards of  Verona,  where  he  died  1470.  He 
translated  some  ofiEsop's  fables  into  Latin, 
when  only  12  years  old. 

Barbaro  or  Barbarus,  Hermolaus, 
grandson  of  Francis,  a  learned  Venetian, 
employed  by  his  countrymen  as  ambassador 
to  the  emperor  Frederic,  to  his  son  Maxi- 
milian, and  to  Pope  Innocent  VHI.  He  was 
honored  by  the  pope  with  the  vacant  pat- 
riarchate of  Aquileia  against  the  wishes  of 
his  countrymen,  who  had  passed  a  law  that 
their  ambassadors  should  accept  no  favor 
from  the  Roman  pontiff;  and  so  inexorable 
were  the  Venetians,  that  Barbaro's  father, 
who  was  far  advanced  in  years  and  intrusted 
with  the  first  offices  of  the  state,  was  unable 
to  avert  their  resentment,  and  died,  in  con- 
sequence, of  a  broken  heart.  Barbaro  wrote 
some  excellent  treatises  as  well  as  poetry  ; 
and  iu  translations  from  Plutarch  and  Dios- 
corides  he  showed  his  abilities  as  a  Greek 
scholar.  He  died  at  Rome  1493,  aged  39,  of 
the  plague,  according  to  Bayle. 

Barbaro,  Daniel,  coadjutor  of  the  pat- 
riarchate of  Aquileia,  with  his  uncle  Herruo- 
lao,  was  sent  as  ambassador  from  Venice  to 
England,  where  he  continued  till  1551.  He 
died  1570,  and  left  several  learned  works  be- 
hind him,  among  which  were  a  treatise  of 
eloquence,  in  4to.  1557,  Venice — an  Italian 
translation  of  Vitruvius  1584, — the  practice 
of  perspective,  folio. 

Barbarossa,  Aruch,  a  well  known  pi- 
rate, who  made  himself  master  of  Algiers, 
and  murdered  the  king  Selim  Entemi,  whom 
he  had  come  to  assist  and  defend  against  his 
Spanish  invaders.  He  afterwards  made  him- 
self master  of  Tunis,  and  of  Tremecen, 
■whose  sovereign  was  assassinated  by  his  own 
subjects.  His  success  was  stopped  by  the 
marquis  of  Gomares  governor  of  Oran,  whom 
the  heir  of  the  Tremecen  dominions  had  in- 
vited to  his  support;  but  when  besieged  in 
the  citadel  he  made  his  escape  by  a  subter- 
raneous passage;  but  though  he  strewed  the 
ways  with  silver  and  gold,  he  was  overtaken 
and  cut  to  pieces,  bravely  defending  himself 
with  a  few  Turkish  attendants,  1518,  in  his 
44th  year. 

Barbarossa,  Cheredin,  successor  to  his 
brother  Aruch  on  the  throne  of  Algiers,  was 
the  able  admiral  of  the  naval  forces  of  Selim 
II.  He  obtained  possession  of  Tunis,  but  was 
checked  by  the  arms  of  Charles  V.   alter 


which  he  plundered  several  towns  of  Italy, 
and  then  advanced  to  Yemen  in  Arabia, 
which  he  conquered  for  the  emperor  of  the 
Turks.  He  died  1547,  aged  80,  leaving  Ins 
son  Asan  in  possession  of  the  kingdom. 

Barbaro  ux,  Charles,  deputy  from  Mar- 
seilles to  the  natioual  convention,  proved 
himself  one  of  the  bitterest  enemies  of  the 
unfortunate  Lewis  XVI.  who«e  accusation 
he  read  with  triumph  in  the  assembly.  He 
was  intimate  with  Roland,  and  with  boldness 
attacked  the  Orleans  party,  the  usurpation 
of  Roberspierre,  and  the  machinations  of  the 
Jacobins.  His  conduct  rendered  him  obnox- 
ious to  the  demagogues  in  power ;  and  when 
the  Girondists  were  overthrown,  he  was  ac- 
cused but  escaped  into  Calvados.  He  after- 
wards passed  from  Quimper  to  Bourdeaux, 
where  he  was  recognised  and  immediately 
guillotined,  25th  June  1794. 

Barbatelli,  Bernardino,  a  painter, 
disciple  of  Ghirlandaio  of  Florence.  He  stu- 
died at  Rome,  and  his  fruit  pieces,  animals, 
flowers,  &c.  were  much  admired.  He  died 
1612,  aged  70. 

Barbaun,  Stephen,  a  native  of  St.  Far- 
geau-en-Puisaye  in  Auxerre,  who  made  him- 
self acquainted  with  authors  of  the  middle 
centuries,  from  whom  he  drew  the  most  cu- 
rious anecdotes  and  remarkable  stories.  He 
assisted  in  the  completion  of  the  Recueil  al- 
phabetique,  in  24  vols.  12mo.  1745,  and  the 
following  years ;  a  laborious  but  desultorv 
work.  He  wrote  also  instructions  from  a 
father  to  a  son,  1760,  8vo.  He  died  1770,  in 
the  74th  year  of  his  age. 

Barbazan,  Arnaud  Guillaume  de,  one 
of  the  courtiers  of  Charles  VII.  of  France, 
distinguished  as  a  warrior.  He  died  of  the 
wounds  which  he  had  received  at  the  battle 
of  Belleisle,  1432. 

Barbe,  a  Bohemian  lady  who  married 
the  emperor  Sigismond.  She  was  devoid  of 
those  virtues  which  ought  to  adorn  elevated 
rank,  and  even  ridiculed  those  of  her  atten- 
dants whose  conduct  was  more  chaste  than 
her  own.  She  died  1451. — Another,  queen 
of  Poland,  surnamed  Esther  for  her  piety. 
She  died  1525. — Another,  also  queen  of  Po- 
land, married  secretly  to  Sigismond  Augus- 
tus, and  publicly  acknowledged  after  the 
death  of  his  father.     She  died  1551. 

Barbeau  des  Bruyeres,  Jean  Louis, 
son  of  a  wood-monger  at  Paris,  rose  by  the 
strength  of  his  genius  from  the  mean  occu- 
pation of  his  father.  He  resided  10  or  15 
years  in  Holland,  and  on  his  return  he  as- 
sisted for  23  years  M.  Bauche  in  the  com- 
pletion of  his  works.  His  first  publication  in 
1759,  was  his  mappe  monde  historique,  an 
ingenious  chart,  in  which  was  united  all  the 
information  which  geography,  chronology, 
and  history  could  produce.  He  published 
besides  the  tahlettes  chronologiques  of  Leng- 
let,  a  translation  of  Strahlemberg's  descrip- 
tion'of  Russia,  La  Croix's  medern  geogra- 
phy, besides  large  contributions  to  the  works 
of  his  friends,  and  the  two  last  volumes  of  the 
Bibliolheque  de  France,  by  !e  Long.  Bar- 
beau  had  to  struggle  through  life  against  pn- 


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verty,  but  it  did  not  ruffle  his  temper,  or 
render  him  unwilling  freely  to  communicate 
to  others  from  the  vast  store  of  his  know- 
ledge in  geography  and  history.  Two  years 
before  his  death  he  married,  that  his  infirmi- 
ties might  be  alleviated  by  the  affectionate 
attention  and  concern  of  a  female  friend. 
He  died  of  an  apoplexy  at  Paris,  Nov.  20th, 
1781. 

Barbebini,  Francis,  a  poet  of  Barbcri- 
no  in  Tuscany,  born  1264.  Of  all  his  works 
there  is  extant  only  his  poem  called  the 
precepts  of  love,  a  composition  extremely 
elegant,  chaste,  moral,  and  instructive.  It 
■was  edited  at  Rome  1640,  by  Fred.  Ubaldini, 
■with  a  glossary  explanatory  of  obsolete  words, 
&c.  and  the  life  of  the  author.  The  family 
of  the  Barberini  was  distinguished  in  Europe 
in  the  17th  century.  Francis,  nephew  of 
pope  Urban  VIII.  was  a  cardinal  and  legate 
of  the  holy  see  in  France  and  Spain.  He 
died  in  1679,  aged  83. — His  brother  Anthony 
■was  likewise  a  cardinal,  and  he  became  known 
by  his  abilities  as  a  negotiator  and  ambassa- 
dor. He  was  archbishop  of  Rheims,  and 
died  1671,  aged  64. — Another,  brother  of 
pope  Urban  VIII.  who  died  1646,  aged  77, 
and  ordered  this  inscription  to  be  placed  on 
his  tomb  :  "  Hie  jacet  pulvis  &  cinis,  postea 
nihil." 

Barbeu  de  Bourg,  James,  a  native  of 
Mayenne,  physician  of  the  academy  of  Stock- 
holm, and  author  of  the  gazette  de  medicine, 
— \e  Botaniste  Francois,  two  vols. — elemens 
de  medicine,  &c.  He  was  born  12th  Feb. 
1709,  and  died  14th  Dec.  1779. 

Barbey,  Marc  le,  a  celebrated  physician 
of  Bayeux,  who  checked  the  ravages  of  the 
plague,  among  his  countrymen,  but  refused 
to  exercise  his  profession  to  save  the  friends 
of  the  league.  He  was  the  favorite  of  Henry 
VI.  who  ennobled  his  family.  He  died  about 
the  last  years  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

Barbeyrac,  John,  a  native  of  Bariers, 
in  Languedoc,  teacher  of  philosophy  at  Ber- 
lin, and  afterwards  for  seven  years  profes- 
sor of  law  and  history  at  Lausanne,  from 
■whence  he  passed  to  Groningen.  He  was 
eminent  in  the  knowledge  of  the  law  of  na- 
ture, and  of  nations  ;  and  besides  a  treatise 
on  the  morality  of  the  lathers,  and  another 
on  gaming,  two  vols,  he  translated  into  French 
Puffendorf's  works,  besides  Noodt's  discour- 
ses, Grotius'  de  jure  pacis,  &c.  some  of  Til- 
lotson's  sermons,  &c.  Some  of  his  critical 
and  literary  remarks  were  also  inserted  in 
the  various  journals  of  the  times.  He  died 
1729,  aged  55.  His  brother  Charles  was 
eminent  as  a  physician  at  Cereste  in  Pro- 
vence, and  he  was  the  friend  of  Locke  and 
Sydenham.  He  died  at  Montpellier,  1699, 
•aged  70,  author  of  two  works,  traites  de  me- 
dicine, 12mo. — and  qucestiones  medicse  duo- 
decim,  4to.  1658. 

Barbier  d'AucouR,  John,  a  native  of 
Langres,  whose  great  application  raised  him 
from  the  obscurity  and  indigence  of  his  fa- 
mily. He  devoted  himself  to  the  studies  of 
the  bar,  but  he  was  unsuccessful  in  his  first 
pleading,  either  from  fear,  or  failure  of  me- 


mory, a  circumstance  to  which  Boileau,  in 
the  Lutrin,  has  alluded;  and  so  small  were 
his  pecuniary  resources,  that  he  consented 
to  marry  his  landlord's  daughter,  that  he 
might  thus  satisfy  the  large  demands  which 
he  had  upon  him.  The  patronage  of  Col- 
bert, one  of  whose  sons  he  educated,  pro- 
mised him  better  times,  but  the  minister's 
death  disappointed  him,  and  a  more  fortu- 
nate attempt  at  the  bar  at  last  restored  him 
to  his  lost  character.  In  his  last  cause  in  de- 
fence of  Le  Brun,  a  valet  accused  of  murder- 
ing his  lady,  he  displayed,  besides  generosity 
of  heart,  a  most  commanding  eloquence.  He 
died  of  an  inflammation  in  the  breast,  Sept. 
13,  1694,  aged  53.  He  told  the  abbe  Choisi 
who  visited  him  in  his  last  illness,  that  he  re- 
joiced in  leaving  none  to  inherit  his  misery. 
His  works  were  trivial,  -except  his  "  Senti- 
mens  de  Cleanthe  sur  les  entretiens  d'Ariste 
&:  d'Eugene  par  Bouhours,  2  vols.  12mo. 
1671,  a  book  of  infinite  value  for  its  ingenious 
reasoning  and  the  justness  of  its  criticism. 
He  wrote  besides  some  treatises  against  the 
Jesuits. 

Barbier,  Mary  Ann,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
who  published  at  Paris  several  tragedies  and 
operas,  which  have  been  attributed  but  false- 
ly to  her  friend  and  adviser  the  abbe  Pele- 
grin.  She  died  in  1745.  Her  works  are 
scarce  above  mediocrity,  as  she  has  exhaust- 
ed all  her  powers  to  magnify  the  character 
of  her  heroine,  while  her  heroes  are  drawn 
as  uninteresting  and  insignificant  personages.- 

Barbier,  Lewis,  a  favorite  of  Gaston 
duke  of  Orleans,  raised  to  the  bishopric  of 
Langres  by  Mazarin  for  betraying  the  secrets 
of  his  master.  He  was  mean  in  his  charac- 
ter and  little  respected.  He  left  100  crowns 
for  the  best  epitaph  for  his  tomb,  which  was 
written  in  a  style  of  irony  by  Monnoye.  He 
died  1670. 

Barbieri,  John  Francis,  a  pupil  of  the 
Caracci,  and  a  strong  imitator  of  Caravag- 
gio.  He  is  called  among  artists  Guercino. 
His  historical  pieces  possessed  merit.  He- 
died  1660,  aged  76.  His  brother  Paulo  An- 
tonio was  eminent  in  drawing  quiet  scenes 
and  animals.  He  died  1460.  Vid.  Guer- 
cino. 

Barbosa,  Alius,  one  of  the  chief  resto- 
rers of  learning  in  Spain.  He  was  instructed 
in  Greek  by  Angelus  Politian  in  Rome,  and 
was  a  professor  at  Salamanca  for  20  years. 
He  was  preceptor  to  the  king  of  Portugal's 
sons  Alphonsus  and  Henry,  and  died  1540  in 
a  good  old  age.  He  wrote  some  Latin  poems, 
a  treatise  on  prosody,  &c. 

Barbosa,  Peter,  a  native  of  Viana  in 
Portugal,  professor  at  Coimbra,  and  after- 
wards chancellor  of  the  kingdom.  He  died 
1596,  author  of  some  commentaries  on  the 
Digests,  three  vols.  fol.  1613,  &c. 

Barbosa,  Emanuel,  a  Portugese,  author 
of  some  treatises.  He  died  1638,  aged  90, 
author  of  a  treatise  de  potestate  episcopi,  &c. 
His  son,  Augustin,  distinguished  himself  by 
his  knowledge  of  law.  He  was  made  bishop 
of  Ugento,  and  died  1649.  He  wrote  several 
ecclesiastical  treatises,  &c. 


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Barbou,  Hugh,  son  of  John,  a  printer  of 
eminence  at  Lyons,  who  settled  at  Limoges 
in  1580,  where,  among  other  books,  he  prin- 
ted Cicero's  letters  to  Atticus,  &c.  with  du 
Bos'  notes.  His  descendants  have  carried  on 
the  same  profession  at  Paris  with  emolument 
to  themselves,  and  advantage  to  the  public. 

Barbour,  John,  a  Scotch  ecclesiastic, 
employed  by  David  Bruce  as  ambassador  at 
the  English  court.  He  wrote  in  verse  an  ac- 
count of  the  life  and  actions  of  Robert  Bruce, 
a  work  highly  esteemed  for  its  authenticity, 
printed  at  Glasgow  1671.  He  died  1378, 
aged  58. 

Bar  bud,  a  celebrated  musician  at  the 
court  of  Kosru  Parviz,  king  of  Persia,  of  the 
fourth  dynast)'.  He  was  so  eminent  in  his 
profession,  that  his  name  is  become  prover- 
bial. 

Barcali,  author  of  a  commentary  on 
the  Arbain.  He  died  in  the  9<i0th  year  of 
the  hegira.  Another,  of  the  same  name,  au- 
thor of  some  books  of  devotiou.  He  died 
the  981st  or  982d  of  the  hegira. 

Barchusen  or  Barkhausen,  John 
Conrad,  a  native  of  Heme  in  Germany,  who 
settled  at  Utrecht,  where  he  acquired  emi- 
nence as  a  physician  and  as  a  lecturer  on 
chemistry.  His  elementachemica — historia 
medicinse,  &c.  are  highly  esteemed.  He  di- 
ed 1717,  aged  51. 

Barclay  or  Barklay,  Alexander,  a 
•writer  of  the  16th  century,  born  in  Scotland 
according  to  Mackenzie,  or  according  to 
Wood,  at  Barclay  in  Somersetshire.  He 
was  of  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  and  from  thence 
travelled  over  Holland,  Germany,  France, 
and  Italy.  On  his  return  he  was  preferred  by 
Cornish,  the  provost  of  his  college,  who  had 
heen  raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Tyne.  Au- 
thors disagree  about  his  preferment.  He 
was  rector  of  Baddow  Magna  in  Essex,  ac- 
cording to  Wood,  but  he  is  mentioned  by 
others  as  rector  of  Allhallows,  Lombard 
Street.  He  was  an  elegant  writer,  and  trans- 
lated some  of  the  best  authors  on  the  conti- 
nent, and  among  them  Navis  Stultifera,  &c. 
He  died  at  Croydon  in  an  advanced  age. 

Barclay,  William,  a  native  of  Aber- 
deen, who,  not  meeting  the  patronage  which 
he  expected  from  Mary  queen  of  Scots, 
went  over  to  France,  where  he  studied  civil 
law  at  Bourges,  and  was  made  professor  of 
the  newly  founded  university  of  Pontamous- 
son,  by  the  duke  of  Lorrain.  His  son  was 
nearly  engaged  to  follow  the  tenets  of  the 
Jesuits,  which  the  father  prevented,  and  the 
dissention  between  him  and  the  society  was 
so  great,  that  he  abondoned  Lorrain,  and 
came  to  England,  where  king  James  offered 
him  some  handsome  preferment,  provided 
he  subscribed  to  the  articles  of  the  Anglican 
church,  a  condition  which  he  declined.  He 
returned  to  France,  and  died  professor  at 
Angers  in  1605.  He  wrote  several  books  on 
the  kingly  and  papal  power,  &c. 

Barclay,  John,   son  of  the  preceding, 

"was  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  but  removed 

from  their  society,  by  his  father,  who  was 

afraid  he  should  follow  their  tenets.     He  vi- 

VOk.  I.  18 


sited  England  with  his  father,  and  compli- 
mented with  a  Latin  poem  king  James,  who 
wished  to  patronise  him,  but  he  returned  to 
France.  After  the  death  of  his  father  he 
resided  in  London  for  ten  years,  and  after- 
wards went  to  Home,  where  he  was  well  re« 
ceived  by  pope  Paul  V.  and  cardinal  Bellar- 
min.  He  died  at  Rome  1621,  and  his  son 
erected  a  monument  to  his  honor  in  St. 
Laurence's  church,  on  the  way  to  Trivoli. 
His  works  were  numerous  and  elegantly 
written.  The  most  celebrated  are  his  Eu- 
phormio,  a  satire  in  Latin  ;  and  his  Argenis, 
&c.  which  has  been  translated  into  various 
languages,  a  kind  of  romance  in  the  style  of 
Petronius  and  Apuleius,  in  which  he  des- 
cribes the  manner  of  a  court,  he.  Pieresc 
had  the  care  of  the  first  edition,  and  under 
the  effigies  of  the  author  Grotius  wrote  these 
lines; 

"  Gente  Caledonius,  Gallus  ?ialalibus,  hie 
est 
Iiomam  Romano  qui  docet  ore  loqui.'' 

Barclay,  Robert,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh. His  father,  colonel  Barclay,  sent 
him  to  Paris  to  the  care  of  his  uncle,  who 
presided  over  the  Scot's  college  ;  but  in  be- 
coming acquainted  with  the  literature  of  the 
times,  he  imbibed  the  tenets  of  the  Roman 
catholics.  On  his  return  to  Scotland,  he 
embraced  the  principles  of  the  quakers  with 
his  father,  and  he  showed  himself,  by  his  ac- 
tions as  well  as  by  his  writings,  a  most  zealous 
defender  of  the  sect.  His  writings  are  nu- 
merous, and  chiefly  on  theological  or  contro- 
versial subjects.  The  most  celebrated  is  his 
apology  for  the  quakers,  published  in  Latin 
at  Amsterdam  1676,  and  two  years  after 
translated  by  himself,  and  addressed  to 
Charles  II.  with  excessive  freedom  of  lan- 
guage. He  was  universally  respected,  not 
only  for  the  celebrity  of  his  writings,  but 
the  purity  of  his  life.  He  travelled  over 
England,  Holland,  and  Germany,  with  the 
famous  legislator  Penn,  with  the  intention 
of  making  converts;  and  on  his  return  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  dignified  retirement. 
He  died  at  Ury,  third  of  "October,  1690,  in 
his  42d  year. 

Barcochebas,  or Barcochab,  the  son 
of  a  star,  a  celebrated  impostor,  who  intro- 
duced himself  to  the  Jewish  nation,  as  the 
star  predicted  by  Balaam.  His  followers  be- 
came so  numerous  over  Judsea,  that  the  Ro- 
mans found  it  difficult  to  oppose  them.  Ju- 
lius Severus  at  last  took  signal  vengeance  on 
the  nation  for  the  Roman  soldiers  that  had 
been  slain,  and  he  almost  destroyed  the 
whole  race,  134  A.  D. 

Barcos,  Martin  de,  a  native  of  Bayonne, 
nephew  of  the  famous  abbe  St.  Cyran.  He 
was  engaged  in  the  controversies  which  took 
place  about  the  Jansenisls,  but  his  works  on 
the  subject  are  now  justly  forgotten.  He 
died  1678,  aged  78. 

Bard,  a  Mahomedan  author,  who  wrote 
on  the  pronunciation  of  the  vowels  of  the 
text  of  the  Koran. 

Bardas,  a  chief  at  Constantinople,  uncle 
and  guardian  to  Michael  III.      After  various 


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attempts  to  seize  the  sovereign  power,  by 
Violence  and  artifice,  he  was  put  to  death  by 
Baeilius  the  Macedonian,  86G. 

Bardas  called  Scelerus,  a  general 
raised  to  the  purple  by  his  soldiers  after  the 
death  of  John  Zimisces.  He  was  opposed 
by  Bardas  Phocas,  and  in  consequence  of  a 
defeat  fled  to  Bagdad,  where  he  was  impri- 
soned 979.  He  was  afterwards  reconciled  to 
Phocas,  and  after  his  death  was  honorably 
treated  by  his  successor  Basil. 

Bardesanes,  a  native  of  Edessa  in  Sy- 
ria, eminent  as  an  author.  He  was  the  foun- 
der of  a  sect  which  bore  his  name,  and  sup- 
ported the  existence  of  iEons,  but  denied 
the  doctrine  of  the  resurrection.     He  flor- 

ished  about  172. The  author  of  a  curious 

book  on  the  gymnosophists,  in  the  third  cen- 
tury, bore  that  name. 

Bardet,  Peter,  an  advocate  of  reputa- 
tion, author  of  a  "  recueil  d'arrets,"  two 
vols,  fob    He  died  at  Moulins  1685,  aged  94. 

Bap.dhadi,  a  Mahomedan,  author  of  a 
moral  treatise  called  Adab. 

Bar  din,  Peter,  a  native  of  Rouen,  au- 
thor of  several  treatises  of  an  inferior  cha- 
racter. He  was  drowned  in  1637,  in  at- 
tempting to  save  his  pupil  M.  D'Hnmieres. 
His  epitaph  by  Chapelain,  in  a  style  of  ful- 
some panegyric,  mentioned  that  the  virtues 
were  drowned  with  him.  He  wrote  le  grand 
Chambellan  de  France,  fol.  1623 — Pensees 
morales  sur  l'Ecclesiaste  8vo.  1629 — Le 
Lyc6e,  ou  de  l'honnete  homme,  two  vols. 
8vo. 

Bardney,  Richard,  a  Benedictine  of 
Bardney  in  Lincolnshire,  author  of  a  life  of 
Grostete  bishop  of  Lincoln,  in  Latin  verse. 
He  died  1504. 

Barebone,  Praise  God,  a  violent  leader 
of  Cromwell's  parliament  of  1654.  He  was 
a  leather-seller  by  trade,  but  he  acquired 
such  celebrity  as  an  orator  and  a  demagogue, 
that  the  parliament  was  ludicrously  called 
after  his" assumed  name.  Two  of  his  bro- 
thers, it  is  said,  had  adopted  likewise  scrip- 
ture names,  one  of  them,  "  Christ  came  into 
the  world  to  save  Barbone;"  and  the  other, 
"  if  Christ  had  not  died  thou  hadst  been 
damned,  Barbone,"  which  the  wits  of  the 
time  abbreviated  to  the  two  last  words. 
When  Monk  led  his  army  to  London,  Bare- 
bone  acted  with  such  violence  at  the  head  of 
the  rabble,  that  the  general  sent  a  petition 
to  parliament  to  dismiss  and  punish  this  fu- 
rious zealot  and  his  partisans. 

Barestt,  Dieterick,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Amsterdam.  He  was  the  disciple  of 
Titian,  and  excelled  in  historical  pieces  and 
in  portraits.     He  died  1592,  aged  58. 

Baretti,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Turin, 
son  of  an  eminent  architect.  He  received  a 
respectable  education,  but  the  little  fortune 
■which  he  inherited  was  lost  at  faro,  and  the 
indigent  son  became  an  author  by  profession. 
After  enduring  many  difficulties,  and  after 
visiting  several  countries  of  Europe,  he 
came  in  1750  to  London  without  any  recom- 
mendations, and  with  an  imperfect  know- 
ledge of  the  English  language       He  acci- 


dentally met  at  the  Orange  coffee-house  Mr, 
Lennox,  whose  wife  wished  for  instruction 
in  the  Italian  language,  to  enable  her  to 
translate  some  of  the  romances  from  which 
Shakspeare  had  drawn  his  plays,  and  from 
this  connection,  arose  the  consequence  and 
respectability  which  he  afterwards  enjoyed. 
Mrs.  Lennox  introduced  him  to  Dr.  John^ 
son,  whose  friendship  he  long  and  sincerely 
enjoyed,  and  he  was  soon  after  introduced  to 
the  Thrale  family,  and  to  other  persons  of 
respectability  and  distinction.  After  a  resi- 
dence of  ten  years  in  London,  he  resolved  to 
revisit  his  native  country,  and  he  set  out  on 
13th  August  1760,  through  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal, not  however  without  expressing  with  all 
the  power  of  gratitude,  his  deep  sense  of  the 
kindness,  generosity,  and  philanthropy  of 
England.  In  his  journey  he  followed  the 
directions  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  in  taking  no- 
tice of  whatever  scenes  passed  before  his 
eyes,  with  the  good-humor  and  playfulness 
of  youth,  accompanied  with  the  accurate 
judgment  of  the  philosopher,  he  produced  a 
most  amusing  and  valuable  performance, 
published  in  four  vols.  8vo.  At  Venice  he 
published  a  periodical  paper  called  Frustra 
literaria,  under  the  character  of  a  peevish 
soldier  returned  home  after  an  absence  of  50 
years.  This  satirical  performance  raised 
against  him  a  host  of  enemies,  and  after  an 
absence  of  six  years  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  in  a  little  time  engaged  in  an  inju- 
dicious controversy  with  Mr.  Sharp,  who 
had  just  published  "  letters  from  Italy,  &c." 
He  made  some  short  excursions  to  Franca 
and  Spain  in  1768  and  69 ;  and  it  was  after 
his  return  that  an  accident  happened  which 
threw  a  veil  of  horror  over  the  remaining 
part  of  his  life.  On  his  return  from  the 
Orange  coffee-house  through  the  Hay-mar- 
ket about  seven  o'clock  in  the  evening,  he 
was  attacked  by  a  woman  whose  indecorous 
behaviour  provoked  him  to  strike  her  on  the 
hand.  She  continued  her  insults,  and  three 
men,  who  apparently  were  in  connection 
with  the  woman,  approached  to  push  him 
with  rudeness  from  the  pavement,  and  to 
trample  upon  him,  when  he,  alarmed  for  his 
safety,  struck  one  of  them,  Evan  Morgan, 
with  a  knife,  and  repeated  the  blows  again 
and  again  when  pursued  and  collared  The 
wounds  were  so  deep  that  Morgan  died  the 
next  day  in  Middlesex  hospital,  and  Baretti 
was  at  the  following  sessions  at  the  Old  Bai- 
ley tried  for  murder.  The  infamous  life  of 
his  assailant,  and  the  respectability  of  his  own 
character,  were  strong  in  favor  of  his  inno- 
cence ;  and  he  refused  the  accustomed  pri- 
vilege of  having  the  half  of  his  jury  of  fo- 
reigners. He  read  his  defence  from  a  prin- 
ted paper,  and  he  accounted  for  the  knife 
which  inflicted  the  wounds,  by  sayiug  that 
he  wore  it  as  all  foreigners  do,  to  cut  sweet- 
meats and  fruit  in  deserts.  His  innocence 
was  acknowledged,  and  he  was  acquitted, 
as  having  committed  the  murder  in  his 
self  defence.  He  returned  to  his  literary 
life,  and  improved  his  fortune  as  well  as 
his  reputation    by  various  useful    publica- 


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tions.  He  received,  it  is  said,  5001.  for 
his  travels,  and  he  not  only  procured  pecu- 
niary assistance  from  Mrs.  Middleton,  one 
of  his  pupils,  but  was  fortunate  enough  to 
receive  a  pension  of  80/.  per  annum  from 
lord  North's  administration.  But  as  the 
■wants  of  literary  men,  however,  are  nume- 
rous, and  their  profusion  proverbial,  Ba- 
retti  soon  found  himself  in  indigent  circum- 
stances, and  the  refusal  which  he  met  in  his 
application  to  the  booksellers  for  relief, 
whilst  in  the  prosecution  of  his  improve- 
ments for  his  dictionary,  ruffled  his  spirits, 
and  hastened  in  some  degree  his  decline.  An 
attack  of  the  gout  was  neglected,  and  the 
advice  of  medical  men,  whom  he  oppro- 
hriously  denominated  vultures,  was  disre- 
garded till  a  recovery  was  impossible.  On 
the  morning  of  his  death,  he  declared  that 
he  had  dreaded  the  arrival  of  that  day ;  he 
put  off  the  attendance  of  his  barber  to  the 
morrow,  and  with  great  cheerfuluess  took 
his  last  leave  of  his  friends.  About  eight,  he 
took  a  glass  of  wine,  and  immediately  after 
expired,  May  5th  1789,  in  his  73d  year,  and 
■was  buried  on  the  ninth  in  Mary-bone  new 
Burying  ground.  In  his  private  character  he 
■was  highly  respectable,  his  integrity  was  un- 
impeached,  and  his  conversation  always  easy 
and  free,  and  was  directed  to  the  improve- 
ment and  instruction  of  his  hearers.  He 
was  of  a  benevolent  and  charitable  disposi- 
tion, and  never  hesitated  to  divide  his  last 
shilling  with  an  indigent  friend.  It  is  to  be 
lamented,  that  among  his  papers,  which 
were  carelessly  burnt  by  his  executors,  there 
were  some  letters  and  valuable  communiea- 
tions  from  Dr.  Johnson.  His  works  were 
numerous,  but  though  in  general  interest- 
ing and  useful,  he  disregarded  them  in  one 
of  his  letters,  as  hastily  and  injudiciously 
produced  under  the  pressure  of  distress  and 
poverty,  and  not  abounding  with  that  ele- 
gance and  correctness,  which  a  more  settled 
life  and  more  opulent  circumstances  might 
have  supplied.  His  works  are,  besides  the 
travels,  the  dictionary  Italian  and  English, 
2  vols.  4to. — a  dissertation  on  Italian  poetry 
— the  Italian  library,  as  introductive  to  the 
Italian  language — an  Italian  grammar — an 
account  of  the  customs  of  Italy,  two  vols. 
8vo. — an  introduction  to  most  of  the  Euro- 
pean languages,  8vo. — a  Spanish  and  Eng- 
lish dictionary — Tolondron  speeches  to  John 
Bowie,  about  his  edition  of  Don  Quixote, 
8vo. — &c. 

Barexi,  a  Mahomedan,  born  at  Hama, 
author  of  several  treatises  on  the  Koran, 
&c.     He  died  the  year  738  of  the  hegira. 

Bargrave,  Isaac,  an  ecclesiastic  of  great 
abilities,  member  of  Clarehall  Cambridge, 
and  chaplain  to  James  I.  and  Charles.  He 
was  ..iade  dean  of  Canterbury,  lith  Octo- 
ber, 1G25  ;  but  he  suffered  greatly  during 
the  civil  wars,  and  Sandys,  a  man  whose 
life  he  had  saved,  treated  him  and  his  family 
with  unusual  severity,  and  imprisoned  him 
in  the  Fleet.  Bargrave  survived  that  mark 
of  ingratitude  only  three  weeks,  and  died  of 
a  broken  heart,   1642,  aged  50.    He  was  a 


zealous  defender  of  the  liberties  of  the  king- 
dom, civil  and  religious,  and  it  is  said  that  he 
offended  king  James,  at  St.  Margaret's, 
Westminster,  by  a  discourse  against  po- 
pery, &c. 

Baridah,  a  Mahomedan  writer  on 
Aristotle's  works. 

Barini,  a  Mahomedan  author,  who 
wrote  on  the  introduction  of  Porphyry's  sa- 
goge. 

B  arkh  am,  John,  a  native  of  Exeter,  who, 
after  studying  at  Oxford,  and  holding  several 
places  of  preferment,  died  at  Booking  in 
Essex,  of  which  he  was  rector  and  dean. 
He  is  mentioned  by  Speed,  and  others,  as 
possessing  "  learning,  virtue,  and  courtesy." 
His  valuable  collection  of  coins  and  medals, 
which  he  gave  to  Laud,  was  presented  to  the 
university.  Though  he  never  published  any 
thing,  yet  his  friends  had  reason  to  acknow- 
ledge his  great  erudition,  so  that  Guillim's 
display  of  heraldry,  and  Speed's  John  and 
Henry  II.  are  attributed  to  him. 

Bark i,  a  Mahomedan,  author  of  a  trea- 
tise on  geomancy. 

Barksd  ale,  Clement,  a  native  of  Winch- 
comb,  Glocestershire,  educated  at  Abing- 
don school,  and  Oxford.  He  was  elected 
master  of  Hereford  school,  hut  during  the 
civil  wars,  he  left  his  situation  and  took  pu- 
pils at  Hawling,  in  Glocestershire.  On  the 
restoration  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Naunton,  where  he  died  1687,  aged  78.  His 
works  are,  besides  several  sermons,  and 
some  tracts,  monumenta  literaria,  sive  obi- 
tus  et  elogia,  doctorum  virorum  ex  historiis 
Thuani,  4to. — Nympha  Libethris,  or  the 
Corswold  muse,  8vo.  1651 — the  life  of  Gro- 
tius  1652,  12mo. — memorials  of  worthy  per- 
sons, 1661,  12mo. 

Barlaam,  a  monk  of  Seminara,  in  Cala- 
bria, who  in  visiting  Constantinople  to  learn 
the  Greek  language,  gained  the  fa*ors  of  the 
emperor  Andronicus,  who  made  him  abbot 
of  St.  Salvador,  1339.  He  was  also  sent  by 
that  prince  into  the  West,  to  promote  the 
reunion  of  the  two  churches,  and  to  solicit 
the  assistance  of  Christian  princes  against 
the  Mahometans.  He  afterwards  had  a 
controversy  with  Palamas,  a  monk  of  Athos; 
but  though  he  wrote  against  the  Latins,  he 
no  sooner  returned  to  Italy,  and  took  posses- 
sion of  the  see  of  Gieraci,  which  was  after- 
wards removed  to  Locri,  than  he  severely 
attacked  the  Greeks.  This  circumstance,  so 
inconsistent,  has  given  occasion  to  some  au- 
thors, to  say  that  there  were  two  persons  of 
that  name.  He  died  about  1348.  His  letters 
were  published  at  Ingolstadt,  1604. 

Barljeus,  Gasparaus,  a  Latin  poet  of 
Antwerp,  appointed  subprincipal  of  the 
college  of  Leyden,  but  afterwards  rejected 
from  his  office,  for  the  zealous  share  which 
he  took  in  the  disputes  of  the  Arminians. 
He  now  took  his  degrees  in  physic  at  Caen, 
and  in  1631  was  invited  by  the  magistrates  of 
Amsterdam,  to  fill  the  chair  of  professor  of 
philosophy,  which  he  held  till  his  death  in 
1648,  in  his  64th  year,  though  his  writings, 
in  favor  of  Arminius,    raised  him  a  num.- 


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ber  of  enemies,  who  loudly  called  for  his 
dismission.  His  orations  are  admired  for 
their  wit  and  purity,  and  his  poems  for  their 
elegance  and  correctness.  Two  volumes  of 
his  letters  were  published  after  his  death. 
He  wrote  also  an  account  of  count  Maurice's 
government  in  Brazil. 

Barljeus,  Lambert,  a  Greek  professor 
at  Leyden,  who  wrote  annotations  on  Lu- 
cian's  Timon,  and  Hesiod's  theogony,  and 
assisted  Rivius  in  the  translation  of  the  con- 
fessions of  the  reformed  churches  into  Greek. 
He  spoke  Greek  with  the  same  fluent  facility 
as  his  mother  tongue.     He  died  1C55. 

Barland,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Barland, 
in  Zealand,  professor  at  Louvain,  and  author 
of  notes  on  Virgil,  Terence,  Pliny  the  youn- 
ger, and  Menander,  besides  an  abridgment 
of  universal  history — the  chronicle  of  the 
dukes  of  Brabant — de  literatis  urbis  Romie 
principibius,   &c.     He  died  1542. 

Bar'letta,  Gabriel,  a  Dominican,  born 
at  Barletta  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  He 
acquired  some  celebrity  as  a  writer  and  as  a 
preacher,  and  it  became  proverbial  to  say, 
nescit  pi'oedicare  qui  nescit  Barlettare.  It  is 
reported  that  his  sermons  rapidly  passed 
through  20  editions,  but  so  incongruous  was 
the  composition,  so  full  of  serious  reflections 
and  ridiculous  levities,  of  obsolete  words  and 
of  modern  and  ancient  idioms,  that  a  more 
singular  and  extraordinary  performance 
scaroe  ever  appeared.  The  best  edition  is 
that  of  Venice  1577,  two  vols.  8vo.  He  was 
horn  about  1400,  but  the  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown. 

Barlotta,  Joseph,  a  Sicilian  poet  of 
the  18th  century,  whose  odes,  sonnets,  can- 
tatas, &c.  possess  some  merit. 

Barlow,  William,  prior  of  a  monastery, 
hefore  the  dissolution,  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  St.  Asaph,  and  afterwards  of  St.  David's, 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  He  was  tran- 
slated to  Bath  and  Wells  1547,  but  was 
ejected  by  Mary  because  he  was  married, 
upon  which  he  retired  to  Germany.  On 
Elizabeth's  accession,  he  was  promoted  to 
flie  see  of  Chichester,  where  he  died,  1568. 
He  was  author  of  several  controversial 
hooks,  &c. 

Barlow,  Francis,  a  native  of  Lincoln- 
shire, the  pupil  of  Shepherd.  He  excelled 
in  his  representation  of  birds,  beasts,  fishes, 
&c.     He  died  1702. 

Barlowe,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Lang- 
hill,  Westmoreland,  educated  at  Appleby 
school,  and  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow.  He  kept  his  pre- 
ferment during  the  civil  wars,  and  became 
successively  keeper  of  the  Bodleian,  provost 
of  his  own  college,  Margaret  professor  of 
divinity,  archdeacon  of  Oxford,  and  bishop , 
of  Lincoln,  1675.  He  was  violent  against 
the  Roman  catholics,  but  it  has  been  men- 
tioned that  he  paid  his  court  to  James  II. 
when  on  the  throne,  and  with  the  same 
time-serving  spirit  he  vented  his  resentment 
at  the  revolution  against  those  of  the  clergy 
who  refused  to  take  the  required  oaths.  In 
his  opinions  lie  was  a  strong  Calvanist,  and 


warmly  supported  the  Aristotelian  tenets 
against  the  new  philosophy  introduced  by 
the  Royal  society.  He  died  at  Burden, 
Huntingdonshire,  Oct.  8th,  1691,  in  the 
85th  year  of  his  age.  Such  of  his  books 
were  given  to  the  Bodleian  of  which  there 
were  no  copies  already  deposited  there,  and 
the  rest  to  Queen's  college.  His  works 
were  against  popery  and  on  cases  of  con- 
science, and  chiefly  controversial.  His  ma- 
nuscripts passed  into  the  hands  of  his  chap- 
lains, Offley  and  Brougham. 

Barlowe,  William,  son  of  William 
Barlowe,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  studied  at 
Baliol  college,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
the  first  discoverer  of  the  nature  and  pro- 
perties of  the  loadstone,  the  piercing  and 
cementing  of  which  he  effected  by  a  new 
method.  He  explained  the  difference  be- 
tween iron  and  steel,  and  why  a  magnet  by 
being  doubly  capped  takes  up  a  greater 
weight.  His  opinions  were  made  public  in 
three  different  treatises.     He  died  1625. 

Barnabas,  St.  a  Levite,  born  at  Cj'prus. 
As  soon  as  he  embraced  Christianity,  he 
sold  his  estate,  and  delivered  his  money  to 
the  apostles,  and  was  afterwards  sent  to  An- 
tioch,  to  confirm  the  disciples.  He  preached 
the  gospel  in  company  with  St.  Paul,  and  af- 
terwards passed  with  St.  Mark  into  Cyprus, 
where  he  was  stoned  to  death  by  the  Jews. 
There  is  extant  a  Greek  letter  written  by 
him,  which  was  published  with  learned  notes 
by  Le  Clerc,  at  Amsterdam,  1724. 

Barnard,  Theodore,  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, who  studied  under  Titian,  and 
adorned  the  cathedral  of  Chichester  by  his 
paintings  of  the  kings  and  bishops.  There 
is  a  family  near  Chichester  descended  from 
him. 

Barnard,  John,  a  native  of  Castor  in 
Lincolnshire,  who  studied  at  Queen's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  was  made  by  the  par- 
liamentary visitors  fellow  of  Lincoln,  Ox- 
ford. He  married  Dr.  Heylyn's  daughter, 
and  settled  at  Waddington,  the  ad  vow  son  of 
which  he  purchased.  He  obtained  after  the 
restoration  a  prebend  of  Lincoln.  He  died 
at  Newark,  on  a  journey  to  Spa,  Aug.  17, 
1683,  and  was  buried  at  Waddington.  He 
wrote  against  scandalous  ministers,  &c.  be- 
sides the  life  of  his  father-in-law. 

Barnard,  Sir  John,  an  upright  magis- 
trate, and  an  incorrupt  statesman.  He  was 
born  at  Reading,  where  his  father,  a  quaker, 
was  a  wine  merchant.  He  succeedecl  to  the 
business,  but  at  the  age  of  19  he  relinquished 
the  quakers  for  the  established  church,  and 
became  first  known  in  the  examination 
which  he  underwent  in  the  house  of  lords  on 
a  wine  hill,  to  the  passing  of  which  the  mer- 
chants objected.  The  spirited  and  becom- 
ing manner  in  which  he  expressed  himself 
on  the  occasion,  gained  him  popularity.  He 
became  candidate  for  the  city  of  London, 
and  was  elected  in  1722,  and  he  served  the 
city  in  the  six  succeeding  parliaments.  In 
1727,  he  was  appointed  alderman  of  Dow- 
gate  ward,  and  in  1738  he  filled  the  chair  of 
the  city  with  all  the  dignity  which  became  a 


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great  and  opulent  corporation.  His  conduct 
in  parliament  was  ever  guided  by  a  strong  at- 
tachment to  his  country ;  he  supported  every 
measure  which  contributed  to  extend  com- 
merce and  prosperity,  and  in  his  opposition 
to  Walpole,  especially  during  the  debates  on 
the  excise  act,  his  language  was  firm,  manly, 
and  patriotic.  In  July  1758  this  virtuous  ma- 
gistrate resigned  his  gown,  to  the  great  re- 
gret of  the  city,  and  retired  to  his  seat  at 
Clapham.  After  attaining  nearly  the  age  of 
80,  he  expired,  29th  August,  17C6,  leaving 
one  son  and  two  daughters.  The  general 
character  of  sir  John  may  he  collected  in 
the  respect  and  esteem  of  his  fellow  citizens 
on  his  resignation.  He  was  complimented 
with  all  those  expressions  of  gratitude  and 
admiration  which  are  due  to  integrity  and 
to  virtue,  and  his  public  and  private  life 
■was  equally  made  the  subject  of  panegyric 
liberally  bestowed  and  meritoriously  earned. 
He  had  been  knighted  in  1732  by  George  II. 
and  in  memorial  of  his  merits  his  fellow  ci- 
tizens erected  his  statue  in  the  Exchange. 

Barnave,  Anthony  Peter  Joseph  Ma- 
rie, a  native  of  Grenoble,  brought  up  to  the 
bar.  The  revolution  called  him  to  Paris, 
where,  as  a  deputy  to  the  national  assembly, 
he  displayed  great  eloquence  and  strong 
powers  of  mind.  His  popularity  however 
quickly  vanished,  when  he  expressed  some 
interest  for  the  captive  family  of  the  mo- 
narch, whom  he  had  conducted  back  from 
Varennes  to  Paris,  and  ventured  to  predict 
that  liberty  by  its  excesses  might  he  pro- 
ductive of  a  thousand  miseries  to  his  coun- 
try. He  was  sent  to  prison,  and  after  15 
months  of  confinement,  he  was  dragged  to 
Paris,  where  his  innocence  and  the  energy 
of  his  appeal  to  the  sense  of  the  nation, 
■would  have  procured  his  acquittal  if  his 
judges  had  been  upright.  He  was  guillotined 
29th  Nov.  1793,  aged  32. 

Baexes,  Juliana,  a  native  of  Rod  in  g,  in 
Essex,  prioress  of  Sopewell  nunnery,  near 
St.  Albans,  eminent  for  her  learning,  piety, 
and  personal  accomplishments.  She  has 
been  mentioned  with  great  commendation 
by  Bale,  Hollingshead,  and  others.  She 
wrote  some  treatises  on  hunting,  hawking, 
&c.  besides  a  book  on  heraldry.  She  was 
living  in  1486,  according  to  the  titles  of  her 
book,  26  years  later  than  the  period  men- 
tioned by  Bale. 

Barnes,  Joshua,  a  native  of  London, 
educated  at  Christ  hospital,  and  admitted 
servitor  of  Emanuel,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  fellow,  and  where  he  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  great  learning,  and 
his  superior  knowledge  of  Greek.  In  1700, 
Mrs.  Mason,  of  Hemmingford,  Huntingdon- 
shire, a  widow  not  beautiful  in  person,  but 
possessed  of  200/.  a  year,  visited  him  at 
Cambridge,  and  her  offer  to  settle  on  him 
the  half  of  her  income  at  her  death,  induced 
him  to  solicit  her  hand,  which  the  obliging 
fair-one  did  not  refuse  to  Joshua,  for  whom, 
she  observed,  the  sun  stood  still.  He  died 
August  3d,  1712,  in  his  57th  year,  and  his 
widow,  who  was  nearly  of  the  same  age  as 


himself,  erected  a  monument  over  him  at 
Hemmingford.  His  works  were  valuable 
for  their  erudition  and  criticism.  The  chief 
were,  a  poetical  paraphrase  of  Esther 
1676— the  life  of  Edward  111.  dedicated  to 
•lames  II.  in  1688 — a  learned  edition  of  Euri- 
pides, in  1694 — Anacreon,  in  1705 — and  Ho- 
mer, &c.  in  1706.  Bentley  used  to  ridicule 
his  learning,  and  with  pedantic  pride  ob- 
served, that  he  knew  Greek  as  much  as  a 
cobler. 

Barnes,  itobert,  D.D.  was  employed  by 
Henry  VIII.  to  collect  the  opinions  of  the 
German  divines,  about  his  divorce  from 
qneen  Catherine.  His  attachment  to  Lu- 
ther's doctrines  incurred  the  displeasure  of 
the  monarch,  who  sent  him  to  the  tower. 
He  was  burnt  alive  at  a  stake,  in  1540.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  on  justification,  and  the  his- 
tory of  the  popes. 

Barneveldt,  John  d'  Olden,  a  states- 
man of  great  abilities,  ambassador  to  Eliza- 
beth in  England,  and  to  Henry  IV.  of  France. 
His  attempts  to  limit  the  authority  of  Mau- 
rice the  second  stadholder  of  Holland,  raised 
him  enemies,  by  whose  virulence  he  was 
accused  of  designs  to  deliver  the  country  to 
the  Spaniards,  and  in  consequence  of  this 
false  charge,  he  was  tried  and  beheaded  in 
1619.  His  sons,  William  and  Rene,  resented 
the  cruelty  exercised  against  their  father, 
and  though  the  elder  escaped,  Rene  felt  the 
punishment  due  to  a  conspirator.  The 
mother  stepped  in  defence  of  her  son,  and 
when  Maurice  expressed  surprise  to  see  her 
eager  to  save  him  when  she  had  seen  his 
father  fall  uulamented,  she  indignantly  re- 
plied, "I  would  not  solicit  a  pardon  for  my 
husband,  for  he  was  innocent.  1  ask  it  for 
my  son  because  he  is  guilty." 

Baro  or  Baroni,  Peter,  a  native  of 
Estampes,  in  Prance,  who  left  his  country 
on  account  of  his  attachment  to  protestant- 
ism, and  found  a  hospitable  asylum  in  ling- 
land,  in  the  house  of  lord  Burleigh,  and  at 
Cambridge  with  Dr.  Pierce,  by  whose  in- 
fluence he  was  chosen  Margaret  professor  of 
divinity  1574.  The  tranquillity  of  his  resi- 
dence was  however  of  short  duration.  He 
opposed  Whitacre,  Tindal,  and  Chadderton, 
who  violently  supported  the  tenets  of  abso- 
lute predestination,  and  whilst  he  gave  a 
more  moderate  explanation  to  the  doctrine 
in  his  sermons  and  in  his  lectures,  he  found 
himself  cited  before  the  vice  chancellor,  and 
accused  before  archbishop  AVhitgift  ;  and 
though  lord  Burleigh  the  chancellor  disap- 
proved of  the  virulence  of  his  prosecutors, 
he  found  himself  obliged  to  leave  Cam  bridge 
for  Crutchcdfriars,  London,  where  he  died. 
He  was  buried  in  St.  Olave,  Hart-street.  His 
writings  were  on  divinity  subjects,  and  iu 
Latin. 

Barcche,  Frederic,  a  painter  of  Urbi- 
no,  who  learnt  sculptor  of  his  father,  and 
architecture  and  geometry  and  perspective 
of  his  uncle,  and  drew  the  heads  of  his  Vir- 
gins after  the  features  of  his  sister,  and  those 
of  his  Jesuses  after  his  nephew.  Cardinal  de 
la  Rovcre   became  early  his  patron,  but  the 


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jealousy  of  his  rivals  proved  nearly  fatal. 
He  whs  maliciously  poisoned,  and  though  he 
recovered  by  the  immediate  application  of 
medicine,  his  constitution  grew  weak  and 
languid,  and  he  lingered  in  an  unhealthy 
state,  till  his  84th  year,  1612.  His  paintings 
are  in  great  esteem,  his  historical  pieces  are 
deservedly  admired,  but  he  shines  with  su- 
perior lustre  in  the  execution  of  his  devo- 
tional portraits.  His  merit  was  universally 
admitted,  and  his  infirmities  alone  prevented 
him  from  excepting  the  honors  which  were 
liberally  offered  to  him  by  the  duke  of  Tus- 
cany, the  emperor  Rodolph  II.  and  Phi- 
lip II.  of  Spain.  In  correctness  he  is  great; 
he  understood  well  the  effects  of  light  and 
shade,  and  though  the  attitudes  of  some  of 
his  figures  are  out  of  proportion,  hev  certain- 
ly may  be  said  to  approach  near  the  softness 
and  graces  of  Corregio. 

Baron,  Bonaventure,  a  native  of  Clon- 
mel,  Ireland,  educated  by  his  uncle  Luke 
Wadding,  and  afterwards  employed  as  divin- 
ity professor  at  Rome,  where  he  spent  60 
years,  and  died  blind  in  a  good  old  age, 
March  18th,  1696.  He  was  a  learned  and 
voluminous  writer.  His  Theologia  in  6  vols. 
is  his  best  performance.  See  a  list  of  his 
works  in  sir  James  Ware's  writers  of  Ire- 
land, p.  253. 

Baron,  Michael,  son  of  a  merchant  of 
Issondun,  became  celebrated  as  a  player. 
His  powers  in  expressing  the  passions  were 
unusually  great  and  he  was  deservedly  called 
the  Roscius  of  his  time.  He  was  not  insen- 
sible to  the  popularity  which  he  enjoyed,  and 
•with  arrogance  and  vanity  he  observed,  that 
once  in  a  century  perhaps  a  Ctesar  might 
arise,  but  that  2000  years  were  requisite  to 
produce  a  Baron.  His  superior  excellence 
was  in  a  great  degree  owing  to  his  own  ex- 
ertions, so  that  Racine  in  representing  his 
Andromache  to  the  actors,  with  the  judg- 
ment and  correctness  of  a  poet  and  of  a  man 
of  feeling,  paid  him  the  highest  compliment, 
assuring  him  that  he  could  give  him  no  in- 
structions, "  for  added  he  your  own  heart 
■will  tell  you  more  than  any  lessons  of  mine 
can  suggest."  He  died  at  Paris  22d  Dec. 
1729,  aged  77.  Three  volumes  in  12mo.  of 
theatrical  pieces,  appeared  ia  1760,  under 
Ins  name,  of  which  however  some  supposed 
ihat  he  was  not  the  author.  His  dialogue  is 
lively,  and  his  scenes  diversified;  hut  there 
is  not  frequently  that  brilliancy  of  coloring 
which  an  acquaintance  with  the  manners  of 
the  great  could  have  supplied.  His  "  Co- 
quette,— l'ecole  des  peres, — l'homme  a  bon- 
ne fortune,  &C."  are  his  best  pieces.  His 
father  was  also  on  the  stage  for  some  time. 
When  playing  Don  Diego  in  the  Cid  his 
sword  fell,  and  kicking  it  as  the  character 
required,  he  wounded  his  little  toe  against 
the  point,  but  he  disregarded  the  blow  till  a 
gangrene  informed  him  of  his  danger.  He 
might  have  saved  his  life  by  amputation,  but 
he  observed,  that  a  theatrical  monarch  with 
a  wooden  leg  would  be  hissed,  and  there- 
fore he  waited  patiently  the  slow  approach- 
es of  death,  which  happened  in  1655. 


Baron,  Hyacinth  Theodore,  a  learned 
physician  of  Paris,  author  of  a  Latin  disser- 
tation on  chocolate.  He  had  also  some  share 
in  the  pharmacopeia  of  Paris  for  1732.  He 
died  29th  July,  1758,  aged  72. 

Baron i,  Adrianne  Basile,  a  native  of 
Mantua,  sister  to  the  poet  Basile.  She  was 
so  admired  for  her  beauty,  her  wit,  and  her 
accomplishments,  that  volumes  were  written 
in  her  praise.  Her  daughter  Leonora  posses- 
sed equal  charms,  and  met  equal  admiration, 
and  in  1639,  a  collection  of  peices  in  Latin, 
Greek,  Spanish,  Italian,  and  French,  -was 
published,  in  which  her  beauty  and  her  per- 
fections were  portrayed  with  all  the  graces 
of  poetry.  Slie  resided  longat  Rome,  where 
she  appeared  occasionally  as  a  singer.  She 
also  wrote  some  poetical  trifles. 

Baronius,  Csesar,  a  native  of  Sora  in 
Italy,  educated  at  Veroli,  Naples,  and  Rome. 
In  this  last  place  he  became  a  priest,  and 
was  appointed  soon  afl.^r  confessor  to  Cle- 
ment VIII.  keeper  of  his  library,  and  raised 
to  the  rank  of  cardinal.  On  the  death  of  the 
pope  1605  he  was  nearly  elevated  to  the  pon- 
tificate, as  he  had  31  voices  in  his  favor,  but 
his  election  was  opposed  by  the  Spanish  fac- 
tion, as  he  had  asserted  that  the  claims  of 
the  king  of  Spain  on  Naples  were  founded  on, 
false  grounds.  His  constitution  was  injured 
by  his  intense  application,  so  that  in  his  old 
age  he  digested  his  food  with  difficulty.  He 
died  30th  June,  1607,  aged  6S.  His  works 
are  numerous  and  valuable,  especially  his 
Annates  ecclesiastici,  in  12  vols.  fol.  abridged 
by  several  authors,  by  H.  Spondseus,  Lud. 
Aurelio,  and  Bazovius. 

BarouDu  Sobeil,  N.  a  native  of  Lyons, 
distinguished  as  a  lawyer,  and  as  a  man  of 
letters.  He  translated  some  things  from  the 
Knglish,  and  wrote  the  eulogy  of  his  friend 
Prost  de  Royer.  He  was  put  to  death  after 
the  siege  of  Lyons,  at  the  end  of  1792,  by  the 
bloody  revolutionists. 

Barozzi,  James,  an  architect,  born  in 
the  dutchy  of  Modena,  and  better  known  by 
the  name  of  Vignola.  His  skill  in  architec- 
ture was  displayed  in  the  splendid  edifi- 
ces of  Bologna,  and  in  the  canal  between 
Ferrara  and  Bologna.  He  succeeded  M.  An- 
gelo  as  the  architect  in  the  erection  of  St. 
Peter's  at  Rome,  and  died  threre  1577.  He 
was  member  of  the  academy  of  designs  at 
Rome,  and  was  much  noticed  during  an  ex- 
cursion in  France.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
perspective,  and  also  rules  for  the  five  orders 
of  architecture,  a  popular  work  which  has 
passed  through  16  editions. 

Barral,  Peter,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Greno- 
ble, who  kept  a  school  at  Paris,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  the  author  of  a  diction- 
aire  historique,  &c.  des  hommes  celebres, 
6  vols  8vo.  a  work  generally  esteemed,  though 
in  some  articles  partial  and  unnecessarily  se- 
vere. He  also  abridged  Pitiscus's  dictionaire 
des  antiq.  Rom.  and  published  an  abstract 
of  Sevigness  letters.  His  style  was  manly  and 
vigorous,  though  occasionally  negligent  and 
incorrect.     He  diedat  Paris,  July  21st,  1772. 

Barre,  Francois  Poullain  de  la,  a  French 


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ecclesiastic  at  Paris,  who  obtained  a  profes- 
sorial chair  at  Geneva  He  died  there  1723. 
He  published  some  treatises  on  the  equality 
of  the  two  sexes,  the  education  of  women, 
ike.  in  a  style  little  above  mediocrity. 

Barre,  Louis  Francois  Jos-  de  fa,  a  na- 
tive of  Tournay,  member  of  the  academy 
des  inscriptions,  editor  of  Moreri's  dictiona- 
ry, and  author  of  some  books  on  antiquarian 
history,  &c.  among  which  arc  memoirs  of  the 
history  of  France  and  Burgundy.  He  also 
assisted  Banduri  in  his  impcrium  orientale, 
and  in  his  collection  of  Roman  medals  from 
Deems.  He  was  rewarded  with  a  pension 
by  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  died  at 
Paris  1738,  aged  50. 

Barre,  Michel  de  la,  a  musician  of  Paris, 
eminent  as  a  player  on  the  German  flute,  and 
as  the  author  of  some  musical  compositions. 
He  died  1744,. 

Barke,  Joseph,  an  ecclesiastic,  canon  of 
St.  Genevieve,  and  chancellor  of  the  univer- 
sity of  Paris,  where  he  died  23d  of  June  1764, 
aged  72.  He  was  well  versed  in  ecclesiasti- 
cal and  profane  history.  His  history  of 
Germany  11  vols.  4to.  is  the  best  of  his  works, 
though  it  does  not  abound  either  in  eleganc 
of  language,  choice  of  matter,  or  happy  and 
interesting  combination  of  events.  He  pub- 
lished, besides  a  life  of  marshal  de  Fabert,  2 
vols.  12mo. — History  of  the  laws  and  the  tri- 
bunals, of  Justice,  4to. — Vindicise  liurorum 
deutero-cauonicorum  veteris  Test.  &c. 

Barre,  Madame  du,  celebrated  as  the 
mistress  of  the  effeminate  Lewis  XV.  was 
the  daughter  of  an  obscure  silversmith  of 
Paris,  of  the  name  of  Chivaux.  Her  eldest 
sister  was  the  mistress  of  a  colonel  Barre, 
and  in  visiting  her  she  was  accidently  seen 
and  admired  by  the  fickle  monarch.  That 
she  might  the  better  improve  this  infamous 
attachment,  she  secretly  married  the  bro- 
ther of  her  sister's  seducer,  and  was  now  re- 
ceived at  court,  and  loaded  with  all  the  hon- 
ors and  riches  which  a  captivated  master 
could  bestow.  .  At  the  revolution  she  was  ac- 
cused before  the  bloody  tribunal,  who  wished 
to  share  her  ill  acquired  opulence,  and  she 
was  dragged  to  the  scaffold,  where  her  fears 
aud  pusillanimity  exposed  her  to  the  deri- 
siou  of  her  enemies,  and  the  contempt  of 
the  spectators,  and  she  closed  like  a  coward 
a  life  of  guilt,  licentiousness,  and  infamy,  1793. 

Barreaux,  Jacques  Vallee,  a  native  of 
Paris,  known,  by  the  libertinism  of  his  life 
and  conversation.  As  his  connections  were 
noble,  and  his  income  ample,  he  spared  no- 
thing to  give  variety  to  his  voluptuous  pur- 
suits ;  his  winters  were  passed  in  the  mild 
climate  of  Florence,  and  in  summer  he  was 
lost  amidst  the  dissipation  of  the  capital.  In 
his  old  age  he  became  a  convert  to  Christian- 
ity. He  died  at  Chalons  sur-Saone  1673,  in 
his  72d  year.  An  elegant  sonnet  "  Grand 
Dieu,  &c."  is  the  only  thing  which  he  wrote, 
and  some  even  have  asserted  that  it  was  not 
his  composition. 

Barrelier,  James,  a  Dominican,  who, 
as  a  preaching  friar,  made  the  tour  of  Spain, 
France,  and  Italy.     As  he  was  particularly 


fond  of  botany  he  made  a  large  collection  of 
plants,  &c.  during  his  journev,  and  he  inten- 
ded to  give  a  general  history  "of  plants  called 
Hortus  mundi,orOrbis  botanicus,  when  a  fa- 
tal asthma  stopped  his  useful  labors  IGTj,  in 
his  67th  year.  A  collection  of  his  intended 
work  was  afterwards  published  by  de  Jus- 
sieu,  called  "  Plantas  per  Galliam,  he.  obser- 
vatae  cum  iconibus  ./Eneis,  1714,  in  folio. 

Barrere,  Peter,  a  physician  of  reputa- 
tion at  Perpignan,  author  of  treatises  on  the 
color  of  negroes,  4to.  1711,  on  the  history  of 
equinoctial  France,  &c.  1748,  12mo.  He  di- 
ed 1755. 

Barrett,  George,  a  native  of  Dublin, 
eminent  as  a  self-taught  painter.  In  his 
youth  he  obtained  the  prize  of  50/.  from  the 
Dublin  society  for  the  best  landscape  in  oil, 
and  in  1762  he  also  with  another  landscape 
gained  a  similar  prize  from  the  London  socie- 
ty for  the  encouragement  of  arts.  He  was 
zealous  in  the  establishment  of  the  royal 
academy,  of  which  he  was  member.  His 
most  admired  pieces  are  preserved  in  the 
collections  of  the  dukes  of  Portland  and  Buc- 
cleugh,  Mr.  Locke  and  others.  He  died 
1784,  aged  52. 

Barrett,  William,  a  native  of  Somer- 
setshire, who  settled  at  Bristol  as  a  surgeon, 
and  devoted  much  of  his  time  for  twenty 
years  in  making  collections  for  the  history 
of  that  city.  The  work  was  published  in 
4to.  1788,  and  the  author  died  the  next  year. 
He  was  interested  much  in  the  Chattertoniau. 
controversy,  as  he  was  one  of  the  earliest 
friends  and  patrons  of  the  unfortunate  youth. 

Barriere,  Pierre,  a  man  who,  from  a 
sailor,  became  a  soldier,  and  formed  the 
project  of  assassinating  Henry  IV.  of  France 
He  imparted  this  diabolical  purpose  to  Se- 
raphin  Bonchi  an  Italian  monk,  who  inform- 
ed the  courtiers  of  the  kiug's  danger,  and 
Barriere  was  seized  and  broken  on  the  wheel 
at  Melun  26th  Aug.  1693. 

Barrington,  John  Shute,  son  of  Ben- 
jamin Shute,  merchant,  was  born  at  Theo- 
bald's, Herts,  and  partly  educated  at  Utrecht. 
He  early  embibed  the  tenets  of  the  dissen- 
ters, in  whose  favor  he  wrote  some  treatises. 
He  applied  himself  to  the  law,  and  so  con- 
spicuous were  his  abilities,  and  so  great  his 
authority  among  the  dissenters  considered, 
that  the  ministry,  at  the  instance  of  lord. 
Somers,  applied  to  him  when  he  was  but 
24  years  old  to  exert  his  influence  with  the 
Scotch  presbyterians  to  promote  the  union 
of  the  two  kingdoms.  He  was  successful, 
and  his  labors  were  rewarded  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  commissioner  of  the  customs  in 
1708,  from  which  however  he  was  removed 
three  years  after  on  the  change  of  adminis- 
tration. His  character  was  so  highly  respec- 
ted that  John  Wildman,  esq.  of  Becket, 
Berks,  though  a  stranger,  left  him  his  es- 
tate, and  some  years  after  the  same  liberal 
and  honorable  compliment  was  paid  him  by 
Francis  Barrington  of  Tofts,  who  had  mar- 
ried his  relation,  and  whose  name  ami  arms 
he  assumed.  Mr.  Shute  sat  in  parliament 
for    Berwick-upon-Tweed,  hut  he  did  no*- 


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distinguish  himself  as  an  eloquent  op  a  fre- 
quent speaker.  In  1720  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  of  Ireland  by  the  title  of  Viscount 
Barrington,  but  in  1723  his  character  was 
undeservedly  tarnished  for  his  conduct  in 
the  Harburgh  lottery,  for  which  he  was  ex- 
pelled from  the  house.  He  died  at  Becket 
Dec.  4th,  1734,  in  his  66th  year.  He  was 
the  disciple  and  the  friend  of  the  famous 
Mr.  Locke.  He  was  author  of  miscellanea 
sacra  in  two  vols.  8vo.  explaining  the  spirit- 
ual gifts,  &c.  by  which  the  apostles  propaga- 
ted Christianity,  a  work  which  strongly  sup- 
ported the  truth  of  religion,  and  which  shook 
the  infidelity  of  Anthony  Collins.  He  wrote 
also  other  treatises  on  divinity  and  po- 
litical subjects,  such  as  an  essay  on  the  several 
dispensations  of  God  to  mankind — a  tract 
on  the  toleration  of  protestaut  dissenters 
1701, — the  rights  of  protestant  dissenters  in 
3  parts, — and  in  these  he  displayed  not  only 
erudition  but  a  warm  attachment  to  the 
rights  of  mankind,  and  strongly  maintained 
the  importance  and  necessity  of  free  inquiry 
in  matters  of  religion.  He  married  Anne, 
daughter  of  William  Daines,  by  whom  he 
had  six  sons  and  three  daughters. 

Barrington,  Daines,  fourth  son  of  lord 
Barrington,  was,  in  1757,  appointed  a  Welsh 
judge,  and  afterwards  second  justice  of  Ches- 
ter. These  offices,  which  he  discharged  with 
great  dignity,  he  resigned  some  years  before 
his  death,  and  devoted  himself  to  those  lite- 
rary pursuits  which  he  loved.  He  was  author 
of  observations  on  the  statutes.  4to. — tracts  on 
the  probability  of  reaching  the  north  pole,  4to. 
&c. — and  made  besides  valuable  communica- 
tions to  the  royal  and  antiquarian  societies,  of 
which  he  was  a  distinguished  member,  and  of 
the  last  of  which  he  was  vice-president.  He 
died  March  14,  1800,  aged  73,  at  his  cham- 
bers in  the  Temple,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Temple  church. 

Barrington,  Samuel,  fifth  son  of  lord 
Barrington,  distinguished  himself  by  his  na- 
val services,  especially  in  the  West-Indies,  at 
the  taking  of  St.  Lucia,  and  at  the  siege  of 
Gibraltar  with  lord  Howe  in  1782.  He  was 
made  post  captain  1747,  rear  admiral  in 
1778,  jind  died  16th  August  18U0,  aged  71. 

Barros,  or  De  Barros,  John,  a  native 
of  Viseo,  engaged  as  preceptor  to  the  chil- 
dren of  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal.  After 
being  three  years  governor  of  St.  George,  on 
the  coast  of  Africa,  he  was  recalled  by  his 
pupil,  king  Juan,  to  be  treasurer  of  the  In- 
dies; and  in  this  employment  he  formed  the 
design  of  writing  the  history  of  that  lately 
discovered  part  of  the  globe.  He  died  at 
Pompal,  the  place  of  his  literary  retire- 
ment, 1570,  in  his  74th  year.  His  history  is 
divided  into  4  decades,  and  though  censured 
by  la  Boulaye  le  Goux,  and  extolled  by  Pos- 
sevin  and  de  Thou,  it  contains  a  collection 
of  many  hitherto  unknown  facts,  though  un- 
adorned with  the  graces  of  elegance,  or  the 
strictest  attachment  to  truth.  Alfonso  Ulloa 
translated  the  book  from  Portuguese  into 
Spanish.  The  work  was  edited,  3  vols.  fol. 
f  jisbon,  1736. 


Barrow,  Isaac,  a  native  of  Spiney  Ab- 
bey, Cambridgeshire,  educated  at  Peter- 
house,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  He  waff 
ejected  in  1643,  and  then  retired  to  Oxford, 
and  was  made  chaplain  of  New  college,  and 
after  the  restoration  he  was  consecrated  bi- 
shop of  Sodor  and  Man,  and  soon  after  trans- 
lated to  St.  Asaph.  He  died  1680,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Asaph  cathedral.  The  two  sees 
over  which  he  presided  were  much  benefit- 
ted by  his  liberality,  especially  the  former. 

Bat.row,  Isaac,  a  learned  mathematician 
and  divine  of  an  ancient  family  in  Suffolk, 
was  born  in  London.  Prom  the  Charter- 
house, where  he  gave  few  proofs  of  applica- 
tion, and  many  of  his  fondness  for  fighting, 
he  went  to  Felsted  in  Essex,  where  a  change 
of  disposition  from  indolence  to  industry  soon 
distinguished  him.  He  was  admitted  pen- 
sioner of  Peter-house,  Cambridge,  1643; 
but  when  he  went  two  years  after  to  reside, 
he  became  member  of  Trinity  college,  where 
his  uncle  had  entered,  after  being  ejected 
from  Peter-house  for  writing  against  the 
covenant.  He  was  afterwards  chosen  fel- 
low of  the  college  ;  but  though  his  income  was 
small,  from  the  losses  which  the  civil  war 
had  brought  upon  his  father,  he  did  not  in- 
gloriously  submit  to  the  ruling  powers  ;  and 
though  he  inadvertently  subscribed  to  the 
covenant,  he  soon  repented  of  this  weak- 
ness, and  insisted  upon  the  erasure  of  his 
name.  His  studies  were  directed  to  divini- 
ty ;  but  when  he  observed  the  connection 
which  exists  between  chronology  and  astro- 
nomy, he  applied  himself  with  indefatigable 
zeal  to  those  higher  sciences,  and  made  a 
rapid  progress  besides  in3anatomy,  botany, 
and  chemistry.  Upon  his  disappointment  in 
not  being  elected  Greek  professor,  on  the 
death  of  Dr.  Duport,  he  resolved  to  travel, 
and  to  supply  his  expenses  he  parted  with 
his  books,  and  left  the  kingdom,  1655.  He 
visited  Paris,  Leghorn,  and  Florence,  and 
every  where  enriched  the  stores  of  his  mind 
by  observation  and  inquisitive  researches. 
His  progress  might,  however,  have  been 
checked,  had  not  his  pecuniary  difficulties 
been  removed  by  the  liberality  of  Mr.  James 
Stock,  a  young  merchant  of  London,  whom 
he  met  at  Florence.  From  Leghorn  he  pas- 
sed to  Smyrna,  and  in  his  voyage  displayed 
his  uncommon  courage,  by  assisting  the 
crew  of  the  vessel  in  beating  off"  an  Algerine 
corsair  that  threatened  them  with  death  or 
slavery.  He  passed  from  Smyrna  to  Constan- 
tinople, where  he  resided  one  year,  and  re- 
turned to  lingland  through  Venice,  Germany, 
and  Hplland,  in  1659.  He  now  took  orders, 
agreeable  to  the  statutes  of  his  college,  and 
in  1660,  he  was  elected  to  the  Greek  profes- 
sorship of  the  university,  and  two  years  af- 
ter, to  that  of  geometry  in  Gresham  college. 
The  next  year  he  was  made  Lucasian  mathe- 
matical lecturer  at  Cambridge,  an  office 
which,  in  1669,  he  resigned  to  his  great 
friend  Isaac  Newton,  that  he  might  with 
closer  application  devote  himself  to  divinity. 
He  now  received  the  preferment  which  was 
due  to  his  merit  from  his  uncle,  bishop  of 


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St.  Asaph,  and  from  Ward,  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury, and,  in  1672,  the  king,  whom  he 
served  by  his  conduct,  and  nattered  by  his 
poetry,  raised  him  to  the  mastership  of 
Trinity  college,  observing,  with  real  truth, 
that  he  gave  it  to  the  best  scholar  in  Eng- 
land. He  was  vice  chancellor  in  1675  ;  but 
his  public  services  were  of  short  duration. 
He  died  of  a  fever,  4th  May,  1677,  aged  47, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  where 
his  friends,  by  contribution,  erected  a  mo- 
nument over  him,  of  which  the  epitaph  was 
written  by  Dr.  Mapletoft.  The  writings  of 
Barrow  are  numerous  and  valuable,  and 
chiefly  on  mathematical  subjects.  As  a  di- 
vine he  was  great  as  well  as  exemplary,  so 
that  Charles  II.  whose  chaplain  he  was,  cal- 
led him,  with  propriety,  "an  unfair  preach- 
er," meaning  that  he  exhausted  every  sub- 
ject, and  left  nothing  for  others  to  say.  Bar- 
row is  a  remarkable  instance  of  the  amend- 
ment which  may  happily  be  produced  from 
youthful  irregularities.  His  conduct  when  a 
boy  was  so  displeasing  to  his  father,  that  the 
old  man  was  heard  to  say,  that  if  it  pleased 
God  to  take  any  of  his  children,  he  hoped  it 
might  be  his  son  Isaac.  The  mathematical 
part  of  his  valuable  works  consists  of  Euclidis 
elementa,  h  data — lectiones  geometric* — 
Archimedis  opera — Apollonii  conicorum,  li- 
bri  4. — Theodosii  sphericorum,  libri  3. — 
Nova  methodo  illustrata  et  succincte  de- 
monstrata — Si     lectio    in    qua    theoremata 

Archimedis    de    sphsera    et    cylindro & 

mathematics  lectiones  habitre  in  scholis 
publicis  acad.  Cantab,  published  after  his 
death.  His  sermons  are  highly  esteemed, 
and  have  been  frequently  edited.  His  works 
in  English  were  published  together  by  Dr. 
Tillotson,  in  3  vols.  fol.  1682. 

Barry,  Girald,  a  native  of  Pembroke- 
shire, called  Giraldus  Cambrensis.  He  was 
of  a  respectable  family,  and  obtained  prefer- 
ment in  the  church,  and  was  at  last  nomina- 
ted bishop  of  St.  David's  by  the  chapter, 
which,  however,  could  not  be  sanctioned  by 
the  pope.  When  afterwards  offered  the 
same  bishopric,  in  1215,  he  indignantly  re- 
fused it.  He  is  author  of  the  history  of  the 
conquest  of  Ireland,  and  of  the  topographia 
Hibernica,  edited  by  Camden,  1602 — itine- 
rarium  Cambri»,  edited  by  Dr.  Powel,  be- 
sides ecclesise  speculum  against  the  monks. 

Barry,  James,  son  of  the  representative 
of  Dublin,  was  brought  up  to  the  bar,  and 
in  1621),  made  king's  serjeant,  and  in  1634, 
knighted,  and  appointed  one  of  the  barons 
of  the  exchequer.  At  the  restoration  he 
was  made  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench, 
and  raised  to  the  peerage,  by  the  title  of  lord 
Santry.  He  was  intimate  with  the  unfortu- 
nate Stafford;  and  died  1673,  and  was  buried 
in  Christ  Church,  Dublin.  He  wrote  the 
case  of  tenures  upon  the  commission  of  de- 
fective titles,  published,  Dublin,  fol.  1637, 
and  12mo.  1725. 

Barry,  Spranger,  was  born  in   Dublin, 

son  of  a  silversmith,  20th  November,  1719. 

After  following  unwillingly   for  two  or  three 

years,  his   father's  business,  his   inclination 

VOL.    I.  10 


for  theatrical  pursuits  burst  forth,  and,  in 
1744,  he  appeared  on  the  stage,  in  the  cha- 
racter of  Othello.  As  his  acting  was  of  supe- 
rior order,  he  was  received  with  unprece- 
dented applause  ;  and  he  so  highly  establish- 
ed his  character  at  Cork,  as  well  as  in  the 
capital,  that  he  ranked  with  the  great  names 
of  Garrick,  Cibber,  Sheridan,  Quin,  and 
Woffingtou,  who  at  that  season  were  enga- 
ged on  the  Dublin  stage,  and  from  whose  ex- 
ertions in  producing  full  and  applauding 
houses,  a  Barry,  Quin,  or  Garrick  fever, 
became  proverbial  for  diseases  contracted  in 
an  overloaded  theatre.  In  1746,  Barry  came 
to  England  ;  but  his  connection  with  Drury- 
lane  was  of  short  duration.  In  Corent-gar- 
den,  however,  he  became  a  formidable  op- 
ponent to  the  great  lioscius,  as  he  played 
the  same  characters,  and  divided  with  him 
the  applauses  of  the  town.  After  eleven 
years  of  arduous  contention,  in  which  the 
highest  powers  of  theatrical  eloquence  were 
successfully  displayed  by  both  rivals,  Barry 
joined  with  Woodward,  of  Covent-garden,  in 
an  expedition  to  Ireland,  where  they  built, 
at  great  expense,  two  elegant  play-houses,  at 
Dublin  and  Cork.  The  plan  did  not,  how- 
ever, succeed.  Woodward  left  his  friend  to 
settle  the  debts  of  this  ruinous  scheme,  and 
returned  to  London,  where  he  was  followed, 
in  1766,  by  Barry.  Barry  engaged  with 
Foote  at  the  Opera-house,  Hay-Market,  and 
there  introduced  his  wife  in  the  character 
of  Desdemona,  which  she  supported  with  so 
much  force  and  propriety  that  Garrick,  then 
in  the  pit,  admired  her  powers,  and  not  on- 
ly foretold  the  high  rank  to  which  her  abili- 
ties were  soon  to  raise  her,  but  actually  en- 
gaged her  and  her  husband  at  Drury-lane. 
In  1773,  he  returned  to  Covent-garden, 
where,  though  broken  by  infirmities,  and 
the  agonies  of  hereditary  gout,  he  occasion- 
ally called  forth  those  bursts  of  universal  ap- 
plause which  soothed  his  old  age,  and  brougbt 
back  to  his  recollection  the  exertions  of  his 
more  vigorous  years.  He  died  1774,  univer- 
sally regretted.  His  greatest  characters 
were  Othello,  Macbeth,  Lear,  Essex,  and 
Jaffier;  and  so  powerfully  expressive  of 
grief  and  agony  were  his  features,  that  the 
spectators,  says  a  writer  of  the  times,  were 
disposed  to  pity  before  he  spoke,  and  his 
broken  throbs  so  wrung  the  soul  that  their 
distress  could  be  relieved  only  by  torrents  of 
tears.  In  his  person,  Barry  was  pleasing, 
elegant,  and  graceful,  his  address  was  in- 
sinuating, and  his  judgment  so  correct,  that 
the  man  was  lost  in  the  actor. 

Barry,  James,  a  native  of  Cork,  in  Ire- 
land, whose  genius  early  marked  him  for 
eminence  as  a  painter.  His  piece  on  the 
legendary  baptism  of  the  king  of  Cashel  re- 
commended him  to  the  notice  of  the  Dublin 
society  for  the  encouragement  of  arts  ;  and 
by  a  consequent  introduction  to  Mr.  Burke, 
he  was  noticed  by  Johnson,  sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds, and  other  men  of  great  public  fame. 
By  the  friendship  of  his  patron  Burke,  he 
was  enabled  to  travel  through  France  and  on 
the  continent,  and  to  improve  himself  in  the 


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celebrated  schools  of  Italy.  On  his  return  to 
England,  in  1772,  he  published  in  reply  to 
Winkelman,  an  inquiry  into  the  real  and 
imaginary  obstructions  to  the  acquisition  of 
the  arts  in  England.  About  this  time  he 
wished,  with  other  artists,  to  adorn  St.  Paul's 
cathedral  with  religious  paintings;  but  the 
plan  was  rejected,  as  unworthy  of  the  simple 
spirit  of  the  protestant  faith  ;  and  therefore 
lie  proposed  to  the  society  of  arts  to  adorn 
their  great  room  with  allegorical  paintings ; 
which  noble  and  patriotic  design  was  com- 
pleted in  the  labor  of  seven  years,  in  a  series 
of  six  very  beautiful  and  correct  pictures. 
In  1777  he  was  elected  royal  academician, 
and  in  1786  appointed  professor  ot  painting 
to  the  royal  academy.  He  was,  in  1799,  re- 
moved from  his  office,  and  soon  after  expel- 
led from  the  learned  body  whose  fame  and 
-honor  he  had  long  supported  by  the  elegant 
labors  of  his  pencil  and  the  animated  lan- 
guage of  his  lectures.  The  cause  of  this  dis- 
grace is  attributed  by  some  to  the  republican 
principles  entertained,  and  publicly  set  forth, 
by  the  professor,  too  often  in  a  manner  of- 
fensive to  the  feelings  of  moderate  and  im- 
partial men.  This  eminent  artist  was  at- 
tacked by  a  paralytic  stroke,  which  ten  days 
after  proved  fatal.  He  died  22d  March, 
1806,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral, 
with  every  mark  of  respect  from  some  of  the 
learned  society  of  which  he  had  been  a 
member.  At  his  death  he  was  engaged  in  a 
picture  of  Pandora,  of  unusual  size,  18  feet 
long  and  10  broad,  which  therefore  remains 
unfinished.  Several  of  his  pieces  have  been 
engraved,  especially  his  Jupiter,  by  Smith, 
his  Venus  rising  from  the  sea,  by  Green,  Stc. 

Barry,  George,  a  Scotch  divine,  born  in 
Berwickshire,  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and 
successively  minister  of  Kirk-wall  and  of 
Shapinhay  in  the  Orkneys,  where  he  died, 
September  1805,  aged  57.  His  statistical  ac- 
count of  his  two  parishes  for  the  publica- 
tion of  sir  John  Sinclair  was  much  admired, 
and  his  reputation  as  a  writer  and  as  a  pub- 
lic teacher  procured  him  from  the  univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh  the  degree  of  D.  D.  Much 
of  his  time  was  devoted  to  the  history  of  the 
seven  islands  of  the  Orkneys,  and  this  very 
valuable  composition  made  its  appearance  a 
little  before  the  author's  death,  in  one  vol. 
4to.  adorned  with  maps,  &c.  From  his  cha- 
racter as  a  preacher,  Dr.  Barry  was  ap- 
pointed, by  the  society  for  propagating  Chris- 
tian knowledge,  their  superintendant  of  the 
schools  in  that  distant  part  of  Scotland.  He 
left  a  widow  and  nine  children. 

Barsuma  or  Barsoma,  metropolitan 
of  Nisibis,  revived  the  doctrines  of  Nestorius. 
He  wrote  several  books  in  Syriac. — Also  an- 
other, who  propagated  the  tenets  of  Euty- 
chius,  and  wrote  in  Syriac  several  treatises. 

Bart  as,  Guillaume  de  Salluste  du,  a 
French  poet  born  at  Monfort,  in  Armagnac. 
He  was  commander  of  a  corps  of  cavalry  un- 
der Henry  IV. ;  and  he  travelled  through 
England,  Denmark,  and  Scotland.  The  po- 
em which  rendered  his  fame  known,  was 
his  commentary  of  the  week  of  creation,  in 
:  bioks;  a  work  in  which  he  displayed  his 


conceit,  as  well  as  the  barbarity  of  his  age. 
by  calling  the  head  the  lodging  of  the  under- 
standing, the  eyes  the  twin  stars,  the  nose 
the  gutter  or  chimney,  the  teeth  a  double 
palisade,  used  as  a  mill  to  the  open  gullet,  &c. 
This  poem,  so  incorrect  and  so  injudicious, 
had,  however,  its  admirers,  and  in  five  or  six 
years  it  passed  through  30  editions.  Bartas 
wrote  some  other  poetical  pieces  but  all  in 
the  same  contemptible  style.  What,  how- 
ever, renders  his  character  amiable,  is  the 
integrity  of  his  life,  and  the  innocence  and 
modesty  of  his  conduct.  He  retired  from 
the  bustle  of  the  world  to  his  chateau  de  Bar- 
tas, where  his  time  was  devoted  to  literary 
pursuits.  De  Thou  speaks  of  him  in  the 
most  flattering  terms.  He  died  1590,  at  the 
age  of  46.  His  works  were  collected  by 
Rigaud,  in  1011,  folio,  Paris.  The  poem  was 
translated  into  English  by  Sylvester. 

Barth,  John,  was  born  at  Dunkirk,  and 
by  his  bravery  and  enterprise  he  rose  from 
the  obscurity  of  a  fisherman's  occupation  to 
consequence  in  the  French  navy.  When  he 
had  the  command  of  a  squadron  of  seven 
frigates,  he  eluded  the  vigilance  of  the  En- 
glish and  Dutch,  who  were-blocking  up  Dun- 
kirk, destroyed  a  fleet  of  86  English  mer- 
chantmen, afterwards  made  a  descent  near 
Newcastle,  in  Northumberland,  where  he 
destroyed  200  houses,  and  brought  back 
prizes  to  the  value  of  500,000  crowns.  In 
various  actions  with  the  Dutch,  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  courage,  presence  of 
mind,  and  great  dexterity.  He  often  enga- 
ged superior  forces,  and  always  obtained  the 
advantage  ;  and  so- high  were  hisservices.aon- 
sidered  that  he  was  ennobled.  In  1694  he 
was  particularly  successful,  as,  with  a  smal- 
ler number  of  ships,  he  attacked  the  Dutsh 
fleet,  which  had  captured  the  merchant 
ships,  laden  with  corn,  which  he  was  or- 
dered to  join,  and  had  the  good  fortune  to 
take  the  whole  of  the  enemy,  besides  those 
of  his  own  nation  that  had  surrendered.  His 
uncouth  figure  and  rough  manners  were  the 
ridicule  of  the  courtiers  of  Lewis  XIV. 
When  the  monarch  told  him  that  he  had 
made  him  chef  d'escadre,  you  have  done 
very  well,  replied  the  unpolished  seaman 
His  language  was  incorrect,  his  words  few, 
and  he  could  neither  read  nor  write,  but 
merely  was  able  to  scrawl  his  name.  This 
great  man,  who  rose  without  friends  and 
without  patrons,  by  merit  alone,  died  at  Dun- 
kirk, 27th  April,  1 702,  of  a  pleurisy,  at  the 
age  of  51.  His  life  was  published,  in  12mo. 
in  1780. 

Bar  the,  Nicolas  Thomas,  author  of 
some  dramatic  pieces,  of  a  translation  of 
Ovid's  art  of  love  into  French  verse,  &c. 
was  a  native  of  Marseilles,  and  died  at  Paris, 
17S5,  aged  52. 

Barthelemi,  Nicolas,  a  Benedictine 
monk  of  the  15th  century,  born  at  Loches, 
author  of  some  Latin  poems,  now  very 
scarce,  and  a  treatise,  on  active  and  contem- 
plative life.     They  are  mostly  devotional. 

Barthelemi,  Jean  Jacques,  celebrated 
as  the  author  of  the  voyage  of  Anacharsis, 
was  born  at  Cassis,  near  Aubagnc,  in  Pro- 


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<ve»ce,  20th  January,  1716.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Marseilles  in  the  oratory,  and  after 
•levoting  himself  to  Hebrew,  Syriac,  and 
Greek,  he  was  admitted  into  the  church. 
His  abilities  recommended  him  to  Gros  de 
Boze,  with  whom  he  became,  1744,  asso- 
ciate in  the  care  of  the  medals  of  the  king's 
cabinet  at  Paris.  He  was  afterwards  placed 
in  the  office  of  secretary  to  die  academy  of 
inscriptions,  and  on  the  death  of  Boze  lie 
succeeded  as  keeper  of  the  cabinet  of  me- 
dals. He  visited  Italy  in  1755,  and  not  only 
enlarged  the  powers  of  his  own  miod,  but 
benefited  the  republic  of  letters  by  the  ju- 
dicious observations  which  he  made  on  the 
valuable  relics  of  the  lately  discovered  city 
of  Herculaneum.  On  his  return  to  France,  he 
was  honored  with  a  seat  in  the  royal  society  of 
London,  and  his  services  to  literature  were  re- 
warded by  the  minister,  the  duke  deChoiseul, 
with  a  pension  of  about  '250/.  a  year,  to  which 
was  added,  in  1765,  the  place  of  treasurer  of 
St.  Martin  de  Tours,  and,  five  years  after, 
the  post  of  secretary-general  to  the  Swiss 
guards.  The  public  had  already  applauded 
the  literary  abilities  of  Barthelemi,  who  had 
been  admitted  into  the  French  academy, 
when  his  great  work,  entitled  the  voyage  of 
the  young  Anacharsis  in  Greece,  which  ap- 
peared in  7  vols.  8vo.  1788,  commanded  the 
universal  admiration  of  the  world.  This 
composition  was  the  labor  of  30  years,  and 
in  elegant  and  chaste  style  exhibited  the 
most  pleasing  characters  of  antiquity,  inter- 
spersed with  philosophical  reflections,  inte- 
resting anecdotes,  and  amusing  descriptions, 
and  every  where  abounded  with  proofs  of 
judgment,  taste,  and  erudition.  In  1793,  the 
venerable  philosopher  was  dragged  from  his 
peaeeful  retreat,  under  the  reign  of  terror, 
to  a  prison  ;  but  he  was  soon  after  liberated, 
by  order  of  the  government,  at  a  moment 
when,  with  calmness  and  resignation,  he 
expected  the  fatal  decree  which  had  already 
hurried  so  many  of  his  countrymen  to  the 
grave.  He  died  30th  April,  1795,  universally- 
respected,  not  only  for  his  learning,  but  the 
mildness  of  his  temper,  for  his  modesty, 
and  his  affability  and  unaffected  manners.  He 
wrote,  besides  other  works,  contributions, 
chiefly  on  medallic  subjects,  to  the  memoirs 
of  the  academy  of  inscriptions,  and  the 
journal  des  savans. 

Barthelemi  des  Martyrs,  a  Domi- 
nican of  Lisbon,  made  archbishop  of  Bra- 
ganza,  and  highly  extolled  by  Roman  catho- 
lic writers  for  his  great  charity  and  other 
meritorious  actions,  in  times  of  public  dan- 
ger and  calamity.     He  died  1590,  aged  76. 

Barthius,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Custrin, 
in  "Brandenburg.  As  his  father  was  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law  at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder, 
he  received  the  best  instruction,  so  that  he 
is  mentioned  by  Baillet  as  having,  at  12  years 
of  age,  translated  the  psalms  into  Latin 
verse,  of  every  measure.  He  unfortunately 
•lost  his  father,  but  his  education  was  not 
on  that  account  neglected.  He  went  through 
all  the  universities  of  Germany,  and  after- 
wards visited  Italy,  France,  Spain,  England, 


and  Holland,  and  made''  himself  a  perfect 
master  of  most  of  the  foreign  languages,  as 
his  elegant  translations  from  the  Spanish  and 
French  evidently  show.  He  settled  at  Leip- 
sic,  and  devoted  himself  totally  to  literature. 
In  his  old  age  he  relinquished  all  worldly  af- 
fairs for  devotion.  He  died  September,  1658, 
aged  71.  His  commentaries  on  Statius  and 
Claudian,  in  4to.  and  his  adversaria,  in  fat. 
are  his  best  works. 

Bartholin,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Mal- 
moe  in  Schonen,  who  is  said,  at  iVe  age  of 
three,  to  have  learned  to  read  perfectly  in 
fourteen  days,  and  to  have  composed  with 
correctness  at  the  age  of  13  some  Greek 
and  Latin  orations.  After  finishing  his  stu- 
dies, he  travelled  through  the  greatest  part 
of  Europe,  and  directed  his  attention  to 
medicine,  in  which  science  he  took  his  de- 
gree. He  at  last  settled  at  Copenhagen  as 
Latin  professor,  an  employment  which,  six 
months  after,  he  exchanged  for  the  chair  of 
medicine,  which  he  filled  with  credit  and 
respectability.  A  severe  illness,  however, 
alarmed  his  conscience,  naturally  weak,  and 
-be  vowed  to  apply  himself  to  divinity  if  he 
recovered.  He  kept  his  vow,  and  afterwards 
succeeded  to  the  theological  professorship 
on  the  death  of  Aslach.  He  died  of  a  vio- 
lent cholic,  the  13th  July,  1629,  at  Sora, 
aged  44.  His  -works  were  on  anatomy,  me- 
taphysics, logic,  and  rhetoric. 

Bartholin,  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Copenhagen,  20th  Oc- 
tober, 1616.  He  studied  physic  at  Lcyden, 
Paris,  Montpelier,  Padua,  Malta,  and  Ba- 
sil ;  and  in  1646  he  returned  to  his  native 
city,  where  he  was  appointed  mathematical 
professor,  and  the  next  year  promoted  t<> 
the  anatomical  chair,  which  he  held  for 
thirteen  years.  Ill  health  obliged  him  to  re- 
sign, and  he  retired  to  his  small  estate  of 
Hagested,  near  the  capital,  where  his  hopes 
of  repose  and  literary  ease  were  disturbed 
by  the  destruction  of  his  library  and  valuable 
papers  by  fire  in  1670.  His  misfortunes 
did  not  pass  unnoticed.  The  university  of 
Copenhagen  made  him  librarian,  and  the 
monarch  made  him  his  physician,  with  a 
handsome  salary,  exemption  from  taxes,  and 
the  honor  of  a  seat  in  the  council  of  Den- 
mark. He  died  4th  December,  1680.  His 
works  are  chiefly  on  medical  subjects. 

Bartholin,  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  professor  of  history  and  law  at 
Copenhagen,  and  counsellor  to  the  king.  He 
died  1690.  He  published  antiquitates  Da- 
nica;,  kc.  His  brother  Erasmus  was  pro- 
fessor of  geometry  and  medicine  at  Copen- 
hagen, and  died  1698,  aged  73.  Another 
brother,  called  Gasper,  succeeded  his  father 
in  the  anatomical  chair — Johu  was  professor 
of  theology — and  a  daughter  called  Mar- 
garet was  eminent  as  a  poetess  in  the  Da- 
nish language. 

Bartholomew,  St.  one  of  the  apos- 
tles, who  preached  the  gospel  ill  the  Indies, 
in  Ethiopia,  and  Lycaonia.  It  is  said  that 
he  was  flayed  alive  in  Armenia  ;  but  the  as- 
sertion is  not  well  authenticated. 


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Bartholomew,  The  Martyr,  an  eccle- 
siastic, a  native  of  Lisbon,  who  attended  the 
council  of  Trent,  and  was  strenuously  ur- 
gent for  the  introduction  of  a  reform  among 
the  clergy.  He  was  made  archbishop  of 
Braga,  where,  during  a  pestilence,  he  be- 
haved with  all  the  kindness  of  a  friend,  and 
the  mild  benevolence  of  a  good  Christian. 
He  retired  in  his  old  age  from  his  see  to  a 
monaster)',  and  died  1590,  aged  76.  His 
works  have  appeared  in  2  vols,  folio. 

Baetlet,  John,  intimate  with  bishop 
Hall,  was  minister  of  St.  Thomas,  near  Ex- 
eter, from  which  he  was  ejected  for  refusing 
to  comply  with  the  act  of  conformity.  He 
died  in  a  good  old  age.  He  was  author  of 
some  divinity  tracts.  His  brother  William 
was  also  ejected  from  Bideford  rectory,  and 
was  a  violent  independent.  He  died  1682, 
author  of  a  model  of  church  government. 

Baetoli,  Daniel,  a  Jesuit  of  Ferrara, 
who  settled  at  Rome,  where  he  published 
several  historical  works,  in  Italian.  His  best 
composition  was  an  history  of  his  society,  in 
6  vols,  folio,  and  translated  into  Latin  by 
Giannini ;  and  he  deserves  the  praise  of  la- 
borious attention,  of  purity  and  precision  in 
style,  and  happiness  in  diction.  He  died  at 
Borne,  1685,  aged  77,  much  respected. 

Baetoli,  (Josimo,  a  native  of  Florence, 
sent  to  Venice  as  the  resident  of  the  great 
duke  Cosmo.  He  continued  there  five  years, 
and  wrote  an  account  of  Frederic  Barbarossa 
in  Italian,  besides  other  works,  in  the  16th 
century. 

Baetolo,  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  born 
in  the  march  of  Ancona.  He  took  his  de- 
grees at  Bologna,  and  became  law  professor 
at  Pisa,  from  whence  he  removed  to  Perugia. 
He  was  honored  with  the  title  of  counsellor 
by  the  emperor  Charles  IV.  and  died  1359, 
aged  46,  leaving  behind  him  10  vols,  in  fol.  on 
lav;'  subjects. 

Bartolocci,  Julius,  a  Cistercian  monk 
of  Celano,  Naples,  Hebrew  professor  of  the 
Neophytes  at  Rome.  He  published  a  bib- 
liotheca  rabbinica,  4  vols.  fol.  to  which  his 
pupil,  Imbonati,  added  a  5th.  He  died  1st 
November,  1687,  aged  74. 

Barton,  Elizabeth,  a  religious  impostor 
in  the  age  of  Henry  VIII.  called  the  holy- 
maid  of  Kent.  The  convulsive  fits  and  dis- 
tortions to  which  she  was  subject,  were  con- 
verted to  purposes  of  deception  by  Masters, 
the  minister  of  Aldington,  her  native  place, 
and  she  was  so  perfectly  instructed  in  her 
art,  that  she  imposed  not  only  upon  the  vul- 
gar, but  upon  the  more  enlightened  mind  of 
sir  Thomas  More,  bishop  Fisher,  and  arch- 
bishop Warham.  Her  external  conduct,  her 
piety  and  devotion,  countenanced  her  profes- 
sion, and  she  was  believed  when  she  asserted 
that  she  saw  visions  of  angels,  and  that  in 
her  trances  the  virgin  Mary  appeared  to  her 
to  comfort  her.  Commissioners  were  ap- 
pointed to  examine  into  the  truth  of  these 
reports,  and  when  the  artifice  had  so  far  suc- 
ceeded, the  impostor  began  to  prophesy,  and 
she  acknowledged  that  God  had  revealed  to 
her,  that  if  Henry  divorced   queen   Catha- 


rine, his  reign  would  not  extend  to  a  month'." 
duration.  The  popish  priests,  encouraged 
by  her  success,  fanned  the  flame,  the  king's 
character  was  blackened,  and  he  was  even 
insulted  to  his  face  by  some  of  his  preachers, 
till  the  boldness  of  the  imposture  roused  liis 
resentment.  The  maid  and  her  accompli- 
ces were  produced  before  the  star-chamber, 
the  whole  plot  was  revealed,  and  the  confes- 
sion of  the  actors  was  publicly  read  to  the 
astonished  populace  at  St.  Paul's  cross,  and 
the  holy  maid  and  her  confederates,  Masters, 
Booking,  Deering,  &c.  were  condemned  and 
executed  at  Tyburn,  April  20th,  1534. 

Baruch,  the  prophet,  author  of  a  book 
not  received  as  canonical  among  either  Chris- 
tians or  Jews,  was  the  friend  and  associate 
of  Jeremiah,  whom  he  accompanied  into 
Egypt.  He  afterwards  went  to  Babylon 
with  the  Israelites  in  their  captivity. 

Barwick,  John,  a  native  of  Witherslack, 
in  Westmoreland,  educated  at  Sedberg- 
school,  where  he  acted  with  credit  the  part 
of  Hercules  in  one  of  Seneca's  tragedies.  At 
St.  John's,  Cambridge,  he  gained  so  much 
reputation  that,  when  only  20  years  of  age, 
he  pleaded  before  the  privy  council,  in  the 
controverted  election  of  a  master.  His  zeal 
in  the  royal  cause  was  particularly  great. 
He  wrote  against  the  covenant,  procured  the 
plate  of  the  university  for  the  king's  service, 
and  managed  with  address  and  secrecy  his 
correspondence  when  at  Carisbrook-castle 
and  in  other  places.  His  attachment  was 
transferred  to  Charles  II.  but  he  was  at  last 
betrayed  by  one  Bostock  of  the  post  office, 
and  he  underwent  all  the  severity  of  impri- 
sonment, rendered  still  more  terrible  by  the 
ravages  of  disease,  and  the  cruelty  of  his  per- 
secutors. When  restored  to  liberty,  his  loy- 
alty continued  unabated,  and,  to  his  great 
sagacity  and  retentive  memory,  Clarendon, 
it  is  said,  owes  many  of  the  materials  of  his 
history.  On  the  restoration  of  Charles,  Bar- 
wick refused  the  bishopric  of  Sodor  and  Man, 
and  that  of  Carlise,  satisfied  with  the  deanery 
of  Durham,  which  he  afterwards  exchanged 
for  that  of  St.  Paul's.  He  died  of  a  pleurisv, 
22d  of  October,  1664,  aged  52. 

Barwick,  Peter,  brother  of  the  dean, 
was  eminent  as  a  physician  for  his  skill  in 
the  small-pox,  and  in  several  kinds  of  fevers. 
He  published  in  Latin  a  life  of  his  brother, 
and  supported  Harvey's  doctrine  of  the  cir- 
culation of  the  blood,  and  defended  the  Ei- 
kon  Basilike  against  Dr.  Walker.  He  died 
Aug.  1705. 

Barzerini,   a  Mahomedan  writer. 

Another  called  Hagi,  who  wrote  in  Turkish 
verse  "  the  five  columns  or  grounds  of  Mus- 
sulmanism." 

Bas,  Le,  a  French  engraver  of  eminence. 
His  landscapes  and  sea  pieces,  particularly, 
were  well  executed.     lie  died  since  1765. 

Basch I,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Urbino,  who 
became  founder  of  a  new  order  of  Franciscan 
capuchins,  which  was  approved  by  a  bull  of 
pope  Urban  VIII.     He  died  at  Venice,  1552. 

Basedow,  John  Bernard,  a  naiive  of 
Hamburgh,   son   of  a   barber.     He  was  the 


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pupil  of  Reimarus,  and  afterwards  studied 
at  Leipsic,  and  in  consequence  of  his  charac- 
ter and  abilities,  he  obtained,  in  1753,  the 
chair  of  professor  of  moral  philosophy  and 
belles  lettres  at  Soroe  in  Denmark,  which, 
however,  he  afterwards  lost  for  speaking  ir- 
reverently of  religion.  He  next  tried  a  plan 
of  education  in  a  new  method,  but  though  he 
obtained  large  sums  of  money  to  carry  his 
schemes  into  execution,  the  measures  failed 
upon  trial.  He  was  author  of  various  works 
of  no  great  merit,  though  possessed  of  plau- 
sible assertions.  He  died  1790,  aged  67,  a 
victim  it  is  said  to  intemperance. 

Bashuysen,  Henry  James  Van,  a  native 
of  Hanau,  and  there  professor  of  ecclesiasti- 
cal history,  and  of  the  oriental  languages. 
He  was  afterwards  called  to  the  divinity 
chair  of  Berlin,  and  made  member  of  the 
royal  society  there.  He  printed  in  his  own 
house  various  learned  works,  chiefly  on  rab- 
binical subjects,  and  died  1758,  aged  79. 

Basil,  St-  bishop  of  Cassarea  after  Euse- 
bius  370  was  exposed  to  the  persecution  of 
Valens,  because  he  refused  to  embi-ace  Ari- 
anism.   He  died  379,  aged  53. 

Basil,  an  Arian  made  bishop  of  Ancyra 
by  Eusebius,  on  the  deposition  of  Marcellus 
His  appointment  was  vacated  by  the  council 
of  Constantinople. 

Basil  1.  a  native  of  Adrianople,  of  an 
obscure  family.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by 
the  Bulgarians  when  a  soldier,  and  he  esca- 
ped to  Constantinople,  with  only  his  wallet  on 
his  back  and  his  stick  in  his  hand.  Here  he 
was  noticed  by  the  emperor  Michael,  and 
raised  gradually  to  consequence,  and  at  last 
taken  as  partner  of  the  empire.  Basil  dis- 
covered that  Michael,  jealous  of  his  popu- 
larity, intended  his  destruction,  and  he  anti- 
cipated the  blow,  and  became  sole  emperor 
in  867.  He  reigned  till  886,  when  he  was  kil- 
led by  a  stag  in  hunting.  He  defeated  the 
Saracens  at  Cresarea,  and  he  was  distinguish- 
ed for  his  prudence  and  his  love  of  justice, 
though  some  marks  of  weakness  and  ambi- 
tion appear  in  his  character. 

Basil  II.  son  of  Romanus,  and  emperor 
of  Constantinople  after  John  Zimisces,  died 
1025,  aged  70,  after  a  reign  of  50  years.  He 
■was  valiant  and  fond  of  justice.  His  inhu- 
manity, however  is  remarkable,  after  he  had 
in  1014  defeated  the  Bulgarians,  killed  5000, 
and  taken  15,000  he  permitted  only  one  in 
every  100  to  retain  his  eye-sight,  that  he 
might  conduct  his  99  eyeless  companions  to 
their  terrified  monarch,  who  it  is  said  sur- 
vived only  two  days  the  horrid  spectacle. 

Basil,  an  impostor,  who  disturbed  the 
peace  of  Constantinople  in  934,  by  pretend- 
ing to  be  Constantino  Ducas,  who  had  been 
dead  for  some  years.  Romanus,  however, 
the  reigning  emperor,  resisted  with  success 
the  artifices  and  the  designs  of  his  rival,  who, 
after  being  punished  in  vain  with  the  loss  of 
his  hand,  was  at  last  seized  and  burned  alive 
at  Constantinople. 

Basil,  a  physician,  who  became  the  head  of 
a  sect  called  the  Bogomiles  in  Bulgaria,  and  re- 
commended a  community  of  goods,  and  even 
of  wives.     lie  was  at  last  condemned  for  his 


heresy,  by  a  synod  at  Constantinople.  He 
pretended  that  God  had  another  son  called 
Sathanael,  who  revolted  against  his  father, 
and  was  hurled  from  heaven  with  the  angels 
which  espoused  his  cause,  and  that  he  was 
afterwards  shut  up  in  hell  by  Christ,  who  had 
been  sent  to  destroy  him. 

Basilides,  a  secretary  of  Alexandria, 
in  the  second  century,  who  enjoined  to  his 
followers,  a  strict  silence  of  five  years. 

Basilices,  brother  of  Verina  wife  of 
Leo  I.  emperor  of  the  east,  was  unsuccess- 
ful in  an  expedition  against  Genseric,  and 
lost  the  greatest  part  of  his  fleet.  He  after- 
wards seized  the  empire  under  Zenolsauricus, 
and  governed  with  cruelty.  Two  years  after, 
477,  he  was  attacked  by  the  deposed  empe- 
ror, his  army  was  defeated,  and  lie  was 
doomed  to  the  horrors  of  a  prison,  where 
he  expired  the  following  year.  During  his 
short  reign  part  of  Constantinople  was  de- 
stroyed by  lire,  and  the  valuable  library  of 
upwards  of  120,000  volumes  was  totally  de- 
stroyed. 

Basilowitz,,  Iwan,  abold  hero,  who  rose 
against  the  tyranny  of  the  Tartars,  and  in 
giving  freedom  to  his  countrymen  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  Russian  power,  and  first 
assumed  the  name  of  Czar,  and  added  Astra- 
can  to  his  dominions.  He  reigned  50  years, 
and  died  1584.  He  was  succeeded  by  Etedor. 
Basine,  wife  of  Basin  king  of  Thuringia, 
fled  from  her  husband  to  Eranee  to  espouse 
Childeric  I.  "  Had  I  known  a  more  valiant 
hero  than  yourself,"  said  she  to  this  new 
lover,  "I  would  have  flown  over  the  seas  to 
his  arms."  She  became  mother  of  the  great 
Clovis. 

Basingstoke  or  Basince,  John,  was 
born  at  Basingstoke,  and  studied  at  Oxford 
and  Paris.  He  visited  Athens,  and  brought 
back  several  Greek  MSS.  He  was  intimate 
with  Grostete  bishop  of  Lincoln,  who  made 
him  archdeacon  of  Leicester.  His  works 
are  sermons,  Latin  translations  from  Greek 
books,  &c.  He  is  supposed  to  have  first  in- 
troduced the  use  of  Greek  numeral  figures 
into  England.  He  died,  according  to  Le- 
land,  1252. 

Basire,  Isaac,  D.  D.  a  native  of  Jersey, 
who  studied  at  Cambridge,  and  was  archdea- 
con of  Northumberland,  and  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.  During  the  rebellion  he  retired 
to  Oxford,  and  in  164G  travelled  towards  the 
Levant  with  the  intention  of  recommending 
the  doctrines  of  the  church  of  England  to 
the  Greeks.  After  preaching  in  Greek  to 
the  bishops  and  clergy  of  the  Morea,  he  ex- 
tended his  travels  to  Aleppo  and  Jerusalem, 
where  he  visited  the  temple  of  the  sepulchre, 
and  returned  through  Mesopotamia  and  Con- 
stantinople to  Transylvania,  where  George 
Ragotzi  11.  the  prince  of  the  country,  raised 
him  to  a  divinity  professor's  chair.  On  the 
return  of  Charles  II.  he  came  back  to  Eng- 
land, and  was  promoted  to  a  prebend  of  Dur- 
ham, |and  died  October,  1676.  His  works  were 
diatriba  dc  antiq.  Eccles.  Brit,  libertate — a 
letter  to  sir  Richard  Brown,  relating  to  his 
travels,  &c. — the  history  of  the  English  and 
Scotch  presbytery,  kc. 


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Baskerville,  John,  a  native  of  Wol- 
■verly,  Worcestershire,  distinguished  as  a 
printer.  As  he  was  brought  up  to  no  occu- 
pation, and  in  possession  of  an  estate  of  only 
450/.  per  annum,  he  became  a  writing  master 
at  Birmingham,  and  afterwards  turned  his 
attention  to  the  lucrative  trade  of  a  japan- 
jier,  and  five  years  alter,  in  1750,  he  com- 
menced printer.  He  spent  much  money  in 
the  improvement  of  this  favorite  pursuit, 
and  it  was  not  before  1756  that  he  published 
his  first  work,  a  beautiful  4to.  edition  of  Vir- 
gil. Other  books  equal  in  beauty  and  exe- 
cution issued  from  his  press,  till  in  1705  he 
solicited  his  ft-iend  Dr.  Franklin  to  procure 
him  at  Paris  purchasers  for  his  types.  The 
expenses  of  the  war,  of  1756,  prevented  his 
meeting  there,  the  encouragement  which 
lie  hoped,  but  after  his  death,  the  types, 
much  to  the  disgrace  of  the  booksellers  of 
London,  as  well  as  the  British  nation,  were 
doomed  to  add  celebrity  to  the  labors  of  the 
literati  of  France,  a  society  of  which  pur- 
chased them  in  1779  for  3700/.  and  soon  af- 
ter expended  not  less  than  100,000/.  in  prin- 
ting the  works  of  Voltaire.  Baskervillc,  in 
his  private  character,  was  indolent,  peevish, 
and  resentful,  and  he  was  so  far  an  infidel 
that  he  raised  himself  a  mausoleum  in  his 
ground  that  his  body  might  not  rest  among 
Christians,  whose  religion  he  disregarded. 
He  died  1775,  aged  6°,  leaving  no  issue. 

Baskekville,  Sir  Simon,  knight,  de- 
scended from  the  ancient  family  of  Bask- 
ervillc in  Herefordshire,  was  born  at  Exeter, 
and  studied  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow.  In  1606  he  was  se- 
nior proctor  of  the  university,  and  he  adorn- 
ed his  public  character  by  an  intimate  ac- 
quaintance with  the  learning  of  ancient  and 
modern  times.  He  particularly  devoted 
himself  to  medicine,  and  as  a  physician  in 
London,  he  not  only  obtained  distinction, 
and  the  honor  of  knighthood,  but  he  amas- 
sed so  large  a  fortune,  that  he  was  called 
Baskervillc  the  rich.  It  is  said  that  he  had 
no  less  than  100  patients  a  week,  and  the 
hospitality  of  his  life,  and  his  liberal  and 
affable  manner,  deserved  the  success  which 
he  obtained.  He  died  fifth  July  1041,  aged 
68,  and  was  buried  iu  St.  Paul's  cathedral. 

Bassage,  James,  a  native  of  Rouen,  in 
Normandy,  son  of  Henry.  He  studied  at 
Saumur  under  Tanaquil  Faber,  and  when 
he  had  made  a  rapid  progress  in  the  ancient 
as  well  as  the  modern  languages,  he  went  at 
the  age  of  17  to  Geneva,  where  he  prepared 
himself  under  the  ablest  masters  for  the  mi- 
nistry. He  settled  in  his  native  town,  but 
the  disgrace  of  the  protestants  in  1685  drove 
him  to  Rotterdam,  where  he  continued  as 
pastor  till  the  interest  of  the  pensionary 
Heinsius  obtained  for  him,  in  1709,  a  share 
in  the  ministry  of  the  Walloon  church  at  the 
Hague.  Basnage  distinguished  himself,  not 
only  as  a  divine,  but  as  a  statesman,  so  that 
Voltaire  said  with  truth,  that  he  was  more 
fit  to  be  a  minister  of  state  than  of  a  parish. 
His  abilities  were  courted  by  the  duke  of  Or- 
leans,  regent  of  Fiance,  Avho  directed  his 


ambassador  du  Bois  to  follow  his  advice  m 
the  negotiation  for  an  alliance  between  Hol- 
land, France,  and  England ;  and  the  exiled 
protestant,  as  a  reward  for  his  political  ser- 
vices, obtained  the  restitution  of  all  his  for- 
feited property.  As  a  scholar  Basnage  was 
of  a  superior  order,  in  private  life  he  was 
affable,  candid,  and  sincere,  and  he  had  the 
happiness  of  cultivating  friendship  with  the 
greatest  men  in  Europe,  his  epistolary  cor- 
respondence with  whom  does  honor  to  his 
head  and  heart.  He  fell  a  victim  to  a  com- 
plication of  disorders,  22d  December,  1723, 
in  his  70th  year.  His  works  are  numerous, 
and  his  history  of  the  Jews  since  the  time  of 
Christ,  15  vols.  12mo.  1716,  is  particularly 
valuable. 

Basnage,  Henry,  brother  to  James,  was 
advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Rouen,  but  he 
fled  to  Holland  upon  the  proscription  of  the 
protestants,  and  died  there,  March  29,  1710, 
in  his  54th  year.  Among  other  works,  he 
revised  the  diotionaire  of  Furetiere,  3  vols, 
fol. 

Basnage,  Benjamin,  a  protestant,  who 
succeeded  his  father  as  minister  of  Carentan, 
was  author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on  the 
church.  He  assisted  at  the  national  synod  of 
Charenton,  and  also  came  to  Scotland  un- 
der James  VI.  as  deputy  from  the  French 
churches.     He  died  1652,  in  his  72d  year. 

Basnage,  Anthony,  eldest  son  of  Ben- 
jamin, was  minister  of  Bayeux,  and  after 
being  imprisoned  at  Havre  de  Grace  for  his 
religion,  he  fled  to  Holland  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  where  he  died  1691, 
aged  81. 

Basnage  bu  Fraquenay,  Henry, 
younger  son  of  Benjamin,  distinguished  him- 
self as  an  advocate  at  Rouen.  He  was  emi- 
nent for  learning,  as  well  as  eloquence,  as  his 
treatises  show.  He  published  the  Coutume 
de  Normandic, — a  treatise  on  mortgages,  etc. 
and  died  20th  October,  1695,  aged  80. 

Basnet,  Edward,  a  native  of  Denbigh- 
shire, made  in  1537  dean  of  St.  Patrick  in 
Ireland.  During  O'Neal's  rebellion  in  1539 
he  warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  government, 
and  marched  at  the  head  of  the  troops  in  a 
military  character  under  the  lord  lieutenant, 
and  for  his  services  was  made  a  privy  coun- 
sellor, and  received  a  grant  of  the  lands  of 
Kilternan,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Dublin. 
He  died  in  the  sixth  Edward's  reign. 

B  assan,  James  du  Pont,  a  painter  born  at 
Bassan  in  Italy.  As  he  chiefly  lived  in  the 
country,  and  possessed  a  mind  well  stored 
with  literature,  his  pieces  are  generally  on 
subjects  of  landscapes,  animals,  and  night 
scenes,  and  with  so  much  success  that  Annibal 
Carrache  was  himself  deceived  by  a  book 
which  he  had  drawn  on  a  wall,  and  which  he 
attempted  to  seize,  as  if  real.  In  his  flowers 
he  interwove  serpents  with  great  dexterity, 
though  little  taste.  His  valuable  pieces  were 
dispersed  through  Europe,  and  among  others 
Titian  purchased  several  of  them.  Bassan 
died  at  Venice  1592,  aged  80,  leaving  four 
sons,  all  painters.  Of  these  Francis  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Venetian  republic,  with  Paul 


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Veronese  and  Tintoret,  to  adorn  the  palace 
of  St.  Mark.  He  was  of  a  melancholy  turn, 
and  once  thought  himself  pursued  by  ar- 
chers, so  that  in  a  fit  of  self-created  terror 
he  threw  himself  out  of  a  window  and  died 
soon  alter,  1694,  aged  44. — Leander,  another 
brother,  obtained  as  a  reward  for  his  pieces, 
the  collar  of  St.  Mark,  from  the  doge  of  Ve- 
nice, and  a  gold  medal  from  the  emperor 
Rodolphus  II. — John  Baptiste  and  Jerome 
■were  eminent  as  imitators  of  the  style  and 
manner  of  their  father. 

Bassandyne,  Thomas,  a  Scotchman, 
educated  at  Antwerp.  He  learned  the  art 
of  printing  at  Paris  and  Leyden,  and  retur- 
ned home  in  1558.  He  joined  himself  to  the 
reformers,  and  printed  several  valuable 
books.     He  died  1591. 

Bassani,  James  Anthony,  a  Jesuit  of  Vi- 
cenza,  eminent  as  an  eloquent  preacher,  and 
consequently  distinguished  by  pope  Benedict 
XIV.  He  died  1747,  21st  May,  aged  61. 
His  sermons  were  published  at  Bologna  and 
Venice,  1752  and  1753. 

Bassani,  John  Baptiste,  an  admired  Ita- 
lian composer,  master  to  Corelli,  in  the  17th 
eentury.  His  compositions  are  described  by 
Burney  and  Hawkins  as  chaste,  and  pathetic. 

Bassantin,  James,  a  Scotchman,  who 
after  studying  astronomy  and  the  mathema- 
tics at  Glasgow,  travelled  in  quest  of  lear- 
ning, through  the  Netherlands,  Switzerland, 
Italy,  and  Germany,  and  at  last  settled  at 
Paris,  where  he  acquired  both  reputation 
and  money,  as  a  mathematical  teacher.  He 
returned  in  1562  to  his  native  country,  and 
became  early  acquainted  with  sir  Robert 
Melvil,  a  strong  partisan  of  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  and  he  afterwards  supported  the  pre 
tensions  and  ambitious  views  of  the  earl  of 
Murray.  Bassantin  died  1568.  In  his  reli- 
gion he  was  a  zealous  protestant,  as  a  man 
of  learning  he  was  strongly  tinctured  with 
the  failings  and  the  superstition  of  the  time. 
He  placed  great  confidence  in  astrology,  and 
with  more  zeal  than  good  sense  asserted  the 
influence  of  the  planets  on  the  affairs  of  the. 
world.  His  works  are  all  on  mathematical 
subjects,  and  though  not  free  from  pedantry, 
and  improbable  coielusions,  they  yet  bear 
strong  testimony  to  his  merits  as  a  philoso- 
pher. 

Basselin,  Oliver,  a  fuller  of  Vire  in 
Normandy,  in  the  15th  century,  known  for 
his  songs  and  ballads,  called  Vaudevilles  by 
corruption  for  Vaux  de  Vire,  the  place 
where  he  lived. 

Basset,  Peter,  chamberlain  to  Henry  V. 
accompanied  that  prince  in  all  his  expedi- 
tions, of  which  he  has  given  an  interesting 
account  in  one  volume.  The  work  has 
Bever  been  printed,  but  is  preserved  in  the 
herald's  office.  The  historian  says  that  Hen- 
ry died  of  a  pleurisy,  others  however  attri- 
bute his  death  to  a  different  disorder. 

Bassi, Laura,  wile  of  Joseph  Verati,  hon- 
ored in  1732  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
philosophy  for  her  high  mental  accomplish- 
ments, which  she  displayed  in  her  lectures 
on   experimental  philosoph).    Her  private 


life  was  also  deserving  of  the  highest  enco- 
miums, and  exhibited  her  as  the  possessor  o>. 
every  amiable  virtue.  She  died  20th  Febru- 
ary, 1778. 

Bassith  Khaiath,  a  Mahometan,  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  prayer. 

Bassompierre,  Francois  de,  a  marc- 
chal  of  France,  of  a  family  of  distinction  ir\ 
Lorraine,  was  confined  in  the  Bastille  by 
Richelieu,  who  dreaded  the  power  of  his  sa- 
tire. He  remained  in  this  confinement  10 
years  till  the  death  of  his  persecutor, and  em- 
ployed his  time  in  writing  his  memoirs,  pub- 
lished, 3  vols,  in  1665,  Cologne,  which  are 
interesting,  though  occasionally  trivial.  On 
his  release  he  received  the  offer  of  500,000 
livres  from  the  dutchess  of  Aiguillon,  niece; 
of  Richelieu,  which  he  politely  refused,  ad- 
ding, "  Madam,  your  uncle  has  done  me  too 
great  an  injury,  to  allow  me  to  receive  so 
much  good  from  you." — He  was  employed 
in  embassies  by  Lewis  XIII.  and  he  posses- 
sed all  the  requisites  of  a  courtier,  with 
great  presence  of  mind,  affability,  wit,  and 
uncommon  generosity.  He  spoke  the  lan- 
guages of  Europe  with  great  fluency.  He  was 
much  addicted  to  pkry  and  women,  so  that  it 
is  said  that  on  the  morning  in  which  he  was 
arrested,  he  burned  not  less  than  6000  let- 
ters which  he  had  received  from  ladios  of  gal- 
lantry. He  was  found  dead  in  his  bed,  12th 
October,  1646,  in  his  67th  year.  The  ac- 
count of  his  embassies  appeared  in  2  vols. 
12mo.  1668. 

Bassville,  Nicholas  John  Hugon  de,  a 
Frenchman,  sent  as  envoy  to  Rome  to  re- 
claim some  of  his  countrymen,  who  had  been 
imprisoned  thare.  During  a  tumult  caused, 
either  by  the  dissatisfaction  of  the  Italians, 
or  the  intrigues  of  the  republicans,  he  was 
stabbed  with  a  razor,  13th  January,  1793,  and 
died  34  hours  after.  This  violence  offered 
to  his  person  was  made  a  pretence  for  severe 
measures  against  the  pope.  Bassville  wrote 
elements  of  mythology  8vo. — memoirs  of 
the  French  revolution,  &e. 

Bassuel,  Peter,  a  native  of  Paris,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  surgeon  and  a  lecturer.  His 
dissertations  in  the  memoirs  of  the  acade- 
mies of  surgery  and  of  the  sciences  are  val- 
uable compositions.     He  died  1757,  aged  51. 

Basta,  George,  a  native  of  Rocca,  near 
Tarentum,  distinguished  as  a  warrior,  and 
engaged  in  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Par- 
ma, and  afterwards  of  the  emperor,  in  Hun- 
gary and  Transylvania,  lie  died  1607,  au- 
thor of  two  treatises  in  Italian,  on  military 
discipline. 

Bastard,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Blanford 
in  Dorsetshire,  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  and  New  college,  Oxford,  from  which 
he  was  expelled  for  a  libel.  He  obtained 
preferment  by  means  of  the  earl  of  Suffolk, 
to  whom  he  was  chaplain,  and  he  distinguish- 
ed himself  as  a  poet,  not  less  than  as  a  prea- 
cher. He  was  three  times  married.  His 
faculties  were  disordered  on  the  close  of  his 
life,  and  he  died  in  an  obscure  situation  near 
Dorchester,  April  19th,  1618.  He  was  a 
man  of  learning,  and  chiefly  eminent  /<  i 


BA 


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witty  and  facetious  conversation.    He  pub- 
lished epigrams,  sermons,  &c. 

Bast  on,  Robert,  a  Carmelite  monk, 
born  near  Nottingham,  poet  laureat,  and 
public  orator  at  Oxford.  He  attended  Ed- 
ward I.  in  his  expedition -against  Scotland, 
but  he  was  taken  prisoner,  and  instead  of 
celebrating  the  victories  of  his  master,  he 
was  compelled  by  torture  to  sing  the  succes- 
ses of  the  Scottish  monarch.  He  wrote 
several  works  in  a  style  barbarous,  but  not 
totally  contemptible,  for  the  age  in  which  he 
lived.  He  died  1310,  and  was  buried  at  Not- 
tingham. 

Bastwick,  Dr.  John,  a  native  of  Writ- 
tie  in  Essex,  born  1593,  of  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  which  he  left  without  degree. 
He  travelled  nine  years,  through  Europe, 
and  became  doctor  of  physic  at  Padua.  His 
publication  called  flagellum  pontificis,  &c. 
drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of  the  bish- 
ops, though  he  declared  he  did  not  wish  to 
reflect  upon  them  or  their  office,  and  he  was 
fined  1000^.  excommunicated,  he.  and  impri- 
soned, till  he  made  a  recantation  of  his  as- 
sertions. In  his  confinement,  which  lasted 
two  years,  he  wrote  several  things,  and  in 
his  new  litany  inveighed  against  the  severity 
of  his  treatment,  which  called  down  the 
vengeance  of  his  enemies.  He  was  there- 
fore fined  5000J.  sentenced  to  be  pilloried, 
to  lose  his  ears,  and  to  be  imprisoned  for  life. 
He  was  consequently  immured  in  St.  Mary's 
castle  in  the  Scilly  islands,  till  the  civil  wars 
put  an  end  to  his  sufferings.  In  1640,  the 
house  of  commons  voted  the  proceedings 
against  him,  and  against  Prynne  and  Burton 
illegal ;  he  was  recalled  to  London  amidst 
the  acclamations  of  thousands,  and  he  was 
repaid  the  fine  from  the  forfeited  estates  of 
the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  the  other 
commissioners  who  had  so  severely  treated 
him.  He  was  living  in  1648,  but  the  year  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

Bate,  John,  D.  D.  prior  of  the  Carme- 
lites at  York,  was  born  in  Northumberland, 
and  studied  at  Oxford  at  the  expense  of  some 
powerful  patrons.  He  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  knowledge  of  philosophy,  divini- 
tv,  and  Greek.  He  published  several  things 
chiefly  critical  and  theological,  and  died  26th 
January,  1429. 

Bate,  George,  a  physician,  born  at 
Maids-morton  near  Buckingham.  He  stu- 
died at  New  college,  Queen's,  and  St.  Ed- 
muud's  hall,  Oxford  and  practised  as  a  physi- 
cian in  the  university.  He  possessed  such  in- 
sinuation united  with  great  talents,  that  he 
was  physician  to  Charles  I.  while  at  Oxford, 
afterwards  to  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  to  the 
royal  family  after  the  restoration.  His  re- 
commendation to  the  favor  of  Charles  II. 
originated,  it  is  said,  in  the  report  that  he 
had  given  the  usurper  a  strong  dose  which 
hastened  his  death.  He  wrote  among  other 
pieces  a  Latin  account  of  the  civil  wars,  and 
died  1669,  and  was  buried  at  Kingstoir-on- 
Thames. 

Bate,  Julius,  a  friend  of  Hutchinson,  by 
whom  he  was  recommended  to  Charles  duke 


of  Somerset,  and  to  the  living  of  Sutton  in 
Sussex.  He  attended  Hutchinson  in  his  last 
illness,  and  thus  he  was  enabled  te  contra- 
dict the  report  which  had  been  spread,  that 
his  friend  on  his  death-bed  had  recanted  to 
Dr.  Mead  the  publication  of  his  writings. 
Dr.  Mead,  it  is  to  be  observed,  had  much  to 
his  surprise  been  dismissed  from  his  atten- 
dance on  Hutchinson.  Bate  was  author  of 
some  valuable  pieces  on  criticism  and  divin- 
ity, and  in  defence  of  his  friend's  system. 
He  died  7th  April,  1771. 

Batecumbe,  William,  a  mathematician, 
who  florished  1420.  He  studied  at  Oxford, 
where  he  taught  mathematics,  and  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  writings  on  philoso- 
phy, &c.  the  chief  of  which  are,  de  spherte 
concave  fabrica  &  usu — de  sphwra  solida — 
conclusione  sophise — de  operatione  astrolab. 
&c. 

Bateman,  William,  bishop  of  Norwich, 
was  founder  of  Trinity -ball,  Cambridge.  He 
was  well  versed  in  civil  and  canon  laws,  and 
died  1354  at  Avignon,  where  he  was  embas- 
sador at  the  pope's  court. 

Bates,  William,  a  nonconformist  divine, 
educated  at  Emanuel  and  King's  colleges, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees,  and 
at  the  restoration  was  created  D.  D.  by 
royal  mandate.  He  was  chaplain  to  Charles 
II.  and  minister  of  St.  Dustan's  in  the  west, 
from  which  he  was  ejected  by  the  act  of  uni- 
formity. He  was  at  the  conference  of  the 
Savoy  for  reviewing  the  public  liturgy,  and 
he  also  was,  with  Jacomb  and  Baxter,  en- 
gaged in  the  dispute  against  Pearson  bishop 
of  Chester,  Gunning  of  Ely,  and  Sparrow  of 
Norwich.  His  character  was  so  respectable 
that,  though  a  noncomformist,  he  might 
have  obtained  the  deanery  of  Coventry,  or 
even  been  raised,  according  to  Dr.  Calamy, 
to  any  bishopric  in  the  kingdom.  His  great 
intimacy  with  Tillotson,  lord  chancellor 
Finch,  lord  Nottingham,  and  lord  keeper 
Bridgman,  is  a  further  proof  of  his  merit 
and  respectability.  He  published  the  lives 
of  some  eminent  men  in  Latin,  in  4to.  1681. 
His  works  were  published  in  a  folio  volume 
after  his  death.  He  resided  at  Hackney  the 
last  part  of  his  life,  where  he  died  1699, 
aged  73. 

Bathalmiusi,  a  Mahomedan  writer  of 
eminence,  of  the  family  of  Ali,  who  died  in 
the  year  of  the  hegira  421.  He  wrote  a  book 
of  genealogies,  a  treatise  on  the  qualities  of  a 
good  writer,  Sec. 

Bathe,  Henryr  de,  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, appointed  1238,  under  Henry  III.  to 
the  office  of  justice  of  the  common  pleas, 
and  afterwards  of  justice  itinerant.  Though 
for  a  while  under  disgrace,  1251,  in  conse- 
quence of  some  slanderous  accusation,  he 
was  restored  to  royal  favor,  and  advanced  to 
the  place  of  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench. 
He  died  1261. 

Bathe,  William,  an  Irish  Jesuit,  rector 
of  an  Irish  school  at  Salamanca,  where  he 
died  1614.  He  is  author  of  introduction  to 
the  art  of  music,  1584,  4to.  London. — Janua 
linguarum,  1611, — besides  some  pieces  on 
divinity. 


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BA 


Bathubst,  Ralph,  a  Latin  poet,  physi- 
cian, and  divine  of  Trinity  college,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  was  elected  president  1664. 
In  the  younger  part  of  life  he  left  divinity  for 
physic,  but  after  the  restoration  he  took  or- 
ders, and  became  dean  of  Wells,  and  vice 
chancellor  of  the  university.  He  refused, 
in  1091,  the  bishopric  of  Bristol,  from  his 
great  regani  for  the  society  over  which  he 
presided,  and  whose  chapel  he  rebuilt  in  a 
very  neat  and  elegant  style.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  erudition,  as  appears  from  his  poems 
and  other  pieces.  He  died  1704,  in  his  84th 
year,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  his  col- 
lege. His  life  has  been  written  by  Thomas 
Warton. 

Bathurst,  Allen,  descended  from  the 
Bathursts  of  Northamptonshire,  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  college,  Oxford,  under  his 
uncle,  the  president,  and  afterwards  was 
elected  in  two  parliaments  for  Cirencester. 
He  opposed  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  and 
he  was  one  of  the  12  lords  introduced  in  one 
day,  1711,  to  the  upper  house,  to  form  a 
majority.  He  continued  firm  to  his  political 
friends  even  in  their  disgrace.  He  boldly 
opposed  the  attainder  of  lord  Bolingbroke, 
and  the  duke  of  Ormond,  and  in  1718,  he  be- 
gan to  show  himself  as  a  speaker  among  the 
peers,  the  most  formidable  opponent  of  the 
measures  of  the  court,  and  of  Walpole  in 
particular.  In  1704,  he  married  Catherine, 
daughter  of  sir  Peter  Apsley,  of  Sussex,  by 
whom  he  had  four  sons  and  five  daughters. 
His  only  surviving  son  was  for  some  years 
chancellor  of  England,  and  made  a  peer  by 
the  title  of  lord  Apsley.  Lord  Bathurst  was 
employed  about  the  person  of  Frederic, 
prince  of  Wales,  and  of  his  son,  George  III. 
at  whose  accession  he  resigned  his  offices 
for  a  pension  of  1200/.  In  his  private  cha- 
racter, lord  Bathurst  was  a  man  of  great 
generosity,  affable  in  manners,  and  humane 
in  sentiment,  and  his  long  and  familiar  ac- 
quaintance with  Pope,  Swift,  and  Addison, 
prove  him  to  have  possessed  wit,  taste,  and 
erudition.  He  was  attached  to  rural  amuse- 
ments, and  fond  of  conviviality.  He;  drank 
regularly  his  bottle  after  dinner,  and  laugh- 
ed at  the  temperate  regimen  of  Dr.  Cado- 
gan,  which  50  years  before  Dr.  Cheyne  had 
recommended  to  him,  assuring  him  that  he 
should  not  live  seven  years  more  if  he  did 
not  abstain  from  wine.  He  was  made  an 
earl  in  1772,  and  died  at  his  seat  near  Ciren- 
cester, 10th  Sept.  1775,  aged  91. 

Bat  on  i,  Pompeo,  a  native  of  Lucca, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  merit  was  so 
universally  acknowledged,  that  the  greatest 
personages  were  proud  of  his  society,  and 
the  emperor  Joseph  added  to  the  honors 
already  bestowed  upon  him,  the  title  of 
nobility.  His  best  piece  is  Simon  the  ma- 
gician contending  with  St.  Peter,  which  is 
preserved  at  Rome  in  the  great  church,  de- 
dicated to  the  apostle.  Batoni  died  1787, 
aged  79. 

Battaglini,  Mark,  bishop  of  Nocera 
and  Cesena,  died  1717,  aged  71.  He  wrote 
a  history  of  councils,  fol.  1686,  and  annales 

VOL.  I.  20 


du  sacerdoce  de  l'empire  du  17  siecle,  4  vols, 
fol.  1701  to  1711. 

Battely,  Dr.  John,  born  at  Bury,  Suf- 
folk, was  fellow  of  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  chaplain  to  the  primate  San- 
croft,  who  gave  him  the  living  of  Adisham, 
and  the  archdeconry  of  the  diocese.  He 
wrote  Antiquitates  Rutupinseet  St.Edmund- 
burgi,  and  died  10th  Oct.  1708,  aged  61. 

Batteux,  Charles,  a  French  philoso- 
pher, philosophical  professor  in  the  Royal 
college,  member  of  the  French  academy, 
&c.  eminent  for  his  erudition,  as  well  as  for 
his  private  virtues,  and  the  humanity  which 
was  directed  to  the  maintenance  of  a  nu- 
merous and  impoverished  family.  His 
works  are  various,  and  all  chiefly  on  classical 
literature,  in  which  he  displays  frequently 
more  method  and  more  labor,  than  elo- 
quence or  purity,  not  without  a  mixture  of 
metaphysical  ideas.  It  is  said  that  his  death 
was  accelerated  by  grief  in  observing  that 
the  elementary  book  which  he  wrote  for  the 
military  school  of  Paris,  did  not  succeed  sa 
well  as  he  wished.  He  died  at  Paris,  14th 
July,  17S0,  aged  67.  Among  other  works 
he  published  the  four  poetics  of  Aristotle, 
Horace,  Yida,  andBoileau,  with  notes,  two 
vols.  8vo.  1771. 

Battie,  Dr.  William,  a  physician,  born 
in  Devonshire,   and  educated  at  Eton,  and 
King's  college,   Cambridge,  where   his  mo- 
ther attended  him,  to  supply  him  with  the 
necessaries  which  his  youth  or  inexperience 
might  want.    He  obtained  a  Craven  scholar-* 
ship,-but  his  views   to  study  the  law  were 
checked  by  his  poverty,  and  he  turned  his 
thoughts  to    physic,  when   he    found    that 
his  pecuniary  distresses  could  not  be  relieved 
by    repeated    applications    to    two   opulent 
cousins  of  the  name  of  Coleman.     He  prac- 
tised at  Uxbridge  and   London,  and  became 
physician   to  St.  Luke's,  and  in  1738,  after 
a  long  courtship,  he  married  the  daughter 
of  Barnham  Goode,  under  master  of  Eton 
school,  a   man  whom,  for  a  satirical  poem, 
Pope    has     immortalized    in    his    Dunciad. 
Though  the  Colemans   had  a    political  dis- 
like to  Goode,  they  behaved  with  kindness 
to  his  daughter,  and   the   survivor  of  them 
left   30,000/.   to   her  husband.      Dr.   Battie 
was  lampooned  for  the  active  part  which  he 
took   with  the  college  of  physicians  against 
Dr.  Schomberg,  in  1750,  in  the  Battiad,  a 
poem   said    to    be    written   by   Schomberg, 
Moses  Mendez,  and  Paul  Whitehead.    Dr. 
Battie's  publications  were    all    on   medical 
subjects,  and  all  respectable.     His  observa- 
tions on  madness  recommended  him  to  pub- 
lic notice,  and  he  was,  with  Dr.  Muuro,  ex- 
amined at  the  bar  of  the  house  of  commons, 
with   respect  to   the  private  madhouses  in 
the  kingdom,  and   the  highest  testimonies  of 
his  abilities   are  recorded  in  the  journals  of 
the   day.      Dr.    Battie   died   of  a  paralytic 
stroke,   13th  June,   1776,    aged  75,  leaving 
three  daughters.    He  published  an  edition  of 
Isocrates,  two  vols.  8vo. 

Bauatj,   a  Mahomedan,   who    rendered 
the  Arabic    alphabet  more  perfect,    after 


13A 


BA 


jgeu  Molak.  He  died  in  the  year  413  of  the 
hegira. 

Baudes.ot  de  Dairval,  Charles  Cx- 
sar,  an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
author  of  a  curious  and  elegant  treatise, 
called  "  de  1'utilite  des  voyages,"  1727,  in 
two  vols.  12mo.  He  died  of  the  dropsy 
1722,  aged  74. 

Baudet,  Stephen,  an  eminent  French 
engraver  of  Blois,  who  was  successfully  em- 
ployed on  Poussin's  pieces.  His  chief  work 
is  Adam  and  Eve,  from  Uominino.  He  died 
1G71,  aged  73. 

Baudier,  Michael,  a  native  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  historiographer  of  France  under 
Lewis  XIII.  He  wrote  the  history  of  the 
Mahometan  religion,  8vo.  1036 — the  life  of 
cardinal  Amboise,  1651,  8vo. — of  marechal 
de  Toiras,  1644 — of  Ximenes,  Suger,  &c. — 
and  though  his  style  is  heavy  and  inelegant, 
yet  his  works  are  curious  and  interesting, 
and  valuable  for  their  authenticity  and  the 
variety  of  his  matter. 

Baudin,  Peter  Charles  Lewis,  a  native 
of  Sedan,  elected  to  the  national  assembly 
and  to  the  convention.  Here  he  conducted 
himself  with  moderation,  though  not  always 
■with  firmness.  It  was  he  who  nobly  ex- 
claimed on  the  laws  made  with  respect  to 
emigrants,  "  if  among  the  millions  of  the 
guilty,  ten  innocent  persons  can  be  found, 
the  law  which  strikes  them  is  unjust."  He 
died  December  1799.  He  wrote  anecdotes 
on  the  constitution,  1794,  8vo.  on  the  liberty 
of  the  press,  1795,  8vo. 

Baudius,  Dominique,  a  native  of  Leisle, 
who  studied  at  Aix  la  Chapelle,  Lcyden, 
and  Geneva.  He  visited  England  in  the 
suite  of  the  ambassador  of  the  states  of 
Holland,  and  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  afterwards  he  went 
to  France,  where  he  staid  10  years,  and  by 
means  of  Achilles  de  Harlai  he  was  admit- 
ted advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Pari9. 
He  next  went  to  Leyden,  where  he  was 
raised  to  the  professorial  chair  of  eloquence, 
and  with  Meursius  named  historiographer 
to  the  states  of  Holland  in  1611.  He  was  a 
man  of  genius,  as  well  as  erudition,  and  in 
his  Latin  poems,  some  of  which  he  dedicated 
to  the  king  of  England  and  to  the  prince  of 
Wales,  he  displayed  taste  and  elegance  of 
composition.  He  was  a  zealous  advocate  for 
u  truce  between  Spain  and  Holland,  and  the 
two  discourses  which  he  published  on  the 
subject  were  so  much  misrepresented  to 
prince  Maurice,  that  he  was  accused  of  be- 
ing bribed  by  the  French  ambassador,  and 
with  difficulty  he  escaped  the  vengeance  of 
his  enemies;  He  died  at  Leyden,  22d  Au- 
gust, 1613,  aged  52.  He  was  so  addicted  to 
wine  and  to  sensual  pleasures,  that  his  cha- 
racter was  exposed  to  the  severest  ridicule, 
especially  from  the  pen  of  Scioppius.  His 
letters,  poems,  &c.  were  published  1607. 

Baudoim,  Benedict,  a  divine  of  Amiens, 
author  of  a  learned  dissertation  on  the  shoes 
uf  the  ancients,  published  1615.  From  this 
circumstance  some  have  imagined  that  he 
was  the  sou  of  a  shoemaker. 


Baudori,  Joseph  du,  a  native  of  Van- 
nes,  educated  among  the  Jesuits.  He  is  au- 
thor of  various  discourses,  &c.  He  died  at 
Paris,  1749,  aged  39. 

Baudot  de  Juilli,  Nicholas,  a  native 
of  Vendome,  son  of  a  collector  of  excise. 
He  is  author  of  several  historical  pieces 
written  with  method  and  ingenuity,  though 
too  much  in  the  spirit  of  romantb.  His  his- 
tory of  the  conquest  ef  England,  by  William 
of  Normandy,  12mo.  of  Philip  Augustus, 
two  vols.  12mo.  and  Charles  Vn.  two  vols. 
12mo.  are  his  best  pieces.  He  wrote  be- 
sides the  history  of  Catherine  of  France 
queen  of  England — Germaine  de  Foix — the 
secret  history  of  the  constable  of  Bourbon — 
Spain  invaded  bv  the  Moors,  four  vols.  &c. 
He  died  1759,  aged  81. 

Baudouin,  emperor  of  Constantinople. 
Vid.  Baldwin. 

Baudouin,  John,  a  native  of  Pradelle 
hi  the  Vivarais.  He  was  in  the  service  of 
queen  Margaret  of  France,  and  of  marechal 
dp  Marillac,  but  he  was  n«glected.  He  pub- 
lished translations  of  Sallust,  Tacitus,  Lu- 
cian,  Suetonius,  &c.  but  as  he  wrote  more 
for  bread  than  fame,  his  language  was  occa- 
sionally inelegant,  and  oftener  inaccurate. 
He  died  at  Paris,  1650,  aged  66. 

Baudrand  Mich.  Anton,  an  ecclesi- 
astic, born  at  Paris.  He  visited  Rome, 
Germany,  and  England,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  "  Diciionaire-  Geographique, 
two  vols,  fol."  printed  first  in  Latin,  and  af- 
terwards in  French.  The  work  is  not  with- 
out its  errors,  which  have  not  been  corrected 
in  subsequent  editions.  He  died  1700,  in  his 
67lh  year. 

Baudricourt,  Jean  de,  a  marechal  of 
France,  who  signalized  himself  with  Charles 
VIII.  in  the  conquest  of  Naples,  1495.  His  fa- 
ther liobert  was  the  person  whointroduced  the 
famous  maid  of  Orleans  on  the  public  stage. 

Bauhinus,  John,  a  physician  of  Amiens, 
who  retired,  on  account  of  his  religion,  to 
Basil,  where  he  practised  with  great  reputa- 
tion, and  died,  1582,  aged  71. 

Bauhinus.  John,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  ldmself  as  a  physician 
and  medical  writer  at  Basil  and  Lyons.  He 
was  physician  to  the  duke  of  Wirtcmburg, 
and  died  at  Montbeillard  1613,  aged  73.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  is  Historia  planta- 
rum  universalis,  fol.  three  vols.  He  wrote 
a  treatise  on  the  medicinal  waters  of  Eu- 
rope. 

Bauhinus,  Caspar,  was  physician  to 
the  duke  of  Wirtemburg,  and  professed 
botany  at  Basil,  where  he  died  1624,  aged 
65.  He  is  styled  in  his  epitaph  the  phrenix 
of  his  age  for  anatomy  and  botany,  but  Rio- 
Ian  accuses  him  of  ignorance  and  presump- 
tion. He  wrote  Institutiones  anatomicas — 
theatrum  botanicum — pinax  theatri  botanici 
— a  treatise  on  hermaphrodites,  &c. — His 
son,  John  Gaspar,  was  equally  eminent,  and 
he  published  his  father's  theatrum  botani- 
cum, and  died  1685,  aged  79. 

Bauldri,  Paul,  a  native  of  Rouen,  pro- 
fessor of  sacred  history,   at  Utrecht,    and 


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tod. -In-law  of  Henry  Basnage.  Besides  Some 
-chronological  tables  and  historical  treatises, 
he  published  Lactantius'  de  morte  persecut. 
with  learned  notes.     He  died  1706,  aged  67. 

Baulot  or  Beaulieu,  James,  a  litho- 
tomisl,  born  of  obscure  parents  in  a  hamlet 
in  Franche-comte.  He  served  in  a  regi- 
ment of  cavalry,  till  he  formed  an  acquain- 
tance with  an  empirical  surgeon  called  Pau- 
louni,  who  pretended  to  cut  for  the  stone. 
After  five  or  six  years  of  instruction,  he  be- 
gan to  practise  for  himself,  and  he  travelled 
in  a  monastic  habit  over  different  parts  of 
France,  and  to  Geneva  and  Amsterdam, 
with  the  boldness  of  an  enthusiast.  He  used 
to  neglect  his  patients  after  the  operation, 
adding,  "  I  have  extracted  the  stone,  God 
will  cure  the  wound."  His  success  was 
great,  so  that  at  Amsterdam  the  magis- 
trates, in  gratitude  for  his  services,  had  his 
portrait  engraved,  and  a  medal  struck.  His 
method  was  adopted  from  Holland  by  Che- 
selden  with  such  unusual  success  that  it  was 
called  the  English  operation,  though  certain- 
ly the  invention  belonged  to  the  French. 
After  visiting  Rome  and  Vienna,  Baulot  re- 
tired to  a  seat  near  Besancon,  where  he  died 
1720,  aged  69.  The  history  of  this  great 
man,  who  so  honorably  devoted  his  life  to 
the  service  of  humanity,  was  written  by 
Vac  her  1757,  12mo. 

Baume,  James  Francis  de  la,  a  native  of 
Carpentras,  and  canon  of  St.  Agricola's 
church,  Avignon,  author  of  a  poem  called 
the  Christiade,  in  6  vols.  12mo.  a  work  un- 
interesting, and  written  in  a  pompous  and 
affected  style.  He  wrote  besides  a  pamphlet 
called  eloge  de  la  paix,  and  other  small 
pieces.  He  also  wrote  for  more  than  10 
years  for  the  Courier  de  l'Europe.  He  died 
at  Paris  1757,  aged  52, 

Baume,  Nicholas  Auguste  de  la,  a  mare- 
chal  of  France,  who  served  in  Germany  and 
against  the  Camisards  with  great  credit-  He 
died  at  Paris  1716,  aged  70,  leaving  no  chil- 
dren, though  twice  married.  There  were 
of  this  famdy  many  members  who  distin- 
guished themselves  by  their  abilities  as  states- 
men and  ecclesiastics. 

Baume,  James  de  la,  a  Jesuit  of  Paris, 
who  died  1725,  aged  76.  He  is  author  of 
some  Latin  poetry,  orations,  &c. 

Baumer,  John  William,  a  native  of  Rhe- 
weiler,  who  studied  at  Jena  and  Halle,  and 
left  the  pursuit  of  divinity  for  medicine,  of 
which  he  was  made  professor  at  Erfurt.  He 
wrote  the  natural  history  of  the  mineral 
kingdom,  2  vols. — the  natural  history  of 
precious  stones,  and  other  works,  and  died 
1788,  aged  69. 

Baumgartex,  Alexander  Gottlieb,  a 
native  of  Berlin,  who  studied  at  Halle,  where 
he  was  made  professor  of  philosophy,  and 
afterwards  at  Frankfort,  on  Oder.  He 
wrote  metaphysial,  8vo. — Ethica  philoso- 
phica,  8vo. — asthetica,  initia  philosoph.  prac- 
tice, primx,  &c. — and  died  176,  aged  48. — 
His  brother,  Sigismund,  was  a  Lutheran 
minister,  divinity  professor  at  Halle,  and 
died  1757. 


Baur,  John  William,  a  painter  and  enr 
graver  of  SUasburg,  commonly  called  Wir- 
lembaur.  He  excelled  iu  pictures  of  pro- 
cessions, public  places,  and  markets,  bin 
though  his  works  possessed  animation,  bib 
figures  are  little  and  mean.  He  died  at  Vieu 
na  1640,  aged  30. 

Baur,  Frederic  William  Von,  a  native 
of  Hessian  Hanau,who  served  in  the  Hessian 
troops  in  the  pay  of  Britain  1755.  In  1757 
he  was  made  a  general,  and  was  ennobled 
by  Frederic  II.  of  Prussia,  and  in  1769  he- 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  Russians,  and 
was  appointed  by  Catherine  inspector  of  the 
salt-works  of  Novogorod.  His  abilities  as  an 
engineer  and  mechanic  were  also  employ- 
ed in  supplying  Moscow  with  water,  and  in 
making  deeper  the  canal  of  Petersburg,  and 
in  constructing  a  capacious  harbour  at  its 
extremity.  He  died  1783,  author  of  me- 
moires  historiques  and  geographiques  sur  la 
Valachia,  8vo. — of  a  chart  of  Moldavia,  to 
illustrate  the  war  between  the  Turks  and 
Russians,  in  seven  sheets. 

Bausch,  the  surname  of  Abu  Giafar, 
who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  seven  different, 
modes  of  reading  the  Koran.  He  died  the 
year  546  of  the  hegira.  Bausch  signifies  a 
water-melon  or  grapes. 

Baussiri,  a  Mahomedan,  author  of  a 
poem  in  praise  of  Mahomet,  who  had  cured 
him,  as  he  said,  of  the  palsy  in  a  dream. 
Every  line  of  this  poem  ends  with  an  M,  the 
initial  of  the  prophet's  name,  and  so  highly 
is  the  performance  valued  that  many  of  the 
Mahomedans  learn  it  by  heart,  on  account 
of  its  excellent  maxims. 

Bautru,  William,  a  Frenchman  famous 
for  his  wit,  which  he  displayed  with  great 
freedom  and  efficacy  at  the  court,  and 
among  the  ministers.  After  seeing  the 
escurial,  in  Spain  attended  by  an  ignorant 
librarian,  he  told  the  king  that  it  would  be 
advantageous  for  him  to  make  his  librarian 
his  treasurer,  because,  said  he  to  the  mo- 
narch who  inquired  why,  he  never  touches 
what  he  is  intrusted  with.  He  died  at  Paris 
1665,  aged  77. 

Bauves,  James  de,  a  learned  advocate 
of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, intimate  with  Despeisses,  with  whom 
he  wrote  a  treatise  on  successions. 

Bauvin,  John  Gregory,  a  native  of  Ar- 
ras, who  studied  the  law,  and  was  eminent 
for  his  knowledge  of  belies  lettres.  He  wrote 
a  tragedy  called  Arminius,  which  he  after- 
wards amended  under  the  name  of  the 
Cherusci.  He  wrote  other  pieces,  and  died 
1776,  aged  62.  He  labored  all  his  life  under 
pecuniary  difficulties. 

Baux,  William  de,  prince  of  Orange,  re- 
ceived in  1214  from  the  emperor  Frederic  I. 
the  title  of  king  of  Aries  and  Vienna.  He 
was  murdered  by  the  people  of  Avignon 
1218,  and  his  body  cut  to  pieces,  and  it  was 
their  cruelty  which  caused  the  siege  of 
Avignon  by  Lewis  VIII.  in  1226. 

Baxter,  Richard,  a  nonconformist,  born 
at  Row  ton,  Shropshire,  12th  November,  1615. 
lie  compensated  for  the  deficiences  of  a  ne- 


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glected  education,  by  unusual  application, 
and  was  appointed  roaster  of  Dudley  free- 
tchool  by  the  interest  of  Mr.  Richard  Foley 
of  Stourbridge,  and  soon  after  admitted  into 
orders  by  the  bishop  of  Winchester.  His 
scruples  were  raised  by  the  oath  which  was 
proposed  by  the  convention  at  that  time  sit- 
ting, and  he  was  among  the  number  of  those 
■who  showed  their  dislike  to  an  unqualified 
submission,  "  to  archbishops,  bishops,  et 
cretera,"  as  they  knew  not  what  the  et  cietera 
comprehended.  In  1640  he  was  invited  to  be 
minister  at  Kidderminster,  but  the  civil 
war  which  broke  out  soon  after,  exposed 
him  to  persecution,  as  he  espoused  the  cause 
of  the  parliament.  He  retired  to  Coven- 
try, and  continued  his  ministeral  labors  till 
the  success  of  the  republicans  recalled  him 
to  his  favorite  flock  at  Kidderminster.  The 
usurpation  of  Cromwell  gave  him  great  of- 
fence, and  he  even  presumed  to  argue  in 
private  with  the  tyrant  on  the  nature  and  il- 
legality of  his  power,  but  in  the  only  sermon 
which  he  preached  before  him  he  wisely 
confined  his  subject  to  the  dissensions  which 
existed  in  the  kingdom  on  religious  matters. 
He  was  in  London  after  Cromwell's  death, 
and  preached  before  parliament  the  day  be- 
fore the  king's  return  was  voted,  and  likewise 
before  the  lord  mayor  for  Monk's  successes. 
Charles  II.  made  him  one  of  his  chaplains, 
and  chancellor  Clarendon  offered  him  the 
bishopric  of  Hereford  which  he  refused,  al- 
leging in  a  letter  his  reasons  of  conscience, 
and  he  only  requested  permission  to  continue 
his  ministry  at  Kidderminster,  which  was 
not  complied  with.  His  opposition  to  the 
church  government  was  now  so  open  that 
he  felfe  the  persecution  of  the  court,  and  he 
•was  continually  watched,  and  did  not  even 
escape  confinement.  In  1672  hoping  to  find 
less  acrimony  among  his  enemies  he  came 
to  London,  where  he  built  a  meeting-house 
in  Oxendon-street,  but  his  preaching  was 
forbidden  here  as  well  as  in  Swallow-street, 
•where  he  wished  again  to  collect  a  congre- 
gation. In  1682  he  was  seized  and  fined  195Z. 
for  preaching  five  sermons  within  five  miles 
of  a  corporation,  and  he  would  have  been 
imprisoned  had  not  his  physician  Dr.  Tho- 
mas Cox  pleaded  the  infirmity  of  his  health. 
His  paraphrase  on  the  New  Testament, 
drew  upon  him,  in  1685,  the  vengeance  of 
Jeffries,  and  he  was  condemned  to  be  im- 
prisoned for  two  years,  from  which  punish- 
ment, six  months  after,  he  was  discharged 
by  the  interference  of  lord  Powis  with  king 
James.  He  died  December  8th,  1691.  He 
was  interred  in  Christ  Church.  His  compo- 
sitions were  very  numerous,  not  less  than  80 
according  to  Mr.  Long  of  Exeter,  or  accor- 
ding to  Dr.  Calamy  120,  or  145  says  the  Bi- 
ographia  Britannica.  Burnet  speak€  of  him 
as  a  man  of  great  piety,  whose  learning 
would  have  commanded  universal  esteem  if 
not  directed  to  politics.  He  was  moving  and 
pathetic,  but  he  possessed  too  much  of  the 
subtle  and  metaphysical. 

Baxter,   William,  nephew  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Lanlugany,  Shropshire. 


His  early  education  was  much  neglected,  s6 
that  when  he  entered  at  Harrow  school,  at 
the  age  of  18,  he  knew  not  one  letter,  and 
understood  nothing  but  Welch.  Applica- 
tion, however,  surmounted  all  difficulties. 
As  a  grammarian,  a  critic,  and  an  antiqua- 
rian, he  equalled  his  contemporaries,  as  his 
editions  of  Horace,  published  1710,  Anacre- 
on  1695,  his  translations  of  some  of  Plu- 
tarch's lives,  his  glossary  of  Uoman  antiqui- 
ties 1726,  and  his  dictionary  of  British  antiqui- 
ties 1719,  sufficiently  evince.  The  best  part 
of  his  life  was  employed  in  imparting  in- 
struction. From  a  private  school  at  Totten- 
ham high  cross,  he  was  elected  master  of  the 
Mercer's  school,  London,  which  laborious 
and  honorable  office  he  ably  filled  and  con- 
ducted for  more  than  20  years.  He  resign- 
ed a  little  before  his  death,  which  happened, 
51st  May  1723,  in  his  73d  year.  Some  of 
his  letters,  &c.  are  preserved  in  the  philoso- 
phical transactions,  No.  306  and  311. 

Baxter,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Old  Aber- 
deen, who  was  engaged  as  tutor  by  the  first 
families  of  Scotland.  As  he  travelled  with 
his  pupils,  he  resided  some  time  at  Utrecht, 
and  visited  different  places  in  France,  Ger- 
many, and  Flanders.  He  married  a  cler- 
gyman's daughter  at  Berwick,  by  whom  he 
had  three  daughters  and  one  son,  Alexander, 
whose  communications  to  the  Biographia 
Britannica  represent  his  father  as  a  man  of 
great  learning,  tried  integrity,  candor  and 
humanity.  He  was  intimate  with  Wilkes,  to 
whom  he  dedicated  one  of  his  works.  Of  his 
compositions  the  most  valuable  is  his  inquiry 
into  the  nature  of  the  human  soul,  &c.  of 
which  the  third  edition  was  published  in  1741. 
He  died  of  a  complication  of  diseases,  but  par- 
ticularly the  gout,  23d  April  1750,  aged  63. 
He  wrote  besides  Matho  five  Cosmotheoria 
puerilis,  dialogues,  &c.  translated  into  Eng- 
lish, 2  vols.  8vo. 

Bayard,  Pierre  du  Terrail,  chevalier 
de,  a  soldier  of  fortune,  born  at  Dauphine. 
He  followed  Charles  VIII.  to  the  conquest  of 
Naples,  and  he  every  where  distinguished 
himself  by  his  heroic  valor,  and  obtained  the 
love  of  the  army.  His  generosity  and  his 
humanity  hare  been  deservedly  celebrated. 
He  gave  back  to  the  daughter  of  his  hostess 
at  Brescia,  the  2000  pistoles  which  he  had 
received  for  the  protection  of  the  house,  and 
he  triumphed  over  his  passion,  in  refusing 
to  offer  violence  to  a  most  beautiful  woman, 
u  horn  fear  and  poverty  had  submitted  to  his 
power.  He  was  with  Francis  I.  at'the  battle 
of  Marignan,  and  when  mortally  wounded, 
against  the  imperialists  in  1524,  he  seated 
himself  under  a  tree,  exclaiming,  that  in  his 
life  he  had  always  faced  the  enemy,  and  that 
in  his  death  he  would  not  turn  his  back  upon 
them.  He  was  in  his  48th  year,  32  of  which 
had  been  devoted  to  the  service  of  his  king 
and  country.  His  remains  were  honored 
with  the  most  magnificent  obsequies  by  the 
duke  of  Savoy,  and  he  was  lamented  not  only 
by  his  own  men,  but  by  the  enemy.  Not  less 
than  foun  persons  have  written  an  account  of 
his  life. 


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Bayer,  Theophilus  Sigfred,  a  German, 
■who  devoted  himself  with  great  industry  to 
ancient  and  modern  languages.  After  visit- 
ing Dantzic,  Berlin,  Halle,  Leipsic,  and 
other  towns  of  Germany,  he  settled  at  Ko- 
nigsberg  as  librarian,  and  nine  years  after, 
1726,  he  went  to  Petersburg,  where  he 
became  professor  of  Greek  and  Roman  an- 
tiquities. He  died  there  in  1738,  aged  44- 
He  wrote  a  number  of  valuable  dissertations. 
His  Musteum  Sinicum  in  two  vols.  8vo.  is 
highly  esteemed.  His  grandfather,  John 
Bayer  of  Augsberg,  was  a  mathematician  of 
great  eminence,  and  chiefly  known  for  his 
description  of  the  stars  in  a  book  published 
1003,  called  Uranometria,  in  which  he  as- 
signs the  names  of  the  Greek  letters  to  the 
stars  of  each  constellation.  His  Uranome- 
tria was  republished  by  himself  in  1G27,  with 
great  improvements,  and  the  new  title  of 
Ccelum  Stellatum  Chrislianum. 

Bayeux,  N.  an  advocate  of  Caen,  rewar- 
ded with  the  poetical  prize  of  the  academy  of 
Rouen  for  his  ode  on  filial  piety.  He  also 
translated  the  Fasti  of  Ovid,  1783,  and  1789, 
4  vols.  8vo.  with  valuable  notes,  and  wrote 
reflections  on  the  reign  of  Trajan,  1787,  in 
4to.  He  was  accused  of  a  criminal  corres- 
pondence with  Monlmorin  and  de  Lessart, 
and  consequently  imprisoned.  The  massa- 
cres of  September  in  1792,  put  an  end  to  his 
life. 

Bayle,  Peter,  born  18th  Nov.  1C47,  at 
Carta,  a  small  town  of  Foix,  was  educated 
by  his  father,  who  was  a  protestant  minis- 
ter, and  gave  early  strong  proofs  of  superior 
genius.  His  scruples  were  raised  by  the 
controversial  books  which  he  perused,  and 
by  the  conversation  of  a  popish  priest  who 
lodged  with  him,  when  he  attended  the 
Jesuit's  college  at  Toulouse,  and  with  all  the 
precipitation  of  immature  judgment,  he  em- 
braced the  catholic  religion,  which  18  months 
after  he  renounced  as  superstitious  and  un- 
supported by  revelation.  He  now  was  em- 
ployed as  tutor  in  three  private  families,  but 
this  sphere  of  action  was  too  circumscribed 
for  his  rising  fame,  and  he  retired  therefore 
ta  Paris,  and  soon  after  was  raised  to  the 
chair  of  a  philosophical  professor  at  Sedan, 
by  the  united  suffrages  of  the  senate  of  the 
university,  who  thus  rewarded  his  merit,  in 
preference  to  three  competitors  of  great  in- 
fluence and  of  acknowledged  talents.  In  this 
new  situation  he  maintained  the  high  cha- 
racter which  he  had  acquired,  but  the  cause 
of  the  protestants  was  not  favored  at  the 
court  of  Lewis  XIV.  and  among  othir  estab- 
lishments the  college  of  Sedan  was  suppres- 
sed by  a  royal  edict  1681.  Bayle,  thus  aban- 
doned to  himself  for  some  time,  doubted 
whether  he  should  take  refuge  in  England  or 
Holland,  but  an  honorable  iniitation  from 
Rotterdam  drew  him  to  that  city,  where  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  philosophy  and 
histor}',  with  an  annual  salary  of  500  guil- 
ders. In  this  peaceful  retreat,  he  began  to 
publish  some  of  his  works,  which,  with  the 
admiration  of  the  learned,  brought  upon  him 
the  resentment  and  envy   of  rivals  and  ene- 


mies, and  the  censure  of  Cristina,  queen  of 
Sweden.  This  famous  princess,  v.  ho  prided 
herself  on  her  discernment  and  mental  ac- 
quirements, and  who  professed  herself  a 
catholic,  more  from  conviction  than  pre  fa- 
dice  or  education,  had  been  alluded  to  by 
Bayle  in  one  of  his  journals,  as  the  author 
of  a  letter  on  the  persecution  of  the  protes- 
tants, and  therefore  a  correspondence  was 
opened  with  him,  and  be  was  persuaded  by 
the  queen  in  a  letter,  full  of  conceited  terms 
of  high  superiority,  but  not  without  great 
civility,  to  apologize  for  his  expressions,  and 
to  acknowledge  her  as  the  patroness  of  learn- 
ing, and  the  friend  of  merit.  His  most  in- 
veterate ei.emics  were  Jurieu  and  Renaudot, 
and  it  is  to  be  lamented,  that  men  of  science 
cannot  engage  in  controversy  without  bitter- 
ness of  reflection  and  acrimony  of  language. 
He  was  afflicted  in  his  latter  years  with  a  de- 
cay of  the  lungs  ;  but  as  he  considered  it  as 
an  hereditary  complaint,  he  disregarded  the 
advice  of  medical  men.  He  died  '28th  De- 
cember 1706,  after  writing  the  best  part  of 
the  day.  The  works  of  Bayle  are  "  thoughts 
on  the  comet  of  1680,  4  vols.  12mo."  in  which 
he  introduces  with  much  good  sense,  pro- 
fane and  religious  conclusions — "  nouvellcs 
de  la  republique  des  lettres,"  a  very  popular 
periodical  work,  published  from  1684  to 
1687 — "  a  philosophical  commentary  on  the 
words  of  our  Saviour,  '  compel  them  to 
come  in,'  2  vols.  12mo." — "  answers  to  the 
questions  of  a  provincial,  5  vols.  12mo." — 
"  letters  in  5  vols."  and  a  "  dictionary  histo- 
rical and  critical,  4  vols,  folio." — Of  these 
works,  which  all  possess  great  merit,  and 
display  strength  of  mind,  deep  research,  and 
vast  erudition,  the  dictionary  is  the  most 
celebrated.  In  this,  however,  as  well  as  in 
others  of  his  publications,  Bayle  gave  the 
reigns  to  the  licentiousness  of  his  ideas.  He 
is  to  be  censured,  not  only  for  indelicate 
expressions  frequently  introduced  with  the 
eagerness  of  a  depraved  and  prurient  ima- 
gination, but  for  impious  and  profane  senti- 
ments, and  so  far  did  his  active  adversary, 
Jurieu,  prevail  against  him,  in  his  accusa- 
tion before  the  consistory  of  Rotterdam,  that 
his  judges  yielded  to  the  truth  of  the  repre- 
sentation, and  called  upon  the  author  to  cor- 
rect his  expressions,  and  show  more  caution 
in  his  principles  in  his  second  edition,  from 
which,  consequently,  some  offensive  passa- 
ges were  properly  expunged.  Among  the 
homage  paid  to  the  abilities  of  Bayle  should 
be  mentioned,  not  only  the  opinion  of  Vol- 
taire, who  considers  the  dictionary  as  a  book 
where  a  man  may  learn  to  think,  but  the 
decree  of  the  parliament  of  Toulouse.  When 
his  relations  wished  to  cancel  the  will  that 
he  had  made  in  Holland,  as  not  valid  in 
France,  Senaux,  one  of  bis  judges,  with  the 
indignation  of  a  man  of  sense  and  humanity, 
exclaimed,  that  the  learned  were  citizens  of 
all  countries,  and  that  he  ought  not  to  be 
branded  with  the  name  of  foreigner,  in 
whose  birth  and  writings  France  had  so 
much  reason  to  glory.  In  his  private  cha- 
racter  Bayle  was  liberal,  open,  and  disinte- 


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tested,  he  was  fond  of  independence,  and 
maintained  his  principles  under  persecution 
and  in  distress.  His  life  was  a  series  of  litera- 
ry occupation,  and  it  is  not  to  be  wondered 
that  his  writings  are  so  numerous,  since,  to 
a  happy  judgment  and  a  copious  fluency  of 
words,  be  added  the  powers  of  a  very  reten- 
tive memory.  His  various  compositions,  be- 
sides the  dictionary,  have  been  published  in 
4  vols,  folio.  Des  Maiseaux  has  written  his 
life. 

Baylf,  Francis,  a  professor  of  medicine 
at  Toulouse,  where  he  died  1709,  aged  87. 
He  was  a  man  of  merit,  and  wrote  some 
medical  treatises. 

Bayley,  Ansclm,  an  English  'livine,  who 
became  minor  canon  of  St.  Paul's  and  West- 
minster Abbey,  and  subdean  of  the  chapel 
royal.  He  was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  the  degree  of  L.L.D.  in 
1764.  He  died  1794.  He  was  author  of  some 
useful  publications,  the  antiquity,  confidence, 
.and  certainty  of  Christianity,  canvassed,  on 
Dr.  Middleton's  examination  of  the  bishop 
of  London's  discourses  on  prophecy — prac- 
tical treatises  on  singing  and  playing  with 
just  expression,  8te. — a  plr.in  and  complete 
grammar  of  the  English  language — a  gram- 
mar of  the  Hebrew,  with  and  without  points 
— the  old  testament,  Hebrew  and  English, 
with  remarks  critical  and  grammatical,  4  vols. 
Svo. — the  commandments  of  God,  in  nature, 
institution,  and  religious  statutes  in  the  Jew- 
ish and  Christian  churches — two  sermons, 
Svo. — alliance  between  music  and  poetry, 
8vo. — &cc 

Bayly,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Caermarthen, 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  made  bishop  of  Ban- 
gor in  1016.  He  is  author  of  a  hook  called 
"  the  practice  of  piety,"  which  became  so 
popular  that  in  1734  it  had  reached  the  59th 
edition.  The  bishop  died  1634  leaving  four 
sons. 

Bayly,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  made  sub- 
dean  of  Wells  by  Charles  I.  He  Mas  with 
Charles  at  Oxford,  and  defended  with  lord 
Worcester  Ragland  castle  ;  after  whiph  he 
retired  to  the  continent  where  he  became  a 
zealous  papist,  and  published  some  religious 
and  controversial  tracts.  After  being  settled 
at  Douay  for  some  time  he  went  to  Italy, 
where  he  died  in  great  poverty  in  an  obscure 
hospital,  according  to  Dr.  Trevor,  fellow  of 
Merton,  who  saw  the  place  where  he  was 
buried. 

Bayly,  Nathan,  was  author  of  an  English 
dictionary,  and  of  some  other  grammatical 
works. 

Baynard,  Anne,  daughter  of  Edward 
B.  a  physician  of  eminence,  was  born  at 
Preston,  Lancashire,  1672.  As  she  was  well 
instructed  in  classical  literature,  and  in  the 
sciences,  she  wrote  Latin  with  great  ease  and 
fluency.  She  died  1697,  and  was  buried  at 
Barnes  in  Surrev. 

Baynes,  Sir  Thomas,  knt.  a  physician, 
professor  of  music  in  G  re  sham  college,  was 
educated  at  Christ's  college,  Cambridge,  and 
accompanied  Sir  John  Finch  to  Italy  and 
Tuvkcv.    He  flied  ;>     Constantinople  1031, 


aged  about  59,  and  was  soon  followed  to  the 
grave  by  his  friend  sir  John.  They  both 
together  left  munificent  donations  of  4000/. 
to  Christ's  college. 

Baynes,  John,  son  of  an  attorney,  was 
born  at  Middleham  in  Yorkshire,  and  educa- 
ted at  Richmond  school,  from  whence  he 
passed  to  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  fellow  in  1780.  Great  ap- 
plication marked  his  progress  in  literature, 
and  at  the  age  of  20  he  obtained  the  me- 
dals for  the  best  exercises  on  mathemati- 
cal and  classical  subjects.  He  entered  at 
Gray's  inn  under  Allen  Chambre,  esq.  and 
espoused,  with  all  the  eagerness  and  viva- 
city of  a  young  man,  the  politics  of  the  times, 
and  he  stood  forth  as  a  vehement  champi- 
on of  reform  at  a  meeting  at  York  in  1779. 
His  abilities  were  displayed  not  only  by  his 
speeches  as  a  member  of  the  constitutional 
society,  but  he  employed  the  great  poet- 
ical talents,  which  he  undoubtedly  posses- 
sed, to  fan  the  flames  of  party.  As  his 
pieces  were  all  anonymous,  it  is  difficult  to 
ascertain  what  he  wrote,  but  the  London 
Courant  among  other  papers  owed  its  fame 
for  some  time  to  his  exertions,  and  he  has 
been  considered  by  some  perhaps  with 
impropriety,  as  author  of  the  celebrated 
archaeological  epistle  to  dean  Milles.  In 
his  friendship  Baynes  was  warm,  zealous, 
and  sincere,  he  was  at  all  times  a  strong  ad- 
vocate for  his  favorite  liberty,  and  he  ex- 
claimed with  more  animosity  than  prudence 
against  the  election  of  some  of  the  fellows  of 
his  college,  so  that  his  remonstrance  drew 
upon  him  censure  from  the  heads  of  the  so- 
ciety, and  an  admonition  to  behave  with 
more  respect  to  his  superiors.  He  was  at- 
tacked by  a  fever,  hastened  it  is  supposed  by 
excessive  application,  and  after  three  days 
illness  he  expired  Aug.  3d,  1787,  aged  29. 
His  remains  were  deposited  in  Bunhillfields 
church-yard,  near  those  of  Dr.  J  ebb,  a  man 
whom  he  esteemed  and  loved. 

Bazire,  Claude,  a  native  of  Dijon,  son  of 
a  porter,  whom  the  revolution  raised  from 
obscurity  to  consequence  and  infamous  cele- 
brity. In  the  national  assembly  and  in  the 
convention  he  shone  above  all  others  for  vio- 
lent measures,  and  as  the  tool  of  the  Jaco- 
bins he  inveighed  indecently  against  the  king, 
and  proposed  a  law  to  set  a  price  on  the 
head  of  la  Fayette.  At  last  Robespierre, 
tired  with  his  bloody  services,  caused  him  to 
be  condemned,  and  he  suffered  with  Danton 
5th  April,  1794,  aged  30. 

Bazzaz,  a  Mahomedan,  author  of  two 
treatises  on  theological  subjects,  for  the  use 
of  the  Mussulmans. 

Be,  Guillaume  le,  an  engraver  and  letter 
founder  at  Troyes.  In  1545,  at  the  age  of 
20,  after  seeing  the  manner  of  composing 
types,  in  the  famous  house  of  Robert  Ste- 
phens, he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  cut 
punches  for  the  Hebrew  printing  house  of 
Mark  Anth.  Justiniani,  and  acquired  both 
reputation  and  opulence.  He  returned  to 
Paris,  where  he  died  159S,  aged  73.  He  is 
mentioned  with  credit  by  Casaubon  in  Scali- 
gers's  opviscula.    His  son  Henry  was  a  pfin- 


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tei*  of  respectability  at  Paris,  and  his  sons 
and  grandsons  were  equally  eminent  in  the 
same  profession;  the  last  of  them  died  1685. 

Beacon,  Thomas,  a  divine  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and  the  first  Englishman  who 
•wrote  against  bowing  at  the  name  of  Jesus. 
He  retired  to  Germany,  under  Mary,  and 
wrote  a  consolatory  epistle  to  the  persecuted 
protestants.  Under  Elizabeth  he  obtained 
a  prebend  at  Canterbury.  Of  his  works  his 
"  de  crenii  domini"  alone  was  in  Latin  in  3 
vols.  fol. 

Beale,  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr.  Cradock, 
minister,  of  Walton  on  Thames,  was  born  in 
Suffolk,  and  distinguished  herself  as  a  por- 
trait painter  in  oil,  water  colors,  and  crayons. 
She  copied  sir  Peter  Lely's  and  Vandyke's 
portraits,  and  was  little  inferior  to  her  con- 
temporaries. Her  portraits  of  Tillotson, 
StillingfleetjPatrick,  Wilkins,  and  other  di- 
vines, are  preserved  at  the  earl  of  Ilches- 
ter's.  She  died  Dec.  28th,  1697,  aged  6C, 
leaving  two  sons,  who  for  some  time  studied 
painting.  One  of  them  afterwards  studied 
physic  under  Sydenham,  and  practised  at 
Coventry.  Walpole's  anecdotes  contain  an 
engraving  of  her,  from  a  painting  by  herself. 

Beard,  John,  known  for  his  eminence  as 
an  actor,  was  brought  up  in  the  King's  chapel, 
and  at  Cannons  in  the  duke  of  Chandos' 
chapel.  His  first  appearance  at  Drury-lane 
•was  in  sir  J.  Loverule  in  the  "  devil  to  pay," 
Aug.  30th,  1737,  but  his  success  and  popu- 
larity were  interrupted  for  a  few  years,  by 
his  marriage  with  lady  Henrietta,  daughter 
of  the  earl  of  Waldegrave,  widow  of  lord 
Edward  Herbert.  He  afterwards  exchanged 
Drury-lane  for  Covent-garden.  His  wife  di- 
ed 31st  of  May  1753.  Six  years  after,  he 
married  the  daughter  of  Mr.  ilich,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  the  management  of  Covent- 
garden.  In  1759,  he  appeared  in  the  cha- 
racter of  Macheath,  and  divided  the  ap- 
plauses of  the  town  for  52  successive  nights, 
with  Miss  Brent  in  Polly.  In  1768  he  reti- 
red from  the  stage,  and  died  that  year,  in 
his  74th  year,  respected  for  his  private  cha- 
racter as  much  as  he  had  been  for  the  su- 
periority of  his  theatrical  talents.  His  re- 
mains were  deposited  in  Hampton  church 
vault. 

Beaton,  orBETON,  David,  archbishop 
»f  St.  Andrew's  and  cardinal,  was  born 
1494,  and  educated  in  the  university  of  St. 
Andrew's  and  Paris.  His  abilities,  which 
•were  great,  but  more  probably  the  interest 
of  his  uncle,  James  Beaton,  archbishop  of 
Glasgow,  raised  him  to  consequence.  In 
1528  he  was  made  lord  privy  seal,  and  some 
years  after  he  was  employed  in  the  honora- 
ble office  of  negotiating  the  king  of  Scot- 
land's marriage  with  Magdalen,  the  French 
king's  daughter,  and  afterwards  that  with 
Mary,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Guise.  His 
popularity  raised  him  enemies,  and  not  only 
the  Scots  but  Henry  VIII.  himself  grew  jea- 
lous of  his  influence,  and  when  he  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  cardinal  and  the  primacy  of 
Scotland,  the  English  monarch  sent  an  am- 
bassador to  king  James,  to  undermine  the 


power  of  the  prelate,  and  to  insinuate  l!r? 
deep  and  perfidious  schemes  which  he  me- 
ditated in  favor  of  the  catholic  cause.  Jamcn 
however  was  deaf  to  the  representations  of 
Henry  ;  the  cardinal,  at  the  head  of  his 
clergy,  proudly  summoned  heretics  before 
him,  and  with  all  the  bigotry  and  furious  zeal 
of  persecution,  he  directed  his  resentment 
particularly  against  sir  John  Borthwick,  the 
favorite  of  the  king  of  England,  and  George 
Buchanan,  illustrious  as  a  poet  and  historian. 
The  death  of  James  for  a  while  checked  the 
career  of  Beaton  ;  he  aspired  to  the  regency, 
but  he  had  the  mortification  to  see  the  en- 
vied power  vested  in  the  hands  of  the  earl 
of  Arran,  and  himself  confined  a  prisoner  in, 
Blackness  castle  His  intrigues  soon  libe- 
rated him  ;  he  was  reconciled  to  the  regent, 
and  in  the  fullness  of  his  power  he  again 
vented  his  persecution  against  the  protes- 
tants. Among  those  who  suffered,  none 
deserved  the  tears  of  humanity  more  than 
George  Wishart,  who  was  precipitately 
tried,  condemned,  and  burnt  as  a  heretic,  at 
St.  Andrew's,  in  the  presence  of  his  haughty 
persecutor.  This  inhuman  deed,  though 
applauded  by  the  catholics,  roused  the  in- 
dignation of  the  kingdom;  but  the  cardi- 
nal's pride  soon  raised  against  him  a  formi- 
dable conspiracy.  He  rejected  with  dis- 
dain a  petition  of  Norman  Lesley,  son  of 
lord  Rothes,  and  the  indignant  youth  beund 
his  family  to  resent  the  insult.  The  prelate 
was  attacked  in  his  castle,  his  servants  were 
secured,  and  the  first  sound  that  awoke  him 
from  his  sleep  were  threats  against  his  life. 
He  opened  his  door  upon  promises,  it  is  said, 
that  no  violence  should  be  offered  to  his  per- 
son, but  he  was  struck  by  one  of  the  Lesleys 
and  by  Carmichael,  and  the  fatal  stab  was  at 
last  given  by  James  Melvil,  one  of  the  as- 
sociates in  the  bloody  deed,  with  a  cool  fe- 
rocity, which,  while  it  insulted  the  bleeding- 
victim,  profanely  called  upon  the  God  of 
peace  to  witness  the  revenge  of  Wishart's 
innocence.    This  was  the  29th  of  May,  1546. 

Beaton,  James,  nephew  of  the  archbish- 
op, was  born  at  Balfour,  and  raised  to  the 
see  of  Glasglow  before  his  25th  .year.  At 
the  reformation  in  1560,  he  fled  to  France 
with  the  records  and  sacred  vessels  of  his 
cathedral,  which  he  presented  to  the  Scotch 
college  of  Paris.  He  left  a  MS.  history  of 
Scotland,  and  died  at  Paris  1603,  aged  73. 

Beatrix,  daughter  of  the  count  of  Bur- 
gundy, married  the  emperor  Frederic  I.  in 
1156.  It  is  pretended  by  some  historians  that 
she  was  insulted  by  the  people  of  Milan,  and 
that  the  emperor  revenged  her  wrongs  by 
the  destruction  of  the  place,  and  the  ignomi- 
nious punishment  of  the  inhalvtauts. 

Beatrix,  of  Provence,  daughter  of  Ray- 
mond Berenger  count  of  Provence,  married 
in  1245  Charles  son  of  Lewis  VIII.  of  France 
who  was  afterwards  crowned  king  of  Naples 
and  Sicily.     She  died  at  Noccra. 

Beattfe,  James,  a  Scotch  poet,  son 
of  a  respectable  farmer,  and  born  in  Kin- 
cardinshire,  October  1735.  He  was  edu- 
cated   at   Aberdeen,   where  lie   obtained   a 


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scholarship,  and  afterwards  he  undertook 
the  care  of  Alloa  school  in  Fifeshire, 
from  whence  he  removed  to  Aberdeen 
grammar  school  as  assistant,  and  married 
the  daughter  of  the  head  master.  He  now 
distinguished  himself  as  an  elegant  writer, 
and  the  publication  of  his  minstrel,  which 
was  begun  in  1771,  and  finished  in  three 
years,  procured  him  the  patronage  of  lord 
Krrol,  and  the  professorship  of  moral  philo- 
sophy and  logic  in  the  Marischal  college  of 
Aberdeeu,  with  a  pension  of  200/.  from  the 
king.  Soon  after  this  he  visited  London, 
where  he  was  received  by  Dr.  Johnson, 
Dr.  Porteus,  and  other  high  and  literaiy 
characters,  with  all  the  respect  due  to  merit 
and  virtue.  He  died  August  1803,  universal- 
ly regretted  as  a  man  who  had  devoted  his 
time  to  the  advancement  of  literature,  of 
taste  and  of  morality.  Besides  his  elegant 
poem  of  the  minstrel,  he  published  a  small 
volume  of  poems  and  translations  1760, — the 
judgment  of  Paris  17&5, — an  essay  on  the 
nature  and  immutability  of  truth,  in  opposi- 
tion to  sophistry  and  scepticism,  1770,  a 
work  of  great  merit  and  full  of  sound  argu- 
ment, urged  with  such  force  against  David 
Hume's  doctrines  that  he  never  heard  the 
name  of  Beattie  mentioned  without  emotion, 
—dissertations  moral  and  crjtical  in  4to.  1783, 
— the  evidences  of  the  Christian  religion  in 
two  small  volumes,  written  at  the  request 
of  his  frieud  the  bishop  of  London, — ele- 
ments of  moral  science,  delivered  in  lectures 
to  his  pupils,  he. 

Beattie,  James  Hay,  son  of  the  above, 
was  born  at  Aberdeen,  6th  November  1768. 
He  early  displayed  great  powers  of  mind, 
and  at  the  age  of  13  he  entered  at  the  Maris- 
chal college  where  he  took  his  master's  de- 
gree in  1786.  His  abilities  were  so  promi- 
sing that,  before  he  was  19,  he  was  appoin- 
ted by  the  king,  at  his  father's  solicitation, 
and  with  the  approbation  of  the  college,  as- 
sistant professor  of  moral  philosophy  and  logic. 
To  the  mildest  manners  he  united  the  pro- 
foundest  devotion  ;  he  always  carried  about 
him  a  pocket  bible  and  a  Greek  new  testa- 
ment. He  was  in  his  disposition  very  cheer- 
ful, he  studied  music  as  a  science,  and  was  so 
fond  of  it  that  he  built  himself  an  organ,  upon 
which  he  performed  skilfully.  He  was  car- 
ried off  by  a  nervous  atrophy,  1 9th  November, 
1790,  to  the  great  grief  of  his  father  and  of 
the  university  of  which  he  was  a  member. 
His  father  published  a  small  volume  of  his 
poetry  in  1799s  and  gave  a  pleasing  and  pa- 
thetic account  of  his  lamented  son,  of  whom 
he  observes  that  he  never  found  fault  with 
him  more  than  three  or  four  times  in  his  life. 
He  had  impressed  early  upon  his  mind  the 
strict  rules  of  morality,  and  particulary  to 
speak  the  truth  and  keep  a  secret,  and,  I 
never  found,  says  the  afflicted  father,  that  in 
a  single  instance  he  transgressed  either. 

Beatus  Rhenanus,  son  of  Anthony 
Bilde,  whose  name  was  altered  to  Rhenanus, 
as  being  a  native  of  Itheinach.  He  was  a 
learned  man,  and  puhlished,  among  other 
classical  work?,  the  history  of  Veil.  Patercu- 


lus,  the  works  of  Tertullian  with  valuable 
notes,  and  other  pieces,  etc.  He  died  at 
Strasburg,  1547. 

Beau,  John  Lewis  le,  a  learned  professor 
and  academician  of  Paris.  He  wrote  a  dis- 
course on  the  dangers  which  attended  lite- 
rary men  from  poverty  and  from  opulence, 
and  he  strongly  recommended  mediocrity  as 
the  truest  standard  of  happiness.  He  pub- 
lished Homer  in  Greek  and  Latin,  2  vols, 
1746,  and  Cicero's  orations  with  annotations, 
3  vols.  1750,  and  died  12th  March,  1766, 
aged  45. 

Beau,  Charles  le,  elder  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  also  distinguished  as  a  scho- 
lar and  professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Paris, 
and  like  Rollin  he  enjoyed  and  deserved  the 
love  and  veneration  of  a  great  number  of  re- 
spectable pupils.  Besides  valuable  contribu- 
tions to  the  memoirs  of  the  academy,  he 
wrote  an  history  of  ths  lower  empire,  in  22 
vols.  12mo.  admired  for  its  correctness,  ele- 
gance, and  accuracy.  The  honor  of  a  seat 
in  the  academy  of  belles  lettres  was  intended 
for  him,  but  he  no  sooner  understood  that 
Bougainville,  the  translator  of  Anti-Lucre- 
tius, opposed  his  pretensions,  than  he  no- 
bly transferred  his  interest  to  the  support  of 
his  rival,  exclaiming  "  every  sacrifice  should 
be  made  to  oblige  a  man  of  merit."  He  was 
gladly  received  on  the  next  vacancy.  He 
died  March  13th,  1778,  aged  77.  His  ope- 
ra latina  were  edited  in  1783,  at  Paris,  in 
3  vols.  12mo. 

Beaucaire  de  Pequillost,  Francois, 
was  born  in  the  Bourbonnois,  and  raised  to 
the  see  of  Metz,  by  the  interest  of  his  pupil 
cardinal  Charles  de  Lorraine.  He  wrote, 
besides  his  treatise  des  enfans,  morts  dans 
le  sein  de  leur  mere — rerum  Gallic,  com- 
mentaria,  from  1461  to  1562,  and  died  1591. 
In  his  history  of  France,  which,  as  he  desi- 
red, appeared  only  after  his  death,  he  is  too 
partial  to  the  Guises,  but  otherwise  he  is  cor- 
rect and  elegant,  a  polite  scholar,  and  the 
friend  of  virtue  and  merit. 

Beaucham,  Richard,  earl  of  Warwick, 
a  brave  general,  who  in  various  encounters 
defeated  the  French.  He  was  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Constance,  and  died  at  Rouen  in  Nor- 
mandy 14.39,  aged  58,  and  his  remains  were 
brought  to  England  and  deposited  at  War- 
wick. 

Beauchamps,  Pierre  Francois  Godard 
de,  was  born  at  Paris,  where  he  died  1761, 
aged  72.  Besides  translations  of  Rhodantis 
&  Doricles  by  Theodorus  Prodromus,  and  of 
the  loves  of  Ismene  and  Ismenias  by  Eusta- 
thius,  &c. — he  wrote  "  lettres  d'Heloise  & 
d'Abelard,"  and  recherches  sur  les  theatres 
de  France,  in  3  vols,  a  work  which  better  re- 
flection and  judicious  selection  might  have 
enriched  with  valuable  anecdotes,  and  a  com- 
prehensive view  of  the  progress  of  the  stage. 

Beauchateau,  Franc.  Matthieu  Cha- 
telet  de,  son  of  a  player,  born  1645,  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  poet  at  the  age  of  eight,  and 
early  noticed  by  the  mother  of  Lewis  XIV. 
by  Mazarin,  Seguier,  and  others.  At  12  he 
published,  some  of  his  poems,  called  la  lyre 


BE 


BE 


da  jeune  Apollon,  and  coming  over  to  Eng- 
land he  was  admired  by  Cromwell.  He  tra- 
velled into  Persia,  where  it  is  supposed  that 
he  died,  as  no  intelligence  was  ever  after 
heard  of  him. 

Beaver,  John,  a  Benedictine  monk  of 
Westminster  abbey,  in  the  14th  century, 
author  of  a  manuscript  chronicle  of  British 
affairs  from  Brutus  to  his  own  time.  This 
work  Hearne  was  prevented  by  death  from 
publishing.  He  is  quoted  with  respect  by 
Stow,  Leland,  and  others.  He  wrote  also  de 
rebus  coenobi  Vestmonast. 

Beaufils,  Guillaume,  a  Jesuit  of  Au- 
vergne,  who  died  at  Toulouse  in  1758,  aged 
84.  He  was  eminent  as  a  preacher  and  as  a 
literary  character.  He  wrote  funeral  dis- 
courses, the  life  of  madame  de  Chantal,  &c. 

Beaufort,  Margaret,  daughter  of  John 
Beaufort,  duke  of  Somerset,  the  grandson  of 
John  of  Gaunt,  was  born  at  Bletsoe,  Bedford- 
shire, in  1441.  She  became  mother  of  Hen- 
ry VII.  by  Edmund  Tudor  earl  of  Richmond; 
after  whose  death  she  married  sir  Henry 
Stafford;  and  for  her  third  husband  took 
Thomas  earl  of  Derby.  She  founded  the 
colleges  of  Christ  and  St.  John,  Cambridge. 
She  died  29th  June,  1509,  highly  respected, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  abbey,  where 
a  black  marble  monument  is  erected  to  her 
memory. 

Beaufort,  Henry,  brother  of  Henry 
IV.  of  England,  was  successively  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  and  afterwards  of  Winchester,  chan- 
cellor of  England,  ambassador  to  France,  a 
cardinal  in  142C,  and  legate  in  Germany. 
He  crowned,  in  1431,  Henry  VI.  in  the  me- 
tropolitan church  of  Paris.  In  his  character, 
he  was  proud,  haughty,  and  ambitious ;  and 
he  is  well  delineated  by  our  immortal  poet. 
He  died  at  Winchester,  1447. 

Beaufort,  Francois  Vendome  due  de, 
son  of  Caesar  duke  of  Vendome,  was  born  at 
Paris,  1616.  He  was  imprisoned  for  conspi- 
ring against  Mazarin,  and  attempted  in  vain 
to  excite  a  rebellion.  He  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  French  civil  wars,  and  became  a 
great  favorite  among  the  populace,  whose 
manners  and  language  he  strangely  affected. 
He  acquired  additional  honors  against  the 
Turks  in  Africa,  and  afterwards  at  the  siege 
of  Candia,  where  he  was  slain  in  1669.  It 
has  been  said,  with  little  probability,  that  he 
was  the  man  in  the  iron  mask  so  long  and  so 
mysteriously  confined  in  the  bastille  at  Paris. 

Beaufort,  Lewis  de,  a  learned  man, 
author  of  the  history  of  Germanicus, — of  a 
dissertation  on  the  uncertainty  of  the  five 
first  ages  of  the  Roman  republic, — of  a  his- 
tory of  the  Roman  republic,  or  ancient  go- 
vernment of  Rome,  etc.  He  was  member  of 
the  London  royal  society  ;  and  died  at  Maes- 
tricht,  1795. 

Beaulieu,  John  Baptiste  Allais  de,  au- 
thor of  "  Part  d'ecrire,"  1681  and  1688,  in  fo- 
lio, was  a  celebrated  writing-master  at  Paris. 

Beaulieu,  Sebastian  Pontault  de,  an  en- 
gineer, who  drew,  and  had  engraved,  all  the 
sieges  and  military  campaigns  of  Lewis  XIV. 
in  2  vols,  folio.    He  died  167  i. 
VOL.  I.  21 


Beaulieu, Louis  le  Blanc  de,  a  theologi- 
cal professor  of  Sedan,  born  at  Plessis-Marli. 
He  died  1675,  aged  04,  with  the  reputation, 
of  being  learned,  courteous,  and  moderate  iu 
his  opinions.  His  theses  were  published 
1683,  in  folio. 

Beaulieu,  N.  Baron  de,  an  Austrian, 
general,  who  distinguished  himself  in  quel- 
ling the  insurrection  of  the  Brabanters  in 
17S9,  and  afterwards  against  Biron,  the 
French  general.  In  1796  he  was  sent  to 
command  the  Austrian  armies  in  Italy,  but 
sunk  before  the  superior  good  fortune  of  Bo- 
naparte, and  after  losing  the  battles  of  Mon- 
tenotte,  Milessimo,  Mondovi,  &c.  he  resign- 
ed his  power  into  the  hands  of  Wurmser, 
and  died  soon  after.  He  was  brave  and  ac- 
tive, but  more  fit  to  command  a  detachment 
than  a  large  army. 

Beaumanoir,  Jean  de,  called  marechal 
de  Lavardin,  rose  by  Iiis  abilities  and  virtues 
to  the  government  of  Maine,  and  to  military 
dignities.  He  died  at  Paris,  1614,  aged  63, 
highly  respected. 

Beaumarchais,  Peter  Augustin  Caron 
de,  son  of  a  clock  maker,  was  born  at  Paris, 
24th  January,  1732.  He  was  brought  up  to 
his  father's  profession,  and  invented  a  new- 
escapement  in  the  machinery  of  a  watch, 
which  was  disputed  with  him  by  another 
artist,  but  honorably  adjudged  to  him  by  the 
academy  of  sciences.  He  was  also  eminent 
as  a  musician,  and  excelled  on  the  harp  and 
guittar,  so  that  he  was  noticed  by  the  sisters 
of  Lewis  XV.  and  liberally  patronised  for  the 
part  which  he  supported  in  their  private 
concerts.  The  abilities  which  he  displayed 
in  three  lawsuits  in  which  he  was  engaged, 
recommended  him  to  government,  and  pro- 
cured him  some  honorable  employment. 
Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  he 
fled  to  Holland,  and  then  to  England  ;  but  af- 
tewards  returned  to  France,  and  was  impri- 
soned. Liberated  with  difficulty  from  the 
abbaye,  he  died  suddenly,  in  1799,  aged  69. 
He  wrote  memoires  contre  les  sieurs  de 
Goesman,  la  Blaehe,  Marin,  d'Arnaud,  1774 
— memoir  in  answer  to  W.  Kornman,  1787 
— Eugenie,  a  drama,  in  five  acts,  1767 — the 
two  friends,  a  play,  1770 — the  barber  of  Se- 
ville, a  comedy,  1775 — the  marriage  of  Figa- 
ro, 1784 — Tarare,  an  opera,  1787 — la  mere 
coupable,  1792,  &c.  These  plays,  and  his 
great  and  indefatigable  activity,  contributed 
much  to  render  him  independent  and  rich. 

Beaumelle,  Laurent  Angliviel  de  la,  a 
native  of  Valleraugues,  in  the  diocese  of  Al- 
lais, whose  literary  fame  procured  him  an 
honorable  reception  in  Denmark,  and  after- 
wards at  Berlin,  where  he  became  acquainted 
with  Voltaire,  whose  abilities  he  admired, 
but  whose  irritable  temper,  opposed  to  his 
own,  produced  dissension,  distrust,  and  en- 
mity. On  his  return  to  Paris,  1753,  le  Beau- 
melle was  confined  in  the  bastille  for  some 
severe  remarks  in  his  book  called  "  mes 
pensees ;"  but  he  was  restored  to  liberty, 
and  retired  to  Toulouse,  where  he  married 
the  daughter  of  M.  Lavaisse,  by  whom  he 
left  a  son  and  a  daughter.    His  merits  were 


BE 


BE 


not,  however,  permitted  long  to  languish  in 
the  country.  He  was  called  to  Paris  to  be 
librarian  to  the  king ;  but  a  dropsy  in  the 
chest  rapidly  terminated  his  useful  career, 
November  1773,  in  his  46th  year.  His  most 
valuable  works  are,  the  memoirs  of  mad. 
Maintenon,  6  vols.  12mo. — letters  to  Vol- 
taire— thoughts  of  Seneca — a  commentary 
on  the  Henriatle — a  defence  of  the  spirit  of 
laws,  &c  He  possessed  the  powers  of  wit 
and  satire  in  a  respectable  degree ;  but  it  is 
to  be  lamented  that  his  personalities  were  so 
illiberal  against  Voltaire,  whom,  in  spite  of 
his  quarrel,  he  still  respected  and  esteemed. 
Beaumont,  Sir  John,  son  of  Francis 
Beaumont,  one  of  the  judges  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth, retired,  after  three  year's  residence  at 
Broadgate-hall,  Oxford,  to  his  native  county, 
Leicestershire.  He  was  knighted  by  king 
Charles,  and  died  1628,  aged  46.  He  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  poet,  and  wrote  the 
"  crown  of  thorns,"  a  poem,  in  eight  books 
— Bosworth-field,  &c. — besides  some  trans- 
lations from  Horace,  Persius,  Virgil,  &cc.  co- 
pied and  published  by  his  son  sir  John. 

Beaumont,  Francis,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, studied  at  Cambridge  and  at  the  In- 
ner Temple.  His  dramatic  pieces,  which 
he  composed  in  conjunction  with  Fletcher, 
acquired  him  great  celebrity,  and  though  he 
did  not  reach  his  30th  year  before  he  paid 
the  debt  of  nature,  March  1615,  the  correct- 
ness of  his  judgment,  his  taste,  and  his  geni- 
us, have  immortalized  his  name  as  a  poet. 
He  was  intimate  with  Ben  Jonson,  who  sub- 
mitted his  pieces  to  his  criticising  eye.  He 
was  buried  in  St.  Peter's,  Westminster,  but 
there  is  no  inscription  on  his  tomb.  He  left 
a  daughter,  who  was  alive  in  1700.  His  works 
are  published  with  those  of  Fletcher. 

Beaumont,  Joseph,  successively  mas- 
ter of  Jesus  college  and  Peter-house,  Cam- 
bridge, and  regius  professor  of  divinity,  was- 
author  of  Psyche,  or  love's  mystery,  in  24 
cantos,  an  allegorical  poem,  much  admired. 
He  wrote  observations  on  Dr.  More's  apolo- 
gy, &c.  He  died  1699,  aged  84.  A  collec- 
tion of  his  poems  appeared  in  1749,  in  4to. 
Beaumont  de  Perefix,  Hardouin, 
archbishop  of  Paris,  wrote  a  valuable  histo- 
ry of  Henry  IV.  for  the  use  of  Lewis  XIV. 
to  whom  he  was  preceptor.  He  displayed 
with  fidelity,  elegance,  and  fire,  the  great 
virtues  and  amiable  character  of  his  hero. 
He  died  1670. 

Beaumont,  mad.  le  Prince  de,  an  able 
and  lively  writer,  whose  works,  in  the  form 
of  romances,  letters,  memoirs,  &c.  were 
intended  to  improve  youth  in  morality  and 
religion.  She  was  born  at  Rouen,  26th 
April  1711,  and  died  at  Anneci,  1780. 

Beaumont,  Elias  de,  a  native  of  Caren- 
tan,  in  Normandy.  He  was  brought  up  to 
the  bar ;  but  though  he  possessed  powers  of 
mind  equal  to  the  profession,  he  unfortu- 
nately was  not  blessed  with  the  gift  of  pleas- 
ing elocution,  and  therefore  he  retired  from 
the  public  eye  to  his  closet.  The  memoire 
which  he  wrote  on  theCalashad  a  most  pow- 
erful effect  over  the  French  nation.  He  wrote 


besides  various  other  memdires  which  pos^ 
sessed  merit.  He  died  at  Paris,  10th  Jan- 
uary 1785,  much  esteemed.  His  wife,  whose 
name  was  Dumesnil-Molin,  wrote  an  interes- 
ting novel,  called  lettres  du  marquis  de  Ro- 
selle,  12mo.  and  died  1783. 

Beaumont,  John  Lewis  Moreau  de,  an 
able  political  writer,  who  died  2d  May  1785, 
at  Mesnil,  near  Nantes,  aged  70.  His  works, 
on  the  impositions  des  elats  de  l'Europe  &c 
de  la  Fiance,  in  4  vols.  4to.  reprinted  1787, 
were  much  and  deservedly  admired  on  the 
continent. 

Beaumont,  Guill.  Rob.  Phil.  Jos.  Jean 
de,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Rouen,  known  for  his 
piety  and  domestic  virtues.  He  was  author 
of  some  theological  pieces,  and  died  1761. 

Beaune,  Jacques  de,  baron  of  Samblan- 
cai,  a  minister  of  the  priories  under  Francis 
I.  He  was  obliged  by  threats  to  give  to  the 
queen-mother  the  300,000  crowns  which 
had  been  promised  to  Lautrec  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  Milanese,  and  when  the  expedi- 
tion failed  he  was  violently  accused  of  pecu- 
lation. In  his  justification,  he  informed  the 
king  of  the  application  of  the  money;  but 
the  queen-mother  perfidiously  obtained  the 
receipts  from  his  secretary,  Gentil,  and  the 
unfortunate  minister  having  now  nothing  to 
produce  in  his  defence,  was  condemned,  and 
executed,  1527.  Gentil  afterwards  suffered 
for  some  other  crime. 

Beaune,  Renaud  de,  a  native  of  Tours, 
who  became  archbishop  of  Bourges,  and  af- 
terwards of  Sens,  1596.  He  was  strongly 
attached  to  the  cause  of  Henry  IV.  He  died 
1606,  in  his  79th  year. 

Beaune,  Florimont  de,  counsellor  of 
Blois,  was  intimate  with  Descartes,  who 
publicly  praised  his  mathematical  know- 
ledge. He  discovered  how  to  determine 
the  nature  of  curves  by  the  properties  of 
their  tangents;  and  died  1652. 

Beaurain,  Jean  de,  a  native  of  Arx  en 
Issart  in  Artois,  known  as  a  negotiator,  but 
more  particularly  as  a  geographer.  After 
studying  under  the  famous  Sanson,  he  was 
made,  at  the  age  of  25,  geographer  to  Lewis 
XV.  for  whom  he  composed  a  curious  per- 
petual almanac.  His  topographical  descrip- 
tion of  the  campaigns  of  Luxemburg  from 
1690  to  1694,  in  three  vols,  folio,  were  high- 
ly valued.  He  died  at  Paris,  February  11, 
1771,  aged  75,  of  a  retention  of  urine. 

Beaurieu,  Gaspard  Guillard  de,  a 
French  writer,  horn  at  St.  Paul  in  Artois  9th 
July  1728,  died  at  Paris  in  a  public  hospital, 
5th  October,  1795.  He  was  very  eccentric 
in  his  dress  and  character,  though  in  his  con- 
versation he  was  lively,  witty,  and  entertai- 
ning. He  wrote  various  things,  the  best 
known  of  which  are  l'eleve  de  la  nature,  the 
pupil  of  nature,  1790,  2  vols.  8v0.  often  re- 
printed— l'heureux  citoyen — cours  d'his- 
toire  naturelle,  7  vols,  12mo.  &c. 

Beausobre,  Isaac  de,  an  able  protcstant 
of  Niort,  who  fled  to  Berlin  from  France  for 
tearing  the  king's  signet  from  the  door  of.  a 
reformed  church  which  he  was  forbidden  to 
enter.    The  king  of  Prussia  esteemed  him  as 


BE 


BE 


hi»  chaplain  and  counsellor;  and  he  deserved 
his  confidence  by  his  erudition,  the  openness 
of  his  character,  and  the  spirit  and  morality 
of  his  discourses.  His  writings  were  thelogi- 
cal ;  the  most  esteemed  was  his  history  of  the 
Manichxans,  2  vols,  a  work  praised  by  Gib- 
bon. He  died  1738,  aged  79.  He  wrote  be- 
sides a  defence  of  the  reformation — a  trans- 
lation of  the  New  Testament,  with  notes, 
together  with  1'Enfant — dissertation  on  the 
Adamites  of  Bohemia. 

Beausobre,  Louis  de,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Berlin,  where  he  was 
distinguished  as  a  literary  character,  and  as 
the  friend  of  the  Prussian  monarch.  He 
wrote  philosophical  dissertations  on  fire,  "  les 
songes  d'epicure — le  pyrrhonismeduSage," 
&c.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy,  December  3, 
1783,  aged  53. 

Beauvais,  Guillaume,  a  native  of  Dun- 
kirk, member  of  the  academy  of  Cortoua, 
and  author  of  a  history  of  the  Roman  em- 
perors by  medals,  3  vols.  12mo.  He  died  at 
Orleans,  1773,  aged  75. 

Beauvais,  Charles  Nicolas,  a  native  of 
Orleans,  distinguished  as  a  physician,  but 
more  as  a  violent  and  seditious  member  of 
the  national  assembly  and  of  the  convention. 
He  died  at  Montpelier,  1704.  Ho  wrote 
essays  historiques  sur  Orleans,  8vo.  des- 
cription topographique  du  mont  Olivet,  8vo. 
— cour  elementaire  d'education  pour  les 
sours  Sc  muets,  &c. 

Beauvais,  John  Baptiste  Charles  Marie 
de,  bishop  of  Senez,  died  1789,  aged  56.  He 
was  eminent  as  an  eloquent  preacher,  and 
in  private  life  was  very  amiable.  His  fune- 
ral orations  which  he  published  were  much 
admired. 

Beauvau,  Lewis  Charles  marquis  de,  a 
French  general  who  distinguished  himself  at 
the  siege  of  Philipsburg,  1734,  at  Clausen, 
Prague,  and  in  Flanders  at  the  siege  of 
Ypres,  where  he  received  a  mortal  wound, 
24th  June  1744,  aged  34. 

Beauvilliers,  Francis  de,  duke  ofSt. 
Aignan,  was  author  of  some  prose  and  poeti- 
cal pieces.  He  died  1687,  aged  80.  His  el- 
dest son,  Paul,  was  precepter  to  the  duke  of 
Berry,  father  of  Lewis  XIV.  He  died  1714, 
in  his  66th  year.  His  brother,  who  was 
bishop  of  Beauvais,  wrote  some  pieces  of 
devotion,  and  died  19th  August,  1751.  Ano- 
ther brother,  Paul  Hippolitus,  was  eminent 
in  the  military  service  of  his  country,  as  well 
as  in  negotiations.  He  wrote  "  amusemens 
literaries;"  and  died  1776,  aged  92. 

Beauz.ee,  Nicolas,  author  of  an  universal 
grammar,  or  exposition  of  the  elements  of 
languages,  2  vols.  Svo. — of  an  exposition  of 
the  historical  proofs  of  religion,  and  other 
works,  besides  the  articles  in  grammar  in  the 
encyclopedia,  was  member  of  the  academy, 
and  professor  of  grammar  in  the  military 
school.  He  was  born  at  Verdun,  and  died 
at  Paris,  25th  January,  1789,  aged  72. 

Bebele,  Henry,  a  native  of  Justingen,  in 
Suabia,  professor  of  eloquence  at  Tubingen. 
He  was  an  able  Latin  scholar,  and  he  recei- 
ved the  poetical  crown,  in  1501,  from  Maxi- 


milian I.  Besides  his  poems,  called  "opuscu- 
la  Bebeliana,"  he  wrote  some  tracts,  &c. 

Becan,  Martin,  a  Jesuit,  born  in  Bra- 
bant, unusally  zealous  in  the  cause  of  the 
pope  and  of  the  church,  was  confessor  tf? 
Ferdinand  II.  and  died  at  Vienna,  1624.  He 
wrote  the  sum  of  theology,  in  French  ;  but 
some  of  his  writings  were  publicly  burnt  at 
Paris  and  at  Rome. 

Beccadelli,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Bdlog- 
na,  who  followed  the  fortunes  of  cardinal 
Pole,  of  whose  life  he  wrote  an  account,  in 
Latin.  He  was  employed  as  ambassador  at 
Venice  and  Augsburg,  and  had  the  care  of 
Ferdinand  son  of  Cosmo  1.  duke  of  Tuscany. 
He  resigned  the  archbishopric  of  Ragusa  ; 
but  was  disappointed  in  his  expectations  tn 
succeed  to  Fisa.  He  died  1572,  aged  80. 
He  wrote  a  life  of  Petrarch,  in  Italian,  and 
corresponded  with  Sadolet,  Bembo,  and 
other  learned  men. 

Beccadelli,  Antonio,  a  native  of  Pa- 
lermo, professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Pavia. 
He  was  crowned  with  the  poetic  laurel  by 
the  emperor  Sigismund,  1432,  and  was  iu 
the  train  of  Alphonso  king  of  Naples,  who 
ennobled  him,  and  gave  him  some,  honorable 
appointments.  He  died  at  Naples,  1471, 
aged  97.  His  epistles,  &c.  were  printed  at 
Venice,  1453.  He  wrote  also  a  book  on  the 
sayings  and  actions  of  Alphonso  king  of  Ar- 
ragou ;  and  showed  himself  so  partial  to 
Livy,  that  he  sold  an  estate  to  purchase  a 
copy  of  the  historian.  He  wrote  also  Her- 
maphroditus,  an  obscene  and  licentious  work. 

Beccafumi,  Dominique,  a  shepherd  of 
Sienna,  whose  abilities  as  a  painter  were  ob- 
served and  encour:  ged  by  Beccafumi,  one  of 
his  countrymen.  In  gratitude  he  exchanged 
the  name  of  his  family,  Mecarino,  for  that 
of  his  benefactor.  He  died  at  Genoa,  154'J, 
aged  65.  His  St.  Sebastian  is  much  admired. 

Beccari,  Augustine,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
who,  and  not  Tasso,  was  the  first  Italian  who 
wrote  pastorals.  His"  il  sacraficio" appeared 
1555.    He  died  1560. 

Beccari  a,  John  Baptist,  a  learned  monk 
of  Mondovi,  known  as  a  teacher  of  philoso- 
phy and  mathematics  at  Palermo,  Rome, 
and  Turin.  The  honors  which  he  received 
in  this  last  place,  as  preceptor  to  the  royal 
family,  were  unable  to  divert  his  attention 
from  philosophical  pursuits.  lie  wrote  dis- 
sertations on  electricity,  and  an  essay  on  the 
cause  of  storms,  &c.  He  died  at  Turin, 
May  22,  1781. 

Beccaria,  James  Bartholomew, a  native 
of  Bononia,  who  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  medicine,  and  became  professor  of  natu- 
ral philosophy  in  the  university  of  Bononia. 
A  liberal  communication  with  the  learned 
men  who  frequented  his  company  produced 
anew  mode  of  instruction ;  the  old  forms 
were  abandoned,  and  lectures  in  natural  phi- 
losophy, anatomy,  chemistry,  physic,  &c. 
were  delivered  to  crowded  audiences  by 
twelve  respectable  professors  ;  and  as  a  me- 
dical reader  Beccaria  acquired  opulence 
and  fame.  A  dangerous  fever,  however, 
nearly    proved  fatal  to  hira,  aud  left  such 


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unpleasant  traces  behind  as  shook  his  con- 
stitution. His  publications  on  philosophical 
and  medical  subjects  were  numerous  and 
valuable,  so  that  his  opinion  was  courted  by 
the  learned  of  Europe,  and  his  name  enrol- 
led among  their  most  respectable  societies. 
Beccaria  studied  the  diseases  of  the  temper 
as  well  as  those  of  the  body ;  and  by  perse- 
verance and  attention  he  converted  a  sour 
and  ungovernable  disposition  to  mildness  and 
placid  composure.  He  died  the  30th  Jan- 
uary 176C,  aged  84. 

Beccaria,  Caesar  Bonesana -marquis,  an 
Italian  philosopher,  the  pupil  of  Genovesi  of 
Naples.  He  published  a  treatise  on  crimes 
and  punishments,  which  proved  a  popular 
work,  and  was  translated   into  various  lan- 

fuages — disquisitions  on  the  nature  of  style, 
:c.     He  died  at  Milan  1795,  aged  75. 

Beccuti,  Francis,  an  Italian  poet,  surna- 
med  II  Cappeta.  He  was  professor  of  law 
in  his  native  town  of  Perugia;  and  died 
1509,  aged  44.  He  is  particularly  known 
by  his  burlesque  poetry,  in  imitation  of  Ber- 
ni.  His  works  were  edited  by  Cavalucci, 
4to.  !751,  Venice. 

Becerra,  Gaspard,  a  Spanish  sculptor 
and  painter  in  fresco.  He  was  the  pupil  of 
Raphael ;  and  his  best  piece  is  a  virgin,  made 
by  order  of  Isabella  of  Valois.  He  died  at 
Madrid  1570. 

Becker,  John  Joachim,  successively  phy- 
sician to  the  electors  of  Mentz  and  Bavaria, 
was  born  at  Spires,  and  died  at  London 
1685,  aged  40.  He  possessed  great  genius, 
and  his  discoveries  in  chemistry  and  me- 
chanics were  many  and  important ;  but 
these  high  merits  were  obscured  by  impetu- 
ous passions,  and  an  unyielding  temper, 
•which  raised  him  enemies,  and  at  last  obli- 
ged him,  after  residing  at  Vienna  and  at 
Haerlem,  to  fly  from  Germany  for  an  asylum 
in  Britain.  His  publications  were  seven  in 
number,  on  philosophical  subjects,  the  chief 
of  which  are  physica  subterranea — instituti- 
ones  chymicje,  &c. 

Becker,  Daniel,  a  physician  of  the  elec- 
tor of  Brandenburg,  who  died  in  his  native 
city  of  Konigsburg  1760,  aged  43.  He  was 
author  of  commentarius  de  theriaca,  &c. 
London,  1660,  8vo. — de  cultivoro  Prussinio, 
Leyden,  8vo. 

Becket,  Thomas,  was  born  at  London, 
1119,  and  educated  at  Merton  abbey  in  Sur- 
rey, and  afterwards  at  Oxford  and  Paris. 
By  the  favor  of  his  patron,  Theobald,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  he  passed  to  Bouonia 
in  Italy,  where  he  studied  civil  law,  and  soon 
after  embraced  the  ecclesiastical  profession, 
and  so  highly  was  he  recommended  to  king 
Henry  II.  that  he  was  made  chancellor  1158. 
As  a  courtier,  Becket  assumed  all  the  gaiety 
of  the  times,  and  when  he  attended  the 
king  to  Toulouse,  he  maintained  in  his  train 
1200  horse,  besides  700  knights  or  gen- 
tlemen. On  the  death  of  Theobald,  the 
monarch  rewarded  his  favorite  with  the  va- 
cant see,  but,  by  resigning  the  seals  of  chan- 
cellor, Becket  offended  his  benefactor  ;  and 
his  subsequent    haughtiness  and  obstinacy, 


and  the  high  tone  in  which  he  asserted  the 
privileges  of  the  church,  further  widened 
the  breach,  and  disturbed  the  peace  of  the 
kingdom.  As  the  guardian  of  his  people, 
Henry  wished  for  a  community  of  laws,  but 
Becket  refused  to  repress  the  disorders  of 
his  clergy  by  suffering  them  to  be  tried  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  laity,  and  though 
for  a  time  he  assented  to  the  famous  constitu- 
tions of  Clarendon,  he  retracted  his  acquies- 
cence, and  resigned  his  archiepiscopal  office 
at  the  feet  of  the  pope,  who  not  only  forgave 
the  error  of  his  judgment,  by  reinstating 
him,  but  espoused  his  cause  and  annulled 
the  decrees.  Supported  by  the  papal  power 
the  primate  excommunicated  those  who  fa- 
vored the  royal  cause,  and  Henry,  swollen 
with  indignation,  banished  his  relations  and 
adherents,  and  sent  them  in  disgrace  and 
indigence  to  their  exiled  master.  Becket 
continued  to  indulge  his  resentment.  Not 
only  the  representations  and  intreaties  of  the 
clergy,  but  the  interference  of  the  pope  by 
two  cardinals,  proved  for  a  while  abortive 
with  the  haughty  prelate,  who,  when  at  last 
he  condescended  to  see  his  sovereign  1167, 
broke  off  the  conference,  because  Henry  re» 
fused  to  give  him  the  kiss  of  peace.  In  1169, 
however,  another  meeting  with  difficulty 
took  place  on  the  confines  of  Normandy, 
and  a  reconciliation  was  effected,  and  the 
king,  in  proof  of  his  sincerity,  held  the  bri- 
dle of  Becket's  horse  while  he  mounted  and 
dismounted  twice.  The  return  of  the  pri- 
mate to  his  country  was  not  attended  with 
the  conduct  which  the  friends  of  public  peace 
expected,  he  refused  to  restore  the  excoirl- 
municated  bishops ;  and  so  irritated  was 
Henry  on  hearing  this,  that  he  exclaimed, 
"  he  was  an  unhappy  prince,  since  none  of 
his  followers  had  either  spirit  or  gratitude  to 
revenge  his  wrongs  on  so  insolent  a  priest." 
The  words  animated  four  of  his  courtiers, 
who  sailed  for  England  and  dashed  out  the 
prelate's  brains  before  the  altar  of  his  cathe- 
dral on  the  29th  Dec.  1171.  The  murderers 
fled,  and  to  expiate  their  crimes,  they  un- 
dertook a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  where 
they  died.  The  news  of  Becket's  death 
alarmed  Henry,  who  not  only  exculpated 
himself  before  the  pope,  but  performed 
penance  at  the  shrine  of  the  murdered 
priest,  and  not  only  passed  the  night  on  the 
cold  pavement  in  penitence  and  prayer,  but 
suffered  himself  to  be  scourged  by  the  monks. 
To  the  violence  of  his  death,  and  not  to  his 
virtues,  Becket  was  indebted  for  the  honors 
paid  to  his  memory.  He  not  only  became  a 
saint  by  the  indulgence  of  the  church,  but  so 
numerous  were  the  miracles  wrought  at  his 
tomb  that  two  large  volumes  could  scarce 
contain  the  mention  of  them.  The  spot  was 
visited  by  thousands  with  religious  awe,  and 
the  shrine  of  the  saint,  like  that  of  a  god  of 
Delphi  in  ancient  times,  was  adorned  with 
whatever  was  most  costly,  rich,  and  valua- 
ble in  the  kingdom. 

Beckingham,  Charles,  an  eminent  dra- 
matic writer,  two  of  whose  pieces,  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  and  Scipio  Al'ricanus,  were 


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,-icted  and  applauded  before  he  completed 
his  20th  year.    He  died  1730,  aged  32. 

Beckikgton,  Thomas,  a  native  of  So- 
mersetshire, in  the  fifteenth  century,  author 
of  a  book  about  the  rights  of  the  English 
monarchs  in  France.  He  was  of  New  col- 
lege, and  became  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells. 

Becquet,  Anthony,  a  Celestine  monk, 
■who  wrote  an  history  of  his  order,  published 
4to.  1721.  He  was  a  man  of  learning,  and 
acquainted  with  many  valuable  literary  anec- 
dotes.   He  died  1730,  aged  76. 

BectasiI,  Culi,  a  learned  Mussulman, 
author  of  a  book  called  the  garden  of 
thoughts. 

Bectot,  Claude  de,  abbess  of  St.  Ho- 
nore'  de  Taras^on,  was  eminent  for  her 
knowledge  of  Latin.  Her  letters  were  so 
polished  and  elegant,  that  Francis  I.  not  only 
showed  them  to  his  courtiers  as  perfect  mo- 
dels, but  paid  the  abbess  a  friendly  visit.  She 
published  several  pieces  in  Latin  and  French, 
both  prose  and  verse,  and  died  1547. 

Be  da,  Noel,  a  violent  ecclesiastic,  born 
in  Picardy,  and  raised  to  the  headship  of  the 
college  of  Monlaign.  His  attack  on  Eras- 
mus was  so  severe  that  the  offended  scholar 
convicted  him  of  asserting  181  lies,  210  ca- 
lumnies, and  47  blasphemies.  It  was  by  his 
influence  that  the  Sorbonne  did  not  pro- 
nounce in  favor  of  the  divorce  of  Henry 
V11I.  and  so,  irritative  were  his  writings  and 
his  conduct,  that  he  was  three  times  sent 
into  banishment,  and  at  hist  died  in  his  exile, 
in  the  abbey,  of  Mount  St.  Michael,  Feb.  8th, 
1537.  His  works  were  neither  elegant  nor 
correct. 

Beda  or  Bede,  surnamed  the  Venera- 
ble, was  born  at  Wearmouth  or  Jarrow,  in 
the  county  of  Durham,  and  from  his  earliest 
years  educated  in  the  monastery  of  St.  Pe- 
ter. The  monastic  life  gave  him  the  oppor- 
tunities which  he  so  ardently  desired,  his 
time  was  devoted  to  the  severest  studies, 
and  his  name  and  learning  became  so  re- 
spectable that  pope  Sergius  in  vain  solicited 
his  presence  at  Rome.  He  was  courted  bv 
the  most  learned  of  his  countrymen,  and 
particularly  by  Egbert,  bishop  of  York,  to 
whom  he  wrote,  in  the  last  years  of  his  life, 
an  epistle,  valuable  for  the  curious  statement 
which  it  gives  of  the  ecclesiastical  affairs  of 
the  times.  Confinement  and  application  at 
last  overpowered  his  constitution  ;  but  though 
laboring  under  the  complicated  weight  of  a 
consumption  and  an  asthma,  he  continued 
occasionally  to  impart  instruction  to  the 
monks  of  the  monastery,  till  he  expired, 
ii6th  May  735,  aged  63.  His  remains  were 
deposited  at  Jarrow,  but  afterwards  removed 
to  Durham,  and  placed  with  those  of  St. 
Cuthbert.  Of  his  writings,  which  were  all 
composed  in  Latin,  the  most  celebrated  were 
his  ecclesiastical  history  from  the  time  of  Ju- 
lius C'xsar  to  his  own  age,  collected  from 
the  annals  of  convents  and  ancient  chro- 
nicles— his  commentaries  on  scripture,  Sec. 
His  works  were  so  universally  admired  that 
not  only  his  countrymen,  but  foreigners, 
were  loud  in  his  praises.     Some  however 


have  severely  attacked  his  literary  character 
He  certainly  possessed  all  the  puerile  cre- 
dulity of  the  times;  he  indulged  in  the  rela- 
tion of  legendary  miracles.  He  wrote,  says 
du  Pin  {tomC,  p.  8R.)  with  surprising  facility, 
but  without  elegance,  art,  purity,  or  reflec- 
tion ;  and  though  his  style  is  clear,  he  ap- 
pears to  be  a  greater  master  of  learning  than 
of  judgment,  or  true  critical  taste,  lie  v.  as 
however,  according  to  Camden,  Bale,  Pits, 
and  others,  a  man  of  superior  powers  of 
mind,  and  he  shone  like  a  meteor  in  the 
darkness  of  a  barbarous  age.  So  valuable 
were  his  writings  considered  that  a  council 
ordered  them  to  be  publicly  read  in  churches. 
The  best  edition  of  his  history  is  that  of 
1722  in  folio. 

Bedell,  William,  an  illustrious  prelate, 
born  1570,  at  Black  Notley  in  Essex.  He 
studied  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
which  he  left  to  reside  upon  the  living  of  St. 
Edmundsbury,  Suffolk,  and  five  years  after, 
1604,  he  went  to  Venice  as  chaplain  to  the 
ambassador  sir  Henry  Wotton.  During  a 
residence  of  eight  years  in  this  ancient  re- 
public, he  diligently  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  Hebrew,  and  formed  a  friendly  and 
intimate  acquaintance  with  Paul  Sarpi,  the 
rabbi  Leo,  and  Antonio  de  Dominis,  men 
equally  celebrated  for  their  learning  and 
piety.  On  his  return  home  he  was  presen- 
ted to  the  living  of  Horingsheath,  and  twelve 
years  after  he  was  unanimously  elected  to 
the  provostship  of  Trinity  college,  Dublin, 
which  by  the  king's  command,  though  re- 
luctantly, he  accepted,  and  two  years  after 
the  favour  of  his  patrons,  sir  Thomas  Jermyn 
and  bishop  Laud,  raised  him  to  the  see  of 
Kilmore  and  Ardagh.  In  this  high  station 
Bedell  behaved  wilh  that  strong  sense  of 
propriety  which  his  private  manners  so  much 
promised.  He  exhorted  his  clergy  to  ex- 
emplary conduct  and  residence ;  and,  to 
show  them  his  own  moderation,  he  resigned 
the  bishopric  of  Ardagh.  His  ordinations 
were  public  and  solemn,  example  was  made 
to  go  hand  in  hand  with  profession  in  the 
great  business  of  religion,  and  in  a  synod  of 
his  clergy  which  he  convened  for  reforma- 
tion, some  canons  were  enacted,  excellent 
and  conciliator)'.  A  strong  advocate  for  the 
church,  he  always  abhorred  the  persecution 
of  the  papists,  and  supported  the  justice  and 
the  rights  of  his  cause  by  the  arms  of  meek 
persuasion,  not  of  virulent  compulsion.  The 
liturgy  as  well  as  the  bible  was  translated 
into  Irish,  and  every  method  pursued  which 
might  inform  and  enlighten  the  minds  of  a 
rough  and  uncivilized  peasantry.  So  much 
exemplary  meekness  did  not  go  unapplaud- 
ed  ;  when  the  country  was  torn  by  rebellion 
in  1641,  the  bishop's  palace  was  the  only  ha- 
bitation in  the  county  of  Cavan  that  remain- 
ed unviolated.  Malice  however  prevailed, 
the  rebels,  who  had  declared  that  the  pre- 
late should  be  the  last  Englishman  driven 
from  the  country,  demanded  the  expulsion 
of  the  unfortuuate  men  who  had  fled  to  hit 
roof  for  refuge,  and  when  he  continued  firm 
to  his  refusal,  he  and  his  family  were  seized 


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5M«i  sent  prisoners  to  the  castle  of  Clough- 
boughter.  The  horrors  of  confinement,  and 
more  particularly  the  misfortunes  of  his 
country,  however,  broke  his  heart,  he  ex- 
pired on  the  7th  of  February  1641,  in  the 
house  of  Dennis  Sheridan,  a  protestant,  to 
whose  care  he  had  been  intrusted.  His 
memory  received  unusual  honors  from  the 
rebels,  who  in  a  large  body  accompanied  his 
remains,  and  fired  over  his  grave  in  the 
churchyard  of  Kilmore,  with  all  the  homage 
due  to  a  worthy  man,  a  pious  Christian,  and 
an  exemplary  prelate. 

Bederic,  Henry,  a  monk  who  florished 
about  the  year  1380.  He  was  born  at  Saint 
Edmundsbury,  Suffolk,  and  distinguished  as 
an  eloquent  preacher.  He  was  for  his  learn- 
ing honored  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  chosen  for  his  virtues  provin- 
cial of  the  Augustine  order  in  England.  He 
wrote  several  theological  treatises. 

Bedford,  Hilkiah,  a  quaker  of  Sibscy, 
Lincolnshire,  who  settled  as  stationer  in 
London.  His  son  of  the  same  name  was 
educated  at  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  fellow ;  but  though  patronised 
by  the  earl  of  Winchelsea,  the  politics  of 
the  revolution  deprived  him  of  his  beuefice 
in  Lincolnshire.  He  was  fined  1000  marks 
in  1714,  for  publishing  "  The  hereditary 
right  of  the  crown  of  England  asserted," 
though  the  real  author  was  Harbin,  a  non- 
juring  priest,  whom  his  friendship  thus  pro- 
tected. He  wrote  an  answer  to  Fontenelle's 
oracles  and  Dr.  Barwick's  life,  translated 
from  the  Latin,  &c.  and  died  Nov.  26th, 
1724,  aged  61. 

Bedford,  Thomas,  second  son  of  Hil- 
kiah, was  educated  at  Westminster  school 
and  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  and  he  acquired 
as  a  nonjuring  clergyman  some  reputation 
among  his  party  at  Compton,  near  Ash- 
bourne, Derbyshire,  where  he  died  Februa- 
ry 1773,  in  good  circumstances  and  much 
respected.  In  his  earlier  years  he  was 
chaplain  at  Angiers  in  France,  in  the  family 
of  sir  John  Cotton,  bart.  and  his  marriage 
with  the  sister  of  George  Smith,  esq.  of 
Durham,  enabled  him.  to  .prepare  for  the 
press  an  edition  of  Simeon  of  Durham's 
history.  He  wrote  also  an  historical  cate- 
chism. 

Bedford,  John  duke  of,  third  son  of 
Henry  IV.  distinguished  himself  as  the  gen- 
eral of  the  English  armies  in  France,  during 
the  minority  of  Henry  VI.  whom  he  pro- 
claimed king  at  Paris.  He  defeated  the 
French  fleet  in  several  encounters,  especial- 
ly near  Southampton,  and  in  the  battle 
where  he  routed  the  duke  of  Alencon.  He 
died  at  Rouen  1435.  When  some  courtiers 
advised  Charles  VIII.  of  France  to  demolish 
the  monument  of  this  noble  foreigner,  the 
monarch  answered  "Suffer  to  sleep  in  peace 
the  ashes  of  a  man  who  when  alive  made  all 
France  tremble." 

Bedloe,  William,  a  low  adventurer, 
whom  the  success  of  Gates  animated  to  the 
discovery  of  a  pretended  popish  plot,  for 
which  the  house  of  commons  voted  him  500/. 


The  play  called  "The  excommunicated 
prince,"  ascribed  to  him,  is  attributed  by- 
Wood  to  Thorn.  Walter  of  Jesus  college, 
Oxford.    He  died  August  20th,  1680. 

Bedos  de  Celles,  Francis,  a  Benedic- 
tine of  St.  Maui*,  member  of'the  academy  of 
Bourdeaux,  was  born  at  Caux,  and  died  25th 
November,  1779,  aged  53.  He  published  a 
treatise  on  dialling,  8vo.  1780,  and  one  on 
the  art  of  making  organs,  4to. 

Bedreddin,  Baalbeki,  a  physician  of 
Balbec,  in  the  seventh  century  of  the  hegira, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  those  medicines 
which  excite  pleasure,  &c.  He  inveighs 
against  Avicenna  for  ranking  coriander 
among  the  simples  which   enliven  the  heart. 

Beek,  David,  a  Flemish  painter.  Yid. 
Bek. 

Beg  a,  Cornelius,  a  Dutcli  painter  born 
at  Haerlem.  His  landscapes,  cattle,  and 
conversations,  were  much  admired.  During 
a  plague  he  fell  a  victim  to  his  excessive  at- 
tention to  his  mistress,  who  was  attacked  by 
the  disease  1664,  in  his  45th  year. 

Beger,  Laurence,  son  of  a  tanner  of 
Heidelberg,  was  librarian  to  the  elector  of 
Brandenburg.  He  published  several  valua- 
ble books  on  antiquities  and  medals,  particu- 
larly thesaurus  ex  thesauro,  palatinus  selec- 
tus,  seu  gemmae,  folio, — spicilegium  anti- 
quitatis,  fol. — thesaurus  five  gemmae  numis- 
mate,  &c.  3  vols,  folio.  He  died  at  Berlin 
1705,  aged  52.  He  wrote,  besides  a  book  in 
favor  of  polygamy  at  the  instance  of  Charles 
the  elector  palatine,  who  wished  to  espouse 
his  mistress,  but  he  recanted  its  tenets  after 
the  prince's  death. 

Begeyn,  Abraham,  a  Dutchman,  born 
1650,  painter  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  His 
landscapes  and  other  pieces  adorn  the  royal 
palaces  of  Berlin,  and  also  some  of  the 
public  buildings  of  the  Hague. 

Becon,  Michael,  a  native  of  Blois,  who, 
after  practising  law,  distinguished  himself  in 
the  marine,  and  as  governor  of  the  French 
West-India  islands,  kc.  He  was  universally- 
respected  for  the  benevolence  of  his  charac- 
ter. He  died  14th  March,  1710,  in  his  72d 
year.  He  had  collected  a  most  valuable  cabi- 
net of  antiques,  medals,  prints,  and  curi- 
osities, and  from  the  various  memoirs  which 
he  selected,  Perrault  derived  his  materials 
for  his  "  History  of  the  illustrious  men  of 
France." 

Becuillet,  Edmund,  advocate  in  the 
parliament  of  Dijon,  and  correspondent  of 
the  academy  of  belles  lettres,  devoted  him- 
self much  to  agriculture  and  domestic  eco- 
nomy. He  died  May  1786.  Heisauthorof 
a  work  on  the  principles  of  vegetation  and 
agriculture,  8vo.  1769 — treatise  on  the  vine 
and  wines,  1770 — on  mills  and  millwrights — 
&c. 

B  eh  aim,  Martin,  a  native  of  Nuremberg, 
whose  penetrative  genius,  enriched  by  the 
studies  of  navigation  and  cosmography, 
formed  the  first  idea  of  a  new  world.  This 
bold  adventurer  sailed  in  1460 'in  quest  of 
discoveries,  and  actually  visited  the  Brazijs, 
the  isle  of  Fayal,  and  the  straits  of  Ma- 


BE 


BE 


'gellan,  and  on  liis  return  he  constructed  a 
globe  of  20  inches  diameter,  with  a  repre- 
sentation of  his  voyage,  still  to  be  seen  at 
Nuremberg.  This  curious  circumstance,  if 
supported  by  truth,  detracts  from  the  long 
established  merit  of  Columbus,  as  the  first 
discoverer  of  America.  He  died  at  Lisbon, 
1506. 

Behn,  Aphra,  an  English  poetess,  born 
at  Canterbury  She  embarked  with  her  fa- 
ther, Mr.  Johnson,  who  was  appointed  go- 
vernor of  Surinam,  but  his  death  on  the 
passage  destroyed  her  prospects,  and  she  re- 
turned to  England,  where  she  married  Mr. 
Behn,  a  merchant,  of  Dutch  extraction.  It 
is  however  to  be  observed,  that  her  resi- 
dence at  Surinam  introduced  her  to  the 
company  of  Oroonoko,  a  native  prince, 
whose  story  she  has  pathetically  described 
in  a  novel  bearing  the  same  name,  and 
though  assertions  injurious  to  her  character 
have  been  uttered  by  malice  or  envy  with 
respect  to  this  illustrious  American,  it  must 
be  confessed  that  his  fondness  for  his  wife 
Imoinda,  and  the  vigilance  of  her  relations, 
are  the  best  proofs  of  her  virtuous  deport- 
ment. Charles  II.  was  pleased  with  her  vi- 
vacity, and  she  was  employed  by  the  court 
to  discover  the  machinations  of  the  Dutch 
against  England.  She  was  successful  in  this 
attempt,  and  the  love  which  Vander  Albert 
had  formerly  entertained  for  her  person, 
was  converted  into  an  engine  to  serve  her 
country.  The  unwary  Dutchman  in  his 
moments  of  fondness  betrayed  the  inten- 
tions of  De  Witt  and  De  Ruyter  to  sail  up 
the  Thames,  but  the  English  court  unfortu- 
nately considered  the  secret  as  improbable, 
and  Mrs.  Behn  renounced  her  politics,  and 
on  her  return  home  devoted  herself,  some- 
times under  the  fictitious  name  of  Astrxa, 
to  pleasure  and  the  muses.  Her  works  were 
miscellaneous,  and  chiefly  consisted  of  poems, 
sonnets,  and  songs,  17  plays,  besides  novels, 
letters,  and  histories,  and  translations,  and 
after  a  long  indisposition,  she  died,  April 
16th,  1689,  and  was  buried  in  the  cloisters  of 
Westminster  abbey.  Her  memoirs  have 
been  published,  and  prefixed  to  her  works, 
three  vols.  8vo. — Her  writings,  like  her  life, 
are  too  often  marked  by  licentiousness. 

Bexch,  Joachim  Francis,  a  painter,  born 
at  Ravemberg,  in  Swabia.  His  landscapes 
and  battles  were  much  admired.  He  died 
1748,  aged  83. 

Beidhavi,  a  judge  of  Schiraz,  in  Persia. 
He  wrote  two  volumes  on  the  Koran,  and 
died  the  year  685,  or  692,  of  the  hegira. 

Beierlinck,  Laurence,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Antwerp,  who  edited  Z  winger's  theatrum 
vitse  humanse,  and  Biblia  sacra,  &c.  He 
died  1627,  aged  49. 

Beinaschi,  John  Baptist,  a  painter,  born 
at  Piedmont.  He  studied  at  Rome  under 
Lanfranc,  and  was  knighted  in  honor  to  his 
great  merit.     He  died  1688,  aged  54 

Beithar,  Ben,  an  African,  author  of  an 
history  of  simples  in  alphabetical  order,  &c. 
Jie  died  the  646th  year  of  the  hegira. 
Bek,  David,  a  native  of  Delft,  in  the  Ne- 


therlands, pupil  to  Vandyk.  His  abilrtie? 
as  a  painter  highly  recommended  him  to 
Charles  I.  of  England,  and  to  the  kings  of 
France  and  Denmark,  and  to  queen  Chris- 
tina of  Sweden.  It  is  said  that  in  travelling 
through  Germany,  he  fell  sick  at  an  inn,  and 
was  considered  as  dead.  His  servants,  how- 
ever, drinking  by  his  bed-side,  poured,  in  a 
frolic,  a  glass  of  wine  into  his  mouth,  obser- 
ving that  he  was  a  friend  to  the  bottle  when 
alive,  and  the  sudden  application  operating 
upon  him,  he  Dpened  his  eyes,  and  gradually 
revived.  He  died  at  the  Hague,  1656,  aged 
35.  He  had  been  in  most  of  the  capitals  of 
Europe,  to  paint  the  most  illustrious  persons 
of  each  court  for  Christina  of  Sweden. 

Bekker,  Balthasar,  a  Dutch  divine  of 
Warthuisen,  in  Groningcn.  After  studying 
at  the  universities  of  Groningcn  and  Frane- 
ker,  he  settled  as  minister  of  Oosterlingen, 
where  he  published  a  catechism  for  children, 
which  drew  upon  him  the  censures  of  seve- 
ral ecclesiastical  assemblies.  The  synod  of 
Franeker,  however,  approved  of  his  doc- 
trines, and  recommended  the  book  as  full  of 
wholesome  and  useful  instructions.  He  pas- 
sed afterwards  to  Loenen  near  Utrecht,  to 
Wesop  and  to  Amsterdam,  where  he  acqui- 
red celebrity,  by  writing  a  treatise  on  comets, 
and  an  exposition  of  the  book  of  Daniel.  The 
most  known,  however,  of  his  publications 
was  "  the  world  bewitched,"  an  inquiry  into 
the  vulgar  notions  of  spirits,  and  devils.  So 
high  was  the  clamor  raised  against  him  by 
this  composition,  that  he  was  suspended 
from  his  ministerial  office,  though  the  magis- 
trates of  Amsterdam,  with  unparalleled  ge- 
nerosity, continued  to  pay  him  his  salary. 
A  medal  was  struck  to  ridicule  the  process 
of  the  synods  against  him.  Bekker  died  of  a 
pleurisy,  June  11th,  1608. 

Bel,  John  James,  a  native  of  Bourdeaux, 
author  of  the  "  dictionaire  neologique,"  since 
improved  by  des  Fontaines — of  critical  let- 
ters on  Voltaire's  Mariamne — and  of  an  apo- 
logy for  Houdar  de  la  Motte.  He  was  severe 
against  the  use  of  novel  expressions  and  af- 
fected'terms,  and  united,  with  great  pene- 
tration, the  powers  of  irony  and  satire.  He 
died  at  Paris,  of  excessive  labor,  1738,  aged 
45. 

Bel,  Mathias,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Orsowa,  in  Hungary.  He  studied  physic  at 
Halle,  which  he  relinquished  for  divinity. 
He  was  rector  of  the  school  of  Presburg, 
and  minister,  and  was  ennobled  by  Charles 
VI-  for  his  literary  works.  He  wrote  appa- 
ratus ad  historiam  Hungariaj,  and  notitia  Hun- 
gariae  nova  ;  two  works  of  merit,  which  pro- 
cured him  honorable  marks  of  esteem  and 
admiration  from  the  pope,  the  empress  ol 
Russia,  and  the  king  of  Prussia.  He  died 
1749,  aged  66. 

Bel,  Charles  Andrew,  son  to  the  above, 
was  born  at  Presburg, -and  was  honorably 
appointed  to  the  professorship  extraordinary 
of'Leipsic,  1741,  and  in  1756  to  that  of  poe- 
try, with  the  office  of  librarian,  and  the  title 
of  counseller  of  state.  He  wrote  de  vera 
originc  &  epocha  Hunnorum,  Sec.  4to.  and 


BE 


BE 


was  engaged  in  tUe  acta  eruditorum,  from 
l?5i  to  1781.     He  died  1782,  aged  04. 

Belcamp,  John  Van,  a  Dutchman,  em- 
ployed under  Vanderdort  to  copy  pictures 
in  tlie  king's  collection,  which  he  executed 
with  judgment  aud  accuracy.     He  died  1653. 

Belchiek,  John,  was  born  at  Kingston, 
Surrey,  aud  after  an  Eton  education  was  put 
apprentice  toCheselden,  the  most  celebrated 
surgeon  of  his  age.  Perseverajice  and  assi- 
duity soon  rendered  him  eminent  in  his  pro- 
fession, and  in  1736,  in  his  30th  year,  he  suc- 
ceeded Craddock  as  surgeon  in  Guy's  hos- 
pital. In  this  employment  he  hecame  re- 
spected aud  beloved  for  his  attention,  and, 
unlike  the  mercenaiy  practitioners  of  the 
times,  lie  considered  not  the  emoluments  of 
his  office,  but  the  character  of  his  station, 
and  treated  with  unwearied  patience  and  hu- 
manity those  whom  diseases  or  misfortunes 
had  placed  under  his  care.  In  his  private 
life  he  was  equally  amiable,  his  whole  time 
•was  devoted  either  to  his  friends  or  to  the 
improvement  of  his  profession,  and  many 
are  the  ingenious  communications  with  which 
he  favored  the  philosophical  transactions  and 
other  publications.  He  respected  the  name 
of  Guy  almost  to  adoration,  observing,  that 
no  other  man  would  have  sacriliced  150,000Z. 
for  the  relief  of  his  fellow  creatures.  After 
enjoying  an  uninterrupted  health,  he  died 
almost  suddenly  in  1785,  in  his  70th  year, 
and  he  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  Guy's 
hospital. 

Belesis,  a  Chaldean,  made  governor  of 
Babylon,  for  his  services  in  elevating  Arbaces 
to  the  throne  of  Media,  770.  B.  C. 

Belgrade,  James,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Udi- 
na,  eminent  as  a  mathematician,  poet,  and 
antiquary.  His  treatise  on  the  existence  of 
God,  demonstrated  by  geometrical  theory, 
is  an  able  work.     He  died  1789,  aged  85. 

Bet.idor,  Bernard  Forest  de,  an  emi- 
nent French  engineer,  professor  of  the  aca- 
demies of  Paris  and  Berlin,  and  author  of  the 
dictionaire  portatif  de  I'ingenieur,  12mo. 
His  hydraulics,  architecture,  &c.  are  still 
highly  valued  on  the  continent.  He  died 
September  8th,  1761,  in  his  70th  year. 

Be  ling,  Richard,  a  native  of  Belings- 
town,  in  the  county  of  Dublin.  After  being 
educated  in  Dublin,  and  in  the  catholic  tenets 
of  his  family,  he  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
but  without  the  intention  of  practising,  as  he 
became  a  leading  officer  in  the  rebellion  of 
1641.  He  was  afterwards  a  member  of  the 
catholic  council  of  Kilkenny,  and  so  high 
■were  his  services  valued,  that  he  went  over 
as  ambassador  to  the  pope,  and  brought  back 
the  nuncio  Rinuccini  with  him.  The  in- 
trigues of  this  foreign  prelate,  however  were 
unfriendly  to  the  views  of  the  catholics,  and 
this  was  no  sooner  discovered  than  Beling 
became  reconciled  to  the  duke  of  Ormond 
and  the  royal  authority,  and  on  the  success 
of  the  parliamentary  forces,  he  retired  to 
France,  where  he  devoted  his  time  to  give  a 
Latin  history  of  the  rebellion,  which  dis- 
tracted his  unfortunate  country.  This  book, 
called  Vindiciarum  Catholic,    Hibernia:,  is 


considered  as  highly  important  and  authen- 
tic. Beling  returned  to  Dublin  after  the  res- 
toration, where  he  recovered  his  estates, 
and  where  he  died  September,  1077,  aged 
64. 

Belisarius,  a  celebrated  general  in  the 
service  of  the  emperor  Justinian.  After 
serving  his  country  against  the  Persians,  the 
Vandals  in  Africa,  the  Goths  and  the  Huns 
in  Italy,  and  every  where  displaying  marks 
of  wisdom,  fortitude,  bravery,  and  heroism, 
he  was  accused  of  rebellion,  and  dishonora- 
bly condemned  by  the  weak  emperor,  who 
confiscated  his  estates.  The  story  of  his 
being  blind,  and  begging  for  his  bread,  is  of 
modern  invention.    He  died  565. 

Bell,  Beaupre,  was  descended  from  au 
ancient  and  respectable  family,  settled  at 
Beaupre-hall  in  Norfolk.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster  school,  and  entered  at  Tri- 
nity college,  Cambridge,  1723,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  antiquarian.  His  col- 
lections consisted  of  the  most  valuable  me- 
dals, seals,  drawings,  coins,  &c.  which  he 
presented  to  Trinity  college.  He  died  of  a 
consumption  when  young,  and  unmarried. 
He  was  buried  in  St.  Mary's  chapel  in  Out- 
well  church,  Norfolk. 

Bellarmin,  Robert,  a  celebrated  Je- 
suit, born  in  Tuscany,  1542.     After  a  resi- 
dence  of  seven  years  at  Louvain,   he   re- 
turned to  Italy,   and  recommended  himself 
by  his  lectures  to  the  pope,  Sixtus  V.  who 
employed   him,   and  raised  him,  in   1590,  to 
the  dignity  of  cardinal.     He  was  afterwards 
advanced  to  the  see  of  Capua,  which  he  re- 
signed in  1605,  that  he  might  bestow  greater- 
attention  to  the  affairs  of  the  church,  and  be 
near    the   pope's  person.       His    infirmities 
however  increased  upon   him,   he  left  the 
Vatican,   1621,    and  died   17th   September, 
the  same   year,  at  the  house  of  the  Jesuits, 
and   received    at   his  burial  all  the  honors 
which  were  due  to  a   saint.     Bellarmin  de- 
servedly acquired  great  reputation  as  a  con- 
troversial  writer  ;  his   powers  of  eloquence 
were  extensive,  and   so  formidable  were  the 
labors  of  his  pen,  in  defence  of  the  Romish 
church,  that  for  40  or  50  years  there  was 
scarce  a   man  of  abilities  among  the  protes- 
tants,  who  did  not  take  up  the  shield   to  op- 
pose   his   opinions.      He  did   not    however 
adopt  all  the  tenets  of  the  Jesuits  ;  h*J  could 
not  embrace  fully  the  doctrine   of  predesti- 
nation, nor  many  of  the   expressions  <of  the 
Romish  litanies,   and   he   rather  inclii  led  to 
the  opinions  of  St.  Augustine.     His  most  fa- 
mous  book  is  his  body   of  controversy,  in 
four  vols,  folio,  besides  a  commentary  oi  i  the 
psalms,  a  treatise   on  ecclesiastical  wrir.ers, 
&c.     His  life   has  been  published  by  Ja  mes 
Fuligati,  and  he  is  represented  as  a  mai  a  of 
uncommon  temperance,  patience,  and  cl  vas- 
tity,  small  in  stature  ;  but  though  indiffer.  5nt 
in  his  person,  he  showed  the  strong  feelii  \gs 
of  his  soul  in  every  feature.    Some  partit  Hi- 
lars of  him  are  to  be  seen  further  in  A  le- 
gambus,  Possevinus,  Sponde,  &c. 

Bell  ay,  William  du,  a  French  gener  »l, 
distinguished  also  as  a  negotiator,  so  tl  laX 


BE 


BE 


Charles  V.  observed  that  his  pen  had  fought 
more  against  him  than  all  the  lances  of 
France.  He  strongly  interested  himself  in 
favor  of  Henry  VIII.  to  obtain  bis  divorce 
from  queen  Catherine.  His  penetration  was 
remarkable,  so  that  by  intrigue  or  bribery 
he  made  himself  master  of  the  most  secret 
councils  of  the  emperor.  With  the  view  of 
communicating  some  important  intelligence 
to  Francis  I.  he  left  Piedmont,  of  which  he 
■was  viceroy,  but  his  infirmities  were  so  great 
that  he  died  on  the  way  at  Saphorin,  be- 
tween Lyons  tr.vl  Roan,  9th  January,  1543. 
He  was  buried  at  Mons.  Of  his  composi- 
tions the  most  known  is  his  Latin  history  of 
his  own  times,  of  which  however  the  best 
part  has  been  lost. 

Bel. lay,  John  du,  bishop  of  Bayonne, 
and  afterwards  of  Paris,  was  engaged  as  a 
negotiator  between  Henry  VIII.  of  England 
and  the  pope,  with  respect  to  his  divorce; 
but  he  labored  in  vain  to  prevent  the  bull  of 
excommunication  from  being  fulminated 
against  the  refractory  prince.  His  abilities, 
however,  were  more  immediately  directed 
to  the  service  of  Francis  I.  and  when  that 
monarch  opposed  the  invasion  of  Provence 
by  Charles  V.  Bellay,  now  became  a  cardi- 
nal, assumed  the  defence  of  Paris,  and  forti- 
fied it  with  a  strong  rampart  still  to  be  seen. 
The  death  of  Francis  was  attended  with  the 
disgrace  of  Bellay;  cardinal  de  Lorraine  be- 
came the  favorite,  and  the  discarded  minis- 
ter retired  to  Rome,  where  his  great  riches 
enabled  him  to  build  an  elegant  palace.  He 
died  there  16th  Feb.  1560,  aged  68,  leaving 
the  character  of  an  able  negotiator,  a  bril- 
liant wit,  and  an  insinuating  courtier.  To 
his  fondness  for  literature  the  French  owe 
the  institution  of  the  college  royal.  He 
wrote  harangues,  elegies,  epigrams,  odes, 
an  apology  for  Francis  I.  &c.  collected  to- 
gether in  one  vol.  8vo.  1549. 

Bellay,  Martin  du,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  engaged  as  a  negotiator  by 
Francis  I.  whom  he  served  with  fidelity  and 
success.  He  wrote  historical  memoirs  found 
among  the  fragments  of  his  brother  William. 
He  died  at  Perche  1559. 

Bellay,  Joachim  du,  was  born  at  Lire, 
24  miles  from  Angers,  but  the  talents  which 
nature  had  bestowed  upon  him  were  neglect- 
ed by  the  inattention  of  his  elder  brother,  to 
whose  care  he  was  intrusted.  He,  however, 
at  last  burst  forth  through  all  obstacles,  and 
though  his  health  was  impaired  by  the  weight 
of  domestic  misfortunes,  he  studied  the  pro- 
"ductions  of  ancient  and  modern  times,  and 
excelled  so  much  in  poetry,  that  he  was  cal- 
led the  Ovid  of  France.  He  followed  his  re- 
lation the  cardinal  to  Italy,  but  returned 
after  three  years'  absence  to  Paris,  where 
his  cousin,  P'.ustache  du  Bellay,  the  bishop, 
procured  him  a  canonry,  and  a  peaceful  re- 
tirement from  the  malice  of  his  enemies, 
who  envied  his  fame  and  bis  merits.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy  1st  January,  1560,  aged 
37,  and  deserved  the  tears  and  the  regret  of 
the  learned,  who  staled  him  with  truth  pater 
ekgantiarum,  paler  omnium  leporum.  He 
VOL.    I.  22 


has  been  censured  for  improper  and  indeli- 
cate expressions  in  his  writings.  His  Latin 
poetry,  printed  at  Paris  ilo.  1569,  is  not  de- 
void of  merit,  though  inferior  to  his  French 
verses,  published  1561.  The  following  neat 
couplet  on  a  dog  is  by  him  ; 

Latratufures  except,  mutus  amantes  ; 

Sic  placid  domino,  sic  placui  dominie. 

Belle,  Etienne  de  la,  an  artist  in  draw- 
ing and  engraving,  who  died  at  Florence 
1664,  aged  54,  highly  respected,  and  a  great 
favorite  of  the  duke. 

Belle,  Alexis  Simon,  a  painter,  disciple 
of  Francis  de  Troy,  patronised  by  the  king 
of  France.  He  died  at  Paris  1734,  aged  60. 
He  united  with  great  judgment  the  happy 
art  of  making  dress  and  other  accessaries 
subservient  to  the  brilliancy  of  his  coloring. 

Belleau,  Remi,  one  of  the  seven  poets 
called  the  pleiades  of  France,  was  born  at 
Nogent  le  Rotron,  and  lived  in  the  family  of 
Renatus  of  Lorraine.  He  excelled  as  a  pas- 
toral writer,  and  in  his  translations  of  Ana- 
creon  he  preserved  all  the  beauties  and  ease 
of -the  original.  His  poem  on  the  nature  and 
difference  of  precious  stones  is  much  ad- 
mired.    He  died  at  Paris  1577,  aged  49. 

Bellecour,  Colson,  a  distinguished  ac- 
tor on  the  French  stage.  He  excelled  as 
much  in  comic  parts  as  de  Kain  in  tragic. 
He  died  1786.  His  wife,  who  survived  him. 
till  1799,  was  equally  celebrated,  and  par- 
ticularly in  the  low  characters  of  Aloliere's 
comedies. 

Belleforet,  Francis  de,  a  native  of 
Sarzan  in  Guienne,  whose  early  years  were 
supported  by  the  labors  of  a  poor  widowed 
mother,  and  the  greater  partiality  of  the? 
queen  of  Navarre.  He  studied  at  Bourdeaux. 
and  Toulouse,  and  passed  to  Paris,  where 
he  was  honored  with  the  friendship  of  the 
learned  and  the  great.  His  history  of  the 
ninth  Charles  of  France — his  universal  histo- 
ry of  the  world — his  annals  or  general  his- 
tory of  France,  are  the  most  known  of  his 
works.     He  died  *t  Paris  1583,  aged  53. 

Bellegarde,  Jean  Baptiste  Morvan  de, 
a  Jesuit  of  Plhyriac,  in  the  diocese  of 
Nantes,  expelled  from  his  society  for  being 
a  Cartesian.  He  died  26th  April,  1734, 
aged  86.  His  works,  which  are  numerous, 
but  without  depth  or  ingenuity,  consist 
chiefly  of  moral  treatises,  translations  of  the 
fathers,  of  Chrysostom,  Basil,  Ambrose, 
Thomas  a  Kempis — and  versions  of  the  clas- 
sics— a  version  of  las  Casas'  history  of  the 
Indies,  in  four  small  volumes. 

Bellenden,  William,  a  Scotchman, 
master  of  the  requests  to  James  VI.  and 
humanity  professor  at  Paris.  In  the  enjoy 
ment  of  literary  ease,  he  devoted  his  time 
to  classical  pursuits,  and  published  some 
learned  works,  called  t'icerouis  princeps, 
1608,  and  Ciceronis  consul,  1618,  dedicated 
to  Henry  prince  of  Wales,  with  treatises  on 
political  writers,  kc.  His  admiration  of  the 
Roman  orator,  and  of  Seneca  and  Pliny,  was 
further  demonstrated  in  a  more  comprehen- 
sive work,  "de  tribus  luminibus  Romano- 
rum,"  the  completion  of  which,  however. 


BE 


BE 


was  stopped  by  death.  This  valuable  trea- 
tise was  edited  in  1787,  with  all  the  care 
and  homage  which  the  labors  of  an  elegant 
scholar  could  receive  from  the  nervous  pen 
ofDr  Parr. 

Bellengee,  Francis,  a  learned  doctor 
of  the  Sorbornne,  who  translated  Dionysius 
of  Hylicarnassus,  and  also  Herodotus,  of 
which  the  copy  was  left  in  MS.  and  among 
other  things,  he  wrote  criticisms  on  Rollin's 
works,  to  prove  his  ignorance  of  Greek,  lie 
was  born  in  the  diocese  of  Lisieux,  and  died 
at  Paris  12th  April,  1749,  aged  61. 

Bel  let,  Charles,  a  native  of  Querci, 
who  died  at  Paris  1771.  He  obtained  several 
prizes  at  Marseilles,  Bourdeaux,  and  Rouen, 
and  was  universally  esteemed  for  his  learn- 
ing and  benevolence.  His  writings  are, 
1'adoration  Chretienne  dans  la  Devotion  de 
Rosaire,  12mo.  1745 — several  pieces  of  elo- 
quence— les  droits  de  la  religion  sur  le  cCEur 
de  I'liomme,  1764,  2  vols.  l2mo. 

Bellet,  Isaac,  an  eminent  physician, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  effects  of  the  ima- 
gination on  pregnant  women — a  history  of 
Catiline's  couspiracv,  &c.  He  died  at  Paris 
1778. 

Bellievre,  Pompone  de,  was  born  at 
Lyons,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  nego- 
tiator at  the  court  of  Charles  IX.  Henry  III. 
and  Henry  IV.  but  after  enjoying  *^ie  smiles 
and  favors  of  princes,  as  a  counsellor,  and 
as  chancellor  of  France,  he  was  disgraced 
lor  the  introduction  of  Si'leri.  He  died  at 
Paris  9th  September,  1607,  in  his  78th  year. 
There  have  florished  of  the  same  family 
some  superior  characters,  the  best  known 
of  whom  was  a  president  of  the  parliament 
of  Paris,  to  whose  humanity  and  charitable 
feelings  the  poor  and  helpless  were  indebted 
for  the  foundation  of  the  general  hospital  of 
Faris.  He  was  also  ambassador  in  England 
and  Holland. 

Bellin,  Gentil,  a  Venetian,  so  eminent 
as  a  painter  that  Mahomet  solicited  him  to 
come  to  Constantinople.  He  complied  with 
the  request,  and  adorned  that  capital  with 
the  most  masterly  efforts  of  his  pencil.  His 
best  piece  was  the  decollation  of  John  the 
Baptist;  the  skin  of  the  neck  of  which,  how- 
ever, the  grand  signior  censured,  as  not 
agreeable  to  nature,  and  to  convince  the 
painter,  summoned  a  slave  before  him,  and 
ordered  his  head  immediately  to  be  struck 
off.  This  so  intimidated  Bellin,  that  instead 
of  correcting  the  fault,  he  earnestly  solicited 
his  dismission.  He  returned  to  Venice 
loaded  with  presents,  and  died  1501,  aged  80. 

Bellin,  John,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  equally  distinguished  as  a  painter.  He 
■was  one  of  the  first  who  painted  in  oil  ;  a 
secret  which  he  stole  from  Antoine  de  Mes- 
sine,  by  ac-suming  a  disguised  character.  He 
died  1512,  aged  90. 

Bellin,  James,  a  learned  and  laborious 
geographical  engineer,  of  Paris,  who  enrich- 
ed literature  by  80  valuable  marine  charts, 
by  essays  on  the  geoprapby  of  Great-Bri- 
tain, kc.  He  was  member  of  the  royal  so- 
ciety of  Loudon,  and  died  21st  March,  1772, 
aged'  69. 


Bellini,  Laurence,  a  physician  of  Fio» 
rence,  who,  after  studying  at  Pisa,  under 
the  able  direction  of  Oliva  et  Borelli,  was 
elected  there  professor  of  philosophy,  though 
only  20  years  of  age.  He  e"joyed  the  patro- 
nage and  friendship  of  the  grand  duke  Fer- 
dinand II.  and  as  an  anatomist  and  physician 
deservedly  acquired  great  celebrity.  His 
works  were  numerous  and  in  Latin,  and 
much  admired.  After  being  thirty  years 
professor,  he  left  Fisa  for  Florence,  where 
he  died  January  8,  1703,  aged  60. 

Bellocq_,  Peter,  was  valet  de  chambre 
to  Lewis  XIV.  but  better  known  for  his  wit, 
his  physiognomy,  and  his  satirical  writings. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Moliere  and  Racine, 
and  died  4th  October,  1704,  aged  59,  author 
of  a  poem  on  the  hotel  des  invalides — satires 
— petits  maitres — nouvellistes,  &c. 

Belloi,  Peter,  a  native  of  Montauban, 
who  espoused  the  cause,  and  wrote  in  favor- 
of  Henry  III.  against  the  Guises.  He  was 
advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Toulouse,  and 
was  honored  and  promoted  by  Henry  IV. 
His  writiugs  are  now  little  known. 

Belloi,  Peter  Laurence  Buyrette  du,  a 
native  of  St.  Flour,  in  Auvergne,  who,  after 
being  educated  by  his  uncle,  who  intended 
him  for  the  bar,  abandoned  his  country,  and 
a  profession  which  he  despised,  and  retired 
to  Russia,  where  he  assumed  the  character 
of  comedian.  He  returned  to  Paris  in 
1758,  and  recommended  himself  to  public 
notice  by  the  tragedy  of  Titus,  and  after- 
wards that  of  Zelmira.  His  most  popular 
piece  was  the  siege  of  Calais,  which  drew 
upon  him  not  only  the  favors  of  the  king, 
but  the  applauses  of  the  nation.  The  magis- 
trates of  Calais  honored  him  with  the  free- 
dom of  their  city,  and  placed  his  portrait 
among  those  of  their  benefactors  ;  and  Vol- 
taire paid  the  highest  compliment  to  the 
genius  and  merit  of  the  poet ;  which,  how- 
ever, the  ill-natured  satirist,  after  Belloi's 
death,  either  through  envy  or  insincerity, 
withdrew.  The  success  of  the  siege  of  Calais 
was  followed  by  Gaston  and  Bayard,  inferior 
in  merit,  in  sentiment,  and  composition. 
The  last  pieces  which  he  composed  were 
Peter  the  cruel,  and  Gabrielle  de  Vergi  ; 
but  so  little  were  they  admired,  that  the 
poet's  heart  was  broken  through  disappoint- 
ment ;  he  fell  a  pre)"  to  a  lingering  disease; 
and  though  Lewis  XVI.  who  knew  his  merit, 
with  an  exemplary  benevolence  of  heart, 
sent  him  50  louis  d'or,  and  the  comedians 
promised  their  united  support  for  his  benefit, 
he  expired  on  the  5th  of  March,  1775,  aged 
48.  The  works  of  Belloi  were  published  by 
Gaillard,  in  6  vols.  8vo.  with  a  life  and  valua- 
ble annotations.  Though  frequently  happy 
in  noble  sentiments  and  fine  strokes  of  na- 
ture, Belloi  sacriiiced  simplicity  and  the 
true  pathetic  to  unnatural  harangues  and 
bombastic  ejaculations. 

Belloni,  Jerome,  a  banker  at  Rome, 
made  a  marquis  by  pope  Benedict  XIV.  who 
knew  and  esteemed  his  merit.  He  wrote 
an  essay  on  commerce,  printed  1750,  and. 
often  re-edited,  and  translated  into  English, 
German,  and  French.    He  died  1760. 


BE 


BE 


Bellori,  John  Peter,  celebrated  as  an 
antiquarian,  was  born  at  Rome,  and  died 
1696,  aged  80.  He  was  chief  librarian  to 
■queen  Christina,  His  writings,  which  are 
in  12  different  publications,  are  valuable  and 
curious  for  the  information  which  they  con- 
tain on  the  antiquities,  monuments,  8cc.  of 
Rome  and  Italy.  The  most  known  are,  ex- 
plication des  medaillons  rares  du  cabinet  du 
cardinal  Campegne,  4to. — les  vies  des  pein- 
tres,  architectes,  et  sculpteurs  modernes, 
1672,  4to. — description  des  tableaux  peints 
par  Raphael  au  Vatican,  lf>95,  fol.  Jkc. 

Bellotti,  Peter,  an  historical  painter, 
torn  at  Venice.  His  portraits  were  also 
much  admired.     He  died  1700,  aged  75. 

Bellvcci,  Anthony,  a  painter,  born  at 
Venice,  1654.  He  was  disciple  toDominico 
Definico,  and  was  employed  in  the  service  of 
the  emperor  Joseph,  and  afterwards  of  the 
elector  Palatine. 

Belon,  Peter,  M.  D.  was  born  in  the 
Maine,  and  travelled  into  Judea,  Greece, 
and  Arabia,  of  which  places  he  published  an 
interesting  account.  His  other  works  were 
on  birds,  fishes,  &c.  all  equally  valuable.  He 
■was  assassinated  from  motives  of  resentment, 
near  Paris,  1564,  in  his  46th  year. 

Be  lot,  John  de  Blois,  an  advocate  of 
Paris,  who,  in  163",  wrote  an  apology  for 
the  Latin  tongue,  to  prove  the  impropriety 
of  using  the  French  in  learned  works.  He 
was  advocate  to  the  privv  council  of  Lewis 
XIV. 

Belsukce,  Henry  Francis  Xavier  de, 
descended  from  a  noble  family  in  Guienne, 
was  of  the  soeiety  of  the  Jesuits,  and  became 
bishop  of  Marseilles  in  1709.  His  name  is 
immortalized  by  the  humanity  of  his  conduct, 
for,  during  the  dreadful  plague  which  rava- 
ged the  city  of  Marseilles  in  1720,  he  was 
seen  running  from  street  to  street  to  adminis- 
ter relief  and  consolation  to  the  afflicted,  as  a 
physician,  a  magistrate,  and  as  a  spiritual 
guide.  In  the  town-hall  of  the  city  he  is  rep- 
resented with  all  the  amiable  features  belong- 
ing to  his  character,  as  bestowing  his  bene- 
diction on  some  poor  wretches  who  are  lying 
at  his  feet.  So  exemplary  a  conduct  drew 
upon  him  the  love  of  the  people  and  the  fa- 
vors of  his  sovereign ;  but  the  good  bishop  re- 
fused the  more  elevated  rank  of  the  diocese 
of  Laon  in  Picardy,  offered  him  by  Lewis 
XV.  observing,  that  Marseilles  was  dear  to 
him  by  habit,  as  well  as  by  calamity.  He 
was  honored  by  the  pope  with  the  pallium, 
which  is  never  granted  but  to  an  archbishop, 
but  the  highest  reward  was  the  applause  of 
the  good,  and  a  tranquil  conscience.  He  died 
in  1755,  mourned  as  he  deserved.  He  foun- 
ded a  college  at  Marseilles  for  benevolent 
purposes,  that  still  bears  his  name.  His 
writings  were  chiefly  pastoral  instructions — 
a  history  of  the  bishops  of  Marseilles — the 
life  of  mad.  de  Foix  Candale,  &c.  An  inter- 
esting and  elegant  account  of  the  plague  and 
of  the  humanity  of  Belsunce  was  written  by 
iJertrand. 

Belus,  founder  of  the  Babylonian  mo- 
narchy, 1322  B.  C.  was  made  a  god  by  his  son 
and  successor  Ninur. 


Bei,yn,  a  British  prince,  who  is  said  t& 
have  served  under  the  famous  Garactacus. 
His  father's  name  was  Cynvelyn. 

Belyn  o  leys,  a  British  chief,  illustri- 
ous for  his  vigorous  resistance  against  the 
attacks  of  Edwin,  in  620.  As  he  and  his  fol- 
lowers bound  themselves  close  together  with 
the  bridles  and  letters  of  their  horses,  they 
were  called  the  golden  banded  tribes,  and  af- 
terwards wore  a  golden  band  as  the  insignia 
of  their  rank. 

Bembo,  Peter,  a  noble  Venetian,  whose 
father  was  governor  of  Ravenna.  He  studied 
at  Florence,  Ferrara,  and  in  Sicily;  and  be 
not  only  acquired  the  ease  and  delicacy  of  the 
Tuscan  language,  hut  he  imbibed  a  higher 
taste  than  his  contemporaries  for  the  litera- 
ture of  Greece.  He  was  drawn  from  the  re- 
tirement which  he  loved  to  be  the  secretary 
of  pope  Leo  X.  in  1518;  but  ill  health  obliged 
him  to  remove  from  Rome  to  Padua,  and  af- 
terwards to  Venice.  His  services  to  the  holy 
see  were  rewarded  by  Paul  III.  who  raised 
him  to  the  rank  of  cardinal,  and  made  liim 
bishop  of  Bergamo,  where  he  died,  20th 
January,  1547,  aged  77,  from  a  contusion  re- 
ceived on  his  side  against  a  wall,  while  on 
horseback.  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
Minerva.  An  epitaph  was  written  over  his 
grave  by  his  son  Torquato,  and  a  marble  sta- 
tue was  erected  to  his  honor  at  Padua  by  his 
friend  Jerome  Quirini.  Bembo's  life  has  been 
written  by  de  la  Casa.  His  writings  consist 
of  letters — a  history  of  Venice  in  12  books — 
speeches' — the  life  of  Gui  Ubaldi  de  Monte- 
feltro  duke  of  Urbino,  all  in  Latin.  Of  his 
poetical  pieces,  only  one  is  in  Italian.  His 
style  is  elegant  and  correct,  though  frequent- 
ly he  affects  too  much  of  the  Ciceronian  ; 
but  the  subject  of  his  poetry  is  too  often  in- 
delicate, and  it  must  be  shocking  to  the  ears 
of  virtue  to  understand  that  a  cardinal  could 
write  in  a  manner  that  would  have  disgraced 
the  most  profligate  debauchee. 

Beme,  or  Besme,  a  domestic  of  the  Gui- 
ses, so  called  because  a  Bohemian  by  birth. 
His  real  name  was  Charles  Dianowitz.  He 
murdered  Coligni,  and  was  rewarded  by  the 
cardinal  de  Lorraine  with  the  hand  of  one 
of  his  illegitimate  daughters.  Beme  was  af- 
terwards seized  by  the  protestants  atSn'..;- 
tonge  in  1575,  and  killed  by  his  keeper, 
whom  he  attempted  to  shoot,  in  order  to  es- 
cape from  confinement. 

Bennavidio,  Marcus  Mantua,  a  lear- 
ned law  professor  of  Padua,  highly  honored 
by  Charles  V.  and  Pius  IV.  He  died  28th  of 
March  1582,  aged  93.  His  writings  were 
collectanea  superjus  Cxsarum,  Venice  1583, 
fol. — vitie  virorurn  illustrium,  Paris  15G4, 
in  4to. 

Bexbow,  John,  an  English  seaman,  who 
fought  a  most  desperate  engagement  in  the 
Mediterranean,  against  an  African  corsair, 
and  for  his  great  gallantry  was  invited  to  the 
Spanish  court  by  Charles  II.  who  not  only 
loaded  him  with  presents,  but  recommended 
him  to  James  II.  This  high  distinction  in- 
troduced Benbow  into  the  English  navy, 
where  after    the    revolution  his  skill    and 


BE 


BE 


bravery  were  employed  in  the  protection  of 
commerce,  and  in  the  blockading  and  bom- 
barding the  French  ports.  The  activity 
which  he  every  where  displayed,  was  deser- 
ving of  the  highest  favors,  he  was  raised  to 
the  rank  of  a  vice  admiral,  and  with  a  squad- 
ron under  his  command  he  was  sent  by  king 
William  to  the  West  Indies,  where  his  cou- 
rage and  good  conduct  were  so  conspicuous  as 
to  call  forth  the  commendation  of  the  com- 
mons, whilst  they  censured  the  object  and 
views  of  his  expedition.  In  a  second  voyage 
to  the  West  Indies,  he  fell  in  with  the  French 
fleet  under  du  Casse  near  St.  Martha's  on 
the  Spanish  coast,  which  he  pursued  and  at- 
tacked with  his  usual  bravery  ;  but  the  me- 
rit of  Benbow  did  not  animate  his  men,  his 
officers  refused  to  do  their  duty,  and  the  ad- 
miral who  had  lost  a  leg  in  the  engagement, 
was  thus  dishonorably  robbed  of  a  most  glo- 
rious victory.  On  his  arrival  in  Jamaica, 
Benbaw  arrested  his  cowardly  officers,  but 
their  punishment  could  not  check  the  rapid 
powers  of  disease.  The  admiral  was  ex- 
hausted by  the  severity  of  his  wound,  and 
more  by  a  broken  heart  occasioned  by  the 
cowardice  of  his  fleet ;  he  fell  a  prey  to  a 
consumptive  disorder,  and  died  4th  Nov. 
1702,  aged  about  52. 

Benbow,  John,  son  of  the  admiral,  was 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Madagascar, 
the  same  year  that  his  father  died  in  the 
West  Indies.  A  long  residence  among  the 
rude  natives,  much  altered  his  manners, 
so  that  when  at  last  he  returned  to  his  coun- 
try by  escaping  on  board  a  Dutch  ship,  his 
friends  found  no  longer  the  liveliness  and 
ease  which  they  had  admired,  but  a  melan- 
choly and  habitual  taciturnity.  He  died  sev- 
eral years  after  his  return  in  privacy.  He 
did  not  write,  as  was  generally  supposed,  an 
account  of  his  stay  at  Madagascar,  but  the 
barren  journal  which  he  kept  was  acciden- 
tally burnt  at  his   brother's  lodgings  in  1714. 

Benci,  or  Bencio,  Francis,  author  of  a 
poem  on  the  death  of  the  five  martyrs  of 
his  society  in  India,  and  of  other  poems  and 
orations,  was  a  Jesuit  in  Italy,  and  the  disci- 
ple of  Muretus.    He  died  at  Rome  1594. 

Benda,  George,  a  native  of  Altbenadky 
in  Bohemia,  master  of  the  chapel  of  the 
duke  of Saxe  Gotha.  In  1778  he  settled  at 
Hamburgh,  and  afterwards  went  to  Vienna, 
and  then  returned  to  Gotha,  where  he  was  re- 
warded for  his  musical  talents  with  a  pension, 
and  where  he  died  1795,  aged  74.  His  three 
brothers  were  like  himself  eminent  as  musi- 
cians, and  his  sister  also  married  a  musician. 
He  wrote  some  pieces  for  the  harpsichord, 
but  of  all  his  compositions  produced  on  the 
stage  his  Ariadne  in  the  isle  of  Naxos  is  the 
most  deservedly  admired. 

Bendish,  Bridget,  wife  of  Thomas  Ben- 
dish,  esq.  was  daughter  of  general  Ireton, 
and  grand-daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell, 
whom  she  resembled  in  affected  piety,  dress, 
deep  dissimulation,  and  personal  arrogance. 
After  managing  her  salt  works  at  Southtown 
in' Norfolk  with  all  the  labor  and  fatigue  of 
the    most    menial   servant,    she   sometimes 


spent  her  evening  at  the  public  assembly  a( 
Yarmouth,  where  a  princely  behaviour,  and 
the  assumption  of  dignified  manners,  ensu- 
red her  the  respect  and  admiration  of  her 
neighbours.  This  remarkable  woman  who 
in  public  life  might  have  acquired  some  ce- 
lebrity by  her  self-command  and  the  strong 
powers  of  her  mind,  died  in  retirement 
1727,  revering  the  memory  of  her  grand- 
father as  a  hero  and  a  saint. 

Bendlowes,  Edward,  a  man  of  educa- 
tion and  property,  who  after  studying  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge  travelled  over  the 
greatest  part  of  Europe,  and  on  his  return 
home  became  the  Mecsenas  of  the  age.  Po- 
ets, musicians,  buffoons,  and  flatterers  sha- 
red his  favors,  and  reduced  him  from  an  in- 
come of  700  or  1000/.  a  year  to  almost  po- 
verty ;  and  after  a  long  residence  at  Oxford 
he  died  there  18th  Dec.  1686,  aged  73.  He 
wrote  himself  some  poetical  pieces,  and  was 
the  friend  of  Davenant,  Payne,  Fisher,  &c. 
He  was  inclined  to  popery,  though  age  pro- 
duced an  alteration  in  his  religious  senti- 
ments. 

Benedetto,  le,  or  Benedict  Castigli- 
orte,  a  native  of  Genoa,  known  as  the  pupil 
of  Pagi,  Ferrari,  and  Vandyke,  and  eminent 
as  a  painter  of  historical  pieces,  but  espe- 
cially markets  and  animals.  His  best  pieces 
are  in  his  native  city,  though  he  resided  at 
Rome,  Naples,  Florence,  Venice,  and  Par- 
ma. His  touch  is  very  delicate,  and  in  the 
clear  obscure,  his  success  is  wonderfully 
great.  He  was  also  an  engraver.  He  died 
at  Mantua,  1670,  aged  54. 

Benedict,  St.  a  native  of  Italy,  who  re- 
tired at  the  age  of  14,  to  Sublaco  40  miles 
from  Rome,  and  devoted  his  life  to  the  most 
penetential  austerities,  in  a  cave  far  from 
the  conversation  of  mankind.  So  much  se- 
verety  did  not  pass  unnoticed,  he  was  sur- 
rounded by  crowds  of  admirers,  and  Bene- 
dict become  a  saint,  built  t  »•  el ve  monasteries, 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  society  of 
Benedictines,  so  famous  in  Europe.  His 
regula  monachorum  is  the  only  authentic 
book  he  wrote.  He  died  about  the  year 
542  or  547,  aged  67.  His  life  has  been  writ- 
ten by  Gregory  the  great  with  a  long  ac- 
count of  pretsnded  miracles. 

Benedict,  a  famous  abbot  of  the  7th 
century,  of  a  noble  Saxon  family.  He  not 
only  devoted  himself  to  the  services  of  reli- 
gion, hut  introduced  into  England  great  im- 
provements, in  architecture,  with  the  polite 
arts,  from  the  continent.  He  founded  two 
monasteries,  and  introduced  chanting  in 
choirs  in. 678,  and  was  canonized  for  his  sanc- 
tity after  death. 

Benedict  I.  pope,  surnamed  Bonosus, 
succeeded  John  III.  574,  and  was  active  and 
humane,  during  the  calamities  inflicted  by  a 
famine,  and  by  the  invasion  of  the  Lombards. 
He  died  30  July  578. 

Benedict  II.  succeeded  Leo  II.  in  the 
papal  chair,  684,  and  died  8th  May,  685. 

Benedict  III.  a  Roman  ecclesiastic,  made 
pope  S55,  after  the  death  of  Leo  IV.  He 
was  opposed  by  the  antipope  Anastasius,  and 


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died  10th  March,  858.  The  reign  of  pope 
Joan  is  placed  between  the  death  of  Leo  and 
the  succession  of  the  3d  Benedict,  but  though 
the  story  is  supported  by  some  authors,  it  is 
discredited  by  many,  who  assert  that  the  pa- 
pal seat  was  only  vacant  four  days  between 
the  death  of  Leo  and  the  election  of  Be- 
nedict. 

Benedict  IV.  succeeded  John  IX.  and 
died  October,  903,  after  a  reign  of  three 
years. 

Benedict  V.  was  elected  in  964,  in  op- 
position to  Leo.  VIII.  His  short  reign  was 
stormy,  and  he  was  carried  to  Hamburgh  by 
the  emperor  Otho,  who  favored  his  rival. 
He  was  in  consequence  abandoned  by  his 
subjects,  and  he  died  5th  July,  965. 

Benedict  VI.  a  Roman  ecclesiastic, 
made  pope  after  John  XIII.  972.  He  was 
strangled  in  prison  b)r  his  rival  the  antipope 
Boniface,  two  years  after. 

Benedict  VII.  successor  to  Bonus  II. 
975,  died  10th  July,  983. 

Benedict  VIII.  bishop  of  Porto,  suc- 
ceeded-Sergius  IV.  1012.  He  was  oppo- 
sed by  Gregory,  but  his  cause  was  warmly 
espoused  by  the  emperor  Henry  II.  who 
came  in  person  to  Rome  and  was  crowned, 
■with  his  wife  Canegonde,  by  the  hands  of  the 
sovereign  pontiff.  On  that  occasion  the  pope 
presented  to  the  emperor,  an  apple  of  gold, 
enriched  with  two  circles  of  jewels  crossed, 
surmounted  with  a  cross  of  gold.  To  the 
arts  of  the  politician  Benedict  united  the  va- 
lor of  the  warrior,  and  defeated  and  utterly 
exterminated  the  Saracens  who  had  invaded 
Italy,  1016.  He  also  defeated  the  Greeks 
•who  had  ravaged  Apulia,  and  died  10th  July, 
1024. 

Benedict  IX.  though  only  12  years  old, 
ascended  the  papal  throne  after  John  XIX. 
1033,  supported  by  the  power  of  Alberic, 
duke  of  Tusculum,  his  father,  who  had  in- 
sured his  election  by  his  gold.  The  Romans, 
displeased  with  his  debaucheries,  obliged 
him  to  abdicate,  and  after  various  attempts 
to  secure  his  independence,  he  sold  his  ho- 
nors as  he  had  purchased  them,  and  retir- 
ed to  a  monastery,  where  he  died  1(154. 

Benedict  X.  antipope,  was  placed  in  St. 
Peter's  chair  105S,  by  a  number  of  factious 
Romans ;  but  his  election  was  disputed,  and 
Nicolas  II.  was  appointed  in  his  room.  He 
died  18th  January,  1059. 

Benedict  XI.  Nicolas  Bocasin,  son  of  a 
shepherd,  was  raised  to  the  papal  chair  after 
Boniface  VIII.  1303.  He  was  poisoned  by 
some  seditious  cardinals,  who  caused  him  to 
he  presented  with  a  bason  full  of  beautiful 
figs,  of  which  he  eat  immoderately,  and  died 
soon  after,  6th  July,  1303. 

Benedict  XII.  James  de  Nouveau,  sur- 
named  the  Baker,  because  his  father  was  of 
that  trade,  was  doctor  of  Paris,  and  cardi- 
nal, and  was  ejected  1334,  after  John  XXII. 
Considering  himself  incapable  of  the  office, 
he  told  the  cardinals  who  had  unanimously 
elected  him,  you  have  chosen  an  ass.  His 
conduct,  however,  was  dignified  and  firm, 
more  inclined  to  maintain  the  authority  of 


his  situation  than  enrich  his  family.  He  died 
at  Avignon,  universally  respected,  25th  A- 
pril,  1342. 

Benedict  XIII.  was  born  at  Rome  of  the 
noble  family  of  the  Ursini,  and  took  the  ha- 
bit of  the  Dominicans  of  Venice,  and  was 
bishop  of  Macedonia  and  Benevento.  He 
narrowly  escaped  perishing  by  an  earth- 
quake, which  proved  fatal  to  die  people  of 
Benevento,  and  demolished  his  palace,  1683. 
He  was  elected  pope  1724,  and  confirmed  in 
a  full  synod  the  famous  bull  uaigenitua,  aud 
approved  the  opinion  of  the  Thomists  on 
grace  and  predestination.  He  died  21st  Feb- 
ruary, 1730,  aged  81. 

Benedict  XIV.  a  native  of  Bologna,  of 
the  family  of  the  Lambei-tini.  He  was  made 
titular  archbishop  of  Theodosia  1724,  a  car- 
dinal 172S,  and  in  1731  archbishop  of  Bo- 
logna. On  the  death  of  Clement  XII.  in 
1740,  the  conclave  was  held  in  suspense  du- 
ring five  months,  by  the  prevalence  of  two 
opposite  factions,  and  Lambertini,  by  a  fa- 
cetious sally,  drew  the  suffrages  of  44  mem- 
bers in  his  favor,  and  thus  secured  the  elec- 
tion. Why  spend  so  much  time  ?  exclaimed 
he.  If  you  wish  to  elect  a  saint,  place  Gottiin 
the  chair — if  a  politician,  Aldrovandi — but  if 
you  wish  a  good  companion,  choose  me.  Thus 
raised  to  power,  he  showed  himself  a  friend 
to  reform,  zealous,  vigilant,  impartial,  and 
moderate.  As  he  had  cultivated  learning, 
he  was  the  munificent  patron  of  learned 
men,  and  liberally  encouraged  the  fine  arts. 
He  died  8th  May,  1758,  aged  S3,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Clement  XIIL  His  works 
were  published  in  6  •vols,  folio. 

Benedict  us,  Alexander,  an  Italian  ana- 
tomist, about  1425,  author  of  some  Latin, 
treatises  on  his  profession,  printed  together 
at  Venice,  in  I  vol.  fol.  1635,  and  also  at 
Basil. 

Bene  field,  Sebastian,  D.D.  an  English 
divine,  born  at  Prestbury,  Glocestershire, 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford,  and  ap- 
pointed Margaret  professor  of  divinity.  He 
died,  aged  59,  1630,  at  Meysey  Hampton, 
Glocestershire,  of  which  place  he  was  rec- 
tor. He  was  fond  of  retirement,  and  exem- 
plary for  piety  and  integrity.  His  works  are 
learned,  and  all  on  theological  subjects.  He 
was  strongly  attached  to  Calvin's  opinions. 

Benexet,  St.  a  shepherd  of  Vivarai6, 
who  pretended  to  be  inspired  to  build  the 
bridge  of  Avignon.  He  died  1184.  Only 
four  arches  remain  of  the  19  of  this  once  fa- 
mous bridge. 

Benezet,  Anthony,  a  man  who,  after 
engaging  in  a  mercantile  line,  and  in  the  bu- 
siness of  a  cooper,  at  last  devoted  himself  to 
the  education  of  youth,  an  office  which  he 
discharged  with  the  most  scrupulous  atten- 
tion, and  from  the  most  humane  motives 
He  was  author  of  "  a  caution  to  Great  Bri- 
tain and  her  colonies,  1767,"  "  an  historial 
account  of  Guinea,  with  an  inquiry  on  the 
slave  trade,"  &c.  in  1772,  iu  Svo.  His  whole 
life  was  employed  in  acts  of  charity,  and  hit 
death  therefore  was  universally  lamented. 
Several  hundred  oegroes  attended  his  fune- 


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r?li,  and  an  American  officer  who  had  been 
■engaged  in  the  continental  war,  returning 
from  his  funeral,  exclaimed,  that  "  he  had 
father  be  Anthony  Benczet  in  that  coffin, 
than  George  Washington  with  all  his  glory." 

Benhadad  I.  king  of  Damascus,  or  Sy- 
ria, B.  C.  040,  attacked  Israel,  and  took  Dan 
and  Naplhali  at  the  instigation  of  Asa,  king 
of  Juda. 

Benhadad  II.  son  and  successor  of  the 
.preceding,  900  B.  C.  laid  siege  to  Samaria, 
and  was  defeated  at  last  by  Ahab  king  or"  Is- 
rael, who  treated  him  with  humanity.  lie 
afterwards  defeated  Ahab,  and  slew  him.  In 
his  old  age  he  sent  Hazael  his  minister  to 
consult  Elisba  the  prophet,  whether  the  sick- 
ness with  which  he  was  afflicted  should  prove 
fatal.  The  perfidious  minister  at  his  return 
stifled  bis  master  and  ascended  on  his  throtie. 
Benhadad  III.  succeeded  his  father 
Hazael  830  B.  C.  He  was  defeated  and 
ruined  by  .losiah  king  of  Judali. 

Ben i,  Paul,  a  native  of  the  island  of  Can- 
■dia,  while  under  the  power  of  the  Vene- 
tians. He  was  professor  of  Padua,  and  is 
known  by  his  opposition  to  the  della  crusca 
academy  at  Florence,  whose  dictionary  he 
censured,  and  whose  opinions  he  refuted,  in 
his  defence  of  Tasso  and  Ariosto,  the  first  of 
"whom  he  compared  to  Virgil,  and  the  latter 
to  Homer.  He  wrote  also  some  treatises  on 
the  pastor  fido  of  Guarini,  and  besides  these, 
which  were  in  Italian,  he  composed  several 
works  in  Latin,  all  collected  in  5  vols,  folio, 
1622,  Venice.    He  died  12th  July  1625. 

Benjamin,  the  youngest  of  Jacob's  12 
sons,  was  born  of  Rachel  about  1738.  B.  C. 
and  was  tenderly  loved  not  only  by  his  father, 
but  also  by  his  own  brother  Joseph.  The 
history  of  these  two  brothers  in  the  bible  is 
particularly  striking,  and  pathetic.  He  died 
in  Egypt,  aged  111  years.  The  tribe  of 
Benjamin  was  almost  totally  exterminated  in 
consequence  of  the  violence  offered  to  the 
wife  of  a  JLevite  of  the  town  of  Gilboab,  and 
only  600  men  survived  the  dreadful  slaugh- 
ter. 

Benjamin,  a  rabbi  of  Tudela  in  Navar- 
re, who  travelled  over  all  the  world  to  ex- 
amiue  the  synagogues  and  ceremonies  of  his 
nation.  He  published  a  curious  account  of 
his  travels,  which  was  printed  at  Constanti- 
nople in  8vo.  1543,  and  translated  into  French 
by  I.  Ph.  Baratier,  2  vols.  8vo.  1704,  and  into 
English  by  Gerrans.    He  died  1173. 

Benini,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Cologna, 
who  practised  physic  at  Padua.  He  bad  a 
press  in  his  house,  where  he  printed  good 
editions  of  eight  classic  authors.  He  was 
author  also  of  Latin  notes  on  Celsus — obser- 
vations in  Italian,  an  Alamanni's  poem  called 
Culture,  and  a  translation  of  Fracastorius' 
Syphilis.    He  died  1764,  aged  51. 

Benivieni,  Jerome,  a  poet  of  Florence, 
who  aspired  to  rise  to  the  elegant  style  and 
melodious  diction  of  Dante  and  Petrarch. 
His  poems,  which  were  chiefly  on  divine 
Jove,  were  highly  esteemed.  His  private 
character  was  very  amiable.  He  died  1542, 
aged  89,  and  desired  to  be  buried  in  the  same  . 


grave  with  Ids  friend  the  well-known  John 
Pico  de  Mirandola.  His  works  appeared  at 
Florence  1519,  8vo. 

Bennet,  Henry,  earl  of  Arlington  was 
born  1618.  He  was  educated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  and  slro-ngly  espoused  the 
royal  cause  during  the  civil  wars.  He  re- 
tired afterwards  to  the  continent,  aud  was 
knighted  at  Bruges,  by  Charles  H.  who  em- 
ployed him  as  his  minister  at  Madrid,  and 
after  the  restoration  as  his  secretary  of  state. 
His  abilities  were  fully  equal  to  the  impor- 
tant office,  and  it  reflects  no  small  credit  on 
his  integrity  that  though  he  was  one  of  the 
five  ministers,  Clifford,  Ashley,  Buckingham, 
Arlington,  and  Lauderdale,  denominated 
from  their  initials,  cabal,  he  did  not  enter 
into  their  views,  nor  support  the  scheme 
which  they  formed  to  render  the  monarch 
absolute.  The  war  with  Holland,  which  had 
been  undertaken  by  the  perfidious  intrigues 
of  the  courtiers  now  drew  forth  the  indigna- 
tion of  the  people,  and  Bennet,  now  earl  of 
Arlington,  found  that  Lauderdale  and  Buck- 
ingham exonerated  themselves  by  throwing 
the  popular  odium  upon  their  late  coadjutor. 
Their  accusation  however  proved  abortive, 
Arlington  defended  himself  before  the  com- 
mons, and  he  was  acquitted  by  a  small  ma- 
jority. After  serving  the  king  12  years  as 
secretary,  Arlington  retired  upon  the  indo- 
lent office  of  chamberlain  ;  and  though  no 
longer  in  possession  of  the  favors  of  the  ca- 
pricious Charles,  he  was  yet  employed  as  a 
negotiator  with  the  prince  of  Orange  ;  but 
he  was  unsuccessful  in  his  endeavors  to  pro- 
cure a  general  peace.  He  died  July  28th, 
1685.  His  only  child  was  a  daughter  mar- 
ried to  the  duke  of  Grafton.  In  bis  general 
character  Arlington  is  described  by  Burnet 
as  a  proud  man,  but  his  abilities  were  so 
strong,  and  at  the  same  time  so  versatile, 
that  he  was  the  only  person  who  could  man- 
age with  success  the  king's  temper.  He  was 
a  papist  in  religion,  though  when  in  power 
be  inveighed  with  bitterness  against  the  Ro- 
man catholics. 

Bennet,  Dr.  Thomas,  born  7th  May 
1673,  was  educated  at  the  grammar-school 
of  Salisbury,  his  native  city,  and  passed  to 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge.  In  1700  he 
accidentally  preached  a  funeral  sermon  on 
his  friend  Mr.  John  Rayne,  rector  of  St. 
James,  Colchester,  and  so  highly  was  his 
discourse  applauded,  that  the  parishoners 
petitioned  Complon  bishop  of  London  to 
appoint  him  to  the  vacant  benefice,  a  request 
which  was  liberally  granted.  His  exertions 
in  his  new  situation  were  great  and  success- 
ful, he  was  followed  as  a  popular  preacher  for 
several  years,  till  the  other  churches  of  the 
town  were  at  last  filled  with  ministers  of  abi- 
lities, and  the  charms  of  novelty  vanished, 
and  an  income  of  nearly  300/.  a  year  was  re- 
duced to  60/.  Upon  this  he  removed  to 
London,  where  his  abilities  and  his  popu- 
larity procured  him  the  chaplancy  of  Chel- 
sea hospital,  and  afterwards  the  lectureship 
of  St.  Olave,  South wark,  and  the  vicarage 
of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate,  worth  near  500/.  a 


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rear.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy  at  London, 
October  9th,  1728.  He  was  author  of  s^  \e- 
ral  sermons,  religious  and  political  tracts,  an 
essay  on  the  39  articles,  &c.  and  a  Hebrew- 
grammar. 

Bennet,  Christopher,  a  native  of  So- 
mersetshire, educated  at  Lincoln  college, 
Oxford,  and  distinguished  as  a  physician  and 
member  of  the  college  of  physicians  in  Lon- 
don. He  wrote  several  treatises  on  medical 
subjects,  particularly  Tabidorum  theatrum, 
seu  Phthisieos,  &c.  Xenodoehium,  &c.  trans- 
lated into  English  1720,  and  died  April,  1655, 
aged  about  38. 

Bennet,  Robert,  B.  D.  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  made  rector  of  Waddesden, 
Bucks,  by  lord  Wharton,  from  which  he 
■was  ejected  for  non-conformity  1662.  He 
afterwards  had  a  private  congregation  at 
Aylesbury  and  at  Heading,  at  which  last 
place  he  died  1687.  He  wrote  the  theologi- 
cal concordance  of  synonimous  words  in 
scripture. 

Be  no  it,  Elie,  a  protestant  minister  of 
Paris,  who  lied  to  Holland  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  became  pastor 
of  Delft.  He  ded  1728,  aged  88.  He  wrote 
several  works  held  in  high  esteem,  especially 
his  historie  de  l'edit  de  Nantes,  5  vols.  4to. 
1693.  Of  the  lady  whom  he  married,  he 
lias  given  a  most  disagreeable  picture,  re- 
presenting her  as  morose,  avaricious,  inso- 
lent, and  for  47  years  the  disturber  of  his 
repose. 

Benoit,  father,  a  learned  Maronite, 
born  at  Gusta,  in  Phoenicia.  He  was  early 
sent  to  Rome,  and  educated  among  the  Ma- 
ronites,  and  afterwards  he  became,  under 
the  patronage  of  Cosmo  HI.  Hebrew  pro- 
lessor  at  Pisa.  At  the  age  of  44  lie  was  ad- 
mitted among  the  Jesuits,  and  died  at  Rome, 
22d  September,  1742,  aged  80.  He  was  the 
editor  of  the  works  of  Ephrem  Syrus,  3 
vols.  fol. 

Benserade,  Isaac  de,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Lyons,  near  Roan.  Early  deprived 
of  his  father,  he  had  to  struggle  with  po- 
verty, and  he  gave  up  the  little  property  to 
•which  he  was  entitled,  rather  than  to  main- 
tain his  right  by  a  lawsuit.  His  wit  and  his 
poetical  talents  soon  however  rendered  him 
popular  ;  he  was  noticed  by  Richelieu,  to 
whom,  according  to  some,  he  was  related, 
and  a  pension  was  settled  upon  him.  After 
the  death  of  Richelieu,  he  attached  himself 
to  the  fortunes  of  the  duke  de  Breze,  who 
patronised  him,  and  so  highly  was  he  es- 
teemed at  court,  that  he  was  named  as  en- 
voy to  Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  an  em- 
ployment however  which  he  did  not  under- 
take. As  a  poet  his  talents  were  great,  and 
his  name  became  popular,  and  for  a  time  he 
divided  the  applauses  of  the  town  with  the 
celebrated  Voiture.  His  rondeaux  on  Ovid 
are  his  worst  performance.  In  the  last  part 
of  his  life  he  retired  from  the  court  to  Gen- 
tilly,  where  he  employed  himself  in  works 
of  piety,  and  translated  almost  all  the 
psalms.  He  was  so  afflicted  with  the  stone, 
that  he  reluctantly  submitted  to  the  opera- 
tion, of  cutting ;  but  the  surgeon  puncturing 


an  artery,  ran  away  instead  of  checking  fiic 
effusion  of  blood,  and  the  unfortunate  pa- 
tient soon  after  expired  in  the  arms  of  bis 
friend  and  confessor  Coiuuire,  October  19th, 
1690. 

Benson,  George,  a  dissenter,  born  at 
Great  Salkeld,  Cumberland,  September 
1699.  After  being  educated  under  Dr. 
Dixon,  at  Whitehaven,  and  at  the  unirersity 
of  Glasgow,  he  assumed  the  ministerial  cha- 
racter in  London,  and  went  to  reside  for  se- 
ven years,  as  pastor  of  a  dissenting  congre- 
gation at  Abingdon,  Berks.  He  removed  in 
1729  to  Southwark,  and  in  1740  he  became 
the  associate  of  Dr.  Lardner,  at  Crutehed 
Friars.  He  particularly  devoted  his  time  to 
the  study  of  the  sacred  writings,  and  follow- 
ing the  example  of  Locke,  he  directed  his 
labors  to  elucidate  scripture,  and  published 
a  paraphrase  and  notes,  on  several  of  St. 
Paul's  epistles.  He  wrote  besides  the  life 
of  Christ — a  defence  of  the  reasonableness  of 
prayer — tracts  on  persecution — an  history 
of  the  planting  of  Christianity,  from  the 
epistles  and  acts  of  the  apostles,  in  two  vols. 
4to.  a  work  replete  with  taste,  judgment, 
and  erudition,  and  which  procured  him  an 
honorable  degree  by  diploma  from  Scotland, 
and  letters  of  kindness  and  acknowledg- 
ment from  the  first  divines  of  the  age, 
Hoadley,  Herring,  Butler,  Conybear,  kc. 
He  died  1763,  in  his  64th  year.  His  post- 
humous works  appeared  1764,  in  4to. 

Bent,  John  Van  de,  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, who  studied  under  Vandervelde 
and  Wouvermans,  and  died  1690,  aged  40. 
His  landscapes  are  particularly  esteemed. 

Bentham,  Thomas,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, made  fellow  of  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford, 1546,  an  office  which  he  lost  during 
the  tyrannical  reign  of  Mary.  On  Eliza- 
beth's accession  his  merits  were  rewarded 
with  the  bishopric  of  Lichfield  and  Coven- 
try. He  was  author  of  au  exposition  of  the 
acts  of  the  apostles,  and  translated  into 
English  some  of  the  books  of  the  old  testa- 
ment.    He  died  1578. 

Bentham,  Edward,  canon  of  Christ 
church,  was  born  at  Ely  23d  July,  1707,  and 
as  his  father,  who  was  a  clergyman,  had  a 
numerous  family,  he  was  by  the  advice  of 
dean  Smalridgej  educated  at  Christ  Church 
school,  and  afterwards  admitted  of  Corpus. 
He  was  for  a  little  time  vice  principal  of 
Magdalen-hall,  and  in  731  he  was  elected 
fellow  of  Oriel,  and  13  years  after  he  was 
preferred  to  a  stall  in  Hereford  cathedral. 
In  this  situation  he  maintained  the  same  cha- 
racter of  application  and  integrity  which  he 
had  supported  in  the  university,  and  introdu- 
ced regularity  and  economy  in  the  uiiairs  oC 
the  chapter.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Fansbawe 
he  was  nominated  by  the  king  to  the  divinity 
chair  at  Oxford,  a  respectable  office  which 
he  accepted  with  great  reluctance.  His  lec- 
tures in  this  new  appointment  were  learned 
and  instructive,  they  were  delivered  three 
times  a  week,  during  term  time,  and  the 
course  continued  one  year.  In  his  private 
character  Dr.  Bentham  was  reserved,  though 
his  manners  uere  amiable,  and  his  conduct 


BE 


BE 


mild,  pious,  and  benevolent.  He  published 
some  single  sermons  and  also  tracts,  and  he 
was  preparing  an  answer  to  Gibbon's  ob- 
jectionable chapters,  when  he  died  in  his 
69th  year,  1st  August,  1776.  He  was  buried 
in  Christ  Church  cathedral. 

Bentiiaji,  James,  M.  A.  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was. educated  at  Ely  school,  and 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and  he  became 
prebendary  of  Ely  in  exchange  for  North- 
wood  rectory,  and  in  1783,  rector  of  Bow- 
briek-hill,  Bucks.  His  office  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  his  native  place,  engaged  his  atten- 
tion to  church  architecture,  and  he  enriched 
ecclesiastical  literature  by  the  publication  of 
"  the  history  and  antiquities  of  the  church  of 
Ely,  from  the  foundation,  675  to  1771,"  in 
4to.  As  a  further  specimen  of  his  re- 
searches, it  was  his  intention  to  give  an  his- 
tory of  ancient  architecture  in  the  kingdom, 
but  the  avocations  of  a  busy  life  prevented 
the  completion.  To  his  patriotic  exertions 
it  is  to  be  observed  that  the  island  of  Ely 
owes  many  of  its  improvements.  By  his 
spirit  of  perseverance,  against  clamor  and 
vulgar  prejudice,  turnpike  roads  were  made, 
travelling  was  rendered  easy,  and  the  un- 
fruitful lands  of  that  part  of  the  kingdom 
•were  converted  into  valuable  fields  by  drain- 
ing. He  died  17th  November,  1794,  aged  S6. 
Bentinck,  William,  first  earl  of  Port- 
land, was  descended  from  a  noble  family  in 
Holland.  When  the  prince  of  Orange  was 
seized  with  the  small-pox,  it  was  recom- 
mended by  his  physicians  that  he  should  re- 
ceive the  warmth  of  a  young  person  with 
him  in  the  same  bed.  Bentinck  cheerfully 
offered  himself,  and  consequently  caught  the 
disease  in  a  violent  degree,  but  the  pain;  and 
the  danger  to  which  he  submitted  were  am- 
ply repaid  by  the  favor  and  friendship  of  the 
prince.  William  brought  him  with  him  to 
England,  raised  him  to  the  peerage,  and 
granted  him  lands  in  Denbighshire,  which 
were,  on  the  representation  of  the  parlia- 
ment, exchanged  for  other  grants.  The 
earl,  faithful  to  his  principles,  served  the 
king  in  various  offices  civil  and  military, 
and  attended  him  in  his  last  moments,  lie 
died  1709,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster- 
abbey. 

Bentivoglio,  Guy,  was  born  at  Fer- 
rara,  1579,  and  studied  at  Padua.  His  ad- 
dress and  intrigues  produced  a  reconciliation 
between  two  factions  which  laid  claim  to  the 
sovereignty  of  Ferrara  after  the  death  of 
duke  Alfonso,  and  so  highly  were  his  services 
valued  by  the  Roman  pontiff  that  he  was 
made  chamberlain  of  the  palace,  and  after- 
wards employed  as  nuncio  to  Flanders  and 
in  France,  and  at  last,  in  1621,  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  cardinal.  His  popularity  was  so 
great  that  he  probably  would  have  succeeded 
to  St.  Peter's  chair,  on  the  death  of  pope 
Urban  VII.  had  be  not  been  attacked  by  a 
violent  disease  produced  by  his  attendance 
on  the  conclave  during  the  intense  heats  of 
the  summer ;  so  that  in  consequence  of  want 
of  rest  for  11  successive  nights,  he  expired 
September  7th,  1614,  in  his  05th  year.  The 


most  known  of  his  works  are  his  history  of 
the  civil  wars  of  Flanders — an  account  of 
Flanders — and  letters  and  memoirs. 

BENTivootio,  Hercules,  an  illustrious 
native  of  Bologna,  esteemed  and  employed 
by  his  relation  Alfonso  duke  of  Ferrara.  He 
distinguished  himself  also  as  a  poet,  and 
wrote  satires,  sonnets,  comedies,  &c.  He 
died  at  Venice,  1583. 

Bentley,  Richard,  son  of  a  mechanic  of 
Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  became  eminent  as  a 
critic  and  a  divine.  He  was  of  Saint  John's, 
Cambridge,  where  his  great  abilities  soon  re- 
commended him  to  public  favor  and  to  the 
friendship  of  Stillingfleet,  whose  son  he  at- 
tended as  tutor  to  Wadham  college,  Oxford. 
The  first  specimen  of  his  literary  fame,  was 
his  lectures  on  Boyle's  foundation,  in  which 
he  displayed  great  powers  of  mind,  support- 
ed by  the  profound  philosophy  of  Newton, 
and  the  clear  reasoning  of  Locke,  on  the  be- 
ing and  power  of  a  God.  The  public  admi- 
ration on  this  performance  recommended 
the  author  to  the  place  of  librarian  at  Saint 
James's,  and  this  situation,  whilst  it  pro- 
duced a  quarrel,  gave  at  the  same  time  rise 
to  a  long  celebrated  controversy.  Mr.  Boyle, 
son  of  lord  Orrery,  had  obtained  the  use  of  a 
MS.  from  the  library  to  complete  the  edi- 
tion of  "  the  epistles  of  Phalaris,"  which  he 
was  then  going  to  publish,  and  when  Bentley 
demanded  the  book  sooner  than  was  expec- 
ted, the  request  was  considered  as  an  affront, 
and  a  war  of  words  arose  which  drew  forth 
on  both  sides  the  most  brilliant  and  spirited 
exhibition  of  wit,  criticism,  and  erudition 
ever  before  known.  On  the  death  of  Dr. 
Montague,  1700,  Bentley  was  raised  to  the 
mastership  of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
an  high  and  respectable  situation  which  his 
learning  and  abilities  deserved,  and  soon  af- 
ter, his  preferment  was  increased  by  the 
addition  of  the  archdeaconry  of  Ely,  a  bene- 
fice in  the  island,  and  the  office  of  chaplain 
to  the  king.  His  prosperity,  however,  was 
not  without  its  attendant  evils.  In  the  go- 
vernment of  his  college  Bentley  was  arbi- 
trary and  severe,  and  his  fellows  complained 
to  the  bishop  of  Ely  the  visitor,  and  charged 
him  among  other  crimes  with  embezzling 
the  money  of  the  college,  an  accusation 
which  created  the  most  virulent  contentions 
in  the  society,  and  which,  at  last,  after  20 
years'  continuance,  established  the  innocence 
of  the  master.  As  divinity  professor  he  like- 
wise exposed  himself  to  the  obloquy  of  the 
university;  he  refused  to  admit  without  the 
fee  of  four  guineas,  several  persons  to  the 
degree  of  doctor,  agreeable  to  a  mandate  of 
George  I.  when  he  visited  Cambridge,  for 
which  measure  he  was  suspended  and  de- 
graded, by  the  university.  An  appeal  was 
made  to  the  king  in  council,  and  the  matter 
was  referred  to  the  judges  of  the  kiuj's 
bench,  who  reversed  the  proceedings  against 
him,  and  direated  his  honorable  restoration 
to  his  dignities.  During  these  unhappy  strug- 
gles Bentley  preserved  his  unshaken  firm- 
ness of  mind,  and  his  time  was  devoted  tcj 
the  advancement  of  science,  and  to  laborious 


BE 


BE 


criticism.  His  editions  of  Terence,  Horace, 
Phsedrus,  Milton's  paradise  lost,  &c.  evince 
the  great  powers  of  his  mind,  and  the  most 
extensive  acquaintance  with  classical  litera- 
ture. After  nearly  ten  years  of  gradual  de- 
cay, this  superior  scholar  died  at  the  college, 
14th  July,  1742,  aged  80,  and  was  buried  in 
the  chapel,  to  which  he  was  a  liberal  bene- 
factor. In  his  private  character  Dr.  Bentley 
was  hospitable,  warm  in  his  friendship,  and 
respected  and  beloved  as  the  master  of  a  fa- 
mily. He  left  three  children.  His  son  of 
the  same  name  was  educated  under  him  at 
Trinity.  Elizabeth  his  eldest  daughter  mar- 
ried, 1727,  sir  Humphry  Ridge,  and  Joanna 
married  the  eldest  son  of  bishop  Cumber- 
land. Dr.  Bentley  also  published  a.  Latin 
epistle  to  Dr.  Mill,  with  critical  observations 
on  John  Malala's  chronology,  1091,  and  an 
answer  to  Collins' discourse  on  free  thinking. 

Bentley,  Thomas,  nephew  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  author  of  "  the  wishes,"  a  co- 
medy, which  was  represented  at  Drury-lane 
1761,  but  withdrawn  in  1782,  from  some  ap- 
parent allusions  to  party  politics.  He  also 
wrote  Philodamus,  a  tragedy,  and  a  satirical 
poem  called  patriotism.     He  died  1782. 

Benvenutt,  Charles,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Leghorn,  and  made  mathematical  professor 
at  Rome.  He  was  author  of  an  abridgment 
of  philosophy — dissertation  upon  lights — re- 
flections on  Jesuitism,  kc.  On  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  Jesuits  he  retired  to  Warsaw, 
and  died  1789,  aged  73. 

Benwell,  William,  an  able  divine,  and 
elegant  scholar,  born  at  Caversham,  Oxford- 
shire, in  1705.  From  Reading  school,  where 
his  abilities  were  fostered  by  the  judicious 
care,  and  directed  by  the  clasical  taste,  of  his 
brother-in-law,  Dr.  Valpy,  he  entered,  in 
1783,  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford.  In  the  uni- 
versity the  same  ardent  application  continu- 
ed to  mark  his  progress,  and  his  labors  as  a 
Latin  poet  were,  in  1785,  rewarded  by  the 
chancellor's  prize.  The  Biabj  was  the 
plundering  of  Rome  by  Alaric,  and  it  was 
treated  with  great  judgment,  ?."id  with  all 
the  energy  of  description,  and  the  majestic 
dignity  of  the  Mantuan  bard.  Two  years 
after  he  obtained  another  prize  for  an  Eng- 
lish essay,  "  on  what  arts  the  moderns  have 
excelled  the  ancients,"  in  which  he  displayed 
deep  research  and  correctness  of  judgment, 
in  a  style  chaste  and  elegant.  The  same 
year  he  entered  into  orders,  and  in  1787  took 
his  master's  degree,  and  in  1790,  was  elected 
fellow  of  his  college,  where  he  gained  the  re- 
spect of  the  society,  as  an  active  and  well  in- 
formed tutor.  In  1794  he  obtained  the 
living  of  Hale  Magna  in  Lincolnshire,  which 
he  soon  resigned  for  Chilton  in  Suffolk.  In 
June  1796,  he  married  the  eldest  daughter 
of  J.  Loveday,  esq.  of  Caversham,  and  11 
weeks  after  this  amiable  and  deservedly  re- 
spected character  was  borne  to  his  grave. 
He  resided  at  Milton,  Wilts,  and  during  a 
contagious  fever  which  raged  in  the  village, 
from  his  great  benevolence  of  heart,  he  exert- 
ed himself  in  affording  consolation  to  the  poor 
sufferers,  and  uuhappily  caught  the  infection, 
VOL.  I.  QC> 


which,  after  ten  days,  proved  fatal,  Oth  Sept. 
1796.  He  was  buried  at  Caversham,  where 
in  the  church  a  small  tablet,  in  modest  lau- 
guage,  records  his  virtues.  At  his  death  Mr. 
Benwell  was  engaged  in  publishing  Xeno- 
phon's  memorablia,  of  which  the  half  was 
already  printed.  As  a  polite  and  classical 
scholar  his  name  must  stand  high,  as  a  divine 
the  simplicity  of  his  discourses  made  its  way 
to  the  heart  of  his  hearers,  by  his  zeal,  his 
earnestness,  and  his  eloquence,  ^ided  by  the 
most  powerful  recommendation  of  his  exem- 
plary conduct  and  benevolent  manners.  As 
a  poet  he  rose  to  the  eminence  of  genius  and 
originality,  and  though  he  wrote  tittle,  yet 
the  few  pieces  which  have  appeared  in  print, 
and  those  which  are  preserved  in  the  hands 
of  his  friends,  exhibit  him  expressing  the 
true  merit  and  the  majestic  graces  of  the 
muse.  Had  he  lived  longer,  literature  would 
have  been  more  highly  enriched  by  his  pro- 
ductions, religion  would  have  been  adorned 
by  his  persuasive  eloquence,  and  his  power- 
ful example,  and  the  world  benefited  by  the 
exertions  of  his  charity,  his  benevolence,  and 
philanthropy. 

Benyowsky,  Count  Mauritius  Augustus 
de,  magnate  of  Hungary  and  Poland,  was 
born  1741,  at  Verbowa  in  the  Hungarian  pro- 
vince of  Nittria.  He  embraced  early  tiie 
profession  of  arms,  and  manifested  those 
strong  powers  of  mind  which  shone  with 
such  peculiar  lustre  in  the  midst  of  his  dan- 
gers and  misfortunes.  After  serving  in  the 
imperial  armies,  he  at  last  joined  the  confe- 
deration of  the  Polish  nobles,  to  withstand 
the  encroachment  of  foreigners.  He  accep- 
ted a  high  command  in  the  army,  and  in  his 
military  capacity  he  distinguished  himself 
against  the  Russians  in  various  skirmishes, 
with  unparalleled  bravery  and  success,  till 
several  wounds  disabled  him.'and  he  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  enemy.  The  triumph  of 
the  Russians  was  great,  in  possessing  the  per- 
son of  so  indefatigable  an  adversary;  hut  in- 
stead of  respecting  hia  misfortunes,  they  in- 
sulted bis  fate,  aiui  with  shocking  barbarity 
they  loaded  him  with  irons,  and  confined 
him  in  a  prison,  where  the  dead  carcasses  of 
his  companions  in  misery  poisoned  the  air, 
and  threatened  a  pestilential  contagion.  If 
he  was  so  fortunate  as  to  escape,  it  was  to 
fall  again  under  the  power  of  his  persecutors, 
and  to  add  to  his  sufferings,  he  was  hurried 
awav  through  the  deserts  of  Siberia  to  Kam- 
schatka,  where  he  found  himself  an  insulted 
exile  and  degraded  prisoner  on  the  .3d  Dec. 
1770.  He  did  not,  however,  sink  under  his 
cc/nfinement ;  in  this  distant  retreat  he  form- 
ed the  design  of  escaping,  and  so  highly  was 
his  character  of  bravery  and  heroism  respec- 
ted, that  even  the  dauglrter  of  Mr.  NUon, 
the  governor  of  the  place,  consented  to  share 
his  fortunes,  and  to  assist  him  in  his  escape. 
After  being  nearly  discovered,  he  succeeded 
in  his  attempts;  he  made  himself  master  of 
Kamschatku  by  force  and  stratagem,  and  ac- 
companied by  86  faithful  followers  and  nine 
women,  among  when  was  his  fair  protector, 
ho   sailed  on  the  1  Ith  May,   17T1,  from  the 


BE 


BE 


ji&rbcr,  and  passing  by  the  island  of  For- 
mosa and  the  coast  of  China,  he  reached, 
lTth  Sept.  the  port  of  Macao,  from  whence 
he  departed  for  Europe  in  a  French  vessel. 
He  no  sooner  landed  in  France,  than  he  was 
encouraged  by  the  French  court  to  form  a 
settlement  in  the  island  of  Madagascar,  and 
as  he  silently  aspired  to  the  honor  of  found- 
ing a  colony  at  Formosa,  when  poor  and  for- 
saken, he  now  eagerly  embraced  the  propo- 
sal, and  on  *V2d  March,  1773,  after  a  resi- 
dence of  scarce  seven  months  in  Europe,  he 
set  sail  for  Africa.  His  great  genius  might 
have  surmounted  all  difficulties  in  his  new 
establishment,  in  the  midst  of  barbarous  un- 
civilized nations;  but Benyowskyhad  to  con- 
tend with  more  dangerous  adversaries,  with 
the  envy  and  malice  of  favorites,  courtiers, 
and  governors,  who  thwarted  his  views  and 
opposed  his  career  of  glory.  It  is  searee  to 
he  wondered  that  in  those  disappointments 
and  provocations,  he  forgot  his  allegiance  to 
the  French  monarchy.  He  considered  him- 
self as  an  independent  sovereign,  and  the 
power  which  he  had  acquired  by  his  valor, 
and  by  his  insinuating  manners  among  the 
barbarians  of  Madagascar,  was  consolidated 
by  the  stronger  cement  of  popularity,  and 
the  affection  of  the  natives.  Ou  the  11th 
October  he  left  this  rising  settlement  for  Eu- 
rope, that  he  might  increase  his  connection, 
and  form  reciprocal  alliances  with  the  more 
polished  nations  of  the  north,  but  though  he 
offered  his  friendship  and  services  succes- 
sively to  the  courts  of  France,  Germany, 
and  England,  and  claimed  their  support  as 
the  independent  sovereign  of  Madagascar, 
his  offers  were  disregarded,  and  he  embark- 
ed agam  for  Africa,  14th  April,  17S4,  from 
London,  accompanied  by  his  family  and  a 
number  of  settlers.  His  return  to  Madagas- 
car was  not  followed  by  those  happy  conse- 
quences, which  the  friends  of  virtue  and  hu- 
manity could  wish.  He  attacked  a  French 
settlement,  and  the  governor  of  the  isle  of 
France  sent  a  small  force  to  oppose  his  pro- 
gress. Benyowsky  met  his  invaders  with  his 
usual  bravery,  but  his  adherents  were  few 
and  timid,  and  the  hero,  abandoned  by  the 
50  natives  that  were  with  him,  and  assisted 
onlv  by  two  Europeans,  found  himself  over- 
powered, an,d  a  ball  having  struck  him  on 
the  right  breast,  decided  the  fortune  of  the 
dav.  He  fell  behind  the  parapet,  >ut  his  in- 
h;  -nan  enemies  dragging  him  by  the  hair, 
suw  him  expire  in  a  few  minutes  after,  23d 
May,  1786. 

Ben'z.elius,  Eric,  an  obscure  native  of 
West  Gothland,  who,  after  a  good  educa- 
tion, became  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  chan- 
cellor of  Sweden,  and  by  his  influence  rose 
to  ecclesiastical  dignities  and  the  archbishop- 
ric of  Upsal.  He  was  author  of  the  lives  of 
the  patriarchs,  and  translated  the  bible  into 
the  Swedish  language.  He  died  1709,  aged 
67. 

13eniio,  Trifone,  an  Italian  poet,  born 
at  Assiso.  Deformed  in  person,  he  com- 
pensated for  the  unk/ndness  of  nature,  by  a 
disposition,  agreeable  manners,  and 


the  most  fascinating  powers  of  conversatioan- 
His  integrity,  and  the  amiableness  of  his 
manners,  were  such,  that  he  was  called  the 
Socrates  of  Rome.  He  wrote  poems  in  La- 
tin and  Italian,  which  are  preserved  in  the 
collections  of  Pallavacini,  Gruter,  and  Vac- 
chi.     He  died  about  1570. 

Beoteo,  Angelo,  a  poet  born  at  Pa- 
dua, and  surnamed  Ruzzante.  He  directed 
his  whole  attention  to  copy  the  manners  of 
the  vulgar,  and  he  is  peculiarly  happy  in  his 
descriptions  of  rustic  simplicity  and  gro- 
tesque drollery.  His  principal  pieces  are 
la  Vaccaria — la  Moschetta,  &c. — He  died 
15+2. 

Berauld,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Orleans 
in  the  16th  century,  preceptor  to  the  Co- 
lignys,  and  famous  for  great  learning,  and 
for  his  acquaintance  with  Erasmus  and 
other  learned  men.  He  compiled  a  Gneco 
Latin  Lexicon.  His  son  Francis  was  also 
eminent  as  a  scholar,  and  jjuitting  the  catho- 
lic tenets,  became  principal  of  the  colleges 
of  Montargis  and  Rochelle. 

Berchet,  Peter,  a  French  painter,  who 
died  1720,  aged  Gl.  He  is  known  in  Eng- 
land for  several  ingenious  pieces,  and  as  the 
paiuter  of  the  cieling  of  Trinity  college  cha- 
pel, Oxford. 

Bercheur,  Peter,  a  Benedictine,  wh» 
died  13f)2.  He  is  known  as  the  translator 
ofLivy,  by  order  of  John,  king  of  France, 
kc.  in  which  office,  it  is  remarkable,  that  he 
invented  and  introduced  various  words, 
which  are  now  of  good  authority  in  the 
French  language  A  MS.  of  this  his  work  is 
preserved  in  the  Sorbonne. 

Berexgarius,  Jacobus,  a  surgeon  of 
Carpo,  the  first  who  cured  the  venereal  dis- 
temper by  mercurial  ointment.  His  success 
in  this  disorder  procured  him  both  fame  and 
money,  and  he  grew  so  insolent  that  he 
wrote  in  a  contemptuous  style  to  the  pope 
and  to  the  king  of  Spaiu,  who  invited  him 
to  practise  at  their  courts.     He  died  1527. 

Berenger,  arehdeacon  of  Angers,  main- 
tained that  the  bread  and  wine  used  in  the 
sacrament  were  not  the  real  body  and  blood 
of  Christ,  but  merely  human  food,  of  which, 
the  communicants  partook  by  faith.  These 
tenets  which  had  been  before  supported  by 
John  Scotus  Erigena,  and  were  afterwards 
maintained  by  the  Sacramentarians,  were 
violently  opposed  by  Lanfranc,  and  Beren- 
ger  was  condemned  at  Paris  and  at  Rome, 
but  though  he  was  compelled  to  make  a  pub- 
lic recantation,  he  died  1088,  firmly  attach- 
ed to  his  opinion. 

BEr.ESGER  I.  son  of  Eberard  duke  of 
Friulo,  caused  himself  to  be  declared  king 
of  Italy  in  893.  His  pretensions  were  op- 
posed by  Guy,  duke  of  Spoletto,  who  twice 
defeated  him,  but  the  support  of  Arnolph 
king  of  Germany,  confirmed  him  in  his 
power,  though  again  attacked  by  Lambert, 
the  son  of  his  old  rival,  ard  by  Lewis  Bosou 
king  of  Aries.  Prosperity  for  20  years 
seemed  now  to  attend  him,  and  he  had  the 
interest  to  procure  himseif  to  be  crowned  ir> 
915,  emperor  of  Germany,    but  his   rivak 


BE 


BE 


Tiodolph,  king  of  Burgundy,  at  last  prevail 
ed  against  him,  and  in  the  dreadful  battle  of 
Placentia,  Berenger  was  defeated  922,  and 
two  years  after  cruelly  assassinated.  His 
only  daughter,  Gillette,  became,  by  Albert 
marquis  of  Yvre,  mother  of  Berenger  II. 
■who  assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Italy  in 
1)50.  He  Mas  defeated  by  the.  emperor  Otho, 
who  had  at  first  espoused  his  cause,  but  now 
made  war  against  him,  and  he  was  sent  to 
Germany,  a  here  he  died  966. 

Berenger,  Peter,  a  disciple  of  Abelard, 
who  supported  his  doctrines  in  a  severe 
"Apology"  against  Saint  Bernard. 

Berenice,  daughter  of  Agrippa,  king 
of  Judea,  married  her  uncle  ilerod,  and 
afterwards  Polemon  king  of  Cilicia.  She 
afterwards  lived  in  incestuous  adultery  with 
her  brother  Agrippa,  and  was  so  much  loved 
by  Titus,  that  he  would  have  declared  her 
empress,  if  not  prevented  by  the  fear  and 
indiguation  of  the  Roman  people. 

Berenicius,  a  curious  character,  who 
appeared  in  Holland  in  1670,  and  maintain- 
ed himself  by  grinding  knives,  and  sweep- 
ing chimneys.  His  abilities  were  such  that 
he  could  repeat  by  heart  Horace,  Virgil, 
■  Homer,  Aristophanes,  Cicero,  Pliny,  ice. 
and  he  was  besides  well  versed  in  all  modern 
languages,  and  could  translate  passages  ex- 
tempore from  gazettes  into  (Jreek  and  La- 
tin verse.  He  was  at  last  suffocated  in  a  bog 
into  which  he  had  fallen  when  in  a  state  of 
intoxication.  The  Georgarchoniomachia  is 
attributed  to  him.  It  is  generally  supposed 
that  he  was  an  expelled  Jesuit. 

Beretin,  Peter,  a  native  of  Cortona,  in 
Tuscany,  eminent  as  a  painter,  aud  honored 
-by  pope  Alexander  VII.  and  by  Ferdinand 
II.  He  succeeded  best  in  great  subjects,  and 
ehiefly  excelled  in  the  grace  and  expression 
of  his  heads.  His  private  character  was 
amiable.  He  died  of  the  gout  1669,  in  his 
73d  year. 

Berg,  Matthias  Vanden,  a  painter,  who 
■was  disciple  of  Rubens.  He  was  born  at 
Ypres,  aud  died  16S7,  aged  72. 

Bergamo,  James  Philip  de,  an  Augus- 
tine monk,  born  at  Bergamo,  1434,  author 
of  a  Latin  chronicle  of  the  world,  from  the 
creation  to  his  own  time. 

Berg  hem,  Nicolas,  a  painter  of  Haer- 
lem,  who  died  there  1683,  aged  59.  Though 
blamed  for  hasty  execution,  his  designs  are 
great,  and  the  most  minute  things  show- 
equal  perfection  with  the  most  principal 
figures.  His  landscapes  are  highly  finished. 
Beegier,  Nicolas,  historiographer  of 
France,  is  known  as  the  learned  author  of 
the  history  of  the  great  roads  of  the  Roman 
empire,  first  printed  1622,  and  again  in  1798, 
two  vols.  4to.  He  died  15lh  September, 
1C-23,  and  his  son  published  his  unfinished 
Jii  story. 

Bergier,  Nicolas  Sylvester,  an  ecclesi- 
astic, born  at  Darnay,  in  Tranche  comte. 
He  became  principal  of  the  college  of  Besan- 
eon,  professor  of  theology,  and  canon  of 
Paris  cathedral,  and  he  might  have  risen  to 
higher  preferment,    but    when   offered    an 


abbey,  he  answered,  "  I  am  already  rieh 
enough."  His  manners  were  amiable, 
his  character  irreproachable.  He  died  at 
Paris  9th  April,  17H0.  He  i->  autliur  • 
refutation  of  the  system  of  nature,  2  vols. 
12mo. — Deism  self-confuted,  2  vols.  12mo. — 
Evidences  of  Christianity,  2  vols. — and  other 
learned  and  valuable  works. 

PiErgler,  Elienn=,  a  learned  German 
critic  of  the  18th  century.  He  greatly  con- 
tributed to  the  journal  of  Leipsic,  and  wrote 
some  valuable  notes  on  Aristopliar.es  insert- 
ed in  the  Leyden  edition  1760,  besides  com- 
mentaries, &c.  He  went  to  Turkey,  and 
there  abjured  his  religion  for  Mahometan- 
ism,  and  died  there. 

Bergman,  Torbern,  a  native  of  Cathe- 
rineburg,  educated  at  Upsal,  and  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  medicine  and 
chemistry.  He  was  the  friend  of  LinnieuT, 
and  gave  him  a  collection  of  non-descript  in- 
sects, one  of  which  the  philosopher  called 
by  the  name  of  Bergman.  In  1761,  his 
abilities  recommended  him  to  the  chaic  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  at  Up- 
si.l,  and  in  1767,  to  that  of  chemistry.  His 
labors  were  usefully  employed  in  investiga- 
ting the  secrets  of  nature,  be  discovered  the 
properties  of  fixed  air,  made  experiments 
on  the  regulus  of  mangauese,  the  earths 
ponderosa  aud  magnesia,  and  other  mineral 
substances.  Among  his  many  publication-; 
are  a  treatise  on  electric  attractions,  and  a 
theory  of  the  earth  ;  and  he  w  as  also  one  of 
those  employed  to  observe  the  transit  of 
Venusin  1761.  He  was  made  rector  of  Up- 
sal university,  and  died  soon  after,   17v4. 

Berigard,  Claude,  a  native  of  Mou- 
lins,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Pisa  and  Pa- 
dua. He  died  at  Padua  of  an  umbilical 
hernia,  1663,  in  his  85th  year.  His  works 
are  on  philosophy,  consisting  of  circulus 
Pisanus,  Florence  1641,  4to. — dubitationes 
indialogum  Galilaii  pro  terrae  immobilitate, 
1632,  4to. 

Bering,  Vitus,  a  professor  r.t  Copenha- 
gen in  the  17th  century,  historiographer  to 
the  king,  and  eminent  as  a  Latin  poet.  His 
works  are  much  admired. 

Bering,  Vitus,  a  Danish  navigator,  com- 
modore in  the  service  of  Russia.  He  was 
sent  by  Peter  I.  in  172S,  with  some  ships  to 
explore  the  north  coasts  of  America,  bait 
Mas  only  in  a  third  voyage,  made  in  174', 
that  he  discovered  any  thing  remarkable. 
His  ship  struck  on  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Kamtschatka,  and  while  repairing  the  da- 
mages sustained  there,  he  died  in  the  place. 
The  island  and  the  straits  still  bear  hit 
name. 

Berkeley,  Dr.  George,  a  native  of 
Kilcrin  in  Ireland,  deservedly  celebrated  for 
his  writings.  He  was  educated  at  Kilkenny 
school  and  Dublin  college,  and  early  recom- 
mended himself  to  public  favor  by  the  supe- 
rior powers  of  his  mind.  Though  from  the 
tenor  of  some  of  his  sermons  he  was  fafoet] 
styled  a  Jacobite,  he  however  was  introduced 
to  queen  Caroline,  and  his  opinions  and  con- 
versation  were  courted    by  men   of  all  • 


BE 


BE 


ties.  By  the  recommendation  of  Swift,  he 
accompanied  as  chaplain  lord  Peterborough, 
ambassador  to  the  king  of  Sicily,  and  after- 
wards, when  disappointed  in  his  expecta- 
tions of  preferment,  he  spent  four  years  on 
the  continent  as  tutor  to  the  son  of  Dr.  Ashe, 
bishop  of  Clogher.  During  his  travels 
through  Apulia,  he  communicated  some  in- 
genious observations  on  the  tarantula  to  Dr. 
Freind,  and  he  made  some  valuable  collec- 
tions for  a  natural  history  of  Sicily,  which 
unfortunately  for  the  world  were  lost  on  his 
passage  to  Naples.  Soon  after  his  return  to 
London,  in  17'21,  he  went  as  chaplain  with 
the  duke  of  Grafton,  viceroy  of  Ireland,  and 
while  courted  by  the  great  and  the  learned, 
Jie  found  his  fortune  increased  by  a  legacy  of 
about  4000Z.  from  the  celebrated  Vanessa, 
who  repaid  the  coldness  or  cruelty  of  Swift, 
by  bestowing  her  property  on  his  more  de- 
serving friends.  In  1724,  he  was  made  dean 
of  Deny,  but  in  the  midst  of  his  easy  for- 
tune and  respectable  connections,  he  formed 
the  wild  scheme  of  erecting  a  college  in  the 
Bermuda  islands,  for  the  conversion  of  the 
savage  Americans  to  Christianity ;  bilt 
though  he  was  supported  by  the  patronage 
of  the  king,  and  the  influence,  zeal,  or  pre- 
tended piety  of  the  minister,  with  the  pro- 
mise of  a  grant  of  10,000/.  and  ably  seconded 
by  men  of  abilities  who  followed  his  fortunes, 
he  proved  the  abortion  of  his  hopes,  after 
residing  nearly  two  years  at  Newport  in 
America,  and  he  returned  disgusted  and 
disappointed  to  England.  He  was  raised  to 
the  see  of  Cloyne  in  1735,  and  12  years 
after,  he  refused  the  offer  from  lord  Ches- 
terfield of  a  translation  to  Clogher.  After 
discharging  the  high  duties  of  his  office  with 
all  the  decorum  and  sanctity  of  a  primitive 
bishop,  he  came  to  reside  in  1752  at  Oxford, 
in  quest  of  literary  retirement,  as  well  as  to 
superintend  the  education  of  his  son  ;  but 
the  prospects  of  human  life,  alas  !  are  short ; 
on  the  14th  of  the  following  January  he  was 
seized  with  a  palsy  of  the  heart,  whilst  his 
lady  was  reading  a  sermon  to  him,  and  so 
suddenly  and  calmly  did  he  expire,  that  his 
daughter  only  discovered  while  presenting 
him  a  cup  of  tea  that  he  was  no  more.  He 
was  buried  :n  Oxford  cathedral,  and  Dr. 
Markham  wrote  his  epitaph.  His  private 
character  was  truly  great  and  exemplary, 
so  that  Tope  s  panegyric  is  far  from  mis- 
applied in  attributing  "  To  Berkley  every 
virtue  under  heaven."  As  a  scholar  and 
philosopher  the  bishop  of  Cloyne  ranks 
high.  His  theory  of  vision,  published  1709, 
and  his  principles  of  human  knowledge, 
1710,  and  dialogues  between  Hylas  and  Phi- 
lonous,  171 S,  iu  opposition  to  sceptics  and 
atheists,  display  great  vigor  of  thought, 
strength  of  reasoning,  and  subtle  argumen- 
tation. He  wrote  besides  sermons,  the  mi- 
nute philosopher,  2  vols.  8vo.  1732,  a  mas- 
terly performance,  in  dialogues,  after  Pla- 
to's manner — some  mathematical  disquisi- 
tions— Siris,  a  learned  and  curious  inquiry 
concerning  the  virtues  of  tar-water,  1744, 
a  work  which  he  said  cost  him  more  labor 
than  any  of  his  performances.  Sec.  Jkc. 


Berkeley,  George,  L.  L.  D.  second 
son  of  the  bishop  of  Cloyne  by  Anne  daugh- 
ter of  John  Forster,  speaker  of  the  Irish 
house  of  commons,  was  born  in  Grosvenor- 
street,  London,  2fth  September  1733,  and 
after  being  under  the  care  of  his  father,  he 
entered  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He 
was  honorably  patronised  by  archbishop 
Seeker,  who  revered  the  memory  of  his  il- 
lustrious father,  and  together  with  the  livings 
of  St.  Clement's  Dane,  London,  and  Tys- 
hurst  church,  Sussex,  he  obtained  the  chan- 
cellorship of  Brecknock,  and  a  prebendal 
stall  in  Canterbury  cathedral.  He  married 
Eliza,  daughter  of  the  reverend  Henry 
Finsham,  descended  from  the  Cherrys  of 
Shottesbrook,  Berks;  and  supported  a  vir- 
tuous and  amiable  character  in  public  aud 
private.  Ke  died  January  6,  1795,  and  was 
buried  in  the  same  vault  with  his  father.  He 
wrote  some  single  sermons,  one  of  which,  on 
Charles'  martyrdom,  has  gone  through  six 
editions ;  aud  a  volume  was  published  after 
his  death  by  his  widow. 

Berkeley,  George,  earl  of,  privy  coun- 
sellor of  Charles  II.  was  descended  from 
Robert  Fitzharding,  of  the  royal  family  of 
Denmark.  He  was  author  of  historical  ap- 
plications, and  occasional  meditations  on  se- 
veral subjects,  written  by  a  person  of  honor, 
12mo.  1670,  a  book  of  great  merit.  He  left 
a  valuable  collection  of  books  to  Sion  college, 
and  died  1698. 

Berkeley,  Sir  William,  of  the  same 
family  as  the  preceding,  distinguished  him- 
self as  vice-admiral  of  the  white  in  the 
dreadful  engagement  with  the  Dutch,  2d 
June  1666,  when  he  led  the  van  into  the 
midst  of  the  enemy's  fleet,  and  fell  in  his 
cabin,  overpowered  by  numbers. 

Berkenhout,  Dr.  John,  a  native  of 
Leeds,  in  Yorkshire,  educated  in  his  native 
town,  and  early  sent  to  Germany  to  acquire 
the  modern  languages,  and  qualify  himself 
for  the  mercantile  profession  of  his  father, 
who  was  born  in  Holland.  He  however  dis- 
dained the  drudgery  of  the  counter.  He 
travelled  over  Europe ;  and  by  the  friend- 
ship and  recommendation  of  Baron  Bielfeldt 
at  Berlin,  he  entered  into  the  Prussian  ser- 
vice, which  he  quitted  on  the  breaking  out  of 
hostilities  between  England  and  France  in 
1756,  for  the  command  of  a  troop  iu  his  na- 
tive country.  In  1760  he  preferred  a  litera- 
ry life  to  military  service,  and  began  to  study 
physic  at  Edinburgh,  from  whence  ]ie  psux  I 
to  Leyden,  where  he  took  his  degrees,  in 
1765. '  He  settled  at  Islewoith,  iu  Middle- 
sex, and  in  177S  he  accompanied  the  com- 
missioners to  America  ;  but  being  suspected 
of  improper  intrigues  with  the  members  of 
congress  at  Philadelphia,  he  was  sent  to 
prison;  from  which,  however,  he  was  libe- 
rated, and  rewarded  with  a  pension  on  his 
return  home.  He  died  3d  .April  1791,  aged 
GO,  eminently  distinguished  for  his  vast  eru- 
dition, for  universal  knowledge,  and  for  great 
powers  of  mind.  His  publications  on  various 
subjects  are  numerous  and  highly  respecta- 
ble;  the  most  known  of  which  are,  his 
pharmacopoeia  mediei— his  outlines  of  the 


BE 

natural  history  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
o  vols.  12bqo. — his  first  lines  of  the  theory, 
&c.  of  philosophical  chemistry — his  biogra- 
phia  literaria — his  ways  and  means,  or  hints 
lor  taxation — his  symptomatology- — clavis 
Anglica  linguae  botanicse — letters  to  his  son, 
fee. 

Berkheyden,  Job  and  Gerard,  two 
Dutch  painters,  born  at  Haerlem.  The  el- 
dest excelled  in  landscapes,  and  was  drowned 
in  one  of  the  canals  of  Holland,  1698,  aged 
70;  and  the  other  was  particularly  happy  in 
his  views  of  towns,  palaces,  and  temples. 
He  died  1693. 

Berkley,  Sir  William,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, educated  at  Merton  college,  Oxford, 
and,  in  1666,  made  governor  of  Virginia. 
He  made  a  collection  of  the  laws  of  the 
provinces,  and  wrote  an  account  of  the  coun- 
try, in  folio,  and  wrote  also  the  lost  lady,  a 
tragi-comedy.  He  returned  1676,  and  died 
13th  July  1677,  and  was  buried  at  Twicken- 
ham. 

Beenaeet,  Nicasius,  a  Dutch  painter, 
the  disciple  and  imitator  of  Snyders,  who 
died  1663,  aged  70. 

Bernard,  St.  known  as  one  of  the  fa- 
thers of  the  church,  and  as  the  founder  of 
160  monasteries,  was  born  at  Fontaine  in 
Burgundy  1091.  As  abbot  of  the  reli- 
gious house  of  Clairvaux,  in  1115,  he  acqui- 
red celebrity,  as  a  preceptor  his  lectures 
■were  frequented  by  the  most  famous  men, 
and  all  affairs  of  importance  were  referred 
to  the  consideration  and  decision  of  his  su- 
perior powers  of  judgment.  He  firmly  op- 
posed schismatics,  supported  the  power  of 
the  popes,  convicted  Abelard  of  heresy  at 
the  council  of  Sens  in  1140,  and  by  his  unex- 
ampled sanctity  wrought  miracles  to  com- 
mand the  reverence  of  an  admiring  vulgar. 
He  died  1153.  His  works  have  been  pub- 
lished by  Mabillon,  in  2  vols,  folio,  1690. 

Bernard  of  Menthon,  a  native  of  Sa- 
voy, born  923,  who  was  made  archdeacon  of 
Aoust,  at  the  bottom  of  the  Alps,  and  in  the 
discharge  of  his  ecclesiastical  duties  labored 
strenuously  to  convert  the  uncivilized  inhabi- 
tants of  the  mountains  to  Christianity.  To 
forward  his  humane  purposes,  he  founded 
two  monasteries  in  the  passes  of  the  Alps, 
for  the  relief  of  pilgrims  and  unfortunate 
ti  avellers ;  and  they  still  subsist  a  monument 
of  his  benevolence,  and  a  happy  asylum  to 
the  weary. 

Bernard,  Edward,  was  born  at  Perry 
St.  Paul  near  Towcester,  Northamptonshire, 
2d  May  1638,  and  received  his  education  at 
Northampton,  andMerchant-taylors'  school, 
from  whence,  after  a  residence  of  seven 
years,  he  went  to  St.  John's  college,  Oxford, 
1655.  The  proficiency  of  his  early  years 
w-as  so  great  in  classical  literature,  that  he 
applied  himself  at  the  university  not  only  to 
philosophical  and  mathematical  studies,  but 
to  Hebrew,  Syriac,  Arabic,  and  Coptic.  In 
1668,  he  visited  Leyden,  to  consult  some  ori- 
ental manuscripts  presented  to  that  universi- 
ty by  J  oa.  Scaliger  and  Warnerus;  and  in 
3  673  he  was  appointed  successor  to  sir  Chris- 
topher Wren,   as  Savilian  professor  of  as- 


BE 

tronomy,  to  whom,  four  years  before,  he 
had  been  chosen  deputy.  Id  the  intended 
plan  of  publishing  all  the  ancient  mathema- 
ticians, Mr.  Bernard's  assiduity  was  great, 
he  collected  and  compared  whatever  w:;s 
most  curious  and  valuable  in  the  Bodleian 
and  other  libraries,  and  presented  the  pub- 
lie  with  a  specimen  of  the  work;  which, 
however,  either  from  its  vast  extent,  or  the 
negligence  of  its  first  patrons,  was  never 
completed.  He  was  sent,  in  1676,  to  Paris, 
by  Charles  II.  to  superintend  the  education 
of  his  two  natural  children  by  the  dutchess  of 
Cleveland ;  but  the  simple  and  reserved 
manners  of  the  professor  were  not  in  uoision 
with  the  gay  dissipation  of  a  court;  and  he 
retired,  in  one  year,  from  a  situation  which 
suited  neither  his  taste  nor  his  inclination. 
He  went  to  Leyden  in  1683,  to  attend  the 
sale  of  Nic.  Heinsius'  library,  and  repeated 
his  visit  some  years  after,  when  the  books  of 
Golius  were  sold.  As  he  had  been  obliged  to 
give  up  his  preferments  on  his  election  to 
the  professorship,  he  began  now  to  be  tired 
with  an  office  which  confined  his  attach- 
ments and  his  pursuits  ;  and  he  resigned  it 
1691,  to  take  the  living  of  Brightwell,  Berk- 
shire. He  died  of  a  consumption,  at  Oxford, 
January  12,  1696,  in  his  59th  year,  and  he 
was  buried  in  St.  John'?  college  chapel, 
where  a  monument  is  erected  to  bis  memo- 
ry. Dr.  Smith,  who  knew  him  well,  speaks 
of  him  with  the  candor  and  warmth  of  a 
friend.  He  describes  him  as  mild  in  dispo- 
sition, an  enemy  to  disputes,  a  candid  judge 
of  literary  labors,  toleranf  as  a  a  churchman, 
sincere  in  his  friendships,  exemplary  in  his 
conduct,  and  eminent  for  his  learning,  as  his 
publications  and  manuscripts  fully  evince. 
His  works  are,  a  treatise  on  ancient  weights 
and  measures,  annexed  to  Pococke's  com- 
mentary on  Hosea — private  devotions,  1689 
— orbjs  eruditi  literatura  a  charactere  Sama- 
ritico  deducta — etymologicum  Britannicum, 
he. — besides  various  astronomical  papers  in 
the  philosophical  transactions. 

Bernard,  James,  was  born  at  Nions,  in 
Dauphine,  1st  September  1658,  and  educa- 
ted at  Geneva.  The  persecution  of  the 
protestants  obliged  him  to  fly  from  France 
to  Switzerland,  and  from  thence  to  Holland, 
where  he  became  minister  of  Ganda,  and 
professor  at  the  Hague.  His  sermons,  as 
well  as  the  celebrity  of  his  writings,  recom- 
mended him  to  the  public  favor,  and  the 
people  of  Leyden  fixed  upon  him  for  their 
minister;  but  William  111.  who  hated  his  re- 
publican principles,  refused  to  confirm  their 
choice,  and  it  was  not  till  1705,  after  thrt 
king's  death,  that  he  appeared  as  public 
preacher  there.  He  was  also  professor  of 
philosophy  in  the  university;  but  he  em- 
braced the  system  of  Descartes,  till  his  know- 
ledge of  English  made  him  acquainted  with 
the  sublime  discoveries  of  Newton.  He  died 
27th  April,  171 S,  aged  Co.  His  writings 
were  mostly  periodical,  such  as  histoire 
abregeede  1  Europe — nouvelles  de  la  repnb- 
lique  des  lettres — besides  a  supplement  to 
Moreri's  dictionary,  in  ~  vols,  folio,  sermons, 
kc.  kc. 


BE 


BE 


Bernard,  Catharine,  was  born  at  Rouen, 
and  died  at  Paris,  1712.  She  wrote  poetry 
■with  ease  and  elegance,  and  obtained  three 
times  the  poetical  prize  at  the  French  aca- 
demy. Her  tragedies,  Brutus  and  Laodainia, 
were  received  with  applause  on  the  French 
theatre;  and  she  was  rewarded  with  a  pen- 
sion of  200  crowns  by  Lewis  XIV.  She  sup- 
pressed some  of  her  pieces  which  might  re- 
flect upon  her  morality  and  religion.  Two 
romances,  count  d'Aniboise  and  Inez  de 
Cordova,  are  attributed  to  her. 

Bernard  of  Thuringia,  a  fanatical  her- 
mit, who,  in  the  last  part  of  the  10th  cen- 
tury, pretended  to  announce  the  immediate 
end  of  the  world,  and  prevailed  so  much 
upon  the  vulgar,  that  a  solar  eclipse  just  at 
-that  time  was  interpreted  as  a  completion  of 
the  prophecy,  and  all,  in  the  utmost  conster- 
nation, fled  to  caves  and  mountains.  His  re- 
veries are  now  justly  forgotten. 

Bernard  of  Brussels,  a  painter  of  the 
16th  century,  emineut  in  his  hunting  pieces, 
in  which  he  introduced  his  patron  Charles 
V.  His  last  judgment  is  still  shown  at  Ant 
iverp. 

Bernard,  Peter  Joseph,  son  of  a  sculp- 
tor at  Grenoble  in  Dauphine,  was  educated 
by  the  Jesuits  of  Lyons,  whose  fraternity  he 
refused  to  join,  for  the  pleasures  of  the  capi- 
tal. Though  he  possessed  wit  and  a  lively 
poetical  genius,  his  compositions  could  not 
procure  him  bread,  so  that  for  two  years  he 
was  engaged  as  clerk  to  a  public  notary.  He 
was  at  laiit  recommended  to  the  marquis  of 
Pezay  and  marecb;.l  de  Coigni,  whom  he  ac- 
companied in  the  campaigns  in  Italy.  The 
death  of  de  Coigni  in  1756  left  him  without 
a  patron,  but  his  conversation  recommended 
him  to  the  great  and  opulent  at  Paris,  till,  in 
1771,  the  sudden  loss  of  his  memory  cut 
short  the  happiness  of  his  life,  and  in  his  in- 
tellectual imbecility  he  continued  to  his 
death,  November  1,  1775.  He  wrote  some 
operas,  besides  other  lighter  pieces,  which 
for  their  ease  and  elegance,  have  procured 
Iiiin  the  name  of  le  gentil  Bernard. 

Bernard,  Dr.  Francis,  plwsician  to 
James  II.  was  eminent  for  his  learning,  and 
for  a  collection  of;books,  which  sold,  in  1698, 
for  1600/.  a  high  price  for  the  times.  He 
died  February  J  9,  1697,  aged  69.  His  bro- 
ther Charles,  who  was  surgeon  to  the  prin- 
cess Anne,  was  also  the  collector  of  a  curious 
library,  sold  in  1711. 

Bernard,  Richard,  rector  of  Br.fc- 
combe,  in  Somersetshire,  died  in  1641.  He 
was  author  of  Thesaurus  biblicus,  a  valuable 
•concordance — and  an  abstract  of  the  bible. 

Bernard,  Samuel,  a  historical  painter 
who  died  at  Paris  1687,  aged  72.  He  en- 
graved Raphael's  history  of  Attila,  with 
great  elegance  and  success.  His  son  of  the 
same  name,  was,  on  account  of  his  riches, 
called  the  Lucullus  of  his  aye.  He  was 
employed  in  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  and 
died  1730,  aged  88. 

Bernard,  John  Baptiste,  an  ecclesiastic 
who  died  at  Paris,  177i,  aged  62.  He  wrote 
some  discourses  ajid  funeral  orations,  much 
a<)mire*'. 


Bernardi,  John,  an  artist  of  Italy, 
known  for  his  exquisite  skill  in  cutting  crys- 
tals. He  was  patronised,  among  others,  by 
Alexander  Farnese,anddiedat  Faeni.a,1555. 
Bernardine,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Massa,  1380.  He  was  educated  at  Sienna  \ 
and  after  being  employed  as  commissary  at 
Jerusalem,  he  became  eminent  as  a  preach- 
er, so  that  several  cities  of  Italy  solicited  hint 
for  their  bishop.  This  popularity  raised  him 
enemies,  who  accused  him  before  pope  Mar- 
tin V.  of  erroneous  doctrines  ;  which,  how- 
ever he  refuted.  He  died  at  Aquila  1444, 
after  founding  300  monasteries  in  Italy  ;  and 
he  was  canonized  six  years  after  by  pope 
Nicholas.  His  works  have  appeared  in  folio 
and  4to. 

Bernazzanq,  a  painter  of  Milan,  in 
the  16th  century,  eminent  in  the  represen- 
tation of  landscape  and  animals.  He  painted 
some  strawberries  on  a  fresco  wall  so  natu- 
rally, that  the  plaister  was  torn  down  by  the 
frequent  pecking  of  peacocks. 

Bernia,  or  Berni,  Francis,  an  eccle- 
siastic of  Florence,  where  he  died,  1543. 
He  was  patronised  by  Julio  de  Medicis,  af- 
terwards pope  Clement  XII.  and  he  distin- 
guished himself  so  much  as  a  satirical  poet, 
that  a  species  of  burlesque  was  called,  among 
the  Italians,  Berniasque.  His  Orlando  Ina- 
morato Rifatto  is  much  esteemed.  It  is  but 
the  work  of  Boiardo  put  into  a  more  elegant, 
witty,  and  satirical  dress.  His  Latin  poems 
were  collected  with  these  of  Segni,  &c. 
1562,  and  his  Italian  pieces  were  placed  in  a 
collection  with  those  of  Varchi,  Moro, 
Dolche,  &c.  1548,  reprinted  at  London, 
1721  and  1724,  in  2  vols.  Svo. 

Bernier,  Francis,  a  native  of  Angers, 
who  studied  at  Montpellier,  and  travelled  to 
the  holy  land,  and  through  Cairo  and  Suez 
to  the  Mogul  empire,  where  he  resided  for 
twelve  years,  eight  of  which  he  was  physi- 
cian to  the  emperor  Aurungzebe,  from 
which  circumstance  he  was  called  the  mo- 
gul. He  wrote  an  account  of  his  travels  on 
his  return  to  Paris,  published  1699  and  1710, 
and  died  22d  September,  1688. 

Bernier,  John,  a  native  of  Blois,  phy- 
sician to  Madame.  He  wrote  some  medical 
essays,  4to. — topographical  histories — cri- 
tique on  the  works  of  Rabelais — anti-mena- 
giaua  ;  but  in  an  inferior  style.  He  died 
poor  at  an  advanced  age,  1668. 

Bernini,  or  Bernin,  John  Lawrence, 
was  born  at  Naples,  and  became  celebrated 
for  his  superior  skill  in  painting,  architecture, 
sculpture,  and  mechanics.  No  less  than  fifteen 
of  his  pieces  adorn  the  church  of  St.  Peter 
at  Rome,  the  most  admired  of  which  are 
the  allar  and  tabernacle,  St.  Peter's  chair, 
&c.  He  was  in  France,  where  he  gained 
the  admiration  of  the  court  of  Lewis  XV. 
He  died  at  Rome,  29th  November,  1680. 
Several  of  his  pieces  are  preserved  in  the 
Florentine  gallery.  It  is  said,  that  in  view- 
ing the  picture  of  Charles  I.  by  Vandyke, 
of  which  he  ex-ecuted  three  busts,  lie  ex- 
claimed, that  he  had  never  seen  a  more  un- 
fortunate looking  face  before. 


BE 


BE 


Bernis,  Francis  Joachim  de  Pierre  de, 
a  cardinal,  born  1715,  of  an  ancient,  but  re- 
duced family.  He  was  brought  up  at  the 
school  of  St.  Sulpice,  and  intended  for  the 
church  ;  but  Fleury,  to  whom  he  was  intro- 
duced, conceived  a  dislike  for  him ;  and  he 
might  have  long  remained  in  obscurity,  if 
madame  Pompadour,  pleased  with  a  song 
■which  he  had  written  for  her,  had  not 
stepped  forth  to  patronise  him.  By  her  in- 
fluence, he  was  sent  ambassador  to  Venice  ; 
and  at  his  return  was  regarded  as  an  able 
and  useful  statesman,  and  admitted  into  the 
ministry.  His  services  to  the  court  of  Rome 
•were  rewarded  with  a  cardinal's  hat,  in 
1758  ;  but,  soon  after,  the  misfortunes  of 
the  French  arms  in  Germany  were  in  some 
degree  attributed  to  him  by  the  weak  Lewis 
XV.  and  he  was  sent  in  exile  to  his  abbey. 
In  1764  he  was  recalled  from  disgraceful  ob- 
scurity, and  soon  after  employed  as  ambas- 
sador at  Rome,  where  his  intrigues  were 
exerted  to  procure  the  suppression  of  the 
Jesuits,  though  it  is  said  he  disapproved  of 
the  violence  of  the  measures.  To  his  other 
dignities  of  cardinal  and  archbishop  of  Albi, 
■was  added  the  title  of  the  protector  of  the 
French  churches  at  Rome  ;  and  his  sole 
ambition  was  now  to  live  in  splendor  and 
magnificence  at  the  papal  court.  The  re- 
volution came  to  destroy  his  enjoyments, 
and  from  the  highest  affluence  he  was  sud- 
denly reduced  to  poverty  ;  which  was,  how- 
ever, relieved  for  a  while  by  the  kind  offices 
of  the  chevalier  Azara,  and  a  pension  from 
the  Spanish  court.  He  died  at  Rome,  1st 
November,  1794,  universally  regretted,  es- 
pecially by  the  Romans.  His  works,  con- 
sisting of  poetical  pieces,  on  the  four  seasons, 
the  four  parts  of  the  day,  on  religion,  an 
epistle  to  indolence,  &c.  have  appeared  in  3 
Tols.  4to. 

Bernoulli,  James,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Basil  27th  December,  1654. 
He  studied  in  the  university  of  his  native 
town  ;  but  though  his  father  wished  him  to 
follow  the  clerical  profession  he  pursued  the 
bent  of  his  native  genius  in  mathematical  lear- 
ning. He  travelled  to  Geneva  and  France, 
and  afterwards  visited  Flanders  and  England, 
where  his  reputation  had  already  preceded 
him,  in  consequence  of  his  learned  treatise 
en  a  comet  which  appeared  about  the  year 
1680.  His  writings  procured  him  universal 
esteem.  He  was  invited  to  fill  the  professo- 
rial chair  at  Heidelberg  in  16!>4;  which,  how- 
ever, his  union  with  a  Swiss  lady  of  respec- 
table family  prevented  ;  but  three  years  after 
he  succeeded  to  a  vacant  chair  iti  his  native 
city.  His  lectures  were  frequented  by  num- 
bers, who  admired  his  ingenuity,  the  extent 
of  his  knowledge,  and  the  accuracy  of  his  ar- 
guments; and  the  dignity  of  honorary  mem- 
ber was  bestowed  upon  him  by  the  acade- 
mies of  Paris  and  Berlin.  Intenseness  of  ap- 
plication brought  on  a  complication  of  disor- 
ders, and  Bernoulli,  reduced  by  a  slow  fever, 
expired  the  16th  August  1705,  ordering,  like 
another  Archimedes,  a  spiral  logarilhmieal 
curve  to  be  engraved  on  his  tomb,  with  the 


word3  "  eadem  mutata  resurgo,"  in  allusion 
to  the  day  of  resurrection.  His  discoveries 
in  mathematics,  especially  the  properties  of 
the  curve,  have  immortalized  his  name.  He 
was  the  friend  and  correspondent  of  the  fa- 
mous Boyle,  of  Leibnitz,  and  of  other  learned 
men. 

Bernoulli,  John,  brother  to  James, 
was  professor  of  mathematics  at  Groningen 
in  1695,  and  afterwards  successor  to  his  bro- 
ther at  Basil,  where  he  was  born  in  1667,  and 
where  he  died  in  1748.  He  pursued  the  same 
studies  as  his  brother,  equally  distinguishing- 
himself  as  a  geometrician.  He  visited  Franec 
for  information,  and  his  learning  and  his  cor- 
respondence gained  him  the  friendship  ef 
Mallebranche,  la  Hire,  Cassini,  Varignon, 
l'Hopital,  Newton,  and  Leibnitz.  He  was  en- 
gaged for  some  time  in  a  mathematical  dis- 
pute with  his  brother,  which  was  terminated 
only  by  death,  and  he  maintained  opinions 
with  respect  to  the  barometer,  which  drew 
severe  animadversions  from  Hartzocker. 
His  treatise  on  the  management  cf  ships  ap- 
peared 1714,  and  in  1730  his  memoir  on  the 
elliptical  figure  of  the  planets,  which  was  ho- 
nored with  the  prize  of  the  academy  of  scien- 
ces. His  works  were  published  at  Geneva 
1742,  in  seven  vols.  4to.  The  children  of 
Bernoulli  were  deserving  of  their  father's 
fame.  Nicholas  the  eldest,  died  at  Peters- 
burg in  1726,  a  few  months  after  he  had 
been  honorably  called  by  the  Czar  to  fdl  the 
professorial  chair,  and  Daniel  and  John,  pos- 
sess equal  claims  to  the  admiration  and  ap- 
plause of  men  of  science  and  virtue.  These 
apposite  lines  were  placed  by  Voltaire,  un- 
der Bernoulli's  portrait : 
Son  esprit  vil  la  verity, 
Et  son  cocur  connut  la  justice  ; 
II  a  fait  Vlwnneur  de  la  Suissr^ 
Et  celui  de  Vhumanite. 
Thus  elegantly  translated: 

Jotefidt  eultor  justi,  verique  reperlor, 
Extitit  Helvetiis  decus,  &  decas  extitit 
orbi. 
Bernoulli,  Daniel,  son  of  John  Ber- 
noulli, was  born  at  Groningen,  February  9th> 
1700,  and  died  March,  1782.  He  was  inteiv- 
ded  for  a  mercantile  profession,  but  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  same  pursuits  as 
his  father,  and  after  passing  some  time  in 
Italy  and  at  Petersburg,  he  was  appointed  to- 
a  professorial  chair  at  Basil.  His  learning 
was  extensive,  he  gained  or  divided  nine  pri- 
zes with  the  most  illustrious  of  the  literati 
of  Europe,  an  honor  attained  by  no  other 
besides  Euler  his  pupil  and  friend.  He  di- 
vided a  prize  with  his  father,  but  the  old  man 
felt  hurt  at  the  presumption  of  the  son,  who 
had  not  the  wisdom  or  respect  to  conceal 
his  triumph.  This  family  quarrel  was  farther 
aggravated,  for  the  son  embraced  Newton's 
philosophy,  which  the  father  had  always  op- 
posed with  all  the  weapons  of  science.  Ber- 
noulli succeeded  his  father  1748  in  the  aca- 
demy of  sciences,  and  he  was  succeeded  by 
ids  brother  John,  so  that  for  84  years  tha 
chair  was  honorably  filled  by  a  Bernoulli. 
As  a  proof  of  his  popularity  at  Basil,  it  may 


BE 


BE 


be  mentioned,  that  it  was  the  strict  injunc. 
tion  of  every  father  to  his  child,  to  bow  with 
respect  to  Daniel  Bernoulli  when  met  in  the 
streets.  He  was  honorary  member  of  all 
learned  societies  of  Europe.  Once  in  his  tra- 
vels be  met  with  a  learned  stranger  who  was 
pleased  with  his  conversation,  and  asked  him 
his  name,  "  I  am  Daniel  Bernoulli,"  replied 
he ;  "  and  I,"  answered  the  stranger,  who 
supposed  that  he  was  laughed  at,  "  am  Isaac 
Newton." 

BERNSTORFF,JohnHartingErnest  count, 
an  able  statesman,  descended  from  a  noble 
family  in  Hanover.  After  travelling  over 
Europe,  and  improving  the  resources  of  a 
mind  already  rich  with  the  stores  of  science 
and  learning,  he  settled  in  Denmark,  and 
became  the  friend  and  favorite  of  Christian 
VI.  He  was  employed  in  various  embassies, 
and  at  last  became  the  prime  minister  of  the 
kingdom.  In  this  dangerous  office  he  appli- 
ed himself  to  the  advancement  of  the  happi- 
ness of  his  adopted  country.  Her  commerce 
was  enlarged,  her  manufactures  encouraged, 
and  every  beneficent  plan  was  adopted  which 
could  add  to  the  prosperity  of  th<:  state.  A 
society  for  agriculture  and  economy  was 
established  under  royal  patronage,  and  also 
another  for  the  improvement  of  the  Danish 
language,  and  of  the  fine  arts;  and  under  his 
influence,  a  learned  body  was  formed,  whose 
object  was  to  examine  into  the  history,  &c. 
of  the  east,  of  which  the  travels  of  Niebuhr 
were  a  most  interesting  specimen.  Bern- 
storft'was  in  1767  created  a  count,  and  the 
next  year  accompanied  his  master  to  Eng- 
land, but  in  1770,  he  fell  under  the  royal 
displeasure,  and  after  a  life  devoted  to  the 
service  and  honor  of  Denmark,  he  retired 
on  a  pension  to  Hamburgh,  where  he  died 
February  18th,  1772. 

Bernstorff,  Andrew  Peter  count,  ne- 
phew to  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Gartow, 
in  Lunenburg,  28th  August,  1735,  and  after 
studying  at  Lripsic  and  Gottingen,  and  tra- 
velling through  Europe,  he  settled  in  Den- 
mark, to  assist  and  to  share  the  honors  of  his 
uncle.  He  was,  in  1769,  raised  to  the  rank 
of  privy  counsellor,  and  though  a  temporary 
disgrace  banished  him  to  his  seat,  he  was,  in 
1772,  recalled  to  be  placed  at  the  head  of 
affairs.  As  a  negotiator  with  Russia,  he 
conducted  himself  with  great  ability,  and 
by  persuading  the  ambitious  Catherine,  that 
it  ill  became  her  dignity  to  retain  a  small 
patrimony  which  made  her  dependent  on 
the  German  empire,  he  obtained  for  his 
country  the  cession  of  Sleswick,  and  part  of 
Holstein,  and  thus  strengthened  Denmark 
by  the  accession  of  a  convenient  territory, 
whose  population  amounted  to  above  100,000 
men.  In  the  American  war  he  recom- 
mended the  armed  neutrality  between  Rus- 
sia, Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Prussia,  and 
thus  protected  commerce  against  the  vio- 
lence of  the  belligerant  powers.  He  retired 
in  1780  from  the  helm  of  the  state,  but  was 
again  recalled  four  years  after  by  the  prince 
of  Denmark,  and  he  had  the  sagacity  to  for- 
bear engaging  in  the  struggles  which  kindled 


a  war  iu  1788  between  Russia  and  Sweden. 
This  great  statesman  died  21st  June,  1797, 
universally  lamented,  and  respectfully  fol- 
lowed to  the  grave  by  the  Danes,  who  ad- 
mired his  patriotism  and  virtues,  and  who, 
to  commemorate  his  affability,  benevolence, 
and  popularity,  struck  medals  to  his  honor. 

Bero  aldus,  Philip,  was  born  of  a  no- 
ble family  of  Bologna,  where  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres,  and  where  he  died, 
25th  July,  1505,  aged  52.  He  was  very  dis- 
sipated in  his  youth,  so  that  he  dreaded  the 
restraints  of  wedlock.  A  lady  however  of 
singular  accomplishments  was  at  last  united 
to  him,  and  she  produced  the  greatest  refor- 
mation in  his  conduct.  He  became  regular, 
beneficent,  and  unambitious.  He  possessed 
great  learning  for  his  age,  and  wrote  both  in 
verse  and  prose,  but  his  chief  labors  were 
valuable  editions  of  the  classics.  His  life 
was  published  by  Jean  Pins,  at  Bologna, 
1505. 

Beroaldus,  Philip,  nephew  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  librarian  of  the  Vatican,  under 
Leo  X.  He  wrote  panegyrics,  epigrams, 
and  light  poetry,  with  considerable  success. 
He  died  at  Rome  1518,  aged  40.  His  poems 
were  edited  at  Rome,  1530. 

Beroaldus,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Pa» 
ris,  author  of  a  chronology,  in  which  he  re- 
jects all  heathen  authority,  for  that  of  the 
bible.  From  a  catholic  he  became  a  Calvi- 
nistat  Geneva,  where  he  died  1584. 

Beroaldus,  Francis,  son  of  Matthew, 
was  born  at  Paris  1558,  and  died  1612.  He 
possessed  a  versatile  genius,  and  with  in- 
ferior powers  of  mind,  he  attempted  to  turn 
every  thing  into  ridicule.  He  pretended  to 
be  acquainted  with  various  secrets,  the  phi- 
losopher's stone,  perpetual  motion,  &c.  His 
"  moyen  de  parvenir"  is  a  collection  of  sa- 
tires, trivial  anecdotes,  and  offensive  pu- 
erility. 

Berosus,  priest  of  Belus,  at  Babylon, 
was  author  of  a  history  of  Chaldaea,  some 
fragments  of  which  are  preserved  in  Jose- 
phus.  He  lived  in  the  age  of  Alexander  the 
great. 

Berojjin,  Arnauld,  a  celebrated  French 
writer,  born  at  Bourdeaux.  He  first  com- 
manded the  public  attention  by  his  Idylles, 
which  possess  sweetness,  elegance,  and  pa- 
thos, and  he  afterwards  wrote  his  romances; 
but  his  greatest  and  most  popular  work  is  his 
ami  des  enfans,  in  G  vols.  12mo.  This  inte- 
resting work,  which  conveys  instruction  to 
the  youthful  mind,  and  leads  it  by  an  amus- 
ing and  agreeable  narrative,  clothed  in  spi- 
rited dialogue,  to  the  admiration  and  to  the 
love  of  virtuous  and  honorable  actions,  has 
been  frequently  edited  and  translated  into 
the  various  languages  of  Europe.  He  left  in 
MSS.  some  other  works,  comedies,  &c.  He 
died  at  Paris,  21st  December,  1791,  aged  42. 

Berquin,  Lewis  de,  a  gentleman  of 
Artois,  known  as  a  courtier  at  the  court  of 
France.  As  he  had  embraced  the  tenets  of 
the  protestants  he  was  exposed  to  the  per- 
secution of  the  papists.  He  was  twice  im- 
prisoned and  twice  acquitted  of  heresy,  from 


BE 


BE 


the  respectability  of  his  character  or  the  in- 
fluence of  the  court,  but  as  he  wished  to 
avenge  himself  on  his  accusers,  he  was  the 
third  time  seized,  and  on  refusing  to  make  a 
recantation,  he  was  condemned  to  be  stran- 
gled and  burnt,  which  sentence  he  under- 
went with  astonishing  fortitude,  1569,  in  his 
40th  year.    He  was  the  friend  of  Erasmus. 

Berretoui,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  born 
at  Macerata,  was  the  pupil  of  Carlo  Marat- 
ti,  and  died  1682,  aged  65.  His  historical 
pieces  were  much  admired. 

Berriman,  William,  D.  D.  was  born 
24th  September,  1688,  and  educated  at  Ban- 
bury, afterwards  at  Merchant  Taylor's 
school,  and  Oriel  college.  He  obtained  the 
living  of  St.  Andrew  Undershaft,  from  Ro- 
binson, bishop  of  London,  to  whom  he  was 
chaplain,  and  became  in  172"  fellow  of  Eton. 
He  died  February  5th,  1750,  aged  62.  There 
•were  published  of  his  five  volumes  of  excel- 
lent sermons,  the  three  first  of  which  were 
preached  at  Boyle's  and  Moyer's  lectures, 
and  the  two  last  were  posthumous— and 
some  controversial  writings. 

Berruyer,  Joseph  Isaac,  a  Jesuit,  born 
at  Rouen  6th  November  1682.  He  died  at 
Paris  18th  February  1758.  He  wrote 
"  l'histoire  du  peuple  de  dieu,"  in  12  vols. 
4to.  a  work  which  abounds  in  extravagant 
suppositions,  and  puerile  stories,  and  which 
drew  upon  him  the  censure  of  the  clergy 
and  of  the  parliament  of  Paris. 

Berry,  Sir  John,  son  of  the  clergyman  of 
Knowston,  Devonshire,  was  a  naval  officer 
who  distinguished  himself  against  the  Buc- 
caneers, at  the  battle  of  Southwold  bay,  and 
at  the  demolition  of  Tangier  under  lord 
Dartmouth.  He  was  highly  respected  by 
James  II.  whom,  when  duke  of  York,  he  by 
his  presence  of  mind,  saved  from  shipwreck 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Humber,  in  the  Glooes- 
ter  frigate,  1682,  and  he  commanded  his 
fleet  in  the  invasion  of  William  of  Orange. 
He  continued  to  be  employed  after  the  re- 
volution, as  his  abilities  well  deserved.  He 
was  poisoned  in  February  1C91,  on  board  a 
ship  at  Portsmouth,  in  his  56th  year,  and 
was  buried  at  Stepney. 

Berryat,  John,  a  physician  at  Paris, 
who  published  an  academical  collection,  &c. 
He  died  in  1754. 

Bersmann,  George,  a  German,  born  at 
Annabei'g,  in  Misnia.  He  travelled  in 
France  and  Italy,  and  gave  lectures  in  vari- 
ous places  with  great  reputation.  He  trans- 
lated David's  psalms  into  Latin  verse,  and 
besides  wrote  notes  on  Virgil,  Horace,  &c. 
and  died  5th  October,  1611,  in  his  73d  year. 
He  had  14  sons  and  six  daughters,  by  the 
daughter  of  Peter  Hellebron. 

Bertaud,  John,  born  at  Caen,  died  8th 
June,  1611,  aged  59.  He  was  chaplain  to 
Catherine  de  Medicis,  and  at  last  was  pro- 
moted to  the  see  of  Seez.  He  wrote  verses 
with  great  ease  and  elegance,  but  when 
raised  to  the  prelacy,  he  disregarded  the 
effusions  of  his  muse.  His  works,  consisting 
of  sonnets,  canticles,  psalms,  &c.  were  prin- 
ted 1620  in  8vo.  lie  contributed  much  to 
VOL.    I.  24 


the  conversion  of  Henry  IV.  on  whom  he 
composed  a  funeral  oration. 

Bertheau,  Charles,  a  French  protes- 
tant,  born  at  Montpellier,  admitted  minis- 
ter at  the  synod  of  vigan.  He  left  his  coun- 
try at  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes, 
and  settled  in  London,  where  he  was  chosen 
minister  of  the  Walloon  church,  Thread- 
needle-street,  and  where  for  44  years  he 
was  respected  and  admired  as  a  preacher 
and  an  exemplary  pastor.  He  published 
two  vols,  of  French  sermons,  and  died  25th 
December,  1732,  aged  73. 

Berthet,  John,  a  learned  Jesuit  of 
Tarascon,  in  Provence,  who  died  1692, 
aged  70.  His  knowledge  of  ancient  and 
modern  languages  was  unusually  extensive. 
He  wrote  dissertations  on  various  subjects, 
odes,  epigrams,  sonnets,  &c. 

Berthier,  Guillaume  Francois,  a  Je- 
suit, born  at  Issondun  en  Berri,  known  as 
the  conductor  of  the  journal  de  Trevoux  for 
17  years.  He  was  an  able  as  well  as  candiil 
critic,  but  his  reflections  on  some  of  Vol- 
taire's pieces,  drew  upon  him  the  vengeance 
of  this  satirical  poet,  which  however  he 
treated  with  becoming  disdain.  Soon  after 
the  dissolution  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits, 
he  was  made  a  royal  librarian,  and  joint 
preceptor  to  Lewis  XVI.  and  Monsieur,  but 
in  18  months  he  resigned  his  employments 
and  retired  to  OfFemburg,  where  he  con- 
tinued 10  years.  He  returned  afterwards 
to  France,  and  died  of  a  fall  at  Bourges,  15th 
December,  1782,  aged  78,  where  his  re- 
mains were  interred  with  particular  honor 
by  the  chapter  of  the  metropolitan  church. 
His  translation  of  the  psalms  into  French 
was  published  in  1785  in  8  vols.  12mo.  He 
wrote  the  last  six  volumes  of  "  l'Histoire  dq 
l'eglise  Gallicane." 

Bertholet-Flameel,  Bartholomew, 
a  painter  of  Leige,  the  disciple  of  Jordaans. 
He  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  died  1675. 
His  Elijah  carried  up  to  heaven  is  one  of  his 
best  pieces. 

Bertholon,  N.  an  eminent  French 
writer,  born  at  Lyons,  where  he  died  1799. 
He  was  educated  at  St.  Lazare,  and  after- 
wards became  professor  of  medicine  at 
Montpellier,  which  he  quitted  for  the  histo- 
rical chair  of  the  central  school  of  Lyons. 
His  works  were  numerous  and  written  with 
ability,  and  chiefly  on  electricity,  aerosta- 
tion, vegetation,  &c.  His  memoire  on  the 
causes  of  the  prosperity  and  of  the  decay  oC 
the  commerce  of  Lyons,  was  a  popular 
work,  published  1782,  in  8vo.  and  contained 
much  interesting  matter  on  machines,  the 
arts,  &c. 

Berti,  John  Laurence,  a  learned  Au- 
gustine monk  of  Serravezza,  in  Tuscany, 
born  28th  May,  1696.  His  great  work  "  tie 
disciplinis  theologicis,"  in  eight  vols.  4to. 
drew  upon  him  the  censures  of  the  Jesuits, 
and  he  was  accused  before  pope  Benedict 
XIV.  as  a  follower  of  Jansenius,  against 
which  he  defended  himself  in  two  proliv 
vols.  4to.  He  wrote  an  ecclesiastical  history 
in  Latin  in  7  vols,   ilo,  but  his  idea?  of  the 


BE 


BE 


papal  power  over  the  kingdoms  of  the  world 
are  ridiculous  and  extravagant.  He  died  at 
Pisa,  May  26lh,  17f>6,  aged  70, 

Bertier,  John  Stephen,  a  native  of 
Aix  in  Provence,  author  of  two  well  known 
treatises,  "  physique  des  cometes,"  pub- 
lished 1760,  12mo.  and  *  physique  des  corps 
animes,  1755,"  12mo.  lie  died  November 
15,  1783,  aged  73. 

Behtin,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  born  at 
Paris  1664.  After  studying  at  Rome  he  re- 
turned to  France,  where  he  was  patronised 
by  Lewis  XIV.  and  by  the  electors  of  Mentz 
and  Bavaria.  His  pictures,  which  are  pre- 
served at  Paris,  possess  great  merit.  He 
died  1736,  aged  72.  He  was  member  of  the 
academy  of  painting,  Paris,  where  he  gain- 
ed a  prize  in  his  18th  year. 

Bert  in,  Exupere  Joseph,  a  French  phy- 
sician, born  at  Tremblai,  in  the  diocese  of 
Rennes.  He  was  for  some  time  physician 
to  the  Hospodar  of  Wallachia,  but  he  left 
the  country  in  disgust  to  return  to  France. 
He  was  chosen  assistant  anatomist  of  the 
academy  of  Paris,  and  he  published  his 
osteology  in  four  vols.  12mo.  1753.  He  died 
February  1781,  aged  69. 

Bertin,  Anthony,  a  French  officer,  and 
poet,  born  in  the  isle  of  Bourbon,  10th  Oc- 
tober, 1752.  At  the  age  of  nine  he  came  to 
f'rance,  and  was  educated  in  the  college  of 
Plessis,  where  he  greatly  improved  himself, 
and  displayed  a  strong  and  elegant  taste  for 
poetry.  He  went  in  1789,  to  St.  Domingo 
to  marry  a  beautiful  Creole  whom  he  had 
known  and  loved  at  Paris,  but  on  the  eve 
of  his  nuptials  he  was  seized  with  a  fever, 
and  died  17  days  after,  at  the  end  of  June 
1790,  aged  3S.  His  works  were  reprinted 
at  Paris,  two  vols.  12mo.  1802.  The  French 
attributed  to  him  the  beauties  and  the  faults 
of  Propertius,  a  brilliant  imagination,  often 
regardless  of  the  language  of  decorum. 

Bertinazzi,  Charles,  an  actor  of  merit 
in  the  Italian  theatre,  known  by  the  nick- 
name of  Carlin.  He  died  at  Paris,  4th  Sep- 
tember, 1783. 

Bertius,  Peter,  a  professor  of  philoso- 
phy atLeyden,  born  in  Flanders.  He  came 
to  Paris  in  1620,  where  he  renounced  the 
protestant  religion,  and  accepted  the  pro- 
fessorial chair  of  mathematics,  and  the  place 
of  cosmographer  to  the  king.  He  died  1629, 
aged  64.  He  published  learned  commenta- 
ries ou  the  affairs  of  Germany,  besides  thea- 
trum  geographiaj  veleris,  two  vols.  fol. — il- 
lustrium  virorum  epistol.  selects,  &c.  8vo. 
&c. 

Berton,  Peter  Montan  le,  an  eminent 
musician  who  settled  at  Paris,  and  was  em- 
ployed in  the  management  of  the  operas. 
He  died  14th  May,  1780,  aged  53. 

Bertrade,  daughter  of  the  count  of 
Montfort,  married  the  count  of  Anjou,  from 
whom  she  was  divorced  to  unite  herself  to 
Philip  I.  king  of  F ranee,  1092.  This  union 
was  opposed  by  the  clergy,  but  the  love  of 
the  monarch  triumphed  over  his  respect  for 
religion.  Bertrade  was  not  only  ambitious 
but  nut  always  continent  in   her  conduct. 


After  the  king's  death  she  pretended  sanci« s< 
ty,  and  caused  herself  to  be  buried  in  a  con- 
vent which  she  herself  had  founded. 

Bertram,  Cornel.  Bonaventure,  a  na- 
tive of  Thouars,  in  Poitou,  professor  of  He- 
brew at  Genoa,  Frankenthale,  and  Lausan- 
ne. He  died  at  Lausanne  1794,  aged  63. 
He  was  author  of  a  dissertation  on  the  re- 
public of  the  Hebrews — a  revision  of  the 
Geneva  French  bible — an  edition  of  Pagnin's 
thesaurus  linguae  sanctse — a  parallel  of  the 
Hebrew  and  Syriae  languages — lucubrationes 
Frankendalenses. 

Bertrand,  John  Baptist,  a  physician, 
born  at  Martigues  12th  July  1670.  He  is 
known  for  his  interesting  aceount  of  the 
plague  at  Marseilles — for  dissertations  on  sea 
air,  4to. — letters  to  Deider  on  the  muscular 
motion,  &e.     He  died  Sept.  10th  1752. 

Bertrand,  Nicholas,  a  physician,  who 
died  at  Paris  1780,  author  of  elements  oa 
physiology,  and  other  works. 

Berulle,  Peter,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Serilli  near  Troyes.  He  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  conference  at  Fontainebleau,  and 
more  as  being  the  founder  of  the  oratory  in 
France,  an  institution  which  merited,  by  the 
piety  and  good  order  of  its  members,  the 
patronage  of  the  king,  and  of  the  pope.  He 
was  engaged  in  political  affairs  as  almoner  to 
Henry  IV.  and  after  his  death  as  chief  of  the 
council  of  the  queen-mother  Mary  de  Me- 
dicis.  He  also  accompanied  Henrietta-Ma- 
ria when  she  came  to  England,  on  her  mar- 
riage with  Charles  I.  Berulle  was  rewarded 
with  a  cardinal's  hat  by  Urban  VIII.  1627, 
and  he  died  suddenly  while  celebrating  mass, 
October  2d,  1629,  aged  55,  after  a  life  of  ex- 
emplar)7 piety  and  virtue.  His  writings  were 
on  spiritual  and  controversial  subjects,  and 
appeared  in  one  vol.  folio. 

Beryllus,  a  bishop  of  Arabia,  in  the 
third  century.  In  a  conference  with  Origin, 
he  renounced  his  opinion  that  Jesus  Christ 
had  no  existence  before  his  incarnation. 

Besler,  Basil,  an  apothecary  of  Nurem- 
berg, born  1561.  He  wrote  some  botanical 
works,  held  in  high  estimation,  especially 
Hortus  Eystettensis  1613,  fol. — Iconesflorum 
&  herbarum  1616,  4to. — His  son,  Michael 
Rupert,  also  distinguished  himself  as  the  wri- 
ter of  the  Gazophylacium  rerum  naturalium, 
Nurenib.  1642,  folio.     He  died  1661. 

Besly,  John,  a  learned  antiquarian,  king's 
advocate  at  Fontenoy  le  comte  in  Poiton, 
was  author  of  an  history  of  Poiton,  published 
1647 — and  the  bishops  of  Poictiers,  1547.  Hq 
died  1644,  aged  72. 

Besogne,  Jerome,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  who  died  1763,  aged  77.  He  wrote 
"  l'histoire  de  Port-royal,"  6  vols.  12mo.  be- 
sides some  theological  works. 

Besolde,  Christopher,  a  professor  of 
law  at  Tubingen,  who  died  1638,  aged  61. 
He  abjured  the  protestant  religion,  and  was 
author  of  some  philological  works,  &c. 

Besplas,  Joseph  Mary  Anne  Gros  de,  a 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  born  at  Languedoc, 
and  known  as  an  excellent  preacher,  and  as 
the  earnest  friend  and   comforter  of  such 


BE 


BE 


triminals  as  were  sentenced  to  death.  He 
wrote  an  essay  on  the  eloquence  of  the  pul- 
pit, and  a  treatise  on  the  causes  of  public 
happiness,  two  vols.  12mo.  1778.  He  died  at 
Paris  1783,  aged  49. 

Bessarion,  a  native  of  Trebizond,  titu- 
lar patriarch  of  Constantinople,  and  a  cardi- 
nal, more  illustrious  as  one  of  the  restorers 
of  learning  in  the  15th  century.  He  was 
solicitous  to  unite  the  Greek  and  Latin 
churches,  and  he  commanded  universal  ad- 
miration by  his  eloquence  at  the  counsel  of 
Florence.  He  might  have  been  raised  to  the 
papal  chair,  if  his  Greek  origin  had  not  been 
objected  to,  by  the  intrigues  of  cardinal  Alain. 
He  was  engaged  in  several  embassies,  but'that 
to  France  proved,  according  to  Matthieu, 
the  cause  of  his  death.  He  offended  the 
jealous  Lewis  XI.  by  paying  a  previous  visit 
to  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  so  that  the  mon- 
arch in  an  insulting  manner  seized  his  beard, 
observing  in  his  vulgar  Latin  "  Barbara 
Grseca  genus  retinent  quod  habere  solebant," 
which  so  affronted  the  cardinal,  that  he  died 
soon  after,  at  Ravenna,  through  chagrin, 
1472.  Bessarion  wrote  orations — epistles 
— besides  translations  of  some  of  Aris- 
totle's pieces,  &c.  His  valuable  library  is 
still  preserved  at  Venice  as  a  curiosity.  He 
was  the  friend  and  patron  of  Poggius,  Lau- 
rentius  Valla,  Theodore  of  Gaza,  &c. 

Besset,  Henry  de,  comptroller  of  pub- 
lic works  in  France,  wrote  a  curious  and  val- 
uable account  of  the  campaigns  of  Rocroi 
suid  Fribourg,  in  1644  and  1645,  in  12mo. 
He  died  1693. 

Betham,  Edward,  B.  D.  was  educated 
at  Eton,  and  become  fellow  of  King's  college, 
Cambridge,  1731,  and  40  years  after  of  Eton 
college.  He  is  known  for  his  exemplary 
■manners,  the  goodness  of  his  heart,  and  his 
great  liberality,  so  that  he  presented  to  the 
university  200UZ.  for  the  better  support  of 
the  botanical  garden,  and  gave  600/.  to  erect 
a  marble  statue  to  Henry  VI.  the  founder  of 
the  college,  within  whose  walls  he  had  re- 
ceived his  education. 

Bethencourt,  Jean  de,  a  native  of 
Normandy,  who  discovered  the  Canary  is- 
lands in  1402,  and  conquered  five  of  them, 
with  the  assistance  of  Henry  III.  king  of  Cas- 
tile. It  is  said,  that  his  descendants  still  live 
there,  in  honorable  independence. 

Bethune,  Philip  de,  a  native  of  Bethune 
in  Artois,  known  as  ambassador  from  France 
to  Rome,  Scotland,  Savoy,  and  Germany. 
He  died  1649,  aged  88.  An  account  of  his 
embassy  to  Germany  was  published  in  folio 
at  Paris  1667. 

Bet  is,  governor  of  Gaza,  was  cruelly 
treated  by  Alexander,  for  bravery  defending 
the  place,  and  dragged  when  dead  by  his 
chariot  wheels. 

Betterton,  Thomas,  an  actor  of  great 
eminence,  born  in  Tothill-street,  1635,  and 
apprenticed  to  a  bookseller.  His  first  ap- 
pearance as  a  player  was  in  1656,  at  the 
opera  house  in  charterhouse-yard  ;  but  after 
the  restoration,  he  was  sent  by  Charles  II.  to 
copy  the  superior  graces  and  ornaments  of  a 


Paris  theatre,  and  on  his  return  he  added  alt 
the  powers  of  his  taste  and  genius  to  the 
Drury-lane  and  Lincoln's-inn-nelds  theatres, 
which,  after  dividing  the  applauses  of  the 
town,  united  in  1682,  or  according  to  Cibber 
in  1684,  into  one  company.  Hiatranscendant 
abilities  drew  universal  approbation  ;  but 
merit  in  all  situations  is  attended  with  ene- 
mies, and  Betterton  found  his  character 
tarnished  by  the  envy  of  inferior  actors,  so 
that,  eager  to  disengage  himself  from  the 
oppression  of  the  managers,  he  procured  a 
patent  to  erect  by  subscription  another  thea- 
tre in  Lincoln's-inn-fields,  which  opened  in 
1695.  But  though  supported  by  the  patron- 
age of  the  king,  and  the  abilities  of  Congreve, 
our  theatrical  hero  discovered  that  the  op- 
position of  Vanbrugh  and  Cibber  was  too  pow- 
erful ;  and  though  the  "monrning  bride," 
and  "  the  way  of  the  world,"  appeared  witli 
all  their  excellencies,  the  more  rapid  pro- 
ductions of  the  other  house,  procured  grea- 
ter success  and  greater  admiration  ;  and  af- 
ter three  or  four  seasons  of  unavailing  rival- 
ship,  and  after  endeavouring  to  establish  a 
new  opposition,  by  building  the  Hay-market, 
in  1706,  Betterton  yielded  in  the  struggle,  and 
all  the  powers  of  the  actors  were  again  re- 
united into  one  society.  In  his  old  age  Bet- 
terton was  attacked  with  the  gout,  but  he 
preserved  his  usual  serenity  of  mind,  and 
though  oppressed  by  indigence,  he  found 
the  public  inclined  to  patronise  his  depart- 
ing greatness.  Love  for  love  was  acted  for 
his  benefit  in  1709,  and  Mrs.  Bracegirdle 
and  Mrs.  Barry  stepped  forth  from  their 
retirement  to  support  the  public  favorite, 
and  five  hundred  pounds  were  cleared  for 
the  maintenance  of  the  worthy  veteran. 
Hamlet  was  the  next  year  performed  with 
equal  success,  and  the  Maid's  tragedy  was 
announced  for  the  exhibition  of  the  following 
spring  ;  but  Betterton  exerted  too  much  his 
languid  nerves  in  the  part  of  Melanthus, 
and  the  gout,  which  he  had  kept  off  by  ex- 
ternal applications,  flew  to  his  head,  and 
proved  fatal,  28th  April,  1710.  He  was  in- 
terred in  Westminster-abbey,  universally 
lamented,  but  mourned  by  none  more  than 
by  Steele,  who  published  in  the  Tatler, 
(No.  167)  a  moving  detail  of  the  merits  of 
his  departed  friend.  Betterton  wrote  or  al- 
tered three  plays.  His  greatest  merit,  how- 
ever, arises  from  his  theatrical  powers. 
None,  as  Cibber  says,  could  act  with  equal 
feeling  the  characters  of  Othello,  Macbeth, 
Hamlet,  Brutus,  Hotspur,  and  the  spirit  of 
the  poet  was  transfused  into  the  player, 
and  on  his  attitude,  his  aspect,  his  language, 
the  most  eager  expectation  was  suspended, 
and  the  eye  of  the  spectator  almost  im- 
bibed the  sentiment  before  it  could  reach 
the  ear. 

Bettini,  Dominico,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Florence.  He  died  1705,  aged  61. 
His  flowers,  fruit,  animals,  and  particularly 
scenes  of  still  life,  possessed  great  merit. 

Betts,  John,  a  native  of  Winchester, 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  1C54. 


BE 


BE 


After  the  restoration  he  became  one  of  the 
king's  physicians.  He  wrote  de  ortu  &  na- 
tura  sanguinis,  1669,  8vo. — anatomiaThomce 
Parr,  &c.  The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Betussi,  Joseph,  an  Italian  poet,  of  Bas- 
sano,  born  1520.  Besides  amorous  poems, 
lie  wrote  the  life  of  Boccacio,  and  translated 
his  Latin  works  into  Italian.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Peter  Aretin. 

Beveridge,  William,  a  native  of  Bar- 
row in  Leicestershire,  educated  at  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge.  His  application  was  so 
intense,  and  his  proficiency  in  Hebrew  so 
respectable,  that  at  the  age  of  IS  he  publish- 
ed "  a  treatise  on  the  use  of  oriental  lan- 
guages." He  became  vicar  of  Ealing,  Middle- 
sex, which  he  afterwards  gave  up  for  St.  Pe- 
ter's, Cornhill.  He  gained  the  public  esteem 
by  his  eloquence  in  the  pulpit,  and  was  libe- 
rally patronised  by  Hinchman  and  Compton, 
both  successively  bishops  of  London,  and  he 
was  made  chaplain  to  king  William  in  1684. 
He  was  successively  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
archdeacon  of  Colchester,  prebendary  of 
Canterbury,  and  he,  in  1691,  refused  the  see 
of  Bath  and  Wells,  on  the  deprivation  of  Dr. 
Kenn,  but  in  1704  he  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  St.  Asaph.  In  his  episcopal  character  he 
strongly  recommended  to  his  clergy  the  ca- 
techising of  children,  and  earnestness  in  pub- 
lic instruction.  He  died  5th  March,  1707, 
aged  71,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral. He  left  the  best  part  of  his  property 
to  charitable  purposes.  He  published  150 
sermons  in  12  vols.  Svo.  and  two  vols,  folio, 
besides  other  theological  tracts,  &c.  in  Latin 
as  well  as  English,  nsisting  of  institutionum 
chronologic-arum  libri  duo — Codex  canonum 
ecclesia  primitiva — Synodicon  sive  pandecte 
canonum  S.S.  npostolor.  concil.  ab  ecclesia 
Grxca  receptorum,  1672,  2  vols.  fol. — pri- 
vate thoughts  on  religion — the  church  cate- 
chism explained — the  great  necessity  of  fre- 
quent communion — thesaurus  theologicus, 
or  complete  system  of  divinity,  4  vols.  8vo. — 
a  defence  of  the  old  version  of  the  psalms — 
an  exposition  of  the  39  articles,  fol.  &cc. 

Beverland,  Hadrian,  a  native  of  Mid- 
dleburgh,  in  Zealand,  known  for  his  abilities, 
which  were  shamefully  prostituted  in  the 
composition  of  loose  poetry  and  obscene 
pieces.  His  treatise  on  original  sin  drew 
upon  him  the  censure  of  the  world,  not  only 
the  book  was  burnt  with  public  execration, 
but  the  author,  who  flagitiously  boasted  of 
the  composition,  was  driven  from  the  Hague, 
from  Utrecht  and  Leyden,  and  at  last  found 
an  asylum  and  a  pension  in  England,  by  the 
favor  of  Isaac  Vossius.  It  is  said  that  he  re- 
pented of  the  profligacy  of  his  life,  and  the 
immoral  tendency  of  his  writings,  of  which 
l^e  made  a  recantation  in  his  treatise  "  de 
fornicatione  cavenda,"  though  his  sincerity 
has  been  seriously  doubted.  The  death  of 
Vossius  involved  him  in  difficulties,  and  to 
the  evils  of  poverty  were  added  public  con- 
tempt, excited  by  the  illiherality  of  his  satire, 
and  boob  after  the  loss  of  his  mental  faculties, 
which  persecuted  him  with  the  apprehen- 
sion that  *00  men  had  conspired  his  destruc- 


tion. No  mention  of  him  is  made  after  1712, 
and  it  is  probable  that  he  died  about  that 
time. 

Beverley,  John  of,  a  native  of  Harp- 
ham,  in  Northumberland,  made  abbot  of  St. 
Hilda,  then  bishop  of  Hexham,  and  in  687 
translated  to  York.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
and  a  great  encourager  of  learning,  and  he 
founded  a  college  for  secular  priests  at  Be- 
verley. After  holding  the  episcopal  dignity 
34  years,  he  retired  to  the  obscurity  of  a 
cell,  and  died  721. 

Bevernixck,  Jerome  Van,  an  able 
Dutch  statesman,  ambassador  to  Cromwell 
in  1 654.  He  brought  about  a  peace  between 
England  and  Holland,  and  his  negotiations 
at  Nimeguen  produced  also  a  general  pacifi- 
cation.    He  died  1690,  aged  76. 

Beverwick,  John  de,  a  native  of  Dor- 
drecht, educated  under  the  patronage  of  G. 
J.  Vossius,  and  distinguished  as  an  able  phy- 
sician and  a  respectable  medical  writer.  He 
took  his  degrees  at  Padua,  and  practised  in 
his  native  town.  He  died  1647,  aged  41,  and 
merited  to  be  called  in  his  epitaph  by  Dan. 
Heinsius  "  Vitte  artifex,  mortis  fugator." 
His  works  appeared  in  4to.  1 651. 

Beuf,  John  le,  member  of  the  academy 
of  belles  lettres  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Aux- 
erre.  He  was  a  learned  antiquary,  and  has 
enriched  literature  with  many  valuable  com- 
positions on  the  history  and  topography  of 
France.  This  respectable  ecclesiastic  died 
1760,  aged  73.  He  wrote  memoirs  on  the 
history  of  Auxerre,  besides  collections  for 
the  history  of  Paris  and  of  France,  &c. 

Beurs,  William,  a  Dutchman,  born  at 
Dordt  1656,  and  distinguished  as  a  painter 
of  flowers,  landscapes,  and  portraits. 

Bexon,  Scipio,  a  native  of  Remiremont, 
who  died  at  Paris,  15th  Feb.  1784,  aged  36. 
He  assisted  Buffon  in  his  natural  history,  and 
published  himself  a  sjTstem  of  fertilization, 
8vo.  &c. 

Beys,  Charles  de,  a  French  poet,  the 
friend  and  cotemporary  of  Scarron.  His 
theatrical  pieces  were  not  in  high  estima- 
tion.    He  died  1656. 

Beysser,  John  Michael,  a  native  of 
Mentz,  who  early  showed  a  great  propensity 
for  adventures  and  travelling.  He  was  in 
tiic  Indies  and  in  Holland,  and  became  a  ge- 
neral at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution. 
He  was  employed  in  la  Vendee,  but  being 
defeated,  he  was  accused  and  condemned  as 
a  traitor,  and  as  the  accomplice  of  Hebert, 
and  he  suffered  with  great  composure,  13th 
of  April,  1794. 

Beza,  Theodore,  a  zealous  protestant, 
born  at  Vezelai,  in  Burgundy,  24th  of  June, 
1519,  and  educated  at  Orleans,  under  the 
care  of  Melchior  Wolmar.  He  was  in- 
tended for  the  bar,  but  he  earnestly  devoted 
himself  to  classical  literature,  and  leaving 
France,  he  went  to  Geneva,  with  a  woman 
to  whom  he  had  promised  marriage,  and  in 
1549  he  was  elected  to  the  Greek  profes- 
sorship of  Lausanne,  where  for  10  years  he 
supported  the  character  of  a  respectable 
lecturer,  and  an  accomplished  scholar.    In 


BI 


131 


1559  lie  settled  as  protestant  minister  at 
Geueva,  where  he  became  the  friend  and 
the  associate  of  Calvin,  whose  tenets  he 
maintained  with  the  eloquence  of  the  pul- 
pit, and  the  arguments  of  logical  disputation. 
He  was  delegated  by  the  university  of  Ge- 
neva to  the  conference  of  Poissy  before  the 
king  of  Navarre,  and  his  abilities  and  mo- 
deration commanded  universal  respect  from 
a  most  crowded  audience.  He  remained 
with  the  duke  of  Conde  during  the  civil 
wars  of  France,  and  was  afterwards  en- 
gaged as  an  active  and  zealous  advocate  in 
the  synods,  which  were  held  on  ecclesiasti- 
cal affairs  at  Rochelle,  at  Nismes,  at  Mont- 
beliard,  and  at  Bern.  His  intense  studies 
and  labors,  to  which  his  whole  life  was  ex- 
posed, early  shattered  his  constitution,  and 
after  eight  years  of  gradual  decay,  he  ex- 
pired 13th  Oct.  1605.  His  abilities  were  of 
the  most  comprehensive  kind,  and  as  he  ex- 
erted himself  warmly  in  support  of  the  pro- 
testant cause,  it  is  not  surprising  that  he 
should  be  branded  with  the  most  oppro- 
brious terms  by  his  religious  opponents. 
His  controversies  were  with  the  most  re- 
spectable scholars  of  the  times,  and  he 
evinced  in  the  contest  the  superiority  of  his 
cause,  as  well  as  the  extent  of  his  learning. 
His  publications  were  all  on  theological  sub- 
jects, partly  in  French  and  partly  in  Latin, 
a  catalogue  of  which  is  given  by  Anthony  la 
Faye,  who  has  written  an  account  of  his 
life.  A  Greek  MS.  of  the  new  testament 
once  in  his  possession,  is  preserved  at  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  Dr.  Kipling  has  published  a 
copy. 

Beziers,  Michael,  au  ecclesiastic  known 
for  his  laborious  researches  on  history  and 
antiquity,  which  he  published.  He  died  of 
an  apoplexy,  1782. 

Bezout,  Stephen,  born  at  Nemours, 
17.30,  died  at  Paris,  27th  Sept.  1783.  He  is 
known  by  his  course  of  mathematics,  4  vols. 
8vo.  ard  his  treatise  on  navigation,  6  vols. 
8vo.  besides  a  general  theory  of  algebraic 
equations,  and  other  works.  He  was  of 
the  academy  of  sciences,  and  also  examiner 
of  the  pupils  of  the  artillery  and  of  the  ma- 
rines, for  whose  use  chiefly  he  published. 

Biancani,  Joseph,  author  of  cosmo- 
graphy demonstrated — chronology  of  emi- 
nent mathematicians — dissertation  on  the 
nature  of  mathematics,  besides  an  edi- 
tion of  Aristotle,  and  other  works  ;  was  a 
Jesuit  and  mathematician  of  Bologna,  and 
he  died  at  Parma  1044. 

Bian'chi,  Peter,  a  Roman  painter,  emi- 
nent for  his  portraits  and  landscapes,  sea  pie- 
ces, and  animals.  He  made  anatomical  figures 
in  colored  wax  with  great  success.  He  died 
at  Rome  173'J,  aged  45. 

Bianchi,  Francis,  a  painter,  master  to 
Corregio.  He  was  born  at  Modena,  and  died 
1520. 

Bianchin,  John  Fortunatis,  professor  of 
medicine,  at  Padua,  Avas  author  of  treatises 
on  medical  electricity, —  on  the  force  of  ima- 
gination on  pregnant  women, — discourses  on 
philosophy,  fee. — and  died  at  Padua  1779. 


Biaxchixi,  Francis,  a  native  of  Verona, 
illustrious  not  only  for  his  universal  learning, 
but  the  establishment  of  the  Alethofili  sociC 
ty  in  his  native  town,  whose  pursuits  were  di- 
rected to  physical  and  mathematical  sub- 
jects. He  was  patronised  by  pope  Alexan- 
der VITf.  and  by  his  successors,  and  received 
public  marks  of  respect  from  the  Roman  se- 
nate. He  died  2d  March  17-^9,  aged  f.7. 
The  people  of  Verona  honored  bis  memory 
by  setting  a  bust  of  him  in  their  cathedral. 
His  works  were  in  Italian  and  chiefly  on  an- 
tiquities, such  as  Palazzo  di  Cesari,— and  in- 
scrizzioni  scpolcrali  della  easa  di  Augu.sio, 
fjl.  1727,  besides  pieces  of  poetry  and  elo- 
quence. His  universal  history  1697,  is  high- 
ly valued,  and  also  his  hespheri  et  phosphori 
nova  phtenomena,  sive  observat.  in  Veneris 
planelam. 

Bianchini,  Joseph*  a  Veronese  orator, 
known  by  his  writings  against  the  helium 
papale  of  Thomas  James. 

Biancolelli,  Pierre  Francois,  a  play- 
er of  eminence,  author  of  some  theatrical 
pieces,  and  parodies.  He  died  at  Paris 
1734,  aged  53. 

Biard,  Peter,  a  celebrated  sculptor  at 
Paris,  who  studied  at  Rome.  He  died  at 
Paris,  1609,  aged  50  years.  The  best  of  bis 
pieces  was  the  equestrian  statue  of  Hen- 
ry IV. 

Bias,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece,  florished  about  680  B.  C. 

Bibiena,  Bernardo  de,  a  Roman  of  ob- 
scure origin,  but  great  talents.  He  was  in 
the  service  of  the  Medici  family,  and  by  his 
intrigues  promoted  the  election  of  Leo  X. 
to  the  popedom,  for  which  lie  was  made  a 
cardinal  and  employed  in  important  negoti- 
ations. He  afterwards  roused  the  indigna- 
tion of  his  patron,  and  was  poisoned  as  it  is 
supposed  by  his  directions  1520,  aged  50. 
His  Calandra,  a  comedy,  is  still  held  in  high 
esteem  in  Italy. 

Bibiena,  Ferdinand  Galli,  known  as  a 
painter  and  architect,  was  born  at  Bologna 
1657.  He  was  patronised  by  the  duke  of 
Parma  and  the  emperor,  and  the  magnifi- 
cent buildings  which  were  erected  according 
to  his  plans,  shew  the  superiority  of  his  abil- 
ities in  architecture,  and  the  rules  of  the 
perspective.  He  wrote  two  books  on  his 
art,  and  died  blind  1743,  leaving  two  sons  of 
equal  merit,  one  of  whom,  J.  Galli,  wrote 
the  history  of  the  amours  of  Valeria  ami 
Barbarigo. 

Bibliander,  Theodore,  a  learned  ori- 
entallist,  professor  of  theology  at  Zurich, 
published  an  edition  of  the  koran,  some 
commentaries  on  scripture,  &c.  He  died  of 
the  plague  1564,  aged  65.  His  real  name 
was  Bouchman. 

Bichat,  Marie  Francis  Xavier,  a  pupil 
of  Petit  at  Lyons,  who  came  to  Paris,  and, 
under  the  instruction  and  patronage  of  Ik 
sault,  was  appointed  medical  professor  at 
the  Hotel  Dieu.  He  is  author  of  a  treatise 
on  the  membranes — recherches  physiologi- 
ques  sur  la  vie  kla  mort,  8vo.  1799 — besides 
memoirs  in  the  collection  of  the  medical  so- 


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ciety,  and  an  eloge  on  his  friend  Desault,  in  , 
the  4th  vol.  of  the  journal  de  chirurgie.  He  ! 
died  1802,  aged  31. 

B  i  d  d  le,  J ohn,  was  horn  at  Wottcn-undcr- 
Edge,  Gloucestershire,  and  was  educated  at 
the  grammar  school  there,  and  patronised 
by  lord  Berkeley.  He  entered  at  Magdalen- 
hall,  Oxford,  and  after  he  had  taken  his  de- 
gree of  M.  A.  he  was  elected  master  of  the 
free  school  of  St.  Mary  de  Crypt,  in  Glou- 
cester, but  his  refusal  to  acknowledge  the 
divinity  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  interrupted  his 
success  and  popularity,  and  drew  upon  him 
accusations  of  heresy.  The  firmness  with 
which  he  supported  his  opinions  roused  the 
vengeance  of  his  enemies,  but  though  he 
was  liberated  from  prison  by  his  friends,  he 
■was  still  unwilling  to  yield  to  the  arguments 
which  archbishop  Usher,  in  his  way  through 
Gloucester,  kindly  used  to  remove  his  doubts 
and  effect  a  reconciliation.  He  was  sum- 
moned to  appear  before  the  parliament  at 
Westminster,  but  the  12  arguments  and 
other  things  which  he  published  as  a  crite- 
rion of  his  faith,  instead  of  liberating  him, 
exposed  him  to  greater  persecution,  and  the 
assembly  of  divines,  to  whom  his  cause  had 
been  referred,  solicited  the  commons,  and 
an  ordinance  was  passed,  to  punish  with 
death  such  as  denied  the  received  doctrine 
of  the  Trinity.  In  the  struggle  for  power 
which  divided  the  commons,  Biddle  pro- 
cured his  release,  and  passed  some  time  in 
Staffordshire,  till  Serjeant  Bradshaw,  jealous 
of  his  liberty,  recalled  him  to  London, 
•where  he  was  again  confined  with  greater 
severity.  To  the  horrors  of  a  prison  were 
added  those  of  poverty,  but  Biddle  was  a 
man  of  learning,  and  he  earned  a  subsistence 
by  correcting  the  septuagint  bible,  in  the 
publications  of  which  Roger  Daniel,  a  Lon- 
don printer,  was  employed.  By  the  gen- 
eral oblivion  act  of  1054,  Biddle  recovered 
his  liberty,  but  a  fresh  publication  again  ex- 
posed him  to  the  rigor  of  Cromwell's  parlia- 
ment, and  at  last  the  protector,  incited  by 
the  intrigues  of  Griffin,  an  anabaptist,  who 
had  experienced  the  superior  powers  of  his 
antagonist  in  theological  disputes,  gave  or- 
ders for  his  banishment  to  St.  Mary's  castle, 
in  the  isles  of  Scilly,  in  1655,  where  he  con- 
tinued three  years.  On  the  restoration, 
when  the  liberty  of  dissenters  was  abridged, 
Biddle,  who  as  a  minister,  expounded  Ins 
doctrines  in  private  as  well  as  in  public,  was 
seized  and  dragged  before  a  magistrate.  He 
was  fined  1001.  and  his  hearers  20/.  each,  but 
from  his  inability  to  pay,  he  was  detained, 
and  after  15  weeks  of  confinement,  a  sudden 
disease  came  to  put  an  end  to  his  sufferings 
22d  September,  1662,  in  his  47th  year.  He 
was  buried  in  Oid  Bethlem  cliurch-yard, 
Moorfields,  and  his  life  has  been  published 
by  Mr.  Farrington  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
who  extols  his  piety  and  his  exemplary  mo- 
rals. 

Bidloo,  Godfrey,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, eminent  as  a  physician  and  an  anato- 
mical writer.  He  was  professor  at  the 
Hague,  and  afterwards  at  Leyden,  and  phy- 
sician to  king  William,  whom  he  attended 


in  England.  He  died  at  Leyden,  April  1713. 
aged  64.  Some  of  his  poems  in  Low  Dutch 
were  published  in  1719.  His  great  work  is 
analomia  corporis  humani,  Amsterdam, 
1685,  folio. 

Bie,  Adrian  de,  a  portrait  painter,  born 
at  Liere  1594.  He  settled  at  Rome,  where 
he  met  with  great  encouragement.  His 
architectural  pieces  were  also  admired. 

Biefield,  James  Frederick  baron  de, 
a  native  of  Hamburgh,  employed  by  the 
king  of  Prussia  as  secretary  of  legation,  and 
afterwards  as  preceptor  to  his  brother,  Fer- 
dinand, and  in  1747,  made  curator  of  the 
universities,  and  afterwards  baron  and  privy 
counsellor.  He  spent  the  last  part  of  his 
life  in  literary  retirement,  and  died  at  Al- 
tembourg,  5th  April,  1770,  aged  53.  He  is 
author  of  several  works  not  highly  esteem- 
ed. They  are  political  institutions,  three 
vols.  8vo. — progress  of  the  Germans  in  belles 
lettres,  8vo. — familiar  letters,  or  universal 
erudition  translated  into  English — dramatic 
amusements,  ike, 

Bielke,  N.  baron  de,  a  Swedish  gentle- 
man, engaged  in  the  conspiracy  of  Anker- 
stroem,  against  the  Swedish  king.  When 
interrogated,  he  refused  to  accuse  his  associ- 
ates, and  swallowed  poison  which  he  had 
concealed  about  him,  and  died  1792,  aged  50. 

Bienne,  John,  an  eminent  printer  of 
Paris.    He  died  1588. 

Bierve,  N.  marechal,  marquis  de,  a 
Frenchman  well  known  for  his  ready  wit, 
and  great  facetiousness.  He  wrote  two  plays 
which  possess  considerable  merit — les  re- 
putations, &  le  seducteur.  He  died  at  Spa, 
where  he  had  retired  for  the  benefit  of  the 
waters,  1789,  aged  42.  He  i.s  author  of  the 
distich  on  courtezans, 
Quid  fades,   fades  Veneris  cum  veneris 

ante  ? 
J\fe  sedeas  ?  sed  eas  ne  pereas  per  eas. — 

Biez.,  Oudard  du,  a  native  of  Artois,  in 
the  service  of  Francis  I.  His  great  bravery 
and  unusual  presence  of  mind  in  the  field  of 
battle,  recommended  him  highly  to  the  pub- 
lic favor.  After  being  disgraced  for  snn-en- 
dering  Boulogne,  he  was  restored  to  his 
rank,  and  died  at  Paris  1  553. 

Biezelingen,  Christian  Jans  Van,  a 
portrait  painter,  born  at  Delft.  He  died 
1600,  aged  42. 

B i field,  Nicholas,  minister  of  St.  Pe- 
ter's, Chester,  and  afterwards  vicar  of  Isle- 
worth,  was  a  devout  and  zealous  advocate  of 
Christianity,  both  in  the  pulpit  and  in  his 
writings.     He  died  1622,  aged  44. 

Bigne,  Grace  de  la,  of  Bayeux,  accom- 
panied king  John  to  England,  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Poictiers.  He  wrote  "  le  Roman  des 
oiseaux,"  a  poem  for  the  instruction  of  the 
king's  son.  He  died  about  1374.  His  name 
is  sometimes  written  Vigne. 

Bigne,  Marguerin  de  la,  of  the  same 
family  as  the  preceding,  was  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  eminent  as  a  man  of  letters. 
Besides  harangues  and  sermons,  he  publish- 
ed a  bildiotheca  patrum,  an  useful  collection 
in  eight  vols,  folio,  edited  also  in  16  vols.  fol. 
He  gave  up  his  benefices  in  his  native  town 


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of  Bayeux,  rather  than  support  a  law-suit, 
and  retired  to  literary  pursuits  at  Paris, 
where  he  died  about  1591. 

Bignicourt,  Simon  de,  a  counsellor  of 
Rheims,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  an- 
tient  and  modern  literature.  His  "  pensees 
&  reflections  philosophiques,"  are  much 
esteemed.  He  wrote,  besides  epigrams  and 
short  poems,  in  French  and  Latin,  none  of 
which  exceed  20  lines,  in  a  style  of  such 
neatness  and  elegance,  that  he  has  been  com- 
pared to  Catullus.  He  died  at  Rheims,  1775, 
aged  66. 

Bignon,  Jerome,  was  born  at  Paris,  and 
educated  by  his  father.  His  progress  was 
so  rapid,  and  his  abilities  soTmaturely  dis- 
played, that  at  the  age  of  10  he  published 
his  description  of  the  holy  land,  and  at  the 
age  of  14,  his  treatise  on  the  election  of  the 
popes.  He  was  noticed  by  Henry  IV.  and 
obtained  a  place  at  court ;  but  after  his 
death,  he  travelled  into  Italy,  where  he  re- 
ceived many  proofs  of  esteem  from  pope 
Paul  V.  On  his  return  he  devoted  himself 
to  the  bar,  and  with  such  success,  that  he 
was  nominated  counsellor  of  state  and  advo- 
cate general  in  the  parliament  of  Paris.  He 
likewise  distinguished  himself  as  a  politician, 
he  was  consulted  by  queen  Anne  of  Austria 
during  her  regency,  he  assisted  at  the  com- 
pletion of  the  treaty  with  Holland  in  1649, 
regulated  the  succession  of  Mantua,  and 
concluded  the  allance  with  the  Hans  towns 
in  1654.  He  died  seventh  April  1656,  aged 
66,  of  an  asthma. 

Bigot,  Emeri,  a  native  of  Rouen,  known 
for  his  learning,  and  for  his  exemplary  man- 
ners. He  was  very  intimate  with  the  lear- 
ned men  of  his  age,  such  as  Menage,  Nicho- 
las Heinsius,  and  others,  and  he  liberally  as- 
sisted his  friends  in  their  publications.  He 
published  the  life  of  St.  Chrysostom  by  Palla- 
di,  discovered  by  him  in  the  grand  duke's 
library  at  Florence,  and  died  1639,  at  Rou- 
en, aged  64. 

Bilderbek,  Christopher  Laurent,  a 
Hanoverian  lawyer  who  translated  into  Ger- 
man, Abbadie's  treatise  of  the  truth  of  the 
Christian  religion.     He  died  1749. 

Bilfinger,  George  Bernard,  a  native 
of  Canstadt,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Pe- 
tersburg, and  afterwards  of  theology  at  Tu- 
bingen, and  known  for  his  valuable  treatise 
called  "  Dilucidatioues  philosoph.  de  deo, 
anima  humana,  mundo,  &c."  He  died  1750, 
aged  57.  It  is  remarked  that  he,  like  all  his 
family,  was  born  with  12  fingers  and  12  toes. 

Billaut,  Adam,  a  joiner  of  Nevers, 
known  by  the  name  of  Maitre  Adam.  He 
possessed  great  abilities  as  a  poet,  aud  he 
had  the  good  sense  and  fortitude  to  prefer 
his  obscure  residence  at  Nevers,  to  a  magni- 
ficent dwelling  at  Versailles.  His  "  Chevil- 
les,"  his  "  Villebrequin,  and  his  "  rabot," 
deservedly  procured  him  fame,  and  he  re- 
ceived a  pension  from  Richelieu,  and  from 
the  duke  of  Orleans.  He  was  intimate  with 
the  poets  of  his  age,  and  displayed  great  vi- 
vacity and  spirit  in  his  verses,  though  it  ean- 
not  be  surprising  to  find  some  dull  and  frivo- 


lous lines  from  the  pen  of  a  man  who  culti- 
vated the  muses  with  the  tools  of  a  joiner  iu 
his  hand.     He  died  at  Nevers  1662. 

Billi,  Jacques  de,  was  born  at  Guise,  in 
Picardy,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
learning,  and  his  poetical  pieces.  He  trans- 
lated several  of  the  Greek  fathers  into  Latin 
with  spirit  and  accuracy,  and  wrote  observa- 
tions on  the  scriptures.  He  died  25th  De- 
cember, 1581,  aged  47.  Chatard  wrote  his 
life,  1582. 

Billi,  Jacques  de,  a  Jesuit  of  Compieg- 
ne,  author  of  opus  astronomicon,  and  other 
esteemed  mathematical  works.  He  died  at 
Dijon  1679,  aged  77. 

Billingsley,  Henry,  a  native  of  Can- 
terbury, educated  at  Oxford.  Instead  of 
pursuing  his  studies  he  became  a  haberdash- 
er in  London,  and  not  only  acquired  great 
opulence,  but  rose  to  the  highest  honors  of 
the  city.  He  was  elected  sheriff,  alderman, 
and,  in  1598  lord  mayor  of  London,  when  he 
received  the  honor  of  knighthood,  His  hos- 
pitable reception  of  Whitehead  the  mathe- 
matician turned  his  attention  to  geometry, 
and  by  the  assistance  of  this  poor  inmate  he 
became  so  skilled  in  mathematics  that  he 
published  the  first  English  translation  of  Eu- 
clid's elements,  with  learned  annotations 
1570,  folio,  for  which  a  preface  was  written, 
by  Dr.  Dee.     Sir  Henry  died  1606. 

Billi  on  i,  N.  Bussa,  a  celebrated  ac- 
tress, born  at  Nancy.  From  her  very  youth 
she  showed  great  talents  as  a  singer,  and  as 
she  grew  up  she  was  deservedly  applauded 
on  the  theatres  of  Brussels  and  of  France. 
Her  husband  Billioni,  was  ballet-master  of 
the  Italian  operas  at  Paris.  She  died  much 
regretted  178.5,  aged  32. 

Bilson,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Winchester, 
educated  at  the  college  there,  and  at  New- 
college,  Oxford.  He  early  extinguished 
himself  as  a  poet,  but  when  he  entered  into 
orders,  he  applied  himself  totally  to  divinity, 
and  met  with  such  success  in  his  profession 
that  he  gradually  became  master  of  Win- 
chester school,  afterwards  warden  of  the 
college,  in  1596  bishop  of  Worcester,  and  3 
years  after  of  Winchester.  He  was  eloquent 
as  a  preacher,  and  in  the  pulpit  and  by  his 
writings  he  successfully  maintained  the  pro- 
testant  religion  against  the  attacks  of  bigots 
and  puritans,  and  deserved  the  esteem  of 
Elizabeth  and  her  successor.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  all  the  theological  disputes  of  the 
times,  he  assisted  in  the  revision  of  the  bible, 
and  as  a  delegate  he  pronounced  the  famous 
divorce  between  Devereux  earl  of  Essex 
and  lady  Frances  Howard  in  1613.  He  died 
18th  June,  1616,  and  was  buried  in  Westmin- 
ster-abbey. He  published  a  treatise  of  the 
difference  between  christian  subjection  and 
unchristian  rebellion,  dedicated  to  Elizabeth 
1585,  and  another  in  1593,  on  the  perpetual 
government  of  Christ's  church. 

Bingham,  Joseph,  was  born  at  Wake- 
field in  Yorkshire,  September  1668,  anil  af- 
ter receiving  his  education  at  the  grammar 
school  there,  he  entered  at  I'niversii  ol- 
lege,  Oxford.    His  attention  was  directed  to 


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the  study  of  the  fathers,  find  when  he  had 
heard  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  attacked 
in  the  university  pulpit,  he  took  occasion 
when  he  preached  before  that  learned  body, 
'28th  October  1695,  to  explain  in  an  elaborate 
and  diffuse  manner  the  three  witnesses  men- 
tioned by  St.  John.  The  discourse  drew  up- 
on him  the  severest  censures,  so  that  he  was 
obliged  to  give  up  the  fellowship  which  lie 
held  nt  University  college,  and  retired  to 
Headbourne-worthy,  a  living  in  Hampshire, 
which  the  friendship  of  Dr.  Radcliffe  con- 
ferred upon  him.  The  displeasure  of  the 
university  did  not  however  break  his  spirits, 
lie  continued  his  subject  in  two  discourses 
before  the  clergy  of  Winchester  with  the 
general  approbation,  and  he  vindicated  his 
conduct  by  printing  the  offensive  sermons, 
■with  a  copious  preface.  Though  fixed  upon 
a  small  living  with  contracted  circumstances, 
and  the  father  of  ten  children,  he  continued 
his  studies  with  indefatigable  application, 
and  procured  from  the  cathedral  library  of 
Winchester  those  valuable  books  which  his 
own  small  collection  could  notturnish,  in  the 
prosecution  of  that  learned  and  valuable 
work  which  he  published  in  ten  volumes  8vo. 
and  two  volumes  folio  called  "  Origines  ec- 
clesiastics." His  diligence  at  last  was  re- 
warded by  sir  Jonathan  Trelawney,  bishop 
of  Winchester,  who  gave  him  the  living  at 
Ilaraiit  near  Portsmouth,  but  the  prospects 
of  an  improving  fortune  were  suddenly 
overclouded  by  the  south-sea  bubble.  Under 
this  heavy  misfortune  he  preserved  his  usual 
serenity  of  mind,  his  literary  pursuits  were 
directed  to  the  improvement  of  his  Origines 
which  have  deservedly  extended  his  fame, 
hy  being  circulated  widely  on  the  continent, 
and  translated  into  Latin.  As  his  constitu- 
tion had  suffered  much  by  his  sedentary  life, 
he  was  prematurely  snatched  away,  17th 
May  1723,  in  his  55th  year.  He  was  buried 
at  Headbourne-worthy,  but  no  monument, 
according  to  his  desires,  marks  the  spot 
where  his  remains  are  deposited.  He  pub- 
lished also  a  scholastic  history  of  lay  baptism 
and  other  works.  Only  two  sons  and  four 
daughters  survived  him,  thereof  the  daugh- 
ters died  single,  and  the  fourth  mar- 
ried a  gentleman  of  Hampshire.  The  eldest 
son  republished  his  father's  books  for  the 
use  of  the  booksellers,  and  his  son  was  pre- 
sented to  the  living  of  Havant  in  considera- 
tion of  his  grandfather's  great  merits  by 
bishop  Lowth,  whose  letter,  whilst  it  com- 
memorates the  virtues  of  a  learned  and  ex- 
emplary man,  reflects  the  highest  honor  on 
the.  patron  and  the  prelate. 

Bingham,  Joseph,  second  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  educated  at  the  Charter 
house,  and  at  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford,  where 
he  prematurely  died  at  the  age  of  22,  in 
consequence  of  excessive  application.  He 
promised  in  his  early  3'ears  to  display  all  the 
learning  and  virtues  of  his  father,  so  that  he 
had  finished,  except  the  preface,  a  valuable 
edition  of  the  Theban  story,  which  was  pub- 
lished after  his  death.  He  was  buried  in  the 
cloisters  of  Corpus. 


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Binning,  Hugh,  was  born  in  Ayrshire, 
and  educated  at  Glasgow,  where  he»  became 
professor  of  moral  philosophy.  As  minister 
of  Govan»  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
eloquence  in  the  pulpit,  and  his  amiable 
manners.  He  died  of  a  consumption  1654, 
aged  29.  His  tracts,  sermons,  &c.  were 
published  in  4to.  1735. 

Bkernstahl,  a  learned  professor  of 
the  oriental  languages  at  Upsal,  was  a  native 
of  Rotarbo  in  Sudermania.  He  visited  Eu- 
rope with  his  pupils,  the  sons  of  baron  Rud- 
bek,  and  afterwards  travelled  to  Turkey,  by 
order  of  the  king  of  Sweden.  He  died  at 
Salonica,  1 2th  July,  1779.  His  entertaining 
letters,  written  in  Swedish  during  his  tra- 
vels, published  1778,  in  three  vols.  8vo.  have 
been  translated,  with  the  continuation  pub- 
lished in  1781,  into  German  by  Groskurd, 
Leipsic,  1779  and  1781,  in  six  vols.  8vo. 

Bion,  a  Greek  poet  of  Smyrna,  B.C. 
280.  His  Idylls  are  held  in  high  and  de- 
served estimation. 

Bion,  a  Scythian  philosopher,  the  disci- 
ple of  Crates,  and  afterwards  of  Theophras- 
tus,  about  246  B.  C. 

Bion,  Nicholas,  author  of  an  excellent 
work  on  the  construction  of  mathematical 
instruments,  translated  into  English,  one  vol. 
fol.  and  of  a  treatise  on  the  use  of  the  globes, 
in  4to.  was  an  able  engineer  and  mathemati- 
cian, who  died  at  Paris  1733,  aged  81. 

Biondi,  Francis,  a  native  of  Liesena  in 
Dalmatia,  introduced  by  sir  Henry  Wootton. 
to  the  favor  of  James,  who  patronised  him, 
and  also  knighted  him.  He  wrote  a  valuable 
history  of  the  civil  wars  of  the  houses  of 
York  and  Lancaster  in  Italian,  translated 
into  English,  by  Henry  Carey,  earl  of  Mon- 
mouth. 

Biondo,  Flavio,  latine  Blondus.  vid. 
Blondus. 

Birague,  Clement,  an  engraver  of  Mi- 
lan, said  to  be  the  first  who  discovered  the 
means  of  engraving  diamonds,  of  which  he 
gave  a  specimen  in  the  portraits  of  don  Car- 
los. He  lived  at  the  court  of  Philip  II.  of 
Spain. 

Birague,  Rene  de,  a  native  of  Milan, 
who  escaped  from  the  vengeance  of  Lewis 
Sforza  into  France,  and  became  a  favorite 
at  the  court  of  Charles  IV.  who  made  him 
keeper  of  the  seals,  and  chancellor  of  the 
kingdom  1573.  He  v.  as  made  a  cardinal  by 
Gregory  XIII.  at  the  request  of  Henry  III. 
He  was  concerned  in  the  massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  and  died  1582,  aged  74,  little 
respected,  from  the  servility  and  perfidious 
•icss  of  his  character.  One  of  the  same  fa- 
mily distinguished  himself  as  a  general  in  the 
wai*s  of  Italy,  especially  in  the  capture  of 
Carde,  a  fortress  of  Piedmont. 

Birch,  Thomas,  son  of  a  quaker,  coffee- 
mill  maker,  was  born  in  the  parish  of  St. 
John,  Clerkenwell,  23d  November  1705. 
His  fondness  for  learning  was  so  great,  that 
rather  than  follow  the  profession  of  his  fa- 
ther, he  determined  to  depend  upon  his  own 
exertions  for  subsistence,  and  therefore  he 
became  assistant  at  llemel  Hampstead  school.. 


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where  he  received  his  education,  and  after- 
wards in  two  other  establishments,  all  kept 
by  quakers.  He  married  in  1728,  but  his 
happiness  was  soon  interrupted  by  the  death 
of  his  wife  in  child-bed,  and  the  poignancy  of 
his  grief  was  feelingly  expressed  in  some 
beautiful  lines.  His  dissertion  of  the  te- 
nets of  the  quakers  was  followed  by  his  or- 
dination by  the  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  he 
quickly  passed,  by  the  favor  and  patronage 
of  the  Hardwicke  family,  into  the  posses- 
sion of  several  benefices,  the  last  of  which 
were  the  rectory  of  Depden  in  Essex,  and 
St.  Margaret  Pattens  and  St.  Gabriel,  Fen- 
church-street,  London.  He  died  by  a  fall 
from  his  horse  between  London  and  Hamp- 
stead,  9th  January,  1766,  though  it  was 
conjectured  that  his  previous  indisposition 
and  lowness  of  spirits  brought  on  an  apoplexy, 
which  caused  his  death.  He  had  been  ho- 
nored with  the  degree  of  D.  D.  by  the  Ma- 
rischal  college  of  Aberdeen,  and  by  Herring 
the  primate.  In  his  private  character 
Birch  was  friendly,  communicative,  and  un- 
affected, and  as  a  writer  he  possessed  un- 
usual activity  and  solid  judgment.  His 
knowledge  of  Greek  was  not  considerable, 
but  French  and  Latin  he  thoroughly  under- 
stood; and  though  not  particularly  distin- 
guished for  general  information,  his  accu- 
racy as  a  modern  historian  is  very  great. 
His  publications  are  voluminous,  the  best 
known  of  which  are  the  general  dictionary, 
&c.  in  10  vols.  fol.  in  conjunction  with  Ber- 
nard and  Lockman — heads  of  illustrious 
persons  of  Great-Britain,  &c.  two  vols.  fol. 
—memoirs  of  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
two  vols.  4to. — History  of  the  royal  society, 
&c.  four  vols.  4to.  1756. — Thurloe's  state 
papers,  &c.  besides  lives  of  Boyle,  Tillotson, 
prince  Henry,  &c.  and  an  inquiry  into  the 
share  which  Charles  I.  had  in  lord  Glamor- 
gan's transactions,  &c.  8vo.  1747,  &c.  He 
■was  fellow  of  the  antiquarian  and  royal  so- 
cieties, and  secretary  of  the  last.  He  left 
his  books  and  manuscripts  to  the  British 
museum,  of  which  he  was  a  trustee,  and  he 
gave  500/.  to  increase  the  salary  of  the  li- 
brarians of  that  noble  institution. 

Bird,  William,  known  for  his  excellent 
musical  compositions,  was  according  to  some 
conjectures  employed  in  king  Edward  VI's 
chapel,  and  afterwards  he  became  organist 
of  Lincoln  cathedral.  Few  particulars  are 
known  of  his  life,  thougli  it  is  ascertained 
that  he  died  the  4th  July,  1623,  aged  80, 
leaving  a  son  Thomas,  educated  in  the  same 
profession. 

Biren,  John  Ernest,  a  person  of  mean 
hirth,  noticed  by  Anne,  dutchess  dowager 
of  Courland,  and  raised  by  her  when  eleva- 
ted to  the  ltussian  throne  to  the  highest  dig- 
nities. As  the  favorite  minister  of  the  em- 
press his  conduct  was  violent  and  tyrannical, 
not  less  than  20,000  persons  were  capricious- 
ly exiled  by  him  to  Siberia,  but  still  he  con- 
tinued in  power,  and  was  by  his  mistress 
made  duke  of  Courland  in  1737.  On  the 
death  of  the  empress  he  assumed  the  reins 
of  government  agreeable  to  her  will,  but  an 

vol.  i.  25 


insurrection  of  the  nobles  in  1740  prevailed 
against  him,  and  the  sentence  of  death  was 
exchanged  for  banishment  into  Siberia.  He 
was  recalled  by  Peter  III.  and  restored  to 
favor  by  Catherine.  He  resigned  his  honors 
as  duke  of  Courland  to  his  son  in  1769,  and 
died  three  years  after. 

Biringcoccio,  or  Biringcucci,  Van- 
muccio,  an  able  mathematician  of  Italy,  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  the  art  of  fusing  and  of 
casting  metals  for  cannon,  Sec.  called  Piro- 
technia,  published  in  4to.  1540,  Venice,  and 
often  re-printed. 

Birkenhead,  Sir  John,  born  at  North- 
wich,  Cheshire,  was  servitor  at  Orie4  col- 
lege, under  Humphrey  Lloyd,  by  whom  he 
was  recommended  to  Laud,  who  made  him 
his  secretary,  and  procured  him  a  fellowship 
of  All  Souls.  When  Charles  I.  came  to  Ox- 
ford, Birkenhead  supported  the  royal  cause 
by  his  writings,  and  when  he  was  at  last  ex- 
pelled from  the  professorship  of  moral  phi- 
losophy by  the  republicans,  he  hurled  from 
an  obscure  retreat  in  London  all  the  shafts 
of  his  satire  against  his  persecutors.  After 
the  restoration  he  was  created  doctor  of  laws 
by  the  university,  elected  member  for  Wil- 
ton, and  knighted,  and  appointed  master  of 
requests.  His  popularity  as  a  courtier  drew 
upon  him  the  censures  of  jealousy,  and  Wood 
is  among  those  who  detract  his  character. 
Dryden  however,  Langbaine,  and  Winstan- 
ley,  speak  of  him  in  the  highest  terms.  He 
died  fourth  of  December  1679,  aged  64,  and 
was  interred  in  St.  Martin's  in  the  fields. 
His  writings  were  chiefly  political  pamphlets 
and  satirical  poems. 

Biron,  Armand  de  Gonrault  baron  de,  a 
native  of  Perigord,  who  was  for  some  time 
page  to  queen  Margaret  of  Navarre,  and 
rose  through  all  the  gradations  of  the  army 
to  the  rank  of  marechal  de  France,  1577. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  Italy, 
and  in  the  service  of  Henry  III.  and  IV.  and 
was  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Dreux,  St.Den- 
nio,  and  Moncontour.  He  was  commander 
in  seven  battles,  and  he  received  seven  hono- 
rable wounds.  He  was  defeated  by  the  duke 
of  Parma,  when  he  went  to  the  Low  coun- 
tries to  assist  the  duke  of  Alencon,  and  he 
was  at  last  killed  by  a  cannon  ball  at  the  siege 
of  Epernai,  in  1592,  aged  68.  His  humanity 
was  displayed  at  the  massacre  at  St.  Bartho- 
lomew, when  he  saved  several  of  his  friends. 
His  commentaries  on  the  campaigns  in  which 
he  was  engaged  are  lost. 

Bieon,  Charles  de  Gonrault  due  de,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  admiral  and  marechal 
of  France,  and  a  favorite  of  Henry  IV.  who 
made  him  a  duke,  and  sent  him  as  his  am- 
bassador to  England  and  other  courts.  He 
distinguished  himself  highly  in  the  civil  wars 
of  France,  but  his  attempts  to  league  against 
his  master,  with  Savoy  and  Spam,  proved 
his  ruin.  He  was  discovered  and  beheaded 
31st  July,  1602.  His  love  of  pleasure  and 
gaming  is  said  to  have  produced  those  fatal 
steps  to  which  he  fell  a  sacrifice. 

Biscaixo,  Bartholomew,  a  painter  of 
Geuoa,  who  died  1657,  at  the  early  age  of 


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2S)  'when  his  designs  promised  the  highest 
eminence  and  celebrity  in  his  profession. 

Bischop,  John  de,  a  painter,  born  at 
the  Hague.  His  landscapes  and  historical 
pieces  were  held  in  high  estimation  for  taste, 
judgment,  and  correctness.  He  died  1686, 
aged  40.  Another  called  Cornelius,  was 
also  eminent  in  history  and  in  landscape. 
He  was  one  of  Dol's  pupils,  and  he  died 
1674. 

Bishop,  Samuel,  M.  A.  an  English  poet, 
horn  in  London  1731,  and  educated  at  Mer- 
chant taylors'  school,  and  St.  John's  college, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  He 
afterwards  was  appointed  head  master  of 
Merchant  taylor's  school,  and  obtained  the 
livings  of  St.  Martin  Outwich,  London,  and 
Dillon,  Surrey.  He  died  1795.  His  poems, 
which  are  on  light  subjects,  and  in  a  pleasing 
and  elegant  style,  were  published  in  two 
vols.  4to.  and  two  vols.  8vo.  with  his  life  pre- 
fixed. 

Bisi,  Bonaventure,  a  painter  of  Bologna, 
■who  died  1662.  His  works  on  historical  sub- 
jects, and  also  his  miniatures,  were  much  and 
deservedly  admired. 

Bisset,  Charles,  M.D.  at  St.  Andrews, 
■was  author  of  an  essay  on  fortifications  and 
of  some  medical  tracts.  He  served  in  Flan- 
ders as  an  engineer,  till  the  peace  1748,  and 
three  years  after  settled  at  Skelton,  in  York- 
shire, where  he  resumed  the  practice  of 
physic,  to  which  he  had  formerly  attended. 
He  died  at  Knayton,  near  Thirsk,  May 
1791,  aged  75.  He  wrote  an  essay  on  the 
theory  and  construction  of  fortification,  8vo. 
1753 — a  treatise  on  the  scurvy,  8vo.  1775 — 
an  essay  on  the  medical  constitution  of  Great 
Britain,  8vo.  1762. 

Bisset,  Robert,  a  miscellanous  author, 
master  of  anacademy  in  Sloane-street,  Chel- 
sea. He  wrote  a  sketch  of  democracy,  1796, 
«Svo. — a  life  of  Edmund  Burke,  8vo. — a  valua- 
ble composition,  2  vols.  8vo. — history  of  the 
reign  of  George  III. — an  edition  of  the  Spec- 
tator— memoirs  of  living  authors,  &c.  Tbis 
laborious  writer  was  a  native  of  Scotland, 
and  received  his  education  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  L.  L.  D.  after 
which  he  settled  in  London.  It  is  supposed 
•that  his  death  was  hastened  by  the  ruined 
state  of  his  pecuniary  affairs,  and  that  he 
fell  a  victim  to  a  broken  heart,  14th  May, 
1805,  aged  46. 

Biton,  a  mathematician,  who  florished 
about  340,  B.  C. 

B12.OT,  Peter,  canon  of  St.  Savior  d'He- 
risson  in  Bourges,  is  author  of  the  valuable 
Histoire  medallique  de  la  Hollande,  the  best 
edition  of  which  is  that  of  Vanloom,  1732,  5 
vols,  folio.    He  died  1696,  aged  66. 

Bizzelli,  John,  an  historical  portrait 
painter,  disciple  of  Bronzino.  He  died  at 
Rome  1612,  aged  56. 

Black,  Joseph,  a  celebrated  chemist 
horn  of  English  parents  at  Bourdeaux,  1728. 
He  was  educated  at  Belfast  and  Glasgow, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1754. 
7  lis  abilities  were  such  that  he  early  obtained 
the  professorship  of  anatomy,  which  he  soon 


resigned  that  he  might  more  zealously  dc' 
vote  himself  to  chemical  pursuits.  In  177G- 
he  succeeded  Dr.  Cullen  in  the  professorial 
chair  of  chemistry  at  Edinburgh,  and  became 
distinguished  by  the  superior  excellence  of 
his  lectures  and  the  number  of  his  pupils. 
He  died  26th  November  1799.  He  was  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  de  acido  a  cibis  orto,  an  in- 
augural dissertation,  on  his  taking  his  doc- 
tor's degree — experiments  on  magnesia  and 
quicklime — observations  on  the  ready  freez- 
ing of  boiled  water,  inserted  in  the  philoso- 
phical transactions — analysis  of  boiling  water 
in  Iceland,  in  the  Edinburgh  memoirs — lec- 
tures on  the  elements  of  chemistry,  edited 
by  Dr.  Robison,  2  vols.  4to.  1803. 

Blackburn,  William,  eminent  as  an  ar- 
chitect and  surveyor,  was  born  December 
20th,  1750,  in  Southwark.  His  native  genius 
overcame  the  disadvantages  of  a  contracted 
education,  and  he  obtained  a  medal  from  the 
royal  academy,  and  the  more  flattering  com- 
mendation of  sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  for  the 
best  drawing  of  St.  Stephen's  church,  Wal- 
brook.  He  acquired  reputation  in  business, 
and  when  an  act  was  passed  in  1779,  for  the 
erection  of  penitentiary  houses,  to  contain 
600  males  and  300  females,  his  plans  were 
approved  by  the  three  supervisors,  and  re- 
warded with  100  guineas,  and  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  superintend  the  building,  which 
however  was  suspended  for  a  time  by  govern- 
ment. The  design,  though  abandoned,  was 
not  lost,  the  country  was  awakened  to  convert 
the  confinement  of  culprits  to  useful  labor  and 
to  reformation  of  morals,  and  several  prisons 
were  erected  on  Blackburn's  plan.  This  in- 
genious artist  did  not  long  enjoy  the  favors  of 
the  public,  he  died  at  Preston  on  his  way  to 
Scotland  28th  October  1790,  in  his  40th  year, 
and  his  remains  were  interred  in  Buuhill- 
fields.  He  was  a  dissenter,  but  his  manners 
conciliated  the  esteem  of  all  ranks,  and  it  is 
sufficient  to  say  in  his  praise  that  he  was  the 
friend  and  the  frequent  correspondent  of 
Howard.  Besides  plans  for  penitentiary  hou- 
ses, Mr.  Blackburn  drew  elegant  plans  for 
villas  and  mansion  houses,  &c.  and  likewisa 
three  designs  for  Hackney  new  church.  He 
left  a  widow  and  four  children. 

Blackburne,  Francis,  a  native  of  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire,  educated  at  Hawkshead 
and  Sedburgh  schools,  and  admitted  1722,  at 
Catherine- hall,  Cambridge.  He  was  promo- 
ted in  1739  to  the  living  of  Richmond,  and 
as  chaplain  to  Hutton,  archbishop  of  York, 
he  obtained  a  prebend  in  his  cathedral  and 
the  archdeaconry  of  Cleveland.  Though 
thus  supported  by  the  church,  he  was  not 
partial  to  her  doctrines,  and  he  favored  with 
some  degree  of  fondness  the  tenets  of  the 
dissenters,  as  appears  from  his  confessional 
in  1766,  published  anonymously,  but  so  popu- 
lar as  to  reach  a  third  edition.  He  wrote  also 
a  view  of  the  controversy  concerning  the  in- 
termediate state  of  the  soul,  &c.  in  which  he 
asserted,  that  the  soul  sleeps  in  an  uncon- 
scious state  till  the  resurrection.  On  the 
death  of  Dr.  Chandler,  of  the  dissenting  con- 
gregation iu  the  Old  Jewry,  1776,  Black- 


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feurne,  whose  sentiments  were  well  known  1 
-to  be  unfriendly  to  the  establishment,  was 
invited  to  succeed,  which  however  he  re- 
fused. He  died  at  Richmond,  1787.  He 
published  some  other  works,  all  collected  to- 
gether, lately  edited  in  6  vols.  8vo. 

Blackhall,  Offspring,  1).  D.  was  born 
in  London,  and  educated  at  Catherine-hall, 
Cambridge.  He  became  rector  of  St.  Mary, 
Aldcrmanbury,  London,  chaplain  to  king 
William,  and  in  1707  bishop  of  Exeter.  He 
died  29th  November  1716,  and  was  buried 
in  his  cathedral.  He  was  a  popular  preach- 
er, and  as  a  writer  he  acquired  consequence, 
by  his  sermons  at  Boyle's  lecture,  and  his 
defence  of  Charles.  I.  as  author  of  Icon  Ba- 
silike  against  the  attacks  of  Toland.  He 
was  an  able  scholar  and  an  acute  divine, 
orthodox  in  his  principles,  and  charitable  in 
his  character  ;  though  some  have  accused 
him  of  opposition  to  the  revolution,  so  that 
it  is  asserted,  that  he  refused  for  two  years 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  king  Wil- 
liam. His  works  have  been  published  in  two 
vols,  folio,  1723. 

Blacklock,  Thomas,  son  of  a  bricklay- 
er, of  Annan  in  Scotland,  was  deprived  of 
his  eye-sight  by  the  small-pox  about  1721, 
before  he  was  six  months  old.  This  great 
misfortune  was  relieved  by  the  kindness  of 
his  father,  and  the  assiduities  of  his  friends. 
His  mind  was  cultivated  and  improved  by 
the  books  which  were  rear]  to  him,  and  so 
strong  were  the  powers  of  his  understanding 
that  at  the  age  of  twelve  he  wrote  a  small 
poem  not  devoid  of  beauty  and  elegance. 
The  loss  of  his  father,  who  was  unfortunate- 
ly crushed  to  death  by  the  falling  of  a  kiln 
upon  him,  left  him  in  his  19lh  year  destitute 
of  friends  and  society ;  but  however,  the 
kindness  of  Dr.  Stevenson  of  Edinburgh 
was  extended  to  him ;  he  was  placed  at 
a  grammar  school,  and  soon  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  French,  and  the  best 
Greek  and  Latin  authors.  The  rebellion 
of  1745  interrupted  for  a  while  his  lite- 
rary pursuits,  but  after  spending  some  time 
at  Glasgow  he  returned  to  Edinburgh,  and 
after  studying  ten  years  in  the  university,  he 
acquired  the  fame  of  a  polite  scholar  and  an 
elegant  poet.  His  poems  were  published 
and  universally  admired,  and  though  mis- 
fortune might  in  the  apprehension  of  an  in- 
fidel have  clouded  his  thoughts  with  distrust 
and  dissatisfaction,  that  the  book  of  nature 
was  shut  upon  him,  we  admire  every  where 
the  most  sublime  piety,  resignation  to  the 
will  of  providence,  and  that  tranquillity  and 
contentment  of  mind,  which  were  most  fully 
exhibited  in  his  private  character.  By- 
means  of  Mr.  Spence,  who  began  to  patro- 
nise him  in  1754,  Blacklock  was  placed  in  an 
eligible  situation  in  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh, his  labors  were  rewarded  by  an  ample 
sale  of  his  poems,  he  took  orders,  and  in  1766 
obtained  the  degree  of  D.  D.  In  1774  he 
published  "  the  Graham,"  a  heroic  ballad 
in  four  cantoes,  and  two  years  after  he  wrote 
in  opposition  to  Dr.  Price,  some  remarks  on 
civil  liberty.    This  amiable  man,  respected 


for  the  great  and  uncommon  powers  of  hi." 
mind,  and  the  exemplary  conduct  of  his  pri- 
vate life,  died  July  1791,  aged  70.  Both 
Hume  and  Spence  have  been  lavish  of  their 
praises  on  his  character,  and  the  portrait  in 
this  instance  drawn  by  friendship  is  not  ex- 
aggerated. He  wrote  besides  consolations 
deduced  from  natural  and  revealed  religion, 
gvo. — discourses  on  the  spirit,  and  evidence 
of  Christianity  from  the  French,  8vo.  &c. 

Blackmore,  sir  Richard,  from  a  pri- 
vate school  passed  t'o  Westminster  and  Ed- 
mund-hall, Oxford,  and  after  visiting  Italy, 
took  his  degrees  in  physic,  at  Padua.  His 
early  support  of  the  revolution,  procured 
him  the  place  of  physician  to  king  William, 
and  the  honor  of  knighthood ;  but  though  be 
acquired  celebrity  and  opulence  in  a  medi- 
cal character,  he  courted  popularity  as  a 
votary  of  the  muses.  Dryden,  however, 
whom  he  had  offended  in  some  of  his  wri- 
tings, treated  him  with  contempt  and  scur- 
rility, and  Pope,  with  more  illiberally  than 
truth,  has  also  directed  the  shafts  of  his  ridi- 
cule against  him,  in  a  passage  in  the  Dun- 
ciad,  on  which  an  avmotator  has  placed  these 
words  "  a  just  character  of  sir  R.  Black- 
more,  knight,  whose  indefatigable  muse 
produced  no  less  than  six  epic  poems,  Prince 
and  king  Arthur  20  books,  Eliza  10,  Al- 
fred 12,  the  Redeemer  six,  besides  Job  in 
folio,  the  whole  book  of  psalms,  the  creation 
seven  books,  the  nature  of  man  three  books, 
and  many  more."  Though  thus  satirized, 
Blackmore  possessed  some  merit.  Addison 
spoke  with  respect  of  his  "  Creation,"  and 
Dr.  Johnson  considered  it  as  not  unworthy  to 
find  a  place  among  the  noble  efforts  of  the 
English  muse.  Besides  his  poetry,  sir 
Richard  wrote  some  theological  tracts,  and 
medical  treatises,  and  maintained  in  private 
life  a  respectable  character,  and  showed 
himself  at  all  times  a  warm  advocate  for  vir- 
tue and  morality.  He  died  9th  October, 
1729. 

Blackstone,  sir  William,  knt.  and  L. 
L.  D.  son  of  a  silkman,  was  born  in  Cheap- 
side,  London,  10th  July,  1723,  the  youngest 
of  four  children.  He  received  his  education, 
at  the  Charter-house,  and  entered  at  Pem- 
broke college,  Oxford,  in  1738,  and  so  early 
distinguished  himself  by  his  application,  that 
at  the  age  of  20  he  wrote  a  treatise  called 
elements  of  architecture,  which,  though  not 
made  public,  yet  received  the  applauses  of 
the  learned  and  judicious.  He,  however, 
soon  quitted  the  muses,  after  obtaining 
Mr.  Benson's  prize  medal  for  the  best 
verses  on  Milton,  as  he  has  beautifully  ex- 
pressed it  in  his  little  poem  "the  lawyer's 
farewell  to  his  muse,"  and  entered  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1740,  to  study  the  law, 
of  which  he  was  to  become  a  luminary  of 
the  first  magnitude.  He  was  elected  fellow 
of  All-souls,  and  contributed  highly  to  the 
respectability  of  this  society,  by  improving 
their  estates,  and  promoting  the  completion 
of  the  Codrington  library.  At  the  bar  be 
did  not  rapidly  obtain  popularity,  as  he  did 
not  possess  in  a  high  degree  the  graces  or 


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the  powers  of  oratory,  but  his  writings  dis- 
played sense  and  deep  penetration,  and  the 
lectures  which  he  delivered  as  Viner-ian  pi-o- 
fessor  on  the  laws  of  England,  received  the 
most  unbounded  applause.  In  1761,  he  was 
elected  member  for  Hindon,  and  soon  after, 
on  refusing  the  chief  justiceship  of  the  Irish 
common  pleas,  he  received  a  patent,  with 
the  rank  of  king's  council.  In  1768  he  w«s 
chosen  member  for  Westbury,  and  in  1770 
he  was  appointed  puisne  judge  of  the  king's 
bench,  and  soon  after  of  the  common  pleas, 
and  in  this  new  dignity,  supported  the  cha- 
racter of  an  upright  magistrate,  by  legal 
knowledge  and  impartial  discrimination.  His 
intense  application  proved  destructive  to  his 
health,  in  1779,  about  Christmas,  he  was  af- 
flicted with  a  shortness  of  breath,  which, 
though  removed,  was  succeeded  with  a  stu- 
por and  insensibility  that  proved  fatal,  14th 
Feb.  1780,  in  his  56th  year.  Blackstone 
married  Sarah,  daughter  of  James  Clitbe- 
row,  of  Boston-house,  Middlesex,  Esq.  by 
whom  he  left  seven  children.  In  Oxford, 
where  he  was  respected  and  beloved,  he  be- 
came principal  of  Ncw-in-hall,  an  office 
which  he  resigned  with  the  Vinerian  lec- 
tureship in  1766.  The  first  volume  of  his 
valuable  commentaries  was  published  in 
1764,  and  the  three  following,  in  the  four 
succeeding  years;  and  so  highly  are  they 
esteemed,  that  the  prince  may  learn  in 
them  the  extent  of  his  privilege,  and  the 
subject  ascertain  the  bulwark  of  his  liberties. 
This  respected  lawyer  was  not,  however, 
without  his  enemies,  when  solicitor  to  the 
queen,  he  delivered  a  speech  in  parliament, 
which  differed  from  the  positions  he  had 
laid  down  in  his  lectures,  and  the  seeming 
contradiction  was  severely  lashed  by  an 
anonymous  pamphlet,  to  which  were  added 
afterwards  the  animadversions  of  Dr.  Fur- 
neaux  and  Dr.  Priestley.  He  published  also 
reflections  on  the  opinions  of  Pratt,  More- 
ton,  and  Wilbraham,  respecting  lord  Lich- 
field's disqualifications  to  become  chancellor 
of  Oxford,  1759 — the  great  charter,  or  char- 
ter of  the  forest,  1759 — a  treatise  on  the 
law  of  descents  and  fee-simple — an  essay  on 
collateral  consanguinity  occasioned  by  the 
disputes  about  the  fellowships  of  All-souls — 
considerations  on  copy-holders,  &c. 

Blackstone,  John,  an  apothecary  of 
London,  who  died  1753,  author  ofFasciculus 
plantarum  circa  Harefield,  with  notes,  &c. 
12mo.  1737, — of  specimen  botanicum,  in 
which  he  mentions  the  places  in  England 
where  particular  plants  spontaneously  grow, 
8vo.  1746. 

Blackwall,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Der- 
byshire, educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  elected  master  of  the  free  school 
of  Derby,  and  about  18  years  after,  of  that  of 
Market  Bosworth,  Leicestershire,  where  he 
died,  eighth  of  April  1750.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  author  of  a  Latin  grammar,  and  as 
editor  of  Theognis,  and  published  an  intro- 
duction to  the  classics,  and  in  1725  that  uni- 
versally celebrated  work  "  the  sacred  classics, 
defended  and  illustrated,"  in  one  vol.  4to. 


which  was  followed  by  a  second,  six  years  af- 
ter. Among  the  many  respectable  scholars, 
whom  his  abilities  and  assiduity  formed,  may 
be  mentioned  Richard  Dawes,  and  sir  Henry 
Atkins,  who,  as  patron  of  the  church  of  Clap- 
ham  rewarded  the  attention  of  a  deserving 
master,  by  appointing  him  to  the  vacant  be- 
nefice in  1726,  which  he  resigned  three  years 
after. 

Blackwell,  Thomas,  was  born  at 
Aberdeen,  fourth  of  August  1701,  and  after 
studying  in  the  Marischal  college,  he  became 
1723,  Greek  professor,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  the  eloquence  and  popularity  of 
his  lectures.  In  1737  he  published  anony- 
mously "  an  inquiry  into  the  life  and  writings 
of  Homer,  Svo,"  which  he  afterwards  accom- 
panied with  "  proofs"  or  translation  of  all  the 
notes  which  he  had  inserted  in  the  composi- 
tion. He  was  appointed  in  1748  to  be  prin- 
cipal of  the  college,  and  was  the  first  clergy- 
man raised  to  that  dignity,  since  the  forfei- 
ture of  the  Marischal  family  in  1716.  At  the 
head  of  his  society,  he  displayed  the  abilities 
of  the  scholar  and  the  politeness  of  the  gen- 
tleman, the  college  florished,  and  its  mem- 
bers were  respectable  in  learning  and  in 
numbers.  A  consumptive  disorder  early  at- 
tacked his  constitution,  and  it  was  increased 
by  voluntary  abstemiousness.  Too  late  he 
wished  to  recover  his  health  by  travelling, 
but  he  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  his  way  to 
South  Britain,  February  1757,  aged  56.  His 
other  publications  were  letters  concerning 
mythology,  1748,  and  the  memoirs  of  the 
court  of  Augustus,  in  three  vols.  4to. — the 
first  of  which  appeared  in  1752,  the  second 
1755,  and  the  last,  after  his  death.  He  left 
no  issue. 

Blackwell,  Alexander,  a  native  of 
Aberdeen,  who  studied  physic  at  Leyden, 
under  Boerhaave,  and  attempted  without 
success  to  practise  in  his  native  town,  and 
afterwards  in  London.  From  a  physician,  he 
became  a  corrector  of  the  press,  and  a  printer, 
but  he  failed  ;  and  in  1740,  he  went  to  Swe- 
den, where  by  means  of  a  Swedish  noble- 
man, whose  friendship  he  had  cultivated  at 
the  Hague,  he  recommended  himself  to  the 
public  as  a  physician,  and  as  projector  for 
draining  the  fens  and  marshes  near  the  capi- 
tal. His  schemes  succeeded,  he  was  applaud- 
ed by  the  king  and  his  court,  but  soon  after, 
being  suspected  of  a  conspiracy  with  count 
Tessin,  he  was  tortured,  and  beheaded  9th 
August,  1748.  Blackwell  married  a  lady, 
daughter  of  a  merchant  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Aberdeen,  who  possessed  great  abilities, 
and  who  published  a  curious  herbal,  contain- 
ing 500  cuts  of  useful  plants,  taken  from  the 
iife,  he.  two  vols,  folio,  by  Elizabeth  Black- 
well,  the  first  volume  of  which  appeared  in 
1737,  and  the  second  1739. 

Blackwood,  Adam,  a  native  of  Dun- 
fermline, knowii  as  a  warm  advocate  of  the 
unfortunate  Mary  of  Scots.  He  published 
in  1587,  in  French,  an  account  of  her  mar- 
tyrdom, addressed  to  the  princes  of  Europe. 
He  displayed  great  virulence  in  the  defence 
of  his  benefactress,  against  Elizabeth,  whose 


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illegitimacy  he  wished  to  establish.  He  re- 
sided at  Poictiers,  and  died  1613.  He  was 
eminent  as  a  poet,  civilian,  and  divine.  His 
-works  were  printed  by  Sebast.  Cramoise  at 
Paris,  1644. 

Bladen,  Martin,  known  as  translator  of 
Caesar's  commentaries,  was  a  lieutenant  co- 
lonel under  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  and 
member  in  fire  parliaments.  He  was  comp- 
troller of  the  mint  in  1714,  and  three  years 
after  named  for  envoy  to  Spain,  an  appoint- 
ment which  he  did  not  accept.  He  died 
1746.  He  wrote,  besides  the  dramatic  pieces 
of  Orpheus  and  Eurydice,  a  masque,  and 
Solon,  a  tragi-comedy,  but  they  are  of  infe- 
rior merit. 

Blaeu,  or  Janssen,  William,  a  learn- 
ed printer,  the  friend  of  Tycho  Brahe,  au- 
thor of  a  beautiful  atlas  in  three  vols,  folio, — 
treatises  on  the  globes,  &c.  He  died  in  his 
native  town,  Amsterdam,  1638,  aged  67.  His 
sons,  John  and  Cornelius,  republished  in 
1663  his  atlas  in  14  vols,  folio,  which  is  very 
scarce  and  valuable,  as  several  copies  were 
destroyed  by  a  fire  which  consumed  the  best 
part  of  their  property. 

Blagrave,  John,  was  educated  at  Read- 
ing school  and  St.  John's  college,  Oxford, 
and  early  devoted  himself  to  mathematical 
pursuits  at  his  seat  of  Southcote.  He  pub- 
lished four  works,  the  mathematical  jewel, 
&c. — a  treatise  on  the  making  of  the  familiar 
staff",  for  the  mensuration  of  altitudes, — the 
nstrolabium  uranicum  generale, — and  the 
art  of  dialling, — in  which  he  labored  to  ren- 
der more  popular  and  more  universally  un- 
derstood all  mathematical  subjects.  He  was 
in  private  life  of  a  most  benevolent  disposi- 
tion, as  he  evinced  among  other  things  in  his 
donations  of  10/.  to  be  decided  by  lot  to  one 
of  three  maids  fr<  m  the  three  parishes  of  his 
native  town  of  Reading,  who  had  lived  for  five 
years  in  the  service  of  the  same  family.  He 
died  9th  August,  1611,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Lawrence's  church,  Reading,  where  a  hand- 
some monument  was  erected  to  his  memory. 

Blagrave,  Joseph,  a  famous  astrologer 
of  Reading,  probably  related  to  the  preced- 
ing, author  of  a  supplement  to  Culpeper's 
herbal,  and  of  an  introduction  to  astrology, 
&c.    He  died  1688. 

Blair,  John,  chaplain  to  sir  William 
Wallace,  and  afterwards  to  Randolph  earl  of 
Murray.  He  wrote  an  elegant  Latin  poem 
on  the  death  of  his  first  patron,  and  died  in 
the  reign  of  Robert  Bruce. 

Blair,  James,  M.  A.  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who,  after  being  unsuccessful  as  minis- 
ter of  the  episcopal  church,  came  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  recommended  himself  to  the 
patronage  of  Compton,  bishop  of  London, 
who  sent  him  as  a  missionary  to  Virginia  in 
1685.  He  displayed  so  much  zeal  and  ability 
in  this  employment,  that  he  was  appointed 
to  the  high  office  of  commissary,  and  so  in- 
tent was  he  to  improve  the  manners  and  un- 
derstanding of  the  colonists,  that  he  raised  a 
subscription,  and  procured  a  patent  for  the 
erection  of  a  college  in  Virginia,  of  which  he 
WM  honorably  nominated  the  first  president. 


He  was  also  president  of  the  council  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  after  presiding  for  near  50  years 
over  his  college  in  the  most  zealous  and  ex- 
emplary manner,  he  died  in  a  good  old  ago, 
1743.  His  works  were  sermons  in  four  vols. 
8vo.  London,  1742. 

Ci.air,  Patrick,  a  surgeon  at  Dundee, 
who  first  acquired  some  reputation  by  his 
dissection  of  an  elephant,  the  particulars  of 
which  appeared  in  the  philosophical  transac- 
tions. His  attachment  to  the  Stuart  family 
exposed  him  to  persecution,  he  was  in  1715 
imprisoned  for  his  conduct,  but  upon  his  li- 
beration came  to  London,  and  as  a  member 
of  the  royal  society  gained  seme  popularity 
by  his  lectures  on  the  sexes  of  plants,  pub- 
lished under  the  name  of  botanic  essays.  He 
afterwards  settled  at  Boston  in  Lincolnshire 
as  a  physician,  but  he  gained  greater  reputa- 
tion than  opulence,  by  his  Pharmaco-botano- 
logia,  a  classical  dissertation  in  alphabetical 
order,  on  British  indigenous  and  garden 
plants,  of  the  new  dispensatory,  in  which  he 
proceeded  only  as  far  as  the  letter  H.  Some 
others  of  his  publications  appeared  in  the 
philosophical  transactions. 

Blair,  Robert,  an  eminent  poet,  eldest 
son  of  David  B.  one  of  the  ministers  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  educated  at  the  school  and 
college  of  his  native  city,  and  when  admitted 
to  orders  was  appointed  minister  of  Athel- 
stanford,  East  Lothian,  where  he  spent  Lis 
life  devoted  to  the  sacred  offices  of  his  mi- 
nistry, the  labors  of  literature,  and  the  occa- 
sional pursuits  of  botany.  In  which,  from 
his  superior  knowledge  of  the  use  of  the  mi- 
croscope, he  was  a  great  proficient.  By  his 
wife,  daughter  of  Mr.  Law,  professor  of  mo- 
ral philosophy  at  Edinburgh,  he  had  five 
sons  and  a  daughter.  He  died  4th  Feb. 
1746,  aged  47.  The  only  poem  of  note 
which  he  published  is  his  **  grave,"  which 
has  ensured  him  fame  and  immortality. 

Blair,  John,  L.L.D.  a  Scotchman,  who, 
after  being  educated  at  Edinburgh,  travelled 
to  London  with  Andrew  Henderson,  a  mau 
of  considerable  abilities,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  the  laborious  office  of  usher  in  a  school  in 
Hedge-lane.  In  1754  he  published  "  his  chro- 
nology and  history  of  the  world,"  illustrated 
with  tables,  &c."  a  correct  and  valuable  work, 
which  he  rendered  still  more  deserving  of  pub- 
lic patronage  in  his  editions  of  1756  and  1768. 
His  literary  services  happily  were  not  forgot- 
ten, he  was  elected  fe/low  of  the  R.  and  A.  S. 
appointed  chaplain  to  the  princess  dowager  of 
Wales,  tutor  to  the  duke  of  York,  and  with 
several  other  valuable  preferments  was  made 
prebendary  of  Westminster.  In  1763  and 
1764,  he  attended  his  royal  pupil  in  his  tour, 
and  visited  Lisbon,  Gibraltar,  Minorca,  Italy, 
and  several  parts  of  France.  He  died  of  the 
influenza,  June  24th,  1782,  and  no  doubt  his 
death  was  accelerated  by  the  fate  of  his  bro- 
ther captain  Blair,  who  fell  gloriously  in  the 
naval  battle  of  the  12th  April,  1782,"  and  to 
whose  meritorious  services  the  nation  lrave 
erected  a  monument.  The  course  of  lectures 
on  the  canons  of  the  old  testament  by  Dr. 
Blair,  have  appeared  since  Ids  death. 


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Blair,  Hugh  D.  D.  a  celebrated  divine, 
son  of  a  merchant,  born  at  Edinburgh,  se- 
venth April  1718.  He  was  educated  at  the 
high  school,  and  in  1730  was  admitted  at  the 
University  where  application  and  good  con- 
duct marked  his  progress  in  the  paths  of  lite- 
rature. In  1736  he  teok  his  master's  degree, 
and  two  years  after  was  licensed  to  preach, 
and  1742  was  promoted  to  the  parish  of  Co- 
lessie,  in  Fifeshire.  His  abilities  were  how- 
ever too  great  to  be  buried  in  the  obscurity 
of  the  country,  he  was  soon  after  invited  to 
the  second  charge  of  theCannongate  church 
of  Edinburgh,  and  in  1758  he  was  promoted 
to  the  High  church,  and  honored  with  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  b}T  the  sister  university  of  St. 
Andrew's.  In  1759  he  appeared  before  the 
public  as  lecturer  in  rhetoric  and  belles  let- 
tres,  and  with  such  effect,  that  the  King  in 
1762  erected  for  his  encouragement,  with  a 
salary  of  70/.  a  year,  a  professorship  on  that 
branch  of  literature  in  the  university.  His 
dissertation  in  support  of  the  authenticity  of 
Ossian's  poems,  appeared  in  1763,  and  in 
1777  he  published  the  first  volume  of  his 
sermons,  Avhich  met  with  such  applause  that 
.in  1779  he  printed  a  second  volume,  and  af- 
terwards three  volumes  more  appeared. 
These  discourses  became  popular,  not  only 
in  Scotland  and  England,  but  were  translated 
into  foreign  languages,  and  claimed  the  ad- 
miration of  the  learned  on  the  continent. 
Such  services  in  the  cause  of  religion  and 
virtue  did  not  pass  unrewarded,  and  at  the 
instance  of  the  Queen,  to  whom  the  sermons 
•were  dedicated,  the  worthy  professor  ob- 
tained a  pension  of  200/.  a  year,  which  was 
increased  100/.  more  in  1783,  when  his  infir- 
mities obliged  him  to  resign  his  public  offices. 
He  not  only  carried  into  his  retirement  the 
respect  and  good  wishes  of  his  fellow  colle- 
gians, but  he  was  permitted  to  retain  his  sa- 
lary in  the  most  honorable  terms.  His  lec- 
tures in  three  vols,  appeared  in  1783,  and  ob- 
tained as  rapid  a  sale  and  as  wide  a  circula- 
tion as  his  sermons,  as  they  were  entitled  to 
equal  commendation.  His  sermon  preached 
for  the  sons  of  the  clergy  in  Scotland,  was 
published  in  1796.  Dr.  Blair  died  at  Edin- 
burgh 27th  December,  1800,  and  as  a  cha- 
racter amiable  in  private  life,  and  univer- 
sally respected  as  a  scholar  and  as  an  elegant 
writer,  carried  with  him  to  the  grave  the 
regret  of  every  Briton,  who  venerates  piety, 
virtue,  and  benevolence.  Since  his  death 
his  life  by  Dr.  Finlayson,  has  been  prefixed 
to  the  fifth  volume  of  his  sermons,  which  he 
had  prepared  but  not  sent  to  the  press. 

Blake,  Robert,  was  born  at  Bridge  wa- 
ter, and  after  being  educated  at  the  gram- 
mar school  of  his  native  town,  he  entered  at 
St.  Alban-hall,  and  removed  to  Wadham 
college,  Oxford.  He  took  bis  degree  of  B. 
A.  in  1617,  but  the  violence  with  which  Laud 
espoused  conformity  of  worship  in  his  dio- 
cese of  Bath  and  Wells,  revolted  the  heart 
of  Blake,  and  instead  of  cultivating  the  mu- 
ses, he  became  a  follower  of  the  puritans, 
and  was  elected  member  for  Bridgewater. 
During  the  civil  wars  he  warmly  espoused 


the  cause  of  the  parliament,  and  signalized 
himself  so  much  by  his  valor,  under  colonel 
Fiennes,  in  the  defence  of  Bristol  against 
prince  Rupert,  and  particularly  of  Taunton, 
of  which  he  was  made  afterwards  governor, 
that  his  services  were  acknowledged  by  the 
house  of  commons,  and  rewarded  with  a 
present  of  500Z.  In  1649  he  appeared  in  a 
new  character,  as  admiral  of  the  fleet.  In 
conjunction  with  Deane  and  Popham,  he 
pursued  prince  Rupert  to  Ireland,  where  he 
blocked  him  up  in  the  harbor  of  Kinsale,  and 
thence  proceeded  to  the  coasts  of  Portugal 
and  Spain,  where  he  seized  several  valuable 
ships,  to  retaliate  for  the  insults  which  the 
governors  of  the  coasts  wished  to  offer  to  the 
British  flag.  On  his  return  to  England,  he 
was  received  with  all  the  honors  due  to  his 
merits,  he  was  made  warden  of  the  cinque 
ports,  and  invested  with  the  chief  command 
in  the  Dutch  war.  The  naval  history  of 
Europe  does  not  afford  instances  of  battles 
more  heroically  fought.  The  abilities  of 
Blake  were  opposed  by  the  equally  celebra- 
ted powers  of  Van  Trump,  a  chief  who  has 
deserved  and  received,  in  the  applauses  of 
posterity,  the  same  honors  which  have  been 
paid  to  the  British  victor.  The  coasts  of 
England  and  Holland  were  witnesses  of  the 
repeated  engagements  of  these  warlike  lea- 
ders, in  both  of  whom  intrepidity  supplied 
the  want  of  numbers,  and  unshaken  presence 
of  mind  maintained  the  contest  where  valor 
seemed  unable  to  decide  the  victory.  In 
these  numerous  and  bloody  battles  the  Dutch 
lost  nearly  40  ships  of  war,  besides  a  great 
many  smaller  vessels,  and  after  thus  suppor- 
ting the  naval  fame  of  his  country  in  the 
German  ocean,  Blake  sailed  by  oi-der  of 
Cromwell  to  the  Mediterranean,  where  he 
chastised  the  insolence  of  the  Bey  of  Tunis, 
redeemed  the  Christian  captives  from  slavery 
and  chains  at  Algiers  and  Tripoli,  alarmed 
the  pope  in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  by 
the  terror  of  his  name  compelled  the  sove- 
reigns of  Venice,  Tuscany,  and  other  Italian 
states  to  pay  homage  to  the  power  of  the 
British  usurper.  After  thus  spreading  ter- 
ror around  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean, 
he  returned  into  the  Atlantic,  and  attacked 
Santa  Cruz,  in  the  island  of  Teneriffe,  and 
destroyed  the  whole  of  the  Spanish  plate 
fleet  that  had  taken  refuge  there.  This  ac- 
tion, which  is  considered  as  the  most  bril- 
liant ever  performed  at  sea,  was  so  welcome 
to  Cromwell  and  his  parliament,  that  a  day 
of  thanksgiving  was  appointed  on  the  occa- 
sion, and  a  diamond  ring  worth  500/.  was 
sent  as  a  present  to  the  illustrious  comman- 
der. England  however  did  not  long  boast  of 
the  possession  of  her  hero,  his  health  rapid- 
ly declined,  and  on  his  return  from  the  Me- 
diterranean, he  expired  just  as  his  fleet  en- 
tered Plymouth,  17th  August  1657,  in  his 
58th  year.  His  body  was  interred  in  Henry 
VIl's  chapel,  Westminster,  but  it  was  remo- 
ved in  1661  to  St.  Margaret's  church  yard. 
If  Blake  fought  with  such  zeal  for  the  usur- 
pation, it  is  not  to  be  concluded  that  he  was 
the  friend  of  tyranny  or  cruel  oppression. 


EL 


HL 


When  Charles  I.  was  tried,  he  exclaimed 
with  all  the  hluntness  of  a  seaman,  against 
the  proceedings  of  the  parliament,  and  of- 
fered freely  to  yield  up  his  life  to  save  that 
of  the  unfortunate  monarch  ;  and  ever  ani- 
mated with  the  love  of  his  country,  he  told 
his  officers  when  the  Dutch  expected  a 
change  of  measures  from  the  dismission  of 
the  parliament  by  Cromwell,  "It  is  not  for 
us  to  mind  state  alfairs,  but  to  keep  foreign- 
ers from  fooling  us." — Though  successful  in 
his  enterprises  and  loaded  with  public  favors, 
Blake  died  in  such  circumstances,  that  his 
property  was  scarcely  increased  5001.  more 
than  he  had  inherited  from  his  father.  Like 
the  founders  of  Roman  freedom,  he  fought 
for  his  country  and  not  for  private  emolu- 
ment. 

Blake,  John  Bradley,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, 5th  November,  1745,  and  educated  at 
Westminster  school.  After  acquiring  a  deep 
knowledge  of  chemistry  and  mathematics, 
in  the  pursuits  of  his  favorite  study  of  botany, 
he  went  to  China  as  supercargo  of  the  India 
company,  and  with  laudable  assiduity  col- 
lected and  sent  to  Europe,  the  seeds  of  all 
the  vegetables  of  that  remote  country  used 
by  the  natives  for  purposes  either  of  medi- 
cine, food,  or  manufactures.  He  began 
likewise  a  valuable  collection  of  ores  and  fos- 
sils, but  his  great  application  weakened  his 
constitution,  he  was  afflicted  with  the  stone, 
and  the  complaint  when  attended  by  a  fever 
proved  fatal.  He  died  at  Canton,  16th  No- 
vember, 1773,  in  his  29th  year,  and  the 
learned  world  sincerely  lamented  the  loss 
that  science   suffered,    and    sir  J.    Pringle, 

E resident  of  the  Royal  society,  paid  his  tri- 
ute  of  respect  and  applause  to  his  short  but 
useful  life. 

Blamont,  Francis  Colin  de,  a  musician 
at  the  French  court,  whose  compositions, 
especially  Dido,  and  Greek  and  Roman  fes- 
tivals, were  much  admired.  He  died  in  his 
native  town  of  Versailles  17G0,  aged  70. 

Blampin,  Thomas,  a  learned  and  labo- 
rious ecclesiastic  of  Noyon,  in  Picardy, 
editor  of  St.  Augustin's  works.  He  died 
1710,  aged  70. 

Blanc,  John,  a  noble  of  Perpignan, 
known  for  the  brave  defence  which  he  made 
against  the  French  army  that  besieged  his 
native  town  in  1474.  He  refused  to  deliver 
the  fortress  intrusted  to  his  care,  though 
famine  raged  around  him,  and  though  the 
enemy,  irritated  by  his  obstinate  resistance, 
sacrificed  his  son  who  had  in  a  sally  falleu 
into  their  hands. 

Blanc,  Francois  1c,  a  native  of  Dauphine 
author  of  a  valuable  book  on  the  coins  of 
France,  &c.     He  died  suddenly  in  169S. 

Blanc,  Claude  Ic,  a  minister  of  France, 
uonfined  for  two  years  in  the  Bastille,  on 
suspicion  of  malpractices.  He  was  restored 
to  public  favor  and  died  1728.  His  brothers 
were  bishops  of  Avranchcs  and  of  Sarlat. 

Blanc,  Thomas  le,  a  Jesuit  of  Yitri, 
who  d'ed  at  Rheims  1669.  He  was  author 
of  some  popular  works  addressed  to  the 
common  people,  as  "  le  bon  valet,"  bee. — 


His  largest  and  best  known  work  is  his  aria* 
lysis  of  David's  psalms,  in  six  vols,  folio. 

Blanc,  John  Bernard  le,  a  native  of 
Dijon,  historiographer  to  the  della  crusca 
academy.  His  genius  and  learning  procured 
him  friends  and  patrons  at  Paris  and  Lon- 
don, but  he  preferred  peaceful  obscurity  to 
the  distinctions  which  Maupertuis  in  1746, 
offered  at  Berlin  in  the  name  of  the  Prussian, 
monarch.  He  wrote  an  interesting  tragedy 
called  Abensaide,  besides  letters  on  the 
English  1758,  in  three  vols.  12mo.  which 
though  incorrect  and  formal  in  some  degree, 
are  however  not  without  sensible  reflections 
and  pleasing  anecdotes.  They  are  certainly 
inferior  to  Grosley's  London.  The  abbe 
died  in  1781,  aged  74. 

Blanc,  Antony  de  Guilletde,  professor 
of  rhetoric  in  the  congregation  of  the  orato- 
ry at  Avignon,  was  born  at  Marseilles,  2d 
March  1730,  and  died  at  Paris  1799.  He 
afterwards  came  to  Paris  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  ancient  languages  in  the 
central  schools,  and  member  of  the  institute. 
He  wrote  Manco  Capac,  a  tragedy,  which 
did  not  possess  much  merit,  and  met  with 
little  success.  The  Druids,  another  tragedy 
1772,  was  proscribed  by  the  clergy  for  some 
offensive  passages.  He  published  besides 
other  plays,  Virginie  a  tragedy — Albert  I. — 

l'heureux   evenement some    romances— 

and  a   translation  of  Lucretius  into  French 
verse. 

Blanc,  N.  an  eminent  artist,  whose 
abilities  were  employed  by  the  French  mi- 
nistry in  impi'oving  and  perfecting  the  fabri- 
cation of  fire-arms.     He  died  1802. 

Blanca,  N.  le,  a  young  woman  who  was 
found  wild  at  Sogny,  near  Chalons  in  1731. 
She  was  then  about  10  years  of  age,  and  pur- 
sued hares  and  other  animals  with  astonish- 
ing rapidity.  She  was  placed  in  the  convent 
of  Chaillot,  where  she  became  a  nun,  and 
died  1760. 

Blanca,  Francis  le,  a  Frenchman,  au- 
thor of  a  general  account  of  the  monies  of 
France,  published  with  figures  in  4to.  1690, 
by  order  of  Lewis  XIV.  and  of  a  treatise  on- 
the  coins  of  Charlemagne  and  his  successors, 
struck  at  Borne.     He  died  1698. 

Bi.anchard,  James,  a  painter  of  emi- 
nence, born  at  Paris  1600.  He  improved 
himself  at  Lyons,  Rome,  and  Venice,  and 
on  his  return  to  France,  he  showed  by  his 
excellent  pieces  how  judiciously  he  had  ex- 
amined and  studied  the  works  of  Titian, 
Tintoret,  and  Paul  Veronese.  The  most 
remarkable  of  his  pieces  is  a  kneeling  St. 
Andrew  in  the  church  of  Notre  Dame,  with 
the  Holy  Ghost  descending.  His  grand 
pieces  are  few,  as  he  devoted  much  of  his 
time  to  madonas.  He  was  fortunate  in  his 
coloring.  He  died  of  an  imposthume  in  the- 
lungs,  in  his  SSth  year. 

Blanchard,  Francois,  a  lawyer  of  Pa- 
ris, who  died  in  1650.  He  published  the 
"Eloges  des  presidens,  &c."  and  "  les  mai- 
tres  de  requetes." 

Blanchard,  Guillaurac,  son  of  the 
preceding,  distinguished  himself  as  a.  law\  er 


BL 


EL 


and  as  the  author  of  a  laborious  and  valuable 
collection  in  2  vols.  fol.  1717,  of  the  edicts 
and  declarations  of  the  kings  of  France  from 
897  to  1715.  He  died  1724,  whilst  prepar- 
ing a  supplement  to  his  great  work. 

Blanchard,  Elias,  a  native  of  Langres, 
eminent  for  his  learning.  Some  of  his  dis- 
sertations are  inserted  in  the  memoirs  of  the 
academie  des  inscriptions.  He  died  1755, 
aged  85. 

Blanchard,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of 
Tourteron,  in  the  Ardennes,  of  the  order 
of  the  Jesuits,  in  whose  college  at  Metz 
and  at  Verdun,  he  was  professor  of  rheto- 
ric. On  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits  he 
■went  to  Namur,  and  died  1797,  aged  CC. 
He  wrote  the  temple  of  the  Muses,  a  col- 
lection of  fables  and  remarks— the  school  of 
martyrs,  a  collection  of  moral  reflections  and 
historical  facts. 

Blanche,  daughter  of  Alphonso  IX.  of 
Castille,  married  Lewis  VIII.  of  France  in 
1200,  by  whom  she  had  nine  sons  and  two 
daughters,  she  was  on  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band in  1226,  made  regent  of  the  kingdom, 
during  the  minority  and  the  crusades  of  her 
son  saint  Lewis,  and  she  behaved  with  mode- 
ration and  spirit  in  the  administration  of  the 
government.  Happy  in  the  conduct  of  her 
children  whom  by  her  example  and  her  pre- 
cepts she  had  nurtured  in  virtue  and  religion, 
and  secure  in  the  esteem  and  affection  of  her 
subjects,  whom  her  justice  and  humanity  at- 
tached to  her  person,  she  crushed  every 
attempt  to  disturb  her  power  or  weaken  her 
authority.  The  defeat  and  imprisonment  of 
her  son,  it  is  raid,  preyed  deeply  on  her 
mind,  and  tended  to  shorten  her  existence. 
She  died  1st  Dec.  1252,  and  was  buried  at 
Maubuisson. 

Blanche,  a  native  of  Padua,  celebrated 
for  her  chastity.  After  the  death  of  her 
husband  at  the  siege  of  Bassano,  she  refused 
to  gratify  the  passion  of  Acciolin,  the  gene- 
ral of  the  enemy  ;  but  when  the  tyrant  of- 
fered violence  to  her  person,  she  threw  her- 
self into  her  husband's  tomb,  where  she  was 
crushed  to  death  by  the  falling  of  the  stone, 
which  covered  the  entrance,  1233. 

Blanche  de  Bourbon  married  Peter 
king  of  Castille  in  1352.  She  was  cruelly 
treated  by  her  husband  who  had  fixed  his  af- 
fections on  another,  and  she  was  at  last  im- 
prisoned and  poisoned  1361,  aged  23.  Her 
misfortunes  were  avenged  by  du  Guesclin  at 
the  head  of  a  French  army. 

Blanchelande,  Philibert  Francis 
Rouxelle  de,  a  native  of  Dijon,  distinguished 
in  the  American  war,  and  at  the  taking  of 
Tobago.  He  was  afterwards  engaged  at  St. 
Domingo,  but  on  his  return  to  Rochefort  he 
was  arrested,  and  suffered  death  15th  April 
1793,  aged  58,  a  victim  to  the  cowardice  and 
suspicious  tyranny  of  the  then  existing  go- 
vernment. 

Bl  anchet,  Thomas,  an  eminent  painter 
of  Paris  who  died  at  Lyons  1C89,  aged  71. 
He  excelled  in  history  and  portraits,  and 
several  of  his  pieces  are  preserved  at  Lyons 
and  Paris. 


Blanchet,  Abbe,  censor  royal  and  li- 
brarian of  the  king's  cabinet,  retired  from 
public  life  to  solitude  at  St.  Germin-en-laye 
where  he  died  1784  aged  80.  He  was  of  a 
melancholy  turn  of  mind,  but  he  possessed 
great  abilities,  as  appears  by  his  "  varietes- 
morales,"  8cc.  His  apologies,  See.  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death. 

Blancof,  John  Teuniz,  a  painter  born 
at  Alcmaer.  His  sea  pieces  and  landscapes 
were  in  high  repute.     He  died  1670  aged  42. 

Bland,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Robert 
Fisher  of  Long  Acre,  married  in  1681  Na- 
than Bland  a  linen  draper  of  London  by 
whom  she  had  six  children,  two  of  whom 
only  grew  up  to  years  of  maturity.  She  was 
taught  Hebrew  by  Van  Helmont,  and  wrote 
it  with  great  facility.  A  philactery  in  He- 
brew by  her,  is  still  preserved  among  the  cu- 
riosities of  the  royal  society.  She  was  living 
in  1712. 

Blandrata,  George,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian who  renewed  all  the  tenets  of  Arius 
with  respect  to  the  Trinity.  He  fled  from 
the  persecution  of  the  inquisitors  of  Pavia  ta 
Geneva,  and  afterwards  to  Poland,  where 
the  king,  Stephen  Battori,  made  him  a  pri- 
vy counsellor.  He  attempted  to  make  the 
king  a  follower  to  his  opinions,  but  failed. 
He  was  strangled  by  his  nephew,  a  worthless 
character,  to  whom  he  had  left  his  property 
1593. 

Blasco  Nunnes,  a  Spaniard,  who  seiz- 
ed and  fortified  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  and 
thus  facilitated  the  progress  of  Pizarro  to  the 
conquest  of  Peru.  He  was  beheaded  on  pre- 
tence of  ambitious  views. 

Blavet,  N.  a  musician  of  Besancon,  who 
was  engaged  in  the  opera  at  Paris,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  taste,  and  the  su- 
perior merits  of  his  pieces  of  vocal  and  in- 
strumental music.     He  died  1768,  aged  68. 

Blaurer,  Ambrose,  a  native  of  Con- 
stance, one  of  the  followers  of  Luther,  whose 
doctrines  he  spread  in  France  and  Germany. 
He  died  1567,  aged  75.  His  works  on  theo- 
logy are  little  read. 

Bleddyn,  a  king  of  North  Wales  jointly 
with  his  brother  Rhiwallon.  He  became  sole 
monarch  1068,  and  fell  in  battle  four  years 
after,  after  governing  with  justice  and  mo- 
deration, and  publishing  an  useful  code  of 
laws. 

Bleddyn,  a  British  bard  of  the  13th 
century,  some  of  whose  pieces  are  preserved 
in  the  Welch  archaeology. 

Bledri,  a  bishop  of  LandalF  called  the 
wise,  from  his  great  learning.  He  was  also  a 
great  patron  of  learned  men,  and  died  much 
respected  1023. 

Bleek,  Peter  Van,  an  eminent  painter 
who  painted  the  comedians  Johnson  and 
Griffin  in  the  characters  of  Ananias  and 
Tribulation  in  the  Alchemist,  in  a  very  su- 
perior manner.    He  died  July  20th,  1764. 

Blecwryd,  brother  to  Morgan  the  Gla- 
morgan chief,  was  chancellor  of  Landaff",  and 
a  man  of  great  learning.  He  went  to  Rome 
about  the  revision  of  the  Welch  laws  in  926, 
with  Howe!  surnamed  the  Good. 


BL 


BL 


Blegny,  Nicholas  de,  an  eminent  French 
surgeon,  who  gave  lectures  in  his  house  on  the 
various  branches  of  his  profession,  which  were 
attended  by  men  of  science  and  learning. 
He  wrote  various  works  on  surgery  and 
physic,  and  also  had  the  management  of  a 
journal  called  New  discoveries  in  all  depart- 
ments of  medicine.  He  died  at  the  latter 
end  of  the  17th  century. 

Bless,  Heni'y,  a  painter,  born  at  Bovine 
near  Dinant.  His  landscapes  are  much  es- 
teemed, and  as  he  generally  placed  an  owl 
in  them  as  a  mark,  they  are  called  owl  pieces. 
He  died  1550,  aged  70. 

Bleterie,  John  Philip  Rene  de  la,  a 
native  of  Rennes,  who  became  professor  of 
eloquence  in  the  royal  college  of  Pai-is,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  author  of  a  life  of 
Julian,  two  vols.  12mo.  and  of  a  life  of  Jovian, 
two  vols  12rao.  two  performances  replete 
with  erudition,  criticism,  and  judgment 
though  the  former  possesses  superior  merit. 
He  wrote  besides  several  dissertations  in  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy  of  helles  lettres, 
and  translated  some  of  the  works  of  Tacitus 
with  a  life  of  the  author,  to  whose  composi- 
tions he  said  he  was  much  indebted.  He 
possessed  learning,  and  in  private  life  and 
as  an  ecclesiastic  he  was  an  exemplary  cha- 
racter.   He  died  1772,  in  an  advanced  age. 

Block,  Marie  Eliezer,  an  able  naturalist 
of  mean  parentage  at  Anspach.  Under  a 
surgeon,  to  whom  he  was  apprenticed,  he 
applied  himself  deeply  to  the  study  of  medi- 
cine and  anatomy,  and  afterwards  turned  his 
attention  to  natural  history.  Besides  his 
memoirs  on  fishes  published  in  the  Berlin 
memoirs,  and  a  treatise  on  intestinal  vermes, 
he  published  a  valuable  work  called  a  general 
and  particular  history  of  fishes,  with  colored 
plates,  6  vols.  fol.  1785  and  1799.  He  died 
6th  Aug.  1799. 

Block,  Daniel,  a  portrait  painter  of  Po- 
merania,  who  died  1661,  aged  81.  There 
■were  two  others  of  the  same  family,  Jacob 
and  Benjamin,  one  of  whom  excelled  in  ar- 
chitecture and  the  perspective,  and  the 
other  in  historical  pieces  and  portraits. 

Blockland,  Anthony  tie  Montfort,  an 
elegant  painter,  who  died  1583,  aged  52.  His 
brothers,  Peter  and  Herbert,  who  were  his 
pupils,  were  eminent,  the  former  for  his  re- 
presentation of  battles,  markets,  &c.  and  the 
other  of  portraits,  ale  house  meetings  and 
conversations. 

Bloemart,  a  painter  of  Gorcum  in  Hol- 
land. He  was  self-taught,  but  his  genius 
fully  supplied  the  deficiencies  of  education. 
His  claro  obscuro  is  peculiarly  striking,  and 
the  folds  of  his  draperies  are  much  admired. 
He  died  in  1647,  aged  80.  His  sons  Henry 
and  Adrian  were  also  painters,  but  not  his 
equals  in  merit. 

Bloemen,  John  Francis,  a  Flemish  pain- 
ter, who  died  at  Rome  1740,  aged  84.  His 
landscapes  were  very  deservedly  admired. 

Blond,  Jean  le,  a  poet  of  inferior  merit 
in  the  16th  century.  He  published  his  poe- 
try under  the  title  of  le  printems  de  l'hum- 
ble  esperant. 

VOL.    I.  <2f> 


Blond,  James  Christopher,  a  painter, 
born  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine.  He  was 
the  inventor  of  a  new  method  of  engraving 
in  colors,  on  which  he  published  a  treatise. 
His  portraits  and  miniatures  were  held  in 
high  estimation.     He  died  1741,  aged  71. 

Blondeau,  Claude,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  who  began  with  Gueret 
in  1672,  le  journal  du  Palais,  which  extends 
to  1700,  in  12  vols.  4to. 

Blond  el,  David,  a  protestant  minister, 
born  at  Chalon3  1591.  His  writings  in  favor 
of  the  tenets  which  he  had  embraced  were 
universally  admired,  and  for  more  than  20 
times  he  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  sy- 
nods of  the  isle  of  France.  He  was  invited 
to  the  historical  chair  at  Amsterdam  on  the 
death  of  Vossius,  and  his  great  learning  sup- 
ported the  character  of  his  predecessor.  His 
application  injured  his  health  so  much  that 
he  lost  his  sight,  but  even  under  that  calami- 
ty he  dictated  two  folio  vols,  on  the  genealo- 
gy of  the  kings  of  France  against  Chofliet. 
He  was  suspected  for  a  while  of  Arrninian- 
ism,  and  died  April  6th,  1655,  aged  64.  His 
other  works  are  explications  on  the  eucha- 
rist — on  the  primacy  of  the  church — oi*. 
bishops  and  presbyters — on  the  sibyls — a 
defence  of  the  reformed  churches  against 
Richelieu — a  refutation  of  the  history  of 
pope  Joan. 

Blondel,  Francis,  eminent  forhis know- 
ledge in  geometry,  as  well  as  of  belles  let- 
tres, was  professor  of  mathematics  and  ar- 
chitecture, and  preceptor  to  the  dauphin 
of  France.  He  travelled  with  the  count  of 
Brienne  as  his  tutor,  between  1652  and  1655, 
of  which  he  published  a  Latin  account.  His 
writings  were  on  architecture — and  also  on 
the  art  of  throwing  bombs — on  a  new  man- 
ner of  fortifying  places,  &c. — besides  a  com- 
parison between  Horace  and  Pindar.  He 
died  Feb.  1st,  1686. 

Blondel,  John  Francis,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  equally  eminent  in  architec- 
tural knowledge.  He  was  born  at  Rouen, 
and  died  Jan.  9th,  1774,  aged  69.  Besides 
his  course  of  architecture,  six  vols.  8vo. — his 
discourse  on  architecture,  12mo. — his  trea- 
tise on  the  decoration  of  edifices,  two  vols. 
4to. — he  furnished  all  the  articles  on  that 
subject  in  the  French  encyclopedia. 

Blondel,  Peter  James,  a  native  of  Pa- 
ris, who  wrote  on  the  truth  of  the  Christian 
religion,  &c.     He  died  17.30. 

Blondel,  Lawrence,  a  Parisian,  related 
to  the  preceding,  was  author  of  some  books 
of  devotion,  &c.    He  died  1740. 

Blondel,  N.  a  physician  of  Pithiviers, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  mineral  waters  of 
Segrai,  and  of  another  on  the  epidemical 
disorders  in  cattle.     He  died  1759. 

Blondin,  Peter,  a  native  of  Picardy, 
the  friend  of  Tournefort,  and  equally  emi- 
nent as  a  botanist.  He  was  admitted  into 
the  French  academy  1712,  and  wrote  some 
curious  memoirs,  kc.  never  printed,  and 
died  1714,  aged  31. 

Blondus,  Flavins,  a  native  of  Foili  in 
Italy,  secretary  to  pope  Eugenitts  IV.  and 


BL 


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his  two  successors.  His  works  were  on  an- 
tiquities, the  best  known  of  which  are,  Roma 
instaurata — Italia  illustratto — de  origine  & 
gestis  Venetorum, — Histor.  Roman,  decades 
ires,  from  the  year  400  to  the  year  1440. 
He  died  4th  June,  1403,  aged  75. 

Blood,  Thomas,  better  known  by  the 
name  of  colonel  Blocd,  was  one  of  Crom- 
well's officers.  After  failing  in  his  attempts 
to  seize  the  castle  of  Dublin,  by  the  activity 
of  the  duke  of  Ormond,  he  came  to  England, 
where  he  seized  the  person  of  that  noble- 
man, with  the  diabolical  intention  of  hang- 
ing him  at  Tyburn,  which  a  rescue  by  his 
servants  happily  prevented.  His  next  ex- 
ploit was  to  gain  access,  in  the  disguise  of  a 
clergyman,  to  the  tower,  to  tarry  off  the 
crown  and  regalia,  which  he  might  have  ef- 
fected if  he  had  not  hesitated,  and  in  a  mo- 
ment of  compassion  spared  the  life  of  the 
keeper,  whom  he  had  devoted  to  death. 
Charles  II.  not  only  pardoned  this  bold  offen- 
der, but  admitted  him  into  his  presence,  and 
heard  him  assert  that  he  had  once  formed  a 
plan  to  shoot  him.  He  afterwards  granted 
him  an  estate  of  5001.  per  aim.  and  showed 
him  so  much  favor,  that  the  wits  of  the  times, 
alluding  to  Coventry's  fate,  said  that  the  mo- 
narch kept  the  ruffian  about  his  person  to 
intimidate  his  enemies. 

Bloot,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
died  1667.  His  low  life  scenes  were  much 
admired. 

Blosius,  orDEBi-ois,  Lewis,  a  Bene- 
dictine, abbot  of  Liessies  in  Hainault.  He  re- 
fused the  archbishopric  of  Cambray.  He 
was  author  of  speculum  religiosorum,  which 
has  been  translated  into  French,  and  he  died 
1566. 

Blount,  Thomas,  a  barrister  at  law, 
Loin  at  Bordesley,  Worcestershire.  He  was 
a  Roman  catholic,,  and  possessed  a  strong  na- 
tural genius,  which  he  improved  by  great 
applicatien.  He  died  26th  Dec.  1679,  author 
of  several  respectable  publications,  viz.  Glos- 
sographia,  interpreting  Creek,  Hebrew,  &c. 
words  used  in  the  English  language — jocu- 
lar customs  of  some  manners — a  law  dic- 
tionary, folio — Boscobel,  or  the  king's  escape 
after  the  battle  of  Worcester,  &c.  &c. 

Blount,  Sir  Henry,  born  at  Tittenhan- 
ger,  Herts,  Dec.  15th,  1602,  was  educated  at 
St.  Albans,  and  Trinity  college,  Oxford.  In 
1634  he  travelled  over  France,  Spain,  and 
Italy,  and  afterwards  passed  to  Constantino- 
ple and  Cairo,  and  on  his  return  home,  two 
years  after,  he  published  an  entertaining  and 
popular  account  of  his  observations  in  the 
Levant.  He  was  knighted  in  1639,  and  as  he 
was  attached  to  the  royal  cause,  and  even 
tutor  to  the  princes,  he  was  present  at  seve- 
ral of  the  battles  during  the  civil  wars.  In 
1051  he  was  employed  by  the  parliament  to 
remedy  the  abuses  of  the  law,  and  his  abili- 
ties continued  to  be  directed  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  trade  and  navigation  of  the  state. 
His  integrity  was  admired  by  all  parties,  and 
at  the  restoration  he  gained  the  confidence 
of  his  sovereign,  was  sheriff  of  Herts  in  1661, 
and  passed  the  last  20  years  of  his  life  in  lite- 


rary case  and  retirement.    He  died  9th  of 
Oct.  1682. 

Blount,  Sir  Thomas  Pope,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  12th  September  1649. 
He  was  created  a  baronet  by  Charles  II.  and 
was  made  member  of  parliament  for  St. 
Albans,  and  afterwards  for  Herts  in  three 
parliaments.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive 
erudition,  and  a  warm  supporter  of  liberty. 
He  wrote  the  popular  book  "  censura  cele- 
briorum  aulhoruni,  &c.  besides  essays,  re- 
marks on  poetry,  natural  history,  12mo. 
1693,  &c.     He  died  30th  June,  1697. 

Blount,  Charles,  younger  son  of  sir 
Henry,  was  born  27th  April,  1654.  He  was 
a  zealous  advocate  for  liberty,  and  possessed 
all  the  learning  of  his  family.  As  a  friend  to 
the  revolution,  and  to  king  William,  he  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet,  which  drew  upon  him  the 
censures  of  parliament,  for  asserting  that  the 
monarch  was  a  conqueror.  After  his  wife's 
death  he  fell  in  love  with  her  sister,  and  the 
lady,  possessed  of  beauty,  wit,  and  virtue, 
strongly  favored  his  passion,  but  as  an  appli- 
cation to  the  archbishop  was  disregarded, 
and  such  an  union  universally  reprehended, 
she  refused  at  last  his  solicitations,  and  the 
lover  in  despair  shot  himself,  and  died  a  few 
days  after  of  the  wounds,  in  August,  1693. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  are  his  Diana 
of  the  Ephesians — his  introduction  to  polite 
literature — and  his  life  of  Apollonius  Ty- 
anoeus — his  anima  mundi,  &c. — in  which, 
however,  he  cavils  at  the  doctrines  of  reve- 
lation, and  shows  himself  a  deist.  His  works 
have  been  edited  together  by  Gildon. 

Blow,  John,  was  born  at  Collingham, 
Nottinghamshire,  and  distinguished  himself 
by  his  knowledge  of  music.  He  was  master 
of  the  children  of  the  chapel  royal,  composer 
to  the  king,  and  after  Purcell's  death,  or- 
ganist of  Westminster.  His  merit  procured 
him  a  doctor's  degree  from  archbishop  San- 
croft,  he  died  10th  October  170S,  aged  60, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster-abbey. 

Blum,  Joachin  Christian,  a  German  poet, 
born  at  Rathenau.  He  studied  at  Branden- 
burg, Berlin,  and  at  Frankfort  on  Oder,  un- 
der Baumgarten  ;  and,  regardless  of  public 
affairs,  sought  the  retirement  which  his  easy- 
fortune  allowed  him,  to  devote  himself  to  the 
muses.  His  works  were  lyric  poems,  idyls, 
orations,  German  proverbs,  and  Rathenau 
delivered,  a  drama  represented  at  Berlin 
with  success.     He  died  1790,  aged  51. 

Blutaeu,  Dom.  Raphael,  a  learned 
preacher,  born  in  London,  of  French  pa- 
rents. He  went  to  France,  and  afterwards 
to  Lisbon,  where  he  died,  1734,  aged  96, 
highly  honored  by  the  academy  of  the  ap- 
pliques. He  wrote  a  Portuguese  and  Latin 
dictionary,  in  8  vols,  folio,  with  a  supplement 
of  2  vols.  more. 

Boadicea,  queen  of  the  Iceni,  is  known 
in  British  and  Roman  history  for  the  valor 
which  she  displayed  against  the  Romans, 
who  had  insulted  her  and  abused  her  daugh- 
ters. She  was  afterwards  defeated  by  Pauli- 
nus,  and  killed  herself  A.  D.  60. 

Bo  ate,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  physician,  who 


BO 


BO 


settled  in  Ireland,  and  wrote  a  natural  his- 
tory of  tlie  country,  published  by  Sam. 
Hartlib,  l2mo.  1652. 

Bobart,  a  German,  first  keeper  of  the 
botanical  garden  at  Oxford,  which  was  given 
and  endowed  by  the  earl  of  Danby.  He 
wrote  a  Latin  catalogue  of  the  plants  con- 
tained in  the  garden,  &c.  and  died  February 
1G79,  aged  81.  Dr.  Plot  speaks  much  in  his 
commendation,  and  Dr.  Z.  Grey  mentions, 
in  Hudibras,  p.  125,  a  curious  anecdote  of 
him.  His  son  Jacob  was  also  keeper  of  the 
gardens  after  him. 

Boccace,  John,  was  born  at  Certaldo  in 
Tuscany,  1313,  and  intended  by  his  father 
for  a  mercantile  profession ;  but  after  spend- 
ing six  years  with  a  merchant  at  Florence 
and  Paris,  and  turning  his  thoughts  to  the 
canon  law,  he  abandoned  the  pursuits  which 
interest  or  authority  dictated,  and  devoted 
himself  totally  to  literature.  He  studied 
under  his  friend  and  patron  Petrarch  ;  and 
hy  his  suggestions  he  retired  from  the  tu- 
mults and  factions  of  Florence,  and  visited 
Naples,  where  he  was  received  with  kind- 
ness by  king  Robert,  of  whose  natural 
daughter  he  became  enamoured  ;  and  in  his 
travels  in  Sicily  he  met  from  queen  Joan  the 
flattering  reception  which  his  writings  and 
merit  deserved.  He  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  his  native  village,  where  his  con- 
stitution was  weakened  by  his  great  appli- 
cation, and  where  he  died,  of  a  sickness  in 
the  stomach,  1375.  His  works  are  some  in 
Latin  and  some  in  Italian.  He  possessed  un- 
common learning,  and  he  may  honorably  be 
l'eckoned  as  one  of  those  whose  great  exer- 
tions contributed  most  to  the  revival  of 
learning  in  Europe.  His  best  known  com- 
position is  "  Decameron,"  a  romance  occa- 
sionally licentious,  but  abounding  with  wit, 
satire,  and  elegance  of  diction.  His  life  of 
Dante — his  genealogy  of  the  gods — his  his- 
tory of  Rome — his  thesis,  &c.  are  much  ad- 
mired. Though  his  poetry  does  not  possess 
the  sweetness  of  Petrarch's  lines,  his  prose 
is  unequalled  for  its  graceful  simplicity  and 
varied  elegance. 

Boccaci,  or  Boccacino,  Camillo,  a 
painter  of  history  and  portraits,  born  at 
Cremona,  where  he  died  1546,  aged  35. 

Boccage,  Marie  Anne  le  Page,  a  French 
lady  of  Rouen,  who,  at  the  age  of  16,  mar- 
ried Peter  Joseph  du  Boccage,  and  acquired 
great  celebrity  by  her  writings.  She  was 
the  friend  of  the  wits  of  the  age,  of  Voltaire, 
of  Montesquieu,  Henault,  and  others.  She 
obtained  a  prize  from  the  Rouen  academy  in 
1746,  and  nearly  gained  another  from  the 
French  academy,  on  the  eulogium  of  Lewis 
XV.  against  her  successful  rival  Marmontel. 
Her  Paradis  terrestre,  borrowed  from  Mil- 
ton, and  her  translation  of  the  death  of 
Abel,  were  much  admired.  Her  poems  ap- 
peared in  three  vols.  3vo.  She  died  1802, 
aged  92. 

Boccalini,  Trajan,  a  wit,  born  at 
Rome,  and  highly  honored  by  the  Italian 
literati  for  his  political  discourses  and  his 
elegant  criticisms.    Under  the  patronage  of 


cardinals  Borghese  and  Cajetan,  he  pub- 
lished his  Ragguagli  di  Parnasso,  his  secre- 
taria  di  Apollo,  and  his  Pietra  di  Paragone  ; 
but  as  in  this  last  piece  he  had  attacked  the 
tyranny  of  the  Spanish  court,  he  dreaded 
its  vengeance,  and  fled  to  Venice.  Here  he 
was  attacked  in  his  bed  by  four  ruffians,  who 
killed  him,  by  beating  him  with  bags  full  of 
sand.  Several  reports  were  spread  about  his 
death  ;  but  it  was  generally  imagined  that 
it  proceeded  from  the  resentment  of  the 
Spanish  court.  The  register  of  St.  Mary's 
in  Venice  records,  that  he  died  of  a  cholic 
and  fever,  16th  November,  1013,  aged  57. 
His  works  have  been  translated  into  seve- 
ral languages. 

Boccamazza,  Angelus,  bishop  of  Ca- 
tania in  Sicily ^  wrote  "  brevis  chronica," 
containing  an  account  of  remarkable  events 
in  Sicily,  from  1027  to  1283.     He  died  1296. 

Bocchus,  a  king  of  Mauritania,  who 
made  his  peace  with  the  Romans  by  meanly 
betraying  into  their  hands  his  son-in-law, 
Jugurtha,  B.  C.  100. 

Bocciardi,  Clemente,  a  painter  of  Ge- 
noa, who  died  1658,  aged  38.  He  is  called 
by  painters  Clementone. 

Boccold,  John,  a  famous  fanatic,  called 
John  of  Leyden,  where  he  was  a  taylor.  In 
company  with  John  Matthias,  a  baker  of 
Haerlem,  atjd  at  the  head  of  an  enthusiastic 
mob  of  anabaptists,  he  seized  Munster, 
where,  after  the  death  of  his  bold  associate, 
he  assumed  the  kingly  office,  to  which  he 
united  that  of  prophet.  In  this  dangerous 
elevation,  he  began  to  reform  the  laws,  and 
new-model  the  government.  He  maintained 
and  enforced  a  plurality  of  wives,  and  him- 
self kept  fourteen,  one  of  whom  he  slew 
with  his  own  hands,  because  she  questioned 
his  divine  authority.  When  Munster  was  at 
last  taken,  this  licentious  leader,  who  had 
scarce  reached  his  28th  year,  was  put  to  a 
cruel  and  lingering  death,  and  his  adherents 
either  punished  or  dispersed. 

Bocconi,  Sylvio,  was  born  at  Palermo, 
24th  April,  1633,  and  became  eminent  for 
his  knowledge  of  natural  history,  in  pursuit 
of  which  he  visited  Italy,  Malta,  Poland, 
Germany,  France,  and  England.  He  was 
of  the  order  of  the  Cistercians,  and  died  in 
one  of  their  convents,  near  Palermo,  22d 
December,  1704.  His  valuable  publications, 
in  number  twelve,  are  chiefly  on  subjects  of 
natural  history,  botany,  mineralogy,  &c. 
The  best  known  is  musea  di  plante  rare, 
Venice,  1697 — besides  icones  et  descrip- 
tiones  rariorum  plantarum  Sicil.  Melit  Gal- 
lia, Italite,  1674,  Lyons  and  Oxford,  &c. 

Bocconi s,  a  king  of  Egypt,  said  by  Ta- 
citus and  Trogus  to  have  driven  the  Jews 
from  his  dominions,  to  cure  himself  of  the 
leprosy,  according  to  an  oracle. 

Bochart,  Samuel,  a  protestant,  born  at 
Rouen,  1599.  After  studying  at  Paris,  Se- 
dan, and  Saumur,  he  visited  England  and 
Holland,  and  enriched  his  mind  with  all  the 
treasures  of  Arabic  and  of  Oriental  lan- 
guages. As  minister  of  Caen,  he  acquired 
the  public  esteem  in  his  theological  disputa- 


BO 


BCE 


tions  with  father  Veron ;  and  his  publica- 
tions added  so  much  to  the  reputation  of  his 
learning,  that  the  queen  of  Sweden  invited 
him  to  her  court,  and  received  him  with  all 
the  respect  due  to  merit  and  virtue.  He 
died  suddenly,  when  delivering  an  oration  in 
the  academy  of  Caen,  May  6,  1667,  from 
which  circumstance  this  elegant  epitaph  was 
written  by  M.  Brieux  : 

Scilicet  hcec  cuique  est  data  sors  cequissima, 
talis 
Ut  sit  mors,  qtialis  vita  per  acta  fidt. 

JMusarum  in  gremio,  teneris  qui  vixit  ab 
annis, 
JMusarum  in  gremio  debuit  iste  mori. 
Besides  his  geographia  sacra,  a  most  learned 
and  valuable  book,  he  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  terestria!  paradise — sermons — a  history 
of  the  animals  and  of  the  plants  and  precious 
stones  mentioned  in  scripture,  &c.  His 
works  appeared,  three  vols.  fol.  Leyden, 
1712. 

Bochel,  Laurent,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  who  died  in  1629,  in  a 
good  old  age.  His  works,  which  are  es- 
teemed among  the  learned  in  France,  are 
on  subjects  of  law  and  history. 

Bochius,  John,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
called  the  Virgil  of  the  Low  Countries, 
from  the  superior  power  of  his  muse.  He 
travelled  through  Italy,  Poland,  Livonia, 
and  Russia,  and  became  secretary  to  the 
duke  of  Parma  at  Antwerp.  He  died  13th 
January,  1609,  aged  5-i.  Besides  elegies, 
epigrams,  &c.  printed  at  Cologne,  1655,  he 
wrote  orations,  observations  on  the  psalms, 
&c. 

Bockhorst,  John  Van,  a  pupil  of  Jor- 
daens,  born  about  1610,  and  eminent  as  a 
portrait  and  historical  painter. 

Bocqjjillot,  Lazarus  Andrew,  was 
born  of  obscure  parents,  and  died  in  his  na- 
tive town  of  Avaton,  22d  September,  1728, 
aged  80.  He  was  advocate  at  Dijon,  and  af- 
terwards became  an  ecclesiastic,  eminent  for 
Iiis  learning  and  piety.  He  wrote  letters 
and  dissertations— a  tract  on  the  liturgy — 
sermons — the  life  of  chevalier  Bayard,  Stc. 

Bon  in,  John,  a  native  of  Angers,  who 
studied  law  at  Toulouse,  where  he  acquired 
reputation  by  his  lectures.  He  came  to  Pa- 
ris; but  not  succeeding  at  the  bar,  he  de- 
voted himself  totally  to  writing  books.  His 
■wit,  as  well  as  his  merit,  recommended  him 
to  public  notice.  Henry  III.  visited  and 
admired  him;  and  in  the  company  of  the 
duke  of  Alencon  lie  visited  England,  where 
he  was  flattered  to  see  his  book  en  "  the  re- 
public" approved  and  read  in  the  university 
of  Cambridge.  After  the  death  of  Alencon, 
he  settled  at  Laon,  where  he  married,  and 
rose  to  consequence  as  a  lawyer  and  public 
speaker.  He  died  of  the  plague  at  Laon 
1596.  His  compositions  were  numerous  and 
respectable.  Besides  his  republic,  he  wrote 
a  commentary  on  Appian — discourses  on 
coins — law  tables — methods  of  history — de- 
monology,  &c. 

Bodley,  Sir  Thomas,  celebrated  as  the 
founder  of  the  Bodleian  library  at  Oxford, 


was  born  at  Exeter,  2d  March,  1544,  and  at 
the  age  of  12  he  removed  with  his  father  to 
Geneva,  to  avoid  the  persecutions  which 
awaited  the  protestants  during  Mary's  bloody 
reign.  In  the  university  of  Geneva  he  had 
the  advantage  of  attending  the  learned  lec- 
tures of  Chevalerius,  Berosddus,  Calvin, 
and  Beza  ;  and  on  his  return  to  England,  on 
Elizabeth's  accession,  he  entered  at  Mag- 
dalen college,  Oxford ;  and  in  1564  he  be- 
came fellow  of  Merton  college.  Here  he 
distinguished  himself  as  lecturer  of  natu- 
ral philosophy,  and  as  proctor  of  the  uni- 
versity ;  and  after  travelling  four  years  iu 
France,  Germany,  and  Italy,  he  was  intro- 
duced at  court,  and  soon  was  employed  by 
the  queen  as  an  able  and  faithful  negotiator 
in  several  embassies  to  the  different  courts 
of  Europe.  The  ingratitude  of  the  great, 
however,  and  the  cabals  and  intrigues  of 
courtiers,  soon  disgusted  a  mind  naturally 
strong  and  independent ;  and  in  1597,  as  he 
says  himself,  he  abandoned  all  public  busi- 
ness, and  retired  to  ease  and  privacy.  Not 
ignorant  how  much  mankind  are  benefited 
by  the  propagation  of  learning,  he  undertook 
to  enrich  his  favorite  Oxford  with  the  most 
magnificent  collection  of  books  ;  a  task,  says 
Cambden,  suited  to  the  dignity  of  a  crowned 
head.  He  wrote,  February  23,  1597,  to 
Dr.  Ravis,  the  dean  of  Christ-church,  and 
his  offers  were  accepted  with  rapture  by  the 
university;  and  after  the  rarest  and  most 
valuable  books  had  been  procured,  with 
great  trouble  and  much  expense,  in  every 
part  of  Europe,  a  building,  tit  to  receive  so 
magnificent  a  collection,  was  begun,  the  first 
stone  of  which  was  laid  down,  with  great 
pomp  and  solemnity,  9th  July,  1610.  Bod- 
ley did  not  live  to  see  the  completion  of  this 
great  work ;  but  his  fortune,  by  his  will,  was 
applied  to  the  use  of  the  foundation ;  and 
his  example  was  followed  by  the  great  and 
opulent,  who  by  liberal  donations  contributed 
to  the  support  of  the  noble  institution.  The 
library  is  under  the  care  of  a  keeper,  to 
whom  a  salary  of  40Z.  is  allowed  ;  the  under- 
librarian  has  10/.  and  the  whole  is  under  the 
inspection  of  eight  visitors,  who  annually, 
on  the  8th  of  November,  assemble,  to  ex- 
amine the  state  of  the  books,  and  of  this 
venerable  building,  which  for  its  appearance 
and  the  value  of  the  collection  which  it  con- 
tains, may  be  ranked  among  the  noblest 
foundations  in  the  world.  Bodley  died  28th 
January,  1612,  and  was  buried  with  be- 
coming solemnity  in  Merton  college  choir, 
where  an  elegant  monument,  with  appro- 
priate figures,  is  erected  to  his  memory. 
His  statue  was  placed  in  the  library  by  the 
duke  of  Dorset,  chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity. 

Boece,  or  Boethius,  Hector,  a  native 
of  Dundee.     Vid.  Boethius. 

Bozcler,  John  Henry,  a  native  of  Fran- 
conia,  honored  for  his  learning  by  several 
princes,  and  particularly  by  Lewis  XIV. 
and  by  Christina  of  Sweden,  who  appointed 
him  her  historiographer,  with  a  liberal  sti- 
pend.   He  Mas  professor  of  history  at  Stras- 


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burg,  and  died  1686,  aged  7.T.  His  works 
were,  "  commentaries  on  Pliny  and  on  Gro- 
tius,"  whom  he  praises  with  great  adulation — 
"  Notitia  Sauc'ti  Horn.  Imp." — "  Timur  or 
Tamerlane" — "  Historia  schola  principum," 
&c. 

Boehmen,  Jacob,  a  famous  Teutonic 
philosopher  and  fanatic,  born  near»Gorlitz  in 
Germany,  1575.  His  original  occupation 
was  that  of  a  shoemaker,  and  his  industry 
enabled  him  to  maintain  a  wife  and  family 
in  comfortable  circumstances.  As  he  pos- 
sessed naturally  a  strong  bias  to  superstition 
and  to  religious  habits,  he  studied  books  of 
divinity,  and  was  a  constant  attendant  on 
the  worship  of  his  church,  till  at  last  he 
found  himself  suddenly  inspired,  and  con- 
tinued, as  he  says  himself,  "  seven  whole 
days  in  the  most  excessive  joy,  wrapt  in  the 
holy  sabbath."  This  fanatical  emotion  was, 
in  the  coui'se  of  some  years,  twice  repeat- 
ed ;  and  in  1612  the  new  proselyte  aban- 
doned his  trade,  and  began  to  write.  His 
first  treatise,  called  "  Aurora,  or  rising 
sun,"  was  censured  by  the  magistrates  of 
Gorlitz,  and  suppressed ;  but  innovations  in 
religion,  as  well  as  government,  have  always 
advocates.  Boehmen  resumed  his  pen,  and 
for  the  last  five  years  of  his  life  he  published 
more  than  20  books  on  theological  subjects, 
on  visions,  &c.  On  November  18,  1624,  it 
is  said  that  he  pretended  to  hear  music, 
and  he  declared  to  his  son,  that  in  three 
hours  he  should  expire.  At  the  expected 
time  he  took  a  tender  farewell  of  his  family, 
and,  desiring  his  son  to  turn  him,  he  ex- 
pired, with  a  deep  sigh,  exclaiming,  "  Now 
I  go  into  paradise  !"  This  fanatic,  whose 
private  life  was  not  disgraced  by  cruel  or 
immoral  acts,  has  had  many  admirers  in  se- 
veral parts  of  Europe.  Quirinus  Kahlman 
■was  a  convert  to  his  opinions,  and  the 
quakers  in  England  have  adopted  several  of 
his  tenets,  according  to  Dr.  H.  More.  His 
life  has  been  written,  by  Frankenberg.  His 
works  have  been  published,  in  3  vols.  4to. 

Bo  el,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter,  pupil  to 
Corn,  de  Waal.  He  studied  at  Rome,  and 
died  1680,  aged  55.  His  animals,  still  life, 
&c.  were  much  adt.iired. 

Bo  erh  a  ave,  Herman,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician, born  December  31st  1668,  at  Voor- 
hoot,  two  miles  from  Leyden.  He  was  early 
intended  for  the  ministry  by  his  father,  but 
an  accident  turned  his  thoughts  to  different 
pursuits.  In  his  12th  year  he  suffered  the 
most  excruciating  pains  from  an  ulcer  in  his 
left  thigh,  which  baffled  all  the  powers  of  his 
surgeon,  and  he  drew  the  happiest  omen  of 
his  future  greatness,  by  curing  it  himself 
with  a  fomentation  of  salt  and  wine.  Though 
he  left  his  father  in  his  J  6th  year  and  was  the 
eldest  of  nine  children  in  circumstances  not 
the  most  opulent,  he  prosecuted  his  studies, 
and  in  the  universities  of  Leyden  he  recom- 
mended himself  to  universal  approbation,  by 
his  great  application  and  the  vast  powers  of 
his  mind.  He  travelled  with  surprising  ra- 
pidity over  the  fields  of  rhetoric,  metaphy- 
sics and  ethics ;  he  acquired  the  most  per- 


fect knowledge  of  the  classics,  and  became 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  mathematics,  al- 
gebra, and  the  different  branches  of  natural 
philosophy.  He  still  however  directed  his 
chief  attention  to  divinity,  but  as  the  scanty 
revenues  of  his  patrimony  were  now  nearly 
exhausted,  he  found  a  friend  in  John  Viffi- 
denburg,  burgomaster  of  Leyden,  who  advi- 
sed him  to  unite  the  study  of  physio,  to  that 
of  theology.  The  grateful  Boerhaave  com- 
plied, he  had  already  received  with  a  golden 
medal  the  applause  of  the  university  by  an 
academic  oration  tb  prove  that  Cicero  un- 
derstood the  doctrines  of  Epicurus,  and  now 
he  increased  his  reputation  as  the  follower 
of  Vesalius,  Fallopius,  and  Bertholinus.  In 
his  medical  and  anatomical  studies  he  soon 
discovered  the  shallowness,  of  the  authors  of 
the  middle  ages,  but  he  found  a  treasure  of 
knowledge  in  his  favorite  Hippoci*ates  and 
the  immortal  Sydenham.  After  extending 
his  researches  to  botany  and  chemistry,  he 
went  to  the  university  of  Harderwick,  where 
he  took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  1693,  and  soon 
after  he  abandoned  all  thoughts  of  entering 
into  the  ministry  not  from  choice  but  rather 
from  the  dread  of  the  prejudices  which  had 
been  raised  against  him,  on  the  supposition 
that  he  favored  the  tenets  of  Spinoza.  Now 
totally  devoted  to  the  study  and  practice  of 
physic,  he  became  celebrated  not  only  in  the 
university  but  through  Europe.  As  profes- 
sor of  physic  and  botany,  he  saw  his  lectures 
crowded  with  students  eminent  for  talents 
and  learning,  by  whom  he  was  respected 
and  beloved,  not  more  for  the  vast  eruditiou 
of  his  mind,  than  the  noble  qualities  of  his 
heart.  In  1714  he  was  raised  to  the  high  of- 
fice of  rector  of  the  university,  and  in  1728, 
he  was  admitted  honorary  member  of  the 
academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  and  two  years 
after  of  the  royal  society  of  London.  His 
constitution  now  began  to  decay.  In  1722 
he  was  afflicted  for  six  months  with  poignant 
arthritic  pains,  and  fearing  a  relapse,  he  re- 
signed in  1729  the  honors  of  professor,  which 
he  had  held  for  near  30  years  to  the  advance- 
ment of  science  and  the  benefit  of  mankind. 
His  private  labors  however  continued,  but  he 
found  himself  affected  in  1727  with  a  diffi- 
culty of  breathing,  and  from  unusual  pulsa- 
tions, and  intermissions  of  the  artery  in  the 
right  side  of  the  neck,  he  grew  apprehensive 
that  he  had  some  polypous  concretions  be- 
tween the  heart  and  the  lungs.  He  wrote 
an  account  of  his  situation  September  8th 
1738,  to  his  friend  Dr.  Mortimer,  but  the 
flattering  hopes  of  his  recovery  vanished, 
and  he  expired  on  the  23d  in  his  70th  year. 
Boerhaave  amassed  a  large  fortune  by  his 
profession,  but  though  he  has  been  styled 
penurious,  the  benevolence  of  his  heart,  and 
the  manner  in  which  he  conferred  favors  on 
the  indigent  and  unfortunate,  proved  that  he 
knew  and  felt  the  calls  of  humanity.  Like 
those  that  are  eminent  either  in  rank  or  in 
virtue,  he  was  not  without  his  detractors, 
but  his  name  must  stand  recorded  in  the  an- 
nals of  science  as  a  great,  and  a  good  man. 
His  valuable  works  are  in  Latin,  and  all  on 


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medical,  botanical,  and  chemical  subjects. 
He  left  an  only  daughter.  His  fellow  citi- 
zens have  erected  to  his  honor  in  St.  Peter's 
church  at  Leyden  a  monument  on  which  are 
inscribed  these  few  but  expressive  words 
"  Salutifero  Boerhaavi  genio  sacrum."  His 
life  was  published  by  Dr.  Burton. 

Boethie,  Btienne  de  la,  of  Sarlatin  Pe- 
ngord,  died  at  Germignan,  near  Bourdeaux 
1503,  aged  32.  He  was  eminent  as  a  scholar, 
and  translated  several  of  Plutarch's  and 
Xenophon's  works,  besides  "  Voluntary  sla- 
very," published  after  his  death  by  Mon- 
tague his  friend,  to  whom  he  left  his  library. 

Boethius,  Anitius  Manlius  Torquatus 
Severinus,  a  celebrated  philosopher,  made 
consul  at  Home,  A.  D.  510.  He  defended 
his  principles  against  the  Arians,  and  during 
his  confinement  by  order  of  Theodoric,  king 
of  Italy,  he  wrote  his  well  known  book  de 
consolalionc  philosophise,  often  published, and 
translated  into  English  by  Alfred.  He  was 
put  to  death,  but  by  what  means  is  unknown, 
about  524. 

Boethius,  Boece,  or  Boeis,  Hector, 
was  born  at  Dundee  about  1470,  and  after 
studying  in  his  native  town,  and  at  Aberdeen, 
he  went  to  Paris,  from  whence  he  was  re- 
called to  become  principal  of  the  college  of 
Aberdeen  lately  founded  by  bishop  hlphin- 
ston.  His  labors  in  the  cause  and  promotion 
of  learning  were  indefatigable,  and  his  col- 
lege florished.  lie  wrote  the  lives  ot  the 
bishops  of  Aberdeen  in  compliment  to  his 
patron  Elphinston,  whose  memoirs  fill  the 
third  part  of  the  work.  He  afterwards  en- 
gaged in  an  history  of  Scotland  in  which  he 
displayed  great  research  and  industry,  but 
too  much  creduality.  He  has  been  censured 
for  his  fondness  for  legendary  tales,  but  Eras- 
mus, who  knew  him,  speaks  of  him  as  "  a 
man  of  an  extraordinary  happy  genius,  and 
of  great  eloquence."  The  history  was  af- 
terwards continued  from  the  death  of  James 
I.  where  he  concluded,  to  the  reign  of  James 
111.  by  Ferrerius  a  Piedmontese. 

Boffrand,  Germain,  a  native  of  Nan- 
tes, celebrated  as  an  architect.  He  acquired 
such  reputation  that  several  princes  employ- 
ed him  in  the  erection  of  palaces  and  public 
edifices,  and  France  has  still  to  boast  of 
several  monuments  of  his  genius  in  her  mag- 
nificent edifices,  in  canals,  sluices,  and  brid- 
ges. He  has  written  a  general  statement  of 
the  principles  of  his  art,  with  an  account  of 
all  the  works  which  he  erected.  He  was 
amiable  and  respected  in  his  private  charac- 
ter.    He  died  at  Paris  1755,  aged  88. 

Bogan,  Zachary,  a  learned  English  di- 
vine, born  at  Little  Hempstone,  Devonshire, 
and  educated  at  St.  Alban's  hall,  and  Corpus 
Christi,  Oxford.  He  wrote  comparatio  Ho- 
meri  cum  scriptoribus  sacris  quoad  Normam 
loqucndi,  8vo. — a  view  of  the  threats  and 
punishments  mentioned  in  scripture,  8vo. — 
additions  to  Rous's  archxologiie  atticx — me- 
ditations on  the  mirth  of  a  Christian  life,  8vo. 
— an  help  to  prayer,  published  after  his 
death,  l2mo.  He  died  1659,  and  was  buried 
in  Corpus  Christi  Chapel. 


Bocoris,  first  Christian  "king  of  the  Bul- 
garians, who  declared  war  by  his  ambassa- 
dor against  Theodora  of  the  eastern  empire 
841.  The  empress  treated  him  with  firm- 
ness and  dignity,  and  a  reconciliation  was 
effected  by  means  of  his  sister  who  was  pri- 
soner, and  was  sent  back  without  ransom. 
He  embraced  Christianity  805. 

Bohadin,  a  learned  Arabian,  known  as 
the  favorite  of  Saladin,  and  the  historian  of 
that  prince's  life.  He  gives  an  interesting 
account  of  the  crusades,  and  of  the  litera- 
ture of  the  12th  century.  His  works  have 
been  edited  by  Scultens,  fol.  Leyden  1755. 
He  is  said  highly  to  resemble  Plutarch. 

Bohemond,  prince  of  Antioch,  accom- 
panied his  father  Robert  Guiscard  duke  of 
Apulia  in  his  invasion  of  the  eastern  empire 
1081.  He  defeated  Alexius  the  emperor  in 
two  battles,  and  succeeded  his  father  as 
duke  of  Tarentum.  He  afterwards  embark- 
ed for  the  crusades,  and  took  Antioch,  of 
which  he  called  himself  the  duke,  but  soon 
after  he  was  made  prisoner  and  when  set  at 
liberty  returned  to  Europe,  and  prepared  a 
large  army.  He  married  the  daughter  of 
Philip  king  of  France,  and  died  in  Apulia 
llll.  He  was  succeeded  at  Antioch  by  six 
princes  successively  of  his  own  name. 

Bohn,  John,  a  native  of  Leipsic,  eminent 
as  a  physician,  a  professor,  and  chemist. 
He  died  1719,  aged  79.  He  wrote  on  phy- 
siology and  acids.  His  workde  officio  medi- 
ci  duplici,  clinico  &  forensi,  1704,  4to.  is  ve- 
ry valuable. 

Boiardo,  Marteo-Maria,  a  governor  of 
Reggio,  known  as  the  author  of  Orlando  Ina- 
morato. This  unfinished  poem  is  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Iliad,  and  founded  on  the  loves  of 
Holland  and  Angelica,  with  the  siege  of  Pa- 
ris, to  represent  that  of  Troy.  It  was  in  con- 
tinuation of  it  that  Ariosto  wrote  his  Orlando 
Furioso,  and  the  one  is  nearly  an  introduc- 
tion to  the  other.  Boiardo  possessed  great 
poetical  powers,  his  imagination  was  strong 
and  lively ,  and  his  conceptions  bold  and  ani- 
mated. He  wrote  besides  sonnets  and  other 
lighter  poetry,  and  also  translated  Herodo- 
tus, Apuleius,  &c.  He  died  at  Reggio,  Feb- 
ruary 20th,  1494.  The  best  edition  of  his 
works  is  Venice,  4to.  1544. 

Boileau,  Giles,  eldest  brother  of  Des- 
preaux,  translated  Epictetus,  and  wrote  two 
|  disputations  against  Menage  and  Castor,  &c. 
and  died  1669,  aged  38. 

Boileau,  James,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  dean  of 
the  faculty  of  divinity,  and  canon  of  the  ho- 
ly chapel,  and  author  of  several  curious  ec- 
clesiastical works.  He  was  born  10th  March 
1635,  and  died  1st  August  1716. 

Boileau,  John  James,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
St.  Honore  at  Paris,  much  esteemed  by  car- 
dinal de  Noialles.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
sense  and  learning,  and  wrote  letters  on  mo- 
rality and  religion,  2  vols.  l2mo. — the  lives  of 
the  dutchess  of  Liancourt,  and  madam  Com- 
be.    He  died  10th  March  1735,  aged  80. 

Boileau  Despreaux,  Nicholas,  a  ce- 
lebrated poet,  born  at  Paris,  1st  November, 


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iC36.  He  early  lost  his  mother,  and  the 
care  of  his  infancy  was  intrusted  to  a  female 
servant,  who  treated  him  with  harshness. 
His  father,  who  left  him  an  orphan  before  he 
was  17,  had  not  formed  the  most  promising 
expectations  of  the  powers  of  his  mind  ;  but 
the  dullness  of  youth  disappeared  as  he  ap- 
proached to  maturity.  He  applied  himself 
to  the  law ;  he  was  admitted  advocate  in 
1656,  but  he  did  not  possess  the  patience  and 
application  requisite  for  the  bar,  and  ex- 
changing his  pursuits  for  the  study  of  divi- 
nity, he  at  last  discovered  that  a  degree  at 
the  Sorbonne  was  not  calculated  to  promote 
the  bent  of  his  genius,  or  gain  him  reputa- 
tion. In  the  field  of  literature  he  now  ac- 
quired eminence  and  fame.  The  publica- 
tion of  his  first  Satires,  1666,  distinguished 
him  above  his  poetical  predecessors,  and  he 
became  the  favorite  of  France  and  of  Europe. 
Lis  art  of  poetry  added  still  to  his  reputa- 
tion ;  it  is  a  monument  of  his  genius  and 
judgment,  and  far  surpasses  the  ars  poetica 
of  Horace,  in  that  happy  arrangement  of 
his  ideas,  the  harmony  of  his  numbers,  and 
the  purity  of  his  language.  His  Lutrin  was 
written  in  1674  at  the  request  of  Lamoignon, 
and  the  insignificant  quarrels  of  the  trea- 
surer and  ecclesiastics  of  a  chapel  are  mag- 
nified by  the  art  and  power  of  the  poet  into 
matters  of  importance,  and  every  line  con- 
veys with  the  most  delicate  pleasantry,  ani- 
mated description,  refined  ideas,  and  the 
most  interesting  scenes.  Lewis  XIV.  was 
not  insensible  of  the  merits  of  a  man  who 
reflected  so  much  honor  on  the  French 
name  ;  Boileau  became  a  favorite  at  court, 
a  pension  was  settled  on  him,  and  the  mo- 
narch in  the  regular  approbation  from  the 
press  to  the  works  of  the  author,  declared 
he  wished  his  subjects  to  partake  the  same 
intellectual  gratification  which  he  himself 
had  so  repeatedly  enjoyed.  The  monarch 
engaged  the  poet  to  write,  with  ltacine,  an 
history  of  his  reign,  but  the  work  though 
begun  was  never  completed.  As  a  prose 
■writer  Boileau  possessed  superior  merit,  as 
is  fully  evinced  by  his  elegant  translation  of 
Longinus.  After  enjoying  the  favors  of  his 
sovereign,  and  all  the  honors  which  the 
French  academy  and  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions and  belles  lettres  could  bestow,  Boi- 
leau retired  from  public  life,  dissatisfied 
with  the  insincerity  of  the  world  and  the 
profligacy  of  manners  which  he  had  sati- 
rized with  spirit  and  truth,  and  he  spent 
his  time  in  literary  privacy,  in  the  society  of 
a  few  select  and  valuable  friends.  He  died 
an  example  of  great  resignation  and  piety, 
March  'id,  1711,  in  his  75th  year.  Besides 
the  works  mentioned  above,  he  wrote  odes, 
sonnets,  56  epigrams,  critical  reflections, 
some  Latin  pieces,  Sec.  As  a  poet  Boileau 
has  deservedly  obtained  the  applauses  of 
•  very  man  of  genius  and  taste.  Not  only 
his  countrymen  boast  of  the  superior  ef- 
fusions of  his  muse,  but  foreigners  feel  and 
admire  the  graces,  the  strength,  and  har- 
mony of  his  verse,  and  that  delicacy  of  sa- 
tire  and  energy  of  style  by  which  he  has 


raised  himself  to  immortality.  Des  Mniz- 
eaux  has  written  his  life.  The  best  edition 
of  his  works  is  that  of  1747,  5  vols.  8vo. 

Boileau,  Charles,  abbe  of  Boileau,  was 
eminent  as  a  preacher  at  the  court  of  Lewis 
XIV.  He  died  1700.  He  published  some 
sermons,  &c. 

Boindin,  Nicholas,  was  born  at  Paris  in 
1676,  and  at  the  age  of  20  he  entered  into  a 
regiment  of  musqueteers,  a  laborious  em- 
ployment, which  the  debility  of  his  consti- 
tion  soon  obliged  him  to  relinquish  for  lite- 
rary pursuits.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
academy  of  inscriptions,  but  his  atheistical 
opinions  created  him  enemies,  and  though 
he  escaped  punishment  and  persecution,  he 
was  not  free  from  the  censures  and  abhor- 
rence of  his  countrymen.  He  died  in  conse- 
quence of  a  fistula,  30th  November,  1751, 
and  the  honors  and  ceremonies  of  public 
burial  were  refused  to  his  remains.  His 
works  were  published  after  his  death  by  M. 
Parfait,  two  vols.  12rao.  1753,  consisting  of 
the  comedies  of  trois  garcons,  Ie  bal  d'au- 
teuil,  le  port  de  mer,  le  petit  maitre  de 
robe,  and  other  pieces.  Boindin  in  his  pri- 
vate character  was  humane,  generous,  and 
sincere.  Prefixed  to  his  works  is  his  life  by 
himself,  more  full  of  conceit  and  flattery 
than  prudence  or  sense  should  have  dic- 
tated. 

Bo  i  s,  Jean  du,  was  born  at  Paris,  and  from 
an  ecclesiastic  distinguished  himself  so  much 
in  the  military  service  of  Henry  HI.  that  the 
monarch  always  called  him  the  emperor  of 
monks.  After  the  death  of  his  patron,  he  re- 
sumed his  clerical  character,  and  became  emi- 
nent as  a  preacher,  but  his  boldness  in  accu- 
sing the  Jesuits  of  the  murder  of  Henrv  IV. 
drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of  the  order, 
and  on  his  visiting  Rome,  he  was  thrown  in- 
to the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  where  he  died 
16'26,  after  a  confinement  of  14  years  He 
published  some  ecclesiastic  tracts  in  Latin, 
besides  a  character  of  Henry  IV.  and  of  car- 
dinal Olivier  his  benefactor. 

Bo  is,  Gerard  du,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
known,  as  the  author  of  a  Latin  history  of  the 
church  of  Paris,  two  vols,  folio.  He  was  libra- 
rian to  the  house  of  Honore,  and  also  revised 
the  third  volume  of  the  ecclesiastical  annals 
of  France,  of  le  Comte.  He  was  a  correct 
writer,  and  died  15th  July,  1696,  aged  67. 

Bo  is,  Philippe  du,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbon- 
ne, who  edited  Tibullus,  Catullus,  and  Pro- 
pertius,  in  two  vols.  8vo. — and  also  Maldo- 
nat's  works,  and  gave  a  catalogue  of  the  lib- 
rary of  Uheims  of  which  he  had  the  care. 
He  died  1707. 

Bo  is,  Philippe  Goibaud,  a  native  of  Poic- 
tiers,  known  as  a  dancing  master,  as  the  tutor 
of  the  duke  of  Guise,  and  as  the  learned 
translator  of  some  of  Cicero's  and  St.  Angus- 
tin's  works.     He  died  at  Paris  1694,  aged  68. 

Bois  d'Annemets,  Daniel  du,  of  Nor- 
mandy, was  killed  in  a  duel  at  Venice,  1627. 
He  wrote  some  curious  memoirs  of  a  favorite 
of  the  duke  of  Orleans. 

Bois,  Guillaume  du,  was  born  in  Lower 
Limousin,  and  by  the  pliability  of  his  temper, 


BO 


BO 


and  the  versatility  of  his  talents  he  became 
preceptor  to  the  duke  de  Chartres,  a  cardi- 
nal, archbishop  of  Cambrai,  ambassador  to 
the  English  court,  and  at  last  prime  minister 
of  France.  Addicted  to  debauchery,  the  de- 
voted slave  ofambition  and  intrigue,  he  spa- 
red no  pains  to  obtain  his  purposes;  and  a 
penetrating  judgment  and  sanctified  dissimu- 
lation enabled  him  to  convert  the  sincerity 
of  the  prudent  and  the  errors  of  the  vicious 
to  the  completion  of  his  views.  His  constitu- 
tion was  exhausted  by  his  licentiousness,  and 
he  died  1723,  aged  67.  His  mausoleum  is 
erected  in  the  church  of  St.  Honored  at  Paris. 

Bois  de  la  Pierre,  Louise  Marie  du, 
a  lady  of  Normandy,  who  possessed  some 
poetical  merit,  and  wrote  memoirs  for  the 
history  of  Normandy,  &c. — She  died  14th 
September,  1730,  aged  67. 

Boismorard,  abbe  Chiron  de,  was  born 
at  Quimper,  with  a  strong  and  fertile  imagi- 
nation, and  a  fund  of  genuine  wit.  He  did 
not  however  possess  much  sincerity,  as,  un- 
der a  fictitious  name,  he  attacked  the  Jesuits, 
of  whose  order  he  was  a  member,  and  after- 
wards refuted  for  a  considerable  sum  the 
calumnies  of  their  unknown  aggressor.  Some 
of  his  memoirs  are  highly  commended,  those 
of  the  count  Philip  Augustus  are  ascribed 
to  him  though  they  bear  the  name  of  Madam 
de  Lassan.     He  died  at  Paris  1746,  aged  60. 

Bcisrobert,  Francis  le  Metel  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Caen,  known  for  his  wit,  his  satirical 
powers,  and  his  facetiousness.  He  was  pe- 
culiarly great  in  the  liveliness  of  his  conver- 
sation, which  was  aided  by  a  strong  retentive 
memory,  enriched  with  all  the  treasures  of 
Boecace  and  Beroaldus,  and  he  recommend- 
ed himself  by  his  jokes  to  cardinal  de  Riche- 
lieu, of  whom  he  became  the  favorite  and 
the  buffoon.  He  died  1662,  aged  70,  He 
wrote  some  poems,  letters,  tragedies,  come- 
dies, &c.  of  no  considerable  merit. 

Boissard,  John  James,  known  as  an  an- 
tiquary, was  born  at  Besancon,  1528.  In 
pursuit  of  his  favorite  study  he  visited  Italy, 
and  the  islands  of  the  Adriatic,  and  examined 
with  a  most  judicious  eye  the  monuments  of 
ancient  Peloponnesus ;  but  these  valuable 
remarks  were  unfortunately  destroyed  in 
the  ravages  to  which  Franche  Comte  was 
exposed  from  the  people  of  Lorraine.  Bois- 
sard saved  from  the  general  wreck  of  his  la- 
bors only  the  materials  from  which  he  pub-f 
lished  his  account  of  Rome,  in  four  vols,  folio. 
He  wrote,  besides  epigrams,  elegies,  thea- 
trum  vitx  humans,  in  4to.  Frankfort  1599, 
&c.  but  his  chief  merit  is  as  an  antiquarian. 
His  treatise  de  divinatione  &  magicis  prsesti- 
giis  appeared  after  his  death.  He  died  at 
Metz  1602. 

Boissat,  Pierre  de,  a  native  of  Vienne  in 
Dauphine,  was  known  for  his  eccentricity.  At 
different  periods  of  his  life  he  became  a  monk, 
a  soldier,  and  a  hermit,  and  supported  his  cha- 
racter with  courage  and  dissimulation.  He 
•wrote  some  pieces  in  verse  and  prose,  besides 
a  translation  of  an  Italian  romance,  l'histoire 
negropontique,  &c.  and  died  1662,  aged  68. 

Boissiere,  Joseph  de  la  Fontaine  de  la, 


an  ecclesiastic  of  Dieppe,  author  of  some 
sermons  of  considerable  merit,  in  six  vols. 
12mo.    He  died  at  Pari3  1732. 

Boissieu,  Denis  de  Salvaing  de,  a  law- 
yer in  the  service  of  Lewis  XIII.  He  died 
1683,  aged  83.  He  wrote  some  tracts  little 
esteemed. 

Botssieu,  Bartholomew  Camille  de,  an 
eminent  physician,  born  at  Lyons  6th  Au- 
gust, 1734.  His  abilities  procured  him  both 
fame  and  respectability.  He  died  at  the  close 
of  the  year  1770.  He  published  two  treatises 
which  possessed  merit,  and  left  another  in 
MS.  on  the  method  of  purifying  the  air  of 
hospitals  and  prisons. 

Boissy,  Louis  de,  was  born  at  Vic  in  Au- 
vergne,  and  became  at  Paris  a  most  popular 
author,  by  the  sallies  of  his  muse  and  the  ge- 
nuine delicacy  of  his  wit.  But  while  the  fa- 
vorite of  the  public,  applauded  in  the  thea- 
tres and  in  the  coffee-houses,  he  sunk  under 
the  most  melancholy  dejection  through  want, 
and  to<_.k  the  fatal  resolution  of  starving  him- 
self to  death  rather  than  subsist  by  soliciting' 
relief  from  the  hands  either  of  friendship  or 
of  charity.  His  wife  acceded  to  his  measures, 
and  their  only  child  was  also  made  to  share 
this  dreadful  fate.  They  were,  however, 
fortunately  discovered  by  a  friend,  by  whom, 
in  the  last  gasp  of  expiring  nature,  and  by  the 
tenderest  attention,  they  were  restored  to 
life.  This  extraordinary  circumstance  ex- 
cited the  pity  of  the  Parisians.  Madame  de 
Pompadour  no  sooner  heard  of  it,  than  she 
sent  them  100  louis  d'ors,  and  Boissy  soon 
after  was  made  comptroller  of  the  Mercure 
de  France,  with  a  pension  for  his  wife  and 
son  if  they  survived  him.  His  plays  are  nine 
vols.  Svo.  the  most  celebrated  of  which  is  le 
babillard.     He  died  in  April  1758. 

Boivin,  Francis  de,  baron  de  Villers, 
accompanied  marechal  de  Brisac  into  Pied- 
mont, and  wrote  an  account  of  the  wars  of 
the  country,  which,  though  not  elegant,  is 
authentic,  and  was  continued  by  Malinger. 
He  died  in  a  good  old  age,  1618. 

Boivin,  John,  was  born  at  Montreuil 
l'Argile,  and  became  Greek  professor  at  Paris, 
and  librarian  to  the  king.  He  was  amiable 
in  private  life,  and  died  October  29th,  1726, 
aged  64.  He  wrote  an  apology  for  Homer, 
and  the  shield  of  Achilles,  and  translated  the 
(Edipus  of  Sophocles,  the  birds  of  Aristo- 
phanes, the  batrachomyomachia  of  Homer, 
and  edited  the  mathematici  veteres  1693,  in 
folio,  and  wrote  a  life  of  le  Peletier  in  Latin. 

Boivin,  Louis,  brother  of  John,  was  of  a 
character  impatient,  wavering,  and  ambi- 
tious. Some  of  his  pieces  are  preserved  in 
poetry,  and  also  in  the  memoirs  of  the  aca- 
demy of  inscriptions.  He  died  1724,  aged  75. 

BoifcARD,  John,  a  man  of  abilities,  em- 
ployed in  the  mint  at  Paris.  He  wrote  a 
book  on  his  employment,  which,  however, 
was  not  made  public,  as  it  contained  secrets 
respecting  coinage,  &c.  He  died  the  latter 
end  of  the  17th  century. 

Bukhari,  a  learned  Arabian,  who  wrote 
at  Mecca,  a  book  called  Techich,  in  which 
he  has  collected  7275  authentic  traditions. 


BO 


BO 


selected  from  100,000  other  traditions,  all  on 
the  Mahometan  religion.  He  has  had  seve- 
ral commentators  to  explain  him.  He  died 
the  year  '256  of  the  hegira,  leaving  a  son  cal- 
led Iinan  Zadeal  Bokhari,  equally  learned 
and  respected. 

Bo  l,  John,  a  Flemish  painter  of  eminence. 
He  was  born  at  Malines,  and  died  1593, 
aged  60. 

Bol,  Ferdinand,  a  Dutch  painter,  the  pu- 
pil of  Rembrandt.  He  died  1681,  aged  70. 
His  pieces  are  portraits,  and  also  on  histori- 
cal subjects,  and  possess  great  merit. 

Bolanger,  John,  a  pupil  of  Guido, 
whose  pieces  were  on  the  most  striking  sub- 
jects in  sacred  and  profane  history.  He  died 
1660,  aged  54. 

Boleslaus  I.  first  king  of  Poland,  suc- 
ceeded in  969  his  father  duke  Micislaus. 
Otho  III.  gave  him  the  title  of  king,  and 
made  Poland  an  independent  kingdom  in 
1001.  Boleslaus  conquered  the  Moravians, 
and  was  a  wise  and  politic  prince.  He  died 
1025. 

Boleslaus  II.  called  the  bold  and  the 
cruel,  succeeded,  on  the  death  of  his  father 
Casimir  I.  1059.  He  restored  Bela  to  the 
throne  of  Hungary,  and  invaded  Russia,  but 
his  absence  with  his  army  in  the  field  gave 
such  offence  to  the  Polish  females,  that  they 
bestowed  their  favors  on  their  slaves.  This 
lascivious  conduct  irritated  the  ahsent  sol- 
diers, who  returned  to  avenge  the  insults  of- 
fered to  their  beds.  The  contest  between 
the  husbands  and  the  slaves  was  long  and 
bloody,  but  the  monarch  took  advantage  of 
their  dissensions  to  inflame  (he  survivors. 
Boleslaus  was  afterwards  excommunicated 
for  a  quarrel  with  his  clergy,  and  he  was  in 
consequence  shunned  as  an  infected  person 
by  his  subjects,  and  died  in  Hungary  about 

1080. There  was  another  king  of  Poland 

of  that  name,  against  whom  some  of  his  sub- 
jects revolted  in  1126. 

Boleyn,  Anne,  daughter  of  sir  Thomas 
Boleyn,  is  known  in  English  history,  as  the 
wife  of  Henry  VIII.  and  as  the  occasion  of 
the  reformation.  She  went  to  France  in  the 
seventh  year  of  her  age,  and  was  one  of  the 
attendants  of  the  English  princess,  wife  to 
Lewis  XT1.  and  afterwards  to  Claudia  the 
queen  of  Francis  I.  and  then  of  the  dutchess 
of  Alencon.  About  1525  she  returned  to 
England,  and  when  maid  of  honor  to  queen 
Catherine,  she  drew  upon  herself  the  atten- 
tion and  the  affection  of  Henry  VIII.  and  by 
her  address  in  the  management  of  the  vio- 
lence of  his  passion,  she  prevailed  upon  him 
to  divorce  his  wife,  to  obtain  the  possession 
of  her  person ;  and  as  the  pope  refused  to 
disannul  his  marriage,  England  was  separa- 
ted from  the  spiritual  dominion  of  Rome. 
Henry  was  united  to  his  favorite  14th  Nov. 
1532,  by  whom  he  had  a  daughter,  queen 
Elizabeth,  but  his  passion  was  of  short  dura- 
tion, and  Anne  Boleyn  so  long  admired,  so 
long  courted  by  the  amorous  monarch,  was 
now  despised  for  Jane  Seymour,  and  cruelly 
beheaded  May  19th,  15,36.  She  bore  her 
fate  with  resignation  and  spirit;  bat   though 

vol.  i.  27 


branded  with  ignominy  by  catholic  writers, 
she  must  appear  innocent  in  the  judgment  of 
impartial  men,  and  her  disgraceful  accusa- 
tion of  a  criminal  connection  with  her  own 
brother  and  four  other  persons,  must  be  at- 
tributed to  the  suggestions  and  malice  of 
that  tyrant,  who,  in  every  instance,  made  the 
law  and  morality  subservient  to  his  lust. 

Boleyn,  George, brother  to  queen  Anne 
Bofeyn,  studied  at  Oxford,  and  was  admired 
for  his  wit  and  learning  at  court.  The  rise  of 
his  sister  contributed  also  to  his  elevation. 
He  was  made  a  peer  by  the  title  of  lord  Roch- 
fort,  constable  of  Dover,  warden  of  the 
Cinque  Ports,  and  engaged  in  several  embas- 
sies. He  shared  the  queen's  disgrace,  and, 
upon  a  false  accusation  of  incestuous  com- 
merce with  her,  was  beheaded  on  Tower- 
hill  17th  May,  1536.  He  wrote  some  poems, 
songs,  odes,  &c.  which  possessed  merit. 

BoLINGBROKE.      lid.  St.  JoH  N. 

Bollandus,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Tillemont 
in  Flanders,  possessed  of  judgment,  erudition, 
and  sagacity.  He  was  appointed  to  collect 
the  materials  for  the  lives  of  the  saints  of  the 
Romish  church,  five  vols,  of  which  he  pub- 
lished in  folio,  but  died  before  the  comple- 
tion in  1665.  This  work,  called  Acta  Sanc- 
torum, was  continued  by  Henschenius  and 
Papebrock,  but  not  finished.  There  are  up- 
wards of  47  vols,  replete  with  matter  some 
times  interesting,  and  often  tedious. 

Bologme,  Jean  de,  a  native  of  Douai, 
pupil  to  Michael  Angelo.  He  adorned  Flo- 
rence with  a  beautiful  group,  representing  the 
rape  of  a  Sabine.     He  died  at  Florence  1600. 

Bolognese,  Francisco,  the  assumed 
name  of  Francis  Grimaldi,  the  pupil  of  Ani- 
bal  Caracci.  He  was  born  at  Bologna,  and 
died  1680,  aged  "4.  Hislanscapes  were  par* 
ticulary  admired.  His  son  Alexander  was 
also  an  artist  of  eminence. 

Bolsec,  Jerome,  a  Carmelite  of  Paris, 
who  forsook  his  order,  and  fled  to  Italy,  and 
afterwards  to  Geneva,  where  he  practised  as 
a  physician.  He  wished,  however,  to  distin- 
guish himself  as  a  divine,  and  embracing  the 
doctrines  of  Pelagius,  he  inveighed  with  bit- 
terness against  Calvin,  who  endeavored  to 
reclaim  him,  till  the  violence  of  his  invec- 
tives, and  the  boldness  of  his  oratory  roused 
the  indignation  of  the  magistrates  to  banish 
him  from  the  country.  On  his  return  to 
France,  he  had  recourse  to  physic  for  his 
subsistence  ;  but  his  restless  temper,  render- 
ed him  suspected  both  to  protestants  and  pa- 
pists, and  he  changed  the  place  of  his  abode, 
to  avoid  persecution.  His  insincerity  appear- 
ed every  where  manifest,  and  his  morality 
was  of  the  most  loose  nature,  since  he  did 
not  hesitate  to  prostitute  his  wife  to  the  ca- 
rtons of  Autun,  to  regain  the  favors  of  the 
catholics.  He  died  about  1584.  His  lives  of 
Calvin  and  Beza  are  a  collection  of  falsehood 
and  abuse. 

Bolswerd,  Sheldt,  a  native  of  Flanders, 
eminent  as  an  engraver.  His  plates,  from 
the  pieces  of  Rubens,  Vandyke,  J ordano,  &cc. 
possessed  merit.  His  relations  Adam  anci 
Boetius  were  inferior  to  him  in  merit. 


CO 


BO 


Bolton,  Robert,  a  native  of  Northamp- 
.'unshire,  educated  at  VVadham  college,  Ox- 
ford, lie  resided  for  some  time  at  Fulham 
and  Kensington,  and  became  acquainted  with 
Mr.  Whiston,  Pope,  and  Mrs.  Butler,  a  lady 
whose  respected  memory  he  embalmed  in 
the  public  papers  of  the  time  by  the  effu- 
sions of  a  warm  heart  and  the  language  of 
friendship.  He  became  chaplain  to  sir  Jo- 
seph .lekyl,  master  of  the  rolls,  and  after  his 
death  to  lord  Hardwick,  by  whose  friendship 
and  patronage  he  became  dean  of  Carlisle  in 
1735.  Three  years  after  he  obtained  St. 
Mary's  vicarage,  Heading,  where  he  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  excellent  preacher  and 
a  good  parish  priest.  He  printed  some  few 
of  his  sermons,  and  late  in  life  he  attacked 
the1  vices  and  foibles  of  the  times  in  small 
tracts,  which  displayed  good  sense,  great 
piety,  and  deep  erudition.  lie  died  in  Lon- 
don, 26th  November,  1763,  aged  65,  nnd  was 
buried  in  St.  Mary's  church,  Heading.  He 
married  Mrs.  Holmes,  a  widow,  with  whom 
he  lived  25  years,  but  left  no  issue.  It  is 
said  thai  he  objected  to  the  Athanasian  creed, 
and  that  therefore  he  could  not  early  per- 
suade himself  to  subscribe  to  the  articles  of 
the  church  of  England. 

Bolton,  or  Boulton,  Edmund,  an 
eminent  antiquary,  author  of  an  historical 
book  called  Nero  Cassar,  dedicated  to  the 
duke  of  Buckingham,  in  1624,  and  valuable 
I'm-  die  medals  with  which  it  is  adorned,  and 
lor  the  curious  observations  which  it  contains. 
He  says  that  the  battle  of  Boadicea  with  the 
lionians  was  fought  on  Salisbury  plain,  and 
that  Stonehcnge  was  erected  as  her  monu- 
ment. He  published,  besides  elements  of  ar- 
mories 1610,  4tO. — hypercritica  or  a  rule  of 
judgments  for  writing  or  reading  our  histo- 
ries. 

Bo  r.roN,  Robert,  a  puritan  of  great  lear- 
ning and  vast  powers  of  oratory.  When 
James  1.  visited  Oxford,  1605,  lie  was  ap- 
pointed as  one  of  the  professors  publicly  to 
dispute  before  him,  and  the  reputation  which 
he  had  acquired  was  well  supported  by  his  nu- 
merous publications,  the  best  known  of  which 
its  his  book  on  happiness.  He  died  with 
Christian  resignation,  December  17th,  1631, 
aged  60. 

Bolzani,  Urbauo  Valeriano,  a  monk  of 
the  order  of  Minorites,  born  at  Belluno.  He 
visited  Greece,  Egypt,  Palestine,  &c.  and 
twice  ascended  to  the  top  of  iEtna,  to  survey 
its  astonishing  crater.  He  was  the  first  per- 
son who  wrote  a  grammar  of  the  Greek 
language,  in  Latin.  He  died  at  Venice, 
u  lu  re  he  taught  Greek,  1524,  aged  84. 

Bombei.li,  Sebastian,  a  painter  of  Bo- 
logna, who  died  1685,  aged  50.  His  histori- 
cal pieces  and  portraits  were  held  in  high 
esteem. 

Bom  berg,  Daniel,  a  famous  printer,  born 
at  Antwerp.  He  settled  at  Venice,  and  ob- 
tained a  name  from  the  number  and  correct- 
ness of  the  books  which  issued  from  his 
press,  especially  bis  Hebrew  bible  iu  four 
vols.  fol.  1549,  and  his  Talmud,  11  vols.  fol. 
He  died  1549. 


Bon  de  St.  Hilaire,  Francois  Xavier, 
president  of  the  chamber  of  accounts  of 
Montpellier,  was  respectable  as  a  scholar 
and  as  a  magistrate.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
silk  worms,  and  on  the  Maroons  of  India, 
12ino.  and  died  1761. 

Bona,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  was  born  at 
Mondovi  in  Piedmont,  10th  October,  1609, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  learning  and 
his  love  of  solitude.  Pope  Alexander  VII. 
who  knew  his  merit  and  his  virtues  before  he 
was  raised  to  the  chair,  promoted  him  to 
places  of  honor  and  consequence  to  induce 
him  to  settle  at  Rome,  and  so  well  known 
and  esteemed  was  his  character  that  it  was 
wished  he  might  be  elected  to  fill  the  papal 
chair  on  the  death  of  Clement  IX.  who  had 
made  him  a  cardinal.  Bona  was  author  of 
several  tracts  on  devotion.  He  died  univer- 
sally respected,  1674. 

Bonac,  John  Louis  d'Usson  marquis  de, 
a  French  nobleman,  whose  abilities  were  em- 
ployed by  Lewis  XIV.  in  embassies  to  the 
courts  of  Sweden,  Poland,  Spain,  and  Con- 
stantinople. He  possessed  all  the  dexterity, 
firmness,  and  dignity  requisite  for  his  situa- 
tion, and  to  these  he  added  many  private 
virtues  and  great  erudition.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris, 1738,  aged  66. 

Bonacina,  Martin,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Milan,  in  the  service  of  Urban  VIII.  He  is 
author  of  some  theological  tracts.  He  died 
1631. 

lioNAMY,  Peter  Nicholas,  a  native  of 
Louvres,  member  of  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions, and  historiographer  of  Paris,  and 
known  for  his  learned  dissertations,  and  the 
most  amiable  virtues  of  a  private  character. 
He  conducted  the  journal  de  Verdun,  a  pe- 
riodical work  of  great  reputation,  and  diet? 
at  Paris,  1770,  aged  76. 

Bon ann i,  James,  a  noble  of  Syracuse, 
author  of  a  valuable  book  called  Syracusa 
illustrata,  in  4to.     He  died  1636. 

Bonannt,  Philip,  a  learned  Jesuit,  known 
for  several  works  on  antiquities  and  history, 
the  best  of  which  are  his  rccreatio  in  obser- 
vat.  animal,  testaeeorum,  with  near  500  fi- 
gures, 1694,  in  4to. — his  collection  of  the 
medals  of  the  popes,  two  vols.  fol.  1699 — his 
catalogue  of  the  orders  religious  and  military 
and  equestrian,  with  plates,  four  vols.  4tO. — 
obscrvationes  circa  viventia  in  non  viventibus, 
4to.  1691 — niusxum  colleg.  Rom.  Kircheria- 
num,  1709,  fol.  He  died  at  Rome,  1725, 
aged  87. 

Bonardi,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  learned  doc- 
tor of  the  Sorbonne.  He  was  born  at  Aix, 
and  died  at  Paris  1756.  He  left  some  manu- 
scripts, the  most  valuable  and  curious  of 
which  is  a  dictionary  of  anonymous  and  pseu- 
donymous writers. 

Bonarei.i.i,  Guy  Ubaldo,  a  nobleman, 
born  at  Urbino  25th  December,  1563.  He 
is  known  as  a  politician  in  the  service  of  the 
duke  of  Ferrara,  but  more  as  the  author  of 
his  "  fills  de  Sciro,"  a  pastoral,  which  dis- 
plays his  art  and  ingenuity,  though  he  makes 
his  shepherds  courtiers,  and  his  shepherdesses 
prudes.    The  chief  character  Celia  is  ceur 


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snred  for  entertaining  a  violent  passion  for 
two  loTers  at  once.  The  best  edition  is  that 
of  Glasgow,  1763,  8vo.  He  diedJan.  8, 1608, 
aged  45. 

Bonarota,  or  Buonaroti,  surnamed 
Michael  Angelo.     Vicl.  Angelo. 

Bonaventure,  John  Fidauza,  a  cardi- 
nal and  saint  of  the  Romish  church  born  in 
Etruria  1221.  He  was  of  the  order  of  St. 
Francis,  but  so  disinterested  in  his  conduct, 
that  he  refused  the  archbishopric  of  York, 
offered  him  by  Clement  IV.  When  the  car- 
dinals disagreed  in  the  election  of  the  pope, 
he  was  universally  called  upon  to  decide,  and 
he  fixed  his  choice  on  Theobald,  afterwards 
Gregory  X.  He  died  1274,  highly  respected 
and  admired.  He  was  canonized  1482.  1  lis 
works  on  subjects  of  divinity  and  morals,  are 
in  eight  vols.  fol.  15 88.  He  has  been  called 
the  seraphic  doctor  for  treating  of  mystical 
subjects. 

Bonaventure,  of  Padua,  a  cardinal, 
who  was  of  the  Augustine  order,  and  studied 
at  Paris.  He  warmly  supported  the  rights  of 
the  church  against  Francis  «ln  Carrario,  of 
Padua,  who  had  the  meanness  to  have  him 
shot  by  an  assassin  with  an  arrow  as  he  cros- 
sed the  bridge  of  St.  Angelo  at  Rome,  1386, 
in  his  54th  year,  lie  wrote  commentaries  on 
the  epistles  of  St.  John  and  St.  James,  be- 
sides sermons,  &c.  He  was  intimate  with 
Petrarch,  whose  funeral  oration  he  delivered 
1309. 

Bonbem.es,  Henri  Francis  Comte  de,  a 
French  officer  of  rank,  author  of  two  treati- 
ses on  military  tactics,  &e.  He  died  17G0, 
aged  80. 

Boncerf,  a  French  writer,  who  applied 
himself  to  the  draining  of  marshes,  and  wrote 
a  treatise  on  the  hardships  of  feudal  rights. 
This  work  proved  so  offensive  to  the  parlia- 
ment that  they  ordered  it  to  be  burnt.  This 
increased  his  popularity,  and  at  the  revolu- 
tion he  was  promoted,  and  employed  to  dis- 
miss that  parliament  which  had  voted  his  dis- 
grace. I  lis  services  were  too  great  to  escape 
the  notice  of  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  but 
by  the  majority  of  one  voice  his  life  was  spa- 
red. He  however  soon  after  died  of  a  broken 
heart. 

Bond,  John,  an  eminent  commentator 
educated  at  Winchester  school  and  New  col- 
lege. He  was  elected  master  of  Taunton 
school,  in  his  native  county  of  Somerset, 
which,  after  distinguishing  himself  as  a  suc- 
cessful preceptor,  he  resigned  for  the  prac- 
tise of  physic.  He  died  at  Taunton,  3d  Au- 
gust, 1612,  aged  62.  He  wrote  valuable  notes 
on  Horace,  Persius,  8*c. 

Bonefacio,  Venetiano,  an  Italian  pain- 
ter, the  disciple  and  successful  imitator  of 
Palma.     He  died  16.30,  aged  62. 

Bonet,  Theophilus,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
who,  after  studying  at  most  of  the  great  uni- 
versities of  Europe,  began  to  practise  physic. 
He  was  very  successful,  but  after  40  years' 
experience  he  was  aillicted  with  deafness  and 
retired  to  literary  ease.  He  published  in  his 
old  age  several  medical  treatises,  valuable  for 
the  facts  and  observations  which  they  contain- 


ed.   He  died  of  a  dropsy  29th  March,  1689, 
aged  69. 

Bonfadius,  James,  an  Italian  writer, 
born  near  the  lake  di  tarda.  He  was  enga- 
ged as  the  secretary  of  cardinal  Bari,  and  af- 
terwards of  Glinucci,  at  Rome,  but  at  last  he 
abandoned  a  court  where  merit  met  no  re- 
ward, and  after  wandering  in  different  places 
of  Italy,  he  settled  at  Genoa,  and  by  reading 
lectures  on  the  politics  and  rhetoric  of  Aris- 
totle he  gained  popularity,  and  with  the  title 
of  historiographer,  a  handsome  pension.  In 
his  historical  employment  he  created  himself 
enemies  by  speaking  with  unpardonable  free- 
dom of  several  families  distinguished  in  the 
annals  of  Genoa,  and  in  revenge  forthe  seve- 
rity of  his  remarks  some  unnatural  propen- 
sities towards  a  favorite  youth  which  he  had 
gratified,  were  revealed  to  the  public  eye. 
The  facts  were  proved,  and  Bonfadius  was 
sentenced  to  death,  which  he  suffered  in  1 560. 
His  writings  weie  speeches,  Latin  and  Italian 
poems,  &c.  Before  his  execution,  with  the 
superstitious  notions  of  a  visionary  ,  he  wrote 
to  his  friend  Griraaldi,  that  he  would  visit 
him  if  it  were  possible  in  no  terrific  shape, 
and  report  the  state  of  the  other  world. 

Bonfinxus,  Anthony,  an  historian,  born 
at  Ascoli  in  Italy,  in  the  15th  century.  He 
was  invited  into  Hungary  by  Matthias  Corvin 
the  king  of  the  country,  and  he  was  received 
by  the  monarch  and  by  his  courtiers  with 
kindness,  and  allowed  a  liberal  pension.  He 
undertook,  at  the  desire  of  his  patron,  an 
history  of  Hungary,  and  carried  it  to  the 
year  1495,  in  45  books,  which  were  deposited 
in  the  royal  library  at  Buda,  and  not  pub- 
lished before  1568,  by  Sanbucus.  Bonfinius 
died  as  is  supposed  in  Hungary  about  1502. 

Bonfrerius,  James,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  in  Dinan  in  Liege.  He  wrote  Latin 
commentaries  on  the  pentateuch  and  other 
treatises  on  scripture  names,  highly  esteem- 
ed for  method  and  perspicuity,  and  died  at 
Tournay,  9th  March,  1643,  aged  70. 

Bongars,  James,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
who  studied  at  Strasburg,  and  after  profiting 
by  the  instructions  of  the  famous  Cujacius  iu 
civil  law,  he  devoted  himself  for  30  years  to 
the  service  of  Henry  IV.  whom  he  repre- 
sented with  dignity  and  firmness  at  several 
of  the  German  courts.  As  a  statesman  and 
negotiator  he  was  sagacious  and  well  inform- 
ed, and  as  a  scholar  he  possessed  an  exten- 
sive fund  of  erudition,  lie  published,  in  the 
midst  of  his  public  avocations,  besides  his 
elegant  letters,  a  valuable  edition  of  Justin, 
and  the  "  gesta  dei  per  Francos,"  in  2  vols, 
folio,  containing  the  history  of  the  expedition 
into  Palestine.  Bayle  speaks  of  him  with 
high  commendation,  and  represents  his  style 
as  line,  clear,  polite,  and  full  of  natural 
charms.  Bongars,  as  it  is  supposed,  was 
never  married)  as  the  lady  to  whom  he  was 
engaged,  after  a  courtship  of  six  years,  died 
on  the  very  day  fixed  for  her  nuptials.  He 
died  at  Paris,  1612,  aged  58. 

Bonichon,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic;  o1 
Angers,  author  of  a  curious  book  called 
Poropa  Episcopalis,  Sec.    He  died  1GG2. 


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Boniface,  the  apostle  of  Germany,  was 
Lorn  in  England,  and  commissioned  by  Gre- 
gory II.  to  convert  the  barbarians  of  the 
north  to  Christianity.  He  was  very  success- 
ful in  his  mission,  and  loaded  with  honors  by 
the  pope.  He  was  killed  by  some  of  the  pa- 
gans of  Frizland,  whom  he  attempted  to 
convert,  754,  aged  74.  His  writings  are  ob- 
scure and  inelegant.  His  letters  were  print- 
ed 1616. 

Boniface  I.  St.  succeeded  Zosimus  as 
pope  of  Home  41 S,  supported  by  the  power 
of  Honorius  against  his  rival  Eulalius.  He 
died  September  422. 

Boniface  II.  succeeded  Felix  IV.  in 
530,  and  died  two  years  after.  His  father 
was  a  Goth.  He  attempted  to  influence  the 
cardinals  in  the  choice  of  his  successor,  and 
to  elect  Vigil,  but  another  council  annulled 
the  proceedings.  He  died  8th  November, 
532. 

Boniface  III.  was  made  pope  606,  after 
Sabinian,  and  died  the  same  year  12th  No- 
vember. He  established,  by  means  of  the 
emperor  Phocas,  the  superiority  of  the  Ro- 
man pontiff  over  the  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople. 

Boniface  IV.  was  son  of  a  physician  of 
Valeria,  and  succeeded  the  preceding.  He 
dedicated  to  the  virgin  and  martyrs  the 
pantheon  built  by  Agrippa,  and  it  is  still 
venerated  at  Rome  as  a  noble  and  magnifi- 
cent edifice.    He  died  614. 

Boniface  V.  of  Naples,  succeeded  De- 
odatus,  617.  He  warmly  supported  the 
sanctity  of  asylums,  and  died  625. 

Boniface  VI.  filled  only  for  15  days  the 
papal  chair  after  Formosus,  896.  He  was 
raised  and  deposed  by  a  faction. 

Boniface  VII.  surnamed  Francon,  rais- 
ed himself  to  the  popedom,  after  the  mur- 
der of  Benedict  VI.  and  John  XIV.  in  984, 
and  died  four  months  after.  As  he  was  a 
monster  of  cruelty  his  remains  were  treated 
with  the  highest  indignity  and  trampled  upon 
by  the  incensed  populace. 

Boniface  VIII.  Benedict  Cajetan,  was 
born  at  Anagni,  and  employed  in  ecclesiasti- 
cal affairs  at  Lyons  and  Paris.  Martin  II. 
made  him  cardinal,  and  after  the  abdication 
of  Celestinus,  which  he  procured  by  terrify- 
ing him  at  midnight,  and  threatening  him 
with  eternal  damnation,  if  he  did  not  imme- 
diately resign,  he  filled  the  papal  chair  in 
1294.  His  ambition  was  unbounded,  he 
hurled  the  thunder  of  the  Vatican  against 
the  kings  of  Denmark  and  Finance,  and  an- 
nulled the  election  of  Albert,  to  be  king  of 
the  Romans.  The  family  of  the  Colonnas 
were  particularly  marked  as  objects  of  his 
vengeance,  and  neither  submission  nor  en- 
treaty could  procure  a  lasting  reconciliation. 
Such  insolence  "did  not  however  long  tri- 
umph, though  the  pope  in  his  will  had  de- 
clared that  God  had  placed  him  as  lord  over 
kings  and  kingdoms.  Philip  king  of  France 
despised  ecclesiastical  threats,  he  ordered 
him  to  be  seized  by  his  general  Nogaret  at 
Anagni,  that  he  might  bring  him  to  the  coun- 
ts of  Lyons,  but  the  crafty  prelate  escaped 


from  his  guards  to  Rome,  where,  overpow- 
ered with  the  indignities  offered  to  his  per- 
son, he  died  one  month  after,  12th  October 
1303. 

Boniface  IX.  a  native  of  Naples,  raised 
to  the  papal  chair  1386,  after  Urban  VI.  He 
is  accused  of  avarice  and  usury.  He  died  in 
1404. 

Boniface,  Hyacinthe,  a  lawyer  of  Aix, 
known  as  the  compiler  of  the  decrees  of  the 
parliament  of  Provence,  published  at  Lyons 
eight  vols,  folio,  1708.  He  died  1695,  aged 
83. 

Boniface,  count  of  the  Roman  empire, 
ably  defended  Africa,  but  at  last  revolted 
against  the  empire,  at  the  suggestion  of  Ac- 
tius,  who  secretly  planned  his  ruin.  He  af- 
terwards was  reconciled  to  his  master,  but 
fell  in  a  dreadful  battle  with  his  rival  Actius, 
432. 

Bonifacio,  Balthazar,  a  Venetian,  pro- 
fessor of  law  at  Padua,  and  afterwards  bishop 
of  Casio  d'Istria.  He  was  author  of  several 
learned  tracts  on  history,  such  as  Historia 
Trevigniana,  4to. — Historia  Ludicia,  4to. 
1G56,  besides  some  Latin  poems,  &c.  He 
was  instrumental  in  the  institution  of  the 
academies  of  Padua  and  Trevisa,  and  died 
1659,  aged  75. 

Bonjour,  Guillaume,  an  Augustine 
monk,  horn  at  Toulouse.  He  assisted  Cle- 
ment XI.  in  discovering  the  errors  of  the 
Gregorian  calendar,  and  died  in  China,  where 
he  had  been  sent  as  a  missionary  1714,  aged 
44.  He  was  well  versed  in  oriental  literature 
and  wrote  some  dissertations,  kc.  on  scrip- 
ture, and  the  coptic  monuments  of  the  Va- 
tican. 

Bonne,  a  shepherdess  of  the  Vateline, 
who  became  the  mistress  and  afterwards  the 
wife  of  Peter  Brunoro,  a  famous  warrior  of 
Parma.  She  displayed  uncommon  marks  of 
courage  in  the  field  of  battle,  and  with  her 
husband  she  supported  the  fame  and  power 
of  Venice  against  the  attacks  of  the  duke  of 
Milan.  She  went  with  Erunoro  to  defend 
Negropont  against  the  Turks,  where  she 
signalized  herself  greatly,  and  on  the  death 
of  her  husband  there,  she  abandoned  the 
place,  and  died  in  the  Morea  on  her  return 
to  Venice,  1466,  leaving  two  sons  to  inherit 
her  honors  and  reputation. 

Bonnecorse,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
French  consul  in  Egypt.  He  wrote  Latin 
and  French  verses,  but  he  was  ridiculed  in 
Boileau's  Lutrin.     He  died  1706. 

Bonnecueil,  Joseph  Duranti  de,  an  ec- 
clesiastic of  Aix,  who  translated  some  of  the 
works  of  St.  Chrysostom,  Ambrose,  &c.  He 
died  at  Paris  1756,  aged  93. 

Bonnefons,  John,  was  born  at  Clermont 
in  Auvergne,  and  distinguished  himself 
greatly  as  a  successful  imitator  of  the  poetry 
of  Catullus,  in  his  Pancharis  and  Phaleuric 
verses.  He  had  a  son  eminent  also  as  a 
poet.  He  died  1614,  aged  60.  His  poems 
are  printed  with  Beza's,  Paris,  1755,  12me. 
Bonnefons,  Amable,  a  Jesuit  of  Riom, 
who  wrote  several  devotional  tracts,  lie  died 
at  Paris  1653. 


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Bonnell,  James,  an  Englishman,  emi- 
nent for  his  virtues  and  piety.  He  was  born 
1653  at  Genoa,  where  his  father  was  a  resi- 
dent merchant,  and  he  came  to  England 
when  two  years  old,  and  was  educated  at 
Dublin  and  Cambridge.  He  was  afterwards 
tutor  in  a  private  family,  and  wished  to  en- 
ter into  the  church,  but  as  his  father  had 
greatly  suffered  (luring  the  civil  Avars,  he  was 
joined  with  him  in  a  patent  to  hold  tiic  office 
of  accomptant  general  of  Ireland.  He  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  his  office  with  great 
integrity  and  honor,  and  died  at  Dublin, 
1699,  universally  respected.  His  funeral 
sermon  was  preached  by  bishop  Wetteahall, 
and  his  life  was  written  by  archdeacon  Ha- 
milton 1703,  12mo.  in  which  some  of  his  me- 
ditations are  introduced. 

Bonner,  Edmund,  bishop  of  London, 
was  the  son  of  a  man  of  indigent  circum- 
stances, born  at  Harley  in  Worcestershire, 
and  charitably  educated  at  the  expense  of  the 
family  of  Lechmere.  He  entered  1512  at 
Broadgate-hall,  now  Pembroke  college,  and 
by  his  learning  and  assiduity  he  recommend- 
ed himself  to  the  notice  of  Wolsey,  whose 
influence  procured  him  several  ecclesiastical 
preferments,  and  great  favor  at  court.  He 
was  made  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  he  gain- 
ed his  heart  by  promoting  with  all  his  pow- 
ers his  divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon. 
He  was  sent  to  Rome  to  plead  the  king's 
cause  before  Clement  VII.  but  he  spoke  with 
such  vehemence  and  indignation  against  the 
tyranny  of  the  holy  see,  that  the  pope 
threatened  to  throw  him  into  a  caldron  of 
melted  lead,  and  he  escaped  from  the  ven- 
geance of  the  pontiff'  only  by  flight.  Bon- 
ner's abdities  as  a  negotiator  were  great,  and 
his  manners  insinuating,  therefore  he  was 
ambassador  severally  to  the  courts  of  Den- 
mark, France,  and  Germany.  In  1538  he 
was  nominated  to  the  see  of  Hereford,  by 
the  recommendation  of  his  great  friend  and 
patron  lord  Cromwell,  who  had  now  succee- 
ded to  Wolsey's  honors,  and  before  his  con- 
secration he  was  promoted  to  London.  Now 
raised  to  the  episcopal  dignity,  he  began  to 
show  the  real  sentiments  of  his  heart.  He 
had  formerly  opposed  the  pope's  preroga- 
tive only  to  rise  in  Henry's  favor,  but  after 
his  death  he  convinced  the  public  that  he 
ml  iirmly  devoted  to  the  catholic  faith,  and 
therefore  he  withstood  the  measures  that 
were  adopted  by  Edward  YI.  to  spread  the 
reformation,  and  for  his  obstinacy  he  was 
deprived  of  his  bishopric,  and  committed  to 
the  Marshalsea.  This  persecution  endeared 
him  the  more  in  the  eyes  of  Mary,  and  of 
her  popish  ministers  ;  she  no  sooner  ascend- 
ed the  throne  than  Bonner  was  restored  to 
his  honors,  and  made  president  of  the  con- 
vocation in  the  stead  of  Cranmer  now  dis- 
graced. In  his  new  office  he  displayed  all 
the  native  ferocity  of  his  character.  He  not 
only  dismissed  and  excommunicated  several 
of  the  clergy,  but  he  committed  some  hun- 
dreds to  the  flames  for  not  renouncing  tiic 
doctrines  of  the  reformation,  and  on  every 
accusation  showed  himself  the  worth  v  minis- 


ter of  a  bloody  reign.  On  the  death  of  Marv 
he  paid  his  respects  to  the  new  queen,  but 
Elizabeth  turned  away  from  a  man  stained 
with  the  blood  of  suffering  innocence,  and 
the  bigoted  ecclesiastic  soon  after,  wheu 
summoned  before  the  council,  refused  to 
take  the  oaths  of  allegiance,  and  was  again 
deprived  of  his  bishopric,  and  imprisoned. 
He  died  about  the  10th  year  of  his  confine- 
ment 5th  September  15G9,  and  as  he  was  ex- 
communicated, his  body  was  privately  buried 
at  midnight  in  St.  George's  church-yard, 
Southwark,  that  a  public  ceremony  might 
not  draw  more  strongly  the  indignation  of 
the  populace  against  his  remains.  In  his 
person  Bonner  Mas  fat  and  corpulent,  his 
character  was  ferocious  and  vindictive,  his 
knowledge  of  divinity  -was  not  extensive,  but 
he  was  well  versed  in  politics  and  canon 
law.  He  wrote  some  tracts  now  deservedly 
forgotten. 

Bonnet,  Charles,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
disturbed  from  his  pursuits  in  the  law  by- 
reading  la  Pluche's  spectacle  de  la  nature, 
and  Reaumur's  memoirs  of  insects.  Devoted 
to  the  studies  of  natural  history  and  of  me- 
taphysics, he  made  some  valuable  discove- 
ries in  entomology  at  the  age  of  20,  and  when 
27,  he  claimed  the  public  attention  by  his 
treatise  on  phychology  and  his  analytical  es- 
say on  the  mental  powers,  and  his  system  of 
physics.  He  died  at  Geneva  20th  May  1793, 
aged  73,  universally  respected  as  a  good 
Christian  and  as  a  benevolent  man.  He  pub- 
lished besides  considerations  on  organized 
bodies — contemplations  of  nature — and  pa- 
lingenesis, or  thoughts  on  the  pastand  future 
state  of  animals  and  beings,  two  vols.  Svo. 
— inquiries  on  the  use  of  leaves  in  plants,  &e. 

Bonneval,  Claudiifs  Alexander  count 
de,  of  Limousin,  was  allied  by  blood  to  the 
royal  family  of  France.  He  quitted  the 
French  service,  where  he  began  to  distin- 
guish himself,  and  followed  the  fortunes  of 
prince  Eugene.  His  interest,  however,  at 
the. court  of  Vienna  was  ruined  by  the  in- 
trigues of  his  enemy  de  Prie,  and  therefore 
he  offered  his  services  to  Russia,  and  after- 
wards to  Turkey,  where  he  was  honorably 
received,  made  bashaw  of  three  tails,  and 
appointed  to  a  government,  and  the  com- 
mand of  30,000  men,  at  the  stipend  of  forty- 
five  thousand  livres  a  year.  As  the  vassal  of 
the  Turkish  emperor  he  quelled  a  danger- 
ous insurrection  in  Arabia  Petrre,  and  de- 
feated a  large  Austrian  army  on  the  banks 
of  the  Danube.  His  successes  however 
hastened  his  disgrace.  Though  the  favorite 
of  the  sultan  he  was  disgraced  and  banished 
to  the  island  of  Chio,  from  which  he  was  af- 
terwards recalled  and  restored  to  places  of 
honor  and  emolument.  He  wrote  the  me- 
moirs of  his  own  life,  published  London 
1755,  and  died  in  Turkey  1747,  aged  75. 

Bonneval,  Rene  de,  an  inferior  writer 
and  poet  of  Mans,  who  died  1760. 

Bonnier  d'Aico,  N.  a  Frenchman, 
known  in  the  national  assembly  and  in  the 
convention  for  las  strong  republican  princi- 
ples.   He   Mas  engaged  as  minister  in  the 


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conferences  with  the  English  ambassador  at 
Lisle,  and  afterwards  at  Radstadt ;  on  re- 
turning from  which  he  was  assassinated  by 
some  men  in  the  dress  of  Austrian  hussars, 
28th  April  1799. 

Bonosus,  bishop  of  Naissus  in  Dacia, 
was  accused  of  heresy,  and  condemned  at 
Capua,  by  a  council  of  prelates  who  abhor- 
red his  doctrines,  that  the  Virgin  Mary 
should  have  other  children  besides  Christ. 
Bonosus  died  410;  but  his  doctrines  were 
propagated,  and  prevailed  for  more  than  two 
centuries  after. 

Bontekoe,  Cornielle,  a  Dutchman,  phy- 
sician to  the  elector  of  Brandenburg,  and 
author  of  a  treatise  on  tea,  and  another 
on  the  climacterical  year.  He  died  young. 
His  works  were  printed,  Amsterdam,  1689, 
4to. 

Bontempi,  George  Andrew  Angelini, 
minister  of  the  chapel  of  the  elector  of  Sax- 
ony, was  a  native  of  Perugia,  and  known  as 
a  good  musician,  and  as  the  author  of  nova 
quatuor  vocibus  componendi  methodus,  1660, 
and  an  Italian  history  of  music,  printed  Pe- 
rugia, 1695,  in  folio. 

Bontems,  Madam,  a  woman  deservedly 
respected  for  the  delicacy  of  her  wit,  the 
goodness  of  her  understanding,  her  polished 
manners,  and  her  benevolent  heart.  She 
gave  an  elegant  translation  of  Thomson's 
Seasons,  1759.  She  died  at  Paris  18th  April 
1768,  aged  50. 

Eontius,  James,  a  Dutch  physician  at 
Batavia,  author  of  some  treatises  on  the  dis- 
eases, the  botany,  and  natural  history  of 
India,  printed  Leyden,  1642,  and  Amster- 
dam 1658. 

Bontius,  Gerard,  a  native  of  ltyswick, 
medical  professor  at  Leyden,  where  he  died 
15th  September  1599,  aged  63.  He  invented 
some  famous  pills,  called  pilluke  tartarx,  the 
composition  of  which  was  long  kept  secret, 
but  is  now  known. 

Bonvincino,  Alexander,  an  Italian 
painter,  the' disciple  of  Titian.  His  works 
are  in  high  esteem.     He  died  1564,  aged  50. 

Bonwicke,  Ambrose,  a  nonjuring  cler- 
gyman, born  April  29, 1652,  and  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylor's  school  and  St.  John's 
college,  Oxford.  He  was  elected  master  of 
Merchant  Taylor's  school  in  1686,  and  ex- 
pelled in  1691,  for  not  taking  the  oaths  of  al- 
legiance. He  afterwards  kept  a  school  at 
Headley  in  Surrey,  and  had  at  the  same  time 
Fenton  for  his  usher,  and  Bowyer  the  prin- 
ter for  his  pupil.  He  had  twelve  children  by 
his  wife  Elizabeth  Stubbs. 

Boodt,  Anselm  Von,  a  physician  of  the 
emperor  Rodolph,  known  by  a  Latin  tract  on 
jewels,  he  died  1660. 

Booker,  John,  a  haberdasher,  who 
afterwards  became  a  writing-master  at  Had- 
ley  in  Middlesex,  and  an  astrologer,  well 
versed  in  the  discovery  of  thieves,  and  in 
the  solution  of  love  inquiries.  He  is  cele- 
brated by  Lilly,  who  was  well  acquainted 
with  his  art ;  and  he  was  severely  attacked 
by  George  Wharton.  He  wrote  the  "  bloody 
Irish  almanac,"  about  the  Avar  of  Ireland  ; 
and  died  April  1667. 


Boone,  Daniel,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 
pieces  are  valuable,  as  expressive,  in  the 
most  natural  forms,  of  low  scenes,  &c.  He 
died  in  England  1698. 

Boonen,  Arnold,  a  native  of  Dordt, 
known  as  a  most  eminent  portrait  painter. 
He  was  the  disciple  of  Schalken  ;  and  died 
1729. 

Boot,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  physician,  au- 
thor of  animadversiones  ad  textum  hebrai- 
cum,  in  which  he  ably  defended  the  He- 
brew text  of  scripture  against  Morin  and 
Cappel.  He  wrote  also  some  medical  trea- 
tises ;  and  died  at  Paris  1653. 

Booth,  Barton,  celebrated  as  an  actor, 
was  born  in  Lancashire  1681.  He  was  edu- 
cated by  Dr.  Busby  at  Westminster ;  and 
his  theatrical  powers  were  first  roused  to 
action  at  the  representation  of  a  Latin  play 
by  the  pupils  of  the  school.  The  superior 
abilities  which  he  displayed,  and  the  ap- 
plauses which  he  received,  induced  him  to 
oppose  the  wishes  of  his  father,  and  there- 
fore, instead  of  going  to  college  to  prepare 
himself  for  the  church,  he  eloped,  in  1698, 
from  the  school,  and  engaged  himself  in 
Ashbury's  strolling  company  in  Ireland. 
After  spending  three  season-i  in  Dublin,  he 
came  back  to  London,  where  his  reputation 
soon  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  Bet- 
terton,  and  his  incomparable  acting  of  the 
character  of  Maximus  in  Valentinian,  and 
of  Artabas  in  the  Ambitious  Stepmother, 
drew  upon  him  the  decided  approbation  of 
the  public.  By  the  influence  of  lord  Bo- 
lingbroke,  he  was,  in  1713,  named  as  mana- 
ger of  the  theatre  with  Cibber,  Wilks,  and 
Dogget ;  but  his  constitution  was  naturally 
weak,  and  he  sunk  under  great  exertions. 
He  fell  a  victim  to  a  complication  of  disor- 
ders, and  expired  10th  May,  1733.  He 
maintained  the  high  character  svhich  he  had 
at  first  acquired  on  the  stage  ;  and  though  he 
failed  in  comedy,  his  powers  in  tragedy 
evinced  superior  judgment,  and  wherever 
the  more  turbulent  passions  of  the  heart, 
the  significant  expressions  of  voice  and  coun- 
tenance, were  required,  he  left  all  competi- 
tors far  behind  him.  His  most  capital  per- 
formance was  Othello,  in  the  opinion  of  Cib- 
ber, who  attributed  the  unrivalled  excellence 
of  his  Cato  to  the  novelty  of  the  character, 
and  the  political  temper  and  feelings  of  the 
times.  Aaron  Hill  has  also  delineated  his 
character  with  the  freedom  of  a  critic  and 
the  accuracy  of  an  acquaintance. 

Booth,  Henry,  earl  of  Warrington,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  statesman,  was  member  of 
several  parliaments  for  Chester  under 
Charles  II.  He  strenuously  opposed  the  pa- 
pists, and  zealously  promoted  the  exclusion 
of  the  duke  of  York  ;  and  to  this  resistance 
to  the  views  of  the  court  he  probably  owed 
the  confinement  which  he  endured  three 
times  under  the  tyrannical  reign  of  James 
II.  He  was  tried  for  treason,  but  he  was 
acquitted,  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  Jeffries 
and  the  court ;  and  in  his  retirement  he  fa- 
vored the  cause  of  freedom  and  of  William 
of  Oransre.    At  the  revolution  he  was  ad- 


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vanced  to  high  offices  ;  but  as  he  wished  to 
check  the  royal  prerogative,  William  dis- 
missed him  from  his  employments,  not  with- 
OMt  complimenting  his  great  services  with  a 
pension  of  200/.  and  the  earldom  of  War- 
rington. He  died  2d  January,  1694,  aged 
41.  He  wrote  some  political  tracts,  besides 
speeches,  &c. 

Booth,  George,  earl  of  Warrington,  son 
of  the  preceding,  published,  in  1739,  an 
anonymous  tract  on  "  the  institution  of  mar- 
riage," recommending  divorces  where  the 
tempers  disagree.    He  died  1758. 

Borbonius,  Nicholas,  a  Latin  poet,  the 
favorite  of  the  court  of  Francis  I.  He  wrote 
some  poems,  which  he  called  Nugae,  in  which 
lie  severely  attacks  the  character  of  sir 
Thomas  More,  with  whom  he  had  been  in 
liabits  of  intimacy.  He  was  also  connected 
with  Erasmus,  Scaliger,  Palingenius,  and 
other  learned  men  of  the  16th  century.  His 
poems  appeared  1540. 

Borda,  John  Charles,  an  eminent  French 
mathematician,  born  at  Dax  4th  May  1733. 
He  served  at  first  as  engineer  and  lieutenant 
in  the  navy,  and  in  1771  was  sent  with  Ver- 
dun and  Pingre  to  America  to  make  obser- 
vations on  the  situation  of  various  islands, 
and  in  1774  he  continued  the  same  research- 
es. During  the  American  war  he  served 
with  credit  under  d'Eslaiug,  as  rear  admiral ; 
but  his  services  to  science  were  of  the  great- 
est importance.  He  introduced  more  uni- 
formity in  the  building  of  the  French  ships 
of  war,  and  by  his  experiments  contributed 
much  to  the  improvement  of  all  vessels.  He 
published,  besides  his  discoveries  in  Ameri- 
ca, &c.  iii  2  vols.  4to.  1778,  the  description 
and  the  use  of  the  circle  of  reflection,  in 
which  he  recommended  the  specular  circles 
of  Tobias  Mayer,  1787,  and  other  treatises, 
inserted  in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of 
sciences.  The  small  rod  for  the  mensura- 
tion of  angles,  so  useful  in  astronomy,  was 
of  his  invention,  and  he  also  introduced  a 
new  method  to  observe  the  length  of  the 
pendulum,  and  the  new  system  of  weights 
and  measures  adopted  by  the  constituent  as- 
sembly. He  died  at  Paris  of  a  dropsy  in  the 
chest,  1799. 

Borde,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Pevensey  in 
Sussex,  born  1500,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  studied  physic,  though  entered  in  the 
order  of  the  Carthusians  ;  and  after  travel- 
ling over  the  greatest  part  of  Europe  and  Af- 
rica, he  settled  at  Winchester,  and  took  his 
degrees  at  Montpellier,  in  his  character  he 
was  whimsical  and  eccentric  in  the  extreme. 
He  was  not  devoid  of  wit  and  learning;  but 
though  commended  for  his  skill  as  a  physi- 
cian, it  is  probable  that  he  never  acquired 
opulence  or  distinction  by  his  profession,  as 
he  died  in  the  fleet,  April  1549.  He  has 
been  accused  by  Bale  of  poisoning  himself, 
because  he  kept  a  brnthel  for  the  Carthusian 
monks.  Me  wrote  the  breviary  of  health, — 
some  medical  tracts, — a  jest  book,  &c. 

Borde,  John  Benjamin,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Paris  5th  September  1 734.  He  was 
at  first  the  valet  of  Lewis  XY.and.oti  the 


monarch's  death,  was  appointed  farmer-gen- 
eral. Naturally  fond  of  literature,  he  culti- 
vated it  in  the  midst  of  business,  and  wrote 
some  learned  works.  His  essays  on  ancient 
and  modern  music,  4  vols.  4to.  1780 — me- 
moires  historiques  de  Coucy,  2  vols.  8vo. — 
pieces  interessantes  for  the  history  of  Lew- 
is XIII.  and  Lewis  XIV.  12mo. — letters  on 
Switzerland,  2  vols.  8vo. — abrege  cronique, 
8vo. — history  of  the  South  sea,  3  vols.  8vo — 
Swinburne's  travels  translated — besides  a 
valuable  collection  of  airs,  in  4  vols.  8vo.  &c. 
are  very  interesting  proofs  of  his  taste  and 
assiduity  as  a  lover  of  music,  and  as  an  au- 
thor. During  the  revolution,  he  retired  to 
Rouen,  in  hopes  of  passing  the  rest  of  his 
life  in  repose,  but  the  satellites  of  Robespierre 
discovered  him,  and  he  was  guillotined  22d 
July  1794,  aged  60. 

Bourdelon,  Lawrence,  a  native  of 
Bourges,  who  died  at  Paris  1730,  aged  77. 
though  an  ecclesiastic,  he  wrote  for  the  the- 
atre, but  with  little  success ;  and  his  pieces 
are  now  deservedly  forgotten.  His  history 
of  the  extravagances  of  Mr.  Ouffle  has  ap- 
peared in  English,  8vo.  which  ridicules  the 
reading  of  books  on  witchcraft,  magic,  &c. 

Bordenave,  Toussaint,  professor  of  sur- 
gery at  Paris,  is  known  for  his  elements  of 
physiologv,  in  2  vols.  12mo.  He  was  born 
10th  April  1728,  and  died  March  12,  1782. 

Bordes,  Charles,  a  poet  and  philosopher 
of  Lyons,  who  died  1781.  His  works  were 
published  at  Lyons,  4  vols.  8vo.  1783,  and 
among  their  contents  are  admired  an  ode  on 
war, — Bla.ic.be  de  Bourbon  a  fine  tragedy, — 
elegant  epistles,  &c. 

Bordeu,  Theophilus  de,  was  born  Feb-- 
ruary  22,  1722,  at  Ieste  in  the  valley  of  Os- 
san  in  Beam,  and  early  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  university  of  Montpellier,  where, 
at  the  age  of  20,  he  held  a  thesis  de  sensu 
generice  considerato,  in  so  learned  a  manner 
as  to  astonish  his  auditors.  He  gained  great 
reputation  at  Paris,  and  though  he  had  ene- 
mies as  a  physician,  he  gained  the  esteem 
and  the  approbation  of  the  learned,  the  ju- 
dicious, and  the  great.  His  constitution  was 
early  impaired  by  a  flying  gout,  and  a  deep 
melancholy,  and  he  expired  under  an  attack 
of  apoplexy  24th  November  1776.  He  pub- 
lished uine  different  treatises  on  anatomical 
and  medical  subjects,  much  admired  for  the 
information  and  judicious  remarks  which 
they  convey. 

Bordingius,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Dan- 
ish poet,  whose  works,  highly  esteemed  in 
Denmark,  were  printed  1738,  at  Copenha- 
gen. 

Bordone,  Paris,  a  painter  of  Venice, 
who  was  disciple  of  Titian,  and  the  favorite 
of  Francis  I.  He  particularly  excelled  in 
the  delicacy  of  his  strokes  anil  the  purity  of 
his  outlines,  and  gained  great  reputation  by 
the  portraits  which  he  took  of  the  beauties 
of  the  French  court.  He  retired  to  Venice 
from  France,  and  died,  universally  admired, 
in  1587,  aged  75. 

Bore,  t'atharine  Von,  a  nun  of  the  con- 
vent of  Nimptschen,  near  Wittemberg,  who, 


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with  eight  others,  quitted  the  veil  on  the 
first  dissemination  of  Luther's  principles. 
The  many  qualities  of  her  mind,  the  beauty 
of  her  person,  and  the  heroic  features  of  her 
conduct,  recommended  her  to  the  notice  of 
the  great  reformer,  who  loved  her,  and, 
though  far  more  advanced  in  life,  married 
her,  in  her  26th  year.  Luther  reaped  in 
ber  fidelity  both  happiness  and  instruction; 
and  though  the  tongue  of  malevolence  pro- 
pagated reports  to  the  discredit  of  her  vir- 
tue, it  must  appear  incontrovertible,  that 
the  affections  of  her  husband  were  bestowed 
on  none  but  a  woman  of  delicacy  and  virtue. 
After  a  hospitable  and  exemplary  life,  she 
died  1552,  aged  53,  leaving  three  sons,  Paul, 
Martin,  and  John. 

Boeel,  Peter,  a  native  of  Castres,  phy- 
sician to  the  French  king,  and  author  of  seve- 
ral curious  and  valuable  publications  on  medi- 
cine and  antiquities.    He  died  1689,vaged  69. 

Boeelli,  John  Alphonsus,  was  born  at 
Naples,  28th  Jan.  160S,  and  distinguished 
lumsclf  as  a  philosopher  and  mathematician 
at  Florence  and  Pisa,  under  the  patronage 
of  the  house  of  Medicis.  As  he  was  con- 
cerned in  the  revolt  of  Messina,  he  fled  to 
Rome  for  safety,  where  the  kindness  of 
Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  alleviated  his 
distress,  and  supported  his  fortunes.  He 
there  taught  mathematics,  and  died  of  a 
pleurisy,  31st  Dec.  1679,  aged  72.  He  wrote 
13  different  treatises  in  Italian  and  Latin, 
highly  esteemed  for  the  erudition  and  scien- 
tific knowledge  which  they  contain.  That 
"  de  motu  animalium,"  in  two  parts,  is  par- 
ticularly quoted  by  authors  as  a  book  of  su- 
perior merit. 

Borgarutius,  Prosper,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician of  the  16th  century,  who  acquired 
celebrity  as  an  anatomist  at  Padua  and  Pa- 
ris. He  published  some  works  in  his  pro- 
fession, much  esteemed. 

Borghese,  Paul  Guidotto,  a  poet  and 
painter,  born  at  Lucca,  who,  though  ac- 
quainted with  14  different  trades,  died  poor 
and  neglected  1626,  aged  60.  He  attempted 
to  rival  Tasso,  by  a  despicable  poem  called 
"  Jerusalem  ruined." 

Borghini,  VTincent,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
born  at  Florence.  He  wrote,  besides  an  edi- 
tion of  the  decameron,  of  Boccace,  "  Dis- 
corsi,"  on  the  origin,  antiquities,  kc.  of  Flo- 
rence, a  most  valuable  work.  He  had  the 
magnanimity  to  refuse  the  archbishopric  of 
Pisa,  and  died  1680,  aged  65. 

Borghini,  Raphael,  a  Florentine  wri- 
ter of  comedies,  and  of  a  tract  on  sculp- 
ture, much  esteemed,  printed  8vo.  1584. 

Borgia,  Ctcsar,  a  natural  sou  of  pope 
Alexander  VI.  He  no  sooner  heard  of  his 
father's  exaltation  to  the  papal  chair,  than 
he  left  Pisa,  where  he  was  fixed  for  his  edu- 
cation ;  but  the  ambitious  prospects  which  he 
had  formed  in  his  aspiring  mind,  were  a 
little  obscured  by  the  coldness  with  which 
Alexander  received  him.  He  complained  to 
his  mother  Vanozza,  who  for  a  while  quiet- 
led  his  impatience,  but  he  was  dissatisfied  to 
c,jc  the  dukedom  of  Gandia  conferred  upon 


his  elder  brother  Franois,  whilst  the  pri- 
macy of  Valenza  was  reserved  for  himself. 
Afterwards,  by  the  influence  of  his  mother, 
whose  greatest  favorite  he  was,  a  preference 
to  three  other  sons  and  a  daughter  called 
Lueretia,  the  dignity  of  cardinal  was  con- 
ferred upon  him,  and  he  became  the  friend 
and  confident  of  his  father's  counsels.  The 
elevation  of  Francis,  however,  to  secular 
power  continued  to  excite  his  jealousy,  so 
that  at  once  to  gratify  malice  and  revenge, 
he  caused  his  unhappy  brother  to  be  mur- 
dered by  assassins,  and  thrown  into  the  Ti- 
ber, where  his  mangled  carcass  was  a  few 
days  after  found.  The  pope  bitterly  la- 
mented his  fate,  but  all  his  inquiries  after 
the  murderer  were  silenced  by  Vanozza, 
who,  justly  suspected  as  an  accomplice,  ter- 
rified the  astonished  father,  by  declaring 
that  if  he  did  not  desist,  the  same  dagger 
was  ready  to  stab  him  to  the  heart.  Ciesar 
succeeded  to  his  brother's  honors  and  for- 
tune, and  now  he  resigned  the  dignity  of 
cardinal,  that  he  might  with  greater  latitude 
gratify  his  avarice,  ambition,  and  cruelty. 
Bands  of  assassins  were  kept  around  him, 
who  sacrificed  to  his  pleasure  both  friends 
and  foes;  but  his  murderous  schemes  proved 
nearly  fatal.  United  with  hiJ  father  in  the 
attempt  to  poison  nine  newly  created  cardi- 
nals, that  they  might  seize  their  posses- 
sions, the  wine  was  by  mistake  brought  to 
them,  so  that  Cassar  escaped  with  difficulty 
by  the  power  of  antidote  and  strength  of 
constitution,  the  pope  died  of  it.  His 
crimes  were  now  too  public  to  be  unno- 
ticed. Though  lately  raised  to  the  dukedom 
of  Valentinois  by  Lewis  XII.  he  was  stripped 
of  all  his  dignities,  and  sent  a  prisoner  to 
Spain,  but  he  escaped  to  the  court  of  his 
brother-in-law,  John,  king  of  Navarre,  and 
after  trying  in  vain  to  restore  his  fallen  for- 
tunes, he  engaged  in  the  civil  war,  by  which 
his  brother's  kingdom  was  distracted,  and 
was  killed  by  the  stroke  of  a  spear  under  the 
walls  of  Viana,  12th  March,  1507.  This 
extraordinary  character,  so  infamous  in 
principle,  has  been  proposed  by  Machiavel 
as  a  pattern  to  princes  who  would  act  the 
part  of  wise  and  politic  tyrants. 

Borgiani,  Orazio,  a  native  of  Rome, 
eminent  as  an  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
He  died  1681,  aged  51. 

Boris,  Gudenou,  an  intriguing  officer, 
regent  of  Muscovy  under  Foedor.  He  assas- 
sinated Demetrius  the  brother  of  Foedor  and 
afterwards  Foedor  himself,  and  thus  obtained 
the  sovereign  power.  His  success  was  how- 
ever of  short  duration,  Griska  an  impostor 
arose  who  pretended  to  be  Demetrius  who 
had  escaped  from  the  dagger  of  his  murder- 
ers, and  as  his  cause  was  espoused  by  many 
adherents,  and  the  vaivode  of  Sandomir,  he 
was  enabled  to  attack  Boris,  who  died  of  a 
broken  heart  1605.  The  infant  son  of  Boris 
was  proclaimed  by  the  Boyards  in  opposition 
to  the  new  usurper,  but  the  fortunes  of  the 
false  Demetrius  prevailed,  and  the  son  of  Bo- 
ris and  his  mother  were  murdered  10th  June, 
1605. 


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Borlace,  Edmund,  M.  D.  son  of  sir  John 
Borlace,  lord  justice  of  Ireland,  was  educated 
in  Dublin,  and  afterwards  studied  at  Leyden 
and  Oxford,  in  which  places  he  took  his  de- 
grees. He  died  at  Chester,  in  1682,  where 
he  had  practised  with  great  reputation.  He 
wrote  several  books  chiefly  on  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  Ireland,  &c.  1680,  in  folio. 

Borlase,  William,  L.  L.  D.  was  born  at 
Pendeen  in  Cornwall,  second  of  February, 
1696,  and  educated  at  Penzance  and  Ply- 
mouth, from  whence  he  removed  to  Exeter 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degrees. 
He  was  made  rector  of  his  native  parish,  St. 
Just  in  Pendeen,  by  lord  King  in  1732,  and 
from  that  circumstance,  his  genius  was  now 
directed  with  all  the  judgment  of  a  man  of 
science,  to  investigate  the  curiosities,  the  mi- 
neral and  metallic  fossils  which  surrounded 
him.  He  published  the  antiquities  of  Cornwall 
in  fol.— observations  on  the  Scilly  islands,  4to. 
— -and  the  natural  history  of  Cornwall,  folio, 
works  universally  and  deservedly  admired, 
besides  communications  to  the  philosophi- 
cal transactions.  He  enriched  likewise  the 
Ashmolean  museum  at  Oxford,  with  several 
curious  remains  of  antiquity,  for  which  he 
was  publicly  thanked  by  the  university  in 
1758,  and  he  beautified  the  grotto  of  Twic- 
kenham for  his  poetical  friend  Pope.  He  di- 
ed 31st  August,  1772,  aged  77,  leaving  two 
sons  out  of  six,  whom  he  had  by  a  lady  to 
whom  he  was  married  in  1724. 

Born,  Ignatius,  a  German  baron,  born  at 
Carlsburg.  He  resided  at  Prague,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  mineralogy  and  natural 
history.  Besides  some  valuable  treatises  on 
these  subjects,  he  wrote  a  satire  on  the 
monks,  in  which  he  classed  them,  after  the 
system  of  Linnaeus.     He  died  171)1,  aged  49. 

Bornier,  Philip  de,  a  lawyer  of  Mont- 
pellier,  author  of  two  learned  works  on  the 
laws  of  the  kingdom.  He  died  1711,  aged  77. 

Borrel,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  well  ver- 
sed in  geometry.  He  died  at  Cenar,  1572, 
aged  80,  author  of  a  4to.  volume  on  geome- 
try, now  little  read. 

Boeri,  Joseph  Francis,  a  native  of  Mi- 
lan, who  distinguished  himself  by  his  extra- 
vagant pretensions  as  a  chemist,  a  heretic, 
and  a  quack.  After  playing  for  some  time 
the  prophet  at  Rome,  he  returned  to  Milan, 
where  he  attached  to  himself  great  multi- 
tudes, from  whose  credulity  he  exacted  an 
oath  of  secrecy,  while  the  riches  of  indivi- 
duals were  permitted  to  flow  into  his  hands, 
with  the  expectation  that  the  kingdom  of 
God,  like  a  general  fold,  was  going  to  be 
established  on  earth.  His  schemes  were  so 
well  concerted  that  he  nearly  seized  the  so- 
vereign power  by  means  of  his  adherents, 
till  being  discovered,  he  secured  himself  by 
flight,  whilst  the  inquisition  passed  sentence 
of  condemnation  on  his  character,  and  pub- 
\  licly  burnt  his  effigy  and  his  writings  in  1660. 
From  Strasburg,  where  he  had  retired,  he 
came  to  Amsterdam,  and  there  for  some 
time  figured  as  a  character  of  superior  dig- 
nity and  uncommon  virtues.  He  was  respec- 
ted, and  courted  as  an  universal  phvsician, 
VOL.    I.  28 


till  a  revolution  in  his  fortune  drove  him 
away  from  the  country,  loaded  with  the  bor- 
rowed jewels  of  the  credulous  Hollanders 
At  Hamburgh  he  obtained  the  protection  of 
Christina  queen  of  Sweden,  by  pretending 
to  find  the  philosopher's  stone,  and  he  gain- 
ed the  same  confidence  at  Copenhagen  from 
the  king  of  Denmark.  Though  his  hypocrisy 
at  last  became  known  to  his  illustrious  pa- 
trons, he  gained  his  wishes  in  the  liberality 
of  their  rewards,  and  attempted  to  retire  to 
Hungary.  Being  however  accidentally  seized 
as  a  spy,  his  name  was  reported  to  the  em- 
peror of  Germany  in  the  presence  of  the 
popish  nuncio,  who  claimed  him  as  an  ex- 
communicated heretic.  The  emperor  con- 
sented, provided  his  life  was  spared,  and 
Borri  was  conveyed  to  Home,  and  condemn- 
ed to  perpetual  imprisonment,  which  was 
however  softened  by  the  interference  of  the 
duke  of  Estrees,  whom  he  cured  in  a  dange- 
rous illness.  He  died  at  the  castle  of  St. 
Angelo,  in  1695,  aged  70.  He  wrote  some 
books  on  alchymy,  kc.  now  little  read. 

Borrichius,  Olaus,  a  native  of  Den- 
mark, educated  at  the  university  of  Copen- 
hagen, of  which  he  became  a  learned  pro- 
fessor in  poetry,  chemistry,  and  botany. 
After  practising  with  great  reputation  as  a 
physician,  and  refusing  the  rectorship  of  the 
famous  school  of  Heslow,  he  began  to  travel, 
and  like  a  man  of  erudition  and  sound  sense, 
he  visited  Holland,  England;  France,  Italy, 
and  Germany,  and  after  an  absense  of  six 
years  returned  to  his  native  country  in  1666. 
His  genius  procured  him  the  friendship  of 
the  literati  of  Europe,  and  the  rectitude  of 
his  principles  the  patronage  of  his  sovereign. 
He  was  dreadfully  afflicted  with  the  stor.r, 
and  after  being  unsuccessfully  cut  for  it,  he 
died  in  October  1690,  aged  64.  He  published 
several  tracts  in  Latin,  on  subjects  of  che- 
mistry, philosophy,  and  antiquities.  The 
best  known  of  which  are  de  Poetis  Grcscis  &. 
Latinis — antiqux  Romse  imago — de  usu  plan- 
tarum  indigenarum,  16S8 — de  somno  som- 
niferis,  &c. — Borrichius  de  vita  sua,  in  two 
vols. 

Borromeo,  Charles,  a  saint  of  the  Ro- 
mish church,  was  born  2d  October,  1538,  at 
the  chateau  d'Autone,  and  early  patronised 
by  his  maternal  uncle,  pope  Pius  IV.  who 
made  him  a  cardinal  and  archbishop  ol  Mi- 
lan, though  only  22  years  of  age.  These 
high  dignities  and  others  which  were  lavish- 
ed upon  him  were  due  to  his  merit  and  his 
virtues.  Barromeo  was  an  example  of  meek- 
ness and  piety,  he  reformed  the  abuses  of 
his  clergy,  gave  largely  relief  to  the  necessi- 
tous, and  provided  institutions  for  the  re- 
claiming of  profligate  and  debauched  wo- 
men. This  zeal  in  the  cause  of  humanity 
however  enraged  the  Humilies,  an  order 
which  he  attempted  to  reform;  and  one  of 
the  brethren,  Farina,  fired  a  gun  at  the 
worthy  prelate  while  in  prayer  with  his  do- 
mestics. The  shot  was  not  fatal,  and  the 
assassin  was  deservedly  punished.  During  a 
dreadful  pestilence  the  attentions  of  Borro- 
meo to  the  distressed  of  every  description 


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Ave  re  unusually  exemplary,  yet  ingratitude 
and  persecution  generally  await  the  good 
and  benevolent.  He  was  accused  by  the  go- 
vernor of  Milan,  before  Charles  V.  of  at- 
tempting innovations  in  the  ecclesiastical  in- 
stitutions of  the  city,  but  his  innocence  was 
too  plain  to  need  defence.  This  great  and 
good  man  died  3d  Nov.  1594,  aged  47,  and 
liis  name  was  canonized  by  Paul  V.  in  1710. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  doctrinal  and 
moral  subjects,  in  5  vols,  folio.  His  letters, 
in  31  vols,  are  preserved  in  MS.  at  Milan. 

Boiiromeo,  Frederick,  was  cousin  to  the 
preceding,  and  like  him  a  cardinal  and  arch- 
bishop of  Milan,  and  also  the  copy  of  his  ex- 
cellent character.  He  founded  the  Ambro- 
se an  library,  and  died  1632.  He  wrote  some 
theological  tracts. 

Bokromini,  Francis,  an  architect  of 
Bissone,  .who  acquired  much  reputation  at 
Home,  though  in  his  rivalship  with  le  Ber- 
nin,  he  deviated  from  that  simplicity  and 
those  received  rules  which  taste  and  judg- 
ment have  always  pronounced  the  basis  of 
the  beautiful. .  He  died  in  consequence  of  a 
wound  which  he  had  given  himself  in  a  fit  of 
madness,  1667. 

Boriosi,  Luciano,  a  native  of  Genoa, 
eminent  as  an  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
He  died  at  Milan  1645,  aged  55.  His  three 
sons,  John  Baptist,  Carlo,  and  Francis  Marie, 
wei-e  equally  great.  The  two  first  died 
3  uung,  and  the  last  showed  superior  genius 
in  the  representations  of  sea  pieces,  storms, 
&e.     He  died  at  Genoa  1079. 

Bos,  John  Baptist  du,  a  native  of  Beauvais, 
member  of  the  French  academy,  and  use- 
fully employed  under  Torcy  in  negotiations 
with  Germany,  Holland,  England,  and  Italy. 
He  received  a  pension  for  his  services,  and 
died  at  Paris,  23d  March,  1742,  aged  72. 
He  wrote  critical  reflections  on  poetry  and 
painting,  an  elegant  work,  in  3  vols.  12mo. 
— history  of  the  league  of  Cambray — history 
of  the  French  monarchy,  &c. 

Bos,  Lambert,  a  native  of  Workum,  Greek 
professor  at  Franeker,  where  he  died  6th 
January,  1717,  aged  47.  He  devoted  him- 
self wholly  to  literature,  and  published  the 
septuagint,  2  vols.  4to. — the  antiquities  of 
Greece — and  other  learned  works. 

Bos,  Charles  Francis  du,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Lucon,  who  died  there  3d  October,  1724 
He  was  a  man  of  great  piety  and  extensive 
erudition.  He  published  some  works  on 
theological  subjects,  besides  the  life  of  Baril- 
Ion  bishop  of  Lucon. 

Bos,  Jerome,  a  Flemish  painter,  whose 
devils,  spectres,  and  incantations,  though 
well  represented,  had  a  most  ghastly  and 
disagreeable  appeavence.  He  died  1500. 
/  Bos,  Lewis  Jansen,  a  Flemish  painter. 
Mot  only  his  leaves  and, flowers  were  beauti- 
ful, but  the  dew  was  represented  upon  them 
so  much  like  nature  as  to  deserve  universal 
approbation.     He  died  1507. 

Bosc,   James  du,   a  native  of   Normandy 
intimate  with  d'Ablancourt,    and   author  of 
riionnete  femme  h  la  ferame  heroique. 
Bosc,  Pierre  tin,  son.  of  an  advocate  of 


Rouen,  was  bom  at  Bayeux  21st  February*. 
1623.  He  was  made  protestant  minister  at 
Caen  at  the  age  of  23,  and  maintained  with 
spirit  and  success  the  doctrines  he  had  em- 
braced. When  Lewis  XIV.  published  some 
severe  proclamations  against  the  protes- 
tants,  Bosc  obtained  a  royal  audience,  and 
disarmed  the  rigor  of  the  catholics;  but  on 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he  re- 
tired to  HolViud,  where  he  became  minister 
of  the  church  of  Rotterdam,  till  his  death, 
second  January,  1692.  His  sermons,  in  four 
vols.  8vo.  are  masterly  proofs  of  his  genius 
and  oratorical  eloquence.  Two  other  vols, 
in  Svo.  consisting  of  several  detached  pieces 
were  also  printed  after  his  death. 

Boscager,  John,  a  native  of  Beziers,  the 
pupil  and  successor  of  his  uncle  la  Foret  as  a 
law  professor.  He  was  author  of  the  institute 
of  the  Roman  and  French  law,  4to.  and  of  p 
posthumous  work  de  justitia  &;  jure,  12mo. 
He  died  1684,  aged  83. 

Boscan,  John  oi  Barcelona,  by  his  resi- 
dence at  Venice,  introduced  the  Italian  rhyme 
into  the  poetry  of  his  country,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  elegance  of  his  diction 
and  the  majesty  of  his  lines.  He  wrote 
Medina,  4to.  published  1544,  and  Salamanca, 
Svo.  1547,  two  poems,  besides  some  admired 
sonnets,  and  died  1543. 

Boscawen,  Edward,  a  celebrated  admi- 
ral, second  son  of  Hugh  lord  Falmouth.  He 
was  born  in  Cornwall,  and  early  devoted  to 
the  sea  service.  In  1740  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  Shoreham,  and  distin- 
guished himself  at  Porto  Bello,  and  also  at 
Carthagena,  where  at  the  head  of  a  few  sea- 
men he  took  a  battery  though  annoyed  by  the 
most  tremendous  fire.  In  1744  he  obtained 
the  Dreadnought  of  60  guns,  and  took  the 
Media  commanded  by  Hocquart,  who  again 
fell  into  his  hands  at  the  battle  oft'  Cape  Fin- 
isterre,  under  Anson  three  years  after.  He 
was  sent,  in  1747,  as  commander  of  an  expe- 
dition to  the  East  Indies,  with  the  rank  of 
rear  admiral  of  the  blue,  and  though  he  was 
unsuccessful  in  his  blockade  of  Pondicherry, 
on  account  of  the  monsoons,  he  had  the  good 
fortune  to  take  Madras.  On  his  return, 
during  the  peace  which  followed,  he  was 
made  one  of  the  lords  of  the  admiralty,  and 
in  1755  he  was  sent  to  intercept  a  French 
squadron  in  North  America,  and  had  the 
singular  fortune  of  again  taking  prisoner  for 
the  third  time  Hocquart  in  one  of  the  two 
ships  which  surrendered  to  his  arms.  In 
1758,  he  was  joined  with  lord  Amherst,  and 
succeeded  in  the  capture  of  Cape  Breton, 
and  Louisburg.  In  1759  he  went  to  the  Me- 
diteranean,  and  upon  the  sailing  of  the  French 
fleet  through  the  straits  he  immediately 
left  Gibraltar  to  pursue  with  all  speed  the  ad- 
miral de  Clue,  and  took  three  of  his  ships  and 
burnt  two  in  Lagos  bay.  These  great  servi- 
ces were  acknowledged  by  the  gratitude  of 
the  parliament  and  the  applauses  of  the  na- 
tion, the  admiral  was  in  1760  made  general 
of  marine,  with  a  liberal  salary  of  3000/.  a 
year,  but  he  did  not  long  survive  these  hon- 
ors.   He  died  10th  Jan.  17C1.    He  married 


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t:i  1742,  the  daughter  of  William  Evelyn 
Glanville,  esq.  by  whom  he  had  three  sons  and 
two  daughters,  lie  was  for  some  time  repre- 
sentative for  the  borough  ot  Truro. 

Bosch,  Balthasar  Vanden,  a  painter  of 
Antwerp,  whose  conversation  pieces  and 
portraits  are  highly  admired.  He  died  1715, 
aged  40. 

Bosch,  Jacob,  a  painter  of  Amsterdam, 
whose  fruit  pieces  were  held  in  great  es- 
teem.    He  died  1675,  aged  39. 

Boscha.er.ts,  Thomas  Willebos,  a  Fle- 
mish painter  of  Berg,  born  in  1513.  He  was 
patronised  by  the  prince  of  Orange,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  allegory  and  coloring. 
He  died  166f,  aged  54. 

Boscoli,  Andrew,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
born  1553,  the  disciple  of  Sarti  di  Titi.  His 
execution  and  coloring  were  much  admired. 

Boscovich,  Joseph  Roger,  a  geometri- 
cian and  Jesuit,  born  at  Itagusa,  18th  May, 
171 1,  and  professor  of  mathematics  at  itome, 
Pavia,  and  Milan.  Upon  the  suppression  of 
the  Jesuits,  he  came  to  France,  and  after- 
wards retired  to  Milan,  where  he  died  12th 
Feb.  1787.  As  his  knowledge  of  optics,  geo- 
metry, and  metaphysics  was  very  extensive, 
he  was  usefully  employed  by  some  of  the 
Italian  states,  in  measuring  a  degree  in 
Lombardy,  and  he  deserved  likewise  the 
patronage  of  the  public  by  his  elegant  poe- 
try. His  works  are  on  mathematical  sub- 
jects. He  travelled  over  the  greatest  part 
of  Europe,  and  greatly  improved  the  theory 
of  achromatic  glasses.  His  poem  de  solis  fe 
ltinaj  defectibus  is  much  admired. 

Bosio,  James,  a  monk  of  Milan,  chiefly 
known  for  his  authentic  though  inelegant 
history  of  the  knights  of  Malta  in  three  vols, 
folio,  Rome,  1621,  29,  and  84. 

Bosio,  Anthony,  nephew  of  the  prece- 
ding, is  known  by  his  Italian  description  of 
the  tombs  and  epitaphs  of  the  early  Chris- 
tians at  Rome.  The  work  was  translated 
into  Latin  by  Aringhi,  and  is  valuable,  in  two 
vols.  fol.  1G51. 

Bo  son,  count  of  Aries,  was  made  king  of 
Provence  in  879. 

Bosquet,  Francis,  bishop  of  Montpel- 
liei-,  died  1670,  aged  71.  He  wrote  the  lives 
of  the  popes  of  Avignon,  and  the  history  of 
the  Gallican  church. 

Bosse,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Tours  dis- 
tinguished as  an  engraver  and  an  architect. 
He  published  some  useful  treatises  on  the 
art  of  engraving,  8vo. — on  perspective,  8vo. 
— representations  of  human  figures,  from 
the  antiques  of  Rome,  &c.  and  died  about 
the  year  1660. 

Bossu,  Rene  le,  was  born  at  Paris,  16th 
March,  1631,  and  after  studying  at  Nanter- 
re,  he  became  canon  of  St.  Genevieve.  He 
devoted  his  time  to  divinity,  and  particularly 
to  belles  lettres,  on  which  he  read  lectures  in 
several  religious  houses.  He  published  a 
comparison  between  Aristotle's  and  des 
Cartes'  philosophy,  and  a  treatise  on  epic 
poetry,  the  best  composition  ever  written  on 
the  subject  in  French,  according  to  Boileau 
his  friend  and  favorite.  He  left  several  MSS. 


preserved  in  the    abbey  of  St.    John  des 
Chartres,  and  died  March  1680. 

Bossuet,  James,  was  born  at  Dijon,  27th 
September  1627,  and  studied  in  the  college 
of  Navarre  at  Paris.  He  distinguised  him- 
self as  a  preacher  at  Paris,  and  his  great 
erudition  recommended  him  so  much,  that 
he  was  made  preceptor  to  the  Dauphin  in 
1669,  to  whom  he  dedicated  his  discourse  on 
universal  history,  in  1681.  His  merits  raised 
him  to  further  offices  of  honor  and  trust , 
he  became  bishop  of  Condom,  and  after- 
wards of  Meaux,  and  in  1695  he  was  made 
superior  of  the  college  which  had  contribu- 
ted to  the  education  of  his  early  years. 
His  writings  gained  universal  admiration. 
As  a  catholic  he  displayed  firmness  and  mo- 
deration, and  it  is  said  that  his  strong  appeals 
to  the  protestants,  in  his  doctrines  of  the  ca- 
tholic cburch,  drew  away  many  back  from 
the  new  tenets  to  the  pale  of  the  Romish 
church.  His  history  of  the  protestant 
churches — his  history  of  France,  &c.  are 
well  known,  but  his  funeral  orations,  de- 
livered in  honor  of  the  memory  of  the 
princes  and  great  men  of  the  time,  possess 
peculiar  sublimity.  After  a  life  spent  hono- 
rably in  the  defence  of  the  religion  which 
he  had  embraced,  he  died  at  Paris,  12th 
April,  1704,  and  was  buried  at  Meaux.  The 
learned  evinced  their  respect  for  this  great 
man's  memory,  by  the  encomiums,  which 
were  publicly  delivered  to  crowded  au- 
diences, as  tributes  of  gratitude,  at  Meaux, 
Paris,  and  Rome.  His  life  has  been  pub- 
lished by  Burigny.  His  works  appeared  at 
Paris  together,  12  vols.  4to.  174.3. 

Bossus,  Martin,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Verona,  and  employed  by  Sixtus  IV.  He 
died  at  Padua  1502,  aged  75.  He  wrote 
several  works  in  Latin  on  moral  subjects. 

Boston,  Thomas,  M.  A.  a  native  of 
Dunse  in  Scotland,  educated  at  Edinburgh, 
and  minister  of  Simprin  and  afterwards  of 
Etterick,  where  he  died  of  a  scorbutic  dis- 
order, 20th  May,  1732,  aged  3G.  He  wrote 
a  well  known  book,  "  Human  nature  in  its 
fourfold  state,"  besides  other  pieces,  &c. 

Boswei.l,  James,  eldest  son  of  Alexan- 
der Boswell,  lord  Auchinleck,  one  of  the 
Scotch  judges,  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  29th 
October,  1740.  He  studied  civil  law  in  the 
universities  of  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh,  and 
though  inclined  to  a  military  lite,  he  followed 
at  last  the  advice  of  his  father,  and  was  called 
to  the  Scotch  bar.  As  his  heart  was  warm, 
open,  and  generous,  he  cultivated  the  friend- 
ship of  men  of  worth  and  learning,  and 
among  those  whose  intimacy  he  courted 
were  lord  SomerviHe,  Mr.  Temple,  and 
particularly  Dr.  Johnson,  to  whom  he  was 
introduced,  May  16,  1763.  A  desire  of 
acquiring  knowledge  by  observation,  and  of 
studying  men  and  manners,  induced  him 
to  visit  foreign  countries,  and  after  crossing 
Germany  and  Switzerland,  and  paying  his 
respects  to  the  poet  of  Fcrney  and  to  the 
philosopher  of  Geneva,  he  left  Italy  to  ex- 
amine Corsica,  and  the  kindness  of  Paoli 
was  therefore   repaid   by  deserved   encotni- 


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urns  ill  the  history  which  he  published  of 
that  island  ;  a  volume  which  has  to  add  to 
the  commendation  of  Johnson  the  labors  of 
Dutch,  German,  Italian,  and  French  tran- 
slators. He  returned  to  Scotland  in  1766, 
and  three  years  after  he  was  at  the  famous 
jubilee  at  Stratford  on  Avon,  where  he  sup- 
ported at  a  masquerade  the  favorite  cha- 
racter of  an  armed  Corsican  chief.  As  his 
intimacy  with  Johnson  was  founded  upon  the 
basis  of  reciprocal  esteem,  it  is  a  happy  cir- 
cumstance that  he  began  early  to  collect  and 
digest  the  materials  for  the  life  of  this  ex- 
traordinary man,  and  therefore  the  publica- 
tion of  the  work  in  X790  was  received  with 
that  avidity  from  the  public  which  is  the 
best  tribute  to  the  memory  of  an  illustrious 
character,  as  well  as  to  the  judicious  execu- 
tion of  the  biographer.  Besides  Dr  John- 
son's life,  he  published  an  account  of  his  tour 
to  the  Hebrides  with  the  great  moralist — 
two  well  known  letters  to  the  people  of 
Scotland,  and  essence  of  the  Douglas  cause, 
when  it  so  much  engaged  the  public  atten- 
tion. Boewell  had  a  strong  predilection  for 
the  literary  enjoyments  of  London,  and  he 
not  only  visited  the  capital  frequently,  but 
at  last  settled  there  in  1785,  and  was  called 
regularly  to  the  English  bar.  He  did  not 
however  meet  with  great  success,  but  though 
he  did  not  possess  the  superior  powers  of 
eloquence,  he  was  distinguished  as  a  lawyer 
by  strong  sense  and  deep  penetration.  He 
was  suddenly  on  his  return  from  Auchinleck 
seized  with  a  disorder  which  proved  fatal. 
He  died  at  his  house  in  Portland-street,  19th 
June,  1795,  aged  55.  He  left  two  sons  and 
three  daughters,  by  Miss  Margaret  Mont- 
gomery, a  lady  of  amiable  manners,  to 
■whom  he  was  united  in  1769,  and  who  died 
June  1790.  Though  the  man  of  wit,  the 
pleasing  and  lively  companion,  Boswell  was 
subject  to  moments  of  constitutional  melan- 
choly, and  it  was  during  those  depressions 
of  spirit  that  he  wrote  his  hypochondriac, 
a  periodical  publication,  in  1782.  His  cha- 
racter is  painted  in  flattering  colors  by  John- 
son, who  says,  in  bis  tour  to  the  Hebrides, 
that  "  Boswell  would  help  his  inquiries,  and 
that  his  gaiety  of  disposition  and  civility  of 
manners  were  sufficient  to  counterbalance 
the  inconveniences  of  travel,  in  countries 
less  hospitable  than  he  had  passed." 

Botal,  Leonard,  physician  to  Henry 
III.  of  France,  recommended  frequent  bleed- 
ing in  fevers,  which  other  medical  men  se- 
verely condemned.  His  works  appeared 
Ley  den  1660,  8vo. 

Botero,  John,  secretary  of  Borromeo, 
was  preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Savoy's  chil- 
dren. He  died  1688.  He  wrote  some  poli- 
tical tracts,  &c. 

Both,  John  and  Andrew,  two  Flemish 
painters.  They  were  so  fond  of  each  other, 
that  their  pictures  were  generally  executed 
in  common.  John,  who  was  the  disciple  of 
Abraham  Bloemart,  imitated  Claude  Lor- 
raine, and  his  brother  copied  the  manner  of 
Bambocbe.  John  Avas  drowned  1650,  in  the 
osteal  of  Venice,  and  the  other  died  at 
Utrecht  1656. 


Bothlan,  a  Christian  physician  of  Bag- 
dat,  who  visited  Egypt  in  1047,  to  be  ac- 
quainted with  his  rival  in  medicine,  called  Ibn. 
Rodhwan.  He  afterwards  went  to  Constan- 
tinople for  one  year,  and  died  unmarried. 
He  wrote  some  medical  tracts,  &c.  Some 
say  that  he  did  not  embrace  Christianity. 

BoTiiwell,  James  Hepburn  earl,  is 
known  in  Scotch  history  for  his  marriage 
with  queen  Mary.  It  is  supposed  by  some 
historians  that  he  was  deeply  concerned  in 
the  murder  of  the  unfortunate  Darnley, 
Mary's  husband,  and  that  he  was  even  sup- 
ported by  the  deluded  queen  ;  but  though 
suspected,  his  innocence  was  inferred  from 
his  acquittal  upon  the  trial.  If  the  death  of 
Darnley  did  not  seem  to  pave  the  way  to  his 
elevation,  he  made  himself  sure,  by  seizing 
the  queen  at  Edinburgh,  and  carrying  her  a 
prisoner  to  Dunbar  castle,  where  he  pre- 
vailed upon  her  by  violence  to  yield  to  his 
wishes  and  to  marry  him,  alter  he  had  di- 
vorced his  own  wife.  Though  seemingly 
thus  secure  in  the  possession  of  power,  and 
though  created  earl  of  Orkney  by  the  unfor- 
tunate queen,  he  soon  found  that  his  con- 
duct had  roused  the  indignation  of  the  king- 
dom. Mary  found  not  in  him  that  fond  hus- 
band she  expected,  and  Bot'.iwell  became 
unkind  and  brutal.  A  confederacy  was 
formed  against  him  by  the  barons,  the  queen 
was  liberated  from  his  power,  and  the  dis- 
graced husband  escaped  to  the  Orkneys,  and 
afterwards  to  Denmark,  where  he  died 
1577.  In  his  last  moments,  it  is  said,  that 
with  an  agonizing  conscience,  he  confessed 
his  own  guilt  and  the  queen's  innocence  of 
the  murder  of  Darnley. 

Boticelli,  Alexander,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, who  died  1515,  aged  78.  His  Venus 
rising  from  the  sea,  and  his  Venus  adorned 
by  the  Graces  were  much  admired. 

Bott,  John  de,  an  architect  born  in 
France,  of  protestant  parents.  He  was  in 
the  military  service  of  king  William  III.  and 
afterwards  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  of  the 
elector  of  Saxony,  king  of  Poland.  The  ar- 
senal of  Berlin,  the  fortifications  of  VVesel, 
and  several  public  edifices  at  Dresden,  are 
monuments  of  bis  architectural  genius.  He 
died  at  Dresden,  1745,  aged  75. 

Bott,  Thomas,  was  born  at  Derby  1688, 
of  a  respectable  family  in  Staffordshire.  He 
was  the  youngest  of  six  children,  and  the  at- 
tention of  his  mother  fully  supplied  the  neg- 
ligence of  his  father,  who  bad  wasted  away 
his  property  in  gaining.  He  was  brought 
up  among  dissenters,  and  v.  as  minister  of  a 
congregation  ;  but  he  afterwards  applied 
himself  to  the  Study  of  physic,  which  he 
however  abandoned  for  the  church  of  Eng- 
land. He  obtained  Winburgh  and  Edgefield 
rectories  in  Norfolk,  and  died  at  Norwich 
'23d  September  1754.  He  wrote  some  theo- 
logical tracts  besides  sermons.  His  son  Ed- 
mund of  Christ  Church  hi  Hants,  has  pub- 
lished some  cases  with  respect  to  the  poor 
laws. 

Bovadilla  or  BoBADiLLA,Don  Fran- 
ciso  de,  u  Spaniard,  raised  from  obscurity  to 


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he  governor  general  of  the  Indies  in  1500. 
His  conduct  in  his  office  was  haughty  and 
tyrannical,  but  when  he  had  the  presump- 
tion to  load  with  irons,  and  to  send  as  pris- 
oners to  Europe,  Diego  Columbus,  and  his 
illustrious  brother,  to  whose  zeal  the  disco- 
very of  America  was  due,  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  repented  of  ttieir  choice.  The  no- 
ble sufferers  were  treated  with  distinction, 
Ovando  was  sent  to  supersede  Bovadilla, 
who,  however,  never  readied  his  native 
home,  as  the  fleet  of  twenty-one  ships  on 
on  board  of  which  he  was,  were  shipwreck- 
ed, and  with  an  immense  quantity  of  gold 
sunk  to  the  bottom,  1502. 

Bouchard,  David,  a  famous  chieftain,  in 
-the  service  of  Henry  IV.  of  France.  He 
was  governor  of  Perigord,  and  was  killed  by 
a  shot  at  the  siege  of  Lisle,  a  small  town  in 
his  province,  9th  July  1598. 

Bouchardon,  Edmund,  a  native  of 
Chaumont  in  Bassigni,  who  devoted  himself 
to  the  study  of  sculpture,  and  after  he  had 
perfected  himself  at  Rome,  adorned  Paris 
with  various  monuments  of  his  genius.  He 
was  highly  honored  by  the  king  and  by  the 
academy,  and  his  amiable  manners  and  his 
exalted  and  independent  spirit  deserved 
the  distinction.  Count  de  Caylus  wrote  his 
life.     He  died  1672,  aged  64. 

Bouchaud,  Matthew  Anthony,  a  native 
of  Paris.  From  advocate  of  the  parliament, 
he  became  professor  of  the  law  of  nature  in 
the  university,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
his  publications.  Besides  various  articles  in 
the  encyclopaedia,  he  wrote  a  commentary 
on  the  laws  of  the  12  tables  with  interest- 
ing notes,  Sec. — poetical  antiquities — trans- 
lations of  Juliet  Mandeville  an  English  novel 
— the  dramas  of  Apostolo,  Zeno,  Sec.  He 
died  1804,  aged  85. 

Bouche,  Honorius,  an  ecclesiastic,  au- 
thor of  an  ill  digested  though  useful  descrip- 
tion and  history  of  Provence.  He  died  1G71, 
aged  73. 

Boucher  d'Argis,  Antoine  Gaspard, 
born  1708,  was  an  advocate  of  Paris,  coun- 
sellor of  the  council  of  Dombes,  and  author 
of  some  respectable  publications  on  law  sub- 
jects. He  wrote  all  the  articles  on  jurispru- 
dence in  the  encyclopedia  from  the  second 
volume. 

Boucher,  Francis,  was  painter  to  Lewis 
XV.  and  from  his  excellence  in  the  light  and 
agreeable,  he  was  called  the  painter  of  the 
graces,  and  the  Anacreon  of  painting.  He 
died  1770.  His  infant  Jesus  sleeping  is  much 
admired. 

Boucher,  John,  a  seditious  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne  during  the  French  civil  wars.  He 
severely  inveighed  in  his  sermons  and  wri- 
tings against  Henry  III.  and  afterwards 
against  Henry  IV.  and  when  Paris  submitted 
to  the  conqueror  he  retired  into  the  Nether- 
lands, where  he  died  dean  of  the  chapter  of 
Tournay,  1644,  aged  94. 

Boucherat,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Paris, 
who  raised  himself  by  his  talents  and  integ- 
rity to  be  chancellor  of  France.  He  died 
much  respected,  1699,  aged  83. 


Bouchet,  John,  was  born  at  Poitiers,  of 
which  he  was  procureur.  He  wrote  curious 
annals  of  Aqnitaine,  Poitiers,  &c.  besides 
some  moral  poetry.  He  died  1550,  aged  74. 
Bouchet,  John,  a  mailre  d'hotel  to  the 
king  of  France,  who  wrote  the  genealogies 
of  several  noble  families.     He  died  1684. 

Bouchet,  Guillaume,  a  judge,  consul  of 
Poitiers,  author  of  "  Serees,"  in  three  vols, 
a  work  full  of  anecdotes,  both  humorous  and 
indelicate.    He  died  about  1607. 

Boucheul,  John  Joseph,  an  advocate  of 
Dorat,  author  of  some  commentaries  on  law, 
Sec.    He  died  1720. 

Bouchier,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, is  known  as  the  first  person  who 
encouraged  printing  in  England.  He  sent 
two  persons  to  Haerlem,  where  the  art  was 
then  beginning  to  florish,  and  they  were  art- 
ful enough  to  bribe  one  of  the  compositors 
of  the  press  to  embark  with  them,  and  to 
bring  with  him  a  set  of  letters.  This  useful 
foreigner  was  settled  at  Oxford,  1464,  and 
thus  that  university  may  claim  the  honor  of 
printing  next  to  Mentz  and  Haerlem.  Bou- 
chier has  been  accused  of  avarice,  but  it 
should  not  be  forgotten  that  the  persons  he 
sent  to  Holland  were  provided  with  a  thou- 
sand marks,  300  of  which  were  his  own.  He 
died  1486. 

Boucicaut,  marechal  Je  France,  and 
viscount  Turenne,  surnametl  John  de  Mein- 
gue,  was  eminent  as  a  warrior,  and  went 
with  Nevers  against  Bajazer,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Nicopolis.  He 
was  for  some  time  governor  of  Genoa  for 
Charles  VI.  of  France,  but  while  he  seized. 
Milan,  all  the  French  were  massacred  at 
Genoa,  and  he  himself  was  defeated,  and 
escaped  with  difficulty  across  the  Alps.  He 
afterwards  distinguished  himself  against  the 
Turks  and  Venetians.  He  was  taken  pris- 
oner at  the  battle  of  Agincourt,  and  died  iu 
England  1421.  He  was  fond  of  music,  and 
some  of  his  ballads  are  still  preserved  as  pos- 
sessing merit. 

Boude wins,  Michael,  a  learned  physi- 
cian of  Antwerp,  author  of  a  publication 
called  Ventilabrum  medico  theolog.  in  4to. 
1666,  useful  to  divines  and  medical  persons. 
He  died  in  his  native  town  of  Antwerp 
1681. 

Boudier,  Rene,  a  native  of  Trelly  near 
Coutances,  was  remarkable  for  his  great 
mental  accomplishments,  and  the  voluptu- 
ousness of  his  manners.  He  wrote  a  Roman 
history,  &c.  He  died  November  1733,  aged 
nearly  90. 

Boudon,  Henry  Marie,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Evreux,  who  wrote  several  books  of  devo- 
tion, &c.     He  died  1702,  aged  78. 

Bo u dot,  John,  a  learned  and  intelligent 
bookseller  and  printer  at  Paris,  author  of  a 
valuable  latin  dictionary  in  14  vols.  4to  which 
has  been  usefully  abridged  in  8vo.  He  died 
1754,  aged  69. 

Boverick,   an    English  clock-maker  in 
the  17th  century,  known  for  his  ingenuity  in 
mechanics. 
Boveiuus,  Zacharius,  a  Capuchin  know*! 


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as  the  author  of  a  Latin  history  of  his  order 
in  two  vols,  folio.  He  died  at  Genoa  1638, 
aged  70. 

Bovette  de  Blemur,  Jacqueline,  em- 
braced early  a  religious  life,  and  died  at  Cha- 
tillon  169G,  aged  78.  She  wrote  some  theo- 
logical works  not  devoid  of  merit. 

Bovey,  Catharine,  married,  at  the  age  of 
15,  William  Bovey,  a  gentleman  of  opulence 
and  respectability  in  Glocrstershire.  To  the 
greatest  personal  charms  she  united  the 
most  benevolent  character,  and  all  the  mild 
virtues  and  benign  charities  of  private  life, 
so  that  she  is  deservedly  extolled  by  sir  Rich- 
ard Steele  in  his  dedication  of  the  two  vols, 
of  his  ladies'  library.  She  was  left  a  widow 
early,  and  died  at  llaxley,  in  Glocestershire, 
1726,  aged  57.  Her  maiden  name  was 
Riches. 

Bouflere,  Louis  Francois  due  de,  was 
born  10th  Jan.  1644.  He  was  blessed  with  a 
strong  military  genius,  and  early  distinguish- 
ed himself.  His  defence  of  Lisle  in  1708,  for 
nearly  four  months  against  prince  Eugene, 
gained  him  universal  praise.  "  I  am  vain," 
said  Eugene,  when  master  of  the  place,  to 
Boullers,  "  to  have  conquered  Lisle  ;  but  1 
had  rather  enjoy  the  glory  of  defending  it 
like  you."  He  was  loaded  with  honors  by 
the  court,  and  made  a  peer  of  France.  He 
served  under  marechal  de  Villars,  and  at  the 
battle  of  Malphquet,  in  1709,  he  displayed 
so  much  vigilance,  that  neither  cannon  nor 
prisoners  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  conque- 
rors. In  his  private  character  he  was  gen- 
erous and  disinterested,  humane  and  virtu- 
ous, and  so  superior  a  general,  that  William 
III.  detaining  him  prisoner  at  Namur  for 
reprisals  on  the  French,  who  had  dishonora- 
bly kept  back  the  garrison  of  Dixmude,  de- 
clared that  he  was  worth  more  than  10,000 
men.  He  died  at  Fontainbleau  22d  Aug. 
1711,  aged  68. 

Bouflers, Louis  de,  a  native  of  Pieardy, 
born  1534,  known  for  his  extraordinary 
strength  and  agility,  in  which  he  equalled 
the  famous  Milo  of  Crotona.  He  was  killed 
at  the  siege  of  Pont-sur  yone. 

Bougainville,  John  Peter  de,  was 
born  at  Paris  1st  Dec.  1722.  His  great 
learning  and  uncommon  application  procu- 
red him  many  friends,  and  a  respectable 
situation  in  the  literary  societies  of  the  ca- 
pital. His  ambition,  however,  was  disap- 
pointed in  his  wish  to  be  admitted  into  the 
French  academy.  He  urged  the  precarious 
state  of  his  health,  and  the  probability  of  an 
early  vacancy;  but  Duclos  the  secretary 
with  great  harshness  observed,  that  it  was 
not  the  business  of  the  academy  to  adminis- 
ter extreme  unction.  As  his  constitution 
was  greatly  weakened  by  intense  study,  be 
died  at  the  early  age  of  41,  June  22d  1763. 
He  wrote  a  parellel  between  Thomas  Kouli 
Khan  and  Alexander, — a  translation  of  Po- 
lignac's  x\nti-Lucretius,  two  vols.  8vo.  &c. 

Bougainville,  M.  D.  F.  a  Frenchman, 
•whose  discoveries  in  his  navigation  round  the 
world,  procured  as  much  glory  to  his  nation, 
as  Cook  had  before  acquired  for  the  English 


name.  Neither  his  virtues  nor  his  services 
shielded  him  against  the  ferocity  of  a  Paris 
mob,  and  he  was  one  of  the  thousands  inhu- 
manly sacrificed  on  the  10th  of  August  1792. 

Bougeant,  Guillaume  Hyacinth,  a  Je- 
suit, born  at  Quimper,  4th  Nov.  1690.  He 
was  professor  of  humanities  at  Caen,  Ne- 
vers  and  Paris,  but  for  a  little  time  fell  un- 
der disgrace  by  the  publication  of  his  amuse- 
ment philosophique,  in  which  he  supposes 
that  brutes  are  animated  by  demons.  He 
was  a  man  of  engaging  manners,  great  wit, 
and  pleasing  conversation ;  but  the  disap- 
pointments which  he  endured  shortened  his 
life.  He  died  at  Paris,  7th  Jan.  1 743,  aged 
53.  His  publications  are  respectable,  espe- 
cially his  history  of  the  wars,  etc.  during 
Richelieu's  and  Mazarin's  administration, — 
the  history  of  the  treaty  of  Westphalia, — 
the  exposition  of  the  Christian  doctrine,  &e. 

Bo u gere l,  Joseph,  an  ecclesiastic,  au- 
thor of  Gassendi,  and  of  memoires  pour 
Fhistoire  des  hommes  illustres,  &c.  He  di- 
ed at  Paris  1753. 

Bougouine,  Simon,  a  poet  at  the  court 
of  Lewis  XII.  author  of  "  1'homme  juste," 
and  "  1'homme  pecheur,"  inc. 

Bouguer,  Peter,  was  born  at  Croisie 
10th  Feb  1698.  He  early  distinguished 
himself  by  his  knowledge  of  mathematics. 
He  was  employed  with  Godin  and  de  la  Con- 
damine  to  go  to  Peru,  the  better  to  ascertain 
the  figure  of  the  earth,  and  he  acquitted 
himself  with  credit  and  ability ;  but  his 
quarrel  with  his  associates  lessened  his  fame, 
and  drew  upon  him  the  character  of  a  rough, 
ferocious,  and  unforgiving  man.  He  died 
15th  August  1758,  aged  60.  His  publications 
arerespectable,  especially  la  construction  du 
navire,  4to. — la  figure  de  la  terre,  4to. — 
traite  de'optique,  4to. — la  manceuvre  des 
vaisseux,  4to. 

Bohieu,  John,  president  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Dijon,  was  eminent  as  a  lawyer  and 
as  a  scholar.  He  was  member  of  the  French 
academy,  and  wrote  poetry,  translated  Pe- 
tronius  and  some  parts  of  Virgil  and  Ovid, 
besides  the  Tusculana  of  Cicero,  disserta- 
tions, kc.  He  died  much  respected  at  Di- 
jon 1746,  aged  73. 

Bouhours,  Dominique,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Paris  1628,  and  celebrated  as  a  critic.  He 
first  gave  lectures  at  Clermont,  but  violent 
attacks  of  the  headach  prevented  his  suc- 
cess, and  lie  became  preceptor  to  the  sons  of 
the  duke  of  Longueville.  He  afterwards  at- 
tended at  Dunkirk  the  popish  refugees  from 
England,  and  became  known  by  his  "  en- 
tretiens  d'  Ariste  &  d'Eugene,"  an  elegant 
and  learned  work,  which  was  read  with  avid- 
ity, and  criticised  by  the  learned  in  every 
part  of  Europe.  This  performance  so  pleas- 
ed Colbert,  that  he  made  him  tutor  to  his 
son,  the  marquis  of  Sequelai.  His  literary 
fame  was  not,  however,  without  attacks,  and 
Menage  has  levelled  against  him  the  well  di- 
rected shafts  of  criticism.  His  remarks  and 
doubts  on  the  French  language  are  particu- 
larly worth  attention.  He  wrote,  besides 
dialogues  on  the  art  of  thinking  well — the 


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jife  of  Francis  Xavier,  the  apostle  of  India — 
the  life  of  Ignatius — ingenious  thoughts  of 
ancients  and  moderns,  &c.  Bouhours  closed 
his  useful  life,  which  never  ceased  to  he  af- 
flicted with  the  headach,  at  Clermont  27th 
May  1702. 

Bouillard,  Don  James,  a  learned  Be- 
nedictine, author  of  an  history  of  St.  Ger- 
main-des-pres,  in  fol.  He  died  1726,  aged 
57. 

Bouillaud,  Ismael,  was  born  at  Lon- 
don, 28th  Sept.  1605.  Though  born  of  pro- 
testant  parents,  he  embraced  the  popish 
faith,  and  soon  became  eminent  in  theology 
and  every  branch  of  science.  His  connec- 
tions with  the  learned  were  very  extensive  ; 
but,  in  the  midst  of  his  great  reputation,  he 
showed  himself  modest  and  diffident.  He 
died  25th  November,  1694.  He  published  a 
discourse  on  the  reformation  of  some  reli- 
gious orders — an  edition  of  Ducas,  in  Greek 
and  Latin,  1649,  fol.— opus  novum  ad  arith- 
meticum  infinitorum,  1682,  fol. 

Bouille,  M.  Ie  marquis  de,  a  French 
general  of  great  character,  descended  from 
a  noble  and  ancient  family.  During  the 
American  war,  he  served  with  credit  in 
the  West-Indies,  and  was  appointed  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  French  islands,  and 
for  his  services  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-general,  and  of  knight  of  the 
Holy  Ghost.  He  opposed  the  rise  of  the 
revolution,  and  particularly  the  plans  of 
Necker,  and,  as  a  friend  of  the  king  and 
monarchy,  he  repressed,  witli  spirit  and  ef- 
fect, the  insurrection  of  the  garrison  of 
Metz,  of  which  he  was  governor,  in  August 
1790;  but  though  applauded  by  the  assem- 
bly for  his  active  conduct,  he  was  accused  by 
the  jacobins  as  a  shedder  of  blood  ;  and  the 
odium  thus  directed  against  him  was  farther 
increased  upon  the  flight  of  the  king  to  Va- 
rennes.  Bouille,  who  failed  in  his  attempts 
to  liberate  his  master,  boldly  defended  the 
measures  which  he  had  taken,  and  was  in 
consequence  pronounced  an  enemy  to  his 
country,  his  property  was  confiscated,  and 
a  price  fixed  on  his  head.  An  exile  from 
France,  he  entered  the  Swedish  army  in 
1791,  but  soon  after  enlisted  under  the  ban- 
ners of  Conde,  and  shared  the  dangers  and 
the  fatigues  of  the  heroic,  but  unfortunate 
emigrants.  His  memoirs  of  the  revolution 
appeared  in  1797,  and  excited  great  interest 
by  their  impartiality.  He  died  in  London, 
14th  November,  1800. 

Bouili.et,  John,  a  physician,  who  was 
born  at  Servian  6th  March  1690,  and  died 
13th  August  1777.  Respected  as  a  profes- 
sional man,  he  was  equally  so  as  the  author 
uf  elemens  de  medicine  pratique,  2  vols.  4to. 
— obserfations  sur  l'anasarque  &  les  hydro- 
pisies,  4to. — memoirs  pour  servir  a  I'histoire 
«le  1'academie  des  sciences  de  Beziers,  4to. 

Bouillon',  Emanuel  Theodosius,  an  ec- 
clesiastic, raised  to  the  rank  cif  cardinal  by 
the  interest  of  his  uncle  Turenne.  He  ser- 
ved Lewis  XIV.  as  his  ambassador  at  Rome  ; 
but  he  was  disgraced  and  exiled,  on  pre- 
tence of  not  supporting  his  master's  interest 


with  sufficient  energy.  He  died  at  Rome  2*1 
March  1715,  aged  72. 

Boulai,  CresarEgassedu,  a  native  of  St. 
Ellicr,  in  the  Lower  Maine,  historiographer 
to  the  university  of  Paris,  and  known  by  his 
"  history  of  the  university  of  Paris,  6  vols, 
folio."     He  died  16th  October,  167S. 

Boulainvilliers,  Henry  de,  a  native 
of  St.  Saise,  early  distinguished  for  his  great 
talents  and  extensive  knowledge  of  history. 
He  wrote  an  history  of  the  Arabians — 14 
letters  on  the  ancient  French  parliaments — 
the  state  of  France  to  the  time  of  Hugh 
Capet — a  history  of  France  to  the  reign  of 
Charles  VIII.  fce.  He  died  at  Paris  in 
1722  ;  and  after  his  death  his  unfinished  life 
of  Mahomet  was  published  ;  a  work  which 
shows  his  notions  of  religion  to  be  wavering 
and  indelicate,  since  he  defends  the  impos- 
tures which  it  was  his  duty  merely  to  re- 
cord. 

Boulanger,  Nicholas  Anthony,  a  na- 
tive of  Paris,  who,  by  strong  application, 
overcame  the  difficulties  of  a  natural  stupidi- 
ty, and  became  eminent  as  a  mathematician 
and  architect.  He  was  engineer  in  the 
army  ;  and  being  afterwards  employed  in  the 
care  of  the  highways  of  Champagne,  Bur- 
gundy, and  Lorrain,  he  observed,  with  a 
curious  and  inquisitive  eye,  the  various 
strata  of  the  earth,  in  cutting  through  moun- 
tains to  alter  or  improve  the  direction  of 
rivers  and  canals.  His  conjectures  on  the 
formation  of  the  globe  were  curious  and  in- 
teresting. He  sought  for  new  light  in  an- 
cient languages  ;  but  death  cut  off  his  useful 
career  in  1759,  in  his  37th  year.  He  was  of 
a  mild  and  benevolent  temper,  and  resem- 
bled in  features  the  famous  Socrates.  His 
works  are  l'antiquite  devoilee,  3  vols.  12mo. 
traite  du  despotisme  oriental,  2  vols.  kc. 
besides  the  articles,  "  deluge,  corvee  &  so- 
ciete,"  in  the  encyclopedia,  and  a  disserta- 
tion on  Elis'na  and  Enoch,  ike.  It  is  to  be 
lamented  that  his  sentiments  were  wantonly 
hostile  to  the  Christian  religion. 

Boulaxgek,  a  famous  Augustine  prea- 
cher, better  known  by  the  name  of  petit 
perc  Andre.  He  died  at  Paris  1675,  aged  80. 

Boulanger  or  Boui.leger,  Claude 
Francois  Felix,  a  native  of  Amiens,  who 
was  for  some  time  an  advocate  at  Paris,  but 
he  became  better  known  as  a  man  of  exten- 
sive erudition  and  great  powers  of  memory. 
He  wrote  treatises  on  electricity,  Svo. — 
historical  and  critical  researches  on  ancient 
plays,  12mo. — besides  fables  in  verse,  in- 
ferior to  la  Fontaine.  He  died  1758,  aged 
34. 

Boulay,  Edmund  du,  a  herald  at  arms 
to  the  duke  of  Lorrain  in  the  middle  of  the 
16th  century.  He  wrote,  besides  the  jour- 
ney of  duke  Anthony  to  Charles  V.  some 
books  in  verse  ami  prose,  now  little  known. 

Boulleger.  Vid.   Boulanger. 

Boullenois,  Louis,  an  advocate  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  author  of  some 
valuable  dissertations  on  law,  Jsc.  He  died 
at  Paris  1762,  aged  84. 

Boullier,  David  Renaud,  was  born  at 


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Utrecht,  24th  March,  1699,  and  was  minister 
of  Amsterdam  and  Leyden.  He  was  re- 
spectable for  his  Avritings,  which  are  in 
French  and  Latin,  chiefly  on  theological  sub- 
jects, the  best  known  of  which  are,  a  disser- 
tation on  the  existence  of  God,  1716 — letters 
on  the  true  principles  of  religion,  2  vols. 
12mo.  1741 — bishop  Berkeley's  book  on  tar- 
water  translated,  ike.  Me  died  December 
24,  1759. 

Bo  ullongne,  Louis,  a  French  painter  of 
great  merit.  His  picture  of  Augustus  shut- 
ting the  temple  of  Janus,  his  flight  into 
Egypt,  and  several  other  pieces,  preserved 
in  the  churches  of  Paris,  are  valuable  monu- 
ments of  his  genius.  He  died  at  Paris  1674. 
Boullongne,  Bon,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  educated  at  Home  and  Lombar- 
dy,  and  possessed,  with  his  father's  talents, 
a  greater  versatility  of  genius,  whence  he 
was  called  the  Proteus  of  painters.  He  died 
1097,  aged  43.  His  younger  brother  Lewis 
was  equally  eminent  as  a  painter.  He  was 
patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.  and  gained  univer- 
sal admiration.  He  died  1733,  aged  79, 
leaving  two  sons  and  two  daughters. 
/  Boulter,  Hugh,  D.  D.  was  born  in  or 
near  London,  and  educated  at  Merchant 
taylors'  school,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
He  was  chosen  demy  of  Magdalen  with  Ad- 
dison and  Wilcox  ;  which  circumstance, 
from  the  respectability  of  the  three  students, 
is  culled  the  golden  election.  His  merit  and 
his  learning  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
of  sir  Charles  Hodges,  secretary  of  state,  to 
Tenison,  the  primate,  and  to  the  earl  of 
Sunderland,  by  whose  patronage  he  was  libe- 
rally promoted,  and  made  chaplain  to  George 
I.  whom  he  attended  to  Hanover  in  1719,  and 
afterwards  English  tutor  to  prince  Frederick. 
He  was  raised  to  the  deanery  of  Christ  Church 
and  the  bishopric  of  Bristol  in  1719.  His 
moderation  and  firmness  were  so  conspicu- 
ous, that  when  the  primacy  of  Ireland  be- 
came vacant,  the  king  appointed  him  to  that 
high  station,  and  with  great  reluctance  he 
was  prevailed  upon  to  accept  of  the  situa- 
tion. Ireland  was  then  a  prey  to  faction  and 
clamor,  in  consequence  of  "Wood's  ruinous 
schemes  with  respect  to  the  coin ;  but  the 
primate's  efforts  were  strenuously  directed 
to  restore  tranquillity  and  comfort  to  the 
distracted  country.  Though  at  first  unpo- 
pular, his  plans  succeeded,  the  scarcity  of 
silver  was  remedied,  and  he  became  the  fa- 
vorite of  the  Irish.  His  munificence  to  the 
poor  was  indeed  unbounded,  during  the 
scarcity  of  1741.  Not  less  than  2500  souls 
were  daily  supported  at  his  expense,  hospi- 
tals were  nobly  endowed,  the  children  of  the 
indigent  clergy  were  educated  by  his  libe- 
rality, public  buildings  erected,  and  not  less 
than  30,000/.  were  devoted  to  improve  the 
small  livings  of  Ireland.  This  great  and  good 
man,  so  universally  and  deservedly  esteemed, 
visited,  in  June  1742,  his  native  country, 
and  died  in  London  the  September  follow- 
ing, and  was  interred  in  Westminster  abbey. 
Though  a  man  of  erudition,  he  left  nothing 
but  a  few  occasional  sermons;  but  his  bene- 


ficence and  charity  have  gained  him  immor- 
tal fame.  Some  of  his  letters  were  printed 
at  Oxford  in  1769,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Bouquerant,  a  negro  of  St.  Domingo, 
who  possessed  courage,  sagacity,  and  elo- 
quence, and  by  his  arts  raised  himself  to 
consequence  among  his  fellow  sufferers  in 
the  colony.  He  was  killed  November  1791, 
bravely  fighting  in  defence  of  liberty. 

Bouquet,  Don  Martin,  a  Benedictine  of 
St. '  Maur,  born  at  Amiens.  He  assisted 
Montfaucon,  and  made  an  useful  and  labori- 
ous collection  of  the  historians  of  France,  as 
far  as  the  3d  volume,  to  which  four  more 
were  added  after  his  death,  which  happened 
at  Paris  1754,  in  his  69th  year. 

Bouquet,  Madam,  is  celebrated  for  her 
humanity  during  the  revolution,  in  conceal- 
ing some  of  the  proscribed  deputies,  though 
death  was  the  consequence  of  this  mark  of 
friendship.  After  supporting  these  unfortu- 
nate men  for  some  time,  and  seeing  their 
escape  from  her  abode  but  to  perish  on  the 
scaffold,  she  was  herself  dragged  before  the 
bloody  tribunal  of  Bourdeaux,  and  suffered 
death  with  truly  Christian  resignation. 

Bourbon,  Charles  due  de,  son  of  Gilbert 
count  of  Montpensier,  constable  of  France, 
was  born  1489,  and  early  dist'oguished  him- 
self by  his  valor  in  the  field,  especially  in  the 
battle  of  Marignano.  After  serving  Francis 
I.  he  was  disgraced,  through  the  intrigues  of 
Louisa  the  queen-mother,  whose  offers  of 
marriage  he  had  contemptuously  rejected, 
and  he  immediately  espoused  the  cause  of 
his  great  rival  Charles  V.  and  by  his  intre- 
pidity highly  contributed  to  the  victory  of 
Pavia.  He  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
imperial  armies ;  but  the  murmurs  of  the 
soldiers  for  want  of  pay  would  have  proved 
destructive  to  his  interests,  had  he  not,  with 
bold  enthusiasm,  promised  them  riches  and 
victory,  and  immediately  led  them  against 
Rome.  The  attack  was  unexpected,  but  the 
valor  of  Bourbon  would  have  overcome  all 
obstacles.  He  placed  the  first  scaling  ladder 
against  the  wall,  and  as  he  was  mounting  at 
the  head  of  his  troops  he  received  a  shot, 
which  immediately  proved  fatal,  fith  May, 
1527.  His  victorious  soldiers  buried  him 
with  great  funeral  honors. 

Bourbon,  Charles  dc,  son  of  Charles 
duke  of  Vendome,  was  a  cardinal  and  arch- 
bishop of  Rouen.  He  was  raised  to  the 
throne  of  France  in  15S3,  on  the  death  of 
Henry  III.  and  after  enjoying  the  phantom 
of  royalty  for  a  little  time,  he  died  1590, 
aged  67. 

BouRBONCoNDEjLouisducdc,  a  French 
general,  who  gained  some  reputation  at  the 
battles  of  Steinkerque  and  Nerwinde,  and 
died  suddenly  at  Paris,  1710,  aged  42.  His 
son  Lewis  Henry  was  employed  during  the 
minority  of  Lewis  XV.  but  the  unpopularity 
of  the  measures  which  his  colleagues  in  office 
had  to  propose,  at  last  procured  his  exile,  in 
1726.    He  died  at  Chantilly,  1740,  aged  48. 

Bourbon,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Van- 
dreuves,  employed  in  the  education  of  Jeanne 
d' Albert,  mother  of  Henry  IV.  of  France. 


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He  retired  from  the  intrigues  of  the  court 
to  literary  ease,  and  wrote  eight  books  of 
epigrams,  which  he  called  Nugce,  besides  his 
poem  on  smiths  (ferraria),  of  which  profes- 
sion his  father  was.  He  died  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  16th  century.  His  great  nephew, 
■who  was  born  at  Bar-sur-aube,  and  bore  the 
same  name,  was  equally  known  and  admired 
as  a  Latin  poet.  He  was  Greek  professor  at 
Paris,  and  canon  of  Orleans  and  of  Angers. 
His  works  were  published  1651,  in  12mo. 
He  died  1644,  aged  70. 

Bourchenu  de  Valbonais,  John  Pe- 
ter, became  known  as  a  magistrate  in  his  na- 
tive town  of  Grenoble.  He  was  afflicted 
with  blindness  in  his  old  age ;  but  the  vast 
powers  of  a  retentive  memory,  and  the  so- 
ciety of  faithful  friends,  relieved  in  some  de- 
gree the  horrors  of  his  solitude.  He  wrote 
a  history  of  Dauphine,  2  vols.  fol.  8cc.  and 
died  1730. 

Bourchier,  John  lord  Berners,  was  by 
the  mother's  side  allied  to  the  Plantagenets. 
He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  tra- 
velled abroad,  and  became  known  by  his 
spirited  conduct  in  repressing  the  insur- 
gents in  Devonshire  and  Cornwall  1495.  He 
was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  for  life  un- 
der Henry  VIII.  and  made  governor  of 
Calais,  where  he  died  1532.  He  was  author 
of  treatises  on  the  duties  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Calais — ite  in  vineam  meam,  a  comedy, 
acted  in  Calais  great  church — besides  trans- 
lations of  romances  and  of  Froissart's  chro- 
nicle into  English,  &c. 

Bourdaloue,  Lewis,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Bourges,  August  1632,  deservedly  celebra- 
ted as  the  first  and  most  eloquent  preacher 
of  France.  His  powers  were  exhibited  be- 
fore the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  and  the  mo- 
narch so  strongly  felt  and  admired  the  effica- 
cy of  his  eloquence,  that,  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he  sent  him  to  preach 
the  catholic  doctrines  to  the  new  converts  of 
Languedoc.  He  died  13th  May,  1704,  aged 
72.  His  sermons  have  passed  through  several 
editions,  the  best  of  which  is  that  of  Breton- 
neau,  in  16  vols.  8vo. 

Bourdeilles,  Peter  de,  a  French  ab- 
bot and  courtier  in  the  service  of  Charles 
IX.  and  Henry  HI,  better  known  by  the 
name  of  Brantome.  The  best  edition  of  his 
memoirs  is  that  of  the  Hague,  in  15  vols. 
1741,  and,  though  irregular,  they  are  in- 
teresting, as  they  contain  the  private  histo- 
ry of  the  French  monarchs  of  his  age.  He 
died  5th  July,  1614,  aged  87. 

Bourdeilles,  Claude  de,  grand-ne- 
phew of  the  preceding,  was  in  the  service  of 
Gaston  of  Orleans  ;  but  he  retired  from  the 
intrigues  of  lords  and  courtiers  to  a  private 
station.  He  died  at  Paris  1663,  leaving  me- 
moirs known  under  the  name  of  Montresor, 
2  vols.  12mo. 

Bourdelot,  John,  a  native  of  Sens, 
master  of  the  requests  to  Mary  of  Medicis, 
and  better  known  as  an  able  and  learned 
critic,  and  the  editor  of  Lucian,  Petronius, 
and  Heliodorus,  with  notes  full  of  taste  and 
erudition.  He  wrote,  besides  an  universal 
VOL.    I.  29 


history;  commentaries  on  Juvenal,  &c.  and 
died  suddenly  at  Paris  1638.  His  sister's 
son,  who  changed  the  name  of  Peter  Michon 
to  that  of  Bourdelot,  became  known  as- a. 
physician  at  Paris,  as  the  friend  ofConde,  ot 
Christina  of  Sweden,  and  as  the  author  of  a 
sensible  treatise  on  the  viper,  12mo.  1651. 
He  wrote  also  a  treatise  on  mount  JEtna, 
&c.  besides  a  MS.  catalogue  of  medical 
books,  with  lives  of  authors,  and  critical  ob- 
servations on  their  works.  He  died  9th 
February  1685,  aged  76. 

Bourdigne,  Charles,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Angers,  author  of  the  amusing  poem  of 
"  la  legende  de  Pierre  Faifeu,"  in  49  chap- 
ters. He  died  about  the  middle  of  the  16th 
century. 

Bouedin,  Maurice,  auti-pope  in  1118, 
under  the  name  of  Gregory  VIII.  He  was 
taken  by  Calixtus  II.  his  more  successful 
rival,  and  died  in  prison  1121. 

Bourdon,  Ame,  a  native  of  Cambrai, 
who,  at  the  age  of  36,  began  to  study  physic, 
and  acquired  great  reputation  in  the  profes- 
sion. He  published  a  valuable  anatomical 
description  of  the  human  body,  12mo.  be- 
sides anatomical  lectures;  and  died  1706, 
aged  68. 

Bourdon,  Sebastian,  a  native  of  Mont- 
pellier,  eminent  as  a  painter.  He  studied 
seven  years  at  Rome,  and  acquired  great 
reputation  and  consequence  on  his  return  to 
France.  His  powers  of  execution  were  so 
strong,  that  he  once  laid  a  wager  that  he 
could  paint  twelve  heads  after  life,  and  as 
big  as  life,  in  one  day ;  and  he  won.  His 
best  pieces  are,  the  martyrdom  of  St.  Peter, 
in  the  church  of  Notre  Dame,  the  seven 
works  of  mercy,  &c.  Ashe  was  a  protes- 
tant,  he  left  France  for  the  protection  of 
Christina  queen  of  Sweden  ;  and  died  1662, 
aged  46. 

Bourdonnaye,  Bernard  Francis  Mahe 
de  la,  a  native  of  St.  Malo's,  distinguished  as 
a  warrior  and  negotiator.  He  was  made 
governor  of  the  isles  of  France  and  Bourbon  ; 
and,  with  an  enterprising  spirit,  in  the  war 
of  1741,  he  armed  a  small  squadron,  and  laid 
siege  to  the  English  settlement  of  Madras, 
which  he  took,  and  restored  to  the  conque- 
red for  a  ransom  of  about  9  millions.  His 
successes  created  him  enemies.  On  his  re- 
turn to  France,  he  was  accused  of  suffering 
himself  to  be  corrupted  by  the  enemy,  and 
sent  to  the  Bastille;  but  his  innocence  was 
revealed  before  his  judges,  and  in  the  eyes 
of  France.  This  persecuted  man  died  1754, 
in  consequence  of  the  severe  imprisonment 
to  which  he  had  been  exposed. 

Bourdot,  Charles  Anthony,  a  learned 
advocate  of  Paris,  author  of  the  "  coutumier 
general,"  4  fols.  folio.  He  died  December 
11,  1735,  aged  46. 

Bourg,  Ann  du,  a  learned  counsellor  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  was  cruelly  put  to 
death,  and  burnt,  by  the  influence  of  Henry 
II.  for  embracing  the  doctrines  of  Calvin, 
1559,  though  several  princes  interested  them- 
selves in  his  fate.  He  was  then  38  years  old. 
He  was  the  descendant  of  a  noble  family,  and 


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a  man  of  great  fortitude,  and  strong  presence 
of  mind. 

Bourgelat,  Claude,  of  the  academy  of 
Berlin,  was  of  infinite  service  to  Prussia,  by 
promoting  the  establishment  of  veterinary 
schools.  He  wrote  some  useful  treatises  on 
the  subject,  &c.  and  died  at  an  advanced  age 
January  3,  1779. 

Bourgeois,  Louis  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Coutances,  who  wrote  some  poetry  on  divini- 
ty subjects  at  the  latter  end  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. 

Bourget,  dom  John,  a  Benedictine  of 
the  diocese  of  Seez,  eminent  for  his  piety  and 
learning.  He  enjoyed  respectable  offices  in 
the  church,  and  was  admitted  member  of 
the  London  antiquarian  society  in  1765.  He 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  antiquities, 
and  left  behind  him  a  curious  and  interesting 
account  of  the  abbey  of  Caen,  founded  by 
William  the  Conqueror,  and  of  that  of  Bee, 
so  well  known  in  English  history  as  being  the 
nursery  of  several  archbishops  of  Canter- 
bury. He  died  1st  January,  1776,  universally 
respected. 

Bourget,  Clemence  de,  a  lady  born  of 
respectable  parents  at  Lyons.  She  possessed 
so  much  merit  as  a  writer,  a  musician,  and  a 
poetess,  that  she  was  presented  to  two  mo- 
narchs  who  passed  through  Lyons  as  the  most 
honorable  object  and  the  greatest  ornament 
of  her  native  city.  She  died  of  a  broken 
heart,  in  consequence  of  the  loss  of  her  lover, 
John  de  Peyrat,  who  fell  at  the  siege  of 
Beaurepaire  1561. 

Bourgoing,  Edmund,  an  ecclesiastic, 
who  warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Gui- 
ses during  the  civil  wars  of  Prance,  and  was 
torn  to  pieces  by  four  horses  in  1590. 

Bourgoing,  Francis,  a  native  of  Paris, 
author  of  some  homilies,  &cc.  He  died  1662, 
aged  77,  and  his  funeral  oration  was  pronoun- 
ced by  Bossuet. 

Bourguet,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Nimes, 
who  fled  to  Switzerland,  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  established  at  Zu- 
rich the  manufacture  of  silk,  muslin,  and 
stockings.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy 
atNeufchatel,  and  died  31st  December,  1742, 
aged  64,  author  of  a  letter  on  the  formation 
of  salts  and  crystals — la  bibliotheque  Italique, 
16  vols.  8vo. — a  journal,  of  which  the  first 
volume  appeared  at  Geneva  1723,  See. 

Bourgueviljle,  Charles  de,  lieute- 
nant-general of  Caen,  is  known  as  the  au- 
thor of  the  history  of  that  ancient  town.  He 
died  1593. 

Bourignon,  Antoinette,  a  celebrated 
enthusiast,  born  at  Lisle,  in  Flanders,  13th 
Jauuary,  1616.  She  was  so  deformed  in 
outward  appearance,  that  it  is  said  a  consul- 
tation was  held  in  her  family  to  destroy  so 
monstrous  a  birth.  Her  mind,  however, 
was  of  a  superior  texture.  She  was  bold, 
ambitious  after  distinction,  and  strongly 
tinctured  with  superstition.  Under  the  af- 
fectation of  immaculate  chastity,  she  left  her 
father's  house,  when  he  wished  to  recom- 
mend a  husband  to  her  choice,  and,  in  the 
habit  of  a  hermit,  she  began  to  propagate 
her  principles,  and  to  form  a  society  of  fe- 


males, whose  rule  of  conduct  was  the  love  of 
God  and  the  gospel.  Her  devotions  were 
not,  however,  without  interruption.  She  was 
exposed  to  the  rudeness  and  insolence  of  de 
Saulieu  and  others,  who  not  only  solicited: 
her  in  marriage,  but  even  attempted  violence 
against  her  person.  After  enjoying  the  re- 
putation of  superior  sanctity  for  some  time 
in  Flanders,  she  came  to  Amsterdam,  where 
she  gained  the  friendship  of  de  Lort,  an  ec- 
clesiastic of  Mechlin,  who  rewarded  her 
confidence,  by  leaving  her  a  large  estate  at 
his  death.  She  afterwards  went  to  Holstein. 
and  Hamburgh,  where  she  gained  herself 
proselytes,  by  her  writings,  and  her  preten- 
sions to  inspiration,  and  to  frequent  inter- 
views with  supernatural  beings ;  but  she  alse 
was  exposed  to  ridicule  and  to  persecution. 
She  died  at  Franeker,  in  the  province  of 
Frise,  the  30th  October,  1680,  in  her  64th 
year.  This  extraordinary  person  was  in  her 
principles  nearly  a  quietist.  She  excluded 
all  external  worship,  she  required  a  cessa- 
tion of  reason,  sense,  and  understanding, 
that  God  might  spread  his  divine  light  over 
his  devotees.  Her  birth,  her  introduction  to 
the  world  as  a  reformer,  and  her  death, 
were  accompanied  by  the  appearance  of 
three  remarkable  comets,  anJ  the  circum- 
stance operated  powerfully  on  the  minds  of 
her  deluded  and  bigoted  followers.  Extra- 
vagant as  her  conduct  and  her  tenets  were, 
she  had  many  proselytes  in  Scotland,  and 
among  them  men  of  learning  and,  respecta- 
bility ;  and  it  required  the  abilities  of  Charles 
Lesley  and  Dr.  Cockburn  to  examine  and  to 
demonstrate  the  arts  of  the  enthusiastic  im- 
postor. It  is  i-emarkable  that  she  was  avari- 
cious in  her  conduct,  disobedient  to  her  pa- 
rents, and  severe  towards  her  domestics  and 
dependants.  Her  works  were  published  at 
Amsterdam  in  21  vols.  8vo.  1686,  and  her  life 
has  been  written  by  her  disciple  Poiret. 

Bourlet  de  Vauxcelles,  Simon  Je- 
rome, a  French  writer  of  great  eminence, 
and  in  private  life  much  respected.  He  died 
at  Paris  1799,  aged  65. 

Bourlie,  Antoine  de  Guiscard,  a  native 
of  Perigord,  who  abandoned  his  country,  and 
af:er  visiting  Holland,  became  a  pensioner  of 
queen  Anne  in  England.  He  was  accused  of 
treason  against  the  state  in  1711 ;  and  when 
examined  before  the  privy  council,  he  stab- 
bed lord  Oxford,  for  which  murderous  action 
he  was  sent  to  Newgate,  where  he  destroyed 
himself. 

Bourn,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Birmingham, 
educated  at  Glasgow.  He  was,  in  1742,  mi- 
nister of  a  dissenting  congregation  at  Riving- 
ton,  Lancashire,  and  then  removed  to  Nor- 
wich as  assistant  to  Dr.  J.  Taylor.  He  was 
author  of  some  sermons,  and  had  a  dispute 
with  Dr.  Chandler  about  the  duration  of  fu- 
ture punishments.  He  died  at  Norwich  1796, 
aged  83. 

Bourne,  Vincent,  an  amiable  writer,  fel- 
low of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and  usher 
of  Westminster  school.  He  published  a  vo- 
lume of  elegant  poems,  in  12mo.  reprinted 
in  4t0i  1772,  and  died  young. 


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Bourse,  Edme  Bernard,  an  ecclesiastic, 
who  died  at  Dijon  If 22,  aged  70,  author  of 
some  sermons,  and  other  works  of  theo- 
logy. 

Boursault,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Mussi 
l'Eveque  in  Burgundy,  who  by  application 
remedied  the  defects  of  a  bad  education, 
and  gained  the  favor  of  the  court  of  Lewis 
XIV.  by  the  wit  of  his  conversation  and  the 
vivacity  of  his  muse.  He  became  secretary 
to  the  dutchess  of  Angouleme,  with  a  pen- 
sion of  2000  livres,  and  his  business  was 
chiefly  to  turn  the  gazette  into  rhyme.  His 
satire,  however,  directed  against  the  Fran- 
ciscans and  Capuchins,  proved  nearly  fatal 
to  him,  and  the  powerful  influence  of  his 
patrons  alone  saved  him  from  the  dungeons 
of  the  Bastille.  He  was  dismissed  with  dis- 
grace, and  again  received  into  favor,  and 
died  of  the  cholic,  5th  September,  1701, 
aged  63,  at  Montlucon,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed receiver  of  the  excise.  Boursault 
possessed  merit  as  a  poet.  His  JEsop  in  the 
city,  and  iEsop  at  court,  are  still  deservedly 
honored  with  the  public  applause  on  the 
stage,  for  the  various  and  interesting  scenes 
of  life  which  they  exhibit,  with  happy  sa- 
tire, and  in  elegant  language.  He  wrote, 
besides  other  plays,  some  romances,  letters, 
and  fables,  he.  In  his  private  character, 
he  was  amiable.  Though  he  was  in  acts  of 
political  hostility  with  Boileau,  he  visited 
him  at  Bourbon  with  the  offer  of  his  purse 
and  services  ;  and  this  liberality  produced  a 
reconciliation  and  the  closest  intimacy.  His 
theatre  appeared  in  3  vols.  12mo.  1746. 

Boursiek,  Lawrence  Francis,  a  doctor 
of  the  Sorbonne,  who  died  at  Paris  in  1749, 
aged  70.  He  was  author  of  several  contro- 
versial books  in  divinity,  and  of  an  able 
treatise  called  Taction  de  dieu  sur  les  crea- 
tures, 2  vols.  4to.  or  6  vols.  12mo.  which 
was  attacked  by  Malebranche.  He  wrote 
also  an  address  to  Peter  the  great  when  he 
visited  Paris,  for  the  re-union  of  the  Greek 
and  Latin  churches. 

Boursier,  Philip,  an  ecclesiatic  of  Pa- 
ris, who  died  1768,  aged  77.  He  was  the 
first  concerned  in  the  nouvelles  ecclesias- 
tiques  in  1727,  in  which  he  was  assisted  by 
Berger,  d'Etemare,  de  Fernanville,  and 
others. 

Bourvalais,  Paul  Poisson,  a  famous 
French  financier,  who  rose  from  obscurity 
to  opulence  and  consequence,  by  industry, 
and  afterwards  assisted  by  dishonest  means. 
He  was  accused  of  having  amassed  a  princely 
fortune  from  the  distresses  of  the  state  dur- 
ing the  Spanish  succession  war,  and  his  vast 
wealth  Mas  forfeited.  He  was  some  time 
after  indemnified ;  but  his  disgrace  had  broken 
a  heart  naturally  fierce  and  impatient,  and 
he  died  the  year  after,  1719. 

Bourzeis,  Amable  de,  an  ecclesiastic, 
whose  pen  and  abilities  were  employed  for 
political  purposes  by  Richelieu  and  Mazarin. 
He  died  at  Paris  1642,  aged  66,  author  of 
some  theoligical  tracts,  ike. 

Boussard,  Godfrey,  chancellor  of  the 
university  of  Paris,  wrote  some  tracts  ou  di- 
vinity and  morality,  and  died  1520. 


Bousseau,  James,  an  eminent  sculptor, 
who  died  at  Madrid  in  1740.  Some  of  his 
pieces  are  much  admired. 

Bousset,  John  Baptist  de,  a  native  of  Di- 
jon, known  as  a  musician  of  superior  talents. 
He  died  17125,  aged  63. 

Bousset,  Rene  Drouard  de,  a  native  of 
Paris,  who  died  there  1760,  aged  57.  He 
was  eminent  for  his  taste  and  genius  as  a 
musician. 

Boutard,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic,  re- 
commended to  the  notice  of  Lewis  XIV.  by 
Bossuet.  He  wrote  several  Latin  poems 
without  genius  or  elegance  ;  and  died  1729. 

Boutaui,  Francis  de,  a  professor  of  law 
at  Toulouse,  where  he  died  1733,  author  of 
several  valuable  publications  on  his  profes- 
sion. 

Boutauld,  Michael,  a  Jesuit  of  Paris, 
author  of  several  useful  treatises  on  theology. 
He  died  1688,  aged  81. 

Bouterone,  Claude,  a  learned  antiqua- 
rian of  Paris,  author  of  a  curious  treatise  on 
the  court  of  France.     He  died  1690. 

BouTHRAiS,  Raoul,  a  native  of  Chateau- 
dun,  author  of  some  books  on  law,  &c.  He 
died  1630,  aged  78. 

Bouvart,  Michael  Philip,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Chartres,  and 
died  at  Paris  19th  January,  1787,  aged  66. 
He  acquired  great  celebrity  in  his  profession, 
and  wrote  some  tracts  on  medicine  which 
possessed  merit.  He  once  visited  a  banker 
who  was  seized  with  melancholy  at  the  pros- 
pect of  bankruptcy,  and  finding  that  the  dis- 
order of  his  patient  was  such  as  his  purse 
could  remove,  he  honorably  sent  him  20,000 
livres  to  enable  him  to  meet  his  creditors. 
His  eloge  was  pronounced  by  Condorcet. 

Bower,  Archibald,  was  born  near  Dun- 
dee in  Scotland,  17th  January,  1685,  and  edu- 
cated at  Douay,  from  whence  he  passed  to 
Rome,  1760,  and  became  a  Jesuit.  Either 
his  dislike  to  the  cruelties  of  the  inquisition 
of  Macerata,  to  which  he  was  counsellor,  or, 
as  his  enemies  assert,  his  amorous  propensi- 
ties, shook  his  religious  principles,  and  after 
being  distinguished  as  a  preacher  and  a  pub- 
lic professor,  he  resolved  to  abandon  a  mode 
of  life  which  he  now  regarded  with  abhor- 
rence, and  made  his  escape  with  great  diffi- 
culty, and  through  many  dangers,  from  Peru- 
gia to  England,  in  1726.  By  the  conversa- 
tion of  Dr.  Aspinwall,  Dr.  Clarke,  and  bishop 
Berkeley,  he  renounced  the  tenets  of  the 
catholic  church,  and  some  time  after  embra- 
ced those  of  the  church  of  England.  His 
learning  recommended  him  to  the  great,  and 
he  had  the  good  fortune  to  become  acquain- 
ted with  lord  Aylmer,  in  whose  family  he 
passed  several  years,  and  when  he  sufficient- 
ly understood  English,  he  began  to  labor  for 
the  booksellers  by  the  publication  of  the  His- 
toria  literaria,  which  he  abandoned  in  1734, 
for  a  large  share  in  the  composition  of  the 
Universal  History.  Unsteady  and  insincere 
in  his  principles,  he  was  again  reconciled  to 
the  Jesuits  in  1745,  and  two  years  after, 
again  made  public  his  dissent  from  the  reli- 
gion of  those  within  whose  pale  he  had  late'- 


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ty  been  received  as  a  penitent  refugee. 
About  this  time,  he  wished  to  convert  the 
money  which  he  had  acquired  into  a  life  an- 
nuity, but  the  manner  in  which  he  relates 
the  circumstance,  differs  so  much  from  the 
report  made  by  his  antagonists  that  there  is 
reason  to  suppose  he  acted  unfairly.  The 
firm  patronage  of  lord  Lyttelton,  however, 
broke  the  asperities  of  his  fortunes,  he  was 
made  librarian  to  queen  Caroline  in  1748,  to 
which  was  afterwards  added  the  clerkship  of 
buck  warrants.  His  history  of  the  popes 
was  begun  and  continued  to  the  seventh  vol- 
ume a  little  before  his  death,  but  his  quar- 
rels with  the  Jesuits  rendered  his  principles 
suspected  both  as  an  historian  and  as  a  man. 
His  insincerity  was  discovered,  and  his  im- 
posture revealed,  by  the  keen  searching  eye 
of  Dr.  Douglas  afterwards  bishop  of  Salisbu- 
ry, and  from  a  favorite  writer,  he  became  a 
suspected  character,  and  he  saw  all  those 
who  had  supported  and  patronised  him  ex- 
cept Lj'ttelton,  turn  away  with  disdain  and 
indignation  from  him.  His  honesty  has  also 
been  doubted  in  his  revision  of  the  second 
edition  of  the  universal  history,  for  though 
he  received  30(W.  for  his  assistance,  he  abu- 
sed the  confidence  reposed  in  him,  and  made 
no  additions  to  the  work  intrusted  to  his 
care.  Bower  married  a  niece  of  bishop 
Nicholson  in  1749.  He  died  September  se- 
cond, 1766,  aged  80,  without  any  public  pro- 
fession of  his  faith,  though  his  wife  soon  after 
attested  that  he  died  in  the  protestaut  per- 
suasion. His  writings  were  not  devoid  of 
merit,  and  to  this  and  to  his  love  of  the  mar- 
vellous we  are  to  attribute  the  violence  of  the 
controversy,  now  so  deservedly  forgotten, 
which  at  that  time  engaged  the  public  atten- 
tion. Not  less  than  22  pamphlets  were  pub- 
lished in  consequence  of  the  history  of  the 
popes,  and  while  scurrility  formed  the  offen- 
sive weapons  of  some  of  his  adversaries, 
those  who  espoused  his  cause  were  not  less 
virulent  and  determined. 

Bowle,  John,  descended  from  a  bishop 
of  Rochester  of  that  name,  was  educated 
at  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  and  died  on  his 
birth  day,  26th  October  1788,  aged  63.  He 
was  the  first  detector  of  Lauder's  forgeries, 
and  author  of  a  letter  to  Dr.  Percy,  and  edi- 
tor of  Don  Quixote  in  Spanish,  &cc.  besides 
Marstoivs  satires,  and  some  old  English  po- 
etry. 

Bowyee,  William,  a  learned  English  prin- 
ter, born  in  London,  17th  December  1699, 
educated  at  Merchant  taylors'  sehool,and  af- 
terwards admitted  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge.  Op  his  leaving  the  university, 
he  followed  the  business  of  his  father,  who 
was  a  printer  of  great  eminence,  and  the 
first  publication  which  came  from  his  cor- 
recting hands,  was  Selden's  works  by  Wii- 
kins,  three  vols,  folio.  He  was  made  printer 
of  the  votes  of  the  house  of  Commons  in 
1729,  by  the  friendship  of  Onslow  the  speak- 
er, and  he  held  that  respectable  situation  for 
nearly  50  years.  He  was  admitted  into  the 
antiquarian  society  in  1736,  and  he  proved 
an  ornament  to  the  institution  by  the  num- 


ber and  value  Of  his  communications.  In 
1761,  he  was  appointed  printer  to  the  royal 
society,  and  two  years  after  he  published  his 
excellent  edition  of  the  new  testament  two 
vols.  It  was  not  merely  in  printing  books  in 
a  superior  style  that  Bowyer  distinguished 
himself,  but  in  enriching  various  works  with 
notes,  prefaces,  and  dissertations.  He  took, 
in  1766,  Mr.  John  Nichols  for  his  partner, 
and  trusted  into  his  able  hands  the  business 
which  he  had  conducted  with  such  respecta- 
bility of  character.  He  was  in  1767,  made 
printer  of  the  house  of  Lords,  and  for  the 
rolls  of  parliament.  His  literary  career  was 
finished  in  1777,  by  the  publication  of  Bent- 
ley's  dissertations  on  Phalaris  with  additional 
notes.  He  died  18th  November  the  same 
year,  after  suffering  severely  for  two  years 
from  the  palsy  and  the  stone.  His  public 
character  was  the  theme  of  universal  admi- 
ration, and  his  private  virtues  proclaimed 
him  a  man  of  probity  and  the  friend  of  hu- 
manity. He  was  married  October  1 728,  and 
by  his  wife  who  died  in  three  years,  he  had 
two  sons,  one  of  whom  only  survived  him. 
He  took  a  second  wife  in  1747,  and  she  died 
1771,  aged  70.  His  property  which  was  the 
honorable  acquisition  of  industry,  was  left  to 
his  son  except  some  legacies  to  a  few  friends, 
and  annuities  to  three  poor  printers  of  sober 
life,  and  well  versed  in  Greek  and  Latin. 
His  memoirs  were  published  by  Mr.  Nichols, 
and  they  are  interesting  and  valuable. 

Boxhorn,  Marc  Zuerius,  a  jiative  of 
Bergen-op-Zoom,  professor  of  eloquence, 
politics,  and  history,  at  Leyden.  He  wrote 
Historia  universalis,  4to.  a  useful  book,  ac- 
cording to  Mencke,  his  continuator,  be- 
sides poems,  and  editions  of  "  Scriptores 
Latini  minores." — Poetoe  Satyr,  minores, 
&c. — Obsidio  Brodana,  fol. — virorum  illust. 
elogia,  fol. — Chronologia  sacra,  fol. — thea- 
trum  urbium  Hollandise,  4to. — He  died 
1653,  aged  41. 

Boyce,  William,  an  English  musician, 
born  in  London,  1710.  He  was  at  first  a 
singing  boy  at  St.  Paul's,  but  under  the  care 
of  Dr.  Greene,  the  organist  of  the  cathe- 
dral, he  made  such  a  proficiency  that  the 
highest  expectations  were  formed  of  him. 
His  master  at  his  death  intrusted  all  his 
MSS.  to  his  care,  and  the  publication  of  his 
anthems;  but  an  incurable  deafness  came  as 
it  were  to  darken  all  the  prospects  of  the 
young  proficient.  Perseverance,  however, 
overcame  every  difficulty,  and  he  continued 
to  prove  so  excellent  a  master,  that  he  Avas 
honorably  made,  in  1749,  Mus.  D.  by  the 
university  of  Cambridge,  and  in  1757  master 
of  the  king's  band,  and  afterwards  organist 
and  composer  to  the  royal  chapel.  This 
able  musician  died  1779,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Paul's  cathedral.  His  songs  were  much 
admired  for  elegance  and  taste,  and  his  an- 
thems, oratorios,  and  other  musical  compo- 
sitions, possessed  superior  merit.  Of  them 
however  but  few  have  been  published. 

Boyd,  Robert,  a  native  of  Trochrig  in 
Renfrewshire,  educated  at  Saumur.  James 
I.  who  knew  his  merits,  wished  to  appoint 


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him  principal  of  the  university,  but  as  he 
favored  the  puritans,  he  preferred  to  be- 
come the  minister  of  his  native  parish,  of 
which  he  was  the  patron.  He  wrote  a  learned 
commentary  on  the  epistle  of  the  Ephesians, 
and  died  1629,  aged  56. 

Boyd,  Mark  Alexander,  a  native  of  Gal- 
loway in  Scotland,  educated  under  the  care 
of  his  uncle,  who  was  archbishop  of  Glas- 
gow. He  was  however  of  such  a  bold  un- 
tractable  spirit,  that  he  early  fled  from  his 
instructors  to  Flanders,  and  engaged  in  the 
■wars  of  the  united  provinces  and  of  France. 
In  Paris  he  lost  all  his  property  by  gaming, 
and  the  distress  to  which  he  was  reduced, 
roused  him  to  reflection,  so  that  he  applied 
himself  to  study  civil  law  under  Cujacius. 
He  returned  to  Scotland,  where  he  died  of 
a  slow  fever  1601,  aged  39.  He  left  in  MSS. 
some  Latin  poems,  much  admired  for  ele- 
gance and  taste,  of  which  the  Epistolse  He- 
roidum,  and  the  hymns,  appeared  in  the 
Delicise  poetarum  Scotoruiu,  Amsterd.  two 
vols.  12mo.  1637. 

Boyd,  Robert  lord,  a  Scotchman,  son  of 
sir  Thomas  Boyd  of  Kilmarnock.  He  be- 
came the  favorite  of  the  court  and  of  the 
people,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage,  and 
on  the  death  of  the  second  James,  was  made 
judiciary  of  the  kingdom,  and  one  of  the 
regents  during  the  king's  minority.  Ambi- 
tious however  of  having  no  rival,  he  carried 
off  the  young  king  from  Linlithgow  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  declared  himself  sole  regent. 
Not  only  the  favors  of  the  crown  were  now 
distributed  to  his  family  and  adherents,  but 
the  king's  sister  was  married  to  his  son,  af- 
terwards lord  Arran,  till  the  monarch,  ex- 
tricated from  the  power  of  his  guardian, 
ventured  to  call  a  parliament  in  1469,  to  in- 
quire into  his  conduct.  Afraid  of  his  ene- 
mies, Boyd  fled  to  England,  and  died  at 
Alnwick  1470,  and  his  son,  divorced  from 
his  wife,  was  obliged  to  leave  the  kingdom 
for  Antwerp,  where  he  died  1474.  This 
family  are  the  progenitors  of  the  lord  Kil- 
marnock who  suffered  in  the  rebellion  of 
1745. 

Boydell,  John,  an  eminent  artist,  born 
at  Dorrington,  Shropshire,  and  brought  up 
to  the  business  of  land  surveyor  under  the 
care  of  his  father.  The  accidental  meeting 
of  some  landscapes  so  captivated  his  atten- 
tion, that  he  studied  engraving  under  an 
able  master,  and  determined  to  seek  reputa- 
tion and  opulence  in  this  new  profession. 
His  landscapes,  published  in  1745,  for  the 
use  of  learners,  proved  the  source  of  profit, 
as  well  as  celebrity,  and  in  the  metropolis 
he  became  the  friend  and  the  patron  of  ar- 
tists of  genius  and  ability.  Eager  to  exhibit 
the  productions  of  his  countrymen  in  one 
pleasing  and  recommending  view,  he  nobly 
stood  forth  as  the  public  encourager  of  me- 
rit, and  by  opening  the  Shakspeare  gallery 
in  Pall-mall,  he  exhibited  the  beautiful  and 
highly  finished  labors  of  the  English  school. 
His  virtues  and  popularity  had  so  powerfully 
recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  the  citi- 
zens of  London,  that   he  was  elected  an  al- 


derman, and  in  1791,  served  the  distin* 
guished  office  of  lord  mayor.  Sensible  of 
the  respect  and  esteem  of  his  fellow  citi- 
zens, he  perpetuated  their  kindness  and  his 
own  merits,  by  presenting  to  the  corporation 
some  valuable  pictures,  which  are  pre- 
served as  monuments  of  his  friendship  in 
the  council  chamber  of  Guildhall.  Mr.  Boy- 
dell disposed  of  all  his  property,  in  the 
prints,  pictures,  &o.  of  the  Shakspeare 
gallery,  by  a  public  lottery,  a  circumstance 
whieh  some  have  attributed,  if  not  to  the 
enormous  expenses  which  his  patriotic  con- 
duct as  the  patron  of  artists  drew  upon  him, 
at  least  to  the  losses  which  he  endured  in 
his  continental  connections  in  consequence 
of  the  French  revolution,  and  of  the  war 
which  was  kindled  in  1793,  between  the  two 
countries.  This  worthy  man  died  in  1804. 
aged  85. 

Boyenval,  Peter  Joseph,  a  worthless 
character,  employed  as  the  agent  of  Fou- 
quier-Tainville  in  denouncing  the  wretched 
victims  confined  in  the  Luxembourg  and 
other  prisons.  After  shocking  scenes  of 
cruelty  and  insulting  barbarity,  this  bloody 
monster  suffered  on  the  scaffold,  with  his 
ferocious  employer,  1795,  aged  26. 

Boyer,  Abel,  was  born  at  Castre  in 
France,  1664.  The  edict  of  the  revocation 
of  Nantes  banished  him  to  Geneva,  from 
whence  he  came  to  Franeker  and  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  spent  the  best  part  of  his 
life,  and  died  at  Chelsea,  November  1729. 
He  is  chiefly  known  by  his  useful  French 
and  English  dictionary,  and  his  French 
grammar,  which  have  passed  through  seve- 
ral editions.  His  history  of  William  and 
Mary,  three  vols.  8vo. — his  political  state  of 
Great  Britain,  a  periodical  work  like  the 
annual  register — his  annals  of  queen  Anne, 
11  vols.  8vo.  etc.  are  inferior  works. 

Bo  yer,  Claude,  was  born  at  Alby,  and  af- 
ter applying  with  little  success  to  the  elo- 
quence of  the  pulpit  he  became  a  player. 
He  wrote  22  dramatical  pieces,  hut  as  they 
were  irregular  in  the  plan  and  inelegant  in 
the  composition  they  were  received  with 
universal  disapprobation  on  the  stage.  He 
died  at  Paris,  22d  July,  1698,  aged  80. 

Boyer,  John  Baptist  Nicholas,  a  physi- 
cian, knight  of  the  order  of  St.  Michael,  and 
distinguished  for  the  zeal,  skill,  and  humani- 
ty, which  he  displayed  during  the  dreadful 
plague  at  Marseilles  in  1720.  His  success  in 
combating  the  violence  of  contagious  disor- 
ders recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  the 
French  king  and  to  the  gratitude  of  Spain 
and  Germany*.  He  gave  an  edition  of  the 
Pharmacopeia  Parisiensis  4l».  and  died  at 
Paris  second  April  1768,  aged  75. 

Boyle,  Richard,  known  by  the  title  of 
great  earl  of  Cork,  was  born  at  Canterbury 
in  1566.  After  a  private  education,  he  en- 
tered at  Benet's  college,  Cambridge,  and  be- 
came a  student  of  the  Middle  Temple,  but 
as  he  lost  early  his  parents,  and  as  his  patri- 
mony was  slender,  he  abandoned  a  manner  of 
life  which  was  attended  with  great  expense, 
and  no  immediate  advantage,    and    went  t» 


BO 


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Dublin  in  June  1588,  in  quest  of  fortune, 
with  fewer  pounds  in  his  pocket  than  he  af- 
terwards acquired  thousands  a  year.  His 
abilities  recommended  him  to  the  great  and 
powerful,  he  drew  memorials  and  cases  with 
precision  and  accuracy,  and  in  the  service  of 
the  government  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of 
public  affairs.  He  married,  in  1595,  Joan 
Ansley  of  Pulborough  in  Essex,  who  died 
four  years  after  in  child-bed,  and  left  him 
without  children,  but  in  possession  of  500Z. 
a  year  in*land,  which  proved  the  foundation 
of  his  future  prosperity.  He  was  not  howev- 
er without  enemies,  he  was  represented  to 
the  queen  as  a  traitor,  in  corresponding  with 
the  Spaniards,  but  he  was  permitted  to 
answer  his  arccusers,  and  sir  Henry  Wallop, 
the  most  violent  of  his  persecutors,  was  dis- 
graced by  Elizabeth.  His  merits  were  too 
great  to  be  long  neglected,  he  was  appointed 
to  offices  of  trust  in  Ireland  under  his  friend 
sir  George  Carew,  afterwards  earl  of  Tot- 
mess,  and  by  his  patronage  he  rose  to  conse- 
quence and  dignity.  He  was  knighted,  made 
a  privy  counsellor,  and  afterwards  advanced 
to  the  peerage,  first  by  the  title  of  lord 
Boyle,  afterwards  of  earl  of  Cork.  In  his 
elevated  situation  he  felt  the  storms  whieh 
agitate  the  great,  and  received  many  morti- 
fications from  the  jealousy  of  Wentworth, 
earl  of  Strafford,  when  viceroy  of  Ireland. 
His  whole  life  was  devoted  to  the  support  of 
his  country,  towns  were  built  on  most  eligi- 
ble spots,  and  improvements  were  introdu- 
ced on  his  estates  with  such  judgment  and 
success,  that  Cromwell  declared  if  Ireland 
had  a  Cork  in  every  county,  rebellion  could 
never  have  raised  its  head  there.  He  was 
very  active  in  the  rebellion  of  1641,  in  favor 
of  government,  and  four  of  his  sons  were  en- 
gaged in  the  battle  of  Liscarrol,  the  eldest  of 
■whom  was  slain.  He  died  15th  September 
1643,  aged  78,  and  so  desirous  did  he  show 
himself  even  in  his  last  moments,  to  publish 
to  the  world  the  vast  fortune  which  he  had 
collected  by  industrious  application  from  an 
obscure  beginning,  that  he  caused  to  be  pla- 
ced on  his  tomb,  the  motto  of  his  family 
"God's  providence  is  my  inheritance."  The 
most  memorable  circumstance  of  his  life, 
written  by  himself,  have  been  published  by 
Dr.  Birch.  He  was  father  of  seven  sons  and 
eight  daughters,  by  his  second  wife  Catha- 
rine P'entou,  daughter  of  the  secretary  of 
state,  whom  he  married  25th  July  1603,  and 
he  had  the  singular  happiness  of  seeing  be- 
fore his  death  three  of  the  five  sons  who  sur- 
vived him,  viz.  Lewis,  Roger,  and  Francis, 
raised  to  the  peerage. 

Boyle,  Roger,  earl  of  Orrery,  was  fifth 
son  of  Richard  earl  of  Cork,  and  born  April 
1621.  He  was  made  lord  Broghill  when 
only  seven  years  old,  in  reward  of  his  father's 
services.  He  was  educated  in  the  college  of 
Dublin,  and  after  making  the  tour  of  France 
and  Italy,  with  his  eldest  brother  lord  Kinel- 
meaky,  lie  engaged  in  the  Irish  wars,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  courage  and 
bravery.  The  death  of  Charles  I.  proved  so 
very  dreadful  to  his  feelings  that  he  left  the 


army,  and  lived  in  retirement  on  his  estate 
at  Marston  in  Somersetshire,  but  so  appre- 
hensive was  he  of  the  jealous  tyranny  of  the 
parliament,  that  he  soon  prepared  to  join  in 
secret  the  royal  party  on  the  continent.  His 
views  were  discovered,  and  Cromwell,  who 
knew  his  merit,  charged  him  with  the  re- 
solution of  abandoning  the  kingdom,  and 
proved  the  inutility  of  denying  the  charge, 
by  showing  him  copies  of  letters  that  had 
passed  between  him  and  his  most  confiden- 
tial friends.  Broghill  was  so  thunderstruck 
at  the  discovery,  that  Cromwell  prevailed  on 
him  to  espouse  his  cause  rather  than  to  sub- 
mit to  the  horrors  of  a  dungeon,  and  when 
he  was  informed  that  he  was  to  fight  only 
against  the  Irish  rebels,  whose  cruelties  he 
detested,  he  accepted  the  pledges  of  faith 
and  protection  offered  him  by  the  republican 
general.  In  this  new  engagement  he  dis- 
played so  much  coolness  and  activity  that 
Cromwell,  now  become  protector,  honored 
him  with  his  friendship  and  confidence,  and 
sent  him  to  settle  the  affairs  of  Scotland  with 
absolute  authority.  On  the  death  of  Crom- 
well, Broghill  supported  his  son  with  the 
same  zeal  that  he  had  served  the  father,  but 
when  the  pusillanimity  of  Richard  dropped 
the  reins  of  government,  he  looked  for  fu- 
ture protection  from  the  exiled  king.  His 
intentions  were  however  conjectured  by  the 
few  who  still  propped  the  republican  go- 
vernment, he  was  seized  in  Ireland,  but  his 
firmness  disarmed  his  persecutors,  and  he 
was  permitted  to  retire  unmolested  to  his 
estate  at  Munster.  But  his  thoughts  were 
turned  to  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy, 
and  he  prepared  measures  so  effectually 
with  sir  Charles  Coote  who  was  in  the  north 
of  Ireland,  that  the  whole  kingdom  declared 
for  Charles  II.  The  restored  monarch  paid 
those  marks  of  respect  to  Broghill  which  his 
services  deserved,  he  was  made  earl  of  Or- 
rery, and  president  of  Munster.  As  the 
supporter  of  the  cause  of  the  protestants 
against  the  papists  who  solicited  the  restitu- 
tion of  some  of  their  forfeited  property,  he 
displayed  eloquence,  patriotism,  and  a  bold 
disdain  of  bribery.  His  knowledge  of  law 
was  so  extensive  that  he  was  offered  the 
seals  on  the  fall  of  Clarendon,  which  his  de- 
bility prevented  him  to  accept.  In  a  po- 
litical view  his  abilities  were  directed  to 
strengthen  the  sinews  of  the  state,  and  to 
add  vigor  to  the  government.  His  merits 
were  not  however  without  enemies,  the 
duke  of  Ormond  envied  his  popularity,  but 
all  his  efforts  to  remove  him  from  the  con- 
fidence of  the  king  proved  ineffectual.  Af- 
ter a  splendid  display  of  the  character  of 
statesman,  general,  and  writer,  this  excel- 
lent, man  died  October  1679,  aged  58,  leav- 
ing two  sons  and  five  daughters  by  lady  Mar- 
garet Howard  sister  to  the  earl  of  Suffolk. 
His  writings  were  numerous  and  respecta- 
ble, and  among  these  several  tragedies,  co- 
medies, &c. 

Boyle,  Robert,  seventh  son  and  four- 
teenth child  of  Richard  earl  of  Cork,  was 
born  atLismore  in  Munster,  25th  January, 


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16,26-7".  He  was  intrusted  early  to  the  care 
of  a  country  nurse,  that  he  might  be  trained 
to  a  hardy  mode  of  life,  and  after  receiving 
some  instruction  in  his  father's  family,  he 
was  sent  to  Eton,  where  for  three  or  four 
years  under  the  care  of  sir  Henry  Wotton 
his  abilities  began  to  blaze  with  superior 
splendor.  In  1638  his  father  sent  him  with 
his  brother  Francis  to  Geneva,  through 
Dieppe,  Paris,  and  Lyons,  and  in  this  peace- 
ful retreat  he  devoted  himself  to  a  severe 
course  of  study,  and  renewed  his  acquaint- 
ance with  the  mathematics.  After  staying 
about  21  months  at  Geneva,  and  examining 
with  a  curious  eye  the  wonders  of  that  ro- 
mantic country,  he  visited  Verona,  Venice, 
Florence,  Rome,  Genoa,  and  Marseilles. 
He  returned  to  England  in  1644,  but  with 
difficulty,  as,  from  the  troubles  of  England 
and  Ireland,  some  of  his  supplies  had  been 
lost,  and  his  tutor  Mr.  Marcombes  was 
obliged  to  raise  money  upon  his  jewels.  His 
father  died  before  his  return,  but  he  found 
an  ample  settlement,  which  however  the 
confusion  of  the  time  prevented  him  from 
immediately  possessing.  In  March  1646  he 
retired  to  his  estate  at  Stalbridge,  and  in 
this  peaceful  solitude,  regardless  of  the  tu- 
mults which  agitated  his  unhappy  country, 
he  spent  his  time  in  literary  labors,  particu- 
larly in  philosophical  and  chemical  studies. 
His  intimacy  and  correspondence  with  lear- 
ned men  promoted  the  cause  of  literature, 
and  he  was  one  of  the  first  who,  about  1645, 
laid  the  foundation  of  that  respectable  socie- 
ty which  courted  knowledge  by  reason  and 
experiment,  and  after  the  restoration  assu- 
med the  name  of  the  royal  society.  He  at 
last  fixed  his  residence  in  the  house  of  a  Mr. 
Crosse,  an  apothecary  at  Oxford,  about  1654, 
where  the  philosophical  society  had  removed 
from  the  turbulence  and  faction  of  Lon- 
don, and  it  is  a  pleasure  to  record,  as  the 
friends  and  companions  of  his  studies,  the  re- 
spectable names  of  Wilkius,  Ward,  Wallis, 
Wren,  Willis,  Hooke,  Pococke,  Hyde, 
Goitdard,  Bathurst,  Barlow,  kc.  About 
1678,  he  invented  the  air  pump,  an  engine 
which  has  thrown  new  light  on  the  works  of 
the  creation.  After  the  restoration  he  was 
treated  with  the  respect  due  to  his  merit, 
both  by  the  kingand  his  ministers  Southamp- 
ton and  Clarendon,  but  he  refused  the  high- 
est ecclesiastical  preferment  which  was  offer- 
ed to  him  if  he  entered  into  orders,  observ- 
ing with  becoming  firmness  and  independ- 
ence, that  whatever  he  did  or  wrote  in  sup- 
port of  religion  would  have  greater  weight  in 
coming  from  a  layman.  In  this  he  proved 
the  goodness  of  his  heart,  for  all  his  studies 
and  all  his  views,  both  as  a  man  of  letters 
and  a  man  of  influence  among  the  great, 
were  zealously  directed  to  the  promotion  o! 
piety,  learning,  religion,  and  virtue.  His 
character  was  so  universally  known  and  re- 
spected, that  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
distinguished  for  the  most  amiable  manners, 
solicited  the  honor  of  his  correspondence, 
and  Charles  IT.  unasked  bestowed  upon  him, 
in  1665,  as  the  reward  of  his  splendid  talents, 


the  vacant  provostship  of  Eton,  which,  how« 
ever,  against  the  advice  of  all  his  friends,  he 
modestly  declined.  Honors  were  vain  in  his 
eyes.  For  the  same  reason  he  refused  to 
become  president  of  the  royal  society,  which 
his  name  and  services  had  so  much  dignified,- 
for  independence  was  the  object  nearest  his 
heart.  The  most  favored  public  office  he 
ever  held  was  that  of  governor  of  the  corpo- 
ration for  the  propagation  of  the  gospel,  and 
this  he  at  last  resigned  when  he  found  the 
approaching  decline  of  his  health.  So  nume- 
rous were  his  friends,  and  so  anxiously  ex- 
cited was  the  public  curiosity  with  respect  to 
him,  that  when  his  strength  failed  he  pub- 
lished an  advertisement,  and  placed  an  in- 
scription over  his  door  to  inform  the  world 
that  he  declined  receiving  visits,  and  what  ia 
another  might  have  appeared  vanity  or  os- 
tentation, must  be  considered  in  him  as  the 
preparation  of  a  man  of  sense  and  virtue  to 
withdraw  from  the  tumult  of  life,  and  to 
make  his  peace  with  his  Creator.  His  health 
now  rapidly  declined,  so  that  he  made  his 
will  18th  July,  1691,  and  expired  on  the 
30th  of  December  following,  in  his  65th 
year,  one  week  after  the  death  of  his  be- 
loved sister  and  friend  lady  Ranelagh.  He 
was  buried  in  St.  Martin's  church  in  the 
fields,  Westminster,  and  a  funeral  sermon 
was  delivered  on  the  occasion  by  his  friend 
bishop  Burnet.  His  character  was  drawn 
by  the  prelate  with  the  pencil  of  truth  and 
friendship,  but  the  praise  of  Boerhaave  can- 
not be  taxed  with  adulation  or  partiality, 
"  Boyle,"  says  this  learned  man,  "  the  orna- 
ment of  his  age  and  country,  succeeded  to 
the  genius  and  inquiries  of  the  great  Veru- 
lam.  Which,"  says  he,  ".of  all  Boyle's 
writings  shall  I  recommend  ?  all  of  them. 
To  him  we  owe  the  secrets  of  fire,  air,  wa- 
ter, animals,  vegetables,  fossils,  so  that  from 
his  works  may  be  deduced  the  whole  system 
of  natural  knowledge."  In  his  person  Boyle 
was  tall,  but  slender,  his  countenance  was 
pale  and  emaciated,  and  his  constitution  so 
delicate  that  he  used  cloaks  when  he  appear- 
ed abroad,  and  always  regulated  himself  by 
the  state  of  his  thermometer.  For  40  years 
his  spirits  and  his  strength  were  so  low  and 
depressed  that  it  is  surprising  how  he  could 
find  sufficient  resolution  to  write,  and  to 
make  the  difficult  experiments  which  he 
performed.  He  was  never  married,  though 
it  is  said  that  he  once  courted  the  beautiful 
daughter  of  Carey  earl  of  Monmouth.  His 
disinterestedness  in  refusing  the  honor  of  a, 
peerage  is  well  known,  his  zeal  in  the  propa- 
tion  of  Christianity  is  equally  uoble,  mid  it  is 
recorded  by  his  biographers  that  his  chari- 
ties annually  amounted  to  no  less  than  1000/. 
When  director  of  the  East  India  company 
he  not  only  exerted  himself  in  the  establish- 
ment of  their  charter,  but  he  sent  to  the  In- 
dies 500  copies  of  the  gospels  and  acts  of  the 
apostles  in  the  Malayan  language,  as  he  had 
in  the  same  manner  three  years  before  con- 
veyed to  the  Levant  several  copies  of  Gro- 
tius'  treatise  on  the  Christian  religion,  trans- 
lated into  Arabic  by  Dr.  Pococke.    As,  ana- 


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ther  instance  of  his  wish  to  support  religion 
may  be  mentioned  the  lecture  which  he 
founded  at  St.  Paul's  in  defence  of  the  gos- 
pel against  unbelievers.  His  works  have 
been  published  in  5  vols,  folio,  and  in  6  vols. 
4to. 

Boyle,  Charles,  earl  of  Orrery,  was  se- 
cond son  of  Roger  carl  of  Orrery,  by  lady 
Mary  Sackville,  and  born  August  1676.  He 
was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  under  the 
care  of  Atterbury,  afterwards  bishop  of  Ro- 
chester, and  Dr.  Friend,  and  in  1700  was 
chosen  member  for  Huntingdon.  On  his 
brother's  death  he  succeeded  to  the  earldom, 
and  afterwards  became  knight  of  the  thistle, 
major-general  in  the  army,  and  a  member  of 
the  privy  council.  He  was  envoy  from  the 
queen  to  the  states  of  Flanders  and  Brabant, 
and  he  displayed  firmness,  wisdom,  and  dex- 
terity in  the  support  of  this  new  character, 
and  for  his  services  was  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  the  British  peerage.  His  disinterested- 
ness was  such,  in  his  political  career,  that  he 
frequently  voted  against  the  minister,  and 
the  apostacy  was  soon  after  punished  by  a 
privation  of  his  offices  of  honor  and  emolu- 
ment. In  September  1722  he  was  sent  to 
the  tower,  on  suspicion  of  being  an  associate 
in  Layer's  plot,  but  after  six  months'  impri- 
sonment he  was  admitted  to  bail,  and  his  in- 
nocence fully  asserted  upon  the  minutest  in- 
quiry. He  died,  after  a  short  illness,  21st 
August,  1731.  His  writings  were  Lysander's 
life,  translated  from  Plutarch — hesides  hie 
edition  of  Phalaris'  epistles,  which  produced 
the  celebrated  controversy  with  Bentley,  in 
which  he  was  assisted  by  his  friends  Aldrich 
and  Atterbury.  The  astronomical  appara- 
tus, called  Orrery,  was  so  named  by  the  in- 
ventor Graham,  in  gratitude  for  marks  of 
favor  and  protection  which  he  had  received. 

Boyle,  John,  earl  of  Cork  and  Orrery, 
born  2d  Jan.  1707,  was  the  only  son  of  the 
preceding,  by  lady  Elizabeth  Cecil,  daugh- 
ter of  the  earl  of  Exeter.  He  was  for  six 
years  under  the  care  of  the  poet  Fenton, 
and  after  passing  through  Westminster 
school,  he  entered  at  Christ-church.  He 
was  married  in  1728  to  the  daughter  of  lord 
Orkney,  bat  this  union  proved  the  source  of 
domestic  infelicity  by  the  quarrel  of  the  two 
earls.  This  lady  died  in  17.32  at  Cork,  and 
six  years  after  he  married  Margaret  Hamil- 
ton, a  lady  of  Irish  extraction,  with  whom 
he  lived  in  the  enjoyment  of  domestic  tran- 
quillity, truly  sensible,  as  he  expresses  it 
himself,  that  "  the  noise  and  hustle  of  life 
are  despicable  and  tasteless,  when  we  have 
experienced  the  real  delight  of  a  fire-side." 
He  did  not  shine  as  a  public  orator,  his 
time  was  mostly  spent  at  his  seat  at  Marston 
in  Somersetshire,  where,  devoted  to  literary 
ease  and  retirement,  he  published  an  ad- 
mired translation  of  Pliny's  letters,  two 
vols.  4to.  addressed  to  his  sons,  1751 — be- 
sides letters  on  the  writings  of  Swift,  his 
respected  friend,  in  8vo.  He  travelled  to 
Italy  in  1754,  with  the  intention  of  collect- 
ing materials  for  the  history  of  Florence, 
tut  only   12  letters  on  the  subject  received 


his  finishing  hand.  He  returned  to  England 
through  Germany  and  Holland,  and  after 
sustaining  with  great  resignation  the  severe 
loss  of  his  wife  in  1758,  and  of  his  eldest  son 
the  following  year,  he  fell  a  victim  to  an  he- 
reditary gout,  16th  Nov.  1762,  in  his  56th 
year.  The  Geutleman's  magazine  for  782, 
pp.  23,  286,  he.  mentions  his  Florentine 
history.  His  letters  were  published  after 
his  death  by  Duncombe,  with  an  account  of 
his  life,  and  it  appears  that  he  wrote  much  in 
the  periodical  works  of  the  day,  especially 
the  World  and  Connoisseur.  He  published 
his  great  grandfather's  dramatic  works,  two 
vols.  8vo.  1739,  and  his  state  papers  in  1742. 

Boys,  John,  an  English  divine  born  in 
Kent.  He  was  educated  at  Benet's  college, 
Cambridge,  and  in  1590  obtained  the  vica- 
rage of  Tilmaustone,  and  the  rectory  of 
Bettishanger  in  Kent,  and  afterwards  he 
was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of  Canterbury 
1C19.  He  died  suddenly  1625,  aged  54.  His 
works,  chiefly  on  theological  subjects,  were 
published  one  vol.  fol.  1629. 

Boyss,  Boys,  or  Bois,  John,  one  of  the 
translators  of  the  bible  under  James  I.  was 
born  at  Nettlestead  in  Sutfolk,  1560,  and 
educated  at  Hadley  school,  and  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge.  After  studving  medi- 
cine for  a  little  time,  he  was  ordained  and 
succeeded  his  father  as  rector  of  West 
Stowe,  which,  however,  he  resigned  upon 
his  marriage  with  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Holt, 
rector  of  Boxworth,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
159G.  His  domestic  affairs  were  conducted 
with  so  little  economy  that  to  relieve  his 
wants  he  sold  his  valuable  books.  He  how- 
ever was  reconciled  to  the  extravagance  of 
his  wife,  and  as  his  knowledge  of  classical 
literature  had  been  so  eminently  displayed 
at  college,  he  was  selected  to  translate  the 
bible,  and  was  afterwards  one  of  the  six  who 
met  to  revise  the  whole  at  stationer's  hall. 
He  assisted  sir  Henry  Saville  in  the  publica- 
tion of  St.  Chrysostom,  but  the  death  of  his 
patron  left  him  in  poverty,  and  instead  of 
succeeding  to  a  promised  fellowship  of  Eton, 
he  received  only  one  copy  of  the  work  to 
which  he  had  so  much  contributed.  Andrews, 
bishop  of  Ely,  at  last  made  him  prebendery 
of  his  church  in  1615.  He  died  1643,  aged 
84,  leaving  several  valuable  MSS.  In  his 
studies  he  paid  particular  attention  to  the 
three  rules  given  him  by  Dr.  Whitaker,  he 
studied  always  standing,  never  in  a  window, 
and  never  went  to  bed  with  his  feet  cold. 

Boyse,  Joseph,  a  dissenting  minister,  bora 
at  Leeds  in  Yorkshire,  14th  Jan.  1660,  and 
educated  near  Kendal.  He  was  at  Amster- 
dam, where  he  sided  with  the  Brownists, 
and  afterwards  became  popular  as  a  preach- 
er in  London  and  Dublin,  and  had  for  his  co- 
adjutor Thomas  Eralyn,  so  well  known  for 
his  writings  and  his  sufferings.  A  long  and 
intimate  friendship  was  however  severed  by 
theological  disputes,  and  instead  of  becoming 
the  defender  of  Emlyn,  Boyse  inflamed  his 
persecutor  by  publishing  a  book  against  him. 
He  died  about  the  beginning  of  December 
1728,  and  his  funeral  sermon  was  preached 


BO 


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at  Dublin  on  the  8th  of  the  same  month.  He 
was  eminent  for  his  learning  and  piety,  as 
his  works  in  2  vols.  fol.  sufficiently  prove. 

Boyse,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  170S,  and  after  a  private  educa- 
tion at  Dublin,  he  entered  at  the  university 
of  Glasgow,  where  he  married  a  tradesman's 
daughter  before  he  had  attained  his  twen- 
tieth year.  A  scanty  subsistence,  a  fondness 
for  dissipation,  and  want  of  economy  in  his 
domestic  affairs,  soon  rendered  his  situation 
dependent  and  uncomfortable,  and  he  came 
to  Edinburgh,  where  the  publication  of  some 
pieces  of  poetry,  which  possessed  both  ge- 
nius and  judgment,  produced  him  presents 
from  the  opulent,  and  the  patronage  of  lady 
Eglinton.  With  a  view  of  bettering  his  con- 
dition, he  passed  to  London  ;  but  neither  the 
recommendation  of  lord  Stormont,  lord 
Mansfield,  and  the  dutchess  of  Gordon,  nor 
"the  notice  of  Pope,  could  correct  his  low  and 
vulgar  opinions.  He  was  fond  of  the  mean- 
est companions,  and  so  poor  and  imprudent 
that  he  had  not,  says  Cibber,  a  shirt,  coat, 
or  any  kind  of  apparel,  so  that  he  sat  up 
whole  days  in  bed  wrapped  up  in  a  blanket 
and  by  the  most  fallacious  pretences  of 
sickness  and  distress,  procured  the  bene- 
factions of  the  humane  and  compassion- 
ate. In  1745  he  was  engaged  at  Reading 
iu  compiling  "  a  review  of  the  transac- 
tions of  Europe,  from  the  war  with  Spain 
in  1739,  to  the  insurrection  in  Scotland  in 
1745,  &c."  but  the  stipend  he  received  from 
Mr.  Henry  was  small,  and  the  loss  of  his 
wife  contributed  to  disturb  his  plans  of  set- 
tlement, and  to  exhibit  his  character  as  af- 
fected, frivolous,  and  volatile.  Experience, 
it  was  hoped,  had  taught  him,  on  his  return 
from  Reading,  the-necessitv  of  temperance 
and  regularity  ;  but  his  health  now  rapidly 
declined.  He  died  in  obscure  lodgings  near 
Shoe-lane,  May  1749,  and  was  buried  at  the 
expense  of  the  parish.  His  works  were 
chiefly  poetical,  and  it  is  said,  that  if  all  he 
wrote  were  collected,  it  would  form  six  mo- 
derate volumes.  The  best  known  of  his 
poems  is  called  "  Deity,"  which  has  deserv- 
ed the  commendation  of  Hervey  and  Field- 
ing, and  which  shows  him  to  have  possessed 
great  powers  of  mind.  In  him  mankind  may 
read  that  awful  lesson,  that  the  best  talents, 
if  not  guided  by  virtue  and  industry,  may, 
instead  of  producing  honor  and  distinction, 
degenerate  into  contempt,  vice,  and  vul- 
garity. 

Boze,  Claude  Gros  de,  was  born  at  Ly- 
ons, 28th  .Ian.  1680,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  knowledge  of  antiquities  and 
medals,  which  gained  the  patronage  of  chan- 
cellor Pontchartrain,  and  other  illustrious 
characters,  and  the  honor  of  a  seat  in  the 
French  academy,  and  in  the  academy  of  belles 
lettres,  of  which  he  became  perpetual  sec- 
retary. He  was  respected  for  his  private 
character,  as  well  as  his  great  learning. 
His  works  were  on  medallic  subjects,  be- 
sides historical  panegyrics  on  the  members 
of  the  academy;  the  first  15  vols,  of  which 
he  published — and  a  valuable  catalogue  of 
VOL.  I.  30 


his  own  library.  He  died  at  Paris  10th 
Sept.  1753,  aged  74. 

Bracciolisi  dell'  api,  Francis,  an 
Italian  poet  of  Pistoya,  who,  at  the  age  of 
40,  became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  was  patro- 
nised by  pope  Urban  VIII.  and  by  cardinal 
Anthony  Berberini,  with  whom  he  had  been 
secretary.  He  wrote  several  tragedies, 
comedies,  and  pastorals — besides  "  la  crcce 
riacquistata,"  a  poem  which  the  Italians 
rank  next  to  Tasso's  Jerusalem — and  a  poem 
in  23  cantos,  on  the  pope's  election,  for 
which,  at  his  patron's  desire,  he  assumed 
the  surname  of  Delia  Api,  and  added  to  his 
arms  three  bees.  He  died  in  his  native 
country  at  the  age  of  80,  1645. 

Br ac ton,  Henry  de,  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, who  studied  at  Oxford,  and  became 
eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  in  1244  was  made 
one  of  the  judges  itinerant  by  Henry  III. 
He  is  chiefly  known  by  his  excellent  work 
"  de  legibus  &c  consuetudinibus  Anglise,"  a 
most  finished  and  valuable  performance,  di- 
vided into  five  books,  and  containing,  in  good 
language,  a  curious  and  interesting  detail  ot^ 
the  legal  learning,  the  laws  and  customs  of 
our  ancesters.  Though  blamed  by  Houard 
for  mingling  too  much  of  the  civil  and  canon 
law  in  his  compositions,  he  has  long  been 
held  as  a  writer  of  the  first  authority,  and 
deservedly  esteemed  by  lord  Coke,  and  other 
great  lawyers,  as  the  first  source  of  legal 
knowledge. 

Bradbury,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, educated  at  Clapham  in  company  with 
Dr.  Watts,  and  distinguished  among  the 
nonconformists  as  a  bold  and  eloquent 
preacher  in  defence  of  Calvinistical  doc- 
trines and  revolution  principles.  He  wrote 
some  theological  treatises — besides  three 
vols,  of  sermons — and  the  mystery  of  god- 
liness. He  died  1757,  aged  85,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  Bunhill  fields. 

Bradford,  Samuel,  was  born  in  Black- 
friars,  20th  December,  1652,  aud  after 
studying  at  St.  Paul's  school,  the  Charter 
house,  and  Benet's  college,  Cambridge,  he 
went  abroad  on  account  of  some  scruples  of 
conscience,  and  applied  himself  to  physic. 
He  afterwards  was  reconciled  to  the  doc- 
trines of  the  church,  and  as  the  friend  of 
archbishop  Sancroftand  the  chaplain  of  king 
William,  he  rose  in  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ment, to  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary-le-bow,  a 
prebend  of  Westminster,  and  the  master- 
ship of  his  own  college.  In  171S  he  became 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  in  1723  of  Roches- 
ter, which  he  held  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
17th  March,  1731,  aged  79.  He  edited 
Tillotson's  sermons,  and  the  work  may  be 
considered  as  valuable,  as  he  had  been  in. 
the  primate's  family,  as  tutor  to  his  chil- 
dren. 

Bradford,  John,  an  English  martyr, 
born  of  a  respectable  family  at  Manchester. 
He  was  for  some  time  clerk  to  sir  John 
Harrington,  the  treasurer  of  the  English 
forces  at  Calais,  but  afterwards  turned  his 
thoughts  to  the  study  of  divinity,  and  took 
his  master's  degree  at  Cambridge.     He  was 


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eloquent  as  a  preacher,  and  his  abilities  ex- 
posed him  to  persecution  in  Mary's  reign, 
so  that,  after  a  long  imprisonment,  he  was 
burnt  in  Smithfiekf,  1st  July,  1555.  Some 
of  his  letters  are  extant.  It  is  said  that  he 
■was  so  struck  by  hearing  a  sermon  from  La- 
timer on  restitution,  that  be  made  a  restitu- 
tion of  some  of  the  king's  goods,  which  he 
had  dishonestly  appropriated  to  his  own  use 
while  clerk  at  Calais. 

Bradford,  John,  a  Welch  poet  of  me- 
rit. He  presided  in  1760,  in  the  bardic  chair 
of  Glamorganshire,  to  which  he  had  been 
called  30  years  before,  though  a  youth.  lie 
wrote  several  moral  pieces  of  great  merit, 
preserved  in  the  Evergreen,  a  magazine  in 
the  Welch  language.     He  died  1780. 

Bradick,  Walter,  author  of  "  Chohe- 
Icth  or  royal  preacher,"  a  poem  of  conside- 
rable merit,  was  a  merchant  of  Lisbon, 
where  he  lost  all  his  property  by  the  earth- 
quake. On  his  return  to  England,  loss  of 
sight  was  added  to  poverty,  till  his  suffer- 
ings were  relieved  by  the  queen,  who 
placed  him  as  a  pensioner  in  the  Charter- 
house, where  he  died  31st  December,  1794. 

Bradley,  James,  D.  U.  was  born  1092, 
at  Shircborn  in  Gloccstershire,  and  educat- 
ed at  Northleach  and  Baliol  college,  Oxford, 
whence  he  proceeded  into  orders,  and  was 
promoted  to  the  living  of  Bridstow,  Here- 
fordshire. His  talents  were  directed  to  ma- 
thematical pursuits,  in  the  company  and 
under  the  direction  of  his  maternal  uncle, 
Dr.  Pound,  rector  of  Wanstead,  Essex,  a 
man  of  singular  genius,  and  great  learning, 
and  from  his  own  accurate  observations  with 
the  sector,  he  settled,  upon  the  most  cor- 
rect basis,  the  laws  of  the  alterations  of  the 
fixed  stars  in  consequence  of  the  motion  of 
light,  and  also  the  nutation  of  the  earth's 
axis.  His  great  merit  did  not  pass  long  un- 
rewarded, he  was  chosen  Savilian  professor 
of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  1721,  on  the  death 
of  Dr.  Keill,  to  which  was  afterwards,  in 
1730,  added  the  lectureship  in  experimental 
philosophy,  and  with  these  honors,  a  distinc- 
tion equally  flattering  to  the  lover  of  science, 
the  friendship  of  the  great  and  the  learned, 
of  lord  Macclesfield,  sir  Isaac  Newton,  Dr. 
Halley,  &c.  In  1742  he  succeeded  Dr.  Hal- 
ley  as  astronomer  royal  at  Greenwich,  and 
in  this  important  appointmcut  his  attention 
was  directed  to  improve  and  increase  under 
the  royal  patronage,  and  the  gift  of  1000/. 
and  the  assistance  of  those  able  artists, 
George  Graham  and  Bird,  the  valuable 
instruments  which  enrich  this  celebrated 
observatory.  His  great  disinterestedness 
appeared  on  his  refusal  of  the  living  of 
Greenwich,  but  his  services  were  too  nu- 
merous to  be  neglected,  and  the  king  there- 
fore settled  a  pension  of  250Z.  upon  him. 
His  laborious  studies  impaired  his  health  ; 
he  long  apprehended  that  he  should  survive 
his  reason,  but  his  fears  proved  false,  and  an 
inflammation  of  the  kidneys,  followed  by  a 
suppression  of  urine,  carred  him  off  13th 
.luly,  17G2.  He  left  only  one  daughter,  and 
was  buried  at  Minchinliampton,  ia  Glouces- 


tershire. Few  of  his  compositions,  besides 
papers  in  the  philosophical  transactions, 
were  published  ;  but  his  valuable  observa- 
tions on  astronomy,  &c.  are  carefully  pre- 
served in  MS.  in  13  folio  and  two  quarto  vo- 
lumes. 

Bradley,  Richard,  F.R.S.  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  Cambridge,  1724,  by  the 
influence  of  Dr.  Bentley,  who  trusted  to  a 
pretended  verbal  recommendation  from  Dr. 
Sherard.  The  inabilities  of  the  new  pro- 
fessor to  read  lectures  was  soon  made  appa- 
rent to  the  university,  and  his  ignorance  of 
the  learned  languages  rendered  him  ridicu- 
lous. Mr.  J.  Martin  was  therefore  appoint- 
ed his  substitute  as  professor,  though  he 
himself  ventured  to  deliver  lectures  on  the 
materia  medica  at  the  Bull  Inn,  1729  ;  but 
his  conduct  was  regarded  as  so  offensive, 
that  the  heads  of  the  university  had  it  ia 
agitation  to  procure  his  removal,  when  he 
died  in  1732.  He  wrote  some  things  on  hus- 
bandry, natural  history,  &c.  and  for  some 
money  permitted  the  booksellers  to  use  his 
name  in  a  traslation  of  Xenophon's  econo- 
mics. 

Bradshaw,  Henry,  a  Benedictine  monk 
of  Chester,  in  the  fourteenth  century,  author 
of  a  poetical  chronicle,  called  the  life  of  St. 
Werburg. 

Bradshaw,  John,  serjeant  at  law,  was 
born  in  1586,  at  Marple-hall  in  Cheshire, 
near  Chapel  le  Frith,  where  his  ancestors 
had  been  settled  for  many  generations.  He 
was  one  of  the  judges  of  the  sheriff's  court 
in  London,  and  on  the  trial  of  Charles  I.  he- 
was  nominated  by  the  parliament,  president 
of  tiiat  bloody  tribunal.  Though  he  beha- 
ved with  disrespect  and  audacity  to  his  so- 
vereign, some  have  imagined  that  he  was  but 
the  tool  of  a  party,  and  that  his  private  sen- 
timents were  favorable  to  the  royal  cause. 
His  attachment  to  the  republican  form  of 
government,  however,  was  such  that  he  in- 
veighed against  the  usurpation  of  Cromwell, 
and  for  his  obstinacy  he  was  dismissed  from 
the  office  of  president.  He  died  1659,  but 
the  place  of  his  burial  is  unknown,  though 
some  have  mentioned  an  inscription  engra- 
ved on  a  cannon  near  Martha  bay,  in  Jamai- 
ca, which  intimates  that  his  ashes  were  de- 
posited there.  He  might  have  wished  like 
others  to  fly  the  insults  which  attended  the 
bones  of  those  who  sat  in  judgment  over 
Charles,  but  it  is  more  probable  from  papers 
preserved  in  the  British  museum  that  he 
died  in  England,  and  on  the  31st  October 
1659.  He  was  rewarded  by  the  parliament 
for  his  services  as  president,  with  the  estate 
of  Summer-hill,  belonging  to  lord  St.  Al- 
ban's,  worth  1000/.  a  year.  It  is  supposed  by 
some,  that  he  communicated  some  old  evi- 
dences to  Needham,  to  be  inserted  in  his 
translation  of  Selden's  Mare  clausum. 

Bradwardin,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Hat- 
field in  Sussex,  educated  at  Merton  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  proctor  and  divinity 
professor.  For  his  great  merit  as  a  mathe- 
matician, philosopher,  and  divine,  he  was 
made  confessor  to  Edward  III.  during  his 


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wars  in  France,  where  as  a  preacher  his 
eloquence  had  great  influence  in  restrain- 
ing the  violence  and  lawless  conduct  of 
the  military.  He  became  archbishop  of 
■Canterbury  in  1348,  and  from  his  learning 
was  called  the  profound  doctor.  Among 
other  things  he  published  a  tract  called  Cau- 
sa Dei — besides  geometria  speculativa — 
arithmetics  speculativa — tractatus  proportio- 
num,  Venice,  1505.  He  was  consecrated  at 
Avignon,  and  died  1549,  at  Lambeth.  He 
■was  buried  in  Canterbury  cathedral. 

Brady,  Nicholas,  D.  U.  was  born  at 
Bandon  in  Ireland,  October  28th,  1659,  and 
at  the  age  of  12  he  came  over  to  England,  and 
was  educated  at  Westminster  college  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He  afterwards  re- 
turned to  Ireland,  where  his  father,  who 
was  in  the  military  line,  resided,  and  he  took 
his  degrees  at  the  university  of  Dublin.  He 
showed  himself  zealous  and  active  during 
the  revolution,  and  thrice  successively  by  his 
influence  and  address  he  saved  his  native 
town  from  conflagration  agreeable  to  the  or- 
der's of  king  James'  generals.  He  abandon- 
ed the  preferment  which  by  the  friendship 
of  Wettenhal,  bishop  of  Cork,  he  held  in 
Ireland,  and  as  chaplain  to  William  and 
Mary  he  ruse  to  consequence  in  the  church, 
and  became  minister  of  Richmond  and  rec- 
tor of  Clapham  in  Surrey.  He  died  20th 
May  1720,  aged  GO.  He  wrote  three  vols, 
of  sermons  besides  a  translation  of  Virgil's 
JEucid,  and  his  well  known  version  of  the 
psalms  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Tate. 

Brady,  Robert,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  edu- 
cated at  Caius  college,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  master  1660.  He  was  in  1670,  ap- 
pointed keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower, 
and  sotm  after  regius  professor  at  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  died  1700.  He  was  emi- 
nent as  a  physician.  His  letter  to  Dr.  Sy- 
denham has  been  published,  but  he  is  best 
known  as  the  author  of  an  history  of  Eng- 
land, three  vols.  fol.  in  which  he  zealously 
supports  the  royal  prerogative.  He  also 
published  a  treatise  on  burghs,  folio. 

Brahe,  Tycho,  descended  from  an  illus- 
trious Swedish  family,  was  born  at  Knud- 
storp  in  Denmark,  1546,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  an  astronomer.  He  studied  rhe- 
toric and  philosophy  at  Copenhagen,  but  so 
great  was  his  admiration  of  the  skill  of  astro- 
nomers in  calculating  eclipses  to  the  preci- 
sion of  a  moment,  that  he  employed  all  his 
money  in  purchasing  books  for  his  favorite 
pursuit,  and  often  spent  whole  nights  with  a 
small  celestial  globe  in  his  hands  in  learning 
the  names  of  the  stars,  and  in  the  acquisition 
of  a  science  which  he  called  divine.  His 
friends  in  vain  attempted  to  represent  astro- 
nomy as  beneath  his  rank  ;  he  continued  his 
study  with  increasing  application,  and  gain- 
ed the  patronage  of  the  Danish  king,  at 
■whose  request  he  read  some  popular  lectures 
on  the  theory  of  comets.  His  knowledge 
was  improved  by  visiting  Switzerland,  Italy 
and  Germany,  and  he  would  have  removed 
to  Basil,  if  the  king  of  Denmark,  with  a  mu- 
nificence truly  noble,  had  not  retained  him 


in  his  dominions,  by  settling  upon  him  Cor 
life  the  Island  of  Kuen  in  the  Sound,  and 
building  a  commodious  observatory  and  ela- 
boratory,  which  he  called  Uraniburgh,  and 
to  which  he  annexed  a  pension  of  two  thou- 
sand crowns,  besides  preferment  of  equal  or 
superior  value.  Thus  flattered  by  his  sove- 
reign and  honored  with  the  praises  and  the 
visits  of  the  noble  and  the  great,  especially 
of  James  II.  of  Scotland,  when  he  came  to 
Denmark,  to  marry  the  princess  Anne, 
Brahe  might  be  said  to  live  happy  and  re- 
spected. Malice  however  attacked  him  in 
his  retreat,  his  enemies  vilified  his  services, 
he  was  abandoned  by  the  king,  and  bidding 
adieu  to  his  favorite  Uraniburgh,  he  found 
at  last  an  asylum  at  Prague,  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  emperor,  and  with  a  pension 
of  3000  crowns.  He  died  soon  after  of  a 
suppression  of  urine,  24th  October  1601. 
Great  as  an  astronomer  and  chemist,  Brahe 
was  superstitious,  too  much  given  to  credu- 
lity and  astrological  presages,  irritable  in  his 
temper,  and  not  always  respectable  in  his 
connections.  He  left  a  widow,  two  sons  and 
four  daughters,  with  little  to  inherit  but  his 
fame  and  his  misfortunes.  The  Rodolphine 
tables  and  the  historia  ccelestis,  are  the  best 
of  his  works,  but  the  wildness  of  his  opinions 
is  sufficiently  proved  by  the  absurdity  of  the 
system  which  he  endeavored  to  establish  in 
mere  opposition  to  the  Copernican. 

Braillier,  Peter,  an  apothecary  at 
Lyons,  author  of  a  curious  book  on  the 
abuses  and  the  ignorance  of  physicians,  in- 
scribed to  Claude  de  Gouffier,  1557. 

Braint  Hir,  the  nephew  of  Cadwallon, 
king  of  North  Wales.  He  supported  brave- 
ly his  uncle  against  Edwin  king  of  England 
in  620,  and  when  defeated  he  went  privately 
to  England,  and  by  his  conciliating  conduct, 
gained  such  a  number  of  adherents,  that  he 
was  enabled  to  make  head  against  the  enemy 
and  to  recall  his  uncle  who  had  fled  to  Ire- 
land, and  to  replace  him  on  his  throne,  633, 
after  the  battle  of  Hatfield,  in  which  Edwin 
fell. 

Brakenbukc,  Reinier,  a  painter  of 
Haerlem,  who  died  1649.  His  pieces  are 
generally  on  low  and  vulgar  subjects,  but 
always  display  elegance,  spirit,  nature  and 
interest. 

Bramante  d'Urbino,  Lazarus,  was 
born  at  Castel-Duranti  in  Urbino  1444,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  an  architect  at  Na- 
ples and  Rome.  It  was  in  conformity  to  his 
plan  that  pope  Julius  II.  was  persuaded  to 
rebuild  the  church  of  St.  Peter,  but  though 
the  work  was  conducted  with  great  expe- 
dition, the  artist  did  not  live  to  see  the  com- 
pletion of  his  noble  design.  He  died  1514, 
aged  70,  eight  years  after  the  foundations  had 
been  laid,  and  the  merit  of  finishing  the 
building  was  reserved  for  Michael  Angelo. 
Bramante  was  amiable  in  his  private  charac- 
ter, and  as  a  poet  and  musician  he  was  also 
eminent.  His  poetry  was  published  at  Mi- 
lan, 1756. 

Bramer,  Leonard,  a  disciple  of  Rem- 
brandt, born  at  Delft,  1596.    His  resurrec 


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tion  of  Lazarus,  preserved  at  Rome,  is  much 
admired. 

Bramhali.,  John,  a  native  of  Pontefract 
in  Yorkshire,  who  was  educated  at  Sydney 
college,  Cambridge,  and  after  taking  orders 
succeeded  to  a  living  in  the  city  of  York, 
where  he  married  a  clergyman's  widow, 
with  whom  he  received  a  considerable  for- 
tune, and  what  he  rtegarded  still  more,  a  very 
valuable  collection  of  books.  By  his  success- 
ful controversy  on  religious  topics  with  a 
secular  priest  and  a  Jesuit,  he  recommended 
himself  to  the  notice  of  Matthews,  arch- 
bishop of  York,  by  whom  he  was  promoted 
to  the  prebend  of  Rippon.  About  the  year 
1633,  he  went  over  to  Ireland,  on  the  invita- 
tion of  lord  W  enlworth,  and  for  his  services 
as  visitor  of  the  revenues  of  the  church  he 
obtained  the  archdeaconry  of  Meath,  and  in 
1034  the  bishopric  of  Londonderry.  His 
authority  was  powerfully  exerted  in  uniting 
the  churches  of  Ireland  and  England,  and 
by  his  eloquence  the  two  sister  countries 
adopted  the  same  form  of  worship  and  the 
same  tenets  of  faith.  He  was  not  however 
without  enemies;  he  was  not  only  charged 
w  ith  arminianism  and  popery,  but  accused  of 
high  treason,  and  of  attempts  to  introduce 
an  arbitrary  and  tyrannical  government;  and 
after  being  some  time  in  confinement  he  was 
liberated  by  the  influence  of  Usher  the  pri- 
mate, and  the  immediate  interference  of  the 
king.  After  some  time  spent  at  Hamburgh 
and  Brussels,  he  ventured  to  revisit  Ireland, 
but  his  influence  was  considered  as  so  dan- 
gerous by  the  parliament,  that  his  person 
"was  in  the  most  imminent  danger,  and 
Cromwell,  from  whose  vigilance  he  escaped, 
was  heard  to  declare  in  disappointment  that 
he  would  have  lavished  not  a  little  money  to 
secure  that  Irish  Canterbury,  as  he  called 
him.  On  the  restoration  his  services  entitled 
him  to  the  highest  honors,  and  he  was  accord- 
ingly translated  to  the  see  of  Armagh,  18th 
January  1660-1,  and  as  primate  of  Ireland, 
and  speaker  of  the  house  of  lords,  he  dis- 
played those  abilities  of  persuasion,  and  that 
patriotic  zeal  which  he  possessed  in  so  emi- 
nent a  degree.  His  constitution  now  began 
to  decline,  he  was  twice  struck  with  the  pal- 
sy, and  a  third  attack  proved  fatal,  at  the 
end  of  June  1663,  in  his  70th  year.  His 
works  on  theological  subjects  mostly  were 
reprinted  at, Dublin,  in  one  folio  volume, 
1677.  The  most  valuable  of  his  composi- 
tions is  that  against  Hobbes,  on  liberty  and 
necessity. 

Bran,  son  of  Lyr,  was  father  of  Carracta- 
cus  king  of  Britain.  With  two  others,  Pry- 
dain  and  Dynwal,  he  is  said  to  have  estab- 
lished the  rights  of  an  elective  monarchy  in 
Britain.  He  was  carried  to  Rome,  where  it 
is  supposed  he  embraced  Christianity,  which 
lie  contributed  to  spread  among  his  uncivi- 
lized countrymen.     He  died  about  80  A.  D. 

Brancas  Villeneuve,  Andrew  Fran- 
cis, abbe  d'Aulnay,  %vas  born  in  the  Venais- 
sin,  and  died  April  llth,  1758.  His  works, 
?hough  correct  in  matter,  do  not  recommend 
•  hemselves  either  by   elegance  of  stvle  or 


choice  of  ideas ;  they  are  a  system  of  modern 
cosmography  and  geography  in  general — 
explanation  of  the  flux  and  reflux  of  the  sea 
— letters  on  cosmography — ephemerides 
cosmographiques. 

Brancker,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, educated  at  Exeter  college,  of  which 
he  was  elected  fellow.  He  afterwards  be- 
came rector  of  Tilston,  Cheshire,  and  mas- 
ter of  Macclesfield  school.  He  died  1676 
aged  40,  and  was  buried  at  Macclesfield.  He 
possessed  abilities  as  a  mathematician,  and 
wrote  the  doctrine  of  the  sphere,  in  Latin, 
Oxford,  1662 — introduction  to  algebra,  1668. 
Bran  del,  Peter,  a  painter,  born  at 
Prague,  and  educated  under  Schroeter. 
Though  well  paid  for  his  portraits  and  his- 
torical pieces,  which  possessed  real  merit, 
his  extravagance  kept  him  in  continual  want, 
and  lie  died  very  poor  at  Prague,  1739,  aged 
79. 

Brandi,  Hyacinth,  a  painter,  the  pupil 
of  Lanfrac,  born  at  Poli  near  Rome.  He 
possessed  great  merit,  and  his  pencil  was 
employed  in  beautifying  the  churches  and 
palaces  of  the  capital  of  Italy,  where  he  died 
1691,  aged  58. 

Brandmulier,  John,  professor  of  He- 
brew at  Basil,  was  born  at  Biberac,  and  died 
1596,  aged  63.  He  wrote  four  funeral  ora- 
tions from  the  Old  Testament,  and  eighty 
from  the  New,  kc.  His  son  James,  who 
died  1629,  wrote,  in  three  vols.  4to.  analysis 
typica  librorum  veteris  &  novi  testamenti, 
Basil,  1620.  The  son  of  James,  was  profes- 
sor of  jurisprudence  at  Basil,  and  died  1677, 
aged  50.  He  wrote  some  valuable  works  on 
the  law,  besides  poems,  &c. 

Brandmuller,  Gregory,  a  painter  of 
Basil,  who  died  1691,  aged  30.  He  was  the 
pupil  of  Lebrun,  and  obtained  a  prize  of  the 
Paris  academy.  His  historical  pieces  and  his 
portraits  were  much  admired. 

Brandolini,  Aurelio,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, eminent  as  a  poet.  He  was  for  some 
time  resident  in  the  university  of  Buda  un- 
der the  patronage  of  Matthias  Corvinus, 
king  of  Hungary,  and  after  his  death  he  en- 
tered among  the  Augustines  at  Florence. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  is  de  ratione 
scribendi,  in  which  he  gives  good  directions 
for  the  acquiring  of  a  good  style.  He  was 
also  eminent  as  a  preacher.  He  was  surna- 
med  Lippo  because  he  was  blind. 

Brandon,  Charles  duke  of  Suffolk,  a 
favorite  of  Henry  VIII.  of  England.  He 
was  valiant  in  the  field,  and  handsome  in  his 
person,  and  gained  the  public  esteem  by  his 
courteous  behaviour.  At  the  tournament  of 
St.  Denys,  in  honor  of  Mary  the  sister  of 
Henry  who  married  Lewis  XII.  of  Franco, 
he  was  attacked  by  a  strong  and  gigantic 
German,  at  the  instigation  of  the  French, 
who  were  envious  of  his  reputation,  but  he 
repulsed  and  defeated  his  antagonist,  and  so 
noble  was  his  conduct,  says  Henault  the  his- 
torian, that  it  won  the  heart  of  the  youthful 
bride,  who  in  three  short  months  became  a 
widow,  and  soon  offered  her  hand  and  her 
fortune  to  her  favored  champion.    The  mar- 


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riage  accordingly  Avas  celebrated  with  the 
permission  of  Henry.  Suffolk  died  1545, 
leaving  his  fourth  wife  a  widow,  and  he  was 
buried  honorably  by  the  king. 

Brandt,  Sebastian,  a  counsellor  of  Stras- 
burg,  and  professor  of  law,  was  author  of  a 
poem  called  "  Navis  stultifera  mortalium," 
1488,  8vo.  of  which  there  appeared  a  French 
translation  1497.     He  died  1520,  aged  6G. 

Brandt,  John,  secretary  of  Antwerp, 
was  eminent  for  his  erudition,  and  his  pa- 
tronage of  science.  He  is  author  of  "  elogia 
Ciceronia  Roman,  domi  militijeque  illustri- 
ura."     He  died  1639,  aged  80. 

Brandt,  Sebastian,  a  chemist  of  Germa- 
ny, who  employed  a  great  part  of  his  life  in 
search  of  the  philosopher's  stone,  in  the 
preparation  of  urine,  and  found  after  distil- 
lation that  shining  substance  since  called 
phosphorus.  He  made  the  discovery  public, 
but  concealed  the  process,  which  however 
Kunckel,  chemist  to  the  elector  of  Saxony, 
easily  guessed.  He  died  '2d  May,  1521,  aged  63. 

Brandt,  Gerard,  a  minister  of  Amster- 
dam, author  of  the  life  of  de  Ruyter  the  ad- 
miral, of  a  Flemish  history  of  the  reforma- 
tion of  the  Low  Countries  in  4  vols.  4to.  after- 
wards abridged  in  a  French  translation  of  3 
vols.  12mo.  The  work  was  so  popular,  that 
Fagel  said  once  to  bishop  Burnet,  that  it 
was  worth  learning  Flemish  to  read  the  ori- 
ginal.    He  died  at  Rotterdam  1685,  aged  59. 

Brantome.     Vid.  Bourdeilles. 

BrAsavoea,  AntoniusMusa,  a  physician 
r>i  eminence,  born  at  Ferrara,  where  he  was 
professor  of  medicine,  and  where  he  died 
1555,  aged  55.  His  abilities  recommended 
him  to  the  popes  and  the  other  princes  of 
Italy,  to  whom  he  was  physieian,  and  also  to 
Francis  I.  of  France,  Henry  VIII.  of  Eng- 
land, and  Charles  V.  of  Germany.  He  wrote 
some  works  on  medical  subjects,  and  besides 
commentaries  on  Hippocrates  and  Galen. 

Brasbridge,  Thomas,  a  native  of  North- 
amptonshire, educated  at  Magdalen  college, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  was  elected  fellow  1562. 
He  is  known  as  a  physician  and  a  divine,  and 
he  wrote  the  poor  man's  jewel,  or  a  treatise 
of  the  pestilence,  with  a  declaration  of  the 
herbs  cardius  benedictus  and  angelica,  &c.  in 
8vo.  1578 — quasstiones  in  officia  Ciceronis,  in 
8vo.  Oxford  1615. 

Brasidas,  a  general  of  Lacedcemon,  who 
conquered  several  of  the  allied  cities  of  A- 
thens,  B.  C.  424.  When  besieged  in  Amphi- 
polis  he  defeated  Cleon  in  a  sally,  and  died 
some  time  after. 

Brathwayte,  Richard,  a  native  of 
Westmoreland,  known  as  a  poet.  He  enter- 
ed at  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  1604,  and  thence 
removed  to  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  be- 
came captain  in  the  army,  and  a  justice  of 
peace  in  his  native  county.  His  works  are 
the  golden  fleece  and  other  poems,  1611, 
8vo. — the  poet's  willow,  or  the  passionate 
shepherd,  8vo.  1614 — the  prodigal's  tears, 
or  farewell  to  vanity,  1614,  Svo. — essays  on 
the  five  senses,  Svo.  162U — the  English  gen- 
tleman, 4to.  often  edited,  &c.  He  died  at 
Appleton,  Yorkshire,  about  1G~^ 


Brauwer,  Adrian,  a  painter,  born  at 
Haerlem.  His  pieces  possess  great  merit* 
and  are  chiefly  on  vulgar  subjects,  public- 
houses,  shows,  and  fairs,  &c.  He  died  of  in- 
temperance, 1638,  aged  30. 

Bray,  Solomon  de,  a  native  of  Haerlem, 
eminent  as  a  portrait  painter.  He  died  1664, 
aged  67.  His  son  Jacob  excelled  in  histori- 
cal representations,  and  died  at  the  end  of 
the  17th  century. 

Bray,  Sir  Reginald,  was  descended  from 
a  family  which  came  to  England,  with  the 
Conqueror,  and  settled  in  the  counties  of 
Northampton  and  Warwick.  He  was  in- 
strumental in  raising  Henry  VII.  to  the 
throne,  and  he  negotiated  with  the  duke  of 
Buckingham  and  others  that  prince's  mar- 
riage with  Elizabeth  daughter  of  Edward  IV. 
He  was  a  man  of  valor,  and  was  made  a 
knight  baronet  at  the  battle  of  Bosworth- 
field,  or  as  some  say,  at  that  of  Black- 
heath,  and  he  received  as  the  reward  of  his 
services  the  forfeited  land  of  lord  Audley. 
St.  George's  chapel  at  Windsor,  and  that  of 
Henry  VII.  at  Westminster  abbey,  are  men- 
tioned as  specimens  of  his  skill  in  architec- 
ture, as  he  contributed  to  the  raising  and. 
embellishing  of  them.  He  died  5th  August, 
1501,  and  was  buried,  as  is  supposed,  in  the 
south  aisle  of  the  chapel  of  Windsor,  which 
still  bears  his  name.  He  was  twice  married, 
but  had  no  issue.  His  estates  descended  to 
his  brothers,  whose  descendants  in  Surrey 
still  enjoy  part  of  the  land  which  once  be- 
longed to  their  great  relation. 

Bray,  Thomas,  D.  D.  a  native  of  Mars- 
ton,  in  Shropshire,  educated  at  Hart-hall, 
Oxford.  He  was  at  first  patronised  by  lord 
Digby,  but  his  abilities  soon  recommended 
him  to  bishop  Compton,  by  whom  he  was 
sent  as  commissary  to  settle  the  church  af- 
fairs of  Maryland  and  Virginia.  In  this  em- 
ployment, which  engaged  the  best  part  of 
his  life,  and  obliged  him  to  cross  the  Atlan- 
tic several  times,  he  behaved  with  all  that 
zeal  and  disinterestedness  which  characterise 
the  true  Christian.  He  instituted  librai-ies 
in  several  parts  of  America  for  the  informa- 
tion and  improvement  of  the  missionaries 
employed  in  preaching  the  gospel,  and  every 
method  was  pursued  by  his  example  and  re- 
commendation which  might  rentier  the  con- 
version of  negroes  and  pagans  to  the  gospel 
easy  and  certain,  and  increase  the  influence 
of  religious  principles.  It  was  not  only  the 
money  subscribed  by  individuals,  or  granted 
by  corporations,  for  those  charitable  pur- 
poses, which  was  economically  spent,  but 
Dr.  Bray  contributed  the  whole  of  his  small 
fortune  to  the  support  of  his  liberal  plans, 
better  gratified  in  the  promotion  of  public 
happiness,  than  in  che  possession  of  private 
wealth.  To  his  great  and  indefatigable  ex- 
ertions many  of  the  societies  established  in 
London  owe  their  institution,  especially  that 
for  the  relief  of  poor  proselytes,  that  for  the 
reformation  of  manners,  and  that  for  the 
propagation  of  the  gospel  in  foreign  pans,  &c. 
This  great  and  good  man,  whose  whole  life 
was  thas   devoted  to  benevolent  purposes, 


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and  whose  high  services  deserved  and  re- 
ceived the  gratitude  of  king  and  parliament, 
died  15th  February,  1730,  aged  73,  leaving 
only  one  daughter.  He  was  author  of  some 
useful  publications,  particularly  his  cateche- 
tical letters,  apostolic  charity,  bibliotheca 
parochialis,  &c. 

Brebeuf,  George  de,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Thorigny  in  Normandy.  He  was  no- 
ticed, but  his  merits  were  not  rewarded  by 
Mazarine.  He  travestied  the  first  book  of 
Lucan,  an  attempt  which,  by  his  ingenious 
mode  of  raillery,  and  by  the  keen  severity  of 
his  satire,  created  him  popularity  as  well  as 
enemies.     He  died  1661,  aged  4.3. 

Brebeuf,  Jean  de,  uncle  to  the  prece- 
ding, distinguished  himself  as  a  missionary, 
to  convert  the  wild  inhabitants  of  Canada  to 
Christianity.  He  was  cruelly  burnt  by  these 
infatuated  savages  in  1649,  in  his  56th  year. 

Brecourt,  Guillaume  Martoureau  de, 
a  French  poet,  better  known  also  as  an  ac- 
tor. He  died  in  consequence  of  his  extraor- 
dinary exertions  on  the  stage,  in  1685. 

Breda,  Peter  Van,  a  painter  of  Antwerp 
who  died  1681,  aged  50.  His  landscapes 
were  much  admired. 

Breda,  JohnVan,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
obtained  a  comfortable  independence,  by  ex- 
ercising his  profession  in  England.  His  land- 
scapes, fairs,  markets,  conversations,  &c. 
were  particularly  spirited.  He  died  on  the 
continent,  1750. 

Bredenbach,  Matthias,  a  controversial- 
ist writer  of  Kerpen,  who  died  in  1559,  in 
his  70th  year. 

Breenberg,  Barthol.  a  painter  of  some 
distinction,  born  at  Utrecht  in  1620.  He  di- 
ed aged  40.  His  views  of  ruins  are  particu- 
larly valuable. 

Brecy,  Charlotte  Saumaise  de  Chazan, 
comtesse  de,  a  maid  of  honor  to  Ann  of  Aus- 
tria. She  was  niece  to  Salmasius,  and  be- 
came known  for  the  ease  and  elegance  of  her 
conversation,  her  wit,  and  the  beauty  of  her 
person.  She  died  at  Paris  1693,  aged  74. 
Some  of  her  verses  and  letters  were  publish- 
ed in  1688,  in  12mo.  abounding  in  metaphy- 
sical conceits,  and  occasionally  interesting  de- 
scriptions. 

Breitkopf,  John  Gottlieb  Emmanuel, 
a  native  of  Leipsic,  known  as  a  writer,  and 
as  a  printer.  He  wrote  treatises  on  the  ori- 
gin of  printing, — on  the  history  of  playing 
cards, — the  invention  of  paper  from  linen 
rags, — and  the  invention  of  engraving  on 
■wood  in  Europe, — and  on  bibliography.  As 
a  printer  he  acquired  deserved  celebrity  af- 
ter his  father.  By  reading  a  treatise  of  Al- 
bert Durer,  he  was  induced  to  improve  the 
shape  of  types,  upon  scientific  and  mathe- 
matical principles,  and  he  also  found  out  a 
method  to  print  musical  notes,  charts,  and 
maps  with  types,  and  without  engraving. 
This  worthy  man  died  at  Leipsic  1794,  aged 
75. 

Brejiont,  Francois  de,  a  Parisian,  made 
secretary  to  the  Royal  London  society,  in 
consequence  of  his  translating  their  philo- 
sophical transactions.  He  died  at  Paris  1742, 


in  his  29th  year,  admired  for  his  laborious 
application  and  critical  discernment. 

Brenner,  Henry,  a  native  of  Kronoby  in 
West  Bothnia,  who  in  1697  went  with  Fab* 
ricius  the  Swedish  ambassador  to  the  Per- 
sian court.  On  his  return,  he  was  arrested 
at  Moscow,  in  consequence  of  the  Avar  with 
Sweden;  but  his  hours  of  confinement  were 
devoted  to  literary  pursuits.  He  translated 
into  Latin  the  history  of  Armenia  by  Moses 
Armenius  Choronensis,  printed  Stockholm 
1723;  and  also  wrote  observations  on  the 
Czar  Peter's  expedition  against  the  Persians 
with  a  map  of  the  Caspian  and  of  the  river 
Dwina.  He  was  made  keeper  of  the  royal 
library  at  Stockholm,  where  he  died  1732, 
aged  63. 

Brennus,  a  general  of  Gaul,  famous  for 
his  invasion  of  Thessaly,  and  his  attempts  to 
plunder  the  temple  of  Delphi.  He  killed 
himself,  B.  C.  278. 

Brennus,  a  general  of  Gaul,  celebrated 
for  his  irruption  into  Italy,  and  his  siege  and 
seizure  of  Rome,  where  the  valor  of  Camil- 
lus  at  last  defeated  him,  and  totally  destroy- 
ed all  his  army,  388  B.  C. 

Brent,  sir  Nathaniel,  a  native  of  Wool- 
ford,  Warwickshire,  educated  at  Merton 
college,  of  which  he  became  the  warden,  by 
the  influence  of  Abbot  the  primate  whoae 
niece  he  had  married.  Among  other  things 
he  published  a  Latin  and  English  translation 
of  the  history  of  the  council  of  Trent,  a  copy 
of  which  he  had  procured  at  Veuice.  He 
was  knighted  by  Charles  I.  at  Woodstock  ; 
but  his  loyally  gave  way  to  his  eagerness  to 
retain  his  offices,  and  as  the  friend  of  the  pu- 
ritans, he  continued  at  the  head  of  his  col- 
lege, and  was  made  the  chief  visitor  of  the 
university.  He  died  in  London  6th  Nov. 
1652,  aged  79. 

Brentius  or  Brentzen,  John,  was 
born  at  Wiel  in  Swabia,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  the  friend  and  follower  of  Luther. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  ubiquists,  a  sect 
who  maintained  the  presence  of  the  body  of 
Jesus  ever}'  where.  He  was  highly  honored 
by  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg,  and  deserved 
it,  if  we  reckon  the  ponderous  form  of  his 
controversial  writings  in  eight  folio  volumes. 
He  died  at  Tubingen  1570,  in  his  71st  year, 
leaving  12  children  by  a  second  wife. 

Breq_uigny,  Lewis  George  Edward  de, 
author  of  the  history  of  the  revolutions  of 
Genoa,  three  vols.  12mo. — lives  of  eminent 
Greek  orators,  with  occasional  translations, 
two  vols.  12mo. — diplomata,  chartse,  ad  res 
Francisc.  spectantia,  4to. — chronological  ta- 
bles, &c.  relative  to  French  history,  five  vols, 
fol. — an  edition  of  Strabo,  &c. — was  member 
of  the  French  academy,  and  of  that  of  in- 
scriptions, and  died  1795,  aged  80.  In  his 
search  after  materials  to  elucidate  French 
history,  he  was  some  time  resident  in  Lon- 
don, to  examine  the  records  of  the  Tower. 

Brerewood,  Edward,  a  learned  anti- 
quary, born  at  Chester,  of  which  his  father 
was  three  times  mayor.  After  finishing  his 
education  at  Brazen-nose,  Oxford,  he  was 
elected  the   first  astronomical  professor  ot 


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Gresham  college.  He  died  in  London  of  a 
fever,  4th  November,  1613,  aged  48,  much 
respected,  not  only  for  his  great  learning, 
but  his  highly  exemplary  private  character. 
His  works,  consisting  of  nine  treatises,  were 
published  after  his  death,  among  which  the 
most  esteemed  are  "  on  the  weigbt  and  va 
lue  of  ancient  coins,  in  Latin,  1614,  in  4to." 
— inquiries  touching  the  diversity  of  lan- 
guages and  religion  through  the  world,  1614, 
4to.  &c. — elements  of  logic,  &c. 

Buet,  Anthony,  author  of  the  life  of  Ni- 
non de  1'Enclos,  12mo. — the  four  seasons,  a 
poem — Fecole  amoureuse  &  la  double  extra- 
vagance, two  vols.  8vo. — new  Cleopatra,  3 
vols. — eastern  fabies — commentary  on  the 
works  of  Moliere,  8vo. — memoirs  of  Bussy 
Rabutin,  two  yoIs.  12mo. — was  a  native  of 
Dijon,  and  died  at  Paris,  1792,  aged  75. 

Breton,  Nicholas,  a  writer  of  ballads 
and  interludes  of  some  merit,  ia  the  age  of 
Elizabeth.  His  Phillide  and  Corydon  are 
preserved  in  Percy's  collection,  and  the  titles 
of  his  compositions  are  mentioned  in  Win- 
stanley's  ames  typog.  and  Osborn's  Harl. 
Catal. 

Breton  neau,  Fran  cis,  a  Jesu  i  t  of  Tours, 
who  died  at  Paris,  1741,  aged  81.  He  is  au- 
thor of  a  life  of  James  II.  and  of  seven  vo- 
lumes of  sermons,  edited  by  Berryer,  and 
recommended,  if  not  by  the  eloquence,  yet  by 
the  more  excellent  example  of  the  preacher's 
virtuous  life. 

Bretonnier,  Barthol.  Joseph,  an  advo- 
cate in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  author  of 
some  useful  law  tracts.  He  died  at  Paris 
1727,  aged  71. 

Bretteville,  Etienne  du  Bois  de,  a 
.lesuit  of  Normandy,  author  of  some  theolo- 
gical tracts.     He  died  in  1688,  aged  38. 

Brettinger,  John  James,  a  native  of 
Zurich,  professor  of  Hebrew,  and  author  of 
an  edition  of  the  new  testament,  from  tho 
septuagint,  in  four  vols.  4to.  and  some  pieces 
on  painting,  poetry,  and  antiquities,  Sec.  He 
died  1776,  aged  75. 

Breval,  John  Dm-ant  de,  was  educated 
at  Westminster  school,  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow 
1702.  In  consequence  of  a  dispute  with 
Bentley,  the  master  of  his  college,  he  quitted 
the  university,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain under  the  great  Marlborough.  Besides 
poems  and  plays,  Breval  was  the  writer  of 
four  entertaining  volumes  of  travels,  and  by 
his  censure  of  Pope,  he  gained  immortality 
among  the  heroes  of  the  Dunciad.  He  died 
Jan.  1739. 

.  Breugel,  Peter,  or  Old,  a  native  of 
Breugel,  near  Breda,  distinguished  as  a  pain- 
ter, and  celebrated  for  the  originality  of  cha- 
racter, and  truth  of  delineation  which  he  in- 
fused into  his  pieces,  especially  such  as  re- 
presented the  feasts  and  rustic  enjoyments 
of  his  countrymen.  He  died  at  Antwerp  in 
the  last  part  of  the  16th  century,  and  with 
his  dying  breath  consigned  to  the  flames 
those  lighter  pieces  of  his  pencil  which  in 
unguarded  moments  he  had  painted,  offen- 
sive to  modesty  and  virtue.    He  was  twice 


married.  Some  of  his  pieces  are  iu  the  pos- 
session of  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany. 

Breugel,  Peter,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, surpassed  in  the  description  of  ma- 
gicians and  devils,  whence  he  is  called  Hel- 
lish Breugel. 

Breugel,  John,  second  son  of  old  Pe- 
ter, surnamed  Velvet,  from  his  mode  of 
dress,  chiefly  excelled  in  painting  flowers 
and  fruits,  in  which  his  superiority  was 
inimitable,  so  that  Rubens  himself  solicited 
the  perfecting  strokes  of  his  pencil  in  the 
finishing  of  his  Vertumnus  and  Pomona. 
After  visiting  Italy,  and  residing  long  at  Co- 
logne, respected  and  beloved,  he  died  about 
1642,  remarkable  for  never  having  admitted 

a  pupil  near  his  person. Another  of  that 

name,  called  Abraham,  born  at  Antwerp, 
1672,  excelled  as  a  flower  and  landscape 
painter. 

BRiiUL,  James  du,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
author  of  the  antiquities  of  Paris,  4to.  1612 
— les  fastes  de  Pierre  Bonfons  augmented, 
a  work  of  singular  merit — supplementum 
antiquitatum,  Paris,  4to.  1714 — the  life  of 
cardin.  Ch.  de  Bourbon,  4to. — a  chronicle  of 
the  abbots  of  St.  Germain,  &c.  He  died 
1614,  aged  86. 

Brevint,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Jersey, 
who  studied  at  Saumur,  and  then  became 
fellow  of  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  after  the 
foundation  of  three  fellowships  at  Jesus, 
Exeter,  and  Pembroke,  by  Charles  I.  for  the 
education  of  the  divines  of  Jersey  and 
Guernsey.  During  the  civil  wars  he  retired 
to  France,  and  after  the  restoration  he  was 
raised  to  the  enjoyment  of  a  prebendal  stall 
of  Durham,  and  in  1681  to  the  dignity  of 
dean  of  Lincoln.  He  died  May  5th,  1695, 
aged  79.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  Lord's 
supper,  and  other  theological  pieces,  in  La- 
tin, now  no  longer  remembered. 

Brewer,  Anthony,  author  of  the  country 
girl,  a  comedy — the  lovesick  king,  a  tra- 
gedy— and  other  pieces,  was  a  poet  of  ge- 
nius, and  highly  esteemed  among  the  wits 
and  the  courtiers  of  the  first  Charles'  reign. 
Little  is  known  of  his  history. 

Breynius,  James,  of  Dantzic,  was  au- 
thor of  plantarum  exoticarum  centuria,  with 
plates,  fol.  1678 — fasciculus  plantarum  ra- 
rior.4to.  1689.     He  died  1697,  aged  60. 

Bridaine,  N.  a  famous  French  preach- 
er of  the  diocese  of  Uzes,  compared  by 
Maury,  in  his  principles  of  eloquence,  to 
Demosthenes  and  Bossuet.  His  powers  of 
delivery  were  such,  and  his  address  so  com- 
manding, that  he  could  be  heard  distinctly 
by  10,000  people  in  the  open  air.  He  died 
1767,  author  of  cantiques  spirituels,  printed 
12mo.  1748. 

Bridault,  John  Peter,  a  French  wri- 
ter, who  died  24th  Oct.  1761.  He  wrote 
phrases  and  sentences  from  Terence's  co- 
medies, 12mo. — and  manners  and  customs 
of  the  Romans,  two  vols.  12mo. 

Bridge,  William,  a  leading  preacher 
among  the  independents  of  England.  When 
expell-  d  by  bishop  Wren,  he  became  a 
zealous  pastor  at  Rotterdam,  and  soon  after 


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returned  to  England,  and  resided  at  Yar- 
mouth. He  was  member  of  the  assembly  of 
divines  held  at  Westminster.  He  wrote  21 
treatises,  in  two  vols.  4to.  besides  sermons, 
&c.  and  died  March  1670,  aged  "0. 

Bridge  water,  Francis  Egerton  duke 
of,  celebrated  as  the  first  person  who  planned 
and  completed  the  cutting  of  a  navigable  ca- 
nal in  England,  was  born  21st  May,  1736. 
He  succeeded  to  his  titles  on  his  brother's 
death,  1748  ;  and  as  sodn  as  he  was  master 
of  his  fortune,  he  began,  with  unwearied 
zeal,  to  execute  the  plans  of  improvement 
which  he  had  early  meditated.  With  the 
assistance  of  Brindley,  a  man  of  astonishing 
powers  of  mind,  but  without  the  polish  and 
the  advantages  of  education,  he  surveyed  his 
estate  at  Worsley,  and  obtained  an  act  to 
open  a  communication  by  a  canal  between 
Manchester  and  Worsley,  and  afterwards, 
under  the  power  of  another  act,  to  return 
over  the  river  Irwell  to  Manchester.  Though 
a  solid  rock  opposed  the  line  of  his  progress, 
all  difficulties  were  removed,  air  funnels 
were  made  through  the  hill  to  discharge  all 
dangerous  effluvia  from  below,  and  the  canal 
was  conveyed  not  only  more  than  a  mile  under 
the  ground,  but  over  an  arch  above  40  feet 
above  the  surface  of  the  Irwell,  so  that  while 
vessels  pass  one  another  in  the  dark  and 
subterraneous  cavity,  others  sail  on  the  ca- 
nal above,  while  some  are  below  the  arch  in 
full  sail.  Thus,  by  means  of  these  stupen- 
dous works,  the  coals  which  were  found  in 
the  duke's  estate  were  conveyed,  with  great 
facility,  to  the  neighbouring  towns,  and  the 
commerce  of  Liverpool  was  thus  united  by 
the  Mersey  to  Manchester,  and  to  the 
southern  parts  of  the  kingdom.  Though 
the  sums  spent  on  these  astonishing  works 
were  almost  beyond  calculation,  and  nearly 
ruined  the  noble  and  enterprising  projector, 
yet  he  had  the  happiness  to  see  his  plans 
succeed  to  the  fullest  wishes  of  his  heart, 
and,  with  the  infinite  benefits  which  he  con- 
ferred on  the  national  commerce  and  on 
provincial  intercourse,  he  had  the  satisfac- 
tion to  find  his  income  increase  in  a  most 
rapid  progression.  This  truly  great  and  il- 
lustrious character  died  March  1803,  leav- 
ing the  bulk  of  his  immense  fortune  to  his 
nephew,  the  earl  of  Bridgewater,  the  mar- 
quis of  Stafford,  and  other  relations.  He 
never  was  married. 

Bridgman,  John,  a  native  of  Exeter, 
educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained 
the  mastership  of  Magdalen  college.  He 
was  chaplain  to  James  I.  who  gave  him  the 
rectory  of  Wigan,  Lancashire,  and  made  him 
bishop  of  Chester  1618.  He  was  stripped 
of  his  honors  in  the  civil  wars,  and  was  a 
great  sufferer,  in  person  and  property.  He 
died  at  Morton,  in  Cheshire,  1642. 

Bridgman,  sir  Orlando,  son  of  the  bish- 
op of  Chester,  was  made,  after  the  restora- 
tion, a  judge,  and  afterwards  lord  chancellor. 
In  his  elevated  situation,  he  showed  himself 
weak  and  irresolute,  and  was  often  biassed 
in  his  decisions,  by  the  intrigues  of  his  wife. 
He  was  removed,  for  refusing  to  affix  the 


seal  to  the  declaration  for  liberty  of  con- 
science, in  1672.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
conveyancing 

Brienne,  Walter  de,  a  native  of  Cham- 
pagne, distinguished  for  his  courage  at  the 
siege  of  Acre  against  the  Saracens.  He  was 
afterwards  king  of  Sicily,  and  duke  of  Apu- 
lia; and  was  killed  in  1205,  in  defending  the 
invaded  rights  of  his  wife  Maria  Alberic,  by 
whom  he  obtained  his  dukedom.  His  son, 
and  successor,  of  the  same  name,  surnamed 
the  great,  distinguished  himself  also  against 
the  Saracens,  by  whom  he  was  taken  prison- 
er, and  cruelly-put  to  death  1251. 

Brienne,  John,  was  made  king  of  Jeru- 
salem in  1210,  which  he  resigned  iu  favor 
of  his  son-in-law,  the  emperor  Frederick  II. 
He  was  afterwards  elected  to  fill  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  where  his  bravery  repel- 
led the  attacks  of  the  Greeks  and  Bulgari- 
ans. He  died  in  1237,  as  much  censured  for 
his  avarice  as  he  is  extolled  for  his  courage. 

Brietius,  Philip,  a  Jesuit  of  Abbeville, 
known  for  his  parallela  geographic  veteris 
et  nova?,  3  vols.  4to.  1648,  a  useful  work, 
never  completed.  He  wrote  also  annales 
mundi,  7  vols.  l2mo.  and  other  geographical 
and  chronological  works ;  and  died  at  Paris 
1608,  aged  67. 

Briggs,  Henry,  a  native  of  Halifax,  in 
Yorkshire,  educated  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  and  made,  1596,  first  professor 
of  geometry  in  the  college  founded  by 
Gresham.  He  resigned  this  office  in  1619, 
when  made  Savilian  professor  at  Oxford, 
where  he  devoted  his  time  to  study,  and 
rendered  himself  beloved  by  his  unaffected 
manners,  great  goodness  of  heart,  and  hu- 
mility of  deportment.  His  writings  consist 
of  eleven  different  treatises  on  mathematical 
subjects,  and  also  arithmetica  logarithme- 
tica,  containing  logarithms  of  30,000  natural 
numbers.  The  science  of  logarithms  had 
been  lately  discovered  by  Napier,  in  Scot- 
land, whom  he  visited,  and  by  whom  he  was 
honored  with  many  friendly  communica- 
tions.    He  died  January  1630,  aged  74. 

Briggs,  William,  a  native  of  Norwich, 
a  city  four  times  represented  by  his  father 
in  parliament.  He  was  educated  at  Benet 
college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  was  chosen 
fellow  in  1668,  and  as  a  student  of  medicine, 
ambitious  of  distinction  and  eminence,  he 
travelled  through  France  in  search  of  know- 
ledge and  information.  On  his  return  he 
published  a  valuable  treatise  on  the  eye, 
and  was  made  physician  to  the  king,  and 
universally  courted  for  his  skill  and  expe- 
rience. He  was  also  made  physician  to  St. 
Thomas'  hospital.  He  died  14th  Sept.  1704, 
leaving  one  son  and  two  daughters,  by  his 
wife  Hannah,  daughter  of  Edmund  Hobart. 

Brigham,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Oxford- 
shire, educated  at  Hart-hall,  and  at  one  of 
the  inns  of  court.  He  was  eminent  not 
only  as  a  lawyer,  but  as  a  poet,  and  showed 
himself  so  partial  to  Chaucer,  that  he  re- 
moved his  remains  to  the  south  transept  of 
Westminster-abbey,  where  he  erected  a 
monument  to  his  fame.     He  wrote  de  vena- 


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(ionibus  re  rum  raemorabilitim,  or  memoirs 
of  eminent  persons — miscellaneous  poems — 
memoirs  by  way  of  diary,  &c.  He  died 
1559. 

Brightman,  Thomas, rector  of  Hawnes, 
Bedfordshire,  was  educated  at  Queen's  col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  and  wrote  Latin  commen- 
taries on  the  canticles  and  apocalypse.  In 
this  last  book,  which  was  afterwards  trans- 
lated into  English,  and  became  very  popu- 
lar, he  calls  the  English  church  the  church 
of  Laodicea,  and  the  angel  loved  by  God 
the  church  of  Geneva  and  the  Scotch  kirk. 
It  is  said  that  he  prayed  for  a  sudden  death, 
and  as  if  his  wishes  were  fulfilled,  he  died  in 
a  coach  while  travelling,  with  a  book  in  his 
hand,  160". 

Brill,  Matthew  and  Paul,  two  brothers 
of  Antwerp,  known  as  eminent  painters. 
They  both  travelled  to  Home,  where  Mat- 
thew died  in  1584,  aged  34,  and  Paul  in 
1620,  aged  72.  They  were  patronised  by 
the  pope,  and  painted  together  to  adorn 
the  Vatican  ;  but  after  the  death  of  his  bro- 
ther, Paul  studied  landscape,  in  which  he 
distinguished  himself  by  his  judicious  imita- 
tions of  Titian  and  Carrache.  He  painted 
for  pope  Clement  that  famous  piece  in  which 
the  saint  of  that  name  is  represented  as  cast 
into  the  sea  with  an  anchor  about  his  neck. 

Brindley,  James,  was  born  atTunsted, 
in  Wormhill  parish,  Derbyshire,  and  early 
displayed  astonishing  powers  in  mechanical 
inventions,  and  the  planning  of  canals.  Af- 
ter being  engaged  in  the  humble  occupation 
of  mill-wright,  in  Cheshire  and  Staffordshire, 
he  was  called  to  direct  and  complete  the 
vast  plans- which  the  duke  of  Bridge  water 
had  conceived,  in  the  conveying  of  a  canal 
over  the  Mersey  and  the  Bollan,  and  over 
many  wide  and  deep  vallies,  by  means  of 
elevated  aqueducts,  and  subterraneous  per- 
forations. Every  obstacle  was  surmounted 
by  the  genius  of  the  architect,  and  the  opu- 
lence of  his  persevering  employer,  and  new- 
triumphs  were  prepared  for  boldness  of  me- 
chanism and  undaunted  ingenuity  in  the 
completion  of  the  grand  trunk  navigation, 
•which,  in  uniting  the  Trent  and  the  Mersey, 
extended  OS  miles,  and  which  had,  at  Hare- 
castle-hill,  a  tunnel  2880  yards  long,  more 
than  70  yards  below  the  surface  of  the 
earth.  As  Brindley's  education  had  been 
Mgfeeted,  his  calculations  were  seldom 
communicated  to  paper.  When  immersed 
in  deep  meditation,  he  would  often  remain 
two  or  three  days  in  bed,  and  when  he  had 
unravelled  the  difficulties  of  his  plan,  he 
would  rise,  and  hasten  to  execute,  without 
any  model  or  sketch  but  the  strong  sugges- 
tion of  his  own  head.  He  was  simple  in  his 
manners;  but  though  sensible  of  his  great 
abilities,  he  never  betrayed  insolent  supe- 
riority. To  his  friends  and  companions  he 
■was  communicative  and  not  reserved  ;  and 
he  wisely  showed,  that  the  best  purposes  of 
creation  are  answered  by  giving  encourage- 
ment and  developing  the  native  instincts  aud 
properties  of  the  mind.  He  died  at  Turn- 
hurst,  in  Staffordshire,  27th  September, 
VOL.  I.  31 


1772,  aged  56.  His  end  was  probably  has- 
tened by  the  intenseness  of  his  application, 
which  produced  a  hectic  fever,  vt  hich  for  a 
long  time  gradually  wasted  his  powers  of 
life.  His  other  more  remarkable  works 
were,  the  canal  which  joined  the  navigation 
of  Bristol  with  that  ot  Liverpool,  by  the 
union  of  the  grand  trunk  near  Haywood  in 
Staffordshire  to  the  Severn  near  Bewdley — 
his  plan  to  clear  the  Liverpool  docks  from 
mud,  and  to  check  the  intrusions  of  the  sea, 
by  walls  built  without  mortar — an  engine  to 
raise  water,  ice.  His  attachment  to  inland 
navigation  was  such,  that  when  asked  the 
use  of  rivers,  in  the  house  of  commons,  he 
bluntly  replied,  to  feed  navigable  canals. 

Brinvilliers,  Maria  Margaret  d'Au- 
brai,  marchioness  of,  a  French  lady,  known 
for  her  intrigues  and  her  crimes.  She  was, 
when  very  young,  married,  in  1G51,  to  the 
marquis  of  Brinvilliers,  and  for  some  time 
maintained  a  character  of  prudence  and 
chastity.  The  introduction  of  a  young  of- 
ficer of  Gascony,  called  do  St.  Croix,  into 
her  house,  by  her  husband,  however,  proved 
the  beginning  of  her  misfortunes  and  her 
crimes.  She  loved  this  stranger  with  such 
ardor  that  she  sacrificed  her  honor  to  her 
guilty  passion  ;  but  her  father,  who  w::s  sen- 
sible of  her  debauched  conduct,  confined 
her  lover  in  the  prison  of  the  Bastille,  whilst 
his  daughter,  as  if  penitent  for  her  inconti- 
nence, devoted  herself  to  religious  duties, 
and  assumed  the  appearance  of  sanoiity. 
After  a  year's  confinement,  de  St.  Croix, 
who  had  in  the  prison  learned  the  art  of 
mixing  poison,  from  an  Italian  of  the  name 
of  Exili,  was  permitted  to  visit  his  guilty  fa- 
vorite. He  communicated  the  fatal  secret 
of  poison,  and  she  with  alacrity  received  it, 
and  unsuspected,  by  slow  degrees,  cut  oft" 
her  father,  her  two  brothers,  and  her  sister, 
in  1670;  and  if  she  spared  her  husband,  it 
was  because  he  looked  with  indifference  and 
without  jealousy  on  her  lewdness.  An  ae- 
cident  brought  her  crimes  to  light.  St. 
Croix,  in  working  some  subtile  poison,  was 
suddenly  overpowered  by  its  effluvia,  and 
dropped  down  dead-  As  no  relation  ap- 
peared to  claim  his  property,  it  was  sealed  ; 
but  the  marchioness  insisted  with  such  im- 
portunity upon  obtaining  possession  of  a  par- 
ticular box,  that  its  contents  were  examined 
upon  suspicion,  and  it  was  discovered  to 
contain  papers  with  directions,  full  of  slow 
poison.  The  guilty  marchioness  escaped, 
however,  her  pursuers,  and  fled  to  England, 
aud  thence  to  Holland  ;  but  she  was  seized 
at  Liege,  and  brought  to  Pans,  where  her 
crimes  were  laid  open,  and  she  was  con- 
demned to  have  her  head  cut  off,  and  then 
to  he  burnt.  She  underwent  the  dreadful 
sentence  of  the  law,  16th  July,  1676,  with 
great  firmness,  and  with  the  appearance  of 
contrition  for  the  murder  of  her  relations, 
and  the  licentious  conduct  of  her  life. 

Briquemaut  andC.WAGNES,  two  pro- 
testants,  cruelly  put  to  death,  with  their 
children,  soon  after  the  massacre  of  St  Bar- 
tholomew,  in  France,   27th   October,  1572. 


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The  cause  of  their  death  was   a  suspicion  | 
that  they  were  concerned  in  the  conspiracy 
of  Coligny;  but  they  fell  innocent;  and  their 
last  moments  displayed  resignation,  firmness, 
and  devotion. 

Brissonius,  Barnaby,  a  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, born  at  Fontenay,  in  Foictou.  He 
rendered  himself  serviceable  to  Henry  III. 
of  France,  whose  ambassador  he  was  in 
England,  and  he  was  elevated  to  the  dignity 
of  president  of  parliament  by  the  gratitude 
of  his  sovereign.  During  the  siege  of  Paris 
l>y  Henry  IV.  he  was  dragged  to  prison  by 
the  friends  of  the  league,  and  cruelly  stran- 
gled, 15th  November,  1591.  He  had  writ- 
ten some  valuable  law  treatises. 

Brissot,  Peter,  a  native  of  Fontenay  le 
Comte,  in  Foictou,  eminent  as  a  physician. 
He  warmly  embraced  the  doctrines  of  Ga- 
len and  Hippocrates,  against  the  prevailing 
fashion  of  the  times;  and  that  he  might  ap- 
pear with  greater  celebrity  in  the  school  and 
practise  of  medicine,  he  travelled,  to  im- 
prove his  understanding,  and  enlarge  his 
knowledge.  In  Portugal,  by  insisting  upon 
the  necessity  of  bleeding  in  the  pleurisy,  he 
incurred  the  hatred  and  jealousy  of  his  me- 
dical opponents,  and  especially  of  Denys  the 
king's  physician,  whose  attacks  he  repelled 
hy  a  well  written  apology.  He  did  not  live 
to  see  the  dispute  settled  which  he  had  rai- 
sed in  Portugal,  and  which,  in  those  days  of 
superstition  and  error,  enlisted  even  the 
most  awful  truths  of  religion  in  its  defence  or 
opposition.     He  died  1522,  aged  44. 

Brissot,  John  Pierre,  a  Frenchman, 
son  of  an  innkeeper  at  Chartres,  of  great  na- 
tural powers,  but  of  a  restless  and  ambitious 
soul.  Dissatisfied  with  the  political  servitude 
of  his  country,  he  for  some  time  engaged  in 
the  publication  of  the  courier  de  l'Europe, 
which  might  disseminate  his  principles  under 
pretence  of  foreign  or  domestic  intelligence; 
and  when  this  failed,  he  turned  his  thoughts 
towards  criminal  jurisprudence.  His  theory 
of  criminal  laws  appeared,  in  two  vols.  8vo. 
1780,  with  great  popularity,  and  was  soon 
followed  by  two  discourses  which  gained  the 
public  prize  at  Chalons  sur  Marne.  In  the 
prosecution  of  his  studies,  and  after  the  pub- 
lication of  his  philosophical  library,  he,  after 
going  to  Geneva  and  Neufchatel,  visited 
England,  whose  language,  laws,  and  man- 
ners, he  regarded  with  affectionate  reve- 
rence, as  diffusive  of  that  liberty  which  he  in 
vain  wished  to  discover  at  home.  On  his 
return  to  Paris,  1784,  he  was  committed  for 
a  few  weeks  to  the  Bastille  ;  and  this  proba- 
bly tended  to  inflame  his  rancor  against  the 
abuses  and  intrigues  of  monarchy.  He  was 
however  liberated  by  the  influence  of  the 
duke  of  Orleans,  to  whose  children  his  wife, 
of  the  name  of  Dupont,  had  been  governess, 
under  the  direction  and  auspices  of  madam 
Genlis.  F,ager  to  promote  happiness  in  every 
part  of  the  earth,  he  instituted,  at  Paris,  a 
society  for  the  abolition  of  negro  slavery  ; 
and  more  effectually  to  carry  his  plans  into 
execution,  he  passed  over  to  America,  to 
examine  the  manners  and  the  constitution  of 


that  newly  emancipated  republic.  His  anode 
beyond  the  Atlantic  was  of  short  duration. 
His  schemes  to  establish  a  colony  of  French- 
men, under  republican  laws,  totally  failed  ; 
but  the  revolution  at  Pans  was  an  epoch  too 
fruitful  in  portentous  events,  and  too  attrac- 
tive for  his  ambitious  views,  to  detain  him  in 
America,  and  he  soon  appeared  in  the  capi- 
tal, where  he  display  ed  all  theability  of  a  states- 
man, a  demagogue,  and  a  factious  partisan. 
For  a  while  he  acquired  popularity,  support- 
ed by  the  gold,  the  arts,  and  the  intrigues  of 
the  infamous  Orleans,  and  as  the  leader  of  a 
party  called  Brissotins  or  Girondists,  because 
composed  of  the  members  of  the  Gironde  ; 
and  though  violent,  he  is  to  be  commended 
for  the  mildness  which  he  displayed  towards 
the  unfortunate  Lewis,  whose  fate  he  wished 
to  be  suspended  till  the  final  consolidation  of 
the  republic.  The  versatility  of  his  talents 
could  not,  however,  ensure  his  safety.  In 
the  midst  of  political  intrigue,  and  sangui- 
nary faction,  he  was  denounced  as  the  agent 
of  England  by  Itobespierre  and  his  adherents, 
and  after  a  mock  trial,  guillotined,  the  30th 
November,  1793,  with  his  friends  and  asso- 
ciates. He  was  in  his  39th  year.  Besides 
the  works  enumerated,  he  wrote,  thoughts 
on  the  means  of  attaining  truth — letters  on 
the  history  of  England — an  examination  of 
the  travels  of  Chattelleux  in  America,  with 
an  account  of  the  country,  3  vols.  8vo. 

Britannicus,  son  of  Claudius  and  Mes- 
salina,  was  poisoned  by  the  artifice  of  Agrip- 
pina,  the  second  wife  of  Claudius,  who  wished 
to  raise  her  aon  Nero  to  the  throne,  A.D.  55. 

Britannicus,  John,  an  Italian  critic, 
descended  from  British  parents.  He  was 
born  at  Palazzola,  near  Brescia.  His  notes 
on  Terence,  Juvenal,  Persius,  Ovid,  Statius, 
&c.  were  greatly  esteemed.  He  died  at 
Brescia,  where  he  taught  grammar,  1510. 

Br i to,  Bernai-dode,  a  monk  of  Almeyda, 
in  Portugal,  author  of  a  large  historical  ac- 
count of  his  country,  in  7  vols,  folio,  1CJ2, 
besides  some  antiquarian  works.  He  died  in 
1617,  at  the  age  of  48. 

Brit  ton,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Higham 
Ferrers,  in  Northamptonshire,  engaged  in 
London  as  a  small  coalman,  an  employment 
to  which  he  afterwards  added  the  pursuits  of 
chemistry,  and  the  practice  of  music.  Though 
eccentric  in  his  conduct,  yet  the  respectability 
of  his  private  character  recommended  him 
friends,  and  though  in  an  humble  station,  his 
musical  meetings  were  attended  frequently 
by  many  of  the  great  and  the  opulent  of  the 
town.  After  he  had  long  amused  and  enter- 
tained the  public,  a  ventriloquist  was  intro- 
duced at  one  of  his  concerts,  who  in  an  unu- 
sual manner  proclaimed  the  sudden  and  ap- 
proaching death  of  the  musical  coalman. 
Britton  was  so  astonished  and  alarmed  by 
this  apparently  invisible  agent,  that  he  fell 
ill,  and  expired  a  few  days  after,  in  Septem- 
ber 1714.  His  curious  collection  of  manu- 
scripts, musical  instruments,  &c.  was,  after 
his  death,  sold  by  his  widow,  by  public  auc- 
tion, and  procured  to  her  a  small  pittance 
for  the  remainder  of  her  life. 


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Brizard,  orBiiiTARD,  John  Baptiste, 
x  French  actor,  eminent  in  comedy.  He 
was  born  at  Orleans,  and  died  at  Paris,  30th 
-January,  1790,  aged  69,  universally  respec- 
ted He  crowned  Voltaire  with  the  poeti- 
cal laurel  on  the  French  theatre. 

Br ilio,  Francisco,  a  landscape  painter  of 
eminence,  of  Bologna.  He  died  1023,  aged 
49. 

Brocardus,  James,  a  wild  visionary  of 
Venice,  who  embraced  protestantism,  and, 
in  his  retirement  in  Holland,  violently  at- 
tacked popery.  His  zeal  as  a  polemical  wri- 
ter probably  obscured  and  overturned  the 
powers  of  his  mind,  as,  from  a  warm  suppor- 
ter of  religion,  he  enthusiastically  pretended 
to  dive  into  future  events,  and  explain  pro- 
phecies. His  works,  which  were  printed  at 
Leyden,  were  publicly  disavowed  by  the  se- 
nate of  Middleburg,  in  1581.  The  private 
character  of  Brocard  was  represented  as 
amiable,  and  his  manners  inoffensive. 

Buocklesby,  Richard,  a  native  of  Mine- 
head,  Somersetshire,  eminent  as  a  physician, 
and  known  as  the  friend  of  Wilkes,  of  John- 
son, and  of  Burke.  He  studied  at  Edinburgh 
and  Leyden,  where  he  took  his  degrees  in 
1745  ;  and  acquired  both  opulence  and  fame 
in  his  professional  engagements  in  London  ; 
and  nobly  presented  Burke  with  1000^.  that 
he  might  thus  oblige  his  friend  in  his  lifetime, 
rather  than  leave  him  that  as  a  legacy  at  his 
death.  He  was  admitted  at  Cambridge  ad 
eundem  1754,  and  thus  obtained  a  fellowship 
in  the  college  of  physicians,  and  afterwards 
6erved  in  Germany,  1758,  as  physician  to  the 
army.  He  died  in  December,  1797,  aged 
75,  and  left,  among  other  things,  besides  an 
essay  on  the  mortality  of  horned  cattle,  8vo. 
1746,  oeconoinical  observations  for  the  im- 
provement of  hospitals,  in  8vo.  from  1738  to 
1763,  and  various  papers  inserted  in  the 
philosophical  transactions. 

Brodeau,  John,  was  born  at  Tours,  in 
1500,  and  rose  to  such  eminence  as  a  scholar 
and  critic,  that  Scaliger,  Grotius,  and  others, 
have  bestowed  on  his  merits  the  most  un- 
bounded encomiums.  He  studied  law  under 
Alciat,  and  afterwards  applied  himself  to 
philosophy  and  belles  leltres,  of  which  he 
became  the  support  and  the  ornament.  Af- 
ter travelling  in  Italy,  he  returned  to  France, 
where  he  lived  in  literary  retirement,  and 
honorable  independence.  He  died  1563,  un- 
married. His  annotations  on  several  of  the 
classics  were  published  after  his  death. 

Brodeau,  Julian,  a  native  of  Tours,  who 
wrote  a  life  of  Charles  du  Moulin,  and  died 
1543. 

Broeckhuyse,  or  Br  o  uk  i!  us  i  us,  John. 
Yid.  Broukhusius. 

Broek,  Elias  Vandeen,  a  native  of  Ant- 
werp, distinguished  for  the  masterly  manner 
in  which  he  introduced  reptiles  and  insects 
in  his  pictures  of  flowers  and  landscapes.  He 
died  1711,  aged  54. 

Brogi.io,  Victor  Maurice  count  de, 
marshal  of  France,  was  born  of  an  illustrious 
family  at  Quercy,  and  distinguished  himself 
in  the  service  of  Ley  is  XIV.     lie  die*.!  1727, 


aged  80.  His  son,  Francis  Marie,  was  also 
marshal  of  Frauce,  and  deserved  the  highest 
honors  by  his  warlike  conduct  in  Italy,  and 
in  the  campaigns  of  1733  and  1734.  He  died 
1745.  His  son,  also  a  marshal,  was  the  con- 
queror of  Berngen,  and  greatly  distinguished 
during  the  seven  years'  war.  He  quitted 
France  in  1791,  and  retired  to  Russia,  where 
he  was  received  with  honorable  distinction, 
and  raised  to  the  same  rank  which  he  held 
in  the  emperor's  service  His  son,  Claudius 
Victor,  prince  of  Brogiio,  espoused  the  party 
of  the  republicans  at  the  beginning  of  the  re- 
volution, and  was  flattered  by  the  dema- 
gogues with  the  title  of  marshal.  His  refu- 
sal to  receive  as  law,  while  commander  of 
the  army  of  the  Rhine,  the  decree  which 
suspended  the  king's  authority,  proved  fatal 
to  him.  He  was  called  to  Paris,  and  con- 
demned to  death  by  the  revolutionary  tribu- 
nal. He  was  guillotined  27th  June,  1794, 
aged  37. 

Brogni,  John  de,  a  swine-herd,  born  at 
Brogni,  in  Savoy.  From  his  obscurity  he 
rose  by  application  to  preferment,  under  the 
care  of  two  ecclesiastics,  who  had  acciden- 
tally noticed  his  healthy  appearance.  He 
was  patronised  by  Philip  duke  of  Burgundy, 
and  by  pope  Clement  VII.  who  raised  him  to 
the  see  of  Viviers,  and  to  the  dignity  of  car- 
dinal. He  died  at  Rome  26th  February, 
1426,  distinguished  for  his  learning,  his  vir- 
tues, and  his  piety. 

Brokesby,  Francis,  a  native  of  Stokes, 
in  Leicestershire,  educated  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  promoted  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Rowley  in  Yorkshire.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Dodwell,  and  also  of  Nelson,  whom 
he  assisted  in  the  compilation  of  his  feasts 
and  fasts,  and  in  the  hospitable  residence  of 
Mr.  Cherry,  at  Shotesbrook ;  he  wrote  seve- 
ral treatises  on  moral  and  religious  subjects, 
such  as  history  of  the  government  of  the  pri- 
mitive church,  8\o.  1714 — life  of  Henry 
Dodwell.     He  died  about  1718. 

Brome,  Adam  de,  a  favorite  of  Edward 
II.  recorded  in  history,  as  the  founder  of 
Oriel  college,  Oxford.  He  died  in  1332,  and 
was  buried  at  St.  Mary's,  in  Oxford  ;  but  the 
monument  over  his  remains  has  disappeared 
by  the  ravages  of  time. 

Brome,  Alexander  de,  an  attorney  of 
London,  in  the  civil  wars,  better  known  for 
his  sonnets  and  little  poetical  pieces,  in  which 
he  attacked  the  round  heads  with  all  the 
keenness  of  ridicule  and  satire.  He  publish- 
ed also  a  version  of  Horace,  and  the  cunning 
lovers,  a  comedy.     He  died  1G66,  aged  46. 

Brome,  Richard,  a  menial  servant  in  the 
family  of  Ben  Jonson,  who  rose  by  the  native 
powers  of  his  genius  to  great  literary  emi- 
nence, as  the  author  of  some  comedies,  15  of 
which  still  exist.  His  jovial  crew  was  lately 
revived  at  Covent-garden,  and  met  with 
great  success.     He  died  1-652. 

Bromfton,  John,  a  monk  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  111.  abbot  of  .1  ere  vail,  near  Rich- 
mond, in  Yorkshire  The  Chronicon,  which 
passes  under  his  name,  and  begins  at  the 
vear  588  and  ends  1198,  is  probably  the  v.  oil: 


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of  some  unknown  author,  and  was  procured 
for  the  monastery  of  Brompton,  who  gave  it 
his  own  name. 

Bronchorst,  John  Van,  a  painter  of 
Flanders,  in  the  17th  century,  three  of 
■whose  historical  pieces  on  oil,  and  three  on 
glass,  adorn  the  ne»v  church  at  Amsterdam. 

Bronchorst,  John,  a  painter,  born  at 
Ley  den,  who  excelled  in  the  representation 
of  animals  and  birds  in  water  colors.  He 
died  1723,  aged  75. 

Bronchorst,  Peter,  a  native  of  Delft, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  judgment  of  So- 
lomon, and  his  Christ  driving  the  money 
changers  out  of  the  temple,  are  still  pre- 
served with  great  sanctity  in  his  native  town. 
He  died  1661,  aged  73. 

Brongniart,  Augustus  Lewis,  an  emi- 
nent chemist,  who  died  at  Paris  1804.  His 
papers  in  the  public  journals,  and  his  ana- 
lytical table  of  the  combinations  and  decom- 
positions of  different  substances,  published 
8vo.  1778,  possessed  merit. 

Bronzino,  Agnolo,  a  painter  at  Flo- 
rence, who  died  there  15S0,  aged  09.  A 
nativity  is  considered  his  chef  d'omvre. 

Brook,  -Ralph,  York  herald,  is  known  for 
the  errors  which  he  discovered  in  Camden's 
popular  work,  Britannia,  and  which  he  pub- 
lished, with  severe  remarks,  when  treated 
with  harshness  and  contempt  by  the  anti- 
quary. He  died  15th  October,  1625,  aged 
73  ;  and  in  1723  his  second  part  of  discovery 
of  errors  was  published,  with  a  head  of  the 
author. 

Brooke,  Sir  Robert,  a  judge  of  emi- 
nence in  the  reign  of  Mary,  born  at  Claverly, 
in  Shropshire,  and  educated  at  Oxford  and 
the  Middle  Temple.  His  integrity  at  the 
bar  and  on  the  bench  have  been  deservedly 
celebrated.  He  died  chief  justice  of  the 
common  pleas,  155S,  and  was  buried  in 
Claverly  church,  where  a  monument  pre- 
serves his  memory.  He  is  author  of  an 
abridgment  containing  an  abstract  of  the 
year  books  till  the  time  of  Mary,  fol. — cer- 
tain cases  adjudged,  from  6  Henry  VIII.  to 
4  of  queen  Mary — reading  on  the  statutes  of 
limitations,  32  Henry  VIII.  in  8vo.  A  per- 
son of  the  same  name  was  recorder  of  Lon- 
don, and  wrote,  readings  on  the  statute  of 
magna  cbarta,  c.  G,  London  1641. 

Brooke,  Frances,  a  woman  known  for 
her  light  pieces  of  poetry — translations — 
sonnets — Virginia,  a  tragedy,  1756 — and  a 
periodical  paper,  called  the  old  maid,  in  1 
vol.  l2mo.  1755  and  1756.  Besides  these, 
she  wrote  the  history  of  Julia  Mandeville, 
a  novel,  1763 — memoirs  of  marquis  of  For- 
Inix,  4  vols. — the  history  of  Emily  Monta- 
gue— letters  from  lady  Juliet  Catesby  to  lady 
Henrietta  Camptey,  12mo. — the  excursion 
— elements  of  the  history  of  England,  from 
Milton,  4  vols.  12mo. — the  siege  of  Sinope, 
a  tragedy,  acted  at  Covent  Garden,  1781 — 
and  that  pleasing  and  very  popular  per- 
formance, Rosina — and  last  of  all,  but  not 
equally  respectable,  Marian.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Moore,  and  she  married  the  re- 
verend John  Brooke,  rector  of  Colney,  in 


Norfolk,  and  chaplain  of  Quebec  garrison. 
She  died  January  26,  1789,  at  Sleaford, 
surviving  her  husband  only  live  days.  To 
the  character  of  learning,  genius,  and  taste, 
it  is  necessary  to  add,  that  she  was  amiable 
in  her  manners,  gentle  in  her  deportment, 
and  a  strong  supporter  of  all  moral  and  reli- 
gious duties. 

Brooke,  Henry,  a  writer  of  eminence, 
born  at  Kantaven  in  Ireland,  and  educated 
in  the  school  of  Dr.  Sheridan,  and  in  Dub- 
lin college.  At  the  age  of  17  he  entered  at 
the  Temple,  and  from  the  vivacity  of  his 
genius,  the  excellence  of  his  heart,  and  the 
literary  powers  of  his  mind,  he  soon  be- 
came the  friend  and  favorite  of  Pope,  of 
Swift,  and  other  great  characters.  On  his 
speed}'  return  to  Ireland,  he  was  called  to 
attend  the  dying  moments  of  a  favorite 
aunt,  Avho  with  her  last  blessings  recom- 
mended to  his  protection  and  kindness  her 
favorite  daughter.  This  young  lady,  pos- 
sessed of  great  beauty  and  every  pleasing 
accomplishment,  soon  gained  the  heart  of 
her  youthful  guardian  ;  the  attachment  be- 
came mutual,  a  public  union  at  last  pro- 
claimed their  secret  marriage,  and  Mrs. 
Brooke,  before  she  had  completed  her  14th 
year,  became  a  mother.  For  a  while  the 
thoughts  of  future  prospects  were  lost  in 
domestic  enjoyments,  but  an  increasing  fa- 
mily called  aloud  for  immediate  exertions, 
and  Brooke,  unsuccessful  as  a  chamber 
counsel,  found  his  genius  the  best  support 
of  his  fame.  By  the  friendship  of  lords  Lyt- 
telton  and  Chatham  he  was  introduced  to 
the  prince  of  Wales,  and  promised  himself 
the  fairest  harvest  of  literary  labors  and 
poetical  exertions.  His  tragedy  of  Gustavus 
Vasa  was  prepared,  but  unfortunately  the 
politics  of  the  time,  and  the  influence  of  go- 
vernment, forbade  its  introduction  on  the 
public  stage,  as  it  seemed  to  breathe  senti- 
ments too  warm  and  elevated  in  favor  of  li- 
berty. This  disappointment  however  was 
succeeded  by  a  rapid  sale  of  the  play,  and 
the  public,  by  a  most  uncommon  liberality 
of  subscriptions,  repaid  in  a  tenfold  degree 
the  most  sanguine  expectations  of  the  au- 
thor. Brooke  thus  patronised  by  the  prince, 
and  flattered  by  the  people,  purchased  a 
house  at  Twickenham  near  his  friend  Pope, 
but  a  dangerous  illness  rendered  it  necessary 
for  him,  by  the  advice  of  his  physicians,  to 
revisit  his  native  air.  His  gradual  recovery 
promised  his  speedy  return,  but  contrary  to 
the  general  expectation,  and  to  the  warm 
and  repeated  invitations  of  his  friends,  he 
determined  to  spend  the  rest  of  his  life  in 
the  retirement  and  obscurity  of  Ireland. 
The  political  ingratitude  of  the  times,  and 
the  violence  of  party  spirit,  as  well  as  the 
influence  of  a  beloved  wife,  who  was  attached 
to  the  peaceful  scenes  of  privacy,  and  not  to 
the  tempestuous  revolutions  of  dignified 
life,  were  probably  the  causes  of  this  re- 
markable seclusion.  In  his  retirement 
Brooke  courted  the  muses,  and  though  he 
found  Garrick  unwilling  to  support  his  me- 
rit by  a  representation  on  the  London  stage, 


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yet  he  met  with  some  success  in  Dublin. 
But  the  generosity  of '  his  heart  was  too 
great  for  a  limited  income  ;  he  was  profuse 
in  his  acts  of  friendship  and  humanity,  and 
he  was  at  last  obliged  to  sell  his  favorite  re- 
sidence. The  declining  health  of  his  -wife 
too  tended  to  lessen  his  comforts,  and  the 
death  of  that  amiable  woman,  after  a  union 
of  near  50  years  of  uninterrupted  domestic 
harmony,  put  an  end  to  his  enjoyments. 
From  the  severity  of  this  blow  his  constitu- 
tion could  never  recover,  he  sunk  into  a  state 
of  imbecility,  and  though  nature  sometimes 
recovered,  yet  the  powers  of  his  mind  never 
regained  their  wonted  brilliancy.  He  how- 
ever beguiled  his  hours  of  affliction  and  me- 
lancholy by  the  sweets  of  literature,  and 
"while  at  lucid  intervals  he  wrote  those  un- 
equal works  which  are  occasionally  tinc- 
tured with  mysticism,  the  fool  of  quality, 
and  Juliet  Grenville,  he  thus  gained  fresh 
opportunities  of  displaying  the  excellence  of 
his  moral  character,  and  the  pure  philan- 
thropy of  bis  heart.  He  died  at  Dublin, 
10th  October,  1783,  aged  77.  Besides  the 
■works  already  enumerated,  his  best  known 
pieces  are  universal  beauty,  a  poem  in  six 
books — the  earl  of  Westmoreland,  a  tra- 
gedy— fables — the  earl  of  Essex,  a  tragedy 
— redemption,  a  poem,  &c. 

Broome,  William,  the  poet,  was  born 
of  obscure  parents  in  Cheshire.  After  being 
superannuated  at  Eton,  and  thus  losing  the 
election  for  King's,  he  entered  at  St.  John's, 
Cambridge,  by  the  liberal  subscriptions  of 
his  friends,  where  his  application  and  rising 
talents  recommended  him  to  the  learned. 
He  was  engaged  by  Pope  in  furnishing  the 
notes  from  Eustathius  for  his  Iliad,  and 
when  the  Odyssey  was  undertaken,  Broome 
was  not  thought  unworthy  by  his  poetical 
friend  of  sharing  his  labors  and  his  success. 
The  '2d,  Oth,  8th,  11th,  12th,  16th,  18th,  and 
23d,  together  with  all  the  notes,  were  writ- 
ten by  Broome,  who  for  this  laborious  con- 
tribution received  the  small  sum  of  500/.  and 
100  copies.  But  literary  friendship  is  too 
often  of  short  duration,  and  while  Broome 
considered  his  services  as  ill  repaid,  Pope 
not  only  disregarded  his  discontent,  but 
meanly  exhibited  him  to  public  ridicule  in 
the  Dunciad  and  in  the  Bathos.  In  1728, 
Broome  was  created  L.  L.  D.  but  though  he 
was  courted  by  the  great,  he  did  not  rise  to 
high  preferment  in  the  church,  and  remained 
the  humble  incumbent  of  Eye,  and  of  Oak- 
ley  Magna  in  Suffolk.  He  died  at  Bath,  16th 
November,  1745,  and  was  buried  in  the  ab- 
bey church.  He  translated  some  of  Ana- 
crcon's  odes,  besides  a  small  miscellany  of 
poems. 

Broschi,  Carlo,  a  celebrated  singer, 
horn  at  Andria  in  the  Neapolitan  states, 
and  better  known  by  the  name  of  Farinello, 
which  he  received  from  the  patronage  of 
three  brothers  called  Farina.  A  fall  trom 
his  horse  in  his  youth  rendered  castration 
necessary,  and  to  this  accident  he  was  in- 
debted for  the  celebrity  of  his  fame  and  the 
opulence  of  his  fortuue.    After  enrapturing 


the  crowded  audiences  of  the  theatres  of 
Naples,  Home,  Venice,  and  Vienna,  Bros- 
chi was  invited  by  lord  Essex  to  London, 
where  for  three  years  he  displayed  the  su- 
periority of  his  powers,  and  was  munifi- 
cently rewarded.  In  1737,  he  left  London, 
and  passing  through  Paris  in  his  way  to  Mad- 
rid, he  drew  the  admiration  and  the  ap- 
plauses of  the  French  king  and  of  his  court. 
In  Spain  he  was  treated  with  all  the  distinc- 
tion which  his  talents  deserved,  so  that  king 
Philip  not  only  lavished  every  honor  upon 
him,  but  regarded  him  with  the  confidence 
and  affection  of  an  intimate  friend.  He  held 
the  same  distinguished  rank  of  honorable 
partiality  with  Philip's  successor,  Ferdinand, 
and  till  his  death  and  that  of  his  queen  Bar- 
bara in  1759,  he  continued  the  favorite  of 
the  court,  and  deservedly  respected  by  the 
public  for  the  generosity  of  his  heart,  the 
benevolence  of  his  conduct,  and  the  conde- 
scension and  affability  of  his  manners,  not 
onlj  to  his  inferiors,  but  even  to  his  personal 
enemies.  On  the  succession  of  Charles  to 
the  Spanish  throne,  Farinello,  though  ho- 
norably received  by  the  monarch,  hastened, 
to  his  native  country,  where,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Bologna,  he  enjoyed  the  rest  of 
his  life  in  dignified  retirement.  Though  oc- 
casionally haunted  by  melancholy,  yet  he 
continued  tranquil  ;  the  powers  of  his  voice 
remained  to 'the  last,  strong,  clear,  and  me- 
lodious, and  for  three  weeks  before  his 
death,  like  the  dying  swan,  he  daily  enter- 
tained his  admiring  friends.  He  died  16th 
September,  17?2,  in  his  78th  year,  leaving 
his  musical  books  and  lands  to  his  sister. 
His  great  readiness  to  relieve  distress,  and 
to  sweeten  the  cup  of  calamity  whenever  he 
found  it  possible,  prevented  the  accumula- 
tion of  riches,  and  Farinello,  :.fter  sharing 
the  favors  of  monarchs  without  feeling  his 
heart  biassed  by  flattery,  and  after  remain- 
ing unsullied  by  the  vices  and  extravagances 
of  a  theatrical  life,  lived  and  died  esteemed 
as  a  man  of  worth. 

Brossard,  Sebastian  de,  a  canon  of 
Meux,  whodied  1730,  at  the  age  of  70.  He  ex- 
celled as  a  musician,  and  wrote  several  trea- 
tises on  the  science.  His  dictionary  of  mu- 
sic in  8vo.  is  highly  valued,  and  proved  of 
great  service  to  Rousseau. 

Brosse,  Guy  de  la,  a  physician,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  the  virtues  of  plants,  &c. 
He  is  better  known  as  the  promoter  of  the 
royal  foundation  of  a  garden  of  medicinal 
plants  in  1626  at  Paris,  of  which  he  was  the 
first  director,  and  which  he  enriched  by  a 
valuable  collection  of  2000  plants.  He  pub- 
lished a  description  of  the  medical  plants  in 
the  garden,  besides  a  book  de  la  nature  des 
plantes,  1628 — dessein  du  jardin  royal,  8vo. 
— &  avis  defensif,  1634 — and  other  works. 

Brosses,  Charles  de,  president  of  the 
parliament  of  Burgundy,  was  born  at  Dijon, 
and  died  at  Paris  7th  May,  1777,  aged  68. 
He  wrote  letters  on  the  discovery  of  Hercu- 
laneum,  besides  an  history  of  the  voyages 
towards  the  south  pole,  and  a  translation  of 
Sallust,  enriched  with  valuable  notes — pa- 


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rallci  between  the  worship  of  the  negroes 
and  the  ancient  heathens — on  the  mechani- 
cal formation  of  languages,  &c. 

Bkossette,  Claude,  an  advocate  of  Ly- 
ons, who  distinguished  himself  by  the  publi- 
cation of  an  history  of  his  native  town,  be- 
sides editions  of  Boileau  and  Regnier,  with 
valuable  notes.  He  was  the  correspondent  of 
Voltaire  and  Rousseau.  He  died  at  Lyons 
1746,  aged  75. 

Brossier,  Martha,  a  woman  who  by  the 
great  dexterity  with  which  she  distorted  her 
countenance,  imposed  upon  the  credulous 
multitude,  and  the  superstitious  clergy  in 
France.  Her  arts  were  detected  by  Henry 
IV.  who  was  apprehensive  lest  his  enemies 
of  the  league  should  take  advantage  of  the 
imposture  to  undermine  his  power,  and 
after  a  confinement  of  40  days,  she  was  per- 
mitted to  return  to  her  native  town  of  Ro- 
morantin.  The  avarice  of  the  father  how- 
ever, who  shared  largely  in  the  sums  be- 
stowed on  the  pretended  demoniac,  hurried 
her  away  through  France  to  Rome,  where 
an  ample  theatre  was  expected  for  the  dis- 
play of  the  imposition  ;  but  she  -was  dis- 
missed with  disgrace  by  the  pope  in  1599, 
and  she  sunk  into  the  obscurity  of  an  hospi- 
tal, where  she  died. 

Brotier,  the  abbe,  a  Jesuit  horn  at 
Tanay  in  the  Nivernois,  celebrated  for  his 
great  erudition  and  the  vast  powers  of  his 
mind.  Weil  versed  in  ancient  and  modern 
languages,  he  made  every  branch  of  science 
and  literature  the  object  of  his  studies,  and, 
except  in  mathematics,  to  which  he  gave 
little  attention,  he  excelled  in  all.  With  in- 
defatigable zeal  he  made  notes  of  every 
thing  which  he  read,  and  in  the  regular  ha- 
bit of  devoting  12  hours  of  each  day  to 
study,  he  c<  •  ected  treasures  of  valuable  in- 
formation for  criticism  and  for  historical 
composition.  The  dissolution  of  the  order 
©f  Jesuits  made  a  revolution  in  his  plans  and 
pursuits,  but  he  found  an  abode  of  friend- 
ship and  tranquillity  in  the  house  of  Mr.  de 
la  Tour,  a  printer  of  eminence.  In  this  re- 
tirement he  spent  the  last  26  years  of  his 
life,  and  gave  to  the  public  those  editions  of 
Tacitus  in  four  vols.  4to.  and  in  seven,  12mo. 
and  of  Pliny,  which  derive  their  merit  not 
only  from  correctness,  but  most  valuable  and 
learned  dissertations  and  annotations.  Be- 
sides these,  Brotier  edited,  in  an  elegant 
manner,  Phoedrus,  anil  Rapin  on  gardens, 
and  it  is  to  be  much  lamented  that  he  never 
completed  the  history  of  France,  for  -which 
lie  had  in  his  younger  years  provided  ample 
materials.  His  other  works  were,  an  exami- 
nation of  the  apology  of  Prades — a  treatise 
on  the  money  of  the  Hebrews,  Greeks,  and 
Romans,  compared  with  those  of  France — 
memoirs  of  the  Levant — the  life  of  the 
E.bbe  de  Caille,  &e.  This  worthy  man, 
equally  amiable  as  a  private  or  a  literary 
character,  died  at  Paris,  12th  February, 
1789,  aged  67.  His  nephew,  Andrew 
Charles,  was  eminent  as  a  botanist,  and 
conducted  for  some  time  the  journal  called 
1'iiauce  literaire.    During  the  revolution  he 


was  accused  of  attempts  against  the  power 
of  the  directory,  and  was  banished  to  Guy- 
ana, where  he  died  in  1798. 

Broue,  Peter  de  la,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
bishop  of  Mirepoix,  who  died  1720,  aged  77. 
He  wrote  some  pastoral  letters,  and  was  the 
friend  of  the  great  Bossuet. 

Brought  on,  Hugh,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Oldbury,  Shropshire,  and  by  the 
friendship  of  Bernard  Gilpin,  educated  at 
Cambridge.  He  wrote  against  the  Roman 
catholics,  and  severely  attacked  Theodore 
Beza,  and  the  whole  body  of  dissenters.  His 
application  was  intense,  so  that  he  always  de- 
voted to  study  12  hours  often  16  every  day. 
His  works,  which  were  numerous  and  on 
theological  subjects,  are  not  held  in  high 
esteem.  Among  them  were  consent  of  scrip- 
tures, or  a  system  of  scripture  chronology 
and  genealogy,  which  was  attacked  by  Dr. 
John  Reynolds,  1588 — a  discourse  on  Christ's 
descent  into  hell,  answered  by  the  prelates 
Whitgift  and  Wilson.  Broughton  was  well 
skilled  in  Hebrew,  and  as  being  an  eloquent 
preacher,  he  settled  as  minister  of  the  Eng- 
lish congregation  at  Middleburg,  and  return- 
ed to  England  in  1611,  and  died  the  next 
year. 

Broughton,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine, 
born  in  London,  5th  July,  1704,  and  educa- 
ted at  Eton,  where  he  was  superannuated, 
and  at  Gonville  college,  Cambridge.  The 
patronage  of  the  duke  of  Bedford,  to  whom 
he  was  chaplain,  and  that  of  bishop  Sherlock, 
who  gave  him  Bedminster  vicarage,  near 
Bristol,  raised  him  to  comfortable  indepen- 
dence, and  afforded  him  the  means  of  devo- 
ting himself  to  his  favorite  studies.  His  pub- 
lications were  numerous  and  valuable,  the 
best  known  of  which  were,  Christianity 
distinct  from  the  religion  of  nature — part 
of  Bayle's  dictionary  corrected — Dryden's 
poems — answer  to  Tindall's  Christianity  as 
old  as  the  creation — Demosthenes'  Olyn- 
thiacs  and  Philippics — Hercules,  a  musical 
drama — various  articles  in  the  biographia 
Britannica — an  historical  dictionary  of  all 
religions,  2  vols,  fol.  &c.  He  died  on  his 
living,  21st  December,  1774,  leaving  six  chil- 
dren. Four  years  afterwards,  some  of  his 
sermons  were  published  by  his  son  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Broughton,  vicar  of  Tiverton,  near 
Bath. 

Broukhustus,  John,  or  Broekhui- 
2.EN,  a  learned  Dutchman,  born  20th  No- 
vember, 1639,  died  15th  December,  1707. 
The  premature  death  of  his  father  prevent- 
ed the  completion  of  his  studies,  and  he  was 
bound  to  an  apothecary,  whom  he  left  for 
military  pursuits.  He  went  to  America  with 
his  regiment  under  de  Ruyter,  and  on  his  re- 
turn, by  being  engaged  in  an  unfortunate 
duel,  his  life  was  forfeited  to  the  laws,  but 
preserved  by  the  interference  of  his  learned 
friend  Gra-vius.  He  published  a  valuable 
edition  of  Tibullus,  and  Propertius,  and  also 
of  Aonius  Palearius,  and  Sannazarius,  besides 
some  elegant  poems  in  Latin  and  in  Dutch, 
4to.  1711,  and  a  Latin  translation  of  Rapin's 
parallel  of  Homer  and  Virgil. 


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Brouncker,  William  Viscount,  a  na- 
tive of  Castle  Lyons,  in  Ireland,  celebrated 
for  his  attachment  to  the  royal  cause  during 
the  civil  wars,  as  well  as  tor  his  great  profi- 
ciency in  mathematical  knowledge.  He  was 
engaged  in  a  learned  correspondence  with 
Dr.  Wallis  of  Oxford,  and  was  the  first  pre- 
sident of  the  royal  society,  an  office  which 
he  adorned  by  his  polite  manners  and  exten- 
sive erudition.  He  was  also  master  of  St. 
Catherine,  near  the  Tower,  after  a  severe 
contest  with  judge  Atkins.  He  died  5th 
April,  1584,  aged  64,  and  was  buried  at  St. 
Catherine's.  Some  of  his  essays  are  pre- 
served in  the  philosophical  transactions,  be- 
sides des  Cartes'  compendium  of  music, 
translated  and  published  anonymously — let- 
ters to  archbishop  Usher,  published  by  Dr. 
Parr,  in  the  life  of  the  primate. 

Brousson,  Claude,  a  native  of  Nismes, 
known  as  an  eloquent  advocate,  and  as  a 
warm  supporter  of  the  protestants  in  France. 
He  encouraged  in  his  own  house  a  private 
meeting  of  the  leading  members  of  his  sect, 
after  their  churches  had  been  demolished  by 
the  persecution  of  the  times;  but  though  an 
amnesty  was  offered  to  him  and  his  fol- 
lowers by  Lewis  XIV.  he  fled  to  Geneva, 
Lausanne,  and  other  countries,  imploring 
the  assistance  and  compassion  of  strangers 
upon  his  suffering  brethren.  He  was  at  last 
seized  and  cruelly  broken  on  the  wheel  at 
Montpellier  lfi'JS,  in  his  51st  year,  on  pre- 
tence of  corresponding  with  the  king's  ene- 
mies. The  states  of  Holland  nobly  allowed 
his  widow  a  pension  of  GOO  florins,  besides 
the  400  granted  to  himself.  Brousson  was 
author  of  some  tracts  in  French  in  favor  of 
the  protestants,  besides  remarks  on  amulets 
— a  translation  of  the  new  testament,  &c. 

Brouwer,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  Haerlem  IG08.  His  chief  merit  was  ex- 
pressing with  great  success  the  companions 
of  his  dissipated  hours  in  the  midst  of  merri- 
ment and  in  the  noise  of  a  tavern,  and  for 
this  he  was  well  calculated  from  the  intem- 
perance of  his  habits.  Though  poor  he  never 
used  his  pencil  but  when  previously  called 
upon  by  want,  or  the  dread  of  a  gaol.  He 
hastened  his  death  by  his  constant  intoxica- 
tion, to  which  he  fell  a  victim  in  his  SOth 
year,  1638.  Rubens,  who  admired  his  ge- 
nius, paid  great  respect  to  his  remains, 
which  had  been  obscurely  deposited  in  the 
ground  by  public  subscription. 

Brown,  Robert,  a  man  of  turbulent  cha- 
racter and  wavering  disposition,  was  the 
founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Brownists.  He 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  but  either  from 
love  of  novelty,  or  from  fondness  for  cele- 
brity, he  separated  himself  from  the  church, 
and  when  cited  by  the  bishop  of  Norwich,  to 
answer  for  the  eccentricity  and  depraved 
tendency  of  his  opinions,  he  offered  insolence 
instead  of  submission.  The  favor  of  Bur- 
leigh, to  whom  he  was  related,  saved  him 
from  ecclesiastical  censures;  but  when  he 
despised  the  reproof  and  the  counsel  of  arch- 
bishop Whitgift,  to  whom  his  noble  friend 
had  recommended  him,  he  was  permitted  to 


withdraw  as  a  refractory  recusant  to  Hot- 
laud,  where  for  some  time  he  established  a 
church  of  his  own  persuasion.  He  after- 
wards returned  to  England,  and  though  he 
continued  to  abuse  the  church,  yet  we  find 
him  promoted  to  a  rectory  in  Northampton- 
shire, no  doubt  by  the  influence  of  Burleigh; 
but  though  he  received  the  emolument  he 
devoted  the  care  of  the  parish  to  a  curate. 
In  his  SOth  year  he  was  sent  to  Northamp- 
ton goal,  for  ill  treatment  to  a  magistrate, 
and  there  he  soon  after  died  1630,  boasting 
that  he  had  been  confined  in  no  less  than  o5 
prisons.  Some  of  his  tracts,  all  on  theologi- 
cal subjects,  were  published  at  Middle  burg. 

Brown,  Thomas,  of  facetious  memory, 
was  educated  at  Newport  school,  Shropshire, 
and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  his 
many  irregularities  soon  rendered  his  resi- 
dence improper.  From  Oxford  he  went  to 
London,  and  then  became,  through  interest, 
master  of  the  school  of  Kingston  on  Thames, 
an  office  to  which  he  was  inadequate,  both 
from  habit  and  from  a  certain  levity  of  cha- 
racter. His  speedy  return  to  London  was 
greeted  by  his  old  companions  with  raptures, 
and  now  independent  in  principle  and  unfa- 
vored by  fortune,  he  had  recourse  to  scrib- 
bling for  bread.  Various  pieces  issued  from 
the  press  under  the  form  of  poems,  letters, 
and  dialogues;  but  though  they  were  popu- 
lar and  ingenious,  they  filled  not  the  pocket 
of  the  author,  nor  promised  future  relief. 
Brown,  indeed,  shut  the  door  against  lasting 
intimacy,  as  he  always  preferred  his  joke  to 
his  friend,  and  considered  wit,  even  when 
bordering  on  indelicacy,  superior  to  moral 
and  religious  precepts.  Though  so  lost  to 
serious  reflection,  and  often  to  every  virtu- 
ous exertion,  it  is  said  that  he  viewed  his 
approaching  eiid  with  horror  and  dismay, 
and  expressed  strong  sentiments  of  remorse. 
He  died  1704,  and  was  buried  in  the  clois- 
ters of  Westminster  abbey.  His  works  were- 
printed  in  170",  in  4  vols. 

Brown,  Moses,  a  man  who,  from  a  pen- 
cutter,  acquired  some  eminence  as  a  poet 
and  writer.  By  the  advice  of  Hervey  he 
took  orders,  and  was  promoted  to  the  vica- 
rage of  Olney,  Bucks,  and  the  chaplainship 
of  Morden  college.  He  published  two  dra- 
matic pieces,  Polidus  or  distressed  love,  a 
tragedy — and  all  be-devilled,  a  farce — besides 
Percy-lodge,  a  poem — Sunday  thoughts,  in 
blank  verse — an  edition  of  Walton's  Angler, 
and  piscatory  eclogues — and  some  poems  in 
the  Gentleman's  magazine,  when  first  under- 
taken by  Cave.  He  died  13th  Sept.  1787, 
aged  84. 

Brown,  Ulysses  Maximilian  de,  a  gene- 
ral of  eminence  in  the  imperial  armies,  de- 
scended from  an  Irish  family,  and  born  at 
Basle,  24th  Oct.  1705.  His  intrepidity  and 
coolness  were  displayed  in  the  various  en- 
counters at  Belgrade,  in  Corsica,  Parma, 
Ganstalla,  Banjaluea,  Veletri,  Placentia,  Ge- 
noa, and  Lobositz.  In  the  famous  battle  of 
Prague,  May  6th,  1757,  he  was  mortally 
wounded,  and  died  on  the  26t'i  June  follow- 
ing, aged  52,  leaving  behind  him  the  chal•a!J-, 


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ter  of  a  most  consummate  general,  and  an 
able  and  skilful  negotiator.  His  life  was  pub- 
lished in  two  separate  volumes  in  German 
and  French,  1757. 

Brown,  John,  D.  D.  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Rothbury,  in  Northumberland,  5th 
Nov.  1715,  and  educated  at  St.  John's,  Cam- 
bridge. During  the  rebellion  in  1745  he  be- 
haved with  great  spirit  as  a  volunteer  at  the 
siege  of  Carlisle,  and  distinguished  himself 
as  a  popular  preacher  and  as  an  elegant  wri- 
ter, so  that  he  gained  the  patronage  of  Os- 
baldiston  bishop  of  Carlisle,  who  obtained  for 
him  the  living  of  Moreland  in  Westmore- 
land, and  afterwards  great  Horkesle)-  in  Es- 
sex, and  on  the  resignation  of  it,  St.  Nicho- 
las, Newcastle  on  Tyne.  A  spirit  of  inde- 
pendence strongly  marked  the  character  of 
Dr.  Brown,  he  was  conscious  of  the  powers 
of  his  mind  as  a  writer,  and  indignantly  re- 
jected every  attempt  to  shackle  his  opinions, 
or  influence  his  reason.  The  consequence 
and  authority  which  he  had  acquired  in  the 
republic  of  letters,  introduced  him  to  the 
company  of  great  men,  and  even  procured 
him  an  invitation  from  the  empress  of  Russia 
to  come  to  Petersburg,  to  assist  and  direct 
the  establishments  which  she  wished  to  form 
for  the  education  and  improvement  of  her 
subjects.  This  proposal,  which  had  been 
made  by  means  of  Dr.  Dumaresque,  the 
chaplain  of  the  English  factory  of  Peters- 
burg, and  which  was  so  honorable  to  the 
empress,  was  cheerfully  accepted  by  Dr. 
Brown  ;  but  while  preparing  for  his  journey, 
a  sudden  attack  of  the  gout  and  rheumatism 
so  enfeebled  his  delicate  constitution,  and 
diminished  the  powers  of  his  mind,  that,  in  a 
fatal  moment  of  dejection  and  melancholy, 
he  cut  his  throat  with  a  razor,  Sept.  23d, 
17G6,  in  his  51st  year.  The  most  popular 
works  of  this  ingenious  but  unfortunate  man, 
•were  "  an  estimate  of  the  manners  and  prin- 
ciples of  the  time,"  of  which  seven  editions 
were  printed  in  little  more  than  a  year,  1757 
—a  second  volume  of  the  estimate — honor, 
a  poem — essay  on  satire — essays  on  Shaftes- 
bury— characteristics — Barbarossa,  a  trage- 
dy, 1755,  and  next  year,  Athelstan,  a  trage- 
dy, both  acted  with  great  popularity  under 
Garrick— a  dialogue  of  the  dead  between 
Aristides  and  Pericles — a  political  perform- 
ance to  defend  Mr.  Pitt's  character — history 
of  the  use  and  progress  of  poetry  and  music 
— a  letter  to  Dr.  Lowth,  who,  in  a  pamphlet 
on  the  divine  legation  of  Moses,  had  accused 
him  of  being  a  flatterer  of  Warburton — and 
sermons — besides  thoughts  on  civil  liberty, 
licentiousness,  and  faction — and  some  anony- 
mous tracts,  &c. 

Brown,  John,  a  painter,  born  at  Edin- 
burgh 1752,  died  1787.  He  improved  the 
native  powers  of  his  genius  by  travelling  iu 
Italy  for  some  years,  and  visiting  the  pre- 
cious remains  of  antiquity  at  Rome  and  in 
Sicily,  patronised  and  befriended  for  a  while 
by  sir  Wm.  Young  and  Mr.  Townley.  He 
chiefly  excelled  in  the  expression  of  the  fea- 
tures ;  his  great  characteristics  were  deli- 
cacy, taste,  and  correctness ;  and  so  enrap- 


tured with  his  art  did  he  appear,  that  he 
often  presented  with  the  most  finished  pic- 
tures, any  person  who  permitted  him  to  take 
a  sketch  of  whatever  struck  his  fancy,  as 
expressive  of  beauty,  dignity,  or  grace,  ei- 
ther in  the  human  countenance  or  in  the 
works  of  art.  Besides  eminence  as  a  drafts- 
man, he  possessed  all  the  abilities  of  the  ele- 
gant scholar  and  the  solid  philosopher,  as  his 
letters  on  the  poetry  and  music  of  the  Italian 
opera  fully  evince.  These  were  not,  indeed, 
intended  for  publication,  but  his  friend  lord 
Monboddo,  to  whom  they  were  addressed, 
sensible  of  their  superior  excellence,  pub- 
lished them  in  1789,  in  12mo.  for  the  benefit 
of  his  widow,  and  moreover,  bore  testimony 
to  the  taste  and  genius  of  the  departed  pain- 
ter, by  making  honorable  mention  of  him  in 
the  fourth  volume  of  the  origin  and  progress 
of  language. 

Brown,  John,  a  Scotch  physician,  born 
at  Buncle,  Berwickshire,  author  of  a  system, 
of  medicine,  translated  into  English,  two 
vols.  8vo.  a  work  ingenious,  valuable,  and  ge- 
nerally correct.  As  he  had  risen  to  medical 
distinction,  not  by  a  regularly  professional 
education,  and  as  he  quarrelled  with  his 
great  friend  and  protector  Cullen,  he  drew 
upon  himself  the  sneers  and  the  opposition 
of  the  medical  world,  who  contemptuously 
called  his  followers  Brunonists.  He  died  in 
London  7th  Oct.  1788,  aged  about  52,  a  vic- 
tim, it  is  said,  to  intemperate  habits  and  li- 
centious indulgences.  He  was  a  strong  sup- 
porter of  the  doctrine  of  stimulants,  which 
act  on  what  he  calls  the  correspondent  ex- 
citability in  the  body. 

Browne,  George,  an  Augustine  monk, 
who,  by  embracing  the  tenets  of  Luther,  re- 
commended himself  to  Henry  VIII.  by  whom, 
he  was  made  archbishop  of  Dublin  1535.  In 
this  situation  he  so  distinguished  himself  by 
his  zeal  in  favor  of  the  reformation,  and  to 
promote  the  views  of  his  royal  master,  that 
Ireland  was  guided  by  his  councils,  and  her 
ecclesiastical  affairs  settled  agreeably  to  his 
directions.  Browne  was  made  primate  by 
Edward  VI.  in  the  room  of  Dowdal,  ejected  ; 
but  the  tyrannical  reign  of  Mary  stripped 
him  of  all  his  honors,  and  he  died  two  years 
after,  155G.  A  curious  sermon  by  him  is 
preserved  in  sir  James  Ware's  history  of 
Ireland,  and  in  the  Phrenix,  a  collection  of 
tracts. 

Browne,  William,  an  English  poet,  born 
at  Tavistock,  and  educated  at  Exeter  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  resided  for  a  little  time  at 
the  Inner  Temple,  London,  and  was  after- 
wards tutor  in  the  families  of  Carnarvon  and 
Pembroke.  He  published  Britannia's  pasto- 
rals, in  two  parts — and  the  shepherd's  pipe, 
in  seven  eclogues — works  of  great  merit,  and 
deservedly  recommended  by  Selden,  Dray- 
ton, and  other  judges  of  poetical  fame.  He 
died  in  his  native  county,  1045,  where  he 
had  purchased  an  estate. "  His  works  appear- 
ed together,  3  vols.  12mo.  1772. 

Browne,  sir  Thomas,  borninCheapside, 
19th  October,  1605,  was,  though  abandoned 
bv  the  second  marriage  ot  his  mother,  and 


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the  great  negligence  of  his  guardian,  educa- 
ted at  Winchester  school,  and  Pembroke 
college,  Oxford,  lie  early  turned  his  thoughts 
to  physic,  and  after  taking  his  two  first  de- 
grees at  Oxford,  he  travelled  through  France 
and  Italy,  and  after  some  stay  at  Padua  and 
Montpellier,  he  was  created  M.  U.  at  Ley- 
den.  Soon  after  his  return  to  London,  1G34, 
he  published  his  religio  medici,  a  book  re- 
plete with  sound  sense  and  great  information, 
and  which  with  deserved  popularity  exposed 
him  to  the  virulence  of  critics,  and  the  envy 
of  rivals.  In  1G36  he  settled  at  Norwich, 
where  he  acquired  an  extensive  practice, 
and  where  he  married  a  lady  of  the  name  of 
Micham,  with  whom  he  lived  41  years,  and 
by  whom  he  had  10  children,  one  son  and 
three  daughters  of  which  number  only  sur- 
vived him.  He  was,  in  1G71,  knighted  at 
Norwich  by  Charles  II.  and  continued  to 
maintain  his  high  reputation  as  an  excellent 
scholar  and  an  experienced  physician  till  the 
time  of  his  death,  which  happened  on  his 
birth-day,  1682.  He  published,  besides  his 
*'  religio,"  a  treatise  on  vulgar  errors,  a 
work  of  great  and  acknowledged  merit,  be- 
sides a  discourse  on  sepulchral  urns,  &c. 
His  character  was  held  in  such  high  esteem, 
and  his  knowledge  so  very  extensive  in  every 
walk  of  science  and  philosophy,  that  his  life 
has  been  published  by  Dr.  Johnson. 

Browne,  Edward,  son  of  the  above,  was 
educated  at  Norwich  school,  at  Cambridge, 
and  Merton  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  1667.  He  visited  seve- 
ral parts  of  Germany,  Hungary,  Thessaly, 
and  Italy,  and  at  his  return  published  an  in- 
teresting account  of  his  travels,  and  became 
physician  to  Charles  II.  and  to  Bartholomew 
hospital.  He  bore  also  the  most  distinguish- 
ed offices  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and 
fully  proved  his  claims  to  the  high  character 
of  a  superior  scholar  in  the  learned  lan- 
guages, and  a  fluent  writer  in  most  of  the 
modern  tongues  The  king  said  of  him, 
that  he  was  as  learned  as  any  of  the  college, 
and  as  well  bred  as  any  at  court.  He  died 
August  1708,  aged  66,  at  Northfleet.  Be- 
sides his  travels,  he  wrote  several  lives  in 
the  translation  of  Plutarch,  published  in  his 
time. 

Browne,  Simon,  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  at  Shepton-Mallet,  Somersetshire,  and 
early  appointed  pastor  of  a  congregation  at 
Portsmouth,  and  afterwards  at  the  Old  Jew- 
ry, where  for  many  years  he  was  admired 
for  his  eloquence,  and  respected  for  the  cor- 
rectness of  his  conduct.  The  death  however 
of  his  wife  and  his  only  son  in  1723,  had  such 
an  effect  upon  his  feelings  that  it  deprived 
him  of  his  reason,  and  at  times  exhibited 
him  a  melancholy  monument  of  great  powers 
of  mind  departed.  Unable  longer  to  officiate, 
he  retired  to  his  native  town,  where,  remote 
from  society^  and  unwilling  to  associate  with 
his  dearest  friends,  he  considered  himself  as 
struck  by  the  Almighty,  deprived  of  his  ra- 
tional soul,  and  sunk  to  the  level  of  the  brute 
creation.  He  died  about  the  end  of  1732, 
sged  52;  and  what  is  remarkable,  he  com- 
VOL.    I.  3B 


posed  about  two  years  before  his  death,  ia 
his  more  luminous  intervals,  two  works  ia 
defence  of  Christianity,  against  the  attacks 
ofWoolston  and  Tindal,  in  which  he  dis- 
played all  the  powers  of  a  sound  and  vigor- 
ous understanding.  He  wrote  a  dedication 
to  queen  Caroline,  but  on  account  of  some 
incoherent  expressions  it  was  suppressed  bv 
the  advice  of  his  friends,  but  afterwards  in- 
serted in  the  Adventurer,  No.  88.  Several 
daughters  survived  him. 

Browne,  Sir  Anthony,  a  judge,  born  in 
Essex,  and  educated  at  Oxford.  Under 
Mary  he  was  made  Serjeant  at  law,  and  in 
1558  promoted  to  the  ollice  of  chief  justice  ot 
the  common  pleas,  which  he  resigned  to  sir 
John  Oyer  on  Elizabeth's  accession,  though 
he  sat  as  puisne  judge  of  the  same  court  till 
his  death  in  1567.  He  was  a  violent  papist, 
and  wrote  arguments  for  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  Iter  right  of  succession  to  the  English 
crown,  bcc.  published  by  Ltsley  bishop  of 
Ross. 

Browne,  Peter,  a  native  of  Ireland,  pro- 
vost of  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  after- 
wards bishop  of  Cork,  where  he  died,  1735. 
He  wrote  in  defence  of  Christianity  against 
Toland,  a  work  which,  as  Toland  observed, 
raised  him  to  the  rank  of  bishop,  the  pro- 
gress, extent,  and  limits  of  the  human  under- 
standing— two  volumes  of  sermons — besides 
a  tract  against  the  fashionable  custom  of 
drinking  to  the  memory  of  the  dead. 

Browne,  Isaac  Hawkins,  an  English  poet, 
born  21st  January,  1706,  at  Burton  upon 
Trent,  where  his  father  was  minister.  He 
was  educated  at  Lichfield,  Westminster,  and 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  from  whence, 
after  taking  his  degree  of  M.A.  he  removed 
to  Lincoln's  Inn.  Here  lie  devoted  himself 
to  the  muses,  and  wrote  some  poetical  pieces, 
especially  on  design  and  beauty,"  and  his 
"  pipe  of  tobacco."  He  served  in  the  par- 
liament of  1744,  and  1748,  for  Wenlock,  and 
died  14th  February,  1760,  in  his  55th  year. 
His  most  popular  work  was  '*  de  animi  im- 
mortalitate,"  in  two  volumes,  a  composition 
which  displayed  his  great  classical  taste,  as  a 
happy  imitator  of  Virgil  and  Lucretius,  and 
which  so  much  commanded  the  approbation 
of  the  public,  that  several  translations  quick- 
ly appeared,  the  best  of  which  were  those  of 
Soame  Jenings  and  Mr.  Lettice.  The  poems 
of  this  excellent  scholar  and  truly  amiable 
man  were  elegantly  published  by  his  son  in 
17G8,  in  a  large  Svo. 

Browne,  Sir  William,  a  physician  of  emi- 
nence, who,  after  practising  with  great  suc- 
cess at  Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  came  to  settle  in. 
London,  where  he  died  10th  March,  1774, 
aged  82.  He  left  two  prize  medals  to  Cam- 
bridge, to  be  contended  for  by  the  rising 
poets  of  the  university.  He  is  known  not 
only  for  hi;  abilities  in  the  medical  line,  but 
for  many  ingenious  and  entertaining  pieces 
both  in  prose  and  verse,  in  Latin  and  in  Eng- 
lish, which  he  wrote,  besides  a  translation  oi 
Gregory's  elements  of  catoptrics  and  diop- 
trics. He  was  a  man  of  genuine  wit,  and 
bad  a  great  command  of  temper;  and  wises 


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FodIc  introduced  him,  in  consequence  ofliis 
dispute  with  the  licentiates  of  (.he  college  of 
physicians,  in  his  Devil  upon  two  sticks,  and 
exactly  caricatured  him  as  a  tall  figure,  with 
his  wig  and  identical  coat,  the  physician, 
who  disdained  to  resent  the  affront,  sent  the 
actor  his  card,  to  compliment  him  in  his  j 
liappy  representation,  accompanying  it  at 
the  same  time  with  his  mult",  which  he  said 
had  been  omitted  in  the  play. 

Browne,  Edward,  an  English  divine, 
author  among  other  things  of  a  heavy  work, 
in  2  vols,  folio,  1690,  called  Fasciculus  rerum 
expetendarum  &  fugiendarum. 

Browse,  Patrick,  a  native  of  Cross- 
hoyne,  in  the  count)- of  Mayo,  in  Ireland,  who 
studied  physic  at  Paris,  and  took  his  degree  of 
M  D.  at  Leyden.  He  fixed  his  residence  for 
some  years  in  the  West  Indies,  and  publish- 
ed a  natural  and  civil  history  of  Jamaica,  in 
folio,  and  also  maps  of  the  island,  1756.  He 
died  atTtusbrook,  in  Ireland,  1790,  respected 
for  his  learning  and  his  amiable  manners. 
He  left  some  MSS.  on  the  plants  of  Jamaica, 
iv Inch  have  not  been  published. 

Brownwrig,  Ralph,  son  of  a  merchant 
at  Ipswich,  was  educated  at  Pembroke-hall, 
Cambridge,  and  after  various  promotions, 
became  master  of  Catharine-hall,  and  vice- 
chancellor  of  that  university,  and  last  of  all, 
in  1641,  was  nominated  bishop  of  Exeter. 
During  the  civil  wars  he  was  deprived  of  his 
ecclesiastical  office,  and  passed  his  life  in  re- 
tirement. It  is  said  that  he  once  boldly  ad- 
vised Cromwell  to  restore  Charles  II.  to  his 
throne.  Two  years  before  his  death,  which 
happened  in  1659,  in  his  67th  year,  he  was 
made  preacher  at  the  Temple.  His  sermons 
were  published  in  three  vols,  and  Dr.  Gau- 
den  who  knew  him,  and  respected  his  abili- 
ties and  character,  speaks  in  the  highest 
terms  of  him. 

Bruce,  James,  a  famous  traveller, descend- 
ed from  the  ancient  race  of  Scottish  kings. 
He  was  born  at  Kinnaird,  and  educated  at 
Harrow,  and  afterwards  at  Edinburgh.  He 
became,  by  his  early  residence  in  England, 
acquainted  with  man}-  eminent  characters  in 
literature  and  in  politics.  The  indisposition 
of  his  wife,  who  was  the  daughter  of  a  wine 
merchant,  with  whom  he  was  in  partnership 
in  London,  induced  him  to  travel  to  the  south 
of  France,  and  in  consequence  of  her  death 
lie  prolonged  his  absence  from  home  by  vi- 
siting Portugal  and  Spain.  On  his  return  he 
was  invited  to  accept  the  consulship  of  Al- 
giers in  1763,  and  after  improving  himself  in 
learning  the  languages  of  Africa,  he  began  to 
form  the  project  of  exploring  the  most  un- 
known parts  of  that  continent.  In  176N  he 
visited  Aleppo,  and  immediately  after  enter- 
ed Egypt,  and  penetrated  into  Abyssinia, 
where  for  nearly  six  years  he  remained  em- 
ployed in  examining  the  antiquities,  the  man- 
ners, and  institutions  of  a  people  known  to 
Europeans  only -by  name.  The  history  of 
this  excursion  was  published  in  five  vols.  4to. 
1790,  but  so  extraordinary  and  marvellous 
did  the  circumstances  related  by  the  travel- 
ler appear,  that  few  were  inclined  to  credit 


his  assertions,  or  to  trust  to  his  narrative?. 
Some  events  however  have  tended  to  throw 
authenticity  on  his  history,  and  he  has  esta- 
blished a  greater  claim  to  veracity  by  the 
respectable  testimony  of  Buftbn,  Dailies  Bar- 
rington,  and  sir  William  Jones.  During  his 
absence  in  that  distant  part  of  the  world,  his 
relations  claimed  his  properly,  and  on  the 
pretended  report  of  his  death  would  have  di- 
vided the  spoils,  had  not  the  traveller  re- 
turned at  the  critical  moment,  in  1773.  Soon 
after,  to  prevent  a  similar  event,  he  married, 
and  had  some  children  by  his  lady,  who 
died  1784.  He  was  unfortunately  killed  by  a 
fall  down  his  staircase  at  Kinnaird,  in  April 
1794,  is  his  65th  year.  The  King,  it  is  said, 
purchased  his  drawings  for  2000/.  and  paid 
for  the  engraving  of  the  plates  in  his  travels. 
His  museum  contained  a  curious  collection 
which  he  had  formed  during  his  travels,  and 
of  which  notice  has  been  taken  by  Mr.  Let- 
tice,  who,  in  1792,  visited  and  admired  the 
abode  of  the  Abyssinian  hero. 

Brucioli,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, banished  from  his  country  for  oppo- 
sing the  house  of  Medicis.  When  restored 
by  a  revolution  to  his  native  city,  he  drew 
upon  himself  the  public  odium  as  being  sus- 
pected of  favoring  the  opinions  of  Luther, 
and  he  retired  to  Venice,  where  his  brothers 
were  printers,  and  where  he  published,  in 
1532,  his  translation  of  the  bible  in  Italian, 
with  a  prolix  commentary,  in  7  vols,  fob  a 
work  called  by  the  monks  heretical.  He 
wrote  translations  of  Pliny's  history,  and 
some  pieces  of  Aristotle  and  Cicero,  besides 
dialogues,  editions  of  Petrarch  and  Bocace. 
He  died  after  the  year  1554)  but  what  year 
is  uncertain. 

Brucker,  John  James,  a  native  of  Augs- 
burg, who  studied  and  took  his  degrees  at 
Jena.  He  became  member  of  the  Berlin 
academy  of  sciences,  minister  of  Kaufbeue- 
ren,  and  afterwards  of  Augsburg,  where  he 
died  1770,  aged  74.  His  chief  work  is  histo- 
ria  critica  philosophic,  Leipsic,  6  vols.  4to. 
abridged  by  Dr.  Enfield,  in  2  vols.  4to.  He 
wrote  other  learned  works. 

Bruere,  Charles  de  la,  a  French  writer, 
who  possessed  wit  and  genius.  He  is  author 
of  some  operas,  a  comedy,  a  history  of 
Charlemagne,  &c.     lie  died  1754,  aged  39. 

Brueys,  David  Augustine,  a  native  of 
Aix,  who,  by  writing  against  Bossuet's  ex- 
position of  the  faith,  was  converted  by  the 
prelate  from  protestantism  to  the  Catholic 
religion.  He  soon  after  quitted  divinity  and 
wrote  plays,  and  again  turned  his  thoughts 
to  theological  controversy.  He  died  at  Alont- 
pellier,  J733,  aged  S3.  His  dramatic  pieces 
were  published  in  three  vols.  12mo.  1735. 
He  translated  also,  or  rather  paraphrased, 
Horace's  art  of  poetry. 

Bruges,  John  de,  a  Flemish  painter  of 
the  15th  century,  said  to  be  the  first  painter 
in  oil,  an  invention  attributed  by  some  to 
his  brother  Hubert  Eick.  The  first  picture 
in  this  style  was  presented  by  him  to  Al- 
phonsus  I.  king  of  Naples. 

Brugiantin'o,  Vincent,  an  Italian  poet 


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of  inferior  merit.  He  florished  in  the  raid- 
die  of  the  Kith  century. 

Buuguieres,  John  William,  a  native  of 
Montpellier,  -who  devoted  himself  to  the 
study  of  medicine  and  natural  history. 
Though  his  father  wished  him  to  settle  at 
home,  and  induced  him  to  comply  with  iiis 
wishes  by  giving  him  a  wife,  he  quitted  all 
his  connections  three  months  after  his  mar- 
riage, and  embarked  in  a  voyage  to  the  south 
seas  in  the  character  of  a  botanist.  He  was 
thus  enabled  to  make  a  valuable  collection 
of  curiosities  in  the  animal  and  vegetable 
kingdoms,  and  the  name  of  Langaha,  which 
he  gave  to  some  reptdes  which  he  disco- 
vered, has  been  preserved  in  la  Cepede's 
history  of  serpents.  After  his  return  lie 
settled  at  Montpellier,  but  after  seven  years 
residence  there,  the  accidental  discovery  of  a 
coal  mine,  and  of  some  fossils  and  petrefac- 
tions,  awakened  in  him  a  strong  desire  of  ex- 
plaining the  nature  of  minerals.  He  therefore 
repaired  to  Paris,  and  after  laboring  for  some 
time  as  the  friend  and  associate  of  Dauben- 
ton,  in  preparing  an  interesting  account  of 
vermes  for  the  encyclopedic  methodique,  he 
prepared  to  embark  for  the  Levant,  in  com- 
pany with  Oliver.  A  weak  constitution, 
however,  prevented  his  departure,  and  he 
died  at  Ancona,  September  1799,  0f  a  fever. 
He  wrote  a  valuable  account  of  the  vermes, 
molluscoe,  zoophylte  fossils  and  shells  of  the 
torrid  zone,  and  in  honor  of  his  services  to 
natural  history,  a  curious  shrub,  which  lie 
discovered  among  the  rocks  of  Madagascar, 
has  received  his  name  in  Heretier's  writ- 
ings. His  account  of  his  voyage  to  the  south 
seas  has  not  yet  been  published. 

Bruhier  d'Ablaincourt,  Jean  Ja- 
ques,  a  very  prolific  writer  and  ingenious 
physician  of  Beauvais,  who  died  1756.  He 
is  author  of  letters  on  divers  subjects — a 
treatise  on  fevers,  1746 — observations  on 
the  cure  of  the  gout  and  rheumatism,  by 
Hoffman  and  James — on  the  uncertainty  of 
the  signs  of  death,  two  vols.  12mo.  1746,  kc. 

Br i' in,  John  de,  an  ingenious  professor 
of  philosophy  and  mathematics  at  Utrecht. 
He  was  a  great  lover  of  experiments,  and 
was  a  skilful  operator  in  the  dissection  of 
animals.  He  died  in  1675,  aged  55,  and 
his  funeral  oration  was  pronounced  by  the 
famous  Grrevius.  He  wrote  several  va- 
luable treatises,  de  vi  altrice — decorporum 
gravitate  ik  levitate — de  lucis  causa  8c  origine 
— de  cognitione  dei  natural!,  &c. — besides 
an  apology  in  favor  of  the  Cartesian  philo- 
sophy, which  he  warmly  espoused. 

Buuix,  Chevalier  de,  a  French  writer, 
distinguished  for  his  easy,  elegant,  and  fa- 
cetious powers  of  diction.  He  wrote  "  re- 
flexions di  verses,"  in  1756,  and  died  1780. 

Brulart,  Nicholas,  a  Frenchman,  emi- 
nent for  his  services  in  diplomatic  and  poli- 
tical affairs  under  Henry  [V.  He  was 
chancellor  of  the  kingdom,  and  like  the  fa- 
vorites of  courts,  experienced  all  the  disap- 
pointment and  vicissitudes  of  ambiliou.  He 
died  10th  Oct.  1624,  aged  80.  Mis  son  Peter 
distinguished  himself  also  in  the  service  of 


his  country,  as  ambassador  and  secretary  of 
state.  lie  died  1640,  aged  57,  leaving  a  re* 
spectable  public  and  private  character. 

Brulart,  Fabio,  a  bishop  of  Soissons, 
author  of  some  treatises  on  eloquence,  8tc. 
He  died  1714. 

Brulefer,  Stephen,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
St.  Maloes,  author  of  some  learned  treatises 
in  the  1  5th  century. 

Brumoy,  Peter,  a  French  Jesuit,  born 
at  ltoueii.  lie  is  chiefly  known  for  his  va- 
luable work  called  the  theatre  ot'lhe  Creeks, 
in  which  he  displays  great  correctness  and 
elegant  taste  as  a  scholar  and  as  a  critic. 
He  wrote  besides  miscellaneous  pieces  in 
verse  and  prose,  four  vols.  l'2mo.  and  died  in 
174'2,  aged  5'2,  universally  esteemed  for  the 
excellence  of  his  private  character. 

I! run,  Charles  le,  a  famous  painter,  of 
Scotch  extraction,  son  of  a  statuary,  born 
in  Prance  in  1619.  Destined  by  nature  to 
excel  as  a  painter,  he  at  the  age  of  three 
drew  figures  with  charcoal,  and  when  12 
made  a  picture  of  his  uncle  so  exact,  that  it 
is  still  admired  as  a  highly  finished  piece. 
He  studied  under  Vouet  and  Poussin,  and 
was  fortunately  patronised  by  Seguier, 
Mazarin,  and  Colbert,  by  whose  munificence 
he  improved  himself  and  rose  to  distinction. 
The  honors  which  he  received  from  the 
king,  and  the  appointments  which  he  held, 
were  fully  deserved  by  the  elegant  and 
amiable  painter,  who  was  popular  as  much 
for  excellence  of  private  character,  as  fop 
professional  superiority.  His  most  famous 
pieces  were  St.  Stephen,  the  family  of  Da- 
rius, five  pieces  in  the  history  of  Alexander, 
besides  the  beautiful  paintings  which  adorned 
the  palace  of  Fontainbleau  and  Versailles, 
especially  the  staircase  of  the  latter,  in 
which  lie  was  engaged  fourteen  years. 
Brun  died  169<>,  at  his  house  in  the  Gabe- 
lins,  where  he'  was  director  of  the  manu- 
factory. He  wrote  a  curious  treatise  on 
physiognomy,  and  another  on  the  character 
of  the  passions. 

Brun,  Lawrence  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Nantes,  who  died  at  Paris  in  1653,  aged  56. 
He  wrote  Virgilius  Christianus,  and  Ovidius 
Christianas,  imitating  the  subjects  of  the 
Latin  bards  with  greater  piety  than  taste, 
and  instead  of  pagan  divinities  and  rite9,  he 
introduced  the  characters  and  penetential 
lamentations  of  converted  saints  and  dying 
martyrs.  He  wrote  besides  the  Ignatiad  in 
12  books,  on  the  pilgrimage  of  Ignatius  to 
Jerusalem,  &C. 

Brun,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Dole,  distin- 
guished as  a  politician  and  an  ambassador. 
Vie  wrote  some  poetical  pieces,  and  died  at 
tlie  Hague  1654,  aged  54. 

Brun,  Jean  Baptist  le,  a  French  writer, 
who  died  at  Orleans  in  17.31.  His  works 
were  chiefly  on  divinity  subjects.  He  pre- 
pared a  valuable  edition  of  Lactantius, 
which  was  published  in  two  vols.  4to.  1748, 
by  Lauglet  du  Fvesnoy. 

Brux,  Anthony  Lewis,  a  French  poet, 
of  inferior  note,  author  of  some  operas  and 
musical  pieces.  He  died  at  Paris  1743, 
n?cd  63. 


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Br un,  William  le,  a  learned  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  a  Latin  and  French  dictionary  uni- 
versally esteemed.     He  died  1758,  aged  84. 

Brum,  Peter  le,  a  native  of  Provence, 
author  of  a  critical  history  of  the  supersti- 
tious practices  which  have  seduced  the  vul- 
gar and  embarrassed  the  learned,  three 
vols.  12mo. — and  on  the  unlawfulness  of 
dramatic  entertainments  in  a  religious  view 
— and  on  liturgies — works  of  merit.  He 
was  an  ecclesiastic,  and  died  1729,  aged  70. 

Bruxck,  Richard  Philip  Frederic,  a  ce- 
lebrated scholar  and  writer  of  Strasburg, 
member  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions, 
and  of  the  national  institute  at  Paris,  died 
1803,  aged  84.  He  is  particularly  known  in 
the  republic  of  letters  for  his  great  erudition 
and  his  extensive  reading.  He  published, 
besides  other  works,  learned  editions  of 
JEsehylus,  Anacreon,  Sophocles,  Aristo- 
phanes, Apollonius  Rhodius,  and  Virgil, 
carefully  compared  with  MS.  copies,  and 
rendered  valuable  by  annotations — and  also 
analecta  veterum  poetarum  Gra:c.  4  vols. 
Svo.  repeatedly  edited — aud  gnomici  poeta; 
Graseci,  8vo. 

Brunehaut,  a  daughter  of  Athanagild, 
the  king  of  the  Visigoths,  who  married,  in 
f>08,  Sigebert  I.  king  of  Austrasia.  After 
her  husband's  death,  she  married,  at  Rouen, 
where  she  had  retired  with  her  two  daugh- 
ters, Merovee,  son  of  Childeric,  king  of 
Soissons;  but  this  union  was  displeasing  to 
her  father-in-law,  and  she  therefore  retired 
to  Austrasia,  where  she  assumed  the  re- 
gency, during  her  son  Childebert's  mino- 
rity. When  banished  from  Austrasia  for 
her  misconduct,  she  went  to  the  court  of 
Thierry,  her  grandson,  king  of  Burgundy, 
•whom  she  persuaded  to  take  Paris  from 
Clotaire.  Ever  restless,  ambitious,  and 
vindictive,  she  is  known  in  French  history 
for  her  great  crimes,  her  debaucheries,  and 
cruelties.  She  was  publicly  accused  of 
causing  the  death  of  ten  kings,  and  her  death 
was  as  ignominious  as  her  life  had  been 
abandoned.  She  was  betrayed  into  the  hands 
of  her  enemy  Clotaire,  who  ordered  her  to 
be  dragged  at  the  tail  of  a  wild  horse,  and 
thus  she  perished  in  the  greatest  torments, 
G13. 

Brunellschi,  Philip,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, originally  a  goldsmith  and  clockma- 
kcr,  and  afterwards  distinguished  for  his  great 
knowledge  of  architecture.  The  dome  of 
St.  Mary's  church  at  Florence  is  among  the 
monuments  of  his  genius.  He  was  patro- 
nised by  the  Medicis;  and  died  in  his  native 
city  in  1444,  aged  67,  universally  regretted. 
He  was  also  an  engineer  ;  and  some  of  his 
verses  appeared  with  those  of  Burchiello. 

Brunet,  John  Lewis,  a  native  of  Aries 
in  Provence,  horn  in  1717,  and  known  as  an 
able  writer  on  e6clesiastical  affairs. 

Brunetto,  Latini,  a  poet  and  historian 
of  Florence,  who  distinguished  himself  as 
an  ambassador,  and  perhaps  more  as  the 
jnaster  of  Dante.  He  is  author  of  "  II  Te- 
soro,"  or  the  origin  of  all  things.  He  died 
fi2tf5,  at  Florence , 


BruNI,  Anthony,  an  Italian  poet,  in  the 
service  of  the  duke  d'Urbino.  He  was  uni- 
versally beloved  for  the  amiable  manners 
and  liveliness  which  distinguished  his  cha- 
racter. He  wrote  lyrics,  miscellaneous 
pieces,  Stc.  His  heroic  epistles  were  much 
admired  for  the  beautiful  engravings  which 
accompanied  them,  executed  from  the  de- 
signs of  Dominichiuo.  He  died  24th  Sep- 
tember, 1635. 

Brunner,  John  Conrad,  a  learned  phy- 
sician of  Switzerland,  who  studied  at  Stras- 
burg and  Paris,  and  visited  Holland,  Eng- 
land, and  Germany.  He  died  at  Manheim 
in  1727,  aged  74.  He  was  author  of  several 
treatises  on  medicine  in  Latin  ;  and  he  de- 
fended the  opinion,  that  the  pancreas  is  un- 
necessary to  the  support  of  animal  life,  in  a 
4to.  vol.  1683.  His  other  works  are,  de 
glandulis  in  duodeno  intestino  delectis,  4to. 
1687 — de  glandula  pituitaria  dissertatio,  4to. 
1688. 

Bruno,  a  Romish  saint,  founder  of  the 
Chartreuse.  His  sanctity  recommended  him 
to  pope  Urban  II.  He  died  1101,  aged  41, 
at  a  monastery  which  he  had  founded  in  Ca- 
labria. 

Bruno,  Jordano,  a  native  of  Nola,  who 
visited  Geneva,  Lyons,  Toulouse,  Paris, 
and  London,  where  he  became  the  friend  of 
Philip  Sidney  and  Fulke  Greville.  His  opi- 
nions were  considered  as  heretical  and  im- 
pious, and  consequently  exposed  him  to  the 
jealousy  and  persecution  of  the  times.  In 
various  cities  of  Germany  he  drew  ecclesi- 
astical censures  upon  him,  and  at  last  he  was 
apprehended  at  Venice,  where  he  was  sen- 
tenced by  the  inquisition  to  be  burnt  at  a 
stake,  on  the  17th  February,  1600.  Though 
an  atheist  at  heart,  he  yet  believed  the  ef- 
fects ef  magic  and  sorcery.  He  wrote, 
among  other  things,  a  curious  book  called 
Spaccio  della  bestia  triumphante,  dedicated 
to  sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  an  Italian  comedy, 
called  II  Candelajo,  besides  some  Latin 
poems. 

Brunsfeld,  Otho,  a  physician,  born  at 
Metz,  who  warmly  embraced  the  opinions 
of  Luther.  He  was  regent  of  the  public 
school  at  Strasburg,  and  took  his  medical 
degrees  at  Basil.  He  published  herbarum 
vivas  icones,  in  fol.  3  vols.  1530,  and  a  bio- 
graphical catalogue  of  early  physicians, 
1530,  4to.  He  was  appointed  public  phy- 
sician at  Bern    and  died  there  1534. 

Brunswick,  Maximil.  Jul.  Leopold  duke 
of,  nephew  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  was  born 
20th  October,  1722.  He  served  in  the  army 
with  great  reputation;  and,  during  a  sudden 
inundation  of  the  Oder,  near  Frankfort,  he 
attempted  to  save  some  of  the  unfortunate 
inhabitants  from  the  waters,  and  fell  a  sa- 
crifice to  his  humanity,  24th  April,  17S5. 

Bruschtus,  Caspar,  a  Latin  historian 
and  poet  of  Egra  in  Bohemia,  born  in  1518. 
He  travelled  much,  and  published  various 
works  on  ecclesiastical  affairs,  which  pro- 
duced him  the  patronage  of  several  learned 
men,  and  of  some  princes,  who  munificently 
rewarded  his  labors.    He  was  at  last  mur 


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tiered  in  a  forest  near  Rotterdam,  1559. 
His  writings  are  very  numerous  ;  but  his  ec- 
clesiastical history  of  Germany  is  parti- 
cularly esteemed,  though  he  is  accused  of 
favoring  too  strongly  the  doctrines  of  Lu- 
ther. 

Brusoni,  Domitius,  author  of  a  face- 
tious treatise  called  Speculum  mundi,  edited 
at  Rome,    518,  in  fol. 

Brusoni,  Jerome,  a  Venetian  writer, 
born  at  Legnago,  of  a  noble  family.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Carthusian  fraternity, 
which  it  is  said  he  quitted  three  different 
times.  He  published  50  different  works, 
and  died  1680,  aged  70.  His  best  known 
works  are  his  history  of  Italy,  from  1628 
to  1679,  in  fol.  and  elucidario  poetico, 
12mo. 

Brutus,  a  brother  of  Ascanius,  said  by 
monkish  chroniclers  to  have  settled  in  Al- 
bion, to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Britain, 
in  the  time  of  his  father  iEneas,  and  soon 
after  the  Trojan  war. 

Brutus,  Lucius  Junius,  a  Roman,  cele- 
brated as  the  author  of  the  expulsion  of  the 
Tarquins  from  Rome,  after  the  suicide  of 
Lucretia.  He  was  made  first  consul,  and 
fell  in  the  war  against  the  Tarquins,  B.  C. 
509. 

Brutus,  Marcus  Junius,  a  son  of  Jun. 
Brutus,  by  the  sister  of  Cato.  He  joined 
other  conspirators  to  cut  off  Julius  Caesar, 
though  he  was  his  friend,  and  according  to 
others  his  father.  He  afterwards  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Philippi,  fighting  against  the  trium- 
virate. 

Brutus,  Decimus  Albinus,  a  relation  of 
Marcus  Brutus,  who  with  him  also  conspired 
against  Julius  Ctesar,  though  he  was  his  par- 
ticular friend  and  benefactor.  He  was  after- 
wards besieged  in  Mutina  by  M.  Antony, 
and,  in  his  attempt  to  escape  into  Gaul,  was 
slain,  and  his  head  sent  to  the  conqueror. 

Brutus,  John  Michael,  a  learned  Vene- 
tian, who  travelled  over  Spain,  France,  Eng- 
land, Germany,  Poland,  and  Transylvania, 
and  acquired  an  extensive  knowledge  of  the 
history,  politics,  and  manners  of  Europe. 
He  was  invited  by  Stephen  king  of  Poland  to 
reside  at  Cracow,  to  compose  a  history  of 
that  kingdom  ;  and  after  the  death  of  his  pa- 
tron, he  fixed  his  abode  at  Prague,  where  he 
was  distinguished  by  the  title  of  imperial 
historiographer.  His  notes  on  Csesar,  Ho- 
race, and  Cicero,  display  his  great  abilities 
as  a  scholar;  and  the  general  joy  which  was 
expressed  when  Mr.  Cromer  undertook  to 
publish  a  new  edition  of  his  writings,  evinces 
the  eminence  of  his  powers  as  a  philosopher 
and  historian.  In  his  letters  to  great  men 
and  princes,  Brutus  laid  aside  the  pompous 
and  slavish  deference  which  modern  times 
have  introduced  in  correspondence,  and  he 
addressed  them  with  all  the  simplicity  of  an 
ancient  Roman.  His  history  of  Florence  was 
said  to  depreciate  the  rrierits  of  the  Medicis, 
and  therefore  it  proved  offensive  to  the  duke. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown.  He  was 
born  in  1518. 

Brutus,  John,  An  ecclesiastic,  of  Paris, 


who  died  there  1st  July,  1762,  aged  84.  He 
wrote  a  discourse  ou  marriage,  and  other 
works. 

BruyeTie,  John  de  la,  a  native  of  Dour- 
dan,  member  of  the  French  academy,  and 
appointed  by  Bossuet  preceptor  of  historv  to 
the  duke  of  Burgundy.  He  died  1696,  aged 
52.  He  is  the  author  of  "  characters,"  after 
the  manner  of  Theophrastus,  a  work  highly 
esteemed  in  France,  as  descriptive,  not  of 
imaginaiy,  but  real  persona,  in  a  stjle  rapid, 
concise,  and  nervous.  This  book,  as  might 
be  expected,  procured  the  author  many  ad- 
mirers, and  more  enemies;  but  its  merits 
are  so  great,  that  it  will  always  be  consider- 
as  a  composition  of  established  excellence. 
The  best  editions  are,  of  Amsterdam,  1741, 
and  Paris,  1705. 

Bruyn,  Cornelius,  a  painter,  born  at  the 
Hague.  He  travelled  through  Russia,  Per- 
sia, and  the  East  Indies  for  several  years,  of 
which  he  published  an  entertaining  and  in- 
teresting account.  The  best  edition  is  that 
of  Rouen,  in  1725,  in  .1  vols.  4to.  as  it  has 
been  improved  and  corrected  by  the  labors 
of  the  abbe  Bannier. 

Bruys,  Francis,  was  born  at  Serrieres,  in. 
the  Maconnois,  and  died  at  Dijou,  in  his  30th 
year,  1738.  lie  studied  at  Geneva  and  at 
the  Hague,  where  he  turned  Calvinist,  but 
after  visiting  Germany  and  returning  to 
France,  he  recanted.  He  published  an  his-, 
tory  of  the  popes,  in  5  vols.  4to.  1732 — a  cri- 
tique of  literary  journals,  besides  entertain- 
ing mernoires  historiques  critiques,  fscc.  tw<) 
vols.  12mo. 

Buuys,  Peter  de,  founder  of  the  sect  cal- 
led from  him  Petro-Brussians,  was  a  ny.tive 
of  Languedoc.  He  maintained  that  churches 
were  of  no  use,  he  opposed  infant  baptism, 
recommended  the  destruction  of  crucifixes 
and  other  church  ornaments,  he  forbad  the 
offering  of  prayers  for  the  dead,  and  decla- 
red that  the  body  of  Christ  was  not  in  the 
sacrament.  After  committing  great  excesses 
with  the  view  of  establishing  his  tenets,  he 
was  seized  and  burnt  alive  at  St.  Gilles, 
1130. 

Bruzen  de  la  Maetisicle,  Anthony 
Augustine,  was  born  at  Dieppe,  and  educa- 
ted at  Paris  under  the  famous  Richard  Si- 
mon, his  uncle.  He  was  patronised  by  the 
dukes  of  Mecklenburg  and  Parma,  and  af- 
terwards by  the  king  of  Naples,  who  granted 
him  an  honorable  pension.  He  died  at  the 
Hague  1749,  aged  83.  His  great  work  is  the 
grand  Dictionaire  Historique,  &c.  1730,  in 
10  vols,  folio,  reprinted  at  Paris,  6  vols.  1768, 
with  corrections;  a  performance  very  useful, 
though  not  elegantly  executed. 

Dry,  Theodore  de,  a  painter  and  engra- 
ver, who  died  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine, 
1598,  aged  70.  His  miniature  figures  were 
universally  admired. 

Bryan,  Francis,  or  Briant,  an  English- 
man, educated  at  Oxford.  He  attended,  in 
1522,  lord  Surrey,  the  English  admiral, 
against  France,  and  was  knighted  for  his 
braver}'.  His  abilities  were  afterwards  em- 
ployed  in  various  embassies,    and  he  was 


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made  gentleman  of  the  king's  privy  cham- 
ber, and  died  justiciary  of  Ireland,  154S. 
His  songs  and  sonnets  have  been  printed 
with  those  of  his  friend  Surrey,  and  of  sir 
Thomas  Wyatt.  He  also  translated  from 
the  French  a  dispraise  of  the  life  of  a  cour- 
tier, &c. 

Bryant,  Jacob,  an  eminent  English 
scholar,  educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  lie  became  M.  A. 
1744.  He  was  early  distinguished  as  a  po- 
lished classical  scholar,  and  published  ob- 
servations and  inquiries  relating  to  various 
parts  of  ancient  history,  8vo.  1767,  and  a  new 
system  or  analysis  of  mythology,  wherein  an 
attempt  is  made  to  divest  tradition  of  fable, 
and  to  reduce  truth  to  its  original  purity, 
3  vols.  4to. — a  work  of  great  merit.  He 
wrote  besides  valuable  and  ingenious  disser- 
tations on  Balaam,  Samson,  Jonah — observa- 
tions on  disputed  passages  in  Josephus,  Jus- 
tin Martyr,  &c. — a  treatise  on  the  authenti- 
city of  the  holy  scriptures — pamphlets  on 
the  liowleian  controversy,  and  against  Priest- 
ley on  necessity — observations  on  the  plagues 
of  Egypt — dissertation  on  the  war  of  Troy, 
a  work  of  singular  character,  which,  with 
all  the  weapons  of  classical  knowledge  and 
deep  and  profound  erudition,  endeavors  to 
destroy  our  respect  for  the  authenticity  of 
the  Iliad,  and  to  represent  Homer,  not  as 
the  bard  of  Grecian  and  Trojan  heroes,  but 
as  the  builder  of  a  well  wrought  fiction.  Mr. 
Bryant  was  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  late  duke 
of  Marlborough,  and  in  consequence  of  the 
influence  of  his  patron  he  obtained  a  lucra- 
tive appointment  in  the  ordnance  office.  He 
was  thus  enabled  to  spend  the  rest  of  life  in 
the  enjoyment  of  learned  ease,  and  in  his  fa- 
vorite retirement  in  Berkshire,  near  Wind- 
sor. This  venerable  scholar  died  in  1804, 
aged  89,  in  consequence  of  a  mortification  in 
his  leg,  occasioned  by  his  striking  it  violently 
against  a  chair  whilst  attempting  to  reach  a 
book  from  a  shelf. 

Brychan,  son  of  Aulach,  the  son  of  Cor- 
mach  one  of  the  Irish  kings,  is  mentioned  by 
the  Welch  historians  as  the  father  of  one  of 
the  three  holy  families  of  Britain,  from  whom 
Garthmathein,  which  was  his  patrimony, 
was  called  Brecknock.  His  children  were 
founders  of  various  churches  in  Wales.  He 
died  A.  D.  450. 

Bryennus,  Nicephorus,  the  husband  of 
Anna  Comena,  refused  the  throne  of  Con- 
stantinople at  the  death  of  Alexis,  his  father- 
in-law.  He  began  the  life  of  Alexis,  which 
lie  left  unfinished  at  his  death,  1137.  It  was 
published  at  Paris  1661,  with  a  Latin  ver- 
sion. 

Hue,  George,  a  learned  antiquary,  born 
in  Lincolnshire,  and  knighted  by  James  I.  to 
whom  he  was  master  of  the  revels.  He 
wrote  the  life  of  Richard  III.  in  five  books, 
and  supported  the  opinion  that  he  was  de- 
formed neither  in  body  nor  mind,  an  idea 
afterwards  maintained  by  Horace  Walpole 
— a  treatise  on  the  ancient  colleges,  and 
schools  of  learning  in  and  near  London — and 
a  treatise  on  the  art  of  revels> 


Bucer,  Martin,  a  Dominican,  born  in 
Alsace,  who  early  embraced  the  tenets  of 
Luther.  He  afterwards  inclined  more  to 
the  opinions  of  Zuinglius,  and,  in  his  zeal  for 
the  reformation,  attempted  in  vain  to  recon- 
cile these  two  powerful  leaders.  For  20 
years  his  eloquence  was  exerted  atStrasburg 
to  establish  the  protestant  cause,  but  the 
turbulence  of  the  times,  and  his  opposition 
to  the  views  of  the  Catholics  at  Augsburg, 
rendered  him  unpopular,  so  that  he  received 
with  pleasure  the  invitations  of  Cranmer  to 
settle  in  England.  He  was  received  with 
gratitude  by  the  nation.  Edward  VI.  treated 
him  with  great  kindness,  and  he  was  appoint- 
ed theological  professor  at  Cambridge,  in 
154y,  where  he  died  two  years  after.  Five 
years  after,  the  persecutions  of  Mary  were 
extended  to  his  remains,  which  were  igno- 
miniously  burned,  but  the  insult  was  repair- 
ed by  the  good  sense  of  Elizabeth.  In  lear- 
ning, judgment,  and  moderation,  Bucer  was 
inferior  to  none  of  the  great  reformers,  and 
with  Melancthon  he  may  be  considered  as 
the  best  calculated  to  restore  and  maintain 
unanimity  among  contending  churches,  and 
opposite  sects.  His  writings  in  Latin  and 
German  were  very  numerous,  and  all  on 
theological  subjects.  His  first  wife  was  a 
nun,  by  whom  he  had  13  children,  and  when 
she  died  in  consequence  of  the  plague,  he 
married  a  second,  and,  as  some  report,  a 
third  time. 

Buchan,  Elspeth,  or  Elizabeth,  a  mo- 
dern fanatic,  who  married  Robert  Buchan, 
a  common  workman,  in  the  service  of  Mr. 
Martin,  a  proprietor  of  the  Delft  works  in 
Glasgow,  by  whom  she  had  several  children. 
Her  frequent  perusal  of  scripture,  and  a 
most  literal  interpretation  of  many  of  its 
mystical  passages,  so  worked  upon  her  pas- 
sions, that  she  considered  herself  as  a  new 
prophet  in  1779,  and  inculcating  the  imme- 
diate dissolution  of  the  world,  she  gained  to 
her  party  a  great  number  of  the  dissolute, 
the  unthinking,  and  the  ignorant.  These 
Buchanites,  as  they  were  called,  travelled 
through  several  parts  of  Scotland,*  and  as 
they  had  no  thought  for  the  morrow,  but 
considered  that  they  should  be  fed  like  the 
ravens  of  the  air,  and  clothed  like  the  lilies 
of  the  field,  their  doctrines  appeared  as  fas- 
cinating to  the  vulgar  as  they  were  wild  and 
extravagant.  The  effects  of  this  fanatical 
sect  might  have  been  fatally  felt  on  the  mo- 
rals and  happiness  of  the  people,  but  Mrs. 
Buchan  died  in  May  1791,  aged  53,  and  her 
followers  were  soon  dispersed. 
Buc.HANAN,George,  a  learned  Scot ch man, 
born  near  Kellerne,  in  Lenox,  1506.  Though 
his  relations  were  poor,  yet  he  was  well  edu- 
cated by  the  advice  of  his  uncle  Heriot,  who 
foresaw  his  future  eminence;  and  at  Paris 
and  in  Scotland,  he  acquired  that  learning 
which  contributed  so  much  to  his  honor  ami 
the  honor  of  his  country.  He  early -embraced, 
from  conviction,  the  tenets  of  Luther,  and 
at  Paris  became  acquainted  with  the  earl  of 
Cassilis,  with  whom  for  five  years  he  was  en- 
gaged as  an  instructor  and  a  friend.    After 


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the  death  of  Cassilis  he  was  appointed  by  the 
king,  preceptor  to  his  natural  son  tlie  famous 
Moray,  but  the  jealousy  of  the  papists  and 
the  severity  of  his  satire  against  the  monks, 
especially  in  his  piece  called  Francis  canus, 
rendered  his  situation  so  dangerous  that  he 
fled  to  England,  and  from  thence  to  France. 
For  three  years,  under  the  friendly  patro- 
nage of  Andrew  Govianus,  lie  lived  in  obscu- 
rity at  Bourdeaux,  and  taught  in  the  public 
schools  there,  and  wrote  four  Latin  trage- 
dies, to  draw  the  attention  of  his  pupils  from 
the  allegories  of  the  moderns  to  the  imitation 
of  the  purer  models  of  Greece  and  Rome. 
The  jealousy  of  cardinal  Beaton,  however, 
who  had  persecuted  him  in  Scotland,  pur- 
sued him  in  his  retirement,  and  he  left  Bour- 
deaux for  Coimbra,  where,  till  the  death  of 
his  patron  Govianus,  he  was  respected  and 
admired  for  his  lectures  in  philosophy  and 
classical  learning.  Soon  his  opposition  to 
the  Catholic  tenets,  and  his  being  a  foreigner, 
rendered  him  suspected,  and  he  was  confined 
by  his  enemies  in  a  monastery,  where  he 
translated  the  psalms  of  David  into  Latin. 
When  set  at  liberty  he  embarked  for  Eng- 
land, and  then  returned  to  France,  where,  in 
1554,  the  elegant  dedication  of  his  tragedy  of 
Jephtha  procured  him  the  friendship  of 
marshal  de  Cossi,  who  made  him  for  five 
years  preceptor  to  his  son.  In  1566,  he  was 
made  principal  of  St.  Leonard's  college,  St. 
Andrews,  and  invited  by  Mary  of  Scots  to 
he  the  future  preceptor  to  her  son  ;  but  he 
forgot  his  gratitude  in  the  misfortunes  of  that 
unhappy  princess,  and  in  his  "  Detection" 
severely  arraigned  her  character  in  favor  of 
his  old  pupil  Moray.  The  appointment  which 
Mary  destined  for  him  was  confirmed  by  the 
states,  and  from  him  James  VI.  derived 
much  of  the  knowledge  of  literature  and  the 
critical  taste  which  he  afterwards  displayed 
on  the  throne.  In  the  thirteen  last  years  of 
his  life,  Buchanan  was  engaged  in  writing 
the  history  of  his  country,  but  though  ner- 
vous, elegant,  and  perspicuous,  it  is  occasion- 
allv  deficient  in  fidelity  and  accuracy.  He 
died  at  Edinburgh  28th  February,  1582.  His 
character  is  painted  in  various  and  opposite 
colors,  according  to  the  partiality  of  the 
protestants  and  the  odium  of  the  catholics, 
but  posterity  views  him  as  an  able  scholar, 
whose  mind  was  stored  with  all  the  fire,  the 
elegance,  and  the  graces  of  ancient  litera- 
ture, and  who,  in  a  barbarous  age,  revived 
the  beauties  and  the  sublimities  of  the  Ro- 
man muse.  His  works  were  published  to- 
gether Edinburgh,  2  vols.  fol.  1  ~  14. 

Buchner,  Augustus,  a  native  of  Dres- 
den, professor  of  poetry  and  eloquence  at 
"Wittemberg,  where  he  died  1661,  aged  70. 
He  wrote  precepts  of  literature,  kc. 

Bucholtzer,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Sko- 
naw  near  Wittemberg,  who  died  at  Freis- 
tadt  where  he  was  pastor,  15S4,  aged  55. 
He  wrote  a  valuable  index  chronologicus 
utriusque  testamenti,  1616,  8vo.  often  repub- 
lished. 

Buckeldius,  William,  a  native  of  Voi- 
der, who  died  at  Biervliet  in  144'J.     He  was 


publicly  honored  with  a  superb  monument 
by  the  Dutch,  who  gratefully  remembered 
his  ingenious  invention  of  the  mode  of  curing 
herrings  with  salt. 

Buckeridge,  John,  was  born  at  Drav- 
cot  near  Marlborough.  His  worth,  learning 
and  eloquence,  recommended  him  to  kin" 
James,  before  whom  he  preached  at  Hamp- 
ton court,  to  bring  the  Melvins  and  other 
Scotch  presbyterians  to  a  true  knowledge  of 
the  doctrines  of  the  English  church.  He 
was  made  bishop  of  Rochester  in  loll,  and 
of  Ely  in  1628,  and  died  three  years  after. 
He  wrote  some  sermons,  but  his  chief  work 
is  de  polestate  papa:,  &c.  adversus  Bellar- 
minum. 

Buckhoi.d,  John,  a  butcher  of  Leyden, 
who  headed  the  fanatical  mob  of  anabaptists 
at  Munster,  over  whom  he  had  the  art  to 
make  himself  king.  After  an  obstinate  siege 
Munster  was  taken,  and  the  seditious  leader 
ignominiously  put  to  death  1536. 

Buckingham,     lid.  Vij.liers. 

Bucq_uet,  John  Michael  Baptist,  a  phy- 
sician, born  at  Faris  where  he  died  1/80, 
aged  34,  a  victim  to  excessive  application. 
He  was  early  noticed  for  Ids  abilities  in  every 
branch  of  medical  knowledge,  and  made  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry,  and  member  of  the  aca/- 
demy  of  sciences.  His  lectures  were  very 
popular,  and  particularly  interesting.  Se- 
veral of  his  treatises  are  published  in  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy. 

Bud^us,  William,  was  born  in  Paris,  in 
1467.  As  he  was  of  a  noble  family,  and  heir 
to  a  splendid  fortune,  he  was  earl}"  introdu- 
ced in  the  schools  of  Paris  and  the  university 
of  Orleans,  but  the  expectations  of  his  friends 
were  disappointed.  He  was  regardless  of 
study,  and  totally  attached  to  every  species 
of  extravagance  and  dissipation,  till  at  last 
the  follies  of  youth  subsided,  and  from  the 
most  debauched  lie  became  the  most  stu- 
dious, regular,  and  virtuous  man  of  his  age. 
He  not  only  cultivated  literature,  but  pa- 
tronised it  with  all  the  warmth  of  friendship 
and  interest  in  others,  and  to  his  advice  and 
influence  with  Francis  I.  France  is  indebted 
for  the  foundation  of  her  royal  college.  He 
was  employed  by  the  king  as  ambassador  to 
Leo  X.  and  died  at  Paris  !540,  leaving  four 
sons  and  two  daughters.  His  works  which 
are  valuable  were  printed  at  Basil  155",  in 
four  vols.  fol.  Budxus  was  the  frequent  cor- 
respondent of  Erasmus,  but  the  eminence  of 
these  two  men  rendered  them  jealous  of 
each  other's  reputation. 

BudDjEI'S,  John  Francis,  was  born  at 
Anclau  in  Pomerania,  and  was  successively 
professor  at  the  university  ofCobourg,  Halle, 
and  Jena.  He  was  learned  and  indefatigable 
in  his  studies,  and  as  a  professor  popular  and 
eminent  for  clearness,  judgment,  and  taste. 
He  died  at  Jena  1729,  aged  62.  He  wrote 
elements  philosophise,  Sec.  three  vols.  8vo. — 
a  system  of  theology,  two  vols.  4to. — a  Ger- 
man historical  dictionary,  two  vols.  fol.  and — 
several  other  works-. 

BuDGELL,  Eustace,  descended  from  a 
respectable  family  in   Devonshire,  was  born 


liU 


BU 


at  St.  Thomas  near  Exeter,  and  educated  at 
Christ  church,  Oxford,  from  whence  he  re- 
moved to  the  Inner  Temple.  Instead  how- 
ever of  studying  for  celebrity  in  the  law,  he 
cultivated  polite  literature,  and  became  the 
associate  of  persons  of  rank  and  of  fashion. 
When  Addison,  who  was  cousin  to  his  mo- 
ther, was  appointed  secretary  to  lord  Whar- 
ton the  viceroy  of  Ireland,  Budgell  was  pre- 
vailed to  accompany  him,  1710,  in  the  hum- 
tier  occupation  of  one  of  the  clerks  of  his 
office.  About  this  time  he  began  his  literary 
career,  and  with  Steele  and  Addison  divided 
the  public  favour,  as  a  writer  in  the  Specta- 
tor, where  his  numbers  were  marked  with 
the  letter  X.  He  also  afterwards  contribu- 
ted largely  to  the  Guardian,  where  his  pa- 
pers are  designated  with  an  asterisk.  The 
elevation  of  Addison  to  higher  offices  in  the 
state  was  shared  by  his  friend,  who  now  be- 
came an  active  and  eloquent  member  of  the 
Irish  parliament,  and  was  appointed  accomp- 
tant  general  of  the  kingdom.  An  unfortu- 
nate dispute  however  with  Webster,  the  se- 
cretary of  the  duke  of  Bolton  the  succeeding 
viceroy,  destroyed  the  future  prospects  of 
Budgell,  who  retorted  against  his  antagonist 
■with  great  severity,  and  did  not  even  spare 
the  character  of  his  patron.  The  lampoons 
■were  too  scurrilous  to  be  forgiven,  Budgell, 
by  the  influence  of  the  duke,  was  removed 
from  his  office,  and  by  his  intemperate  con- 
duct in  publishing  his  vindication,  he  drew 
upon  himself  notonly  the  ridicule  and  the  odi- 
um of  the  public,  but  the  strongest  though  dis- 
regarded reprehensions  of  his  friend  and 
kinsman  Addison.  To  this  ruined  state  of 
public  character,  and  to  other  disappoint- 
ments, Budgell  had  to  add,  in  1720,  the  fail- 
ure of  the  South  Sea  scheme,  in  which  he 
lost  above  20,000/.  and  his  discomfiture  in 
nis  attempts  to  gain  a  seat  in  parliament, 
■which  cost  him  more  than  5000/.  Thus  baf- 
fled in  his  pursuits,  and  ruined  in  his  for- 
tunes, he  began  to  look  for  support  in  the 
employment  of  his  pen,  but  his  libellous  at- 
tacks on  Walpole  and  the  ministry  left  little 
doubt  that  his  senses  were  occasionally  im- 
paired by  the  misfortunes  and  the  unkind- 
ness  which  he  had  met  m  the  world.  He 
•was  engaged  in  the  Craftsman,  and  after- 
wards published  about  100  numbers  of  a 
weekly  pamphlet  called  the  Bee  ;  but  though 
the  duchess  of  Marlborough,  to  whose  hus- 
band he  was  distantly  related  gave  him  1000/. 
and  Dr.  Tindal  left  him  by  his  will  2000/.  yet 
lie  continued  to  be  a  prey  to  want,  involved 
in  debts  which  he  could  not  discharge,  and 
exposed  to  law-suits.  To  the  bar,  the  desti- 
ned career  of  his  youth,  he  had  recourse, 
but  tl. is  also  failed,  and  in  the  midst  of  his 
despair  and  distraction  he  took  a  boat  at  So- 
.rnerset  stairs,  after  having  previously  filled 
ids  pockets  with  stones,  and  directing  the 
watermen  to  shoot  the  bridge,  he,  when 
under  the  arches,  threw  himself  into  the 
river,  and  never  rose  more.  This  melan- 
choly event  happened  in  1736,  and  might 
have  been  apprehended  from  the  disordered 
yiate  of  mind  ami  coaduet  which  for  some 


days  preceded  it.    On  his  table  he  left  a  pa- 
per, containing  these  words, 

"  What  C'ato  did,  and  Addison  approved, 

"  Cannot  be  -wrong." 
Budgell,  as  a  v Titer,  was  ingenious,  lively, 
and  interesting,  scarce  inferior  to  the  elegant 
style  of  Addison,  and  rising  above  the  greater 
part  of  English  essayists.  In  his  conduct  he 
was  impetuous,  irascible,  and  proud,  in  his 
opinions  a  sceptic,  in  his  morals  a  profligate* 
Besides  the  works  mentioued,  he  wrote  the- 
life  of  theBoyles,  and  translated  Theophras- 
tus'  characters,  dedicated  to  lord  Halifax, 
and  by  some  he  was  supposed,  but  falsely, 
to  be  concerned  in  Tindal's  Christianity  as 
old  as  the  creation. 

Buffalmaco,  Bonamico,  an  eminent 
historical  painter,  born  at  Florence.  He 
advised  his  friend  Bruno  to  represent  the  fi- 
gures of  his  paintings  with  labels,  so  as  to  in- 
troduce a  living  scene.  He  died  1340,  aged 
79. 

Buffet,  Margaret,  a  Parisian  lady,  who 
wrote  an  interesting  eulogy  on  learned  wo- 
men, besides  observations  on  the  French 
language. 

Buffier,  Claude,  a  French  writer,  born 
in  Poland.  He  died  at  Paris  1737,  aged  76. 
His  writings  were  ingenious  and  interesting. 
His  most  esteemed  work  is  a  course  of  sci- 
ences, on  principles  new  and  simple,  to  form 
and  engage  the  understanding  and  the  heart, 
fol.  1732. 

Buffok,  George  Louis  le  Clerc  count 
de,  a  learned  French  philosopher,  born  at 
Montbard,  in  Burgundy,  7th  September, 
1707.  His  father  destined  him  for  his  own 
profession,  the  law,  but  nature  had  marked 
him  for  the  sublimer  studies  of  philosophy. 
After  travelling  in  Italy,  where  the  works  of 
art  were  disregarded  by  his  inquisitive  mind 
for  the  more  attractive  charms  of  nature, 
and  after  visiting  for  three  short  months  the 
English  dominions,  he  fixed  his  residence  at 
home,  and  began  his  career  of  fame  by  devo- 
ting every  day  fourteen  hours  to  his  favorite 
studies.  At  the  death  of  his  mother  he  in- 
herited a  princely  fortune  of  about  12,000/. 
per  annum,  but  neither  pleasure  nor  opu- 
lence diverted  the  train  of  his  learned  occu- 
pations. In  composition  he  exhibited  the 
severest  correctness;  his  works  when  finish- 
ed were  set  aside,  and  some  time  after,  the 
author  returned  to  the  task  with  all  the  im- 
partiality of  a  stranger,  but  the  scrutinizing 
eye  of  criticism.  Though  so  strongly  devo- 
ted to  the  sciences,  yet  he  was  fond  of  com- 
pany ;  his  table  displayed  hospitality,  and 
his  conversation  was  easy,  pleasant,  and  void 
of  all  affectation  of  pedantry  and  superior 
knowledge.  His  favorite  authors  were  Mon- 
tesquieu, P'enelon,  and  Richardson.  He  lived 
to  a  good  old  age,  and  died  16th  April,  1788. 
His  death  was"  hastened  by  the  violence  of 
disease;  50  stones  were  found'in  his  bladder, 
which  his  medical  attendants  declared  they 
could  have  removed,  if  he  had  been  willing 
to  submit  to  the  operation.  His  funeral  was 
honorably  attended  by  the  learned  and  the 
grant,  and  20,000  spectators  ave  said  to  have 


BU 


BU 


*ssembllKo  view  his  remains  borne  to  the 
vault  of  Monlbard,  where  he  wished  to  be 
placed  near  his  wife.  In  the  gardens  of 
Monlbard,  near  a  high  tower,  was  erected 
by  his  only  son,  a  small  column,  with  these 
words, 

Excels^  turri 
Humilis  columna, 
Parenti  sua 
Fil.  liiiffou. 
Buffbn  translated  Newton's  fluxions,  and 
Hale's  statics,  but  his  great  and  immortal 
work  is  his  "  Histoire  naturelle,"  35  vols. 
4  to.  or  G'2  l'Jmo.  1749 — 1765.  Though  his 
•writings  are  so  deservedly  entitled  to  cele- 
brity, yet,  like  other  great  men,  he  is  not 
without  his  faults.  Some  critics  have  expo- 
sed to  ridicule  the  system  which,  in  dividing 
the  whole  animal  world  into  six  classes, 
ranks  in  the  same  order  men  and  quadru- 
peds, the  lion  with  the  bat,  the  horse  with 
the  hog,  as  beasts  of  burden,  and  the  crab 
and  the  oyster,  as  insects  with  lice  and  fleas, 
and  the  shell-tish  as  a  worm.  De  la  Cepede 
has  written  a  warm  eulogium  on  his  friend, 
and  with  equal  truth  and  flattery  he  sus- 
pends in  the  temple  of  genius  the  four  lamps 
of  Montesquieu,  Voltaire,  Rousseau,  and 
BufFon.  In  his  private  character  Button  was 
a  libertine,  occasionally  vain  and  puerile. 
The  works  of  men  of  genius,  he  would  ex- 
claim, are  few,  only  those  of  Newton,  Mon- 
tesquieu, Leibnitz,  and  my  own.  His  son 
suffered  during  the  reign  of  terror,  and  was 
guillotined  in  1793,  exclaiming  triumphantly 
on  the  scaffold,  "  citizens,  my  name  is  Buf- 
fon." 

Bugenhacen,  John,  a  native  of  Wollin, 
inPomerania,  the  adversary,  and  afterwards 
the  friend  and  missionary  of  Luther.  He 
preached  the  new  tenets  over  Germany  with 
great  success,  and  died  at  Wittemberg  1558, 
aged  73.  He  wrote  commentaries  on  the 
scriptures,  &c. 

Bugiardini,  Juliano,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, who  died  155G,  aged  75.  He  was 
highly  esteemed  by  Michael  Angelo,  and 
excelled  chiefly  in  historical  paintings,  and 
in  landscapes. 

Buister,  Philip,  a  sculptor  of  Brussels, 
•who  died  at  Paris,  1688,  aged  93.  His  sta- 
tues adorn  Versailles  and  Paris. 

Bukertop,  Henry  de,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Antwerp,  who  died  at  Louvain  27th  May, 
1716.  He  wrote  various  works  of  controver- 
sy, &c. 

Bull,  John,  a  native  of  Somersetshire, 
admitted  15S6  bachelor  of  music  at  Oxford, 
and  doctor  at  Cambridge.  He  was  so  skilful 
in  music  that  he  was  appointed  organist  to 
the  Queen's  chapel,  and  on  the  establishment 
of  Gresham  college,  he  was  elected  professor 
of  music,  and  permitted  to  deliver  his  lec- 
tures in  English.  He  travelled  afterwards  in 
Germany  and  Prance,  and  at  last  went  to  re- 
side in  the  Netherlands,  where  the  archduke 
patronised  him.  He  died  at  Lubec,  or  ac- 
eording  to  Wood,  at  Hamburgh,  about  the 
year  1615,  aged  little  more  than  50.  His 
compositions  in  the  collection  entitled  "Par- 
VOL.    I.  S3 


thenie,"  show  him  to  have  Itad  great  powers 
of  execution  on  the  harpsichord. 

Bull,  George,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  was 
born  at  Wells  25th  March,  1634.  After  be- 
ing at  school  at  "Wells  and  Tiverton,  he  en- 
tered at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  in  1C4S  ;  but 
refusing  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 
commonwealth,  the  next  year  he  left  the 
university,  and  retired  into  Somersetshire, 
where  the  good  sense  and  pious  disposition 
of  one  of  his  sisters  removed  every  appear- 
ance of  levity,  which  the  inexperience  of 
youth,  or  the  turbulence  of  the  times,  might 
have  drawn  over  his  character.  Under  the 
care  of  William  Thomas,  a  puritan  of  exten- 
sive learning  and  amiable  manners,  he  made 
progress  in  divinity,  and,  at  the  age  of  21,  he 
was  ordained  by  Skinner,  the  ejected  bishop 
of  Oxford,  and  soon  after  was  appointed  mi- 
nister of  St.  George's,  near  Bristol.  In  this 
capacity  he  gained  the  esteem  and  reverence 
of  his  parishioners,  and  by  an  extempore  use 
of  the  prayers  of  the  liturgy,  which  were  at 
this  time  publicly  forbidden,  he  recommend- 
ed himself  to  the  good  opinion  of  all  parties, 
lie  married  in  1658,  and  was  made  rector  of 
Suddington  it)  Gloeestershire ;  and  during 
the  27  years  of  his  residence  in  this  parish  he 
composed  the  greatest  part  of  his  valuable 
works.  His  excellent  defence  of  the  Nicene 
creed  procured  him,  in  16S5,  the  honorable 
degree  of  D.U.  from  the  gratitude  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford  ;  and  after  passing  through 
the  several  preferments  of  prebendary  of 
Glocester,  rector  of  Avening,  Gloeestersliire, 
and  archdeacon  of  Landaff,  he  was  at  last  ele- 
vated to  the  see  of  St.  David's  in  1705,  where 
he  resided  in  pastoral  dignity',  And  died  Fe- 
bruary 17,  1709.  Of  eleven  children  by  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Gregory,  minister  of  Ciren- 
cester, only  two  survived  him.  His  chief 
works,  besides  the  Defensiofidei  Nicena;,  are 
his  harmonia  apostolica — apologia — examen 
censuraj — judicium  ecclesia:cathoIica3,a  work 
for  which  he  was  thanked  by  Bossuet  and 
other  French  ecclesiastics — primitiva  apos- 
tolica traditio  de  J.  C.  divinatione,  besides 
various  discourses,  published  by  Nelson,  in  4 
vols.  8m  [lis  character  was  great,  and  amiable 
in  private  as  well  as  in  public  life.  His  lear- 
ning, as  his  judicious  editor,  Nelson,  observes, 
was  tempered  with  that  modest  and  humble 
opinion  of  it  that  made  it  shine  with  greater 
lustre  He  not  only  inculcated,  but  in  his 
conduct  displayed  all  the  meek  and  endear- 
ing virtues  of  benignity,  humility,  prudence, 
piety,  anil  purity  of  the  primitive  ages  of 
Christianity  ;  and  in  his  last  moments  exhi- 
bited that  mild  resignation  which  was  the 
best  proof  of  his  hopes  and  reliance  on  the 
great  truths  of  the  gospel.  His  Latin  works 
were  edited  by  Dr.  Grabe,  one  vol.  folio 

Buller,  Francis,  an  English  judge,  de- 
scended from  a  respectable  family,  long- set- 
tled in  Cornwall  and  Devonshire.  From 
Westminster  school  he  entered  at  the  Tem- 
ple, and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1763.  As  a 
special  pleader,  and  at  the  bar  he  soon  ac- 
quired reputation;  and  by  his  marriage  alli- 
ance with  lord  Bathnrstj   ke  obtained   the 


BU 

dignity  of  Welsh  judge,  and  soon  after  that 
of  justice  in  the  king's  bench.  His  abilities, 
his  knowledge,  and  his  integrity,  ensured 
him  here  the  friendship  of  lord  Mansfield, 
■who  wished  him  to  be  his  successor;  but  the 
interest  of  lord  Kcnyon  prevailed  over  his 
recommendation;  in  consequence  of  which 
sir  Francis,  who  was  made  a  baronet,  re- 
moved to  the  common  pleas.  He  died  sud- 
denly, June  4,  1800,  universally  respected  as 
a  good  lawyer  and  an  impartial  judge.  He 
published,  in  1772,  an  introduction  to  the 
law  of  nisi  prius,  a  work  of  acknowledged 
merit  among  lawyers. 

Bullet,  John  Baptist,  died  6th  Septem- 
ber, 1775,  aged  76,  at  Besancon,  where  he 
was  dean  of  the  university.  lie  published  a 
history  of  the  establishment  of  Christianity, 
taken  from  Jewish  and  pagan  authors,  in  4to. 
— the  existence  of  God  demonstrated  from 
nature — dissertation  on  the  history  of  France, 
8vo. — answers  to  unbelievers — memoirs  on 
the  Celtic  tongue,  3  vols.  fol.  &c.  He  pos- 
sessed a  most  retentive  memory  ;  but  though 
his  works  are  learned  and  useful,  they  do 
not  display  either  grace  of  diction,  or  ele- 
gance of  style. 

Bulleyst,  Willing,  an  English  physi- 
cian, born  in  the  isle  of  Ely,  and  educated 
both  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  according  to 
historians.  He  travelled  on  the  continent 
for  his  improvement  in  the  knowledge  of 
medicine  and  botany,  and  at  last  settled  at 
Durham,  where  he  practised  with  great  re- 
putation and  success.  Tanner  reports  that 
he  was  a  clergyman  as  well  as  a  physician, 
and  that  he  was  for  four  years  rector  of 
Blaxall  in  Suffolk.  He  published  several 
medical  works,  which  are  no  longer  in  re- 
pute ;  and  was  universally  esteemed  as  a  po- 
lished scholar  and  as  a  man  of  probity,  bene- 
volence, and  piety.  He  died  in  London  1576, 
and  was  buried  at  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate,  in 
the  same  grave  where  his  brother,  Richard, 
a  divine,  had,  thirteen  years  before,  been 
deposited.  He  was  falsely  accused  of  mur- 
dering Thomas  Hilton,  his  patient,  who  died 
of  a  malignant  fever ;  and  though  honorably 
acquitted,  his  prosecutors  imprisoned  him 
for  debt.  His  portrait  appears  in  his  go- 
vernment of  health,  and  in  the  bulwark  of 
defence. 

Bui.lialdus,  Ismael,  an  astronomer, 
born  atLaon,  in  the  isle  of  France.  He  tra- 
velled in  his  youth  in  pursuit  of  knowledge, 
and  in  a  more  advanced  period  he  visited  the 
famous  Hevelius  at  Dantzic,  whose  works, 
like  his  own,  had  commanded  the  applause 
of  mankind.  He  died  at  Paris  1694,  aged  89. 
His  works  were,  de  natura  lucis — Philolaus, 
in  four  books,  with  tables  of  the  system,  re- 
vived by  Copernicus — opus  novum  ad  arith- 
meticam  infinitorum — treatise  on  spiral  lines 
— and  astronomise  et  philol.  fundamenta, 
against  Ward,  the  learned  bishap  of  Sarum. 

Bulliard,  N.'  a  French  botanist  of  emi- 
nence, author  of  Flora  Parisiensis,  8vo. — the 
herbal  of  France,  IS  vols.  fol.  1780— dictio- 
naire  elementaire  de  botanique,  fol. — history 
of  poisonous  plants  in  France,  fol. — histoire 


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des  champignons  de  France.  He  died  at 
Paris  1793,  aged  41. 

Bulltnger,  Henry,  was  born  at  Ben- 
garten,  near  Zurich,  and  educated  at  Co- 
logne In  his  studies  in  theology,  he  inclined 
to  the  doctrines  of  the  Carthusians;  but  the 
spirited  writings  of  Melartethon  fixed  his 
faith,  and,  instead  of  supporting  the  errors 
of  the  church  of  Rome,  he  became  a  warm 
advocate  for  the  tenets  of  the  protectants.  In 
1529  he  settled  as  protestant  minister  in  his 
native  town,  where,  by  his  wife,  who  died  in 
1564,  he  had  six  sons  and  five  daughters. 
He  was  the  friend  and  the  pupil  of  Zuinglins, 
and,  after  the  death  of  that  famous  reformer, 
who  was  slain  in  a  battle  fought  in  1521,  in 
consequence  of  the  religious  differences  of 
the  cantons,  he  succeeded  him  as  pastor  of 
Zurich,  where  he  h;.d  taken  refuge  with  his 
affrighted  family.  He  died  17th  September, 
1575.  His  works  are  numerous,  and  all  on 
polemical  subjects,  in  10  vols.  His  kinduess 
to  the  Knglish  divines  who  fled  to  Switzer- 
land from  the  persecutions  of  Mary,  de- 
serves to  be  recorded  \vith  every  commen- 
dation. He  ably  confuted  the  pope's  bull 
which  excommunicated  queen  Elizabeth,  of 
which  a  translation  has  been  published.  In 
his  capacity  of  minister  of  Zurich,  he  exerted 
himself  much  ;<nd  successfully  for  the  benefit 
of  the  poor,  and  for  the  moral  and  religious 
education  of  his  parishioners. 

Bulteau,  Louis,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
who  succeeded  his  uncle  as  secretary  to  the 
French  king,  and  afterwards  became  a  Be- 
nedictine monk  of  St.  Maur.  He  wrote  an 
abridgement  of  the  history  of  the  Benedic- 
tine order — essay  on  the  monastic  history  of 
the  east — besides  a  translation  of  St.  Gre- 
gory's dialogues.     He  died  1693,  aged  78. 

Bulwes,  John,  an  English  physician, 
author  of  several  works  on  physiognomy—" 
the  language  of  the  hand — and  instructions 
to  the  deaf  and  dumb.  His  most  curious 
book  is  Anthropometamorphosis,  in  which 
he  mentions  what  various  shapes  and  dresses 
men  have  assumed  in  the  different  ages  of 
the  world.  He  wrote  also  Pathomyoamia, 
or  dissection  of  the  significative  muscles  of 
the  affections  of  the  mind.  He  lived  in  the 
ICth  century. 

Bumel,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  who 
distinguished  himself  as  a  correct  writer  of 
the  Latin  language.  He  improved  himself 
by  travelling  in  Italy,  and  was  patronised  by 
the  French  ambassador  at  Venice.  He  died 
of  a  fever  at  Turin  in  1546,  aged  47,  as  he 
was  making  the  tour  of  Italy  as  tutor  to  the 
son  of  his  friend  de  Faur.  The  magistrates 
of  Toulouse  erected  a  marble  statue  to  his 
memory,  as  a  tribute  to  his  great  abilities, 
and  the  unblemished  respectability  of  his  pri- 
vate character.  His  epistles  were  published 
by  Stevens  1581,  and  also  at  Toulouse  1687. 

Bunel,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Blois,  1558, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  He  was  brought  up 
under  Zucchero,  and  executed,  among  other 
things,  that  finished  piece  representing  the 
descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  preserved  at 
Rome  in  the  church  of  the  Augustines. 


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liU 


Bunel,  William,  a  physician  of  Toulouse, 
who  published,  in  1513,  a  treatise  on  the 
plague. 

Bun  nick,  John,  a  Flemish  painter,  born 
at  Utrecht,  who  chiefly  excelled  in  historical 
pieces.  He  died  1727,  aged  73.  His  bro- 
ther Jacob  was  equally  eminent  in  the  re- 
presentation of  sea  battles.     He  died  1725. 

Bunon,  Robert,  an  eminent  dentist  at 
Paris,  who  published  some  learned  treatises 
on  his  art.     He  died  1748,  aged  40. 

Bunyan,  John,  son  of  a  tinker,  was  born 
at  Elstow,  near  Bedford.  The  trifling  in- 
struction which  he  received  was  quickly  for- 
gotten, by  the  indulgence  of  every  vicious 
propensity  ;  hut  his  career  of  vice  was  stop- 
ped by  t'ne  sudden  darting  of  a  voice  from 
heaven  into  his  soul,  say  his  biographers, 
Which  bade  him  either  to  leave  his  sins,  or 
follow  them  and  perish  in  hell.  From  this 
circumstance  his  mode  of  life  was  altered, 
arid,  after  being  for  a  little  time  a  soldier  in 
the  parliament  army,  where  he  behaved 
bravely  at  the  siege  of  Leicester,  he  esta- 
blished himself  as  a  baptist  preacher  at  Bed- 
ford ;  but,  as  the  holder  of  a  conventicle,  he 
was  adjudged  to  be  imprisoned  for  life.  Du- 
ring his  confinement,  he  wrote  several  of  his 
works,  and  maintained  himself  by  making 
long  tagged  thread  laces,  till,  after  more  than 
twelve  long  years'  imprisonment,  he  was  li- 
berated by  the  compassionate  interference 
of  Barlow,  bishop  of  Lincoln.  When  re- 
stored to  liberty,  he  travelled  through  Eng- 
land  to  visit  and  comfort  the  brethren  of  his 
persuasion ;  and  on  the  publication  of  the 
act  of  toleratiou  by  James  II  he  built  a 
meeting  house  at  Bedford,  where  his  doc- 
trines became  popular.  He  died  of  a  fever, 
in  London,  in  1688,  aged  60,  leaving  four 
children,  one  of  whom,  Mary,  was  born 
blind.  His  works  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  two  vols,  folio,  1736—7.  The  most 
celebrated  of  his  compositions  is  his  Pilgrim's 
progress,  a  work  which,  under  an  allegorical 
form,  conveys  and  recommends  the  sublimest 
truths  and  purest  virtues  of  morality  and  re- 
ligion. It  was  written  during  his  imprison- 
ment, and  has  passed  through  more  than  50 
editions,  and  been  translated  into  various 
languages. 

Buommatei,  Benedict,  an  ecclesiastic, 
born  at  Florence,  and  chiefly  known  for  his 
work  on  the  Tuscan  language,  in  which  he 
gives  very  useful  rules  for  the  writing  of  Ita- 
lian.    He  died  1047. 

Buoxacorsi,  Philip,  a  native  of  Tus- 
cany, who,  after  the  fashion  of  the  times, 
called  himself  by  the  new  name  of  Callimaco 
Esperiente.  He  removed  from  Rome  upon 
being  suspected  of  forming  a  conspiracy 
against  Paul  II.  and  settled  in  Poland  as  tu- 
tor to  Albert  the  son  of  king  Casimir.  His 
abilities  were  also  employed  in  several  hon- 
orable embassies  and  as  prime  minister.  He 
died  at  Cracow  1490,  aged  59  He  wrote  a 
life  of  Attila — of  Ladislaus  king  of  Poland 
before  Casimir,  besides  other  works,  highly 
esteemed. 

Buonacorsi,  or  Perrix  del  Vago, 


a  painter  of  Tuscany,  suckled  by  a  she-goaf. 
Though  originally  poor,  and  engaged  in 
pointing  church  candles, yet  his  genius  raised 
him  to  eminence,  and,  after  studying  at  Rome 
and  Florence,  be  distinguished  himself  as  a 
perfect  muster  in  finishing  the  finest  works 
of  decoration,  lie  died  suddenly  1547,  in 
his  47th  year,  when  engaged  in  the  ceiling  of 
the  hall  of  kings  at  the  Vatican. 

Buonafede,  Appiano,  a  native  of  Com  A- 
cio,  better  known  under  the  names  of  Appio 
ameo  de  faba,  and  Agapisto  Cromazauio. 
He  was  known  as  a  poet  and  elegant  writer, 
and  was  abbot  of  the  Celestines.  The  best 
of  his  poems  is  the  poetical  iconology  of  great 
men,  in  Italian,  often  edited  ;  and  the  best 
prose  performance  is  the  history  and  spirit 
of  every  sort  of  philosophy,  0  vols.  4to.  He 
died  at'liome  1792. 

Buonamici,  Lazarus,  a  native  of  Bas- 
sano,  educated  at  Padua.  He  was  tutor  in 
the  Campeggi  family,  and  afterwards  became 
professor  of  belles  lettres  in  the  Sapienz.i 
college  at  Rome.  At  the  sacking  of  that 
city,  1527,  he  escaped  with  difficulty,  and 
with  the  loss  of  all  his  property,  and  three 
years  after  went  to  Padua,  where  he  read 
lectures  on  rhetoric' with  great  applause. 
His  letters  and  poems  were  published  at 
Venice  1572.     He  died  1552,  aged  73. 

Buonamici,  Castrucio,  a  native  of  Luc- 
ca, who  studied  at  Rome,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  the  clerical  profession.  Not  meet- 
ing, however,  with  the  encouragement  which 
he  expected,  he  turned  his  attention  to  the 
military  life,  and  bore  arms  with  courage 
and  distinction  in  the  service  of  the  king  of 
Naples.  He  devoted  much  of  his  time  to 
study,  and  published  the  history  of  the  war' 
of  Velleiri,  in  4to.  1740,  and,  four  years  af- 
ter, the  history  of  the  last  war  of  Italy,  in  3 
vols.  ito.  which  procured  him  from  the  duke 
of  Parma,  the  hereditary  title  of  count,  and 
from  the  king  the  rank  of  commissary-gene- 
ral, and  a  pension.  These  works  are  highly- 
esteemed,  for  the  purity  of  the  Latinity,  and 
the  accuracy  of  the  narration.  The  author 
died  in  his  native  city  in  1701,  in  his  50th 
year. 

Ruonarotti,  or  Buonakota,  Mi- 
chael  Angelo,   a  celebrated   paiuter.      fid. 

AXGELO. 

Buondelmonte,  a  young  Florentine, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century,  who 
had  promised  to  marry  a  daughter  of  the  fa- 
mily of  the  Amidei,  but  afterwards  espoused 
the  more  beautiful  daughter  of  the  Donati. 
This  conduct  provoked  the  resentment  of 
the  slighted  fair  and  of  her  relations,  and  by 
their  intrigues  the  youthful  bridegroom  was 
assassinated.  The  report  of  this  murder 
was  no  sooner  know  n,  than  the  w  hole  cUv 
\\:is  in  commotion.  The  nobility  was  divided 
into  two  parts,  and  the  quarrel  became  ge- 
neral, so  that  the  friends  of  L'uondelmonte 
took  the  name  of  Guelts,  and  supported  the 
power  of  the  pope,  and  their  opponents  that 
ofGibelins,  who  were  attached  to  the  inte- 
rests of  the  emperor.  The  animosity  thus 
excited  lasted  for  many  centuries,  and  caused 


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BU 


bloodshed  and  devastation  in  the  city  of  Flo- 
rence. 

Buonfiglio,  Joseph  Constant,  a  Nea- 
politan, known  as  the  learned  author  of  two 
excellent  books,  the  ancient  and  modern 
history  of  Sicily  and  Venice,  2  vols.  4to. 
Ifi04 — and  the  history  of  Messina,  1606, 
4to. 

Buontalenti,  Bernardo,  surnaraed 
Girondile,  was  distinguished  for  his  know- 
ledge of  architecture,  of  sculpture,  of  hy- 
draulics, and  also  for  his  miniatures  and  his- 
torical pieces.  His  madonnas  was  greatly 
admired.  When  an  infant,  the  house  of  his 
father,  on  the  Arno,  fell  down,  and  destroy- 
ed all  the  inhabitants  besides  himself.  His 
distress  was  made  known  to  the  duke  of 
Florence,  who  nobly  supported  and  patro- 
nised him,  and  thus  enabled  him  to  become 
the  honor  of  his  country.  He  died  1608, 
aged  61. 

Bupalds,  a  sculptor  of  antiquity,  B.C. 
540.  His  deformed  statue  of  Hipponax  the 
poet,  was  noticed  with  such  severity  of  sa- 
tire by  the  angry  bard,  that  the  sculptor  and 
his  brother  Athenis  hanged  themselves  in 
despair. 

Buechaed,  tutor  of  Conrad  the  em- 
peror, was  made  bishop  of  Worms,  and 
died  1026.  His  canons  or  decrees  were  pub- 
lished at  Cologne  1548. 

Burchejllo,  Dominieo,  a  barber  at 
Florence,  whose  wit  and  genius  rendered 
him  the  favorite  of  his  countrymen.  He 
■wrote  sonnets  and  lighter  pieces,  which 
have  gained  the  admiration  of  critics,  and 
rank  him  high  among  Italian  poets.  Occa- 
sionally obscure,  and  sometimes  enigmati- 
cal, he  is  censurable  for  the  little  respect 
which  he  paid  to  good  manners.  He  died 
at  Rome  1448,  aged  68.  The  best  edi- 
tion of  his  poems  is  that  of  Florence,  8vo. 
1568. 

BtiRE,  William  <le,  a  bookseller  at  Paris, 
known  for  his  great  knowledge  of  old,  cu- 
rious, and  valuable  books.  His  bibliographic 
instructive,  'vols.  8vo. — and  museum  typo- 
graphieum,  12mo.  are  much  esteemed.  He 
died  1782,  July  15. 

Bure,  Catharine,  a  learned  lady  of  Swe- 
den, whose  Latin  correspondence  with  ano- 
ther Swedish  lady,  Vondela  Skylte,  has 
been  printed,  and  displays  elegance  of  lan- 
guage, correctness  of  style,  and  delicacy  of 
expression.    She  died  1679,  aged  77. 

Burette,  Peter  John,  a  physician  of 
Paris,  who  died  there  1747,  aged  82.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  musician,  and  plaj'cd  with 
his  father  before  Lewis  XIV.  but  at  the  age 
of  18  he  quitted  the  profession  for  litera- 
ture. He  became  an  elegant  and  polished 
scholar  ;  and  besides  his  many  valuable  con- 
tributions to  the  memoirs  of  the  academy, 
on  the  games  of  the  ancients,  and  other  cu- 
rious subjects,  he  was  engaged  in  the  journal 
<les  savans.  His  treatise  on  the  symphony  of 
the  ancients  is  much  admired.  He  was  also 
an  able  orientalist,  and  as  a  professor  of 
medicine  in  the  royal  college,  and  a  reader 
en  the  materia  medica,  he  acquired  great 


applause.  The  catalogue  of  his  library  i» 
contained  in  3  vols.  12mo. 

Burger,  Godfred  Augustus,  a  native  of 
Wolmerswende  in  Germany,  who  studied 
divinity  at  Halle,  and  afterwards  applied 
to  the  profession  of  law  at  Gottingon.  Poe- 
try, however,  was  his  favorite  pursuit,  and 
the  productions  of  Shakspeare  gave  him. 
more  real  pleasure  than  any  other  employ- 
ment. He  was  for  some  time  engaged  in 
the  periodical  publication  of  the  almanac  of 
the  muses  from  1770  to  1775,  and  of  the 
German  museum,  and  translated  with  great 
spirit  the  tragedy  of  Macbeth,  which  was 
acted  at  Hamburgh.  His  Leonora,  so  wild 
and  terrific,  is  well  known  in  England. 
Burger,  who  was  fickle  in  his  pursuits,  was 
for  some  years  engaged  as  a  steward  to  baron 
Uslar,  and  as  a  farmer  ;  and  in  the  latter 
part  of  life  he  was  professor  at  Gottingen. 
He  was  three  times  married,  and  was  di- 
vorced from  his  third  wife,  who  was  herself 
a  poetess,  but  of  an  immoral  character.  He 
died  of  a  consumption  1794,  aged  46. 

Purges,  Coruelius,  a  native  of  Somer- 
setshire, educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  degree  of  U.  D.  He  was  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.  but,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  wars,  he  sided  with  the  parliament,  and 
enriched  himself  by  the  plunder  of  that 
church,  which  it  was  his  duty  to  support. 
At  the  restoration,  his  ill-gotten  wealth  was 
torn  with  difficulty  from  his  grasp.  He  died 
1665.  Some  of  his  sermons  and  other  tracts 
have  been  printed. 

Burgh,  Ulick  de,  marquis  of  Clanri- 
carde,  was  known  for  his  courtesy  and  loy- 
alty, and  was  author  of  memoirs  relative  to 
the  Irish  rebellion,  published  8vo.  1722,  and 
improved  1757  in  fol.  a  work  instructive  and 
interesting,  from  the  character  which  judge 
Lindsey  has  given  to  the  writer.  He  died 
1657. 

Burgh,  Jamas,  a  popular  writer,  bora 
at  Madderty  in  Perthsire.  After  studying  a 
little  time  at  St.  Andrew's  for  the  clerical 
profession,  which  his  health  did  not  permit 
him  to  pursue,  he  engaged  in  the  linen  trade, 
and  was- unsuccessful.  Disappointed  at  home, 
he  came  to  England,  where  for  one  year 
he  was  engaged  in  correcting  the  press,  in 
the  house  of  an  eminent  printer,  and  from, 
thence  he  went  as  assistant  in  the  grammar 
school  at  Marlow,  where  lte  published, 
1746,  Britain's  remembrancer,  a  book  uni- 
versally read  and  admired,  and  considered 
as  the  finished  production  of  some  of  the 
bishops.  On  leaving  Marlow  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  same  laborious  employment  at 
Enfield,  and  afterwards,  in  1747,  he  opened 
a  school  on  his  own  account  at  Stoke  New- 
ington,  and  three  years  after  he  removed  to 
Newington  Green,  where  for  19  years,  with 
great  reputation  and  success,  he  trained 
many  respectable  pupils  to  the  knowledge 
of  literature,  and  the  practice  of  virtue  and 
morality.  In  1771,  he  retired  to  the  en- 
joyment of  competence  and  tranquillity  at 
Islington  ;  but  great  is  the  uncertainty  oi" 
life,  and  so  fleeting  its  pleasures,  that  he 


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found  himself  grievously  attacked  by  a  stone 
in  his  bladder,  which  while  it  exposed  him 
to  exquisite  pain,  enabled  him  lo  display  the 
greatest  patience  and  resignation,  till  he  was 
happily  released,  '26th  Aug.  1775,  in  his 
Cist  year.  His  other  writings  were,  thoughts 
on  education — political  disquisitions,  3  vols. 
— Crito  or  essays,  12  vols. — the  dignity  of 
human  nature,  &cc.  one  vol.  4to.  or  two 
vols.  vSvo. — the  art  of  speaking,  8vo. — be- 
sides other  treatises.  His  answer  to  Lind- 
sey's  apology  for  resigning  his  living  at  Cat- 
terick,  was  considered  so  popular  and  mas- 
terly, that  the  university  of  Oxford  honora- 
bly presented  him.  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
laws. 

Burgoyne,  John,  a  general  in  the  army, 
known  for  his  defence  of  Portugal  in  1762, 
against  the  invading  Spaniards,  for  bis  brave 
seizure  of  Ticonderago,  and  for  the  fatal  day 
of  Saratoga,  17th  Oct.  1777,  in  which,  after 
two  battles,  he  surrendered  the  British  army 
to  general  Gates.  He  was  supposed  to  be 
the  natural  son  of  lord  Bingley.  He  was 
author  of  four  dramatic  pieces,  of  which 
the  Maid  of  the  oak,  a  comic  opera — Bon 
ton,  an  entertainment — and  the  Heiress,  a 
comedy,  written  in  sprightly  and  elegant 
dialogue,  were  received  with  great  applause 
on  the  public  theatres.  He  wrote  besides 
several  epilogues,  and  some  fugitive  pieces 
He  died  4th  Aug.  1792,  and  nine  days  after 
vas  privately  buried  in  the  cloisters  of  West- 
minster abbey. 

Boridas,  John,  a  French  philosopher 
of  Bethune  in  Artois,  in  the  14th  century. 
He  was  professor  and  afterwards  rector  of 
the  university  of  Paris,  from  which,  being 
expelled  by  the  realists  in  opposition  to  the 
nominalists,  he  retired  to  Germany,  where 
he  founded  the  university  of  Vienna.  He 
wrote  commentaries  on  Aristotle's  logic, 
ethics,  &c.  Buridan's  ass  standing  between 
two  bushels  of  wheat  was  proverbial  in  the 
schools  for  a  long  time,  but  of  this  the  origin 
is  little  know  n. 

Burigsy,  Levesque  de,  a  native  of 
Bheims,  who  died  at  Faris,  8th  Oct.  1785, 
aged  94.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  au- 
thority of  the  pope,  four  vols.  12mo.  1720 — 
a  learned  history  of  pagan  philosophy,  1724 
— general  history  of  Sicily,  two  vols.  4to. 
1745 — revolution  of  Constantinople,  three 
vols.  12mo.  1750 — Porphyry  on  abstinence — 
life  of  Grotius,  of  Erasmus,  of  Bossuct,  of 
Perron. 

Burke,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  statesman, 
son  of  a  respectable  attorney,  born  at  Car- 
low  in  Ireland,  1st  Jan.  1730,  and  educated 
at  Ballytnre,  under  Abraham  Shackleton,  a 
quaker,  and  afterwards  at  Trinity-college, 
.Dublin,  where,  after  three  years  residence, 
he  took  his  bachelor's  degree,  174'J.  He  af- 
terwards applied  for  the  logic  professorship 
at  Glasgow,  and  when  his  solicitations  were 
unsuccessful,  he  enme  to  London,  and  in 
1753  entered  at  the  Middle  Temple.  But 
though  possessed  of  great  powers  of  elocu- 
tion, he  paid  no  serious  attention  to  the 
law,  but  considered  literature  and  politics  as 


the  field  most  favorable  for  the  exertion  of 
his  genius.  For  some  time  he  subsisted  on 
the  labors  of  his  pen,  and  the  remuneration 
of  the  booksellers  ;  and  his  vindication  of 
natural  society,  or  a  view  of  the  miseries  and 
evils  arising  to  mankind,  from  every  species 

of  artificial  society,    in  a  letter  to   lord , 

by  a  late  noble  writer,  gained  hira  reputa- 
tion, for  the  general  admiration  which  re- 
garded Bolingbroke  as  the  author,  soon  re- 
dounded to  the  honor  of  the  anonymous 
writer.  His  essay  on  the  sublime  in  1757, 
increased  his  literary  fame,  and  recom- 
mended him  to  the  notice  of  the  great  and 
the  learned,  especially  Johnson.  In  1758 
Dodsley  began  at  his  suggestion  the  annual 
register,  which  owed  much  of  its  celebrity 
to  his  pen.  In  1761  he  visited  Ireland,  as  a 
companion  of  his  friend  Singlespeech  Ham- 
ilton, by  whose  interest  he  procured  a  pen- 
sion of  300/.  on  the  Irish  establishment,  and 
on  his  return  he  was  introduced  by  Mr. 
Fitzherbert  to  the  notice  of  lord  Rocking- 
ham, first  lord  of  the  treasury,  who  made 
him  his  secretary,  and  had  him  returned  to 
parliament  for  Wendover.  Though  the 
Rockingham  administration  was  of  short  ex- 
istence, Burke  retained  his  attachment  to 
his  friends,  and  during  the  American  war  he 
distinguished  himself  as  a  warm  advocate 
for  the  liberties  of  his  fellow  subjects  beyond 
the  Atlantic.  He  was  in  1774  honorably 
without  expense  elected  member  for  Bris- 
tol ;  but  popularity  rests  on  a  fickle  founda- 
tion, and  an  unlucky  opinion  in  favor  of  the 
commerce  of  Ireland,  and  in  f-avor  of  the 
Roman  catholics,  brought  the  orator  into 
disgrace  with  his  constituents,  at  the  election 
of  1780.  He  was  afterwards  member  for 
Maldon,  and  during  the  tittle  time  that  lord 
Rockingham  succeeded  lord  North  in  1782, 
he  was  made  pay-master  general,  and  held 
a  seat  in  the  privy  council,  and  afterwards  in 
the  coalition  he  was  admitted  to  share  the 
triumphs  and  the  disgrace  of  his  friends. 
Thus  driven  from  power,  he  continued  a 
zealous  and  active  opponent  to  Mr.  Pitt's 
administration,  and  particularly  attacked  his 
conduct  during  the  debates  on  the  regency 
bill.  The  destruction  of  the  French  mo- 
narchy, however,  which  caused  such  satis- 
faction among  his  friends,  created  uneasl- 
ness  and  distrust  in  Mr.  Burke,  and  with  a 
prophetic  voice  he  proclaimed  aloud,  the 
miseries  and  misfortunes  which  awaited  his 
country,  if  they  followed  the  examples  of 
her  ferocious  neighbors,  in  attempts  to  al- 
ter or  new  model  her  constitution.  So  de- 
termined an  opposition  to  the  then  popular 
opinion,  produced  a  separation  between 
Mr.  Burke  and  his  former  associates,  and 
the  publication  of  his  lamoas  reflections  on, 
tiie  French  revolution,  roused  the  feelings 
and  divided  the  sentiments  of  the  nation,. 
While  the  author  and  his  adherents  in- 
veighed with  becoming  severity  against  the 
disorders  and  mischiefs  of  anarchy,  Paine 
in  his  answer,  in  the  rights  of  man,  and  other 
insidious  writers,  attempted  (o  render  pala- 
table to  the  public,  doctrines,,  which  tended 


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to  establish  republicanism  over  the  ruins  of 
rank,  of  property,  of  subordination,  of  hap- 
piness and  domestic  virtue.  These  literary 
services  aided  by  the  most  eloquent  language 
in  parliament  reconciled  Mr.  Burke  to  the 
Pitt  administration,  and  a  pension  was  hon- 
orable bestowed  upon  him  by  the  king, 
■which,  though  it  drew  upon  him  the  sar- 
casms and  reproaches  of  party,  was  applaud- 
ed by  every  friend  of  virtue  and  true  loyalty. 
Thus  animated  by  a  spirit  of  enthusiasm, 
■which  electrified  the  whole  nation,  and  as 
the  advocate  for  the  war,  he  was  considered 
by  many  as  the  oracle  and  the  bulwark  of 
the  country,  whilst  ot-.ers  attributed  his 
zeal  to  the  effects  of  a  frantic  and  heated 
imagination.  Some  «time  before  his  death 
Mr.  Burke  retired  from  public  life  ;  but 
though  honored  with  the  esteem  of  the 
great  and  good,  be  sunk  three  years  after  a 
melancholy  victim  to  the  recent  loss  of  his 
only  and  favorite  son,  and  expired  at  his  seat 
near  Beacousfield,  July  8th,  1797,  aged  67. 
As  an  author  Mr.  Burke  distinguished  him- 
self ;  his  essay  on  the  sublime  and  beautiful 
is  considered  as  a  valuable  performance — 
and  his  vindication  of  natural  society,  is  a 
happy  imitation  of  the  great  Bolingbroke. 
For  some  time  he  was  engaged  for  Dodsley 
in  writing  in  the  annual  register,  and  gave 
to  that  publication,  by  the  animated  language 
and  eleg'int  diction  of  his  pen,  a  value  which 
it  has  since  lost  His  "  reflections"  were  so 
interesting  in  the  public  opinion,  that  in  a 
few  weeks  18,000  copies  were  sold.  Dr. 
Parr  in  his  Bellendenus  has  paid  a  hand- 
some and  desi  rved  compliment  to  the  me- 
rits and  virtues  of  the  venerable  senator, 
•whose  character  will  always  stand  high,  not- 
withstanding the  blemish  which  impartiality 
views  with  sorrow,  in  his  rancorous  conduct 
in  the  accusation  of  Mr.  Hastings.  His  other 
writings  were,  thoughts  on  the  causes  of  the 
present  discontents — a  letter  to  a  member 
of  the  national  assembly — an  appeal  from 
the  new  whigs  to  the  old — letters  to  a  noble 
lord  on  the  subjects  in  discussion  with  the 
duke  of  Bedford — thoughts  on  a  regicide 
peace — letter  to  a  noble  lord,  in  which  he 
sarcastically  inveighed  against  the  duke  of 
Bedford,  for  his  remarks  on  having  ac- 
cepted a  pension,  ccc.  In  his  last  moments, 
it  is  said,  that  he  caused  Addison's  paper 
from  the  Spectator,  on  the  immortality  of 
the  soul,  to  be  read  to  him.  Burke  had  the 
good  fortune  to  rise  from  an  inferior  station 
to  eminence  in  public  life,  and  had  the  merit 
to  support  his  elevation  by  the  most  affable 
conduct,  by  benevolence  of  heart,  dignified 
manners,  and  the  most  correct  notions,  and 
exemplary  practice  of  moral  and  religious 
duties. 

Burkitt,  William,  was  born  at  Hit- 
cham,  Northamptonshire,  '25th  July,  1650, 
and  educated  at  Stowmarket  school  and 
Pembroke-hall,  Cambridge.  He  was  made 
vicar  of  Dedham  in  Essex,  where,  as  before 
at  Milden  in  Suffolk,  where  he  was  curate, 
he  adorned  his  office  by  a  pious  and  practical 
elocution,  and  by  a  friendly  and  charitable 


demeanor.  He  died  Oct.  1703.  He  wrote 
some  books,  the  best  known  of  which  is  his 
commentary  on  the  New  Testament,  which 
continues  to  be  a  popular  work. 

Burlamaqui,  John  James,  a  native  of 
Geneva,  professor  of  civil  law  there,  and 
afterwards  tutor  to  the  prince  of  Hesse 
Cassel.  He  was  made  counsellor  of  state  on 
his  return  to  Geneva,  and  died  there  1748, 
aged  54.  His  principles  of  natural  law,  and 
of  political  law,  three  vols.  l2mo.  are  two 
popular  works,  which  show  him  to  have 
been  well  acquainted  with  his  subject,  and 
all  the  arguments  of  Grotius,  Puffendorf, 
and  Barbeyrac. 

Burleigh,     fid.  Cecil. 

Burley,  Walter,  an  English  priest,  who 
left  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  etc. — a  book 
de  vita  &  moribus  philosophorum,  printed 
Cologne,  1472. 

Burman,  Francis,  of  Leyden,  was  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Utrecht,  where  he 
died,  1679,  aged  51.  He  wrote  commenta- 
ries on  the  Pentateuch,  and  the  historical 
books  of  the  Old  Test  iment  in  Dutch — an 
abridgment  of  theology — exercitationes  theo- 
logicx,  two  vols.  4to. — and  other  works. 

Bcrman,  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  like  him  professor  at  Utrecht,  and  died 
1719,  aged  58.  He  wrote  on  the  persecution 
of  Dioelesian,  &c. 

Burma n,  Peter,  also  son  of  Francis, 
was  born  at  Utrecht,  and  became  professor 
of  history  and  eloquence,  and  also  rector  of 
the  university  of  Leyden.  He  was  in  his 
temper  so  quarrelsome,  and  in  his  manners 
so  intemperate  and  immoral,  that  his  con- 
temporaries regarded  him  with  contempt, 
and  at  his  death,  in  1740,  no  one  was  found 
w  ho  could  honor  his  memory  with  the  usual 
respect  of  a  common  eulogy-  His  chief  at- 
tacks of  rancor,  of  severity,  and  ridicule, 
were  directed  against  Le  Clerc.  Bentley 
thought  highly  of  his  abilities.  He  wrote  a 
book  on  Roman  taxes,  and  edited  with  skill 
and  judgment  the  works  of  Virgil,  Ovid, 
Petronius,  Quintilian,  Suetonius,  Justin, 
Velleius,  Phssdrus,  Valerius  Flaccus,  Lu- 
can,  &c. 

Burman,  John,  of  the  same  family,  was 
professor  of  botany  and  medicine  at  Am- 
sterdam, and  published  two  curious  and  va- 
luable books — rariorum  Afric.  plantarum 
decades  x.  4to.  with  plates  in  4to.  1739 — 
thesaurus  Zeylanicus,  4to.  1737. 

Burn,  Richard,  was  born  at  Kirby  Ste- 
phen, near  Wintoh,  Westmoreland,  and 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  L.  L.  D. 
in  176-2.  He  died  at  Orton,  where  he  had 
been  vicar  49  years,  20th  November,  1789. 
He  was  chancellor  of  Carlisle,  and  justice  of 
the  peace  for  Westmoreland  and  Cumber- 
land, and  distinguished  himself  as  the  author 
of  the  office  of  justice  of  peace,  and  on  the 
ecclesiastical  la'.vs,  two  works  of  great  re- 
pute and  respectability,  besides  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  Westmoreland  and  Cum- 
berland. 

Burn,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 


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educated  to  the  law,  but  did  not  pratice 
though  he  possessed  great  abilities.  He  is 
known  as  the  editor  of  his  father's  works, 
which  he  improved  with  valuable  additions. 
He  died  1802,  aged  58. 

Burnet,  Gilbert,  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
-was  born  of  a  respectable  and  ancient  fa- 
mily at  Edinburgh,  18th  September,  1743. 
He  was  educated  in  the  college  ot  Aberdeen, 
and  under  the  watchful  eye  of  his  father  he 
early  acquired  habits  of  industry  and  appli- 
cation which  attended  him  through  life,  and 
never,  till  the  infirmities  of  age  compelled 
him,  discontinued  the  custom  of  rising  every 
morning  at  four  o'clock  to  prosecute  his 
studies  with  ardor  and  effect.  At  the  age  of 
18  he  was  admitted  expectant  preacher,  but 
lie  refused  the  offer  of  a  benefice,  and  in 
1663,  two  years  after  his  father's  death,  he 
visited  Oxford  and  Cambridge  for  six  months. 
and  soon  after  passed  over  into  Holland, 
■where  he  applied  to  the  study  of  Hebrew, 
and  by  an  indiscriminate  and  friendly  inter- 
course with  men  of  every  religious  persua- 
sion, he  fixed  his  principles  of  universal  be- 
nevolence and  toleration,  without  regard  to 
tribe  or  sect.  On  his  return  to  Scotland  in 
1665,  he  was  ordained,  and  afterwards  ap- 
pointed divinity  professor  at  Glasgow ;  but 
his  benevolent  attempts  to  reconcile  the 
contending  parties  in  ecclesiastical  affairs 
rendered  him  unpopular  and  suspected.  He 
afterwards  engaged  himself  to  write  the 
history  of  the  dukes  of  Hamilton,  and  re- 
commended himself  so  much  to  the  earl  of 
Lauderdale  and  to  the  king's  ministers  in 
London,  by  his  moderation  and  superior 
abilities,  that  he  was  several  times  offered  a 
Scotch  bishopric,  which  he  as  often  declined. 
His  interest  with  the  court  however  was  of 
short  duration  ;  he  became  suspected,  and 
was  treated  with  harshness  by  the  king, 
who  ordered  his  name  to  be  erased  from  the 
list  of  chaplains.  To  avoid  the  enmity  of 
Lauderdale,  he  determined  to  settle  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  was  appointed  preacher  of 
the  Rolls'  chapel,  and  lecturer  of  St.  Cle- 
ments. His  two  first  volumes  of  the  His- 
tory of  the  Reformation  about  this  time 
commanded  the  public  admiration,  and  re- 
ceived as  an  honorable  testimony  of  its  me- 
rits the  thanks  of  both  houses  of  parlia- 
ment. About  this  time  likewise  he  became 
acquainted  with  the  profligate  Rochester, 
and  by  his  conversation  he  reclaimed  him, 
and  had  the  happiness  to  see  him  atone  for 
his  debaucheries  by  a  most  penetential  death. 
Upon  the  change  of  administration  in  16S2, 
Burnet's  conduct  gave  offence,  and  his  atten- 
dance on  lord  Russel  at  his  trial  created  so 
much  indignation  at  court,  that  hewasbv 
the  king's  command  discharged  from  his  of- 
fices at  the  Rolls'  chapel  and  at  St.  Cle- 
ments. His  character  was  so  well  estab- 
lished, that,  in  his  travels  in  France  and 
Italy,  he  was  received  with  every  mark  of 
attention  and  respect  by  the  French  king, 
and  by  pope  Innocent  II.  The  accession  of 
James  II.  to  the  throne  formed  a  new  era  in 
the  life  of  Burnet.     Unwilling  to  return  to 


his  native  country,  he  resolved  to  settle  in 
Holland,  and  the  attention  which  was  paid 
to  him  by  the  prince  and  princess  of  Orange, 
proved  so  offensive  to  the  English  monarch, 
that  he  caused  his  ambassador  to  demand  his 
banishment  from  the  states,  a  tyrannical  in- 
terference which  was  rejected,  as  he  v. as 
under  the  protection  of  the  laws  as  a  natu- 
ralized subject  and  the  husband  of  a  Dutch 
lady.  Some  lime  alter  he  accompanied  as 
chaplain  the  prince  on  his  invasion  of  Eng- 
land, and  so  zealousl)  active  did  he  show 
himself  in  his  cause,  both  by  his  pamphlets 
and  bis  pulpit  eloquence,  that  William,  a  few 
days  after  he  was  seated  on  the  throne,  ad- 
vanced him  to  the  see  of  Salis!  ury.  In  his 
new  office  he  was  moderate  but  dignified, 
though  his  assertions  in  a  pastoral  letter  that 
William's  title  to  the  crown  was  founded  on 
conquest,  proved  highly  disagreeable  to  both 
houses,  and  the  offensive  paper  was  pub- 
licly burnt  by  the  hands  of  the  hangman. 
He  resided  in  his  diocese  the  best  part  of 
his  time,  and  though  he  v  as  engaged  as  [re- 
ceptor to  the  duke  of  Glocester,  yet  he  de- 
voted himself  as  much  to  improve  the  com- 
forts of  his  clergy,  bv  augmenting  poor  liv- 
ings, as  to  advance  the  interests  of  religion 
by  his  writings,  ile  died  17th  March,  1715, 
in  his  78d  year,  and  was  buried  at  St. 
James's  Clerkenwell.  He  was  thrice  mar- 
ried, first  to  lady  Margaret  Kennedy, 
daughter  of  earl  Cassiiis,  about  1670  ;  se- 
condly to  a  Hutch  lady  of  family  and  for- 
tune, who  died  of  the  small-pox  1698,  and 
thirdly,  in  the  same  year,  to  Mrs.  Berkelej, 
a  woman  of  excellent  character.  Besides 
his  works  already  mentioned,  and  a  third 
volume  of  the  reformation,  &c.  he  wrote  the 
History  of  his  own  times — an  excellent 
treatise  on  the  pastoral  care — an  exposi- 
tion of  the  39  articles — and  sermons.  His 
son,  Thomas  Burnet,  published  an  account 
of  his  life  annexed  to  the  history  of  his  own 
times,  and  the  marquis  of  Hallifax  has  drawn 
his  character  with  great  judgment  and  im- 
partiality. Of  his  three  sons,  the  eldest, 
William,  died  17C9,  governor  of  New- 
England — the  second,  Gilbert,  was  chap- 
lain to  the  king,  and  warmly  engaged  in  the 
Bangorian  controversy  as  the  champion  of 
Hoadly — and  Thomas  became  a  judge  of 
the  common  pleas,  and  died  1753. 

Burnet,  Elisabeth,  third  wife  of  bishop 
Burnet,  was  the  daughter  of  sir  Richard 
Blake,  knight,  and  was  born  in  London 
1661.  At  the  age  of  IS  she  married  Robert 
Berkeley,  esquire,  with  whom  she  went  to 
reside  in  Holland  till  the  revolution,  and 
after  ben^  a  widow  seven  years,  she,  in 
1700,  married  the  bishop  of  Salisbury.  The 
fortune  which  she  possessed  was  employed 
to  the  most  benevolent  purposes,  and  the 
goodness  of  her  heart  was  displayed  in  her 
maternal  attention  to  the  children  of  her 
"asl  husband.  She  published  a  method  of 
devotion,  a  book  of  merit,  which  showed 
her  great  knowledge  of  religion,  and  which 
was  again  reprinted  four  years  after  her 
death.     She  died  1700. 


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Btjrsit,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  writer  of  emi- 
nence, bora  at  Croft  in  Yorkshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  North  Allerton  school  and  Clare- 
hall,  Cambridge,  under  the  care  of  Tillot- 
son,  and  the  patronage  of  Cudworth.  Great 
abilities  and  a  cultivated  understanding  re- 
commended him  to  the  notice  of  the  pow- 
erful :  and  as  tutor  to  the  son  of  the  mar- 
quis of  Winchester,  and  afterwards  to  lord 
Ossory,  grandson  of  the  duke  of  Ormond, 
he  gamed  the  esteem  and  the  attachment  of 
men  of  rank  and  political  influence.  By 
means  of  his  noble  friends  he  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1G85,  to  the  mastership  of  the 
charter-house,  and  in  that  situation  he  dis- 
played great  firmness,  and  a  conscientious 
regard  for  the  statutes  of  the  society  over 
■which  he  presided,  by  refusing  to  admit  one 
Popham  to  be  a  pensioner  of  the  house, 
•without  his  taking  the  oaths,  in  consequence 
of  the  dispensation  granted  him  by  James 
II.  The  revolution  seemed  to  open  the 
road  for  future  preferment,  but  the  publica- 
tion of  his  "  Archseologi»  philosophies, 
&c.'/  drew  upon  him  public  censure,  and 
his  attempt  to  allegorise  the  scripture  ac- 
count of  the  fall  of  Adam,  exposed  him  to 
the  indignation  of  his  ecclesiastical  read- 
ers, who  thought  they  viewed  in  him  a 
sceptical  and  infidel  writer.  Every  endea- 
vour to  vindicate  himself  appeared  unsatis- 
factory ;  he  was  removed  from  his  appoint- 
ment of  clerk  of  the  closet  to  the  king,  and 
it  is  said,  by  that  unfortunate  book,  Ijst  the 
see  of  Canterbury  on  the  death  of  his  re- 
spected friend  and  patron  Tillotson.  Thus 
banished  from  royal  favor,  and  regardless  of 
the  frowns  of  the  world,  he  retired  to  his 
favorite  pursuits  in  the  tranquillity  of  the 
charter  house,  where  he  died  27lh  Septem- 
ber, 1715,  aged  about  80.  His  chief  work  is 
his  theory  of  the  earth,  which  he  published 
originally  in  Latin,  and  afterwards  greatly 
improved  in  an  English  dress,  at  the  recom- 
mendation of  Charles  II.  The  celebrity 
which  this  book  acquired,  directed  the  in- 
quiries of  philosophers  to  examine  its  me- 
rits, and  though  it  is  proved  fully  by  the  criti- 
cisms of  Flamstcad,  Warren,  and  particu- 
larly of  Keill,  to  be  a  system  built  on  wrong 
data,  and  more  the  effort  of  fanciful  inven- 
tion than  of  deep  reflection  and  mathema- 
tical precison,  yet  it  is  popular,  and  will  be 
admired,  as  it  possesses  uncommon  beau- 
ties, elegant  diction,  and  interesting  de- 
tails. He  wrote  besides  two  other  learned 
and  valuable  Latin  works — de  fide  &  officiis 
ehristianorum — &  de  statu  mortuorum,  & 
resurgentium — besides  other  pieces,  in  which 
he  questions  the  eternity  of  future  punish- 
ments, and  adopts  the  doctrines  of  the  mil- 
lennium. These  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English. 

Burnet,  Dr  Thomas,  a  Scotch  physi- 
cian, of  whose  birth,  life,  and  death,  nothing 
is  recorded  except  what  is  mentioned  in  the 
title  of  his  books.  He  was  member  of  the 
medical  college  of  Edinburgh,  and  wrote — 
thesaurus  medicine  practical,  1673,  4to. 
London,    and    enlarged   1698 — Hippocrates 


contractus,  kc.  Edinburgh  1685,  Svo.  and 
London  1743,  in  12mo. 

Burns,  Robert,  a  Scotch  poet  of  great 
merit,  born  29th  January,  1759,  at  Ayr. 
Though  originally  a  ploughman,  and  humbly 
educated,  he  rose  to  high  poetical  fame  by 
the  untutored  powers  of  his  genius.  His 
writings  are  all  in  the  Scotch  dialect,  which 
undoubtedly  lessens  their  merit,  though 
they  possess  uncommon  beauty  and  an  ele- 
gant simplicity,  which  cannot  be  sufficiently 
admired.  Burns  no  sooner  appeared  in 
print  than  he  was  noticed,  and  drawn  from 
the  plough  to  associate  with  men  of  letters 
and  opulence.  By  the  exertions  of  his 
friends,  and  Dr.  Biacklock  of  Edinburgh  in 
particular,  a  handsome  subscription  of  nearly 
1100/.  was  raised  for  hi.v.,  and  a  place  in  the 
excise  was  obtained,  and  a  farm  rented, 
where  he  might  exercise  his  genius  in  noble 
independence,  while  he  maintained  his  fa- 
mily. These  generous  efforts  however  were 
unavailing ;  Burns,  transplanted  from  the 
plough,  was  a  withered  plant ;  he  contracted 
bad  habits,  which,  added  to  a  natural  pro- 
pensity for  licentious  pleasures,  shattered 
his  existence,  and  he  sunk  into  an  untimely 
grave  in  1796\  He  left  behind  him  a  widow 
and  four  children,  towards  whom  the  hand 
of  benevolence,  guided  by  the  kind  interfe- 
rence of  Dr.  Currie  of  Liverpool,  who  edi- 
ted his  poems  and  letters  in  four  vols.  Svo. 
1S00,  has  been  humanely  extended  to  raise 
them  above  the  miseries  of  low  and  often 
vicious  indigence,  and  the  handsome  sum  of 
1000Z.  has  been  obtained  as  the  profit  of  the 
publication. 

Burrhus,  Afranius,  a  famous  Roman, 
commander  under  Claudius  and  Nero.  He 
attempted  in  vain  to  check  the  vicious  con- 
duet  of  Nero,  who  was  his  pupil,  and  died 
universally  regretted,  A.  D.  62. 

Burrough,  Edward,  a  native  of  West- 
moreland, who  from  a  churchman  became  a 
presbyterian  and  afterwards  a  quaker.  As 
a  preacher  he  displayed  great  intrepidity, 
and  even  reprehended  Cromwell  for  his  se- 
verities. He  obtained  from  Charles  II.  the 
suspension  of  the  persecution  against  the 
quakers  of  New-England.  He  was  at  last 
imprisoned  by  an  alderman  of  London  for 
his  violent  preaching,  and  died  of  a  gaol 
distemper  in  Newgate,  1663,  aged  29.  His 
tracts,  &c.  were  collected  in  one  vol.  folio. 

Burrouches,  Jeremiah,  a  nonconform- 
ist, educated  at  Cambridge,  which  he  left  on 
account  of  his  tenets.  After  being  shel- 
tered in  the  house  of  lord  Warwick,  he  re- 
tired to  Holland,  and  during  the  civil  wars 
he  returned  to  London,  and  became  preacher 
of  Stepney  and  Cripplegate  churches.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  piety,  considerable 
learning,  and  of  irreproachable  manners. 
He  wrote  a  commentary  on  Hosea— -ser- 
mons on  contentment  and  resignation — 
Irenicum,  or  in  favor  of  Christian  peace, 
&c.  He  died  in  London  1646,  Novem- 
ber 14th. 

Burrow,  James,  master  of  the  crown 
office,    was  elected  1772,  president  of  the 


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royal  society,  which  lie  resigned  the  next 
year  to  sir  .John  Pringfe,  and  was  :it  that 
time  knighted  when  the  society  presented  an 
address  to  tlie  king.  He  published  four  \ols. 
of  reports  besides  decisions  of  the  court  of 
king's  bench, — an  essay  on  punctuation, — an- 
ecdotes of  Oliver  Cromwell  ami  his  family, 
&c.     Sir  James  died  5th  November  1782. 

Buirrox,  Henry,  an  cociesiaslie  born  at 
Birsall  in  Yorkshire,  and  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his 
degrees  in  arts.  He  was  made  B.  1).  at  Ox- 
ford, and  afterwards  introduced  into  the  fa- 
mily of  lord  Carey,  created  in  1625  earl  of 
Monmouth,  to  whose  sons  he  was  tutor.  He 
•was  next  clerk  of  the  closet  to  prince  Henry, 
and  alter  his  death  to  Charles,  who  on  his 
accession  to  the  throne  discarded  him  from 
his  favor.  This  affront,  whether  merited  or 
not,  was  highly  resented  by  Burton,  who  was 
now  inflamed  with  the  spirit  of  the  times, 
and  railed  with  vehemence  against  the  epis- 
copal bench,  especially  Neil  and  Laud.  In 
his  office  of  rector  of  St.  Matthew's  in  Fri- 
day-street he  preached  and  published  two  ser- 
mons, which  were  considered  as  libellous  and 
seditious,  and  for  them  he  was  summoned  be- 
fore the  star-chamber  and  condemned  to  pay 
a  fine  of  5000/.  to  be  exposed  on  the  pillory, 
to  have  his  ears  cut  off,  to  be  degraded  from 
his  ecclesiastical  honors,  and  bt  imprisoned 
for  life,  without  the  permission  of  seeing  his 
wife  or  relations.  After  enduring  this  severe 
punishment  for  12  weeks  in  Lancaster  gaol, 
he  was  for  greater  security  removed,  from  the 
commiseration  of  the  populace,  to  Cornet 
castle  in  Guernsey,  in  October  1637,  from 
which,  three  years  after,  he  was  liberated  by 
the  interference  of  parliament.  His  suffer- 
ings were  rewarded  by  the  compassion  of  par- 
liament, who  voted  to  him  6000/.  which  in 
consequence  of  the  turbulence  of  the  times  he 
never  received,  and  he  was  restored  to  his  liv- 
ing and  his  degrees,  and  by  embracing  the 
prevalent  opinions  of  the  puritans  and  inde- 
pendents he  continued  to  retain  his  populari- 
ty till  his  death  in  1648,  aged  69.  His  writ- 
ings were  all  controversial,  and  generally  full 
of  invectives. 

Burton,  William,  an  antiquarian,  born 
at  Lindley  in  Leicestershire,  and  educated  at 
Sutton  Coldfield  school,  and  Brazen-nose  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  afterwards  became  a  member 
of  the  Inner  Temple,  and  was  barrister  and 
reporter  in  the  court  of  common  pleas.  The 
law  however  did  not  long  engage  his  atten- 
tion ;  his  favorite  studies  were  genealogy, 
heraldry,  and  antiquities,  and  under  the 
patronage  of  Villars  marquis  of  Bucking- 
ham, a^d  with  the  assistance  cf  his  friends 
John  Beaumont  and  Augustus  Vincent,  lie 
published  his  great  work  on  the  history  of  his 
native  county,  in  fol.  1C22.  This  composi- 
tion is  valuable  on  account  of  its  antiquity, 
though  it  is  not  free  from  errors,  and  though 
it  is  often  too  overloaded  with  long  genealo- 
gies and  useless  digressions.  Burton  was  a 
man  of  property  as  well  as  of  education,  but 
he  was  a  sufferer  by  the  civil  wars.  He  chief- 
ly lived  at  his  favorite  seat,  Falde,  near  Tut- 
VOL.    I.  34 


bury,  Staffordshire,  and  was  intimate  with  sir 
Robert  Cotton,  with  Somner,  Michael  Dray- 
ton, and  sir  William  Dugdftle.  He  died  at 
Patde  sixth  April  1645,  aged  70.  His  son, 
Cdssibclan,  inherited  his  virtues  and  learning. 
He  published  a  poetical  translation  of  Martial 
in  1658,  and  died  February  28th  1681,  aged 
72.  He  left  his  father's  valuable  collection  of 
antiquities  to  the  learned  Walter  Chetwynd, 
of  Staffordshire. 

Burton,  Robert,  brother  to  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  8th  February  l.">76,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  same  school  and  college  He  be- 
came afterwards  student  of  Christ  church, 
and  obtained  the  livings  of  St.  Thomas,  Ox- 
ford, and  Segrave  in  Leicestershire,  which 
with  some  difficulty  in  those  tirbulent  times  he 
retained  till  his  death  in  Jan.  1639.  He  was 
a  man  of  extensive  learning  but  of  a  melan- 
choly turn  of  mind,  and  extravagantly  addict- 
ed to  astrology.  His  anatomy  of  meian<  holy, 
by  Demociitus  junior  as  he  calls  himself,  fully 
established  his  character  for  erudition  and  ec- 
centricity. The  work  continued,  in  a  4to. 
and  octavo  form,  long  a  favorite  of  the  public, 
and  his  bookseller  it  is  said  gained  an  hand- 
some estate  by  the  sale  of  it.  As  Burton  di- 
ed about  the  time  which  he  had  predicted  by 
calculating  his  nativity,  some  foolishly  suspect- 
ed that  to  give  celebrity  to  the  accuracy  of 
his  art  he  destroyed  himself.  He  was  buried 
in  the  cloisters  of  Christ  church  cathedral. 
Sterne  is  said  to  have  borrowed  much  from 
his  writings. 

Burton,  Ezekias,  fellow  of  Magdalen 
college,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  preben- 
dary of  Norwich,  was  eminent  for  his  learning 
and  piety.  He  was  a  strenuous  advocate  for 
toleration  in  support  of  the  plans  of  his  pat- 
ron lord  keeper  Bridgeman.  He  died  of  a 
malignant  fever,  1GS1.  His  discourses  were 
published  by  Tiilotson  in  two  vols.  He  wrote 
also  the  preface  to  bishop  Cumberland's  laws 
of  nature. 

Burton,  William,  was  born  in  Austin- 
friars,  London,  educated  at  Glocester-hall, 
Oxford,  and  after  being  usher  to  the  well 
known  Thomas  Farnaby,  lie  was  made  mas- 
ter of  the  grammar  school  of  Kingston  on 
Thames.  He  was  eminent  as  an  universal 
scholar,  a  judicious  critic,  and  an  able  antiqua- 
ry. He  was  intimate  with  many  learned  men, 
especially  Usher.  He  died  1657.  He  wrote 
Grsecse  lingua:  historia — Ycteris  linguse  Per- 
sicse  historia,  published  with  the  preceding, 
— a  commentary  on  Antoninus' itinerary,  re- 
lating to  Britain,  in  folio. 

Burton,  William,  horn  at  Hippon  in 
Yorkshire,  was  educated  at  Christ  church, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  I). 
With  difficulty  he  was  dissuaded  by  his  friends 
from  joining  the  pretender  at  Manchester  in 
1745.  He  practised  with  great  reputation  as 
a  physician,  and  wrote  the  history  of  York- 
shire, in  two  vols.  fol.  He  died  at  York, 
1759,  aged  62. 

Burton,  John,  D.  D.  a  learned  divine 
born  at  Wcmbworth  Devonshire,  ami  educa- 
ted at  Okehampton  and  Ely  schools.  He  en- 
tered afterwards  at  Corpus  Christi  college. 


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Oxford,  where  he  soon  became  Greek  lec- 
turer, anil  for  near  15  years  a  respectable 
and  indefatigable  tutor.  His  abilities  were 
exerted  not  or.ly  to  render  bis  pupils  learned, 
and  tiie  university  regular  and  correct  in 
discipline,  but  he  endeavored  to  smooth 
the  difficulties  wbich  attend  the  publication 
oi"  learned  and  important  works,  and  drew 
contributions  and  exemptions  for  such  books 
as  issued  from  the  Clarendon  press.  In 
1733,  he  was  honorably  elected  to  a  fellow- 
ship of  Eton  college,  and  about  the  same 
time  succeeded  Dr.  Littleton,  as  vicar  of 
Mapledurham,  Oxfordshire.  When  lie  came 
to  reside  on  bis  living  he  found  his  predeces- 
sor's widow  and  her  three  infant  daughters 
in  an  helpless  unprotected  state,  and  the  be- 
nevolence with  which  he  treated  the  mother 
soon  created  more  than  common  friendship, 
and  at  last  ended  in  marriage.  His  re!  irement 
here  was  employed  in  improving  and  embel- 
lishing his  neighbourhood,  and  in  suggesting 
hints  for  the  removing  of  obstructions  in  the 
navigation  of  the  Thames.  The  deatli  of  his 
wife  in  1748,  greatly  affected  him  ;  he  hon- 
ored her  memory,  by  the  tender,  affection- 
ate and  liberal  treatment  winch  he  showed  to 
her  orphan  daughters,  and  afterwards  chief- 
ly spent  his  time  at  Eton,  where  he  was  re- 
vered and  loved  by  the  pupils  of  that  respec- 
table foundation.  At  an  advanced  period  of 
life,  when  his  eyesight  began  to  fail,  he  pub- 
lished his  scattered  pieces  called  opuscula 
miseellanea  ;  Tjut  soon  after  a  severe  attack 
of  an  erysipeloid  fever,  destroyed  his  facul- 
ties and  rendered  him  a  melancholy  monu- 
ment of  fallen  greatness.  This  worthy  and 
truly  amiable  man,  died  11th  February  1771, 
aged  76,  and  Mas  buried  at  the  entrance  of 
Eton  chapel.  Besides  the  preferments  men- 
tioned, he  was  made  rector  of  Worplesdon 
in  Surrey,  1766. 

Bury,  Arthur,  D.  D.  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, educated  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford, 
from  which  he  was  ejected  in  16iS,  after  a 
residence  of  10  years,  by  the  parliamentary 
visitors.  At  the  restoration  he  obtained  "a 
prebend  of  Exeter,  and  in  1665,  was  made 
rector  of  Exeter  college,  and  chaplain  to  the 
king.  His  "  naked  gospel,"  in  which  he 
defended  and  avowed  the  principles  of  the 
Sociniaus,  caused  his  ejection  from  his  pre- 
ferment, and  the  work  was  burnt  by  order 
of  the  university  of  Oxford.  He  vindicated 
his  conduct  in  some  pamphlets,  and  died 
about  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  near  Ex- 
eter. 

Bury,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Captain 
Lawrence,  was  born  at  Linton,  Cambridge- 
shire, and  married  Mr.  Lloyd  of  Hunting- 
donshire, and  after  his  death  Samuel  Bury 
a  dissenting  minister  of  Bristol.  She  was  a 
respectable  woman  in  private  life,  and  par- 
ticularly excelled  in  her  knowledge  of  divini- 
ty, of  mathematics,  and  of  the  learned 
languages,  especially  Hebrew.  Her  life 
anil  diary  were  published  by  her  last  hus- 
band, and  Dr.  Watts  honored  her  virtues 
with  an  elegant  elegy.  She  died  at  Bristol, 
1720,  aged  76. 


Burzuie,  a  learned  Persian  philosopher 
and  physician,  in  the  reign  of  Chosroes  sur- 
named  Nusehirvan  the  just,  by  whom  he 
was  employed  to  obtain  a  copy  of  a  famous 
book  among  the  Indians,  called  the  wisdom 
of  all  ages  He  with  some  difficulty  obtained 
the  valuable  composition,  and  after  transla- 
ting it,  dedicated  it  to  his  royal  master.  The 
translation  which  is  descended  to  the  pres- 
ent times  is  greatly  altered  from  the  original. 

Bus,  Caesar de,  a  native  of  Cavaillon,  who 
atoned  for  the  irregularities  of  youth,  by  a 
pious  life,  which  he  devoted  to  the  reforma- 
tion of  the  clergy.  His  labors  were  approv- 
ed by  the  pope,  he  was  made  general  of  his 
new  order  which  he  called  the  fathers  of 
the  christian  doctrine,  and  he  obtained  a  ca- 
nonry  for  his  services.  He  wrote  familiar  in- 
struction on  the  christian  doctrine,  once  very 
popular,  and  died  1607,  aged  63. 

Busbequius,  Auger  Gislen,  a  natural 
son  of  the  lord  of  Busbec,  was  born  at  Corn- 
mines  in  Flanders.  He  was  educated  with 
the  greatest  care  by  his  father,  who  perceiv- 
ed in  him  the  prominent  features  of  a  man 
of  genius  and  talents.  He  visited  London  in 
the  suit  of  the  imperial  ambassador,  and  in 
1554  went  himself  at  the  head  of  an  embas- 
sy to  the  capital  of  Turkey,  where,  besides 
examining  with  the  eyes  of  a  statesman,  the 
character  and  genius  of  the  inhabitants,  he 
made  a  curious  and  valuable  collection  of 
coins,  manuscripts,  and  inscriptions.  He 
published  an  interesting  account  of  his  travels, 
printed  by  Elzevir,  Leyden  1633,  which  is 
highly  commended  by  Tbuanus  ;  and  so  res- 
pectable and  useful  were  his  abilities  consid- 
ered, that  he  was  drawn  from  the  privacy  of 
retirement  to  attend  Elizabeth  when  she  es- 
poused Charles  IX.  of  France,  and  to  remain 
at  the  French  court,  as  imperial  ambassador. 
He  died  October  159:2,  aged  70. 

Busby,  Kichard,  a  celebrated  schoolmas- 
ter,4horn  at  Lutton  in  Lincolnshire,  23d  Sept. 
1606,  and  educated  at  Westminister  school, 
of  which,  after  taking  his  degrees  at  Christ 
church,  Oxford,  and  being  promoted  to  a  pre- 
bend of  Wells,  and  the  Jiving  of  Cud  worth, 
Somersetshire,  he  was  appointed  master  13th 
December  164!».  For  55  years  he  presided 
over  that  respectable  institution,  and  had  the 
happiness  to  see  many  of  his  pupils  fill  the 
highest  offices  of  the  church  and  state,  with 
credit  and  ability.  After  the  restoration  he 
was  made  prebendary  of  Wesminister  by 
Charles  II.  and  in  the  same  year  he  took  his 
degree  of  D.  D.  He  died  sixth  April  1695, 
in  his  89th  year,  and  was  buried  in  Westmin- 
ster abbe}',  where  a  fine  monument  is  erect- 
ed to  his  memory,  with  a  Latin  inscription  to 
commemorate  the  great  abilities,  useful  ser- 
vices, and  honorable  conduct  of  this  eminent 
scholar.  The  great  opulence  which  in  a  la- 
borious office  he  acquired  was  liberally  disper- 
sed for  the  promotion  of  piety  and  learning, 
or  for  the  relief  of  virtuous  and  suffering  in- 
digence. He  wrote  some  books  for  the  use 
of  his  school,  where  they  are  still  retained  as 
a  monument  of  his  erudition,  and  critical  Uis 
cernment. 


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Buschetto  da  Dalichio,  an  emi- 
nent arsliiteet  and  mechanic  of  the  lltli  cen- 
tury. The  cathedral  of  Pisa,  one  of  the  fin- 
est of  the  buildings  of  Italy,  is  a  lasting  mon- 
ument of  his  great  abilities,  in  a  barbarous 
and  ignorant  age. 

BuscHING,  Dr.  Anthony  Frederic,  a  na- 
tive of  Stadhagen  in  Prussia,  educated  at 
Halle,  and  made  pastor  of  the  Lutheran 
church  at  Fresburg.  lie  was  author  of  a 
new  treatise  on  geography  in  German,  two 
vols.  1754.  This  work.  was  liberally  reward- 
ed on  the  continent,  and  its  merits  were 
made  known  to  the  English  in  a  translation 
in  six  vols.  4to.  1768-1779.  Dr.  Bueching 
died  1703,  aged  O'J,  at  Berlin,  where  Fre- 
deric II.  had  placed  him  as  director  of  the 
college. 

Buscmus,  Herman,  a  German  scholar, 
known  for  some  commentaries  \ihich  he 
wrote  on  classical  authors  and  for  some  Latin 
poems.  He  contributed  much  to  the  res- 
toration of  learning  in  Europe,  and  ably  sec- 
onded the  doctrines  of  Luther  1 5 34,  aged 
66. 

Bushell,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Worces- 
tershire, educated  at  Baliol  college.  He  was 
afterwards  in  the  service  of  Bacon  the  chan- 
cellor, and  upon  his  disgrace  he  retired  to 
Oxfordshire,  to  reside  on  his  estate.  He 
-was  in  his  principles  a  strong  royalist,  and 
had  the  honor  to  receive  Charles  1.  and  his 
<jueen  at  Lis  seat,  and  for  his  attachment  to 
his  cause  he  was  made  master  of  the  royal 
mines  in  Wales.  In  this  new  appointment 
he  established  a  mint,  and  coined  money, 
which  he  sent  to  the  monarch  at  Oxford. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  permitted  by  an 
act  of  parliament  to  work  and  improve  the 
lead  mines  of  Mcndip  in  Somersetshire.  He 
died  1674,  aged  80,  and  was  buried  in  the 
cloisters  of  Westminster  abbey.  He  wrote 
speeches  and  songs  at  the  presentment  of  the 
rock  at  Fusion  to  the  queen,  4to.  10.30, — a 
remonstrance  of  his  majesty's  mines  in 
Wales,  1642,  4to. — extract  of  Bacon's  phi- 
losophical theory  of  mineral  prosecutions, 
4to.  1660. 

Busleidex.  Jerome,  a  statesman,  in  the 
service  of  Charles  V.  who  employed  him  in 
various  embassies.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
and  the  friend  of  Erasmus,  sir  Thos.  More, 
kc.  and  he  founded  in  Louvain,  the  college 
of  the  three  tongues,  Hebrew,  Greek,  and 
Latin.  One  of  his  letters  appears  in  More's 
Utopia.     He  died  1517. 

Bussiere,  John  >!e,  n  learned  Jesuit, au- 
thor of  an  history  of  France,  2  vols.  4to. — 
an  abridgement  of  universal  history — Soan- 
derberg,  a  Latin  heroic  poem  in  eight  books 
— and  other  poems,     tie  died  1678,  : 

Bussy,  Roger  Kalmtin  count  of,  a  French 
writer,  born  3d  April  lGIS,  in  Normandy. 
He  devoted  himself  to  a  military  life  for  some 
time,  and  rose  to  high  rank,  but  his  publica- 
tion of  les  amours  des  Gaules  proved  so  of- 
fensive on  account  of  .the  liberty  which  be 
took  with  the  character  of  the  French  ladies, 
that  he  was  deprived  of  all  his  honors,  and 
thrust  into  the  Bastille,  1665.     The  follow- 


ing year  he  was  liberated,  hut  on  condition 
of  living  in  exile  on  his  estate  in  Burgundy. 
As  a  writer  he  is  eminent  for  his  wit,  the 
fire  and  elegance  of  his  diction,  and  the  in- 
teresting manner  of  his  narratives.  He 
wrote  besides  memoirs — abridged  history  ol 
Lewis  the  great, — letters,  in  seven  vols. — 
poems,  &e.     He  died  i 

BuTLEH,  William,  a  physician,  born  at 
Ipswich,  ami  educated  at  Clare-hall,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  a  fellow.  He 
practised  at  Cambridge  without  a  degree, 
but  the  oddity  of  his  manners,  and  the  bold 
and  irregular  method  in  which  he  treated 
his  patients,  and  often  successfully,  render- 
ed him  a  favorite  in  his  profession.  Some: 
anecdotes  of  him  are  recorded,  which  exhib- 
it him  more  as  a  capricious  and  obstinate 
boy,  or  a  madman,  than  as  a  man  of  sound 
sense  and  sagacious  conduct.  He  died  20iii 
Jan.  1018,  ageil  82,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Mary's  church,  Cambridge.  He  left  no 
writings  behind  him. 

Butler,  Charles,  a  native  of  Hamp- 
shire, author  of  a  popular  book  on  bces^  cal- 
led the  feminine  monarchy,  and  of  a  treatise 
on  music.  He  was  master  of  Basingstoke 
school,  and  vicar  of  Lawrence  Wotton,  and 
died  1047. 

Butler,  Samuel,  the  poet,  was  horn  at 
Strcnshnm  in  Worcestershire.  After  being 
educated  at  Worcester  grammar-school,  his 
father,  who  was  a  farmer,  sent  him  to  Cam- 
bridge, where,  however,  he  never  was  ma- 
il, and  after  staying  six  or  sevi 
there,  he  became  the  clerk  of  Mr.  J 
a  justice  of  the  peace.  In  this  employment 
he  devoted  himself  to  poetry  and  other  litera- 
ry pursuits,  as  well  as  to  music  and  painting. 
Afterwards  he  was  in  the  family  of  the  connt- 
ess  of  Kent,  where  he  not  only  had  recess  to 
a  valuable  library,  but  familiar':',  conversed 
with  the  great  Selden,  whose  amanuensis  he 
occasionally  was.  For  some  time  after  he 
was  in  Bedfordshire  in  the  house  of' ir 
Luke,  one  of  Cromwell's  officers.  In  this 
situation  no  doubt  he  planned,  if  he  did  not 
write,  his  1  ludibras,  as  the  knight  was  intend- 
ed for  the  hero  of  the  poem.  Upon  the  re- 
storation he  became  secretary  to  lord  Carbe- 
ry,  by  whom  he  was  appointed  steward  of 
Ludlow  castle,  and  after  married 

Mrs.  Herbert,  a  lady  whose  fortune  was  lost 
to  the  poet  by  being  laid  out  in  bad  si  • 
In  1663  Butler  appeared  in  anew  character, 
by  the  publication  of  the  first  part  of  his  llu- 
dihras  in  three  cantos,  and  the  merit  of  the 
poem  was  no  sooner  known  at  court  by  the 
influence  of  the  earl  ofDorset,  than  the  king, 
and  the  whole  of  the  royalist  party  received 
it  v.  il  h  The  next  year 

;  the  second  part  was  published,  and  a  third  in 
107S;  butthegol  -  of  i  be  poet  were 

istod  ;  and  though  ;.be  nation  expected 
it,  and  the  merit  of  the  poem  had  the 
claim  bo  royal  patronage  and  public 
remuneration,  yet  Butler  sunk  in  want  and 
obscurity.  In  vain  his  friends  in! 
themselve- in  his  favor,  the  monarch  enjoyed 
the  wit  of  Hudibras,  but  forgot  ' 


II  u 


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liis  necessities,  in  the  midst  of  bis  flatterers  and 
concubines,  and  though  it  is  said  that  the  poet 
once  received    300  guineas   from   the   royal 
purse,  his  general  treatment  denies  the  asser- 
tion.    From  this  shameful  neglect  of  pining 
virtue,  we  are  to  lament  the  discontinuation 
of  Hudibras.     Butler  who  did  mors,. by  the 
sarcastic  powers   of  his  muse,  to    expose  to 
ridicule  the  fanatical    supporters  of  republi- 
canism, than  all  the  courtiers  who  shared  the 
smiles  of  Charles,  refused  to  write  more  for 
the  amusement  of  an  ungrateful  nation,  the 
author  was  unrewarded,  and  the  poem  re- 
mained  unfinished.     Butler   soon  after  died 
25th  Sept.    16S0,  and  was  buried  in  Covent 
garden   church-yard,    at  the  expense  of  his 
friend  Mr.  Longuevillej  who  had  in  vain  solici- 
ted a  subscription  for  his  decent  interment  in 
Westminster  abbey.    Sixty  years  after,  the 
memory  of  the  poet   was  rescued   from  se- 
pulchral oblivion,  and  a  monument  was  erect- 
ed to  him  in  Westminster-abbey  by  Mr.  Bar- 
ber, a  printer,  mayor  of  London,  who,  from 
his  respect  to  departed  genius,  deserves  to  be 
recorded  as  the  best  and   most  disinterested 
friend  of  the  unfortunate  poet.     Mr.  Thyer 
of  Manchester  published  some  time  after  But- 
ler's  death   three   vols,  of  his    posthumous 
works,  and  afterwards  two  ;  but  they  throw 
no  light  upon  the  history  of  the  Ufe  and  suf- 
ferings of  the  poet.     The  best  edition  of  his 
Hudibras,  is  by  Dr.  Zachary  Grey,  2  vols.  8vo. 
Butler,  Joseph,  an  English  prelate,  born 
at  Wantage  in  1692.    His  father,  who  was  a 
respectable  tradesman,    but   a  presbyterian, 
intending  him  for  the  ministry  of  his  own  per- 
suasion, placed  him  at  the  school  of  Jeremiah 
Jones  of  Tewksbury,  in  Glocestershire,  where 
he  had  the  famous  Isaac  Watts  for  his  school- 
fellow.    Before  he  left  this  place,  he,  though 
young,  wrote  some  remarks  on  Dr.  Samuel 
Clark's  first  sermon  at  Boyle's  lecture,  which 
are  annexed  to  the   treatise  on  the  being  of 
Cod.     The  principles  of  the  dissenters  were 
now  examined  with  soberness  by  this  youthful 
but  able  scholar,  and,  after  mature  delibera- 
tion, rejected,  for  the  more  genuine  doctrines 
of  the  established  church  ;  and  Butler,  pur- 
suing his  plan,  entered  at  Oriel  college,  where 
he  formed  an  honorable  and  lasting  intimacy 
with  Edward  Talbot,  the  son  of  the  bishop  of 
Durham.    In  consequence  of  this  respectable 
connection,  and  by    the   recommendation  of 
his   own    great    abilities,    he    was  appointed 
preacher   at  the   Rolls,  and   made  rector  of 
Haughton  and  Stanhope,  and  prebendary  of 
Rochester.     In  1 736  he  was  appointed  clerk 
of  the  closet  to  queen  Caroline,  and,  two  years 
after,  nominated   to  the    see   of  Bristol  and 
deanery  of  St.  Paul's.     In  1746  he  was  made 
clerk  of  the  closet  to  the  king,  and,  four  years 
after,  he  was  translated  to  Durham,  a  dignity 
"which  he   did  not   long  enjoy,  as  he  died  at 
Bath  16th  June  1752.     He  was  buried  in  Bris- 
tol cathedral,  where  a  monument  is  erected 
to  his  memory.    This  prelate  was  respectable 
in  private  as  well  as  in  public  life.      The  pow- 
ers of  his  mind  were  great,  clear,  and  com- 
prehensive, and  from  his  deep  learning,  and 
pious  regard  for  virtue  and  religion,  arose  that 


excellent  and  immortal  publication,  entitled 
The  analogy  of  religion,  natural  and  revealed, 
to  the  constitution  and  course  of  nature,  in 
8vo.  1736.  This  valuable  work  has  been  ably 
analysed  by  Dr.  Halifax,  and  the  objections 
raised  against  the  bishop,  and  the  imputation 
of  popery,  have  been  satisfactorily  removed. 
He  published  also  some  sermons,  and  an  ex- 
cellent charge  to  the  clergy  of  his  diocese,  on 
external  religion,  for  which  he  was  attacked, 
but  ably  defended  by  Seeker. 

Butler,  James,  duke  of  Ormond,  an  able 
statesman,  born  19th  October  1610,  at  Clerk- 
en  well,  London.  He  succeeded  his  grand- 
father as  earl  in  1632,  and  early  distinguished 
himself  against  the  rebels  of  Ireland,  for  which 
services  he  was  created  a  marquis.  During 
the  civil  wars  he  was  lieutenant  of  Ireland ; 
but  upon  the  invasion  of  the  island  by  Crom- 
well, he  retired  to  France,  where  he  was 
honorably  received  by  the  French  nobility,  and 
afterwards  employed  by  Charles  II.  in  various 
negotiations  with  the  royalists  in  England.  On 
the  restoration,  to  which  he  had  so  much  con- 
tributed by  bis  counsels  and  his  abilities,  he 
was,  with  other  honorable  appointments,  cre- 
ated a  duke,  and  nominated  viceroy  of  Ire- 
land. In  this  office  he,  by  his  vigilance,  pre- 
vented Blood  from  seizing  his  person  and  the 
castle  of  Dublin  ;  and  some  years  after  he 
again  with  difficulty  escaped,  by  the  interfe- 
rence of  bis  servants,  from  the  violence  of  the 
same  assassin,  who  dragged  him  from  his  coach 
in  St.  James's  street,  with  the  intention  of 
hanging  him  at  Tyburn,  The  duke  died  2lst 
July  1688,  in  his  78th  year,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey,  respected  not  more  as  a 
soldier  than  as  a  humane  and  benevolent  man. 
Butler,  Thomas,  earl  of  Ossory,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Kilkenny  9th 
July  1634.  He  was  confined  in  the  tower  for 
eight  months  by  Cromwell ;  and  upon  his  lib- 
eration he  went  over  to  Flanders.  He  accom- 
panied Charles  on  his  restoration,  and  was 
made  a  lieutenant-general  in  Ireland,  and  in 
1666  raised  to  the  honor  of  an  English  peer- 
age, as  lord  Butler  of  Moor-park.  He  serv- 
ed as  a  volunteer  against  the  Dutch,  and  shar- 
ed the  glories  of  lord  Albemarle's  victory, 
and  further  contributed  to  the  honor  of  his 
country  in  the  engagement  off  Southwold 
bay.  In  consequence  of  these  services  he 
was  promoted  in  the  navy,  and  in  1673  was 
made  admiral  of  the  whole  fleet,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  Y>rince  Rupert.  In  1 677  he  com- 
manded the  English  in  the  service  of  the 
prince  of  Orange,  and  at  the  battle  of  Mons 
be  gathered  fresh  laurels  against  the  French. 
In  the  senate  he  vindicated  his  father  so  ably 
against  lord  Shaftsbury,  that  the  veteran  ora- 
tor was  confounded  and  abashed  at  the  exer- 
tion of  his  powers.  He  died  30th  July  1680, 
aged  46.  His  father  said  he  would  not  ex- 
change lus  dead  son  for  any  living  son  in 
Christendom,  so  respectable  and  popular  was 
his  character. 

Butler,  Alban,  a  Roman  catholic,  born 
at  London,  and  educated  at  Doway.  He  was 
director  of  the  English  college  at  St.  Omer's, 
and  wrote  the  lives  of  the  fathers,  saints,  and 


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martyrs,  in  English,    with  valuable  notes. 
He  died  1782. 

Butt,  George,  D.  D.  an  English  divine, 
horn  at  Lichfield  26th  December  1741 .  From 
Stafford  school  he  was  removed  to  Westmin- 
ster, and  in  1 760  he  was  chosen  student  of 
Christ  church,  Oxford.  In  1705  he  took  or- 
ders, and  by  the  kindness  of  his  friend  sir  Ed- 
ward Wilmington  he  was,' in  1771,  presented 
to  the  livings  of  Stanford  and  Clifton,  Wor- 
cestershire, and  in  1787  he  obtained  from 
lord  Foley  the  valuable  vicarage  of  Kidder- 
minster. He  was  attacked  by  a  paralytic 
stroke  in  June  1795,  and  yielded  with  seren- 
ity^ and  composure  to  a  gradual  decay,  which 
proved  fatal  the  30th  Sept.  following.  He 
was  buried  in  Stanford  church,  where  a  short 
inscription  in  modest  language  records  his 
merits.  Dr.  Butt  was  distinguished  as  a 
preacher,  ardent  yet  meek,  pathetic  yet  un- 
affected, directing  all  the  powers  of  his  elo- 
quence with  the  pure  spirit  of  devotion,  and 
the  mild  graces  of  benevolence  and  christian 
charity.  As  a  poet,  he  possessed  originality, 
force,  and  sublimity,  and  what  the  muse  in- 
spired was  expressed  with  all  the  fire  and  en- 
ergy of  true  genius.  In  private  life  he  was 
deservedly  admired  for  the  urbanity  of  his 
manners,  the  goodness  of  his  heart,  and  the 
fervor  and  steadiness  of  his  friendship.  His 
conversation  was  easy  and  cheerful,  often 
sparkling  with  wit,  but  never  offensive  for  il- 
liberally of  reflection  or  coarseness  of  ideas. 
He  published  a  volume  of  sermons,  and  in 
1784  he  dedicated  to  the  king  his  versification 
of  Isaiah,  and  in  1793  he  collected  and  pub- 
lished his  poems,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  An  interest- 
ing and  well  written  account  of  his  life  has 
appeared  from  the  classical  pen  of  his  friend 
Dr.  Valpy. 

Butts,  sir  William,  aphysician  to  Henry 
VIII.  educated  at  Gonvile  hall,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  became  a  fellow.  He  favored 
the  reformation,  and  was  the  friend  of  Cran- 
mer.  He  was  knighted  by  the  king,  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  royal  college 
of  physicians,  where  his  name  is  mentioned 
with  high  commendation.  He  is  introduced 
by  Shakspeare  in  his  Henry  VIII.  as  the 
great  friend  of  Cranmer.  He" died  1545,  and 
was  buried  in  Fulham  church. 

Buxton,  Jedediah,  an  extraordinary  cal- 
culator, born  at  Elmeton,  near  Chesterfield, 
inDerbyshire.  Though  the  son  of  a  schoolmas- 
ter, and  the  grand  son  of  a  clergyman,  he  was 
shamefully  neglected,  and  knew  neither  to 
write  nor  read.  His  powers  of  meditation,) 
and  his  command  of  thought,  were  so  aston- 
ishing, that,  in  the  midst  of  the  greatest  mul- 
titudes and  the  most  confused  noises,  he  would 
reply  with  quickness  and  accuracy  to  the 
most  difficult  questions.  He  was  accidental- 
ly asked  by  a  stranger  how  many  cubical 
eighths  of  an  inch  there  were  in  a  body, 
whose  three  sides  were  23,145,789  yard's, 
5,6-42,732 yards,  and  54,965  yards;  and  though 
surrounded  by  a  hundred  laborers,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  the  intricate  calculation,  and,  in 
live  hours,  gave  a  correct  answer  to  the  as- 
tonished inquirer.  Other  instances  are  men- 
tioned of  hi3  powerfully  retentive  memory  ; 


and  it  is  said,  that,  by  walking,  he  eoul !  mea- 
sure any  piece  of  land  with  as  much  exact- 
ness as  it  he  had  marked  it  with  a  chain. 
The  great  object  of  his  heart,  next  to  figures* 
was  to  see  the  royal  family;  and  to  gratify 
this  strong  propensity,  he  walked  to  London, 
in  1754,  but  i-eturned  in  disappointment. 
While  in  the  capital,  he  was  introduced  to 
the  royal  society,  and  he  visited  Drury-lane 
at  the  representation  of  Richard  lii  where 
it  was  expected  the  novelty  of  the  scene  and 
the  splendor  of  the  exhibition  would  please 
and  engage  his  attention,  Nothing,  howev- 
er, struck  him;  but  he  employed  himself  in 
numbering  the  steps  of  the  dancers,  and  in 
counting,  with  great  nicety,  all  the  words 
which  Garrick  had  uttered  during  the  per- 
formance. He  died  at  the  age  of  70,  about 
the  year  1774,  and  left  behind  him  several 
children. 

Buxtorff,  John,  a  learned  Hebrean, 
bom  at  Camen  in  Westphalia,  professor  at 
Basil,  where  he  died  of  the  plague  1629,  aged 
65.  He  displayed  his  extensive  knowledge  of 
rabbinical  learning  as  the  author  of  some  val- 
uable books,  especially  an  Hebrew  gram- 
mar— a  lexicon  Chaldaicum    talmudicum   & 

rabbinicum,  1639,    folio— a  Hebrew  bible 

synagogajudaica,  or  the  religious  ceremonies 
ol  the  Jews— a  small  Hebrew  and  Chaidaic 

lexicon,  12mo.-institutio  epislolaris  Judaica 

a  rabbinical  commentary — thesaurus  lin°-ii8e 
Hebraicce,  2  vols.  8vo.  ike. 

Buxtorff,  John,  son  and  successor  to 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Basil,  where  he 
died  in  1664,  aged  65.  He  translated  the 
moreh  nevochim  of  Maimonides — the  book 
called  Cosri — a  valuable  Hebrew  concord- 
ance—a defence  of  the  points  and  vowels  of 

the  Hebrew  text   against  Lewis  Capeilus 

anticritica,  likewise  against  Capedus — be- 
sides some  dissertations  on  Jewish  history 
and  literature.  Like  his  father,  lie  gained  the 
esteem  and  veneration  of  the  leained  for  his 
extensive  erudition.  Both  indeed  received, 
as  they  merited,  the  most  flattering  marks  of 
respect  from  Gerard  Vossius,  Joseph  Seali- 
ger,  and  Isaac  Casaubon. 

Buxtorff,  John,  was  nephew  oC  the 
preceding,  and  succeeded  him  in  the  oriental 
chair  at  Basil,  an  honor  which  four  of  the 
family  enjoyed  during  a  whole  century.  He, 
like  his  predecessors,  ably  vindicated"the  use 
of  voweis  and  points,  and  published  several 
learned  dissertations  on  the  Hebrew  language, 
besides  verses,  sermons,  See.  He  died  in 
1732,  Ieaxing  a  son  who  has  not  degenerated 
from  the  learning  of  his  family. 

Buy  de  Mornas,  Claude,  horn  at  Ly- 
ons, died  at  Paris  1783.  He  is  author  of  a 
valuable  atlas  of  geography  and  history,  4 
vols.  4to.  1762-1770,  and  cosmography}  in 
Svo.  1770.  lie  was  for  some  time  geographi- 
cal tutor  to  the  royal  family. 

II  rz.A  n  v  a  l,  Nicholas  Choart  de,  a  French 
prelate,  horn  at  Paris  1611.  He  quitted  the 
law  and  its  honors  for  the  church,  and  was 
made  bishop  of  Beauvais  1652.  He  was  an 
excellent  diocesan,  and  constantly  resided 
among  his  people,  beloved  and  respected. 
He  died  1679. 


BY 


BY 


Buzot,  Francis  Nicholas  Leonard,  one 
f>f  the  heroes  of  the  French  revolution,  was 
born  at  Evreux,  March  1760.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  national  assembly  and  of  the  con- 
vention, where  he  was  surnamed  the  evil 
prophet,  because  he  constantly  inveighed 
against  pretended  plots,  and  suspected  ma- 
chinations. Regardless  of  the  tries  of  faction, 
he  had  the  courage  to  attack  the  Orleans  par- 
ty, and  particularly  Danton  and  Robespierre, 
in  consequence  of  which  his  destruction  was 
decreed.  He  was  proscribed  31st  May  1793, 
but  escaped,  and  wandered  poor,  wretched, 
and  destitute  in  the  department  of  Calvados, 
where  he  was  at  last  found  dead  by  the  side 
of  his  friend  Pethion.  Some  have  attributed 
his  death  to  assassination,  and  others  to  sui- 
cide. His  enemies,  the  Jacobins,  to  render 
him  more  odious,  called  him  king  Buzot. 

Byfield,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  War- 
wickshire, educated  at  Exeter  college,  Ox- 
ford. When  admitted  into  orders  he  settled 
at  Chester,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Isle- 
worth,  where  be  died,  UY22.  In  his  princi- 
ples he  was  a  strong  calviiiist  and  Sabbatarian, 
and  wrote  some  voluminous  tracts  on  divini- 
ty. His  son  Adoniram  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  parliament  in  the  civil  wars,  and  was  clerk 
of  the  assembly  of  divines  at  Westminster. 

Bynjeus,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
the  pupil  of  Grievius,  and  well  skilled  in  clas- 
sical and  historical  learning.  He  wrote  de 
calceis  Hebraeorum- — Christus  crucifixus — 
explicatio  historiae  evangelicse  de  nativ.  Chris- 
ti,  &c.  and  died  at  Deventer  169S,  aged  44. 

Byng,  George,  lord  Torrington,  was  born 
1C63,  and  at  the  early  age  of  13  engaged  in 
the  naval  service  of  his  country.  He  gradu- 
ally rose  by  merit,  and  in  1704,  with  the  rank 
of  rear  admiral  of  the  red,  he  greatly  contri- 
buted to  the  capture  of  Gibraltar,  under  sir 
Cloudesley  Shovel.  For  his  services  at  the 
battle  of  Malaga  he  was  knighted,  and  after 
bravely  protecting  the  borders  of  Scotland 
against  the  pretender,  and  maintaining  the 
honor  of  his  country  in  the  Baltic,  he  was  in 
1718  appointed  commander  in  chief  of  the 
fleet  in  the  Mediterranean,  where  he  bravely 
protected  the  coasts  of  Italy"  against  the  in- 
vasion of  the  Spanish  arms,  and  defeated 
some  of  their  formidable  armaments.  His 
merits  were  gratefully  acknowledged  by  the 
queen  of  Denmark,  and  by  the  emperor 
Charles  VI.  who  complimented  him  on  his 
valor,  and  presented  him  with  his  picture  set 
in  diamonds.  On  his  return  home  George  I. 
acknowledged,  in  the  handsomest  manner, 
the  length  and  value  of  his  services,  made 
him  treasurer  of  the  navy,  and  rear  admiral 
of  England,  and  raised  him  to  the  honors  of 
a  viscount,  and  in  1727  George  II.  made  him 
first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  a  place  which  he 
filled  with  honor  to  his  country  till  his  death, 
17th  Jan.  1733.  He  was  buried  at  Southhill, 
Bedfordshire. 

Byng,  John,  son  of  the  above,  served  in 
the  glorious  expeditions  of  his  father,  and  by 
his  merits,  as  well  as  the  influence  of  his  name, 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  admiral.  His  at- 
tempts to  relieve  Fori  St.  Philip  in  Minorca, 


when  blockaded  by  a  French  fleet  under  la  Ga~ 
lissoniere,  proved  abortive,  and  his  hesitation 
in  engaging  the  enemy,  when  a  bold  attack 
might  have  perhaps  gained  him  the  victory, 
drew  the  clamors  of  the  nation  against  him. 
The  ministry,  who  wished  to  avert  the  pub- 
lic odium  from  their  unsuccessful  measures, 
beheld  with  seeming  satisfaction  the  unpopu- 
larity of  the  admiral,  and  when  he  was  con- 
demned by  a  court-martial,  they  suffered  him, 
though  recommended  to  mercy,  to  be  sacri- 
ficed to  the  general  indignation,  and  he  was 
shot  at  Portsmouth  14th  March  1757,  meet- 
ing his  death  with  calm  resignation. 

BynkershoeK,  Cornelius  Van,  a  na- 
tive of  Middleburg,  who  studied  the  law  at 
Franeker,  and  became  president  of  the  coun- 
cil in  Holland,  and  law  professor  at  Leyden. 
He  is  author  of  observations  on  the  Roman 
laws — an  admired  treatise  on  the  right  of 
ambassadors — besides  other  valuable  works. 
He  died  1743,  aged  80. 

Byrge,  Justus,  an  ingenious  mathemati- 
cal instrument  maker  in  France.  The  in- 
vention of  logarithms,  and  of  the  compass 
of  proportion,  is  attributed  to  him,  but  cer- 
tainly on  very  indefensible  ground.  He  flor- 
ished  at  the  end  of  the  16th  century. 

Byrom,  John,  a  poet,  and  the  inventor 
of  a  system  of  short-hand  writing,  was  born 
at  Kersal  near  Manchester,  and  after  being 
educated  at  the  Charter-house,  he  entered 
at  Trinity-college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  a  fellow,  under  the  patronage  and 
friendship  of  Bentley.  His  talents  for  poetry 
were  displayed  while  in  the  university,  by 
the  publication  of  his  beautiful  pastoral  of  Co- 
lin to  Phoebe,  which  appeared  in  the  first 
volume  of  the  Spectator,  as  well  as  two  in- 
genious essays  on  dreams.  As  he  did  not 
take  orders  he  soon  lost  his  fellowship,  and 
with  it  the  comforts  of  independence.  He 
afterwards  went  to  Montpellier  for  the  re- 
covery of  his  health,  but  an  intimate  acquaint- 
ance with  the  writings  of  Malebranche,  Bou- 
rignon,  and  Behmen  shook  his  religious 
principles  and  made  him  imbibe  the  tenets  of 
wild  and  visionary  enthusiasm.  On  his  re- 
turn to  London  he  wished  to  apply  himself  to 
physic,  but  he  had  not  sufficient  resolution, 
and  the  sight  of  one  of  his  cousins  soon  en- 
gaged him  in  thoughts  towards  matrimonial 
happiness.  Though  he  was  successful  in  his 
appeals  to  the  lady,  her  obdurate  parents  re- 
fused  to  consent  to  a  union  with  an  indigent 
man,  and  abandoned  their  daughter  who  at 
last  had  given  her  hand  to  her  unfortunate 
lover.  Byrom's  little  property  was  soon  con- 
sumed, and  to  maintain  himself  he  began  to 
teach  at  Manchester  a  new  method  of  short- 
hand writing,  which  he  had  invented  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  he  afterwards  removed  to  Lon- 
don, accompanied  by  his  wife.  His  industry 
was  rewarded,  he  obtained  a  handsome  com- 
petence, and  regularly  spent  his  summers 
with  his  increasing  family  at  Manchester,  till 
the  death  of  his  elder  brother  without  issue, 
and  his  succession  to  his  estate,  restored  him 
to  his  long  wished  for  independence.  He  spent 
in  domestic  retirement  in  the  company  of  his 


BZ 


BZ 


worthy  wife,  the  remaining  years  of  his  life, 
in  writing  a  variety  of  pieces  of  poetrj ,  is  hieh 
he  composed  with  great  ease  and  fluency,  and 
which  very  injudiciously  he  employed  on  all 
suhjects,  either  religious  or  classical.  He  di- 
ed at  Manchester  28th  Sept.  1703,  aged  72, 
leaving  behind  him  the  character  of  an  inof- 
fensive man,  who,  to  considerable  learning 
and  poetical  genius,  united  mild  and  amiable 
manners.  His  pen  was  never  dipped  in  the 
gall  of  satire  or  ridicule.  He  was  made  fel- 
low of  the  royal  society  in  1724. 

Bytiinek,  Victorinus,  a  native  of  Poland, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  Hebrew.  He 
same  very  young  to  Oxford,  and  read  lec- 
tures in  Hebrew,  and  afterwards  removed  to 
Cambridge  and  then  into  Cornwall,  where  he 
began  to  practise  physic.  His  best  known 
work  is  Lyra  prophetica  Davidis  regis,  five 
analysis  criticopractica  psalmorum,  4to.  He 
died  1664. 

Bzovius,  Abraham,  a  learned  Polander, 
educated  first  at  Prosovitz,  and  afterwards  at 


Cracow.  He  visited  Italy,  and  gave  lectures 
Of  Philosophy  at  Milan,  and  of  divinity  at  Bo- 
logna, and  as  his  writings  tended  to 'support 
the  authorities  of  the  ecclesiastical  states,  he 
was  received  with  great  distinction  when  he 
was  introduced  to  the  pope,  and  lodged  in  the 
Vatican.  He  afterwards  left  this  residence, 
being  terrified  by  the  murder  of  one  of  his 
servants,  and  retired  to  the  convent  of  Min- 
erva, where  he  died  1 617  aged  70.  His  works 
are  represented  as  so  numerous  that  it  would 
require  some  pages  to  enumerate  them,  but 
the  chief  arc  the  Continuation  of  Baronius' 
annals  of  the  church,  in  9  vols.  fol.  from  the 
year  1118 — and  lives  of  the  popes,  3  vols. — 
He  was  of  the  Dominican  order,  and  was  for 
some  time  principal  of  a  college  of  Domin- 
icans at  Cracow  His  attack  on  the  emperor 
Lewis  of  Bavaria  was  severely  resented  by 
the  duke  of  that  house,  and  he  was  obliged 
not  onfy  to  retract,  but  to  submit  to  the  impu- 
tation of  a  malevolent,  feeble,  injudicious, 
and  illiberal  historian. 


CA 

CAB,  Ben  Zohair,  an  Arabian  poet,  who 
died  in  the  first  year  of  the  hegira.  He 
is  chiefly  known  as  the  opponent,  and  after- 
wai  ds  as  the  friend  of  Mahomet,  whom  he 
assisted  in  the  propagation  of  his  religion,  and 
in  the  composition  of  the  Koran. 

Cabades  oi'Cobad,  king  of  Persia  af- 
ter his  brother  Balasch,  was  deposed  for  his 
improper  conduct,  but  recovered  his  power, 
which  he  left,  altera  successful  war  with  the 
Romans,  to  his  son  Chosroes,  531. 

Cabasilas,  Nilus,  archbishop  of  Thes- 
salonica,  wrote  against  the  claims  of  the  bish- 
op of  Borne  to  universal  supremacy,  and  to 
infallibility.  He  wrote  also  an  exposition  of 
the  liturgy,  &c.  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
nephew  Nicholas,  in  the  14th  century. 

Cabassole,  Philip  dc,  chancellor  and 
chief  minister  of  the  queen  of  Sicily,  was 
made  a  cardinal  by  Urban  V.  He  died  1372, 
metropolitan  of  Constantinople,  and  author 
of  a  treatise  on  the  life  and  miracles  of  Mary 
Magdalen,  and  de  nugis  curialium.  He  cor- 
responded with  the  poet  Petrarch. 

Cabassut,  John,  professor  of  the  canon 
law  at  Avignon,  was  born  at  Aix,  and  died 
1685,  aged  81.  He  is  author  of  juris  canoni- 
ci  theoria  &  praxis,  fol.  1638 — notitia  exclesi- 
ast.  cousiliorum,  canonum  veterumque  ec- 
«les.  rituum,  1670,  in  fol. 

Cabel,  Adrian  Vander,  a  native  of  Rys- 
wiek,  eminent  as  a  painter  of  landscapes,  cat- 
tle, &c.     He  died  1695,  aged  64. 

Cabestan  or  Cabestaing.  William 
de,  a  provencal  poet  in  the  service  of  Trie-line 
Carbonal,  wife  of  Raymond  de  Scillans.  He 
gained  so  much  the  affection  of  his  mistress 
that  the  husband,  jealous  of  the  favor,  mur- 
dered him,  and  dressed  his  heart,  which  he 
placed  on  the  table  before  his  guilty  wife. — 
She  ate  of  the  horrid  food,  and  when  inform- 
ed of  it  died  of  grief  1213. 


CA 

Cabot,  Sebastian,  son  of  John  C  abot,  a 
Venetian,  was  born  at  Bristol  1467.  Under 
the  eye  of  his  father  he  learnt  mathematics 
and  cosmography,  and  by  accompanying  him 
in  several  voyages  he  became,  even  before  he 
was  20  years  old,  very  eminent  in  the  art  of 
navigation.  In  1497  he  was  engaged  with  his 
father  by  Henry  VII.  for  the  discovery  of  a 
north-west  passage  to  India,  and  after  touch- 
ing at  Prima  Vista  and  St.  John's  island  they 
sailed  as  far  as  Cape  Florida  before  their  re- 
turn home.  Succeeding  voyages  completed 
the  discoveries  thus  begun  ;  a  settlement  was 
made  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundland,  and 
Sebastian,  by  being  the  first  among  Europe- 
ans who  touched  the  new  continent,  estab- 
lished a  greater  claim  to  give  his  name  to 
those  unknown  regions  than  either  Ameri- 
cus  Vespucius  or  even  Columbus  himself. — 
The  next  exertions  of  Sebastian  were  under 
Henry  VIII.  to  penetrate  to  the  East  Indies 
by  the  south,  but  the  want  of  support  on  the 
part  of  sir  Thomas  Pert  vice-admiral  of 
England,  disappointed  Ids  hopes,  and  he  re- 
turned home  alter  penetrating  only  as  far 
as  the  Brasils  and  visiting  Hispaniola  and 
Porto  Rico.  In  1524  Cabot  was  employed 
by  the  king  of  Spain,  and  in  the  character 
of  chief  pilot  of  Spain  to  sail  to  the  Moluc- 
cas by  the  straits  of  Magellan,  but  the  mu- 
tinous spirit  of  his  crew  checked  his  pro- 
gress, and  he  stopped  at  Paraguay,  from 
whence,  after  five  years'  residence,  he  re- 
turned to  Europe,  and  though  be  exhibited 
the  most  flattering  proofs  of  the  fertility  and 
opulence  of  the  countries  he  had  visited,  he 
was  treated  with  coldness  by  the  court  and 
by  the  mercantile  companies,  whose  avari- 
cious hope  he  had  in  vain  endeavored  to  re- 
alize. Disgusted  with  the  ingratitude  of  the 
Spaniards,    Cabot  returned  and  settled  at 


CA 


CvE 


Bristol,  where  his  great  merits  soon  recom- 
mended him  to  Edward  VI.  and  Somerset 
the  protector,  and  from  his  experience  and 
great  knowledge  he  was  now  consulted  as  an 
oracle  on  commercial  affairs,  and  with  a  lib- 
eral pension  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
the  company  of  the  merchant  adventurers. 
In  1552  he  planned  a  voyage  for  the  discove- 
ry of  the  northern  parts  of  the  world,  and 
to  him  therefore  England  owes  her  first 
mercantile  connection  with  Russia,  by  the 
establishment  of  the  Russia  company,  of 
■which  (Jabot  was  honorably  appointed  gov- 
ernor for  life  by  the  charter  of  Philip  and 
Mary.  After  a  very  active  and  most  useful 
life,  this  worthy  and  patriotic  man  died  aged 
about  70.  It  is  remarked  of  him,  that  he 
first  observed  the  variation  of  the  needle. 
His  directions  with  respect  to  an  intended 
Toyage  to  Cathay  are  found  in  Hakluyt's 
voyages.  He  published  a  map  of  the  World, 
hesides  an  account  of  his  voyages  in  the 
southern  parts  of  the  world,  printed  Venice 
1583,  folio. 

Cabot,  Vincent,  author  of  "  les  politi- 
ques,"  a  work  in  four  vols,  dedicated  to 
Richelieu,  and  finished  by  Capistron  the 
poet  and  his  executor,  was  a  learned  civi- 
lian of  Toulouse  in  the  16th  century. 

Cabral,  or  Cabrera,  Pedro  Alvares, 
a  Portuguese,  sent  in  1500  by  king  Emanu- 
el with  a  fleet  to  the  East  Indies.  A  storm 
drove  him  on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  where  he 
called  the  place  where  he  landed  Santa 
Cruz,  and  he  afterwards  reached  his  destina- 
tion, and  compelled  the  chief  of  Calicut  to 
submit  to  his  arms.  He  returned  to  Europe 
in  1501,  loaded  with  the  treasures  and  curi- 
osities of  the  cast.  An  account  of  his  voy- 
age was  published  in  a  collection  by  Kama- 
sio,  Venice. 

Cadalous,  a  bishop  of  Parma,  made 
pope  under  the  title  of  Honorius  II.  He 
was  deposed  by  the  council  of  Mantua,  and 
died  some  sime  after,  1064. 

Cadamosto,  Lewis,  a  famous  Venetian 
navigator,  born  1422.  He  was  engaged  in 
the  service  of  Henry  of  Portugal,  and  in 
1455  he  proceeded  to  Madeira,  and  visited 
the  Canaries  and  the  coast  of  Africa  as  far 
as  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  prosecuted  his  discoveries  as  far 
as  the  river  St.  Dominic,  and  on  his  return 
to  Portugal  he  was  received  with  great  hon- 
or, and  during  his  residence  at  Lagos  treat- 
ed with  every  mark  of  respect  and  gratitude 
by  the  inhabitants.  He  returned  to  Venice, 
where  he  died  1464,  and  an  account  of  his 
voyages  was  afterwards  published  and  trans- 
lated into  French  by  Redoner  in  the  16th 
century. 

Cadmus,  the  founder  of  Thebes,  came 
to  Europe  about  1493  15.  C.  and  introduced 
the  knowledge  and  the   use  of  the  alphabet 

Cadmus,  a  Milesian,  the  author  of  an 
history  of  Ionia.  Another,  who  wrote  an 
history  of  Athens. 

Cadog,  son  ofBrychan,  was  founder  of 
seme  churches  in  Wales  in  the  fifth  centu- 
ry, and  died  in  Fiance. 


Cadog,  a  bard  of  the  sixth  century  cal- 
led the  wise.  He  first  collected  British  pro- 
verbs together. 

Cadogan,  William  Bromley,  second 
son  of  lord  Cadogan  by  Frances  daughter  of 
lord  Montfort.  From  Westminster,  where 
his  abilities  were  rewarded  with  several 
prizes,  he  went  to  Christ  church,  Oxford, 
and  afterwards  was  presented  to  the  livings 
of  St.  Giles'  Reading,  and  St.  Luke's  Chel- 
sea. In  the  discharge  of  his  religious  and 
ecclesiastical  duties,  lie  was  indefatigably 
zealous  and  ardent,  and  inclined  strongly  to 
the  tenets  of  the  methodists,  though  he  re- 
tained the  forms  of  the  church  of  England. 
Some  of  his  sermons  have  been  published. 
He  died  18th  January  1T97,  aged  46,  and 
his  parishioners  at  ^Reading,  in  respect  to 
his  memory^  all  put  on  mourning. 

Cadwaladyr,  king  of  Britain  in  660, 
had  the  misfortune  to  see  his  kingdom  over- 
run by  the  Saxons,  and  its  independence 
destroyed.  He  died  at  Rome  703,  and  was 
the  last  king  of  the  Britons.  He  is  called 
one  of  the  three  blessed  kings,  for  his  be- 
nevolence in  the  relief  of  the  christians. 

Cadwaladyr  Cesail,  a  Welch  bard 
of  some  merit  in  the  16th  century,  whose 
works  are  still  preserved  in  MS. — There 
was  also  another  of  the  same  name  and  in 
the  same  age. 

Cadwajllon,  son  of  Cad  wan,  was  prince 
of  North  Wales,  and  fled  to  Ireland,  on  be- 
ing defeated  by  Edwin  of  England  620. 
On  his  return  he  took  the  name  of  king, 
and  was  engaged  in  perpetual  war  with  the 
Saxons.  His  memory  has  been  highly  hon- 
ored by  the  bards,  whom  he  patronised. 

Cadwgan,  a  prince  of  South  Wales. 
The  ill  conduct  of  his  son  Owen  in  carry- 
ing away  Nest  the  wife  of  Gerald,  proved 
the  ruin  of  his  family.  He  fled  to  Ireland, 
but  on  his  return  was  assassinated  by  his 
nephew  1110. 

Cjecilianus,  bishop  of  Carthage  311, 
was  expelled  from  his  office  by  a  council  of 
Numidia,  which  declared  his  election  void. 

C.-ecilius  St  at  i  us,  a  comic  poet  in  the 
age  of  Ennius. 

Calius,  Aurelianus,  an  African  physi- 
cian, whose  age  is  unknown.  His  works  are 
extant. 

Cvesar,  C.  Jul.  a  Roman  general,  famous 
for  his  learning,  his  intrigues,  his  ambition, 
his  valor,  his  military  successes,  and  his  tra- 
gical death.  He  conquered  Gaul,  and  was 
the  first  Roman  who  invaded  Britain,  which 
he  twice  reduced  to  apparent  submission. 
His  arms  were  equally  successful  in  Africa, 
in  Egypt,  and  in  Asia,  and  divided  the 
world  with  two  other  triumvirs,  after  whose 
death  he  grasped  at  the  sovereign  power  of 
Rome  under  the  title  of  emperor.  His  am- 
bitious views  were  defeated  by  the  jealousy 
of  his  enemies  as  well  as  of  his  friends,  and 
he  was  stabbed  in  the  senate-house  B.  C.  43, 
in  the  56th  year  of  his  age. 

CjESar,  Julius,  a  learned  civilian,  born 
at  Tottenham  1557,  and  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen hall,  Oxford.    He  took  the  degree  of 


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doctor  of  the  civil  law  at  Paris  1 581,  and  four 
years  after  became  doctor  of  the  canon  law 
at  Oxford.  He  was  master  of  the  court  of 
requests  under  Elizabeth,  judge  of  the  ad- 
miralty, and  master  of  St.  Catherine's  near 
the  Tower,  and  under  James  I.  he  was 
knighted,  and  unpointed  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  an  office  which  he  resigned  on 
succeeding  to  the  mastership  of  the  rolls 
1614.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learning  and 
integrity,  charitable  and  benevolent.  He 
died  28th  April  1036,  and  was  buried  in 
Great  St.  Helen's  church,  Bishopsgate,  Lon- 
don. His  manuscripts,  which  were  very 
valuable,  were  sold  by  Patterson  the  auc- 
tioneer in  1757,  for  more  than  300/.  and  they 
now  adorn  the  marquis  of  Landsdown's  li- 
brary. 

C/esaralpinus,  Andreas,  a  philoso- 
pher of  Arezzo,  physician  to  pope  Clement 
VIII.  He  was  a  man  of  great  erudition,  and 
from  some  passages  in  his  writings  it  has 
been  conjectured  that  he  was  acquainted  with' 
the  circulation  of  the  blood.  He  was  also 
well  skilled  in  botany,  but  the  regular  dis- 
tribution which  he  makes  of  plants  was  not 
adopted  till  100  years  after,  by  Kobcvt  Mor- 
ison,  professor  of  botany  at  Oxford.  He 
published  a  treatise  de  plantis,  &  quxstiones 
peiipateticse,  and  died  at  Rome  23d  Febru- 
ary 1603,  aged  54. 

Caffa,  Melchior,  a  native  of  Malta, 
whose  abilities  in  sculpture  were  usefully 
employed  in  adorning  the  churches  of  Rome 
and  Italy.  He  was  compared  for  excellence 
and  genius  to  Bernini.  He  died  at  Rome 
1687,  aged  56. 

Caffa.reij-1  du  Falga,  N.  a  French 
officer  employed  in  the  armies  of  the  Rhine 
in  1792,  and  afterwards  in  Italy  and  in 
Egypt.  He  died  1801,  much  respected  for 
his  merit  and  courage. 

Caffiaux,  D.  Joseph,  a  native  of  Va- 
lenciennes, who  died  at  St.  German  des  prcs 
1777,  aged  65.  He  was  a  Benedictine  of  the 
congregation  of  St.  Maur,  and  wrote  an  es- 
say towards  an  history  of  music  4to. — the 
history  of  Picardy,  with  the  assistance  of 
Gamier — and  the  genealogical  treasure,  a 
valuable  and  interesting  work. 

Caffieri,  Philip,  a  sculptor  of  Rome, 
born  1634,  invited  to  France  by  Mazarine, 
and  made  by  Colbert  inspector  of  the  ma- 
rine at  Dunkirk.  His  son  James  was  equal- 
ly eminent.  His  busts  in  bronze  were  much 
admired.  He  died  1755,  and  his  son  John 
.lames  followed  his  profession  with  equal  suc- 
cess. 

Cagliari,  Paul,  a  native  of  Verona, 
son  of  a  sculptor,  better  known  by  the  name 
of  Paul  Vcrouese.  He  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  painter  ;  and  for  his  admirable  exe- 
cution, and  the  majesty  of  his  compositions, 
he  was  generally  called  by  the  Italians  "  the 
happy  painter."  His  first  pieces  were  drawn 
at  Mantua,  but  after  adorning  many  of  the 
cities  of  Italy  with  (he  fine  executions  of  his 
pencil,  he  settled  at  Venice,  where  he  en- 
tertained greater  hopes  of  celebrity.  In  his 
conduct  Paul  Veronese  was  respectable,  he 
VOL.    I.  j.r> 


not  Only  recommended  himself  to  the  good 
opinion  of  his  countrymen  and  competitors, 
but  received  the  most  flattering  compli- 
ments from  several  crowned  heads,  who  ur* 
gently  invited  him  to  settle  in  their  domin- 
!  ions,  a  distinction  which  he  rejected  with  all 
!  the  firmness  of  a  man  attached  to  his  coun- 
try, and  eager  to  promote  her  glory  and  her 
fame.  Paul  died  of  a  fever  at  Venice  in 
1588,  aged  56,  and  had  a  tomb  and  brazen 
statue  erected  to  his  honor  in  the  church  of 
St.  Sebastian.  His  two  sons,  Gabriel  and 
Charles,  were  likewise  painters,  and  to  the 
genius  of  their  father  joined  an  unusual  de- 
gree of  fraternal  affection.  Charles  died 
1596,  when  26  years  old,  and  Gabriel  fell 
a  victim  to  the  plague  1631,  aged  63.  Paul 
had  also  a  brother  Benedict,  eminent  as  a 
sculptor  and  painter.  He  assisted  his  ne- 
phews in  completing  their  father's  unfinished 
pictures,  and  as  his  style  resembled  that  of 
his  brother,  the  pieces  of  Benedict,  often 
pass  for  the  more  celebrated  compositions  of 
Paul.  Benedict  more  frequently  practised 
in  fresco,  and  chiaro-obscuro,  and  to  the 
merits  of  a  painter  he  added  the  learning 
and  genius  of  a  poet  and  satirist.  He  died 
1598,  aged  66. 

Cagliostro,  Count  Alexander,  anim- 
postor  of  some  celebrity,  born  at  Palermo 
eighth  of  June  1743.  His  real  name  was 
Joseph  Balsamo.  He  was  of  mean  parentage, 
and  the  early  death  of  his  father  devolved  the 
care  of  Ids  infant  years  to  his  mother's  rela- 
tions, by  whom  he  was  placed  at  the  semina- 
ry at  St.  Roche  in  his  native  town.  At  the 
age  of  13  he  became  a  novice  to  the  friars  of 
mercy  at  Cartagirone,  where  his  many  irre- 
gularities and  a  constant  disposition  to  mis- 
chief exposed  him  so  much  to  severe  chas- 
tisement that  he  threw  off  the  cowl.  A  se- 
ries of  frauds,  of  impostures,  of  villany,  and 
it  is  even  said  of  murder,  obliged  him  at  last 
to  fly  from  Palermo,  and  after  practising 
some  of  his  stratagems  at  Rome  and  Messina, 
we  find  him  visiting  the  islands  of  the  Archi- 
pelago and  Alexandria,  and  afterwards  ex- 
hibiting his  artful  impostures  in  almost  every 
city  of  Europe.  He  was  at  last  arrested  for 
some  enormities  at  Rome,  and  died  in  the 
castle  of  St.  Angelo  the  latter  part  of  the 
year  1794.  A  compendium  of  his  life  from 
the  documents  produced  against  him  has  been 
published  by  the  apostolical  «hamber  at 
Rome,  and  contains  a  curious  account  of  a 
man  who,  by  a  versatile  genius,  a  superficial 
knowledge  of  philosophy  and  chemistry,  and 
a  pretended  intercourse  m  ith  supernatural 
agents,  imposed  upon  the  credulity  not  only 
of  the  vulgar,  but  of  the  great,  the  learned 
and  opulent,  and  acquired  to  himself  celebri- 
ty and  an  independent  fortune. 

Cagnaci,  called  Gaulassi  from  his  de- 
formity, was  an  Italian  painter  of  the  18th 
century,  disciple  to  Guido,  He  died  at  Vi- 
enna, aged  80. 

Cagnati,  Marsilio,  a  physician  of  Ve- 
rona, who  studied  at  Padua,  and  settled  at 
Rome,  under  the  patronage  of  Clement 
VIII.  and  Pa«l  V.  as  professor  of  philosophy 


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and  medicine.  He  wrote  variarum  observa- 
tionum,  Svo. — de  sanitate  tuenda,  4to. — de 
aeris  Rom  an  i  salubritate,  &c.  4to. — opuscula 
varia,  4to.  1603. 

Cahaoxes,  James,  professor  of  medicine 
at  Caen,  died  1612,  aged  64.  He  wrote 
Latin  treatises  on  fevers,  and  on  the  disor- 
ders of  the  head,  1618 — besides  centurie  des 
eloges  des  hommes  celebres  de  Caen,  1609, 
Svo. 

Cahusac,  Lewis  de,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Montauban,  where  he  resided  for 
some  time  as  secretary  of  the  intendance. 
On  publishing  his  tragedy  of  Pharamond,  a 
piece  which  though  offensive  against  histo- 
rical truth  had  great  success,  he  came  to 
Paris,  and  became  secretary  to  count  de 
Clermont,  whom  he  accompanied  in  the 
campaigns  of  1743.  He  wrote  some  roman- 
ces, besides  several  operas,  which  were  re- 
ceived with  great  applause.  The  poet,  who 
possessed  abilities,  was  in  his  manners  arro- 
gant, and  so  tender  of  his  reputation,  that  it 
is  said  his  sensibility  turned  his  head.  He 
died  at  Paris  June  1759. 

Caiaphas,  the  high  priest  of  the  Jews, 
before  whom  our  Saviour  was  carried,  and 
by  whom  he  was  condemned.  He  destroyed 
himseif  when  dismissed  from  his  office  by  Vi- 
tellius. 

Caiet,  Peter  "Victor  Palma,  a  native  of 
Montrichard  in  Touraine,  who  from  a  cal- 
vinist  became  a  catholic,  and  died  1610,  aged 
85,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  and  Hebrew  pro- 
fessor in  the  royal  college.  He  was  so  re- 
spected for  his  learning,  that  he  was  highly 
favored  by  Catharine  of  Bourbon,  and  Henry 
IV.  admitted  him  to  court,  notwithstanding 
the  slovenly  appearance  of  his  dress.  He 
was  for  some  time  foolishly  employed,  as  many 
of  the  learned  men  of  the  times,  in  searching 
for  the  philosopher's  stone,  and  he  was  se- 
verely attacked  by  the  calvinists,  whose  ten- 
ets he  had  abjured.  Most  of  his  works  are 
controversial,  but  his  chronologic  septennaire 
in  8vo.  from  the  peace  of  Vervins  1598  to 
1604,  and  his  chronologie  novennaire,  from 
1589  to  1598,  in  three  vols,  are  valuable  and 
interesting  compositions. 

Caietan,  a  cardinal,  born  atCaietain 
the  kingdom  of  Naples,  1469.  His  proper 
name  VJis  Thomas  de  Vio.  He  was  of  the 
order  of  the  Dominicans,  and  displayed  his 
great  'alents  as  professor  of  philosophy  and 
divinity  at  Paris  and  Rome,  till  his  book  in 
suppoit>f  the  power  of  the  pope,  raised  him 
to  the  rank  of  cardinal  and  to  the  archiepis- 
copal  see  of  Palermo.  He  was  employed  by 
the  pope  in  several  important  negotiations, 
but  especially  in  opposing  the  doctrines  of 
Luther,  which  he  found  it  impossible  either  to 
kilence  or  check.  He  died  1534,  aged  65.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  learning  as  a  logician,  and 
philosopher  and  divine.  Besides  some  com- 
mentaries on  Aristotle's  philosophy,  and 
Thomas  Aquinas'  theology,  he  published  a 
literal  translation  of  the  greatest  part,  of  the 
books  of  the  old  and  new  testaments,  which 
his  death  prevented  him  from  completing. 
He  bas  beeu  attacked  by  cardinal  Pallaricini 


for  his  translation,  but  he  has  been  ably  de- 
fended by  father  Simon. 

Caietan,  Constantine,  a  Benedictine, 
who  died  at  Rome,  17th  Sep.  1650,  aged  85. 
He  edited  the  works  of  Peter  Darien,  four 
vols,  fol.— and  wrote  some  treatises  to  prove 
"  the  imitations  of  Jesus  Christ,"  to  have 
been  written  by  a  Benedictine,  Sec. 

Cailler,  Nicholas  Lewis  de  la,  a  French 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  born  at  Ru- 
migny,  1714,  and  educated  at  the  college  of 
Lisieux  at  Paris.  He  became  the  friend  and 
disciple  of  Cassini,  and  with  de  Thury  pro- 
jected the  meridian  line,  which  extended  from 
the  observatory  to  the  extremities  of  France. 
In  1739  he  was  named  professor  of  mathemat- 
ics of  the  college  of  Mazarine,  and  for  his 
great  knowledge  was  elected  honorary  mem- 
ber of  most  of  the  learned  academies  of  Eu- 
rope. In  1750  he  went  under  the  royal  pat- 
ronage to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  to  see  the 
stars  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  of  10,000 
of  which  in  the  course  of  two  years  he  deter- 
mined the  exact  position.  The  whole  of  his 
time  was  usefully  employed  in  the  service  of 
astronomy,  mathematics,  and  navigation,  but 
unfortunately  a  malignant  fever  terminated 
his  labors  in  1762,  in  his  48  th  )'ear.  He  pos- 
sesses the  great  character  of  clearness,  ac- 
curacy, and  precision.  His  works  contain 
several  volumes  in  4to.  and  8vo.  besides  de- 
tached papers  in  the  collection  of  the  academy. 

Cain,  the  eldest  son  of  Adam,  devoted 
himself  to  agriculture,  but  finding  the  obla- 
tions of  his  brother  Abel  more  propitiously 
received  than  his  own,  he  slew  him  in  the 
year  130  after  the  creation.  He  was  cursed 
for  his  cruelty,  and  wandered  towards  the 
east  of  Eden,  and  built  a  city,  to  which  he 
gave  the  name  of  his  son  Enoch.  According 
to  Jewish  traditions  he  was  killed  by  Lamech. 
In  the  second  century  there  arose  a  sect  of 
Cainites  or  Gnostics,  who  paid  particular  re- 
spect to  Cain's  memory. 

Cairo,  Francisco,  a  painter  of  Milan, 
born  1598,  who  studied  at  Rome  and  Venice. 
Amadeus  of  Savoy  knighted  him,  and  great- 
ly patronised  him.  His  pictures  are  on  reli- 
gious subjects,  and  are  considered  as  of  supe- 
rior excellence. 

Caius  oi-Kayes,  Dr.  John,  a  physician 
born  at  Norwich,  6th  October,  1510,  edu- 
cated at  Norwich-school  and  Gonvil-hall, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow, 
1533.  To  improve  himself  he  visited  France, 
Flanders,  and  Germany,  and  after  studying  at 
Padua  under  Montanus,  he  took  his  degree 
of  M.  D.  1541,  and  three  years  after  return- 
ed to  England.  His  great  knowledge  of  medi- 
cine rendered  him  popular,  he  became  phy- 
sician to  Edward  VI.  and  to  his  two  sisters,  till 
a  suspicion  of  favoring  the  catholics  discarded 
him  from  royal  patronage,  1568.  He  died  at 
Cambridge,  1573,  and  by  the  munificent  do- 
nation of  some  estates,  he  erected  his  hall  into 
a  college,  now  called  Gonvil  and  Caius  col- 
lege. His  monument  is  in  the  chapel  with 
these  two  words,  "  Fui  Caius."  He  wrote 
the  history  of  Cambridge,  and  some  other 
learned  works. 


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Caius,  John,  a  poet  laureal  to  Edward 
IV.  He  travelled  into  Italy,  and  translated 
the  history  of  the  siege  of  Rhodes. 

Caius,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Lincolnshire, 
educated  at  All-souls,  Oxford,  of  which  he 
became  fellow.  He  was  afterwards  prebenda- 
ry of  Sarum,  and  master  of  University  col- 
lege, where  he  died  May  1572.  He  was  a 
man,  as  Anthony  Wood  says,  eminent  in  the 
knowledge  of  the  learned  languages,  in  po- 
etry, and  all  kinds  of  worth.  At  the  request 
of  Catherine  Parr,  he  translated  Erasmus' 
paraphrase  on  St.  Mark,  and  published  also 
•a  book  on  the  antiquity  of  the  university  of 
Oxford  to  whichCaius  of  Cambridge  replied — 
besides  a  translation  of  Aristotle's  de  mirabi- 
libus  muudi — Euripides'  tragedies,  he. 

Caius,  a  Roman  saint,  made  bishop  of 
Rome  283.  He  is  said  to  have  been  related 
to  the  emperor  Dioclesiau,  and  to  have  died 
S>96. 

Calaber,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  author 
of  the  paralipomena,  or  supplement  to  Ho- 
mer's Iliad. 

CalAbrois,  Matthias  Preti,  a  painter  of 
Calabria,  the  pupil  of  Lanfrane.  His  works 
are  preserved  at  Modena,  Naples,  and  Malta. 
He  died  1699  at  Malta. 

Calamy,  Edmund,  a presbyterian divine, 
born  at  London  February  1600,  and  educated 
at  Pembroke-hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  fail- 
ed obtaining  a  fellowship  on  account  of  his  at- 
tachment to  anti-arminiauism.  Dr.  Felton, 
bishop  of  Ely,  made  him  one  of  his  chaplains, 
and  gave  him  the  vicarage  of  St.  Mary's, 
Swaffham-prk>r,  Cambridgeshire,  which  he 
resigned  on  being  appointed  lecturer  of  Bury, 
Suffolk,  where  he  continued  ten  years. 
Though  here  he  conformed  to  the  church  of 
England,  he  soon  embraced  the  popular  par- 
ty, and  was  engaged  in  the  publication  of  the 
famous  treatise  against  episcopacy,  called 
Smectymnuus,  from  tbe  initials  of  the  five 
persons  engaged  in  the  work,  Stephen 
Marshal,  Edward  Calamy,  Thomas  Young, 
Matthew  Newcomen,  and  William  Spurstow. 
He  was  an  active  member  of  the  assembly  of 
divines,  and  in  his  sermons  before  the  parlia- 
ment, and  the  citizens  of  London,  he  dis- 
played the  character  of  an  eloquent  preacher 
and  a  zealous  partisan.  He  however  resisted 
the  usurpation  of  Cromwell,  and  promoted 
the  restoration  of  Charles  11.  with  such  ear- 
nestness and  loyalty,  that  he  was  offered  the 
bishopric  of  Licbfield,  which  he  strenuously 
declined.  He  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
•at  the  conference  at  the  Savoy,  and  was  soon 
after  ejected  from  his  living  of  St.  Mary 
Aldermanbury  for  nonconformity,  though 
the  king  seemed  to  interest  himself  in  his 
favor.  An  occasional  sermon  in  his  late 
parish  church,  in  the  absence  of  the  then 
vicar,  in  1662,  so  offended  his  hearers,  that 
lie  was  sent  to  Newgate  by  the  lord  mayor, 
but  in  a  few  days  discharged  by  the  king. 
The  sight  of  the  conflagration  of  London  is 
said  to  have  broke  his  heart.  He  died  29th 
October  1666.  He  was  twice  married.  By 
his  first  wife  he  had  a  son  and  daughter,  and 
by  the  second   seven  children.    He  was  a 


man  of  a  bold  undaunted  spirit,  who  posses- 
sed all  the  bluutuess  and  puritanical  pride  of 
the  times.  He  published  some  single  ser- 
mons, besides  controversial  treatises. 

Calamy,  Benjamin,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding by  his  second  wife,  from  St.  Paul's 
school  entered  at  Catharine-hall,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  became  fellow  and  tutor.  He 
was  made  minister  of  St.  Mary  Alderman- 
bury in  1677,  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  three 
years  after  took  his  degree  of  D.  D.  In  lfiS.1) 
he  published  a  sermon  which  he  had  preach- 
ed in  his  parish  church,  for  which  he  was 
severely  attacked  by  Delaune,  a  warm  non- 
conformist, whom,  for  his  virulence,  govern- 
ment seized  and  sent  to  Newgate.  Dr.  Ca- 
lamy interfered  with  Jeffries  the  chancellor 
for  the  unhappy  libeller;  hut  all  applications 
were  unavailing,  and  Delaune,  fined  a  sum 
which  he  could  not  discharge,  died  a  victim, 
to  the  oppressive  measures  of  the  time3,  and 
his  wife  and  children  shared  the  same  fate  in 
the  same  confinement.  After  the  resigna- 
tion of  St.  Mary  Aldermanbury,  Dr.  Calamy 
succeeded  to  other  more  valuable  livings, 
and  the  prebend  of  Harleston,  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  St.  Paul ;  but  his  happiness  was  in- 
terrupted by  the  severe  sufferings  of  his 
friend  alderman  Cornish,  who  was  tried  and 
executed  for  high  treason.  The  repeated 
applications  of  friendship  for  mere}',  could 
not  influence  the  inexorable  Jeffries;  and 
the  execution  of  Cornish,  it  is  said,  broke 
the  heart  of  his  surviving  friend,  who  died  in 
January  1686.  His  funeral  sermon  was 
preached  by  Dr.  William  Sherlock,  after- 
wards dean  of  St.  Paul's.  He  published 
seven  sermons  in  his  lifetime,  and  thirteen 
more  were  given  to  the  world  after  his  death. 
Calamy,  Edmund,  an  eminent  divine 
among  the  non-conformists.  He  was  grandson 
to  Edmund  Calamy,  by  his  son  Edmund, 
and  was  born  5lh  April  1671.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Merchant-taylor's,  where  an  inti- 
mate friendship  was  begun  with  Dawes,  af- 
terwards archbishop  of  York,  and  Boulter, 
primate  of  Ireland  ;  and  after  studying  logic 
and  philosophical  knowledge  under  Mr. 
Craddockat  Wickam-brook,  Suffolk,  he  pas- 
sed over  to  Utrecht.  Here  he  devoted  him- 
self with  unusual  application  to  the  study  of 
civil  law  and  philosophy,  and  acquired  such 
a  character  for  abilities  that  a  professor's 
chair  at  Edinburgh  was  offered  to  him.  On 
his  return  to  England,  he  brought  letters  of 
recommendation  to  Drs.  Pocock  and  Ber- 
nard, two  celebrated  scholars  of  Oxford,  by 
whose  influence  he  was  permitted  admittance 
to  the  valuable  treasures  of  the  Bodleian  libra- 
ry. His  studies  were  now  directed  to  divinity, 
and  as  he  inclined  to  the  non-conformists,  he 
soon  became  an  active  minister  in  the  meet- 
ing-houses of  London,  and  succeeded,  in 
1703,  Vincent  Alsop  at  Westminster.  He 
abridged  Baxter's  history  of  his  life  and 
times,  and  afterwards,  in  future  editions, 
continued  the  work  by  a  copious  account  of 
such  ministers  as  were  ejected  for  their  re- 
ligious opinions  after  the  restoration  to  tha 
time  of  queen  Anne.    The  book  was  attack- 


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eil  by  Hoadly,  afterwards  bishop  of  Winches- 
ter, and  a  controversy  between  the  two  op- 
ponents, which  continued  for  some  time,  ami 
produced  on  both  sides  replies  full  of  much 
learning,  not  however  without  the  bitterness 
of  party  zeal.  In  1709,  Calamy  was  honor- 
ed, on  his  visit  to  Scotland,  with  the  degree 
ofD.  D.  by  the  three  universities  of  Edin- 
burgh, Glasgow,  and  Aberdeen.  He  pub- 
lished, in  1718,  a  vindication  of  his  grand- 
father and  others  against  the  reflections  of 
Echard  in  his  history  of  England.  Calamy 
died  3d  June  1732.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
erudition,  remarkable  for  the  candor  and 
benevolence  of  bis  disposition,  and  the  mod- 
eration of  his  religious  opinions.  Besides  the 
persons  mentioned,  he  was  intimate  with 
Henry  Dodwell,  the  earl  of  Sunderland,  and 
Trimnell,  bishop  of  Winchester.  His  writ- 
ings were  mostly  controversial,  besides  2 
vols,  of  sermons,  and  4  of  Baxter's  history. 
He  was  twice  married,  and  was  the  father  of 
thirteen  children. 

Calandrucci,  Giacintho,  a  painter  at 
Rome,  pupil  to  Carlo  Maratti.  Many  of  his 
pieces  adorned  the  churches  of  Rome.  He 
died  1707. 

Calanus,  an  Indian  brahmin,  who  burn- 
ed himself  in  the  presence  of  Alexander  and 
his  array,  who  were  astonished  at  his  reso- 
lution and  composure,  B.  C.  325. 

Calas,  John,  an  unfortunate  merchant 
of  Toulouse,  of  the  prostestant  religion. 
When  his  son,  Mark  Anthony,  who  had  em- 
braced the  tenets  of  the  catholics,  had,  in  a 
moment  of  gloomy  melancholy,  committed 
suicide,  the  father  was  seized  by  the  suspi- 
cious government  as  guilty  of  the  murder. 
No  proof  could  be  brought  against  him,  but 
the  jealousy  entertained  against  his  religion  ; 
and  though  the  improbability  of  a  father,  an 
old  man  of  the  age  of  65,  murdering  bis  own 
son,  a  robust  young  man  aged  29,  and  in  a 
house  where  his  family  were  then  resident, 
was  self-evident,  yet  he  was  condemned,  and 
broke  on  the  wheel,  9th  March  1762.  This 
treatment  was  reported  to  the  French  king 
by  the  agonizing  widow  and  her  family  ;  but 
the  wishes  of  the  monarch  were  frustrated  by 
tils'  jealousy  of  ministers,  who  thought  that 
they  granted  too  much  to  the  protestants  if 
they  allowed  the  re,visal  of  the  bloody  sen- 
tence of  the  tribunal  of  Toulouse.  His  wid- 
ow died  in  179'i,  aged  94.  His  son  Lewis 
practised  for  some  time  in  London  as  sur- 
geon, and  returned  to  France  1793. 

Calasio,  Marius,  a  Franciscan  at  Rome, 
professor  of  Hebrew,  tic  published  a  valua- 
ble concordance  of  the  Hebrew  bible,  in  4 
large  vols,  in  fol.  1621.  It  was  republished  in 
London  iu  4  vols  1747,  by  Romaine,  Mores, 
and  Lutzena,  but  with  no  great  degree  of  ac- 
curacy 

i  a  i.  cagnini,  Celio,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
empii  cd  by  the  emperor  in  embassies  as  well 
as  in  military  affairs.  He  died  at  Ferrara,  pro- 
fessor i>f  belles  lettres,  1540,  aged  61.  He  was 
eminent  for  his  erudition  and  classic:;!  know- 
ledge ;  and  it  is  said  that  he  supported  the 
rotation  of  the  earth  before  Copernicus  pub- 
lished his  Itimous  system. 


Calcah,  John  de,  was  born  in  the  duchy 
ofCleves,  and  died  young,  at  Naples,  1546. 
He  was  very  eminent  as  a  painter,  and  took 
for  his  models  the  finished  pieces  of  his  mas- 
ter Titian,  aud  of  Raphael.  His  nativity  was 
so  admired  by  Rubens,  that  he  never  would 
part  with  it.  To  Calcar  we  owe  the  anatom- 
ical figures  of  the  book  of  Vesal,  and  the 
portraits  of  painters. 

Calderini,  Uomizzio,  a  native  of  To- 
ris,  in  the  Veronese  territory.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres  at  Rome,  where  he 
died  1478,  aged  32,  and  so  sincerely  regretted 
that  his  scholars  attended  his  funeral  in  deep 
mourning.  He  published  a  translation  of 
Pausanias' two  first  books  into  Latin,  besides 
some  commentaries  on  the  Latin  poets,  and 
some  original  poetry. 

Calderoni  de  la  Barca,  don  Pe- 
dro, a  Spanish  poet,  who  from  a  soldier  be- 
came an  ecclesiastic,  and  canon  of  Toledo. 
His  dramatical  pieces  were  published,  9  vols. 
4to  1689,  Madrid.  They  possess  all  the  ex- 
travagances of  Shakspeare's  muse,  with  oc- 
casionally sublime  and  pathetic  passages,  but 
all  throughout  devoid  of  correctness  and  reg- 
ularity.    He  florished  1640. 

Calberwood,  David,  a  Scotch  divine. 
He  applied  himself  with  uncommon  dili- 
gence to  the  study  of  divinity  and  of  the  writ- 
ings of  the  fathers,  and  became  an  active, 
zealous,  and  determined  oppuser  of  episco- 
pacy in  Scotland.  He  was  minister  of  Crel- 
ling,  near  Jedburgh,  in  1604  ;  but  his  violent 
resistance  to  the  attempt  of  James  I  to  unite 
the  churches  of  England  and  Scotland  drew 
down  upon  him  the  suspicions  of  the  court  ; 
and  when  he  headed  a  party,  and  protested 
against  the  measures  pursued  by  parliament 
and  the  ecclesiastical  convocation  for  the 
management  and  external  policy  of  the 
church,  he  was  summoned  to  answer  for  his 
rebellious  and  seditious  conduct.  His  obsti- 
nate refusal  to  submit  to  the  interrogatories 
of  James  occasioned  his  imprisonment,  and 
afterwards  his  banishment  from  the  kingdom. 
He  retired  to  Holland,  where  he  published 
his  celebrated  treatise,  Altare  Damascenum, 
feu  ecclesre  Anglic-ante  politia,  8cc.  1623.  He 
afterwards  returned  privately  to  Scotland, 
vhere  he  employed  his  time  in  collecting 
memorials  of  the  ecclesiastical  affairs  of  Scot- 
land from  the  reformation  to  James's  death  ; 
a  valuable  collection,  still  preserved  in  the 
university  of  Glasgow.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  not  precisely  known.  He  is  repre- 
sented in  the  preface  to  the  last  edition  of  the 
Altare  as  being  minister  of  Pentcaitland, 
near  Edinburgh,  in  1638.  He  was  a  man  of 
quick  parts,  of  a  great  and  comprehensive 
mind,  and  of  deep  erudition,  and  much  es- 
teemed as  a  minister  by  the  nonconformists. 

Caldwall,  Richard,  a  physician,  born 
in  Staffordshire  about  1513,  and  educa- 
ted at  Brazen-nose,  of  which  he  became  fel- 
low. He  was  so  eminent  in  the  knowledge 
and  practice  of  medicine,  that  he  was  elect- 
ed censor,  and  afterwards  president  of  the 
college  of  physicians,  where  he  founded  a 
chirurgical  lecture  with  a  handsome  salary. 


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He  wrote,  according  to  Wood,  several  trea-  J 
tises  on  physic,  besides  a  translation  of  the 
table  of  surgery  by  Horatio  More  of  Flor- 
ence.    He  died  1585,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Bennet's  church,  near  Paul's  wharf. 

Caleb,  a  Hebrew,  sent  by  Moses,  with  j 
Joshua,  to  examine  the  land  of  Canaan.  He 
brought  back  a  faithiul  and  encouraging  ac-  f 
count,  and  was  permitted  in  consequence  to  | 
share  the  victories  of  his  nation,  and  to  ob-  j 
tain  the  laud  of  Hebron.    He  died  aged  114. 

Caled,  or  Khaled,  one  of  Mahomet's  I 
friends,  called  frum  his  courage  the  sword  of  i 
God.  In  the  spreading  the  doctrines  of  the  j 
koran,  and  the  dominion  of  the  prophet,  he  < 
committed  atrocious  cruelties,  and  even  put  j 
to  death  the  garrison  of  Hamascus  after  lie 
had  granted  them  their  liberty.  He  was  cut  i 
oft'  by  the  plague  639. 

Calendario,  Philip,  an  architect  and  | 
sculptor,  celebrated  for  the  beautiful  porti- 
cos which  he  erected  round  the  palace  of  St 
Mark,  at  Venice,  about  1354. 

Calentius,  Elisius,  a  native  of  Naples, 
preceptor  to  Frederic,  son  of  Ferdinand  II. 
king  of  Naples.  He  was  a  man  of  great  tal- 
ents as  a  poet  and  philosopher,  and  in  his 
manners  he  was  mild,  humane,  and  benev- 
olent. His  imitation  of  the  battle  of  the  mice 
and  frogs  by  Homer  was  reprinted  at  Rouen, 
in  1738.  His  works  were  published  at  Rome, 
in  folio,  1503,  the  year  after  his  death. 

Calepino,  or  daCalepio,  Ambrose, 
a  noble  native  of  Bergamo,  who  entered 
among  the  Augustines.  His  vocabulary  of 
the  Latin  tongue  first  appeared  1503,  and 
•with  such  celebrity,  that  it  has  been  often 
reprinted  and  improved,  and  enlarged  to  -2 
vols.  fol.  1681.     He  died  blind  1511. 

Caliaviki,  Luca,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Udino.  He  died  1715,  aged  50.  He 
excelled  in  representing  sea  views,  land- 
scapes, and  sea  port  towns. 

Caligula,  Caius  Cresar,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, son  of  Germanicus  and  Agrippina. 
He  succeeded  Tiberius  A.D.  37,  and  after 
the  promising  virtues  of  a  happy  reign  dis- 
played the  most  ferocious  and  dissipated 
character,  tiil  the  conspiracy  of  Choerea  cut 
him  off,  A.D.  41,  in  his  90th  year. 

Callard,  John  Baptiste,  professor  of 
medicine  in  the  university  of  Caen,  where  he 
died  1718.  He  established  a  botanical  gar- 
den there.  His  great  work  is,  lexicon  rae- 
dicum  et3rmologicum,  1693,  12mo.  of  which 
he  was  preparing  an  improved  folio  edition 
when  he  died. 

Calliach,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Candia, 
professor  of  belles  lettresat  Padua,  where  be 
died  1707,  aged  62.  He  wrote  de  ludis 
scenicis,  in  4tO. 

Callicratidas,  a  Spartan  general, 
who  succeeded  Lysander  in  Asia.  He 
defeated  Conon,  and  afterwards  perished  in 
a  naval  battle,  B.C.  405. 

Callieres,  Francis  de,  an  eminent 
statesman,  born  at  Torigni,  near  Bayeux. 
He  was  engaged  in  several  embassies  under 
Lewis  XIV.  and  was  honorably  rewarded 
for  his  services.  He  published  some  poetical 
tracts,  &c,  and  died  1717,  aged  72. 


Callimachus,  a  Greek  poet  in  the 
reign  of  Ptolemy  Evergetes.  His  works 
have  been  translated  into  English  by  Dodd. 

Callimachus,  an  architect,  inventor  of 
the  Corinthian  capital,  from  seeing  an  acan- 
thus spreading  its  branches  most  gracefully 
over  the  monument  of  a  Corinthian  lady  B. 
C.  540. 

Callisthenes,  a  philosopher,  who  at- 
tended Alexander  in  his  Asiatic  expedition, 
and  was  cruelty  mangled  by  him  on  suspicion 
of  a  conspiracy.  He  took  poison  given  him 
by  Lysimachus,  and  thus  put  an  end  to  his 
misery,  B.C.  32S. 

Callistus,  Johannes  Andronicus,  a 
native  of  Thessalonica,  and  professor  of 
peripatetic  philosophy  at  Constantinople 
when  that  city  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in 
1453.  Like'the  rest  of  the  learned  men,  he 
fled  from  the  fury  of  the  enemj ,  and  con- 
tributed to  the  revival  of  learning  m  the 
west  of  Europe.  He  first  settled  at  Rome, 
and  afterwards  at  Florence,  where  his  pu- 
pils were  numerous  and  respectable.  In  his 
old  age  he  went  to  France  ;  but  died  there 
soon  after  his  arrival.  Some  manuscripts 
are  now  preserved  which  are  ascribed  to 
him. 

Callixtus  I.  was  pope  after  Zephyrin- 
us,  209,  and  suffered  martyrdom  four  years 
after. 

Callixtus  II.  Guy,  son  of  the  count  of 
Burgundy,  was  archbishop  of  Vienne  10S3, 
and  made  pope  1119,  and  held  the  first  La- 
teran  council.     He  died  1124. 

Callixtus  HI.  a  Spaniard  of  Xativa, 
elected  pope  1455.  He  wished  to  stir  up  the 
princes  of  Europe  against  the  Turks,  but 
without  success.  He  was  learned,  pious, 
and  good  ;  and  died  1458. 

Callixtus,  Ceorge,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
born  at  Middleburg  in  Holstein.  He  was 
professor  of  theology  at  Hemstadt  ;  and  died 
1656,  aged  70.  He  wrote  a  treatise  against 
the  celibacy  of  the  clergy,  4to.  1631 — anti- 
moguntinus,  1644  i'  4to — and  other  infe- 
rior works  ;  and  was  the'  founder  of  a  sect 
among  the  Lutherans,  which  was  called  Cal- 
lixtins,  whose  object  was  to  reconcile  the 
discordant  opinions  of  all  the  protestants. 

Callot,  James,  a  famous  engraver,  born 
at.  Nancy,  1593,  of  a  noble  family.  His  de- 
sire to  see  the  capital  of  Ttaly,  and  her  val- 
uable monuments,  tempted  him  twice  to 
elope  from  his  family,  at  the  age  of  12,  and 
two  years  after,  when  at  last  permitted  by 
his  father  to  reside  at  Rome,  he  applied 
himself  with  such  assiduity  to  the  arts  of  de- 
signing and  engraving,  that  he  soon  became 
celebrated  for  the  boldness,  beauty,  and  ex- 
ecution of  his  pieces.  He  was  for  some 
time  at  Florence  under  the  patronage  of  the 
great  duke,  after  whose  death  he  resided  at 
the  court  of  Lorrain,  and  in  1628  visited 
France,  where  the  munificence  of  Lewis 
XIII.  invited  him  to  design  and  engrave  the 
seige  of  Rochelle  and  the  isle  of  Rhe.  When 
Nancy  was  reduced  by  the  arms  oi"  France, 
Callot  refused  to  employ  his  pencil  to  perpe- 
tuate the  misfortune  of  his  country,  and  Lew- 


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is,  who  admired  his  superior  abilities,  res- 
pected a  patriotic  reluctance,  which  neither 
bribes  nor  promises  could  conquer.  He  died 
28th  March  1636,  aged  34,  when  he  was 
preparing  to  leave  Nancy  for  his  more  clas- 
sical residence  at  Florence.  It  is  said  that 
he  left  not  less  than  1380  of  his  pieces  ;  an 
astonishing  number  for  the  short  period  of 
his  life.  He  is  deservedly  commended  for 
the  sublimity  of  his  pieces,  not  only  in 
miniature  but  in  the  great. 

Calmet,  Augustin,  a  learned  French- 
man of  the  order  of  the  Benedictins,  made 
abbot  of  St.  Lepold  de  Nanei,  and  after- 
wards of  Senones,  where  he  died  1757,  aged 
85.  He  was  well  acquainted  with  the  ori- 
ental languages,  and  he  published  several 
learned  works,  which  at  the  desire  of  his 
friends  appeared  in  French  rather  than 
Latin.  He  wrote  a  commentary  on  the 
books  of  the  old  and  new  testament,  22 
vols.  4to. — dissertations  on  the  commenta- 
ries, 3  vols.  4to. — history  of  the  old  and  new 
testament,  4  vols.  4to. — historical,  critical, 
&c.  dictionary  of  the  bible, — universal  his- 
tory sacred  and  profane,  15  vols.  4to.  of 
which  only  eight  were  printed, —ecclesias- 
tical and  civil  history  of  Lorrain,  3.  vols, 
fol.  &c. 

Calmo,  Andrew,  a  Venetian,  famous  as 
an  actor  and  a  comic  writer.  The  best  of 
his  comedies  is  Rodiana.  A  volume  of  his 
letters  was  for  some  time  very  popular. 
He  died  at  Venice  1571,  aged  about  61. 

Calo,  John  or  Johannitz,  a  Bulgarian, 
raised  by  Innocent  III  to  the  title  of  indepen- 
dent king.  In  1205  he  conquered  and  put 
to  death  the  emperor  Baldwin,  and  after 
dreadful  ravages  over  Greece  he  was  himself 
assassinated. 

Calonne,  Charles  Alexander  de,  an  il- 
lustrious French  statesman,  born  at  Douay 
1734,  of  noble  parents.  He  was  educated  at 
Paris  and  intended  for  the  bar,  but  after- 
wards he  was  made  solicitor  general  to  the 
parliamentof  his  native  town,  master  of  re- 
quests, intendant  of  Metz,  and  in  1783  he 
succeeded  Necker  as  comptroller  general  of 
the  finances.  This  last  office  required  great 
abilities  and  undaunted  firmness,  and  the 
new  minister  possessed  them  ;  and  though 
when  he  came  into  power  he  found  an  empty 
treasury,  and  the  nation  discontented  with 
the  extravagance  of  the  court,  he  adopted 
such  vigorous  measures  as  restored  credit 
to  the  state,  and  rendered  the  expenditure 
subservient  to  the  resources  of  the  country. 
To  carry  his  schemes  of  reform  and  to  ex- 
onerate the  people  of  some  burdens,  by  sup- 
pressing some  of  the  abusive  privileges  of 
the  higher  orders,  he  advised  the  king  to 
convene  the  notables  of  the  kingdom,  whose 
authority  and  consent  might  give  weight  and 
importance  to  his  measures.  The  planwas 
grand,  and  might  havs  been  happily  pro- 
ductive of  good  in  another  age,  but  unfor- 
tunately the  nobles  and  the  clergy  were 
alarmed  at  the  thought  of  losing  their  privi- 
leges, and  the  minister,  opposed  by  the 
great,  and  not  ably  supported   by  the  timid 


monarch,  yielded  to  the  storm,  and  took 
refuge  in  England,  where  he  composed  his 
requete  au  roi,  and  his  reponse  a  l'ecrit  de 
M.  Necker,  which  proved  him  to  be  a 
good  scholar,  an  acute  politician,  and  a  loyal 
subject.  At  the  end  of  the  revolution  he 
revisited  his  country,  and  died  at  Paris  1802. 
He  wrote,  besides  an  essay  on  agriculture 
12mo. — observations  sur  plusieurs  matieres 
de  droit  civil  &c  coutumier,  4to. — de  l'etat 
de  la  France  present  8c  a  venir,  1790, 
8vo.  a  work  of  great  merit, — de  finances 
publiques  de  la  France  8vo. — lettre  a  Tauteur 
des  considerations  sur  l'etat  des  affaires 
publiques,  1798.  8vo.  &c. 

Calovius,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Mo- 
rungen  in  Brunswick,  divinity  professor  at 
lladstock,  which  he  quitted  for  Dantzic,  and 
afterwards  for  Wittemberg.  He  was  a 
strong  Lutheran,  and  opposed  with  great 
warmth  the  union  of  the  protestant  church, 
in  consequence  of  which  his  followers  were 
called  Calovians.  He  wrote  several  contro- 
versial tracts,  and  died  1686,  aged  74. 

Calprenede,  Gautier  de  la,  a  gentle- 
man in  ordinary  to  the  French  king,  who 
wrote,  it  is  said,  with  the  assistance  of  the 
prince  of  Conde,  some  curious  romances 
now  forgotten,  such  as  Cassandra,  Cleopatra, 
Pharamond,  he.     He  died  in  1663,  aged  51. 

Calpuratius,  a  Sicilian  poet  of  the  third 
century,  author  of  seven  eclogues,  &c. 

Calvart,  Denys,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp who  opened  a  school  at  Bologna  and 
had  Guido,  Albano,  and  Dominichino  among 
his  pupils.  His  pictures,  admired  for  dig- 
nity, taste,  and  coloring,  are  preserved  at 
Bologna,  Rome,  and  Reggio.  He  died  at 
Bologna  1619,  aged  67. 

Calvert,  George,  descended  from  a 
noble  family,  was  born  at  Kipling  in  York- 
shire, 1585.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Oxford,  and  after  his  return  from 
the  tour  of  Europe,  he  became  secretary 
to  Robert  Cecil.  In  1605,  he  attended 
James  I.  on  his  visit  to  the  university  of 
Oxford,  and  was  there  with  other  respectable 
characters  made  M.  A.  and  afterwards  he 
was  made  clerk  to  the  privy  council,  was 
knighted  by  the  king  in  1617,  and  in  1619 
made  secretary  of  state,  and  the  next 
year  honored  with  a  pension  of  1000/,  out  of 
the  customs.  In  1624  he  resigned  the  seals 
to  the  king,  confessing  himself  to  be  of  the 
Roman  catholic  persuasion,  but  notwith- 
standing this,  Vie  continued  in  favor  with  the 
monarch,  and  was  created  lord  Baltimore 
in  1625.  He  twice  visited  Newfoundland, 
where  the  king  had  granted  him  a  large 
tract  of  land,  but  finding  that  his  property 
in  that  remote  part  of  the  globe  was  ex- 
posed to  the  plunder  of  French  vessels,  he 
abandoned  it  for  the  neighbourhood  of  Vir- 
ginia when  Charles  I.  granted  him  a  pa- 
tent for  Maryland.  He  died  at  London  15th 
April,  1632,  and  his  son  who  inherited  his 
enterprising  spirit,  planted  there  a  colony 
of  about  200  families,  which  bore  the  name 
of  Baltimore. 

Calvert,  James,  a  nonconformist,  bora 


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*t  York,  and  educated  at  Clare-hall,  Cam- 
bridge, at  the  time  of  Tillotson.  After  be- 
ing silenced  at  Topcliff  by  the  act  of  unifor- 
mity he  removed  to  York,  where  in  retire- 
ment he  composed  his  learned  work  called 
Naphthali,  seu  collectatio  theologica  de 
reditu  decern  tribuum  conrersione  Judseo- 
rum  &  Ezekiel,  4to.  He  also  for  some  time 
employed  himself  in  the  education  of  some 
of  his  opulent  neighbours,  and  died  De- 
cember 1698. 

Calvi,  Lazaro,  a  famous  painter  of  Ge- 
noa, in  the  1  6th  century. 

Calvin,  John,  a  celebrated  reformer 
horn  at  Noyon  in  Picardy  10th  July  1509. 
He  studied  grammar  under  Cordelius  at 
Paris,  and  in  consequence  of  the  many  ex- 
traordinary marks  of  his  early  piety  he  was 
intended  by  his  father  for  the  church,  and  in 
1527  he  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of 
Marteville,  which  two  years  after  he  resign- 
ed for  Pont  l'Eveque  near  Noyon.  His  ex- 
tensive knowledge  of  the  holy  scriptures 
soon  disgusted  him  with  the  superstitions 
of  the  ltomish  church,  and  with  the  appro- 
bation of  his  father  he  resigned  his  ecclesias- 
tical honors,  and  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  the  law.  Under  Peter  de  l'Etoile  and 
Alciat,  he  made  great  progress  in  that 
science,and  further  improved  his  knowledge 
of  divinity.  Eager  to  defend  the  tenets  of 
the  reformation  he  displayed  his  zeal  against 
the  Sorhonne  at  Paris,  and  with  difficulty  es- 
caped from  the  vengeance  of  the  catholics. 
From  France  he  retired  to  Basil,  and  in  his 
obscurity  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
world,  by  his  celebrated  dedication  to  Fran- 
cis I.  in  his  apology  for  the  reformers,  a  com- 
position which  divides  the  applauses  of  the 
learned  with  that  of  Thuanus  to  his  history 
and  that  of  Casaubon  to  Polybius.  When 
the  malevolence  of  persecution  had  ceased, 
Calvin,  after  visiting  Italy  and  France,  set- 
tled at  Geneva,  and  yielding  to  the  strong 
and  awful  solicitation  of  Farel,  and  the 
choice  of  the  consistory  and  magistrates  of 
the  city,  he  consented  to  become  in  1536  their 
minister,  and  professor  of  divinity.  The 
speedy  check  however  which  he  wished  to 
impose  upon  the  immoralities  of  the  people, 
and  their  domestic  dissension  soon  rendered 
him  unpopular,  and  when  he  refused  to  ad- 
minister the  sacrament  indiscriminately,  the 
public  indignation  was  so  violently  raised 
against  him,  that  he  was  desired  to  leave 
Geneva  in  two  days.  He  retired  to  Stras- 
hurg,  where  he  established  a  French  re- 
formed church,  and  two  years  after  he  ap- 
peared with  Bucer  at  the  diet  of  Worms  and 
^tatisbon  for  the  protestants,  and  had  a 
long  and  friendly  conference  with  the  cele- 
brated Melancthon.  But  though  nattered 
and  admired  in  Germany,  Calvin  had  a  se- 
cret affection  for  the  church  of  Geneva,  and 
no  sooner  did  the  people  earnestly  solicit  a 
reconciliation  than  he  returned,  in  1541, 
and  prevailed  upon  them  to  establish  a 
church  discipline,  and  a  consistorial  jurisdic- 
tion with  the  power  of  inflicting  censures  and 
canonical  punishments.    The  power  thus  be- 


stowed into  the  hand  of  Calvin  was  great, 
and  it  unfortunately  was  abused.  The  re- 
former, who  so  loudly  exclaimed  against  the 
tyranny  of  Rome,  directed  the  whole  tor- 
rent of  his  persecution  against  Servetus,  a 
physician,  who  had  in  an  ambiguous  stvle 
written  upon  the  trinity  ;  and  his  vengeance 
was  not  appeased  till  the  unfortunate  he- 
retic had  expired  in  the  flames.  This  severi- 
ty raised  many  enemies  to  Calvin,  but  his 
ardour  was  undaunted,  and  in  the  midst  of 
his  avocations  and  the  distractions  of  Ge- 
neva, he  directed  by  his  letters  the  many 
churches  of  Germany,  France,  England, 
and  Poland,  which  looked  up  to  him  as 
their  head  and  supreme  governor.  Disinter- 
ested in  his  conduct,  zealous  only  in  the 
cause  of  reformation,  possessed  of  a  clear 
understanding,  sound  judgment,  and  happy 
memory,  he  exercised  his  great  and  exten- 
sive talents  in  the  support  of  truth,  and  in 
the  propagation  of  the  genuine  precepts  of 
the  gospel.  His  creed  however  was  either, 
from  singularity  or  opposition,  contrary  to 
the  tenants  of  the  other  protestants,  and 
the  untenable  doctrines  which  he  propa- 
gated about  an  absolute  predestination  have 
tended  to  render  his  followers,  not  only  during 
his  age,  but  in  succeeding  times,  gloomy,  pre- 
sumptuous, obstinate,  and  uncharitable.  He 
died  May  26,  1564,  and  though  he  had  long 
enjoyed  a  high  reputation  and  exercised 
an  unbounded  authority,  he  left  only  300 
crowns  to  his  heirs,  including  his  library, 
the  books  of  which  sold  afterwards  at  a 
great  price.  By  the  advice  of  his  friend 
Bucer,  Calvin  married,  at  Strasburg,  Idolet- 
te  de  Bure,  widow  of  an  anabaptist  whom 
he  had  converted,  and  by  her  he  had  a  sou 
who  died  in  his  infancy.  The  death  of  his 
wife,  which  happened  in  1549,  afflicted  him 
greatly.  The  works  of  Calvin  were  printed 
in  12vols.  fol.  Geneva,  and  in  nine  Amster- 
dam, in  1667.  They  are  chiefly  on  theolo- 
gical and  controversial  subjects,  but  they 
display  his  great  erudition;  and  Joseph 
Scaliger  has  properly  observed  that  no  com- 
mentator has  better  hit  the  sense  of  the  pro- 
phets than  he  ;  and  he  commends  him  far- 
ther for  not  attempting  the  explanation  ot 
the  book  of  revelations. 

Calvisius,  Sethus,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Grosleb  in  Thuringia  in  1559.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  a  learned  and  accu- 
rate chronologer.  Mis  elenchus  calendarii  a. 
papa  Gregorio  XIII.  eomprobati,  was  pub- 
lished in  1611  ;  and  in  1620,  three  years  af- 
ter his  death,  appeared  his  improved  chro- 
nology ;  a  work  in  which  he  has  employed 
20  long  years  of  laborious  study. 

Cai.ia,  Antonio,  an  Italian  painter  in  the 
17th  century,  pupil  to  Carlo  Cignani  at 
Home,  whose  pieces  he  judiciously  imitated. 

Camargo,  Mary  Ann  Cupi  de,  a  cele- 
brated stage  dancer,  born  at  Brussels,  t710. 
Her  great  powers  were  exhibited  at  Brussels 
and  at  Paris,  and  it  is  said  that  she  main- 
tained a  respectable  character.  She  died 
38th  April  1770. 

Camassei   er    CAMACE,    Andrew,   l.r 


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Italian  painter  of  Bevagna.  He  studied  un- 
der Dominichino  and  Andrew  Sacchi,  and 
died  in  1057.  His  historical  paintings  are 
preserved  at  Home,  but  one  of  his  pieces, 
Venus  and  the  Graces,  is  to  be  seen  at  Wil- 
ton. 

Cambaceres,  N.  a  native  of  Montpel- 
lier,  whose  eloquence  as  a  preacher  was 
much  admired  at  court,  and  was  at  last  re- 
warded by  the  archbishopric  of  Rouen.  He 
died  Nov.  6th,  1808,  aged  80.  Mis  nephew 
■was  tlie  second  consul  with  Bonaparte,  after 
the  abolition  of  the  directory. 

Cambert,  a  French  musician  in  the 
service  of  Ann  of  Austria.  He  first  intro- 
duced with  Perrin  operas  in  France,  but 
when  his  labors  were  eclipsed  by  the  more 
successful  performances  of  Lulli,  he  came 
over  to  England  in  1672,  where  Charles 
made  him  master  of  his  band.  He  died  1677. 
Besides  his  operas  and  musical  pieces,  he  is 
chiefly  known  for  his  great  skill  and  exqui- 
site taste  in  touching  the  organ. 

Cambis-vei.leron,  Joseph  Lewis  Do- 
minic, marquis  de,  a  French  nobleman, 
born  at  Avignon,  1706.  He  was  learned  and 
polite,  and  served  some  time  in  the  army  as 
a  captain  of  dragoons  and  a  colonel.  He 
died  1772.  He  published  a  valuable  cata- 
logue raisonne  of  the  JV1SS.  in  his  cabinet, 
two  vols. 8vo. — memoireshistoriquesde  la  vie 
de  Roger  de  St.  Lary  de  Bellegarde,  12mo 
1767.  His  library  was  very  valuable  and  se- 
lect, and  he  had  collected  some  important 
materials  for  the  history  of  his  province. 

Cambridge,  Richard  Owen,  a  learned 
Englishman,  horn  in  London,  14th  Feb. 
1714,  and  educated  at  Eton  school  and  Ox- 
ford. After  three  years'  residence  in  the 
university,  he  in  1737  entered  at  Lincoln's- 
inn,  and  in  1741  married  Miss  Trenchard, 
with  whom  he  settled  at  Whitminster,  Glo- 
cestershire.  He  published  the  Scribleriad, 
a  poem,  1744 — and  in  1761  an  history  of  the 
war  on  the  coast  of  Coromande!,  and  contri- 
buted some  valuable  papers  to  the  World. 
His  works  were  collected  and  printed  to- 
gether by  his  son  G.  O.  Cambridge,  M.  A. 
with  his  life,  two  vols.  ito.  1803.  He  died 
much  respected  in  private  life,  as  a  cheer- 
ful companion,  exemplary  in  his  conduct, 
and  virtuous  and  benevolent  in  practice, 
17th  Sept.  1802.  He  was  inventor  of  a  cu- 
rious double  boat,  which  is  said  to  possess 
great  swiftness  in  sailing  with  equal  safety. 
It  was  formed  with  two  distinct  boats,  50 
feet  long,  though  but  18  inches  wide,  con- 
nected together  by  a  deck  at  the  distance  of 
12  feet. 

Cambyses,  king  of  Persia,  after  his 
father  Cyrus,  B.  C.  529,  made  war  against 
Egypt  and  ./Ethiopia,  and  died  in  conse- 
quence of  a  wound  which  he  had  accident- 
ally given  himself  in  the  eighth  year  of  his 
reign.  He  was  cruel  and  vindictive  in  the 
extreme. 

Cam d ex,  William,  a  celebrated  antiqua- 
ry, was  born  at  London,  2d  May  1551.  Af- 
ter studying  at  Christ's  hospital  and  St. 
Paul's  school,  he  entered  at  15  as  a  servitor 


at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  from  whence 
he  removed  to  Broadgate-hall  now  Pembroke 
cotlege.  and  two  years  and  a  halt  atter  to 
Christ  church  with  his  tutor  and  friend  Dr. 
Thomas  Thornton,  on  his  promotion  to  a 
canonry.  The  prejudices  of  these  popish 
days  prevented  him  not  only  from  obtaining 
fellowship  at  All-souls,  but  from  being  ad- 
mitted to  his  first  degree  in  arts,  and  it  was 
not  till  1 573  that  he  was  made  B.  A.  an  honor 
long  due  to  his  learning  and  application.  By 
the  friendship  of  Dr.  Goodman  dean  of  West- 
minster, he  was  appointed  in  1575  second 
master  of  Westminster  school,  and  it  was 
during  his  relaxation  from  the  labors  of  this 
important  office,  that  he  applied  himself  to 
the  compilation  of  his  valuable  work  the 
Britannia,  or  history  of  the  ancient  Britons, 
their  origin,  manners,  and  laws,  which  ap- 
peared in  Latin,  1586,  and  passed  rapidly- 
through  several  editions.  His  abilities  were 
now  so  universally  acknowledged,  that  Piers 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  in  1588  conferred  on  him 
the  prebend  of  Iftareomb,  though  he  never 
was  in  holy  orders,  and  the  same  year  he  was 
admitted  to  the  degree  of  M.  A..  In  1593 
he  succeeded  Dr.  Grant  in  the  headship  of 
Westminster-school,  and  four  years  after  he 
published  a  Greek  grammar,  which  though 
judiciously  digested,  and  long  popular,  must 
be  considered  rather  as  an  epitome  of  the 
grammar  of  his  predecessors,  than  as  an 
original  work.  In  1597  Camden  was  re- 
moved from  his  laborious  office,  upon  being 
appointed  Clerencieux  king  of  arms,  an  em- 
ployment more  congenial  to  his  taste  and  his 
pursuits.  In  1600  he  published  an  account 
of  the  monuments  of  the  kings,  queens,  and 
nobles  in  Westminster  abbey,  and  three 
years  after  at  Frankfort,  a  collection  of  our 
ancient  historians,  called  "  Anglica,  Nor- 
manica,  Hibernica,  Cambrica,  a  veteribus 
descripta,  &c.  In  the  following  year  he 
published  remains  of  a  greater  work  con- 
cerning Britain,  &c.  the  materials  of  which 
had  been  communicated  to  him  when  he 
wrote  his  Britannia.  He  published  in  1607, 
a  complete  edition  of  his  Britannia  in  folio, 
greatly  enlarged  and  adorned  with  cuts,  of 
which  an  able  translation  was  given  to  the 
world  in  1695  by  Dr.  Gibson,  afterwards 
bishop  of  London,  and  in  1617,  appeared 
his  Annales  rerum  Anglicanarum,  during 
queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  the  continuation  of 
which  was  finished  in  1617,  but  not  made 
public  in  his  life  time.  Camden  died  at 
Chisselhurst  in  Kent,  ninth  November  1623, 
and  though  he  had  directed  to  be  buried 
where  he  died,  his  remains  where  deposited 
in  great  pomp  in  Westminster  abbey  op- 
posite Chaucer,  where  on  a  white  marble 
monument  his  effigies  is  represented  as  hold- 
ing a  book,  on  the  leaves  of  which  are  in- 
scribed Britannia.  Camden  was  respected 
as  a  man  not  only  of  great  and  extensive 
learning,  and  just  taste,  but  of  amiable 
manners,  easy  and  candid  in  his  conversa- 
tion, and  the  friend  of  learned  men,  and 
eminent  scholars.  His  reputation  was  so 
well  established  on  the  continent,   that  fo- 


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rcigners  considered  tlicir  travels  incomplete, 
it"  not  permitted  to  see  a. id  converse  with 
the  author  of  the  Britannia,  and  it  is  said  that 
not  less  than  six  German  nobles  in  one  day 
visited  him,  and  requested  him  to  write  his 
lemma  in  their  book.  Camden  founded  a 
lectureship  on  history  at  Oxford,  a  noble  and 
munificent  donation,  which  while  it  reflects 
the  highest  honor  on  his  memory,  enables  a 
learned  body  to  remunerate  its  deserving 
members  with  a  respectable  appointment. 
His  books  and  papers  he  bequeathed  to  sir 
Robert  Cotton  of  Conington,  but  the  great- 
est part  of  them  are  supposed  to  have  been 
destroyed  during  the  civil  wars. 

Camerarius,  Joachimus,  a  German, 
horn  at  Bamberg  in  1500,  and  educated  at 
Leipsic.  His  great  application  in  the  acqui- 
sition of  Grecian  and  Roman  literature 
soon  made  him  known  to  the  literati  of  the 
age,  and  in  those  days  of  theological  dissen- 
tion,  he  became  the  friend  of  Erasmus,  and 
also  of  Melancthon,  whose  life  he  wrote  in 
a  very  copious  manner.  During  the  political 
troubles  of  Germany  in  1525,  Camerarius 
visited  Prussia,  and  soon  after  was  made 
professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Nuremberg.  In 
1527,  he  married  a  woman  of  very  respec- 
table connections,  with  whom  he  lived  46 
years,  and  by  whom  he  had  five  sons  and 
four  daughters,  who  all  grew  up  to  be  an 
honor  to  their  family.  He  was  in  1536  drawn 
from  his  loved  retirement  by  Ulric  prince 
ofWirtemburg,  who  employed  him  to  restore 
the  ancient  discipline  of  the  university  of  Tu- 
bingen, and  some  time  after,  at  the  request  of 
Henry  and  Maurice  of  Saxony,  he  assisted 
in  the  establishment  of  the  Leipsic  univer- 
sity. During  the  various  religious  disputes 
which  took  place  in  consequence  of  the  re- 
formation, Camerarius  was  consulted,  and 
his  opinion  respected,  especially  in  the  diets 
of  Nuremberg  and  Ratisbon.  He  died  at 
Leipsic  17th  April  1575,  full  of  years  and 
honor,  surviving  his  wife  not  quite  a  year. 
Besides  Melancthon,  he  was  intimate  with 
Carlowitch,  Turnebus,  Yietorius,  Wolfius, 
Baumgartner,  and  indeed  every  man  of 
learning  and  consequence  in  his  age.  His 
literary  labors  were  very  great,  as  he  trans- 
lated Herodotus,  Demosthenes,  Euclid,  Xe- 
nophon,  Homer,  Theocritus,  Sophocles, 
Lucian,  Theodoret,  Nicephorus,  and  others, 
and  he  deservedly  was  called  by  Vossius  the 
phoenix  of  Germany.  Erasmus  however  has 
spoken  of  him  with  some  degree  of  indiffe- 
rence, by  saying  that  Camerarius  showed 
more  industry  than  genius  in  what  he  wrote. 

Camerarius,  Joachim,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, devoted  himself  particularly  to  the 
study  of  medicine,  botany,  and  chemistry, 
and  refused  for  his  favorite  pursuits  the  flat- 
tering and  advantageous  offers  of  princes, 
who  solicited  to  have  him  about  their  person. 
He  wrote  some  treatises  on  botany,  and  died 
1598,  aged  G8,  at  Nuremberg. 

Cameron,   John,  a   Scotchman,  profes- 
sor  of  Greek   at  Glasgow,  and    afterwards 
divinity   lecturer  at   Alontauban,  where  he 
lied  1625,    in  consequence  of  some  severe 
VOL.    I.  36 


blows  which  he  had  received  in  the  streets 
from  some  zealot  whom  he  had  offended. 
He  published  "defence  of  grace,"  1624,  a 
work  which  some  imagined  was  too  fa\ ena- 
ble to  the  catholics,  besides  myrothecium 
evaugelicum.  All  his  works  appeared  in 
three  vols.  4to.  1677,  at  Saumur,  and  in  1 
vol.  fol.  Geneva. 

Camilla,  daughter  of  king  Metabus, 
and  the  ally  of  Turnus,  is  celebrated  by  Vir- 
gil, for  the  valor  she  displayed  against  JEne- 
as  in  Italy. 

Camillus,  Marcus  Fucius,  an  illustri- 
ous Roman,  banished  by  his  countrymen  on 
suspicion  of  peculation.  His  services  and 
character  were  remembered  when  Rome 
was  taken  by  the  Gauls,  and  he  issued  from 
his  banishment  to  defeat  the  enemies  of  his 
country.     He  died  B.  C.  365. 

Camoens,  Lewis,  a  Portuguese  poet,  de- 
servedly called  the  Virgil  of  his  country. 
He  was  born  at  Lisbon,  15'J7,  and  studied  at 
Coimbra,  from  whence  he  went  in  the  ser- 
vice of  his  country  to  Ceuta,  where  he  lost 
one  of  his  eyes  in  a  campaign  against  the 
Moors.  He  afterwards  passed  to  the  East 
Indies,  in  hopes  of  bettering  his  fortunes, 
where  he  began  the  composition  of  his  ce- 
lebrated Lusiad,  but  on  his  return  he  had 
the  misfortune  to  be  shipwrecked,  and  with 
difficulty  saved  his  life,  swimming  with  his 
right  hand,  and  supporting  his  poem  with 
his  left.  When  restored  to  Portugal  in  1569, 
he  finished  his  poem,  and  dedicated  it  to 
king  Sebastian,  but  his  hopes  of  patronage 
and  of  honorable  remuneration  were  cruelly 
disappointed.  The  merits  of  the  poet  were 
neglected  by  the  monarch  and  his  courtiers, 
and  Camoens,  feeling  all  the  miseries  of  in- 
digent and  despised  virtue,  expired  in  the 
midst  of  his  ungrateful  countrymen,  a  prey 
to  poverty  and  the  deepest  wretchedness 
1579.  Admired  for  the  boldness  of  his  de- 
scriptions, the  unaffected  display  of  his 
learning,  and  the  happiest  flights  of  a  sub- 
lime imagination,  Camoens  is  yet  censured 
for  the  obscurity  of  some  of  his  verses, 
and  for  an  injudicious  mixture  of  heathen 
mythology  and  christian  truths.  The  Lusiad 
however  will  always  rank  high  in  the  list  of 
heroic  poems.  It  has  been  translated  into 
French  once,  twice  into  Italian,  four  times 
into  Spanish,  and  into  English  by  Fanshaw, 
besides  the  elegant  version  in  which  Mr. 
Mickle  has  immortalized  his  name  with  the 
fame  of  his  favorite  author. 

Campanella,  Thomas,  an  Italian  phi- 
losopher belonging  to  the  Dominican  order, 
born  at  Stilo  in  Calabria,  September,  5th, 
1568.  His  great  and  extensive  knowledge  of 
the  ancient  classics  soon  enabled  him  to  ex- 
amine with  accuracy  the  tenets  of  the  peri- 
patetic philosophy,  and  to  prove  them  built 
upon  false  and  untenable  foundations.  The 
superior  information  and  brilliant  elo- 
quence which  he  displayed  in  his  disputa- 
tions on  theology  with  professors  of  long 
established  reputation,  increased  with  his 
fame  the  number  of  his  rivals  and  enemies, 
and  he  was  accused  before  the  inquisition,  of 


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having  obtained  by  magic  that  vast  extent  of 
learning  which  he  possessed.  He  fled  noon 
this  from  Naples  to  Rome,  and  afterwards  to 
Florence,  and  on  his  way  to  Bologna  his  pa- 
pers were  seized,  but  his  person  remained 
unmolested.  Some  expressions  however 
■which  he  dropped  some  years  after,  against 
the  Spaniards,  procured" his  arrest.  He  ap- 
peared in  J  599  at  Naples  as  a  criminal 
against  the  state,  and  was  seven  times  put  to 
the  rack  and  condemned  to  perpetual  im- 
prisonment. Tiie  weight  of  his  sufferings 
was  at  last  lessened  by  the  interference  of 
the  pope  with-  Philip  "IV.  of  Spain  in  1626, 
but  when  restored  to  liberty,  to  avoid  the 
further  persecutions  of  the  Spaniards,  he  re- 
tired secretly  to  France,  where  the  friend- 
ship of  Richelieu  and  the  favor  of  Lewis 
XIII.  procured  him  a  pension  of  2000  livres. 
He  died  in  the  monastery  of  the  Dominicans 
21st  March  16.39.  His  writings  were  nume- 
rous, the  best  known  of  which  are  de  recta 
ratione  studendi, — aphorismata  politica, — de 
monarchic  Hispanica. 

Campano,  John  Antonio,  a  native  of 
Campania,  of  obscure  origin.  While  tend- 
ing sheep  he  was  noticed  by  a  priest  who 
admired  his  promising  appearance,  and  who 
kindly  instructed  him  in  the  learned  langua- 
ges, and  enabled  him  to  become  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Perugia.  He  was  raised  to  a 
bishopric  by  pope  Pius  11.  and  engaged  at 
the  congress  of  Ratisbon,  and  made  gover- 
nor of  Citta  de  Castello  by  Sixtus  IV.  His 
opposition  to  some  of  the  measures  of  the 
court  of  Rome  rendered  him  unpopular 
with  the  pope,  and  he  removed  to  his  see  of 
Terrano  where  he  died  1477,  aged  48.  He 
Avrote  the  life  of  the  famous  commander 
Andrew  Braccio,  besides  orations,  letters, 
Latin  poems,  moral  and  political  treatises,  &c. 
published  together  1707  and  J  734  at  Leipsic. 
Campano,  Novarese,  an  Italian  ecclesi- 
astic in  the  loth  century,  author  of  commen- 
taries on  Euclid,  and  several  treatises  on 
astronomy  still  preserved  in  MS. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  son  of  the  earl 
of  Argyle,  was  born  in  1598,  and  became 
known  for  his  strong  partiality  to  the  cove- 
nanters, though  he  retained  all  his  attach- 
ment to  Charles  I.  by  whom  he  was  created 
a  marquis.  He  opposed  Cromwell's  inva- 
sion of  Scotland,  and  placed  the  crown  on 
the  head  of  Charles  II.  when  his  coronation 
took  place  at  Scone  in  1G51.  But  not- 
withstanding his  attachment  to  the  king, 
and  the  display  of  an  undaunted  character  in 
political  life,  he  was  seized  in  London  when 
he  came  to  congratulate  Charles  on  his  re- 
storation, and  upon  being  condemned  as 
guilty  of  high  treason  was  beheaded  as  a 
traitor  at  Edinburgh  cross,  27th  May,  1661. 
He  wrote  instructions  to  a  son,  and  defences 
against  the  grand  indictment  of  high  treason. 
Campbell,  Archibald,  earl  of  Argyle, 
son  of  the  preceding,  distinguished  himself 
so  much  by  his  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Dun- 
bar, and  on  other  occasions,  that  Cromwell 
exempted  him  from  the  general  pardon 
granted  in  1G54.     In  consequence  of  the  in- 


terception of  one  of  his  letters,  in  which  he 
spoke  of  the  ingratitude  of  courts,  he  was 
tried  before  the  parliament  of  Scotland,  for 
leasing,  making,  or  sowing  dissentions  be- 
tween the  king  and  the  subject  by  false  in- 
formation. He  was  condemned  to  lose  his 
head,  and  the  sentence  would  have  been  ex- 
ecuted had  not  the  great  Clarendon  interfe- 
red with  the  king.  Argyle  was  afterwards 
restored  to  royal  favor,  and  made  privy 
counsellor,  and  one  of  the  lords  of  the  trea- 
sury, but  he  was  afterwards  again  exposed 
to  persecution  and  most  iniquitously  con- 
demned to  suffer  death.  He  escaped  trom 
confinement  and  after  concealing  himself  in 
Loudon,  he  went  to  Holland,  and  soon  re- 
turned to  Scotland,  to  support  the  rebellion 
of  Monmouth.  The  plans  which  he  pursu- 
ed were  not  however  well  concerted,  he 
was  abandoned  bv  those  who  ought  to  have 
shared  his  dangers,  and  he  was  taken  and 
carried  to  Edinburgh,  where  he  suffered  in 
pursuance  of  his  former  sentence.  He  was 
beheaded  30th  June  16S5. 

Campbell,  George,  D.D.  was  educa- 
ted at  St.  Andrew's  and  was  promoted  to  a 
small  living  in  the  Highlands.  He  was  made 
professor  of  church  history  at  St.  Andrew's 
1728,  and  published  a  discourse  on  miracles, 
besides  a  vindication  of  the  christian  religion, 
8vo.  and  a  treatise  on  moral  virtue.  He  died 
1757,  aged  61. 

Campbell,  George,  a  Scotch  divine, 
born  at  Aberdeen.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Marischal  college  of  which  he  became  a 
principal  in  1759,  and  professor  of  divinity 
in  1771.  He  died  1796,  aged  77,  a  little 
time  after  resigning  his  office.  Among  his 
works  his  translation  of  the  four  gospels  are 
particularly  entitled  to  commendation.  His 
answer  to  Hume  on  the  miracles  was  much 
admired  ;  but  in  his  ecclesiastical  history,  a 
posthumous  work,  he  is  censured  as  partial 
and  bigotted  in  favor  of  the  presbyteriaus. 

Campbell,  Colin,  a  Scotch  architect, 
author  of  Vitruvius  Britannieus,  3  vols,  folio, 
and  surveyor  of  the  works  of  Greenwich 
hospital.  He  gave  among  other  tilings  the 
designs  of  Wanstead  house,  the  Rolls,  and 
Mereworth  in  Kent,  and  died  1734. 

Campbell,  John,  an  eminent  writer  on 
biography,  history,  and  politics,  born  at 
Edinburgh,  8th  March  1708.  At  the  age  of 
five  he  left  Scotland,  which  he  never  saw 
again,  for  the  neighbourhood  of  Windsor  ; 
and  he  was  placed  as  clerk  to  an  attorney  at 
the  usual  age,  but  the  occupation  was  irk- 
some to  his  feelings,  and  he  relinquished  it 
for  the  more  laborious  life  of  an  author.  In 
his  30th  year  he  first  appeared  before  the 
public  in  the  military  life  of  prince  Eugene 
and  of  Marlborough,  in  2  vols.  fol.  He  was  af- 
terwards engaged  in  the  ancient  universal 
history,  and  in  1739,  published  the  travels 
of  Edward  Brown,  esquire,  and  the  memoirs 
of  Uipperda,  and  two  years  after  the  con- 
cise history  of  Spanish  America.  In  1742 
the  two  first  volumes  of  his  history  of  Eng- 
lish admirals  appeared,  to  which  two  years 
after  two  volumes  more  were  added,  a  work 


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of  great  merit  and  established  reputation, 
and  which,  after  passing  through  three  edi- 
tions in  the  author's  life-time,  has  been 
edited  with  improvements  by  Dr.  Berken- 
Iiout.  He  published  in  1743  Hermippusreviv- 
ed,  which  six  years  after  was  more  fully  im- 
proved, and  in  1744  appeared  his  "  voyages 
and  travels,"  on  the  plan  of  Dr.  Harris.  He- 
sides  other  popular  publications  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  Biographia  Bri  tannics,  which  first 
appeared  in  weekly  numbers  in  1745,  and  to 
■which  he  contributed  some  of  the  most' in- 
teresting and  hest  written  articles.  In  1750 
he  published  his  present  slate  of  Europe,  a 
work  extremely  popular  by  the  rapid  sale 
of  six  large  editions,  and  afterwards  he  was 
employed  in  the  modern  universal  history 
which  appeared  in  detached  parts  in  16  vols, 
fol.  His  last  work  was  "  a  political  survey 
of  Britain"  in  2  vols.  4to.  1774,  in  which  he 
displayed  extraordinary  labor,  great  judg- 
ment, and  extensive  knowledge.  These  great 
literary  performances  did  not  pass  unre- 
warded with  the  applause  of  the  learned,  the 
author  was  honored  in  1754  by  the  universi- 
ty of  Glasgow  with  the  degree  of  L.  L.  D. 
and  in  1774  the  empress  of  Russia,  who 
never  failed  to  distinguish  merit  in  every 
nation,  presented  him,  in  testimony  of  her 
regard  for  his  great  abilities,  with  her  pic- 
ture. In  1736  our  author  married  miss 
Yobe,  of  Leominster,  with  whom  he  lived 
happily  40  years,  and  by  whom  he  had  sev- 
en children,  one  only  of  whom  with  their 
mother  survived  him.  He  lived  in  the  in- 
dulgence of  his  literary  pursuits  so  retired 
that  few  had  the  happiness  of  his  acquant- 
ance,  but  those  that  visited  him  found  him 
amiable  in  his  manners,  instructive  in  his 
conversation,  and  in  his  general  conduct 
mild,  humane,  and  religious.  He  was  ap- 
pointed in  17f>5  king's  agent  for  the  province 
of  Georgia,  an  office  which  he  held  till  his 
death,  a  melancholy  event,  which  was  has- 
tened by  his  sedentary  mode  of  life,  and  his 
intense  application.  He  died  of  a  dechne  at 
his  house,  Queen-square,  Ormond-street, 
28th  December  1775,  aged  nearly  08,  and 
his  remains  were  deposited  in  the  new  bury- 
ing ground  behind  the  Foundling  belonging  j 
to  St.  George  the  .Martyr.  Besides  the  larg- 
er works  enumerated  above,  Dr.  Campbell 
wrote  other  smaller  publications,  which  Dr. 
Kippis  has  mentioned  in  the  Biographia  Bri- 
tanoica,  and  which  prove  further  the  great 
erudition,  the  comprehensive  knowledge, 
and  indefatigable  application  of  the  author. 

Campbell,  John, '2d  duke  of  Argyle, ami 
duke    of  Greenwich,  was   son   of  Archibald  : 
duke  of  Argyle,  and  Elizabeth  Tollemache.  j 
He  early  devoted  himself  to  a  military  life,  j 
and  served   under  the   great  Marlborough. 
He    distinguished    himself  at   (he    battles   of 
Ramilies,    of  Oudenarde,    and    Malplaquet, 
and    assisted   at  the    siege   of  i.isle    and   of ; 
Ghent.  Such  services  were  honorably  reward- 
ed by  the  king,  he  was  made  knight  of  the  gar- 
terin  1  7X0,  and  the  following  year  sent  ambas- 
dor  to  Charles  III.  of  Spain,  with  the  com- 
mand of  the  English  forces  in  that  kingdom,  j 


His  support  of  the  union  with  Scotland,  ren- 
dered In ni  for  a  while  unpopular  among  his 
countrymen,  but  his  merits  were  acknow- 
ledged by  all  parties.  George  1.  on  his  ac- 
cession restored  him  to  the  command  of 
Scotland,  of  which  he  had  been  before  ca- 
priciously deprived,  and  in  1715  he  bravely 
attacked  lord  Mar's  army  at  Dumblain,  and 
obliged  the  pretender  to  retire  from  the 
kingdom.  In  1718  he  was  made  duke  of 
Greenwich,  but  the  opposition  which  he 
showed  to  the  measures  of  Walpole  procur- 
ed his  dismissal  from  all  the  ofiiccs  of  honor 
and  profit  which  hc',lheld,  though  he  was 
afterwards  restored  on  the  minister's  dis- 
grace. He  died  1743,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey,  where  a  handsome 
monument  records  his  virtues. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  a  Scotch  prelate 
of  the  noble  family  of  the  Campbells,  made 
in  1721  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  which  he  re- 
signed in  1724.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, and  intimate  with  the  most  famous  men 
of  ids  time,  with  bishop  Boll,  Hickes,  Grade, 
Nelson,  and  others.  He  died  1 6th  June 
1744,  author  of  the  doctrine  of  a  middle 
state  between  death  and  the  resurrection, 
fol.  1721,  a  work  curious  and  interesting,  full 
of  great  learning,  and  profound  observations. 

Campeggio,  Lorenzo,  a  Roman  cardi- 
nal, born  at  Milan  1474.  He  was  professor 
of  civil  law  at  Bologna  for  several  years,  and 
married,  but  on  the  death  of  his  wife,  he 
embraced  the  ecclesiastical  profession,  and 
in  1512  was  made  a  bishop,  and  afterwards 
created  a  cardinal  by  Leo  X.  He  came  to 
England  1519,  as  nuncio,  to  settle  the  tenths 
for  the  crusade  against  Turkey,  and  was 
made  hishop  of  Salisbury,  and  in  1524  passed 
into  Germany  to  attempt  to  resist  the  torrent 
of  the  reformation.  He  afterwards  retarded 
to  England  to  settle  the  affairs  about  the 
divorce  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Catherine  of 
Arragon,  and  when  recalled  in  1521)  by  the 
pope,  he  went  to  the  diet  of  Augsburg  again 
to  oppose  the  progress  of  Lutheranism.  He 
died  at  Rome,  1539.  He  was  a  man  of  learn- 
ing and  deep  political  knowledge,  and  ac- 
quainted with  Erasmus  and  most  other 
learned  men  in  Europe.  Some  of  his  letters 
are  published  in  the  collection  of  Basil  1550. 
He  had  a  brother  Thomas,  who  was  also  a 
bishop,  and  author  of  several  learned  works 
on  the  canon  law.     He  died  1564. 

Camper,  Peter,  a  celebrated  physician, 
and  naturalist.  He  was  born  at  Leyden,  and 
carefully  educated  by  his  father  who  was  a 
protestant  divine,  and  under  Boerhaave, 
Musehenbroek,  Gravesande,  and  other  fa- 
mous professors,  he  laid  the  foundation  of 
that  knowledge  in  which  he  became  so  emi- 
nent. He  travelled  at  the  age  of  36  over 
England,  France  and  Germany,  where  he 
was  received  by  the  learned  with  the  res- 
pect due  to  rising  merit,  and  in  Berlin  he 
was  particularly  noticed  by  Frederic  the 
great.  His  works  were  on  philosophy  and 
natural  history,  in  6  vols.  8vo.  with  100 folio 
plates  beautifully  engraved.  He  wrote,  be- 
sides a  treatise  on  the  physiognomies  of  men 


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of  different  countries,  a  work  of  great  erudi- 
tion but  occasionally  fanciful.  He  had  also  a 
taste  for  the  fine  arts,  and  excelled  in  the 
use  of  the  pencil.  He  died  17S9,  highly  res- 
pected. 

Camphuysen,  Dirk,  a  painter,  born  at 
Dorcum  1386.  He  is  eminent  in  his  land- 
scapes and  moonlight  pieces. 

Campi,  Bernardin,  an  Italian  painter  of 
eminence,  author  of  an  interesting  book  on 
his  art,  called  parere  sopra  la  pittura,  print- 
ed at  Cremona  in  4to.  1580.  He  died  1584, 
aged  62. 

Campi,  Galeazzo,.^  an  Italian  painter, 
who  excelled  in  minaturer,  and  in  history. 
He  was  born  at  Cremona,  and  died  1536. 

Campian,  Edmund,  a  learned  writer, 
born  in  London  1540,  and  educated  at 
Christ's  hospital,  where  he  delivered  an  ora- 
tion before  queen  Mary  at  her  accession. 
He  was  afterwards  elected  to  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Oxford,  by  White  the  founder,  and  re- 
ceived great  applause  for  an  oration  which 
he  spoke  before  queen  Elizabeth,  when  she 
visited  the  university.  In  1568  he  went  to 
Ireland,  and  wrote  an  history  of  the  country 
in  two  books,  but  the  suspicion  of  favoring 
the  catholic  tenets  rendered  him  unpopu- 
lar, and  he  fled  to  the  low  countries.  Here 
he  renounced  prostestantism  and  entered  in- 
to the  body  of  the  Jesuits  at  Douay,  and 
from  thence  passed  to  Rome,  where  he  was 
received  as  a  true  and  useful  convert.  He 
wrote  a  tragedy  called  Nectar  and  Ambro- 
sia, which  was  acted  before  the  emperor  at 
Vienna,  and  for  six  years  he  taught  rhetoric 
and  philosophy  at  Prague,  till  he  was  com- 
missioned by  pope  Gregory  XIII.  to  pass 
over  to  England  in  1580.  In  this  delicate 
employment  he  used  all  the  arts  of  cunning 
and  insinuation,  but  though  he  seems  to 
have  challenged  the  English  clergy  to  a  trial 
of  skill,  yet  he  discovered  too  much  vehem- 
ence and  impetuosity,  and  when  discovered 
by  the  emissaries  of  Walsingham,  he  was 
dragged  to  the  tower,  and  being  found  guil- 
ty of  high  treason  for  adhering  to  the  pope, 
the  queen's  enemy,  he  was  hanged  and 
quartered  at  Tyburn,  first  December  1581. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  an  eloquent 
orator,  and  a  subtile  disputant.  His  writings 
were  on  controversial  subjects,  and  are  now 
forgotten.  His  chronologia  universalis  is 
however  a  learned  work. 

Campistron,  Jean  Galbert,  a  French 
poet,  born  at  Toulouse  in  161 5.  He  became 
the  secretary  and  the  friend  of  the  duke  of 
Vendome,  and  merited  to  be  ranked  little 
inferior  to  Racine  in  the  merit  of  his  dra- 
matic compositions.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy, 
11th  May  1723,  at  the  age  of  67.  His  plays, 
three  vols.  12mo.  first  published  in  1750, 
have  passed  through  many  editions. 

Campo,  Antonio,  an  Italian  author,  born 
at  Cremona,  of  which  he  wrote  an  interest- 
ing history  in  folio,  1585.  It  is  in  high  es- 
teem on  account  of  the  plates  by  Augustine 
Carachi. 

Campra,  Andrew,  a  musician  of  Aix, 
born  4th  December,  1660.    He  was  greatly 


admired  for  his  superior  knowledge  of  musie, 
and  for  the  many  popular  ballets  and  tragic 
operas  which  he  composed.  He  died  at  Ver- 
sailles 29th  July,  1744,  aged  84. 

Camps,  Francois  de,  a  native  of  Amiens, 
patronised  by  Ferroni  bishop  of  Mende, 
and  made  abbot  of  Signy.  He  wrote  disser- 
tations on  Medals — on  the  history  of  France, 
&c.  He  died  at  Paris,  1723,  aged  81,  and 
by  his  labors  contributed  to  the  more  easy 
elucidation  of  history. 

Campson,  Gauri,  an  able  and  humane 
sultan  ofEgypt,  raised  to  that  dignity  by  the 
Mamelukes,  1504.  He  was  slain  in  a  battle 
fought  against  the  emperor  of  the  Turks, 
1516,  aged  70. 

Camus,  John  Peter,  a  French  prelate, 
born  at  Paris.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Bel- 
lay  by  Henry  IV.  and  consecrated  by  St. 
Francis  de  Sales  1609.  As  a  preacher  he  was 
particularly  eloquent,  but  at  the  same  time 
indulged  an  ironical  turn,  especially  against 
the  monks,  which  caused  them  to  complain 
of  his  conduct  to  Richelieu.  He  resigned 
his  6ee  after  an  enjoyment  of  20  years,  and 
though  offered  two  others  afterwards  he 
preferred  the  retirement  of  a  monastery, 
and  died  in  the  hospital  of  incurables  at  Paris, 
1652,  aged  70.  Among  his  numerous  works 
are  mentioned,  pious  romances  to  suppress 
the  licentious  productions  of  his  age. 

Camus,  Stephen  la,  a  native  of  Paris, 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne  1650  and  bishop  of 
Grenoble  1571.  He  was  an  exemplary  pre- 
late, attentive  to  his  episcopal  duties,  and 
in  his  private  conduct  very  austere,  always 
sleeping  on  straw,  and  wearing  a  hair  shirt. 
He  was  made  a  cardinal  by  pope  Innocent 
II.  1686,  and  died  1707,  aged  75,  leaving  his 
property  to  the  poor,  and  to  some  schools 
which  he  had  founded.  He  was  author  of 
some  pastoral  letters, — a  treatise  on  the  per- 
petual virginity  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

Camus,  Antoine  le,  a  phyrsician,  born  at 
Paris,  where  he  died  1772,  at  the  age  of  50. 
In  the  midst  of  a  respectable  practice,  he 
found  time  to  write  physic  for  the  mind,  2 
vols.  12mo. — Abdeker,  the  art  of  preserving 
beauty,  a  romance,  4  vols.  12mo.  ou  various 
subjects  of  medicine,  &c. 

Camus,  Charles  Stephen  Lewis,  a  learn- 
ed French  mathematician,  who  died  1768, 
aged  58.  He  was  member  of  the  royal  acad- 
emy of  sciences  at  Paris,  and  of  the  royal 
London  society,  and  wrote  a  course  on  ma- 
thematics, 4  vols.  8vo. — besides  treatises  on 
arithmetic,  &c. 

Camus  at,  Nicholas,  a  learned  French- 
man of  Troyes,  of  which  he  was  canon. 
He  died  1655,  aged  80.  He  wrote  histo- 
ria  Albigensium,  1615 — Melanges  histori- 
ques,  1619 — promptuarium  sacrarum  anti- 
quit.  Tricassinse  diocesis,  8vo.  1610 — and  oth- 
er works. 

Canani,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Fer- 
rara,  professor  of  medicine  and  anatomy 
there,  and  physician  to  the  duke.  He  wrote 
humani  corporis  picturata  dissectio,  now  ve- 
ry' rare,  and  is  said  to  have  discovered  the 
valves  of  the  veins.    He  died  1590,  aged  75. 


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Canaye,  Pliilip  sieur  clu  fresne,  a  na- 
tive of  Paris,  w  lio  published  an  account  of 
a  journey  to  Constantinople.  He  was  after- 
wards employed  by  Henry  IV.  in  several 
embassies,  and  from  a  calvinist  became  a 
Roman  catholic,  at  the  conference  of  du 
Perron  and  do  Plessis  Mornay.  He  died 
1610,  aged  61.  He  wrote  besides  an  ac- 
count of  his  embassies,  3  vols.  fol. 

Candaules,  king  of  Lydia,  was  mur- 
dered bv  Gyges,  who  ascended  his  throne, 
B.  C.  718. 

Candiac,  John  Lewis  Eliz.  de  Mont- 
calm, a  child  of  astonishing  powers,  brother 
to  the  marquis  of  Montcalm.  At  the  age 
of  four  he  learned  Latin,  and  when  six  he 
could  read  Greek,  and  Hebrew  to  the  as- 
tonishment of  the  learned.  This  prodigy 
of  premature  superiority  in  the  knowledge 
of  literature  and  of  science,  was  cut  off  by. 
a  complication  of  diseases  at  Paris,  8th  Oct.! 
1726]  aged  seven  years. 

Canuito,  Peter,  an  historical  painter, 
born  at  Bruges  1548.  His  real  name  was 
said  to  be  White. 

Caneah  or  Canghah,  an  Indian  phi- 
losopher, physician,  and  astronomer.  He 
wrote  on  the  secret  of  nativities — the  con- 
junction of  planets — a  manual  of  medicine — 
physiognomy,  de  mansionibus  lunus,  &cc. 

Cange,  Charles  du  Fresne  du,  a  learn- 
ed Frenchman,  born  at  Amiens,  and  made 
treasurer  of  France.  He  early  applied  him- 
self to  the  study  of  ancient  and  modern  his- 
tory, and  published  some  valuable  works. 
He  died  1688,  aged  78.  Lewis  XIV.  pre- 
sented a  pension  to  his  children,  in  memory 
of  their  father's  learning  and  his  services  to 
literature.  The  most  valuable  of  his  works 
are  history  of  the  eastern  empire  under  the 
French  emperors  of  Constantinople,  fol. — 
Latin  Glossary,  3  vols.  fol. — a  Greek  glos- 
sary of  the  middle  ages,  2  vols.  fol. — annals 
of  Zonaras,  etc. — historia  Byzantina  illus- 
trata  in  fol.  &c. 

Cangiago  or  Cambisi,  Lewis,  a  pain- 
ter of  Genoa,  whose  works  were  in  high 
repute  in  Spain  and  Italy.  He  became  en- 
amored of  his  deceased  wife's  sister,  and 
solicited  in  vain  a  papal  dispensation  to  mar- 
ry her,  and  died  of  melancholy  in  Spain, 
1585,  aged  58. 

Casini,  Angelo,  a  learned  Italian,  au- 
thor of  observations  on  the  Greek  tongue — 
iustitutiones  Lingua*.  Syriacx  Assyr. — Thal- 
mnd.  JEthiop.  Arab,  collatione,  died   1557. 

Canisius,  Henry,  a  native  of  Ximegu- 
en,  professor  of  canon  law  at  Ingolstadt,  died 
in  1609.  He  left  some  learned  works  on  his 
profession,  and  on  antiquities. — His  uncle 
Peter  was  a  learned  Jesuit,  author  of  some 
theological  works.     He  died  1597,  aged  77. 

Caniti,  Baron  of,  a  German  poet  and 
statesman,  born  at  Berlin,  1654,  five  months 
after  his  father's  death.  He  travelled  through 
Europe,  and  was  engaged  in  important  ne- 
gotiations by  the  king  of  Prussia.  He  took 
Horace  for  his  model  in  his  German  compo- 
sitions, and  was  so  popular  a  poet  that  his 
works  were  published  for  the   10th  time  in 


1750   in    8vo.     He  died  at  Berlin,    1699, 
aged  45. 

Canx,  John,  an  Englishman  of  original- 
ly humble  occupation,  who  fled  to  Amster- 
dam at  the  restoration,  and  became  a  great 
leader  among  the  Browuists.  He  published 
a  bible  with  marginal  notes,  which  was  well 
received  by  the  public,  and  passed  through 
several  editions. 

Caxnamares,  John  a  peasant  of  Cata- 
lonia, who  in  a  lit  of  insanity  attacked  king 
Ferdinand,  and  nearly  killed  him.  He  was 
seized,  and  though  the  monarch  wished  to 
pardon  him  be  was  strangled  in  prison  1492. 
Cano,  Alonzo,  a  native  of  Grenada,  em- 
inent as  a  painter,  sculptor,  and  architect. 
He  was  patronised  by  the  duke  of  (Jlivares, 
and  made  director  general  of  the  king's 
works  at  Madrid,  and  preceptor  to  the 
prince  Balthazar  Carlos.  The  palaces  and 
churches  of  Madrid  were  adorned  with  the 
elegant  labors  of  his  chisel,  as  well  as  of  his 
pencil.  He  had  the  singular  misfortune  of 
finding  on  his  return  home  one  evening  his 
house  plundered,  his  wife  murdered,  and 
his  Italian  servant  fled  ;  and  while  he  had 
reason  to  suspect  the  treachery  of  his  do- 
mestic, in  consequence  of  his  jealous  and 
resentful  temper,  he  was  himself  seized  as  a 
perpetrator  of  the  horrid  deed  and  tortured, 
but  no  punishment  could  force  him  to  con- 
fess a  crime  of  which  he  was  not  guilty.  He 
afterwards  entered  into  the  church  to  escape 
further  persecution,  and  died,  676,  aged  76. 
Cano  or  Casus,  Melchior,  a  native  of 
Tarancon,  in  the  diocese  of  Toledo.  He 
was  of  the  Dominican  order,  and  professor 
of  theology  at  Salamanca,  and  in  1552,  he 
became  bishop  of  the  Canaries,  which  he 
resigned  to  enjoy  the  favors  of  the  court  of 
Philip  II.  He  died  at  Toledo  1560,  author 
of  some  works,  especially  lucorum  theologi- 
coruni,  &c. 

Cantacut-enus,  Johannes,  a  Byzan- 
tine historian,  born  at  Constantinople,  and 
nearly  related  to  the  imperial  family.  His 
knowledge  in  literature  and  in  arms  was  so 
great,  that  he  became  the  favorite  of  the 
court  and  people,  and  was  made  first  lord  of 
the  bedchamber  to  the  emperor  Andronicus. 
He  retained  his  offices  under  his  grandson  of 
the  same  name,  who  made  him  generalissi- 
mo of  his  forces,  and  would  have  admitted 
him  to  the  throne,  if  he  had  been  willing  to 
consent.  At  his  death  the  emperor  left  the 
guardianship  of  his  son  John  Palajologus  to 
the  integrity  of  Cantacuzenus ;  but  the  jea- 
lousy of  the  empress  and  of  her  favorites, 
thwarted  his  benevolent  schemes,  till  at  last 
lie  assumed  himself  the  imperial  purple,  at 
the  request  of  the  nobles  at  Adrianople, 
1342.  The  new  monarch  was  victorious 
over  his  enemies,  and  with  unparalleled  mod- 
eration, he  adopted  the  conquered  Palaolo- 
gus  for  his  associate  on  the  throne,  and  gave 
him  his  daughter  Helen  in  marriage  to  ce- 
ment their  reconciliation.  Jealousy,  how- 
ever, still  prevailed,  and  Cantacuzenus, 
wearied  with  the  troubles  of  sovereignty, 
retired  to  a  monastery  accompanied  by  his 


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wife.  In  that  tranquil  retreat  he  devoted 
himself  to  study,  and  wrote  an  history  in 
Greek  of  his  own  times,  in  four  books,  from 
1320  to  1355.  This  worK  is  very  valuable. 
He  wrote  besides  some  theological  works. 
The  history  was  translated  into  Latin  at  In- 
golstadt,  in  1603  by  Pontanus,  and  in  1645 
the  original  Greek  was  splendidly  edited  at 
Pans  in  3  vols.  fol.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  unknown,  though  it  is  supposed  that  he 
lived  till  about  the  \  ear  1411,  and  reached 
his  100th  year.  He  wrote  also  a  defence  of 
Christianity  against  the  Mahometans. 

Cantarini,  Simon,  a  painter,  born  at 
Pezaro,  and  thence  surnamed  Pezarese. 
He  was  the  pupil  and  friend  of  Guido, 
whose  excellence  he  so  successfully  imita- 
ted, that  his  pieces  were  often  ascribed  to 
his  master.  He  died  at  Verona  164S, 
aged  36. 

C  A  n  te  l,  Peter  Joseph,  a  Jesuit  of  Caux, 
whose  extraordinary  application  to  litera- 
ture shortened  his  days  at  the  age  of  35, 
1579.  He  wrote  de  ltomana  republica,  12mo. 
1707 — metropolitarum  urbium  historiie  civil 

6  ecclesiast.  primus — besides  editions  of 
Justin  and  Valerius  Alaximus. 

Cantemir,  Demetrius,  a  Tartar  of  il- 
lustrious birth.  He  visited  Constantinople 
early  in  life,  and  promised  himself  to  suc- 
ceed his  father  as  governor  of  Moldavia; 
hut  he  was  supplanted  by  a  rival  ;  and  when 
at  last  sent  to  defend  the  province  against 
the  Russians,  he  betrayed  it  to  the  Czar  Pe- 
ter, whose  fortunes  he  followed,  and  by 
■whom  he  was  amply  rewarded.  From  Mol- 
davia, over  which  he  presided,  he  retired 
to  Ukraine,-  where  he  died,  much  lamented, 
1728,  aged  50.  He  wrote  a  Latin  history 
of  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  Ottoman  empire 
in  Russia,  dedicated  to  the  Czar — the  sj's- 
tem  of  Mahomet's  religion — the  state  of 
Moldavia,  in  Latin,  with  a  map  of  the  coun- 
try. 

Cantemir,  Antiochus,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, displayed  the  advantages  of  a  well 
finished  education  in  several  embassies  at 
London  and  Paris.  On  his  return  to  Peters- 
burg, he  devoted  himself  to  literature,  and 
was  the  first  who  introduced  the  graces  of 
poetry  among  the  Russians.  He  was  author 
of  some  odes,  satires,  and  fables,  besides  a 
translation  of  Anacreon  and  of  the  epistles 
of  Horace.  His  life  was  written  by  Guasco. 
He  died  1744,  aged  34. 

Canterus,  William,  an  eminent  scho- 
lar, horn  at  Utrecht  1542,  and  educated 
chiefly  at  Louvain,  under  Cornel.  Valeri- 
us, and  afterwards  at  Paris,  under  Auratus. 
The  civil  wars  of  France  afforded  him  an 
opportunity  to  visit  Germany,  Italy,  and 
Venice,  where  he  purchased  some  valua- 
ble manuscripts  ;  and  on  his  return  to  Lou- 
vain he  devoted  himself  with  indefatigable 
diligence  to  his  favorite  studies.  An  appli- 
cation so  intense,  which  regularly  began  at 

7  in  the  morning,  and  continued  till  mid- 
night, with  the  intervention  of  scarce  four 
hours  for  exercise  and  refreshment,  was 
not  calculated  to  insure  longevity,  and  con- 


sequently Canterus  fell  a  sacrifice  to  his  stu- 
dious retirement,  and  died  in  his  33d  year, 
1575.  His  mind  was  stored  with  vast  erudi- 
tion, and  trom  his  familiar  acquaintance 
with  six  languages,  besides  that  of  his  coun- 
try, viz.  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  French, 
Italian,  and  German,  the  greatest  expecta- 
tions, as  1'huanus  observes,  might  have 
been  formed  from  him.  His  works  were 
purely   philological,  such  as,  novarum   lec- 

tionum    libri    octo syntagma    de    ratione 

emendandi  Grrecos  autoies — notK,  scholia, 
Ike.  in  Euripid,  Sophocl.  Tfisehyl.  Cic.  Pro- 
pert.  Auson.  Arnob — besides  various  read- 
ings on  some  of  the  septuagint  MSS.  and 
translations  of  several  Greek  authors. 

Canton,  John,  an  ingenious  philosopher, 
born  at  Stroud,  in  Glocestershire,  31st  July 
1718.  He  was  early  initiated  in  the  know- 
ledge of  mathematics,  in  which  science  he 
displayed  astonishing  powers  ;  but  soon  af- 
ter he  became  engaged  in  the  business  of  his 
father  as  a  broadcloth  weaver.  His  leisure 
hours  were,  however,  devoted  to  his  favor- 
ite pursuits,  and  he  eluded,  with  successful 
perseverance,  the  vigilance  of  his  father, 
who  forbade  him  to  study  by  candle-light; 
and  at  last  constructed,  in  secrecy,  and  by 
the  help  of  a  common  knife  alone,  a  stone  di- 
al, which  besides  the  hours  of  the  day,  show- 
ed the  sun's  rising,  and  his  place  in  the  eclip- 
tic, with  other  particulars.  The  ingenuity 
of  the  son  thus  procured  the  encourage- 
ment of  the  father,  who  placed  on  the  front 
of  his  house  the  favorite  dial.  This  was 
seen  and  admired  by  the  curious  and  the 
learned  in  the  neighborhood ;  and  Canton 
was  invited  to  the  undisturbed  use  of  some 
valuable  libraries.  Martin's  grammar,  and 
a  pair  of  globes,  then  first  seen  by  the  untu- 
tored youth,  raised  his  genius  to  noble  ex- 
ertions. He  was  invited  to  London  by  Dr. 
Miles  of  Tooting,  and  he  engaged  himself 
with  Mr.  Watkins  at  an  academy  in  Spital- 
square.  In  this  situation,  with  all  the  ad- 
vantages to  be  derived  from  a  comfortable 
independence,  he  pursued  his  studies,  and 
at  last  succeeded  Watkins  in  the  manage- 
ment of  his  school ;  and,  in  3  744,  married 
Penelope,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Colbrooke.  In  1745,  the  discovery  of  the 
Leyden  phial  in  electricity  attracted  his  at- 
tention to  the  improvement  of  a  science  for 
which  he  had  always  shown  great  partiality. 
In  1750  he  was  elected  member  of  the  roy- 
al society  for  his  method  of  making  artificial 
magnets,  for  which  he  was  honorably  re- 
warded with  the  gold  medal.  He  was  also 
honored  with  a  degree  by  the  university  of 
Aberdeen,  and  chosen,  in  1751,  one  of  the 
council  of  the  roval  society.  He  was  the 
first  person  in  England  who,  on  July  20, 
1752,  ascertained  the  truth  of  Dr.  Frank- 
lin's hypothesis  of  the  similarity  of  light- 
ning and  electricity,  by  attracting  fire  from 
the  clouds;  and  this  circumstance  recom- 
mended hiin  strongly  to  the  notice  and 
friendship  of  the  American  philosopher. 
His  discoveries  and  improvements  in  philo- 
sophy continued  to  be  great  and   important, 


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and  his  opinions  were  communicated  to  the  I  Swedes,  and  killed  their  king  in  battle ;  and 
royal  society  in  various  papers,  on  the  shoot- 1  afterwards,  in  his  old  age,  be  made  a  pil- 
ing of  the  stars,  the  electrical  properties  of    grimage  to  Koine.      lie  died   at  Shaftsbury 


the  tourmalin,  the  variation  of  tl»e   needle, 
the  transit  of  Venus  in  1761,  the   compres 


Canute    IV.   king   of    Denmark    after 


sibility  of  water,  the  making  of  phosphorus,  Harold,  1080,  was  surnamed  the  Pious.  His 
the  fixing  of  electrical  conductors  on  build-  :  greaJtaparthdily  and  liberal  donations  to  the 
ings,  the  luminousness  of  the  sea  occasion- |  churW  raised  an  insurrection  against  him, 
ed  by  the  putrefaction  of  its  animal  sub-  in  w  hich  he  was  slain  by  one  of  his  subjects, 
stances,  &c.  .Besides  these  different  sub-  1087.  He  was  canonized  by  pope  Alexander 
jeets,  he  treated  of  some  others,  not  only  in  j  III.  in  1164. 

the  transactions  of  the  society,  but  in  the  Caxuti,  Dominico,  an  Italian  painter  of 
Gentleman's  magazine,  with  a  laudable  zeal  eminence,  instructed  by  the  sole  powers  of 
for  experimental  know  ledge,  and  the  estab-  :  his  genius.  His  pieces  are  preserved  at  Rome 
lishment  of  truth.  He  died  of  a  dropsy  in  and  Bologna.  He  died  I6r8,  aged  55  years. 
his  chest,  88d  -March  1772,  in  his  54th  year.  CAPACCio,JulioGxsare,  a  learned  Italian, 
Id  private  life  he  was  an  amiable  and  sensi-  I  author  of  a  history  of  Naples,  and  other 
hie  man,  mild  in  his  manners,  and  affable  in  j  works.  He  was  tutor  to  prince  Urbino,  and 
his  conduct.  He  was  succeeded  in  his  school  :  secretary  to  the  eity  of  Naples;  and  died 
by   his  eldest  son,  William,  who  inherited    1631. 

much  of  his  love  for  science.  His  wife  sur-  Capasso,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Fratta, 
vived  him,  and  seven  children.  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  professor  of  civil 

Cantwell,  Andrew,  a  physician  of  Tip-  law  at  Naples.  He  was  eminent  as  a  poet, 
perary,  who  died  llth  July  1764.  He  ac- j  and  he  spent,  it  is  said,  more  than  twenty 
quired  celebrity  by  his  practice,  and  more  j  years  in  translating  Homer  into  the  Neapo- 
by  his  publications.  He  wrote  Latin  d  User- I  li  tan  patois;  a  work  much  esteemed  by 
tations  on    medicine,   fevers,  and  secretions  '  judges  of   this    vulgar   idom.      His  poetical 


— new  experiments  on  Mr.  Stephens'  reme- 
dies— history  of  remedy  for  weakness  of  the 
eyCS — account  of  the  small-pox — disserta- 
tion on  inoculation,  &c. 

Canus,  or  Cano,    Sebastian,  a  Spaniard 
■who   accompanied   Magellan   in  his  voyage 


"pieces  were  printed  at  Naples  1780,  1  vol. 
4to.  and  possess  merit.  His  prose  composi- 
tions are  not  much  esteemed.  He  died  at 
Naples  1743,  aged  75. 

Capecio,  Scipio,  a  Neapolitan  Latin  poet 
of   the  16th  century,  who  successfully  imita- 


roundthe  world,and,  after  his  death,  pursued  j  ted  Lucretius' book  de  rerum  natura,  printed 
his  course    to  Sunda,  and  round  the  Cape  of    1542,  and  elegantly  1754.     lie  wrote  besides 


Good  Hope.  He  returned  to  Spain  1522. 
after  sailing  round  the  world  in  three  years 
and  four  weeks.  There  was  another  Canus, 
James,  a  Portuguese,  who  discovered  the 
kingdom  of  Congo,  in  1484. 

Canute,  a  king  of  Denmark"  nd  Nor- 
way, sovereign  also  of  England.  He  resign- 
ed his  crown,  and  retired  to  a  monastery, 
where  he  died  1026. 

Canute,  or  Knud,  surnamed  the  Great, 
succeeded  his  father  Sweyn  as  king  of  Den- 
mark, and  afterwards  undertook  an  expedi- 
tion against  England.  He  attacked  Edmund 
Ironside  with  such  boldness  and  success, 
that  the  two  rivals  agreed  to  divide  the  coun- 
try between  them,  and  while  Edmund  was 
satisfied  with  the  land  at  the  south  of  the 
Thames,  his  opponent  claimed  the  north  as 
his  own.  When  Edmund  was  murdered  by 
Edric,  1017,  Canute  seized  the  whole  king- 
dom, and  endeavoured  to  establish  himself 
by  the  punishment  of  Edric  and  of  the  no- 
bles, and  by  the  laying  of  a  heavy  tax  on  the 
people.  His  reign,  though  severe,  was  im- 
partial, and  he  regarded  both  nations  equally 
as  his  subjects,  and  distributed  justice  with- 
out favor.  He  showed  himself  also  superior 
to  the  flattery  of  his  courtiers  on  the  sea- 
shore at  Southampton,  and  whilst  they  wish- 
ed to  extol  him  as  more  than  a  mortal,  he 
show  ed  them,  that  as  the  sea  refused  to  obey 
his  summons,  and  retreat  hack  at  his  word, 
so  is  every  thing  on  earth  subservient  to  the 
will  of  him  whom  the  winds  and  the  sea 
obey.    He    repressed    the    invasion  of  the 


elegies,  epigrams,  &c.  highly  esteemed.     He 
was  law  professor  at  Naples. 

Capel,  Arthur  lord,  a  virtuous  noble- 
man, whose  attachment  to  the  cause  of 
Charles  I.  proved  fatal  to  him.  At  first  he 
favored  the  parliament,  and  voted  for  the 
death  of  Strafford,  of  which  he  sincerely  re- 
pented ;  and  when  he  saw  the  violent  mea- 
sures of  the  republican  chiefs,  he  sided  with 
the  king,  and  was  created  lord  Capel  of 
Hadham.  He,  with  lord  Norwich  and  sir 
Charles  Lucas,  boldly  defended  Colchester; 
but  upon  the  surrender,  he,  in  violation  of  a 
solemn  promise  of  quarter,  was  beheaded  on 
the  scaffold,  March  <J,  104'.).  While  in  pri- 
son, he  wrote  some  beautiful  and  elegant 
verses,  which  have  frequently  appeared  be- 
fore the  public. 

Capel,  Arthur,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
made  earl  of  Essex  by  Charles  II.  and  em- 
ployed as  ambassador  to  Denmark,  and  as 
viceroy  of  Ireland.  He  was  first  lord  of  the 
treasury  1679,  and  supported  the  exclusion 
singly  of  the  duke  of  York,  for  which, 
though  his  former  services  were  acknow- 
ledged, and  the  merits  of  his  family  known, 
he  was  dishonorably  struck  off  the  list  of 
privy  counsellors,  and  in  1683  accused  by 
lord" Howard  as  an  accomplice  in  the  Rye- 
house  plot  He  was  soon  after  found  with 
his  throat  cut  with  a  razor,  but  though  it 
«  as  evident  that  he  was  murdered,  the  coro- 
ner's jury  pronounced  a  verdict  of  felo  de  se. 

CAPELL^jfcfvard,  was  born  at  Troslon, 
near  Bury^Pffolk,  llth  Jane    1713,   and 


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educated  at  Bury  school.  Upon  his  ap- 
pointment to  the  office  of  inspector  of  plays, 
by  the  patronage  of  the  duke  of  Grafton,  he 
turned  his  thoughts  to  an  immaculate  edi- 
tion of  Shakspeare's  plays.  Three  and 
twenty  years  were  employed  in  searching 
old  ma-.uscripts,  and  in  examining  vauous 
readings,  before  the  publication  appeWed  ; 
but  after  all,  the  public  were  disappointed 
in  their  expectation  of  illustrative  notes  and 
commentaries  to  adorn  an  edition  of  10  vols. 
8vo.  The  labors  of  Malone,  Steevens,  Far- 
mer, Percy,  and  others,  checked  the  ardor 
of  Capell  to  finish  what  he  had  so  long  pro- 
mised, and,  after  forty  years,  the  annota- 
tions appeared  as  posthumous,  under  the 
care  of  Air.  Collins,  the  editor,  in  3  vols. 
4to.  This  publication  is  in  itself  valuable, 
and  throws  great  light  on  the  characters  of 
Shakspeare,  and  the  various  sources  from 
whence  the  fables  were  derived.  Capell 
died  24th  January  1 7 S 1 .  He  wrote  besu'.^s 
Prolusions,  &c.  and  his  altered  play  of  Anto- 
ny and  Cleopatra  was  acted  at  Drury-lane 
17.58. 

Capella,  Marcianus  Minius  Felix,  a 
Latin  poet  in  the  5th  century,  whose  poem 
de  nuptiis  Philologia;  et  Mereurii  has  been 
published. 

Capello,  Bianca,  a  Venetian  lady,  who, 
after  marrying  a  person  of  inferior  rank,  re- 
tired to  Florence,  where  she  had  the  im- 
prudence to  become  the  mistress  of  Francis 
the  grand  duke  Cosmo's  son.  After  the 
death  of  her  husband,  she  had  the  art  to 
prevail  upon  her  lover  to  marry  her,  and 
she  was  formally  recognised,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  embassy  to  the  Venetian  states, 
as  a  true  daughter  of  Venice.  Though  pos- 
sessed of  great  powers  of  mind  and  strong 
resolutions,  she  showed  herself  odious  and 
tyrannical  at  Florence,  so  that  her  memory 
is  still  held  there  in  abhorence.  The  sudden 
death  of  her  husband  and  of  herself,  within 
a  few  days  of  each  other,  in  October  1587, 
was  justly  attributed  to  poison  administered, 
it  is  said,  by  cardinal  Ferdinand,  their  bro- 
ther. 

Capeli.US,  Lewis,  a  French  protestant 
divine,  born  at  Sedan,  and  profesorof  divinity 
and  oriental  languages  at  Saumur.  He  was 
engaged  in  a  long  and  learned  controversy 
with  the  younger  Bnxtorif  concerningthe  an- 
tiquity of  the  Hebrew  points ;  and  whilst 
his  adversary  maintained,  that  they  were 
coeval  with  the  language,  he  supported,  that 
they  were  unknown  before  the  dispersion  of 
the  Jews,  and  that  they  were  invented  by 
the  Masoreth  rabbis  of  Tiberias,  about  600 
years  after  Christ.  The  learned  were  on 
this  occasion  divided.  The  Germans  sup- 
ported the  opinion  of  their  favorites  the 
Buxtorffs,  while  Capellus  was  seconded  by 
all  the  powers  and  abilities  of  the  protes- 
tants,  by  Luther,  Calvin,  Zuinglius,  and  af- 
terwards, by  Scaliger,  the  Casaubons,  the 
Heinsii,  Grotius,  Erpenius,  Salmasius,  and 
others.  Besides  his  controversial  books,  he 
wrote  critica sacra,  in  which  jjflwis  engaged 
for  thirty  six  years  ;  a  work^^Tjierit,   but! 


such  as  displeased  some  of  the  protestants 
for  the  liberty  of  his  criticisms  on  the  bible. 
Capellus  died  at  Saumur  1658,  aged  nearlv 
80.  He  wrote  some  account  of  himself  in 
his  "  de  gente  Capellorum." 

Capilupus,  Camillus,  an  Italian  writer, 
who  published  the  stratagems  of  Charles  IX. 
against  the  Hugonots,  with  an  account  of  the 
massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew. 

Capilupus,  Lcelius,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  author  of  some  Latin  poems, 
preserved  in  the  delici*  poetaruin  Italico- 
rum.  He  died  1560,  aged  62.  His  brother 
Julio  was  equally  distinguished  as  a  man  of 
letters;  and  Hippolito,  another  brother,  be- 
came bishop  of  Fano,  and  died  at  Rome 
1680. 

Capistran,  John,  a  famous  preacher  in 
the  Romish  church.  He  declaimed  against 
the  Turks  and  infidels,  and  was  so  successful 
in  a  discourse  against  gaming,  at  Nuremberg, 
that  his  auditors,  with  eager  zeal,  burnt  all 
their  cards  and  dice  in  his  presence.  Ha 
headed  a  crusade  against  the  Hussite-,  and 
for  his  services  to  the  church  was  canoniz- 
ed in  1690,  234  years  after  his  death.  His 
writings  have  long  since  sunk  into  oblivion. 

Capisucchi,  Blasius,  marquis  of  Mon- 
terio,  was  in  the  service  of  the  pope,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  Poitiers 
against  the  Hugonots  1569. 

Capisucchi,  Paul,  a  canon  of  the  Vati- 
can, and  bishop  of  Neocastro,  employed  by 
the  pope  in  several  embassies,  and  particu- 
larly in  the  celebrated  divorce  of  Henry  VIII. 
and  Catharine  of  Arragon.  He  died  at 
Rome  1539,  aged  60. 

Capito,  Wolfgang,  a  German  protestant 
divine,  author  of  a  Hebrew  grammar,  and 
other  works.  He  died  of  the  plague  in  his 
native  city  Haguenau  in  1542. 

Capitolinus,  Julius,  a  Latin  historian 
in  the  3d  century,  author  of  the  lives  of  the 
emperors,  &c. 

Caporali,  Caesar,  an  Italian  writer, 
born  at  Perugia,  He  was  governor  of  Atri, 
and  died  at  Castiglione  in  1601.  He  posses- 
sed great  vivacity,  and  an  inexhaustible  fund 
of  genuine  wit.  He  wrote  two  comedies, 
besides  the  life  of  Mecrenas,  and  some  bur 
lesque  poems,  in  12mo.  1656. 

Cappe,  Newcome,  a  dissenting  minister, 
who  died  1801,  at  York,  where  he  was  set- 
tled. He  was  a  native  of  Leeds,  and  was 
educated  under  Doddridge  and  Leechman 
He  was  author  of  some  sermons  on  the  go- 
vernment and  providence  of  God,  Svo.  1795 
— illustrations  of  some  scripture  passages, 
&c. 

Cappello,  Bernardo,  a  native  of  Ve- 
nice, banished  from  his  country  for  the  free- 
dom with  which  he  expressed  his  sentiments 
on  the  affairs  of  the  state.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Bembo,  and  was  eminent  as  a  poet. 

Capperon  i  ER,Claude,alearned  French- 
man of  Montdidier  in  Picardy.  Though 
brought  up  to  the  business  of  a  tanner,  he  de- 
voted himself  earnestly  to  the  study  of  the 
learned  languages,  and  made  such  a  profi- 
ciency that  he  was  offered  the  chair  of  pro- 


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fhssdr  of  the  Greek  language  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Basil.  He  died  at  Paris  in  1744,  aged 
73,  in  the  house  of  M.  Crozat,  whose  three 
sons  lie  had  educated.  He  published  an 
edition  of  Quintilian  ;  and  after  his  death  his 
edition  of  anlient  Latin  rhetoricians  was 
made  public  at  Strasburg,  4to.  His  relation 
John  succeeded  him  as  professor,  and  pub- 
lished editions  of  Cffisar  and  Flautus,  and 
died  1774. 

Capranica,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Italian, 
made  secretary  to  pope  Martin  V.and  raised 
in  a  bishopric,  and  to  the  rank  of  cardinal. 
This  last  honor,  however,  was  not  confirm- 
ed, in  consequence  of  the  death  of  the  pope  ; 
and  Capranica,  refused  a  seat  in  the  conclave 
and  plundered  of  his  property  by  Eugenius 
IV.  applied  to  the  council  of  Basil,  which 
confirmed  all  his  claims.  He  was  afterwards 
employed  by  Eugenius  in  various  embassies, 
and  commanded  the  Human  army  against 
Francis  Sforza,  by  whom  he  was  defeated 
and  -wounded.  He  directed,  by  his  wiil,  that 
his  palace  at  Home  should  be  turned  into  a 
college.    He  died  1458,  aged  58. 

Capri  ata,  Peter  John,  a  Genoese,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  the  affairs  of  Italy  dur- 
ing his  time,  from  1613  to  1660. 

Caracalla,  Marcus  Aurel.  Antonin.  a 
Roman  emperor  after  his  father  Severus, 
211.  He  disgraced  himself  by  wantonness 
■and  cruelty,  and  was  at  last  assassinated  by 
one  of  his  guards  at  Edessa,  217. 

Caracci,  Lewis  Augustine,  and  Hanni- 
bal, celebrated  painters  of  the  Lombard 
school,  all  natives  of  Bologna.  The  two  last 
were  brothers,  sons  of  a  taylor,  and  Lewis 
was  their  cousin,  and  son  of  a  butcher. 
Lewis,  discouraged  at  first  in  his  profession, 
yet  persevered  by  the  advice  of  Tintoret, 
and  by  studying  the  pieces  of  the  greatest 
masters,  he  soon  excelled  in  design  and 
coloring  and  infused  grace  and  elegance  into 
his  figures.  He  had  the  satisfaction  of  hav- 
ing his  two  cousins  in  the  number  of  his 
friends  and  pupils,  and  with  them  he  united 
in  laying  the  foundation  of  that  school,  which 
has  become  so  celebrated  for  the  great 
genius  of  its  students.  A  choice  collection 
was  made  of  antique  statues,  and  valuable 
books  on  the  profession,  and  a  skilful  anato- 
mist exerted  his  talents  in  describing  and 
explaining  the  motions  and  the  power  of  the 
muscles  and  the  limbs  of  the  human  frame. 
The  fame  of  the  Caracci  soon  spread 
through  Italy,  and  Hannibal,  whose  powers 
of  memory  were  so  retentive  that  he  never 
failed  to  recollect  what  he  once  saw,  was 
liberally  invited  by  cardinal  Farnese  to  paint 
and  adorn  the  gallery  of  his  palace.  He 
was  soon  followed  by  Augustine,  but  on  an 
unexpected  quarrel  between  the  brothers, 
Augustine  retired  to  the  court  of  Parma, 
where,  after  some  years  spent  in  dissipation 
and  in  consequent  remorse,  he  died  1602, 
aged  45.  The  labors  of  Hannibal  however, 
which  render  the  Farnese  gallery  such  an 
object  of  delight  and  admiration  to  the  curi- 
ous, were  unhandsomely  rewarded  by  his 
VOL.    T.  "7 


employer,  and  for  the  immortal  executions 
of  his  pencil  during  eight  long  years  he  re- 
ceived a  sum  scarce  equivalent  to  200/.  This 
ill  treatment  quite  overpow  ered  his  facul- 
ties, and  in  his  agony  of  rage  and  despair, 
he  vowed  never  to  touch  again  his  pencil,  a 
rotation  which  his  wants  made  him  vio- 
la^r  Though  occasionally  deprived  of  his 
senses,  yet  he  proved  licentious  in  his  morals 
and  hastened  his  own  death  by  bis  debauch- 
eries, at  Naples  1608,  in  his  49th  year. 
While  Hannibal  was  engaged  at  Rome, 
Lewis  remained  at  Bologna,  admired  by  the 
neighbouring  clergy,  whose  churches  he 
adorned  by  his  pieces  and  designs.  He 
died  at  Bologna  in  1619,  aged  63.  The  most 
admired  piece  of  Augustine,  is  the  com- 
munion of  St.  Jerome,  in  Bologna.  The 
works  of  Hannibal  are  chiefly  admired  as 
possessing  all  the  sweetness  and  purity,  the 
judicious  distribution  of  coloring,  and  the 
delicate  correctness  of  the  most  approved 
masters.  He  had  so  much  veneration  for 
the  labors  of  Raphael,  that  he  ordered  him- 
self to  be  buried  in  the  same  tomb,  and  his 
remains  were  accordingly  deposited  in  the 
rotunda  at  Rome.  Augustine  had  a  natural 
son  Antonio,  who  studied  under  Hannibal, 
and  who  displayed  such  taste  and  judgment 
in  his  pieces,  that  had  he  lived  he  might 
have  surpassed  the  fame  of  his  immortal  re- 
lation. He  died  1618,  at  the  age  of  35. — 
From  the  school  of  the  Caracci  sprung 
those  illustrious  painters,  who  have  done  so 
much  for  their  own  glory,  and  the  reputa- 
tion of  their  instructors,  Guido,  Douiini- 
rhino,  Lanfrancho,  fkc 

Caracci  o,  Anthony,  a  Roman  nobleman 
of  the  17th  century.  He  wrote  tragedies, 
besides  an  admired  epic  poem,  40  cantos, 
called  Imperio  Vendicato,  in  1690,  in  4to. — 
This  work,  though  praised  by  many,  is  yet 
far  inferior  to  the  finished  poems  of  Ariosto 
and  Tasso.  His  tragedy  II  Corradino  is  ad- 
mired. 

Caraccioli,  John,  the  secretary  and 
favorite  of  Joan  II.  queen  of  Naples.  She 
raised  him  to  great  honors,  and  afterward 
caused  him  to  be  assassinated. 

Caraccioli,  Robert,  a  noble  ecclesias- 
tic patronised  by  Callixtus  III.  and  Sixtus  V. 
and  made  bishop  of  Aquino,  and  afterwards. 
ofLecce.  He  was  eloquent  as  a  preacher 
and  eminent  as  a  politician.  His  sermons 
appeared  at  Lyons  1503.  He  died  1495, 
aged  70. 

Caraccioli, Lewis  Anthony,  anative  of 
Paris,  of  a  noble  family.  He  was  for  some 
time  in  the  army  in  the  service  of  the  king 
of  Poland,  and  on  his  return  to  France  de- 
voted himself  to  literature,  and  died  1803, 
aged  80.  He  published  letters  4  vols  12mo. 
which  were  imposed  upon  the  world  as  the 
correspondence  of  Ganganelli,  pope  Clement 
XIV.  A  nearer  examination  howeverproved 
the  deceit,  when  Ganganelli  was  represented 
as  speaking  of  Herculaneum,  before  it  was 
discovered^Mid  of  the  writings  of  Gesner  be- 
fore they  (^B published.  These  letters  pos- 
sess notwitnromdina:  merit,  send  are  written 


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in-au  elegant  style,  ami  abound  with  morali- 
ty, and  pleasing  historical  relations. 

Caractacus,  a  king  of  Britain,  celebra- 
ted for  his  heroic  conduet  and  his  firmness 
when  carried  before  the  Emperor  Claudius, 
A.  D.  52. 

Caradog,  a  British  historian  who  wjate 
the  chronicle  of  Wales,  from  686  to  his  Wn 
times,  which  has  been  continued  to  1 106,  and 
by  another  hand  to  1280,  still  in  MS.  lie 
died  1156. 

Carafi,  a  Mahometan  doctor,  who  died 
the  year  684  of  the  hegira.  He  is  the  author 
of  some  books  in  defence  of  his  religion,  and 
on  other  subjects. 

Caramuel  de  Lobkovitsh,  John,  a 
native  of  Madrid,  who,  from  a  monk  and 
bishop,  became  a  soldier  and  a  general,  and 
again  exchanged  military  honors  for  the  cro- 
sier. He  died  at  Vigevano  1682,  aged  76. — 
He  was  possessed  of  great  powers  of  mind, 
and  wa6  said  to  be  endowed  with  genius  to 
the  eighth  degree,  with  eloquence  to  the 
fifth,  and  with  judgment  to  the  second.  His 
works,  ali  on  controversial  subjects,  were 
published  in  seven  vols.  fol. 

Caravagio,  Michael  Angelo  Amerigi 
da,  son  of  a  mason  at  Caravagio  in  the  Mi- 
lanese, was  boru  1569.  Without  the  assist- 
ance of  a  master,  he  acquired  deserved  ce- 
lebrity as  a  painter,  but  his  temper  was  so 
quarrelsome  that  he  found  fewfriends,  many 
rivals,  and  more  enemies.  After  a  life  of 
misfortunes  increased  by  licentiousness  of 
conduct,  in  the  midst  of  poverty  and  perse- 
cution, he  at  last  expired  on  the  common 
road  1609,  in  his  40th  year.  From  his  ser- 
vile and  correct  adherence  to  nature,  he  was 
surnamed  the  naturalist;  but  though  Rubens 
himself  acknowledged  him  as  his  superior  in 
the  clear-obscure,  yet  he  failed  in  large  com- 
positions, and  represented  his  figures  all  on 
the  same  plan  without  gradation,  and  per- 
spective. When  once  shown  a  fine  collec- 
tion of  antique  figures,  he  pointed  to  the 
living  forms  about  him  as  superior  models, 
and  immediately  painted  a  gipsy  in  the  street 
with  such  exactness  of  delineation  that  criti- 
cism was  silent.  Unable  pnee  to  pay  his  reck- 
oning at  an  ale-house  he  painted  the  sign 
afresh,  and  so  highly  finished  was  the  piece 
that  afterwards  it  brought  the  owner  a  very 
considerable  sum. 

Carausius,  a  native  of  Flanders,  em- 
ployed by  the  emperor  Probus  and  his  suc- 
cessor, to  protect  the  coasts  of  Gaul  against 
the  invasion  of  the  Saxons.  He  acquired  in 
this  office  such  skill  and  popularity,  and  so 
much  property,  that  when  threatened  by  the 
emperor  Maximian,  he  fled  into  Britain 
where  he  proclaimed  himself  independent 
emperor  287.  All  attempts  to  reduce  him 
to  obedience  proved  unavailing,  and  after  an 
arbitrary  reign  he  was  at  last  assassinated  by 
one  of  his  soldiers  named  Allectus293.  Some 
of  his  eoins  are  still  preserved. 

Cardan,  Jerome,  an  Italian  of  extraor- 
dinary character,  natural  son  of^m  advocate 
of  Milan,  and  born  at  Pavia  2«fceptember 
1501.    He  was  boru  after  tlJlWays  labor, 


when  cut  from  his  mother,  who  had  taken 
some  potion  to  procure  au  abortion,  and  he 
came  into  the  world  with  his  head  covered 
with  black  curled  hair.  He  studied  at  Pavia, 
and  after  taking  his  degree  of  M.  D.  at  Pa- 
dua, he  was  engaged  as  a  professor  of  medi- 
cine and  of  mathematics  in  several  universi- 
ties of  Italy.  In  1552  he  visited  Scotland  ab 
the  request  of  the  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's, 
whom  he  cured  of  a  violent  asthma  that  had 
baffled  the  skill  of  the  most  expert  physicians. 
He  afterwards  travelled  through  London, 
where  he  calculated  the  nativity  of  Edward 
VI.  and  passing  through  the  Low  Countries 
France  and  Germany,  he  returned  after  an 
absence  of  10  months  to  Milan.  Here  and  at 
Pavia  he  continued  his  lectures,  but  some 
offence -procured  his  imprisonment  at  Bolog- 
na, 1571,  from  which  he  extricated  himself 
with  difficulty  and  passed  to  Home,  where  he- 
lived  in  private  retirement,  and  where  he 
died  21st  September,  1575.  Cardan  was  in 
his  conduct  fickle  and  eccentric,  when  free 
from  pain  he  usually  excited  the  most  disa- 
greeable sensations  by  biting  his  lips,  squeez- 
ing his  fingers  or  whipping  his  legs,  that  thus 
he  might  obtain  relief  from  those  violent  sal- 
lies of  the  imagination  and  lively  impres- 
sions on  the  brain  which  disturbed  the  tran- 
quillity and  the  serene  composure  of  his  mind. 
Though  poor  he  never  disgraced  himself  by 
any  mean  or  immoral  action,  but  he  was  too 
often  pleased  to  speak  on  subjects  which 
might  give  uneasiness  to  his  hearers,  and  he 
was  immoderately  attached  togaming.  When 
he  had  cast  his  nativity  and  fixed  on  the  day 
of  his  death,  it  is  said  that  he  abstained  from 
food,  and  thus  he  destroyed  "nature  that  he 
might  exactly  fulfil  his  prophecy.  He  wrote 
various  things  which  displayed  the  eccentri- 
city of  his  character  and  the  wildness  of  his 
opinions.  His  works  were  printed  at  Lyons 
1663,  hi  10  vols,  folio. 

Cardi,  Ludovici,  a  painter  born  at  Cigoli, 
the  disciple  of  Andrew  del  Sarto  and  Cor- 
regio.  He  died  1613,  aged  54.  His  Ecce 
homo,  and  a  dead  Christ  with  the  virgin  and 
Nicodemus,  in  the  Pitti  palace  at  Florence, 
are  much  admired. 

Cardonne,  DionisDominic  de,aFrench- 
man,  keeper  of  the  MSS.  in  the  royal  libra- 
ry of  Paris,  and  professor  of  the  Turkish 
and  Persian  languages  in  the  royal  college, 
died  December  1783.  His  works  were  au 
history  of  Africa  and  Spain  under  the  Arabs, 
three  vols.  12mo. — miscellanies  of  oriental 
literature,  four  vols.  12mo. — Indian  tales  and 
fa.;les,  8vo. — &c. 

Carew,  George,  a  native  of  Devonshire* 
educated  at  Broadgate  ball,  Oxford.  He 
however  abandoned  his  literary  pursuits  for 
a  military  life,  and  behaved  with  great  spirit 
in  Ireland,  and  in  the  voyage  to  Cadiz.  He 
was  made  president  of  Munster  by  Eliza- 
beth, and  James  appointed  him  governor  of 
Guernsey,  and  created  him  baron  Carew  of 
Clopton.  Charles  raised  him  afterwards  to 
the  dignity  of  earl  Totness.  He  died  in  the 
Savoy  1629,  aged  72,  and  was  buried  at  Strat- 
ford-upou-Avon.      He   was   universally   es 


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teemed  as  a  man  of  worth,  the  favorite  of 
the  prince  and  the  friend  of  the  people.  He 
■wrote  the  history  of  the  late  wars  in  Ireland, 
published  folio,  London  1633. 

Cj^rew,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Glocester- 
shire,  educated  at  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford. 
His  wit  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
not  only  of  Ben  Jonson  and  Davenant,  but 
of  Charles  I.  who  made  him  a  gentleman  of 
his  privy  chamber  and  sewer  in  ordinary. 
He  died  about  16:39,  leaving  several  poems, 
and  a  masque  called  Cuelum  Britannicum, 
performed  at  Whitehall  by  the  king  and 
some  of  his  favorites,  in  1033. 

Carew,  Richard,  author  of  the  survey  of 
Cornwall,  was  born  at  Anthony  in  Cornwall, 
and  educated  at  Christ  church,  Oxford. — 
From  thence  he  removed  to  the  Middle 
Temple,  and  after  travelling  abroad  he  set- 
tled in  his  native  county,  where  he  became 
a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  high  sheriff  in 
1686.  In  his  retirement  he  devoted  himself 
to  antiquarian  pursuits,  and  was  intimate 
with  some  of  the  learned  men  of  his  time, 
especially  sir  Henry  Spelman.  He  died  No- 
vember sixth  1620,  aged  65,  and  an  extrava- 
gant inscription  on  his  tomb  described  him  as 
another  Livy,  another  Maro,  another  Papi- 
rian.  His  survey,  though  praised  by  Cam- 
den, is  not  regarded  by  Gough  as  a  valuable 
performance.  It  was  reprinted  in  17'23,  and 
next  in  1769. 

Carew,  George,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  after 
being  called  to  the  bar  became  secretary  to 
chancellor  Hatton.  Elizabeth,  who  knew  his 
merits,  knighted  him,  and  appointed  him  as 
her  ambassador  to  Poland.  In  the  following 
reign  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
the  union  of  the  two  kingdoms,  and  after- 
wards he  resided  as  ambassador  in  the  French 
court  for  four  years,  where  he  gained  the 
friendship  of  Thuanus,  anil  furnished  him 
■with  some  useful  information  for  the  com- 
pletion of  the  131st  book  of  his  history.  On 
his  return  from  France,  he  was  made  mas- 
ter of  the  court  of  wards,  an  honorable  situa- 
tion which  he  did  not  long  enjoy,  as  he  died 
1613.  He  wrote  a  relation  of  the  state  of 
France,  with  the  characters  of  Henry  IV. 
and  of  the  principal  persons  of  the  court,  a 
work  of  great  merit,  which  long  remained  in 
MS.  till  Dr.  Birch  gave  it  to  the  world  in 
1749.  Sir  George  Carew  had  two  sons  and 
three  daughters  by  his  wife  Thomasina, 
daughter  of  sir  Francis  Godolphin. 

Carew,  Bampfylde  Moore,  an  eccentric 
character,  son  of  a  clergyman  at  Bieklev, 
Devon.  He  was  educated  atTiverton  school, 
but  he  disappointed  the  expectations  of  his 
parents  by  withdrawing  himself  from  their 
protection  and  associating  with  gipsies.  A 
wandering  life  and  all  the  adventures  of  a 
mendicant  hail  greater  charms  than  all  the 
splendors  of  polished  society,  and  Carew, 
the  friend,  the  companion,  the  hero  of  the 
gipsies,  was  unanimously  elected  their  king, 
an  honor  which  he  continued  to  deserve  the 
whole  of  his  life.  It  is  said  that  he  was  twice 
transported  from  Exeter  to  North  America, 


for  enticing  dogs  to  follow  him,  but  so  astfid 
were  his  expedients  that  he  both  times  re- 
turned before  the  ship  which  conveyed  him 
from  Europe.  In  his  wanderings  with  his 
associates  it  was  his  glory  to  extort  charitv 
under  various  assumed  characters,  either  as 
the  shattered  sailor,  the  unfortunate  trades- 
man, the  broken  soldier,  or  the  distressed 
and  ruined  clergyman,  so  versatile  and  impo- 
sing were  his  talents  whether  disguised  as  a 
beggar  or  a  gentleman.  He  died  about  1770, 
aged  77. 

Carew,  sir  Alexander,  a  Cornish  gentle- 
man, member  for  his  county  in  1640.  He  vo- 
ted for  the  death  of  Strafford,  and  for  his 
attachment  to  the  cause  of  the  republicans 
he  was  mad  a  governor  of  St.  Nicholas'  island 
and  fort,  at  Plymouth.  In  this  office,  either 
through  disaffection  or  the  fear  of  6eeing 
his  estatos  plundered  by  the  royalists,  he 
made  overtures  to  deliver  up  the  garrison, 
but  his  intentions  were  discovered,  and  he 
was  dragged  to  London,  and  by  the  sentence 
of  a  court  martial  beheaded  on  Tower  hill 
1644. 

Carey,  Henry,  a  man  who,  to  poetical 
and  musical  talents,  joined  the  more  danger- 
ous power  of  wit  and  malevolent  satire.  He 
wrote  some  dramas  for  Goodmanfieids  thea- 
tre  and  ridiculed  the  bombast  of  modern 
tragedies  in  his  chrononhotonthologos  in 
1734.  He  was  a  great  enemy  to  the  Italian 
operas  and  Italian  singers,  and  distinguished 
his  zeal  and  loyalty  by  the  composition  of  the 
popular  song  of  "  God  save  great  George  our 
king."  His  satirical  vein  procured  him  ene- 
mies, and  like  most  men  of  genius  he  was 
persecuted  by  indigence,  which  unfortunate- 
ly aided  by  melancholy  dejection,  incited  hitti 
to  commit  suicide.  He  destroyed  himself 
in  1744.  His  songs  were  published  by  him 
in  1740,  and  his  dramatic  pieces  in  1743.' 
Though  the  author  of  so  many  ballads  it  is 
remarkable  that  none  offend  against  morali- 
ty and  virtue,  a  strong  proof  of  the  goodness 
and  integrity  of  his  heart.  His  son  George 
Savile,  who  at  onetime  was  on  the  Cuvent 
garden  stage,  wrote,  besides  a  lecture  on 
mimicry,  some  light    dramatic   pieces. 

Caribert,  or  CiiARiBERT,kingof  Pa- 
ris after  his  father  Clotaire  I.  561,  was  a- 
mild  monarch,  and  in  his  government  popu- 
lar and  just.  He  was,  however,  licentious  in 
his  manners ;  aud,  after  putting  au  ay  his 
queen,  ho  married  Uo  of  her  servants  who 
were  of  the  meanest  condition,  daughters  of 
wool-combers,  and  the  third  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  shepherd.  During  his  reign  the 
mayors  of  the  palace  acquired  that  great 
power  which  afterwards  proved  so  fata'  to 
tha  mojiarcy.  He  left  only  daughters  be- 
hind him,  and  died  567. 

CArincs,  Marcus  Aurelius,  son  of  the 
emperor  Cams,  was  invested  with  the  pur- 
ple by  his  father,  and  three  years  after  u  as 
slain  by  a  tribune. 

Carleton,  sir  Dudley,  %vas  born  at  Bal- 
don  Brightwell,  in  Oxfordshire  and  educa- 
ted at  ChristjJWiurch.  When  he  had  finished, 
his  travels,  UeTiUended  sir  Kolph  Wiuwoad 


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as  his  secretary  into  the  Low  Countries,  and 
soon  sitter  he  was  himself  employed  as  am- 
bassador, and  for  twenty  years  served  his 
sovereign  at  Venice,  Savoy,  France,  and  the 
United  Provinces.  Charles  rewarded  the 
fidelity  of  his  services  by  creating  him  baron 
Imbercourt,  viscount  Dorchester.  He  died 
secretary  of  state  6.31,  aged  58,  and  was 
buried  in  Westminster-abbey.  In  those 
days  of  political  scepticism,  and  approaching 
revolution,  be  used  to  say,  that  there  will  be 
mistakes  in  divinity  while  men  preach,  and 
errors  in  government  while  men  govern. 
He  wrote  various  pamphlets,  besides  letters 
from  Holland  during  his  embassy,  from  1C16 
to  1620,  which  were  printed  at  lord  Hard- 
wicke's  expense  in  1757,  and  again  in  1775, 
in  4to. 

Carleton,  George,  a  native  of  Nor- 
ham,  Northumberland,  maintained  at  Ed- 
mund-hall, Oxford,  b\  the  northern  apostle, 
Bernard  Gilpin.  In  1580  he  was  elected 
fellow  of  Merton,  and  in  1617  was  appointed 
bishop  of  Liandaff.  He  was  sent  by  James, 
■with  three  other  divines,  to  the  synod  of 
Dort,  where  he  ably  maintained  the  cause 
of  episcopacy.  On  his  return,  he  was  trans- 
lated to  Chichester,  and  died  nine  years  af- 
ter, 1628,  aged  69.  He  wrote  several  theo- 
logical tracts,  besides  the  life  of  his  patron 
Gilpin ;  and  in  his  character  he  displayed  a 
great  aversion  to  popery,  whilst  he  strictly 
supported  the  rigid  tenets  of  the  calvinists. 
Carlini,  Agostino,  a  native  of  Genoa, 
•who  settled  early  in  England,  and  became 
keeper  of  the  royal  academy  in  London. 
He  was  an  artist  of  celebrity,  and  was  chiefly 
admired  for  his  draperies.  He  died  14th 
August  1790. 

Carloman,  eldest  son  of  Charles  Mar- 
tel,  succeeded  him  in  the  kingdom  of  Aus- 
trasia,  741.  After  defeating  the  Germans 
with  great  slaughter  he  retired  from  the 
helm  of  government  to  the  obscurity  of  a 
cloister,  and  died  at  Vienne  in  Dauphine 

17th  August  755. Another,  son  of  Lewis 

the  German,  who  shared  the  kingdom  of 
Bavaria  with  his  brothers  Lewis  and  Charles 
and  became  king  of  Italy  and  emperor.     He 

died  880,  without  issue. Another,  son  of 

Pepin,  and  brother  of  Charlemagne,  was 
king  of  Austrasia  and  Burgundy.  At  his 
death,  in  771,  his  brother  Charlemagne  be- 
came king  of  the  whole  French  monarchy. 
-Another,  brother  of  Lewis  III.  who  ob- 
tained Aquitainand  Burgundy  as  his  portion. 
On  his  brother's  death  in  882,  he  became 
sole  king  of  France,  and  died  in  consequence 
of  a  wound  received  from  a  wild  boar  in 
hunting,  6th  December  884. 

Carlo  ne,  John,  a  Genoese  painter,  who 
excelled  in  the  art  of  foreshortening.  He 
died  at  the  early  age  of  40,  in  1630,  and  his 
imperfect  pieces  were  finished  by  his  bro- 
ther John  Baptist.  The  family  were  long 
eminent  as  sculptors  and  painters. 

Carlos,  don,  son  of  Philip  king  of  Spain, 
■was  deformed  in  his  person,  and  violent  and 
irrascible  in  his  temper.  He  dSowed  himself 
rudely  disobedient  to  his  father,  and  at 


tempted  to  excite  in  Holland  an  insurrec- 
tion, that  he  might  place  himself  at  the 
head  of  it.  The  violence  of  bis  conduct,  and 
his  determined  opposition  to  the  measures 
of  his  father,  at  last  proved  his  ruin,  and 
Philip,  incensed  by  the  ingratitude  of  his  son, 
caused  him  to  be  seized  and  thrust  into  a 
prison,  where  he  was  condemned  to  death 
He  died  24th  July  1568,  it  is  supposed,  by 
poison,  or,  according  to  others,  by  being 
strangled,  or  by  opening  his  veins  in  a  bath. 
It  is  imagined  by  some  authors,  that  Philip 
treated  him  with  all  this  cruelty  from  jealous 
motives,  because  he  attempted  to  gain  the 
affections  of  his  mother-in-law,  Elizabeth  of 
France,  whom  formerly  he  had  courted,  but 
whom  Philip  had  himself  married. 

Carlyle,  Joseph  Dacres,  a  learned 
orientalist,  born  at  Carlisle,  where  his  father 
practised  as  a  physician  of  eminence.  He 
was  educated  at  Carlisle  school  and  Christ- 
college,  Cambridge,  and  in  1777  obtained  a 
fellowship  at  Queen's.  At  the  university  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  Arabic  and 
the  oriental  languages,  in  which  he  made 
great  progress,  with  the  assistance  of  David 
Zabio,  a  native  of  Bagdad,  wrho  was  resident 
at  Cambridge.  After  ten  years'  residence 
at  college,  he  married,  and  settled  at  Car- 
lisle, and  in  1794  he  succeeded  Dr.  Craven 
as  Arabic  professor,  and  in  1795  was  made 
chancellor  of  Carlisle.  In  1799  he  went  to 
Constantinople  in  lord  Elgin's  embassy,  and 
not  only  obtained  admission  into  the  libraries 
of  that  celebrated  city,  but  he  made  excur- 
sions into  Asia  Minor,  examined  the  site  of 
Troy,  visited  Egypt,  Syria,  and  the  Holy 
Land,  and  after  examining  every  thing  with 
the  eye  of  a  divine,  a  philosopher,  and  an 
antiquarian,  returned  by  Constantinople, 
through  Italy  and  Germany,  and  readied 
England  in  September  1801.  The  services 
which  he  had  rendered  to  literature  and 
oriental  science  weremot,  happily,  forgotten. 
He  was  made  rector  of  the  valuable  living 
of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne;  but  while  he 
promised  himself  long  life,  his  constitution, 
undermined  by  the  severities  of  travel  in 
foreign  climates,  hastened  to  a  rapid  decay, 
and  he  expired,  deservedly  and  universally 
lamented,  12th  April  1804.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  employed  in  the  publication 
of  a  bible  in  Arabic,  and  in  completing  his 
observations  on  the  Troad,  and  the  various 
places  which  he  had  visited  in  the  east ;  a 
valuable  performance,  which  will  be  grate- 
fully received  by  the  public  from  the  hands 
of  his  friends* 

Carmath,  an  impostor,  who  in  the  year 
891,  began  to  oppose  the  doctrines  of  Ma- 
homet, and  by  his  austerity,  gained  numer- 
ous adherents.  He  declared,  that  God  had 
commanded  him  to  pray,  not  five  times  a 
day,  as  the  Mussulmans,  but  fifty  times. 
His  sect  declined  by  degrees,  when  no  longer 
supported  by  his  eloquence,  and  is  now  un- 
known. 

Carmichael,  Gerrhom,  a  native  of 
Glasgow,  educated  at  the  university  ther«% 
in  which  he  became  professor  of  moral  phi 


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•>osophy.  He  died  1738,  aged  56.  He  wrote 
notes  on  Puffendorf,  besides  a  system  of 
moral  philosophy,  which  he  did  not  live  to 
complete. 

Carmichael,  Frederic,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  educated  at  Aberdeen,  and  be- 
came at  last  one  of  the  ministers  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  died  of  a  fever  ITS  1,  aged  45.  Me 
published  one  volume  of  sermons,  much  ad- 
mired for  their  elegance  and  neatness. 

Carneades,  founder  of  the  third  aca- 
demy, was  an  African.  He  was  at  Rome  as 
ambassador  from  Athens,  and  died  B.  C. 
128. 

C  aro,  Hannibal,  an  Italian  poet  and  orator 
ofCivita  Nuova,  who  served  the  duke  of  Pa-r- 
ma  and  Cardinal  Farnese  as  secretary,  and 
afterwards  was  made  knight  of  Malta.  He 
translated  the  iEneid,  m  blank  verse,  2  vols. 
4to.  1705,  published  at  Paris,  with  so  much 
spirit,  that  some  judges  have  declared  the 
composition  scarce  inferior  to  the  original. 
His  poems  and  sonnets  were  much  admired, 
and  appeared  at  Venice  1564,  4to.  He  pub- 
lished also  letters,  printed,  Padua,  1740,  3 
vols.  8vo. — a  translation  of  Aristotle's  rheto- 
ric— and  orations  of  Gregory  Nazianzen.  He 
died  at  Rome  15GG,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  St.  Lawrence  of  Damascus. 

Caroline,  daughter  of  John  Frederic 
margrave  of  Brandenburg  Anspach,  by 
Eleanor  Louisa  his  second  wife,  was  born 
1st  March  1682.  Her  hand  was  solicited  by 
Charles  HI.  of  Spain,  afterwards  emperor  j 
but  she  refused  him,  and  soon  after,  in  1 705, 
married  the  son  of  the  elector  of  Hanover, 
by  whom  she  had  four  sons  and  live  daugh- 
ters. She  was  crowned  queen  of  England 
1 1th  October  1727  ;  and  during  the  reign  of 
her  husband  displayed  great  dignity,  mode- 
ration, and  sagacity,  as  regent  of  the  king- 
dom, and  as  the  patroness  of  learning  and 
.learned  men.  She  died  20th  November 
1837.  Her  character  is  drawn  in  flattering 
terms  by  Dr.  Clarke,  in  his  correspondence 
with  Leibnitz. 

Carolostadt,  or  Carlostadius, 
Andrew  Bodeustein,  a  native  of  Carlostadt 
in  Franconia,  made  dean  of  Wiltemberg, 
1512,  in  the  year  when  Luther  took  his 
doctor's  degree.  He  espoused  all  the  great 
reformer's  tenets;  but  a  dispute  unfortu- 
nately led  him  into  extremes,  so  that  he 
ventured  to  deny  transubstantiation.  He 
was  professor  of  divinity  and  minister  of 
Basil ;  and  was  the  first  protestant  divine  who 
married.     He  died  at  Basil  1541. 

Caroto,  John  Francis,  an  Italian  painter 
who  died  1546,  aged  76.  He  was  disciple  to 
Andrew  Mantigna. 

Caroto,  John,  brother  and  pupil  to  the 
preceding,  settled  at  Venice.  Paul  Vero- 
nese .and  Anselmo  Canned  were  in  the 
number  of  his  pupils. 

Carpenter,  Nathaniel,  a  native  of 
Hatherleigh  in  Devon,  educated  at  Edmund 
hall,  Oxford,  and  Exeter  college,  of  which 
he  became  a  fellow,  1007.  He  was  after- 
wards promoted  to  a  deanery  in  Ireland, 
and  died  at  Dublin  1635.     lie  was  eminent 


for  his  learning,  particularly  his  knowledge 
of  mathematics ;  and  he  ably  opposed  the 
Aistotelian  philosophy.  He  wrote  geogra- 
phy, in  2  books,  besides  Architophel,  or  the 
wicked  politician,  and  philosophia  libera,  tsc. 

Carpenter,  Peter,  a  Frenchman,  born 
at  Charleville.  He  was  eminent  for  his 
learning,  and  assisted  in  the  edition  of  the 
glossary  of  Ducange,  in  G  vols,  folio,  and 
wrote,  besides,  alphabetum  tyronianum,  fol. 
1747.  He  was  patronised  by  the  French 
ministry,  and  was  of  the  order  of  Cluni.  He 
died  at  Paris,  December  17G7,  aged  70. 

Carpentier,  N.  a  native  of  Beauvais, 
esteemed  as  a  calculator,  and  a  great  arith- 
metician. He  wrote  some  valuable  treatises 
on  his  profession,  and  died  1778. 

Carpi,  Ugo  da,  a  painter,  celebrated  for 
the  discovery  of  painting  in  chiaro-obscuro. 
This  he  performed  by  means  of  two  pieces 
of  waxwork,  one  of  which  delicnated  the 
outlines  and  shadows,  and  the  other  impres- 
sed the  colours.     He  died  1 500. 

Carpi,  Girolamo,  an  Italian  painter  of 
Ferrara,  who  died  1556,  aged  55.  He  imi- 
tated Corregio's  manner  with  great  success. 

Carpone,  Julio,  a  Venetian  painter, 
who  died  1674,  aged  63.  He  was  admired 
for  the  groat  correctness  of  his  bacchanals, 
triumphs  and  sacrifices. 

Carpocrates,  a  heretic  of  Alexandria, 
about  the  v'ear  130.  lie  revived  and  im- 
proved the  gnostic  heresy,  and  the  antino- 
mian  doctrines,  that  actions  are  indifferent, 
as  (he  passions  are  implanted  in  us  by  the 
divinity.  His  son,  Epiphanius,  followed  and 
supported  his  opinions. 

Carpzovius,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Bran- 
denburg, known  as  an  able  professor  of  law  at 
Wittemperg.  1  le  died  1 624,  aged  59,  and  left 
four  sons;  Conrad,  his  successor  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Wittcmhcrg;  Benedict,  an  able  profes- 
sor of  law,  and  afterwards  of  divinity,  who 
died  at  Leipsic  in  1GG6,  aged  71 ;  David  Bene- 
dict, a  Lutheran,  author  of  a  dissertation  on 
the  dress  of  the  Hebrews;  John  Benedict,  a 
Lutheran  also,  professor  of  divinity  at  Leip- 
sic, where  he  died  1657,  author  of  the  peni- 
tence of  the  Ninevites,  and  of  some  contro- 
versial tracts,  Sec.  John  Benedict  had  a  son 
of  the  same  name,  who  died  at  Leipsic 
1699,  aged  69,  author  of  some  dissertations 
on  the  scripture,  besides  translations  from 
rabbinical  books.  His  brother,  Frederic 
Benedict,  was  a  learned  counsellor  of  Leip- 
sic, where  he  died  1G99,  aged  50.  The 
famous  journal  Acta  Eruditorum,  begun 
1682,  was  greatly  enriched  by  contributions 
from  his  pen. 

Carr,  Robert  a  Scotchman,  first,  intro- 
duced to  the  notice  of  James  I.  in  1009.  The 
monarch  condescended  to  teach  Latin  to  his 
favorite,  and  raised  him  to  the  honors  of  the 
peerage,  by  the  title  of  duke  of  Somerset ; 
but  though  he  saved  him  afterwards  from 
the  punishment  he  deserved  for  the  murder 
of  sir  Thomas  Overbury,  he  discarded  him 
from  his  favor,  so  that  he  died  forgotten  and 
abandoned,  1638. 

Carr  a,  John  Lewis,  a   French   detna- 


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gogue,  born  at  Pont  de  Vesles  in  1743,  and 
brought  up  to  the  law.  He  afterwards  de- 
voted himself  to  literature,  and  was  also 
secretary  to  the  hospodar  of  Moldavia.  On 
the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  he  came 
to  Paris,  where  he  published  les  annates  po- 
litiques  &  literaires,  a  popular  journal ;  and 
in  consequence  of  his  services  in  the  cause  of 
the  republic  he  was  made  keeper  of  the  na- 
tional library,  and  member  of  the  conven- 
tion. Restless  and  ambitious  in  this  assem- 
bly of  blood,  he  favored  the  cause  of  the  Gi- 
rondists, and  for  some  time  was  employed  as 
commissioner  with  the  army  ;  but  the  cla- 
mors of  his  enemies  at  last  prevailed  against 
him.  He  was  accused  of  being  in  the  pay  of 
England,  and  of  plotting  the  exclusion  of  the 
Bourbons,  with  the  intention  of  raising  the 
dnke  of  York  to  the  throne.  When  his  par- 
ty was  proscribed  by  Robespierre,  he  was 
with  them  hurried  to  the  guillotine,  31st 
October  1793.  He  was  author  of  new  prin- 
ciples of  philosophy,  2  vols,  4to. — an  history 
of  Moldavia  and  Wallaehia,  12mo. — an  essay 
on  aerial  navigation — examinations  of  animal 
magnetism — historical  memoirs  of  the  Bas- 
tille, kc. 

Carracci.     Vid.  Caracct, 

Ca.rran7.a,  Bartholomew,  a  Spanish  Do- 
minican priest,  who  accompanied  Philip 
when  he  married  Mary  of  England.  He 
distinguished  himself  at  the  council  of  Trent, 
and  was  made  archbishop  of  Toledo.  He 
■was  accused  of  heresy  afterwards,  and  sent 
to  Rome,  where,  after  experiencing  great 
harshness  of  treatment,  he  died  in  the  con- 
Tent  of  Minerva  1576.  He  was  very  re- 
spectable for  his  learning,  as  well  as  for  his 
private  life,  and  the  innocence  of  his  con- 
duct. He  wrote  a  collection  of  councils, 
some  theological  tracts,  &c. 

Carre,  Lewis,  a  member  of  the  French 
academy  of  sciences,  the  disciple  and  parti- 
san of  Malebranche.  He  died  1711,  Hged 
48.  He  wrote  some  mathematical  treatises — 
on  measuring  surfaces  and  solids — on  finding 
the  center  of  gravitation,  percussion,  and 
oscillation — besides  papers  in  the  memoirs  of 
the  academy. 

Carrera,  Peter,  a  priest  of  Sicily,  au- 
thor of  an  ingenious  treatise  on  chess,  a  game 
in  which  he  was  very  expert,  in  4to.  1017. 
He  died  at  Messina  1647,  aged  "6.  He 
wrote,  besides,  a  history  of  Catana,  2  vols. 
fol. 

Carrier,  John  Baptist,  an  infamous  re- 
publican, born  near  Aurillac,  1756.  He 
was  bred  up  to  the  law,  and  at  last  was  cho- 
sen deputy  to  the  national  convention,  by 
which  he  was  sent  as  an  able  missionary  to 
la  Vendee,  with  a  number  of  assassins.  In 
this  office  he  became  known  for  his  refined 
cruelty.  At  Nantes,  the  scene  of  his  barba- 
rities, he  often  in  one  day  caused  twenty- 
four  persons  to  be  put  to  death,  though 
voung  and  innocent,  and,  by  a  new  mode  of 
torment,  placed  them,  male  and  female  to- 
gether, in  the  most  indecent  posture,  in  bar- 
ges, on  the  Loire,  and  then  sunk  the  vessels 
tn  the  middle  of  the  river.     After  perpetra- 


ting every  crime  of  cruelty,  lust,  and  tyran- 
nical avarice,  he  was  recalled,  on  the  fall  pJ> 
his  friends  of  the  mountain  ;  and  when  the 
public  indignation  called  vengeance  on  his 
head,  he  was  condemned  by  the  revolution- 
ary tribunal  to  a  deserved  death,  and  was 
guillotined  15th  December  1794. 

Carriera,  Rosa  Alba,  a  Venetian  por- 
trait painter  in  crayons.  Her  father  was  a 
drawing  master :  and  she  acquired  by  the 
labors  of  her  pencil  deserved  celebrity  in  It- 
aly, and  afterwards  came  to  Paris,  where 
she  was  admitted  member  of  the  academy  of 
painting  1720.  After  painting  the  royal  fa- 
mily, she  went  to  Vienna,  and  died  at  Ven- 
ice 1761. 

Carrieres,  Lewis  de,  a  priest,  whodi- 
ed  at  Paris  in  1717,  in  an  advanced  age.  He 
published  a  French  commentary  on  the  bible, 
24  vols.  12mo.  1716. 

Carrouages,  an  ingenious  clockmaker 
of  Pavia.  He  made  for  Alciat  a  clock,  whose 
hammer  in  striking  kindled  a  fire,  by  means 
of  a  flint,  and  lighted  a  lamp. 

Carstares,  William,  a  learned  Scotch- 
man, born  at  Cathcart,  near  Glasgow.  He 
was  educated  at  Utrecht,  and  became  the 
confidential  friend  of  the  prince  of  Orange 
before  his  invasion  of  Britain.  At  the  revo- 
lution, William  appointed  him  his  chaplain 
for  Scotland,  and  consulted  him  without  re- 
serve on  every  occasion  with  respect  to  the 
political  affairs  of  that  kingdom.  Queen  Anne 
on  her  accession  continued  him  chaplain  for 
Scotland  ;  but  he  soon  retired  from  court, 
and  was  elected  principal  of  the  college  of 
Edinburgh,  and  one  of  the  ministers  of  the 
city.  He  died  universally  respected,  in  1715. 
His  state  papers,  letters,  &c-  were  published 
in  1774,  in  a  4to.  vol.  by  Dr.  M'Cormick. 
He  was  in  his  character  benevolent  and  pa- 
triotic, liberal  and  humane.  He  supported 
the  union,  but  he  also  opposed  the  bill  for 
the  tolerating  of  the  episcopal  clergy  in  Scot- 
land. 

Carsughi,  Rainer,  a  Jesuit  of  Citerne 
inTuscany,  who  died  provincial  of  his  order, 
1709,  aged  62.  He  is  known  for  an  elegant 
poem,  in  Latin,  on  the  art  of  writing  well, 
printed  at  Rome,  8vo.  1709. 

Carte,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  his- 
torian, born  at  Clifton,  Warwickshire,  April 
1686.  He  was  educated  at  University  col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  took  his  first  de- 
gree, but  afterwards  proceeded  M.  A.  at 
Cambridge.  He  then  took  orders,  and  of- 
ficiated as  reader  of  the  abbey-church  Bath, 
where  in  a  sermon  he  ably  vindicated  the 
memory  of  Charles  I.  and  there  published 
his  first  composition,  the  Irish  massacre  set 
in  a  clear  light.  On  George's  accession,  as 
he  refused  to  take  the  oaths,  and  as  he  as- 
sumed the  lay  habit,  he  has  been  accused  of 
being  concerned  in  the  rebellion  of  1715. 
He  however  continued  his  attachment  to  the 
Stuarts,  and  became  secretary  to  bishop  At- 
terbury,  a  circumstance  which  rendered 
him  suspected  to  government,  so  that,  on  the 
imprisonment  of  the  prelate,  1000/.  were  of- 
fered for  the   apprehension  of  Carte,  wljp 


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-scaped  by  flying  into  France.    Here  he  re- 
mained in  exile,  under  the  assumed  name  of 
Phillips,  for  six   or  seven   years,  seduously 
employed  in  literary  pursuits,  till  queen  Ca- 
roline, who   knew  and  respected  his  merit, 
procured  his  recall.      Soon  alter  his  return 
he  published  his   history  ot'  James  duke  of 
Ormond,  in  3  vols,  folio,  1735  and  36.      In 
1738  he  issued  proposals  for  a  new  history  of 
England,  and   whilst   he   was  employed    in 
collecting  materials  in  public  and  private  li- 
braries, so   great  was  the  popularity  of  his 
name  that  subscriptions  upon  subscriptions 
appeared     for   his    encouragement     to   the 
amount  of  COD/,    a-year.     Not  only  individu- 
als, but  many  of  the   public  companies   of 
London,  and    the   city   itself,  honorably  ap- 
peared to  support  and  animate  the  labors  of 
the  national  historian.  The  1st  vol.  was  pub- 
lished in  1747,  the  second  in  1750,  the  third 
in  1752,  and  the  fourth,  which  extends  the 
history  to   the   year   1054,    and  which  was 
posthumous,  in  1735.      The  work  is  a  com- 
position of  great  merit,    which  displays  the 
author's  abilities  in  a  very   respectable  view. 
That  there  are  prejudices  and  partialities  in 
the  narrative  cannot  be  denied  :  but  the  his- 
tory is  valuable  for  information  on  many  cu- 
rious, important  and  interesting  facts.      It  is 
worth  while   to   remark   the  temper  of  the 
times,  for  no  sooner  did  the  first  volume  ap- 
pear than  a  violent  outcry  nag  raised  against 
the  author,  for  inserting,   in  a   note,  that  a 
certain  Christopher  Lovel  had  been  healed 
of  the  evil  at  Avignon  by  the  holy  touch  of 
the  pretender,  and   even  the  corporation  of 
London,  yielding  to  the   general  prejudice, 
hastily  withdrew  their  very  liberal  subscrip- 
tion.    Carte   died   at  Calcedot-house,  near 
Abingdon,  Berks,   2d   April  1754.     His  pa- 
pers were  left  to  his  widow,  Mho  afterwards 
married  a  catholic  of  the  name  of  Jernegan, 
and  they  were  deposited  in  the  Bodleian  li- 
brary in  1778,  for  a  valuable   consideration. 
These  manuscripts   were  esteemed   so  im- 
portant, that    lord  Hard  wick  obtained    the 
perusal  of  them  for  200/.  and  Mr.  M'Pher- 
son   for   300/.     Besides  the  works   already 
mentioned,  Carte  wrote  the  history  of  the 
revolutious  of  Portugal — a  collection  of  ori- 
giual  letters  and  papers  on  the  affairs  of  En- 
gland, 2  vols.  8vo — catalogue  des  rolles  Gas- 
cons, fxc. — and  other  historical  pieces.     In 
manners  Carte  was  friendly   anil  convivial, 
and  in  his  conversation  easy  and  entertain- 
ing. 

Carteil,  Christopher,  a  naval  officer, 
in  the  service  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  born 
in  Cornwall.  He  commanded  a  fleet  which 
sailed  from  Holland  to  Muscovy,  and  he  was 
sent  by  queen  Elizabeth  in  company  with 
Drake  to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  dis- 
played courage  and  intrepidity,  at  the  taking 
of  St.  Jago,  Carthagena,  and  St.  Augustin. 
He  died  in  London  1  592,  aged  43. 

Carter,  Francis,  an  English  writer,  who 
died  first  August  1783.  He  published  a  jour- 
ney from  Malaga  to  Gibraltar,  2  vols.  8vo. 
with  plates,  1776,  reprinted  1778,  valuable 
foY  the  engraved  coins  it  confain*,  collected 


from  the  cabinet  of  the  Spanish  medallist 
Flores.  He  began  an  interesting  account  61 
the  earliest  printed  Spanish  books,  and  as  he 
unfortunately  died  as  soon  as  the  first  sheet 
was  printed,  the  work  must  ever  remain  in- 
complete. 

Carter,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady  of 
learned  celebrity,  born  at  Deal,  where'"  her 
father,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Carter,  was  minister 
The  superior  talents  which  she  early  display- 
ed were  ardently  cultivated  by  her  father, 
who  instructed  her  in  the  learned  languages, 
and  stored  her  mind  with  the  choicest  trea- 
sures of  ancient  literature.  As  a  specimen 
of  her  extensive  erudition,  she  published  all 
the  works  ofEpictetua  with  an  elegant  trans- 
lation, and  with  notes  and  a  learned  intro- 
duction ;  a  performance  which  was  received 
in  the  most  flattering  manner  by  the  learned 
world,  and  has  since  been  reprinted.  Her 
poems  on  several  occasions  were  published 
in  1762,  arid  appeared  under  the  recommen- 
dation of  lord  Bath,  and  lord  Littleton.  She 
also  contributed  two  papers  to  the  Rambler, 
Nos.  44  on  religion  and  superstition,  and  100, 
on  modish  pleasure,  in  which  she  shows  her- 
self a  worthy  coadjutor  of  the  great  moral- 
ist. She  wrote,  besides  some  scattered  pie- 
ces, an  ode  to  wisdom  inserted  in  Richard- 
son's Clarissa,  &c.  and  as  a  poetess  she  dis- 
played great  simplicity  of  sentiment,  min- 
gled with  melodious  sweetness  of  expres- 
sion, sublime  ideas,  and  the  purest  morality 
Mrs.  Carter  was  never  married.  She  died 
in  very  good  circumstances,  and  respected 
by  a  very  numerous  circle  of  friends,  ia 
Clargesstrcet  Piccadillv,  lyth  February  1806, 
aged  89. 

Carteret,  John,  earl  of  Granville,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  George  Lord  Carteret,  at 
the  age  of  5,  and,  after  a  respectable  edu- 
cation at  Westminster  and  Christ  church, 
Oxford,  betook  his  seat  in  the  house  of  lords 
1711.  The  zeal  and  activity  which  he  dis- 
played in  supporting  the  Hanoverian  succes- 
sion recommended  him  to  George  I.  by 
whom  he  was  employed  m  various  office^ 
and  in  1719  sent  to  Sweden,  where  he 
brought  about  a  reeonciliation  between  the 
kings  of  Sweden  and  Denmark.  In  1721  he 
was  made  secretary  of  state,  and  went  in 
1724  to  Ireland  as  viceroy,  arid  again  rilled 
the  same  high  appointment  with  equal  cre- 
dit and  honor  at  the  accession  of  George  II. 
till  1730.  He  warmly  opposed  Walpole,  and 
on  his  removal  from  office  he  obtained  the 
place  of  secretary  of  state,  1742;  and  though 
before  he  had  blamed  continental  alliances, 
he  pursued  them  with  the  same  alacrity  as 
his  predecessor.  In  1744  he  succeeded,  o:i 
his  mother's  death,  to  the  title  of  viscount, 
and  earl  Granville,  and  died  17G3,  much  re- 
spected as  a  man  of  learning,  and  the  friend 
and  patron  of  learned  men. 

Carteromaco,  Scipio, a  native  of  Pis- 
toia,  who  studied  Greek  under  Politian,  and 
was  made  Greek  professor  at  Venice.  He 
died  at  Rome  1513,  much  respected  as  a 
scholar  and  as  a  man.  Besides  an  edition  of 
Ptorcmy'j   geography,  he  published  a  Latin 


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oration  of  Aristides'  Greek  oration  in  praise 
of  Rome — a  Latin  oration  in  praise  of  Greek 
learning  1504,  Sec. 

Cartes,  Renedes,  a  celebrated  French 
philosopher,  born  at  la  Haye  in  Touraine, 
31st  March  1590,  and  educated  by  the  Jesu- 
its of  la  Flechc.  His  father,  who  was  of  a 
noble  family,  urged  him  early  to  pursue  a 
military  life,  and  heat  last  complied  by  en- 
tering into  the  service  of  the  prince  of 
Orange  1616.  Literature  and  philosophy, 
however,  still  continued  bis  favorite  pursuits 
amidst  the  dissipation  and  bustle  of  the 
camp,  and  during  the  truce  between  the 
Spaniards  and  the  Dutch  whilst  in  the  garri- 
son at  Dreda,  he  displayed  his  great  superi- 
ority of  mathematical  knowledge,  and  pub- 
lished a  Latin  treatise  on  music,  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  future  works.  In  1619  he 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Ba- 
viu-i.i,  and  two  years  after,  upon  the  death  of 
his  general,  count  13 ucquoy  in  the  Hungarian 
campaign,  he  quitted  the  army,  and  travel- 
led through  the  various  countries  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Baltic.  Upon  his  return  to  Pa- 
ris, and  after  visiting  Switzerland  and  Italy, 
he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  philosophy 
with  uncommon  ardor,  but  he  seemed  to  be 
in  an  unsettled  wavering  state  by  frequently 
changing  his  habitation,  and  fixing  his  resi- 
dence sometimes  at  Amsterdam,  sometimes 
near  Franeker,  and  sometimes  at  Deventer. 
In  1637  appeared  hisfour  treatises  concerning 
method,  dioptrics,  meteors,  and  geometry, 
and  about  this  time  he  received  a  friend- 
ly and  pressing  invitation  from  sir  Charles 
Cavendish  to  come  and  settle  in  England, 
which  a  few  years  before  he  had  visited,  but 
the  troubles  of  the  times,  and  the  approaching 
civil  wars  prevented  his  wishes.  The  invi- 
tations of  Louis  XIII.  were  not  more  success- 
ful, and  Descartes  refused  to  quit  his  retire- 
ment, though  the  Frensh  monarch  liberally 
settled  upon  him  a  pension  of  3000  livres. 
His  reputation  was  now  so  well  established 
that  princes  were  anxious  to  court  his  good 
opinion,  and  to  refer  their  literary  disputes 
to  his  arbitration.  He  corresponded  in  a 
friendly  manner  with  Elizabeth  the  daughter 
of  the  elector  palatine,  king  of  Bohemia;  and 
Christina  the  celebrated  queen  of  Sweden 
not  only  paid  the  most  flattering  testimony  to 
his  abilities,  but  pressed  him  in  the  most 
earliest  terms  to  settle  in  her  dominions. 
Descartes  did  not  refuse  the  liberal  invitation, 
he  came  to  Stockholm  in  October  1648,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  confidence  of  the  queen, 
whom  he  attended  every  morning  at  five 
o'clock,  to  instruct  her  in  philosophical 
knowledge.  Sensible  of  the  merit  of  the 
learned  stranger,  Christina  formed  the  most 
generous  plans  for  the  instruction  and  im- 
provement of  her  subjects,  and  in  rewarding 
the  philosopher  with  an  handsome  estate, 
and  an  annual  pension  of  3000  crowns,  she 
meditated  the  establishment  of  a  learned 
academy  under  his  guidance  as  director,  but 
death  prevented  these  munificent  intentions. 
Descartes  died  llth  February  1650,  aged  54. 
His  bodvwas  interred  at  Stockholm,  but  17 


years  alter  it  was  removed  to  Paris  and  de- 
posited in  the  church  of  Genevieve  du  Mont. 
He  never  was  married,  but  by  a  woman  who 
cohabited  with  him,  he  had  one  daughter, 
who  died  when  five  years  old.  Descartes  is 
deservedly  esteemed  as  a  man  of  genius, 
well  acquainted  with  mathematics  and  philo- 
sophy, possessed  of  a  strong  mind  capable  of 
profound  meditation,  of  patient  inquiry,  but 
not  devoid  of  great  warmth  of  imagination. 
His  treatise  of  the  world  is  an  ingenious  per- 
formance, but  the  doctrine  of  vortices  can- 
not stand  the  examination  of  truth  and  tin-, 
clear  demonstrations  of  the  Newtonian  phi- 
losophy. He  advanced  far  beyond  his  pre- 
decessors, and  if  he  had  done  nothing  be- 
sides introducing  a  spirit  of  inquiry  and  a 
wish  of  examining  the  mysterious  operations 
of  nature,  he  would  have  labored  much  for 
the  benefit  of  mankind.  Besides  the  works 
mentioned  already,  he  published  a  treatise 
on  mechanics,  besides  letters,  See.  For  some 
of  his  improvements  in  algebra  and  geome- 
try, he  is  said  to  be  iudebted  to  Thomas 
Harriot's  artis  analytical  praxis. 

Cartier>  James,  a  French  navigator, 
born  at  St.  Maloes,  who  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Francis  I.  discovered  in  1534  the  bes': 
part  of  Canada,  of  which  lie  published  an  ac- 
curate account. 

Cartismaxdua,  queen  of  the  Brigan- 
tes  in  Britain,  is  known  in  history  for  treach- 
erously betraying  Caractacus  to  jthe  Ro- 
mans, and  for  discarding  her  husband  Ven- 
usius  to  marry  his  armour-bearer  Yelocatus. 
When  her  subjects  revolted  against  her,  she 
solicited  the  assistance  of  the  Romans,  who 
thus  obtained  possession  of  the  whole  coun- 
try. 

Cartwright,  Christopher,  an  English 
divine  well  skilled  in  Hebrew.  He  was 
born  at  York  and  died  1652,  aged  50  years. 
He  wrote  Electa  Rabbinica  in  Genesim  &, 
Exodum  8vo.  1648  and  1653. 

Cartwright,  Thomas,  a  puritan  of 
eminence,  born  in  Hertfordshire,  and  ed- 
ucated at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge.  He 
devoted  himself  so  rigorously  to  study  that 
he  did  not  allow  himself  more  than  five 
hours'  sleep  in  the  night,  a  custom  from 
which  he  never  departed  through  life.  A- 
bout  1553,  he  left  Cambridge  to  be  articled 
as  a  clerk  to  a  counsellor  butin  1560  he  again 
returned  to  the  seat  of  the  muses,  and  be- 
came fellow  of  his  own  college,  and  after- 
wards of  Trinity.  "When  queen  Elizabeth 
visited  the  university,  Cartwright  was  among 
the  few  men  of  learing  and  eloquence  who 
were  selected  to  dispute  before  their  sove- 
reign, but  his  popularity  as  a  preacher  and 
a  scholar  was  soon  assailed  when  he  ventur- 
ed to  inveigh  against  the  ecclesiastical  gov- 
ernment of  the  church.  The  chancellor  of 
the  university,  sir  William  Cecil,  was  di- 
rected by  archbishop  Grindal  to  proceed 
against  him,  and  he  was  not  only  forbidden 
to  propagate  his  doctrines,  but  deprived  of 
the  divinity  Margaret  professorship  which 
he  held,  and  of  his  fellowship  at  Trinity. 
Thus  disgraced  and  exiled  he  travelled  into 


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'ie'rmany,  and  after  establishing  a  corres- 
pondence with  some  of  the  learned  men  of 
(lie  times,  he  was  chosen  minister  of  the 
English  merchants  at  Antwerp,  and  after- 
wards at  Middleburg.  About  two  years  af- 
ter he  returned  to  England  by  the  solicita- 
tions of  his  friends,  and  he  boldly  undertook 
the  defence  of  the  puritans,  by  publish- 
ing admonitions  to  the  parliament.  This 
pamphlet  became  popular,  and  received 
a  spirited  reply  from  Dr.  Whitgift;  but 
after  a  paper  war  continued  with  more  ac- 
rimony than  moderation,  Cartwright  found 
it  safer  to  leave  the  kingdom,  whilst  his 
victorious  opponent  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  Worcester.  During  the  five  years  of  his 
absence,  he  officiated  as  minister  to  the 
English  factories,  and  he  received  a  strong 
invitation  from  James  VI.  of  Scotland  to  fill 
a  professorship  at  St.  Andrew's,  which  he 
declined.  When  he  ventured  to  return  to 
his  country  he  whs  sent  to  prison,  but  liber- 
ated by  the  interference  of  lord  Burleigh 
and  of  the  earl  of  Leicester,  the  last  of 
whom  made  him  master  of  his  newly  found- 
ed hospital  at  Warwick.  After  many  per- 
secutions on  account  of  his  tenets,  and  re- 
peated imprisonments,  which  James  of  Scot- 
land endeavored  in  vain  to  alleviate  by  ap- 
plication to  Elizabeth,  Cartwright  died  '27th 
Dec.  1C03,  in  his  68th  year,  and  was  buried 
in  the  hospital  at  Warwick.  His  publica- 
tions were  mostly  theological,  and  displayed 
his  character  as  a  man  of  great  perseve- 
rance, extensive  learning,  genuine  piety, 
great  eloquence,  and  ot  a  generous,  disinter- 
ested, and  benevolent  spirit.  His  practical 
commentary  on  the  four  gospels,  and  his 
commentary  on  the  proverbs,  were  much 
esteemed. 

Cartwright,  William,  a  native  of 
Northway  near  Tewksbury,  educated  at 
Cirencester  and  Westminster  schools,  and 
Christ  church,  Oxford.  He  was  an  eloquent 
and  popular  preacher,  and  was  patronised 
by  bishop  Duppa.  He  was  esteemed  by  Ben 
Jonson  and  the  wits  of  the  times.  He 
wrote  4  plays — besides  poems — sermons, 
8cc.     He  died  1644,  aged  33. 

Cartwright,  Thomas,  a  prelate,  born 
at  Northampton,  and  educated  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  fel- 
lowship. At  the  restoration  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.  D.  and  was  made  chaplain  to  the 
Ring,  and  prebendorv  of  St.  Paul's,  and  on 
Pierson's  death  ra;  !  to  the  see  of  Chester. 
He  greatly  favored  i  ■  proceedings  of  James 
II.  whom  he  accomj.  ijed  on  his  flight  to 
France,  and  afterwards  to  Ireland.  He  di- 
etl  at  Dublin  1689,  aged  55,  and  was  buried 
in  great  pomp  in  Christ  church  there.  His 
sermons,  &c.  have  been  published. 

Carvajal,  Lawrence  de,  a  Spaniard, 
who  wrote  the  life  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabel- 
la, in  whose  court  he  was  counsellor. 

Carvalho  d'acosta,  Anthony,  a  na- 
tive of  Lisbon,  eminent  lor  his  knowledge 
of  mathematics,  hydrography,  and  astrono- 
my ;  but  more  as  the  author  of  a  topogra- 
phical description  of  Portugal,  in  3  vols. 
VOL.    i.  38 


folio.  To  give  accuracy  to  his  work,  he 
climbed  mountains,  traced  the  sources  of 
rivers,  and  exhibited  every  thing  with  dis- 
criminating judgment.  He  wrote  besides  a 
complete  compendium  of  geography,  and 
a  method  of  studying  astronomy.  He  died 
1715,  aged  05,  so  poor,  that  his  funeral  ex- 
penses were  publicly  defrayed. 

Carver,  Jonathan,  a  native  of  New- 
England,  who  during  the  American  war  had 
the  command  of  an  independent  company 
of  provincials  in  the  attack  against  Canada. 
Before  that  time  he  had  visited  the  interior 
parts  of  North-America,  of  which  he  pub- 
lished an  interesting  account  in  London, 
177G.  He  was,  however,  abandoned  by  his 
friends,  because  he  lent  his  name  to  a  cer- 
tain compilation,  and  for  some  time  sup- 
ported himself  and  his  family  in  the  hum- 
bl«  appointment  of  clerk  to  the  lottery. 
He  wrote  also  a  treatise  on  the  culture  of 
tobacco.  He  died  in  1780,  it  is  said,  for 
want  of  the  common  necessaries  of  life, 
aged  48. 

Carus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  a  Roman  em- 
peror after  the  death  of  Probus,  '28J.  He 
defeated  the  Persians  and  Sarmasians,  and 
was  killed  in  his  tent  by  lightning,  or,  as 
some  assert,  his  tent  was  set  on  fire  by  his 
servants. 

Cary,  liobert,  was  born  at  Cooklngton., 
Devon,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  where  he 
became  L.L.D.  1644.  He  was  presented  to 
the  living  of  Portlemoulh  in  Devonshire, 
and  for  some  time  inclined  to  the  tenets  tit' 
the  presbyterians,  of  v.  hose  provincial  meet- 
ings he  was  chosen  moderator.  Upon  the 
restoration  he  congratulated  Charles  II.  and 
was  made  archdeacon  of  Exeter;  but  he 
was  ejected  in  1664,  by  the  influence  or  in- 
trigues of  some  of  bis  enemies,  and  continu- 
ed afterwards  in  retirement  at  his  rectory 
where  he  died  in  1688,  aged  73.  He  pub- 
lished a  chronological  account  of  ancient 
times,  in  fol.  1677. 

Cary,  Lucius,  eldest  son  of  Henry  first 
viscount  Falkland,  was  born  at  Burford, 
Oxfordshire,  1610,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  St.  John's,  Cam- 
bridge. After  visiting  the  continent  he  set- 
tled within  ten  miles  of  Oxford  ;  but  though 
master  of  a  most  ample  fortune  by  the  lib- 
erality of  his  grandfather,  he  did  not  devote 
his  time  to  frivolous  or  intemperate  pur- 
suits; but  to  improve  the  powers  of  his 
mind,  he  courted  the  company  and  the  con- 
versation of  the  most  learned  men  of  the 
university.  So  laborious  were  his  studies 
that  before  he  reached  his  23d  year,  he  had 
read  all  the  Greek  and  Latin  fathers.  He 
did  not,  however,  neglect  public  affairs,  he 
served  in  the  army  of  Essex  as  a  volunteer 
against  the  Scots,  and  in  1640  was  chosen 
member  of  parliament  for  Newport,  Hants, 
a  place  which  he  again  represented  in  the 
next  parliament.  In  this  new  scene  the  can- 
dor of  the  commons  seemed  so  fair  and 
plausible,  that  the  unsuspecting  Falkland 
inveighed  against  the  arbitrary  measures  of 
the  court,  and  declared  himself  a  warm  a"d- 


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vocate  for  the  prosecution  of  Strafford,  and  | 
of  Finch,  anil  for  the  exclusion  of  the  bisb-  j 
ops  from  the  house  of  peers.  But  reflection  | 
wrought  a  change  in  his  political  sentiments,  ' 
and  the  next  time  that  the  disqualification  of 
the  bishops  was  mentioned  in  the  house,  he 
opposed  it  with  firmness  and  dignity.  On 
tliis  occasion  indeed  his  sincerity  was  suspect- 
ed, but  the  goodness  of  his  heart  forbad 
the  aspersion  of  his  character,  and  when  he 
received  with  indifference  the  compliments 
of  the  court  to  his  loyalty,  and  manfully  re- 
jected the  honors  and  offices  which  the  sove- 
reign proposed  to  confer  upon  him,  it  then 
became  evident  that  his  conduct  was  the  ef- 
fect of  principle  and  not  of  party.  To  re- 
peated solicitations  he  at  last  however  yield- 
ed, and  became  secretary  to  the  king;  but 
in  this  high  office,  he  refused  to  follow  the 
practice  of  his  predecessors,  in  encouraging 
and  maintaining  spies,  and  in  opening  sus- 
pected letters.  Eager  to  support  the  cause 
of  loyalty,  he  not  only  signed  with  other 
lords  a  declaration,  that  the  king's  intentions 
were  friendly  to  the  parliament,  but  he  le- 
vied some  soldiers  for  his  service.  When 
he  was  at  Oxford  with  the  king,  he  accom- 
panied him  to  the  public  library,  and  Charles, 
desirous  to  rm.ke  a  trial  of  his  fortune  by  the 
Sortes  A^irgilianie,  opened  a  Virgil,  where 
he  read  that  passage  in  the  615th  and  follow- 
ing lines  of  the  4th  book  of  the  iEneid  which 
contains  the  dreadful  imprecation  of  Dido 
against  JEneas.  The  words  were  so  awful- 
ly striking,  and  painted  the  king's  fate  so 
pathetically,  that  he  felt  the  application,  and 
Falkland  to  divert  his  attention  expressed 
his  wish  to  try  his  fortune  too,  and  show 
how  puerMe  it  would  be  to  dwell  too  much 
upon  such  accidental  tilings.  The  passage 
upon  which  he  fixed  his  eyes  began  at  the 
I52d  line  of  the  11th  iEneid,  and  in  the  la- 
mentations of  Evander  on  the  untimely  fall 
of  his  favorite  son  Pallas,  was  remarkably 
prophetic  of  the  melancholy  fate  which  a- 
waited  him.  The  kindling  of  the  civil  wars 
aud  the  violence  of  party  seemed  to  operate 
powerfully  upon  his  mind  ;  instead  of  a  se- 
rene, placid,  and  lively  countenance,  he  now 
betrayed  gloominess,  inward  sorrow,  and 
dejection.  Reserve  succeeded  to  an  affable 
behaviour ;  the  negligence  of  his  dress  and 
person  fully  evinced  the  great  perturbation 
of  his  sou!,  and  often  in  the  midst  of  the 
deepest  silence  he  would  in  agonizing  accents 
exclaim  peace  peace!  Though  obliged  by  his 
office  to  be  near  the  king's  person,  yet  he 
frequently  exposed  himself  in  the  thickest  of 
the  battle,  and  observed  to  his  friends,  who 
wished  to  check  his  ardor,  that  his  impa- 
tience for  peace  proceeded  not  from  pusillan- 
imity. In  the  morning  of  the  battle  of  New- 
bury, it  is  said,  that  with  a  cheerful  counte- 
nance lie  assured  his  followers,  that,  weary 
of  the  times,  he  probably  would  leave  them 
before  night.  He  dressed  himself  in  a  clean 
shirt,  observing  that  should  he  be  slain,  his 
body  should  not  be  found  in  foul  linen  ;  then 
putting  himself  in  the  first  ranks  of  lord  By- 
ron's regiment,  he  rushed  on  the  enemy, 


and  was  soon  after  shot  with  a  musquet  ia 
the  lower  part  of  the  belly,  and  falling  from 
liis  horse  remained  under  heaps  of  slain  till 
the  next  morning.  This  illustrious  charac- 
ter, who  thus  fell  in  his  34th  year  in  the  de- 
fence of  his  king,  was  universally  respected 
as  one  of  the  brightest  ornaments  of  the  age. 
His  mind  was  amply  stored  with  all  the  rich- 
es of  ancient  and  modern  literature,  and  the 
goodness  of  his  heart  was  equal  to  the  vast  re- 
sources  of  his  mind.  Mild  and  gentle  in  his 
manners,  pious,  virtuous,  charitable,  and  re- 
ligious in  his  conduct,  he  was  admired  even 
by  his  enemies.  He  was  so  attached  to  jus- 
tice and  probity,  that  like  Epaminondas,  he 
turned  with  abhorrence  from  every  appear- 
ance  of  deceit  and  falsehood,  and  so  constant 
and  pertinacious  in  his  purposes  that  neither 
threats  nor  intreaties  could  change  him  from 
what  he  considered  as  becoming  his  dignity 
and  the  cause  which  from  conviction  he  had 
espoused.  In  his  person  he  was  small  and  of 
no  great  strength,  his  hair  was  blackish  and 
somewhat  flaggy,  and  his  eye  black  and  live-, 
ly.  He  was  buried  in  great  Tew  church, 
Oxfordshire.  Hissaying was, thathepiticdun- 
learned  gentlemen  in  a  rainy  day.  He  is  the 
author  of  some  poems — speeches  in  parlia- 
ment— a  discourse  on  episcopacy — on  the 
infallibility  of  the  church  of  Rome — and 
other  pieces. 

Cary,  Henry,  earl  of  Monmouth,  grand- 
son to  lord  Hunsdon,  was  cousin-german  to 
Elizabeth,  and  was  educated  with  Charles 
I.  He  suffered  greatly  by  the  civil  wars. 
He  translated  from  various  authors  seven 
folios,  two  octavos,  and  a  12nio.  and  died 
13th  June,  1661,  aged  65. 

Cary,  Felix,  a  learned  French  writer,  of 
the  academy  of  Marseillies.  He  wrote  an 
history  of  Marseilles,  of  Thrace,  and  the 
Bosphorus  by  medals.  He  died  1754,  aged 
55. 

Caryl,  Joseph,  a  learned  nonconformist, 
who  wrote  a  tedious  commentary  on  Job,  ia 
three  vols.  4to.  He  was  for  some  time  mem 
her  of  Exeter  college,  and  was  a  popular 
preacher  at  Lincoln's-inn,  and  some  years 
after  at  St.  Magnus,  London-bridge.  He 
was  in  favor  with  Cromwell,  whom  he  at- 
tended as  chaplain  in  Scotland,  with  Dr. 
Owen.  He  published  several  sermons,  and 
died  1673. 

Caryll,  John,  a  Roman  catholic,  proba- 
bly born  in  Sussex.  He  was  secretary  to 
Mary,  queen  of  James  II.  and  he  followed 
the  fortunes  of  his  fugitive  master,  by 
whom  he  was  knighted,  and  created  earl 
Caryll,  baron  Dartford.  He  was  in  England 
in  the  reign  of  queen  Anne,  and  was  inti- 
mate with  Pope,  to  whom  he  recommend- 
ed the  subject  of  the  Rape  of  the  Lock,  a 
poem  which  the  poet  inscribed  to  his  catho- 
lic friend.  He  wrote  two  plays,  besides  a 
translation  of  the  psalms  of  David,  Sec.  He 
was  living  in  1717. 

Casa,  John  de,  an  Italian  writer  of  the 
16th  century,  born  at  Florence.  He  was 
engaged  in  various  negotiations  under  the 
popes,  at  Venice  and  other  places,  and  wac 


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made  archbishop  of  Benevcnto  1544.  His 
works,  in  Latin  ami  Italian,  were  much  es- 
teemed, and  particularly  among  these  his 
— Galateus,  seu  de  inorum  clegantia,  a 
poem  printed  at  Hanover  with  notes  in  8vo. 
1603.  He  wrote  besides  some  beautiful  Ital- 
ian poems,  the  lives  of  cardinals  Contarini 
and  Bcmbo,  and  various  other  works,  col- 
lected together  at  Venice  in  5  vols.  4to.  172R. 
Though  a  cardinal  he  was  dissolute  in  his 
manners,  and  had  a  natural  son  whom  he 
called  Quirino.  He  was  suspected  of  being 
concerned  with  cardinal  Farnese,  for  which 
lie  was  disgraced  by  pope  Julius  III.  but  af- 
terwards restored  to  favor  by  Paul  IV.  and 
made  Sscretary  of  state.  He  died  at  Rome, 
155C,  aged  53. 

Casanova,  Mark  Anthony,  a  Latin 
poet  of  Rome,  who  in  his  imitations  of  Mar- 
tial displayed  great  keenuess  of  satire,  and 
severity  of  wit.  He  also  imitated  Catullus 
in  the  illustrious  characters  of  ancient  Home. 
His  poems  are  in  the  Delicite  poetarum  Ital- 
orum.     He  died  1527. 

Casas,  Bartholomew   de  las,  a  native  of 
Seville,  who  at  the  age  of  19   accompanied 
his  father  in  the  expedition  of  Columbus  to 
the  West-Indies,  in  1493.     On  his  return  to 
'   Europe  he   became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  in 
his  future  appointments  in  Cuba,  he  began  to 
display  that  humanity  and  those  benevolent 
feelings  which  do  such  honor  to  his  heart  as 
the  friend  and  advocate  of  the  poor  Indians 
whom  the  cruelty  of  his  countrymen  oppres- 
sed and  murdered.     More    fully  to    plead 
their  cause  he  appeared  before  Charles  V. 
and  unfolded  such  a  tale  of  misery  and  per- 
secution, that  the  commiserating  monarch 
made  severe  ordinances  to  punish  the  cruel- 
ty of  his  governors,  and  protect  the   inno- 
cence of  his  Indian  subjects.     These  scenes 
of  horrors  however   were  to>  far   removed 
from  Europe,  to  be    effectually    checked, 
and  in  spite  of  the  remonstrances  of  las  Ca- 
sas, and  the  decree*  of  diaries,  the  Indians 
were    tortured,    plundered,   and   wantonly 
put  to   death     Even   a  doctor,   Sepulvedo, 
was  found  *°  defend  the  conduct  of  the  Span- 
iards, bj   t!»e  example   of  the  Israelites  to- 
ward* the  people  of  Canaan.    But  this  hor- 
rih'e   book,  though   printed   at  Rome,  was 
proscribed  in  Spain,  and  ably  refuted  by  las 
Casas  now  made  bishop   of  Chiapa.      Soto 
the  king's  confessor  was  at  last  appointed  to 
examine  the  allegations  of  las  Casas  against 
the   Spaniards,    but  multiplicity    of   affairs 
prevented  Charles  from  adopting  that  system 
of  humanity   which  becomes  the  father  and 
guardian  of  a  people.     After  more  than  50 
years  spent   in  alleviating  the   distresses  of 
the  Indians,  las  Casas  at  last,  worn  out  with 
infirmities,  left  America   in  1551,  and    re- 
turned to   Madrid,    where    he  died    1560. 
This  benevolent  and   truly  good    christian 
did  not  escape  the  jealousy  and  persecution 
of  his  ungrateful  country  ;  though  engaged 
at  all  times   in   every  act  of  charity  he  was 
represented  in   odious  colors  to  the   court, 
by  the  malace  of  those  tyrannical  governors 
»hose  cruelties  he  exposed   to  public  view. 


His  "  destruction  of  the  Indians''  has  been 
translated  into  several  languages,  and  together 
with  his  rights  of  sovereigns  and  subjects. 
and  his  other  writings,  it  shows  him  to  have 
been  a  most  pious  and  amiable  character. 

Casati,  Paul,  a  native  of  Placeritia, 
who  died  at.  Parma  1707,  aged  90. 
one  of  the  Jesuits,  and  his  great  learning  re- 
commended him  to  queen  Christina  of 
Sweden,  whom  he  persuaded  to  abjure  her 
religion  and  turn  catholic.  His  writings  are 
mostly  on  mathematical  subjects,  besides  a 
valuable  treatise  on  optics,  which  he  wrote, 
when  8 S  years  old,  and  blind. 

(' a  S  \  u  BO  '  ,  Isaac,  a  learned  critic,  born 
at  Geneva  18th  Felrruary  1559.     He 
at  Geneva,   and.  displayed  such  powers  of 
mind  that,  at  the  age  of  23,  he  succeeded 
his   master  Portius  in   the    (hair  of  Greek 
professor.     He  published  in  15S3,  his  notes 
on  Diogenes  Laert.ius,    which   he  dedicated 
to  his  father,  and  the  next  year  appeared  his 
lectures  on   Theocritus,  inscribed  to  Henry 
Stephens  the   printer,   whose  daughter   he 
married  in  15S5.     In  1587  he  published  his 
commentary   on  Strabo,  and  his  new  te^ta 
inent ;  the  next  year  his  notes  on  Dionysius 
Halicarnassus  ;  and  the  next  year  notes  on 
Polysenus  ;  and  the;,  ear  after,  his  edition  of 
Aristotle.     The  following  3-ears  were  equal- 
ly prolific  in  learned  labors,   till  in  1596,  he 
exchanged  life  situation  for  a  professorship 
at  Montpelier,  but  here  he  was   disappoint 
ed,  t>"  after  visiting  Paris,  and  being  intro- 
duced  to  Henry  IV.  he  was  promised  pat- 
ronage from  the  court.     The  monarch  how- 
ever was  thwarted  in  his  wisiies  to  provide 
for  Casaubon,  by  the  jealousy  of  the  literati  of 
Paris,  and  unable    to  give  him  a  professor- 
ship, he  appointed  him  one  of  the  proteslant 
judges  at  the   conference    between    bishop 
Perron  and  du  Plessis  Mornay.     Some  time 
after  he  was  made  librarian  to  the  king,  with 
a   liberal    pension,  and  while   he  employed 
himself  in  writing  annotations  on  the  classics, 
he  devoted  some  of  his  time  to   the  Arabic, 
language,    and    acquired     such    proficiency 
that  he    completed    a  dictionary,  and  trai 
lated  some  of  the  authors  into   Latin.     Hen- 
ry, who  admired   the  learning  of  Casaubon, 
wished  him  to  become  a  catholic,  and  recom- 
mended him  to  hold  a  conference  with  Per- 
ron,   which,  instead  ef  shaking,   established 
more  firmly  his  faith  as  a  prolestant.      Cas- 
aubon, who   had    published   at    Lyons    his 
Athemeus  under  the  patronage  of  his  friend 
de  Vicq,  now    gave  to  the  world  his    Poly- 
bius  in  1009,  with  a  dedication  to  the  king, 
much  admired  as  a  master  piece  of  its  kind. 
The  death  of  his  patron  from  whom  he  ex- 
pected  a  more  liberal  remuneration,  and  at 
the  same  time  his   religion,  induced  him  til 
abandon   France  for  a  residence  in  England. 
His  reputation  preceded   him,   he  reached 
England  in  October  1610,  and  was  honorabTy 
received   by  James,    who  admitted    bin:    to 
his  table,  granted  him  a  pension  of  300/.  and 
made  him  prebendary   of  Westminster  and 
of   Canterbury.      He    ('.id   not     long  enjoy 
these  marks  of  royal  favor,  he  felJ  :•.  v5ct>ti 


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to  a  violent  disorder  in  the  bladder  July  1st, 
1614,  in  his  55th  year,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey.  He  was  father  of  20 
children  by  his  wife. 

Casaubon,  Meric,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Geneva  14th  August  1599.  He 
was  educated  first  at  Sedan,  and  afterwards, 
when  his  father  came  to  England,  at  Christ 
church,  where  he  became  student,  and  took 
his  degrees.  His  defence  of  his  father  against 
the  catholics  in  1G21,  made  him  known  to 
king  James,  and  sometime  after  he  was  pre- 
sented to  the  living  of  Bledon  in  Somerset- 
shire by  bishop  Andrews,  and  1628  to  a  pre- 
bend of  Canterbury,  and  afterwards  to  other 
benefices  by  the  patronage  of  his  friend 
Laud.  The  violence  of  the  civil  wars,  how- 
ever, robbed  him  of  all  his  preferment,  and 
he  was  not  only  persecuted  as  a  suspicious 
person,  butimprisoned.  Cromwell,  who  knew 
his  abilities,  wished  to  engage  him  to  write 
an  account  of  the  civil  wars,  but  though  he 
■was  poor  and  distressed  he  not  only  refused 
the  employment,  but  rejected  with  disdain 
the  offers  of  a  present,  and  the  promise  of  a 
liberal  pension.  He  was  also  solicited  by 
Christina  of  Sweden  to  come  and  preside 
over  her  universities,  with  a  handsome  sala- 
ry, but  he  declined  the  honorable  offer,  and 
chose  rather  to  live  in  England,  though 
without  the  prospect  of  future  independence 
At  the  restoration,  Casaubon  was  veinstituted 
in  all  his  ecclesiastical  preferments,  which 
he  enjoyed  till  his  death,  July  4th,  1671,  in 
his  72d  year.  He  had  several  children,  twt 
none  of  them  became  known  in  the  world. 
His  talents  were  very  great  as  a  scholar  and 
a  critic,  as  his  editions  of  the  classics  and  his 
many  other  publications  fully  prove.  It  is 
however  singular  that  he  should  defend  the 
existence  of  witches,  in  a  relation  of  what 
passed  between  Dr.  John  Dee  and  some 
spirits. 

Caschi,  a  learned  Mahometan,  known 
as  an  eloquent  preacher  at  Medina,  and  as 
the  author  of  some  commentaries  on  the 
Koran. 

Caschiri,  a  Mahometan,  author  of  the 
lives  of  mussulman  saints,  and  some  ingenious 
fictions  and  spiritual  allegories — There  is 
another  of  the  same  name,  who  died  in  the 
year  of  the  hegira  261. 

Case,  Thomas  A.M.  a  nonconformist, 
during  the  civil  wars,  who  wrote  and  preach- 
ed against  the  royalists.  He  was  born  at 
Boxley  in  Kent,  and  educated  at  Christ 
church.  He  was  at  one  time  minister  of  St. 
Mary  Magdalene,  Milk-street,  and  after- 
wards of  St.  Giles'  in  the  fields,  and  was  im- 
prisoned six  months  in  the  tower  for  con- 
spiring in  Love's  plot  against  the  indepen- 
dent government.  He  waited  with  other 
ministers  on  Charles  in  1660,  at  the  Hague, 
and  was  one  of  the  commissioners  at  the  Sa- 
voy. He  died  30th  May  1682,  aged  84 years. 
His  works  are  chiefly  sermons. 

Case,  John,  a  native  of  Lyme  In  Dor- 
setshire, known  as  an  empyric  and  astrologer 
and  as  the  successor  of  Lilly.  He  wrote  the 
angelical  guide,  showing  men  and  women 


their- lot  a tid  chance  in  this  elementary  hie 
1697,  8vo.  But  his  celebrity  arose  from  th<3 
success  of  his  pills,  which  were  recommend- 
ed to  his  customers  with  this  elegant  distich, 

"  Here's  fourteen  pills  for  thirteen  pence 

"  Enough  in  any  man's  own  conscience." 
His  door  was  pointed  out  to  the   inquiring 
patients  by  these  two  lines  which  are  said  to 
have  procured  more  money  than  all  the  ver 
ses  which  Dryden  ever  wrote. 
"  Within  this  place 
"  Lives  doctor  Case." 
Once  at  a  tavern  doctor  Kadeliffe  in  a  jocu- 
lar mood  pledged  him  with  "  here,  brother 
Case,  I  drink  to  all  the  fools  your  patients." 
"  Thank  you,    replied  the  empiric,  let   me 
have  all   the   fools,  and   you  may  take  the 
rest." 

Casel,  John,  a  native  ofGottingen,  the 
pupil  of  Melancthon  and  Camerarius.  He 
took  his  degrees  at  Pisa,  and  was  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  philosophy  at  Helmstadt, 
where  he  died  1613.  He  wrote  some  learn- 
ed works.  His  collection  of  letters  appeared 
at  Frankfort  1687,  8vo. 

Caseneuve,  Peter,  a  native  of  Tou- 
louse, who  died  there  1652,  aged  61.  He 
wrote  in  French  the  life  and  miracles  of  Ed- 
mund king  of  England,  480. — French  ety- 
mologies,— le  franc  Aleu  de  Languedoc,  8 
vols.  fol.  See. 

Cases,  Peter  James,  a  painter,  born  at 
Paris  where  he  died  June  1754,  aged  79. 
His  genius  and  the  correctness  of  his  style, 
and  excellence  of  his  draperies,  make  him 
rank  as  one  of  the  first  painters  of  the  French 
school.  Some  of  his  works  are  preserved  in 
Notr»dame  church,  in  the  Jesuits'  college, 
abbey  St.  Martin,  and  particularly  in  St. 
Germain  G°s  Pres. 

CasimirMatthtas  Sarbieuskt,  a 
Jesuit  of  Polan.l,  professor  of  philosophy  and 
theology  at  Wilna,  «hose  Latin  odes,  epodes, 
and  epigrams,  are  little  inferior  to  the 
delicate  and  elegant  productions  of  the  best 
poets  of  Greece  and  Koir^>  Grotius  and 
others  have  indeed  set  his  faine  above  that 
of  Horace,  butvnany  critics,  thougV  fully  sen- 
sible of  his  great  merit,  do  not  ele  i-jte  his 
compositions  to  so  high  a  rank.  He  was 
preacher  to  king  Ladislaus  V.  and  diet  at 
Warsaw,  second  April  1640,  aged  45,  and 
unfortunately  before  he  had  completed  his 
Lesciade,  a  heroic  poem  in  12  books,  in 
imitation  of  Virgil.  His  poems  have  been 
frequently  edited.  The  best  edition  is  Bar- 
bou's  1759,  12mo. 

CasimjrI.  a  king  of  Poland,  son  and 
successor  of  Micislas,  1034.  The  revolt  of 
the  Poles  disgusted  him,  and  he  privately 
retired  to  a  monastery  at  Paris,  from  which 
he  was  at  last,  by  the  affection  of  the  Poles, 
drawn  to  civilize  his  country  and  improve 
his  kingdom.  He  married,  with  a  dispensa- 
tion from  the  pope,  the  daughter  of  the  duke 
of  Russia,  and  died  1058,  in  the  24th  year  of 
his  reign. 

Casimir,  II.  king  of  Poland,  was  the 
youngest  son  of  Boleslaus  III.  and  deserved 
the  surname  of  the  just,  by  his  humanity  to- 


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»vards  the  peasants,  whom  he  in  some  de- 
gree delivered  from  tT.e  oppression  and  vio- 
lence of  their  masters.  He  succeeded  his 
brother  Mieczlaus,  when  deposed  for  cruel- 
ty 1177,  and  died  1194,  aged 77. 

Casimir,III.  surnamed  Great,  succeeded 
Ladislaus  133:3.  He  was  a  humane  monarch 
as  well  as  a  great  warrior.  He  defeated  John 
of  Bohemia,  and  conquered  Russia.  It  is 
said  that  he  was  too  much  addicted  to  wine 
and  women.  He  died  by  a  fall  from  his 
horse  1370. 

Casi M I  r,  IV.  son  of  Jagellon,  was  grand 
d\ike  of  Lithuania,  and  raised  to  the  Polish 
throne  144".  He  made  war  with  success 
against  the  Teutonic  knights,  and  against  the 
vaivode  of  Wallajchia,  and  by  an  edict  com- 
manded that  the  Latin  tongue  should  become 
the  vernacular  language  of  the  kingdom, 
which  continues  to  be  observed  to  this  day. 
He  died  1492. 

(Jasimir,  John,  son  of  Sigismund  III. 
from  a  cardinal  became  a  king,  and  married 
the  widow  of  his  brother  and  predecessor 
Ladislaus  VII.  He  was  defeated  by  Charles 
Guslavus  of  Sweden,  whom  afterwards  with 
the  assistance  of  Leopold  of  Germany  he 
conquered.  He  also  defeated  the  Russians 
in  Lithuania,  but  the  ingratitude  of  his  sub- 
jects made  him  resign  the  crown,  and  retire 
to  France,  where  he  died  at  Nevers  1C72. 

Caslox,  William,  an  eminent  letter 
founder,  born  in  1692,  at  Hales  Owen  in 
Shropshire.  He  was  originally  apprentice  to 
an  engraver  of  ornaments  on  gun- barrels,  a 
business  which  he  carried  on  in  Vine  street 
near  the  Minories,  and  to  which  lie  added 
the  making  of  tools  for  book  binders,  and  for 
chasing  of  silver  plate.  The  neat  lettering 
of  a  book  exposed  to  sale  in  a  bookseller's 
shop,  accidentally  recommended  him  to  the 
friendship  of  Mr.  Bowyer,  who  not  only  en- 
couraged him  in  undertaking  a  letter  founde- 
ry,  but  liberally  with  two  others  lent  him 
500/.  to  make  a  respectable  beginning.  His 
ingenuity  soon  procured  a  large  and  increas- 
ing concern,  he  was  engaged  to  cut  the  fount 
for  the  printing  of  the  new  testament  in  Ara- 
bic, for  the  use  of  the  poorer  christians  in 
the  east,  and  lie  executed  his  fount  of  En- 
glish letters  with  such  neatness  and  elegance 
that  types  were  no  longer  imported  from 
Holland,  but  by  exceeding  the  productions 
bf  the  best  artificers,  large  demands  for  ex- 
portation to  the  continent,  evinced  the  great 
superiority  of  English  workmanship.  After 
residing  for  some  time  in  Helmet-row,  Old- 
street,  he  settled  in  1735  in  Chiswell-street, 
where  his  foundery  became  the  largest  in  the 
known  world.  He  retired  from  business, 
and  settled  at  Betlmal-green,  where  he  died 
■J3d  June  1706,  aged  74.  lie  was  buried  in 
-St.  Luke's  church  yard,  Middlesex.  His 
•  blest  son,  William,  succeeded  him  in  his 
business.  Sir  John  Hawkins  has  celebrated 
bis  hospitality  and  the  goodness  of  his  heart. 
Casnodyn,  a  Welch  poet  who  florished 
it  the  beginning  of  the  14-th  century. 

Cassagnes,  James  abbe  de,    a   French 
poet,  made  librarian  to  the  king>  and  mem- 


ber of  the  French  academy  by  the  patron- 
age of  Colbert.  His  wish  to  distinguish  him- 
self as  a  pulpit  orator,  it  is  said,  was  so  fatal- 
ly checked  by  Boileau,  who  in  the*sameline 
associated  him  with  Cotin,  one  of  the  most 
unpopular  and  ineloquent  preachers  of  the 
age,  that  he  fell  into  a  melancholy  delirum, 
and  actually  died  in  a  madhouse  1679.  He 
translated  Sallust  and  some  of  Cicero's  works 
into  French,  but  his  poetical  pieces  are  now 
deservedly  forgotten. 

Cassan,  a  christian  who  renounced  his 
religion  to  become  king  of  Persia.  He  was 
warlike,  and  conquered  Syria,  and  defeated 
the  sultan  of  Egypt.  He  afterwards  profes- 
sed again  Christianity,  and  died  1304. 

Cassana,  Nicholo,  a  painter,  born  at 
Venice.  His  conspiracy  of  Catiline,  contain- 
ing nine  figures  as  large  as  life,  and  his  por- 
trait of  his  patroness  queen  Ann,  are  greatly 
admired.     He  died  in  London  1713,  aged  54. 

Cassana,  Giovani  Agostino,  brother  to 
the  preceding,  was  born  in  16G4,  and  was  emi- 
nent in  drawing  beasts,  birds,  &c.  He  died 
poor  at  Genoa. 

Cassander,  king  of  Macedonia,  after 
Alexander,  was  severe  against  the  Greeks, 
and  died  of  a  dropsy  B.  C.  304. 

Cassander,  George,  an  eminent  divine 
born  near  Bruges,  who  was  long  engaged  in 
the  fruitless  labor  of  reconciling  the  catholics 
and  protestants.  He  died  1566,  aged  53. 
His  works  were  printed  at  Paris  1616,  folio. 

Cassander,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  who 
was  an  able  translator  of  the  Greek  and  La- 
tin classics.     He  died  poor  in  1695. 

Cassandra  Fidele,  a  Venetian  lady 
who  was  well  acquainted  with  the  learned 
languages  and  philosophy.  Her  letters  and 
discourses  were  published  at  Padua  by  To- 
masini.  She  was  respected  by  the  popes  Ju- 
lius II.  and  Leo  X.  She  died  1567,  aged 
102. 

Cassentino,  Jacobo  di,  an  eminent 
painter,  the  founder  of  the  Florentine  aca- 
demy. He  died  1356,  aged  80.  His  pieces, 
scattered  about  Italy,  were  deservedly  ad- 
mired. 

Casserio,  Julio,  a  native  of  Placentia. 
Though  of  poor  parentage  his  employment 
as  domestic  in  the  family  of  Fabricius  ab 
aqua-pendente  proved  the  beginning  of  his 
fame.  He  was  instructed  by  his  master,  and 
proved  so  able  an  assistant  that  he  afterwards 
succeeded  him  as  professor  of  anatomy  and 
medicine  at  Padua.  He  wrote  de  vocis  audit- 
usque  organis  historia,  fol.  1600 — anatomical 
tables, — and  other  works,  and  died  1616. 

Cassian,  a  monk  in  the  middle  of  the 
fifth  century.  He  founded  a  monastery  near 
Marseilles,  and  was  the  author  of  the  sect 
of  the  semipelagians,  whose  tenets  were  se- 
verely censured  by  some  synods.  He  wrote 
institutio  monachorum,  he. 

Cassibei.an,  or  Cassivei.aunus,  a 
king  of  Britain  at  the  invasion  of  J.  Caesar. 
It  is  said  that  he  fixed  his  residence  at  Ve  - 
rulam,  now  called  St.  Alban's. 

Cassini,  Johannes  Doviinicus,  a  cele- 
brated   astronomer  born  in  Piedmont  8th 


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June  1635.  He  studied  at  Genoa,  and  dis 
played  such  poetical  powers,  that  some  of 
hh  pieces  were  published  when  he  was  only 
11  years  old.  He  accidentally  met  a  book  on 
astronomy,  and  he  devoted  himself  with  such 
application  and  success  to  that  science,  that 
at  the  age  of  15  he  was  invited  by  the  senate 
to  teach  mathematics  at  Bologna.  The  ap- 
pearance of  a  comet  in  1652  enabled  him  to 
make  observations  ou  those  eccentric  bodies, 
and  to  establish  the  doctrine  that  they  were 
not  meteors,  but  governed  by  regular  laws 
like  the  planets.  He  afterwards  determined 
the  apogee  and  eccentricity  of  a  planet  from 
its  true  and  mean  place,  a  problem  which 
Kepler  and  Bullialdus  are  said  to  have  given 
up  as  insolvable.  His  reputation  became 
now  so  great  that  he  was  employed  in  settling 
differences  that  had  arisen  in  consequence  of 
the  inundations  of  the  Po,  and  he  was  ap- 
pointed inspector  general  of  the  fortifications 
of  the  castle  of  Urbino,  and  of  all  the  rivers 
in  the  ecclesiastical  states.  But  still  devoted 
io  astronomy,  he  made  various  important 
discoveries  concerning  the  planets,  and  he 
settled  the  theory  of  Jupiter's  satellites, 
■which  he  published  at  Rome  1666.  So  high 
an  opinion  was  entertained  of  his  abilities  by 
the  French  academicians,  that  Lewis  XIV. 
obtained  the  pope's  permission  to  allow  him 
to  absent  himself  for  six  years  from  his  offices 
at  Rome  and  Bologna.  He  visited  in  conse- 
quence the  capital  of  France  in  1669,  and 
■was  made  royal  astronomer,  but  when  his 
six  years  were  expired,  the  pope  made  him 
forfeit  all  his  emoluments  as  he  did  Hot  re- 
turn ;  and  Colbert,  who  knew  the  greatness 
of  his  powers,  therefore  prevailed  upon  him 
to  become  a  naturalized  subject  of  France. 
As  the  first  occupier  of  the  new  built  obser- 
vatory at  Paris,  patronised  by  the  king,  and 
admired  by  the  tiation,  he  proceeded  with 
rapid  strides  in  his  accurate  examination  of 
the  heavens.  The  revolution  of  Jupiter 
round  its  axis  was  determined,  four  satel- 
lites more  were  added  to  Saturn,  and  the 
meridian  line  in  1695  was  proved  not  to  have 
varied  since  it  had  been  fixed  40  years  be- 
fore, at  Bologna.  This  great  man,  and  in- 
comparable astronomer,  after  continuing 
the  meridian  line  through  France,  and  en- 
riching science  with  a  thousand  discoveries, 
died  14th  September  1712,  and  was  succeed- 
ed in  the  observatory  by  his  son  John  James. 
Cassini,  John  James,  son  and  successor 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Paris,  and 
educated  in  the  Mazarine  college  under  Va- 
rignon.  He  inherited  the  talents  of  his 
father,  and  described  with  great  labor  the 
perpendicular  of  the  meridian  of  France, 
from  St.  Maloes  through  Paris  to  Strasburg. 
He  asserted,  contrary  to  Newton's  opinion, 
that  the  earth  was  an  oblong  spheroid  ;  an 
opinion  which  was  proved  to  be  false  by  the 
report  of  the  mathematicians  who  were  sent 
by  the  French  king  to  measure  a  degree  of 
the  meridian  at  the  equator,  and  at  the  po- 
lar circle.  He  also  turned  his  thoughts  to 
electricity,  in  which  he  made  some  curious 
experiments.    He  died  at  the  age  of  S4,  in 


1750,  at  Tlmvi  near  Clermont.  His  works, 
greatly  esteemed,  were  elements  of  astron- 
omy, with  astronomical  tables,  two  vols. 
4to. — magnitude  and  figure  of  the  earth. 

Cassini  de  Thury,  Csesar  Francis,  sec- 
ond son  and  successor  ol  John  James,  was 
born  at  Paris,  17th  June  1714.  His  progress 
in  science  was  so  rapid,  that  at  the  age  of 
ten  he  calculated  the  phases  of  the  sun  in  a 
total  eclipse.  He  was  engaged  afterwards 
in  the  verification  of  the  meridian  passing 
through  the  observatory  at  Paris,  and  he  with 
great  assiduity  devoted  himself  to  the  com- 
pletion of  a  geometrical  description  ofFrance, 
with  very  minute  and  exact  particulars.  His 
labors  were  warmly  supported  by  the  assist- 
ance of  the  learned,  and  the  munificence  of 
the  court.  He  died  of  the  small-pox,  4th 
Sept.  1784,  leaving  behind  him  aji  amiable 
and  respected  character.  He  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  John  Dominic.  Several  of  his 
pieces  are  in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of 
sciences. 

Cassiodorus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  an 
Italian  author,  who  died  577,  aged  96.  He 
was  noticed  at  the  court  of  Theodoric  king 
of  the  Goths,  and  employed  in  some  offices 
as  governor  of  Sicily,  and  as  a  privy  counsel- 
lor. He  afterwards  retired  to  solitude,  and 
built  a  monastery  in  Calabria,  where  he  in 
the  midst  of  religious  devotion  amused  him- 
self in  making  sun-dials,  water-clocks,  he. 
He  wrote  commentaries  on  scripture,  &c. 
The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  that  of  Rou- 
en, two  vols.  fol.  1679. 

Cassius,  Caius,  brother-in-law  of  Bru- 
tus, was  one  of  Caesar's  murderers,  though 
his  life  had  been  spared  at  Parsalia  by  the 
dictator.  At  the  battle  of  Phillipi  he  caused 
one  of  his  slaves  to  run  him  through,  not 
to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  42 
B.C. 

Cassius,  Longinus  Lucius,  a  Roman 
magistrate  of  great  integrity,  B.  C.  115. 

Cassius,  Avidius,  a  Roman  general  un- 
der M.  Antoninus.  He  conquered  the  Par- 
tisans, Syrians,  and  Egyptians,  and  after- 
wards proclaimed  himself  emperor.  He  was 
soon  after  assassinated  by  one  of  his  soldiers. 

Cassius,  Parmensis,  a  Latin  poet,  said 
to  have  been  a  conspirator  against  J.  Csesar. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Augustus. 

Cassius,  Severus  Titus,  a  Roman  orator 
in  the  age  of  Augustus,  eloquent,  but  violent 
in  his  accusations  against  individuals. 

Cast ag no,  Andrew  del,  a  painter  of 
Tuscany.  He  obtained  the  secret  of  paint- 
ing in  oil  from  Dominico  de  Venise,  and  af- 
terwards conceived  such  hatred  against  him, 
that  one  evening  he  assassinated  him.  Domi- 
nico, who  knew  not  his  murderer,  hastened  to 
the  house  of  his  perfidious  friend,  and  ex- 
pired in  his  arms.  The  bloody  deed  remain- 
ed undiscovered,  till  Castagno  revealed  it  on 
his  death  bed,  and  drew  upon  his  memory 
the  execration  of  his  country.  He  finished 
in  1478,  at  the  request  of  the  Florentine  re- 
public, the  execution  of  the  conspirators 
against  the  Medicis. 

Castaldi,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Fel- 


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tri,  eminent  as  a  poet.  He  executed  with 
success  an  embassy  to  the  republic  of  Ven- 
ice, and  founded  a  college  at  Padua,  -where 
he  died  1537,  aged  57.  His  poems,  consist- 
ing of  Latin  and  Italian  pieces,  are  much  es- 
teemed, and  were  edited  by  abbe  Conti  in 
1757  in  4to. 

Castalio,  Sebastian,  born  at  Chatillon 
on  the  Rhone,  Mas  the  friend  of  Calvin,  by 
•whose  influence  he  became  regent  in  the 
college  of  Geneva.  He  translated  the  bible 
into  elegant  Latin,  and  displayed  his  various 
and  extensive  knowledge  of  the  Greek  and 
Hebrew  by  several  other  publications.  His 
opinions  with  fespect  to  Solomon's  song  and 
Christ's  descent  into  hell,  and  about  predes- 
tination and  grace,  procured  him  many  ene- 
mies ;  and  he  at  last  incurred  the  displeasure 
of  Calvin  and  of  Theodore  Beza,  -who  re- 
viled him  as  a  papist.  He  was  very  poor, 
and  his  circumstances  were  still  more  un- 
comfortable for  the  maintenance  of  a  wife  and 
eight  children.  His  colloquia  sacra,  in  ele- 
gant Latin,  appeared  in  four  vols.  12mo. 

Casteels,  Peter,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
who  died  at  Richmond  in  Surrey,  1749,  aged 
65.  He  was  settled  at  Tooting,  and  he  pub- 
lished in  1726,  12  plates  of  birds  designedand 
etched  by  himself. 

Castel,  Lewis  Bertrand,  a  Jesuit  and 
geometrician  of  Montpellier,  who,  through 
his  abilities,  became  the  friend  of  Fontenelle, 
and  other  learned  men.  He  published  some 
very  ingenious  works,  but  his  vrai  system  de 
physique  generale  de  Newton,  in  4to.  1745, 
gained  him  universal  and  deserved  reputation 
as  a  philosopher  and  a  man  of  science.  His 
optic  of  colors,  12mo. — his  treatise  on  gravi- 
ty, 2  vols.  12mo. — and  his  system  of  mathe- 
matics, 4to.  were  also  much  esteemed.  He 
died  757,  aged  G9- 

Castell,  Edmund,  D.  D.  a  learned  di- 
vine, born  in  1606,  at  Hafley,  Cambridge- 
shire, and  educated  at  Emanuel  college.  He 
was  afterwards  removed  to  St.  John's  for  the 
convenience  of  the  library  in  the  compilation 
of  his  lexicon  heptaglotton,  a  valuable  work, 
in  the  completion  of  which  he  was  assiduous- 
ly engaged  for  17  years,  and  upon  which  he 
expended  upwards  of  12,000/.  Such  sacri- 
fices in  the  cause  of  learning  deserved  high 
ami  liberal  patronage,  but  his  preferment 
was  at  first  only  the  small  vicarage  of  Hat- 
field  Paverell  in  Essex,  afterwards  the  recto- 
ry of  Wodeham  Walter,  and  then  that  of 
Higham  Gobion,  Bedfordshire.  Some  time 
after  he  became  king's  chaplain,  professor 
of  Arabic  at  Cambridge,  and  prebendary  <;f 
( !anterbury.  The  lexicon  was  published  1669, 
but  the  work,  though  much  commended,  re- 
mained almost  entirely  unsold  upon  Ids 
hands.  Though  thus  discouraged,  heyetde- 
voted  himself  to  the  cultivation  of  oriental 
literature,  and  assisted  in  a  very  extensive 
degree  the  labors  of  Dr.  Walton,  in  the  pub- 
lication of  his  polyglott bible.  Dr. Castell  died 
1685,  aged  79,  and  was  buried  in  his  parish 
church,  Higham  Gobion,  where  he  had  pre- 
viously erected  a  monument.  He  bequeath- 
ed his  oriental  manuscripts  to  the  public  li- 


brary of  Cambridge,  and  several  of  his  book- 
to  some  of  the  colleges,  and  to  particular 
friends. 

Cistelli,  Bernard,  a  Genoese  painter, 
who  died  1629,  aged  72.  Besides  painting 
the  portraits  of  eminent  poets,  he  engraved 
some  of  the  plates  for  Tasso's  Jerusalem. 

Castelli,  Yaleiio,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, died  in  1659,  aged  34.  He  was  particu- 
larly eminent  in  painting  battles. 

Castelli,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Brescia, 
who  became  a  Benedictine,  and  assisted  Gal- 
ileo in  the  progress  of  his  astronomical  obser- 
vations. He  was  afterwards  professor 
mathematics  at  Pisa,  and  then  at  Rome,  ami 
died  1644. 

Castelnau,  Michael,  a  Frenchman,  en- 
gaged as  ambassador  in  the  service  of  Chnrk- 
IX.  and  Henry  HI.  He  was  five  times  in 
England.  He  died  1592.  The  memoirs  of 
his  embassies  were  printed  in  2  vols,  folio. 
1669,  and  again  Brussels,  1731,  in  three  vo's. 
folio. 

Castelnau,  Henrietta  Julia  de,  wife  of 
count  de  Marat,  wrote  in  an  elegant  and 
pleasing  stjle  les  luteins  de  Kernosi  12mo. — 
des  contes  de  fees,  two  vols. — le  voyage  de» 
Campagne,  two  vols.  12mo  She  died  1716, 
aged  45. 

Castelvetro,  Lewis,  a  learned  Italian 
of  Modena.  It.  it  said  that  he  was  engaged 
the  half  of  his  life  in  his  commentary  on  Ar- 
istotle's poetics.  As  he  had  travelled  in  Ger- 
many he  was  suspected  of  having  embraced 
the  tenets  of  Luther,  and  being  brought  be- 
fore the  inquisition  at  Rome,  he  made  his  es- 
cape from  the  punishment  which  awaited 
him,  and  fled  to  Basil,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  literature,  and  died  20th  Feb.  1571, 
aged  66. 

CASTi,l'abbe,  an  Italian  poet  of  considera- 
ble merit.  His  chief  poem  is  gli  animali 
parlanti,  or  speaking  animals.  He  wrote  va- 
rious other  poems,  and  died  at  Paris-,  Feb- 
1803. 

Castiglione,  Joseph,  a  native  of  An- 
cona,  made  governor  of  Corneto  1598,  and 
distinguished  as  a  poet  and  critic.  He  was 
author  of  an  history  of  his  own  times  in  Latiu 
verse,  and  wrote  besides  variaj  lectionea  &: 
opuscula,  1694,  4to.  he.    He  died  1616. 

Castiglione,  Balthazar,  an  Italian  no- 
bleman, born  Dec.  6th,  1478,  at  Casatico  in 
the  duchy  of  Mantua.  After  receiving  it. 
very  liberal  education,  he  served  in  the  ar- 
my, under  Sforza  duke  of  Milan,  and  after- 
wards was  engaged  by  duke  Urbino,  as  his 
ambassador  to  pope  Julius  II.  and  afterwards 
to  Lewis  XII.  of  France,  and  Henry  VIL  oi 
England.  He  published  at  Rome  1516  liif. 
celebrated  "Courtier,''  a  work  highly  ad- 
mired for  its  moral  and  political  instructions, 
and  for  the  elegance  of  the  Italian.  He  mar 
ried  in  his  36th  year  the  daughter  of  the  fa- 
mous Bentivoglio,  who  died  four  years  after, 
leaving  him  a  son  and  two  daughters.  The 
abilities  of  Castiglione  proved  very  serviceable 
to  the  holy  see,  and  were  employed  in  several 
negotiations  with  Charles  V.  and  Francis  J 
He  died  at  Toledo,  2d  Feb.  1529,  and  by  o-- 


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der  of  Charles  V.  who  admired  and  respected 
him,  his  funeral  was  solemnized  with  the 
greatest  pomp.  Sixteen  months  after  the 
body  was  removed  hy  his  mother  from  Tole- 
do, to  a  church  at  Mantua  which  lie  himself 
had  built,  and  an  epitaph  was  inscribed  on  a 
sumptuous  monument  by  cardinal  Bembo. — 
Besides  the  Courtier,  Gastiglione  wrote  some 
very  elegant  Latin  and  Tuscan  poems,  inser- 
ted in  the  deliclse  poet.  Ital.  His  letters  ap- 
peared at  Padua,  in  2  vols.  1769. 

Castiglione,  Giovani  Benedetto,  an 
Italian  painter,  of  Genoa,  who  died  1670,  aged 
54.  He  was  very  great  in  the  representa- 
tion of  landscapes  and  cattle. 

Castiglione,  Francisco,  son  and  pupil 
to  the  preceding,  was  equally  respectable  in 
the  execution  of  his  pieces. 

Castille,  Alphonsus   X.  of.     Vid.  Al- 

PHONSUS. 

Castillo,  Ferdinand  de,  a  Dominican  of 
Spain,  who  wrote  an  account  of  his  order,  2 
vols.  fol.  1584.     He  died  1593. 

Castillo-y-saavedra,  Antony  del,  a 
Spanish  painter  of  Cordova,  where  he  died 
1667,  aged  64.  He  chiefly  excelled  in  his- 
torical and  landscape  painting  ;  but  his  color- 
ing is  deficient  in  grace  and  in  taste.  It  is 
said  that  he  died  of  grief,  for  being  surpassed 
by  the  pencil  of  Murillo. 

Castries,  N.  Marshal  de,  an  able  French 
general,  who  served  with  distinction  in  the 
seven  years  war.  He  was  called  to  the  as- 
sembly of  the  notables  in  1787,  but  disap- 
proved of  the  violent  conduct  of  his  colleagues, 
and  left  France.  He  died  at  Wolfenbutel  in 
Brunswick,  Jan.  1800. 

Castro,  Alphouso  de,  a  Spanish  Francis- 
can friar,  who  came  into  England  with  Philip 
II.  and  was.appointed  bishop  of  Compostella, 
very  soon  after  which  he  died  at  Brussels 
1358.  He  was  an  able  preacher,  and  wrote 
a  popular  book  against  heresies. 

Castro,  John  de,  a  native  of  Lisbon,  who, 
after  serving  against  the  Moors,  went  with 
Gama  to  the  east,  and  published  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  Red  sea.  When  he  returned  to 
Europe  he  was  appointed  over  a  fleet,  and 
went  with  Charles  V.  against  Tunis,  and  af- 
terwards was  sent  as  governor  of  the  East 
Indies  by  the  Portuguese  government.  He 
died  at  Diu,  which  he  had  rendered  almost 
impregnable  1548,  ag?d  48. 

Castro,  Paul  de,  a  native  of  Castro,  pro- 
fessor of  law  at  Florence,  Bologna,  Sienna, 
and  Padua.  His  works  possessed  great  mer- 
it, and  were  edited  in  8  vols.  fol.  He  died 
1437.  It  became  proverbial  to  say  of  him  af- 
ter the  words  of  Cujas,  qui  non  habet  Pau- 
lum  de  Castro,  tunicam  vendat  &  emat. 

Castrucio,  Castraeani,a  celebrated  gen- 
eral, who  was  a  foundling,  discovered  by  the 
monk  Antonia,  and  his  sister  Dianora,  in  a 
heap  of  leaves  in  a  vineyard,  at  Lucca  in 
Tuscany,  in  1284.  He  was  tenderly  brought 
up  by  the  humanity  of  his  preservers,  and  in- 
tended for  the  church;  but  his  fondness  for 
bold  exertions  and  military  exercises  made 
him  prefer  the  profession  of  arms.  He  en- 
tefed  in  his  18th  vear  as  a  lieutenant  in  the 


army  of  the  Ghibelins,  whom  the  party  of  (he 
Guelfs  had  just  driven  from  Pavia.  The 
valor  and  coolness  which  he  displayed  recom- 
mended him  to  the  good  opinion  of  Guinigi 
the  general,  and  he  soon  rose,  though  op- 
posed and  even  imprisoned  by  his  enemies, 
to  the  highest  honor,  and  was  at  last  declar- 
ed by  the  people  of  Lucca  their  sovereign 
prince.  Beloved  at  home  and  respected  a- 
broad,  he  now  meditated  the  extension  of 
his  power  over  the  neighboring  slates,  and 
though  flattered  by  the  pope  he  did  not  dis- 
solve into  effeminate  luxury,  or  betray  tv 
mimical  oppression.  The  Florentines,  how- 
ever, viewed  his  elevation  with  jealous  enmi- 
ty, and  30,000  foot,  and  10,000  horse  appear- 
ed in  the  field,  22,000  of  which  the  active 
general  destroyed,  with  the  loss  of  only  1600 
of  his  own  men.  But  here  fortune  checked 
the  career  of  his  greatness,  fatigued  after  the 
bloody  contest,  and  regardless  of  a  chill 
north  wind  which  blew  upon  him,  he  was 
sejzed  with  an  ague,  which  carried  him  off: 
in  a  few  days,  when  he  expected  to  rise  to 
the  sovereignty  of  Italy.  He  died  in  his  44th 
year  1328,  admired  in  his  life-time,  and  re- 
gretted after  his  death.  Machiavel  has  writ- 
ten his  life,  and  represented  him  as  a  most 
extraordinary  character,  of  great  presence  of 
mind,  benevolence  of  temper,  and  undaunt- 
ed firmness,  notjess  in  prosperity  than  adver- 
sity. He  always  went  bare  headed  in  rain 
or  hail,  as  well  as  in  the  most  serene  sky. 

Cat,  Claude  Nicholas  le,  a  native  of 
Bleraucourt  in  Picardy,  intended  for  the 
church,  but  finally  educated  as  a  surgeon.  In 
1725  he  published  a  letter  on  the  aurora 
borealis  of  that  year,  and  in  1731  he  be- 
came the  surgeon  of  the  hotel  Dieu  at 
Rouen,  where  five  years  after,  he  formed 
a  public  school  of  anatomy,  and  a  literary  so- 
ciety of  which  be  became  the  secretary. 
He  was  pensioned  with  2000  livres  by  the 
French  king  in  1759,  and  seven  years  after 
raised  to  the  rank  of  nobility.  He  wrote  on 
the  theory  of  hearing  1758,  8vo. — on  the 
nervous  fluid,  1765,  8vo. — on  astrology,  1767, 
8vo. — on  the  senses,  2  vols.  12mo.  kc.  and 
died  1768,  aged  68. 

Catel,  William,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
counsellor  of  the  ci ty,  and  author  of  an  his- 
tory of  the  courts  of  Toulouse,  fol. — and  of 
memoirs  of  tbe  province  of  Languedoc,  fol. 
He  died  ICt'.iO,  aged  57. 

Catellan,  MariaClaire  Priscilla  Mar- 
guerite de,  a  lady  of  Narbonnc,  who  died  at 
Toulouse  1745,  aged  83.  Her  odes  were 
admired  by  the  French,  and  were  crowned 
by  the  Toulouse  academicians. 

Catesby,  Mark,  an  English  naturalist. 
He  resided  for  seven  years  in  Virginia,  and 
made  such  a  collection  of  natural  curiosities, 
that,  at  the  request  of  sir  Hans  Sloane,  and 
other  friends,  he  visited  the  Carolinas,  and 
the  Bahama  islands,  for  the  improvement 
of  knowledge.  On  his  return  to  England, 
1726,  he  gave  to  the  public  his  natural  his- 
tory of  Carolina,  Florida,  and  the  Bahamas, 
2  vols.  fol.  with  colored  plates,  of  his  own 
execution.-    He   was  honorably  made  fellow 


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of  the  royal  society,  whose  transactions  he 
enriched  villi  a  paper  on  the  migration  of 
birds.  He  died  inLondon,  1749,  aged  69. 
His  great  work  was  again  edited  in  175*1  and 
in  1771. 

Catharine,  a  daughter  of  Charles  VI. 
of  France,  wlio  married  Henry  V.  of  Eng- 
land, and  after  his  death  Owen  Tudor,  a 
Welchman,  by  whom  she  had  Edmund,  the 
father  of  Henry  VII.    She  died  143«. 

Catharine  of  Arragon,  daughter  of 
Ferdinand  V.  of  Castille,  married  Arthur, 
son  of  Henry  VII.  in  1501,  and  on  his  death, 
live  months  after,  Henry  afterwards  the 
VHIth.  Her  conduct  as  a  wife  Mas  most  ex- 
emplary, and  her  many  virtues  place  her 
character  in  the  most  amiable  point  of  view. 
Her  divorce  from  Henry,  who  had  fallen  iu 
love  with  Anna  Boleyn,  produced  the  refor- 
mation of  England.  She  wrote  some  reli- 
gious pieces,  and  died  at  Kimbolton,  univer- 
sally respected. 

Catharine  de  Medicis,  queen  of 
France,  daughter  of  Lorenzo  de  Medicis, 
duke  of  Urbino,  married,  in  1534,  Henry 
duke  of  Orleans,  son  of  Francis  I.  Though 
at  first  she  had  no  children,  afterwards  she 
had  ten,  three  of  whom  became  successively 
kings  of  France,  and  a  daughter,  queen  of 
Navarre.  Her  husband  died  1559;  and  dur- 
ing the  short  reign  of  her  son  Francis,  she 
obtained  no  influence  in  the  cabiuct,  from 
the  superior  power  of  the  Guises  ;  but  on 
the  elevation  of  Charles  IX.  then  only  11 
years  of  age,  the  queen-mother  became  the 
regent,  and  showed  the  infamous  features 
of  her  mind  by  the  dreadful  murders  of  St. 
Bartholomew.  Despised  for  her  cruelties 
and  perfidy,  and  the  slave  of  lust,  this  worth- 
less and  too  powerful  woman  died  1589, 
aged  70. 

Catharine  of  Sienna,  a  Romish 
saint,  who,  at  the  age  of  8,  is  said  to  have 
vowed  perpetual  celibacy.  As  a  pretended 
prophetess,  acquainted  with  futurity,  she 
advised  pope  Gregory  to  remove  the  seat  of 
the  ecclesiastical  government  from  Avignon 
to  Rome,  for  a  continuance  of  seventy-six 
years :  for  which  concession,  however,  the 
pope  expressed  sorrow  on  his  death-bed. 
She  wrote  several  things  in  a  fanatical  style. 
Her  letters  have  been  printed.  She  died 
1380,  aged  33,  and  was  canonized  1461. 
— Another  saint  of  the  same  name  founded 
a  convent  in  her  native  town  of  Bologna, 
and  died  1403.  She  wrote  also  some  theo- 
logical books   of  little  value. 

Catharine  of  Portugal,  was  daugh- 
ter of  John  IV.  and  wife  of  Charles  II.  of 
England,  whom  she  married  166L  She  was 
treated  with  unkindness  by  the  licentious 
Charles,  and  after  his  death  she  returned  to 
Portugal,  where  she  was  made  regent  during 
the  imbecile  state  of  her  brother  Peter.  She 
conquered  the  Spaniards,  and  died  1705, 
aged  67. 

Catharine   of  Bourbon,   srster  of 
Henry  IV.  married,   1599,   Henry   of  Lor- 
raine, duke  de   Bar.    This  union,  as  being 
VOL.    I.  39 


political,  was  not  productive  of  much  happi- 
ness. She  died  without  children,  at  Nanci, 
13th  February  1604,  aged  46. 

Catharine  Alexievna,  empress  of 
Russia,  a  native  of  Ringen,  in  Livonia,  born 
of  obscure  parents.    She  was  early  instructed 
in  the  house  of  a  Lutheran  clergyman  ;    but 
his  death,  and  that  of  her  mother,  left  her 
destitute,   and    she  retired    to   Marienburg. 
There,  in   1701,  she  espoused  a  dragoon  of 
the  Swedish  fortress  in  that  city;  but,  on  the 
day  of  her  nuptials,  and  before  their  consum- 
mation, the  unhappy  bridegroom  fell  in  the 
field  of  battle,  and  the  captive  Catharine  be- 
came the  property  of  general  Bauer,   who 
saw  and  admired  her  beauty.     She  was  af- 
terwards in  the  service  of  prince  Mentshicof, 
and,  in  her  17th  year,  she  became  the  mis- 
tress of  Peter  the  great,  and  so  much  capti- 
vated him  that,  on'  the  29th  of  May,   1711, 
he  privately  married  her,  and  on  the  12th  of 
the  following  February  announced  her  as  his 
empress   in  his  capital.     On  his   death,  in 
1725,  she  was  proclaimed  as  sovereign  cf  al! 
the   Russias:    and    she  deserved    the     bigh 
dignity.    The  grand  designs  of  the  czar  were 
completed  by   her  extraordinary  genius,  and 
a  mild  system  of  government   insured  her 
the  affection  and  respect  of  her  subjects.  She 
died  17th  May,    1727,  aged   38.    Notwith- 
standing the  noble  qualities  of  her  character, 
and  the  great  services  which  she  rendered  to 
her  husband,  especially  at  the  affair  of  Pruth, 
she  was  suspected  of  being  faithless  to  his  bed, 
and  a  French  favorite,  de  la  Croix,  the  cham- 
berlain of  the   court,  was  beheaded  by  the 
irritated  husband,  and  his  body  exposed  to 
public  view  with  great  ignominy. 

Catharine  II.  empress  of  Russia,  was 
daughter  of  Christian  Augustus  of  Anhalt- 
Zerbst,  in  Upper  Saxony,  and,  at  the  age  of 
)4,  she  married  the  duke  of  Holstein,  after- 
wards Peter  III.    After  some  years  she  be- 
came the  mother  of  a  son  and  daughter  j 
but  the  mental   imbecility  of  her  husband 
rendered  Catharine  dissatisfied  and  faithless, 
aud,  on  the  death  of  the  empress,  iu  1 762,  the 
young   monarch    soon   found    an   ambitious 
rival,  instead  of  a  submissive  consort.    By  a 
well   managed  plot  she  seized  he»  husband, 
July  14,  1762,  and  after  three  days'  confine- 
ment he    expired  in  the  castle  of  Robscha, 
whilst  his  murderer  proclaimed   herself  as 
sole  sovereign  empress,  and  insured  the  sta- 
bility of  her  government  by  the  wisest  and 
most  popular  measures.     To  remove  every 
obstacle,  prince  I  wan,  grandson  of  Peter,  an 
inoffensive  youth,  was  secretly  cut  off;  and 
the  empress,   sure  of  the  tranquillity  of  her 
dominions,  imposed  on  Poland  her  favorite, 
prince  Poniatowski,  as  king,  by  the  name  of 
Stanislaus  Augustus,  in    1764.     Great  as  a 
sovereign,  but  dissolute  as  a  woman,  Catha- 
rine was  engaged  for  ten  years  in  a  Turkish 
war,  and  lastly  with  the  Swedes,  whilst  at 
home  she  indulged  herself  in  the  most  sen- 
sual gratifications,  in  the  company  of  favor- 
ites,   whom,   however,    she  rewarded   with 
profuse  liberality.    The  patronage  which  she 


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extended  to  genius  and  literature,  and  the 
benevolent  motives  which  influenced  her  go- 
vernment in  all  internal  affairs,  will  always 
appear  as  illustrious  features  in  the  character 
of  Catharine.  The  bloody  capture  of  Ismael, 
however,  and  the  partition  of  Poland,  must 
excite  indignation  against  her  conduct,  as 
proceeding  from  the  same  corrupted  heart 
which  waded  to  the  throne  over  the  carcass 
of  a  murdered  husband.  She  died  suddenly 
of  an  apoplectic  tit  10th  November  1797, 
and  was  succeeded  by  her  son  Paul,  who  in 
1800  was  succeeded  by  Alexander.  Catha- 
rine introduced  inoculation  into  Russia,  and, 
to  recommend  it  to  her  subjects,  she  herself 
fivst  submitted  to  the  operation,  and  most 
liberally  rewarded  the  English  physician  who 
attended  her. 

Catharinus,  Ambrose,  a  native  of 
Sienna,  who  attended  the  council  of  Trent, 
and  attacked  Luther  and  Ochinus.  He  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Minori,  and  afterwards 
to  that  of  Canza,  and  died  1553,  aged  66. 

C at i li n a,  Lucius  Sergius,  a  noble  Ro- 
man, famous  for  his  debaucheries,  his  in- 
trigues, and  the  dangerous  conspiracy  which 
he  formed  against  the  happiness  and  the  ex- 
istence of  his  country.  Cicero,  who  was 
then  consul,  happily  discovered  the  whole 
plot;  and  Catiline,  mad  with  revenge,  left 
Rome,  and  repaired  to  the  army,  which  was 
assembling  under  his  auspices.  This  was 
soon  attacked,  and  defeated,  by  the  consular 
forces;  and  Catiline  fell  in  the  number  of 
the  slain,  B.  C.  62. 

Catinat,  Nicholas,  was  born  at  Paris 
first  September  1637,  and  left  the  profes- 
sion of  the  law  for  a  military  life.  He  soon 
distinguished  himself  in  this  new  career,  and 
at  Maestricht,  Besancon,  Senef,  Cambray, 
Valenciennes,  St.  Omer,  Ghent,  and  Ypres, 
he  displayed  such  acts  of  bravery,  that  he 
was  promoted  to  the  highest  offices.  As 
lieutenant  general  he  defeated  the  duke  of 
Savoy  in  1688,  and  took  the  best  part  of  his 
dominions,  and  at  Ath  in  Flanders,  he  ga- 
thered fresh  laurels  against  the  Germans.  In 
the  war  of  1701,  he  was  put  at  the  head  of 
the  French  army  to  oppose  Eugene,  who 
commanded  the  Germans  in  Italy.  The 
highest  expectations  Mere  formed  from  his 
generalship,  and  even  Eugene  bore  testimo- 
ny to  his  greatness  by  saying,  on  the  indeci- 
sion of  the  French  court,  in  appointing  either 
Catinat  or  Vendome,  or  Villeroi,  "  If  Vil- 
leroi  commands,  I  shall  beat  him  ;  if  Ven- 
dome, the  struggle  will  be  great ;  but  if  it  be 
Catinat,  I  shall  be  beaten."  Misfortunes, 
however,  attended  this'  campaign,  the  army 
was  not  well  supported,  disunion  reigned 
among  the  generals,  and  Catinat  to  this 
probably  owed  his  ill  success.  He  was 
wounded  at  Chinri,  and  retreated  behind  the 
Oglio,  and  in  disgrace  but  with  great  com- 
posure submitted  to  serve  as  second  to  Vil- 
leroi. After  being  maresclial  of  France,  and 
esteemed  by  the  king,  this  great  general 
died  at  bis  estate  at  StGratian,  25th  Febru- 
ary 1712,  aged  74,  lowing  behind  him  a  most 
respectable  character  for  coolness  in  the  day 


of  battle,  presence  of  mind,  and  benevolejiee 
of  heart. 

Catineau,  N.  a  native  of  Beaupreau, 
who  in  the  revolution  boldly  took  up  arms, 
and  headed  the  Vendeans  in  1793.  He  af- 
terwards resigned  the  command  to  Bon- 
champ,  and  soon  after  fell  at  the  siege  of 
Nantes. 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius  Censorius,  an  il- 
lustrious Roman, known  for  his  temperance, 
virtue,  and  valor.  He  served  his  country  in 
various  provinces  and  in  various  offices,  and 
displayed  his  hatred  against  Carthage,  by  the 
fatal  exclamation  of  "  delenda  est  Cartha- 
go." He  was  distinguished  not  only  as  a  sol- 
dier, but  as  an  historian,  and  died  about  150 
years  B.  C. 

Cato,  Marcus  Fortius  Uticensis,  was 
great-grandson  of  the  censor,  and  possessed 
the  same  integrity,  the  same  heroic  firm- 
ness, and  the  same  attachment  to  his  coun- 
try. He  boldly  opposed  the  conspiracy  of 
Catiline,  and  the  ambition  of  Cxsar,  and 
moved  the  thanks  of  the  senate  with  the 
appellation  of  father  of  his  country,  to  Ci- 
cero for  his  public  services.  Defeated  with 
the  republicans  at  Pharsalia,  he  fled  to  Afri- 
ca, and  rather  than  fall  into  the  hand.?  of  his 
enemy  Caesar,  whose  power  he  could  no 
longer  oppose,  he  destroyed  himself  at  Utica, 
after  reading  Plato's  treatise  on  the  immor- 
tality of  the  soul,  B.  C.  45. 

Cato,  Valerius,  a  Latin  poet,  in  the  age 
of  Sylla.  His  Dira:  is  the  only  one  of  his 
poems  extant.     He  died  B.  C.  30. 

Catrou,  Francis,  a  learned  Jesuit  born 
at  Paris  1659,  and  died  1737.  Besides  his 
translation  of  Virgil,  and  a  share  in  the 
journal  de  Trevoux,  and  an  history  of  the 
Mogul  empire,  he  wrote  an  history  of  the 
fanaticism  of  the  protestants,  rjuakers,  &c. 
and  a  Roman  history  with  notes  continued 
by  Rouille. 

C/Vttho,  Angelo,  a  native  of  Tarentum, 
in  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  and 
of  Lewis  XI.  as  astrologer  and  physician. 
He  pretended  to  foretell  future  events,  some 
of  which,  it  is  said,  were  truly  fulfilled.  He 
died  at  Beneventum  t497. 

Catullus,  Caius  Valerius,  a  Roman 
poet  of  Verona,  who  died  about  40  B.  C. 
His  poems  are  elegant,  but  occasionally  li- 
centious. 

Catz,  James,  a  native  of  Zealand,  known 
as  a  politician  but  more  as  a  poet.  During 
Cromwell's  usurpation  his  abilities  were  em- 
ployed by  his  countrymen  as  ambassador  to 
London.  On  his  return  he  retired  to  his  fa- 
vorite studies  in  one  of  his  country  bouses 
where  he  died  1660,  aged  83.  His  poems, 
which  are  in  Dutch,  are  highly  esteemed  by 
his  countrymen.  The  last  edition  was  in 
1756,  2  vols,  folio. 

Cavai.canti,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian, 
who  served  pope  Paul  III.  in  a  military  as 
wed  as  a  political  capacity,  and  died  at 
Padua  156'2,  aged  59.  He  wrote  excellent 
treatises  on  rhetoric,  and  on  the  best  forms 
of  a  republic.  Another  Italian  of  the  same 
name,  wrote  some  poems  of  merit,  printed 


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1527.    He  was  of  Florence,  and  lived  in  the 
13th  century. 

Cavalier,  John,  son  of  a  peasant  at 
Cevennes,  is  famous  for  his  bravery  in  the 
wars  of  the  Camisards,  or  protestant  insur- 
gents against  Lewis  XIV.  At  the  head  of 
an  enthusiastic  multitude  he  defeated  the 
bravest  of  the  king's  troops,  though  com- 
manded by  the  greatest  generals.  Villars,  at 
last  concluded  a  truce  with  him,  and  he  was 
received  into  the  pay  and  protection  of  the 
king,  but  fearing  treachery,  he  quitted 
France,  and  went  to  England.  He  greatly 
distinguished  himself  afterwards  in  Spain,  es- 
pecially at  the  battle  of  Almanza,  and  was 
made  governor  of  Jersey,  where  it  is  sup- 
posed that  he  died  about  1705. 

Cavalieri,  Bonaventure,  an  Italian 
mathematician,  disciple  to  Galileo,  and  pro- 
fessor at  Bologna,  where  he  died  1647.  He 
wrote  on  geometry,  logarithms,  trigonome- 
try, conic  sections,  &c. 

Cavallini,  Pietro,  a  painter  born  at 
Rome.  His  pieces  which  were  in  high  es- 
teem and  were  on  religious  subjects,  are 
chiefly  preserved  at  Rome.  His  mosaic  over 
the  entrance  of  St.  Peter's  is  much  admired, 
as  well  as  the  Virgin  and  child  in  one  of  the 
churches  of  Rome.  He  died  1364,  aged  S5. 
He  was  the  disciple  of  Giotto. 

Cave,  Dr.  William,  was  born  in  1637, 
and  educated  at  St.  John's,  Cambridge.  He 
was  successively  minister  of  Hasely  Oxford- 
shire, Great  Alhallows,  and  Islington  near 
London,  and  afterwards  chaplain  to  Charles 
II.  and  in  1684  canon  of  Windsor.  Among  his 
works  were  an  history  of  the  lives,  acts, 
deaths,  ike.  of  the  christian  fathers  during 
the  three  first  centuries  of  the  church,  and 
his  historia  litcraria,  published  in  1688,  con- 
taining an  account  of  all  writers  either 
against  or  in  favor  of  Christianity  to  the 
14th  century,  two  works  which  engaged  him 
in  a  controversial  and  important  dispute 
with  Le  Clerc.  He  died  1713,  and  was 
buried  at  Islington. 

Cave,  Edward,  known  as  the  first  editor 
of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  was  born  at 
Newton  in  Warwickshire,  1691,  and  educa- 
ted at  Rugby,  under  the  care  of  Mr, 
Holyock.  In  this  seminary  he  gained  at 
first  the  good  opinion  of  his  master  by  his 
abilities,  but  when  the  mischievous  follies  of 
his  school  fellows,  more  wealthy  and  there- 
fore more  independent  than  himself,  were 
unhandsomely  attributed  to  his  unsubmissive 
disposition,  he  left  Rugby,  and  after  being  in 
the  employment  of  a  collector  of  excise,  and 
of  a  timber  merchant,  "fie  became  appren- 
tice to  Mr.  Collins,  a  respectable  printer. 
By  his  assiduity  he  soon  rose  to  consequence 
in  Iiis  profession,  and  by  the  interest  of  his 
wife's  relations  he  obtained  a  small  place  in 
the  post  office,  whilst  still  he  continued  to 
print  pamphlets,  or  contributed  to  the  po- 
pularity of  journals  and  newspapers.  He 
was  engaged  also  by  the  stationers  to  correct 
the  gradus  ad  parnassum,  and  was  hand- 
somely rewarded  for  his  trouble,  and  gained 
some  addition  to  his  income  by  rditing  a 


criminal  calendar,  and  other  periodical  pub- 
lications. As  clerk  of  the  franks  in  the  post 
office,  he  used  his  privileges  of  examining 
the  right  of  franking  with  more  freedom 
than  pleased  the  members,  and  he  was  cited 
before  the  house,  and  afterwards  discharg- 
ed, though  nothing  was  ever  advanced  against 
his  honor  or  integrity.  In  173.3  he  began 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  a  publication 
which  by  great  and  unexpected  success,  con- 
tributed to  the  independence  of  his  fortune, 
and  which  still  maintains  its  reputation  as  a  . 
valuable  repository  of  whatever  is  curious  in 
antiquities,  in  history,  or  biography.  He 
died  10th  January  1754.  He  had  lost  his 
wife  three  years  before  by  an  asthma.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  perseverance  and  appli- 
cation, but  in  his  manners  he  was  cold  and 
reserved  ;  his  heart  however  was  warm  and 
charitable,  and  the  money  which  his  dili- 
gence had  laboriously  procured  was  liberally 
imparted  to  the  necessitous.  He  was  buried 
in  St.  James'  church,  Clerkenwell,  and  an 
inscription  is  erected  to  his  honor  in  the 
church  of  Rugby,  by  the  pen  of  Dr.  Hawkcs- 
worth.  Dr.  Johnson,  who  shared  his  friend- 
ship and  patronage,  has  given  a  short,  but 
entertaining,  account  of  his  life. 

Cavedone,  Jacomo,  an  Italian  painter, 
whose  misfortunes,  it  is  said,  overpowed  his 
intellects,  so  that  he  died  poor,  in  a  stable,  at 
Bologna,  1660,  aged  80.  His  pieces  are  said 
to  be  equal  to  those  of  his  master  Annihal 
Caracci. 

Cavendish,  Thomas,  was  born  at  Frim- 
ly,  in  Suffolk,  and  allied  to  a  noble  family. 
lie  determined  to  repair,  at  the  expense  of 
the  Spaniards,  his  fortune,  which  youthful 
extravagance  had  ruined,  and  with  two  ships 
which  he  built,  one  of  120  and  the  other  of 
60  tons,  with  a  bark  of  40  tons,  he  sailed  from 
Plymouth  21st  July  1586.  After  crossing 
the  straits  of  Magellan,  he  began  to  enrich 
himself  by  the  many  prizes  which  he  made 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  especially  by  an 
Acapulco  ship,  which  he  burned,  after  tak- 
ing 60,000/.  of  gold  from  her  cargo.  Having 
thus  surrounded  the  globe,  he  returned  to 
Plymouth  on  the  9th  September  1588;  but 
the  many  riches  which  he  brought  home 
were  soon  quickly  wasted  away,  and  three 
years  after  he  again  embarked  in  pursuit  of 
new  adventures  and  fresh  prizes.  He  readi- 
ed the  straits  of  Magellan  April  8,  1592, 
hut  the  tempestuous  weather  obliged  him  to 
return,  and  the  ill  success  of  his  expedition 
so  preyed  upon  his  heart  that  he  died  oYgmu 
on  the  coast  of  Brazil. 

Cavendish,  sir  William,  a  gentleman  of 
Suffolk,  known  as  gentleman  usher  in  the 
splendid  establishment  of  cardinal  Wolsev's 
household.  His  attachment  to  his  patron 
was  so  sincere,  that  he  refused  to  abandon 
him  even  in  his  disgrace  ;  and  this  proof  of 
fidelity  was  observed  by  Henry  VIII.  who 
took  him  under  his  protection,  knighted  him, 
and  conferred  upon  him  several  important 
and  lucrative  offices.  He  continued  in  favor 
at  the  court  of  Edward  VI.  and  with  hissuc 
eessor  Mary,  and  died  1567,  aged  about  5'J. 


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He  was  three  times  married,  and  by  his  last 
wife,  who  was  a  widow,  he  left  three  sons 
and  three  daughters.  This  last  wife  was  a 
lady  of  great  character,  and  deservedly  es- 
teemed as  the  most  famous  woman  of  her 
times.  She  was  four  times  married,  and  hap- 
pily, and  died  a  widow,  13th  February  1607, 
leaving  issue  by  one  husband  only.  Sir  Wil- 
liam was  the  progenitor  of  the  dukes  of  De- 
vonshire and  Newcastle.  He  published  a 
life  of  his  patron  Wolsey,  in  which  he  extols 
bim  as  a  great  and  perfect  character.  It 
was  printed  in  1667,  and  again  in  1706. 

Cavendish,  William,  duke  of  Newcas- 
tle, grandson  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
1592.  His  person  and  elegant  manners  re- 
commended him  to  the  favor  of  James  I.  by 
whom  he  was  made  knight  of  the  bath,  and 
baron  Ogle,  and  viscount  Mansfield.  Charles 
I.  likewise  patronised  him,  and  created  him 
earl  of  Newcastle-on  Tyne,  and  appointed  him 
governor  to  the  prince  of  Wales.  Bucking- 
ham envied,  but  could  not  prevent,  the  king's 
partiality,  for  Cavendish  displayed  not  only 
the  courtier  but  the  loyal  subject;  and  he 
not  only  entertained  Charles  at  Welbeck  on 
his  march  against  the  Scots,  but  he  presen- 
ted him  with  10,000/.  and  a  body  of  200 
knights,  serving  at  their  own  charges,  and 
commanded  by  himself.  The  disastrous  event 
of  the  royal  cause  at  last  alarmed  Cavendish, 
ftnd  after  the  battle  of  Marston-moor  he  fled 
to  Scarborough,  from  whence  he  passed  to 
Hamburgh,  and  afterwards  to  Amsterdam 
and  Paris.  Though  an  exile,  he  early  fore- 
saw the  fall  of  the  commonwealth;  and  he 
returned  with  the  king,  by  whom  he  was 
created  duke  of  Newcastle.  He  died  on 
Christmas-day,  1676,  aged  84.  Besides  a 
treatise  on  government,  &c.  written  while 
in  exile,  he  published  several  plays  and 
poems,  and  a  celebrated  treatise  on  horse- 
manship, of  which  an  elegant  edition  was 
some  years  ago  printed.  His  second  wife, 
Margaret,  sister  to  lord  Lucas,  was  a  woman 
of  great  wit,  and  many  literary  accomplish- 
ments. She  wrote  the  life  of  her  husband, 
besides  various  poems  and  plays,  and  she 
was  buried  in  the  same  vault  in  Westmin- 
ster-abbey. The  title  became  extinct  in 
1691,  by  the  death  of  Henry,  the  son  of  the 
first  dnke,  without  issue. 

Cavendish,  William,  first  dnke  of  De- 
vonshire, was  born  25th  January  1640.  He. 
sat,  when  of  age,  in  the  long  parliament,  for 
Derbyshire,  and  in  1665  he  accompanied  the  ' 
Duke  of  York  as  a  volunteer  in  the  fleet.  | 
Four  years  after,  he  was  in  the  suite  of  Mon- 
tague, the  ambassador  to  France;  and  when 
at  the  opera  at  Paris,  he  was  rudely  insulted, 
and  severely  wounded  by  three  of  the  king's 
officers;  a  heinous  offence,  which  was  par- 
doned only  by  his  earnest  intercession  for 
the  culprits.  In  his  conduct  in  parliament, 
Cavendish  was  bold,  manly,  and  patriotic  ; 
he  promoted  the  inquiry  into  the  murder  of 
sir  Edmonbury  Godfrey  ;  he  supported  the 
impeachment  of  Danby  and  of  Scraggs;  and 
not  only  appeared  at  the  trial  of  lord  Russel 
personally,  to  vindicate  his  character,  but, 
after  his  condemnation,  he  offered  to  ex« 


change  clothes  with  him  ;  a  proposal  which 
was  generously  refused.  In  the  arbitrary 
reign  of  James,  he  preserved  the  same  un- 
yielding spirit;  and  when  personally  insulted 
by  colonel  Culpepper,  the  favorite  of  the 
king,  he,  though  in  the  presence  chamber, 
took,  him  by  the  nose,  and  dragged  him  out 
of  the  room.  This  insult  offered  to  the  roy- 
al residence  was  denounced  in  the  king's 
bench,  and  the  offender  was  fined  30,000/. 
and,  though  a  peer,  imprisoned  till  the  mulct 
was  discharged.  He,  however,  escaped  to 
Chatsworth  ;  and  when  seized  by  the  sheriff" 
of  the  county,  he  gave  him  for  the  faithful 
payment  a  bond,  which  William  III.  after- 
wards cancelled.  The  tyranny  of  James  now 
induced  Cavendish,  with  other  peers,  to  in- 
vite the  prince  of  Orange  loinvadethe  king- 
dom ;  and  on  his  landing,  he  joined  him  with 
a  respectable  number  of  followers,  and  ever 
after  deserved  and  enjoyed  his  fullest  confi- 
dence. At  the  coronation  of  William  and 
Mary  he  acted  as  lord  high  steward ;  and, 
1691,  he  attended  the  monarch  to  the  Hague, 
where,  with  all  the  magnificence  of  an  English 
nobleman,  he  entertained  several  sovereign 
princes  at  his  table.  In  1694  he  was  created 
duke  of  Devonshire,  and,  during  the  king's 
absence,  he  was  always  nominated  one  of  the 
lords  justices.  Under  Anne,  he  was  enga- 
ged in  the  settlement  of  the  act  of  union  with 
Scotland.  He  died  18th  August  1707,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  son,  the  marquis  of 
Hartington.  Cavendish  was  an  elegant  scho- 
lar, as  well  as  an  able  statesman  ;  and  Chats- 
worth  remains  a  noble  specimen  of  his  taste 
and  genius.  He  wrote  poetry  with  great  ease, 
and  his  ode  on  the  death  of  queen  Mary,  and 
his  allusion  to  the  archbishop  of  Cambray's 
supplement  to  Homer,  are  still  deservedly 
commended. 

Cavendish,  lord  John,  son  of  the  fourth 
duke  of  Devonshire,  was  distinguished  as  an 
able  politician,  and  as  the  friend  of  lord  Rock- 
ingham, and  the  determined  opponent  of  lord 
North's  measures  in  the  American  war.  He 
was  twice  chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  He 
died  19th  December  1796,  of  an  apoplectic 
stroke. 

Cavendish,  lord  Frederic,  of  the  noble 
family  of  Devonshire,  was  born  1729.  He 
chose  a  military  life,  and  by  gradual  steps 
rose  to  the  rank  of  field  marshal.  He  was 
representative  for  Derbyshire,  and  afterwards 
for  Derby,  in  several  parliaments,  till  he  re- 
tired from  public  life.  In  the  action  of  St. 
Cas,  on  the  French  coast,  September  1758, 
he  was  taken  prisoner;  and  when  permitted, 
with  the  other  officers,  to  return  to  his  coun- 
try, on  his  parole,  by  the  duke  d'Aigiiillon_. 
he  at  first  refused  him,  lest  his  voting  in  the 
house  of  commons  should  be  considered  as  a 
violation  of  his  parole.  He  was  one  of  those 
officers  who,  with  Wolfe,  Monklon,  and  Kep- 
pcl,  united  in  an  agreement  together,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  seven  years'  war,  not  to  mar- 
ry till  the  return  of  peace,  that  their  military 
career  might  not  be  interrupted  by  domestic 
concerns.  He  died  at  Twickenham  gist  Oc- 
tober 18Q3. 


CA 


CE 


Caulet,  Francis  Stephen  de,  a  French 
prelate,  who  strongly  opposed  the  regale,  or 
the  right  assumed  by  the  king  of  disposing  of 
vacant  ecclesiastical  benefices,  for  which  he 
was  dismissed  from  hi9  see.  He  died  1680, 
universally  respected  as  a  good,  benevolent) 
and  virtuous  prelate. 

Ca.ui.iac,  Guy  de,  a  French  anatomist  of 
Montpellier,  physician  to  the  popes  Clement 
VI.  and  Urban  V.  His  system  of  surgery  was 
published  at  Venice  1490.  He  wrote  also  a 
compendium  of  surgery. 

Cavoye,  Lewis  marquis  de,  a  French 
military  officer,  who  distinguished  himself  in 
Holland,  by  bravely  removing  an  English  fire 
ship,  which  threatened  the  destruction  of  a 
whole  fleet ;  tor  which  he  was  honorably  re- 
warded. He  was  the  friend  of  Tureune,  of 
Racine,  Gcnest,  and  other  learned  men  ;  and 
died  171G,  aged  76. 

Caussin,  Nicholas  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
at  Troyes,  counsellor  to  Lewis  XIII.  He  op- 
posed Richelieu,  by  whom  he  was  dismissed 
from  attendance  on  the  king's  person,  and 
banished  to  a  town  of  Lower  Britany.  He 
was  permitted  to  return  to  Paris  after  the 
cardinal's  death  ;  and  he  died  in  the  Jesuits' 
convent  July  1651,  aged  71.  He  published 
several  works  in  French  and  Latin.  His  book 
de  sacra  et  profana  eloquentia,  is  well  known 
in  England,  and  bis  "court  sainte"  has  been 
translated  into  almost  every  language  of  Eu- 
rope. 

Cawdrev,  Daniel,  a  nonconformist,  edu- 
cated at  Peter-house,  Cambridge,  and  eject- 
ed from  his  living  of  Hilling,  Northampton- 
shire. He  wras  a  member  of  the  Westmin- 
ster assembly  of  divines,  and  wrote,  besides 
sermons  and  treatises,  some  strong  pieces 
against  the  established  church.  He  died  1664. 
Cawton,  Thomas,  born  at  Colchester, 
was  educated  at  Rotterdam  and  Utrecht,  and 
afterwards  at  Merton  college,  Oxford,  and 
declaring  himself  a  nonconformist,  he  began 
to  preach  to  a  dissenting  congregation  at 
Westminster.  He  died  of  a  consumption  in 
J  677,  aged  about  40.  He  was  a  good  Hebrew 
scholar,  on  which  language  he  wrote  a  dis- 
sertation, besides  a  treatise  on  divine  provi- 
dence— a  discourse  on  the  Syriac  version — 
and  the  life  of  his  father,  who  was  minister 
of  St.  Bartholomew,  behind  the  Exchange, 
who  had  been  accused  of  being  concerned  in 
Love's  plot  against  Cromwell,  and  who  had 
therefore  fied  to  Holland,  where  he  died,  at 
Rotterdam,  165'J.  The  father,  who  bore  the 
same  name,  was  a  good  Hebraist,  and  gave 
assistance  to  the  compilation  of  the  polyglott 
bible,  and  to  Castel's  polyglott  lexicon. 

Caxton,  William,  the  first  English  prin- 
tvr,  v.;is  born  at  Weald,  in  Kent;  and  after 
receiving  the  common  education  of  the  times, 
he  was  bound  to  Mr.  Robert  Large,  a  mer- 
cer, afterwards  lord  mayor  of  London.  His 
conduct  was  so  commendable,  that  his  master 
at  his  death  left  him  8  handsome  legacy.  He 
afterwards  went  as  agent  to  the  mercers'  com- 
pany into  Holland,  and  was  empowered  by 
Edward  IV.  to  make  a  treaty  of  commerce 
with  the  duke  of  Burgundy.    During  his  resi- 


dence abroad  he  became,  with  some  expense, 
acquainted  with  the  newly  discovered  art  of 
printing;  and  at  the  request  of  Margaret  of 
York,  duchess  of  Burgundy,  from  whom  he 
received  a  pension,  he  published  his  "recuy- 
ell  of  the  history  of  Troye,"  the  first  book 
ever  printed  in  English,  translated  by  him- 
self, 1471.  In  1474  he  published,  in  English, 
his  game  of  chess  ;  a  work  which,  for  its  cu- 
riosity, was  purchased  for  40  guineas,  by  the 
earl  of  Pembroke,  of  Mr.  Granger.  In  1477" 
he  published  the  dictcs  &  sayengis  of  thft 
philosophers,  translated  out  of  French  by 
Antone  erle  Ry  vyrcs,  lord  Seerles,  &e.  His 
last  work  was,  "  the  holy  lives  of  the  fathers 
hermites  living  in  the  deserts,"  1491,  in  which 
year  he  died,  leaving  behind  him  the  respect- 
able character  of  an  industrious,  honest,  wor- 
thy man,  eager  to  promote  learning  and  reli- 
gion among  his  countrymen. 

Caylus,  Anne  Claude  count  de,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Paris  1692.  Distinguished  as 
a  soldier  in  Catalonia  and  at  Friburg,  he  left 
the  army  at  the  peace  of  Rastadt,  and  travel- 
led to  Italy  and  the  Levant.  His  "relics"  of 
Egyptian  and  other  antiquities,  in  7  vols.  4to. 
1752-67,  is  a  most  valuable  work.  He  wrote 
also,  besides  a  description  of  the  gems  in  the 
royal  cabinet,  the  lives  of  celebrated  painters 
and  engravers  of  the  French  academy ;  and, 
from  a  passage  in  Pliny,  discovered  the  an- 
cient mode  of  encaustic  painting,  and  of  ting 
ing  marble.     He  died  1765. 

Caz.es,  PeterJames,  a  French  painter,  who 
studied  under  Houasse  and  Boullogne,  and, 
for  his  great  excellence,  washonorably  admit- 
ted into  the  academy  1703.  His  woman  with 
an  issue  of  blood,  in  the  church  of  Notre 
Dame,  is  regarded  as  a  most  perfect  and  val- 
uable piece.  This  ingenious  artist,  whose 
works  are  numerous,  and  in  high  esteem, 
died  1754,  aged  78. 

C  azo  t  te,  James,  a'native  of  Dijon,  mayor 
of  Pierry,  near  Epernay.  He  was  for  his 
loyalty  to  the  king  dragged  to  the  abbaye  pris- 
on, in  1792;  and  when  the  fatal  month  of 
September  came,  his  daughter,  aged  17,  who 
had  shared  his  confinement  and  misfortunes, 
accompanied  him  to  the  bloody  tribunal, 
where  assassins  mocked  the  forms  of  justice. 
The  blows  aimed  at  the  father  were  repelled 
by  the  heroic  daughter,  and  with  such  effect, 
that  the  murderers,  astonished  at  her  con- 
duct, permitted  her  and  her  trembling  parent 
to  escape.  A  few  days  after,  however,  Ca- 
zotte  was  again  arrested,  on  suspicion,  and 
condemned  to  die.  He  was  guillotined  25th 
September  1792,  aged  72.  He  wrote  some 
things  in  prose  and  verse,  which  have  appear- 
ed in  6  vol;*.  ISmo.  and  2  vols.  8vo. 

Ceba,  Ansaldo,  a  Genoese,  who  acquired 
reputation  as  a  politician,  historian,  orator, 
and  poet.  His  treatise  on  epic  poetry  is 
more  valued  than  his'pocms.  He  died  1623, 
aged  58.  He  wrote  also  Esther  and  Camilla, 
two  heroic  poems,  besides  Alcippo  and  Ge- 
malla  Capoane,  two  tragedies,  and  an  his- 
tory of  Rome,  &e. 

Cebes,  a  Theban  philosopher,  pupil  to 
Socrates.    He  wrote  the  table  of  human  life. 


CE 


CE 


Cecco  de  Ascoli,  or  Francis  de  Gli 
Stabili  of  Ascoli,  professor  of  astrology  and 
philosophy  at  Bologna,  from  which,  on  an 
accusation  of  magic,  he  removed  to  Flo- 
rence, where  he  became  physician  to  the 
duke  of  Calabria.  His  knowledge  here 
again  exposed  him  to  the  suspicion  of  magic, 
and  he  was  seized  by  the  inquisition,  and 
condemned  to  be  burnt.  This  cruel  sen- 
tence was  executed  13-2".  His  poem  called 
1'acerta  was  for  some  time  popular. 

Cecil,  William,  lord  Burleigh,  was  born 
at  Bourn,  Lincolnshire,  1521,  and  educated 
at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
married  the  sister  of  sir  John  Cheek,  tutor 
of  Edward  VI.  From  Cambridge  he  re- 
moved to  Gray's  inn,  and  applied  himself 
with  such  great  assiduity,  that  he  soon  be- 
came distinguished  at  the  bar.  Upon  the 
death  of  his  wife,  he  married  a  daughter  of 
sir  Anthony^  Cooke,  a  lady  of  great  learning 
and  so  far  advanced  his  reputation  and  his 
fortunes  by  his  matrimonial  connections, 
that  he  was  made  master  of  requests  by  the 
protector  Somerset,  and,  by  gradual  ad- 
vancement, knighted,  and  created  secretary 
of  state,  and  chancellor  of  the  garter.  In 
Mary's  reign,  his  abilities  were  respected, 
and  though  he  had  favored  the  cause  of  Jane 
Gray,  yet  the  queen  often  consulted  him, 
though  not  in  office,  and  he  retained  the 
good  opinion  of  her  ministers.  Under  Eliza- 
beth, he  became  again  secretary,  and  be- 
sides master  of  the  court  of  wards,  and 
chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and  in  1571  was 
created  lord  Burleigh.  He  died  August 
1598,  aged  78,  leaving  a  son  by  each  of  his 
■wives.  Though  twenty-seven  years  high 
treasurer  of  England,  he  yet  died  not  opu- 
lent, and  while  he  managed  with  honest 
frugality  the  revenues  of  the  kingdom,  he, 
•with  inflexible  integrity,  disdained  to  en- 
rich himself  by  base  and  dishonorable  means. 
Besides  Latin  poems  on  the  death  of  lady 
Nevil,  and  on  sir  Thomas  Chaloner,  he 
wrote  some  pamphlets  in  defence  of  the 
queen  and  of  her  government,  and  on  other 
treatises.  His  state  papers  were  published 
by  Haynes  1740,  and  a  continuation  by  Mur- 
din  1760. 

Cecil,  Robert,  earl  of  Salisbury.  Vid. 
Salisbury. 

Cecrops,  an  Egyptian,  founder  of  the 
Athenian  monarchy,  about  1556  B.  C 

Cedrenus,  George,  a  Grecian  monk  of 
the  11th  century,  author  of  an  abridged  his- 
tory from  the  creation  to  the  year  of  Christ 
1057 ;  a  work  collected  from  various  au- 
thors, and  entitled  to  little  esteem.  It  was 
printed  at  Paris  1647,  with  the  Latin  version 
of  Xylander. 

Celesti,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  painter, 
who  died  1706,  aged  69.  His  views  about 
Venice  are  highly  admired. 

Celestin  I.  pope,  after  Boniface  II. 
condemned  the  doctrines  of  Nestorius,  and 
died  432,  after  filling  the  chair  ten  years. 

Celestin  II.  pope,  after  Innocent  n. 
died  1143,  after  being  elected  only  five 
months. 


Celestin  III.  succeeded  Clement  III. 
1191,  and  died  seven  years  after.  He  claim- 
ed the  kingdoms  of  Sicily  and  Naples  as  ap- 
pendages to  the  holy  see,  and  gave  the  for- 
mer to  Frederic,  son  of  the  emperor  Henry 
VI.  on  his  paying  regular  tribute  to  the  holy- 
see. 

Celestin  IV.  was  pope  only  eighteen 
days,  and  died  1241. 

Celestin  V.  was  elected  pope  1294,  but 
with  difficulty  could  be  prevailed  upon  to 
leave  his  humble  cell  for  a  throne.  He  was 
founder  of  the  order  of  the  Celestin,  sup- 
pressed in  France  1778.  Celestine  resigned 
the  tiara,  by  the  insinuations  of  Cajetan, 
who  succeeded  him,  byr  the  title  of  Boniface 
VHI.  He  was  imprisoned  by  his  artful  suc- 
cessor in  a  castle  in  Campania,  and  died  there 
1296.  He  was  canonized  in  1313  by  Cle- 
ment V. 

Cellarius, Christopher,  alearned  man, 
born  at  Malealde  in  Franconia.  He  applied 
himself  to  classioal  learning  and  the  oriental 
languages  at  the  university  of  Jena,  where 
he  took  his  degree  of  D.  D.  1666.  The 
following  year,  he  became  professor  of  He- 
brew and  moral  philosophy  at  Weissenfels, 
and  in  1673  he  was  appointed  rector  of  Wei- 
mar college,  and  three  years  filter  removed 
to  Zeits  and  in  1678  he  accepted  the  rectory 
of  Mersbourg  college,  where  his  fame  soon 
drew  around  him  a  respectable  number  of 
students.  Though  extremely  partial  to 
Mersbourgh,  yet  he  was  prevailed  upon 
by  the  king  of  Prussia  to  become  professor 
of  eloquence  and  history  in  the  newly  found- 
ed college  of  Halle,  in  1693,  and  here  he 
composed  the  best  part  of  his  works,  till  un- 
ceasing application  hastened  the  imbecilities 
of  old  age,  and  carried  him  off  in  1703,  aged 
69.  His  works  were  very  numerous  and 
valuable,  and  chiefly  on  geography,  history, 
grammar,  and  the  oriental  languages,  besides 
learned  editions  of  more  than  twenty  Latin 
and  Greek  authors.  The  best  known  of  his 
works  are,  atlas  crelestis,  fol. — notitia  orbis 
antiqua,  2  vols.  4to. — historia  antiqua,  12mo. 
— de  Latinitate,  &c. 

Celi.ier,  Remi,  a  Benedictine  of  Bar 
le  due.  He  wrote  a  general  history  of  sacred 
and  ecclesiastical  authors,  23  vols.  4to. — an 
apology  for  the  morality  of  the  fathers,  against 
the  Barbeyrac,  Sec.  and  died  1761,  aged  73. 

Cellini,  Benevento,  an  eminent  sculp- 
tor and  engraver  of  Florence.  He  was  ori- 
ginally apprentice  to  a  jeweller  and  gold- 
smith, and  besides  a  great  taste  for  drawiug 
and  designing,  he  was  an  excellent  musician, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  became  the  fa- 
vourite of  pope  Clement  VII.  as  his  gold- 
smith and  musician,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  great  ingenuity  in  making  medals 
and  rings.  The  pope  had  so  high  an  opinion 
of  his  valor,  that  he  intrusted  to  his  care  the 
castle  of  St.  Angclo,  when  Rome  was  be- 
sieged by  the  duke  of  Bourbon,  and  Cellini 
supported  the  character  of  an  able  general, 
and  yielded  to  his  assailant  only  after  a  vigor- 
ous resistance,  and  by  an  honorable  capitu- 
lation.   The  temper  of  Cellini  did  not,  how- 


CE 


CE 


ever,  accord  with  his  other  great  qualities. 
Fickle  and  capricious,  he  was  ever  embroiled 
in  quarrels;  and  dissatisfied  with  his  country, 
he  travelled  through  Padua,  Switzerland, 
Geneva,  and  Lyons,  to  Paris,  to  seek  em- 
ployment and  patronage  under  the  auspices 
of  Francis  I.  but  soon  returned  to  Italy. 
From  Home,  where  he  was  for  some  time 
imprisoned,  on  a  charge  of  having  formerly 
robbed  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  he  wished 
to  revisit  Paris  ;  but,  upon  some  unexpected 
disgrace,  he  determined  to  travel  on  a  pil- 
grimage to  Jerusalem,  till  the  large  promises 
of  the  French  king  altered  his  purpose,  and 
engaged  him  to  settle  in  his  capital.  Flatter- 
ed and  liberally  patronised  at  Paris,  Cellini 
was  offended  with  madame  d'Estampes  the 
king's  favorite,  and  abandoned  the  kingdom, 
for  the  protection  of  Cosmo  de  Medici,  at 
Florence ;  where  a  fresh  insult  dismissed 
llim,  but  again,  after  a  short  absence,  to  re- 
turn. He  died  at  Florence,  1570.  His  life, 
with  curious  anecdotes,  was  translated  from 
the  Tuscan  language  into  English,  in  2  vols. 
8vo.  1771. 

Celsus,  Aurelius  Cornel,  a  physician  at 
Rome,  under  Tiberius,  author  of  books  on 
medicine,  besides  tracts  on  agriculture,  rhet- 
oric, &c. 

Celsus,  an  epicurean  philosopher, known 
in  the  2d  century,  for  his  treatise  against 
Christianity,  which  was  refuted  by  Origen. 

Celtes,  Conrad,  a  Latin  poet  of  Swein- 
furt,  near  Wertzburg,  died  at  Vienna  1 508, 
aged  49,  after  having  obtained  thehonorofthe 
poetic  laurel.  He  was  patronised  by  the  em- 
peror Maximilian.  His  works  are  elegiac 
verses,  odes,  epigrams,  besides  an  account  of 
the  city  of  Nuremburg,  published  1513,  and  a 
poem  oh  the  manners  of  the  Germans.  His 
style  is  not  inelegant,  nor  devoid  of  wit; 
though  from  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  he  is 
not  to  be  expected  to  be  a  correct  writer. 

Censorinus,  Appius Claudius,  a Roman 
senator,  raised  to  the  imperial  purple  by  his 
soldiers,  who  seven  days  after  assassinated 
liim,  270. 

Censorinus,  a  Roman  grammarian,  in 
the  3d  century,  author  of  a  work  de  die  natali. 
Centlivbe,  Susannah,  a  celebrated 
comic  writer,  born  at  Holberch,  in  Lincoln- 
shire- Her  maiden  name  was  Freeman. 
To  a  handsome  person  she  united  the  powers 
of  great  genius  and  a  creative  fency;  and 
though  some  aneodotes  are  related  concern- 
ing the  imprudent  gaieties  of  her  youth,  as 
the  mistress  of  Anthony  Hammond,  with 
whom  she  lived  at  Cambridge  disguised  in 
men's  clothes,  yet  her  mind  was  elegantly 
cultivated  ami  improved.  She  wrote  fifteen 
plays,  besides  little  poems,  Sec.  which  pro- 
cured her,  with  the  approbation  of  the  pub- 
lic, the  protection  of  some  high  and  respect- 
able patrons.  Her  plots  and  incidents  are 
peculiarly  happy,  and  the  "  busy  body,"  and 
"  a  bold  stroke  for  a  wife,"  have  long  con- 
tinued to  command  the  applause  of  every 
liberal  and  discerning  audience.  She  was 
married  three  times  ;  first  to  the  nephew  of 
sir  Stephen  Fox,  who  died  soon  after;  and 
secondly  to  an  officer,  who  fell  in  a  duel  two 


years  after.  Her  last  husband  was  cook  to 
queen  Anne,  and  fell  in  love  with  her  as  she 
was  performing  Alexander  the  Great  at 
Windsor,  170G.  She  died  in  very  respecta- 
ble circumstances,  1st  December  1723,  and 
Mas  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Martin-in- 
the-fields.  She  had  been  for  many  years 
the  correspondent  of  the  wits  of  the  times; 
of  Steele,  Rowe,  Budgell,  Sewell,  &c.  and 
she  was  honored  with  a  place  in  Pope's 
Dunciad  Her  Dramatic  pieces  have  ap- 
peared in  3  vols.  l'Jmo. 

Cemtorio,  Ascanius,  a  native  of  Milan, 
in  the  10th  century,  eminent  as  a  soldier 
and  philosopher.  He  published  some  valua- 
ble military  and  historical  memoirs  of  the 
wars  of  his  own  time,  and  those  of  Transyl- 
vania, in  2  vols.  4to.  1569. 

Ceratinus,  James  or  Teyng,  of  Horn, 
in  Holland,  a  name  which  he  rendered  into 
Greek,  for  his  own  appellation.  He  obtained 
the  Greek  professorship  by  means  of  his 
friend^  Erasmus,  and  died  at  Lou  vain  1530. 
He  published  a  translation  of  Chrysostom  ou 
the  priesthood,  into  Latin,  and  a  Grxco-La- 
tin  lexicon,  besides  a  treatise  de  sono  litera- 
rum  Griecarum. 

Cerceau,  John  Anthony  du,  a  Jesuit, 
born  at  Paris,  who  became  known  as  a  Latin 
poet.  His  Latin  poems  were  published  in 
1705,  and  gained  him  reputation;  hut  his 
French  verses  in  imitation  of  Marot,  were 
little  above  mediocrity.  He  died  at  Verei, 
near  Tours,  1730,  aged  60.  Ho  wrote  alsa 
some  comedies  for  the  pupils  of  the  college 
of  Lewis  le  grand. 

Cerda,  John  Lewis  de  la,  a  Spanish  Je- 
suit of  Toledo,  esteemed  for  his  learning 
and  great  candor.  His  conimeHtaries  on, 
Virgil  are  very  valuable  ;  but  those  on  Ter- 
tullian  do  not  possess  great  merit.  He  wrote 
also  adversa  sacra,  fol.  1626.  lie  died  in 
1643,  aged  above  80. 

Cerdon,  a  heretic,  of  the  2d  century, 
who  asserted  that  Christ  had  not  a  real  body, 
and  that  there  were  two  principles  one 
good,  creator  of  heaven,  the  other  bad,  crea- 
tor of  the  earth.  He  rejected  the  old  testa- 
ment, and  considered  only  a  part  of  the  new 
as  authentic.  ■ 

Ceketa,  Laura,  a  lady  horn  at  Brescia, 
eminent  for  her  knowledge  of  philosophy 
and  of  the  learned  languages.  She  became 
a  widow  early  in  life,  and  then  devoted  her- 
self entirely  to  literary  labors.  Her  Latin 
letters  appeared  at  Padua  in  1680.  She  died 
1498,  aged  29. 

C erin  i,  Giovanni  Dominico,  an  Italian 
painter  of  Perugia,  disciple  of  Guido  and 
Dominchino.  He  died  1081,  aged  75/  His 
historical  pieces  are  esteemed. 

Cerintuit.,  disciple  of  Simon  Magus- 
about  54  A.  1).  was  a  heretic,  who  attacker, 
the  divinity  of  Christ.  It  is  reported  that 
St.  John,  once  going  to  the  bath,  saw  Cerin- 
thus,  and  retired  from  his  neighborhood  with 
the  strongest  indignation. 

Cerisantes,  Mark  Duncan  de,  son  of 
a  Scotch  physician,  rattled  at  Saumur,  was 
preceptor  to  the  son  of  the  marquis  of 
Vigeau-,   and,  by  his  address   and  learning, 


CE 


CH 


gained  the  notice  of  Richelieu,  who  sent 
him  ambassador  to  Constantinople,  and  af- 
terwards to  Sweden,  from  which,through  his 
ill  conduct  and  quarrelsome  temper  in  chal- 
lenging a  French  nobleman,  he  was  recalled. 
From  Paris  he  went  to  Naples,  and  assisted 
the  duke  of  Guise  in  the  support  of  the  Nea- 
politan insurgents.  He  died  during  the 
siege  of  Naples  1648.  He  wrote  a  Latin  ac- 
count of  his  journey  to  Constantinople,  and 
two  Latin  odes  by  him  are  also  preserved  in 
the  Menagiana. 

CerMenati,  John  de,  an  Italian  histo- 
rian, who  published  in  Latin  an  elegant  ac- 
count of  his  native  city  Milan,  from  1307  to 
1313,  printed  in  Muratori's  collection  of 
Italian  historians,  1726. 

Cereato,  Paul,  a  native  of  Alba  in 
Montserrat,  1485.  He  wrote  a  Latin  poem 
in  three  books,  de  virginitate,  and  other 
poems  preserved  in  the  delicire  poet.  Italo- 
ruro. 

Ceruti,  Frederic,  a  native  of  Ye  r  on  a, 
brought  up  by  the  friendship  of  the  bishop 
of  Agen  to  the  church.  This  profession 
however  did  not  agree  with  his  feelings,  he 
left  France  and  his  nation  and  settled  at  Ve- 
rona, where  he  married  and  took  pupils. 
He  died  1579,  aged  38.  He  wrote  in  Latin 
a  dialogue  on  comedy, — another  de  recta 
adolescentulorum  institutione,  besides  po- 
ems, letters,  &c. — and  a  paraphrase  of  Ho- 
race, Juvenal,  and  Persius. 

Ceruiti,  Joseph  Antony  Joachim,  a 
native  of  Turin,  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  of 
whose  society  he  became  a  member,  and  al- 
so a  professor  at  Lyons.  His  abilities  as  a 
scholar  were  very  respectable,  and  -when 
young,  he  obtained  two  prizes  from  the  acad- 
emies of  Dijon  and  Toulouse.  When  his  or- 
der was  abolished  he  wrote  an  apology  for 
the  Jesuits,  but  on  such  terms  as  offended 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  he  was  obliged 
to  make  a  public  recantation.  He  afterwards 
lived  for  15  years  under  the  protection  of 
the  duchess  des  Brancas,  and  at  the  revolu- 
tion, through  the  interest  of  Mirabeau,  ob- 
tained a  seat  in  the  national  assembly.  He 
was  the  editor  of  the  feuille  villageoise,  a  re- 
volutionary paper,  and  the  year  after  his 
death,  which  happened  in  1792,  his  pieces 
and  miscellaneous  works  were  published  in 
one  vol. 

Cervantes,  FkU  Saavedea. 

Cervetto,  father  to  the  violincello  per- 
former of  that  name,  came  late  in  life  to 
England,  and  was  engaged  to  play  the  bass  at 
Drury-lane.  He  died  14th  June  1783,  aged 
103.  When  once  Garrick  was  performing 
sir  John  Brute,  and  the  audience  in  the  most 
profound  silence  fixing  their  eyes  on  the  in- 
comparable actor,  poor  Cervetto  from  the 
orchestra  uttered  a  loud  yawn,  which  by  its 
suddenness  and  odity  excited  a  violent  laugh- 
ter through  the  house.  Garrick,  offended, 
sent  for  the  musician,  who  assuaged  the  rage 
of  the  hero,  by  saying  with  a  shrug,  "  I  beg 
ten  thousand  pardons,  but  I  always  do  so  ven 
I  am  ver  much  please." 

Cesalpinus,  Andrew,    an  Italian  phy- 


sician born  at  Arezw,  about  the  year 
1159. 

Cesarini,  Julian,  a  Roman  ecclesiastic, 
employed  by  Martin  V.  as  a  nuncio,  and 
raised  by  him  to  the  rank  of  cardinal  1426, 
and  sent  to  oppose  the  Hussites,  in  Bohemia. 
Under  the  succeeding  pope,  Eugenius,  he 
was  sent  to  the  council  of  Basil,  :md  after- 
wards to  that  ofFerrara,  where  his  abilities 
were  advantageously  displayed  against  the 
Greek  schismatics.  He  went  afterwards  to 
Hungary,  and  by  his  persuasion  the  king 
Ladislaus  broke  his  treaty  with  the  Turks, 
and  in  consequence  of  it  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Varna  1444,  where  the  cardinal  was  also 
slain.  Some  of  his  orations  and  letters  have 
been  published. 

Cesarini,  Virginio,  a  learned  Roman, 
made  chamberlain  to  Urban  V  III.  His  learn- 
ing was  so  great  and  his  abilities  so  respecta- 
ble, that  a  medal  was  struck  to  his  honor, 
on  which  he  appeared  with  Pico  de  Miran- 
dula  crowned  with  laurel.  His  poems,  in 
Italian  and  in  Latin,  are  much  admired  for 
their  elegance  and  vivacity.  He  died  when 
Urban  meditated  his  elevation  to  the  rank 
of  cardinal  1624,  aged  29. 

Cespedes,  Paul,  a  Spanish  painter, 
known  also  as  a  writer.  His  treatise  on  an- 
cient and  modern  painting  possessed  merit, 
and  his  last  supper  in  the  cathedral  of  Cordo- 
va has  long  been  admired.  He  died  1608, 
aged  above  70. 

Cezeli,  Constance  de,  wife  of  Barride  St. 
Aunez,  governor  of  Leucate  under  Henry 
IV.  is  distinguished  for  her  bravery.  ■  Her 
husband  being  taken  prisoner  by  the  Span- 
iards 1570,  she  put  herself  at  the  head  of  her 
brave  neighbors,  and  though  the  besieging 
enemy  threatened  to  put  to  death  her  hus- 
band, she  heroically  refused  to  give  up  the 
garrison.  The  cowardly  Spaniards,  irritat- 
ed with  her  opposition,  put  her  husband  to 
death  and  raised  the  siege ;  but  when  the 
indignant  garrison  wished  to  make  reprisals 
on  some  Spanish  captives,  the  courageous 
widow  stepped  as  an  advocate  for  their  lives, 
and  they  were  spared.  She  was  honored 
for  her  conduct  by  Henry  IV.  as  well  as  by 
the  whole  nation. 

Chabanes,  James  de,  a  Frenchman, 
who  displayed  great  bravery  under  Charles 
VIII.  and  Lewis  XII.  After  signalizing 
himself  in  Italy,  and  in  Spain,  he  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Pavia,  1525. 

Chabanon,  N.  de,  memberof  the  acad- 
emy of  belles  letters,  died  at  Paris  1792, 
aged  60.  He  wrote  a  translation  of  Pindar, 
praised  by  Voltaire,  and  of  Theocritus — 
besides  a  dissertation  on  Homer — the  life 
of  Haute — a  treatise  on  music,  two  vols. 
8vo. — eulogies  of  Rameau,  Sec. — his  own 
life — dramatic  pieces,  &e. — His  brother  de 
Mangris  wrote  Alexis  and  Daphne,  an  ope- 
ra, and  other  dramatic  pieces,  and  died  1780. 

Chabot,  Francis,  a  capuchin,  who  at 
the  revolution  became  a  violent  jacobin,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  the  convention  as  a 
bold  innovator,  cruel  in  his  sentiments,  and 
sanguinary  in  his  measures.     He  was  guil- 


CH 

lotined  on  the  accus^ion  of  beingan  accom- 
plice of  Danton,  5th  April  1794,  aged  35. 

Chabrias,  an  Athenian  general,  who 
fought  against  Agesilaiis  and  took  Cyprus 
for  the  king  of  Egypt.  He  died  about 
355  I».<J. 

Chabrit,  Peter,  an  advocate  in  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  who  died  1785.  He  wrote  a 
hook  called  "  of  the  French  monarchy,  and 
its  laws,"  2  vols.  l'2ino.  1785,  in  which  he 
displays  great  erudition,  hut  copies  closely 
the  style  and  manner  of  Montesquieu.  He 
was  recommended  to  the  empress  of  Russia 
by  Diderot)  but  died  before  her  determina- 
tion was  known. 

Chabry,  Mark,  a  painter  and  sculptor, 
who  died  at  Lyons  1727,  aged  f)7.  He  was 
sculptor  to  Lewis  XIV.  and  his  statue  of 
that  monarch  at  Lyons,  with  other  speci- 
mens of  his  art,  perished  during  the  revo- 
lution. His  son  of  the  same  name  was  equal- 
ly eminent  as  a  sculptor,  and  his  works  also 
perished  during  the  revolution. 

Cjiais,  Charles,  was  born  at  Geneva 
1701,  and  educated  for  the  church.  He 
possessed  such  eloquence  that  he  was  cho- 
sen pastor  at  the  Hague  172S,  where  he  ex- 
erted himself  by  unceasing  diligence  and 
great  purity  of  life  in  the  defence  and  sup- 
port of  religion.  He  died  there  17S6,  aged 
85,  leaving  behind  the  character  of  a  be- 
nevolent man,  a  zealous  preacher,  and  an  ele- 
gant scholar.  Besides  publishing  the  bible 
with  a  valuable  commentary  in  0  vols.  4to. 
lie  wrote  some  divinity  tracts,  an  apology 
for  inoculation,  and  assisted  in  the  publica- 
-tion  of  Hainault's  history  of  France,  and 
the  bibliotheque  historique. 

Chaise,  Father  de  la,  a  French  Jesuit, 
born  at  Forez  near  Lyons.  He  was  early 
patronised  by  cardinal  Mazarine,  and  re- 
commended to  Lewis  XIV.  whose  confessor 
and  favorite  lie  sooo  became.  After  the 
cardinal's  deaih,  he  increased  and  support- 
ed with  great  dexterity  his  influence  with 
the  king,  and  not  only  prevailed  upon  him  to 
marry  Madame  de  Maintenon,  but  advised 
him  in  the  management  of  his  affairs  in 
church  and  state.  Id  spite  of  the  intrigues 
of  the  court,  he  maintained  his  situation  of 
favorite  to  the  last,  and  was  even  consulted 
on  his  death  bed  by  the  king  about  the  choice 
of  his  successor.  He  died  January  1709, 
aged  S3. 

Chalcidius,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  au- 
thor of  a  commentary  on  the  Timcens  of  Pla- 
to &c.  in  the  third  century. 

Chalcondyles,  Demetrius,  a  native  of 
Athens,  disciple  to  Theodore  Gaza.  At 
the  taking  of  Constantinople  by  the  Turks, 
he  escaped  into  Italy,  and  at  Florence  un- 
der the  patronage  of  the  Medicis,  and  at 
Milan  under  Lewis  Sforza,  he  established 
his  reputation  by  teaching  the  Greek  lan- 
guage. He  died  at  Milan  1510,  aged  above 
80.  Besides  a  learned  edition  of  Suidas, 
Florence  1499,  he  published  a  Greek  gram- 
mar and  other  tracts. 

Chalcondyles,  Laonicus,  a  native  of 
Athens,  in  the  15th  century,    author  of  a 

vol.  i.  40 


CH 

Greek  history  of  the  Turks,  in  10  hooks, 
from  1298  to  1402.  It  was  published  with  a 
Latin  translation  1650,  folio,  and  it  v»  us 
translated  into  French  by  Yigcnere,  and 
continued  by  Mezerai  1002,  two  vols,  fol. 

Chales,  Claudius  Francis  de,  a  native 
ofChambcri.  brought  up  among  the  Jesuits, 
and  made  royal  professor  of  hydrography  at 
Marseilles,  and  of  mathematics  at  Lyons. 
He  was  afterwards  professor  of  theology, 
for  which  he  was  little  calculated,  and  then 
removed  by  Emanuel  of  Savoy  to  the  ma- 
thematical chair.  He  was  author  of  a  com- 
plete course  of  mathematics,  4  vols.  Svo.-  - 
a  treatise  on  navigation  and  researches  on 
the  center  of  gravity — an  history  of  mathe- 
matics from  Thalts  to  1080 — and  died  a.t 
Turin  1678,  aged  57- 

Chalier,  Marie  Joseph,  a  French  re- 
volutionist, born  in  1747,  at  Beautard  in 
Dauphine.  From  an  ecclesiastic  he  became 
a  traveller,  and  at  last  settled  at  Lyons  as  a 
merchant.  At  the  beginning  of  the  revolu- 
tion he  admired  the  sanguinary  couduct  of 
Marat,  and  determined  to  imitate  it  at  Ly- 
ons, by  sacrificing  to  suspicion  every  man  of 
probity,  virtue,  and  opulence.  At  the  head 
of  the  jacobins  he  proposed  to  erect  a  guillo- 
tine for  the  destruction  of  GOO  persons,  whom 
he  had  marked  for  slaughter,  and  he  hiri»- 
self  was  accused  and  guillotined  17th  July 
1793.  When  Lyons  was  taken  by  the  jaco- 
bins from  the  royalists,  the  body  of  the  bloody 
incendiary  was  dug  up,  and  his  ashes  plac- 
ed in  a  silver  urn,  and  carried  in  triumph  to 
the  convention. 

Challe,  Charles  Michael  Angelo,  pro- 
fessor in  the  Paris  academy  of  painting,  was 
ennobled  for  his  great  abilities,  and  had  the 
patriotism  to  prefer  his  native  country  to  the 
liberal  invitations  of  the  king  of  Prussia  and 
of  the  empress  of  Kussa.  He  was  a  success'- 
ful  imitator  of  Guido  and  Salvator  Rosa,  aud 
translated  the  works  of  Piranese,  and  trav- 
elled into  Italy.     He  died  1778,  aged  60. 

Chaloner,  sir  Thomas,  was  born  in 
London  1515,  and  educated  at  Cambridge. 
He  was  in  the  suite  of  sir  Henry  Knevct  as 
ambassador  to  Charles  V.  of  Germany,  and 
he  was  so  pleased  with  the  character  of  the 
emperor  that  he  attended  him  in  the  fatal 
expedition  to  Algiers  1541,  where  he  was 
shipwrecked,  and  with  difficulty  saved  his 
life  by  clinging  to  a  cable.  On  his  return  to 
London  he  was  made  clerk  to  the  council, 
aud  from  his  valor  he  was  knighted  by  Som- 
erset, on  the  field  of  the  battle  of  Mussel- 
burg.  Elizabeth  who  knew  his  abilities  em- 
ployed him  as  her  ambassador  in  Germany, 
and  afterwards  at  the  court  of  Spain,  where 
he  conducted  himself  with  singular  address 
between  the  opposite  factions  of  Gomez  and 
of  the  duke  of  Alva.  He  died  soon  after  his 
return  to  London,  October  7th,  1565,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral.  He  wrote 
some  Latin  poems  besides  a  translation  of 
Morice  encomium  by  Erasmus — de  republica 
Anglorum  instauranda,  10  libr.  &c.  and  be 
was  the  friend  and  admirer  of  sir  William 
Cecil. 


CH 


C1I 


Chai.oner,  sir  Thomas,  son  of  the  above 
was  educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford. 
On  his  return  from  his  travels,  he  married 
the  daughter  of  sir  W.  Fleetwood  recorder 
of  London,  and  in  1591,  was  knighted,  and 
afterwards  appointed  tutor  to  Henry  prince 
of  Wales  till  the  death  of  that  promising  per- 
son. On  his  estate  at  Gisborough,  Yorkshire, 
lie  discovered  alum  mines,  the  first  known 
in  England,  which  were  seized  by  the  crown, 
but  (luring  the  civil  wars  restored  to  his 
family.  He  died  1015,  and  his  son  was  cre- 
ated a  baronet  1621,  but  the  title  became 
extinct  in  1680. 

Ch  a  loner,  James,  son  of  sir  Thomas 
was  born  in  London  and  educated  at  Bra- 
zen-nose, Oxford.  He  studied  at  one  of  the 
inns  of  court,  but  in  the  rebellion  he  warm- 
ly espoused  the  cause  of  the  parliament,  and 
was  even  appointed  one  of  the  unfortunate 
king's  judges.  He  was  afterwards  made  gov- 
ernor of  Peel-castle  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  and 
at  the  restoration  he  poisoned  himself  when 
he  found  that  his  person  was  going  to  be  ar- 
rested. He  was  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
Isle  of  Man,  generally  joined  to  King's  vale 
royal  of  Cheshire,  fol.  1656.  His  brother 
Thomas  was  also  one  of  the  king's  judges, 
and  fled  to  Middleburgh  in  Holland  at  the 
restoration,  where  he  died  1661.  He  was 
author  of  a  treatise  in  which  he  pretended 
to  have  discovered  the  tomb  of  Moses  on 
mount  Nebo,  1657,  in  8vo.  which  for  a  while 
astonished  the  rabbies  and  presbyterians, 
says  Wood,  but  was  soon  proved  to  be  an 
imposition. 

Chaloner,  Edward,  fellow  of  All-souls 
in  1611,  became  head  of  Alban  hall,  Oxford, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  a  good  preach- 
er, an  able  disputant,  and  a  learned  divine. 
He  died  of  the  plague  at  Oxford,  July  25th, 
1625,  aged  35,  and  was  buried  at  Chiswick. 
His  sermons,  13  in  number,  were  greatly 
admired. 

Chalotais,  Lewis  Rene  Caradeue  dela, 
author  of  a  spirited  work  on  the  Jesuits,  2 
vols.  1/62,  was  attorney  in  the  parliament  of 
Rennes,  and  was  afterwards  imprisoned  for 
his  opposition  to  the  measures  pursued  by 
the  commandant  of  the  province.  He  died 
1715,  author  of  an  essay  on  national  educa- 
tion 8vo.  His  son  and  successor  in  his  of- 
fices was  guillotined  at  Paris  179-A. 

Chamberlaine,  Robert,  a  native  of 
Lancashire,  educated  at  Exeter  college.  He 
wrote  besides  nocturnal  lucubrations  or  med- 
itations divine  and  moral,  with  epigrams 
and  epitaphs  12mo.  1631 — the  swaggering 
damsel,  4to — a  comedy  1640 — Sicelides  a 
pastoral,  and  died  about  the  middle  of  the 
17th  century. 

Chamberlayne,  Edward,  born  at  Od- 
ington,  Gloeestershire,  was  educated  at  Glo- 
cester  school,  and  Edmund-hall,  Oxford. 
During  the  civil  wars  he  made  the  tour  of 
Europe,  and  after  the  restoration  he  accom- 
panied lord  Carlisle  as  secretary  to  Stock- 
holm, and  afterwards  became  the  tutor  of 
Henry  duke  of  Grafton,  Charles'  natural 
son,  and  some  time  after  of  George  prince 


of  Denmark.  Though  he  took  his  degrees, 
in  arts  at  Oxford,  he  was  complimented  at 
Cambridge  with  the  degree  of  L.L.D.  He 
died  at  Chelsea  1703,  aged  87,  and  at  his 
death  ordered  some  of  his  books  to  be  cov- 
ered with  wax  and  deposited  in  his  grave 
that  they  might  be  useful  to  future  ages. 
Of  the  six  books  which  his  monumental  in- 
scription by  Dr.  Harris  has  mentioned,  the 
best  known  is  Angliss  Notitia,  or  the  pre- 
sent state  of  England,  which  has  passed 
through  34  editions. 

Chamberlayne,  John,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  continued  his  father's  present  state 
of  England.  He  wrote  besides  various 
other  books,  but  though  reported  to  be  well 
skilled  in  16  languages,  and  a  man  of  great 
excellence  of  character,  he  never  rose  high- 
er than  to  the  office  of  gentleman  usher  to 
prince  George  of  Denmark.  He  died  1724, 
highly  respected  as  a  good  christian  in  pro- 
fession and  in  practice.  He  also  translated 
Nieuwentyt's  religious  philosopher,  &c. 

Chambers,  Ephraim,  author  of  a  valua- 
ble dictionary,  was  born  at  Milton  in  West- 
moreland. His  parents  were  presbyterian 
dissenters,  and  his  education  was  intended 
to  prepare  him  for  trade,  and  accordingly  he 
was  placed  us  an  apprentice  with  Mr.  Sene.v 
the  globe  maker.  In  the  house  of  this  ingen- 
ious mechanic  Chambers  applied  himself  to 
literary  pursuits,  and  formed  the  whole  plan 
of  his  dictionary,  which  after  many  years' 
labor  made  its  appearance  in  1728,  in  2  vols, 
folio.  Long  before  that  time  he  had  retired 
to  chambers  in  Gray's  inn.  The  work  was 
published  for  four  guineas,  with  a  most  res- 
pectable list  of  subscribers,  and  so  flattering 
was  the  reception,  that  the  author  was  hon- 
orably elected  F.  R.  S.  In  ten  years  anoth- 
er edition  was  called  for  by  the  public,  and  in 
the  next  year  1739.,  the  third  edition  ap- 
peared, the  fourth  in  1741,  and  the  fifth 
five  years  after.  So  rapid  a  sale  of  so  volum- 
inous a  work,  is  a  very  striking  proof  of  its 
utility,  and  the  abilities  displayed  in  the  ex- 
ecution. Besides  the  Cyclopaedia,  Cham- 
bers wrote  some  of  the  pieces  in  the  literary 
magazine,  and  he  was  engaged  with  Mr.  J. 
Martin,  to  abridge  and  translate  the  philo- 
sophical memoirs  of  the  French  academy  of 
sciences,  a  work  which  appeared  in  5  vols. 
8vo.  1742.  When  in  declining  health,  in 
consequence  of  close  application,  Chambers 
passed  to  the  south  of  France,  and  died  on 
his  return  to  Canoubury-house,  Islington, 
15th  May  1740.  He  was  buried  in  West- 
minster-abbe)', where  an  inscription,  writ- 
ten by  himself,  marks  his  grave  on  the 
nortli  side  of  the  cloisters.  The  Cyclopae- 
dia after  the  author's  death,  was  enriched 
with  two  supplementary  folio  volumes  by 
Mr.  Scott  and  Dr.  Hill,  and  afterwards  the 
whole  was  digested  into  an  alphabetical 
form,  with  new  improvements  by  Dr.  Rees, 
in  four  vols.  fol. 

Chambers,  sir  William,  F.R.A.S.S.  an 
eminent  architect,  who  became  surveyor 
general  of  the  board  of  works,  treasurer  o<" 


CH 


CH 


the  royal  academy,  and  knight  of  the  polar 
star  in  Sweden.  He  was  of  Scotch  extrac- 
tion, and  was  born  at  Stockholm,  where  his 
father  was  resident  for  some  years.  He 
went  at  the  age  of  18  to  the  East  Indies,  in 
the  service  of  Sweden,  and  brought  baek  to 
Europe  that  taste  for  Chinese  and  Asiatic 
architecture,  which  under  the  king's  pat- 
ronage became  so  popular  in  England.  He 
settled  in  this  country,  and  as  an  architect 
planned  the  magnilicient  buildings  of  Som- 
erset-house, which  display  Ids  genius  and 
taste  to  great  advantage.  His  stair-cases, 
and  his  designs  for  the  interior  ornaments  of 
buildings  are  said  to  be  particularly  admir- 
ed. He  wrote  a  treatise  on  civil  architec- 
ture much  applauded,  and  died  in  London, 
5th  March  1790. 

Chambers,  sir  liobcrt,  a  learned  judge, 
horn  at  Xew-castle-upon-Tyne  1737.  From 
the  school  of  Mr.  Moyses  iu  his  native  town, 
■where  he  had  the  two  Scots  for  school-fel- 
lows, he  removed  in  1754 to  Lincoln  college, 
Oxford,  and  afterwards  became  fellow  of 
University  college.  Tn  1766  he  succeeded  sir 
William  Blackstone  as  Yinerian  professor, 
and  as  head  of  New-inn  hall,  and  in  1773  he 
was  appointed  second  judge  in  the  Bengal 
supreme  court  of  judicature.  He  was  knight- 
ed by  the  king  in  1778,  and  in  1791  he  be- 
came chief  justice  on  the  resignation  of  sir 
Elijah  Impey,  and  in  1797  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Asiatic  society.  He  returned 
two  years  after  to  England,  but  the  climate 
proved  too  rigorous  for  his  delicate  constitu- 
tion, and  in  the  latter  end  of  1S02,  he  pas- 
sed on  the  continent  for  the  benefit  of  his 
health,  and  died  at  Paris  9th  May  1803.  His 
remains  were  conveyed  to  England,  and  de- 
posited in  the  Temple  church.  Before  his 
departure  for  India  in  1773  he  married  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Wilton  the  statuary.  As 
a  judge,  a  scholar,  and  a  man,  sir  Rob- 
ert was  highly  respected.  That  integrity 
which  should  rr.ark  the  public  character  was 
particularly  eminent  in  him,  and  the  benev- 
olence of  his  heart  ennobled  all  his  other  vir- 
tues. He  was  a  zealous  friend  to  the  reli- 
gious establishment  of  his  country,  and  blend- 
ed a  deep  sense  of  religion,  and  of  a  retribu- 
tion to  come  in  all  the  actions  of  his  life.  He 
wrote  little  though  he  possessed  powers 
which  might  have  instructed  and  improved 
mankind  in  the  walks  of  literature.  The 
Latin  epitaph  which  adorns  the  monument 
of  sir  William  Jones  at  All-souls,  Oxford, 
reflects  high  honor  on  his  feelings,  as  the 
long  tried  friend  of  the  deceased,  and  on  his 
taste  as  a  classical  scholar.  The  collection 
of  oriental  books  and  MSS.  which  he  made 
was  very  valuable,  and  was  disposed  of  after 
his  death. 

Chamier,  Daniel,  a  protectant  of  emi- 
nence, born  at  Montelimar  in  Dauphine. 
He  was  professor  of  divinity  at  Montauhan, 
where  he  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  the  place 
by  a  cannon-ball  1621.  He  was  a  warm  ad- 
vocate for  the  prutestants,  and  according  to 
Varillas,  it  was  he  that  drew  up  the  famous 
•diet  of  Nantes.    As  a  writer  his  defence  of 


the  reformed  church  against  the  attacks  of 
Bellarmine  in  four  vols,  folio,  is  much  cs 
teemed,  besides  his  epistoke  Jesuitical — his 
treatise  de  cecumenico  pontiff,  kc 

Chamillard,  Stephen,  a  Jesuit,  born 
at  Bourges,  eminent  as  a  scholar  and  anti- 
quary. He  died  at  Paris  1730,  aged  70. 
He  published  an  edition  of  Prudeutius  for 
the  use  of  the  Dauphin — besides  disserta- 
tions on  medals,  gems,  kc.  4to.  1711.  His 
conjectures  in  medals  carried  him  often  be- 
yond probability,  and  exposed  him  to  cen- 
sure and  to  ridicule. 

Chamillart,  Michael  de,  a  native  of 
Caen.  His  father  was  master  of  requests, 
and  he  himself  became  counsellor  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  and  was  accidently  in- 
troduced to  Lewis  XIV.  as  an  excellent  bil- 
liard player.  The  monarch,  who  was  par- 
tial to  this  game,  made  Chamillart  his  favor- 
ite, and  appointed  him  comptroller  general 
of  the  finances,  and  minister  at  war.  Though 
an  excellent  character,  the  new  minister 
was  unfit  for  these  difficult  employments, 
and  had  the  good  sense  to  resign  them  1709. 
He  died  1721,  aged  70,  and  universally  es- 
teemed for  his  facetiousness  goodness  of 
heart,  and  generosity. 

Chamousset,  Charles  Humbert  Pier- 
ron  de,  was  born  in  Paris,  and  succeeded 
his  father  as  judge  iu  the  parliament  of  the 
city.  Universal  benevolence  was  the  prom- 
inent feature  of  his  character.  That  he 
might  be  serviceable  to  the  poor,  he  studied 
medicine,  and  liberally  gave  his  advice  with- 
out the  expectation  (if  reward.  He  wrote 
a  plan  of  reform  for  the  great  hospital  of 
Paris,  called  Hotel-dieu,  and  in  the  pursuit 
of  his  humane  schemes,  lie  was  recommend- 
ed to  Choiseul,  who  procured  him  the  ap- 
pointment of  intendant-general  of  the  mili- 
tary hospitals  of  France,  with  the  approba- 
tion and  good  wishes  of  the  king.  He  sug- 
gested the  establishment  of  a  penny-post  of- 
fice at  Paris,  besides  plans  for  the  abolition 
of  beggars,  the  bringing  of  good  water  to  Pa- 
ris, the  association  for  a  subscription  among 
the  poor,  by  which  they  might  be  support- 
ed during  illness,  kc.  This  worthy  and 
amiable  man  died  1773,  at  the  early  age 
of  56. 

Champagne,  Philip  de,  a  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Brussels  1602.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Poussiu  and  du  Chesue,  and  suc- 
ceeded the  latter  as  a  painter  to  Mary  of 
Medicis  queen  of  France,  with  a  handsome 
salary,  and  apartments  in  the  palace  of  Lux- 
emburg. His  works  were  numerous,  and 
decorated  the  churches  and  palaces  of  Pa- 
ris; but  perhaps  bis  best  piece  is  the  fueling 
of  the  king's  apartment  at  Vincenncs.  Cham- 
paigne  was  a  man  of  i^rcat  integrity,  with- 
out ambition  and  jealousy,  and  he  refused 
to  quit  the  service  of  his  royal  mistress  for 
a  more  lucrative  appointment  under  Bic'.ie- 
lieu.     He  died  1674 

Cham  pagne,  John  Baptiste  de,  nephew 
to  the  preceding,  under  whom  he  studied, 
and  by  whom  he  was  patronised.  He  was 
born  at  Brussels,  and  diod  at  Paris   1CS8, 


CH 


CH 


aged  42,  where  he  was  professor  of  the  acad- 
emy of  painting. 

Champeaux,  William  de,  or  Campel- 
lensis,  a  native  of  Champeaux  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Brie,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Paris,  where  he  had  Abclard  among  li is 
papils,  and  afterwards  as  his  rival.  He  was 
in  1113  made  bishop  of  Chalons,  and  died 
eight  years  after,  fie  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  origin  of  the  sotd. 

Champfort,  N.a  native  of  Paris,  at  first 
clerk  to  an  attorney,   and   afterwards  tutor 
in   the  family   of  Vaneck  a  rich   citizen  of 
Liege.      He  devoted    himself  to  literature,  1 
and  published  the  journal  encyclopedique,  j 
and  the  elogies  of  Moliere  and  la  Fontaine,  | 
which  were  rewarded  with  the  prize  at  the  j 
French  academy,  and  at  Marseilles.     Thus  ] 
raised  to  notice  under  the  patronage  of  the  | 
duke  de  Choiseul,  and  Mad.  Helvetius,  he 
applied   himself  to   the   completion   of  the  | 
French  vocabulary,  and  the  dictionary  of  the  I 
theatres,  and  this  last  work  induced  him  to  | 
turn  his  thoughts  to  dramatic  composition, 
in  which  he  happily  succeeded.    His  Mus-  j 
tapha  and  Zeangir,  a  tragedy,  and  his  young  I 
Indian,  and  his   merchant  of  Smyrna,  two  i 
comedies,   obtained  deserved  applause,  and  i 
his  fables,  epistles,  stories,  and  lighter  pieces  j 
of  poetry  were  all  equally   admired.      His 
labors  were  praised  by  Voltaire,  and  procur- 
ed him  the  friendship  of   Mirabeau,    whom  i 
he   assisted  in  his  treatise  on  the  order  of; 
Cincinnatus.      He  was   like   other   literary 
men,  the  friend  of  the  revolution;  but  when  i 
he  saw  himself  imprisoned  by  Robespierre,  i 
and  with  difficulty  liberated,  and  again  threat- ' 
ened,  he  in  a  fit  of  melancholy    destroyed  j 
himself,  April  1794.     His  works  were  pub-  j 
lished  together,  in  4  vols.  8vo.  Paris  1795. 

Champier,  Symphorien,  Camperius,  or 
Campegnis,  a  native  of  Lyons,  educated  at 
Pavia.  He  was  physician  to  Anthony  duke 
of  Lorraine,  and  was  knighted  for  his  milita- 
ry courage  in  the  wars  of  Italy.  He  wrote 
various  works  on  his  profession,  and  was  the 
founder  of  the  college  of  physicians  at  Ly- 
ons. He  died  about  1540.  His  son  Claude 
at  the  age  of  18  wrote  a  curious  book  on  the 
singularities  of  the  Cauls.  His  cousin  John 
was  also  a  ph)rsician  at  Lyons,  and  published 
some  medical  tracts. 

Champion,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Chat- 
ham, 1709,  eminent  as  a  penman.  He  kept 
a  boarding  school  in  St.  Paul's  church-yard, 
and  afterwards  in  Bedford-street,  where  his 
pupils  where  numerous  and  respectable.  His 
works  are  practical  arithmetic,  1733 — tu- 
tor's assistant  with  40  plates — comparative 
penmanship,  24  folio  plates,  a  curious  per- 
formance— besides  alphabets  in  various  lan- 
guages and  characters,  copy  books,  Sec. 
The  exact  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Cham  plain,  Samuel  de,  a  native  of 
Saiutonge,  sent  by  Henry  IV.  on  a  voyage  of 
discovery  to  America.  He  established  a 
colony  in  Canada,  and  built  the  town  of  Que- 
bec, of  which  he  was  the  first  governor. 
One  of  the  American  lakes  bears  his  name. 
He  died  about  1635.  He  wrote  voyages  de 
la  Nouvelle,  France,  or  Canada,  4to.  1032. 


Champmesle,  Mary  Desmares  de,  a 
French  actress,  born  at  Rouen.  From  the 
obscurity  of  a  strolling  company,  she  rose 
to  be  a  popular  actress  at  Paris,  and  gained 
the  friendship  of  Racine,  who  instructed  her 
in  the  character  of  some  of  his  tragedies. 
She  died  greatly  respected  1098,  aged  54. 
Her  husband  was  also  an  actor,  and  wrote 
some  dramatic  pieces,  which  were  publish- 
ed in  two  vols.  12mo.    1742.     He  died  1701  . 

Chancellor,  Richard,  an  English  na- 
vigator. He  was  engaged  in  sir  Hugh  Wii- 
loughby's  voyage  to  discover  a  north-west 
passage  to  C  ina  in  1553,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Sebastian  Cabot;  but  whilst  his  compan- 
ions, with  sir  Hugh,  unfortunately  perished  on 
the  coast  of  Lapland,  where  they  had  stopped 
to  winter,  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  reach 
the  Russian  shores,  where  by  means  of  the 
letters  of  introduction  in  various  languages 
which  he  had  with  him,  the  grand  duke 
John  Basilovitz  received  him  with  kindness, 
and  permitted  him  a  free  trade  with  the  in- 
habitants of  the  country.  On  his  return  to 
England,  Chancellor  found  his  patron  Ed- 
ward dead;  but  Mary  the  next  successor 
was  sensible  of  the  advantages  of  commerce, 
and  a  company  was  established  with  the 
most  liberal  patronage,  and  the  lucky  ad- 
venturer again  permitted  to  revisit  Russia. 
He  was  again  successful,  but  on  his  return, 
accompanied  by  a  Russian  ambassador,  he 
unfortunately  was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of 
Norway,  and  while  he  endeavored  to  pro- 
vide for  the  safety  of  the  illustrious  foreign- 
ers with  him,  he  had  the  misfortune  to  fall 
a  victim  to  the  severity  of  the  climate.  The 
Russians  safely  reached  London,  1557,  and 
brought  the  sad  tidings  of  their  companion's 
fate. 

Chandler,  Mary,  an  English  poetess, 
born  at  Malmsbury  1087.  She  was  brought 
up  to  the  business  of  a  milliner,  which  she 
carried  on  at  Bath,  but  her  mind  was  natur- 
ally stored  with  the  treasures  of  poetry,  and 
she  derived  pleasure  and  assistance  from  the 
perusal  of  the  best  poets  of  the  nation.  She 
preferred  Horace  to  Virgil  or  Homer,  as  be- 
ing more  natural  and  less  overloaded  with 
fables.  Her  poem  on  the  Bath,  was  particu- 
larly applauded  by  Pope.  She  was  deformed, 
but  her  countenance  was  pleasing.  She  nev- 
er was  married,  though  she  bad  suitors.  She 
died  11th  Sept.  1745,  aged  57. 

Cha  ndler,  Samuel,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, born  at  Hungerford,  Berks,  1693.  As 
he  discovered  great  partiality  for  learning, 
he  was  educated  at  Bridgewater,  and  after- 
wards at  Olocester  and  Tewksbury,  with  an 
intention  of  entering  upon  the  ministry.  In 
this  last  residence  under  the  great  care  of 
Mr.  Jones,  he  made  himself  perfectly  ac- 
quainted with  the  classics,  and  with  oriental 
literature,  and  had  the  singular  felicity  of  ha- 
ving as  his  fellow  pupils,  Butler  afterwards 
bishop  of  Durham,  and  Seeker  the  primate. 
In  1716  he  was  chosen  minister  of  a  dissent- 
ing congregation  at  Peckham,  and  soon  ac- 
quired popularity  by  his  pulpit  eloquence ; 
but  unfortunately  his  circumstances  were  re 


CH 


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flUced  to  the  lowest  ebb  by  the  south  sea 
scheme,  which  swallowed  up  the  whole  of  his 
wife's  property,  and  obliged  him  to  maintain 
himself  for  two  or  three  years  as  a  bookseller 
in  the  Poultry.  In  17L2»  he  published  his  vin- 
dication of  the  Christian  religion,  which  in  a 
series  of  discourses  lie  had  delivered  in  the 
pulpit,  at  the  Old  Jewry.  This  work  was  ap- 
plauded by  Seeker,  and  not  a  little  increased 
the  reputation  of  the  author.  Some  time  af- 
ter, when  on  a  visit  in  Scotland,  he  was 
complimented  with  the  degree  of  D.  D.  by 
the  universities  of  Edinburgh  a ud  Glasgow, 
and  afterwards  he  was  elected  F.  R.  and  A. 
S.  S.  The  death  of  George  IT.  brought  him 
again  before  the  public,  in  a  sermon,  in  which 
he  compared  that  king  to  David,  a  compari- 
son which  procured  a  severe  attack  upon 
him  in  a  pamphlet  called  the  history  of  the 
man  of  God's  own  heart.  Dr.  Chandler,  in 
defence  of  his  discourse,  wrote  an  elaborate 
work,  which  was  swelled  to  two  volumes  8vo. 
containing  a  critical  account  ot  David's  life, 
and  a  refutation  of  his  opponent's  sentiments. 
Vie  died  May  8th,  1766,  aged  73,  and  was 
buried  in  Bunhill-fields  burying-ground. — 
Chandler  vviw  a  man  of  great  learning,  elo- 
quent as  a  preacher,  and  universally  respect- 
ed, not  only  by  people  of  his  own  persuasion, 
but  by  many  of  the  established  church.  He 
was  very  instrumental  in  establishing  a  fund 
for  the  widows  of  dissenting  ministers.  He 
wrote  besides  commentaries  on  Joel, — his- 
tory of  the  persecution  and  vindication  of 
the  old  testament, — Sec.  His  sermons  were 
printed  in  4  vols.  8vo. 

Chandler,  Edward,  an  English  prelate, 
educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge. 
In  1693  he  was  chaplain  to  Lloyd  bishop  of 
Lichfield  and  Coventry,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  his  see  1717,  and  13  years  after  he  was 
translated  to  Durham,  where  he  died  1750, 
aged  about  80.  He  published  a  chronologi- 
cal dissertation  prefixed  to  Arnold's  com- 
mentary on  Ecclesiasticus — a  biographical 
preface  to  Cud  worth's  treatise  on  morality 
— single  sermons,  &c. — but  his  best  work  is 
his  defence  of  Christianity  from  the  prophe- 
cies of  the  old  testament,  with  a  refutation 
of  objections,  Sec.  which  passed  rapidly 
through  three  editions. 

Chantereau  le  Feviie,  Lewis,  a  na- 
tive of  Paris,  author  of  an  history  of  the 
duchies  of  Bar  and  Lorraine,  of  which  lie 
u  as  the  inteudant.     He  died  1658,  aged  70. 

Chasut,  Peter,  a  Frenchman,  sent  as 
ambassador  to  Christina  queen  of  Sweden, 
and  afterwards  to  Holland.  He  died  1662, 
and  his  memoirs  were  published  after  his 
death. 

Chapelain,  John,  a  French  poet, -who 
was  born  at  Paris,  and  died  there  22d  Feb. 
1674,  aged  79.  As  the  successor  of  Malherbe 
in  epic  poetry,  he  was  respected  by  his  coun- 
trymen ;  but  his  Pucelle,  a  heroic  poem,  dis- 
appointed the  warmest  expectations  of  bis 
friends,  who  in  vain  sought  for  the  display  of 
those  abilities  which  they  had  ranked  with 
\irgil  himself.  He  was  very  rich,  but  lived 
as  a  most  sordid  miser,  and  neither  the  re- 


finements of  learning,  nor  the  friendship  and 
flattery  of  Balzac,  Menage,  and  Richelieu, 
could  banish  that  avarice  which  so  much  dis- 
graced the  man. 

Chapelle,  Claude  Emanuel  Lullier,  a 
French  poet.  He  studied  philosophy  under 
Gassendus,  but  he  seemed  born  for  the  mu- 
ses. He  was  intimate  with  Moliere,  and  some 
have  not  scrupled  to  attribute  the  finest  parts 
of  his  comedies  to  the  refined  taste  of  his 
friend.  Flattered  as  a  man  of  genius,  and 
admired  not  only  by  the  wits  of  the  age,  but 
the  king,  Chapelle  was  voluptuous  and  ex- 
travagant, and  more  given  to  intoxication 
than  became  his  character  or  fortune.  He 
died  1686,  aged  65.  He  wrote  besides  po- 
ems that  ingenious  work  called  Voyage  de 
Bachanmont.  His  works  were  reprinted 
with    additions  at  Amsterdam  1708. 

Chapelle,  John  de  la,  a  native  of  Bour- 
ges,  member  of  the  French  academy,  and 
secretary  to  the  prince  of  Conti.  Besides 
the  life  of  his  patron,  he  wrote  plays  and 
other  pieces,  and  died  1723,  aged  68. 

Chapelliek,  Isaac  Rene  Guy  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Rennes,  who  distinguished  himself  in 
the  constituent  assembly  as  a  zealous  advo- 
cate for  the  liberty  and  the  privileges  of  the 
people.  He  became  too  late  sensible  of  his 
precipitate  measures  in  polling  down  all  the 
bulwarks  of  the  monarchy,  and  when  he  at- 
tempted to  repair  byr  moderation  the  injuries 
which  his  measures  had  caused,  he  was  ac- 
cused, and  guillotined  22d  April  1792,  aged 
39. 

Chapman,  George,  an  English  poet,  who 
after  receiving  an  university  education  set- 
tled in  London,  where  the  great  luminaries 
of  the  times,  Shakspeare,  Jonson,  Sidney, 
Spenser,  and  Daniel,  became  his  familiar 
friends  He  expected  preferment  from  the 
patronage  of  the  Walsinghams,  and  of  Som- 
erset and  prince  Henry  ;  but.  all  his  hopes 
ended  in  disappointment.  Besides  17  dra- 
matic pieces,  one  of  which  was  the  famous 
mask  called  the  Temple,  he  translated  Ho- 
mer's Iliad  and  Odyssey,  and  attempted  He- 
siod  and  Musxus.  Pope,  who  has  borrowed 
much  from  him  without  acknowledgment, 
calls  him  an  enthusiast  in  poetry,  but  the 
remark  is  invidious,  as  Chapman  possessed 
respectable  poetical  powers,  and  was  a  man 
of  some  genius.  He  died  1634,  aged  77, 
and  was  buried  at  St.  Giles's  in  the  fields, 
where  a  monument  was  erected  over  him 
by  his  beloved  friend  Inigo  Jones. 

Chapman,  John,  D.  D.  a  learned  divine, 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  King's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, for  the  provostsaip  of  which  he  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate.  He  obtained  the  li- 
vings of  Mersham  and  Adlington,  Kent,  from 
archbishop  Potter,  to  whom  he  was  chaplain, 
and  at  the  death  of  this  prelate,  as  his  execu- 
tor he  presented  himself,  as  one  of  the  pri- 
mate's options,  to  the  precentorship  of  Lin- 
coln, an  appointment  which  was  confirmed 
by  chancellor  Henley,  but  set  aside  by  the 
house  of  lords.  He  died  lith  October  1784, 
in  his  80th  year.  In  compliment  to  his  abili- 
ties the  university  of  Oxford  presented  him 


<_H 


CH 


the  degree  of  D.  D.  His  writings  were  re- 
marks on  Dr.  Middleton's  letter  to  Water- 
land — Eusebius  two  vols.  8vo.  in  which  he  de- 
fended Christianity  against  Morgan  and  Tin- 
dal — History  of  ancient  Hebrews  vindicated 
— two  tracts  relating  to  Phlegon  in  answer  to 
Dr.  Skyes — besides  sermons  and  other  things, 
and  a  joint  edition  of  Cicero  de  officiis  with 
bishop  Pearce. 

Chapone,  Mrs.  Sarah,  an  English  wri- 
ter, born  of  respectable  parents  in  North- 
amptonshire, of  the  name  of  Mulso.  Her 
marriage  proved  unhappy,  but  the  comforts 
■which  she  was  denied  in  domestic  life,  she 
acquired  in  the  cultivation  of  literature.  One 
of  her  first  productions  was  Fidelia,  a  simple 
interesting  story  in  the  Adventurer,  and  af- 
wards  she  rose  to  deserved  celebrity  by  a 
poem  perfixed  to  Mrs.  Carter's  Epictetus, 
and  by  her  valuable  letters  on  the  imprison- 
ment of  the  mind,  addressed  to  a  young  lady 
1775.  She  wrote  also  miscellanies  in  prose 
and  verse,  essays,  &e.  and  died  at  Hadley  in 
Middlesex,  December  25th,  1801,  aged  75. 
She  was  noticed  by  the  learned  and  great, 
and  among  her  friends  once  reckoned  .Rich- 
ardson, Johnson,  etc. 

CHAPPE  D*AlJTEROCfiE,  Jollll.  Vid. 
AlJTEROCHE. 

Chatpei.,  William,  a  learned  divine, 
born  of  poor  parents  at  Lexington  Notts. 
10th  December  157'2,  and  educated  at  Mans- 
field grammar  school,  and  Christ  church  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which'he  became  fellow 
1607.  When  James  visited  the  university  in 
1624,  Chappel  disputed  before  him,  and 
■when  he  had  defeated  his  opponent  Dr.  Ro- 
berts, the  monarch,  who  attempted  to  sup- 
ply his  place,  was  equally  discomfited.  In 
1633,  lie  was  made  dean  of  Cashel,  by  the 
influence  of  his  friend  Laud,  who  insisted 
soon  after  on  his  becoming  provost  of  Trini- 
ty college,  Dublin,  an  arduous  office  which 
he  in  vain  declined.  In  1638  he  was  elevated 
to  the  bishoprics  of  Cork,  Cloyne,  and  Ross, 
and  two  years  after  he  resigned  the  pro- 
vostship  of  the  college.  His  situation,  how- 
ever, was  now  exposed  to  the  malice  and 
persecution  of  those  troublous  times  ;  he  was 
impeached  in  the  commons,  on  pretence  of 
perjury  and  treason,  and  for  favoring  the 
catholic  cause,  though  when  at  Cambridge, 
he  was  accused  of  puritanism.  He  escaped 
from  the  impending  storm  by  obtaining  leave 
to  cross  to  Wales,  but  here  he  was  seized  as 
a  fugitive  culprit  and  imprisoned  for  seven 
weeks  by  the  mayor  of  Pembroke.  Liberat- 
ed with  difficulty  by  the  friendship  of  sir 
Hugh  Owen,  he  went  to  Bristol,  and  thence 
to  Derby,  where  he  ended  his  days  in  inno- 
cent but  studious  retirement.  He  died  Whit- 
sunday 1649.  He  was  the  author  of  Metho- 
dus  concionandi,  which  was  translated  into 
English  and  became  very  popular,  besides 
memoirs  of  his  own  life.  The  whole  duty  of 
man  has  also  been  attributed  to  him. 

Chapuzeau,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, preceptor  to  William  III.  of  England. 
He  died  at  Zcll,  1701,  governor  of  the  pages 
to  George   duke   of  Brunswick-Lunenburg 


He  wrote  a  description  of  Lyons,  an  account 
of  Savoy,  besides  the  political  state  of  Eu- 
rope, and  an  edition  of  Tavernier's  travels. 

Char  as,  Moses,  a  native  of  Usez,  who 
practised  in  the  medical  line  at  Paris.  He 
acquired  celebrity  by  his  treatise  on  treacle, 
and  by  his  pharmacopoeia,  in  2  vols.  4to. 
which  had  been  partly  delivered  in  a  course 
of  lectures,  and  which  was  translated  not 
only  into  the  languages  of  Europe,  but  into 
the  Chinese.  At  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of' 
Nantes,  Charas  left  France,  and  came  to  Eng- 
land, and  afterwards  visited  Spain,  to  ad- 
minister to  the  infirmities  of  Charles  II. 
Here  his  religion  was  made  the  object  of 
persecution,  and  in  the  hands  of  the  inquisi- 
tion, Charas  soon  changed  his  creed  at  the 
age  of  72,  and  now  become  a  zealous  catho- 
lic, he  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  died  1698, 
aged  80. 

Chard  in,  sir  John,  son  of  a  jeweller,  was 
born  at  Paris,  hut  came  to  England  upon  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  Charles 
II.  knighted  him.  He  travelled  into  Persia 
and  the  East  Indies,  not  only  as  a  merchant 
in  jewels,  but  as  an  inquisitive  observer  of  the 
customs  and  manners  of  mankind.  His  voya- 
ges, which  have  been  translated  into  English, 
German,  and  Flemish,  are  much  esteemed. 
He  died  at  London  1713,  aged  70. 

Charenton,  Joseph  Nicholas,  a  French 
Jesuit,  missionary  in  China,  who  after  fifteen 
years'  residence  returned  to  Europe,  and 
died  at  Paris  1735,  aged  86.  He  translated 
Mariana's  history  of  Spain  into  French,  with 
valuable  notes. 

Chares,  a  Grecian  statuary,  famous  for 
the  raising  of  the  celebrated  Colossus  of 
Rhodes,  which  was  destroyed  by  the  Sara- 
cens. 

Charette  de  la  Cointrie,  Francis 
Athanasius  de,  a  French  royalist,  celebrated 
for  the  vigorous  and  able  resistance  which  he 
made  in  la  Vendee  against  the  republican 
forces.  He  was  originally  a  lieutenant  in  the 
French  navy,  and  took  up  arms  at  the  head 
of  the  Bretons,  who  like  himself  resented  the 
cruelties  practised  daily  against  loyalty,  vir- 
tuo,  and  innocence.  He  was  so  successful  in 
the  struggle,  that  the  republicans  agreed  on 
a  cessation  of  arms  with  him,  and  he  might 
have  been  persuaded  to  remain  a  peaceful 
citizen,  had  not  his  blood-thirsty  enemies 
violated  the  treaty.  In  a  second  engagement 
Charette  was  overpowered  by  numbers,  and 
after  being  dangerously  wounded  in  the  head 
and  losing  three  of  the  fingers  of  his  left  hand 
with  the  cut  of  a  sabre,  he  escaped  from  the 
field  of  battle,  but  soon  to  perish.  He  was 
seized  in  a  wood,  where  he  had  concealed 
himself,  and  was  dragged  to  Nantes,  where  he 
was  shot  9th  March  1796.  When  desired  to 
kneel  at  the  fatal  moment  he  refused,  but 
baring  his  breast,  gave  with  a  most  firm 
voice  the  word  of  command  to  the  soldiers  to 
fire. 

Chakitox,  a  native  of  Cyprus,  in  the 
fourth  century,  author  of  the  loves  of  Chse- 
ras  ami  Callirhoe,  a  pleasing  romance,  edit- 
ed by  lieiske  1750,  2  vols. 


CH 

Charke,  Charlotte,  youngest  daughter 
of  Colley  Gibber,  was  educated  in  a  manner 
more  fitting  the  character  of  a  boy  than  a 
girl.  She  early  married  Richard  (Jharke,  a 
violin  performer,  whose  debaucheries  soon 
produced  a  separation,  and  threw  a  thought- 
less imprudent  wife  into  the  vortex  of  dissi- 
pation and  poverty.  The  stage  tor  a  while 
supported  Mrs.  Charke,  and  from  the  hum- 
ble part  of  Mademoiselle  in  the  Provoked 
Wite,  she  rose  to  the  capital  characters  of 
Alicia  in  Jane  Shore,  and  Andromache  in 
the  Distressed  Mother.  Unfortunately  how- 
ever her  temper  proved  the  source  ul' many 
calamities,  she  quarrelled  with  Fleetwood  the 
manager,  and  though  forgiven  and  reconcil- 
ed, she  again  transgressed,  and  at  last  had 
recourse  for  subsistence  to  the  scanty  pit- 
tance of  a  heroine  in  a  strolling  compauy. 
In  1755  she  published  a  narrative  of  her  own 
life,  but  perhaps  with  no  great  success  suffi- 
cient to  administer  to  her  indigence.  She 
died  fuur  years  after  in  great  distress. 

Charlemagne,  otCharles  the  great, 
and  hrst,  king  of  France,  and  first  emperor 
of  the  West,  was  son  of  Pepin  and  Bertrade, 
He  succeeded,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  to 
some  .German  provinces,  and  after  the  de- 
cease of  his  brother  Carloman,  741,  he  was 
acknowledged  king  of  France.  The  milita- 
ry abilities  which  he  possessed  were  soon 
displayed  in  his  war  against  the  Saxons, 
whom  he  defeated  ;  and  after  he  had  ren- 
dered himself  by  repeated  victories  master 
of  Germany  and  of  Italy,  and  dreaded  in 
Spain  by  his  conquests  near  Barcelona,  he 
went  to  Borne,  and  in  the  year  800  renewed 
in  his  person  the  empire  of  the  Ccesars,  and 
was  crowned  by  Leo  III.  emperor  of  the 
West.  This  new  and  extensive  power  was 
acknowledged  by  neighboring  princes,  and 
Charles  displayed  his  pride  and  magnifi- 
cence in  his  pompous  reception  of  the  am- 
bassadors of  Nicephorus  emperor  of  the 
East.  Great  in  war,  he  became  cquallv  il- 
lustrious in  peace,  he  protected  and  en- 
couraged the  arts,  and  made  his  palace  the 
asylum  of  learned  men.  Besides  monaste- 
ries he  erected  academies  and  schools  at  Pa- 
i-is  and  in  various  parts  of  his  dominions,  and 
directed  the  powers  of  his  genius  to  the  es- 
tablishment of  salutary  laws,  and  to  the  pro- 
motion of  commerce  and  industry  among  his 
subjects.  This  illustrious  prince  died  814, 
aged  71,  after  reigning  47  years  over 
France,  and  14  over  the  Empire,  and  he 
was  buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Aix-la  Cha- 
pelle.  He  appointed  his  only  surviving  son 
Lewis  emperor  and  king,  and  bestowed  the 
crown  of  Italy  on  Bernard,  the  illegitimate 
son  of  his  son  Pepin. 

Charles  II.  surnamed  the  bald,  son  of 
Lewis  the  Debonnaire,  succeeded  to  the 
French  crown  840.  He  was  elected  empe- 
ror by  the  pope  and  the  Roman  people  in 
875,  and  he  disting;/  i  reien  by  the 

victory  which  he  i  .  other 

Lothaire,  at  Font 
dence    howt".  e-v 
and  he  found  t:t  Ja  it  h 


CH 

ful,  and  whilst  he  fled  into  Italy  he  was  poi- 
soned at  Briord,  6th  October,  877,  by  one 
of  his  servants.  The  feudal  government 
may  be  said  to  have  begun  under  his  weak 
reign. 

Charles  III.  or  simple,  was  born  S79. 
and  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  France  89/> 
His  abilities  were  unequal  to  the  arduous  la- 
bor of  governing  a  kingdom  already  distract- 
by  the  rebellious  spirit  of  the  nobles,  and  by 
the  invasions  of  the  Normans,  and  instead  of 
mounting  the  imperial  throne,  which  a  little 
art  might  have  secured,  he  was  obliged  to 
resign  some  of  his  provinces  to  his  victorious 
enemies.  The  haughty  conduct  of  his  min- 
ister Haganon,  a  man  of  obscure  birth,  but 
of  intriguingabilities,  at  last  totally  alienated 
the  hearts  of  his  subjects,  and  soon  an  army 
headed  by  Robert  of  the  blood  royal,  ap- 
peared in  the  field.  Charles,  notwithstand- 
ing the  feebleness  of  his  conduct,  obtained 
the  victory  and  killed  his  rival  ;  but  another 
battle,  fought  by  Hugh  the  great,  son  of  the 
fallen  prince,  proved  fatal  to  the  fortunes  of 
Charles.  He  escaped  to  the  palace  of  the 
count  of  Yermandois,  where  he  died  after 
seven  years  of  cruel  confinement  in  the  cas- 
tle of  Pennine,  7th  October  929j  aged  50. 

Charles  IV.  the  fair,  was  third  son  of 
Philip  the  fair,  and  succeeded  to  the 
French  throne  on  the  death  of  his  brother 
Philip  the  tall  132-2.  His  reign  was  disturb- 
ed by  quarrels  with  England,  and  peace  was 
at  last  re-established  by  the  intercession  of 
Isabella,  who  had  married  the  English  mo- 
narch, and  by  the  cession  of  Guienne.  He 
died  31st  January  1328,  aged  34,  after  a 
weak  and  inglorious  reign. 

Charles  Y. or  wise,  was  son  of  John, 
and  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  France  1364. 
By  his  abilities  and  courage  and  the  succes- 
ses of  his  famous  general  do  Guesclin,  he  re- 
paired the  losses  which  the  monarchy  had 
suffered  under  the  feeble  administration  of 
his  father,  and  the  English  were  gradually 
dispossessed  of  the  provinces  which  they 
had  before  conquered  in  France.  After  a 
short  reign  of  16  years  Charles,  who  had 
made  the  happiness  of  his  people,  and  theira  • 
provements  of  commerce  and  naval  affairs, 
the  particular  object  of  his  cares,  died  16th 
September  1S80,  aged  43.  He  founded  the 
library  of  Paris,  and  was  the  first  who  bort 
the  title  of  dauphin. 

Charles  VI.  or  well-beloved,  was  sot< 
of  Charles  V.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1380, 
at  the  age  of  12.  His  inexperience,  and 
the  ambitious  views  of  his  three  uncles 
the  dukes  of  Anjou,  LJerri  and  Brilany, 
unfortunately  tended  to  disturb  and  weak- 
en the  kingdom,  when  unanimity  and  vigor 
were  so  necessary  to  withstand  the  attacks 
of  the  victorious  English  An  unhappy  deli- 
rium with  which  the  monarch  was  seized  fol 
lowed  by  mental  imbecility,  completed  the 
ruin  of  the  nation,  while  the  civil  war  on  one 
sirie  depopulated  the  country,  and  the  succes- 

3  of  1  he  English,  and  the  glorious  victory  of 
in  the  other,  left  the  unfortu- 
:  little  beside  the  empty  title  o* 


CII 


CH 


kins;-  Henry  V.  of  England  was  crowned 
at  Paris,  and  ruled  the  kingdom  at  his  plea- 
sure; but  his  death,  in  1422,  and  that  of 
Charles  soon  after,  on  the  20th  October  of 
the  same  year,  produced  a  change  in  affairs, 
and  restored  to  France  the  benefit  of  her 
own  native  sovereigns. 

Charles  VII.  surnamed  the  victorious, 
succeeded  his  father  Charles  VI.  and  was 
crowned  at  Poictiers  1423.  He  possessed 
great  vigor  and  activity,  and  though  at  first 
a  king  more  in  name  than  in  power,  he 
bravely  resisted  the  inroads  of  his  victorious 
enemies,  and  though  conquered,  he  still 
sought  for  more  certain  opportunities  of  an- 
noying his  invaders.  Misfortunes  however 
proved  too  great  for  his  resources.  Orleans 
the  last  important  place  of  his  dominions, 
was  already  besieged  and  ready  to  fall  into  the 
hands  of  the  English,  and  Charles  in  despair 
prepared  to  retire  to  Provence,  when  Joan 
of  Arc,  was  presented  to  him  as  the  future 
deliverer  of  his  country.  Superstition  thus 
■was  enabled  to  finish  what  valor  could  not 
do,  and  Joan,  as  the  pretended  missionary 
of  Heaven,  quickly  drove  the  English  before 
her,  retook  all  the  conquered  provinces, 
and  saw  her  monarch  crowned  under  her 
victorious  standard  in  the  cathedral  of 
Rheims.  Thus  wonderfully  restored  to  his 
dominions  and  supported  by  the  valor  of  his 
generals,  of  Dunois,  Sacritrailles,  Arthus, 
and  Culant,  Charles  too  often  forgot  his  du- 
ties in  the  arms  of  his  mistress,  and  suffered 
his  people  to  be  plundered  by  worthless  fa- 
vorites.    He  died  22d  July  1461,  aged  58. 

Charles  VIII.  called  the  affable,  was 
son  of  Lewis  XI.  and  ascended  the  throne 
1483.  He  married  Anne  of  Eritany,  but 
•while  in  this  union  he  enlarged  his  domin- 
ions, he  determined  to  acquire  military  glo- 
ry by  the  invasion  of  Italy,  and  his  successes 
were  so  rapid  that  he  found  himself  almost 
all  at  once  master  of  Florence,  Rome,  Cap- 
ua, and  Naples.  Proud  of  his  successes,  and 
flattered  by  the  pope,  he  caused  himself  to 
he  crowned  emperor  of  Constantinople  and 
king  of  Naples  ;  but  the  submissive  princes 
of  Italy  rose  against  their  invader,  and  six 
months  after  Charles  escaped  with  difficul- 
ty into  Prance,  and  only  after  the  famous 
battle  of  Fouroua,  in  which  his  army  of  8000 
men  routed  a  force  five  times  more  nume- 
rous than  his  own.  Whilst  he  meditated  re- 
venge and  formed  plans  of  fresh  conquests, 
he  was  suddenly  carried  off  by  an  apoplexv, 
at  Amboise,  7th  April  1498,  aged  27. 

Charles  IX.  was  born  1550,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne,  after  the  death  of  his 
brother  Francis  II.  1560.  His  minority  was 
guided  by  his  mother  Catherine  de  Medicis, 
but  as  the  kingdom  was  divided  by  factions, 
■which  assumed  the  names  of  Papists,  Lu- 
therans, and  Huguenots,  nothing  for  the 
happiness  of  the  people  or  the  glory  of  the 
throne  could  be  expected.  In  the  midst  of 
these  political  struggles  between  the  leading 
men  of  the  times,  the  Condes,  Colignis,  and 
Guises,  Charles  maintained  a  conduct  full  of 
dissimulation  and  hypocrisy  ;  and    while  lie 


pretended  friendship  and  protection  to  all 
his  subjects,  he  was  cruelly  meditating  that 
fatal  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  in  157-2, 
which  leaves  so  indelible  a  stigma  of  barba- 
rous cruelty  on  his  name.  Though  some 
have  considered  the  bloody  deed  as  the  ma- 
chination of  his  mother  and  of  her  ecclesias- 
tical counsellors,  yet  Charles  deeplv  parti- 
cipated in  the  crime,  and  the  encourage- 
ment which  he  gave  to  a  band  of  murderers 
in  his  own  palace,  leaves  him  little  claim 
to  the  forgiveness  of  outraged  humanity. 
These  horrid  scenes,  it  is  said,  presented 
themselves  in  dreadful  array  to  his  terrified 
imagination,  and  on  his  death-bed  produced 
the  appalling  exhibition  of  a  tortured  con- 
science and  an  avenging  Heaven.  He  died 
30th  May  1574,  aged  24. 

Charles  the  fat,  son  of  Lewis  the  Ger- 
man, was  elected  king  of  Italy,  and  empe- 
ror 881.  Though  he  had  the  art  of  obtain- 
ing all  the  crowns  which  once  adorned  the 
head  of  Charlemagne,  he  did  not  possess 
sufficient  abilities  to  support  their  glory, 
but  by  the  intrigues  of  his  prime  minister 
Luidward,  whom  he  had  banished  from  the 
court,  and  by  the  invasion  of  Arnold  duke 
of  Carinthia,  he  was  driven  from  his  throne. 
Reduced  to  privacy,  and  dependant  on  the 
bounty  of  the  victorious  Arnold,  he  at  last 
died  of  grief  near  Constance,  1,3th  January 
S88. 

Charles  IV.  son  of  John  of  Luxemburg, 
and  grandson  of  the  emperor  Henry  VII. 
ascended  the  imperial  throne  1347.  His 
reign  is  famous  lor  the  golden  bull,  enacted 
at  the  diet  of  Nuremberg  1356.  Tins  cele- 
brated agreement  was  ushered  forth  into 
the  world  with  curious  reasons  drawn  from 
prejudice  and  superstition,  and  while  it  gave 
German)'  a  long  admired  constitution,  it 
proved  the  necessity  of  seven  electors,  by 
the  seven  gifts  of  the  holy  ghost,  and  the  sev- 
en branches  of  the  holy  candlestick.  Charles, 
who  was  more  fond  of  the  pomp  of  roy- 
alty  than  the  prosperity  of  his  kingdom,  yet 
deserved  the  respect  of  the  learned  by  the 
protection  which  he  extended  to  literature, 
and  the  university  which  he  established  at 
Prague.  He  died  at  Prague  29th  November 
1378.     He  was  four  times  married. 

Charles  V.  eldest  son  of  Philip  arch- 
duke of  Austria,  and  Jane  of  Castiile,  \\x 
born  at  Ghent,  25th  February  1500.  He 
was  proclaimed  king  of  Spain  1516,  and 
two  years  after  elected  emperor  ofGermo 
ny,  on  the  death  of  his  grandfather  Maxi- 
milian. His  elevation  to  the  imperial  throne 
was  disputed  by  the  intrigues  and  the  gold  of 
Francis  I.  of  France,  who  aspired  to  the 
same  honors,  and  a  fierce  war  was  oonse 
quently  kindled  between  the  two  powers. 
Charles,  supported  by  the  aid  of  Henry  VIII . 
of  England,  ly  Adrian  VI.  by  the  Floren- 
tines and  Venetians,  proved  successful  in 
his  attacks  against  the  French,  who  were 
driven  from  Italy.  Even  Marseilles  was  he- 
sieged  by  the  imperial  troops  under  Bour- 
bon, and  at  the  fatal  battle  of  Pavia  1525, 
Francis  fell  into  the   hands  of  his  enemy. 


iTiis  advantageous  conquest  iKd  not  improve 
the  affairs  of  Charles;  instead  of  marching 
into  thy  heart 6f  France,  he  negotiated  with 
his  prisoner,  and  when  afterwards  the  fate 
ofvar  placed  Rome  and  the  pope  in  his 
power,  lie  found  that  his  successes  armed 
the  princes  of  Europe  against  him,  and  ren- 
dered his  power  rather  suspected  than  for- 
midable. The  peace  of  Cainbrai  in  I52<), 
put  an  end  to  Liie  disseiil.ions  of  the  conti- 
nent ;  but  Charles,  restless  and  ambitious  of 
military  glory,  crossed  in  1535  the  Mediter- 
ranean, to  gather  laurels  on  the  coast  of  Afri- 
ca. He  took  Gouletta,  defeated  rJarbaroa- 
sa,  and  after  entering  victorious  into  Tunis, 
and  restoring  Iroerty  to  £2,0011  christian 
slaves,  he  replaced  Hfule'i-B assert  on  the 
throne.  Returned  to  Europe  Charles,  in 
153G,  again  turned  his  arms  against  Francis; 
lie  ravaged  Champagne  and  Picardy,  hut  ill 
success  obliged  him  soon  to  seek  a  reconcili- 
ation, and  the  peace  of  Nice  in  1 538  restor- 
ed tranquillity  between  the  rival  monarchs. 
After  suppressing  an  insurrection  at  Ghent 
1530,  Charles  iu  1541  meditated  the  con- 
quest of  Algiers  ;  hut  the  expedition  proved 
unfortunate,  and  a  war  with  France  in  1542 
seemed  to  promise  more  important  con- 
quests to  his  gigantic  ambition.  But  though 
leagued  with  the  English,  he  found  himself 
disappointed  ;  his  army  was  defeated  at  Cc- 
risolcs,  and  he  made  peace  at  Crepy  1545. 
His  attempts  against  some  of  the  German 
.'  tates  were  equally  unsuccessful,  and  whilst 
he  endeavored  to  oppose  the  dissemination 
of  the  principles  of  Luther,  lie  found  himself 
obliged  by  the  power,  the  intrigues,  and  the 
perseverance  of  Maurice  elector  of  Saxony, 
and  Joachim  elector  of  Brandenburg,  to 
sign  the  treaty  of  Passau  in  1552,  and  to  ac- 
cord liberty  of  conscience  to  the  protes- 
1  ants  of  Germany.  The  defeat  of  his  army 
before  Metz,  by  the  duke  of  Guise,  under 
Henry  II.  of  France,  afterwards  tended  to 
check  his  pride  ;  and  at  last,  worn  out  by  in- 
firmities, dissatisfied  with  the  world,  and 
fully  sensible  of  the  vanity  of  all  human  gran- 
deur, he  formed  the  resolution  of  resigning 
Jiis  princely  honors.  He  placed  the  impe- 
rial crown  on  the  head  of  his  brother  Ferdi- 
nand, and  appointed  his  son  Philip  his  suc- 
cessor as  king  of  Spain,  25th  Octobe-r  1555, 
and,  to  the  astonishment  of  the  world,  re- 
tired to  the  privacy  of  a  monastic  life.  In 
the  monastery  of  St.  Juste,  on  the  borders 
of  Castille  and  Portugal,  Charles  attempted 
to  forget  the  temptations  of  sovereign  pow- 
er, and  the  cares  of  government  ;  but  whilst 
his  hours  were  passed  in  the  cultivation  of 
his  garden,  iu  mechanical  pursuits,  in  reli- 
gious duties,  and  monastic  dicipline,  some 
have  imagined  that  he  sighed  for  the  digni- 
ties, which  in  a  moment  of  weakness  he  had 
superstitiously  abandoned.  That,  however, 
he  evinced  his  contempt  of  mortal  honors, 
appears  by  his  celebrating  his  own  obsequies 
in  his  lifetime,  and  wishing  thus  to  be  for- 
gotten by  the  world.  This  farce  of  sepul- 
ture soon  became  real,  the  following  day  he 
vas  attacked  by  a  violent  fever  which  proved 
vr»T,.    P.  41 


CH 

fatal  the  22d  September  1558.  With  sor^e  lf 
weaknesses,  Charles  possessed  great  vir.  >  ' 
tues,  and  his  reign  is  become  interesting  in 
the  history  of  Europe,  by  the  schism  which 
shook  the  power  of  Rome,  and  established 
the  protestar.t  tenets,  and  by  the  revolution 
in  commerce,  science,  and  navigation,  which 
the  discoveries  of  Colum  bus    effected. 

Charles  VI.  fifth  son  of  the  emperor 
Leopold,  was  born  1685,  and  proclaimed  by 
his  father,  in  1703,  king  of  Spain,  under  the  * 
title  of  Charles  III.  Though  bravely  oppo- 
sed by  Philip  V.  he  was  enabled  to  continue 
the  war  of  succession;  and  when  elected 
emperor  of  Germany,  1711,  lie  still  main- 
tained his  claim,  by  the  valor  of  his  generals 
and  the  fidelity  of  the  Barcelonese.  The 
treaties  of  Radstadt  and  Baden,  in  1714,  at 
last  put  an  end  to  the  tumults  of  the  conti- 
nent, and  Charles  had  the  good  fortune  to 
obtain,  in  exchange  for  Spain,  the  kingdoms 
of  Naples  and  Sardinia,  the  Netherlands, 
and  the  duchies  of  Milan  and  Mantua.  In 
1716  a  new  war  was  undertaken  against  the 
Turks,  and  by  the  abilities  and  successes  of 
prince  Eugene,  Belgrade,  Temeswar,  and 
all  Servia  were  added  to  the  imperial  domin- 
ions. The  intrigues  of  Alberoni,  the  Span- 
ish minister,  rekindled  unfortunately  the 
war;  but  the  quadruple  alliance  signed  in 
London  1728,  between  the  courts  of  Vienna, 
England,  France,  and  the  States  genera), 
enabled  the  emperor  to  obtain  an  equivalent 
for  Sardinia,  which  the  Spaniards  had  ra- 
pidly conquered,  and  at  last,  after  the  dis- 
grace of  Alberoni,  Philip  V.  acceded  to  the 
terms  offered  by  his  opponent,  and  abandon- 
ed his  claims  on  Sicily  and  Sardinia.  By  the 
pragmatic  sanction,  Charles  was  empower- 
ed to  make  his  Austrian  states  descend,  in 
default  of  male  issue,  to  bis  daughters;  and. 
he  might  have  closed  his  reign  iu  honorable 
peace,  had  he  not  interfered  in  the  affairs  of 
Poland,  and  supported  the  exclusion  of  Stan- 
islaus from  the  throne.  Lis  territories  v 
afterwards  attacked  by  the  Turks;  and  he 
had  the  misfortune  to  see  his  armies  defeat- 
ed, and  wasted  away  by  disease  and  famine; 
and  at  last  he  resigned  by  treaty,  173'J,  his 
pretensions  to  Belgrade.  Servia,  Sabach,  ami 
Wallachia.  He  died  20th  September  1740, 
aged  55,  and  was  the  sixteenth  and  last  em, 
peror  of  the  house  of  Austria  in  the  male 
line. 

Charles  VII.  son  of  Maximilian  Eman- 
uel, elector  of  Bavaria,  succeeded  his  father 
as  elector  1726;  and  upon  the  deatli  of 
Charles  VI.  be  laid  claim  to  Bohemia,  Aus- 
tria, and  the  Tyrol,  and  refused  to  acknow- 
ledge the  pragmatic  sanction,  and  the  rights 
of  Si  aria  Theresa  to  the  imperial  throne. 
Supported  by  the  arms  of  Lewis  XV.  he- 
was  crowned  king  of  Bohemia,  at  Prague, 
and  emperor  at  Frankfort,  1742  ;  but  Maria. 
Theresa,  though  for  a  moment  stripped  of 
her  dominions,  found  powerful  allies  in  the 
English,  and  the  French  and  Bavarian  for- 
ces were  defeated  with  great  rapidity,  Slid 
Charles  in  his  turn  found  himself  possessed 
only  of  the  empty  title  of  emperor.  He  died 
i  soon  after,  20th  January  1715,  aged  48 


CII 


CH 


Charles  1.  king  of  Spain,  was  Charles 
V.  emperor  of  Germany. 

Charles  II.  son  and  successor  of  Philip 
IV.  as  king  ct'  Spain  1665,  was  twice  mar- 
ried, but  had  no  issue.  By  his  last  will,  made 
16'J8,  he  called  to  the  Spanish  throne  the 
prince  of  Bavaria,  the  nephew  of  his  queen  ; 
but,  in  1700,  he  declared  Philip  duke  of  An- 
jou  his  successor.  lie  died  the  same  year, 
10th  November,  aged  39 ;  and  the  unsettled 
succession  proved  the  source  of  civil  discord. 
Charles  was  the  last,  of  the  eldest  branch  of 
the  Austrian  princes  who  reigned  in  Spain. 

Charles  III.  king  of  Spain,  was  son  of 
Philip  V.  and  on  the  death  of  his  brother, 
Ferdinand  VI.  1751),  he  exchanged  his  king- 
dom of  Sicily  for  the  Spanish  dominions. 
He  possessed  abilities  as  a  monarch,  and 
virtues  as  a  man;  but  his  attempts  to  raise 
the  Spaniards  from  their  natural  indolence 
proved  abortive,  and  though,  in  the  war 
with  England,  he  retook  Minorca,  he  saw  his 
commerce  ruined,  and  his  treasures  at  Ha- 
vanna  fall  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies.  He 
died  1789. 

Charles  I.  king  of  England,  son  of 
James  I.  and  Anne  of  Denmark,  was  born  at 
Duniferling  19th  Nov.  1600.  On  his  father's 
accession  to  the  English  throne,  he  was  cre- 
ated duke  of  York,  and  on  the  death  of  his 
brother  Henry  he  became  prince  of  Wales. 
He  succeeded  his  father  in  16-25,  and  that 
year  married  Henrietta,  daughter  of  Henry 
the  great  of  France,  whom  he  had  seen  and 
admired  at  Paris  during  the  romantic  excur- 
sion which  he  took  to  pay  his  addresses  to 
the  infanta  of  Spain,  accompanied  by  his 
favorite,  Buckingham.  The  fair  prospects 
■which  a  new  reign  and  a  virtuous  monarch 
might  promise  to  the  Dation,  were  soon  ob- 
scured by  the  storms  of  popular  discontent 
and  party  prejudice.  The  Spanish  war  in 
which  the  kingdom  was  engaged,  was  con- 
ducted with  ill  success  by  Buckingham  ;  and 
when  the  parliament  inveighed  against  the 
haughtiness  and  mal  administration  of  this 
hapless  favorite,  Charles,  instead  of  dismis- 
sing, resolved  to  support  him.  Another 
parliament  proved  equally  unruly,  and  was 
dissolved  with  equal  indignation  by  the  of- 
fended monarch,  who  now  began  to  raise 
supplies  by  his  own  authority,  under  the 
name  of  loans,  benevolence,  and  ship  money. 
This,  instead  of  strengthening  his  power, 
rendered  him  more  unpopular;  and  when 
Buckingham  failed  in  his  attempt  to  relieve 
the  prolestants  of  Rochelle,  in  1627,  the 
clamors  of  the  people  were  loud  and  violent, 
and  the  exhausted  state  of  the  treasury  ren- 
dered the  calling  of  a  new  parliament  ne- 
cessary. From  this  turbulent  assembly 
Charles  obtained,  with  difficulty  indeed,  some 
supplies ;  but,  in  return,  he  was  attacked 
with  representations  of  grievances,  and  was 
obliged  to  assent  to  the  petition  of  right, 
which  explained  and  more  fully  settled  the 
lights  of  the  subject.  The  progress  of  his 
favorite's  impeachment  was  stopped  by  his 
assassination  at  Portsmouth  by  the  dagger  of 
the  fanatic  Feltom ;  a^d  the  conclusion  of  the 


war  with  France  and  Spain  rendered  Charles 
less  dependent  on  his  parliament,  which  he 
dissolved,  with  the  resolution  of  never  calling 
another.  After  Buckingham's  death,  the 
king  placed  his  confidence  on  no  minister 
with  equal  satisfaction ;  but  whilst  from  his 
better  judgment  more  mild  measures  were 
expected,  the  spirit  of  dissatisfaction  was 
kindled  in  the  most  violent  degree  by  the 
raising  of  ship-money  for  the  defence  of  the 
nation.  The  measure  was  sufficiently  sup- 
ported by  the  practice  of  former  reigns,  and 
the  unanimous  opinion  of  the  judges ;  but 
the  arbitrary  proceedings  of  the  reign  of 
Henry,  or  of  Elizabeth,  were  ill  calculated 
to  insure  obedience  in  times  when  the  divine 
right  of  kings  was  disputed,  and  the  necessity 
of  parliamentary  control  loudly  proclaimed. 
Hampden  opposed  the  unpopular  tax  ;  and 
though  condemned  by  the  court  of  exchequer, 
he  rejoiced  in  the  struggle  which  his  single 
arm  had  waged  against  the  oppressive  mea- 
sures of  the  government.  The  attempt  of 
Charles  to  enforce  the  reading  of  the  English 
liturgy  in  the  churches  of  Scotland  excited 
the  same  ferment  in  the  north  which  unhap- 
pily prevailed  in  the  south  ;  and  when  the 
Scotch  had  bound  themselves  by  the  oath  of 
the  solemn  league  and  covenant  to  defend 
their  presbyterian  principles,  Which  they  de- 
clared to  be  the  cause  of  Christ,  and  had 
assembled  an  army  to  support  their  claims, 
diaries  had  the  weakness  to.propose  a  nego- 
tiation, instead  of  giving  battle ;  and  while 
he  consented  to  withdraw  his  forces,  he  had 
the  mortification  to  observe  that,  by  the  in- 
trigues of  Richelieu,  his  enemies,  instead  of 
disbanding  their  followers,  were  increasing 
their  means  of  offence.  In  1640  another 
parliament  was  called,  but,  from  its  clamors 
for  the  redress  of  grievances,  was  as  soon 
dissolved ;  yet  such  were  the  distresses  of 
the  monarch  for  want  of  money,  that  he  was 
again,  the  same  year,  persuaded  byhiscoun- 
cil  of  peers,  assembled  at  Kippon,  to  have 
recourse  again  to  a  popular  election.  This 
parliament,  called  the  long  parliament,  met 
in  November  1640;  and  they  did  not  sepa- 
rate till  they  had  effected  the  ruin  of  the 
king  and  of  his  government.  Instead  of 
listening  to  the  representations  of  the  mon- 
arch, they  exclaimed  against  the  arbitrary 
measures  of  the  court;  and  that  they  might 
strip  the  throne  of  all  its  ornaments,  and 
the  monarch  of  all  the  wisdom  and  integrity 
of  faithful  advisers,  impeachment  and  per- 
secution were  denounced  against  the  minis- 
ters. Strafford  was  tried,  and  condemned, 
though  Charles  opposed  the  unavailing  shield 
of  royalty  to  save  him,  and  Laud  soon  after, 
on  pretences  as  frivolous  as  they  were  cruel, 
was  dragged  to  the  scaffold.  To  serve  the 
king  seemed  now  to  be  a  crime  ;  and  Charles, 
stripped  of  the  assistance  of  his  wisest  min- 
isters, was  unable  to  stern  against  the  torrent 
of  fanatic  zeal  and  popular  fury,  which  de- 
creed the  abolition  of  the  court  of  the  star 
chamber,  the  high  commission,  and  other 
offices  which  wrere  the  bulwark  of  the  mon- 
archy.     While    faction   thus  prevailed  at 


CH 


CII 


home,  the  intrigues  of  the  puritans  veye  not 
In  vain  in  Ireland,  and  the  most  horrid  mas- 
sacres and  outrages  of  every  kind  were  per- 
petrated, in  the  name  of  religion,  while  the 
unhappy  monarch  was  publicly  branded  as 
the  author  of  national  miseries,  which  he 
could  neither  foresee  nor  prevent.  In  the 
meantime,  the  violence  of  the  presbyterian 
faction  acquired  strength  in  England  ;  epis- 
copacy  was  declared  to  he  unnecessary;  and 
the  thirteen  bishops  who  presumed  to  make 
representations  against  the  conduct  of  their 
persecutors  were  sent  in  disgrace  to  the 
Tower,  as  guilt}'  of  treason.  Instead  of  con- 
ciliating popularity,  if  indeed  any  step  of 
the  devoted  monarch  could  conciliate  popu- 
larity, Charles  increased  the  virulence  of 
the  commons,  by  appearing,  agreeable  to 
the  advice  of  some  of  his  counsellors,  in  the 
house,  and  from  the  speaker's  chair  im- 
peaching five  of  the  members.  This  bold 
step  ought  to  have  been  supported  or  never 
adopted  ;  but  Charles,  retiring  in  disappoint- 
ment to  Windsor,  wrote  a  letter  to  the  par- 
liament to  excuse  his  conduct,  and  thus  to 
render  himself  ridiculous  in  the  eyes  of  the 
nation.  The  parliament  in  the  mean  time 
had  called  upon  the  militia  of  the  city  for  the 
defence  of  their  privileges,  and  the  king, 
■who  found  that  nothing  but  force  could  now 
restore  hiin  to  his  dignity  and  to  his  conse- 
quence in  the  nation,  retired  to  Notting- 
ham, where,  August  25,  1642,  he  erected 
the  royal  standard.  This  was  a  declaration 
of  war,  which  the  parliament  were  not  back- 
ward to  acknowledge.  Various  battles  were 
fought  at  Edgchill,  Marston  Moor,  and 
Newbury,  with  various  success,  but  all  the 
advantages  which  the  monarch  had  gained 
by  the  valor  of  his  troops,  and  the  loyalty  of 
his  adherents,  were  unhappily  lost  in  the 
fight  of  Naseby,  4th  June  1645,  where,  after 
displaying  all  the  coolness,  prudence,  and 
intrepidity  of  the  ablest  general,  Charles 
was  obliged  to  fly  with  the  loss  of  his  artille- 
ry, his  baggage,  and  his  cabinet  of  letters, 
which  the  republicans  published  with  every 
offensive  remark  of  insolence  and  vulgarity. 
Thus  left  without  resources,  and  shut  up  at 
Oxford,  ignorant  whom  to  trust,  and  unable 
to  increase  the  number  of  his  adherents, 
Charles  formed  the  fatal  resolution  of  throw- 
ing himself  upon  the  mercy  of  the  Scotch 
army.  He  left  Oxford  in  disguise,  and  after 
wandering  nine  days,  he  appeared  in  the 
Scotch  army  at  Newark,  but.  instead  of  be- 
ing received  as  a  monarch,  and  of  finding  his 
misfortunes  respected  as  they  deserved,  he 
saw  himself  a  prisoner,  and  soon  learnt  that 
his  expected  friends  with  Unparalleled  bar- 
barity had  sold  him  to  the  English  parlia- 
ment for  the  sum  of  200,000/.  Charles  was 
conveyed  a  prisoner  to  lioJmby-castle,  anil 
to  Hampton  court,  but  though  here  he  could 
not,  as  he  hoped,  restore  himself  to  power 
by  interfering  between  the  jarring  factions  of 
the  puritans  and  the  independents,  he  had 
the  art  to  ellect  his  escape  to  the  isle  of 
Wight.  But  while  he  meditated  passing  into 
France.;  he  sertn  found  himself  a  prisoner  m 


the  hands  ef  Hammond  the  governor  af  Ci; 
risbrooke  castle,  and  when  removed  to  Hurst 
castle  and  to  Windsor,  he  unhappily  disco- 
vered that  the  rudeness  with  which  he  was 
treated  was  the  prelude  to  a  melancholy- 
tragedy.  The  republicans  were  sensible 
that  their  power  could  never  be  consolidated 
till  the  king  was  no  more,  and  therefore  an 
universal  clamor  was  raised  to  pass  seutence 
upon  him.  Brought  before  this  self-created 
high  court  of  justice,  over  which  Bradshaw, 
a  worthless  lawyer,  presided,  Charles  dis- 
played the  usual  independence  of  his  charac- 
ter. While  he  refused  to  acknowledge  the 
authority  of  his  judges,  he  betrayed  no  vio- 
lent emotions  of  fury  or  bursting  indignation  ; 
he  was  the  meek,  the  patient,  the  resigned 
christian,  who  yielded  with  all  the  dignity  of 
conscious  innocence  to  the  power  which 
usurpation  and  tyranny  had  erected  for  his 
destruction.  He  heard  the  sentence  of 
death  pronounced  against  him  with  compo- 
sure, and  the  three  days  which  he  was  allow- 
ed to  prepare  for  another  world,  were  pas- 
sed in  the  affectionate  duties  of  recommend- 
ing forgiveness  of  injuries,  moderation,  and 
the  practice  of  every  virtue  to  his  children, 
and  in  the  becoming  offices  of  a  devout  and 
penitent  christian.  On  the  scaffold,  which 
probably  to  insult  him,  was  erected  in  the 
front  of  his  palace  of  Whitehall,  he  preserv- 
ed his  usual  composure,  and  after  conversing 
with  Juxon  bishop  of  Loudon,  who  attend- 
ed him,  and  witnessed  his  heroic  resigna- 
tion, he  gave  the  signal  to  the  masked  exe- 
cutioner, who  cut  off  his  head  at  one  blow, 
30th  January  1G48.  The  remains  of  the 
martyred  monarch  were  removed  to  Wind: 
sor,  hut  were  rudely  interred  by  order  of 
the  parliament  without  the  burial  service  be- 
ing read  over  them.  Though  insulted  by 
republican  malice,  and  though  misrepresent- 
ed by  political  opponents,  Charles  must  be 
considered  as  a  great  man;  and  whoever 
wishes  to  form  an  accurate  judgment  of  his 
character,  must  view  him  as  the  successor 
to  an  almost  arbitrary  power,  as  the  monarch 
of  a  turbulent  nation,  as  the  bulwark  of 
what  he  considered  as  the  constitution  and 
the  happiness  of  his  country,  and  as  the 
steady  and  prudent  opposer  of  bold  unprin- 
cipled innovators,  whose  conduct  was  seldom 
guided  by  any  but  selfish  and  personal  views. 
As  a  domestic  character,  he  was  amiable 
and  exemplary,  and  as  a  man  of  letters,  his 
abilities  were  respectable.  In  his  intercourse 
with  the  parliament,  he  often  alone  was  op- 
posed to  the  insinuating  language  and  sophis- 
tical arguments  of  numerous  delegates,  but 
none  ever  left  his  presence  without  admiring 
his  firmness,  the  acuteness  of  his  remarks, 
the  readiness  and  propriety  of  his  answer;, 
and  (he  general  intelligence  and  powerful 
elocution  with  which  he  supported  and 
adorned  his  conversation.  Though  his  ene- 
mies have  attempted  to  rob  him  of  the  me- 
rit, of  writing  the  Icon  Basilike,  a  pathetic 
composition  which  operated  in  his  favor  like 
the  testament  of  Cwsar  at  Rome,  and  which 
required  the  gigantk*  abilities  of  MiUon  o 


CII 


Cii 


vilify  it,  yet  he  is  now  generally  imagined 
to  be  the  author  of  it,  and  not  Gau.de  n. 
Charles  left  two  sons,  who  sueceede.i  after 
him  on  the  throne.  One  of  his  daughters 
married  the  duke  of  Orleans,  brother  to 
Lewis  XIV.  and  another  1  lie  prince  of 
Orange. 

Chakles  II.  kingofEngland,  after  hUfijlh- 
crthe  first  Charles,  was  born  SJflth  May  1630, 
He  heard  at  the  Hague  of  the  tragical  death 
of  ills  father;  and  soon  after,  at  the  invita- 
tion of  the  Scotch,  who  wished  in  this  cai  ly 
proof  of  loyalty  to  wipe  away  their  former 
treachery  to  Ii is  predecessor,  he  came  pri- 
vately to  Scotland,  and  was  crowned  at  Scone 
in  1651.  Though  with  the  title  of  king, 
Charles  felt  himself  surrounded  by  all  the 
jealousy  of  the  republicans,  and  the  fanati- 
cism of  thepresbyterians,  and  perhaps  might 
rejoice  in  the  defeat  of  his  followers  at  Dun- 
bar, as  it  set  him  free  from  oppressive  and 
suspicious  advisers.  From  Scotland  Charles 
proceeded  to  Worcester,  where  he  was  to- 
tally defeated  by  the  superior  valor  of  Crom- 
v  ell,  and  he  escaped  from  the  field  of  bat- 
tle with  great  difficulty.  After  concealing 
himself  in  the  brandies  of  an  oak  in  Bosco- 
bel  wood  where  he  saw  his  enemies  in  full 
pursuit  of  him,  and  after  disguising  himself 
under  the  various  characters  of  a  wood  cut- 
ter, a  peasant,  a  servant,  &c.  he  at  last 
reached  Brighton,  and  embarked  for  France. 
The  death  of  Cromwell  and  the  inabilities  of 
his  successor,  paved  the  way  for  his  return, 
and  when  Monk,  at  the  head  of  the  army  in 
Scotland,  had  the  boldness  and  loyalty  to  de- 
clare in  his  favor,  he  was  hailed  by  universal 
shouts  of  approbation  from  the  nation;  and  on 
his  birth-day  1660  was  restored  to  the  throne 
of  his  ancestors.  But  unhappily,  while  the 
gloom  and  fanaticism  of  the  republicans  were 
deservedly  exposed  to  ridicule,  neither  vir- 
tue nor  temperance  accompanied  the  return 
of  the  new  monarch.  Charles  did  not  pos- 
sess the  amiable  qualities  which  adorned  the 
character  of  his  father;  though  affable  and 
good-natured,  he  was  licentious  and  immor- 
al, and  the  debaucheries  which  he  had  seen 
practised  in  France,  he  permitted  to  florish 
at  his  own  court.  The  merits  of  those  who 
had  suffered  in  the  cause  of  his  father  were 
disregarded,  while  infidelity  was  countenan- 
ced, and  patronage  extended  to  the  worth- 
less and  the  profligate.  Though  Charles  had 
married  in  1662  the  princess  of  Portugal,  he 
kept  several  mistresses  by  whom  he  had 
children,  on  whom  he  lavished  the  treasures 
and  the  honors  due  only  to  the  sons  of  virtue 
and  merit.  As  a  monarch  he  was  little  at- 
tached to  the  interests  or  the  glory  of  Eng- 
land. Dunkirk,  so  long  the  pride  of  the 
English  was  sold  to  France  to  supply  his  ex- 
travagance, and  war  was  imprudently  under- 
taken in  1663  against  the  Dutch,  the  Danes, 
and  the  French.  Long  accustomed  to  vic- 
tory, the  English  were  terrified  at  the  sight 
of  a  Dutch  fleet,  which  sailed  up  the  Med- 
way  ;  and  while  they  reflected  on  the  weak- 
ness of  their  government,  a  dreadful  plague 
came  to  destroy  thousands  of  the  inhabit- 


ants of  London,  in  1605,  and  the  next  year  a 
most  tremendous  conflagration  laid  the  fair- 
est part  of  their  city  in  ruins.  Peace  with  the 
Dutch,  in  1067,  was  soon  after  followed  by 
the  disgrace  of  the  virtuous  minister  Claren- 
don, and  I  lie  elevation  of  those  unprincipled 
favorites  called  the  cabal  to  power.  Charles, 
regardless  of  the  complaints  of  his  people, 
scrupled  not  to  receive  a  pension  from  the 
French  king  ;  and,  in  virtue  of  that  disgrace- 
ful alliance,  he  undertook  a  new  war  against 
the  Dutch.  Whilst  the  peace  of  Nimeguen, 
in  1678,  restored  tranquillity  to  the  continent, 
the  English  were  alarmed  by  rumors  of 
treasonable  plots,  and  the  arts  and  malignity 
of  Oates,  Bedloc,  and  others,  were  called 
forth  to  give  popularity  to  the  monarch,  by 
sacrificing  some  innocent  individuals,  lius- 
sel  and  Sydney,  to  the  cries  of  faction.  The 
whole  of  the  reign  of  this  licentious  mon- 
arch contains  little  to  recommend  him  to  the 
respect  of  posterity;  though  it  is  to  be  ob- 
served, that  the  habeas  corpus  act,  and  the 
bill  to  exclude  the  duke  of  York  from  the 
throne,  because  he  was  a  papist,  were  pas- 
sed into  law  by  the  parliament.  Charles 
died  suddenly  of  an  apoplexy,  6th  February 
1085,  leaving  no  issue  by  his  queen,  ft  is 
said,  that  in  his  expiring  moments  he  re- 
ceived the  sacrament  from  the  hands  of  a 
popish  priest,  and  thus  convinced  the  world 
that  in  supporting  the  church  of  England  he 
had  acted  the  part  of  a  false  and  hypocriti- 
cal friend. 

Charles  Gustavus  X.  king  of  Swe- 
den, was  son  of  John  Casimir,  count  Pala- 
tine of  the  Rhine,  and  born  at  Upsal  1622. 
On  the  abdication  of  Christina,  he  ascended 
the  Swedish  throne  1654,  and  showed  him- 
self prudent  and  warlike.  He  attacked  the 
Poles,  and,  in  consequence  of  his  famous 
victory  at  Warsaw,  he  found  himself  master 
of  the  whole  country,  from  Dantzic  to  Cra- 
cow. Fortune,  however,  proved  incon- 
stant, and  Casimir  king  of  Poland,  with  the 
assistance  of  the  emperor  Leopold,  was 
soon  enabled  to  recover  all  his  lost  provin- 
ces, and  to  drive  his  enemy  back  to  Sweden. 
Charles,  expelled  from  Poland,  turned  his 
arms  against  the  Danes,  and  marehed  to  the 
gates  of  Copenhagen  ;  but  soon  after  found 
his  victories  checked  by  the  misfortunes 
which  betel  his  flag.  He  died  at  Gottenburg 
13th  February  1660,  aged  only  37.  An  ac- 
count of  his  life  has  been  written  by  Pufien- 
dorf,  2  vols.  fol. 

Chaki.es  XI.  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  25th  December  1055. 
The  war  with  Denmark,  which  was  ended 
soon  after  his  accession,  was  renewed  by  the 
ambition  of  Christiern  V.  in  1674;  but 
though  Charles  proved  victorious,  and  ob- 
tained possession  of  Helmstadt,  Lunden, 
Landscroon,  kc.  lie  lost  his  province  of  Po- 
merania;  which,  however,  the  peace  of  Ni- 
meguen restored  to  him  in  1076.  He  died 
15th  April  1697,  aged  42,  at  a  time  when  his 
wisdom  had  marked  him  as  the  mediator 
and  umpire  of  the  peace  of  Ryswick  He 
wisely  reformed  the  abuses  of  his  courts  o!* 


Cli 


CII 


Hidicaturc,  and  enforced  the  quick  and  im- 
partial decision  of  all  disputes  anions  Ids 
subjects.  Though  respected  as  a  good  prince, 
he  yet  showed  himself  in  some  instances  ty- 
rannical, ami  abridged  the  privileges  of  the 
senate  and  of  the  paapje, 

Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  was  horn  27th 
June  L6S2.  From  his  earliest  years  he 
glowed  to  imitate  the  heroic  character  of 
Alexander  ;  and,  in  his  eagerness  to  reign, 
jie  caused  himself  to  he  declared  king  at  the 
«ge  of  15,  and  at  his  coronation  boldly  seized 
the  crown  from  the  hands  of  the  archbishop 
of  Upsal,  and  set  it  on  his  own  head,  His 
voulh  secni'  d  to  invite  the  attacks  of  his 
neighbors,  of  Poland,  Denmark,  and  Rus- 
sia  :  but  Charles,  unawed  by  the  prospect  of 
hostilities,  and  though  scarce  IS,  wisely  de- 
termined to  assail  his  enemies  one  after  t he- 
other.  He  besieged  Copenhagen,  and  by  his 
vigorous  measures,  so  terrified  the  Danish 
monarch  that,  in  less  than  six  weeks,  he 
obliged  him  to  sue  for  peace.  From  hum- 
bled Denmark,  Charles  marched  against  the 
Russians;  and  though  at  the  head  of  only 
i-tOOO  men,  lie  attacked  the  enemy,  who  weve 
besieging  Navarre  with  100,000" men.  The 
conflict  was  dreadful,  ;>0,000  were  slain, 
20,000  asked  tor  quarter,  and  the  rest  were 
taken  or  destroyed ;  while  the  Swedes  had 
only  1:200  kilied,  and  800  wounded.  From 
Navarre,  the  victorious  monarch  advanced 
into  Poland,  defeated  the  Saxons  who  op- 
posed his  march,  and  obliged  the  Polish 
king,  in  suing  for  peace,  to  renounce  his 
crown,  and  to  acknowledge  Stanislaus  for  his 
successor.  Had  Charles  been  now  reconci- 
led to  the  Russians,  he  might  have  become  a 
great  monarch,  as  he  was  a  successful  war- 
rior, but  the  hope  of  future  triumphs  flat- 
tered ids  ambition,  and  as  if  determined  to 
dethrone  the  czar,  lie  advanced  into  Ukraine, 
whilst  his  enemies  fled  on  every  side  before 
him.  The  battle  of  Pullowa,  however, 
proved  unfortunate,  July  170'.!,  Charles  de- 
feated and  wounded,  lied  from  the  field,  and 
sought  protection  at  Bender  from  the  Turks. 
His  affairs  were  now  desperate,  the  banished 
Augustus  was  restored  to  the  Polish  throne, 
and  the  grand  seignor  tired  of  his  guest, 
wished  hiin  to  remove  from  his  dominions. 
Charles  with  only  40  domestics  opposed  for 
Mine  days  a  Turkish  army,  and  when  obliged 
to  submit,  he  sullenly  feigned  sickness,  and 
during  ten  months  he  lay  in  bed.  At  last  he 
left  his  confinement  with  only  two  faithful 
attendants,  and  travelling  post  reached  in 
eleven  days  Stralsund,  from  which  he  cros- 
sed to  Sweden.  Untamed  by  misfortunes, 
he  immediately  invaded  Norway,  with  an 
army  of  20,000  men,  but  at  the  siege  of 
Frcderickshall,  while  visiting  the  works,  he 
was  struck  by  a  cannon  ball,  and  expired  on 
the  spot,  12th  December  1718.  Charles,  in 
his  imitation  of  Alexander,  converted  his 
firmness  into  obstinacy,  his  courage  was 
rashness,  and  his  severity  was  cruelty.  He 
possessed  nothing  of  the  great  qualities  or 
the  amiable  virtues  of  the  hero,  though  he 
was  bohl  even  to  madness,  and  persevering 


even  to  his  ruin.  At  the  battle  of  Narva, 
when  five  of  his  horses  were  shot,  he  ex- 
claimed as  he  mounted  a  fresh  charger, 
"  these  people  find  me  exercise."  AVhen 
one  day  dictating  to  his  secretary  at  Stral- 
sund, a  bomb  fell  on  the  roof  of  the  house, 
and  crushed  the  room  next  the  place  where 
they  were  sitting.  But  while  the  secretary 
dropped  his  pen.  all  terrified,  the  monarch 
asked  calmly  what  was  the  matter:  "The 
bomb!"  replies  the  secretary.  "  The  bomb! 
cries  the  monarch,  what  has  the  bomb  to  do 
with  what  I  am  dictating  ;  write  on  " 

Chaui.es  1.  king  of  Naples,  was  count 
of  Anjou,  and  brother  to  St.  Lewis  king  of 
France,  whom  he  accompanied  on  his  Egyp- 
tian expedition,  where  he  shared  his  fortunes 
and  his  captivity-  On  his  return  to  Europe, 
he  as  the  husband  of  Beatrix  the  heiress  of 
Provence,  assumed  the  rights  of  a  sovereign, 
and  conquered  Aries,  Marseilles,  and  Avig- 
non, and  afterwards  at  the  request  of  pope 
Urban  IV.  he  marched  against  ManiVoi  the 
Sicilian  usurper.  His  expedition  was  suc- 
cessful, Maufroi  was  defeated,  1265,  and  the 
year  after  cruelly  put  to  death,  and  the  con- 
queror assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Naples 
and  Sicily.  The  widow  of  Manfroi  and  his 
son  shared  also  his  uutimely  fate,  and  Con- 
radin  duke  of  Swabia  grandson  of  the  em- 
peror Frederic  II.  who  had  ventured  to  lay 
claim  to  the  Sicilian  crown,  was  seized,  and 
after  the  mockery  of  a  trial  expired  under 
the  hands  of  the  public  executioner.  Though 
success  followed  the  monarch  in  his  expedi- 
tions against  Tunis  and  the  Ghibelines,  yet 
his  arbitrary  and  cruel  massacres  excited  the 
indignation  and  the  hatred  of  his  subjects. 
An  insurrection  was  formed,  and  the  rebel- 
lious Sicilians  on  Easter  monday  1282  sacri- 
ficed 8000  Frenchmen  to  their  iury,  on  the 
ringing  of  the  bells  for  the  evening  service, 
which  bloody  catastrophe  is  still  handed 
down  to  execration,  under  the  name  of  Sici- 
lian Vespers.  Charles  died  7th  Jan.  Is85, 
tortured  by  the  sad  reflection,  that  his  cru- 
elty had  occasioned  so  much  dissatisfaction, 
and  such  dreadful  bloodshed.  Charles, 
though  an  arbitrary,  was  an  able  and  polilio 
prince,  his  power  was  acknowledged  all 
over  the  Mediterranean,  and  to  his  do- 
minions in  Italy  and  in  France  he  added  the 
sounding  title  of  king  of  Jerusalem. 

Charles  II.  king  of  Naples,  surnamed 
the  lame,  was  a  prisoner  at  Messina  in  the 
hands  of  the  Sicilians,  who  wished  in  his 
death  to  avenge  the  cruelties  which  his  father 
had  exercised  against  their  favorite  Conra- 
din.  The  execution  of  the  sentence  was 
stopped  by  the  interference  of  Constance 
queen  of  Arragon,  whose  husband  Peter 
III.  had  laid  claim  to  the  Sicilian  crown,  and 
Charles,  thus  saved  from  death,  directed  all 
the  powers  of  his  mind  to  the  recovery  of 
his  father's  dominions.  He  prevailed  against 
his  rivals,  and  was  crowned  king  at  Borne, 
and  he  employed  himself  zealously  in  pro- 
moting the  arts  of  peace  and  of  commerce, 
and  the  practice  of  religion  among  his  sub- 
jects,    lie  died    at    Naples  1309,  aged  61, 


Gil 


OH 


leaving  by  his  wife,  Mary  of  Hungary,  seve- 
ral children.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Robert. 

Charles  III.  king  of  Naples,  was  grand- 
son of  the  preceding,  and  by  his  marriage 
with  Margaret  the  niece  of  Joan  queen  of 
Naples,  he  obtained  the  kingdom,  1380,  on 
the  excommunication  of  that  princess.  He 
showed  himself  infamous,  by  cruelly  putting 
the  deposed  queen  to  death,  and  lie  after- 
wards quarrelled  with  the  pope  who  had 
supported  his  claims  to  the  crown.  He  was 
killed  in  his  attempts  to  obtain  the  crown  of 
Hungary  1386,  aged  41. 

Charles  II.  king  of  Navarre,  son  of 
Philip  count  d'Evereux,  was  surnamed  the 
had.  He  was  born  1332,  and  as  the  son  of 
the  (laughter  of  Lewis  Hutin  of  France, 
he  on  his  mother's  death,  though  only  18, 
succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Navarre.  Cru- 
elty and  artifice  marked  his  conduct,  he 
caused  to  be  assassinated  Charles  of  Spain, 
constable  of  France,  and  when  arrested  by 
the  order  of  king  John,  his  father-in-law,  he 
not  only  contrived  to  regain  his  liberty,  but 
with  horrid  vengeance  caused  slow  poison 
to  be  administered  to  the  dauphin,  his  hro- 
ther-in-law,  after  he  had  seduced  him  from 
his  atfection  and  allegiance  to  his  father. 
Unable  to  place  himself  on  the  throne  of 
France,  he  espoused  the  interests  of  the 
English  who  invaded  the  kingdom,  and 
where  he  could  not  succeed  by  open  force, 
he  effected  his  purposes  by  the  instruments 
of  poison  or  assassination.  His  death,  which 
happened  1st  Jan.  138",  in  his  55th  year, 
was  extraordinary.  His  physicians  had  or- 
dered him  to  be  wrapped  up  in  clothes  dip- 
ped in  brandy  and  sulphur,  to  support  and 
revive  a  constitution,  weakened  by  leprosy 
and  by  debauchery,  and  while  the  operation 
was  performing,  his  servant  dropped  a  taper 
on  the  inflammable  linen,  which  caught  lire 
and  consumed  to  the  very  bones  the  unhap- 
py man  before  he  could  be  extricated. 

Charles  Martel,  son  of  Pepin  He- 
ristal,  by  a  concubine,  obtained  great  power 
as  duke  of  Austrasia,  and  by  defeating 
Childerie  II.  of  France,  he  made  himself 
master  of  the  kingdom.  Instead  of  ascend- 
ing the  throne,  he  remained  satisfied  with 
the  title  of  mayor  of  the  palace,  whilst  the 
government  was  conducted  agreeable  to  his 
will.  He  waged  war  against  the  Saxons ; 
and  in  a  battle  near  Poictiers  against  the 
Saracens,  in  which  he  slew  Abderam  the 
chief,  it  is  said,  that  not  less  than  375,000  of 
the  enemjr  were  destroyed.  So  much  valor, 
accompanied  with  the  most  consummate 
prudence,  rendered  him  popular,  and  at 
the  death  of  Thierri  the  king  737,  Charles 
retained  in  his  hands  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment, under  the  title  of  the  duke  of  the 
Franks.  He  died  22d  Oct.  741,  respected 
as  a  father,  and  a  benevolent  prince.  His 
sons  Carloman  and  Pepin  inherited  his  do- 
minions, and  Pepin  thus  became  the  first 
king  of  the  Carlovingian  race. 

Quarles,  duke  of  Burgundy,  surnamed 
the  wafridr,  and  the  rasH,  was  son  Of  Philip 


the  good,  and  born  at  Dijon  1433.  Eai^y 
inured  to  war,  he  conquered  the  people  of 
Liege  and  Ghent,  and  carried  his  arms 
against  Lewis  XI.  of  France  whom  he  took 
prisoner,  and  obliged  to  make  peace  on  his 
own  terms.  His  attacks  against  the  Low 
Countries,  Guelderland  and  Zutphen,  were 
attended  with  success;  but  ho  met  a  severe 
check  in  Switzerland,  and  when  he  at- 
tempted to  repair  his  losses,  another  defeat 
ruined  his  army,  and  drove  him  away  in  dis- 
grace. He  was  slain  5th  Jan.  1477,  as  he 
was  endeavoring  to  escape  from  the  siege  of 
Nanci.  He  had  four  wives,  the  second  of 
which  was  Margaret  of  York,  sister  to  Ed- 
i  ward  IV. 

Charles,  count  of  Flanders,  was  son  of 
Canute,  king  of  Denmark,  and  succeeded 
I  Baldwin  1119.  By  his  benevolence  and 
I  virtues,  he  became  popular  among  his  Flem- 
'  ish  subjects;  but  the  gooduess  of  his  heart 
could  not  avert  the  dagger  of  an  assassin,  by 
|  which  he  perished  1124,  while  engaged  in 
!  devotion  in  a  church  at  Bruges. 

Charles  I.  duke  of  Lorraine  laid  claim 
to  the  crown  of  France  on  the  death  of  his. 
nephew  Lewis  the  indolent;  but  was  defea- 
ted and  taken  prisoner.  He  died  in  the 
fourth  year  of  his  confinement  994,  aged  41. 
Charles  II.  duke  of  Lorraine,  son  of 
duke  John,  was  a  prudent  and  warlike 
prince,  and  died  1430. 

Charles  IV.  duke  of  Lorraine,  son  at 
Francis  count  of  Vaudemont,  and  grandson 
of  Charles  III.  was  born  1603.  He  was  fond 
of  military  glory,  and  was  engaged  in  fre- 
quent disputes  with  Lewis  XIII.  whose  arms 
were  too  powerful  for  him  to  oppose.  Though 
twice  stripped  of  his  dominions  by  the  French 
his  restless  ambition  refused  to  enjoy  tran- 
quillity, and  by  embracing  the  cause  of  the 
Spaniards,  he  exposed  himself  to  new  trou- 
bles. He  was  seized  by  the  duke  of  Conde, 
and  imprisoned  at  Antwerp  and  Toledo,  and 
not  restored  to  liberty  till  the  signing  of  the 
Pyrcnean  treaty.  In  16C2,  by  the  treaty  of 
Montmartre,  he  resigned  his  dominions  to 
Lewis  XIVj  provided  he  was  acknowledged 
in  France  as  prince  of  the  blood  royal ;  but 
afterwards  he  revoked  the  agreement.  De- 
prived again  by  the  fortune  of  war  of  his 
provinces,  he  united  his  forces  to  those  of 
the  emperor,  and  though  defeated  by  Tu- 
renue  1674,  he  repaired  his  military  reputa- 
tion, and  after  routing  the  French,  he  took 
the  marshal  of  Crequi  at  Treves.  He  died 
soon  after  at  Birkenfeld  1675,  aged  72.  He 
had  married  the  princess  of  Cantecroix,  but 
before  her  death  he  took  another  wife, 
whom,  however,  the  king  of  France  con- 
fined in  a  convent. 

Charles  V.  of  Lorraine,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  son  of  duke  Francis,  and  was 
born  at  Vienna,  1643.  He  early  entered  into 
the  service  of  the  emperor  Leopold  and  ac- 
quired great  military  glory  in  his  campaigns 
in  Hungary.  In  1674,  he  declared  himself 
a  candidate  for  the  crown  of  Poland,  but 
neither  his  intrigues  nor  his  valor  could  se- 
cure his  electron.    He  took  Phllipsburgh  in 


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l.t«rC,  and  the  following  year  married  the 
xpieen  dowager  of  Poland,  sister  to  the  em- 
peror. Afterwards  he  was  engaged  against 
the  Turks  at  the  head  of  the  imperial  armies, 
and  though  partially  defeated  he  was  soon 
enabled  with  the  powerful  assistance  of  John 
Sobieski,  to  d.  ive  them  from  before  the  walls 
of  Vienna.  Various  successes  followed  this 
glorious  campaign,  and  Buda  would  have 
fallen  had  nut.  the  duke's  progress  been  ar- 
rested by  a  violent  fever,  but  he  recovered 
to  defeat  the  Turks,  in  the  dreadful  battle 
of  Mohatz  in  1687,  and  to  over-run  all  Tran- 
sylvania. His  services  were  afterwards  em- 
ployed against  the  French  in  Flanders,  but 
hi3  career  of  glory  was  cut  short  by  death, 
after  taking  Mentz  16'JO,  in  his  4'jth  year. 
"Lewis  XIV.  said  of  him  that  he  was  the 
wisest  and  the  most  generous  of  his  enemies. 
He  was  father  of  Leopold  the  father  of  tbe 
emperor  Francis  I. 

Charles  Alexander,  of  Lorraine, 
grandson  of  the  precediug,  was  governor  of 
the  Low  Countries,  and  general  of  the  im- 
perial armies.  He  was  opposed  to  the  king 
of  Prussia,  and  in  his  campaigns  against  tbe 
French  in  Bohemia  and  in  Germany,  he  ac- 
quired great  glory.  Though  defeated  by  the 
king  of  Prussia,  he  had  the  good  fortune  to 
rout  his  generals  in  two  engagements.  He 
died  4th  July  1780,  aged  68,  universally  re- 
spected as  a  brave  warrior  and  an  amiable 
man. 

Charles,  Emanuel,  duke  of  Savoy,  sur- 
named  the  great,  was  born  1562.  He  early 
signalized  himself  in  the  battles  of  Vigo, 
Ast,  Chatillon,  &o.  and  not  only  seized 
Provence  and  Dauphine,  but  laid  claims  to 
the  throne  of  France,  on  the  death  of  Hen- 
ry ni.  With  the  most  ardent  ambition  he 
next  aspired  to  the  kingdom  of  Cyprus,  to 
tbe  province  of  Macedonia,  and  at  last  he 
attempted  to  seize,  in  1602,  the  town  of  Ge- 
neva, in  the  midst  of  a  profound  peace. 
This  violent  measure  was  resented  by  the 
Genevese,  who  hanged  as  public  robbers  a 
few  of  his  wretched  followers  whom  they 
had  taken  prisoners.  He  next  laid  claim  to 
the  dominions  of  Mantua,  on  the  death  of 
the  duke  Francis,  but  to  little  elFect,  aud  by 
the  insidious  advice  of  the  French,  he  at- 
tacked Genoa,  but  desisted  through  the  in- 
terference of  the  Spanish  monarch.  On  the 
death  of  the  emperor  Matthias,  he  became 
a  candidate  for  the  imperial  crown,  and 
next  by  attempting  to  seize  Montserrat,  he 
drew  upon  himself  the  hostilities  of  France, 
Spain,  and  Germany.  He  died  at  Savillon 
26th  July  1630,  aged  78,  it  is  said  of  a  bro- 
ken heart,  because  he  had  lost  Pignerol. 

Charles  Emanuel,  II.  son  of  Victor 
Amadeus  I.  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  of 
Savoy  on  the  death  of  his  brother  Francis, 
1638,  though  only  four  years  old.  The 
weakness  of  his  minority  induced  the  Span- 
iards to  attack  his  dominions,  but  the  inter- 
ference of  the  king  of  France,  and  the 
peace  of  the  Pyrenees,  restored  him  to  all 
his  possessions.  He  was  an  amiable  and  be- 
fS/tvolenr  prince,  who  regarded  $»c  happi- 


ness of  his  people  as  of  greater  value  than 
foreign  conquests.  In  cultivating  the  arts  of 
peace,  and  in  improving  the  commerce  ol* 
his  subjects,  he  made  a  large  and  commo- 
dious road  through  au  arch  of  500  paces 
long  in  a  rock  at  Montcvisa,  between  Dau- 
phine and  Savoy,  and  embellished  Turin 
and  other  places  in  his  dominions  with  noble 
and  useful  edifices.  The  lust  part  ot'hi.s  life 
was  unfortunately  imbittered  by  the  revolt 
of  his  protestant  subjects  in  the  Vuulois, 
who  complained  of  the  oppression  of  his  go- 
vernors.   He  died  167.1. 

Charles,  Emanuel,  III.  son  of  Victor 
Arnadeus  II.  was  born  1701,  and  succeeded, 
on  the  voluntary  abdication  of  his  father, 
1730.  He  ardently  embraced  the  projects 
of  France  and  Spain  to  humble  the  Aus- 
trians,  and  after  the  celebrated  victory  of 
Guastalla,  he  obtained  the  cession  of  some 
valuable  territories  in  the  Milanese.  With 
political  inconsistency  he  afterwards  in  1742, 
joined  his  forces  and  influence  to  the  queen 
of  Hungary  against  his  two  former  allies, 
and  though  he  was  often  unsuccessful,  yet 
he  had  the  courage  to  defend  himself  in  the 
Held,  even  against  superior  numbers,  and  at 
the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  lost  none  of  his 
former  possessions.  The  return  of  peace 
now  afforded  him  opportunities  to  display 
his  patriotism  and  humanity.  He  was  mild, 
prudent,  and  economical  in  his  administra- 
tion, abuses  were  corrected  in  every  de- 
partment, salutary  reforms  were  intro- 
duced, vice  and  luxury  were  checked,  and 
a  new  code  of  laws  more  humane  and  more 
decisive  was  established.  He  died  20th 
February  1773,  aged  72.  He  was  three 
times  married. 

Charles,  Edward,  grandson  of  James 
II.  king  of  England,  is  known  in  history  by 
the  name  of  the  pretender.  In  174:5,  at  the 
age  of  25,  when  the  Scotch  seemed  inclined 
to  resist  the  government  of  the  Hanoverian 
family,  he  landed  in  Scotland,  and  suppor- 
ted by  the  adherence  of  some  of  the  disaf- 
fected nobles  he  proclaimed  his  father  king, 
and  fixed  his  residence  at  Edinburgh,  with 
all  the  pomp  and  parade  of  royalty.  By  a 
sudden  and  masterly  attack,  he  had  the  good 
fortune  to  defeat  at  Prestonpans,  the  forces 
which  had  marched  to  oppose  him  under  sir 
John  Cope,  but  by  delaying  to  take  advan- 
tage of  the  terrors  of  his  enemies,  he  con> 
tributed  to  his  own  ruin,  and  though  he  af- 
terwards advanced  as  far  as  Manchester  and 
Derby,  he  soon  found  that  the  people,  re- 
covered from  their  panic,  were  unanimous 
against  him.  On  his  rapid  return  to  Scot- 
land, he  routed  general  Hawley  at  Falkirk, 
but  the  approach  of  the  duke  of  Cumber- 
land, put  an  end  to  his  triumph.  He  re- 
treated before  the  royal  army,  and  at  last 
the  hostile  troops  met  in  the  field  of  Cullo- 
den,  to  decide  the  fate  of  the  kingdom.  The 
Scotch  fought  with  accustomed  bravery,  but 
the  English  prevailed,  and  the  unfortunate 
youth  escaped  with  difficulty  from  the  bat- 
tle where  he  left  dead  3000  of  his  misguided 
adherents*    Though  a  large  reward  was. of- 


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fered  for  Ihe  head  of  the  illustrious  fugitive, 
•who  had  thus  to  combat  against  want  and 
temptation,  yet  the  peasants  of  Scotland 
pitied  his  misfortunes,  anil  even  tliose  of  his 
enemies,  who  were  acquainted  \\  ith  his  re- 
treat, kept  inviolate  (he  fatal  secret,  and 
•while  they  condemned  his  ambition,  com- 
miserated his  distresses.  He  at  last  escaped 
to  St.  Maloes  and  never  again  revisited  the 
British  dominions.  He  died  at  Florence 
178S.  He  had  married  a  German  princess 
of  the  house  of  Stolberg  Guendern.  His 
hrother,  Henry  Benedict,  cardinal  York, 
•when  plundered  by  the  ravages  of  the  French 
revolution,  was  honorably  relieved  by  the 
English  monarch,  and  derived  from  his 
"bounty  a  liberal  pension  to  sooth  the  mis- 
fortunes which  had  overwhelmed  his  old 
age. 

Carletont,  Walter,  a  physician  born 
at  Shepton  Mallet  2d  February  1619,  and 
educated  at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford,  where 
lie  took  his  degrees.  He  became  a  man  of 
eminence  in  his  profession,  published  sev- 
eral respectable  works,  and  was  physician 
to  both  the  Charles'.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  royal  society,  and  in 
1689,  became  president  of  the  college  of 
physicians.  As  his  circumstances  were  not 
prosperous,  he  retired  to  Jersey,  where  he 
died  170",  aged  87.  The  best  known  of  his 
•works  is  his  Stonehenge  restored  to  the 
Danes  4to.  1603. 

Charleval,  Charles  Faucon  de  Rey 
lord  of,  a  French  writer  of  great  genius  and 
of  amiable  manners.  Though  of  a  very 
weak  constitution,  yet  by  strictly  adhering 
to  the  regimen  prescribed  by  his  medical 
friends,  he  attained  the  extraordinary  age 
of  eighty,  and  died  1693.  His  works  ap- 
peared 1759  in  12mo.  though  his  nephew 
objected  to  the  publication.  The  epigrams 
and  the  other  poems  are  much  admired. 

Charlevoix,  Peter  Fr.  Xarier  de,  a 
learned  Jesuit,  born  at  St.  Quentin,  famous 
for  his  travels,  and  his  authentic  historical 
compositions.  He  died  1761,  aged  78.  He 
•wrote  the  history  of  Japan,  2  vols.  4to.  and 
6  vols.  12mo. — History  of  St.  Domingo  2 
vols.  ito. — History  of  New  France,  3  vols. 
4to. — and  of  Paraguay,  6  vols.  12mo. 

Charmis,  a  physician  at  Rome,  under 
Nero,  whose  celebrity  arose  more  from  the 
Singularity  of  his  prescriptions,  than  his  skill 
in  the  profession. 

Charnace,  Hercules  Girard  baron  de, 
a  native  of  Britany,  who  served  in  the  ar- 
my, and  was  afterwards  sent  by  Richelieu 
as  ambassador  to  Sweden,  to  engage  Gusta- 
vus  Adolphus  to  make  a  war  against  Ger- 
many. He  was  also  ambassador  at  other 
courts,  and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Breda, 
at  the  head  of  a  troop  of  horse,  1637. 

Charnock,  Stephen,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, and  studied  at  Emanuel,  Cambridge, 
from  whence  he  removed  to  Oxford.  He 
became  an  eloquent  presbyterian  preacher 
in  Ireland,  and  was  chaplain  to  Henry 
Cromwell,  but  on  the  restoration,  he  was 
unwilling  to  conform  to  the  articles,  and 


therefore  preached  only  in  private  meeting! 
He  died  16S0,  aged  52.  His  works  are  in 
2  vols,  folio.  His  discourse  on  providence 
is  admired. 

Chaunois,  N.  Vachcnr  de,  a  native  of 
Paris,  known  as  the  editor  of  the  journal 
des  theatres,  and  as  the  author  of  some  pop- 
ular romances.  He  afterwards  conducted 
the  Moderateur  paper,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  revolution,  and  being  arrested  on  sus- 
picion, he  became  one  of  those  Unfortunate 
victims  so  barbarously  murdered  at  the  Ab- 
baye,  September  2d,  1792. 

Charondas,  a  legislator  born  in  Sicily. 
He  florished  about  400  years  B.  C.  and 
made  a  code  of  laws  for  the  people  of  Thu- 
rium. 

Charpentier,  Francis,  dean  of  the 
French  academy,  was  born  at  Paris,  Feb- 
ruary 1620.  His  learning  and  abilities  re- 
commended him  to  Colbert,  for  whom  he 
wrote  a  discourse  to  prepare  the  full  estab- 
lishment of  an  East  India  company.  He 
was  afterwards  made  a  member  of  the  new- 
founded  academy  of  medals  and  inscriptions, 
and  greatly  contributed  to  the  noble  series- 
of  medals  struck  in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV. 
He  died  22d  April  1702,  aged  82.  Besides 
harangues,  and  discourses  delivered  on  pub- 
lic occasions,  he  wrote  some  poems,  son- 
nets, and  odes. 

Charrier,  Mark  Anthony,  a  lawyer, 
member  for  Mende  at  the  states  general  in 
1789.  He  boldly  opposed  all  innovations, 
and  when  the  convention  decreed  the  aboli- 
tion of  royalty,  he  headed  the  insurgents  of 
his  department,  and  at  last  being  taken  pri- 
soner, was  condemned  to  death  16th  July 
1794. 

Chakeon,  Peter,  a  learned  Frenchman. 
Though  born  of  humble  parents,  he  was 
well  educated,  in  the  universities  of  Orleans 
and  Bourges,  but  after  applying  himself  to 
the  law,  he  found  that  his  abilities  must  re- 
main long  and  perhaps  ever  ncglect«d  and 
unknown,  he  therefore  became  an  ecclesias- 
tic, and  as  an  eloquent  preacher  soon  acquir- 
ed fame  and  popularity.  He  was  admired 
by  the  bishops,  listened  to  with  admiration 
by  the  king,  and  made  chaplain  to  queen 
Margaret.  On  his  return  to  Paris,  he  wish- 
ed to  enter  into  some  of  the  religious  orders, 
but  as  he  was  now  +8,  his  applications  were 
rejected,  and  therefore  as  a  secular,  he  con- 
tinued his  labors  of  pulpit  eloquence.  At 
Bourdeaux  he  became  acquainted  with  Mon- 
taigne, who  treated  him  with  great  kind- 
ness and  affectionate  regard.  His  publica- 
tion of  the  three  truths  in  1594,  recommend- 
ed him  to  the  notice  of  the  bishop  of  Cahors, 
by  whom  he  was  made  his  vicar  general,  and 
canon  theological.  He  was  afterwards  pre- 
sented to  the  chaptership  of  the  church  ot 
the  bishop  of  Condom,  and  in  1601  he  print- 
ed his  books  "  of  wisdom,"  which  spread 
his  fame  through  the  kingdom.  In  1603  he 
went  to  reside  st  Boulogne,  but  the  climate 
was  unfavorable  to  his  constitution,  so  that 
he  returned  to  Paris  where  he  died  Novem- 
ber 10th  the  same  year,  of  an  apoplexy.    Of 


CH 


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his  works  the  best  known  is  "  of  wisdom," 
two  translations  of  which  have  appeared  in 
England,  the  last  by  Dr.  Stanhope  1697. 

Chartier,  Alan,  a  native  of  Bayeux, 
secretary  to  Charles  VI.  and  VII.  of  France. 
He  was  employed  in  some  embassies,  but 
he  acquired  greater  celebrity  as  a  writer. 
He  died  1449-  His  works,  consisting  of  po- 
etry and  prose,  appeared  lf>17.  His  broth- 
er John  was  a  Benedictin,  author  of  the 
great  chronicles  of  France  from  Pharamond 
to  the  death  of  Charles  VIL  in  three  vols. 
fol.  149.) — and  the  history  of  Charles  VII. 
printed  folio  1661. 

Chartier,  Rene,  a  physician  to  the 
French  king,  and  professor  of  medicine. 
He  edited  the  works  of  Hippocrates  and 
Galen  iu  Greek  and  Latin,  in  14  vols,  folio, 
from  1619,  to  1679,  v.  hen  the  last  vol.  was 
published. 

CnASSENEUx,Bartholomewde,  a  French 
lawyer,  president  of  the  parliament  of 
Provence,  who  boldly  opposed  the  prose- 
cution of  the  Vaudm's,  a  religious  sect  who 
refused  to  acknowledge  the  authority  of  the 
pope,  and  of  the  church  of  Rome.  This  con- 
duct, which  humanity  and  not  party  had 
dictated,  was  regarded  with  such  animosity 
that  he  was  poisoued  1541.  He  was  author 
of  a  -work  on  the  customs  of  France,  and 
of  other  things. 

Chastel,  John,  son  of  a  woollen-draper 
at  Paris,  attempted  the  life  of  Henry  IV.  of 
France  27th  December  1594.  He  was  then 
only  19.  The  blow  was  so  sudden  that  he 
nearly  escaped  through  the  crowd,  but  it  is 
said  that  the  wildness  of  his  looks  betrayed 
him.  He  confessed  that  from  the  wicked- 
ness of  his  past  life,  he  was  doomed  to  eter- 
nal torments  in  another  life,  and  that  to 
make  them  more  tolerable,  he  wished  to  do 
some  great  action.  He  was  condemned  to 
have  the  flesh  of  his  arms  and  thighs  torn 
off,  with  red  hot  pincers,  his  right  hand  cut 
off  and  afterwards  his  body  drawn  and  quar- 
tered by  four  horses  pulling  different  ways, 
and  bis  remains  then  burnt  to  ashes.  This 
was  December  C'Jth  1594,  and  at  the  same 
time  the  Jesuits,  at  whose  instigation  the 
crime  had  been  committed,  were  banished 
ibr  ever  from  the  kingdom. 

Ciiastelain,  Claude,  an  ecclesiastic 
born  at  Paris.  He  drew  up  formularies 
for  the  diocese  of  Paris  at  the  request  of  the 
archbishop,  and  published,  besides  the  Ro- 
man mariyrology — universal  mai  tyrology — 
and  a  journal  of  his  life,  with  curious  anec- 
dotes iu  MS.  He  was  well  skilled  in  eccle- 
siastical history  aud  in  antiquities,  and  died 
1712,  aged  73. 

(has  i  ellux,  Francis  John  marquis  de, 
field  marshal  of  France,  is  well  known  by  his 
writings.  He  wasmemberoftheFrenchacad- 
emy,  and  of  several  other  learned  bodies,  and 
died  at  Paris  1788.  His  chief  works  are  on 
public  happiness,  8vo. — translated  into  Eng- 
lish— travels  in  North  America,  8vo.  also 
translated  into  English.  This  last  work  is 
fer  from  popular  in  America,  where  the  au- 
thor had  served  in  the  army  during  the 
American  war. 

VOL.    I.  4? 


Chat  de  Rastignac,  Raymond  dc, 
a  French  officer  who  opposed  the  league, 
and  behaved  with  great  bravery  in  various 
battles.  He  was  killed  at  la  Fere  2fith  Jan. 
1696. 

Chat  de  Rastignac,  Lewis  James 
de,  of  the  same  family  as  the  preceding, 
was  an  ecclesiastic,  who  rose  by  his  merit 
to  the  bishopric  of  Tours,  and  died  univer- 
sally respected  1750,  aged  63.  He  wrote 
some  discourses,  harangues,  &c.  His  be- 
nevolence was  particularly  conspicuous  dur- 
ing an  inundation  of  the  Loire,  when  he  was 
the  common  father  of  the  poor  who  had 
been  driven  from  their  habitations. 

Chateaubriand,  Frances  de  Fois, 
wife  of  the  count  of,  is  known  in  French  his- 
tory as  the  mistress  of  Francis  I.  who  lelt 
her  for  the  superior  attractions  of  the  duch- 
ess d'Etampes.  She  was  a  woman  of  great 
courage  and  of  a  commanding  aspect.  She 
died  1537,  aged  62. 

Chateau  Brux,  John  Baptist  Vivien 
de,  a  native  of  Angouleine,  member  of  the 
French  academy,  and  eminent  as  a  drama- 
tic writer.  He  died  1775,  aged  89.  Be- 
sides Philoctetes,  Astyanax,  and  Mahomet 
II.  tragedies,  he  wrote  lesTroyennes,  which 
is  evidently  his  best  play,  and  which  he  kept 
by  him  40  years  before  he  produced  it  before 
the  public. 

Chateaurexard,  Francis  Lewis  Rous- 
selet  count  de,  a  native  of  Touraine,  distin- 
guished as  a  naval  officer  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, against  the  Sallee  rovers.  He  defeat- 
ed the  Dutch  fleat  1675,  and  for  his  eminent 
services  was  made  an  admiral  and  marshal 
of  France.     He  died  1716,  aged  80. 

Chatel,  Tanneguy  de,  a  French  gen- 
eral born  of  respectable  parents  in  Brilany. 
He  gained  some  credit  by  an  expedition 
against  the  English  coast,  and  in  1410  he  had 
the  good  success  to  defeat  Ladislaus,  who 
had  usurped  the  crown  of  Maples,  upon 
which  he  was,  in  1414,  made  marshal  of 
Guienne.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battle  of  Agincourt,  and  supported  the  Dau- 
phin against  the  Burgundians  when  they  at- 
tacked Paris.  He  afterwards  effected  a  re- 
conciliation between  both  parties,  but  had 
the  meanness  and  brutality  to  advise  the 
dauphin  to  assassinate  the  unsuspecting  duke 
of  Burgundy  1419.  On  the  dauphin's  eleva- 
tion to  the  throne,  Chatel  was  made  grand 
master  of  the  household,  and  trusted  with 
important  embassies.  He  died  1449.  His 
nephew,  who  bore  the  same  name,  is  known 
in  Freneh  history  for  his  attachment  to  the 
unhappy  Charles  VH.  whom  he  attended 
with  fidelity  in  his  last  moments  and  buried 
at  his  own  expense. 

Chatel,  Peter  du,  or  Castellaxus, 
a  native  of  Arc,  educated  at  Dijon.  He 
was  so  learned  a  Grecian,  that  he  assisted 
Erasmus  in  his  translations,  and  for  some 
time  was  press  corrector  to  Frobenius  at 
Basil,  after  which  he  travelled  to  Egypt  and 
Syria.  On  his  return  to  Europe  he  became 
private  reader  to  Francis  I.  who  made  him 
bishop  of  Tulle  and  afterwards  of  Macsn,. 


CH 


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from  which  he  was  translated  by  Henry  II. 
in  Orleans  where  he  died  1552.  He  wrote 
i  funeral  orations  on  Francis  I.  and  a  La- 
th, 'otter  against  Charles  V.  and  showed 
hin  If  a  scholar  of  superior  abilities  and  a 
stro        advocate  for   the   privileges  of  the 

Gall. n  church. 

Chatel,  Francis  du,  a  painter  of  Brus- 
sels, in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century. 
His  best  piece  is  at  Ghent,  representing  the 
Spanish  king  receiving  the  homage  of  the 
Flemings. 

Chatelard,  N.  du,  a  gentleman  of 
Dauphine,  who  became  passionately  fond 
of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  and  actually  con- 
cealed himself  in  her  chamber,  when  she 
was  returning  to  Scotland,  after  the  death 
of  her  husband  Francis.  He  was  for  this 
imprudent  conduct,  which  it  is  said  the 
queen  had  countenanced,  condemned  to  suf- 
fer death. 

Ch  ate  let,  Paul  du  Hay  lord  of,  de- 
scended from  the  Scotch  Hays,  was  born  in 
Britany,  and  became  president  of  the  court 
Qf  justice  in  the  army  of  Lewis  XIII.  He 
was  also  member  of  the  academy,  and  wrote 
various  pieces  in  verse  and  prose,  besides 
the  history  of  Betrand  du  Guesclin,  consta- 
ble of  France,  folio.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
firmness  and  integrity,  and  boldly  spoke  to 
the  king  in  favor  of  Montmorency  who  had 
been  condemned  for  high  treason.  He  died 
1636,  aged  44. 

Ch  ate  let,  GabrielleEmilie  marchioness 
de,  a  learned  French  lady,  daughter  of  the  ba- 
ron de  Breteuil,  born  17th  December  1706. 
Superior  to  the  trifling  pursuits  of  her  sex, 
ahe  aspired  to  high  distinction  in  the  regions 
of  science  and  philosophy,  and  by  her  valu- 
able works  she  may  be  said  to  have  rivalled 
Leibnitz  and  Newton.  Her  institutes  of 
physic  addressed  to  her  son  is  a  work  of  ve- 
ry great  merit.  Her  intense  application  it 
is  said  shortened  her  life.  She  died  1749, 
aged  43.  She  translated  the  institutes  of 
Leibnitz  and  the  principia  of  Newton. 

Chatterton,  Thomas,  an  extraordi- 
nary youth,  born  at  Bristol,  20th  Nov.  1752. 
He  was  taught  reading,  writing,  and  arith- 
metic, at  a  charity  school  on  St.  Augustin's 
Back,  and  at  the  age  of  14  he  was  articled 
clerk  to  an  attorney  at  Bristol,  with  whom  he 
continued  about  three  years.  His  employ- 
ment however  was  not  congenial  to  his  turn 
of  mind,  he  devoted  himself  more  to  poetry, 
antiquities,  and  heraldry,  than  to  law;  and 
early  in  1769  some  of  his  compositions  ap- 
peared in  the  periodical  publications  of  the 
limes.  In  1770  he  left  Bristol  and  came  to 
London,  with  the  hope  of  making  his  fortune 
by  his  pen,  but  though  he  flattered  the  great, 
and  espoused  in  political  pieces  the  cause 
both  of  the  ministry  and  of  opposition,  though 
he  was  courteously  treated  by  Beckford  in 
the  height  of  his  popularity,  yet  he  found 
his  income  inferior  to  his  wants.  Though  a 
liberal  contributor  to  the  Gospel  Magazine, 
the  Town  and  Country,  the  Court  and  City, 
the  London,  the  Political  Register,  &c.  he 
tbu  jd  himself  indignantly  dependent  upon  the 


booksellers,  and  a  prey  to  the  severest  indi- 
gence, so  that  in  a  fit  of  despair  he  destroyed 
himself  by  poison  August  1770.  Though 
possessed  of  great  genius,  Chatterton  was 
irrascible,  headstrong  and  impetuous  in  his 
temper,  and  it  has  been  said  by  his  biogra- 
pher that  he  had  all  the  vices  and  irregulari- 
ties of  youth,  and  that  his  profligacy  was  at 
least  as  conspicuous  as  his  abilities.  His 
name  is  known  particularly  in  controversial 
history.  He  published  a  number  of  poems, 
which  he  described  as  written  about  300 
years  before  by  Rowley,  a  Bristowyan  monk, 
and  when  pressed  for  the  originals,  he  refused 
to  give  them,  but  declared  that  he  had  re- 
ceived them  from  his  father,  whose  family 
had  for  nearly  150  years  been  sextons  of 
Redclift  church  in  Bristol,  and  that  till  then 
they  had  remained  disregarded  and  buried 
in  dust  in  an  old  chest,  in  an  unfrequented 
room  over  the  chapel.  This  story,  which 
Chatterton  always  supported  as  undeniably 
true,  called  forth  the  attention  of  the  learned, 
and  whilst  some  of  the  critics  beheld  in  the 
poems  of  Rowley,  all  the  marks  of  genuine 
antiquity,  others  considered  them  as  a  lite- 
rary forgery  imposed  upon  the  credulity  of 
the  world,  by  the  artifice  of  an  ingenious 
though  ill  educated  youth  of  17.  To  Mr. 
George  Catcot  of  Bristol,  the  public  are  in- 
debted for  the  best  part  of  the  poems,  who 
procured  them  from  the  unfortunate  Chat- 
terton. They  were  published  in  177",  in 
one  volume  8vo.  by  Tyrwhkt,  and  repub- 
lished in  1778;  and  while  Bryant  and  dean 
Milles  and  others  considered  Rowley  as  the 
real  author  of  the  poems,  Tom  Wartou, 
Walpole  and  others  represented  them  as  the 
authentic  production  of  Chatterton,  who 
thus  wished  to  disguise  the  first  efforts  of  his 
mose  by  assuming  the  venerable  name  of 
antiquity.  Chatterton's  works  have  been 
lately  edited  in  3  vols.  8vo. 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey,  a  poet  denominated 
by  Dryden  the  father  of  English  poeti  ". 
He  was  born  in  London  1328,  and  studied  at 
Cambridge,  and  afterwards  at  Oxford,  and 
then  travelled  upon  the  continent.  On  his 
return  he  entered  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
soon  ingratiated  himself  into  the  friendship 
of  persons  of  distinction,  was  made  page  to 
the  king,  and  rewarded  with  a  pension  of  20 
marks.  He  was  afterwards  gentleman  of 
the  chamber  to  the  king,  his  salary  was  dou- 
bled in  1369,  and  after  being  employed  to 
negotiate  with  the  republic  of  Genoa,  for 
ships  for  a  naval  armament,  Edward  repaid 
his  services  by  granting  him  a  pitcher  of 
wine  daily  to  be  delivered  by  the  butler  of 
England.  He  became  afterwards  comptrol- 
ler of  the  customs  of  London  for  wool,  &c. 
and  wasi  emplo)red  as  commissioner  to  the 
French  court  on  the  violation  of  the  truer. 
These  high  favors,  which  contributed  to  his 
independence  and  made  his  income  not  less 
than  KKtOZ.  a  year,  were  confirmed  by  Rich 
ard,  Edward's  successor,  but  Chaucer  by 
embracing  Wickliffe's  tenets  became  obnox 
ious  to  the  persecution  of  the  clergy,  and 
though  he  escaped  by  flight  for  a  time,  he 


CH 


OH 


<fas  iinpiis»ned,  and  liberated  at  last  with 
difficulty.  He  soon  after  removed  from  the 
Lustle  and  intrigues  of  public  life,  and  in  his 
retirement  at  Woodstock,  and  afterwards  at 
Donnington,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  culti- 
vation of  his  muse.  He  died  25th  October, 
1400,  and  was  buried  in  the  great  south  cross 
aisle  Westminster  abbe)-.  He  left  two  sons, 
Thomas,  who  was  speaker  of  the  house  of 
commons  in  Henry  lV.'s  reign,  anil  Lewis. 
His  wife's  name  was  Philippa  Rouet,  of  Hai- 
maull,  and  as  her  sister  Catharine,  the  widow 
of  sir  Hugh  Swinford,  was  married  to  John 
of  Ghaunt  duke  of  Lancaster,  after  the 
deaftl  of  the  princess  Blanche,  Chaucer 
shared  the  favours  of  royalty,  and  was  in- 
debted for  some  of  his  honours  to  the  influ- 
ence of  his  princely  brother-in-law.  The 
poetry  of  Chaucer,  though  in  the  idiom  of 
the  14th  century,  is  not  devoid  of  great 
smoothness  and  delicacy,  the  sentiments  are 
bold,  the  characters  are  all  well  supported, 
and  the  genius  of  the  poet  is  every  where 
brilliant,  Sprightly,  and  sublime.  Of  all  his 
poems  the  Canterbury  tales  possess  the 
greatest  merit.  They  have  been  learnedly 
edited  by  Mr.  Tyrwhitt,  5  vols.  8vo.  The 
life  of  the  poet  has  been  published  by  God- 
win, in  two  ponderous  vols.  4to.  His  works 
altogether  were  published  by  Urry,  fob  The 
♦  ales  have  been  modernised  and  imitated  by 
Dryden,  Pope,  and  others. 

Chaulieu,  William,  a  native  of  Fonte- 
tiay,  in  Normandy,  educated  iu  the  college 
of  Navarre  at  Paris.  The  liveliness  of  his 
genius  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of 
the  great  and  the  learned;  he  was  courted 
by  the  duke  of  Itoehefoucault,  by  Marsillac, 
by  the  duchess  of  Bouillon,  and  by  the  duke 
of  Vendome,  who  gave  him  a  priorate  in  the 
rsle  of  Oleron,  with  an  income  of  28,000 
livres,  and  afterwards  the  abbies  of  Pouliers, 
Rennes,  Aumale,  kc.  In  the  midst  of  afflu- 
ence and  conviviality,  he  gare  vent  to  the 
sallies  of  his  muse,  and  alleviated  the  pains 
of  an  obstinate  gout,  by  composing  epigrams 
and  sonnets  for  the  amusement  of  his  friends, 
and  the  derision  of  his  enemies.  Though  a 
perfect  master  of  all  the  graces  of  poetry,  and 
Therefore*  deservedly  styled  the  Anacreon  of 
France,  he  had  no  wish  of  presenting  his 
poems  before  the  public,  and  they  remained 
scattered  in  the  h^nds  of  his  friends  or  in 
the  collection  of  the  curious,  till  collected  by 
ihe  attention  of  Camusac  and  St.  Mark. 
Besides  letters  in  prose,  and  epistles  in  verse, 
(hey  contain  elegies,  ballads,  madrigals,  airs, 
and  all  the  charming  trifles  of  a  careless, 
wanton,  and  sportive  muse.  Chaulieu  died 
1726,  at  the  great  age  of  81.  The  best  edi- 
tion of  his  works  is  that  of  Paris,  2  vols.  S'vo. 
1774. 

Chaumette,  Peter  Oaspard,  son  of  a 
cobler,  was  born  at  Nevers  24th  May  1763. 
After  various  low  occupations  he  appeared 
as  one  of  the  boldest  at  the  taking  of  the  Bas- 
tile,  and  displayed  all  the  violence  of  a  re- 
publican and  the  zeal  of  a  demagogue. 
United  with  Hebcrthe  for  a  while  guided  the 
sanguinary  multitude,  and  proposed  with  the 


feasts  of  the  goddess  of  reason,  those  walking 
guillotines  which  were  to  purge  France  of  all 
her  royalists,  and  her  suspected  citizens. 
After  being  guilty  of  the  most  atrocious  cru- 
elties and  the  blackest  profligacy,  he  was  sent 
before  the  revolutionary  tribunal  by  Robes- 
pierre, and  when  on  the  scaffold  prophesied 
that  his  fall  would  soon  be  followed  by  that  ot 
his  enemies.  He  was  guillotined  15th  April 
1794.  A  "  precis  historiouc"  on  life  is  attri- 
buted to  him. 

Chauncey,  Charles,  a  nonconformist 
divine,  who  migrated  from  Ware,  Hertford- 
shire, to  America,  where  he  became  presi- 
dent of  Harvard  college,  and  died  1671. 
His  son  Isaac  afterwards  came  to  England, 
and  settled  at  Andover  as  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, but  soon  alter  studied  physic  and  prac- 
tised in  London,  where  he  died  about  170f>. 
He  wrote  an  essay  on  Daniel's  prophecy^ 
—the  divine  iiibtitution  of  congregational 
churches,  8vo.  fccc. 

Chatjncey,  Ichabod,  a  nonconformist 
who  was  ejected  from  Lis  living  at  Bristol. 
and  then  practised  physic  there,  and  died 
1691,  author  of  some  tracts. 

Chauncy,  Henry,  was  educated  at  Bishop 
Slortford  school,  and  Gonvil  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  entered  at  the  Middle  Temple, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar.  Rising  by  degrees 
in  his  profession,  he  was  knighted  by  Charles 
II.  16S1,  and  seven  years  after  made  a 
scrjeant  at  law,  and  appointed  a  Welch 
judge.  He  was  married  three  times,  and 
died  at  Yardiey  1700.  He  is  the  author  of 
the  historical  antiquities  of  Hertfordshire  in 
one  vol.  folio. 

Chausse,  Michael  Angelo  dela,  a  learned 
antiquary  of  Paris,  who  went  early  to  Rome, 
where  he  published  his  Musamm  ilomannm, 
fol.  1690,  improved  to  two  vols.  fol.  in  1746. 
He  ga»e  to  the  world  besides  receuil  des 
pierres  gravees  antiques  in  4lo.  1707, — and 
picture  antiqaas  cryptaruro  Roman.  &  sc- 
pulcri  nasonum,  fol.  173S,  all  which  display 
great  erudition,  and  remarkable  judgment. 

Ciiauveau,  Francis,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver of  Paris,  who  died  there,  1676,  aged 
60.  His  first  engravings  were  from  the  pieces 
of  la  Hire,  but  he  soon  trusted  to  his  own 
genius,  and  used  the  graver  only  for  the  de- 
lineation of  his  own  pictures.  Not  less  than 
4000  pieces  are  mentioned  as  engraved  by 
him,  and  400  executed  from  his  designs. 

Chauveau,  Rene,  son  of  the  preceding, 
possessed  the  genius  and  followed  the  profes- 
sion of  his  father.  He  distinguished  him- 
self particularly  as  a  sculptor.  He  resided 
for  some  years  in  Sweden  and  at  Berlin,  and 
died  at  Paris  1722,  aged  59. 

Ciiauvin,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Nimes-, 
who  as  a  protestant  left  France  at  the  revo- 
cation of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  went  to 
Rotterdam,  and  afterwards  to  Berlin,  where 
he  became  professor  of  philosophy.  He 
died  1725,  aged  85.  He  published  Lexicon 
philosophicum,  fol.  and  a  new  journal  des  sa> 
vans,  begun  at  Rotterdam  1694. 

Cha7.elles,  John  Matthew,  a  French 
mathejnaticinu*,   born   at   Lyons  1657.     He 


CH 


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«ame  to  Paris  in  1675,  and  was  recommend- 
ed to  Cassini,  whom  lie  assisted  in  the  mea- 
surement of  the  meridian  line.  In  1684,  he 
instructed  the  duke  of  Mortemar  in  mathe- 
matics, and  by  his  influence  was  appointed 
hydrography  professor  for  the  gallies  of  Mar- 
seilles, where  he  made  many  valuable  obser- 
vations, and  drew  a  new  map  of  the  coi-st  of 
Provence,  besides  plans  of  various  harbours 
and  forts.  His  great  and  extensive  abilities 
were  usefully  employed  by  the  French  min- 
istry. His  astronomical  observations  uere 
Tiot  confined  to  Europe,  but  he  visited  Greece 
and  Egypt,  and  first  observed  in  his  measure- 
ment ot  the  great  pyramid,  that  its  four  cor- 
ners exactly  correspond  to  the  four  cardinal 
points  of  the  world.  Chazelles,  whose  pri- 
vate character  and  virtuous  deportment  was 
not  surpassed  by  the  extent  of  his  genius, 
died  January  1710.  Besides  his  voyage  in  the 
Levant,  he  contributed  greatly  to  the  im- 
provement of  the  Neptune  Francois.  He 
was  made  member  of  the  academy  of  sci- 
ences in  1695. 

Chefontaines,  Christopher  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Britany,  provincial  and  general  of  the 
cordeliers.  He  was  in  1579  made  archbishop 
of  Cresaria  by  Gregory  XIH.  and  sent  to 
Flanders,  where  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher 
made  many  converts  among  the  protestants. 
He  died  at  Rome  1595,  aged  63.  He  was 
in  his  character  a  most  learned  man,  an  able 
and  judicious  divine,  but  accused  also  of  he- 
retical opinions.  His  work  on  transubstan- 
tiation  was  regarded  as  curious. 

Cheke,  John,  a  learned  Englishman, 
born  at  Cambridge  16th  June  1514,  and  ed- 
ucated at  St.  John's  college.  He  was  made 
professor  of  Greek  in  the  university,  with  a 
stipend  of  AOl.  a  year,  and  in  1544,  he  was 
appointed  tutor  with  sir  Anthony  Cooke,  to 
prince  Edward.  On  the  accession  of  his 
pupil  to  the  throne,  he  was  rewarded  with 
an  annuity  of  100  marks,  and  a  grant  of 
land,  and  appointed  besides  provost  of  king's 
college.  In  1551  he  was  knighted,  and  soon 
after  rose  to  the  office  of  secretary  of  state. 
On  the  accession  of  Mary  he  was  stripped 
of  his  honors,  and  permitted  to  travel  abroad, 
but  after  supporting  himself  for  some  time 
at  Stvasburg  by  teaching  Greek,  he  was  seiz- 
ed on  his  return  between  Brussels  and  An- 
twerp, by  Philip  of  Spain,  and  sent  like  a 
traitor  to  London.  His  religion  was  now  the 
cause  of  his  persecution,  but  he  did  not  pos- 
sess the  firmness  of  a  martyr,  and  when  of- 
fered to  choose  between  the  faggot  and 
popery,  he  abjured  his  faith  and  was  receiv- 
ed by  cardinal  Pole  into  the  bosom  of  the 
catholic  church.  A  confession  so  violently 
extorted  and  so  rashly  given,  preyed  now 
upon  his  spirits,  and  shortened  his  days.  He 
died  of  shame  and  remorse,  13th  September 
1557,  aged  43.  He  left  three  sons.  His 
■works  were  numerous  and  valuable,  and 
they  are  mentioned  by  Strype  in  his  life. 
Those  best  known  are  the  hurt  of  sedition, 
against  the  insurgents  1549, — epistles  on  the 
death  of  Bucer, — de  pronunciatione  Graecse 
potissimum  lingutc  disputation.es  1555,  Basil 


— lie  superstitione  ad  regum  Hen ni cum,  fee. 

He  was  deservedly  considered  as  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  his  age,  but  his  attempts 
to  improve  the  pronunciation  of  Greek  was 
regarded  by  bishop  Gardiner  as  heresy,  and 
therefore  forbidden. 

Chelonis,  a  daughter  of  Leonidas,  who 
married  Cleombrotus,  king  of  Sparta,  and 
proved  a  remarkable  example  of  filial  and 
conjugal  affection. 

Chemin,  Catharine  du,  a  French  lady, 
wife  to  Girardon.  and  eminent  for  painting 
flowers.  She  died  at  Paris,  1098,  and  her 
husband  erected  a  monument  to  her  memory 
in  the  church  of  St.  Landez. 

C  it  em  in  a  is,  Timoleon,  a  native  of  Paris, 
much  respected  as  a  preacher  among  the 
Jesuits,  and  little  inferior  to  Massillon.  He 
died  1690,  aged  3S.  Besides  five  volumes  ol 
sermons,  he  published  seutiments  of  pietv. 
fee. 

Chemnitz,  Martin,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
born  at  Britzen  in  Brandenburg.  He  studied 
at  Magdeburg  and  Frankfort  on  the  Oder, 
and  afterwards  taught  a  school  in  Prussia, 
and  became  librarian  to  the  prince.  He  al- 
ter wards  returned  to  Wittember?;,  where 
his  friend  Melancthon  lived,  and  thence  re- 
moved to  Brunswiek,  where  he  died  after 
30  years  residence  1586,  aged  64.     His  works 

are    Harmonia    evangeliorum a     treatise 

against  the  Jesuits — ik  examen  concilii  Tri- 
dentini,  a  valuable  performance.  His  char- 
acter was  highly  esteemed  by  the  princes  of 
Germany,  so  that  he  is  deservedly  ranked 
next  to  Luther,  on  account  of  the  services 
which  he  performed  in  the  establishment  of 
the  reformation.  He  was  also  well  versed  in 
astronomy  and  mathemaics. 

Chemnitz,  Boreslaus  Philip,  grandson 
of  the  above,  was  born  at  Stettin,  and  died 
1678,  aged  73.  He  served  in  a  military  ca- 
pacity in  the  armies  of  Holland  and  Sweden, 
and  became  counsellor  of  state  and  historio- 
grapher to  queen  Christina.  His  history  of 
the  Swedish  wars  in  Germany,  appeared  in 
2  vols.  fol. 

Cherilus,  a  Greek  poet,  intimate  with 
Herodotus.  He  celebrated  the  victories  of 
his  country  over  the  Persians. 

Cheron,  Elizabeth  Sophia,  daughter  of 
a  painter  at  Meaux,  was  born  at  Paris.  She 
devoted  her  time  to  poetry,  painting,  the 
learned  languages,  and  music,  and  obtained 
great  celebrity  by  her  pencil,  especially  in 
history,  oil  colours,  and  in  miniature.  She 
was  admitted  into  the  academy  of  painting 
and  sculpture,  and  the  academy  of  llicovrali 
at  Padua  honored  her  with  the  appellation 
of  Erato.  She  died  at  Paris  3d  Sept.  171 1, 
aged  63. 

Che ron, Lewis,  brother  to  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Paris,  and  came  to  London, 
where  he  executed  some  historical  pieces, 
especially  the  judgment  of  Paris,  and  the 
council  of  the  gods,  for  the  duke  of  Mon- 
tague. He  was  a  protestant,  and  died  ii; 
London  1713,  aged  53. 

Cher  vein,  Father,  a  capuchin  friar  of 
Orleans  m  the  middle  of  the  17th  cej 


CH 


CH 


His  book  called  ocular  dioptrics,  on  the  the- 
ory of  telescopes — and  bis  vision  parfaite,  2 
vols,  fol. — prove  Ii  is  abilities  as  a  mathemati- 
cian and  philosopher. 

Cheselden,  William,  an  English  sur- 
geon of  great  eminence,  born  at  Somerby 
in  Leicestershire.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Cow- 
per,  and  also  of  Feme,  the  surgeon  of  St. 
Thomas's  hospital.  He  early  distinguished 
himself,  and  began  to  read  lertures  at  the 
early  age  of  22,  which  he  continued  for  up- 
wards of  '20  years.  He  was  successful  in 
cutting  for  the  stone,  aiid  he  immortalized 
himself  by  giving  light  to  a  youth  of  14,  who 
had  never  «een,  of  which  he  published  a  cu- 
rious and  interesting  account.  He  was  now 
at  the  head  of  his  profession,  and  was  ap- 
pointed principal  surgeon  to  queen  Caroline, 
and  blessed  with  well-earned  fame  and  inde- 
pendence. He  obtained  also  what  lie  chiefly 
wished,  the  office  of  head  surgeon  to  Chelsea- 
hospital,  which  he  retained  till  his  death. 
He  died  of  an  apoplexy,  April  10,  1752,  rged 
64.  He  was  intimate  with  Pope,  by  whom 
he  was  greatly  esteemed;  His  anatomy  of 
ibe  human  body,  published  1713,  has  passed 
through  several  editions.  He  wrote,  besides 
osteography  in  folio,  1733,  and  other  anato- 
mical essays  chiefly  inserted  in  the  philoso- 
phical transactions.  He  was  the  first  foreigner 
admitted  member  of  the  French  royal  acad- 
emy of  surgery. 

Chesne,  Joseph  du,  physician  to  the 
French  king,  was  born  at  Armagnac.  After 
residing  sometime  in  Germany,  he  settled  at 
Paris,  and  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his 
practice,  and  by  his  knowledge  of  chemistry, 
though  he  was  opposed  and  ridiculed  by 
other  physicians,  especially  Guy  Patin.  He 
died  at  an  advanced  age  at  Paris,  1609.  He 
wrote  in  verse  the  folly  of  the  world,  4to. — 
anil  the  great  mirror  of  the  world,  4to. — 
besides  some  treatises  on  chemistry. 

Chesxe,  Andre  du,  called  the  father  cf 
French  history,  was  born  at  Turenne,  and 
crushed  to  death  by  a  cart  as  lie  was  return- 
ing from  Paris  to  his  country  house  in  1640, 
in  his  56th  year.  He  wrote  the  history  of 
the   Popes,  '2  vols.  fol. — history  of  England, 

4  vols.  ful. — history  of  French  eardinals — 
collection  of  French  historians,  '24  vols.  fol. 
of  which  only  four  were  published  by  him. 

Chesterfield,   Philip   earl  of.     Vid. 

5  i  v. vii or e. 

Ciiet  wode,  Knightley,  was  born  at 
(  ovtittry,  and  became  fellow  of  King's-col- 
lege,  Cambridge.  He  was  nominated  bishop 
of  Bristol  on  'Prelaw ney's  translation,  but 
.lames  abdicated  before  the  election  could 
pass  the  seals,  and  he  lost  the  see.  He  was 
afterwards  chaplain  to  the  English  furies  in 
Holland  under  Marlborough,  became  dean  of 
(rlocester  1707,  and  died  April  4lh  1720. 
lie  wrote,  besides  some  poems,  a  life  of  lord 
RoBeommon,  still  remaining  in  MS.  at  St. 
John's,  Cambridge. 

Chevalier,  Anthony  Rodolph  le,  a 
native  of  Montchamps  in  Normandy,  who 
left  France  on  account  of  his  religion,  and 
.  as  employed  as  teacher  of  lite  French  lan- 


guage to  Elizabeth,  afterwards  queen  of 
England.  He  left  England  at  the  beginning 
of  Mary's  reign,  and  studied  the  oriental 
languages  under  Tremelius,  whose  daughter 
he  married,  and  then  taught  Hebrew  at 
Strasburg  and  Geneva.  He  afterwards  re- 
turned to  France,  but  escaped  on  the  dread- 
ful day  of  St.  Bartholomew',  and  came  to 
Guernsey,  where  he  died  15/2,  aged  65. 
Besides  the  Jerusalem  Targum  translated 
from  the  Syrian,  he  published  a  Latin  gram- 
mar of  the  rudiments  of  the  Hebrew  lan- 
guage, 4  to.  1574. 

Chevalier,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Touraine, 
who  in  his  youth  entered  among  the  religious 
of  la  Trappe,  but  afterwards,  in  consequence 
of  the  austerities  of  the  monastic  life,  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  law,  :>m{  acquired  emi- 
nence. His  pleadings  for  the  canons  ot 
Hheims  appeared  in  1710.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  piety,  and  died  1744,  aged  81. 

Che  vert,  Francis  de,  a  French  general, 
horn  of  obscure  parents  at  Verdun.  He 
rose  from  the  ranks,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  assiduity,  courage,  and  a  great  know- 
ledge of  tactics.  After  Bellisle's  retreat  from 
Prague,  he  defended  the  place  with  the  most 
obstinate  bravery,  and  yielded  only  through 
famine  1742,  and  on  honorable  terms.  His 
valor  greatly  contributed  to  the  victory  of 
Hastenback  in  1757,  and  that  of  Lauterberg 
He  died  1769,  aged  74. 

Chevilliek,  Andrew,  author  of  the 
origin  of  painting  in  Paris, — of  a  dissertation 
on  the  council  of  Chalcedon, — and  other 
works,  was  a  learned  Frenchman,  librarian 
to  the  Sorbonne,  and  who  died  1700,  aged  64. 

Ghevreau,  Urban,  a  native  of  Loudun 
in  Poitou,  who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
assiduity  and  learning,  and  became  secretary 
to  Christina  queen  of  Sweden,  whom  he 
had  the  art  to  reconcile  to  the  catholic  faith. 
After  his  return  to  Paris  he  was  preceptor 
to  the  duke  of  Maine,  and  he  afterwards  re- 
tired to  his  native  place,  v.  here  he  built  an 
elegant  mansion,  and  died  after  spending 
there  20  years  of  ease  and  literary  seclusion 
from  the  world,  1701,  aged  nearly  88.  He 
wrote  an  history  of  the  world — the  effects 
of  fortune,  a  romance — and  other  things. 

Cheyne,  George,  a  Scotch  physician, 
educated  at  Edinburgh.  When  30  years  of 
age  he  came  to  London,  and  from  an  abste- 
mious mode  of  life  became  a  jovial  and  frc- 
living  companion.  He  grew  so  much  in  bulk 
and  unwieldy  corpulence,  that  the  smallest 
exertions  were  painful  to  him,  and  all  the 
powers  of  medicine  were  unavailing  to  re- 
lieve him,  till  the  use  of  a  milk  diet  reduced 
him  from  the  enormous  weight  of  32  stone 
to  nearly  one  third,  and  enabled  him  to  live 
to  the  mature  age  of  72.  He  died  at  Bath 
1743.  He  wrote  an  essay  on  long  life  and 
health — tractatus  de  inhrinorum  sanitate, 
&c. — a  treatise  on  nervous  diseases — fluxio- 
mlm  mcthodus — philosophical  principles  of 
religion  natural  and  revealed. 

Cheynel,  Francis,  was  born  and  edu 
cated  at  Oxford,  and  made  fellow  of  Merlon 
in  1629.    During  the  civil  wat  s  he  embraced 


C  ii 


CH 


the  puritanical  party,  and  as  the  favorite  ojt 
the  parliament,  he  was  sent  to  convert  the 
university  and  made  visitor,  jftul  in  1G48, 
appointed  Margaret  professor  there,  and 
president  of  St.  John's  college.  He  was  how- 
ever incapable  of  filling  those  places  with  be- 
coming propriety,  antl  he  retired  to  his  living 
of  Petworth  in  Sussex,  from  which  he  was 
ejected  at  the  restoration.  He  is  much  less 
known  for  his  sermons  and  political  tracts, 
than  for  his  acquaintance  with  the  celebrated 
Chillingworth.  He  attended  him  in  his  last 
moments,  and  when  he  was  buried  at  Chi- 
chester, he  contemptuously  threw  the  book 
which  that  great  author  had  written  against 
the  papists  into  his  grave,  with  every  mark 
of  insolent  zeal  and  fanatical  madness.  He 
died  at  Preston  in  Sussex  1665,  leaving  be- 
hind him  several  sons. 

Chiabrera,  Gabriello,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Savone,  where  he  died  1638,  aged  86. 
He  studied  at  Rome,  and  was  much  courted  by 
the  wits  and  great  men  of  the  age,  and  partic- 
ularly by  pope  Urban  VIH.  He  wrote  heroic, 
dramatic,  pastoral  and  lyric  poems  published 
at  Rome,  1718,  in  8vo. 

Chiari,  Joseph,  an  historical  painter 
born  at  Rome,  and  pupil  to  Carlo  Maratti. 
He  was  attacked  with  the  plague  when  an 
infant,  and  thoagh  he  recovered,  his  consti- 
tution ever  after  felt  the  shock.  His  pieces 
adorned  the  public,  buildings  and  churches  of 
his  native  city.     He  died  17-7,  aged  75. 

Chiavistf. lli,  Jacob,  n  perspective 
painter  of  Florence,  w1k>  died  1698,  aged  77. 

Chichely,  Henry,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  born  at  Higham  Ferrers,  and 
educated  at  Winchester  school,  and  New 
college,  Oxford.  He  was  sent  by  Henry  IV. 
to  congratulate  Gregory  X1T.  on  his  elevation 
to  the  papacy,  and  was  appointed  by  him 
bishop  of  the  vacant  sec  of  St.  David's.  In 
1409,  he  was  at  the  council  of  Pisa,  and  five 
years  after,  on  the  death  of  Arundel,  he  was 
translated  to  Canterbury.  In  this  high  office, 
he  supported  his  power  with  great  firmness 
and  enlarged  the  privileges  of  the  clergy, 
and  boldly  excommunicated  lord  Strange, 
who  had  assaulted  sir  John  Trussel  in  St. 
Dunstan's  church,  and  killed  one  of  his  ser- 
vants. He  also  opposed  the  encroachments 
of  the  pope,  and  rendered  himself  popular 
by  his  influence  with  the  clergy,  and  by  pro- 
moting occasional  donations  for  the  support 
of  the  government.  Besides  founding  in  his 
native  town,  a  college  for  one  master  and 
eight  fellows  and  other  subordinate  officers, 
he  laid  the  foundations  of  that  noble  edifice 
in  Oxford,  called  All  Souls.  This  splendid 
college  was  completed  in  1440,  and  the  chapel 
was  with  great  pomp  consecrated  by  the 
founder.  Chicheley  was  very  munificent  in 
his  contributions  to  charitable  purposes.  He 
died  12th  April  1445,  after  being  archbishop 
29  years,  and  he  was  buried  in  Canterbury 
cathedral.  It  is  said  that  when  80  he  wished 
to  resign  his  exalted  situation  which  the  pope 
refused. 

Chicoyneau,  Francis,  a  native  of  Mont- 
ncllier-,  physician  to  the  Fr&itsh  king*.     He 


was  sent  by  the  regent  Orleans  to  stop  the 
plague  at  Marseilles,  and  the  confidence  with 
which  he  entered  a  place,  filled  with  disease 
and  death,  contributed,  with  his  excellent 
prescriptions,  to  reanimate  the  terrified  in- 
habitants, and  dispel  the  distemper.  He  was 
honorably  rewarded  as  he  fully  deserved.  He 
died  at  Versailles  1752,  aged  80.  Of  his 
works,  the  most  curious  is  that  in  which  he 
supports  that  the  plague  is  not  contagious. 

Chicoyneau,  Francis,  son  of  the  above, 
was  as  illustrious  as  his  father  in  medicine. 
He  chiefly  excelled,  however,  in  botany,  and 
greatly  improved  and  adorned  the  royal  gar- 
den at  Montpellier.  He  died  1740,  aged  38, 
professor  and  chancellor  of  the  university  qi* 
Montpellier,  an  honor  which  four  of  his 
family  had  enjoyed  before  him. 

Chifflet,  John  James,  a  physician, 
born  at  Besancon.  After  travelling  through 
Europe,  and  being  for  some  time  physician  to 
the  archduchess  of  the  Low  Countries,  he 
remained  in  the  same  capacity  with  Philip  IV. 
of  Spain,  who  treated  him  with  great  kind- 
ness. He  died  in  a  good  old  age.  He  wrote 
Vindicise  Hispanicse  against  the  French,  be- 
sides other  works.  His  son  John  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  knowledge  of  He- 
brew; and  his  son  Julius  was  eminent  as  a 
civilian,  and  was  in  great  favour  with  the 
king  of  Spain. 

Childebert  I.  king  of  France,  after 
his  father  Clovis,  511.  He  assisted  his  bro- 
thers Clotaire  and  Glodomir  in  the  defeat  of 
Sigismnnd  king  of  Burgundy;  but  he  was 
afterwards  routed  in  his  attempt  to  invade 
the  Spanish  dominions.  He  died  at  Paris  558. 

Childebert  II.  son  of  Sigebert  and 
Brunchaut,  succeeded  his  father  in  the  king- 
dom of  Austrasia  575.  He  afterwards  joined 
the  kingdom  of  Burgundy,  of  Orleans,  and 
part  of  Paris,  to  his  own  dominions,  after  the 
death  of  Chilperic,  king  of  Soissons,  and 
died  by  poison  596,  aged  only  26.  During 
his  reign  some  excellent  regulations  were 
made  for  the  preservation  of  good  order  and 
subordination. 

Chii.de bert  III.  brother  of  Clovis  III. 
and  son  of  Thierry,  was  surnamed  the  just. 
He  was  governed  during  the  whole  of  his 
reign  by  Pepin,  the  mayor  of  the  palace, 
and  dieil  711,  in  the  16th  year  of  his  reign, 
and  aged  28. 

Childeric  I.  king  of  France  after  his 
father  Merovreus  456.  He  was  banished  the 
next  year  for  his  ill  conduct,  and  retired  to 
Thuringia,  from  which  he  was  recalled  in 
463.  He  afterwards  behaved  with  great 
valor,  and  enlarged  his  kingdom  by  con- 
quest.    He  died  481,  aged  45. 

Childeric  II.  son  of  Clovis  and  Bathil- 
da,  succeeded  his  brother  Clotaire  III.  670,. 
and  for  a  while,  when  governed  by  the  wise 
counsel  of  Leger,  bishop  of  Autun,  he  was 
a  popular  monarch.  He  afterwards  gave 
himself  up  to  every  species  of  licentious- 
ness and  cruelty,  and  was  at  last  assassinated 
by  Bodilon  in  the  forest  of  Livri  673.  His 
wife  and  his  son  shared  his  fate. 

Childeric  I'll',  snrna'med  thj?  ideot  and 


CH 


CJI 


H 


the  idle,  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  Pepin 
742.  Some  time  after  he  was  hurled  from 
his  elevation  by  the  same  powerful  minister, 
and  confined  in  a  monastery  where  he  died 
755.  He  was  the  la^t  of  the  first  race  of  the 
French  kings,  and  was  succeeded  by  Pepin. 
Chillingworth,  William,  a  celebra- 
ted divine,  born  at  Oxford,  October  lGu-2. 
Laud,  then  fellow  of  St.  John's,  was  his 
godfather.  He  entered  at  Trinity,  and  ap- 
plied himself  not  only  to  divinity,  but  to  the 
mathematics  and  poetry,  but  his  acquain- 
tance '-with  Fisher  the  celebrated  Jesuit, 
overturned  his  faith,  and  with  more  zeal 
than  judgment  he  embraced  the  tenets  of  the 
catholic  religion.  That  he  might  pursue  his 
studies  with  more  success,  he  retired  to 
Douai  university,  but  the  correspondence  of 
Laud,  now  bishop  of  London,  shook  his  re- 
ligious opinions  and  he  soon  became  sensible 
that  the  pope  of  Rome  is  not  that  infallible 
person  he  had  Implicitly  believed.  Restored 
to  the  protestants,  Chillingworth  returned 
to  Oxford,  where  he  proposed  to  complete 
his  free  inquiry  into  religion.  The  change 
of  his  principles  however  drew  upon  him  all 
the  virulence  of  the  catholics,  but  in  several 
treatises,  as  well  as  by  letters  and  conversa- 
tions, he  defended  his  conduct  and  suppor- 
ted the  reasonableness  of  the  protestant 
tenets,  with  such  mildness  united  with  firm- 
ness and  candor,  that  even  his  enemies  ap- 
plauded him.  In  1637,  his  book,  called  the 
religion  of  protestants  a  safe  way  to  salva- 
tion, appeared,  and  with  a  modest  and  ele- 
gant dedication  it  was  presented  to  Charles 
I.  and  so  universally  admired  was  it,  that  it 
passed  through  several  editions,  and  will  re- 
main a  lasting  monument  of  the  author's 
superior  abilities,  and  of  sound  reason,  and 
pure  religion.  Though  admired  and  re- 
spected as  a  divine,  Chillingworth  yet  star- 
ted objections  against  the  thirty-nine  arti- 
cles, and  refused  to  assent  to  the  damnatory 
clauses  of  the  athanasian  creed.  His  scru- 
ples however  gradually  removed,  and  he 
subscribed  the  articles,  considering  it  as  a 
subscription  of  peace  and  union,  and  not  of 
belief  or  assent.  Soon  after  he  was  promo- 
ted to  the  chancellorship  of  Salisbury,  with 
'-.lie  prebend  of  Brixworth,  Northampton- 
shire, and  the  mastership  of  Wigston's  hos- 
pital, Leicestershire.  The  troubles  of  the 
times  prevented  higher  elevation,  Chilling- 
worth who  was  zealously  attached  to  the 
king's  cause,  took  up  arms  against  the  re- 
publicans, and  acted  as  engineer  at  the  siege 
ef  Glocester.  At  the  siege  of  Arundel, 
however,  he  was  taken  prisoner  with  the 
garrison  by  sir  William  Waller,  and  as  he 
then  labored  under  an  indisposition,  he  was 
removed  to  Chichester,  where  after  a  short 
illness  he  expired  in  the  bishop's  palace. 
His  last  moments  were  attended  by  the  fa- 
natical Cheynell,  who  at  his  funeral  insulted 
his  remains  by  throwing  with  religious 
trenzy  into  his  grave  his  celebrated  book 
mentioned  above.  He  diod  about  the  30th 
*>f  January  1644,  and  was  buried  in  Chiches- 
ter cathedral.    Clarendon  has  improperly 


mentioned  that  he  died  in  Arundel  castle.. 
The  fame  of  Chillingworth  is  firmly  estab- 
lished as  a  noble  disputant,  a  perspicuous 
reasoner,  and  .1  candid  ana  inquisitive 
philosopher,  and  he  is  more  than  entitled  t;> 
the  commendations  which  not  onlv  Wood, 
but  Tillotson  and  Locke,  themselves  such 
patterns  of  excellence,  have  passed  upon 
him.  Besides  his  works  already  mentioned, 
and  several  others  in  the  defence  of  religion 
and  of  loyal ty,  some  valuable  manuscripts 
are  preserved  in  Lambeth  chapel,  among 
Mr.  II.  Wharton's  .MS. 

Chilmead,  F.dmund,  was  born  in  Glo- 
cestershire,  and  educated  at  Christ  church, 
Oxford.  On  being  ejected  from  his  livings 
by  the  republicans  in  1648,  he  subsisted  in 
London  by  teaching  music.  He  died  1654. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  use  of  the  globes, 
and  published  translations  of  some  Greek 
authors. 

Chilo,  a  philosopher  of  Sparta,  and  one 
of  the  seven  wise  men.  He  died  about  5'J7\ 
B.  C. 

ChilpericI.  youngest  son  of  Clotaire  I. 
succeeded  on  his  father's  death  to  the  king- 
dom of  Soissons  561.  His  wife  Galasuinta 
wa,s  barbarously  assassinated  as  it  is  suppo- 
sed by  his  mistress  Fredegonde ;  but  instead 
of  avenging  her  death  he  married  the  sus- 
pected murderer,  and  committed  every  kind 
of  cruelty  to  satisfy  her  vengeance  and  am- 
bition. He  lost  part  of  his  dominions  by  the 
invasion  of  Sigebert  king  of  Austrasia,  who 
wished  to  puriish  the  death  of  his  sister-in- 
law  the  murdered  queen,  and  after  sacrifi- 
cing his  sons  Merovreus  and  Clovis  to  the 
jealousy  of  the  infamous  Fredegonde,  he  at 
last  saw  the*  wickedness  of  his  conduct,  and' 
became  a  devotee.  He  was  murdered  as  he 
was  returning  feom  hunting  in  5S4,  and 
Fredegonde  and  her  favorite  Landri  were 
universally  suspected  as  the  assassins. 

Chilperic  II.  son  of  Childeric'II.  suc- 
ceeded Dagobert  III.  in  715.  He  headed  his 
tvoops  with  Bainfrai,  the  mayor  of  the  pa- 
lace, against  Charles  Martel,  but  was  soon 
after  defeated,  and  when  in  the  power  of 
the  conqueror  reduced  to  privacy.  He  died 
at  Attigny,  and  was  buried  at  Noyon  in  72D. 

Chine  Noung,  emperor  of  China,  about 
2837  years  B.  C.  is  said  to  have  instructed 
his  subjects  in  agriculture  and  in  extracting, 
wine  from  rice.  He  was  well  acquainted 
with  mathematics,  physic,  music,  aud  pae* 
try. 

Choc  or  Xi-hoam-ti,  emperor  o.t 
China,  about  240  B.  C.  is  said  to  have  built, 
the  great  wall  after  the  expulsion  of  the 
Tartars.  He  was  warlike,  but  disgraced  h\s 
reign  by  burning  all  the  books  which  he" 
could  procure. 

Chirac,  Peter,  physician  to  the  French 
king,  was  born  at  Conques  in  Bouergue.  He 
was  professor  of  medicine  at  Montpellier, 
and  was  appointed  physician  to  the  army  of 
Roussillon  by  marshal  Noailles,  in  whi<  h 
capacity  his  treatment  of  the  sick  soldiers 
under  a  violent  dysentery  was  particularly. 
s.UQcessfuk      He  wjas,    also  very    successli.i 


CH 


CH 


during  an  epidemic  distemper  at  Rochefort 
and  a  pestilence  at  Marseilles.  He  died 
11th  March  1732,  aged  82.  He  wrote  dis- 
sertations on  wounds — on  fevers — on  the 
use  of  the  rust  of  iron  in  the  incubus — be- 
sides other  medical  tracts. 

Chishull,  Edmund,  was  born  at  Ey- 
worth,  Bedfordshire,  and  educated  at  Cor- 
pus Christi  college,  Oxford.  He  obtained  a 
travelling  fellowship,  and  consequently  visi- 
ted Turkey  and  the  Levant,  ami  was  chap- 
lain to  the  English  factory  at  Smyrna.  He 
became  B.  D.  1705,  and  was  presented  by 
Mr.  Conyers  to  the  living  of  Walthamstow, 
in  Essex,  where  he  died  18th  May  1733.  He 
"wrote  against  Dodwell  on  the  mortality  of 
the  soul,  and  his  travels  in  Turkey  were 
published  in  1747,  by  Mead,  in  folio. 

Choin,  Mary  Emily  Joly  de,  a  lady  de- 
scended from  a  noble  Savoy  family.  She 
-was  about  the  person  of  the  duchess  of 
Conti,  where  she  was  seen  by  the  dauphin ; 
hut  no  solicitations  could  prevail  upon  her  to 
deviate  from  the  rules  of  decorum  and  chas- 
tity. It  is  said  that  the  prince  at  last  mar- 
ried her  privately,  and,  in  her  company,  re- 
formed his  conduct,  and  regained  the  affec- 
tion of  the  king.  After  his  death,  in  1711, 
she  retired  to  obscurity,  and  died  1744, 
universally  respected  for  her  private  virtues. 

Choiseul,  Stephen  Francis  due  de,  a 
French  politician  of  great  abilities.  After 
enjoying  the  confidence  of  Lewis  XV.  and 
serving  his  country  as  an  ambassador  and 
as  minister  at  home,  he  was  disgraced;  and 
on  his  retirement,  still  retained  popularity 
and  universal  respect.  He  was  a  liberal  and 
munificent  patron  of  arts  and  of  literature, 
and,  by  his  political  intrigues,  was  called  by 
the  king  of  Prussia,  the  coachman  of  Eu- 
rope.   He  died  1785,  aged  66. 

Choisi,  Francis  Tiraoleon  de,  prior  of 
St.  Lo,  and  dean  of  Bayeux,  was  engaged 
by  the  French  government  to  go  as  ambas- 
sador to  the  king  of  Siam,  who  wished,  it 
■was  said,  to  become  a  convert  to  Chris- 
tianity. Though  he  had  spent  the  earlier 
part  of  his  life  in  debauchery,  yet  he  re- 
formed his  conduct,  and  applied  himself  to 
the  cultivation  of  literature.  He  died  at 
Paris  October  2,  1724,  aged  81.  He  wrote 
an  account  of  his  journey  to  Siam — the  his- 
tory of  France,  during  five  reigns,  5  vols. 
4to. — an  ecclesiastical  history,  1 1  vols.  4to. 
— dialogues  on  the  immortality  of  the  soul, 
&c.  " 

Chomel,  Peter  John  Baptist,  physician 
to  the  French  king,  died  1740.  He  Wrote 
history  of  common  plants,  S  vols.  1761.  His 
son  John  was  also  a  physician,  and  died  1765. 
He  wrote  essay  on  the  history  of  medicine 
in  France — the  life  of  Molin — eulogy  of  Du- 
vet— letters  on  the  maladies  among  cattle. 

Chopin,  Bene,  a  native  of  Bailleul  in 
Anjou,  distinguished  as  a  lawyer,  and  known 
as  the  author  of  a  treatise  de  domino — de 
sacra  politica  monastica — the  customs  of 
Anjou — the  customs  of  Paris,  &c.  all  pub- 
lished in  6  vols.  fol.  He  died  under  the 
operation  of  being  cut  for  the  stone,  1606, 
aged  69. 


Chorier,  Nicholas,  author  of  the  phi- 
losophy of  an  honest  man — the  history  of 
Dauphine — Latin  poems — and  an  indecent 
work  called  Aloysiie  Sigex  Toletanx  Satyra 
Soladica  de  arcanis  amoris  et  Veneris — was 
an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Grenoble, 
where  he  died  1692,  aged  83. 

Chosroes  I.  the  great,  succeeded  Ca- 
bades  as  king  of  Persia  531.  He  made  war 
against  the  Romans,  but  was  defeated  by 
Belisarius,  and  afterwards  by  Tiberius,  and 
died  of  vexation  579.  To  great  virtues  he 
united  unhappily  cruelty,  oppression,  and 
boundless  ambition. 

Chosroes  II.  succeeded  his  father  Hor- 
misdas  as  king  of  Persia  590.  His  cruelties 
excited  the  revolt  of  his  subjects,  but  the 
Romans  supported  him,  and  he  was  enabled 
to  conquer  Egypt,  Africa,  and  Judve.  He 
was  at  last  defeated  by  Heraclius,  and  im- 
prisoned by  his  own  son.  He  died  in  con- 
finement 627. 

Chouet,  John  Robert,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, possessed  of  such  talents,  that  at  the  age 
of  22  he  was  appointed  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Saumur,  where  he  replaced  the  ten- 
ets of  Aristotle  with  the  philosophy  of  Des- 
cartes. In  1669  he  returned  to  Geneva  as 
professor,  and  by  his  popularity  obtained  a 
seat  in  the  council  1686.  He  was  repeatedly 
syndic,  and  died  1731,  aged  89,  universally 
respected  as  a  good  citizen  and  an  upright 
magistrate.  He  wrote  introduction  to  logic 
— theses  physica  de  varia  astrorum  luce — 
discourses  on  the  history  of  Geneva — and 
other  works. 

Choul,  William  du,  a  French  antiquary 
of  Lyons.  He  travelled  over  Italy,  and. 
wrote  a  valuable  treatise,  1556,  on  the  re- 
ligion and  castraraentation  of  the  anciem 
Romans,  which  has  been  translated  into  La- 
tin and  Italian. 

Christie,  William,  was  educated  at 
Aberdeen,  and  appointed  master  of  the 
grammar  school  at  Montrose,  where  he 
lived  respected  as  a  diligent  and  attentive 
master,  and  died  1774,  aged  44.  His  gram- 
mar and  his  introduction  to  the  making  of 
Latin  are  both  well  spoken  of. 

Christiern  I.  king  of  Denmark,  son  of 
Thierry  count  of  Oldenburg,  succeeded 
Christopher  of  Bavaria  1448.  He  was  a 
popular  monarch,  benevolent  and  humane. 
He  founded  the  order  of  the  elephant  and 
died  1481. 

Christiern  II.  surnamed  the  cruel,  or 
the  northern  Nero,  succeeded  on  the  Danish 
throne  his  father  John  1513.  He  was  elected 
king  of  Sweden  1520;  but,  instead  of  prov- 
ing, as  he  promised,  the  father  of  his  people, 
he  became  their  tyrant,  and  massacred  at  a 
feast  94  of  the  Swedish  nobles  to  whom  he 
owed  his  elevation.  A  series  of  atrocities 
rendered  him  so  unpopular  in  his  new  do- 
minions, that  he  was  driven  from  Sweden 
by  the  valor  of  Gustavus;  but  in  Copenha- 
gen he  pursued  the  same  ferocious  conduct, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  was  expelled 
from  his  throne  by  his  indignant  subjects, 
and  escaped  lo  Flanders.    Ever  restless  and 


CII 


en 


imbitious,  he  gaiued  the  Dutch  to  espouse 
his  cause ;  hut  he  was  defeated  in  his  at- 
tempt to  recover  his  dominions,  and  died  in 
prison  '25th  January  1559,  universally  ab- 
horred. 

Christiern  III.  nephew  and  successor 
of  Frederic  I.  1534,  deserved  and  obtained 
the  affection  of  his  subjects.  He  embraced 
the  opinions  of  Luther,  and  maiie  that  the 
established  religion  of  his  kingdom.  He 
died  1st  January  155'J,  aged  56. 

Christiern  IV.  succeeded  as  king  of 
Denmark  his  father  Frederic  II.  1588.  He 
made  war  against  the  Swedes,  and  was  no- 
minated chief  of  the  protectant  league  for 
the  re-establishment  of  the  prince  Palatine, 
1625.  He  died  28th  February  1648,  aged 
71,  much  respected  as  an  able  and  benevo- 
lent monarch. 

Christiern  V.  succeeded  his  father 
Frederic  HI.  in  1670.  He  formed  a  league 
with  the  German  princes,  and  made  war 
against  Sweden ;  but,  though  brave  and 
warlike,  he  was  defeated.  He  died  4th  Sep- 
tember 169'J,  aged  54. 

Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  daugh- 
ter of  Gust.avus  Adolphus  the  great,  was  born 
8th  December  1626,  and  succeeded  her  fath- 
er 1633.  After  reigning  with  splendor,  and 
the  character  of  a  great  and  popular  sove- 
reign,  she  resigned  the  crown  in  1654,  in 
favor  of  her  cousin,  Charles  Gustavus.  She 
had  sometime  before  embraced  the  catholic 
religion,  at  the  instigation  of  the  Jesuits; 
and  she  retired  to  Rome,  where  she  contin- 
ued to  reside  till  the  death  of  her  cousin,  in 
1660;  when  she  attempted,  either  by  the 
suggestions  of  ambition,  or  the  advice  of  her 
religious  advisers,  to  resume  the  crown, 
which  as  a  catholic  she  could  not  effect.  She 
died  at  Rome  19th  April  1689,  aged  63. 
She  was  a  woman  of  great  abilities,  was  well 
acquainted  with  several  languages,  and  was 
not  only  a  frequent  correspondent  with  Gro- 
tius,  Salmasius,  Descartes,  Vossius,  Bo- 
chart,  Huet,  and  other  men  of  letters,  but 
a  liberal  patroness  of  literature.  Some  cir- 
cumstances, however,  are  mentioned  which 
reflect  some  disgrace  upon  her  character 
anil  manners. 

Christopherson,  John,  an  English 
prelate,  born  in  Lancashire,  and  educated 
at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge.  He  be- 
came fellow  and  master  of  Trinity  college, 
and  dean  of  Norwich,  and  in  queen  -Mary's 
reign  he  was  made  bishop  of  Chichester, 
lie  died  the  year  after  his  elevation,  a  little 
before  the  queen.  He  was  a  firm  Romanist. 
He  translated  Philo  Judseus  into  Latin,  and 
also  the  ecclesiastical  histories  of  Eusebius, 
Sozomen,  Socrates,  Evegrius,  nnd  Theodo- 
ret ;  but  as  a  translator  he  is  neither  faithful, 
nor  elegant,  nor  accurate. 

Chrysippus,  a  stoic  philosopher  of  Tar- 
dus, said  to  have  written  above  700  books. 
He  died  B.  C.  207. 

Chrysoloras,    Emanuel,    a    learned 
Greek,  born  at  Constantinople   about  1355. 
He  came  into  England  in  the  reign  of  Rich- 
ard II.  as  ambassador  frqrn  John  Palxologus, 
VOL.    1^  43 


to  solicit  assistance  against  the  attacks  of  the 
Turks.  After  his  return  to  Constantinople, 
he  came  to  Florence,  where  he  taught  Greek 
for  three  years ;  and  afterwards  he  became" 
Greek  professor  in  the  university  of  Tici- 
num,  at  the  request  of  the  duke  of  Milan. 
He  afterwards  visited  Venice  and  Rome; 
and,  in  1413,  he  was  sent  by  pope  Martin 
V.  as  ambassador  to  Sigismund  emperor  of 
Germany,  to  settle  the  place  for  the  meet- 
ing of  a  general  council.  He  afterwards  re- 
turned to  his  own  emperor  at  Constantino- 
ple, by  whom  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
the  council  of  Constance.  He  died  at  Con- 
stance, a  few  days  after  the  opening  of  the 
council,  15th  April  1415;  and  a  handsome 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  by 
the  gratitude  of  his  scholar  Poggius.  1  le 
wrote,  besides  a  Greek  grammar,  a  parallel 
between  ancient  and  modern  Rome. 

Chrysostom,  John,  a  native  of  Antioeh, 
who  became  bishop  of  Constantinople,  and 
one  of  the  most  illustrious  fathers  of  the 
church.  In  eloquence  and  benevolence  lie 
was  equally  known  ;  but  the  divisons  of  the 
age  embittered  in  some  degree  his  happi- 
ness, and  he  was  banished  from  his  see  by 
his  enemies,  though  afterwards  restored. 
He  died  at  Pityus,  on  the  Euxine  sea,  407, 
aged  53.  His  works  were  edited  by  Mont- 
faucon,  in  13  vols.  fol. 

Chubb,  Thomas,  was  born  at  East  Harn- 
ham,  near  Salisbury,  29th  September  1679. 
He  was  at  the  age  of  15  apprenticed  to  a 
glover;  but  when  his  time  was  expired,  as 
his  eyes  were  weak,  he  engaged  in  business 
with  a  tallow  chandler,  but  devoted  his 
hours  of  relaxation  to  the  laborious  study  of 
English  books.  A  strong  retentive  memory 
soon  rendered  him  well  versed  with  mathe- 
matics, geography,  and  other  sciences,  hut. 
particularly  divinity  ;  and,  further  to  im- 
prove himself,  he  established  a  club  at  Sal- 
isbury, where  the  members  disputed  with 
freedom  on  all  theological  subjects.  The  con- 
troversy about  the  Trinity  between  Clarke 
and  Waterland  then  engaged  deeply  the 
public  attention  ;  and  Chubb  was  prevailed 
on  by  his  theological  friends  to  commit  his 
sentiments  to  paper.  He  complied,  and  his 
book  called  "  tho  supremacy  of  the  father 
asserted,  he."  was  soon  read,  and  univcr* 
sally  admired.  Now  an  author  by  profesS 
sion,  he  was  courted  by  the  learned  and  the 
great.  For  some  years  he  lived  in  the  house 
of  sir  Joseph  Jekyll,  and  often  waited  at  ta- 
ble as  a  servant  out  of  livery,  but  refused  the 
prospects  of  preferment  for  his  obscurity  at 
Salisbury,  where  he  retired,  anrl  died  1747, 
aged  6S.  To  the  last  period  of  life  Chubb  was 
attached  to  the  business  of  a  tallow  chandler, 
and  after  the  death  of  his  partner  he  fre- 
quently assisted  the  nephew,  on  whom  the 
concern  devolved.  After  his  death,  two 
volumes  of  pothumous  works  were  publish- 
ed, which  displayed  the  authorasaviolent op- 
poser  of  the  Mosaical  and  Christian  dispensa- 
tions, extravagant  and  licentious  in  his  opin- 
(ions,  and  shameless  enough  to  deny  a  future 
judgment,  and  .almost  a  future   existence. 


ci-i 


CH 


the  hopes  ami  consolation  of  the  good  man. 
This  publication  greatly  astonished  the  world, 
especially  as  nothing  immoral,  profligate,  or 
licentious,  had  ever  heen  observed  in  his 
conduct.  J f is  principal  w.orks  sue,  the  true 
gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  asserted — an  inquiry 
into  the  ground  and  foundation  of  religion — 
four  dissertations  on  subjects  in  the  old  tes- 
tament, &c. 

Chudleigh,  Marj',  daughter  of  Rich- 
ard Lee  of  Winsloder  in  Devonshire,  was 
horn  1656,  and  married  sir  George  Chud- 
leigh  bart.  by  whom  she  had  several  child- 
ren. She  possessed  respectable  poetical  tal- 
ents, and  published  some  poems,  which  pas- 
sed through  a  third  edition  in  1722.  She  wrote 
besides  some  tragedies,  operas,  masques, 
still  preserved  in  her  family,  and  some 
essays  on  philosophical  and  moral  subjects, 
which  displayed  besides  great  neatness,  and 
purity  of  language,  an  extensive  degree  of 
piety  and  knowledge,  with  resignation  and 
benevolence  of  heart.     She  died  1710. 

Churchill,  sir  Winston,  was  born  at 
Wootton  Glanville,  Dorsetshire,  1620,  and 
is  known  more  as  the  father  of  the  great 
duke  of  Marlborough  than  as  an  historian. 
He  was  of  6t.  John's  college,  Oxford,  but 
the  troubles  of  the  times  prevented  his  tak- 
ing a  degree,  and  he  engaged  warmly  on  the 
Kicle  of  the  king,  in  consequence  ot  which, 
his  estates  were  forfeited.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  sir  John  Drake  of  Ashe  in  Dev- 
onshire, at  whose  house  he  took  shelter 
from  the  persecution  of  his  enemies,  and 
at  the  restoration  he  recovered  his  proper- 
ty, and  obtained  a  seat  in  parliament.  He 
was  knighted  in  1663,  and  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  royal  society'.  He  published  in 
1675,  a  kind  of  political  essay  on  the  history 
of  England,  in  folio,  which  possessed  little 
merit.  He  died '26th  March,  1688.  Besides 
his  son  above  mentioned,  and  three  sons  and 
three  daughters  who  died  in  their  infancy, 
he  had  Arabella,  who  was  mistress  to  the 
duke  of  York,  and  by  whom  he  had  two 
sons  and  two  daughters.  The  eldest  of  these 
sons  was  the  celebrated  duke  of  Berwick, 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Philiipsburg,  1734. 

Churchill,  John,  duke  of  Marlborough, 
and  prince  of  the  holy  Uoman  empire,  was 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  born  at  Ashe, 
June  2ith,  1650.  His  education  was  little 
attended  to  by  his  father,  who  introduced 
him  when  12  years  of  age  to  the  court,  and 
1666,  in  the  first  Dutch  war,  he  was  made 
an  ensign  in  the  guards,  and  soon  after  went 
to  Tangier  to  serve  against  the  Moors.  His 
time  here  was  assiduously  devoted  to  milita- 
ry science,  he  became  on  his  return  a  favor- 
ite with  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  in  whose 
regiment  he  was  made  captain,  and  with 
■whom  he  served  against  the  Dutch  at  the 
siege  o£  Nimeguen.  He  distinguished  him- 
self so  much  by  his  valor,  that  Turenne 
praised  the  conduct  of  the  handsome  Eng- 
lishman, as  he  denominated  young  Chur- 
chill. At  the  reduction  of  Maestricht  he 
-was  equally  entitled  to  universal  praise,  so 
th,aj  the  French  monarch,  whose  auxiliaries 


the  English  then  were,  saw  and  commend- 
ed his  bravery.     This  well  deserved  reputa- 
tion advanced  his  fortunes  at  home  ;  on  his 
return  to  London  he  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel    by  the  king,  and  gentleman  of  the 
bedchamber,  and  master  of  the  robes  to  the 
duke  of  York,  whom   he  accompained    in- 
to the  Low  Countries,    and    into  Scotland. 
About  this  time   Churchill  married  Sarah 
Jennings,  a  lady  who  attended  on  the  prin- 
cess  Anne,    afterwards  queen  of  England. 
On  his  return  from   Scotland  with  the  duke, 
he  was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast,  east  of  the 
Humber,  but  though  more   than   120   per- 
sons lost  their   lives,  yet  he   had   the  good 
fortune  to  escape.     His  influence  with  the 
duke  was  now  so  great,  that  he  was  created 
a  Scotch  peer  in  1682,  by  the  title  of  baron 
Ey mouth,  and   on   the  death   of  Charles  he 
was  sent   as  ambassador  to  France,  to  an- 
nounce the    elevation  of  his  patron  to  the 
throne,  and  in  1685  he  was  made  an  Eng- 
lish peer  as  baron  Churchill.     The  invasion 
of   Monmouth   tended    now  to  display  his 
military  abilities,  he  was  sent  against  the  un- 
fortunate duke,  and  in  a  little  time  repres- 
sed  his   rebellion,    and  took  him  prisoner. 
These   meritorious   services  highly  recom- 
mended him  to  James,  yet  though   he  was 
consulted   by  him,  and  even  intrusted  with 
the  command   of  5000  men   on  the  landing 
of  William  of  Orange,  he  was  suspected  of 
favoring  the  cause  of  the  invader,  and    ac- 
cordingly he  abandoned  him,  and  fled  to  the 
prince,  yet  without  betraying  his  secrets,  or 
taking  any  of  his  soldiers  with   him.    This 
step  rendered  him  a  favorite  with  the  prince 
of  Orange,  and  on  the  abdication  of  James, 
he  was  raised  to  new  honors,  made  a  privy 
counsellor,  and  created  earl  of  Marlborough. 
In  1689  he  was  at  the  Wattle   of  Walcourt, 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  that  great  milita- 
ry fame,  which  was  soon  to  astonish  the  con- 
tinent.  He  was  afterwards  in  Ireland,  where 
he   supported   the  cause  of  William  by  the 
reduction  of  Cork  ;  but  in  the  midst  of  his 
popularity   he    was  suddenly  checked,    his 
offices  were  taken  from  him,  and   his  per- 
son confined    in  the  tower ;  a  violent  mea- 
sure, which  is  secretly  attributed  to  his  par- 
tial attachment  to  the  interests  of  the  prin- 
cess  Anne.     This  was,    however,  a  partial 
eclipse   of  his  greatness,  the  king  knew  hi3 
merits,  and  soon  restored  him  to  favor,  and 
when,   after    queen   Mary's  death,    he  in- 
trusted him  with  the  care   of  the   duke  of 
Glocester,  he  paid  him  this  handsome  com- 
pliment, "  My  lord  make  him  what  you  are, 
and   my  nephew    will  be  all  I  wish  to   see 
him."    Fresh  favors  were  now  heaped  up' 
on   him,    he  was  declared   commander    im 
chief  of   the  troops  sent  over  to  Holland, 
and  ambassador  extraordinary  to  the  states, 
and  William  evinced  his  further  confidence 
in  his  attachment,  by  recommending  him 
on  his  death  bed  to  Anne,  as  the  fittest  per- 
son to  protect  the  liberties  of  Europe.     The 
good  opinion  of  William  was  continued  by 
his  successor ;  Marlborough  was  confirmed 
in  his  appointments,  and  elected  by  the  Unit- 


Clt 


CH 


'd  States  captain  general  of  all  their  forces, 
«  itli  a  stipend  of  100,000  florins  per  annum. 
Hostile  to  pusillanimous  delays,  he  now  pre- 
vailed upon  the  English  ministry  to  declare 
war  against  Fiance  and  Spain  1702,  and  he 
quickly  repared  to  his  head  quarters,  and 
opened  the  campaign,  by  reducing  the 
strongest  garrisons  on  the  frontiers,  and 
among  them  Venlo,  Uuremond,  and  Liege, 
which  was  taken  sword  in  hand.  After  these 
brilliant  successes,  he  returned  to  London, 
where  he  was  received  as  a  conquering  hero. 
The  queen  created  him  a  duke,  and  granted 
hira  during  her  life  a  pension  of  5000/.  from 
the  post  office.  The  next  campaign  was 
equally  splendid,  Marlborough  defeated  the 
allies  at  Schellenburgh,  and  afterwards  at 
Hochstet,  where  Tallavd  the  French  gen- 
eral was  taken  prisoner,  and  after  thus  ser- 
ving the  empire  and  conquering  all  Bavaria, 
he  returned  to  England,  bringing  with  him 
as  trophies  of  his  conquests  121  standards 
and  170  colors,  together  with  the  captive 
general,  and  26  officers  of  high  distinction. 
On  this  occasion  he  received,  as  he  had  done 
the  preceding  year,  the  thanks  of  parlia- 
ment, and  the  queen  seconding  the  wishes 
of  a  grateful  nation,  settled  on  him  and  his 
heirs  the  manor  of  Woodstock,  and  the 
hundred  of  Wotton.  The  campaign  of  1705 
was  equally  successful  ;  but  Marlborough 
distinguished  himself  particularly  as  a  nego- 
tiator at  the  courts  of  Vienna,  Berlin,  and 
Hanover,  and  for  these  great  services  mer- 
ited and  received  again  on  his  return,  the 
thanks  of  the  parliament,  though  intrigues 
were  made  against  his  power,  and  attempts 
meditated  to  baffle  him  in  the  prosecution 
of  the  war.  In  1706  he  won  the  famous  bat- 
tle of  Ramifies,  after  exposing  himself  to 
great  personal  danger,  as  colonel  Bingfield, 
who  held  the  stirrup  for  him  to  remount,  had 
his  head  carried  oft'  hy  a  cannon  ball,  and 
the  consequence  of  this  victory  was  the  fall 
of  Louvain,  Brussels,  Ghent,  Antwerp,  Os- 
tend,  Dendermonde,  and  other  strong  pla- 
ces. These  successes  were  received  with 
fresh  marks  of  approbation  by  the  English, 
lie  was  not  only  unanimously  thanked  by 
both  houses,  but  the  queen  was  addressed 
to  make  his  titles  hereditary  in  the  male  and 
female  lines  of  his  daughters.  Blenheim 
house  was  built  by  the  nation  to  commemo- 
rate his  victories,  and  the  5000Z.  from  the 
post-office  were  now  annexed  to  his  title. 
The  year  1707  was  very  barren  in  military 
incidents,  but  Marlborough,  on  the  follow- 
ing year,  in  conjunction  with  prince  Eu- 
gene, pushed  his  conquests  so  rapidly  that 
the  French  king  in  1709  made  serious  pro- 
posals for  a  general  peace.  This  was  gen- 
erally understood  to  be  a  manoeuvre  to  dis- 
concert the  plans  of  the  English  and  Dutch, 
but  Marlborough,  as  great  a  negotiator 
as  a  general,  soon  defeated  the  plans  of  the 
enemy  and  the  French  once  more  appeared 
in  the  field,  headed  by  marshal  Villars,  an 
officer  of  whom  Lewis  XIV.  boastingly 
spoke,  saying,  he  had  never  been  beat. 
\'tilars however  was  defeated  at  Malpia^uet, 


and  Tournay  taken,  and  the  duke  returned 
to  London  to  receive  new  congratulations 
and  reiterated  applauses.  In  the  midst  of 
his  popularity  however  Marlborough  began 
to  feel  the  secret  machinatious  of  his  poli- 
tical enemies,  and  though  he  was  empower- 
ed to  negotiate  for  a  peace  at  Gertruyden- 
burg,  and  though  on  its  unsuccessful  termin- 
ation he  renewed  the  war  with  usual  felicity, 
the  queen  was  alienated  from  him,  and 
yielding  to  the  superior  influence  of  a  new 
favorite,  Mrs.  Masham,  she  withdrew  her 
confidence  from  the  duchess,  and  listened 
tog  fondly  to  those  who  accused  the  duke 
of  ambitious  views.  But  though  his  family- 
were  removed  from  their  offices,  and  his 
friends  discarded,  he  remained  still  at  the 
head  of  the  army,  and  displayed  against 
Villars  those  superior  manoeuvres  of  gener- 
alship which  always  insured  him  success, 
and  maintained  his  high  reputation.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  was  apparently  well 
received  by  the  qnecn,  who  soon  after  dis- 
missed him  from  his  employments,  and  his 
enemies  attacked  him  in  parliament,  and 
while  on  one  hand  he  was  charged  with  am- 
bitiously protracting  the  war,  he  was  on 
the  other  accused  of  applying  the  public 
money  intrusted  to  him  to  private  purpo- 
ses. The  press  also  vented  forth  pamphlets 
against  the  duke  whose  great  services  were 
forgotten,  and  therefore  yielding  to  the  bit- 
ter and  acrimonious  language  of  faction  and 
of  persecution  he  retired  in  voluntary  ban- 
ishment, and  passed  with  the  duchess  No- 
vember 14th  1712,  toOstend,  and  remain- 
ed for  nearly  two  years  on  the  continent. 
He  returned  a  few  days  after  the  queen's 
death,  and  beoame  a  great  favorite  with 
George  I.  who  consulted  him  witii  confi- 
dence, and  by  his  advice  took  these  bold 
measures  which  crushed  the  rebellion  of 
1715.  This  great  man  died  loaded  with  in- 
firmities 16th  .June  1722,  aged  73,  at  Wind- 
sor-lodge, and  his  remains  were  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey,  with  the  greatest  so- 
lemnity August  9th.  Besides  the  marquis 
of  Blandford,  who  died  at  Cambridge  in  his 
18th  year,  the  duke  had  four  daughters 
married  into  the  most  illustrious  families  of 
the  kingdom.  The  emperor  of  Germany 
made  him  a  prince  of  the  empire,  as  a  re- 
ward for  his  great  military  services.  Some 
of  his  letters  have  been  published,  and  show 
him  to  have  been  a  man  of  consummate 
abilities.  His  duchess  survived  him  for  some 
years.  She  was  a  woman  of  strong  maseu- 
iine  powers  of  mind,  of  boundless  ambition, 
and  as  arbitrary  in  the  cabinet  of  the  queen, 
as  her  husband  was  formidable  in  the  field. 

Churchill,  Charles,  the  poet,  was 
born  1751,  son  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Church- 
ill, curate  of  St.  John's,  Westminster.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster,  but  though 
endowed  with  great  natural  abilities,  yet  be 
so  much  neglected  their  improvement  that 
he  was  refused  admission  at  Oxford  for  in- 
capacity, though  it  is  said  this  disgrace  arose, 
from  the  contempt  with  which  he  i 
the  frivolous  questions  proposed  to  him  Ivy 


Ci 


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hfc  intended  tutor.  He  continued,  in  conse- 
quence of  this,  at  Westminster,  and  at  the 
early  age  of  17  married,  and  when  of  proper 
age  he  was  ordained  by  the  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, and  retired  into  Wales,  upon  a  curacy 
of  SOI.  a  year.  In  this  retired  situation,  to 
improve  his  income  he  became  a  cider  mer- 
chant,  but  his  prospects  of  independence 
ended  in  a  bankruptcy,  and  he  came  bach  to 
London,  and  on  the  death  of  his  father  suc- 
ceeded to  his  curacy.  He  here  added  to  his 
resources  by  teaching  young  ladies  to  read 
and  write,  but  as  his  mode  of  living  was  ex- 
pensive, his  debts  increased,  and  he  was 
■with  difficulty  saved  from  the  horrors  of  a 
gaol  by  the  humanity  of  Mr.  Lloyd  second 
master  of  Westminster  school,  who  liberally 
satisfied  his  creditors.  The  success  of  "  the 
actor"  by  young  Lloyd  at  this  time  encoura- 
ged Churchill  to  cultivate  the  muses,  and  he 
published  hisRosciad,  which  was  so  univer- 
sally admired,  that  Colman,  Thornton,  and 
the  wits  of  the  age,  were  considered  as  the 
authors,  and  not  an  obscure  clergyman. 
The  popularity  of  this  and  other  poems,  and 
the  emoluments  arising  from  the  sale,  now 
altered  the  manners  and  conduct  of  the  poet. 
Elevated  with  prosperity  he  now  quitted  the 
habit  and  the  sobriety  of  a  clergyman,  he  be- 
came a  fashionable  man  of  the  town,  aban- 
doned his  wife,  and  launched  into  all  the  ex- 
travagance of  gay  and  dissipated  life.  As  the 
friend  and  associate  of  Wilkes  he  crossed  to 
Boulogne  in  October  17C4,  where  some  time 
after  a  fever  attacked  him  and  carried  him 
off.  He  died  5th  November  1764.  Besides 
his  Rosciad,  he  wrote  the  prophecy  of  famine, 
an  admired  poem, — an  apology  to  the  critical 
reviewers, — night  and  the  ghost,  in  which 
he  ridicules  Dr.  Johnson  in  the  character  of 
Pomposo, — Gotham  and  independence, — 
epistle  to  Hogarth,  &tc.  The  poems  after 
his  death  were  published  in  2  vols.  8vo,  and 
have  lately  been  re-edited.  Though  once 
popular  and  admired  they  are  now  little 
read.    He  wrote  also  some  sermons. 

Churchyard,  Thomas,  a  poet,  born  at 
Shrewsbury,  author  df  the  Worthies  of 
Wales.  He  died  about  the  11th  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  1570.  His  epitaph  is  preserved 
by  Camden. 

Chytrjeus,  David,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
divinity  professor  at  Rostock,  awd.  author  of 
a  commentary  on  the  revelations — of  a  histo- 
ry of  the  confession  of  Augsburg — and  other 
works.     HediedlGOO,  aged  70. 

Ciaconius,  Alphonsus,  of  Baeca,  in 
Andalusia,  died  at  Rome  1509,  aged  59,  with 
the  title  of  patriarch  of  Alexandria.  He 
was  author  of  vitas  et  gesta  Romanorum  pon- 
tiliettm  et  cardinalium,  4  vols.  fol. — historia 
utriusque  belliDacici — bibliotheca  scriptorium 
ad  ann.  15S3 — explication  of  Trajan's  pillar, 
fol.  1576. 

Ciaconius,  Peter,  a  eritic  of  Toledo, 
who  died  at  Rome  1581,  aged  56.  He  was 
employed  by  Gregory  XIII.  in  correcting  the 
calendar,  and  wrote  learned  notes  on  Arno- 
hius,  Tertullian,  and  other  Latin  writers. 

Ciampelli,  Augustine,  a  native  ofPlo- 


rencej  the  pupil  of  Santi  di  Titi,  and  ertlS 
nent  as  an  historical  painter.  He  died  1640, 
aged  62.  Some  of  his  pieces  are  preserved 
at  Rome. 

Ci  ampini,  John  Justin, a  learned  Italian, 
who  established  at  Rome  the  academy  of  ec- 
clesiastical history,  and  that  of  mathematics 
and  natural  history.  He  died  1698,  aged  65. 
He  wrote  different  works — on  the  remains  of 
ancient  Rome — on  the  sacred  edifices  built 
by  Constnntine,  &c. 

Cibber,  Colley,  poet  laureat  to  George 
II.  was  son  of  Caius  Gabriel  Cibber,  a  native 
of  Holstciu,  by  the  daughter  of  William 
Colley,  Esq.  of  Glaiston,  Rutlandshire.  He 
was  born  in  London  6th  November  1671,  ami 
educated  at  Grantham  school,  Lincolnshire. 
He  did  not  succeed  in  his  application  to  be 
admitted  at  AVinchester  college,  and  his  in- 
tention of  entering  at  Oxford  was  thwarted 
by  the  event  of  the  revolution,  which  made 
him  a  soldier  in  favor  of  the  prince  of 
Orange.  He  soon  after  exchanged  the  mili- 
tary life  for  the  stage,  and  appeared  in  infe- 
rior characters,  at  the  salary  of  10s.  a-week. 
The  first  character  which  he  performed 
with  success  was  the  chaplain  in  the  Orphan, 
and  the  next  Fondlewife  in  the  Old  bachelor, 
till  he  acquired  eminence  and  an  advanced 
salary.  To  add  to  his  income,  he  now  had 
recourse  to  his  pen,  and  wrote  Love's  last 
shift,  in  which  he  himself  bore  a  part.  His 
best  plays  were  The  Careless  husband,  acted 
in  1704,  and  The  nonjuror,  in  1717.  This 
last  was  a  party  piece,  and  was  dedicated  to 
the  king,  who  gave  to  the  poet  200/.  and  the 
appointment  of  laureat.  But  besides  the 
malevolent  attacks  of  periodical  writers,  the 
author  was  exposed  to  the  enmity  and  sa- 
tire of  Pope,  who,  with  more  virulence  than 
honor,  made  him  the  hero  of  his  Dunciad. 
In  1730  he  quitted  the  stage,  though  he  oc- 
casionally appeared  before  the  public,  espe- 
cially when  his  own  plays  were  represented. 
He  died  December  1757.  His  plays,  which, 
like  his  children,  as  he  jocosely  observed, 
were  numerous,  were  collected  in  2  vols.  4to. 
Though  he  never  succeeded  either  as  a 
writer  or  actor  of  tragedy,  nor  as  a  lyric 
poet,  yet  it  must  be  acknowledged,  in  spile 
of  the  malice  and  venom  of  Pope,  that  his 
comedies  are  sprightly  and  elegant,  and  his 
character  as  a  man  and  as  an  actor  respec- 
table.    His  apology  for  his  life  is  curious. 

Cibber,  Theophilus,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  in  1703,  and  educated  for  a 
little  time  at  Winchester  school,  from  which 
he  passed  upon  the  stage.  Aided  not  so' 
much  by  the  influence  of  his  father,  who 
was  manager  of  the  theatre  royal,  as  by  bis 
own  natural  powers,  he  soon  rose  to  popula- 
rity and  eminence  as  a  favorite  actor;  and 
he  might  have  insured  respectability  and  in- 
dependence if  he  had  possessed  economy, 
and  paid  attention  to  the  decorum  and  man- 
ners »  hich  ought  to  mark  every  private  and 
public  character.  Thus  exposed,  by  his  ex- 
travagance and  follies,  to  distresses  and  per- 
secution, he  at  last  embarked  for  Dublin,  iu 
October  1757,  to  assist  Sheridan  agajnst  the 


CI 


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'Opposition  of  a  new  theatre;  but  unfortu- 
nately tlie  ship  was  wrecked  on  tlie  coast  of 
Scotland,  and  Cibber  and  the  whole  nume- 
rous crew  perished.  Asa  writer  he  produ- 
ced Pattie  and  Peggy,  a  ballad  opera,  and  he 
altered  The  lover,  a  comedy,  and  Shaks- 
peare's  Romeo  and  Henry  VI.  He  wrote 
also  some  appeals  to  the  publie  on  his  own  dis- 
tressful situation.  The  lives  of  the  poets  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  in  5  vols.  12mo. 
though  hearing  his  name,  were  published  by 
Uobert  Shields,  an  amauensis  of  Dr.  John- 
son. 

Cibber,  Susannah  Maria,  sister  to  Dr. 
Arne,  and  daughter  of  an  upholsterer  in 
Covcnt-garden,  married  Theophilus  Gibber, 
in  April  1734.  Though  this  union  displeased 
old  Cibber,  yet  he  was  reconciled  to  his 
daughter-in-law,  and  soon  had  the  pleasure 
to  see  her  shine  on  the  si  age  as  a  rising  and 
popular  actress.  Her  first  attempt  was  in 
1736,  as  Zara,  in  Aaron  Hill's  tragedy  ;  and 
her  powers  soon  appeared  so  great,  that  her 
salary  was  raised  from  30».  a-week  to  31.  and 
the  highest  characters  in  tragedy  were  in- 
trusted to  her  judicious  and  masterly  repre- 
sentation. The  conduct  of  her  husband, 
however,  did  not  conduce  much  to  her  feli- 
city. His  extravagance  and  dissipated  man- 
ners revolted  her,  and  she  soe*:i  found  that, 
to  supply  his  necessities,  he  bartered  her 
reputation  and  her  honor.  The  guilty  ad- 
dresses of  a  favorite  suitor,  recommended 
by  the  intrigues  of  a  worthless  husband,  soon 
triumphed  over  the  scruples  of  a  neglected 
and  dishonored  wife;  but  when  Gibber  sought 
reparation  in  a  court  of  justice,  and  claimed 
5000/.  for  the  violation  of  his  domestic  peace, 
the  scene  of  depravity  displayed  induced  the 
jury  to  return  a  verdict  of  101.  only.  Mrs. 
Gibber  lived  with  her  seducer  till  her  death, 
which  happened  30lh  January  176G.  She 
was  buried  m  Westminster  abbey.  She  left, 
one  natural  child.  She  translated  the  oracle 
of  St.  Foix;  but  her  great  merit  arises  from 
her  powers  of  acting,  in  which  she  displayed 
with  so  much  success  the  feelings  of  the  deli- 
cate Gelia,  the  haughty  Hermione,  the  love- 
sick Juliet,  and  the  abandoned  Alicia. 

Gicero,  Marcus  Tullius,  a  celebrated 
orator,  born  at  Arpinum.  His  eloquence  in 
the  Roman  forum  was  so  ardent  as  to  rival 
the  illustrious  fame  of  Demosthenes;  and  in 
the  elegance  of  his  writings,  and  the  clear 
;ind  lucid  arguments  of  his  philosophy,  he 
equalled  the  ablest  authors,  and  the  most  re- 
nowned sages  of  Greece.  He  had  the  sin- 
gular fortune  of  discovering,  and  defeating, 
the  conspiracy  of  Catiline,  during  his  con- 
snlship,  and  deserved  to  be  called,  for  his 
services,  another  founder  of  Rome.  In  the 
struggles  between  Ciesar  and  the  republic  he 
however  betrayed  irresolution,  and  probably 
to  that  timidity,  which  feared  boldly  to  pro- 
claim its  sentiments,  he  owed  his  downfall. 
Augustus,  in  the  establishment  of  his  trium- 
virate, after  nattering  him,  meanly  sacrificed 
him,  to  the  resentment  of  Antony,  by  whose 
orders  lie  was  basely  murdered  as  he  fled  to 
the  sea-coast,  B,  C*  42,  in  his  uod  year. 


Cicero,  Quintus  Tullius, brother  of  the 
orator,  was  sacrificed  to  the  dagger  of  the 
triumvirs. 

Cid,  The,  a  Spanish  hero,  whose  real 
name  was  den  Roderigo  J)ias  de  JBivar.  He 
was  knighted  in  consequence  of  the  valor  he 
had  displayed  in  his  xi:vy  youth  ;  and,  in 
1063,  marched  with  don  Sancho  of  Castile 
against  Ramiro  king  of  Arragon,  who  fell  in 
battle ;  after  which  he  went  to  the  siege  of 
Zamora,  where  Sancho,  now  become  king, 
was  slain.  On  Sancho's  death,  his  brother 
Alfonso  ascended  the  throne  of  Castile;  but 
Roderigo,  instea<l  of  continuing  the  peaceful 
and  obedient  subject,  declared  himself  inde- 
pendent, and,  after  depopulating  the  coun- 
try, fixed  his  habitation  at  Pena  de  el  Cid, 
the  rock  of  the  Cid,  near  Saragossa.  He  af- 
terwards took  Valcntia,  and  maintained  his 
independence  till  his  death,  1099.  The  his- 
tory of  this  hero,  whose  name  Cid  signified 
lord,  has  been  immortalized  in  the  romances 
of  the  Spaniards,  and  particularly  in  the 
popular  tragedy  of  Corneille. 

Cigala,  John  Michael,  an  impostor, 
who,  in  1670,  appeared  at  Paris,  and  pre- 
tended to  be  an  Ottoman  prince  and  kiug  of 
Jerusalem.  He  visited  Poland,  England  and 
other  countries,  and  imposed  upon  die  cre- 
dulity of  princes  and  of  subjects,  till  some 
one  who  knew  his  obscurity  and  his  artifice 
exposed  him  to  the  contempt  and  the  deri- 
sion of  the  world. 

Cignani,  Carlo,  a  painter  of  Bologna, 
educated  in  the  school  of  Albano.  His  paint- 
ings are  greatly  admired  for  correctness, 
gracefulness,  and  a  fertility  of  genius,  which 
was  successfully  displayed  in  expressing  the 
passions  of  the  soul.  He  died  at  Forli  1719, 
aged  91. 

Cimabhe,  Giovanni,  known  as  the  revi- 
ver of  painting  in  Italy,  was  born  at  Florence 
1240.  Under  the  direction  of  Grecian  pain- 
ters, who  were  sent  for  by  the  Florentines, 
he  soon  acquired  that  eminence  which  in- 
ventive genius  and  indefatigable  application 
deserve.  He  painted  for  several  of  the  cit- 
ies of  Italy,  but  particularly  for  his  native 
city,  where  a  picture  of  the  Virgin  is  still 
seen  and  admired.  He  was  also  an  eminent 
architect,  and  was  engaged  in  the  building  of 
St.  Maria  del  Fior  church  in  Florence.  His 
paintings  were  chiefly  in  fresco  and  in  dis- 
temper, as  painting  in  oil  was  not  yet  discov- 
ered. He  died  at  the  age  of  CO.  His  repu- 
tation, though  respectable,  would  probably 
have  been  higher,  had  he  not  been  eclipsed 
by  his  pupil  and  friend  Ghiotlo.  His  profile 
by  Simon  Sanese  is  still  seen  in  the  chapel 
house  of  St.  Maria  Novella. 

Cimos,  an  Athenian  general,  son  of  the 
great  Milliades,  famous  for  his  defeat  of  the 
Persians.  He  died  at  the  siege  of  Citium  in 
Cyprus  449  B.  C. 

Cincinnati's,  Lucius  Quintius,  a  fa- 
mous Roman,  whose  virtues  raised  him  to  the 
dictatorship  from  the  plough.  He  defeated 
the  enemies  of  his  country,  and  quickly  re- 
turned to  the  cultivation  of  his  farm.  He 
lived  about  460/ B.  C. 


CI 


CL 


Cxnci'PS  Alimentus,  Lucius,  author  of 
a  history  of  the  wars  of  Annibal,  he.  is  often 
quoted  by  Livy. 

Cixna,  Lucius  Cornelius,  a  Roman  Con- 
sul, whose  union  with  Marius  deluged  Rome 
■with  blood,  about  87  B.  C. 

Cinnamus,  John,  a  Greek  writer,  in  the 
service  of  Manuel  Commenus  the  emperor, 
of  whose  reign,  and  that  of  his  father  John, 
he  composed  a  history,  printed,  Greek  and 
Latin,  Utrecht,  4to.  1652,  and  at  Paris,  by 
du  Cange,  fol.  1670. 

Cl  NO  DU  PlSTOIA,OrDE    SlGIBULDI, 

a  poet  of  Pistoia,  known  as  a  lawyer  and  a 
senator  of  Rome.  He  was  professor  after- 
wards in  various  universities,  and  died  1336. 
He  wrote  a  commentary  on  the  digest,  and 
•deservod  the  commendation  of  Dante  for  his 
excellent  poetry.  His  works  were  edited 
Venice  1589. 

Cin(i_mars,  Henry  Coissier  marquis  of, 
sonofiTiarquisd'Effiat,  was  marshal  of  France, 
and  th€  favorite  of  Lewis  XIII.  Though  thus 
noticed  by  the  king,  and  patronised  by  Rich- 
elieu, lie  had  the  ingratitude  to  encourage 
Gaston  duke  of  Orleans,  the  king's  brother, 
to  retasl  and  to  solicit  the  assistance  of  Spain 
in  his  perfidious  enterprises.  The  plot  was 
discovered  by  Richelieu,  and  Cinq  Mars  lost 
his  head,  September  1642,  aged  22. 

Cioa  an i,  Hercules,  an  Italian  critic  of 
Sulmo.  As  a  native  of  the  same  city  which 
gave  Of  id  birth,  he  was  induced  to  undertake 
a  learned  commentary  on  the  works  of  his 
countryman,  to  which  he  prefixed  a  lift, 
with  an  account  of  the  country  of  Sulmo, 
published  1578.  It  possesses  merit,  and  has 
been  pu  blished  in  the  edition  of  the  variorum. 

Ciphiaki,  Fid.  Cyprian i. 

Cirani,  Elizabeth,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
eminen  tly  distinguished  as  a  painter.  Though 
she  wsii  happy  in  tender  and  delicate  sub- 
jects, d  ie  particularly  excelled  in  the  great 
and  terrible. 

Circignano,  Nicolo,  called  Pomeraneio, 
from  his  native  place,  was  a  historical  pain- 
ter, several  of  whose  pieces  are  preserved  in 
the  churches  of  Rome  andLoretto.  He  died 
1588,  iiged  72.  His  son  Antonio,  distinguish- 
ed als<>  as  a  painter,  died  1620,  aged  60. 

Cir  illo,  Dominc,  a  botanist,  born  near 
Naples,  educated  tinder  the  care  of  his  uncle 
"Niehol'as,  who  was  professor  of  medicine  at 
Naples.  Though  intended  for  the  profession 
of  medicine,  he  showed  greater  partiality  for 
natural  history,  and  he  obtained  a  professor- 
ship in  botany  at  Naples,  1760,  where  the 
next  year  he  published  his  introductio  ad 
botanicum.  He  visited  England,  in  the  com- 
pany of  lady  Walpole  ;  and  as  he  spoke  Eng- 
lish with  great  fluency, he  derived  much  ben- 
efit from  the  lectures  of  Dr.  W.  Hunter,  and 
the  conversation  of  the  learned  in  London. 
On  liis  return  to  Italy,  he  again  devoted  him- 
self to  his  favorite  pursuits;  but  a  restless 
and  ambitious  disposition  proved  his  ruin. 
He  embraced  the  tenets  of  the  revolutionary 
philosophy,  and  when  the  French  entered 
Naples,  he  boldly  espoused  their  cause,  and 
•atyreptc  d  an  office  under  them ;  for  which, 


on  the  restoration  of  the  lawful  sovereign,, 
he  was  condemned,  and  executed  as  a  traitor, ' 
1795,  aged  65.  _  He  wrote  besides,  nosologic 
methodic*  rud'unenta,  1780 — de  essentialibus 
nonnullarum  plantarum  characteribus,1784 — 
Neapolitana  Flora,  1793 — Cyperus  Papyrus, 
Parmx,  &c. 

Ciroferri,  a  painter  and  architect  of 
Rome,  greatly  honored  by  the  duke  of  Tus- 
cany, and  particularly  by  pope  Alexander 
VII.  and  his  three  successors.  He  was  hap- 
py and  correct  in  his  subjects  ;  but  his  char- 
acters wanted  animation  and  variety.  He 
died  at  Rome  1689,  aged  55. 

Cisner,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Mosbach, 
on  the  Neckar,  who  studied  at  Stra3bur?,h, 
under  Bucer,  and  was  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  at  Wittemberg.  He  afterwards 
visited  France  and  Italy,  and  took  his  de- 
grees in  Haw  at  Padua,  and  settled  at  Heidel- 
berg, as  professor,  and  counsellor  to  the 
elector  Palatine.  His  works  were  published 
at  Frankfort  1611.     He  died  1583,  aged  54, 

Civilis,  Claudius,  a  Batavian  general  in 
the  service  of  Rome.  He  was  suspected  by 
the  Romans  of  treachery,  and  treated  with. 
harshness  :  in  consequence  of  which  he  rous. 
ed  his  countrymen  to  rebellion,  and  expel- 
led the  Romans.  He  afterwards  was  recon- 
ciled to  the  emperor  Vespasian,  and  sub- 
mitted to  his  power. 

Civoli,  Lewis,  or  Cardi,  was  a  native  of 
Cigoli  in  Tuscany,  and  studied  under  Corre- 
gio.  He  also  excelled  in  music  and  poetry; 
but  devoted  himself  assidiously  to  painting. 
His  best  pieces  are  preserved  at  Florence. 

Clagett,  William,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Bury,  Suffolk,  where  he  was  educa- 
ted, and  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  became  D.  D.  1683.  He  was  for 
seven  years  a  preacher  in  his  native  town, 
and  afterwards  was  elected  preacher  to  the 
society  of  Gfay's-inn.  He  was  besides  rector 
of  Farnham-royal,  Bucks,  and  lecturer  of  St. 
Michael  Bassishaw.  He  was  one  of  those  res- 
olute divines,  who  opposed  the  popish  plans 
of  James  II.  and  he  deserved,  for  his  learning, 
piety,and  virtues,  the  high  character  which  bi- 
shop Burnet  and  Dr.  Sharp  have  given  of  him. 
He  died  of  the  small-pox  1688,  aged  42,  and  his 
wife  18  days  after  him.  Four  volumes  of  his 
sermons  were  published  after  his  death  by  his 
brother  Nicholas.  He  was  author  of  some 
controversial  pieces. 

Clagett,  Nicholas,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  also  born  at  Bury,  and  educated 
at  Christ's-church,  Cambridge,  where  he  be- 
came D.  D.  1704.  He  succeeded  his  brother 
as  preacher  at  Bury,  and  continued  there  46 
years,  and  he  was  besides  rector  of  Thurlow 
magna,  and  of  Hitcham,  and  archdeacon  of 
Sudbury.  Besides  his  brother's  works,  he 
published  some  sermons  and  pamphlets  of 
his  own.  He  died  Jan.  1727,  aged  73,-  one 
of  his  children,  Nicholas,  was  afterwards 
bishop  of  Exeter. 

Clairault,  Alexis,  alearned  mathema- 
tician of  the  French  academy  of  sciences. 
He  was  one  of  those  who  Tisited  the  north,  to 
discover  the  true  form  of  the  earth.    He  died 


*CL 


CI, 


J  765,  aged  about  52.  He  published  elements 
of  geometry  and  algebra — tables  of  the  moon 
— treatise  on  the  figure  of  the  earth — besides 
several  papers  in  the  journal  des  scavans.  His 
abilities  were  prematurely  displayed,  as,  it 
is  said,  that  he  could  read  and  write  at  the 
age  of  4,  he  understood  algebra  at  9,  and  at 
11  wrote  a  memoir  on  curves,  which  was  hon- 
orably applauded  in  the  miscellanea  Beroli- 
nensia. 

Clairfait,  N.  count  de,  an  Austrian 
general,  greatly  distinguished  against  the 
French  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution. 
He  was  a  Walloon  by  birth,  and  was  first 
employed  against  the  Turks.  His  manom- 
vres  in  the  Netherlands  were  rapid  and  mas- 
terly ;  but  though  after  taking  Longwy  and 
Stanay,  he  lost  the  famous  battle  of  Jemappe 
by  the  superior  number  and  irresistible  im- 
petuosity of  the  French,  he  made  a  most  he- 
roic retreat  across  the  Rhine.  Afterwards, 
under  the  prince  of  Coburg,  he  distinguished 
himself  at  Altenhoven,  Quievrain,  Hansen, 
and  Famars,  and  decided  the  victory  of  Ner- 
winde,  and  afterwards  bravely  opposed  the 
progress  of  Pichegru.  He  defeated,  in  1795, 
the  French  army  near  Mayence,  and  took 
many  prisoners ;  soon  after  which,  he  was 
recalled,  and  received  with  becoming  respect 
by  the  emperor  at  Vienna,  where  he  became 
counsellor  of  War,  and  where  he  died  1798. 
Asa  soldier,  he  was  brave  and  intrepid  ;  as  a 
general,  a  severe  disciplinarian ;  cool  in  the 
midst  of  danger,  precise  in  the  execution  of 
his  plans,  formed  after  mature  deliberation, 
and  universally  beloved  by  his  army.  The 
French  with  truth  regarded  him  as  one  of 
their  ablest  opponents. 

Clairon,  Clara  Joseph  Hippolyta,  Lewis 
Delatude,  a  native  of  Paris,  who,  from  an  ob- 
scure origin,  rose  under  the  friendly  direction 
of  mademoiselle  Dangeville,  a  well  known  ac- 
tress, to  high  celebrity  on  the  French  stage. 
At  the  age  of  12  she  appeared  in  the  play  of 
the  isle  of  slaves,  and  was  much  applauded, 
and  afterwards  at  Rouen,  and  then  at  Paris, 
she  became  a  favorite  actress.  She  chiefly 
excelled  in  tragedy,  and  at  the  age  of  80  she 
surprised  and  delighted  Kensble,  who  paid 
her  a  complimentary  visit,  with  a  most  en- 
ergetic recitation  of  one  of  the  scenes  of 
Phsedra.  She  died  at  Paris,  Slst  Jau.  1803, 
aged  80. 

Clancy,  Michael,  M. D.  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  but  unfortunately 
lost  his  sight  before  he  could  practice  as  phy- 
sician. He  was  recommended  by  his  friend 
the  famous  Montesquieu,  to  lord  Chesterfield, 
viceroy  of  Ireland,  from  whom  he  obtained  a 
pension.  He  obtained  also  the  Latin  school  of 
Kilkenny.  He  wrote  besides  some  poems,  the 
comedy  of  the  Sharper,  and  of  Hermon  prince 
of  Chorda,  and  he  appeared  with  applause 
as  the  blind  Tiresias,  when  CEdipus  was  per- 
formed for  his  benefit  atDrury-lane.  He  wrote 
also   memoirs  of  his  own  life,  2  vols.  1740. 

Clara,  a  native  of  A.ssisi,  of  respectable 
parentage.  She  early  devoted  herself  to  a 
religious  and  rectuse  life,  and  her  example 
"•■  as  followed  by  her  sjster  Agnes,  and  other 


female  ffends.  She  obtained  from  St  Fian- 
eis  d'Assisi,  the  church  of  Damain,  and  be- 
came abbess  of  a  new  order  of  nun.s,  which 
sbe  there  established.  She  died  1193,  aged 
100,  and  was  canonized  by  Alexander  IV. 

Clario,  Isidore,  an  Italian  bishop,  distin- 
guished at  the  council  of  Trent.  He;  was  elo- 
quent and  learned,  and  died  atFoligno,  15.'>5- 
His  annotations  on  the  vulgate  translation  of 
the  bible,  with  corrections  of  the  text,  &c 
are  inserted  in  the  index  expurgatoirius. 

Clarke,  Samuel,  a  celebrated  oriental- 
ist, born  at  Brackley,  Northamptonshire, 
and  made  student  of  Merton  college,.  Oxford, 
in  his  15th  year.  During  the  civil  -wars  he 
was  chiefly  resident  at  Oxford,  where  he  ob- 
tained the  place  of  superior  beadle  of  civil 
law,  when  it  became  vacant.  In  1650  he  was 
master  of  a  boarding  school  at  Islington, 
where  he  assisted  Walton  in  the  correction 
and  publication  of  his  poly  glott  bible.  I  h  1658 
he  succeeded  to  the  vacant  beadleship,  which 
he  retained  till  his  death,  Dec.  27th  1669, 
aged  46.  He  wrote  some  very  learned  trea-_ 
tises  on  oriental  literature,  and  on  this  He- 
brew text,  &cc. 

Clarke,  Samuel,  a  nonconformist  i  ender 
Cromwell,  born  at  Woolston,  Warwicks  hire, 
and  educated  at  Cirencester,  and  Emanuel 
college,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  minis*- 
ter  of  St.  Benet  Fink,  London.  He  was  one 
qf  the  commissioners  at  the  Savoy,  and  ■  Jied 
greatly  esteemed  for  his  private  and  p<  iblic 
character  25th  Dec.  1682.  He  wrote  liv  es  of 
puritan  divines — martyrology — lives  of  «;hi- 
inent  persons — ecclesiastical  history,  &c. 

Clarke,  Dr.  Samuel,  a  famous  English 
divine,  son  of  Edward  Clarke,  esq.  aldter- 
man  of  Norwich,  and  many  years  one  of  its 
representatives  in  parliament,  was  b  f>rn. 
there  11th  Oct.  1675.  After  being  educated 
at  the  grammar  school  in  his  native  town,,  lie 
entered  at  Caius  college,  Cambridge,  where 
he  applied  himself  diligently  to  the  philoso- 
phical pursuits  of  the  age.  As  Rohai  jit's 
physics,  on  the  principles  of  Des  CaiJtes, 
were  the  system  publicly  taught  in  the  uni- 
versity, Clarke,  who  well  understood  the 
tenets  of  Newton's  philosophy,  republi  ihed 
the  book  in  a  new  translation*  with  lea  rned 
and  valuable  notes,  though  only  at  the  a  ge  of 
22.  He  afterwards  studied  theology,  and 
was  ordained  by  Moore  bishop  of  Nor-  »ich, 
in  whose  household  he  lived  as  chaplaim  for 
12  years,  with  all  the  familiarity  of  a  friend, 
and  equal,  by  whom  he  was  presented  t  c  the 
living  of  Drayton,  Norfolk.  In  17(14  he 
preached  Boyle's  lectures,  on  the  bein;»  aud 
attributes  of  a  god,  and  gave  such  sa  fcsfac 
tion,  that  he  was  again  appointed  tin :  nex< 
year,  and  chose  for  his  subject  the  evit  L-nces 
of  natural  and  revealed  religion.  The  setwo 
courses  of  lectures  when  published,  e  xicitecL 
seme  controversies,  and  tended  to  spread  the 
celebrity  of  the  author.  About  this  tiane  he 
is  suspected  by  Whiston  to  have  inch  r.ed  to 
Arianism,  as  he  declared  to  him,  t'hat  he 
never  read  the  Athanasian  creed,  except 
once,  which  was  by  mistake,  and  on.  a  day 
when  not  ejected  by  tire  rubric.    Hisi  letter 


CL 


CL 


to  DodweU,  was  published  in  1700,  on  the 
immortality  of  the  soul,  which  subject  gave 
rise  to  a  long  controversial  dispute,  and  af- 
forded him  the  opportunity  of  displaying  his 
great  metaphysical  and  physical  knowledge. 
Notwithstanding  this  controversy,  he  applied 
himself  to  mathematical  pursuits,  and  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  Newton's  optics,  with 
which  the  great  philosopher  was  so  pleased, 
that  he  gave  him  5001.  for  his  five  daughters. 
He  was  at  this  time  made  rector  of  St.  Ben- 
net's,  Paul's  wharf,  London,  by  his  patron 
Moore,  who  introduced  him  to  queen  Anne, 
who  appointed  him  one  of  her  chaplains,  and 
gave  him  afterwards  St.  James's  rectory, 
Westminster.  He  now  took  his  degree  of 
'J).  D.  at  Cambridge,  and  displayed  such  fluen- 
cy and  purity  of  expression  in  his  academical 
exercises  as  drew  forth  the  astonishment  of 
a  respectable  audience.  He  published,  in 
1712,  an  edition  of  Caesar's  commentaries, 
dedicated  to  the  great  duke  of  Marlborough, 
and  in  the  same  year  appeared  his  book  on 
the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  in  three  parts, 
which,  though  mentioned  with  commenda- 
tion by  bishop  Hoadly,  yet  roused  the  attacks 
of  many  severe  and  acrimonious  critics,  and 
was  even  complained  of  in  the  lower  house  of 
convocation.  In  consequence  of  this  the  work 
excited  universal  attention,  but  Clarke  did 
not  shrink  from  the  threatened  danger,  and 
at  last  the  complaint  was  dismissed  by  the 
upper  house,  without  examination  and  cen- 
sure. An  account  of  these  proceedings  was 
afterwards  published,  as  an  apology  for  Dr. 
Clarke ;  but  the  obnoxious  book  passed 
through  two  large  editions,  and  since  has 
been  published  with  great  additions.  In  1715, 
and  1716,  Dr.  Clarke  was  engaged  in  a  dis- 
pute with  Leibnitz,  with  respect  to  natural 
philosophy  and  religion,  in  which,  as  his 
friend  Whiston  says,  "  his  letters  are  among 
the  most  useful  of  his  performances  in  natural 
philosophy."  In  1718,  Clarke's  alteration  in 
the  doxology  of  the  singing  psalms  gave  great 
offence;  to  the  words  "to  God  through 
Christ  his  only  sen,  immortal  giory  be," 
were  substituted  the  following  "  to  God 
through  Christ  his  son  our  Lord,  all  glory  be 
therefore."  This  circumstance  was  so  re- 
sented by  Robinson,  bishop  of  London,  that 
he  wxote  a  circular  letter  to  his  clergy,  not  to 
use  any  new  forms  of  doxology,  and  the  dis- 
pute thus  kindled  produced  various  publica- 
tions on  both  sides,  which  betrayed  great  in- 
temjierance  and  unchristian  spirit.  The 
friendship  of  lord  Lcchmere  about  this  time 
presented  Clarke  to  the  mastership  of  Wig- 
ston'n  hospital  in  Leicester,  and  in  1724,  lie 
published  17  sermons.  On  the  death  of  New- 
ton, in  1727,  Clarke  was  offered  his  place  of 
master  of  the  mint,  worth  near  15007.  a  year, 
which  he  very  disinterestedly  refused  as  in- 
compatible with  his  spiritual  engagements. 
In  1729,  he  published  the  12  first  books  of  the 
Iliad  dedicated  to  the  duke  of  Cumberland, 
with  a  new  Latin  version,  and  learned  notes, 
and  in  1732,  the  12  other  books  were  publish- 
ed by  his  son.  He  was  attacked  on  the  11th 
May  1729,  as  he  was  going  to  preach  before 
the  judges  at  Serjeant's  Inn,  with,  a  violent 


pain  in  Lis  side,  and  unable  to  officiate,  he 
was  removed  home,  where  the  symptoms  of 
his  disorder  became  more  alarming,  and  at 
last  attacking  his  head,  robbed  him  of  his 
senses,  and  he  expired  on  the  1 7th  of  the 
same  month  aged  54.  The  same  year  wen- 
printed  his  exposition  of  the  church-cate- 
chism,  and  10  vols,  of  sermons  in  8vo.  which 
had  mostly  been  preached  on  Thursday 
mornings  at  St.  James's  church.  Clarke, 
though  attacked  by  various  authors  in  the 
walk  of  theology' and  philosophy,  has  found 
great  and  learned  champions  in  Hare  bishop 
of  Chichester,  and  Hoadly  bishop  of  Win- 
chester. They  not  only  extol  his  extensive 
knowledge  in  every  branch  of  classical  and 
philosophical  science,  but  they  enlarge  on 
the  goodness  of  his  heart,  and  the  exemplary 
piety  of  his  life.  By  his  death,  says  Hoadly, 
the  world  was  deprived  of  as  bright  a  light 
and  masterly  teacher  of  truth  and  virtue, 
as  ever  yet  appeared  amongst  us,  and  his 
works  must  last  as  long  as  any  language  re- 
mains to  convey  them  to  future  times. 

Clarke,  William,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Haghmon  abbey,  Shropshire,  lG'Jtl, 
educated  at  Shrewsbury  school,  and  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow  1717.  He  was  presented  by 
archbishop  Wake  to  the  rectory  of  Buxted, 
Sussex,  and  in  1738  he  was  made  prebendarv 
of  Chichester,  and  in  1770  chancellor  of  that 
diocese,  and  vicar  of  Amport,  where  he  died 
21st  October  1771.  His  great  work  is  the 
connexion  of  the  Roman,  Saxon,  and  En- 
glish coins,  4to.  He  married  a  daughter  of 
the  learned  Wootton,  by  whom  he  had  a  son 
and  daughter, 

Clarke,  Edward,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  fellow  of  St.  John's  college,  and  succeed- 
ed on  the  resignation  of  his  father  in  1738,  to 
the  rectory  of  Buxted,  Sussex,  besides  which 
he  held  Uckfield  and  Wilmington.  He  was 
chaplain  to  lord  Bristol's  embassy  to  Madrid 
in  1760  and  61,  and  on  his  return  he  publish- 
ed a  4to.  volume  of  letters  on  the  Spanish 
nation.  He  had  meditated,  with  Mr.  Bow- 
yer,  the  plan  of  an  enlarged  Latin  dictionary, 
but  after  printing  one  sheet,  the  work  w.is 
laid  aside  for  want  of  encouragement.  Hi* 
also  proposed  to  publish  a  commentary  oii 
the  new  testament  from  his  father's  papers, 
and  the  notes  of  able  commentators,  but  tin 
project  was  likewise  abortive.  He  died  No- 
vember 1786. 

Ci.arkson,  David,  a  native  of  Bradford, 
Yorkshire,  educated  atClarehall,  Cambridge, 
where  he  became  fellow,  and  had  Tillotsor, 
afterwards  primate  for  his  pupil.  He  was 
ejected  in  1662,  from  his  living  of  Mortlakc 
in  Surrey,  for  nonconformity,  and  died  10S6. 
aged  64.  He  was  a  learned  and  respectable 
character.  He  wrote  no  evidence  for  diocesan 
episcopacy  in  primitive  times  4to.  1681,  ably- 
refuted  by  doctor  Henry  Maurice, — sermons. 
fee. 

Claude,  a  monk  of  the  celestine  order  in 
the  15th  century.  He  was  author  of  a  treatise 
on  the  errors  of  our  sensations,  published  by 
Orouce  Fine,  1542, 


CL 


CL 


Claude  of  Lorraine,  a  celebrate  J 
landscape  painter,  born  in  1G00.  He  was  of 
so  dull  a  disposition  when  at  school,  that  he 
was  placed  early  with  a  pastry  cook,  with 
whom  he  served  his  time,  and  afterwards 
travelling  to  Rome,  he  was  accidentally  hired 
by  the  painter  Augustind  Trasso,  as  a  com- 
mon servant  to  pound  his  colors,  and  wait 
upon  him.  The  kindness  of  his  master  soon 
made  him  acquainted  with  the  first  principles 
of  painting,  and  now  genius  began  to  expand, 
and  Claude  retired  to  the  banks  of  the  Tiber 
and  the  striking  scenes  of  nature,  where,  in 
solitude,  he  copied  the  beauties  displayed  to 
his  view,  with  success  and  effect.  Thus  as- 
siduity assisted  genius,  and  the  humble 
Claude,  by  degrees,  almost  self-taught,  pro- 
duced those  noble  pieces  which  for  their 
line  distribution  of  light  and  shade,  for  har- 
mony, and  for  the  exquisite  delicacy  of  the 
tints,  have  procured  him  deservedly  immor- 
tal fame.  He  was  scrupulously  attentive  to 
the  finishing  of  his  pieces,  and  he  often  did 
and  undid  the  same  piece,  seven  or  eight 
times,  till  it  pleased  him.  Urban  VIII,  and 
several  Italian  princes  patronised  him.  His 
performances  in  fresco  and  in  oil  are  chiefly 
commended.  He  died  1082,  arid  was  buried 
at  Rome. 

Claude,  John,  a  French  protestant,  born 
at  Sauvetat  in  Angenois  1019,  and  ordained 
minister  at  Montauban.  His  opposition  to 
the  catholics  produced  the  suspension  of  his 
ecclesiastical  office,  but  his  answer  to  Mess, 
de  Port  Royal,  who  wished  to  convert  Tu- 
renne  to  the  Romish  faith,  excited  a  great 
controversy  in  the  kingdom.  Though  oppo- 
sed by  Arnauld,  Nouet,  and  other  able  cath- 
olics, Claude  maintained  his  reputation  by  his 
pen,  and  in  his  treatises  on  the  eucharist, 
and  in  defence  of  the  reformed  church,  evin- 
ced the  abilities  of  a  sound  theologian,  and  a 
learned  disputant.  The  edict  of  Nantes 
however  at  last  terminated  his  labors  in 
.France,  he  was  directed,  in  1CS5,  to  leave  the 
kingdom,  and  he  retired  to  Holland,  where 
he  was  kindly  received  by  the  prince  of 
Orange,  who  allowed  him  a  pension.  Though 
his  voice  was  not  pleasing,  yet  he  was  great- 
ly admired  as  an  eloquent  orator,  and  his  last 
sermon  which  was  on  Christmas  day  16SG, 
pleased  and  sensibly  affected  the  princess  of 
Orange.  He  died  January  13,  1687,  carrying 
with  him  the  regret  and  the  affection  of  the 
protestant  churches.  He  had  a  son,  Isaac 
Claude,  born  5th  March  1053.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  France,  and  became  minister  of  the 
Walloon  church  at  the  Hague,  where  he  died 
29th  July  1695.  He  published  many  of  his 
lather's  works. 

Cl  AUDI  AN,  a  Latin  poet  patronised  by 
Stilicho,  whose  misfortunes  he  shared.  He 
came  to  Rome  395. 

Claudius  I.  son  of  Drusus,  succeeded 
Caligula  as  emperor  of  Rome.  He  gave 
himself  up  to  dissipation,  and  was  at  last 
poisoned  by  his  wife  Agrippina  to  make 
room  for  her  son  Nero,  A.  D.  54,  in  ids  63d 
year. 

Claudius  II.  a  Dalmatian,  w'ho  silcOeed- 
VOL«    Iv  44- 


ed  Gallienus  as  emperor  of  Rome.  He  died 
after  a  reign  of  two /ears,  greatly  lamented, 
271. 

Claudius,  Appius,  a  Sabine  who  settled 
at  Rome,  B.  C.  504,  and  became  the  progeni- 
tor of  the  Appian  family. 

Claudius,  Appius,  son  of  the  above, 
was  consul  at  Rome,  but  behaved  with  such 
severity  that  his  soldiers  refused  to  light  un- 
der him. 

Claudius,  Appius,  a  Roman  decemvir, 
son  of  the  above,  infamous  for  his  attempt  to 
violate  Virginia,  for  which  his  office  was 
abolished,  and  he  himself  died  in  prison. 

Claudius,  Appius,  surnamed  Ciecus, 
was  of  the  same  family,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  an  orator  and  lawyer.  He  is  ce- 
lebrated for  supplying  Rome  with  water  by 
means  of  an  aqueduct,  and  for  making  the 
well  known  Appian  road,  which  led  as  far  as 
Capua. 

Clavius,  Christopher,  a  Jesuit  and 
mathematician,  born  at  Bamberg,  Germany, 
1537.  He  was  considered  as  the  Euclid  Of 
his  age,  and  he  was,  on  account  of  his  abili- 
ties, engaged  by  Gregory  XIII.  in  the  refor- 
mation of  the  calendar,  which  he  ably  de- 
fended against  Joseph  Scaliger.  His  works 
were  printed,  5  vols.  fol.  He  died  at  Rome 
1612. 

Clayton,  Dr.  Robert,  a  learned  pre- 
late, member  of  the  royal  and  antiquarian 
societies  in  London.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
Killala  1729,  translated  to  Cork  1735,  and  to 
Clogher  1745,  where  he  died  25th  Septem- 
ber 1758.  He  was  averse  to  the  use  of  the 
Nicene  and  Athanasian  creeds,  and  unsuc- 
cessfully moved  for  their  rejection  in  the  Irish 
house  of  lords.  He  was  the  intimate  friend 
of  Boyer  the  printer,  and  other  learned  men. 
He  published  an  essay  on  spirit,  8vo. — chro» 
nology  of  the  Hebrew  bible  vindicated,  4to — 
inquiry  on  the  time  of  the  coming  of  the 
Messiah,  8vo. — vindication  of  the  histories 
of  the  old  and  new  testaments,  8vo. — journal 
from  Grand  Cairo  to  Sinai,  translated  from 
the  MS.  of  a  prefectof  Egypt,  4to.  and  8vo. — 
and  other  works. 

Cleanthes,  a  Grecian  philosopher,  dis- 
ciple of  Zeno.  He  starved  himself  to  death 
at  the  age  of  90,  B.  C.  240. 

Cleeve,  Joseph,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
died  1536.  His  pieces  were  chiefly  misers 
counting  their  hoarded  treasures.  His  fami- 
ly produced  other  respectable  painters. 

Cleghorn,  George,  a  Scotch  physician, 
born  at  Cranton,  near  Edinburgh,  18th  De- 
cember 1716.  After  studying  belles  lettrcs 
at  Edinburgh,  he  applied  himself  to  physic 
and  surgery,  under  the  care  of  Dr.  Munro, 
and,  in  1736,  went  as  surgeon  to  the  22d  re- 
giment of  foot  to  Minorca,  where  he  resided 
thirteen  years.  On  his  return  to  London,  in 
1750,  he  published  his  valuable  work  on  the 
diseases  of  Minorca.  The  year  after,  he 
settled  at  Dublin,  where  he  began  to  read  re- 
gular courses  of  anatomy,  and  where  he  be- 
came highly  respected  for  his  learning  and 
his  amiable  manners.  He  died  December 
17S9.    It  is  not  the  least  of  his  praise  to  men- 


CL 


CL 


tton,  tliat  on  his  brother's  death  he  sent  for 
his  widow  and  nine  children  from  Scotland, 
and  settled  them  in  Dublin,  With  all  the  af- 
fection and  tender  care  of  a  parent. 

Cleivelaxd,  John.  Vid.  Cleveland. 

Cleland,  John,  son  of  colonel  Cleland, 
the  Will  Honeycomb  of  the  Spectator,  was 
early  sent  as  consul  to  Smyrna;  and  on  his 
return  to  England  he  -went  to  the  East  In- 
dies. H is- quarrel,  however,  with  the  presi- 
dency of  Bombay  prevented  his  advance- 
ment, and  he  left  the  country.  Poor  and 
dissatisfied,  on  his  arrival  in  London,  loaded 
with  debts,  and  exposed  to  the  intrusion  of 
bailiffs,  and  the  horrors  of  a  prison,  he  en- 
deavoured to  extricate  himself  by  writing 
that  infamous  publication,  the  woman  of  plea- 
sure, 'which,  though  it  procured  him  not 
more  than  20  guineas,  yet  brought  into  the 
hands  of  the  licentious  and  mercenary  book- 
seller not  less  thau  10,000/.  The  evil  ten- 
dency of  his  publication  caused  his  appear- 
ance before  the  privy  council;  but  lord  Gran- 
ville, the  president,  admitted  his  plea  of 
poverty,  and,  to  engage  him  no  longer  to  ex- 
ercise his  abilities  in  such  immoral  composi- 
tions, he  procured  him  a  pension  of  100/.  a 
year.  His  memoirs  of  a  coxcomb,  and  his 
man  of  honor,  in  some  slight  degree  atoned 
for  the  depravity  of  his  former  work.  He 
died  23d  January  1759,  aged  82. 

Clemancis,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  the 
diocese  of  Chalons,  who  studied  at  Paris, 
ynder  Gerson,  and  in  1S93,  became  rector  of 
the  university.  From  a  letter  which  he 
wrote  to  Charles  VI.  of  France,  exhorting 
him  to  put  an  end  to  the  papal  schism,  he 
was  accused  as  the  author  of  the  bull  of  ex- 
communication sent  against  his  sovereign  by 
Benedict  XIII.  and  he  took  refuge  into  a 
convent.  He  was  afterwards  reconciled  to 
the  king,  and  was  preferred.  He  died  1440. 
His  corrupt  state  of  the  church,  in  which 
he  boldly  developes  the  abuses  of  the  papal 
see,  was  published  by  Lydius,  a  protestant, 
in  Holland,  1613.  He  wrote  besides  a  trea- 
tise on  simony,  an  able  work. 

Clemencet,  Charles,  a  French  Bene- 
dictine, born  at  Painblanc  in  Autun,  taught 
rhetoric  at  Paris,  where  he  died  1778,  aged 
74.  He  possessed  a  happy  memory,  and 
great  industry.  He  wrote  that  valuble  book, 
Tart  de  verifier  les  dates,  4to.  1750,  and  fol. 
1770 — a  general  history  of  Port  Royal,  ten 
vols.  12mo. — and  other  works. 

Clemens,  Titus  Flavius,  a  father  of  the 
church,  generally  called  Alcxandrinus,  be- 
cause born  at  Alexandria,  according  to  some. 
He  succeeded,  191,  Pametius,  in  the  cathe- 
tical  school  of  Alexandria,  where  he  died. 
The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  that  of  Pot- 
ter, 2  vols.  fol.  Oxford,  1715. 

Clemens,  Romanus,  a  father  of  the 
church,  the  companion  of  St.  Paul,  and 
bishop  of  Rome.  He  died  100.  His  epistle 
to  the  Corinthian  church  has  been  published 
1698,  and  translated  by  Wake '1705. 

Clement  II.  bishop  of  Bamberg,  was 
elected  pope  by  the  council  of  Sutri  1046, 
and  died  9th  October  1047.   He  was  a  Saxon 


by  birth,  and  wa3  distinguished  by  his  zeai 
against  simony. 

Clement  III.  bishop  of  Prsencste,  suc- 
ceeded Gregory  VIII.  as  pope  1187,  and 
died  27th  March  1191,  after  publishing  a 
crusade  against  the  Saracens. 

Clement  IV.  Guy  de  Foulques,  a 
Frenchman,  elected  pope  after  Urban  IV. 
at  Perouse,  1205.  Before  his  election  he 
had  been  a  soldier,  and  then  a  civilian,  and 
on  the  death  of  his  wife  he  took  orders,  and 
became  archbishop  of  Narbonne,  and  a  car- 
dinal. He  showed  great  moderation  and 
prudence,  and  refused  to  bestow  his  favors 
indiscriminately  on  his  relations.  He  died 
at  Viterbo  29th  November  1268. 

Clement  V.  or  Bertrand  de  Goth,  was 
born  at  Villain! ran,  near  Bourdeaux.  Hi 
was  archbishop  of  Bourdeaux  1300,  and  af- 
ter the  death  of  Benedict  XI.  was  elected 
pope  1305.  He  was  crowned  at  Lyons,  and 
removed  the  see  of  Rome  to  Avignon  1309 
He  abolished  the  templars  at  the  request  of 
Philip  the  fair  of  France,  whose  views  he 
blindly  seconded.  He  is  accused  of  incon- 
tinence, by  his  intercourse  with  the  countess 
of  Perigord  ;  and  he  was  extravagant  in  his 
expenses,  though  fond  of  acquiring  money. 
He  died  20th  April  1314,  at  Roquemaure, 
near  Avignon. 

Clement  VI.  Peter  Roger,  a  doctor  of 
Paris  university,  who  succeeded  Benedict 
XII.  on  the  papal  throne  1342.  He  is  re- 
presented by  Petrarch,  whom  he  patronised, 
as  a  worthy,  generous,  and  learned  prelate ; 
but  other  historians  paint  him  as  debauched, 
proud,  and  ambitious.  He  died  6th  Decem- 
ber 1352,  at  Avignon. 

Clement  VII.  Julius  de  Medicis,  na- 
tural son  of  Julian  de  Medicis,  was  declared 
legitimate  by  Leo  X.  on  the  testimony  of 
persons  who  said  they  had  witnessed  the 
marriage  of  his  parents ;  and  he  was  made 
by  him  legate  at  Bologna,  and  archbishop  of 
Narbonne  and  Florence.  He  was  elected 
pope  1523,  on  the  death  of  Adrian  VI- 
Great  as  a  pope,  he  was  weak  as  a  politician, 
and  by  the  holy  league  which  he  formed  be- 
tween Henry  Vlll.  of  England  and  Francis 
I.  of  France,  he  drew  upon  himself  the  re- 
sentment of  Charles  V.  who  took  and  plun- 
dered Rome,  and  besieged  the  holy  pontiff 
in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo.  Though  he 
escaped,  he  was  obliged  to  submit  to  igno- 
minious terms  ;  but  though  assisted  by  Hen- 
ry, lie  refused  to  countenance  his  divorce 
from  Catharine  of  Arragon  ;  and  wdien  tin- 
English  monarch  married  Anna  Boleyn,  the 
sovereign  pontiff  issued  a  bull  of  excommu- 
nication against  him,  and  thus  produced  the 
separation  of  England  from  the  Roman 
church.    He  died-  26th  September  1534. 

Clement  VTH.  Hippolitus  Aldobraudin, 
a  native  of  Florence,  made  cardinal  by  Six- 
tus  V.  and  elected  pope  after  the  death  of 
Innocent  IX.  1592.  He  first  opposed  the 
election  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  but  after- 
wards was  reconciled  to  him,  though  he  se- 
verely resented  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits- 
He  was  a  liberal  minded  and  benevolent 


CL 

prelate;   and  died  5th   March  1G05,    aged 

Clement  IX.  Julius  Rospigliosi,  was 
born  in  Pistpia  in  Tuscany,  of  a  noble  fami- 
ly, and  was  elected  1667,  "after  tbe  death  of 
Alexander  VII.  His  reign  was  disturbed  by 
the  schisms  of  the  Jansenists  ;  but  lie  heard 
uf  the  loss  of  Caadia,  which  was  taken  by 
the  Turks,  with  such  sorrow  that  he  died  of 
grief,  9th  December  1609,  aged  71. 

Clement  X.  John  Baptist  Emilius»AI- 
lieri,  a  Roman,  made  cardinal  by  Clement 
(X.  whom  he  succeeded  1670.  lie  was  mild 
unci  amiable  in  character;  and  as  all  the  bu- 
siness of  the  papal  soe  was  managed  by  his 
nephew,  the  Romans  jocosely  said  there 
were  two  popes,  the  one  in  fact,  the  other 
in  name.  He  died  22d  July  1676,  aged 
SO. 

Clement  XI.  John  Francis  Albani,  son 
of  a  Roman  senator,  was  born  at  Pesaro 
1049,  and  made  a  cardinal  1690,  and  elected 
pope  1700,  on  the  death  of  Innocent  XII. 
He  was  three  days  in  determining  whether 
1o  accept  of  the  popedom  or  not.  He  was 
iin  able  politician  ;  but  his  reign  was  distur- 
bed by  the  schism  of  the  Jansenists  ;  ami  he 
published  a  bull  in  1705  against  the  live  fa- 
mous propositions.  In  1713  he  issued  his  bull 
called  unigenitus  against  101  propositions  of 
the  new  testament  by  Quc-sncl;  a  book  which 
he  had  originally  approved  and  commended, 
but  which  the  virulence  of  the  times  obliged 
him  to  condemn.  He  gave  a  friendly  re- 
ception to  the  pretender;  and  died  at  Rome 
19th  March  1721,  aged  72.  His  works  were 
edited  at  Home,  in  2  vols.  fol.  1729. 

Clement  XII.  Laurence  Corsini,  a  na- 
tive of  Rome,  raised  to  the  popedom,  1730, 
after  the  death  of  Benedict  XIII.  He  la- 
bored earnestly  in  the  reform  of  abuses, 
and  when  the  cardinals  wished  to  recom- 
mend to  him  particular  ministers,  lie  nobly 
replied,  it  is  for  the  cardinals  to  elect  popes, 
but  for  the  pope  to  elect  his  ministers.  He 
died  6th  February  1740,  aged  near  88; 
and  so  popular  was  his  government,  that 
the  Romans  erected  a  brazen  statue  to  his 
honor. 

Clement  XIII.  Charles  Rezzonico,  a 
native  of  Venice,  made  a  cardinal  1737,  by 
Clement  XII.  and  raised  to  the  see  of  Padua 
1743,  where  his  conduct  was  so  amiable  and 
benevolent,  that  on  the  death  of  Ucnediet 
XIV.  he  was  elected  pope  1768.  During  his 
reign  the  Jesuits  were  expelled  from  France, 
Spain,  and  Naples.  He-  died  suddenly,  2d 
February  1709,  aged  7C,  much  respected, 
and  to  his  last  moments  heavily  afflicted 
with  the  dissensions  which  disturbed  the 
church. 

Clement  XIV.  John  Vincent  Anthony 
Ganganelli,  son  of  a  physician  of  St.  Arch- 
nngelo  near  Rimini,  was  born  31st  October 
1705.  When  18  he  entered  among  the 
Franciscans,  and  applied  himself  to  the 
studies  of  philosophy  and  divinity  at  Passa- 
ro,  Recanati,  Fano,  and  Rome,  and  when  at 
the  age  of  35,  he  became  public  professor  in 
the  college  of  Bonavent  tire.  He  was  employed 


CL 

under  Benedict  XIV.  in  the  council  of  the 
holy  office,  and  the  next  pope,  Clement  XHT. 
who  equally  knew  ids  merit,  raised  him  to 
the  purple.  Though  raised  to  dignity,  he 
preserved  the  habit  and  the  austerity  of  a 
poor  ecclesiastic,  but  in  his  opinions  he  es- 
poused the  cause  of  foreign  prince 
spoke  boldly  of  the  necessity  of  expelling 
the  Jesuits."  On  the  death  of  Clement  XIII. 
he  was  elected  in  a  tumultuous  assembly  of 
the  conclave,  and  proclaimed  pope  by  car- 
dinal de  Bernis.  The  difficulties  which 
surrounded  him  were  artfully  removed  ;  he 
negotiated  with  Portugal,  Spain,  and  France, 
who  seemed  inclined  to  make  deep  inroads 
on  the  papal  power,  and  at  their  pressing 
solicitations  he,  in  1773,  formally  suppressed 
the  Jesuits.  The  violent  spirit  of  the  times, 
and  the  unpopular  measures  which  necessity 
obliged  him  to  adopt,  at  last  wasted  away 
his  strength,  and  produced  such  debility  as 
proved  fatal  22d  September  1774,  though 
some  have  been  accused  of  hastening  his 
death  by  poison.  In  his  character  he  was 
bold,  upright,  benevolent,  and  mild,  the 
friend  of  literature,  and  an  enemy  to  all 
abuses.  When  desired  to  live  with  greater 
splendor,  he  replied  that  neither  St.  Peter 
nor  St.  Francis  had  taught  him  to  dine 
splendidly.  His  life  has  been  published  by 
Caraccioli,  and  some  letters  have  appeared, 
4  vols.  12mo.  1776,  under  his  name,  though 
they  are  supposed  many  of  them  to  be  spu- 
rious. 

Clement,  David,  a  native  of  Hof  Geis- 
mar,  who  succeeded  his  father  as  pastor  of 
a  French  congregation  there,  from  which  he 
removed  to  Brunswick  1736,  and  then  to 
Har.over,  where  he  died  1760.  He  is  author 
of  bibliotheque  curicuse  historique  de  livres 
difficiles  a  trouver,  9  vols.  4to. — Specimen 
Bibliothecse  Hispano, — Majensix,  sive  Idea 
novi  catalog')  scriptorum  llispan.  in  biblio- 
theca  Greg. — Majens  1753,  &c. 

Clement,  Francis,  a  native  of  Beze  ifl 
Burgundy,  member  of  the  congregation  of 
St.  Maur.  He  was  employed  by  his  supe- 
riors at  Paris  to  continue  Rivet's  literary 
history  of  France,  of  which  he  wrote  the 
11th  and  12th  vols.  He  afterwards  coin- 
posed  the  12th  and  13th  vols,  of  Bouquet's 
collection  of  French  historians,  and  improv- 
ed Dantine's  art  de  verifier  les  dates,  pub- 
lished bv  Durand  and  Clemehcet  in  ;to. — 
and  by  himself,  3  vols.  fol.  1783— 1792.  He 
began  Part  de  verifier  les  dates  avaut  J. 
Christ,  but  died  before  its  completion  1793, 
aged  79. 

Clement,  Peter,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
who  became  travelling  tutor  to  lord  Walde- 
grave,  and  afterwards  settled  at  Paris, 
where  he  conducted  the  Nouvelles  iitcraries 
de  France  from  174'.'  to  1754.  lie  wrote 
also  some  poems,  and  Merope  a  tragedy; 
and  George  Barnwell  translated  from  the 
English,  kc.  He  was  not  always  correct  in 
his  character,  but  often  licentious.  I!e  died 
1767,  aged  60. 

Cleobulvs,  one  fit" the  seven  wise  mir. 
■  of  Greece,  v.  ho  died  about  560  R  (.  . 


C.L 


CL 


Cleomerotus,  two  kings  of  Sparta. 
The  one  fell  at  the  battle  of  Leuctra,  B.  C. 
371,  and  the  other  was  son-in-law  of  Leoni- 
das,  and  was  banished  afterwards. 

Cleomenes,  a  king  of  Sparta,  who  slew 
himself  B.  C.  491. — Another,  who  succeeded 
Agesipolis  his  brother,  and  reigned  01  years. 
— Another  who  was  defeated  by  the  Achae- 
an s,  and  fled  into  Egypt  where  he  destroyed 
himself,  B.  C.  219. 

Cleopatra,  a  queen  of  Egypt,  who  in- 
trigued with  J.  Ocesar  to  ensure  the  posses- 
sion of  her  kingdom,  and  afterwards  mar- 
ried Antony,  whom  she  attended  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Actium.  Not  to  be  led  a  captive  in 
t  he  triumph  of  the  victorious  Augustus  she 
destroyed  herself  by  the  bite  of  an  asp,  B. 
C.  30. 

Oleosteatus,  a  Grecian  astronomer, 
who  invented  the  signs  of  the  zodiac,  and 
reformed  the  Greek  calendar,  B.  C.  536. 

Clerc,  John  le,  a  celebrated  scholar 
born  at  Geneva,  19th  March  1637.  As.  his 
father  was  a  physician  of  eminence,  and  a 
Greek  professor  at  Geneva,  the  greatest  at- 
tention was  paid  to  his  education,  and  after 
Studying  belles  lettres  and  the  classics  with 
(he  most  indefatigable  earnestness  he  direc- 
ted his  thoughts  to  divinity  at  the  age  of  19, 
and  was  at  the  proper  time  admitted  into 
orders.  He  soon  after  embraced  Arminian- 
ism,  and  after  residing  some  time  at  Sau- 
mor,  he  visited  England,  where  he  was  ho- 
nored with  the  acquaintance  of  many  learned 
and  respectable  characters.  Ashe  totally  dif- 
fered from  his  friends  and  connexions  at  Ge- 
neva, with  respect  to  religious  opinions,  he 
determined  not  to  reside  among  them,  but 
settled  at  Amsterdam  1683,  where  he  be- 
came popular  as  a  preacher,and  particularly 
as  professor  of  philosophy,  Hebrew,  and  po- 
lite literature.  His  ars  critica,  3  vols.  12mo. 
was  published  in  1696,  and  in  1709  appeared 
his  Sulpicius  Severus,  his  Grotius,  and  also 
the  remains  of  Menander  and  Philemon,  a 
collection  which  drew  upon  him  the  severe 
censures  of  those  able  scholars  Bentley  and 
Burman.  Le  Clerc  died  8th  Jan.  1736,  in 
his  r9th  year,  having  been  afflicted  for  the 
last  six  years  with  great  weakness  of  intel- 
lects. He  married,  at  the  age  of  34,  the 
daughter  of  Gregorio  Leti,  by  whom  he  had 
four  children,  who  all  died  young.  Many 
of  his  works  were  dedicated  to  English  pre- 
lates and  other  leading  men  in  the  nation  ; 
yet  his  name  was  particularly  unpopular  in 
England,  and  his  writings  were  severely 
censured  by  some  of  the  clergy,  and  for  this 
he  was  indebted  to  the  Arminian  principles 
which  he  had  imbibed,  and  the  acrimonious 
language  which  he  used  against  episcopacy. 
At  one  time  his  admirers  in  England  were 
desirous  of  fixing  him  in  a  more  independent 
state  here,  than  he  enjoyed  at  Amsterdam, 
hut  the  scheme  was  thwarted  by  opposite 
opinions.  Whatever  might  be  the  prejudice 
of  his  enemies,  he  certainly  deserved  well 
of  literature,  for  his  many  valuable  writings 
in  criticism,  religion,  and  philosophy,  and 
he  must  he  respected  as  an  able  writer  and 


sound  divine,  and  an  erudite  scholar.  His 
other  works  are  systems  of  logic,  entology, 
and  pneumatology,  besides  a  translation  of 
the  bible  into  French,  &tc.  He  also  conduc- 
ted the  bibliotheque  choisie  from  1703  to 
1713,  128  vols.  l'2mo — bibliotheque  ancienne 
Sc  moderne  29  vols.  1729 — and  bibliotheque 
universelle  &  historique  to  1693,  25  vols. 
12mo. 

Clerc,  Sebastian  le,  originally  a  helper 
in  the  kitchen  of  the  abbey  of  St.  Arnould 
at  Metz,  displayed  early  proofs  of  genius  as 
a  painter.  The  scraps  of  paper  on  which  he 
had  made  some  rude  delineations  were  seen 
accidentally  by  the  prior  of  the  house,  who 
had  the  kindness  to  encourage  him  and  to 
favor  his  advancement.  He  studied  geome- 
try and  perspective,  and  gradually  rose  to 
eminence,  till  distinguished  by  marshal 
de  la  Ferte,  and  made  engraver  to  Lewis 
XIV.  and  knighted  by  Clement  XI.  He 
died  at  Paris  25th  October  1714,  aged  77. 
He  was  admirable  in  his  landscapes,  archi- 
tecture and  ornaments,  and  he  has  gained 
credit  as  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  archi- 
tecture 2  vols.  4to. — a  treatise  on  ge  >metry, 
&c.  Svo. — and  another  on  perspective.  Not 
less  than  3000  pieces  are  mentioned  as  the 
work  of  his  graver,  and  he  had  the  art,  after 
Callot,  of  introducing  live  or  six  leagues  ex- 
tent of  country  in  a  small  space. 

Clerc,  Daniel  le,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
where  his  father  was  Greek  professor.  He 
studied  medicine  at  Paris  and  Monlpellier, 
and  practised  with  great  reputation  and  suc- 
cess at  Geneva.  He  was  made  member  of 
the  council  of  state  1704,  and  then  quitted 
his  professional  labors,  and  died  1728.  He 
was  a  learned  antiquary,  and  wrote  biblio- 
theca  anatomica,  &c.  2  vols.  fol. — histoire  de 
la  medicine,  Geneva,  8vo.  1696,  translated  into 
English — historia  naturalis  &  medica  lato- 
rum  lumbricorum,  &c. 

Clerc,  John  le,  a  French  painter,  knight- 
ed at  Venice,  where  he  died  1633,  aged  40. 

Clerke,  Gilbert,  a  native  of  Uppington, 
llutlandshire,  educated  at  Sidney  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  He 
was  an  able  Grecian  and  mathematician,  hut 
strongly  favoring  the  Socinians,  he  left  the 
university  for  a  small  estate  in  Northampton- 
shire, where  he  died  about  1095,  aged  69. 
He  wrote  an  answer  to  bishop  Bull's  work 
on  the  divine  faith — and  a  treatise  on  Ought- 
red's  clavis  niatbematica,  Sec. 

ClermontTonnerre  ,  S  t  anislaus  count 
of,  a  French  nobleman  iu  the  states  general 
assembled  at  Paris  1789.  He  showed  him- 
self an  able  orator,  attached  to  order,  the 
friend  of  limited  monarchy,  and  an  enemy  to 
popular  tumults.  His  opposition  to  the  Jaco- 
bin club  sent  him  to  prison,  where  he  was 
massacred  on  the  1st  day  of  Sept.  1793. 
His  opinions  have  been  published  in  4  vols. 
Svo. — and  his  examen  de  la  constitution,  Svo. 

1791. His  father,  the  duke  of  Clermont, 

was  cruelly  guillotined  26th  July  1793,  aged 
74- 

Cleveland  or  Cleivelamd,  John,  a 
poet  ia  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  was  bora  at 


€L 


CL 


Loughborough  1G13,  son  of  a  clergyman, 
ami  educated  at  Christ  college,  Cambridge, 
from  which  he  was  removed  to  St.  John's,  of 
which  he  became  a  fellow  in  1034.  As  tutor 
he  gained  great  applause  ;  and  as  a  political 
writer,  he  ably  served  the  royal  cause. 
Though  unsuccessfully,  he  opposed  the  elec- 
tion of  Oliver  Cromwell  to  be  a  member  for 
the  town  of  Cambridge,  and  when  he  found 
his  place  of  residence  no  longer  safe,  he  re- 
tired to  Oxford,  where  the  king  had  fixed  his 
head  quarters.  His  satirical  pieces,  espe- 
cially "  the  rebel  Scot,"  were  greatly  ad- 
mired ;  he  was  rewarded  for  his  loyalty,  by 
the  appointment  of  judge  advocate  of  the 
garrison  of  Newark;  but  when  this  was 
taken  by  the  republicans,  be  made  his  escape, 
destitute  and  poor,  lie  was  seized  at  Nor- 
wich, and  detained  as  a  person  of  great  abili- 
ties and  averse  to  the  reigning  government, 
and  he  obtained  his  liberty  by  writing  to 
Cromwell  a  letter,  in  which,  while  he  suppli- 
cates his  enlargement,  he  boldly  avows  his 
principles  and  defends  his  conduct.  After 
his  release,  he  retired  to  London,  where  he 
became  the  companion  of  the  wits  and  loyal- 
ists of  the  times,  especially  of  the  author  of 
Hudibras.  He  died  of  an  intermittent  fever, 
29th  April  1659.  His  remains  were  honora- 
bly bnried  at  St.  Michael  Royal,  College- 
bill,  and  a  sermon  preached  over  him  by  his 
friend  Pierson,  afterwards  bishop  of  Chester. 
Though  courted  and  admired  as  a  poet  in  his 
own  age,  and  preferred  before  Milton  by  his 
contemporaries,be  is  now  sunk  into  oblivion. 
The  last  edition  of  his  poems  is  in  Svo.  1687. 
The  subjects  of  his  muse  were  the  party  po- 
litics of  the  day.  He  was  one  of  those  me- 
taphysical poets  who  abound  with  witty 
rather  than  just  thoughts,  whose  learned  al- 
lusions amuse  and  glitter  for  a  moment,  and 
possess  nothing  of  the  simplicity  and  genuine 
elegance  which  must  please  and  captivate 
with  equal  charms  every  reader  in  every  age. 

Clifford,  George,  third  earl  of  Cum- 
berland, was  eminent  as  a  navigator.  He 
was  born  in  1558,  and  was  educated  at  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  where  Whitgift,  after- 
wards primate,  was  his  tutor.  After  apply- 
ing himself  to  the  study  of  mathematics,  he 
was  employed  under  government,  and  in 
1586  sat  as  one  of  the  peers  on  the  unfortu- 
nate Mary  queen  of  Scots.  He  was  of  a 
genius  bold  and  enterprising,  and  not  less 
than  eleven  expeditions  by  sea  were  under- 
taken by  him,  and  at  his  own  expense,  either 
for  purposes  of  discovery,  or  for  the  annoy- 
ance of  tiie  enemies  of  his  country.  Besides 
the  many  valuable  captures  which  he  made, 
lie  deserved  the  favor  of  his  royal  mistress, 
who  created  him  knight  of  the  garter  1591. 
In  1601  he  was  one  of  those  employed  to  re- 
duce Essex  to  obedience.  He  died  in  the 
Savoy,  London)  30th  October  1605,  and  was 
buried  at  Kipton  in  Yorkshire.  His  daugh- 
ter was  the  famous  Anne,  countess  of  Dorset, 
Pembroke  and  Montgomery. 

Clifford,  Martin,  an  English  writer, 
educated  at  Westminster  school  and  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  aud  was  made  master  of 


the  Charter-house  after  the  restoration.  Hf 
was  author  of  a  treatise  on  human  reason, 
published  anonymously  1675,  in  which  he 
makes  every  man's  fancy  the  guide  of  his 
religion.  Of  this  book  Lancy  bishop  of  Ely 
declared,  at  a  public  dinner  at  the  Charter- 
house, that  all  the  copies  and  the  author 
himself  ought  to  be  burned.  He  died  1677, 
and  was  buried  in  the  Charter-house  chapel. 
Sprat  dedicated  his  life  of  Cow  ley  to  him, 
and  it  is  supposed  that  he  was  concerned  in 
the  Rehearsal. 

Clinton,  Henry,  grandson  of  Francis 
sixth  earl  of  Lincoln,  was  knight  of  the  Bath, 
and  engaged  as  general  in  the  American 
war.  He  evacuated  Philadelphia  in  1778, 
and  took  Charlestown  in  1780,  for  which  he 
was  thanked  by  the  house  of  commons.  He 
returned  to  England  in  1782,  and  soon  after 
published  an  account  of  the  campaign  in 
1 781-83,  which  lord  Corn wallis  answered, and 
to  which  sir  Henry  made  a  reply.  He  was 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  1795,  and  also  mem- 
ber for  Newark,  and  died  soon  after. 

Clisson,  Oliver  de,  a  native  of  Britany, 
who  fought  at  the  battle  of  Aurai  in  1364, 
by  the  side  of  his  friend  count  Montfort. 
He  afterwards  followed  the  fortunes  of  Gues- 
clin,  and  succeeded  him  as  constable  of 
France  1380.  In  1382  he  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  battle  of  Rosebec  ;  but  he  incur- 
red the  hatred  of  the  duke  of  Britany,  who 
caused  him  to  be  condemned  to  death  in 
1387,  though  he  escaped,  and  was  afterwards 
reconciled  to  his  persecutors.  The  mental 
disorders  of  Charles  VI.  proved  fatal  to  his 
fortune,  he  was  deprived  of  all  his  honors, 
and  in  consequence  retired  to  his  seat  in 
Britany,  where  he  died  1407,  deservedly  re- 
spected for  his  valor,  integrity  and  humanity. 

Clisthenes,  an  Athenian,  who  intro- 
duced the  law  of  ostracism,  which  proved  so 
fatal  to  many  illustrious  generals.  He  had 
a  share  in  the  banishment  of  the  Pisistra- 
tidte. 

Clitomachus,  a  Carthaginian  philoso- 
pher, disciple  of  Carueades.  It  is  said, 
that  he  wrote  above  400  volumes,  and  he  put 
an  end  to  his  life  in  his  old  age. 

Clive,  Robert,  a  celebrated  general,  born 
at  Styche,  Moreton  Say,  the  family  seat  of 
his  ancestors,  near  Market-drayton,  29th 
Sept.  1725.  He  was  placed  at  school  atLos- 
tockin  Cheshire,  and  afterwards  at  Market- 
drayton,  then  atMerchant-taylors',  and  lastly 
at  Hemel-Hempstead,  and  probably  from 
the  rapidity  of  these  changes,  his  education 
did  not  receive  that  high  polish,  which  a  re- 
gular unvaried  system  might  have  ensured. 
In  1743,  he  was  appointed  writer  to  the 
East  India  company,  but  his  obstinate  inflex- 
ible disposition  often  exposed  him  to  the 
suspicion  and  censure  of  his  superiors.  In 
one  instance  his  conduct  to  the  secretary 
was  so  reprehensible,  that  the  governor  in- 
sisted on  his  making  an  apology.  Clive  mad*' 
the  apology  with  contempt,  and  in  such  am- 
biguous terms,  that  the  secretary  mistook  it 
for  a  compliment,  and  invited  him  to  dinner, 
"No   sir,"   replied  the    unsubdued  Clive, 


€L 


-'  the  governor  did  not  command  me  to  dine 
with  you."  In  1747  he  accepted  an  ensigncy 
in  the  military  service,  and  highly  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  siege  of  Pondichcrry, 
■n  here  he  received  a  shot  in  his  hat,  and 
another  in  his  coat.  At  the  seige  of  Devi 
Cotah  under  major  Laurence,  lie  volunteer- 
ed to  storm  the  town,  and  he  and  three 
others  only  out  of  34  who  had  undertaken  this 
perilous  attempt,  returned,  but  so  terrified 
■were  the  enemy  that  they  abandoned  the 
town.  On  the  cessation  of  hostilities,  he  re- 
turned to  his  civil  office,  and  became  com- 
missary to  the  troops.  In  1753,  he  returned 
to  England,  and  his  services  were  acknow- 
ledged by  the  handsome  present  of  a  sword 
set  with  diamonds,  by  the  court  of  directors. 
He  revisited  India  as  governor  of  fort  St. 
David,  and  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  co- 
lonel, and  he  ably  assisted  admiral  Watson 
in  the  conquest  of  the  pirate  Angria,  and 
took  fort  William  in  Bengal.  At  the  battle 
of  Plassey  he  completely  routed  Surajah 
Dowla,  and  settled  Jaftier  Alii  Cawn  on  the 
throne  of  Muxadabad.  lie  was  made  an 
Irish  peer  on  his  coming  to  England  in  1760, 
and  four  years  after  he  went  back  as  presi- 
dent, when  the  vigor  of  his  counsels,  and  the 
boldness  of  his  measures,  restored  tranquillity 
to  the  east,  and  security  to  the  inhabitants. 
In  1767  he  reached  home,  and  in  1769  was 
made  knight  of  the  Bath.  Though  his  ser- 
vices were  so  great  and  so  meritorious,  yet 
he  did  not  escape  the  malevolent  insinuations 
of  his  enemies.  His  fortune  was  immense, 
andhis  assistance  in  one  instance  was  reward- 
ed by  the  Mogul  by  the  present  of  a  tract  of 
country  producing  a  yearly  revenue  of  17,000?. 
This  great  opulence,  therefore,  drew  upon 
him  the  censures  of  some  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  house  of  commons,  who  in  1773 
made  a  motion  that,  in  the  acquisition  of  his 
wealth,  lord  Clive  had  abused  the  powers 
with  which  be  was  intrusted.  Against  this 
charge  he  made  a  short  but  most  energetic 
defence,  and  the  conclusion  was  that  ihe 
house  voted  that  lord  Clive  had  rendered 
great  and  meritorious  services  to  his  country. 
His  abilities  as  a  general  were  universally 
admired,  Mr.  Pitt  called  him  a  heaven-born 
general,  who,  without  experience  and  regu- 
lar study,  surpassed  all  the  military  men  of 
his  age.  On  the  breaking  out'of  the  Amer- 
ican war,  Clive  was  offered  the  place  of  com- 
mander in  chief,  which  in  consequence  of 
the  ill  state  of  his  health  he  declined.  He 
was  from  1760  to  the  day  of  his  death  repre- 
sentative for  Shrewsbury.  His  health,  which 
was  dreadfully  shattered  by  a  severe  nervous 
fever  while  at  Madras,  gradually  declined, 
he  seldom  was  without  an  attendant  about 
his  person,  and  his  depression  of  spirits  at 
last  became  so  great  that  in  one  fatal  moment 
he  lost  his  reason  and  destroyed  himself  No- 
vember 22d,  1774.  He  was  buried  at  More- 
ton  Say  the  place  of  his  birth.  He  married 
in  1753,  Margaret,  sister  of  Dr.  Maskelyne, 
the  learned  astronomer  royal,  by  whom  he 
Ifsd  two  sons  and  three  daughters.  He  made 
a  noble  present  of  70,000£.  to  the  invalids  in 
the  company's  service. 


Clive,  Catherine,  an  eminent  actress 
born  in  1711.  She  first  appeared  at  Drury- 
lane  in  hoy's  clothes  in  the  character  of  ls- 
menes,  and  continued  to  improve  till  her  de- 
lineation of  Nell  in  the  Devil  to  pay,  exhibited 
her  in  the  possession  of  such  superior  talents 
that  for  30  years  she  remained  unrivalled  on 
the  stage.  In  1732  she  married  George 
Clive,  a  gentleman  of  the  law,  brother  to 
lord  Clive,  but  their  union  was  productive  of 
no  domestic  happiness,  so  that  they  sepa- 
rated, and  never  again  lived  together.  In 
1769,  Mrs.  Clive,  following  the  example  of 
Mrs.  Pritchard,  retired  from  the  stage,  and 
lived  at  Strawberry  hill,  Twickenham,  where 
she  spent  the  rest  of  her  life  in  comfortable 
and  independent  ease.  She  died  December 
6th,  1785,  highly  respected  in  private  as  well 
as  in  public  life.  Her  powers  of  acting  were 
very  great  and  diversified,  and  she  never 
failed  to  please  and  captivate  either  as  the 
capricious  coquette,  the  high  bred  lady,  the 
jealous  wife,  the  affected  chambermaid, 
or  the  superannuated  beauty. 

Clodius,  Publius,  a  Roman  senator  of 
debauched  character.  He  was  a  great  ene- 
my to  Cato  and  Cicero,  and  at  last  was  kil- 
led in  an  accidental  encounter  by  Milo,  B. 
C.  53. 

C loots,  Anacharsis,  a  native  of  Prussia, 
who,  in  the  madness  of  the  French  revolution, 
called  himself  the  orator  of  the  human  race, 
and  as  a  member  of  the  national  convention 
he  voted  for  the  king's  death.  He  was  a  man 
of  letters  and  nephew  of  W.  Pauw,  and  pub- 
lished the  "  republique  universelle,"  but  he 
was.  as  profane  in  his  religious  as  he  was  li- 
centious in  his  political  tenets.  He  was  guil- 
lotined March  24th,  1794. 

Clopinel,  or  John  de  Meun,  a  French 
poet,  born  in  12S0,  died  about  1364.  He  was 
a  favorite  at  the  court  of  Philip  the  fair,  and 
acquired  some  celebrity  by  continuing  the 
unfinished  poem  of  the  Romance  of  the  Rose,, 
by  W.  de  Loris.  He  translated  Boethius' 
consolations.  His  romance  was  edited  1735, 
three  vols.  12mo. 

Clostekman,  N.  a  portrait  painter  who 
settled  in  London  from  Hanover  1681.  He 
went  to  Spain  in  1696,  wter.fi  he  gained 
much  money  by  his  profession.  He  died 
1713,  of  a  broken  heart  on  being  robbed,  and 
abandoned,  by  his  mistress. 

C  lot  aire  I.  fourth  son  of  Clovis,  and 
Clotilda  was  king  of  Soissons,  and  after  the 
death  of  Thierri  and  of  Childebert,  he  united 
the  whole  French  monarchy  under  his  power 
558.  He  distinguished  himself  against  the 
Saxons  and  the  Thuringians,  and  died  at 
Compeigne  561,  in  the  64th  year  of  his  age 
and  the  51st  of  his  reign. 

Clotaire  II.  son  and  successor  of  ChiJ- 
peric,  in  the  kingdom  of  Soissons,  was  sup- 
ported by  his  mother  Fredegonde  against 
Childebert,  and  though  after  her  death  he 
was  defeated  by  Theodebert  king  of  Austra- 
sia,  and  Thierri  king  of  Burgundy,  he  had  the 
good  fortune  to  unite  that  power  to  his  own 
dominions.  Though  cruel  and  oppressive  in 
his  conduct,  some  authors  have  praised,  his 


CL 


CO 


justice  and  the  wisdom  of  some  part  of  his 
government.  He  died  628,  aged  45,  leaving 
two  sons,  Dagofoert  and  Charibert. 

Clotaire  ill.  king  of  Burgundy  and 
Neustria,  after  the  death  of  his  father  Clovis 

II.  055,  was  chiefly  governed  by  Ids  mother 
Batilda.    He  died  670,  without  children. 

Clovio,  George,  a  Sclavouian,  eminent 
as  an  historical  and  miniature  painter,  lie 
died  1578,  aged  80. 

Clovis  I.  the  proper  founder  of  the 
Trench  monarchy,  was  born  467,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Childeric  481.  He  was 
victorious  against  the  Romans,  but  in  a  bat- 
tle with  the  Germans,  when  he  saw  his 
troops  ready  to  give  way,  he  made  a  vow 
that  he  would  worship  the  God  of  the  chris- 
tians, as  his  wife  Clotilda  had  advised  him  to 
do,  and  after  obtaining  the  victory,  he  was 
converted  from  the'  heathen  religion,  and 
was  baptized  with  3000  of  his  subjects,  on 
Christmas-day,  by  St.  Itemi,  archbishop  of 
Rheims.  He  was  victorious  in  other  battles 
against  the  Goths,  and  though  he  was  check- 
ed in  a  battle  by  Theodoric  near  Aries,  he 
had  the  good  fortune  to  subdue  the  best  part 
of  Gaul  under  his  power,  and  he  fixed  his 
residence  at  Paris,  which  he  made  the  capi- 
tal of  his  dominions.  He  died  511,  aged  45, 
in  the  30th  year  of  his  reign. 

Clovis  II.  succeeded  his  father  Dagobert 
638,  and  was  a  mild  and  benevolent  prince, 
though  accused  of  debauchery  and  cowardice. 
He  died  655,  aged  23. 

Clovis  III.  succeeded  his  father  Thierri 

III.  691.  He  reigned  five  years,  and  died  at 
the  age  of  14.  He  was  governed  by  Pepin 
Heristal,  who,  as  mayor  of  the  palace,  go- 
verned the  kingdom  at  his  pleasure. 

Clowes,  William,  a  surgeon  of  eminence 
of  whom  few  particulars  are  known.  He  was 
originally  a  surgeon  in  the  navy,  and  was  af- 
terwards surgeon  to  Bartholomew  and  Christ 
hospitals,  London,  and  to  queen  Elizabeth. 
His  last  publication  on  the  venereal  disease 
was  in  1596,  reprinted  1637. 

Cltjentius,  a  Roman  accused  by  his 
mother  of  murdering  his  father.  He  was  ably 
defended  by  Cicero. 

Cluverius,  Philip,  a  celebrated  geo- 
grapher, born  at  Dantzic  1580.  He  studied 
law  at  Leyden,  but  his  genius  and  the  advice 
of  Jos.  Scaliger  directed  him  to  geography. 
He  travelled  to  improve  himself  through 
Germany,  England,  France,  and  Italy,  and 
it  is  said  he  coufd  talk  with  fluency  ten  dif- 
ferent languages.  He  died  at  Leyden  1623, 
43  years  old.  He  published  de  tribus  Rheni 
alveis — Italia — Germania  antiqua, — Sicilia  8c 
Sardinia, — introductio  ad  geograph.  univer- 
salem,  kc. 

Cobb,  Samuel,  an  ingenious  poet,  educa- 
ted at  Christ's  hospital,  of  which  he  after- 
wards became  master.  He  was  of  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge.  He  died  at  London  1713. 
He  wrote  observations  on  Virgil,  and  a  col- 
lection of  poems  8vo.  1700.  He  also  assisted 
Roue  in  his  Callip:edia,  andOzell  in  hisBoi- 
leau's  lutrin. 

Cobden,  Edward  D.  D.  first  chaplain  to 


Gibson  bishop  of  London,  andaficnrtirds  for 
22  years  to  George  II.  w  as  besides  archdea- 
con of  London,  prebendary  of  Lincoln  and 
St.  Paul's,  and  rector  of  Acton,  and  of  Si. 
Austin  and  St.  Faith,  London.  Though 
such  a  pluralist,  yet  his  income  did  not  ex- 
ceed 350/.  per  annum,  a  sum  which,  by 
moderation  and  contentment,,  he  converted 
into  honorable  independence  and  dignified 
enjoyment.  He  published  "  discourses  and 
essays,"  1757,  of  which  only  250  copies  were 
printed,  and  also  poems  for  the  benefit  of  his 
curate's  widow.  He  survived  the  loss  of  his 
wife  two  years,  and  died  22 d  April  176-i, 
aged  above  80. 

Cocceius,  Henry,  a  native  of  Bremen, 
educated  at  Leyden,  and  made  professor  of 
the  law  of  nature  and  nations  at  Heidelberg, 
from  which  he  removed  to  Utrecht,  and  af- 
terwards to  Frankfort  on  Oder.  In  1713,  he 
was  created  a  baron  of  the  empire  and  died 
1719,  aged  75.  He  is  author  of  juris  public! 
prudentia  compendiose  exhibita — prodromus 
justitice  gentium — deductiones  consilia,  etc.— 
Theses,  four  vols.  4to.  &c. 

Cocceius,  Samuel,  a  German  baron,  son 
of  the  preceding,  born  at  Frankfort  oh.  the. 
Oder.  He  was  in  the  service  of  Frederh- 
the  great  of  Prussia,  and,  as  his  grand  chan- 
cellor, he  presided  with  dignity  and  great 
impartiality  over  the  administration  of  jus- 
tice. Besides  the  Frederican  code,  pub- 
lished in  three  vols.  8vo.  1747,  he  edited  Gro- 
tius  de  jure  belli  pacis,  five  vols.  4to.  He  died 
1755. 

Cocceius,  or  Cock,  John,  a  native  of 
Bremen,  Hebrew  professor  there.  He  af- 
terwards removed  to  Franeker,  and  then  to 
Leyden,  where  he  obtained  the  theological 
chair.  He  excited  a  warm  controversy  by 
the  singularity  of  his  opinions.  He  considered 
the  whole  of  the  old  testament  as  a  mystical 
representation  of  Christ  and  his  church,  and. 
gave  to  every  word  and  sentence  a  metapho- 
rical interpretation.  He  was  an  advocate  for 
the  millennium,  and  deeply  studied  the  apo- 
calypse. His  followers  were  called  Coe- 
ceians.  He  died  at  Leyden  lGCt)  aged  Of. 
His  works  filled  10 vols.  fol. 

Cocchi,  Anthony,  professor  of  phi  sic  at 
Florence  and  Pisa,  was  born  at  MugellaifQ, 
and  died  1758,  aged  02.  He  was  esteemed 
for  his  learning,  and  came  to  England  with 
lord  Huntingdon  to  see  Mead,  Newton,  and 
other  learned  mon.  He  was  intimate  witiv 
Boerhaave.  He  was  antiquary  to  the  empe- 
ror. He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  advantage"* 
of  the  Pythagorean  mode  of  life,  and  other 
medical  treatises,  besides  an  edition  cf  Zen- 
ophon  Ephesius'  amoribus  Anthice  &  Abro- 
comre. 

Cochin,  Charles  Nicholas,  a  French  en- 
graver, was  born  1668-,  and  died  in  1754.  His 
principal  pieces  are  after  Watteau  and  le 
Maine,  and  from  the  paintings  of  the  inva- 
lids, in  which  he  was  engaged  10  years. 
There  was  another  of  the  same  name,  whose 
smaller  pieces  are  greatly  admired,  especial- 
ly those  after  Vernent.  His  son,  who  was 
equally  eminent,  jjied  1790,  aged  75.  He  wai 


CO 


CO 


author  of  letters  on  the  pictures  of  Hcrcula- 
ne*um — letters  on  the  Ii\es  of  Slodz  and  De- 
shays — travels  in  Italy,  &c. — dissertation  on 
the  effect  of  light  and  shade,  6tc. 

Cochin,  Henry,  a  native  of  Paris,  who 
studied  the  law,  and  was  as  eminent  at  the 
bar  as  Bourdaloue  was  in  the  pulpit.  He 
pleaded  his  first  cause  before  the  great  coun- 
cil when  at  the  age  of  only  22.  His  memo- 
rials, pleadings,  &c.  appeared  at  Paris,  in  C 
vols.  4to.  1751      He  died  1747,  aged  60. 

Cochl^us,  John,  a  catholic  of  Nurem- 
berg, who  warmly  attacked  Luther,  Bucer, 
Osiander,  Melancthon,  Calvin,  and  the  other 
reformers.  He  was  attacked  by  Dr.  Morri- 
son, an  Englishman,  for  his  tract  on  the  mar- 
riage of  Henry  VIII.  and  he  violently  de- 
fended himself.  He  died  January  10,  1552, 
aged  72,  at  Breslaw.  His  Historia  Hussita- 
rum,  in  folio,  is  curious.  He  wrote  besides 
d'e  aclis  et  scriptis  Lutheri,  &c. 

Cochran-,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  educa- 
ted at  Padua,  and  employed  by  James  III.  of 
Scotland  as  an  architect  to  erect  some  pub- 
lic buildings.  The  favor  which  he  enjoyed 
with  his  sovereign,  and  his  elevation  to  the 
earldom  of  Mar,  so  offended  the  old  nobility, 
that  they  tore  him  from  the  royal  presence, 
and  hanged  him  over  the  bridge  at  Lauder, 
1484. 

Cochran,  William,  a  Scotch  painter, 
born  December  12,  1758,  at  Strathaven, 
Clydesdale.  After  studying  at  Glasgow,  he 
went  to  Italy,  in  1761,  and  applied  himself 
wnder  the  direction  of  Gavin  Hamilton  at 
Rome,  and  on  his  return  home  he  acquired 
great  celebrity,  and  some  opulence.  He  died 
October  23,  1785,  and  was  buried  in  the 
cathedral  church  of  Glasgow.  His  pieces  are 
much  admired,  especially  his  Djedalus  and 
Icarus,  and  his  Diana  and  Endymion. 

Cockain,  sir  Alston,  a  native  of  Ash- 
bourne, in  Derbyshire,  studied  at  Oxford, 
and  was  fellow  of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge. 
He  was  a  catholic,  which  circumstance  di- 
minished the  number  of  his  friends  ;  though 
his  poetry,  occasionally  licentious,  was  yet 
respectable.  His  extravagance  reduced  him 
in  the  latter  part  of  his  life.  He  died  1684, 
aged  78.  He  wrote  four  plays,  and  Dianea  a 
romance. 

Cockburn,  Catharine,  an  ingenious  lady, 
daughter  of  captain  David  Trotter,  of  the 
navy.  From  a  protestant  she  became  a 
catholic,  and  again  was  reconciled  to  the  pro- 
testants.  In  1708  she  married  Mr.  Cock- 
burn,  son  of  an  eminent  Scotch  divine,  who, 
though  at  first  a  nonjuror,  took  the  oaths, 
and  obtained  the  living  of  Long  Horsley, 
Cumberland.  Though  possessed  with  a  gen- 
ius for  poetry,  she  turned  her  thoughts  to 
metaphysics,  and  defended  Locke  against 
Drs.  Burnet  and  Holdsworth.  She  survived 
her  husband  about  one  year,  and  died  1749, 
aged  70.  Her  works  were  collected  by  Dr. 
Birch,  in  2  vols.  8vo. 

Cocker,  Edward,  an  ingenious  penman, 
who  died  1677.  He  published  14  copy  books, 
engraved  by  his  own  hand,  besides  a  treatise 
on  arithmetic — a  small  English  dictionary — 


and  a  book  of  sentences  for  writing  calle<i 
Cocker's  morals. 

Cocles,  Publ.  Horat.  a  Roman,  celebra- 
ted for  his  brave  defence  of  a  bridge  across 
the  Tiber,  against  the  whole  army  of  Por- 
sena. 

C o  r> r  i  n g  T  o  n,  Christopher,  a  gentleman 
of  genius  and  merit,  was  born  at  Barbadoes, 
and  educated  at  Christ  church,  Oxford.  He 
was  elected  fellow  of  All-souls,  in  1GS9,  where 
he  distinguished  himself  by  bis  knowledge  of 
physic,  modern  and  classical  literature,  and 
divinity.  He  afterwards  entered  the  army, 
without  resigning  his  fellowship  ;  and  reeom- 
mended  himself  to  the  notice  of  king  Wil- 
liam by  his  courage  in  repelling  the  French 
in  their  attack  on  St.  Christopher,  and  fit  the 
siege  of  Namur.  At  the  peace  of  Ryswick 
he  was  made  governor  of  the  Leeward  isl- 
ands, in  which  office  he  conducted  himself 
with  great  propriety.  He  was  at  the  success- 
ful attack  on  Guadaloupe  in  1703;  sometime 
after  which  he  resigned  his  employment,  and 
lived  in  retirement  and  learned  ease.  He  di- 
ed at  Barbadoes  7th  April  1710,  and  bis  re- 
mains were  brought  to  England,  and  inter- 
red June  19,  1716,  in  All-souls  chapel.  He 
left  his  library,  valued  at  6000Z.  to  his  col- 
lege, besides  10,pU0l.  to  build  a  libraiy.  He 
left  also  two  plantations  to  the  society  for 
propagating  the  gospel  in  foreign  parts. 
Some  of  his  poems  appear  in  the  Musk  An- 
glicans. He  was  esteemed  as  very  superior 
in  metaphysical  knowledge. 

Codrus,  the  last  king  of  Athens,  who  no« 
nobly  offered  himself  to  death,  that  his  coun- 
trymen might  obtain  the  victory,  according 
to  the  words  of  an  oracle,  B.  C.  1070. 

Coeffeteau,  Nicholas,  a  Dominican, 
born  at  Calais,  died  1623,  aged  49,  after  be- 
ing nominated  to  the  see  of  Marseilles  by 
Lewis  XIII.  He  translated  Floras,  and 
wrote  a  Roman  history  from  Augustus  t« 
Constantine,  in  folio,  besides  other  pieces. 

Co  en,  John  Paterson,  a  native  of  Hoorn, 
who  became  governor  of  the  Dutch  East- 
Indies,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  city  of 
Batavia,  where  he  removed  the  factory 
from  Bantom  1G19.  He  came  to  Europe  in 
1623,  but  four  years  after  returned  to  Bata- 
via,  which  he  bravely  defended  against  the 
emperor  of  Java.  The  bodies  of  the  thou- 
sands, however,  of  the  enemy  who  fell  in  the, 
siege,  produced  a  pestilence,  of  which  un- 
fortunately Coen  died  1629,  aged  42. 

Coeur,  James,  a  French  merchant,  the 
richest  subject  in  Europe.  His  connections 
were  so  extensive  that  he  had  300  factors  in 
Italy  and  the  Levant,  and  his  resources  were 
so  great,  that  he  lent  Charles  7,200,000 
crowns  of  gold,  with  which  the  monarch 
conquered  Normandy.  These  high  services, 
however,  were  ill  repaid.  Though  once  the 
favorite  and  friend  of  the  king,  he  was  basely 
imprisoned,  and,  under  the  false  pretence 
that  he  had  poisoned  Agnes  Serel,  the  king's 
mistress,  he  was  tried  and  condemned  to  dis- 
honorable concessions,  and  a  fine  of  100,000 
crowns.  His  clerks,  in  his  misfortunes, 
showed  their  gratitude  to  him;  they  relieved 


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uis  distresses,  and  facilitated  his  escape 
from  confinement.  He  fled  to  Rome,  where 
pope  Calixtus  III.  gave  him  the  command  of 
his  fleet  against  the  Turks.  He  soon  after 
died  at  Chio,  1450. 

Cog  an,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Somerset- 
shire, educated  at  Oriel  college,  of  which 
he  became  fellow.  In  1575  he  was  elected 
master  of  Manchester  school,  and  tliere,  as 
he  had  taken  his  degrees  in  physic,  he  prac- 
tised with  grtat  success.  He  was  author  of 
the  haven  of  health,  for  the  comfort  of  stu- 
dents, 4to.  1586 — a  preservative  from  the 
pestilence — epistolarum  familiarum  Cicero- 
nis  epitome,  &c. 

Coggeshalle,  Ralph,  an  English  Cis- 
tercian monk,  who  was  at  the  siege  of  Je- 
rusalem by  Saladin,  of  which  he  wrote  the 
history,  in  a  "  chronical  of  the  holy  land," 
published  in  1729.  He  wrote  besides  other 
things.  He  is  supposed  to  have  died  about 
the  year  1228. 

Cohausen,  John  Henry,  a  German  phy- 
sician, author  of  a  curious  work,  called  Her- 
mippus  redivivus,  &c.  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Dr.  John  Campbell,  and  called  the 
Sage's  triumph  over  old  age  and  the  grave. 
In  this  work,  he  pretended  that  life  might 
be  extended  to  115  years  by  taking  in  the 
breath  of  young  women.  He  died  at  Mun- 
ster  1750,  aged  85. 

Cohorm,  Memnon,  a  fampus  Dutch  en- 
gineer, who  early  displayed  his  genius  for 
military  tactics,  and  the  art  of  fortification. 
As  engineer  and  lieutenant-general  in  the 
service  of  his  country,  he  skilfully  fortified 
and  ably  defended  the  principal  towns,  and 
supported  the  siege  of  Namur  against  the 
celebrated  Vauban.  He  died  at  the  Hague 
1704,  aged  72.  He  called  Bergen-op-Zoom 
the  master-piece  of  all  his  fortifications 
which  he  had  erected  in  the  United  States. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  On  fortification,  in  the 
Flemish  language. 

Coignet,  Giles,  an  eminent  painter  of 
Antwerp,  accused  of  selling  copies  of  his 
pieces,  drawn  by  his  scholars,  and  re-touch- 
ed by  himself,  as  real  originals.  He  died 
1600  aged  70. 

Cointe,  Charles  le,  a  French  historian, 
born  at  Troyes,  4th  November  1611.  He 
was  priest  of  the  congregation  of  the  orato- 
ry, and  lor  his  abilities  he  deserved  the  pa- 
tronage of  Colbert,  who  obtained  for  him  a 
pension  of  1000  livres  and  three  years  af- 
ter 500  livres  more.  He  wrote  annales 
ecclesiastici  Francorum,  8  vols.  fol.  from 
235  to  835,  the  first  volume  of  which 
appeared  1665,  and  the  last  1679.  The 
work,  though  not  elegant,  is  curious,  and 
contains  great  variety  of  matter.  Le  Cointe 
died  at  Paris  18th  January  1681,  aged  70. 

Coiter,  Volcherius,  celebrated  asa  sur- 
geon, physician,  and  anatomist,  was  born  at 
Groniugen.  His  labors  in  anatomy  were 
very  useful,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  that 
eminence  which  modern  industry  has  pro- 
duced. He  wrote  a  system  of  anatomy,  fol. 
1573 — de  cartiliginibus  tabula?,  1566,  fol.  &c. 
and  died  1600,  aged  about  66. 
vol.    r.  4,5' 


Coke,  Edward,  a  celebrated  English  law. 
yer,  born  at  Mileham,  Norfolk,  in  1549. 
He  was  educated  at.  the  free-school,  Nor- 
wich, and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  from 
which,  after  four  years'  residence,  he  re- 
moved to  Clifford's  inn,  and  the  year  after 
to  the  Inner-temple.  After  six  years  he 
was  called  to  the  bar,  and  pleaded  his  firsv 
cause  in  the  king's  bench  1578.  He  was 
about  this  time  appointed  reader  of  Lyon's- 
inn,  where  li is  lectures  for  three  years,  vi  ere 
numerously  attended,  and  deservedly  ad- 
mired. He  married  soon  after  Bridget 
daughter  of  John  Preston  esq.  a  lady  who 
brought  him  30,000/.  and  by  whom  he  had 
ten  children.  He  now  rose  to  consequence 
by  his  abilities,  and,  from  his  matrimonial 
connections,  he  was  elected  recorder  of 
Nottingham  and  Coventry,  member  for  Nor- 
folk, and  speaker  of  the  house  of  commons* 
in  the  35th  of  Elizabeth.  He  was  solicitor  and 
afterwards  attorney-general  to  the  queen, 
and  in  that  quality  he  was  employed  in  the 
prosecution  of  Essex  and  Southampton.  He 
was  knighted  by  James  in  1 00.5  ;  but  he 
highly  disgraced  himself  by  the  violence  of 
his  conduct  and  the  scurrility  of  his  language 
in  managing  the  impeachment  of  the  unfor- 
tunate Raleigh  ;  a  circumstance  to  which 
Shakspeare  is  supposed  to  have  rdluded  in 
his  Twelfth  night.  At  the  trial  of  the  gun- 
powder conspirators,  and  of  the  Jesuit  Gar- 
net, he  was  greatly  distinguished  by  his  elo- 
quence, and  the  two  speeches  which  were 
afterwards  published  are  deservedly  con- 
sidered as  master-pieces  of  superior  elocu- 
tion, and  consummate  argumentation.  In 
1606  he  was  made  lord  chief  justice  of  the 
common  pleas,  and  seven  years  after  pla- 
ced at  the  head  of  the  king's  bench,  and  sworn 
of  the  privy  council.  In  the  trials  in  const 
quence  of  Qverbury's  murder,  Coke  behav- 
ed with  great  spirit  and  becoming  impar- 
tiality; but  the  dispute  which  he  had  with 
Bacon,  ai  1  the  secret  intrigues  of  his  eiu- 
mies,  undermined  his  powpr,  and  lessened 
his  influence  with  the-Vng,  so  that  he  fell 
into  disgrace.  Some  attribute  his  fall  to  th. 
rising  favorite  Villiers  ;  but  whatever  might 
be  the  causes  of  the  king's  displeasure,  sir 
Edward  did  not  behave  in  his  adversity  with 
the  dignity  and  fortitude  which  conscious 
virtue  and  oppressed  innocence  should  as- 
sume. When  informed  of  his  banishment 
from  office,  he  on  his  knees  acknowledged 
the  royal  mercy  extended  to  him  beyond 
his  merits,  and  deprecated  the  severitv  ot 
his  sovereign's  displeasure.  Upon  his  dis- 
grace, he  received  a  letter  from  Bacon,  which 
cruelly  upbraided  his  conduct,  and  insulting 
ly  reflected  upon  his  situation;  a  circum- 
stance in  itself  humiliating  to  human  nature 
to  observe  the  abilities  of  so  great  a  man, 
and  so  sagacious  a  philosopher,  dishonora- 
bly demeaning  himself  by  trampling  on  fal- 
len greatness.  He  afterwards  was  restored 
to  some  degree  of  favor,  which  he  probably- 
procured  by  marrying  his  daughter  to  the 
brother  of  Buckingham.  This  union,  which 
was  negotiated  against  the  consent  of  hV* 


CO 


cp 


Coke,  was  productive  of  serious  consequen- 
ces^ in  the  separation  of  sir  Kdward  from 
Ins  wife,  which  nothing  at  last  but  the  king's 
interference  could  repair.  He  was  member 
in  the  parliament  of  1621 ;  but  though  res- 
tored to  the  privy  council,  his  conduct  in 
the  house  of  commons  was  too  independ- 
ent to  please  the  court,  and  his  popular  har- 
angues against  the  royal  proclamations  were 
viewed  with  secret  resentment,  and  upon 
the  adjournment  of  the  house,  he  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower,  on  pretence  of  ill  con- 
duct during  ihe  trial  of  Overbury.  Though 
soon  after  released  he  yet  was  again  driven 
from  the  privy  council,  and  emphatically 
culled  by  James  "  the  fittest  instrument  for 
a  tyrant  that  ever  was  in  England."  Under 
the  next  reign,  though  some  persecutions 
attended  him,  that  he  might  not  be  elected 
to  parliament,  he  was  made  sheriff  of  Bucks, 
and  attended  on  the  judges  where  he  often 
had  presided  as  chief  justice.  In  1628,  how- 
ever, he  was  elected  for  Bucks,  and  in  the 
house  became  a  violent  advocate  for  the  re- 
dress of  grievances,  and  boldly  declared 
Buckingham  as  the  cause  of  all  the  miseries 
of  the  kingdom,  though  before  he  had  pro- 
nounced him  the  saviour  of  the  nation.  Af- 
ter the  dissolution  of  that  parliament  he  re- 
tired to  his  house  at  Stoke  Pogeys,  Bucks, 
where  he  died  September  3,  1634,  in  his 
86th  year.  While  on  his  death-bed,  his  pa- 
pers were  seized  by  sir  Francis  Windebank, 
together  with  his  will;  and  they  were  not 
recovered  till  seven  years  after,  when  his 
son  moved  in  the  commons  that  the  papers 
eeized  might  be  restored.  Sir  Edward  had 
married  for  Lis  second  wife,  in  1598,  Eliza- 
beth daughter  of  lord  Burleigh,  by  whom  he 
had  the  lady,  who,  as  mentioned,  so  unfor- 
tunately produced  such  domestic  dissen- 
sions. Coke  was  in  his  character  a  man  of 
great  presence  of  mind  and  resolution,  full 
of  resources;  and  though  in  his  calamity  de- 
jected, yet  never  desponding  ;  so  that  James 
compared  him  to  a  cat,  which  always  falls 
upon  her  legs.  Celebrated  as  an  able  law- 
yer, he  is  still  known  and  respected  as  a 
clear  and  luminous  writer  on  the  constitu- 
tion of  bis  countiy.  Of  his  reports  the  first 
volume  appeared  in  1600,  in  folio,  but  the 
last  or  13th  was  published  only  in  1655.  His 
institutes  are  divided  into  four  parts  ;  the 
first  of  which  is  a  translation  of  Littleton's 
tenures ;  the  second  part  contains  magna 
charta  and  other  statutes;  the  third,  the 
criminal  laws  of  the  crown ;  and  the  fourth 
the  jurisdiction  of  all  the  courts  of  the  king- 
dom. There  are  besides  other  works  of 
inferior  consequence. 

Colardeau,  Charles  Pierre,  a  French 
poet,  born  at  Janville,  Orleannois,  died  7th 
April  1776,  aged  41.  He  translated  Pope's 
Eloisa  to  Abelaj'd,  with  great  spirit  and  ele- 
gance, besides  two  of  Young's  night  thoughts. 
He  wrote  two  tragedies,  Astarbe  and  Calis- 
to,  not  favorably  received  on  the  French 
stage.  He  was  elected  member  of  the 
French  academy,  but  died  before  his  inau- 
gural speech.  His  works  were  collected  in 
2  vols.  8vo.  1779,  Paris. 


Colbert,  JoLn  Baptist,  marquis o'fSeg- 
nelai,  an  illustrious  statesman.  His  family 
were  originally  of  Rheims,  where  his  grand- 
father was  a  wine  merchant,  and  his  father 
of  the  same  occupation,  but  afterwards  a 
cloth  and  silk  merchant.  As  clerk  to  Tel- 
lier  a  notary,  young  Colbert  displayed  great 
diligence  and  ability,  and  was  at  last  recom- 
mended to  cardinal  Mazarine,  whom  he 
faithfully  served  and  by  whom  he  was  high- 
ly patronised.  In  this  office  he  displayed 
so  much  zeal,  and  in  an  embassy  at  Home 
showed  such  dexterity  and  dispatch,  that 
Mazarine  at  his  death  in  1661,  strongly  re- 
commended him  to  the  king  as  a.  man  of  in- 
tegrity, and  of  superior  talents.  Colbert 
was  first  intendant  of  finances,  and  in  this 
appointment,  he  settled  on  the  firmest  ba- 
sis, the  trade  of  France  with  the  East  and 
West  Indies.  As  superintendant  of  the 
buildings  in  1664  he  began  to  improve  and 
embellish  the  capital,  and  by  erecting  the 
noble  palaces  of  the  Thuilleries,  Versailles, 
the  Louvre,  Fontainbleau,  he.  he  contribu- 
ted to  the  comfort  of  the  monarch,  and  to 
the  honor  of  the  nation.  His  influence  with 
the  monarch  procured  also  the  foundation  of 
the  academy  for  painting  and  sculpture,  the 
academy  of  sciences,  and  the  observatory 
which  was  first  inhabited  by  Cassini.  He 
likewise  promoted  the  canal  by  which  the 
two  seas  were  united,  and  which  was  com- 
pleted in  1680,  after  14  years'  labor,  and 
he  introduced  a  severe  reform  in  the  courts 
of  justice.  In  1069  he  was  made  secretary 
of  state,  and  three  years  after  minister  of 
state,  which  enabled  him  more  fully  to  pro- 
mote the  interests  of  his  country,  and  the 
glory  of  his  master.  He  died  September  6th 
1683,  of  the  stone,  leaving  six  sons  and  three 
daughters,  whom  he  settled  by  alliances 
with  the  greatest  and  most  powerful  fami- 
lies of  France,  wisely  considering  that  high 
connections  are  a  more  permanent  profit  to 
a  family  than  a  momentary  popularity.  He 
is  deservedly  respected  as  a  minister  who 
ably  restored  the  navy,  the  commerce,  and 
the  finances  of  France,  patronised  learning 
and  science,  and  invigorated  genius  by  his 
mild  and  active  generosity. 

Colbert,  John  Baptist,  marquis  ofTo- 
rey,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  Sep- 
tember 19th,  1665.  He  was  early  engaged 
in  politics,  and  as  ambassador  in  Portugal, 
Denmark,  and  England,  he  evinced  great 
judgment,  and  ability.  He  was  secretary  of 
state  1686,  director  general  of  the  posts 
1099,  and  counsellor  to  the  regency  in  Lew- 
is XV's  minority.  He  died  at  Paris  2d  Sep- 
tember 1746,  aged  81.  Ten  years  after  his 
death  appeared  his  memoirs  of  the  negotia- 
tions from  the  treaty  of  liyswick  to  the  peace 
of  Utrecht,  in  four  parts,  3  vols.  12mo.  writ- 
ten with  great  purity  and  commendable  im- 
partiality. He  married  the  daughter  of  de 
Pomponne,  minister  of  state,  by  whom  he 
had  several  children. 

Cole,  William,  son  of  a  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Adderbury  Oxfordshire  1626,  and 
educated  at  Merton  college.    He  retired  to 


CO 

Putney,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  bota- 
ny. At  the  restoration  he  became  secreta- 
ry to  Duppa  bishop  of  Winchester,  in  whose 
service  he  died  1662.  He  published  1656, 
the  art  of  simpling,  or  introduction  to  the 
knowledge  of  gathering  plants,  and  the  next 
year  Adam  in  Eden,  or  Nature's  paradise, 
containing  an  history  of  herbs,  plants,  &c. 

Cole,  Thomas,  a  dissenting  minister, 
educated  at  Westminster  school,  and  Christ 
church,  Oxford.  In  1650  he  was  made  prin- 
cipal of  St.  Mary-hall,  and  had  the  great 
Locke  among  his  pupils,  but  at  the  restora- 
tion he  was  ejected  for  nonconformity,  from 
his  preferments,  and  after  keeping  a  school 
for  some  time  at  Nettlebed,  he  settled  in 
London,  and  was  lecturer  at  Pinner's  hall. 
He  wrote  a  discourse  on  regeneration,  faith, 
and  repentance,  8vo. — a  discourse  oa  the 
christian  religion  on  sundry  points,  8vo. — 
the  incomprehensibleness  of  imputed  righte- 
ousness for  justification  of  human  reason, 
and  other  things,  and  died  1697. 

Cole,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Glocester- 
shire,  who  made  a  curious  collection  of 
herbs,  &e.  which,  according  to  Dr.  Pulte- 
ney,  he  afterwards  destroyed  in  a  fit  of  re- 
ligious frenzy,  expressing  his  sorrow  that 
lie  had  spent  his  time  in  a  manner  so  little 
conducive  to  the  service  of  God. 

Coles,  Elisha,  author  of  a  Latin  diction- 
ary, was  born  in  Northamptonshire  about 
1640,  and  entered  at  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford, in  165  8.  He  left  the  university  without 
a  degree,  and  maintained  himself  in  London, 
hy  teaching  Latin  and  English.  lie  was  af- 
terwards usher  at  Merchant  taylors',  bui 
left  the  place  for  some  misdemeanor,  at  pre- 
sent unknown,  and  retired  to  Ireland,  where 
he  died  about  1680.  Besides  his  dictionary 
in  8vo.  he  wrote  the  English  schoolmaster — 
short-hand,  Nolens  Volens — an  English  dic- 
tionary, &c.  The  famous  work  on  predes- 
tination was  written  by  another  Elisha  Coles, 
Ins  uncle,  who  lived  about  this  period,  and 
died  1688. 

Colet,  John,  was  born  in  St.  Antholin's 
parish,  London,  14GG,  son  of  the  lord  mayor, 
and  brother  to  '21  other  children.  He  was 
educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  1504.  His 
knowledge  did  not  extend  to  Greek,  as  in 
those  days  that  language  was  considered  as 
unnecessary,  and  the  learning  of  it  was  op- 
posed by  a  set  of  men  who  called  them- 
selves Trojans.  From  Oxford  he  travelled 
on  the  continent,  and  became  acquainted 
with  the  learned  of  the  times,  with  Budaeus, 
Erasmus,  Grocyn,  Linacer,  Lilly,  etc.  and 
on  his  return  to  England,  he  was  courted 
nnd  admired  for  his  learning  and  eloquence. 
After  inferior  preferments,  he  was  made 
dean  of  St.  Paul's  in  1505,  and  in  this  high 
office,  he  began  by  preaching  himself,  and 
by  procuring  the  assistance  of  able  divines, 
to  encourage  inquiries  after  the  contents  of 
the  holy  scriptures.  The  spirit  and  inde- 
pendence which  he  showed,  made  him  how- 
ever obnoxious  to  the  clergy,  and  the  bishop 
of  London,  a  bigoted  man,  complained  of 


CO 

him  to  Warbam,  the  primate,  who  knowing 
the  integrity  of  his  views  dismissed  the  ac- 
cusation. In  his  eagerness  to  promote  learn- 
ing Colet  founded  St.  Paul's  school  iii  1512 
of  which  Lilly  w  as  the  first  master,  with  an 
ample  provision  to  instruct  153  boys  gratis, 
under  the  patronage  of  the  mercer's  com- 
pany. Whilst  he  meditated  retirement  to 
privacy  and  solitude  from  the  tumults  of  a 
busy  life,  he  was  attacked  by  the  sweating 
sickness,  which  after  a  third  relapse  carried 
him  off  16th  September  1519,  in  his  53d 
year.  He  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  church, 
and  the  elegant  monument  erected  over  him 
perished  with  the  cathedral  in  1666.  He 
wrote  various  things,  all  of  which  are  men. 
tioned  in  his  life  by  Knight.  Though  he  did 
not  live  long  enough  to  see  the  reformation, 
he  yet  was  an  able  promoter  of  it,  and  he 
was  inimical  to  the  tenets  of  the  Romish 
church,  not  merely  as  the  friend  of  refor- 
mation, but  as  an  honest  man  whose  opinions 
were  respectable,  as  proceeding  from  an  ex- 
emplary, moderate,  and  religious  character. 
He  is  introduced  under  the  character  of 
Gratianus  Pullus  in  Erasmus'  colloquy  called 
Peregrinatio  religionis  ergo. 

Co  ley,  Henry,  a  native  of  Oxford,  who 
from  a  taylor  became  an  eminent  astrologi- 
cal writer,  as  the  assistant  of  Lilly,  and  the 
continuator  of  his  ephemcris.  His  preten- 
ded knowledge  of  futurity  rendered  him 
very  popular,  so  that  his  house  in  Gray's- 
inn-Iane  was  frequented  by  people  of  all  de- 
scriptions, and  his  opinion  obtained  by  the 
examination  of  urine,  &c.  lie  wrote  a  key- 
to  the  whole  art  of  astrology,  and  died  1690. 
CoLiGNi,Gaspanl  de,  admiral  of  France, 
was  born  16th  Feb.  1516,  at  Chatiilon-sr.r- 
Loing.  He  was  early  inured  to  a  military- 
life,  and  by  his  brave  conduct  at  the  battle  of 
Cerisoles,  and  particularly  of  llenti,  he  was 
made  admiral  of  France.  At  the  death  of 
Henry  II.  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Cal  • 
vinists  against  the  Guises,  and  during  the 
battles  which  desolated  France  during  that 
melancholy  period  of  civil  war,  he  greatly 
distinguished  himself,  especially  at  Dreux, 
St.  Denys,  Jarnac,  and  Monteontour.  Peace 
at  last  put  an  end  to  civil  broils,  and  Coligni 
appeared  at  court,  and  was  loaded  with  the 
caresses  and  the  presents  of  Charles  IX.  who 
soon  after  perfidiously  planned  and  executed 
his  murder.  Coligni  was  the  first  who  fell 
on  the  fatal  day  of  Bartholomew,  24th  Aug. 
!572.  The  duke  of  Guise  headed  his  tram 
of  assassins  to  the  house  of  the  aged  hero, 
who  was  stabbed  in  several  places  by  Besme, 
and  thrown  out  of  the  window.  After  the 
body  had  been  exposed  three  days  to  the  in- 
sults of  the  populace,  the  head  was  cut  off 
and  sent  by  the  bloody  Catherine  de  Medi- 
cis  as  a  present  to  the  Roman  pontifi.  The 
character  of  this  great,  good,  and  virtuous 
man,  has  been  ablv  drawn  up  by  the  abbe 
de  Mabli,  who  draws  a  parallel  between  him 
and  Francis  duke  of  Guise.  His  life  has 
been  written  by  Gatien  de  Courtilz,  16Sf., 
and  is  also  found  among  the  "  hommes  il- 
lustves  de  France."    Ifis  brother  Odet  was 


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a  cardinal  and  archbishop  of  Toulouse,  but 
on  embracing  the  protestant  tenets,  lie  was 
stripped  of  his  honors,  and  fled  to  England, 
•where  he  was  poisoned  by  one  of  his  ser- 
vants, 1571. 

Coligni,  Henrietta,  daughter  of  G'as- 
pard  de  Coligni  marshal  of  France,  first 
married  Thomas  Hamilton,  a  Scotch  lord, 
and  afterwards  count  de  la  S&ao  of  Cham- 
paigne.  This  last  union  proved  very  unfor- 
tunate, the  jealousy  and  severities  of  her 
husband  compelled  her  to  embrace  the  Ca- 
tholic religion,  and  at  last  she  was  separated 
from  him,  and  her  marriage  annulled  by  the 
•parliament.  She  obtained  celebrity  by  her 
-wit  and  the  effusions  of  her  elegiac  muse,  so 
that  the  flatterers  of  her  time,  ascribed  to 
her  the  majesty  of  Juno,  the  wit  of  Miner- 
va, and  the  beauty  of  Venus.  She  died  at 
Paris,  10th  March  107.3.  Her  poetical 
•works  have  been  printed  with  the  works 
of  Pelisson,  1695  and  1725,  in  2  volumes 
12mo. 

Collado,  Diego,  a  Spanish  Dominican, 
shipwrecked  1638,  on  his  return  to  Eu- 
rope from  the  Philippines,  where  he  was 
superintendant  of  the  convents.  He  wrote 
ars  grammatica  Japonicse  lingua; — and  dic- 
tionary of  the  Japonese  language,  &c. 

Collange,  Gabriel  de,  of  Tours  in 
Auvergne,  was  murdered  as  a  Huguenot  at 
the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  1572, 
though  he  was  a  Catholic.  He  translated  the 
cabalistic  writings  of  Trithemius,  in  4to. 
Paris  1561,  and  was  besides  well  skilled  in 
mathematics  and  cosmography. 

Collatinus,  Luc.  Tarquinius,  the  hus- 
band of  Lucretia,  went  into  voluntary  exile, 
though  one  of  the  founders  of  Roman  liber- 
ty, because  the  name  of  Tarquin  was  so 
very  unpopular. 

Colle,  Charles,  secretary  to  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  died  at  Paris,  2d  Nov.  1783,  aged 
75.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  comic  writer; 
but  though  he  occasionally  possesses  all  the 
vigor  and  elegance  of  genuine  wit,  and  cor- 
rect description,  he  yet  wants  delicacy,  and 
that  cautious  regard  for  morals,  so  essential 
in  public  exhibitions.  He  was  of  that  society 
of  jovial  companions  known  under  the  name 
of  Caveau.  His  song  on  the  capture  of 
Portmahon  procured  him  a  pension  of  600 
livres.  His  works  are  collected  in  3  vols. 
12mo.  under  the  title  of  theatre  de  societe. 
His  best  plays  are,  Truth  in  wine — Dupius 
and  Desronias — and  Partie  de  chasse  de 
Henri  IV.  from  which  our  Miller  of  Mans- 
field is  borrowed. 

College,  Stephen,  the  protestant  join- 
er, was  condemned  at  Oxford  as  guilty  of  a 
conspiracy  against  Charles  II.  upon  the  tes- 
timony of  a  worthless  informer,  and  he  suf- 
fered deatli,  strongly  asserting  his  innocence, 
1681.  He  was  in  his  character  a  respectable 
man  and  an  ingenious  mechanic,  and  his 
daughter  was  made  sempstress  to  king  Wil- 
liam, with  a  salary  of  300^.  a  year. 

Co L leone,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of 
'Bergamo,  descended  from  a  noble  family. 
He  followed  the  fortunes  of  de  Montone, 


and  of  Joan  queen  of  Naples  and  afterwards 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  Venetians, 
and  defeated  Nicolas  Piccinino.  He  was 
next  in  the  service  of  Visconti,  and  then  of 
Francis  Sforza,  for  whom  he  defeated  the 
French  army  at  the  battle  of  Frescati.  Af- 
ter serving  so  many  different  masters,  and 
every  where  carrying  victory  in  his  train, 
he  again  entered  into  the  service  of  the  Ve- 
netians. He  died  1475,  and  his  memory 
was  honored  with  an  equestrian  statue,  by 
the  gratitude  of  the  senate.  He  united  to 
the  great  merits  of  a  warrior  the  amiable 
character  of  the  patron  of  learning,  and  the 
friend  of  religion  and  virtue. 

Collet,  Peter,  a  French  ecclesiastic  of 
Ternay,  who  died  1770,  aged  73.  He  is  au- 
thor of  theologia  moralis  universalis,  17  vols. 
Svo. — institutiones  theologies;  ad  usum  se- 
minianor,  7  vols.  12mo. — the  life  of  Vincent 
de  St.  Paul,  2  vols  4to. — lives  of  Bourdon 
and  de  la  Croix,  he. 

Collet  Philibert,  a  French  advocate, 
author  of  treatises  on  excommunications, 
lythes,  usury,  alms,  &c.  a  volume  on  the 
statutes  and  customs  of  Bresse — two  letters 
on  Tournefort's  history  of  plants — and  a 
catalogue  of  the  plants  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Dijon,  &c.    He  died  1718. 

Colletet,  William,  a  French  acade- 
mician, who  died  at  Paris  10th  Feb.  1659, 
aged  61.  He  was  one  of  the  five  authors 
whom  Richelieu  selected  to  write  for  the 
theatres;  but  though  liberally  patronised  by 
him,  he  refused  to  alter  his  verses  accord- 
ing to  his  suggestions.  He  was  four  times 
married  ;  but  his  extravagance  was  so  great, 
that  he  died  in  great  indigence.  His  works 
were  published  in  1653,  in  12mo. 

Collier,  Jeremy,  an  English  divine^ 
born  at  Stow-Qui,  Cambridgeshire,  23d  Sep- 
tember 1650.  He  was  educated  under  hie 
father,  master  of  Ipswich  school,  and  after- 
terwards  entered  at  Caius  college,  Cam- 
brige,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  A. 
1676.  He  resided  for  six  years  on  his  rec- 
tory of  Ampton  near  Bury,  Suffolk,  when 
he  resigned  it,  and  settled  in  London,  where 
he  became  lecturer  of  Gray's-inn.  At  the 
revolution  he  was  for  a  while  silenced  ;  bat 
his  attack  on  a  pamphlet  by  Dr.  Gilbert 
Burnet,  drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of 
the  court,  and  he  was  sent  to  Newgate, 
from  which,  however,  he  was  liberated 
without  trial.  He  continued  still  as  a  writer 
to  abuse  the  revolution,  for  which  be  was 
again  persecuted,  and  sent  to  the  king's 
bench  prison,  but  released  by  the  interces- 
sion of  some  of  his  friends.  In  1696  Collier 
attended  Friend  and  Perkins,  two  persons 
who  were  executed  for  their  concern  in  the 
assassination  plot,  and  by  absolving  them  in 
the  most  solemn  manner,  and  by  his  impos- 
ing his  hand  upon  them,  he  exposed  himself 
to  the  censures  of  the  clergy,  and  was  accu- 
sed of  insulting  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical 
government.  Instead  of  putting  in  bail, 
Collier  absconded,  and  was  outlawed  till  the 
day  of  bis  death.  In  his  retirement  he  not 
only  defended  his  conduct,  but  began  to  atf- 


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quire  greater  celebrity  by  his  pen.  He  wrote 
his  essays  on  moral  subjects,  and  afterwards 
bis  view  of  tbe  immorality  of  the  English 
stage,  a  work  which  engaged  him  in  perpet- 
ual contention  with  the  wits  and  poets  of  the 
age.  The  severity  of  his  attack,  and  the 
justness  and  force  of  his  arguments  were 
such,  that  a  reformation  actually  took  place, 
in  the  language  of  pieces  represented  on  the 
stage,  and  though  Vanbrugh  and  Congreve 
ridiculed  his  assaults,  yet  Dry  den  had  the 
good  sense  and  honesty  of  acknowledging 
the  propriety  of  his  remarks,  and  of  pub- 
lishing his  own  repentance  for  the  licentious- 
ness of  his  muse.  His  historical  dictionary 
chiefly  compiled  from  Moreri,  made  its  ap- 
pearance in  1701,  and  the  fourth  volume  of 
it  in  1721.  He  afterwards  published  in  2 
vols.  fol.  an  ecclesiastical  history  of  Great- 
Britain,  valuable  for  the  various  documents 
and  extensive  information  which  it  contains. 
In  1713  (Jollier  was  consecrated  a  bishop  by 
Hickes,  who  bad  himself  been  consecrated 
suffragan  of  Tbetford,  by  the  deprived  bish- 
ops of  Norwich,  Ely,  and  Peterborough. 
lie  was  in  consequence  of  his  sedentary  life 
greatly  afflicted  with  the  stone,  of  which  he 
died  26th  April  1"'26,  aged  76.  He  was 
buried  in  St.  Paneras  church-yard.  Besides 
the  works  already  mentioned,  he  wrote 
several  treatises  on  controversial  and  eccle- 
siastical subjects,  and  assisted  some  of  his 
friends  in  the  completion  of  their  publica- 
tions. He  was  deservedly  admired  as  a  man 
of  independent  spirit,  as  a  writer  of  great 
learning  and  genius,  and  as  a  divine  of  ge- 
nuine piety. 

Colling  s,  John,  one  of  the  commission- 
ers at  the  Savoy  conference  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.  died  1690,  aged  67.  He  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  critic  and  divine.  His 
weaver's  pocket  book  was  much  admired. 
.1  le  was  ejected  as  a  nonconformist  from  St. 
Stephens,  Norwich,  where  he  had  been 
minister  44  years.  He  assisted  Poole  in  his 
annotations. 

Collins,  John,  an  eminent  accomptant 
and  mathematician,  son  of  a  nonconforming 
divine,  was  born  at  Woodeaton  near  Ox- 
ford, March  1624.  He  was  engaged  with  a 
bookseller,  and  afterwards  with  Mar,  a  clerk 
of  the  kitchen  to  Charles  prince  of  Wales,  a 
man  who  was  particularly  fond  of  mathema- 
tics and  who  constructed  those  sun-dials 
which  adorned  the  prince's  gardens.  Thus 
early  initiated  to  the  knowledge  of  mathe- 
matics he  further  improved  himself,  during 
the  seven  years  which  he  spent  in  the  sea 
service,  and  at  his  return  assumed  the  pro- 
fession of  an  accomptant,  and  published 
some  valuable  works  on  mathematical  and 
geometrical  subjects.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  royal  society,  whose  memoirs  he  enrich- 
ed by  many  valuable  communications.  He 
was  made  accomptant  to  the  royal  fishery 
company,  and  was  so  highly  respected  for 
his  knowledge  of  figures,  that  the  lord  Chan- 
cellor Shaftesbury  often  consulted  him,  and 
referred  to  his  final  decision,  the  settlement 
of  difficult  and  intricate   accounts-    He  died 


of  a  consumption,  in  consequence  of  drink- 
ing, after  a  hot  day's  journey,  too  large  a 
quantity  of  cider,  November  10th  1683.  He 
was  the  intimate  correspondent  of  the  illus- 
trious men  of  his  times,  of  Newton,  Wallis, 
Barrow,  Gregory,  Flamstead,  Leibnitz, 
Townley,  &c.  Twenty-five  years  after  his 
death  his  writings  fell  into  the  bands  of  the 
learned  William  Jones  of  the  royal  society. 
He  was  of  a  strong  and  inventive  genius,  be 
first  projected  the  manner  of  dividing  the 
meridian  line  on  the  nautical  chart,  a  pro- 
blem of  the  first  importance  to  navigation  ; 
and  he  began  to  shorten  the  method  of  com- 
putation by  logarithms,  which  was  completed 
by  Halley.  His  "  commcrcium  epistola- 
rum"  appeared  in  4to.  1712. 

Collins,  Anthony,  was  born  at  Hclston 
near  Hounslow,  21st  June  1676,  and  educated 
at  Eton  and  king's  college,  Cambridge,  under 
the  tuition  of  Hare  afterwards  bishop  of 
Chichester.  He  entered  at  the  Temple,  but 
disliking  the  study  of  the  law,  he  applied  him- 
self to  the  general  pursuit  of  literature.  He 
now  became  the  friend  of  the  learned,  and 
gained  the  confidence  of  Locke,  who  corres- 
ponded with  him,  and  at  his  death  left  a  let- 
ter for  him,  full  of  the  warmest  confidence 
and  affection.  He  was  the  best  part  of  his 
life  engaged  in  controversies,  which  proved 
him  to  be  more  inclined  to  scepticism  and  in- 
fidelity, than  to  support  the  christian  reli- 
gion, as  an  impartial  and  disinterested  in- 
quirer after  truth.  His  chief  works  were, 
priestcraft  in  perfection — an  essay  en  the 
39  articles  of  the  church  of  England — vindi- 
cation of  the  divine  attributes — discourse  of 
free  thinking — philosophical  inquiry  concern- 
ing human  liberty — scheme  of  literal  pro- 
phecy—adiscourse  on  the  grounds" and  reasons 
of  the  christian  religion,  in  two  parts,  a  work 
which  excited  general  attention,  and  whose 
tenets  were  in  a  short  space  of  time  combated 
by  not  less  than  35  antagonists,  among  whom 
appear  the  respectable  names  of  Whiston, 
Chandler,  Clarke,  Ashley  Sykes,  and  Sher- 
lock. Collins  twice  visited  Holland,  but  never 
penetrated  farther  on  the  continent.  He  re- 
tired in  1715  to  Essex,  where  he  acted  as  a 
magistrate,  and  deserved  the  public  grati- 
tude, by  the  benevolence  and  integrity  with 
which  he  managed  the  affairs  of  the  coun- 
ty as  treasurer  of  its  funds.  He  was  long 
afflicted  with  the  stone,  of  which  he  died  De- 
cember 13th,  1729.  He  acknowledged  in  his 
last  moments  that  the  true  catholic  religion  is 
to  love  God  and  to  love  man,  and  he  earnestly 
advised  those  that  stood  around  him  to  ob- 
serve that,  as  the  awful  warning  of  a  dying 
mau. 

Collins,  Arthur,  a  learned  and  indefa- 
tigable antiquary  ..whose  knowledge  of  genealo- 
gy and  labors  of  research  are  sufficiently  pro- 
ved in  his  valuable  work  called  the  peerage  of 
England,  in  8  vols,  which  has  passed  through 
several  editions,  and  has  been  further  improv- 
ed by  Longmate. 

Collins,  Samuel,  an  English  physician 
who  studied  at  Padua,  and  was  graduated  at 
OxforcL,  in  1659.     He  wrote  the  present  state- 


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ftf  Russia  16.71,  8vo.  besides  a  book  of  anato- 
my in  folio,  He  was  censor  of  the  college  of 
physicians  1707. 

Collins,  William,  a  poet  of  great  em- 
inence, son  of  a  hatter,  born  at  Chichester, 
December  25th,  1720.  He  was  educated  at 
Winchester-school,  but  being  superannuated, 
and  thus  prevented  from  entering  at  New 
college,  he  became  a  member  of  Queen's 
college,  and  was  afterwards  elected  demy  of 
Magdalen  1741.  During  hisresidence  at  Ox- 
ford, he  published  his  oriental  eclogues, 
which  are  so  deservedly  admired  for  sim- 
plicity, richness  of  description,  and  unaffect- 
ed tenderness.  In  J 744,  he  left  Oxford  and 
came  to  London,  panting  after  fame,  with 
few  resources,  and  too  wavering  in  his  plans 
to  execute  any  regular  work.  At  this  time 
he  published  proposals  for  an  history  of  the 
revival  of  learning,  of  which  probably  not  a 
single  line  was  ever  written,  He  was  now 
known  to  Dr.  Johnton,  who  with  his  friend- 
ship shared  his  poverty,  and  was  privy  to 
his  distresses,  and  dangerous  escapes.  The 
death  of  his  uncle,  colonel  Martin,  and  a  le- 
gacy of  1000/.  soon  however  enabled  him  to 
live  more  respectable  ;  but  the  acquisition  of 
independence  unfortunately  did  not  advance 
the  literary  labors  of  the  poet,  who  no  sooner 
found  himself  enabled  to  study,  than  he  was 
assailed  by  greater  calamities  than  poverty, 
the  calamities  of  disease  and  insanity.  That 
so  able  a  writer,  and  so  s'ublime  a  poet,  should 
be  incapacitated  to  give  flow  to  the  pure 
streams  of  genius  and  elegant  conception  is 
a  melancholy  loss  to  mankind.  For  a  time 
he  endeavoured  to  disperse  the  clouds  which 
hung  threatening  over  his  reason  by  travel- 
ling into  France,  but  he  returned,  and  after 
being  some  time  con-fined  in  a  house  of  lunat- 
ics, and  afterwards  attended  by  the  care  of 
his  sister,  he  fell  a  victim  to  his  intellectual 
malady,  at  Chichester,  in  175fi.  When  he 
was  visited  at  Islington  by  Johnson,  he  was 
found  in  his  retirement  with  a  book  in  his 
hand,  which  his  friend  out  of  curiosity  exam- 
ined to  see  what  companion  a  man  of  letters 
had  chosen.  I  have  but  one  book,  said  Col- 
lins, but  that  is  the  best.  It  was  a  common 
English  testament,  such  as  children  carry  to 
school.  In  his  last  illness,  Collins  expressed 
to  his  friend  Dr.  Warton,  his  disapprobation 
of  his  oriental  eclogues.  His  odes  though 
very  sublime,  especially  that  on  the  passions, 
are  however  often  obscure,  his  lines  are  clog- 
ged with  clusters  of  consonants,  and  he  loo 
much  affected  the  obsolete,  when  it  was  not 
worthy  of  revival. 

Collinson,  Peter,  an  eminent  botanist, 
horn  in  the  parish  of  Stavely  near  Kendal, 
Westmoreland.  He  had  an  early  and  strong 
partiality  for  natural  history,  and  great  nat- 
uralists and  many  literary  characters  of  the 
age  were  soon  in  the  number  of  his  intimate 
friends;  such  as Derham,  Woodward,  Dale, 
Sloane,  Lloyd,  and  others.  In  172S,  he  be- 
came fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  whose  me- 
moirs he  greatly  enriched  by  his  own  inqui- 
ries, and  his  valuable  correspondence  with 
foreigners,    especially    Benjamin    Franklin, 


Cad\?alIaderColden,andthefamousLinnapU3. 
To  his  zeal  and  improvements  we  are  in- 
debted for  the  many  trees  and  shrubs  trans- 
planted from  the  Western  hemisphere  and 
other  countries,  which  adorn  our  gardens 
and  plantations.  He  was  elected  fellow  of 
the  antiquarian  society  in  1737.  In  private 
life  he  was  of  amiable  manners,  very  commu- 
nicative, and  of  a  very  benevolent  heart.  He 
was  attacked  while  on  a  visit  to  his  friend 
lord  Petre  with  a  retention  of  urine,  which 
medical  assistance  could  not  remove,  and 
which  shortly  proved  fatal  11th  August  17G8, 
in  his  75th  year. 

Collius,  Francis,  doctor  of  the  Ambro- 
sian  college  at  Milan,  died  in  1G40,  at  an  ad- 
vanced age.  He  wrote  a  famous  treatise,  de 
animabus  paganorum,  in  two  vols.  4to.  in 
which,  amidst  bold  and  curious  conjectures, 
he  decrees  salvation  to  the  sages  of  Greece, 
the  mid  wives  of  Egypt,  Socrates,  &c.  while 
he  denounces  damnation  on  Pythagoras,  Ar- 
istotle and  others.  His  book  de  sanguine 
Christ!  is  equally  curious  and  singular. 

Coi.lot,  Germain,  a  French  surgeon,  fa- 
mous for  his  skill  in  catting  for  the  stone. 
He  died  165G. 

Collot  d'IIerbois,  .7.  M.  a  player, 
who  exhibited  with  little  success  on  the  thea- 
tres of  Geneva,  the  Hague,  and  Lyons.  The 
hisses  and  disapprobation  which  attended  his 
appearance  at  Lyons,  made  him  vow  ven- 
geance on  that  unfortunate  city,  and  as  he 
had  represented  the  character  of  tyrant  on 
the  stage  to  the  best  advantage,  he  was  soon 
to  exhibit  it  in  real  lite  when  admitted  mem- 
ber of  the  convention,  and  sent  as  deputy  to 
punish  its  revolt.  Invested  with  absolute  pow- 
er against  the  devoted  Lyonese,  beseemed 
determined  to  destroy  every  vestige  of  their 
city,  not  only  the  walls  were  battered  down 
with  cannon  shot,  but  the  unfortunate  inhabit- 
ants were  slaughtered  with  insulting  cruelty, 
and  not  less  than  209  perished  in  one  even- 
ing. Collot  thus  stained  with  blood,  and  de- 
servedly called  the  tiger,  returned  to  Paris 
to  become  the  worthy  associate  of  Robes- 
pierre. He  voted  for  the  abolition  of  mon- 
arch)', and  the  death  of  Lewis,  because  that 
unfortunate  monarch  had  refused  to  appoint 
him  hi6  minister  ;  but  when  his  friend  Robes- 
pierre was  accused,  he  changed  sides,  and  as 
president  of  the  convention,  he  exerted  all 
his  influence  to  procure  his  condemnation. 
This  minister  of  iniquity  was  afterwards  him- 
self condemned  1795  to  be  deported  to  Cay- 
enne, where  he  endeavoured  to  excite  an  in- 
surrection of  the  blacks.  He  died  in  confine- 
ment November  1796.  As  an  orator  he  had 
some  powers  of  eloquence,  which  were  fatal- 
ly exerted  in  the  convention  and  among  the 
Jacobins ;  but  as  a  dramatic  writer  he  ac- 
quired little  celebrity.  The  best  of  his  pie- 
ces is  an  imitation  of  the  Spanish  play  of 
Calderon,  which  he  called  the  Paysan  ma- 
gi strat. 

Colluthus,  a  priest  of  Alexandria.  He 
maintained  that  God  was  not  the  author  of 
the  wicked,  nor  of  the  misfortunes  which  af- 
flict human  life.    He  usurped  the  episcopal 


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authority,  but  was  condemned  as  a  heretic  by 
the  council  of  Alexandria  324. 

Col  man,  George,  an  English  writer,  born 
about  the  year  1733  at  Florence,  where  his 
father  was  British  resident  at  the  grand 
duke's  court.  His  mother  was  sister  of  lady 
Bath.  He  was  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Christ  church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  M.  A.  He  early  displayed  those 
shining  talents  which  promised  future  repu- 
tation, and  insured  him  the  friendship  of  the 
wits  of  the  time,  of  Lloyd,  Bonnet  Thornton, 
Churchill,  and  others.  While  at  Oxford  he 
published  with  Thornton  the  Connoisseur  in 
weekly  numbers,  from  31st  January  1754  to 
September  30th  1756.  He  entered  at  Lin- 
coln's-inn,  under  the  patronage  of  lord  Bath, 
but  though  called  to  the  bar,  the  profession 
of  the  law  was  less  congenial  to  his  taste  and 
feelings  than  the  pursuit  of  the  muses.  From 
writing  fugitive  pieces  of  poetry,  he  soon  ap- 
plied himself  to  dramatic  composition.  His 
Polly  Honeycomb  was  acted  at  Drury-lane 
in  17G0  with  great  success,  and  the  next 
year  his  Jealous  Wife  divided  the  general  ap- 
plause with  Murphy's  Way  to  keep  him,  and 
Macklin's  Married  Libertine.  The  death  of 
lord  Bath  in  1764  left  him  in  the  independent 
enjoyment  of  a  comfortable  annuity,  and  his 
income  was  further  increased  upon  the  de- 
cease of  general  Pultney  in  1767.  He  pur- 
chased of  Beard  in  1768,  with  Harris,  Bowel, 
and  Rutherford,  the  property  of  Covent-gar- 
den  theatre,  but  he  soon  parted  with  his  share 
in  consequence  of  some  private  dispute  with 
his  fellow  patentees.  Soon  after  he  pur- 
chased of  Foote,  for  an  annuity,  the  Hay- 
market  theatre,  and  with  great  judgment 
and  much  advautage  to  himself  and  to  the 
public,  he  continued  the  management  of  that 
house  till  the  time  of  his  death,  and  thus  in- 
troduced to  the  admiration  and  patronage  of 
the  kingdom  many  actors  of  merit  and  res- 
pectability. In  1790  he  was  attacked  by  a 
stroke  of  the  palsy,  which  not  only  deprived 
him  nearly  of  the  use  of  one  of  his  sides,  but 
brought  on  alarming  symptoms  of  mental 
derangement.  He  was  removed  to  Padding- 
ton  under  proper  management,  and  died  14th 
August  1794.  Besides  the  comedies  already 
mentioned,  the  best  of  Colman's  plays  are 
the  Clandestine  marriage,  the  English  mer- 
chant, the  Oxonian  in  town,  the  Man  of  bu- 
siness, Epicene,  the  Spanish  barber,  Suicide, 
the  Separate  maintenance,  the  Manager  in 
distress,  &c.  He  evinced  his  abilities  as  a 
scholar  and  as  a  critic,  by  his  res  pectable 
translation  of  Terence's  comedies,  and  of  Hor- 
ace's art  of  poetry. 

Colocci,  Angelo,  a  native  of  Jesi  in  Ita- 
ly descended  from  a  noble  family,  who  as- 
sumed the  learned  name  of  Angelus  Colotius 
Bassus.  He  settled  at  Home,  where  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  noble  collection  of 
books.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Nocera,  by 
Leo  X.  and  governor  of  Ascoli  by  Clement 
VII.  He  wrote  Latin  poems  of  some  merit, 
but  his  Italian  verses  express  little  excellence. 
He  died  at.  Rome  1549,  aged  82.  He  was 
llie  revivor  and  patron  of  the  Roman  acade- 
my? 


Cologne,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  Ghent, 
educated  at  Paris  and  at  Geneva  where  he 
became  the  friend  of  Calvin  and  of  Reza. 
He  went  to  Metz,  and  afterwards  settled 
at  Heidelberg,  where  he  died  in  the  early 
part  of  life.  He  vindicated  the  protestants 
against  the  bishop  of  Met/.,  and  wrote  also 
on  the  eucharist. 

Colombiere,  Claude  de  la,  a  famous 
Jesuit,  born  treat*.  Lyons.  He  was  an  elo- 
quent preacher,  and  for  two  years  delivered 
his  discourses  with  great  popularity  and  ef- 
fect before  James  11.  of  England,  but  on  sus- 
picion of  conspiracy,  he  was  banished  from 
England,  and  died  at  Parai,  in  the  Charo- 
lois,  15th  February  1682,  aged  41.  He  is 
particularly  known  as  the  inventor  of  the 
Solemnity  of  the  heart  of  Jesus,  which  had 
however  been  before  introduced  by  Thomas 
Goodwin,  president  of  Magdalen  college, 
Oxford.  The  novelty  of  this  improper  act 
of  devotion  soon  engaged  the  attention  of  the 
pious,  and  undev  the  influence  of  pretended 
visions  and  miracles  it  soon  gained  a  great 
number  of  partisans  and  zealous  apostles. 
The  better  sense  of  mankind,  however,  and 
the  return  of  genuine  piety,  soon  dispelled 
these  fanatical  tenets.  The  sermons  of  Co- 
lombiere were  published  at  Lyons  in  1757, 
6  vols.  12mo.  Hd  wrote  besides  some  mor- 
al reflections,  and  spiritual  letters. 

Colo mies,  or  Coi.omesius,  Paul,  a 
French  protestant,  born  atRochellein  163S. 
He  travelled  through  Europe,  and  at  the  so- 
licitation of  Isaac  Vossius,  he  visited  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  ordained  and  made  Lam- 
beth librarian.  He  died  in  London  in  16U2: 
He  wrote  Gallia  Orientalis — Hispania  &  It- 
alia Orientalis — theologorum  presbyteriano- 
rum,  Icon. — bibliobheque  choisie,  besides 
critical  works,  &c. 

Coloni,  Adam  and  Adrian,  two  Dutch 
historical  painters,  called  the  old  and  the 
young.  Adam  died  in  London  1685,  and  his 
son  1701,  aged  33. 

Colonna,  Fabio,  a  botanist,  born  at  Na- 
ples 1567.  He  devoted  his  time  not  only  to 
natural  history,  but  to  the  languages,  to  mu- 
sic, the  law,  and  all  the  polite  arts.  His 
works,  especially  on  botany,  are  very  valua- 
ble.  He  wrote  plantarum  &;  piscium,  histo- 
ria,  4to. — stirpium  rariorum  descriptio,  4to. 
dissertation  on  the  glossopetrtc,  4to.  on  A- 
merican  plants,  fol. — dissertation  on  the  pur- 
pura, 4to.  He  was  the  first  who  gave  dis- 
tinct names  to  the  petals  and  the  leaves  of 
flowers,  a  judicious  arrangement  afterwards 
adopted  by  Tournefort.  The  musical  in- 
strument called  pentachordon  is  of  his  in- 
vention.    He  lived  to  his  eightieth  year. 

Colonna,  Francisco  Maria  Pompcio,  a 
French  philosopher,  whose  chief  work  is  the 
natural  history  of  the  universe  1734,  4  vols; 
l2mo.  He  perished  in  the  fire  whieh  des- 
troyed his  house  at  Paris  1726. 

Colonna,  Prospero,  son  of  Anthony 
prince  of  Salerno,  assisted,  in  company  with 
his  relation  Fabricio,  Charles  VIII.  of  France 
in  the  conquest  of  Naples ;  but  afterward- 
he  exerted  His  influence  and   his  militRiv 


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powers  to  reconquer  it  for  the  house  of  Ar- 
ragon.  He  was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle 
of  Villa  Franca  1515;  but  when  restored  to 
liberty  by  the  French,  lie  renewed  the  war 
-with  astonishing  vigor,  and  after  gaining  the 
battle  of  la  Bieoque,  he  was  enabled  to  re- 
lieve Milan,  in  1522.  Tins  distinguished 
warrior  died  1523,  aged  71. 

Colonna,  Pompco,  nephew  of  Prospe- 
ro,  was  brought  u{)  to  the  church,  and  made 
bishop  of  Rieli,  and  a  cardinal,  though  his 
inclinations  tended  to  the  military  profes- 
sion. Ever  restless  and  dissatisfied,  he  rais- 
ed an  insurrection  at  Rome  on  the  reported 
death  of  Julius  II.  1512,  and,  with  his  ac- 
complice Savillo,  he  seized  the  capitol ;  but, 
though  pardoned,  and  restored  to  his  eccle- 
siastical honors,  he  again,  in  15-6,  engaged 
in  another  conspiracy  to  seize  the  chief  pow- 
er, and  to  put  the  pope  to  death.  This  per- 
fidious conduct,  which  brought  misery  on 
the  liomans,  by  the  sacking  of  the  city  by 
the  constable  Bourbon,  was  not  punished  as 
it  deserved,  but  Coilonna,  whose  intrigues 
assisted  the  pope's  escape  from  the  castle  of 
St.  Angelo,  was  again  pardoned,  raised  to 
new  honors,  and  made  viceroy  of  Naples. 
He  died  1532,  author  of  a  poem  de  virtuti- 
Ims  mulierum. 

Colonna,  Francis,  a  Venetian,  who,  in 
consequence  of  disappointed  love  in  his  court- 
ship of  Lucretia  Lelia,  became  author  of 
a  curious  work  called  Hypnerotomachia  di 
Polyphilo,  printed  by  Aldus  1499,  and  trans- 
lated into  French  1561.  He  was  afterwards 
of  the  order  of  St.  Dominic,  and  died  1527. 

Colonna,  Victoria,  daughter  of  Fabri- 
cio  duke  of  Paliano,  was  born  at  Marino 
1490,  and  married,  1507,  the  marquis  of 
Piscara.  In  1525,  «m  her  husband's  death, 
she  retired  to  a  monastery,  and  died  at  Rome 
1547.  Her  e'egant  poems  have  often  been 
printed,  and  are  deservedly  admired. 

Colonna,  Mark  Antonio,  duke  of  Pa- 
liano, distinguished  himself  so  much  in  the 
defeat  of  the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  Lepan- 
to,  1571,  that  the  pope  permitted  him  to 
enter  Rome  in  anriumphal  procession.  He 
was  afterwards  made  constable  of  Naples, 
and  viceroy  of  Sicily  ;  and  died  1584. 

Colonna,  Ascanio,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  made  a  cardinal,  and  showed  his 
learning  and  the  powers  of  his  eloquence 
in  the  defence  of  the  pope  in  his  dispute 
with  the  Venetians.  He  died  at  Rome 
3  G08. 

Colonna,  John,  a  noble  Italian,  sent  as 
papal  legate  to  the  christian  army  in  Pales- 
tine. He  was  made  prisoner  by  (he  Sara- 
cens, and  cruelly  condemned  to  be  sawn  in 
two  ;  but  the  fortitude  with  which  he  bore 
the  insults  of  his  enemies  disarmed  their 
vengeance,  and  procured  his  liberty.  He 
died  1245. 

Colonna,  Giles,  an  Augustin  monk, 
bishop  of  Bourges.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
and  a  theological  professor,  and  he  wrote 
some  works  in  philosophy  and  divinity,  and 
<iied  at  Avignon  131G. 

Colonna,  Fabricio,  son  of  the  duke  of 
A^ialfij  was  a  celebrated    warrior  against 


the  Ursjni.  He  wa»  constable  of  Naples, 
and  was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  ot  Ra- 
veana,  1512.     He  died  1520. 

Colrane,  Henry  Hare,  lord,  born  at 
Blechingley,  in  Surrey,  10th  May  1C93,  was 
educated  at  Enfield,  and  Corpus  Christi,  Ox- 
ford. He  was  well  skilled  in  the  learned  lan- 
guages, and  displayed  his  poetical  talents  by 
his  musr.ruin  oblatio  ad  reginam,  a  poem  in- 
serted in  the  Musk:  Anglicame.  He  travelled 
three  times  through  Europe  ;  and  in  his  se- 
cond tour  was  attended  by  the  well  kuown 
Conyers  Middleton.  He  made  a  noble  col- 
lection of  prints  and  drawings  of  antiquities 
abroad,  which  were  munificently  presented 
alter  his  disease  to  his  college.  He  died  at 
Bath  4th  August  1749,  and  was  buried  at 
Tottenham.  His  books  and  prints  on  Eng- 
lish antiquities  were  sold  at  his  death,  and 
bought  for  the  antiquarian  society. 

Colston,  Edward,  an  English  philan- 
thropist, born  at  Bristol,  November  2,  1636. 
He  greatly  increased  his  property  by  his 
commercial  connections  with  Spain;  and 
the  produce  of  his  honest  industry  he  be- 
nevolently disposed  to  charitable  purposes. 
He  built  alms-houses  in  Bristol,  which  he 
endowed  with  an  income  of  282/.  and  be- 
sides the  erection  of  a  school  for  40  boys, 
he  founded,  at  the  expense  of  11,000/.  the 
hospital  of  St.  Augustin,  for  a  master,  usher, 
and  100  boys,  for  whose  maintenance  he 
appropriated  an  annual  income  of  above 
138/.  Besides  this,  he  gave  many  other  mu- 
nificent donations,  especially  6000Z.  for  the 
improvement  of  sixty  small  livings.  He  was 
not  only  charitable,  but  he  possessed  great 
meekness  of  temper,  joined  to  exemplary 
temperance  and  sincere  piety.  It  was  his 
practice  never  to  bestow  his  charity  on  beg- 
gars, but  rather  on  poor  house-keepers,  and 
on  sick  and  decayed  persons.  He  died  at 
Mortlake,  in  Surrey,  11th  October  1721, 
aged  85,  and  was  buried  at  All-saints  church, 
Bristol,  where  a  monument  records  his  vir- 
tues and  charitable  benefactions. 

Columbus,  Christopher,  celebrated  as 
the  discoverer  of  a  new  continent,  was  born, 
1442,  at  Genoa,  son  of  a  woolcomber.  He 
was  early  inured  to  the  labors  of  the  sea  ; 
and  in  his  great  fondness  for  navigation,  he 
made  himself  perfect  in  geometry,  astrono- 
my, and  cosmography.  After  trading  in 
various  parts  of  the  Mediterranean  he 
settled  at  Lisbon,  where  his  brother  Bar- 
tholomew was  established ;  and  here  he 
married  the  daughter  of  a  master  of  a  ves- 
sel who  had  been  engaged  in  plans  of  discov- 
ery, whose  charts  and  observations  he  pe- 
rused ;  and  he  increased  his  knowledge  of 
maritime  affairs  by  several  voyages  to  the 
Canaries  and  the  coast  of  Africa.  Thus 
guided  by  experience,  and  encouraged  by 
the  correspondence  of  Paul  Foscanelli,  a 
learned  Florentine,  he  became  persuaded 
that  a  continent  must  exist  in  the  western 
ocean.  He  presented  his  plans  to  the  Ge- 
noese republic,  and  afterwards  to  the  king 
of  Portugal ;  but  instead  of  patronage  and 
encouragement,  he  met  in  both  applications 
with    coldness    and    indifference.      At  the 


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court  of  Spain,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  show- 
ed him  greater  attention  ;  and  after  many 
delays  and  objections,  which  his  zeal  and 
earnestness  successfully  combated  and  re- 
moved, he  was  at  last  permitted  to  sail  in 
quest  of  unknown  regions.  On  the  Cth  of 
September  1492 he  left  Gomera,  with  three 
small  ships,  and  on  the  12th  of  October,  af- 
ter sailing  in  a  westerly  direction,  he  dis- 
oovered  some  islands,  and  landed  at  Guana 
bay,  in  the  Lucca  islands.  After  visiting 
and  taking  possession  of  the  islands  of  Cuba 
and  Ilispaniola,  he  returned  to  Spain,  which, 
after  a  passage  of  fifty  days,  he  reached  in 
May  14-U3.  These  discoveries  astonished 
and  pleased  the  Spanish  monarch.  Colum- 
bus was  declared  admiral  of  the  Indies,  en- 
nobled, and  permitted  to  return  to  the  new 
•world  with  a  large  fleet.  In  his  second  voy- 
age he  discovered  Jamaica  and  other  islands  ; 
and  on  his  return  to  Europe,  8th  June  1496, 
he  was  enabled  to  silence  the  malicious  in- 
sinuations which  envy  had  spread  concern- 
ing his  views,  and  the  importance  of  the 
new  world.  In  May  1498  he  made  a  third 
voyage,  and  discovered  Paria,  on  the  conti- 
nent; but  so  violent  were  his  enemies,  that, 
in  spite  of  his  services,  his  rank  and  author- 
ity, he  was  sent  to  Spain  in  irons  in  Octo- 
ber 1500  :  but  the  monarch  liberated  him 
from  captivity,  and  from  every  ignominious 
imputation.  He  again  visited  the  new  world, 
and  died  soon  after  his  return,  at  Valladolid, 
20th  May  1506.  His  remains,  by  the  king's 
command,  were  magnificently  buried  at  Se- 
ville, where  this  short  epitaph  records  his 
merits  :  "  Columbus  gave  Casiile  and  Leon 
a  new  world."  Important  as  the  services  of 
this  great  man  are  to  the  world,  it  is  melan- 
choly to  record  the  ingratitude  of  posterity, 
and  to  behold  an  extensive  continent,  the 
discovery  of  which  ought  to  have  been  im- 
mortalized in  the  appellation  of  Columbia, 
bear  the  insignificant  name  of  Americus 
Vespucius,  one  of  those  obscure  individuals 
who  followed,  in  fearful  imitation,  the  tract 
of  the  first  heroic  discoverev.  The  life  of 
Columbus  was  written  by  Ferdinand,  one  of 
his  sons,  who  embraced  the  ecclesiastical 
profession,  and  died  1530,  leaving  a  valua- 
ble library  to  the  cathedral  of  Seville. — An- 
other son,  called  Diego,  inherited  all  his  fa- 
ther's honors. 

Columbus,  Bartholomew,  brother  to 
Christopher,  was  ingenious  in  his  draw- 
ing of  spheres  and  sea-charts.  It  is  said 
that  he  was  deputed  by  his  brother  to  come 
to  solicit  the  king  of  England,  but  that  his 
voyage  was  delayed  by  falling  into  the  hands 
of  pirates;  and  when  at  last  the  English 
monarch  accepted  his  proposals,  and  prom- 
ised support  and  encouragement  to  his  bro- 
ther, he  found  that  the  plan  had  already 
been  adopted  by  Ferdinand  of  Castile.  Bar- 
tholomew shared  the  honors  and  the  dangers 
of  his  brother's  discoveries  ;  and  he  was  the 
founder  of  the  town  of  St.  Domingo.  He 
died  1514,  very  rich. 

Columbus,    Realdns,    an   Italian  anato- 
mical writer,  born  at  Cremona.     He  died  at 
VOL.  I.  46 


Rome  1577.  It  is  said  that  his  works  are 
composed  from  the  compositions  of  Vesah- 
us,  his  master,  and  predecessor  in  the  an- 
atomical chair  of  Padua,  whose  discoveries 
he  freely  appropriated  to  himself.  His  La- 
tin is  very  elegant.  His  opinions  on  the 
blood  nearly  approached  Harvey's  discoverv 
of  the  circulation. 

Columella,  a  Spaniard,  who  resided 
at  Rome  under  Claudius,  and  wrote  some 
books  on  trees  and  agriculture. 

Columna,  Guy,  a  native  of  Messina  in 
Sicily,  who  accompanied  Edward  I.  to  Eng- 
land, and  wrote  a  chronicle  in  36  books,  be- 
sides a  history  of  the  siege  of  Troy,  in  La- 
tin, 1 S77,  in  4to.  The  last  edition  is  at  Na- 
ples, 1655. 

Co lu thus,  a  Greek,  author  of  a  poem 
on  the  rape  of  Helen,  in  the  6th  century. 

Colvius,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Doit, 
who  went  in  the  suit  of  the  Dutch  ambas- 
sador to  Venice,  where  he  gained  the  inti- 
macy of  Father  Paul,  and  translated  into 
Latin  his  treatise  on  the  inquisition.  He 
wrote  also  some  elegant  poetry,  and  made  a 
valuable  collection  of  books  and  curiosities, 
of  which  a  catalogue  was  printed  1655.  He 
died  1671,  aged  77. — His  son  Nicholas  was 
like  himself  a  learned  and  eloquent  divine. 
He  died  1717. 

Colwill,  Alexander,  was  born  near  St. 
Andrew's  Fifeshire,  and  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh, of  which  he  became  principal,  in  1662. 
Besides  some  tracts,  he  wrote  the  Scotch 
Hudibras,  after  the  manner  of  Butler,  a 
ludicrous  poem,  which  severely  ridiculed 
the  presbyteriaus,  and  which  is  still  admi- 
red in  Scotland.  He  died  atEdinburgh  1076, 
aged  58. 

Combefis,  Francis,  a  Dominican, known 
as  a  learned  editor  of  several  of  the  Greek 
fathers — of  five  Creek  historians,  as  a  sup- 
plement to  the  Bvzantine  history,  btc.  He 
died  1679. 

Comber,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Westerham,  Kent,  1645.  He  was 
educated  at  Sidney  Sussex  college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  look  his  degrees  in  arts, 
and  he  was  created  D.  D.  by  the  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  He  was  made  dean  of  Dur- 
ham in  the  room  of  Dr.  Granville,  169',  and 
was  chaplain  to  the  princess  Anne  of  Den- 
mark and  to  "William  and  Mary.  He  died 
25th  November  1669,  and  was  buried  at 
Stonegrave,  Yorkshire.  He  wrote  some 
divinity  tracts,  particularly  discourses  on 
baptism,  catechism,  and  confirmation,  and  on 
the    liturgy  of  the  church  of  England,  kc. 

Comber,  Thomas,  a  fellow  of  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  became  D.  D. 
He  was  born  at  Shermahbury,  Sussex,  ami 
educated  at  Horsham  school.  Me  was  made 
dean  of  Carlisle  August  IfjSO,  and  l 
of  his  college  the  following  year.  He  was 
in  1642  deprived  of  all  his  preferments,  r^'_ 
imprisoned.  He  died  at  Cambridge  Febru- 
ary 1653.  He  wrote  a  vindication  of  the  di- 
vine right  of  tithes,  against  Sclden. 

Comekius,  John  Amos,  a  protestant, 
eminent   as  a  divine  and  grammarian,    He- 


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was  born  in  Moravia  1592.  Afte»  being 
pastor  at  Fulnee,  and  also  presiding  over  a 
school  there,  he  fled  upon  the  invasion  of 
his  country  b)  the  Spaniards,  and  came  to 
Lesna  in  Poland,  where  he  maintained  him- 
self by  teaching  grammar,  and  where  he 
published  his  Janua  linguarum,  a  small  book, 
which,  it  is  said,  acquired  so  much  celebrity, 
that  it  was  translated  into  12  European  lan- 
guages. His  fame  as  a  grammarian  was  now 
so  universally  spread,  that  he  was  honorably 
invited  by  the  Swedes  and  by  the  English 
parliament,  to  reform  the  public  ^schools  of 
the  kingdom.  In  compliance  with  these  re- 
quests he  visited  England  in  16-il,  but  the 
civil  wars  thwarted  hisr  expectations,  and 
made  his  stay  unnecessary.  The  next  year 
he  accepted  the  invitations  of  the  Swedes, 
by  whom  he  was  respectfully  treated.  For 
four  years  he  was  engaged  at  Elbing  in  laying 
down  plans  for  the  promotion  of  general  in- 
struction, and  his  recommendations  were 
publicly  approved.  He  afterwards  visited 
Sigismund  Kagotzki,  prince  of  Transylvania, 
and  gave  him  rules  for  the  better  regulation 
of  the  schools  of  his  country,  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Lesna,  he  had  the  misfortune  to  see 
the  city  reduced  to  ashes  by  the  Poles,  and 
his  books  and  manuscripts  destroyed.  From 
Lesna  he  fled  to  Silesia,  thence  to  Branden- 
burg, afterwards  to  Hamburgh,  and  lastly  to 
Amsterdam,  where  he  ended  his  days  1671, 
aged  80.  Besides  his  Janua,  he  wrote  Panso- 
phiaprodomus — a  new  method  of  teaching — 
unius  necessarii,  &c  The  last  years  of  his 
life,  however,  were  disgraced  by  visionary 
schemes,  and  attempts  at  prophesy.  He  pre- 
tended to  foretell  the  beginning  of  the  millen- 
nium, which  he  placed  in  1672  or  1673,  a  gross 
absurdity,  which  his  death  prevented  him 
from  witnessing.  It  would  have  been  a  happy 
circumstance  if  he  had  been  the  only  sufferer 
\  in  his  prophetic  dreams,  many  of  the  Mora- 
vians were  weak  enough  to  believe  him,  and 
they  were  severely  persecuted,  after  the 
destruction  of  Lesna,  and  the  protestauts  of 
Poland  also  drew  upon  themselves  the  hatred 
and  jealousy  of  the  catholics.  Comenius, 
in  his  last  illness,  was  visited  by  the  cele- 
brated madame  Bourignon,  who  had  em- 
braced his  tenets,  and  considered  him  as 
more  than  mortal. 

Come  Natalis  or  Natal  Conti,  a 
native  of  Milan,  whose  Greek  and  Latin 
poems  appeared  at  Venice  1550,  and  his 
mythologia  sive  explicationes  fabularum,  a 
very  useful  mythological  work,  1564.  He 
died  about  1590. 

Comiers,  Claude,  canon  of  Embrun,  was 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Paris,  and  died 
1693.  He  wrote  on  comets,  on  spectacles, 
on  prophecies,  on  speech,  in  an  elegant  and 
interesting  style. 

Comines,  Philip  de,  an  excellent  historian 
of  Flanders.  His  noble  birth  and  great  ac- 
quirements soon  recommended  him  to  the 
notice  of  Charles  duke  of  Burgundy,  and 
afterwards  to  that  of  Lewis  XI."  of  France. 
Patronised  by  the  monareh,  he  grew  into 
power  and  consequence,  and  as  ambassador, 


he  served  his  court  with  fidelity  and  dispatch. 
After  the  death  of  Lewis,  he  was  stripped 
of  his  honors ;  the  next  successor  Charles 
VIII.  viewed  him  with  the  prejudice  and 
malevolence  of  a  foreigner,  and  he  was  im- 
prisoned at  Loches ;  but  though  his  enemies 
were  so  powerful  and  numerous,  that  no  ad- 
vocate would  presume  to  plead  his  cause,  he 
defended  himself  with  the  energy  and  effort 
of  innocence,  and  after  addressing  his  judges 
in  an  eloquent  speech  of  two  hours,  he  was, 
after  three  years'  confinement,  discharged, 
He  died  at  his  house  at  Argenton  1509,  aged 
64,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  the  Au- 
gustines  at  Paris.  Comines,  though  well  ac- 
quainted with  modern  languages,  was  yet  no 
deep  scholar.  The  memoirs  of  his  own 
times,  howevcj-,  which  he  left,  are  very  val- 
uable for  the  historical  details  which  they 
give,  during  34  years,  of  the  affairs  of  the 
house  of  Burgundy,  and  of  Lewis  XI.  and 
Charles  VIII.  of  France,  with  anecdotes  of 
the  various  transactions  which  at  that  time 
took  place  in  England,  and  on  the  continent. 
His  impartiality  is  universally  acknowledged, 
and  the  respect  which  he  shows  to  the  Eng- 
lish nation,  entitles  him  to  the  praises  which 
Dryden  bestows  upon  him,  in  ranking  him 
with  Thucydides  and  Tacitus,  for  the  acute- 
ness  of  his  judgment,  and  the  great  know- 
ledge of  men,  manners  and  politics,  which 
he  has  displayed.  His  works  were  edited  by 
Fresnoy,  4  vols.  4to.  1747,  and  have  been 
translated  by  Uvedale  into  English,  2  vols. 
8vo. 

Commandinus,  Frederic,  an  Italian 
mathematician,  descended  from  a  noble  fa- 
mily at  Urbino,  where  he  was  born  1509. 
Besides  great  knowledge  of  mathematics,  he 
was  well  versed  in  Greek  literature,  and 
translated  Archimedes,  Apollonius  Pergams, 
Ptolemy,  Euclid,  Aristarchus,  &c.  besides 
some  original  compositions  on  the  centre  of 
gravity,  on  clocks,  he.  He  was  greatly  pa- 
tronised by  the  duke  of  Urbino,  and  died 
1575. 

Commeltn,  Jerome,  an  eminent  French 
printer,  born  at  Douay.  He  settled  at  Ge- 
neva, and  afterwards  at  Heidelberg,  where 
he  died  1598.  He  printed  among  other  fa- 
theri,  the  works  of  Chrysostom,  4  vols,  fol 
an  excellent  edition.  The  mark  he  prefixed 
to  his  editions,  was  truth  sitting  in  a  chair. 

Commendone,  John  Francis,  a  native 
of  Venice,  who  at  the  early  age  of  10,  wrote 
Latin  verses,  and  so  recommended  himself 
by  his  learning,  that  he  became  chamberlain 
to  Julius  III.  and  was  employed  in  various 
embassies,  and  made  bishop  by  Paul  IV. 
Pius  IV.  raised  him  to  the  rank  of  cardinal, 
and  employed  him  as  his  nuncio  in  Poland, 
and  he  was  afterwards  legate  at  the  diet  of 
Augsburg,  against  the  Lutherans.  He  wrote 
various  Latin  poems  and  letters,  and  died  at 
Padua,  1584,  aged  60. 

Commerson,  Philibert,  botanist  to  the 
French  king,  was  born  at  Chatilon  lesDom- 
bes,  near  Bourg  in  Bresse,  1727.  When  re- 
siding as  physician  at  Montpellier,  he  showed 
his  fondness  for  botany  to  so  improper  a  de- 


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glee,  that  he  plundered  even  the  king's  gar- 
den, to  enrich  his  collections.  He  was  re- 
commended by  Linnaeus  to  the  queen  of  Swe- 
den to  complete  her  collection  of  rarest 
fishes,  and  consequently  wrote  his  ichthyo- 
logy in  2  vols.  4to.  He  wrote  besides  a  dic- 
tionary and  bibliography  on  writers  of  natu- 
ral history,  and  the  martyrology  of  botany, 
containing  the  lives  of  those  who  had  lost 
their  life  in  pursuit  of  natural  curiosities,  to 
which  his  own  life  was  to  be  added  His 
abilities  recommended  him  to  the  ministry 
as  a  proper  person  to  accompany  Bougain- 
ville round  the  world,  and  he  embarked  in 
1766,  and  highly  distinguished  himself  by  the 
labor  and  success  of  his  researches.  He  died 
at  the  isle  of  France  in  1773,  leaving  to  the 
king's  cabinet  all  bis  collection,  amounting 
to  200  volumes  in  folio,  besides  the  contents 
of  32  cases,  containing  great  treasures,  se- 
lected during  his  voyage.  He  mentions  dis- 
covering a  nation  of  dwarfs  of  3  1-2  feet 
high,  in  the  interior  parts  of  Madagascar. 

Commire,  John,  a  Jesuit  born  at  Am- 
boise.  He  wrote  Latin  in  so  elegant  a  style, 
that  his  fables  are  esteemed  equal  to  those  of 
Phsedrus.  He  died  at  Paris  1702,  aged  77. 
His  poems  appeared  2  vols  12mo.  1754. 

Commodi,  Andrea,  a  Florentine  painter 
who  died  1638,  aged  73.  His  Lucifer  and  as- 
sociates fallen  from  heaven,  painted  for  Paul 
V.  was  much  admired. 

CoMMODiANUsof  Gaza,  a  christian  poet 
of  the  fourth  century,  author  of  Institutiones, 
a  sort  of  composition  neither  elegant  nor 
valuable. 

Commodus,  Lucius  Aurelius  Antoninus, 
succeeded  his  father  Antoninus  as  emperor 
of  Rome  180.  After  a  series  of  dissipation, 
cruelty,  and  every  profligacy,  he  was  poison- 
ed by  Marcia  his  concubine  192. 

Comte,  Lewis  le,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
went  in  1685  to  China  as  a  missionary.  He 
published  an  interesting  account  of  his  mis- 
sion on  his  return  to  Europe,  and  died  at 
Bourdeaux 1729. 

CoMPTOSf,  Spencer,  son  of  the  first  earl 
of  Northampton,  was  master  of  the  robes  to 
the  prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  Charles  I. 
and  accompanied  him  to  Spain.  When 
Charles  succeeded  to  the  throne,  Compton 
loyally  supported  his  measures,  and  attended 
him  in  his  expedition  against  the  Scots. 
When  the  royal  standard  was  set  up  at  Not- 
tingham, he  was  among  the  truest  of  his 
friends.  At  the  battle  of  Kopton-heath  near 
Stafford,  March  19th  1643,  he  was  encom- 
passed by  the  enemy,  and  when  after  deeds 
of  valor,  he  was  offered  quarter,  he  boldly 
declared  he  would  not  receive  it  from  the 
hands  of  rebels  and  rogues,  upon  which  he 
was  slain  with  a  blow  of  an  balbert  on  the 
head.  He  was  buried  in  All-hallows  church, 
Derby.  He  left  six  sons  and  two  daughters 
by  Mary  daughter  of  sir  Francis  Beaumont. 

Compton,  Henry,  a  prelate,  youngest 
son  of  Spencer,  just  mentioned.  He  was 
born  in  1632.  He  was  educated  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxford,  and  after  three  years'  resi- 
dence  he  set  off,    in   1652,   on  his  travels. 


At  the  restoration  he  obtained  a  cornetey  in 
a  regiment  of  horse,  but  he  afterwards  studi- 
ed divinit}-  at  Cambridge,  where  he  became 
M.  A.  Soon  after  entering  into  orders  he 
obtained  the  rectory  of  Cottenham,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, a  eanonry  at  Christ-church,  and 
the  mastership  of  St.  Cross  hospital  near 
Winchester.  In  1674,  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Oxford,  and  the  next  year  succeeded  to 
the  see  of  London.  In  this  elevated  situation 
he  was  intrusted  with  the  education  of  the 
princesses  Mary  and  Anne,  and  the  strong 
attachment  which  they  showed  to  the  pro- 
testant  religion  is  honorably  attributed  to  the 
wholesome  instructions  of  the  learned  pre- 
late. He  labored  assiduously  to  reconcile 
the  dissenters  to  the  tenets  of  the  church, 
and  he  most  ably  resisted  the  claims  and  the 
doctrines  of  the  catholics.  His  zeal  as  a 
protestanl  prelate  displeased  James  II.  and 
therefore  he  removed  him  from  the  privjr 
council,  and  on  his  refusing  to  suspend  Dr. 
Sharp,  rector  of  St.  Giles,  from  his  ecclesi- 
astical office,  he  was  summoned  before  Jef- 
ferys  and  a  commission,  and  arbitrarily  de- 
prived of  all  his  episcopal  functions.  This 
violence  on  the  part  of  the  king  was  noticed 
by  Mary  and  by  William  prince  of  Orange, 
and  at  last  James,  afraid  of  the  consequences 
of  his  conduct,  consented  to  restore  the 
bishop  to  his  offices.  Compton  however  re- 
ceived with  sullenness  the  reparation  offered 
to  his  episcopal  dignity,  and  when  the  king- 
dom was  invaded  by  William,  he  warmly  es- 
poused his  cause,  and  conducted  the  princess 
Anne  to  Nottingham,  to  prevent  her  being 
conveyed  to  France.  With  all  the  ardor  of 
a  friend,  and  the  zeal  of  a  partisan,  he  con- 
gratulated William  on  his  landing,  and  sup- 
ported his  claims  to  the  throne  in  the  house 
of  lords,  and  at  last  consecrated  him,  and 
fixed  the  crown  on  his  head.  Every  step 
however  which  he  pursued  was  tinctured 
with  moderation,  but  because  he  wished  the 
reconciliation  of  the  dissenters,  and  opposed 
the  prosecution  of  Sacheverell,  he  has  been 
branded  with  the  epithets  of  a  weak  and 
bigoted  partisan.  He  died  at  the  age  of  81, 
July  7th,  1713,  and  was  buried  in  FuJham 
church  yard.  He  was  an  eminent  divine  as 
well  as  an  able  statesman,  strongly  attached 
to  the  constitution,  and  displaying  the  since- 
rity of  his  profession  by  a  pious  and  exem- 
plary life.  He  wrote  some  theological  tracts. 
justly  esteemed  for  soundness  of  doctrine, 
and  for  moderation,  and  was  a  great  encou- 
rager  of  botany,  as  the  patron  of  Ray,  Piuke- 
net,  and  other  naturalists.  His  garden  was 
much  admired  for  his  fine  collection  of  ex- 
otics. 

Conant,  John,  D.  D.  an  English  divine, 
was  born  at  Yeaterton,  Devon,  18th  October 
1608,  and  educated  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  became  fellow  and  tutor.  Dur- 
ing the  civil  wan  he  left  the  university,  but 
in  1649  he  was  unanimously  elected  rector 
of  his  college;  he  was  also  divinity  professor, 
and  in  1657  was  admitted  vice  chancellor. 
At  the  restoration  he  appeared  in  London, 
at  the  head  of  the  unjversitv,  to  congratulate 


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the  king  ;  but  though  he  assisted  at  Lite  Savoy 
as  one  of  the  commissioners,  lie  refused  to 
comply  with  the  act  of  uniformity,  and  was 
consequently  deprived  of  all  his  preferments 
in  1662.  He  was  afterwards  re-admitted  into 
the  bosom  of  the  church  1670,  being  ordained 
by  Reynolds  bishop  of  Norwich,  whose 
daughter  he  had  married,  and  by  whom  he 
had  six  sons  and  six  daughters.  He  was  soon 
after  made  minister  of  St.  Mary,  Alderman- 
bury,  which  he  exchanged  for  Allsaints  in 
Northampton,  a  place  to  which  he  was 
strongly  attached.  He  became  archdeacon 
of  Norwich  1675,  and  in  1681  had  a  prebend 
in  the  church  of  Worcester.  In  1686  he  had 
the  misfortune  to  lose  his  eyesight,  and  died 
seven  years  after,  12th  March  1693,  and  was 
buried  in  his  church,  Northampton.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  piety,  of  extensive  learn- 
ing, and  of  singular  modesty.  Six  volumes 
of  his  sermons  have  been  published. 

Conca,  Sebastian,  a  painter  born  at  Gaeta. 
lie  died  1761,  aged  8'2.  His  pieces  were 
much  esteemed  and  man}'  of  them  are  in  the 
possession  of  the  king  of  Naples. 

C  o  n  c  a  n  e  n,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
bred  to  the  law.  He  came  to  London  as  a 
literary  adventurer,  and  he  gained  a  liveli- 
hood and  some  reputation  by  writing  in  sup- 
port of  the  measures  of  the  ministry.  His 
attack  upon  Pope  procured  him  a  respectable 
place  in  the  Duneiad ;  but  the  patronage  of 
the  duke  of  Newcastle  advanced  him  to  the 
lucrative  office  of  attorney-general  for  Ja- 
maica. In  this  appointment,  for  17  years,  he 
conducted  himself  with  all  the  integrity  and 
honor  of  a  man  of  virtue,  and  after  acquiring 
a  respectable  and  independent  fortune,  he 
returned  to  England,  with  the  nattering  in- 
tention of  spending  the  rest  of  his  life  in  Ire- 
land. He  fell  however  into  a  rapid  consump- 
tion, and  died  at  London  22d  Jan.  1749.  He 
wrote  Wexford-wells  a  play,  besides  some 
song#,  in  the  Musical  miscellany,  and  a  well- 
known  letter  addressed  to  Warburton. 

Concina,  Daniel,  a  Dominican  of  Ven- 
ice, celebrated  as  an  eloquent  preacher,  and 
as  a  man  of  abilities,  often  consulted  by  Ben- 
edict XIV.  He  was  author  of  a  system  of 
christian  theology  2  vols.  4to. — and  other 
pieces  on  practical  and  casuistical  subjects, 
and  died  at  Venice  1756,  aged  70. 

Concini,  better  known  by  the  name  of 
marshal  d'Ancre,  was  a  Florentine,  and 
came  to  France  in  the  suit  of  Mary  de  Me- 
dicis  wife  of  Henry  the  great.  By  his  in- 
trigues and  those  of  his  wife  Eleonora  Gali- 
gay,  he  became  from  a  gentleman  of  the 
bed-chamber,  a  marquis,  and  a  marshal  of 
France.  The  enemies  which  his  elevation 
and  his  pride  procured  contrived  his  ruin, 
Lewis  XIII.  was  prevailed  upon  to  get  rid  of 
this  dangerous  favorite,  and  Concini  was  shot 
by  Vitry  and  his  accomplices  on  the  Louvre 
bridge,  24th  April  1617,  and  his  body  was 
ignominiously  insulted  by  the  populace.  His 
■wife  also  lost  her  head,  and  his  son  was  de- 
clared incapable  to  hold  any  office  in  the 
kingdom.  When  his  wife  was  accused  of 
witchcraft,  in  influencing  the  mind  of  the 


queen,  she  said,  her  magic  was  only  the  in- 
fluence of  a  great  mind  over  a  weak  one. 

Condamine,  Charles  Marie  de  la,  born 
at  Paris  1701,  was  knight  of  St.  Lazare,  and 
member  of  several  learned  academies.  He 
early  travelled  to  the  eastern  parts  of  the 
world,  and  in  1736  he  was  chosen  with  Go- 
din  to  go  to  Peru,  to  determine  the  figure 
of  the  earth  at  the  equator.  On  his  return 
he  visited  Rome,  and  was,  by  the  dispensa- 
tion of  the  pope,  permitted  at  the  age  of  55 
to  marry  his  niece.  He  died  4th  Feb.  1774, 
in  consequence  of  an  operation  for  the  re- 
moval of  a  hernia.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
eminence  as  a  mathematician,  though  his 
fondness  of  flattery  rendered  him  too  often 
regardless  of  the  solid  praise  which  should 
belong  to  a  man  of  merit,  modesty.  He 
was  acquainted  with  many  learned  persons, 
and  perhaps  more  from  ostentation  than  the 
real  wish  to  advance  the  cause  of  science. 
His  works  are,  distance  of  the  tropics — rela- 
tion of  a  voyage  to  America — observations, 
Sec.  on  the  inoculation  of  the  small-pox — on 
education — tracts  through  Italy — measure 
of  the  three  first  degrees  of  the  meridian. 

Conde,  Lewis  first  duke  of,  son  of 
Charles  of  Bourbon,  duke  of  Vendome,  was 
distinguished  for  his  valor  at  the  battle  of  St. 
Quintin,  and  afterwards  for  his  intrigues, 
as  the  leader  of  the  rebellious  Hugonots. 
Active  and  vigilant  during  the  civil  wars  of 
that  period,  he  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Dreux,  and  seven  years  after  fell  at  that  of 
Jarnac  1569,  aged  39.  Hjs  memoirs  of  his 
own  times  appeared  after  his  death,  and  pos- 
sess merit.  The  best  edition  is  that  of  1743, 
6  vols.  4to. 

Conde,  Henry  prince  of,  was  known  in 
the  court  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  by  whose 
influence  he  became  a  catholic.  He  was 
sent  to  the  bastille  1616,  and  liberated  three 
years  after.  The  death  of  Lewis  XIII.  re- 
stored him  to  public  favor,  he  became  min- 
ister to  the  regent,  and  displayed  his  valor 
and  his  abilities  in  the  service  of  his  country, 
and  died  at  Paris  1646,  aged  58. 

Conde,  Lewis  prince  of,  duke  of  Eng- 
ncin,  son  of  the  preceding,  deserved  the 
name  of  the  great.  He  was  born  at  Paris 
1621,  and  Richelieu  observed  in  his  earliest 
years  his  promising  abilities,  and  foretold  his 
future  greatness  as  a  general  and  as  a  man. 
Though  but  22  he  defeated  the  Spaniards  at 
the  famous  battle  of  Rocroi,  and  after  ta- 
king Thionville  and  other  fortified  towns,  lie 
entered  Germany  as  a  conqueror.  His  at- 
tempts afterwards  upon  Lerida  in  Catalonia 
proved  abortive,  but  in  Flanders  he  acqui- 
red fresh  honors,  by  the  defeat  of  the  im- 
perialists, and  the  submission  of  an  exten- 
sive tract  of  country.  In  the  civil  wars  of 
France,  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the  court, 
though  afterwards  he  opposed  the  views  of 
Mazarine  and  of  the  monarchy,  and,  in  the 
spirit  of  indignation  and  unyielding  pride,  he 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  Spaniards  in 
Flanders  against  his  country.  The  peace  of 
the  Pyrenees,  1659,  reconciled  him  to  bis 
country,  and  enabled  him  to  atone  for  the 


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injuries  which  his  desertion  had  inflicted  on 
his  honor  and  France.  He  was  afterwards 
employed  against  the  prince  of  Orange  ;  but 
though  wounded  at  the  passage  of  the  Rhine, 
he  completed  the  conquest  of  Franche-eom- 
te,  and  spread  terror  into  Germany,  after 
the  resignation  ofTurenne.  He  died  of  the 
gout  at  Fontainbleau  1G86,  aged  65,  leaving 
two  sons  by  his  wife,  who  was  the  niece  of 
cardinal  Richelieu. 

Conde,  Henry  Julius  de,  prince  of,  son 
of  the  great  Conde,  distinguished  himself 
under  his  father,  at  the  passage  of  the 
Rhine,  and  at  the  battle  of  Senef.  He  was 
a  liberal  patron  of  men  of  letters  and  died 
1709,  aged  66. 

Conder,  John  D.  D.  was  born  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire 1714,  and  was  educated  as  a  dis- 
senter. He  was  a  minister  of  a  congrega- 
tion at  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  kept  a 
school  at  Mile-end,  and  in  1761  succeeded  to 
the  meeting  on  the  Pavement,  Mooriields. 
He  died  1781,  aged  67.  He  printed  several 
sermons,  besides  an  essay  on  the  importance 
of  the  clerical  character. 

Condillac,  Stephen  Bonnot  de,  of  the 
French  academy,  born  at  Grenoble,  was 
preceptor  to  the  infant  son  of  the  duke  of 
Parma.  He  died  at  Flux  near  Baugenci,  2d 
Aug.  1780,  of  a  putrid  fever.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  erudition,  strong  sense,  and  austere 
manners.  He  wrote  in  3  vols.  12mo.  essay 
on  the  origin  of  human  sciences — on  animals 
— on  the  sensations,  &c. — besides  a  course 
of  study  for  the  instruction  of  his  pupils  in 
16  vols,  12mo — and  commerce  and  govern- 
ment considered  in  their  mutual  relations, 
&c.  12mo.  These  volumes  display  great 
philanthropy,  though  often  they  are  devoid 
of  warmth  and  vivacity.  He  is  accused  by 
some  of  favoring  the  principles  of  the  mate- 
rialists. 

Cots'dorcet,  John  Anthony  Nicholas 
Caritat,  marquis  of,  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  French  republic,  was  born  17th  Sept. 
1743,  at  Ribemont  in  Picardy,  of  a  noble 
family.  He  preferred  the  pursuits  of  litera- 
ture to  the  military  profession,  and  studied 
mathematics  and  belles  lettres  at  the  col- 
lege of  Navarre,  and  at  the  age  of  21  he 
gained  the  applauses  of  the  learned,  by  his 
ingenious  memoir  on  the  calcul  diftcrentiel, 
which  was  received  by  the  academy  of  Paris 
with  marked  approbation.  He  afterwards 
became' the  friend  of  d'Alembert,  and  of 
Voltaire,  and  corresponded  with  the  kingof 
Prussia,  and  when  made  secretary  of  the 
academy  of  sciences,  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  spirited  eloges  which  he  pro- 
nounced on  the  meritorious  services  of  his 
departed  brethren.  In  the  constituent  as- 
sembly he  was  made  governor  to  the  dau- 
phin ;  but  his  zeal  in  favor  of  republican 
principles  overpowered  the  respect  which 
he  owed  to  majesty,  and  though  patronised 
by  Lewis  XVI.  he  ventured  to  recommend 
the  abolition  of  monarchy,  and  the  triumph 
of  liberty.  But  though  hostile  to  the  mon- 
archy, he  showed  some  compassion  for  the 
king,' and  opposed  his  violent  trial  ;  but  his 


measures  were  viewed  with  jealousy  hv 
Robespierre  and  his  party,  and  lie  was  re- 
garded as  a  hypocrite,  who,  under  the  mask 
of  moderation  and  philosophy,  aspired  at 
the  sovereign  power.  He  was  therefore 
condemned  28th  July,  1703,  as  one  of  the 
Girondists,  and  for  a  "bile  concealed  him- 
self at  Paris,  but  afterwards  sought  refuge  at 
the  house  of  a  friend  in  the  country.  lii> 
friend  unfortunately  was  absent,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  hide  himself  for  several  nights  i.i 
some  quarries,  till  hunger  forced  him  to  seek 
relief  in  a  neighboring  tavern.  His  long 
beard,  squalid  appearance,  and  the  vora- 
cious appetite  with  which  he  devoured  the 
bread  placed  before  him,  rendered  him  sus- 
pected, he  was  arrested,  and  might  have 
escaped  under  the  character  of  a  distressed 
servant,  but  a  Horace  found  in  his  pocket, 
proved  him  to  be  a  man  of  education,  and  of 
consequence.  On  the  morrow  the  gaoler 
found  him  dead,  a  sacrifice  either  to  exces- 
sive fatigue  and  continued  want,  or  to  poison, 
28th  March,  1794.  In  his  character,  Con- 
dorcet  was  weak  but  ambitious,  fond  of  nov- 
elty, and,  in  pursuit  of  imaginary  happiness, 
little  attentive  to  the  feelings  of  humanity, 
the  calls  of  virtue,  and  the  precepts  of  Chris- 
tianity. He  was,  according  to  d'Alembert, 
a  volcano  covered  with  snow.  His  writings 
were  respectable.  Besides  a  sketch  of  the 
progress  of  the  htrnian  mind — a  treatise  on 
arithmetic — a  tract  on  calculation,  and  on 
the  problem  of  the  three  bodies — analytical 
affairs,  &c.  he  wrote  eulogies  on  Bcrnouilli, 
d'Alembert,  Euler,  Jussieu,  Buffbn,  and 
others,  which  possessed  great  merit,  though 
that  on  Voltaire  is  considered  as  turgid  and 
insignificant.  His  publications  were  26  in 
number. 

Condren,  Charles  de,  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  priest  of  the  congregation  of  the 
oratory,  and  confessor  of  the  duke  of  Or- 
leans, is  known  for  his  influence  in  produ- 
cing a  reconciliation  between  the  king  and 
Orleans.  Satisfied  with  a  life  of  privacy, 
and  the  humble  dignity  of  general  of  his  or- 
der, he  nobly  refused  a  bishopric  and  the 
hat  of  a  cardinal,  and  died  1641.  His  dis- 
courses, letters,  he.  have  appeared  in  2  vols. 
12rao. 

Confvcius  or  Cong-fu-tze,  a  cele- 
brated Chinese  philosopher,  born  at  Chan- 
ping,  of  a  noble  family,  about  550  B.  C.  At 
the  age  of  three  he  lost  his  father,  but  his 
education  was  honorably  superintended  by 
the  kind  care  of  his  grandfather,  and  his  wis- 
dom and  abilities  displayed  themselves  with 
such  advantage,  that  he  became  the  prime 
minister  of  the  kingdom  of  Lu.  His  labors 
were  ardently  directed  to  the  reformation 
of  manners,  but  the  dissipation  of  the  king, 
who  attached  himself  to  several  concubines, 
displeased  him,  and  he  indignantly  resigned 
his  offices,  and  retired  to  privacy,  and  the 
cultivation  of  philosophical  pursuits.  So  ex- 
tensively spread  was  his  reputation,  that  be 
was  frequented  by  above  3000  disciples, 
whom  his  examples  and  precepts  formed  <to 
virtue  and  morality.    He   taught  Ids  dftc?- 


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pies  that  the  first  duties  were  to  serve,  obey, 
and  fear  God,  to  love  their  neighbor  as 
themselves,  and  to  curb  their  passions  to 
the  guidance  of  reason.  Thus  deservedly 
respected  and  beloved,  Confucius  selected 
ten  of  his  pupils,  to  whom  he  communicated 
the  vast  resources  of  his  mind,  and  all  the 
precepts  which  might  render  and  preserve 
them  happy  in  the  possession  of  wisdom  and 
virtue.  He  returned  afterwards  to  the  king- 
dom of  Lu,  where  he  died  aged  73.  The 
king  no  sooner  heard  of  his  death,  than  he 
exclaimed,  "  that  the  gods  had  removed  him 
from  the  earth,  because  they  wished  to  pun- 
ish her  inhabitants."  His  memory  was  hon- 
ored in  the  most  solemn  manner,  he  was  re- 
garded as  a  departed  saint,  and  public  edifi- 
ces were  raised  to  celebrate  his  services  to 
mankind.  His  books  on  morals  have  been 
translated  into  French,  and  they  possess  ex- 
cellent rules  for  virtue  and  morality.  He 
married,  when  young,  but  though  Ke  lost  his 
wife  some  years  after,  he  disdained  to  follow 
the  example  of  his  countrymen,  who  kept 
concubines.  His  descendants  are  still  rever- 
ed in  China,  and  are  regarded  as  mandarins 
of  the  first  order  of  the  kingdom. 

Congreve,  William,  an  English  dra- 
matic writer,  born  in  Staffordshire,  1672.  He 
was  educated  at  Kilkenny  school,  and  Dublin 
college,  whence  many  have  supposed  him  to 
be  a  native  of  Ireland.  After  the  revolution 
he  came  to  London,  and  entered  at  the  Mid- 
dle temple,  but  soon  relinquished  the  profes- 
sion for  the  cultivation  of  the  muses.  His 
first  production  was  "  Incognita,  or  love  and 
duty  reconciled,"  a  novel  of  some  merit, 
though  the  composition  of  a  youth  of  17. 
His  first  play  was  the  Old  Bachelor  in  1693, 
which  was  revised  and  applauded  by  Dryden, 
and  deservedly  recommended  the  author  to 
the  patronage  of  lord  Halifax,  by  whose  influ- 
ence he  became  commissioner  for  licensing 
hackney  coaches,  and  held  other  offices  worth 
CiOOl.  a-year.  The  next  year  appeared  his 
Double  Dealer,  but  with  not  so  much  popu- 
larity. On  the  death  of  queen  Mary,  Con- 
greve wrote  a  delicate  and  much  admired  pas- 
toral, called  the  Mourning  muse  of  Alexis, 
and  in  1695  he  produced  his  popular  comedy 
of  Love  for  Love,  and  the  same  year,  an  ode 
on  the  taking  of  Naraur.  The  next  produc- 
tion was  the  Mourning  Bride,  a  tragedy, 
which  was  first  acted  in  Lincoln's-inn  fields' 
theatre,  and  was  universally  applauded.  The 
reputation  of  Congreve,  but  more  particular- 
ly the  licentiousness  of  his  plays,  drew  upon 
him  the  censures  of  Jeremy  Collier  the  zea- 
lous reformer  of  the  stage,  and  though  Con- 
greve defeuded  himself,  yet  truth  must  own 
the  charge  of  immorality  too  well  established 
to  be  refuted.  Though  dissatisfied  with  the 
public  cry  raised  against  him,  yet  he  produ- 
ced, another  comedy,  The  way  of  the  world, 
which  was  condemned  by  the  critics  of  the 
times,  but  nevertheless  possesses  great  me- 
rit. Though  he  now  withdrew  from  public 
life  as  an  author,  his  friends  were  occasional- 
ly complimented  with  his  able  assistance,  he 
wrote  epilogues,  and  assisted  Dryden  in  his 


Virgil,  and  contributed  the  whole  of  Juvenal's 
11th  satire.  The  last  20  years  of  his  life, 
Congreve  spent  in  case  and  retirement.  He 
was  at  last  afflicted  severely  with  the  gout, 
which  together  with  a  bruise  he  received  in 
being  overturned  in  his  chariot,  hastened  his 
death.  He  died  in  Surry-street,  Strand, 
19th  January  1729,  and  was  buried  with  great 
solemnity  in  Westminster-abbey,  where  a 
monument  was  erected  to  his  honor  by  Hen- 
rietta, duchess  of  Marlborough.  Congreve 
enjoyed  in  his  time  much  of  what  can  render 
life  agreeable,  easy  and  happy.  His  appoint- 
ments and  the  secretaryship  of  Jamaica  yield- 
ed him  not  less  than  12001.  a  year,  and  with 
an  easy  and  independent  fortune  he  was  flat- 
tered with  the  friendship  of  the  great  and  of 
the  learned,  and  had  Dryden,  Steele,  and 
Pope,  among  his  most  devoted  admirers.  He 
died  very  rich,  the  fruit  of  his  great  but  not 
unbecoming  economy.  His  comedies,  says 
Johnson,  are  the  works  of  a  mind  replete 
with  imagery  and  quick  in  combination, 
though  of  his  miscellaneous  poetry  little  can 
be  said  that  is  favorable.  Voltaire,  who  knew 
and  admired  him,  says,  that  he  raised  the 
glory  of  English  comedy  to  a  greater  height 
than  any  writer  before  or  after  him  ;  but  his 
grand  defect  was  entertaining  too  mean  an 
idea  of  the  character  of  an  author,  though  to 
that  he  was  indebted  totally  for  his  fame  and 
fortune. 

Connor,  Bernard,  a  physician,  born  in 
the  county  of  Kerry,  1666.  As  his  friends 
were  catholics,  he  was  not  regularly  educa- 
ted in  Ireland,  but  in  1686  he  went  over  to 
France,  and  at  Montpellier  and  Paris,  distin- 
guished himself  for  his  assiduity,  and  his 
great  knowledge  of  anatomy  and  chemistry. 
He  afterwards  travelled  through  Germany  as 
the  tutor  of  the  two  sons  of  the  chancellor  of 
Poland,  and  on  his  arrival  at  Warsaw,  re- 
commended himself  so  much  by  his  skill  in 
the  knowledge  and  cure  of  diseases,  that  he 
became  physician  to  the  king,  John  Sobieski. 
After  collecting  much  valuable  information 
on  the  natural  history  and  other  curiosities 
of  Poland,  he  left  Warsaw  in  1694,  as  physi- 
cian in  the  suit  of  the  king's  daughter,  who 
was  going  to  espouse  the  duke  of  Bavaria  at 
Brussels,  and  from  Holland,  he  came  to  Eng- 
land;in  1695.  He  now  began  to  read  lec- 
tures on  anatomy,  chemistry,  and  physic  at 
Oxford,  and  acquired  such  celebrity  that  he 
was  elected  into  the  royal  society  and  the  col- 
lege of  physieians.  He  also  delivered  lec- 
tures in  London  and  Cambridge  with  equal 
success,  but  his  evangelium  medici  divided 
into  16  sections,  published  in  1697,  drew  upon 
him  the  imputation  of  irreligion  and  even 
atheism,  and  though  he  probably  intended  no 
attack  upon  revelation,  the  work  deserves 
censure  for  its  scepticism.  On  the  death  of 
Sobieski,  and  the  tumults  which  a  Polish 
election  generally  produced,  Connor  was  in- 
duced to  gratify  the  public  curiosity  by  the  " 
publication  of  his  history  of  Poland  in  two 
vols,  which,  though  finished  with  more  rapidi- 
ty than  correctness,  contains  many  valuable 
and  interesting  particulars  concerning  that 


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now  ill  fated  kingdom.  Whilst  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  public  celebrity  and  rising  eminence, 
Connor  was  attacked  with  a  fever,  which 
quickly  Carried  him  off,  October  1608,  in  his 
32d  year.  Though  born  and  educated  a 
catholic  he  embraced  the  doctrines  of  the 
church  of  England,  and  died  in  her  commu- 
nion. Mis  funeral  sermon  was  preached  by 
Dr.  Hayley,  rector  of  St.  Giles  in  the  fields, 
where  his  remains  were  deposited. 

Conon,  an  Athenian  general  defeated  by 
Lysander.  He  afterwards  defeated  the  Spar- 
tans, and  was  reconciled  to  his  countrymen. 
He  was  betrayed  to  Tiribazus,  and  put  to 
death  393  B.  C. 

Conon,  an  astronomer  of  Samos,  the 
friend  of  Archimedes.  He  flattered  Ptolemy 
by  saying  that  the  hair  of  queen  Berenice  was 
become  a  constellation  in  the  heavens. 

Conead  I.  count  of  Franconia,  and  king 
of  Germany  912.  He  opposed  the  Huns 
who  had  inva<led  Germany,  at  the  solicita- 
tion of  Arnold  duke  of  Bavaria,  and  at  last 
purchased  their  retreat  with  a  sum  of  money 
and  a  yearly  tribute,  and  died  918. 

Conrad  II.  son  of  Herman  duke  of 
Franconia,  was  made  king  of  Germany  1024, 
and  crowned  emperor  at  Kome  3  years  after. 
He  was  successful  against  his  opponents,  and 
added  to  his  dominions  the  kingdom  of  Bur- 
gundy according  to  the  will  of  king  Rodol- 
phus!     H e  died'  1039. 

Conrad  III.  son  of  Frederic  of  Suabia, 
was  duke  of  Franconia,  and  elected  emperor 
of  Germany.  Though  violently'  opposed  in 
his  elevation,  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  dis- 
perse or  reconcile  his  enemies,  and  after- 
wards went  to  the  crusades  against  the  Sara- 
cens. As  the  Greeks  had  poisoned  the 
fountains  in  the  holy  land,  he  nearly  lost  his 
whole  army,  and  with  difficulty  returned  to 
Europe,     lie  died  at  Bamberg,  1152. 

Conrad  IV.  duke  of  Suabia,  succeeded 
his  lather  Frederic  II.  as  emperor  1250.  His 
elevation  was  opposed  by  Innocent  IV.  who 
claimed  the  high  privilege  of  disposing  of 
crowns  and  kingdoms,  upon  which  he  inva- 
ded Italy,  and  took  Capua,  Naples,  and  other 
places.  His  victories  would  soon  have  dis- 
possessed the  ambitious  pope  of  his  domin- 
ions, but  he  died  suddenly,  and  as  it  is  sus- 
pected of  poison,  1254. 

Conradin  or  Conrad,  son  of  the 
fourth  Conrad,  was  only  three  years  old  when 
his  father  died.  His  uncle  Mainfroi  became 
his  regent  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  but 
pope  Urban  IV.  bestowed  the  crown  to 
Charles  of  Anjou,  who  defeated  his  youthful 
rival  1268,  ami  soon  after  beheaded  him  at 
Naples,  when  only  sixteen  years  old. 

Conrart,  Valentin,  secretary  to  the 
French  king's  council,  was  born  at  Paris 
1603,  and  died  September  23,  1675.  To  his 
taste,  his  influence,  and  his  love  for  literature 
the  French  ascribe  the  originof their  French 
academy,  of  which  he  is  deservedly  styled  the 
lather,  as  her  first  learned  men  held  their 
first  meetings  in  his  house  from  1629  to  1634. 
Though  Conrart  knew  nothing  of  Greek,  and 
little  of  Latin,  he  yet  published  some  pieces 


not  entitled  however  to  great  merit.  He 
owes  his  celebrity  to  the  affability  of  his  man- 
ners, the  goodness  of  his  heart,  the  hospitable 
asylum  which  he  gave  to  men  of  learning,  and 
especially  his  being  regarded  as  the  founder 
of  the  academy. 

Conri,  Florence,  a  Franciscan  friar,  born 
in  Connaught,  Ireland,  but  educated  in  Spain 
Philip  III.  sent  him  under  the  title  of  titular 
bishop  of  Tuam,  to  his  native  country,  that 
he  might  reconcile  the  disaffected  Irish  to 
the  prospects  of  a  Spanish  invasion.  His 
perfidious  schemes  were  however  defeated, 
and  he  returned  to  Madrid,  where  he  died 
1629.  He  was  author  of  the  mirror  of  the 
christian  life, — an  Irish  catechism,  Louvni a 
1626,  besides  some  Latin  pieces  on  Augus- 
tine, &c. 

Conringius,  Hermannus,  professor  of 
the  law,  was  born  at  Norden  in  Frisia  1606, 
and  died  at  Helmstadt,  where  he  was  profes- 
sor of  physic  and  politics,  and  senior  of  the 
university,  in  1681.  He  was  well  skilled  in 
history  as  wellas  law,  and  enjoyed  the  friend- 
ship of  some  of  the  princes  of  Germany.  His 
works,  which  are  chiefly  on  law  and  history, 
were  printed  at  Brunswick  in  six  vols,  folio. 
1731. 

Constant,  David,  a  native  of  Lausanne, 
and  there  professor  of  philosophy,  Greek, 
and  divinity'.  He  wrote  an  abridgment  of 
politics, — on  the  passage  of  the  Israelites 
through  the  red  sea, — on  Lot's  wife, — the 
bush  of  Moses, — the  brazen  serpent, — a  sys- 
tem of  theology,  &c. — besides  editions  of  the 
classics.     He  died  at  Lausanne  1733,  aged  95. 

Constantin,  Robert,  professor  of  phy- 
sic, and  belles  lettres  at  Caen  university, 
where  he  was  born,  died  of  a  pleurisy  in 
1605,  aged  103,  after  enjoying  to  the  last  all 
the  faculties  of  his  mind  and  body.  His 
knowledge  of  Greek  was  very  extensive,  as 
his  learned  works  fully  evince,  especially  his 
valuable  Lexicon  Greek  and  Latin.  He  wrote 
besides  three  books  on  Greek  and  Latin  an- 
tiquities,— a  dictionary  of  abstruse  Latin 
words, — a  thesaurus  rerum,  &c.  utriusque 
lingux. 

Constantine  the  great,  a  Roman  em- 
peror after  his  father  Constantius.  He  was 
an  able  general,  a  sagacious  politician,  and  a 
benevolent  prince.  He  is  chiefly  celebrated 
for  the  building  of  Constantinople  on  the  site 
of  old  Byzantium,  and  for  being  the  first  em- 
peror who  embraced  Christianity.  He  died 
337,  aged  66. 

Constantine  II.  son  of  the  great  Con- 
stantine, was  born  at  Aries,  and  became  after 
his  father's  death  master  of  Spain,  Gaul,  and 
Britain.  He  made  war  against  his  brother 
Constans,  and  was  slain  at  Aquileia  340. 

Constantine  III.  son  of  Constantius 
II.  was  surnamed  Pogonatus,  or  the  bearded, 
and  was  crowned  emperor  668.  He  was  suc- 
cessful against  the  Saracens,  who  besieged 
Constantinople,  and  he  destroyed  their  ships 
with  the  Greek  fire.  Though  valiant  he  was 
ambitious  and  intriguing.  He  avenged  his 
father's  murder,  but  he  showed  himself  wan- 
tonly cruel  by  the  murder  of  his  brothers  Ti- 


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bevius  and  Heraclius,  who  had  been  raised  by 
the  array  to  a  share  of  the  imperial  power. 
He  condemned  the  heresy  of  the  inonothelites 
in  a  council  at  Constantinople,  and  died  685. 

Coxstantine  IV.  Capronymus,  suc- 
ceeded 1 1 is  father  Leo  the  Isaurian  752,  and 
displayed  Ids  zeal  against  image  worship.  He 
defeated  the  Saracens,  and  Artavasdes  his 
brother-in-law,  who  had  made  an  insurrec- 
tion against  him,  but  lie  was  afterwards  rout- 
ed by  the  Bulgarians,  though  in  another  bat- 
tle he  regained   the  victory.     He  died  775. 

Constantine  V.  succeeded  his  father 
Leo  IV.  in  780,  though  only  ten  years  old, 
under  the  guardianship  of  his  mother  Irene. 
He  had  the  good  success  to  thwart  his 
mother's  schemes,  who  wished  to  make  her- 
self sole  sovereign  ;  but  during  an  invasion  of 
the  Bulgarians,  he  was  defeated,  and  was  de- 
prived not  only  of  his  power,  but  of  his  eyes, 
by  the  order  of  his  cruel  mother  792.  He 
died  some  years  after  in  obscurity. 

Constantine  VII.  Porthyrogeni- 
tus,  son  of  Leo  the  wise,  was  born  905,  and 
ascended  the  throne  at  the  age  of  seven,  un- 
der the  guardianship  of  his  mother  Zoe. 
When  of  age  lie  showed  himself  valiant  and 
active,  he  defeated  the  Lombards  in  Italy, 
and  drove  the  Turks  by  threats  and  by  mo- 
wer from  the  borders  of  his  empire.  He  was 
afterwards  governed  by  his  wife  Helena, 
who  oppressed  the  people  and  rendered  her- 
self odious.  He  was  poisoned  by  his  son 
iinmatins  95U.  He  was  a  learned  man,  and 
wrote  the  life  of  Basilius  the  Macedonian, — 
the  geography  of  the  empire, — a  treatise  on 
the   affairs  of  the  empire, — de   re  rustica, 

£tO. 

Constantine  IX.  son  of  ltomanus, 
succeeded  to  the  throne  with  his  brother 
Basil  II.  after  John  Zimisces,  976.  He  died 
1028. 

Constantine  X.  Monomachus  or 
Gladiator,  a  Greek,  who  married  Zoe, 
daughter  of  Constantine  IX.  and  ascended 
the  throne  1042.  Insurrection  and  a  Turk- 
ish war  were  the  striking  features  of  his 
reign.    He  died  1054. 

Constantine  XI.  or  Ducas,  was 
adopted  as  suceessor  by  Isaac  Commenusl059. 
His  reign  was  turbulent  and  unhappy  in  con- 
sequence of  the  invasion  of  the  Scythians, 
and  the  destruction  of  some  of  his  cities  by 
an  earthquake.     He  died  1067. 

Constantine  XIII.  son  of  John  Paleo- 
logus,  succeeded  his  brother  John  in  1448. 
He  possessed  bravery,  and  honorably  fell 
in  the  defence  of  Constantinople  when  be- 
sieged and  taken  by  the  Turks  1453.  In 
him  ended  the  Greek  empire. 

Constantine,  Flavius  Julius,  a  pri- 
vate soldier,  who  by  intrigue  and  great  suc- 
cess invested  himself  with  the  imperial  pur- 
ple in  Britain,  and  added  Gaul  and  Spain  to 
his  dominions  by  his  arms.  He  was  besieg- 
ed at  Aries,  where  he  had  fixed  his  resi- 
dence, by  Constantius  the  lieutenant  of  Ho- 
norius,  and  when  reduced  to  extremity  he 
offered  to  surrender  provided  his  life  was 
Spared.  •  The  conditions  were  accepted  but 


inhumanly  violated.    He  was  put  to  death* 
and  also  his  son,  411. 

Constantine, a  native  of  Syria,  raised 
to  the  papal  chair  708.  He  travelled  into 
the  east,  and  died  715.  The  antipope  who, 
opposed  Stephen  III.  bore  also  this  name. 
He  was  driven  from  Rome  and  died  in  a  mo- 
nastery. 

Constantine,  of  Carthage  in  Africa, 
was  a  physician  of  the  11th  century.  He 
travelled  into  the  east  where  he  resided  30 
years.  He  is  supposed  to  be  the  first  who 
brought  the  Arabian  and  Greek  physic  into 
Italy.  After  his  return  to  Carthage  he  went 
to  settle  at  Reggio,  and  at  last  became  a 
monk  of  Monte  Casino.  His  works  appear- 
ed at  Basil  1539,  in  folio. 

Constantius,  Chlorus,  father  of  the 
great  Constantine,  was  made  colleague  to 
Galerius  on  Dioclesian's  abdication.  He  died 
at  York  306. 

Constantius,  Flavius  Julius,  the  se- 
cond son  of  the  great  Constantine,  succeeded 
with  his  two  brothers  Constans  and  Constan- 
tine to  the  empire  of  Rome.  He  defeated 
Magnentius  who  had  murdered  his  brother 
Constans  and  became  sole  emperor.  He 
died  361. 

Contapini,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Ven- 
ice, engaged  in  various  embassies,  and  made 
a  cardinal  1538,  and  sent  as  legate  to  the 
council  of  Trent  1541.  He  wrote  some  Lat- 
in treatises  on  the  immortality  of  the  soul — 
the  seven  sacraments, — against  Luther, — on 
the  office  of  pope,  &c. — with  great  elegance 
and  spirit,  and  died  at  Bologna  1542. 

Contarini  Giovanni,  a  Venetian 
painter,  who  died  1605,  aged  56.  He  was 
eminent  in  his  profession  and  a  great  imita- 
tor of  Titian. 

Contarini,  Vincent,  professor  of  elo- 
quence at  Padua,  died  in  his  native  town, 
Venice,  1617,  aged  40.  The  most  known  of 
his  learned  works  are  de  refrumentaria,  de 
militari  Romanorum  stipendio  varite  lectio- 
nes,  &c.  in  4to.     - 

Conte,  Jacobino  del,  a  Florentine  por- 
trait painter,  patronised  by  pope  Paul  111. 
He  died  1598,  aged  88. 

Conti,  Guisto  di,  an  Italian  poet  who 
died  at  Rimini  about  the  middle  of  the  16th 
century.  His  poems  are  greatly  esteemed, 
they  were  collected  and  published  Venice 
1592,  in  4to.  Florence  1715,  and  Verona 
1753,  in  4to. 

Conti,  abbe  Anthony,  a  noble  Venetian, 
who  died  1749,  aged  71.  By  the  extent  of 
his  travels  he  not  only  formed  a  numerous 
acquaintance  with  the  learned  of  eveiy  coun- 
try, but  he  greatly  improved  the  powers  of 
his  mind.  He  is  author  of  some  tragedies, 
and  of  some  poems  which  abound  more  with 
metaphysics  than  poetical  elegance.  His 
works  in  verse  and  prose  were  published  at 
Venice  two  vols.  4to.  1739,  and  another 
1756.  During  las  visit  to  England,  Conti  be- 
came acquainted  with  Newton,  and  long  es- 
teemed and  venerated  the  abilities  and 
friendship  of  that  great  man. 

Conti,  Arm  and  de  BourboH  prince  of, 


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quitted  the  church  for  a  military  life,  and 
warmly  espoused  the  party  of  the  insurgents 
against  his  brother  the  great  Conde,  during 
the  civil  wars  of  France.  These  two  hostile 
brothers  were  both  together  sent  prisoners 
to  Vincennes  by  Mazarine.  Conti  was  made 
in  1654  governor  of  Guienne,  commander  of 
the  armies  in  Catalonia,  and  governor  of 
Languedoc  1662.  He  wrote  in  French,  trea- 
tises on  the  duties  of  the  great, — on  come- 
dies and  plays,  fete. — on  the  duties  of  provin- 
cial governors,  &c. — three  vols.  12mo.  Paris 
1667.     He  died  1668. 

Conti,  Francis  Lewis  de  Bourbon,  son 
of  the  preceding,  distinguished  himself  at  the 
siege  of  Luxemburg,  in  the  campaign  in 
Hungary,  at  the  battles  of  Suinkerk  Fleur- 
us  and  Nerwinde.  He  was  elected  king  of 
Poland  1697,  but  soon  supplanted  by  the 
elector  of  Saxony.  He  died  at  Paris  1709, 
aged  45.  His  grandson  Lewis  Francis  was 
distinguished  in  the  wars  of  Italy  and  Flan- 
ders, and  died" at  Paris,  2d  August  1776,  aged 
59. 

Conto-Pertana,  Don  Joseph,  a  Por- 
tuguese poet,  of  great  merit,  and  inferior 
only  to  Camoens.  His  Quitterie  la  Sainte, 
is  a  valuable  epic  poem.  He  died  at  Lisbon 
1735. 

Co.vybea.re,  John,  a  learned  English 
prelate,  born  at  Pirrhoe,  near  Exeter,  31st 
January  1692.  He  was  educated  at  Exeter 
grammar  college,  and  Exeter  college,  of 
which  he  became  fellow,  and  afterwards  tu- 
tor. In  1730  he  was  appointed  rector  of  his 
college,  and  on  the  same  year  he  published, 
by  the  advice  of  bishop  Gibson,  an  answer 
to  Tindal's  Christianity  as  old  as  the  crea- 
tion, which  proved  him  to  be  not  only  a  great 
champion  in  the  cause  of  revelation,  but  an 
able  and  acute  scholar,  and  sound  divine. 
In  1732  he  was  appointed  dean  of  Christ 
church,  and  in  1750  he  succeeded  Butler  in 
the  see  of  Bristol.  He  did  not  however  long 
enjoy  this-  new  dignity,  as  he  was  a  great 
martyr  to  the  gout,  under  which  he  at  last 
sunk  13th  July  1755.  He  was  buried  in 
Bristol  cathedral.  Two  volumes  of  his  ex- 
cellent sermons  were  published  after  his 
death. 

Cook,  James,  a  celebrated  navigator, 
born  ai  Marton  in  Cleveland,  near  Great 
Ayton,  Yorkshire,  and  christened  3d  No- 
vember 1728.  His  father  was  a  poor  cotta- 
ger, who  afterwards  was  employed  as  a  hind 
or  upper  servant  on  the  farms  of  Thomas 
Skottowe  esquire  at  Great  Ayton,  where  bis 
son  was  engaged  in  tbe  labor  of  the  plough 
till  the  age  of  13,  when  he  acquired  some 
knowledge  of  arithmetic  and  figures  at  the 
village  school.  At  the  age  of  17  youngCook 
was  bound  apprentice  for  four  years  to  a 
grocer  at  Snaith,  but  his  fondness  for  the 
sea  overturned  his  father's  plans,  and  after 
one  year  and  a  half's  service  the  indentures 
were  cancelled  by  the  kindness  of  his  master, 
and  in  July  1746  he  was  bound  for  three 
years  in  the  service  of  Mr.  Walker  a  ship 
owner  at  Whitby.  He  was  thus  engaged  to 
the  great  satisfaction  of  his  employer  in  the 

VOL.    I*  47 


coasting  and  coal  trade,  till  1752,  when  he 
was  made  mate  of  one  of  Walker's  vessels, 
and  the  next  year  he  quitted  his  master's 
service,  though  he  was  offered  the  command 
of  one  of  his  ships,  and  entered  on  board  the 
Eagle,  a  king's  frigate  of  28  or  30  guns,  be- 
ing desirous,  as  he  said,  "  to  try  his  fortune 
that  way."  Between  1753  and  1  760,  when 
he  received  a  lieutenant's  commission,  he 
was  successfully  employed  in  improving  him- 
self and  storing  his  mind  with  that  know- 
ledge of  navigation  and  mathematics,  which 
he  afterwards  displayed  in  so  remarkable  a 
degree.  The  skill,  firmness,  and  ability 
which  he  showed  while  employed  in  Ameri- 
ca and  on  the  Jamaica  station,  recommend- 
ed him,  not  only  to  the  notice  of  sir  William 
Burnaby  the  commander,  but  to  the  appro- 
bation of  the  admiralty,  and  when  in  1767 
the  royal  society  insisted  on  the  propriety  of 
observing  the  transit  of  Venus  over  the  sun's 
disc,  from  some  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific 
ocean,  lieutenant  Cook  was  appointed  to 
command  the  ship  Endeavour  in  that  new 
and  distant  expedition.  He  was  in  conse- 
quence raised  to  the  rank  of  captain,  and 
sailed  down  the  river  on  the  30th  July,  ac> 
companied  in  this  important  voyage  by  sir 
Joseph  Banks,  Dr.  Solander,  and  Mr.  Green. 
On  the  13th  April  1769,  he  reached  Ota- 
heite,  where  the  observations  were  directed 
to  be  made,  and  after  remaining  there  till 
13th  July,  he  set  sail  for  New  Zealand,  and 
after  discovering  several  islands  he  reached 
Batavia  10th  October  1770.  After  losing 
many  of  his  men  in  this  horrid  climate, 
where  he  was  obliged  to  remain  till  the  2nii 
December  for  the  repairs  of  his  ship,  he 
proceeded  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
anchored  in  the  Downs  on  the  12lh  June, 
after  an  absence  of  nearly  three  years.  The 
great  abilities  which  c«ptain  Cook  had  evin- 
ced in  this  expedition  recommended  him  to 
the  command  of  the  two  ships  intended  to 
explore  the  coasts  of  the  supposed  southern 
hemisphere.  On  the  9th  of  April  1772  he 
soiled  from  Deptford  on  board  the  Resolu- 
tion with  captain  Furneaux,  who  had  the 
command  of  the  other  ship,  tbe  Adventure. 
They  reached  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  30th 
October,  and  leaving  it  on  the  22d  .Novem- 
ber they  proceeded  towards  the  south,  in 
pursuit  of  discovery.  The  vast  fields  of  ice 
which  however  presented  themselves  in  those 
southern  latitudes,  and  the  imminent  dan- 
gers to  which  they  hourly  exposed  the  ships, 
convinced  the  captain  that  no  land  was  to  he 
found,  and  that  further  attempts  were  not 
only  useless  but  perilous,  and  therefore  on 
the  17th  January  1773,  he  sailed  towards  the 
South  sea,  and  on  the  2(st  March  1774  re- 
turned to  the  Cape,  and  reached  England 
on  the  14th  of  July.  During  this  dangerous 
voyage  of  three  years  and  18  days,  the  cap- 
tain lost  only  one  man  in  his  crew  of  118, 
though  he  navigated  in  various  climates  from 
52  degrees  north  to  71  degrees  south.  The 
discoveries  of  islands  in  the  southern  sea* 
had  now  engaged  the  attention  of  the  nation, 
and  another  project  was  formed  to  find   Oxtt 


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a  northwest  passage,  and  thus  unite  the 
great  Pacific  ocean  with  the  north  of  the  At- 
lantic. On  this  occasion  Cook,  again  eager 
to  serve  his  country  and  advance  the  know- 
ledge of  geography,  bid  adieu  to  his  domestic 
comforts,  and  a  third  time  with  ardent  zeal 
embarked  to  surround  the  world.  He  set 
sail  in  tiie  Discovery  in  July  1776,  and  after 
visiting  several  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific 
ocean  he  penetrated  towards  the  north,  ex- 
plored the  unknown  coasts  of  western  A- 
merica,  and  turned  back  only  when  his  fur- 
ther progress  was  impeded  by  vast  fields  of 
ice.  Unable,  in  consequence  of  the  advan- 
ced season,  to  go  further,  he  visited  the 
Sandwicli  islands,  and  stopped  at  Owyhee, 
•where  he  unfortunately  lost  his  life.  Du- 
ring the  night  the  Indians  carried  away  the 
Discovery's  cutter,  and  Cook,  determined 
to  recover  it,  adopted  the  same  measures 
which  on  similar  occasions  he  had  success- 
fully pursued,  and  be  seized  the  king  of  the 
island,  to  confine  him  on  board  his  ship  till 
restoration  of  the  vessel  was  made.  In  the 
struggle  which  took  place,  the  captain  and 
his  men  were  assailed  by  the  Indians,  who 
viewed  with  resentmentthe  captivity  of  their 
monarch,  and  before  he  could  reach  the  boat 
Cook  received  a  severe  blow  on  the  head 
which  brought  him  to  the  ground,  and  una- 
ble alone  to  resist  a  multitude  of  savage  foes, 
while  his  men  in  the  boat  and  on  the  shore 
seemed  intent  in  defending  themselves,  he 
was  overpowered  by  the  strokes  of  his  assail- 
ants. His  body  was  treated  with  savage  bar- 
barity, and  a  few  bones  were  recovered 
which  his  mourning  and  disconsolate  com- 
panions committed  to  the  deep.  This  mel- 
ancholy event  happened  on  the  14th  Febru- 
ary 1779.  The  account  of  the  death  of  this 
worthy  navigator  was  received  with  general 
sorrow.  The  services  which  he  had  ren- 
dered his  country,  the  humanity  which  he 
had  always  showed  in  his  intercourse  with 
the  Indians,  and  the  benevolence  and  con- 
cern with  which  he  watched  over  the  health 
ofhis  men, duly  entilledhim  to  universal  res- 
pect. Soon  after  his  departure  the  royal  so- 
ciety voted  him  a  golden  medal,  with  the 
most  honorable  and  most  deserved  testimo- 
ny of  their  esteem  and  gratitude  ;  and  though 
he  had  not  the  happiness  to  receive,  before 
his  death,  this  proof  of  public  affection,  yet 
posterity  views  and  records  with  admiration 
and  reverence  the  homage  due  to  the  merits 
of  a  great  and  a  good  man.  Cook  left  by 
bis  wife,  who  long  survived  him,  several 
children.  On  the  widow  the  king  bestowed 
a  pension  of  200/.  and  on  each  of  the  chil- 
dren 25/.  a  reward  scarce  adequate  to  the 
many  and  immortal  services  of  the  father. 
Cook,  though  cradled  in  poverty,  yet  im- 
proved himself  by  diligence  and  assiduous 
labor.  He  possessed  great  natural  abilities, 
and  they  were  not  abused  ;  but  reading, 
meditation  and  severe  application  rendered 
them  not  only  respectable  but  shining.  Of 
his  first  voyage  the  account  was  compiled 
by  Dr.  Hawkesworth,  perhaps  not  with  suf- 
ficient justice.     George  Forster  son  of  Dr. 


Forster,  was  the  narrator  of  the  second  voy- 
age, and  as  he  had  shared  the  adventures  of 
the  naval  hero,  his  relation  must  be  consid- 
ered not  only  as  accurate  but  very  interest- 
ing. Among  the  compilers  of  the  last  voy- 
age men  of  ability  and  reputation  are  men- 
tioned, especially  Dr.  Douglas  bishop  of  Sal- 
isbury, captain  King  who  was  one  of  the  of- 
ficers in  the  expedition,  and  Mr.  Anderson. 
The  principal  islands  discovered  by  Cook 
were  New  Caledonia,  New  Georgia,  Sand- 
wich-land, and  other  less  important  places, 
and  thus  by  his  labors  and  perseverance  he  es- 
tablished the  non-existence  of  a  southern 
continent  and  the  impracticability  of  a  north- 
ern passage  between  the  Pacific  and  Atlan- 
tic oceans. 

Cooke,  sir  Anthony,  was  born  at  Gid- 
ding-hall,  Essex,  about  1506.  As  his  name 
is  not  mentioned  by  Wood,  it  is  probable 
that  he  was  educated  at  Cambridge.  He  so 
distinguished  himself  by  his  learning,  and  the 
respectability  of  his  character,  that  he  was 
thought  worthy  to  preside  over  the  educa- 
tion of  the  young  king,  Edward  VI.  In  Ma- 
ry's reign  he  lived  in  exile  ;  but  he  returned 
under  Elizabeth,  and  died  at  his  seat  1576. 
His  daughters  were  all  happy  in  their  matri- 
monial connexions.  Mildred  married  lord 
Burleigh;  Anne,  sir  Nicholas  Bacon;  Eliza- 
beth, sir  John  ltussel,  son  of  the  eai'l  of  Bed^ 
ford;  and  Catharine,  sir  Henry  Killigrew. 

Cooke,  Robert,  was  boru  as  Beeston, 
Yorkshire,  and  educated  at  Brazen-nose  col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  became  proctor  of 
the  university.  He  was  an  able  divine  and  a 
good  scholar,  well  skilled  in  the  knowledge 
of  ecclesiastical  history.  He  retired  upon 
the  vicarage  of  Leeds,  in  Yorkshire,  and 
died  in  1614. 

Cooke,  Thomas,  a  poet,  born  at  Brain- 
tree,  Essex,  about  1707,  and  educated  at 
Felsted  school.  In  his  10th  year  he  edited 
Andrew  Marvel's  works,  and,  by  an  elegant 
dedication,  introduced  himself  to  the  know- 
ledge and  patronage  of  lord  Pembroke,  who 
not  only  esteemed  him,  but  even  assisted  him 
with  valuable  notes  in  his  translation  of  He- 
siod,  published  in  1728.  Cooke  translated 
besides,  Terence,  and  Cicero  de  natura  deo- 
rum,  and  the  Amphitryton  of  Plautus.  He 
wrote  also  five  or  six  pieces  for  the  stage, 
which,  however,-  gained  him  neither  fame 
nor  money.  He  was  concerned  with  Mot- 
tley  in  writing  Penelope,  a  farce,  which  be- 
ing considered  as  throwing  ridicule  on  Pope's 
Odyssey,  just  then  published,  greatly  irri- 
tated the  poet,  who  in  consequence  of  this 
gave  Cooke  a  respectable  place  in  the  Dun- 
ciad.  Cooke  died  very  poor,  about  1750. 
Some  memoirs  of  him  were  published  by  the 
late  sir  Joseph  Mawbey,  in  the  Gentleman's 
magazine. 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley,  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, was  born  22d  July  1621,  at  Winborne 
St.  Giles's,  Dorsetshire.  He  studied  for  two 
years  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  after- 
wards removed  to  Lincoln's-inn,  where  for 
some  time  he  applied  himself  to  the  lau 
He  was  member  for  Tewkesbury  in  the  par- 


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Uament  of  1C40;  and  at  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  wars  he  seemed  inclined  to  favor  the 
side  of  the  king.  He  however  retired  in  dis- 
gust from  Oxford,  and  soon  after  took  a  com- 
mission in  the  parliamentary  army.  In  1C45 
he  was  sheriff  for  Norfolk,  and  the  next  year 
for  Wilts  :  and  he  afterwards  as  member  of 
the  house  of  commons,  had  the  boldness  to 
charge  Cromwell  with  tyranny  and  arbitrary 
government.  The  opposition  which  he  had 
manifested  against  the  usnrpation  rendered 
him  a  fit  person  t,o  solicit  the  king's  return, 
and  he  accordingly  was  one  of  the  twelve 
•who  carried  the  invitation  of  the  commons. 
On  the  restoration, bis  services  were  rewarded 
with  a  peerage,  he  was  sworn  a  privy  coun- 
sellor, and  made  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
and  one  of  the  lords  of  the  treasury.  In  1672 
he  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  lord  chancel- 
lor; which,  however,  he  resigned  the  fol- 
lowing year,  by  the  intrigues  of  his  enemies, 
and  especialryof  James  duke  of  York.  From 
a  partisan  of  the  court,  he  now  became  a  vio- 
lent opponent ;  and  the  eloquence  of  his 
speeches,  and  the  firmness  of  his  conduct, 
had  such  effect,  that  the  earl  of  Danby  was 
unable  to  carry  the  test  lull,  and  other  meas- 
ures, through  parliament,  which  the  govern- 
ment recommended  ;  and  a  prorogation  fol- 
lowed. On  the  meeting  again  of  parliament, 
Shaftesbury,  with  others,  insisted  that  the 
house  was  dissolved  ;  and  so  offended  was  the 
king,  that  lie  sent  him,  together  with  Buck- 
ingham, Salisbury,  and  Wharton,  to  the  Tow- 
el*, where  he  remained  for  thirteen  months. 
When  set  at  liberty  his  opposition  did  not 
cease  ;  and  at  last  a  change  of  ministry  placed 
him  at  the  head  of  the  council  board.  This 
triumph  was  short.  The  duke  of  York  was  so 
enraged  at  the  measures  which  Shaftesbury 
had  pursued  in  recommending  the  exclusion 
bill,  that  he  not  only  procured  his  dismissal 
from  office,  but  obtained  his  being  committed, 
for  high  treason,  to  the  Tower.  After  four 
months'  confinement  he  was  tried  and  ac- 
quitted ;  but  so  sensible  was  he  of  the  power 
and  injustice  of  his  enemies,  that  he  fled 
from  their  persecution,  in  1682,  and  reached 
Holland,  where  he  proposed  to  end  his  days 
in  peace  and  retirement.  His  days,  however, 
were  shortened  by  the  attack  of  the  gout, 
which  fell  on  his  stomach.  He  died  22d  Jan- 
uary 1683,  aged  02.  His  remains  were  con- 
veyed to  Winborne,  where  a  handsome  mon- 
ument, erected  by  his  great-grandson,  re- 
cords his  character.  Shaftesbury  was  a  man 
of  no  steady  principles,  of  great  ambition,  and 
little  political  fidelity.  Charles  II.  who  not 
only  said,  but  bore  with  great  good  humor, 
rallies  of  raillery,  once  talking  to  him  of  his 
amours,  told  him,  "I  believe,  Shaftesbury, 
thou  art  the  wickedest  fellow  in  my  domin- 
ions." "May  it  please  your  majesty,"  re- 
plied Shaftesbury,  with  a  grave  face,  "  of  a 
subject,  I  believe  I  am."  At  which  the  mer- 
ry king  laughed  heartily.  Shaftesbury  at 
one  time  aspired  to  the  dignity  of  king  of  Po- 
land ;  and  in  consequence  of  his  fickleness  in 
his  political  connections,  he  was  not  improp- 
erly called  Shi fisburv,  and  not   Shaftesbury. 


He  married  three  wives.  By  the  second  only 
he  had  issue;  an  only  son,  Anthony,  born 
16M,  January  16,  who  was  the  father  of  the 
personage  next  to  be  mentioned, 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley,  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, known  as  the  author  of  the  Character- 
istics,  was  born  February  26,  1671,  at  Exc- 
tcr-house,  London.  He  was  educated  under 
the  eye  ol"  his  grandfather,  who  placed  about 
him  a  person  who  was  well  versed  in  the 
learned  languages,  so  that  at  the  age  of  11  he 
could  read  Latin  and  Greek  with  great  ease 
ami  fluency.  In  1686  he  began  his  travels, 
and  highly  improved  himself  in  Italy  and 
France  in  the  acquisition  of  every  polite  ac- 
complishment. He  was  member  for  Poole 
in  the  parliament  of  1694;  but  he  declined 
sitting  at  the  succeeding  election,  on  account 
of  his  health.  He  then  passed  over  into  Hol- 
land, where,  under  an  assumed  name,  in  the 
company  of  le  Clerc,  Bayle,  and  other  ingen- 
ious men,  he  spent  a  year,  in  the  most  per- 
fect friendship  and  all  the  ease  of  literary  in- 
tercourse. On  his  return  into  England  he 
succeeded  to  the  earldom  of  Shaftesbury  ; 
but  he  valued  little  the  acquisition  of  a  seat  in 
the  house  of  lords,  where  lie  seldom  appear- 
ed. The  enthusiastic  extravagance  of  the 
French  prophets  about  this  timft  began  to 
engage  the  attention  of  the  nation;  and 
Shaftesbury,  who  dreaded  the  evils  of  per- 
secution, published  his  letter  concerning  en- 
thusiasm, addressed  to  lord  Somers.  In  170'J 
he  married  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Ewer  esq. 
of  Lee,  Herts,  by  whom  he  had  one  son.  The 
precarious  state  of  his  health,  which  was  al- 
ways delicate,  induced  him  to  remove  to  a 
warmer  climate ;  and  after  being  about  a  year 
in  Italy,  he  died  at  Naples,  4th  February 
1713.  The  3  volumes  of  his  Characteristics 
were  the  only  works  which  he  wished  to  pre- 
sent to  the  public,  of  which  the  most  correct 
edition  is  that  of  1713.  His  name,  however, 
in  literature  was  so  respectable,  that  his  let- 
ters to  a  young  man  in  the  university  were, 
in  1716,  presented  to  the  public';  and  in  1721 
Toland  also  published  letters  from  lord 
Shaftesbury  to  Robert  Moles  worth  esq.  A* 
a  philosopher  lord  Shaftesbury  gained  high 
reputation  ;  but  his  principles  were  warmly 
combated  by  able  and  indefatigable  oppo- 
nents. Leaving  the  purer  principles  of  chris- 
tian doctrine,  he,  in  his  admiration  for  the 
learning  and  language  of  the  ancients,  re- 
garded the  character  and  the  precepts  of 
Socrates  and  Deraocritus  as  more  than  hu- 
man, and  u  hile  he  considered  man  as  a  po- 
litical being,  under  the  guidance  of  a  provi- 
dence, whose  government  excludes  general 
evil  and  disorder,  he  disregarded  the  impor- 
tant doctrines  of  revelation  and  atonement. 

Cooper,  Maurice  Ashley,  brother  to  the 
author  of  the  Characteristics,  translated  the 
Cyropsedia,  addressed  to  his  sister,  the  moth- 
er of  Mr.  Harris  of  Salisbury.  This  work 
appeared  in  2  vols.  8\o.  1728,  soon  after  bis 
death,  and  was  highly  esteemed,  so  that  *a 
third  edition  of  it  was  printed  in  1770. 

Cooper,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  pve« 
late,  bora  art-Oxford   1517,    in      edi  rated  at 


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Magdalen  college  school.  He  was  elected 
fellow  of  the  college  in  1540.  In  1546  he 
quitted  his  fellowship,  and  began  to  study 
physic,  apprehensive,  it  is  said,  of  the  perse- 
cution of  queen  Mary,  as  after  her  death  he 
returned  to  divinity,  and  took  his  decree  of 
D.  D.  1567.  He  was  dean-  of  Christ-church 
about  this  time,  and  two  years  after  dean  of 
Glocester,  and  the  nest  year,  1570,  bishop  of 
Lincoln.  In  1584,  he  was  translated  to  Win- 
chester. When  bishop  of  Lincoln,  he  had 
been  active  against  those  public  exercises  cal- 
led prophesying?,  which  tended  so  much  to 
introduce  paritanism,  and  now  at  Winchester 
he  was  eqtially  zealous  against  the  catholics, 
who  were  both  numerous  and  powerful.  He 
died  at  Winchester  April  1694,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  the  cathedral.  He  has  been  greatly 
commended  by  Wood,  Harrington,  and  oth- 
ers, for  his  great  learning,  eloquence,  gravity, 
and  holiness  of  life.  His  writings  are,  chron- 
icles from  the  1 7th  year  after  Christ  to  1560 — 
thesaurus  linguae  Uomansc  et  Britannicte,  a 
■work  highly  patronised  by  queen  Elizabeth — 
&  dictionarum  historicum  poeticum,  &e. — an 
exposition  of  the  chapters  read  in  the  Sunday 
service — admonition  to  the  people  of  Eng- 
land— besides  sermons,  &c. 

Cooper,  Samuel,  an  English  painter,  bom 
In  London  1609.  He  was  bred  under  his  un- 
cle Hoskins,  but  he  gained  so  much  from 
the  works  of  Vandyck,  that  he  was  called 
Vandyck  in  little.  His  chief  excellence  was 
in  the  representation  of  the  features  of  the 
head.  His  works  were  highly  esteemed  on 
the  continent;  and:he  was  intimately  acquain- 
ted with  the  most  celebrated  painters  of  his 
age  abroad.  The  king  of  France  paid  great  at- 
tention to  him  when  at  Paris;  but  he  could  not 
obtain  his  Oliver  Cromwell,  though  he  offer- 
ed 150/.  for  it.  His  best  pieces  were,  O. 
Cromwell  and  one  Swingfield.  He  died  in 
London  1672,  aged  63,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Pancras'  church.  His  elder  brother,  Alex- 
ander, was  equally  known  as  a  limner.  He 
went  over  to  Sweden,  and  became  painter  to 
queen  Christina. 

Cooper,  John  Gilbert,  esq.  born  atThur- 
ganton,  Nottinghamshire,  was  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge.  He  married  miss  Wright, 
daughter  of  the  recorder  of  Leicester,  and 
resided  on  his  family  seat,  where  he  died 
April  1769,  after  a  long  and  tedious  illness, 
arising  from  the  stone.  His  chief  work  is 
his  life  of  Socrates,  in  which  he  was  assisted 
by  his  friend  Mr-  Jackson  of  Leicester.  He 
wrote  besides  remarks  on  Warburton's  edi- 
tion of  Pope's  works,  and  translated  the  Ver 
Vert  of  Gresset,  His  other  works  are,  let- 
ters on  taste — a  father's  advice  to  his  son — 
some  paper's  in  "  the  world," — and  some  fu- 
gitive pieces  in  Dodsley's  collection. 

Cooper,  Miles,  Dr.  Minister  ofthe  epis- 
copal chapel,  Edinburgh,  was  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  became  presi- 
dent of  the  college  of  New-York.  He  died 
at  Edinburgh  1st  May  1785.  He  published 
a  volume  of  poems,  besides  a  sermon  preach- 
ed at  Oxford  in  1777,  on  the  origin  of  civil 
government. 


Coote,  sir  Eyre,  an  English  general,  born 
in  1726.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  profes- 
sion of  arms,  and  served  in  the  king's  troops 
in  the  rebellion  of  1745.  In  1754  he  left  Ire- 
land, for  India,  where  he  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  reduction  of  Hughley  and  Chan- 
denagore,  at  the  battle  of  Plassey,  and  the 
siege  of  Pondicherry.  This  last  place,  after 
an  obstinate  siege,  though  defended  by  Lal- 
ly,  yielded  to  the  English,  and  thus  fell  the 
Trench  power  in  the  east.  The  services  of 
colonel  Coote  were  handsomely  acknowledg- 
ed by  the  East  India  company,  who  voted 
him  a  diamond-hilted  sword,  value  700/.  In 
1770  he  was  appointed  commander  in  chief 
in  the  company's  settlements ;  but  resigned 
the  ottice  in  constquence  of  a  dispute  with 
the  governor  at  Madras.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  was  invested  with  the  order  of 
the  bath,  and  made  governor  of  Fort  St. 
George  in  Scotland;  and  on  the  death  of  gen- 
eral Clavering  he  went  again  to  the  east  as 
commander  in  chief.  In  July  1781  he,  with 
only  10,000  men,  defeated  Hyder's  army, 
consisting  of  150,000  men,  and  obtaiued  fur- 
ther successes  over  this  active  and  formida- 
ble enemy.  The  weak  state  of  sir  Eyre's 
health  did  not  prevent  his  taking  the  field 
again,  in  1783  ;  but  he  sunk  under  his  com- 
plaints, and,  two  days  after  his  arrival  at 
Madras,  he  died  26th  April  1783.  His  re- 
mains were  brought  to  England,  and  buried 
in  Rockwell  church,  Hants,  14th  September 
1784.  The  East  India  Company  have  erect- 
ed a  monument  to  his  memory  in  Westmin- 
ster abbey. 

Cootwich,  John,  a  doctor  of  laws,  of 
Utrecht,  known  for  his  travels  into  the  East, 
and  for  the  account  of  it  which  he  published, 
called  travels  into  Jerusalem  and  Syria,  in 
Latin.  4to.  1619,  containing  many  curious 
particulars. 

Copernicus,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  as- 
tronomer, born  at  Thorn,  in  Prussia,  19th 
January  1472.  He  studied  the  learned  lan- 
guages at  home,  and  applied  to  philosophy 
and  physic  at  Cracovia.  In  his  23d  year  he 
set  out  for  Italy,  in  search  of  knowledge  ;  and 
so  great  was  his  reputation,  that  on  his  arri- 
val at  Rome  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics.  After  some  years'  absence  he 
returned  home,  and  began  to  apply  the  vast 
knowledge  which  he  possessed  to  the  exam- 
ination and  correction  of  the  Ptoleraiac  sys- 
tem then  universally  adopted  and  followed. 
The  opinions  of  preceding  philosophers  were 
weighed  with  accuracy  and  judgment;  but 
of  all  the  systems  of  ancient  times  none 
pleased  the  illustrious  mathematician  so 
much  as  that  of  Pythagoras,  for  its  beauty, 
simplicity,  and  ease.  In  liis  35th  year,  Co- 
pernicus bent  all  the  powers  of  his  mind  to 
this  intricate  subject. ;  and  after  twenty  years' 
laborious  study,  the  cycles  and  epicycles  of 
former  astronomers  were  removed  from  the 
machine  of  the  universe,  and  the  sun  was 
nobly  and  independently  placed  in  the  center, 
to  illuminate  and  govern  the  whole.  But 
though  convinced  of  the  truth  of  his  hypo- 
thesis, the  philosopher  yet  dreaded  the  bigot- 


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ry  and  persecution  of  the  times.  His  work 
lay  long  concealed,  till  the  importunities  of 
his  friends  prevailed  upon  him  to  publish ;  but 
a  few  hours  after  the  first  copy  was  brought 
to  him,  he  was  seized  with  a  violent  effusion 
of  blood,  which  terminated  his  life  24th  May 
1543,  in  his  70lh  year.  This  truly  great  man, 
who  to  the  extensive  knowledge  of  a  compre- 
hensive mind  united  the  mild  virtues  and  the 
innocence  of  private  life,  was  canon  of 
Worms;  an  appointment  which  he  obtained 
from  Iiig  mother's  brother,  Wazelrodius,  the 
bishop  of  the  place.  Copernicus  was  not  on- 
ly a  !■  athematician,  but  a  painter,  and  it  is 
said  that  by  the  help  of  a  looking-glass  he 
drew  an  excellent  picture  of  himself. 

Corp  a,  Cavalier,  a  disciple  and  imitator 
Of  Guido,  who  died  1665,  aged  70. 

Coq_,  Peter  le,  a  P'rench  ecclesiastic,  born 
atlfs,  near  Caen,  29th  March  1728.  tjebe- 
came  superior  of  the  Eudistes,  and  remarka- 
ble for  his  piety,  learning,  and  modesty.  He 
wrote  letters  on  ecclesiastical  discipline, 
12mo. — treatise  on  funds — on  different  kinds 
of  property — on  the  usury  of  commercial 
loans,  ike.  He  died  of  a  paralitic  stroke,  1st 
September  1777. 

Coqjjes,  Gmizalo,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
died  1684,  aged  66.  He  successfully  imita- 
ted Vandyck,  and  particularly  excelled  in 
historical  conversations.  He  acquired  both 
riches  and  reputation,  and  his  pieces  in  his 
lifetime  were  eagerly  sought  by  the  princes 
of  Germany,  and  by  Charles  I.  A  very  re- 
markable clearness  of  color  appeared  in  the 
heads  and  hands  of  his  pictures. 

Coram,  captain  Thomas,  was  born  about 
1668, and  bred  to  the  sea.  From  seeing  many 
children  exposed,  his  humanity  prompted 
hiinto  relieve  them;  and  to  him  we  are  in- 
debted for  the  Foundling  hospital,  for  which, 
after  seventeen  years'  benevolent  attention, 
he  obtained  a  charter.  His  charitable  views 
were  extended  to  America; -he  established 
a  place  for  the  education  of  Indian  girls,  and 
thus  paved  the  way  for  a  reconciliation  be- 
tween the  natives  and  the  settlers.  His  dis- 
regard for  private  economy,  whilst  engaged 
in  public  good,  at  lust  reduced  his  circum- 
stances so  much,  that  he  lived  on  the  benevo- 
lent contributions  of  his  friends,  at  the  head 
of  whom  appeared  Frederic  prince  of  Wales. 
He  died  in  London  2fjth  March  1751,  aged 
84,  and  was,  according  to  his  desire,  buried 
in  the  Foundling  chapel. 
\  Coras,  John  de,  a  native  of  liealmont, 
who  became  public  professor  of  law  at  Tou- 
louse at  the  age  of  18.  He  was  afterwards 
professor  at  Angers,  Orleans,  Paris,  Padua, 
and  Ferrara,  and  then  returned  to  Toulouse, 
and  became  counsellor  of  the  parliament, 
and  chancellor  to  the  queen  of  Navarre.  He 
was  imprisoned  for  his  adherence  to  the 
protestant  religion,  and  orders  were  sent 
from  the  king  to  put  him  to  death  ;  but 
while  the  parliament  resisted  the  arbitrary 
mandate,  some  assassins  broke  into  the  pri- 
son and  murdered  him,  with  above  200  other 
prisoners,  1572.  He  wrote  various  works  on 
civil  law,  which  were  published  together, 
Lyons,  1558,  2  vols.  fol. 


Coras,  James  de,  author  of  the  life  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
and  author  of  Jonah  and  Nineveh  penitent, 
a  poem  of  little  merit.  He  died  1677.  His 
works  appeared  in  1665,  l2mo. 

Corbet,  John,  a  native  of  Glocester, 
educated  at  Magdalen-hall,  Oxford.  He  ob- 
tained the  living  of  Bramshot,  in  Hamp- 
shire, from  which  he  was  ejected  in  1662, 
for  non-conformity.  He  died  of  the  stone, 
in  London,  1680.  He  is  author  of  an  histo- 
rical relation  of  the  military  government  of 
Glocester  during  the  rebellion,  4to.  besides 
self-employment  in  secret,  12mo.  1681,  a 
work  of  merit.  He  was  a  zealous  noncon- 
formist, and  had  once,  at  Chichester,  a  warm 
debate  with  bishop  Gunning,  on  conformity 
which  ended  without  mutual  conviction. 

Corbet,  Richard,  an  English  poet  and 
divine,  born  at  Ewell,  in  Surrey,  and  educa- 
ted at  Westminster  school  and  Christ  church, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  dean,  in  1620, 
by  the  favor  of  king  James.  In  1629  he  was 
made  bishop  of  Oxford,  and  in  1632  transla- 
ted to  Norwich.  He  died  28th  July  1635, 
and  was  buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Norwich. 
After  his  death,  his  poems  were  published, 
under  the  title  of  Poetica  stromata,  1648, 
Svo.  and  another  edition  1672,  12mo. 

Corbulo,  Domitius,  a  ltoman  general, 
who  carried  arms  against  the  Parthians,  and 
placed  Tigranes  on  the  Armenian  throne. 
He  destroyed  himself  when  he  heard  that 
Nero,  envious  of  his  glory,  had  ordered  his 
assassination,  A.  D.  67. 

Corday  d'Armans,  Mary  Anne  Char- 
lotte, a  native  of  St.  Saturnin,  near  Seez,  in 
Normandy,  of  respectable  parents.  She 
was  brought  up  at  Caen,  where  her  beauty 
and  accomplishments  were  seen  and  ad- 
mired by  Belsunce,  the  major  of  a  regiment 
quartered  in  the  town.  The  death  of  this 
worthy  favorite,  who  was  murdered  by  some 
assassins,  excited  the  vengeance  of  the  youth- 
ful heroine,  and  when  she  saw  her  lover 
branded  with  the  name  of  conspirator,  in  a 
paper  published  by  Marat,  she  hastened  to 
Paris,  determined  to  sacrifice  to  her  resent- 
ment the  man  who  had  so  shamefully  abused 
the  object  of  her  affections,  and  had  defend- 
ed the  condemnation  of  the  deputies  of 
merit  and  virtue  in  the  convention.  She 
was  refused  admittance  at  the  house  of  Ma- 
rat; but  she  obtained  it  by  writing  a  letter, 
iu  which  she  informed  him  that  she  wished 
to  disclose  some  secret  of  importance;  and 
while  the  tyrant  was  engaged  in  conver- 
sation with  her,  she  stabbed  him  to  the 
heart,  and  he  fell  at  her  feet.  Undismayed, 
and  glorying  in  the  deed,  she  refused  to  fly, 
and  was  dragged  to  the  abbaye,  and  then  to 
the  revolutionary  tribunal,  where  she  heard 
the  sentence  of  condemnation  with  tranquil 
composure.  The  serenity  and  dignity  of  her 
features  were  so  commanding,  as  she  walked 
to  the  scaffold,  that  Adam  Lux,  a  deputy 
from  Mayence,  captivated  by  her  beauty, 
requested  of  the  bloody  tribunal  to  follow 
her  to  death  ;  and  he  had  the  singular  satis- 
faction of  expiring  by   the  same  guillotine. 


CQ 


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Charlotte  suffered  July,  1793.  She  was  24 
years  and  nine  months  old ;  and  it  is  said 
that  by  the  female  line  she  was  descended 
from  Peter  Corneille. 

Cordemoi,  Geraud  de,  a  French  aca- 
demician, and  a  great  partisan  of  Descartes' 
system.  He  was  reader  to  the  dauphin ; 
and  died  8th  October  1684,  at  an  advanced 
age.  He  wrote  a  genera!  history  of  France, 
during  the  two  first  races  of  kings,  besides 
some  metaphysical  and  other  tracts,  4to. 
His  son  Lewis  Geraud  was  abbot  of  Femieres 
monastery.  He  wrote  some  controversial 
pieces,  and  assisted  his  father  in  his  history 
of  France.     He  died  1722. 

Cordus,  Aulus  Crementius,  a  Roman, 
author  of  a  history  of  the  civil  wars  of  Rome, 
much  commended  by  Tacitus  and  Seneca. 
He  destroyed  himself  when  he  heard  that 
Sejanus  meditated  his  death,  by  a  false  ac- 
cusation before  Tiberius. 

Cordus,  Euricius,  a  German  physician 
and  poet,  who  died  at  Bremen  24th  Decem- 
ber 15.35.  He  was  intimate  with  Erasmus 
and  other  learned  men.  His  Latin  poems 
appeared  at  Leydeu  1623,  in  8vo.  He  wrote 
also  botanologia,  and  some  medical  treatises. 

Cordus,  Valerius,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Hesse  Cassel  1515.  He  devoted 
himself  to  the  learned  languages,  but  parti- 
cularly to  the  study  of  botany.  He  traversed 
the  mountains  in  Germany,  and  visited  Pa- 
dua, Pisa,  and  Florence ;  but  receiving  a 
dreadful  kick  from  a  horse,  he  died  in  con- 
sequence of  it,  at  Rome,  1554,  aged  29.  He 
published  remarks  on  Dioscorides,  1561,  fol. 
— historia  stripium,  2  vols.  fcJ. — dispensator. 
pharmacor.  omnium,  12mo.  He  was  as  re- 
spectable in  private  as  in  public  life. 

Cohelli,  Arcanselo,  a  famous  musician, 
born  at  Fusignano,  near  Bologna,  in  1C53. 
He  preferred  secular  to  ecclesiastical  music, 
and  was  so  fond  of  the  violin,  that  he  was 
considered  as  the  first  performer  on  it  in  the 
world.  After  visiting  the  north  of  Europe, 
and  receiving  the  applauses  which  his  merit 
deserved,  in  the  German  courts,  after  five 
years'  absence,  he  returned  to  Rome,  where 
he  was  patronised  by  cardinal  Ottoboni.  He 
died  at  Rome  1713,  aged  nearly  60,  and  was 
buried  in  the  Pantheon.  He  left  his  proper- 
ty, amounting  to  about  6000/.  and  his  large 
collection  of  pictures,  to  his  great  patron, 
who,  with  becoming  benevolence,  bestowed, 
all  the  money  on  the  relations  of  the  de- 
ceased. Corelli  is  considered  as  the  author 
of  new  and  original  harmonies,  in  a  stvle 
noble,  elegant,  and  pathetic. 

Corinna,  a  Greek  poetess,  called  the 
Lyric  muse,  from  her  obtaining  five  times 
the  prize  over  Pindar. 

Corio,  Bernardine,  an  historian  of  Mi- 
lan, born  in  1460.  He  was  employed  by 
Lewis  Sforza  to  write  the  history  of  his 
country  ;  but  when  the  Milanese  was  over- 
run by  the  French,  and  himself  taken  pris- 
oner, he  died  of  grief,  in  1500.  His  history 
is  much  esteemed.  The  best  edition  is  that 
of  Paris,  1646,  4to.  His  nephew  Charles 
wrote  a  "  portrait  of -the  city  of  Milan." 


Coriolanus,  Caius  Marcius,  a  celebra- 
ted Roman  general,  who,  when  disgraced 
by  his  countrymen,  fled  to  Tullus  lung  of 
the  Volsci,  whose  armies  he  led  against 
Rome.  His  wife  and  mother  interfered,  and 
at  their  request  he  marched  back ;  in  con- 
sequence of  which  he  was  murdered  by 
Tullus,  B.C.  488. 

Cornarius,  or  Haguenbot,  John,  a 
German  physician,  born  at  Zwickow,  in 
Saxony.  He  early  distinguished  himself  as 
a  scholar;  and  when  a  licentiate  in  medi- 
cine, he  rejected  the  prescriptions  of  the 
Arabinn  physicians,  and  restored  the  mode 
practised  by  the  Greeks.  He  was  fifteen 
years  engaged  in  translating  the  works  of 
Hippocrates,  JEtius,  &e.  He  practised  with 
great  success  at  Frankfort,  Marpurg,  Jena, 
&c.  and  died  of  an  apoplexy  1558,  aged  58. 
He  wrote  some  medical  tracts,  besides  trans- 
lating some  of  the  fathers. 

Cornaro,  Lewis,  a  noble  Venetian, 
known  for  his  great  age.  He  died  at  Padua 
1565,  more  than  190  years  old.  He  wrote' 
a  treatise  on  the  advantages  of  a  temperate 
life,  in  his  81st  year;  and  in  this  valuable 
little  book  he  ingenuously  confesses  the  ir- 
regularities of  his  younger  years,  and  re- 
commends to  his  youthful  inquirers,  at 
whose  request  he  had  undertaken  the  work, 
the  practice  of  regularity  and  temperance, 
by  which  he  enjoyed  all  the  comforts  of 
lively  spirits  and  uninterrupted  health.  In 
his  reformed  mode  of  living,  he  never  took 
more  than  twelve  ounces  of  food  and  four- 
teen of  wine.  He  wrote  besides  a  treatise 
on  waters,  especially  the  Lagunes,  near 
Venice.  His  wife  nearly  equalled  him  in 
longevity. 

Cornaro,  Helena  Lucretia,  a  learned 
Venetian  lady,  who  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  Padua,  where  she  took  her 
degrees,  and  was  made  a  doctor,  and  receiv- 
ed the  title  of  unalterable.  At  Rome  she 
was  admitted  at  the  university,  and  was  in- 
tituled the  humble.  She  made  a  vow  of 
perpetual  celibacy,  that  she  might  with 
more  intense  application  devote  herself  to 
literary  pursuits;  and  so  great  was  the  rep- 
utation of  her  learning,  that  the  most  illus- 
trious characters  who  travelled  through 
Venice  were  more  anxious  to  see  her  than 
all  the  curiosities  of  the  city.  Her  great 
application  brought  on  infirmity  and  disease, 
and  hastened  her  death,  which  happened  in 
1685,  in  her  38th  year.  Her  death  was  re- 
corded by  poetical  effusions  from  the  learn- 
ed of  Europe,  and  a  magnificent  funeral  so- 
lemnity was  performed  in  her  honor  at 
Rome.  An  eloquent  oration  was  also  pro- 
nounced, in  which  she  was  celebrated  as  tri- 
umphing over  three  monsters,  pride,  luxury, 
and  ignorance.  She  wrote  nothing,  though 
capable  to  instruct  and  improve  mankind  by 
her  pen. 

Corna2,7,ani,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Pla- 
centia,  in  the  15th  century.  He  wrote  the 
lives  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and  Jesus  Christ, 
in  verse,  besides  sonnets,  of  some  merit ;  and 
died  at  Ferrara. 


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CorneilLE,  Peter,  a  celebrated  French  i 
poet,  born  at  Rouen,  June  6,  1C06.  He  wa9 
brought  up  to  the  bar  ;  but  be  soon  abandon- 
ed it  as  a  profession  not  congenial  to  his  ge- 
nius. His  first  play  was  Melite,  a  comedy, 
■which  originated  in  an  affair  of  gallantry ; 
but  so  great  was  its  popularity,  during  those 
degenerate  days  of  the  French  stage,  that 
Corneille  was  encouraged  to  contribute  more 
liberally  to  the  public  amusement.  His  next 
piece  was  Medea,  a  tragedy ;  and  after  many 
others,  appeared  the  Cid,  in  1637,  his  chief 
d'ceuvre,  a  tragedy  which  drew  against  him 
the  persecution  and  obloquy  of  rival  wits  and 
unsuccessful  poets,  among  whom  was  even 
cardinal  Richelieu  himself,  though  he  had 
granted  a  pension  to  the  author.  Corneille 
was  chosen  member  of  the  French  academy 
in  1647;  and  he  died  1684,  aged  79.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  merit  in  private  life, 
liberal,  humane,  and  devout,  and  rather  of  a 
melancholy  turn  of  mind.  His  poetical 
works  are  among  the  sublimest  effusions  of 
the  French  muse. 

Corneille,  Thomas,  a  French  poet, 
brother  to  the  preceding.  He  was  member 
of  the  French  academy,  and  of  that  of  in- 
scriptions. Though  inferior  to  his  brother, 
yet  his  plays  possessed  merit.  They  Mere 
published  with  those  of  his  brother,  Paris, 
1738,  in  11  vols.  12mo.  He  translated  also 
Ovid's  metamorphoses,  and  some  of  the 
epistles, — and  wrote  remarks  on  Vaugelas — 
a  dictionary  of  arts,  2  vols.  fol. — an  univer- 
sal geographical  dictionary,  3  vols,  folio.  He 
died  at  Andeli  1709,  agcd*84. 

Corneille,  Michael,  a  painter,  born  at 
Paris  1642.  He  was  honored  in  consequence 
of  obtaining  a  prize,  with  the  king's  pension, 
and  travelled  to  Rome,  where  lie  greatly 
improved  himself.  He  studied  particularly 
the  antique,  in  which  he  equalled  the  Ca- 
ricci.  He  was,  however,  deficient  in  color- 
ing. On  his  return  to  Paris  he  was  made 
professor  of  the  academy,  and  his  pencil  was 
employed  in  adorning  the  noble  edifices  of 
Versailles  and  Trianon.  He  died  at  Paris 
1708.  His  brother,  John  Baptist,  was  also 
an  eminent  artist,  and  member  of  the  aca- 
demy. 

Cornelia,  a  Roman  lady,  daughter  of 
the  elder  Scipio  Africanus,  and  wife  of  Sem- 
pronius  Gracchus.  She  devoted  herself  to 
the  education  of  her  two  sons,  Tiberius  and 
Caius,  who  alone  survived  of  the  twelve  chil- 
dren she  had  had  ;  and  when  they  were  sa- 
crificed to  the  public  resentment  she  bore 
their  loss  with  Spartan  fortitude. 

Cornelist,,  Lucas,  a  painter  of  Leydeu, 
who  became  chief  painter  to  Henry  VIII. 
of  England.  The  portraits  of  the  constables 
of  Queenborough-castle,  by  him  from  Ed- 
ward III.  to  his  time,  are  preserved  at  Pen- 
hurst,  in  Kent. 

Cornelisz,  James,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
'he  16th  century.  His  picture  on  the  de- 
scent from  the  cross,  preserved  in  the  old 
church,  Amsterdam,  is  much  admired. 

Cornelisz.,  Cornelius,  of  Haerlem,  was 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  deluge  is  much 
celebrated. 


Cornelius,  bishop  of  Rome,  after  Fa- 
bian, 231,  in  opposition  to  Novatian.  This 
produced  a  schism;  but  under  the  persecu- 
tion of  Gallus,  Cornelius  was  banished,  ami 
died  soon  after,  252. 

Corneto,  Adrian,  an  Italian  ecclesias- 
tic, sent  as  legate  by  Innocent  VII.  to  Hen- 
ry VII.  who  bestowed  on  him  the  bishoprics 
of  Hereford  and  Bath  and  Wells.  He  after- 
wards was  em  ployed  as  legate  in  France,  and 
was  made  a  cardinal  by  Alexander  VI.  Tin- 
pope,  who  knew  and  dreaded  his  abilities, 
determined  to  poison  him  at  a  supper;  but 
fell  himself  a  victim  to  his  own  diabolical 
purposes.  Corneto  left  Rome  on  the  suc- 
cession of  Julius  II.  but  though  recalled  by 
Leo  X.  he  again  soon  after  went  into  exile, 
where  lie  died,  lie  was  author  of  a  learned 
treatise  de  sermone  latino — &  de  vera  phi- 
losophic— a  poem  on  the  chase,  &c.  and 
deserves  to  be  mentioned  with  respect,  as 
one  of  the  zealous  restorers  of  the  purity  of 
Latin  language. 

Cornutus,  a  grammarian  and  philoso- 
pher of  merit,  tutor  to  the  poet  Persius. 
lie  was  put  to  death  by  Nero,  A.  D.  44. 

Cornvvallis,  sir  Charles,  second  son  of 
sir  W.  Cornwallis,  was  a  man  of  superior 
aLilities,  employed  by  James  I.  as  his  ambas- 
sador in  Spain.  He  wrote  the  Ufe  of  Henry- 
prince  of  Wales,  to  whom  he  had  been  secre- 
tary; and  died  about  1630.  His  son  William 
wrote  some  essays,  printed  1632,  8vo. 

Cornwallis,  Charles  marquis,  an  Eng- 
lish general,  born  31st  December  1738.  He 
early  devoted  himself  to  the  military  profes- 
sion, and  in  1758  obtained  a  captain's  com- 
mission in  the  light  infantry.  In  1761  he  be- 
came aid-de-camp  to  the  marquis  of  Granby, 
with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  went 
to  Germany  till  the  conclusion  of  the  cam- 
paign. He  succeeded  in  1762  his  father  in 
the  earldom  of  Cornwallis,  and  three  years 
after  was  made  aid-de-camp  to  the  king,  and 
one  of  the  lords  of  the  bed-chamber.  He 
obtained  the  33d  regiment  of  foot  in  1766, 
and  two  years  after  married  miss  Jones,  a 
lady  of  large  fortune,  who  died  of  a  broken 
heart,  when  unable  to  dissuade  him  from  his 
attendance  in  the  campaigns  against  the 
Americans.  In  the  new  world  he  displayed 
great  spirit;  but  whilst  he  labored  for  the 
subjection  of  the  rebellious  colonies,  he  treated 
the  people  with  humanity.  The  seizure  of 
Philadelphia  by  his  forces  was  followed  by 
the  reduction  of  South  Carolina,  and  by  the 
defeat  of  general  Gates,  with  an  inferior 
force ;  but  these  advantages  were  tarnished 
byrthe  surrender  of  the  whole  army  at  York 
town,  1781,  to  the  united  forces  of  America 
and  France.  Though  this  event  proved  so 
disastrous. to  the  British  interests  in  America, 
lord  Cornwallis  was  never  blamed  for  want  of 
courage,  prudence,  or  sagacity;  but  the  gal- 
lant conduct  he  had  at  all  times  shown  in 
this  unfortunate  war  recommended  him  to 
the  ministry,  in  1790,  as  the  fittest  person  to 
fill  the  government  of  British  India.  The 
fall  of  Bengalore  was  quickly  followed  by  the 
defeat  of  Tippoo,  who  at  last  consented  to 
make  peace  with  the  conquerors,  by  yielding 


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a  great  part  of  his  dominions,  and  by  putting 
his  two  sons  into  the  hands  of  the  general,  in 
proof  of  his  sincerity.  Lord  Cornwallis,  after 
a  mild  and  vigorous  administration  in  India, 
returned  to  Europe,  and  was  for  his  services 
created  a  marquis,  and  made  master-general 
of  the  ordnance.  His  next  employment  was 
in  the  civil  and  military  government  of  Ire- 
land, where  he  had  the  felicity  to  destroy  re- 
bellion, to  capture  an  invading  enemy  in  the 
very  bosom  of  the  country,  and,  by  the  wisest 
and  most  temperate  measures,  to  restore 
confidence  and  harmony,  where  distrust, 
mutual  hatred,  and  secret  violeuee,  had  long 
veigned  with  impunity.  After  completing 
the  union  between  the  two  kingdoms,  lord 
i  'ornwallis  returned  to  England,  soon  to  ne- 
gotiate the  short-lived  peace  of  Amiens.  In 
1805  lie  was  prevailed  upon  to  accept  again 
the  government  of  India,  where  the  strong 
and  pacific  measures  of  his  former  adminis- 
tration were  so  much  required.  He  was  no 
sooner  arrived  at  Calcutta,  than,  without  re- 
covering from  the  effects  of  his  voyage,  he 
set  out  on  a  visit  to  the  northern  provinces, 
where  his  presence  was  necessary.  Confine- 
ment in  a  boat,  without  regular  exercise, 
and  the  heat  of  the  weather,  produced  such 
debility  that  he  was  at  last  obliged  to  stop  at 
Ghazepore,  in  the  province  of  Benares, 
above  1000  miles  above  Calcutta,  where  he 
expired  5th  October  1805.  His  remains 
were  interred  at  Ghazepore,  and  every  mark 
of  respect  paid  to  his  memory,  not  only  by 
the  British,  but  by  the  natives  of  India,  who 
regarded  him  as  a  humane  and  benevolent 
governor.  His  lordship  left  a  son  and  a 
daughter. 

Coronel,  Paul,  a  native  of  Segovia,  pro- 
fessor at  Salamanca.  His  great  abilities  were 
employed  by  cardinal  Ximenes  in  the  publi- 
cation of  his  polyglott  bible.  He  died  about 
1524. 

Coronelli,  Vincent,  a  Venetian  geo- 
grapher, made  in  1685,  cosmographer  to  the 
French  king.  He  founded  an  academy  of 
cosmography  at  Venice,  where  he  died  1718. 
He  published  above  400  geographical  charts, 
ccc.  and  other  works,  much  valued. 

Corradini,  Peter  Marcellinus,  a  lear- 
ned civilian  and  cardinal,  born  at  Sezza,  in 
1658.  He  was  the  favorite  of  pope  Clement 
XI.  and  wrote  a  curious  work>  vetus  Latinm 
profanum  et  sacrum,  2  vols.  fol.  and  a  history 
of  Sezza,  in  4to.     He  died  at  Rome  1743. 

Corradus,  Sebastian,  a  grammarian  and 
professor  of  belles  lettres  of  Bologna,  died 
1556.  He  wrote  qusestura  que  Ciceronis  vita 
refertur, — &  de  lingua  Latina. 

Corregio,  Antonio  da,  a  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Corregio,  a  town  near  Mo- 
dena.     Vid.  Allegri. 

Corroiet,  Giles,  a  bookseller,  who  died 
*t  Paris  15th  June,  1568,  aged  58.  He 
wrote  various  things  which  possessed  merit. 

Corsini,  Edward,  a  monk,  born  at  Fa- 
nano  1702.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy  at  Pisa 
in  1765,  where  he  was  professor  of  philoso- 
phy. He  was  a  man  of  great  erudition  and 
of  astonishing  perseverance.    He  published 


some  valuable  works  in  criticism,  philology, 
and  literature;  the  chief  are,  philosophical 
ami  mathematical  institutions,  6  vols.  8vo. — 
a  course  of  geometrical  elements,  2  vols. 
8vo. — the  fasti  of  the  archons  of  Athens,  4 
vols.  4to. — a  course  of  metaphysics — the 
history  of  the  university  of  Pisa — disserta- 
tion on  the  games  of  Greece,  &c. 

Cort,  Cornelius,  an  eminent  engraver, 
born  at  Hoorn,  in  Holland,  1536.  He  trav- 
elled into  Italy,  and  at  Venice  saw  and  assist- 
ed the  celebrated  Titian.  He  settled  at 
Rome,  where  he  died  1578,  aged  42.  His 
engravings  are  excellent,  the  very  best  ever 
produced  in  Holland.  They  amount,  accord- 
ing to  Marolles,  to  151. 

Cortesi,  William,  a  French  painter, 
born  at  Franche  Comte.  He  studied  at 
Rome,  and  was  employed  and  liberally  re- 
warded by  Alexander  VIII.  He  died  1679, 
aged  51. 

Cortesi,  Giovanna,  a  paintress  of  Flo- 
rence, who  died  1736,  aged  66.  Her  minia- 
tures are  greatly  admired. 

Cortei,  Ferdinand,  the  conqueror  of 
Mexico,  was  born  of  a  respectable  family  at 
Medellin  in  Estramadura  1485.  He  quitted 
the  study  of  belles  lettres,  and  of  the  law,  for 
the  profession  of  arms,  and,  fired  with  the 
adventurous  spirit  which  animated  his  coun- 
try, he  in  1504  went  to  Hispaniola  where  one 
of  his  relations  was  governor.  In  an  expe- 
dition to  Cuba  in  1511,  he  displayed  such 
bravery,  that  Velasquez  the  governor  in- 
trusted him  with  the  command  of  the  fleet 
which  was  destined  to  make  new  discoveries 
on  the  continent.  On  the  18th  November 
1518  the  new  commander  set  sail  from  San 
Jago,  in  Cuba,  with  11  small  vessels,  on  board 
of  which  were  embarked  617  men,  soldiers 
and  sailors,  with  18  horses  and  10  field  pieces, 
but  only  13  firelocks.  With  this  small  force 
he  landed  at  Tabasco,  which  he  took  after  a 
dreadful  slaughter  of  the  inhabitants,  and  af- 
terwards advancing  to  St.  J  uan  de  Ulva,  he  w»s 
met  by  the  ambassadors  of  Montezuma,  the 
king  of  Mexico,  who  by  entreaties  and  pre- 
sents earnestly  solicited  him  to  cease  from 
his  enterprise,  and  not  penetrate  into  the 
country.  Cortez  knew  the  terror  which  his 
arms  had  inspired;  the  fire  of  his  artillery 
was  compared  to  the  thunder  of  the  heavens, 
the  horses  on  which  the  Spaniards  rushed  to 
the  battle  were  unknown  and  irresistible  mon- 
sters, and  the  huge  vessels  which,  floating  on 
the  bosom  of  the  ocean,  had  brought  these 
strangers,  were  all  such  extraordinary  ob- 
jects in  the  eyes  of  the  terrified  and  super- 
stitious Indians,  that  the  Spaniards  were  re- 
garded as  more  than  human  beings.  After 
building  a  small  fort  at  Vera-Cruz,  and  burn- 
ing his  ships,  that  he  might  inspire  his  fol- 
lowers with  confidence,  Cortez  advanced 
through  the  provinces  to  the  capital  of  Mex- 
ico, supported  by  the  co-operation  of  the 
Zempoallans  and  other  tribes  which  were 
dissatisfied  with  the  government  of  Monte- 
zuma. With  only  500  men  badly  armed, 
and  15  horses,  he  defeated  the  Tlascalans, 
who  presumed  to  dispute  his  progress,  and 


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alter  rewarding  the  hospitality  of  the  inhab- 
itants of  Cholula  with  rapine  and  slaughter, 
the  conqueror  presented  himself  at  the  gates 
of  Mexico.  He  was  received  with  great 
pomp  and  every  mark  of  friendship  by  Mon- 
tezuma, but  though  treated  with  confidence, 
Cortez  acted  with  duplicity,  and  seizing  the 
person  of  the  unsuspecting  monarch,  he 
compelled  him  in  the  rigor  of  confinement 
to  acknowledge  himself  the  vassal  of  the 
crown  of  Spain.  Thus  absolute  in  Mexico, 
Cortez  soon  heard  that  Velasqiuz,  jealous  of 
his  of  glory,  had  sent  an  expedition  under 
Narvaez,  to  bring  him  back  in  chains  to  Cu- 
ba ;  but  no  ways  dismayed  at  the  intelligence, 
he  left  one  of  his  officers,  Alvarado,  governor 
of  the  capital,  and  hastened  back  to  Vera 
Cruz.  With  the  sagacity  of  an  intrepid  sol- 
dier he  surprised  and  defeated  Narvaez,  and 
by  his  conciliating  conduct  he  had  the  act  to 
convert  his  enemies  into  friends,  and  to  re- 
turn to  Mexico  supported  by  those  who  had 
come  to  destroy  his  hopes.  During  his  ab- 
sence Alvarado  had  been  guilty  of  excesses 
towards  the  natives,  and  instead  of  submis- 
sion Cortez  found  the  most  determined  hos- 
tility. Unable  by  force  or  by  persuasion  to 
quell  the  tumult,  he  caused  Montezuma,  ar- 
rayed in  his  royal  robes,  to  appear  before  bis 
incensed  subjects,  but  the  Mexicans  disre- 
garded the  interference  of  their  captive  mon- 
arch, who  during  the  battle  received  a  mor- 
tal wound.  Yielding  to  the  storm  the  Span- 
iards retired  from  Mexico,  and  though  they 
had  lost  the  half  of  their  little  army  they 
determined  on  revenge.  On  his  way  towards 
Tlascala,  Cortez  was  met  by  a  large  army  of 
the  natives,  whom  he  defeated  with  dreadful 
slaughter  at  Otumba,  and  after  recruiting  his 
forces  with  550  infantry  and  40  horses  and  a 
number  of  allies  from  Tlascala,  and  other 
neighboring  towns,  he  marched  back  to 
Mexico,  December  1520.  The  conquest  of 
Texcuco,  the  second  city  of  the  empire,  was 
followed  by  the  siege  of  Mexico,  which  the 
new  sovereign  Guatimozin,  the  nephew  of 
Montezuma,  a  brave  prince,  ably  defended. 
The  artillery  of  the  Spaniards  however  pre- 
vailed over  the  feeble  weapons  of  the  Indians, 
and  after  three  months'  resistance,  Guati- 
mozin was  seized  in  a  canoe  as  he  attempted 
to  escape  on  the  lake,  and  his  captivity  was 
followed  by  the  fall  of  the  capital,  and  the 
destruction  of  the  Mexican  empire.  Above 
200,000  Indians  made  their  immediate  sub- 
mission to  those  few  bold  adventurers;  but 
they  were  not  satisfied  with  theimmense  trea- 
sures of  the  plundered  city,  and  the  unfortu- 
nate monarch  was  exposed  to  tortures,  that 
he  might  confess  where  the  hidden  riches  of 
Montezuma  were  deposited.  It  was  at  this 
dreadful  .moment  when  the  monarch  lay  ex- 
posed with  one  of  his  ministers  to  the  fury 
of  burning  coals,  that  he  heard  the  cry  which 
the  poignancy  of  his  sufferings,  and  not  the 
wish  of  making  a  discovery,  extorted  from 
his  favorite,  and  looking  at  him  with  an  air 
of  upbraiding  indignation,  he  exclaimed 
"  what !  am  I  on  a  bed  of  roses."  Guata- 
mozin  was  saved  from  the  flames  to  be  shot 
VOL.    I.  48 


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by  his  inhuman  persecutors,  with  some  of  hiH 
ministers,  on  a  charge  of  conspiracy.  Mas- 
ter of  a  populous  ami  opulent  empire,  Cor- 
tez though  cruel  and  avaricious  began  to  dis- 
play the  character  of  a  prudent  and  benefi- 
cent governor.  Mexico  which  had  been  de- 
stroyed during  the  siege  rose  from  ruins,  and 
in  1529  assumed  the  form  of  the  noblest  of  Eu- 
ropean cities.  But  while  these  successes  en- 
larged the  dominions  of  Spain,  the  conqueror 
was  an  object  of  envy  at  home,  and  he  was 
soon  recalled  to  give  an  account  of  his  con- 
duct, and  after  enduring  for  a  while  the  re- 
sentment of  his  enemies,  he  had  the  good 
fortune  to  procure  the  favor  of  his  sovereign, 
and  a  grant  of  n«w  and  enlarged  powers. 
When  be  pressed  to  Charles  V.  for  an  audi- 
ence, and  was  asked  who  he  was,  the  bold 
adventurer  replied,  "  I  am  the  man  who  has 
given  you  more  provinces  than  your  father 
left  you  towns."  Besides  the  dignity  of  mar- 
quis, the  conqueror  of  Mexico  received  the 
grant  of  large  domains  in  New  Spain,  and 
after  visiting  his  conquests  in  1530,  and  con- 
tinuing there  some  years,  he  returned  to  Eu- 
rope, and  died  in  his  native  country,  '2d  Dec. 
1554,  aged  G3.  He  left  several  legitimate  chil- 
dren, and  some  besides  by  his  two  Indian  mis- 
tresses, one  of  whom  was  a  daughter  of  Mon- 
tezuma. Great  and  heroic  as  the  character  ol 
Cortez  appears,  he  deserves  the  execration  of 
posterity  for  the  cruelties  which  he  exercised 
on  the  inoffensive  natives.  It  was  not  only  on 
pretence  of  extorting  their  riches  that  these 
wretched  men  were  exposed  to  persecution 
and  death,  but  the  most  cruel  methods  were 
pursued  to  convert  them  to  Christianity  by 
men  who  in  every  action  of  their  life  violated 
the  piccepts  of  the  gospel.  On  one  occasion 
sixty  caciques  and  above  400  leading  men 
were  committed  to  the  flames,  and  so  horrid 
were  the  practices  of  these  fierce  conquer- 
ors, that  as  they  expired,  the  Indians  indig- 
nantly rejected  the  promises  of  another  and 
a  happer  life,  when  they  heard  that  the  re- 
gions of  paradise,  were  to  contain  their  un- 
feeling murderers.  The  best  account  of  the 
conquests  of  Cortez  is  by  Antonio  de  Solis  in 
Spanish,  translated  into  French  two  vols. 
12mo.  1775,  and  into  English. 

Cortexi,  Paul,  a  learned  Italian,  born 
1405,  at  St.  Geminiano  in  Tuscany.  He 
was  a  great  patron  of  literature  and  a  learn- 
ed man,  and  died  bishop  of  Urbino,  1510, 
aged  45.  He  wrote  a  dialogue  on  the  learn- 
ed men  of  Italy,  besides  other  ingenious 
treatises. 

Co  rt  i,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Pavia,  where 
he  was  professor  of  physic,  and  afterwards 
at  Pisa  and  Padua.  His  celebrity  recom- 
mended him  to  Clement  VII.  who  appoint- 
ed him  his  physician,  and  after  his  death,  he 
retired  to  Bologna,  from  whence  lie  settled 
at  Pisa,  where  he  died  1544,  aged  69.  He 
wrote  treatises,  de  curandis  febribus — de 
veiue  sectione,  in  aliis  affectibus  Sc  in  pleuri- 
tide,  and  other  works. 

Corticei.li,  Salvatore,  a  monk  of  Bo- 
logna, professor  of  the  belles  lettres  in  St. 
Paul's   college  there,  fellow  of  the  Crusca 


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academy,  and  provincial  of  the  Barnabite 
order.  Among  other  works,  he  published 
his  Italian  grammar  in  1745,  which  was 
universally  approved,  and  particularly  no- 
ticed by  Benedict  XIV.  his  fellow  towns- 
man, who  observed,  in  a  letter  to  him,  that 
it  was  a  wonder  their  native  citv  should 
speak  Italian  so  ill,  and  yet  teach  it  so  well. 
He  died  about  1770. 

Coryate,  Thomas,  son  of  a  clergyman, 
born  at  Odcombe,  Somersetshire,  1577,  be- 
came known  for  his  extravagancies.  He 
studied  for  three  years  at  Glocester-hall, 
Oxford,  and  then  was  taken  into  the  family 
of  Henry  prince  of  Wales,  where  he  was 
the  whetstone  of  the  wits  of  those  times. 
In  1G0S  he  travelled  through  France,  Itary, 
and  Germany,  Stc.  and  on  his  return,  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  adventures,  which 
he  called,  Crudities,  in  4to.  The  work  was 
recommended  by  the  verses  of  Ben  Jonson, 
Harrington,  Inigo  Jones,  Donne,  Drayton, 
and  others,  and  so  pleased  was  the  author 
with  his  success,  that  he  determined  to 
spend  ten  years  in  the  visiting  of  foreign 
countries.  With  this  intention,  he  set  out 
in  1612,  and  after  visiting  Constantinople, 
the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  Egypt,  and  all  the 
Levant,  he  advanced  far  into  Persia,  and 
the  dominions  of  the  great  mogul.  He  was 
attacked  at  Surat  in  the  East  Indies,  by  a 
flux,  which  carried  him  off  1617.  Coryate 
was  not  devoid  of  understanding  ;  but  his  af- 
fectation, and  his  great  sell-consequence,  ex- 
posed him  to  the  ridicule  of  the  wits  of  the 
age,  and  turned  the  best  intentions  into  levi- 
ty and  contempt.  It  is  unknown  what  be- 
came of  his  notes  and  papers.  During  his 
absence,  some  letters,  &c.  were  published 
as  from  him,  but  no  regular  account  of  his 
adventures,  in  his  last  travels,  has  appeared 
before  the  public. 

Cosiers,  John,  a  painter,  born  at  Ant- 
werp 1603.  He  was  patronised  by  many 
crowned  heads,  and  his  historical  pieces  de- 
served universal  commendation. 

Cosimo,  Andrew  and  Peter,  Italian  pain- 
ters, of  whom  the  first  excelled  in  the  claro- 
obscuro,  and  the  other  in  ludicrous  pieces. 
Peter  died  1521,  aged  80,  of  a  paralytic 
stroke.  He  was  a  singular  character,  very 
irrascible,  and  very  superstitious.  He  had 
for  his  pupils  del  Sarto  and  de  Sangallo. 

Cosin,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born  in 
Norwich  30th  Nov.  151)4,  and  educated  at 
the  free  school  there,  and  at  Caius  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  He 
was  patronised  by  Overall,  bishop  of  Lichfield, 
and  after  his  death  by  Neal,  bishop  of  Dui-- 
ham,  who  gave  him  a  prebend,  and  the  rich 
rectory  of  Branspeth.  His  collection  of  pri- 
vate devotions,  drawn  up  at  the  request  of 
Charles  I.  as  well  as  his  frequent  intercourse 
with  Laud,  drew  upon  him  the  censures  of 
the  puritans,  who  loudly  exclaimed  against 
his  popish  principles.  In  1628  he  took  his 
degree  of  D.  D.  and  in  1634  he  was  elected 
master  of  Peterhouse,  and  in  1640  he  was 
made  dean  of  Peterborough.  The  same 
year  a  complaint  was  made  against  him,  in 


the  house  of  commons,  by  Smart,  a  mas 
whom  he  with  others  had  ejected  from  his 
prebend  at  Durham,  for  preaching  a  sedi- 
tious sermon,  and  in  consequence  of  this,  he 
was  deprived  by  a  vote  of  the  house,  of  all 
his  ecclesiastical  preferments,  and  two  vears 
after  expelled  from  the  mastership  of  Pe- 
terhouse, because  his  persecutors  suspect- 
ed him  of  popish  innovations.  Upon  this  he 
left  the  kingdom,  and  during  the  civil  wars 
resided  at  Paris,  where  he  officiated  as  a 
protestant  minister,  and  was  assisted  by  a 
small  pension  from  queen  Henrietta.  At 
the  restoration  he  was  replaced  into  all 
his  preferments,  and  the  same  year  raised 
to  the  see  of  Durham.  In  this  elevated  sit- 
uation he  employed  himself  in  repairing  and 
beautifying  the  cathedral  and  the  palace,  and 
in  erecting  schools  and  hospitals  for  the  most 
benevolent  purposes.  Besides  the  large  en- 
dowment which  he  settled,  it  is  known,  that 
this  humane  prelate,  during  the  11  years  in 
which  he  was  at  Durham,  spent  not  less 
than  2000£.  a  year  in  charitable  and  pious 
uses.  He  died  of  a  pectoral  dropsy,  15th 
Jan.  1672,  aged  78,  and  was  buried  in  the 
chapel  of  Bishops'  Aucland.  He  left  many 
legacies  for  charitable  purposes  by  his  will. 
He  had  one  son  and  four  daughters,  and  he 
had  the  misfortune  to  see  his  son,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  education  among  the  Jesuits 
at  Paris,  turn  catholic;  and  though  he  at- 
tempted to  reclaim  him,  ami  even  disinher- 
it him,  if  he  persevered  in  his  religious  ten- 
ets, he  never  succeeded.  The  various  books 
which  he  wrote  display  much  learning, 
solid  judgment,  and  extensive  information. 
Though  he  was  falsely  accused  of  being  a 
papist,  yet  he  was  the  friend  of  magnifi- 
cence and  pomp  in  the  outside  of  religion, 
and  like  all  the  adherents  of  Laud's  princi- 
ples, he  dwelt  much  on  vain  and  insignifi- 
cant ceremonies. 

Cos. me,  John  Baseillac,  a  feuillant  friar. 
who,  however,  followed  his  father's  profes- 
sion of  surgeon,  and  became  eminent  as  a 
lithotomist.  His  instrument  for  dividing  the 
neck  of  the  bladder,  of  which  he  gave  an 
interesting  account  in  the  journal  desSavans 
for  1748,  though  once  much  approved  by 
the  faculty,  is  now  neglected.  His  forceps 
for  breaking  stones  in  the  bladder  was  once 
in  general  use  ;  and  so  great  was  his  celebri- 
ty as  an  operator,  that  the  surgeons,  through 
mere  jealousy,  prevailed  upon  the  French 
king  to  banish  him.  He  died  at  Paris  18th  Ju- 
ly 1786,  aged  79. 

Cosmo  I.  son  of  John  de  Medici,  was 
born  in  1519.  When  his  cousin  Alexander 
was  murdered,  he  had  the  art  to  procure  his 
election  to  the  supreme  authority  of  the 
state ;  and  he  behaved  with  such  •  firmness 
and  sagacity,  that  all  the  conspiracies  form- 
ed against  his  person  and  government  by 
the  seditious  of  Florence  proved  abortive. 
He  assisted  the  emperor,  in  1553,  in  the  re- 
duction of  Sienna,  which  was  annexed  to  his 
own  territories  by  Philip  II.  and,  in  1569. 
he  was  raised  by  the  pope  Pius  V.  to  the 
sovereign  title  of  grand  duke  of  Tuscany. 


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<Josmo,  thus  successful  abroad,  and  the  ju- 
dicious patron  of  literature,  in  the  re-estab- 
lishment of  the  university  of  Pisa,  smd  in 
the  promotion  of  the  arts,  found  himself  un- 
happy in  his  family.  His  son  John,  who  was 
a  cardinal,  and  a  man  of  merit,  was,  in  a 
hunting  party,  secretly  stabbed  by  his  brother 
Garcia,  who  pretended  ignorance  of  the 
foul  deed.  The  father  suspected  the  inhu- 
man son  ;  and  when  he  confessed  it,  he,  over- 
powered by  a  fit  of  passion,  stabbed  him 
with  the  same  dagger  which  had  robbed  him 
of  his  other  son.  This  tragic  scene  so  af- 
fected the  mother  that  she  died  a  few  days 
after,  a  victim  to  silent  overwhelming  grief. 
Cosmo  died  1574,  and  left  several  children 
to  uphold  the  sovereign  power  which  he  had 
so  firmly  established  in  Florence. 

Cosmo  II.  grandson  of  the  first  Cosmo, 
succeeded  his  father  Ferdinand,  1609,  and 
during  his  reign  displayed  the  virtues  of  a 
benevolent  prince,  eager  to  advance  the  hap- 
piness of  his  people,  to  cultivate  literature, 
and  promote  the  fine  arts.    He  died  lfi2l. 

Cosmo  III.  succeeded  his  father  Ferdi- 
nand II.  as  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  1670. 
He  married  the  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Or- 
leans, from  whom  he  was  after  wardsdi  voreed; 
and  he  annexed  to  his  other  dignities,  with 
the  consent  of  the  emperor  anil  of  the  pope, 
the  title  of  royal  highness.  He  is  represent- 
ed as  so  superstitious  that  he  took  orders,  at 
the  Roman  jubilee,  for  the  privilege  of  sa- 
luting the  handkerchief  which,  according  to 
monkish  traditions,  our  Saviour  gave  to  Ve- 
ronica, impressed  with  his  own  image.  Cos- 
mo was,  like  the  princes  of  his  house,  a  lib- 
eral patron  of  letters,  and  particularly  at- 
tached to  the  study  of  chemistry.  He  was 
one  of  the  richest  sovereigns  of  Europe,  and 
died  1723,  after  a  happy  reign  of  54  years. 
His  son  and  successor,  John  Gaston,  died 
1737,  without  issue  ;  and  the  sovereignty  of 
Florence  descended  to  the  queen  of  Spain, 
as  sprung  from  the  second  Cosmo  ;  and  she 
exchanged  it  with  France  for  the  kingdom 
of  the  two  Sicilies,  which  was  bestowed  on 
her  son  don  Carlos. 

Cosxac,  Daniel  de,  a  native  of  Limou- 
sin, noticed  by  the  prince  of  Conti,  and  rais- 
ed by  his  interest  to  the  see  of  Valence,  and 
afterwards  to  that  of  Aix,  and  other  ecclesi- 
astical honors.  He  died  at  Aix  1708,  aged 
81.  Though  a  man  of  great  abilities,  fie  was 
very  deformed  in  his  person. 

Cospeau,  Philip,  a  French  prelate,  born 
at  Hainaut.  He  was  very  eloquent  in  the 
pulpit,  and  substituted  to  the  quotations 
from  the  classics  more  appropriate  texts 
from  the  bible.  He  died  1646,  aged  78,  au- 
thor of  some  theological  tracts. 

Cossart,  Gabriel,  a  native  of  Pontoise, 
who  died  at  Paris  18th  September  1674, 
aged  59.  He  was  a  Jesuit,  and  assisted  Lab- 
be  in  his  grand  collection  of  councils,  which 
appeared  in  1672,  in  18  vols.  fol.  He  wrote 
besides,  poetry,  &c. 

Cossfe,  Charles  de,  marshal  de  Brissac, 
a  celebrated  French  general,  born  at  Anjou, 
of  a  noble  family,   of  Neapolitan  descent. 


He  devoted  himself  to  the  profession  of 
arnis,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars 
of  itah;  and  Pie^n  nt,  and  at  the  siege  of 
Perpignan  1541.  His  services  were  noticed 
and  acknowledged  by  the  French  king,  who 
sent  him  as  ambassador  to  Charles  V.  and 
afterwards  made  him,  in  1550,  marshal  of 
the  kingdom,  governor  of  Piedmont,  and 
grand  master  of  the  artillery.  His  valor  and 
sagacity  as  a  general  were  so  conspicuous, 
that  several  princes  and  nobles  placed  them- 
selves under  him  as  in  a  school  of  honor, 
where  the  tactics  of  war,  and  the  evolutions 
of  campaigns-,  could  best  be  learned.  He 
died  at  Paris  31st  December  1563,  aged  57. 
He  was  a  man  of  such  honor  and  integrity, 
that  when  the  government  refused  to  pay 
the  debts  contracted  by  the  arm)-,  he  sold 
part  of  his  estates  to  satisfy  the  just  demand. 

Costanzo,  Angelo  di,  born  at  Naples 
1507,  after  53  years  of  perseverance  and  la- 
bor, published  an  history  of  his  native  city  in 
Italian,  folio.  He  was  also  a  poet  of  some 
consequence,  and  his  sonnets  and  other  pie- 
ces were  collected  at  Venice  1752,  in  12mo. 
He  died  at  a  very  advanced  age,  about  the 
year  1590. 

Costa,  Christopher,  a  Portuguese,  na- 
tive of  Africa,  who  devoted  himself  to  bota- 
ny, and  in  his  travels  in  Asia  was  seized  by 
some  of  the  uncivilized  natives,  and  long  de- 
tained in  slavery.  On  his  return  to  Europe 
he  published  an  account  of  Indian  plants, 
&c.  translated  into  Latin  by  Clusius,  kc. 

Costa,  Emanuel,  a  Portugues"  lawyer, 
professor  at  Salamanca,  1550.  His  wens 
were  published  2  vols.  fol. 

Costa,  John,  professor  of  the  law  at 
Cahors,  wrote  some  notes  on  Justinian's  in- 
stitutes, and  died  at  Cahors,  13th  Aug.  1637. 

Costa,  Margaret,  an  Italian  poetess, 
who  published  her  works  at  Paris,  which 
she  dedicated  to  cardinal  Alazarin. 

Costard,  George,  an  English  scholar, 
born  about  1710.  He  was  fellow  and  tutor 
of  Wadham  college,  and  in  1764  lie  obtain- 
ed the  vicarage  of  Twickenham  from  the 
chancellor  Northington.  He  died  January 
1782,  and  his  books  and  oriental  MSS.  were 
sold  by  auction,  the  following  March.  He 
wrote  15  different  treatises  chiefly  on  astro- 
nomical subjects,  and  on  the  book  of  Job. 
They  are  enumerated  in  Nichols'  anecdotes 
of  Bowyer,  and  prove  him  to  have  been  a 
man  of  great  learning  and  extensive  infor- 
mation. 

Coste,  Peter,  a  native  of  Uzez,  who  fled 
to  England  on  account  of  his  religion,  and 
died  at  Paris  1747,  at  an  advanced  age.  He 
translated  Locke's  essay  on  the  human  un- 
derstanding, and  on  the  reasonableness 
of  Christianity,  and  Newton's  optics,  into 
French,  and  wrote  besides,  the  life  of  the 
great  Coude — notes  on  Fontaine's  fables,  and 
-Montaigne's  essays — and  a  defence  of  Bruy- 
ere. 

Coster,  Lawrence,  an  inhabitant  of 
Haerlem,  supposed  by  the  Dutch  to  be  the 
inventor  of  printing,  about  the  year  1430. 
The  best  authorities  however  support  that 


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the  art  of  printing  was  first  invented  at  May- 
ence,  though  Meerman  of  Rotterdam,  with 
great  ingenuity  and  erudition,  maintain*? ^he- 
claims  of  his  countrymen.     Coster  died  1440. 

Costha,  Ben  Luca,  a  christian  philoso- 
pher of  Balbec  in  Syria,  in  the  250th  year 
of  the  hegira.  Retranslated  several  Greek 
books  into  Arabic,  and  wrote  some  original 
works  on  physic,  astronomy,  and  mathema- 
tics, of  which  Casiri  in  his  bibloth.  arab.  de 
i'escurial  has  given  a  catalogue. 

Cot  a,  Rodriguez,  a  native  of  Toledo, 
whose  tragi-comedia  de  Calisto  &  Melibcea 
has  appeared  in  Latin  and  French  transla- 
tions.    He  florished  1560. 

Cotelerius,  John  Baptist,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Nismes  1627.  He  very 
early  displayed  great  abilities  in  the  know- 
ledge  of  the  learned  languages,  and  at  tbe 
age  of  12  was  able  to  construe  the  new  testa- 
ment in  Greek  and  the  old  in  Hebrew,  with 
great  ease,  at  the  first  opening  of  the  book. 
He  was  professor  of  Greek,  and  member  of 
the  Sorbonne.  He  published  the  works  of  all 
the  fathers  who  lived  in  the  apostolic  age, 
with  a  new  translation  and  learned  notes,  2 
vols.  fol.  1672.  He  published  besides,  monu- 
menta  ecclesias  Grsecte,  of  which  he  only 
completed  three  volumes  before  his  death. 
His  great  application  had  undermined  his 
•onstitution,  so  that  he  was  snatched  away,  by 
an  inflf>mmatory  disorder  in  his  breast,  in  his 
59th  year,  10th  August  1686.  Besides  ex- 
tensive learning,  he  possessed  the  amiable 
virtues  of  private  life;  he  was  modest,  unas- 
suming, aDd  devoid  of  all  pride  and  affecta- 
tion. 

Cotes,  Roger,  an  English  mathematician 
.and  astronomer,  born  at  Burbach,  Leicester-, 
shire,  10th  July  1682.  At  Leicester  school 
and  St.  Paul's,  London,  he  was  well  iuitiated 
in  classical  literature,  and  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  he  began  early  to  display  that 
fondness  for  mathematics  which  in  his  earlier 
years  had  appeared  in  his  family.  He  be- 
came, in  1705,  fellow  of  his  college,  and  had 
the  tuition  of  the  sons  of  the  marquis  of  Kent, 
to  whom  he  was  related.  In  1706  he  was 
made  Plumian  professor  of  astronomy,  and  in 
1713  took  orders,  and  that  same  year,  at  the 
recommendation  of  Bentley,  pnblished  New- 
ton's mathematica  priucipia,  with  the  im- 
provements of  the  author,  to  which  he  pre- 
fixed an  excellent  preface.  He  increased 
further  his  astronomical  reputation,  by  his 
description  of  the  great  fiery  meteor  seen 
March  16,  1716.  This  great  and  rising  genius 
died  at  the  age  of  35,  on  the  5th  June  1716, 
to  the  regret  of  the  university,  and  of  every 
lover  of  science  and  goodness.  He  was  bu- 
ried in  Trinity  chapel.  His  harmonia  men- 
surarum  was  published  in  1722,  4to.  by  his 
successor,  Dr.  Robert  Smith,  and  also,  by  the 
same,  his  valuable  hydrostatical  and  pneu- 
malical  lectures,  in  1737. 

Cotes,  Francis,  an  English  painter  in  oil 
and  crayons.  He  was  pupil  to  Knapton  ;  and 
died  1770,  aged  45. 

Cotin,  Charles,  a  French  writer,  who 
died  at  Paris  1682.      He  was  member  of  the 


French  academy,  was  an  eloquent  preacher, 
a  good  scholar,  and  a  respectable  prose  wri- 
ter and  poet.  He  is  known,  however,  more 
for  the  severity  of  Boileau  and  Molier's  sa- 
tires against  him,  than  for  his  own  excel- 
lence. 

Cotolendi,  Charles,  a  native  of  Aix  or 
Avignon,  was  advocate  in  the  parliament  of 
Paris,  and  respectable  as  an  author.  He 
translated  the  Spanish  history  of  Persia  into 
P'rench,  2  vols.  12mo. — the  life  of  Columbus— 
the  life  of  de  Sales — besides  dissertations  on 
the  works  of  St.  Evremond,  and  the  life  of 
the  duchess  of  M ontmorenci. 

Cotta,  John,  a  Latin  poet,  born  near 
Verona.  He  was  made  prisoner  by  the 
French  at  the  battle  of  Ghiara  d'Adda,  in 
1509.  He  died  1511,  at  Viterbo,  of  a  pesti- 
lential fever,  aged  28.  His  ./epigrams  and 
orations  are  printed  in  the  carmina  quinque 
poetarum,  Venice,  1548,  4to. 

Cotte,  Robert  de,  an  architect,  born  at 
Paris  1657.  He  was  elected  director  of  the 
royal  academy  of  architecture,  and  made 
architect  to  the  king,  and  intendant  of  the 
royal  gardens,  edifices,  inc.  His  genius  was 
advantageously  displayed  in  adorning  the 
public  buildings  of  Paris,  the  palaces  of  Ver- 
sailles and  St.  Denys,  and  the  colonade  of 
the  Trianon.  The  chief  beauties  of  his 
works  Mere  lightness,  elegance,  and  delicacy. 
He  died  at  Paris  1735,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  son,  Julius  Robert,  who  was  equally  in- 
genious. 

Cotterel,  sir  Charles,  groom-porter  to 
James  I.  and  master  of  the  requests  to 
Charles  H.  He  was  well  skilled  in  modern 
languages,  and  possessed  all  the  manners  and 
accomplishments  of  a  gentleman.  He  re- 
signed his  office  of  master  of  the  ceremonies 
to  the  king,  to  his  son  Charles  Lodowick. 
During  the  exile  of  his  royal  master,  he  trans- 
lated Cassandra,  the  famed  romance,  and 
was  also  concerned  in  the  translation  of  Da- 
vila's  civil  wars  of  France. 

Cottingtox,  Francis  lord,  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  and  first  lord  of  the 
treasury,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  was  an 
able  minister,  and  employed  for  some  time 
as  an  ambassador  in  Spain.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  wars  he  left  his  country  for 
Spain,  where  he  died,  at  Valladolid,  about 
1651,  aged  77.  In  his  political  character  he 
displayed  great  dissimulation,  with  all  the 
formal  solemnity  wliichhe  had  imbibed  at  the 
Spanish  court. 

Cotton,  or  Coton,  Peter,  a  Jesuit, 
born  1564,  at  Neronde,  near  the  Loire,  early 
distinguished  for  his  zeal  in  converting  here- 
tics, and  for  his  eloquence  in  the  pulpit.  He 
became  confessor  to  Henry  IV.  of  France, 
and  possessed  so  much  of  his  confidence  that 
it  was  a  public  expression,  that  the  king  was 
good,  but  that  he  had  cotton  in  his  ears.  Cot- 
ton refused  an  archbishopric  and  a  cardinal's 
hat,  which  his  master's  partiality  offered  him. 
After  Henry's  death,  he  was  confessor  to 
Lewis  XIII.  but  he  soon  left  the  court,  and 
retired  into  the  country.  He  died  19th 
March  1626,  aged  63.    He  wrote  some  ser- 


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uions,    besides    controversial    ami  divinity 
tracts. 

Cotton,  sir  Robert  Bruce,  an  eminent 
English  antiquary,  born  at  Denton,  Hun- 
tingdonshire, 22d  June  1570.  He  was  of 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
his  bachelor's  degree,  and  then  removed  to 
Loudon,  where  he  became  a  member  of  the 
antiquarian  society,  and  soon  distinguished 
himself  tor  his  zeal  in  the  search  of  antiqui- 
ties. He  was  knighted  by  James  1.  and  so 
high  was  his  reputation  for  learning,  infor- 
mation, and  integrity,  that  not  only  the  most 
leading  men  of  the  times  consulted  him  on 
affairs  of  state,  but  the  king  himself  em- 
ployed his  pen  on  several  occasions.  At 
James's  request,  he  vindicated  the  character 
of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  he  also  examined 
■what  punishments  should  be  inflicted  on  pa- 
pists, and  defended  the  ecclesiastical  institu- 
tion against  the  innovations  of  the  puritans. 
On  the  creation  of  baronets,  in  1C11,  by 
James,  sir  Robert  Cotton  appeared  as  the 
thirty-sixth  in  the  new  dignity.  But  though 
such  a  favorite  with  the  court,  he,  in  the  suc- 
ceeding reign,  joined  the  commons  in  the 
cry  for  the  redress  of  grievances,  though  he 
recommended  mild  and  gentle  measures, 
■which,  in  establishing  the  privileges  of  the 
people,  might  not  endanger  the  safety  of  the 
sovereign.  In  1629,  sir  Robert  became  an 
object  of  persecution  to  the  court.  A  manu- 
script, "  which,"  it  is  said,  "  laid  down  a 
plan  how  the  kings  of  England  might  oppress 
the  liberties  of  their  subjects,  and  for  ever 
enslave  them  and  their  posterity,"  was  lent 
out  of  his  library,  and  being  in  a  surreptitious 
copy  laid  before  the  privy  council,  produced 
his  arrest  and   confinement   in    the  Tower, 

nd  the  seizure  of  his  valuable  library.     Sir 

rith  difficulty  extricated  himself  from 

■irulence  of  his  persecutors;   but  he  still 

fen  flic  indignities  offered  to  his  person  and 


ble  collection,  improved  still  by  his  son  sir 
Thomas  and  by  his  grandson  sir  John,  was, 
after  being  removed  in  various  places,  at  last 
deposited  in  the  British  museum  in  1753. 

Cotton,  Charles,  born  in  Staffordshire, 
of  a  respectable  family,  became  known  for 
his  burlesque  verses  and  ludicrous  poetry,  in, 
the  reign  of  Charles  and  James  II.  He  trans- 
lated, with  great  spirit  and  success,  Mon- 
taigne's essay6,  which  he  inscribed  to  lord 
Halifax,  a  nobleman  who  highly  valued  the 
performance,  which  lie  had  the  capacity  and 
the  good  sense  to  appreciate.  Cotton  pub- 
lished the  wonders  of  the  peak  in  Derby- 
shire— Virgil  travestied — Lucian  burlesqued; 
of  which  poems  an  edition  was  printed  in 
1751.  He  died  about  the  time  of  the  revo- 
lution, but  the  exact  year  is  unknown. 

Cotys,  a  king  of  Thrace,  in  the  age  of 
Alexander,  died  about  356  B.  C. Ano- 
ther, who  favored  the  cause  of  Pompey. 

Another,  who  lived  in  th«  age  of  Augustus, 
and  to  whom  Ovid  addressed  one  of  his  ele- 
gies. His  son  bore  the  same  name,  and  ex- 
changed Thrace  for  the  kingdom  of  Arme- 
nia, A.  D.  88. 

Coudre tte,  Christopher,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, strongly  attached  to  the  partisans 
of  the  Port  Royal  and  to  Boursier,  against 
the  Jesuits,  by  whom  he  had  been  educated. 
He  opposed,  with  great  ability,  the  papal  bull 
unigenitus,  for  which  he  was  sent  to  the  Bas- 
tille for  twelve  months,  in  1738.  He  died  at 
Paris  4th  August  1774.  He  wrote  memoirs 
sur  le  formulaire,  2  vols.  12mo. — histoire  8e 
analvse  du  livre  de  Paction  de  Dieu,  &c.  His 
chief  work  is  the  history  of  the  Jesuits,  in  4 
vols.  12mo.  1761,  to  which  he  added  a  sup- 
plement of  2  vols.  1764. 

Covel,  John,  an  English  divine,  born  at 
Honingshearth,  Suffolk,  1638,  and  educated 
at  St.  Edmundsbury  and  Christ  college,  Cam- 
bridge, of  whicli  he  became  fellow.     He  was 


character;  and  the  treatment  he  received  in  i  chaplain  to  the  embassy   at  Constantinople, 


where  be  continued  for  seven  years.  On  his 
return  home,  1679,  he  took  his  degree  of 
D.  D.  and  was  chosen  Margaret  preacher  of 
divinity.  The  next  year  he  was  presented  to 
the  living  of  Littlebury,  in  Essex,  and  in  1687 
made  chancellor  of  York,  and  the  next  year 
master  of  Christ  college,  Cambridge.  He 
died  in  1722,  aged  85.  During  his  residence 
at  the  Porte,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  ex- 
amination of  the  ancient  and  present  state  of 
the  Greek  church  ;  and  he  gave  to  the  world, 
a  few  years  before  his  death,  a  curious  and 
useful  publication  on  the  subject,  in  folio. 

Coverdale,  Miles,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, educated  at  Cambridge.  From  a  friar 
he  became  a  protectant  at  the  reformation, 
and  was  made  bishop  of  Exeter  bv  Edward 
VI.  During  the  persecuting  reign  of  Marv,  he 
was  ejected  from  his  see,  and  permitted  to 
go  into  exile,  at  the  interference  of  the  king  of 
Denmark.  When  Elizabeth  ascended  the 
throne,  he  returned,  but  he  declined  to  reas- 
sume  his  bishopric,  as  his  principles  we:-e 
now  puritanical.  He  afterwards  received  the 
living  of  St.  Magnus,  London,  from  which  be 
was  ejected  for  uoncoaformity.      He  died 


some  degree  undermined  his  constitution,  and 
broke  his  heart.  He  died  of  a  fever,  at  West- 
minster, 6th  May  1631,  aged  upwards  of  60 
years.  Sir  Robert  was  not  only  an  able  an- 
tiquarian, but  the  friend  and  patron  of  men 
of  learning;  and  to  his  munificence,  his  able 
assistance,  and  valuable  communications, 
Knellis,  sir  W'alter  Raleigh,  sir  Francis  Ba- 
con, Selden,  Speed,  Camden,  and  other  re- 
spectable authors,  have  with  gratitude  ac- 
knowledged themselves  indebted.  Though 
distinguished  as  a  man  of  letters,  and  a  skil- 
ful antiquarian,  sir  Robert  is  particularly-  en- 
titled to  the  admiration  of  posterity  for  the 
valuable  library  which  now  remains  for  the 
information  of  the  public,  an  immortal  proof 
of  his  munificence  and  indefatigable  zeal  in 
the  cause  of  science  and  of  mankind.  That 
his  pursuits  were  directed  to  such  objects  is 
a  happy  circumstance  for  the  public.  *  In  his 
time,  the  many  records  and  important  manu- 
scripts which  had  been  plundered  from  the 
dissolved  monasteries  were  scattered  with 
profane  indifference,  and  some  friendly  hand 
was  wanted  to  collect  and  preserve  them  for 
the  information  of  the  learned.     This  valua- 


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ppor,  but  respected,  20th  May  1567,  aged 
SI.  He  assisted  William  Tindal  in  the  Eng- 
lish version  of  the  bible  published  in  1537, 
and  corrected  it  afterwards  in  the  edition  of 
1540,  with  notes. 

Coulon,  Lewis,  a  French  priest,  who 
left  the  Jesuits'  society  in  1640.  He  died 
1G64.  His  geographical  works  are  greatly 
esteemed,  especially  his  historical  treatise 
of  all  the  rivers  in  France,  2  vols.  8vr.  lie 
■wrote  besides,  lexicon  Hpmericum,  and  some 
historical  performances,  &c. 

Couperin,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  or- 
ganist of  the  chapel  of  Lewis  XIV.  He  was 
much  admired  for  his  execution  on  the  harp- 
sicoird.  He  died  1738,  leaving  two  daugh- 
ters, who  were  equally  eminent  as  musicians. 
His  two  brothers,  Lewis  and  Charles,  were 
also  good  performers.  He  wrote  some  pieces 
for  the  harpsicord,  in  4  vols.  fol. 

Couplet,  Philip,  a  Jesuit,  of  Malines, 
who  went  as  missionary  to  China  in  1650, 
and  returned  in  1680.  He  died  on  his  se- 
cond voyage  to  the  same  place,  1693.  He 
■wrote  some  works  in  the  Chinese  language 
and  in  Latin.  His  Confucius  Sinarum  phi- 
losophus,  1687,  folio,  is  a  valuable  and  cu- 
rious work,  in  which  the  history  of  China, 
the  manners  and  religion  of  the  inhabitants, 
are  ably  treated. 

Courayer,  Peter  Francis,  a  French  di- 
vine, born  at  Vernon,  Normandy,  1681. 
While  canon  and  librarian  of  St.  Genevieve, 
Paris,  he,  after  some  correspondence  with 
archbishop  Wake,  published  his  "  defence 
of  English  ordinations,"  printed  in  Holland, 
1727.  This  book  exposed  him  to  the  perse- 
cution of  the  catholics ;  so  that  he  took  refuge 
in  England,  where  the  university  of  Oxford 
granted  him  a  doctor's  degree,  and  the  crown 
settled  a  pension  upon  him.  He  died  in  1776, 
after  two  days'  illness,  at  the  age  of  95,  and 
was  buried  in  the  cloisters  of  Westmin- 
ster aboey.  He  died  in  the  faith  of  the  catho- 
lic church,  though  at  Ealing,  where  he  some- 
times resided,  he  attended  the  English  ser- 
vice regularly,  declaring  he  received  great 
satisfaction  in  the  prayers  of  the  church.  He 
wrote  several  things,  all  in  French.  Those 
best  known  are,  Paul's  history  of  the  council 
of  Trent,  2  vols.  fol.  dedicated  to  queen  Ca- 
roline, who  raised  his  pension  from  1001.  to 
200/.-s-Sleidan's  history  of  the  reformation. 
After  his  death  appeared  his  declaration  of 
his  last  sentiments,  &c. 

Courcei.les,  Stephen  de,  a  native  of 
Geneva,  divinity  professor  at  Amsterdam, 
after  Episcopi us,  whose  works  he  published, 
with  a  life  prefixed.  He  died  1658,  aged  72, 
author  of  various  divinity  tracts,  published 
by  Daniel  Elzevir,  1  vol.  fol.  1675. 

Court  de  Gebelin,  Anthony,  a  native 
of  Nismes,  for  some  time  protestant  minis- 
ter at  Lausanne,  and  afterwards  superin- 
tendant  of  one  of  the  museums  of  Paris. 
He  wrote  monde  primitif,  compared  with 
the  monde  moderne,  in  9  vols.  4to.  a  work 
of  merit  and  great  erudition.  He  wrote 
besides,  the  history  of  the  war  des  Cevennes, 
3  vols.  12mo.  &e.    He  was  a  strong  advo- 


cate for  animal  magnetism,  which  e*pose*!d 
him  much  to  ridicule.  He  died  at  Paris  13th 
May  1784,  aged  59. 

Courtanvaux,  Francis  Caesar  marquis 
de,  a  French  nobleman,  who  distinguished 
himself  in  the  wars  of  Bohemia  and  Bava- 
ria, under  his  uncle,  the  duke  of  Noialles. 
He  was  also  eminent  as  a  philosopher  and  as 
an  ingenious  mechanic,  and  deserved  by  his 
valuable  communications  a  place  in  the  aca- 
demy of  sciences.     He  died  1781,  aged  63. 

Courten,  William,  son  of  a  taylor  at 
Meninx,  in  the  Netherlands,  escaped  with 
difficulty  from  the  tyranny  and  persecution 
of  Olivarezduke  of  Alva,  and  in  1568  reach- 
ed London,  where  he  settled  his  family. 
Their  business  was  the  making  of  French 
hoods,  which  were  in  those  days  in  great 
reputation,  so  that  by  industry,  the  Courten 
family  increased  their  connexions  and  pro- 
perty, and  at  the  death  of  the  father  and 
mother,  which  happened  about  the  end  of 
Elizabeth's  reign,  or  the  beginning  of  James 
1.  they  were  opulent  and  respectable  mer- 
chants in  the  trade  of  silk  and  fine  linen.  In 
the  year  1651,  their  returns  are  averaged  at 
150,0()0£.  a-year;  and  so  highly  respected 
was  the  family,  that  William  and  Peter  re- 
ceived the  honor  of  knighthood.  Under  the 
activity  and  able  management  of  sir  Wil- 
liam, the  concerns  of  the  company  were 
greatly  increased,  so  that  not  only  the  com- 
merce of  the  nation  was  extended,  but  even 
the  king's  dignity  supported,  as  it  is  said  that 
by  their  loans  to  James  I.  and  to  Charles  I, 
the  firm  of  Courten  had  a  claim  upon  the 
crown  of  not  less  than  200,000/?.  The  exten- 
sive concerns  of  this  extraordinary  family 
were,  however,  lessened  by  the  intrigues  of 
lord  Carlisle,  who  seized,  as  a  grant  from 
the  crown,  the  island  of  Barbadoes,  where 
sir  William  had  settled  a  factory,  as  on  a 
place  which  had  been  discovered  by  his  own 
ships,  and  been  protected  at  his  own  ex- 
pense. His  property  likewise  suffered  some 
years  after  by  the  murder  of  his  factors  at 
Amboyna,  in  the  Spice  islands,  by  the  Dutch 
and  by  the  total  loss  of  his  property  in  that 
part  of  the  world.  Though  thus  persecuted 
by  the  frowns  of  fortune,  he  yet  engaged 
with  new  ardor  in  the  Chinese  trade ;  but 
the  loss  of  two  ships  richly  laden  completed 
his  disasters,  and  reduced  him  to  poverty. 
He  survived  not  long  this  heavy  loss.  He 
died  1636,  about  the  beginning  of  May,  aged 
64,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  An- 
drew Hubbard. 

Courten,  William,  the  last  male  de- 
scendant of  the  family  just  mentioned,  was 
born  in  Fenchurch  parish,  London,  28th 
March  1642.  It  is  supposed  that  he  lost  his 
father  and  mother  before  he  was  fourteen 
years  old ;  but  though  his  father,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  insolvency,  left  the  kingdom, 
in  1643,  and  never  again  saw  his  son,  yet  he 
was,  it  is  imagined,  carefully  educated  under 
the  eye  of  those  many  rich,  independent,  and 
noble  relatives  which  remained  to  him  in 
England.  He  early  began  to  travel,  and  dis- 
played a  great  genius  for  natural  history, 


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which  be  much  improved  by  a  residence  at 
Montpellier.    In  this  delightful  spot,  so  con- 
genial  to  his  studies,  he  cultivated  the  ac- 
quaintance of  learned  men,   particularly  of 
Tournefort  and  of  sir  Hans  Sloane.    When 
•1"  age,  he   returned  to  London,  to  pursue 
his  claims  to  the  shattered  wreck  of  the  for- 
tune of  Ids   family,  and,  in   improving   his 
income,   also   to  render    more  comfortable 
his  sister,  who  had  lived  upon  only   thirty 
pounds    a-year.      During    his    minority,    a 
person  of  the  name  of  George  Carew   had 
obtained  letters  of  administration,  and  now 
he  sued  for  the  restitution  of  his  property  ; 
but  the  arts  of  the  usurper,  who  was  a  law- 
yer and  a  courtier,  prevailed  over  the  sim- 
plicity of  the  petitioner.      Carew  prevailed 
in  his  intrigues,  and  (Jourten  not  only  gave 
up  all  claims  to  his  paternal  estates  for  an 
unknown  compensation,  which  he  acknow- 
ledged to  receive,  not  de  jure,  but  ex  gratia, 
but  he  exchanged  his  family  name,  and,  un- 
der the    appellation  of  William  Charleton, 
he   retired  from   England    to    his    favorite 
Montpellier.      How  long  he    staid  on    the 
continent  is  not  exactly  known.     After  his 
return  to  England  he  lived  for  fourteen  or 
fifteen  years  in   chambers  at  the  Temple, 
and  died  at  Kensington  Gravel-pits,  March 
26,   1702,  aged    63.     The   partiality   which 
Mr.  Courten  showed  to  natural  history  was 
not  employed  in  frivolous  pursuits,  or  una- 
vailing researches.    He  began  early  to  make 
a  collection   of  whatever   was  curious,  im- 
portant, and  remarkable,  in   medallic  and 
antiquarian  history;   and  not  less   than  38 
vols,  in  folio,  and  8  in  4to.  remain  as  proofs 
of  his  great   industry  and  indefatigable  at- 
tention.    His  curious  collection,  after  being 
about  fifty  years  in  the  possession  of  his  exe- 
cutor and  residuary  legatee,  was  purchased 
in,  1763  for  the  use  of  the  public,  and  deposi- 
ted in  the  British  Museum.     It  is  singular, 
that  though  to  his  industry  and  perseverance 
the  nation  is  indebted  for  so  valuable  an  ac- 
quisition, no  mention  was  made  of  him  as  the 
first  and  most  scientific  collector.     The  sum 
paid  by  the  public  was  20,000/.  which  equals 
scarce  the  value  of  the   coins  and  precious 
stones.    Besides  those  learned  friends  alrea- 
dy mentioned,  Courten  was  intimate    with 
the  great  Locke. 

Courtilz,  Garien  de  sieur  de  Sandras, 
born  at  Paris  1644,  where  he  died  6th  May 
1712.  He  was  in  the  army,  and  was  some 
time  in  Holland  and  on  his  return  was  con- 
fined in  the  Bastile  for  his  political  works, 
and  remained  there  nine  years.  He  was 
author  of  different  works,  the  best  known 
of  which  are  his  life  of  Coligni — the  conduct 
of  France  since  the  peace  «f  Nimeguen — 
history  of  the  Dutch  war — political  testa- 
ment of  Colbert — the  life  of  Turenne — an- 
nals of  Paris  and  of  the  court  in  1697-8. 

Courtivron,  Gaspard  marquis  de,  a 
native  of  Dijon,  who  died  4th  October  1785, 
aged  70,  known  as  a  soldier  and  a  scholar.  He 
was  wounded  in  the  campaigns  of  Bavaria, 
while  exerting  himself  to   save  the  life   of 


himself  to  literature.  He  wrote  a  treatise 
on  optics,  4to.  1  ":"•  -2,  and  some  other  works. 
Courtney,  William,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  the  fourth  son  of  Hugh  Court- 
ney, earl  of  Devonshire,  by  Margaret,  grand- 
daughter of  Edward  1.  He  was  educated  a*. 
Oxford,  and  though  possessed  of  abilities, 
owed  his  elevation  in  the  church  to  the 
consequence  of  his  family.  When  28,  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Hereford,  and  after- 
wards translated  to  London,  where  he  sum- 
moned before  him  the  great  WickliflV,  is 
St.  Paul's  cathedral,  1377.  The  bold  re- 
former was  on  this  occasion  attended  by  his 
friends  John  of  Gaunt  and  lord  Percy,  who, 
in  supporting  his  tenets,  treated  the  prelate 
with  such  asperity,  that  a  tumult  was  ex- 
cited among  the  citizens  of  Loudon.  Court- 
ney was  made  chancellor  1381,  and  after- 
wards raised  to  the  see  of  Canterbury.  He 
was  a  violent  persecutor  of  the  Wicklifiites, 
and  condemned  their  tenets  in  a  syuod.  He 
died  at  Maidstone  1396,  aged  55. 

Courtois,  James,  a  native  of  Franche 
Compte,  eminent  as  a  painter,  and  called  3e 
Bourgnignon.  He  studied  under  his  father, 
who  was  also  a  painter;  and  in  the  French 
campaigns  of  Italy  he  employed  himself  5a 
delineating  the  battles  in  which  he  had  be-ea 
present.  His  merits  were  noticed  and  pat- 
ronised by  Guido  and  by  Albano;  and  he 
afterwards  settled  at  Florence,  where  he 
married  a  painter's  daughter.  The  sudden 
death  of  his  wife,  of  whom  he  was  known 
to  be  very  jealous,  threw  upon  him  the  false 
accusation  of  having  mnrdered  her  ;  in  con- 
sequence of  which  calumny  he  entered  in&> 
the  order  of  the  Jesuits.  He  died  167<S, 
aged  55. 

Courtots,  William,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  the  pupil  of  Peter  de  Corlona, 
and  was  patronised  by  Alexander  YH.  His 
pieces  were  much  admired,  especially  hi« 
battle  of  Joshua.  He  died  1673,  aged  45,  in 
consequence  of  taking  improper  quaek  me- 
dicines for  the  gout. 

Cousin,  John,  a  French  painter,  born  a.l 
Suocy,  near  Sens,  well  skilled  in  mathemat- 
ics. He  wrote  on  geometry  and  perspec- 
tive, and  chiefly  excelled  in  painting  on  glass. 
Many  beautiful  specimens  of  his  skill  in  paint- 
ing exist  in  the  churches  of  Sens  and  Paris, 
and  especially  in  St.  Gervase's  thureh.  Fu 
his  eminence,  he  is  called  great.  He  was  a 
favorite  with  four  kings;  Henry  II.  Francis 
II.  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  III.  He  was  liv- 
ing in  1689  ;  but  the  time  of  his  death  is  un- 
certain. 

Cousros,  Nicholas,  sculptor  to  ilit 
French  king,  was  born  at  Lyons,  and  die£ 
at  Paris  1st  May  1733,  aged  75,  member  <rf 
the  academies  of  painting  and  sculpture- 
He  possessed  great  genius  and  a  very  delicate 
taste.  His  pieces  adorn  the  palaces  of  Parrs^ 
Versailles,  and  Marly.  His  Commodus  hi 
the  chaiacter  of  Hercules  is  particularly  ad- 
mired. 

Couston,  William,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, director  of  the:  academy  of  painting 


-V.--..J,         ■■■■■■O^.l.        W  0«.^         1.11V,       IllV.  IM  V-l_lA#il&,      *..**.~l.w»  v»        *..~      ..^...-.  —  ^        ~-        r —  ^y 

marshal  Saxe ;  and  he  afterwards  devoted    and  sculpture,  died  at  Paris  22d  February 


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1746,  aged  69.  He  was  distinguished  as  an 
able  sculptor.  He  had  a  brother  of  the 
same  name,  who  died  at  Paris,  1746,  aged 
6S,  whose  works  were  the  mausoleum  of 
Dubois,  and  two  groups  of  horses,  at 
Marly. 

Couston,  William,  son  of  the  last  men- 
tioned, improved  himself  by  studying  the 
arts  at  Rome.  He  was  rising  into  employ- 
ment, and  had  just  finished  the  mausoleum 
of  the  dauphin,  deposited  in  the  cathedral  of 
Sens,  when  he  died  suddenly  in  July,  1777, 
aged  61.  His  other  works  are  the  apotheosis 
of  Xavier— an  Apollo — Venus  and  Mars,  &c. 

Couthon,  Georges,  a  native  of  Orsay, 
in  Auvergne,  who  was  brought  up  to  the 
bar.  At  the  revolution,  he  became  member 
of  the  national  assembly  and  of  the  conven- 
tion, and  there  displayed  the  most  ferocious 
and  vindictive  conduct.  He  lent  all  his  pow- 
ers to  procure  the  destruction  of  the  mon- 
archy, and  the  disgrace  and  death  of  the 
king;  and  afterwards,  as  the  friend  and  as- 
sociate of  Robespierre,  he  recommended 
the  adoption  of  the  most  bloody  and  atro- 
cious measures.  In  his  zeal  against  crowned 
heads,  he  proclaimed  death  to  tyrants,  and 
peace  to  the  cottage,  and  wished  that  kings 
might  no  longer  have  an  earth  to  support, 
nor  a  sun  to  enlighten  them.  When  sent  as 
deputy  to  Lyons,  he  struck  with  a  hammer 
the  columns  of  the  noblest  edifices,  exclaim- 
ing, "  Down,  ye  monuments  of  pride,  I  con- 
demn you  to  destruction."  His  savage  con- 
duct was  so  well  known,  that  when  once  com- 
plaining of  thirst,  during  a  long  debate  in 
the  convention,  one  of  the  members  observ- 
ed, he  ought  to  have  a  cup  full  of  blood. 
The  fall  of  Robespierre,  whose  crimes  he 
had  shared,  was  his  own.  He  was  guillotined 
28th  July  1794.  Though  of  so  ferocious  a 
heart,  the  features  of  his  countenance  were 
mild  and  pleasing;  but  his  body  was  deform- 
ed, so  that  the  convention  permitted  him  to 
sit  while  speaking. 

Couvreur,  Adrianne  le,  a  French  ac- 
tress, born  at  Fismes,  in  Champagne,  1690. 
She  first  appeared  in  1717,  in  the  character 
of  Electra,  and  was  received  with  universal 
applause.  Her  best  character  was  Phtedra. 
She  died  20th  March  1730.  She  was  for 
some  time  mistress  to  marshal  Saxe,  whom, 
when  reduced  to  distress  in  the  acquisition 
of  his  dukedom  of  Courland,  she  assisted 
with  a  large  sum  of  money  raised  upon  her 
jewels. 

Coward,  William,  a  medical  writer, 
born  at  Winchester,  and  educated  there  at 
the  college,  and  at  Hart-hall,  Oxford,  from 
which  he  was  removed  to  Wadham.  In 
1680  he  was  chosen  fellow  of  Merton,  and 
two  years  after  he  translated  Dryden's  Ab- 
salom and  Achitophcl  into  Latin,  which, 
however,  did  not  much  contribute  to  his 
fame,  as  it  was  surpassed  by  the  rival  trans- 
lation of  Atterbury.  He  took  his  medical 
degrees  in  1685  and  87,  and  after  settling  at 
Northampton  for  sometime,  he  removed  to 
London  1694.  But  not  more  devoted  to 
physical  pursuits  than  literature,   he   soon 


drew  the  public  attention  to  his  publication, 
called  Second  thoughts  concerning  the  hu- 
man soul,  in  which,  with  great  learning  and 
metaphysical  knowledge,  he  united  senti- 
ments, which  were  repugnant  to  the  opinions 
of  the  best  divines.  Though  he  was  a  sincere 
believer  in  the  gospel,  yet  his  ideas  about  the 
immateriality  and  immortality  of  the  soul, 
drew  upon  him  the  censure  of  the  public> 
and  he  was  ranked  with  Toland,  Tindal,  and 
Gildon,  as  an  enemy  of  the  christian  religion. 
This  work  as  well  as  his  other  book,  called 
the  grand  essay  in  defence  of  it,  not  only 
drew  the  attacks  of  several  writers,  such  as 
Dr.  Nichols,  Broughton,  and  Turner,  but 
the  animadversions  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons, who,  on  the  17th  March  1704,  voted 
the  books  to  be  burned  by  the  hands  of  the 
common  hangman,  as  containing  doctrines 
contrary  to  the  church  of  England,  and  sub- 
I  versive  to  the  christian  religion.  Afterwards 
I  Dr.  Coward  applied  himself  to  the  pursuits 
I  of  his  profession,  and  published  his  tract  cal- 
i  led  Opthalmiatria,  which  appeared  with  the 
|  approbation  of  Hans  Sloane.  From  the  per- 
]  secution  which  attended  his  writings,  it  is 
supposed  that  Dr.  Coward  removed  from 
I  London,  as  a  hiatus  occurs  in  his  history, 
|  for  about  twelve  years.  His  heroic  poem  on 
!  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob,  whether  scepti- 
tical  or  censorious,  published  about  this 
time,  was  little  attended  to,  and  is  how  to- 
tally unknown.  His  licentia  poetica  discus- 
sed, appeared  in  1709,  but  though  intro- 
duced with  the  poetical  flattery  of  Aaron 
Hill,  of  John  Gay,  and  of  Barklay,  it  pos- 
sessed little  merit,  and  found  few  admirers. 
In  1718  Dr.  Coward  is  mentioned  in  the 
college  of  physicians'  list,  as  residing  at  Ips- 
wich, where  it  is  supposed  he  died  about 
1725.  Though  his  writings  no  longer  en- 
gage attention,  it  must  be  acknowledged, 
that  he  was  not  devoid  of  learning,  judg- 
ment, and  abilities.  Though  sceptical  in 
his  religious  opinions,  he  still  was  exempla- 
ry as  a  christian,  and  a  firm  believer  in  the 
mercies  offered  to  mankind  byr  the  gospel. 

Cowell,  John,  an  eminent  civilian,  born 
at  Ernsborough,  Devon,  1554,  and  educated 
at  Eton  and  King's  college,  Cambridge.  He 
became  fellow  of  Lis  college,  professor  of 
civil  law  in  the  university,  and  master  of 
Trinity-hall.  His  Interpreter,  was  publish- 
ed in  1607,  in  4to.  undertaken  at  the  request 
of  Bancroft  the  archbishop.  This  book  dis- 
playing great  and  extensive  knowledge,  for 
some  time  remained  uncensured,  but  at  last, 
it  was  observed  that  the  author  had  spoken 
with  great  freedom  and  severity  of  the  com- 
mon law,  and  of  its  professors,  especially 
Littleton,  and  had  "  disputed  too  nisely  on 
the  mysteries  of  the  monarchy,"  and  assert- 
ed that  the  monarch  might  make  laws,  with- 
out the  consent  of  parliament,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  this,  the  house  of  commons 
proceeded  with  great  violence  against  him  ; 
but  James  with  becoming  zeal  interposed  his 
influence,  aud  saved  him  from  persecution. 
After  this  Cowell  retired  to  Cambridge, 
where  he  underwent  an  operation  for  the 


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stone,  which  proved  fatal  11th  Oct.  1611. 
He  was  buried  in  Trinity-hall  chapel.  He 
wrote  besides  Institutes  of  the  laws  of  Eng- 
land— and  a  tract  de  regulis  juris,  which 
lafcL  was  never  published. 

Cowley,  Abraham,  an  English  poet, 
born  in  London  1618.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  the  accidental  pe- 
rusal of  Spenser's  works,  so  much  roused 
his  poetical  genius,  that  he  published  his 
"  poetical  blossoms,"  before  he  was  removed 
to  the  university.  He  entered  at  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  wrote  some 
poems,  and  planned  the  design  of  those  mas- 
culine pieces,  which  have  immortalized  his 
name.  The  loyalty  of  his  sentiments,  and  the 
noble  independence  of  his  conduct,  howev- 
er, proved  displeasing  to  the  republicans  of 
his  college,  and  he  was  with  some  others 
ejected  from  the  university,  and  came  to  St. 
John's  college,  Oxford,  where  he  published 
J t is  satire  of  the  Puritan  and  Papist.  His 
attachment  to  the  royal  cause,  as  well  as  his 
literary  merits  recommended  him  to  the  no- 
tice of  the  great;  he  was  intimate  with  lord 
Falkland,  and  confidently  engaged  in  the 
king's  service.  During  the  civil  wars,  he 
was  settled  in  the  duke  of  St.  Alban's  fami- 
ly, and  was  absent  from  England  about  10 
or  12 years,  and  during  that  time,  perform- 
ed some  very  dangerous  journeys  to  Jersey, 
Scotland,  Flanders,  Holland,  and  other  pla- 
ces, while  he  managed  the  correspondence 
between  the  king  and  his  consort,  and 
the  various  bodies  of  loyalists  dispersed 
through  the  kingdom.  In  1656  he  ventured 
to  come  into  England  with  great  secrecy, 
but  he  Avas  arrested,  though  by  mistake, 
and  was  restored  to  liberty  only  by  giving 
bail  for  1000/.  After  Cromwell's  death  he 
returned  to  France,  and  at  the  restoration 
he  determined  to  retire  to  solitude  and  lear- 
ned ease.  His  intentions  were  favored  by 
the  liberality  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham 
and  lord  St.  Alban's,  who  gave  him  an  es- 
tate, and  the  last  eight  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  in  that  comfortable  retirement,  which 
he  so  much  admired.  He  lived  some  time 
at  Barn-Elms,  but  as  the  situation  was  not 
healthy,  he  removed  toChertsey,  where,  in 
consequence  of  exposing  himself  too  long  to 
the  cold  air,  he  was  attacked  by  a  violent 
delluxion  and  stoppage  in  his  breast  and 
throat,  which  by  being  at  first  disregarded, 
in  a  fortnight  proved  fatal.  He  died  28th 
July  1607,  aged  49,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  near  Chaucer  and  Spenser, 
and  a  monument  was  erected  to  his  honor, 
by  George  duke  of  Buckingham,  1675. 
Cowley  took  his  doctor's  degree  in  medicine 
at  Oxford,  1657,  and  as  it  was  under  the  re- 
publican government,  some  have  doubted 
the  sincerity  of  his  attachment  to  the  royal 
cause,  but  his  object  was  not  of  a  political 
nature.  He  wished  to  study  medicine  as  a 
science,  and  for  that  purpose  a  degree  was 
necessary.  His  books  of  plants  were  pub- 
lish ed  in  166'.!,  and  as  he  had  employed  him- 
seli  not  only  in  anatomical  dissection,  but  to 
the  laborious  consideration  of  simples,  and 

vol.  i.  49 


the  deep  researches  of  botany,  his  works  on 
those  subjects,  are  the  thoughts  of  a  master. 
Besides  the  works  already  mentioned,  he 
published  a  new  edition  of  his  poems,  mis- 
cellanies— the  Mistress — Pindaric  odes — 
Davideis — the  Cutter  of  Coleman  street,  a 
comedy,  &c.  Besides  poems,  he  wrote  in 
prose,  a  proposition  for  the  advancement  of 
experimental  philosophy — and  a  discourse 
on  the  government  of  Cromwell.  Cowley  in 
very  respectable  as  a  poet,  and  his  verse 
though  sometimes  uncouth  and  inelegant, 
does  not  want  fire  and  majesty.  He  aboun- 
ded, as  Addison  observed,  above  all  others 
in  genuine  wit.  Dr.  Johnson  places  him  at 
the  head  of  metaphysical  poets. 

Cowper,  William,  born  at  Perth,  was 
educated  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  became 
professor  of  philosophy.  Though  originally 
a  strict  presbyterian,  he  renounced  his  sect, 
and  embracing  the  doctrines  of  the  church, 
was  made  bishop  of  Galloway,  1614.  He 
died  three  years  after,  aged  53.  He  was  an 
able  divine.  His  works  were  printed  in  one 
vol.  folio. 

Cowpeh,  William,  D.  D.  youngest  son 
of  earl  Cowper,  was  born  in  London,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge. 
After  possessing  some  small  living,  he  was 
made  dean  of  Durham,  which  beheld  till  hi» 
death  1772,  in  his  59th  year.  He  wrote  an  able 
treatise  on  geometry,  besides  eight  sermons, 
and  an  advice  to  a  lady  much  esteemed. 

Cowper,  William,  M.  D.  a  physician  of 
reputation  at  Chester,  who  died  20lh  Oct. 
1767.  He  published  some  antiquarian  trea- 
tises,  and  was  preparing  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  an  history  of  Chester. 

Cowper,  William,  a  celebrated  English 
poet.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Cowper,  chap- 
lain to  George  II.  and  rector  of  Berkhamp- 
stead,  Hertfordshire,  where  he  was  born 
1731.  He  lost  his  excellent  mother  when  he 
was  only  six  years  olu,  and  after  learning 
the  rudiments  of  language  at  Market-street 
Hertfordshire,  he  removed  to  Westminster 
school  where  he  continued  till  his  18lh  year. 
As  the  great  nephew  of  chancellor  Cowper, 
he  was  marked  for  eminence  in  the  law,  and 
after  being  for  some  time  in  the  office  of  an 
attorney,  he  entered  a{  the  Inner-temple, 
and  at  the  age  of  31  he  was  -appointed  clerk 
in  the  house  of  lords.  This  honorable  of- 
fice his  great  timidity  prevented  him  from 
accepting,  and  when  afterwards  nominated 
clerk  of  the  journals,  which  seemed  to  re- 
quire no  personal  attendance,  his  agitation 
of  mind  became  excessive  when  called  upon, 
at  the  bar  of  the  house,  on  an  unusual  occa- 
sion, to  perform  the  duties  of  his  place,  and 
he  resigned  under  the  greatest  depression  of 
spirits.  Weakness  of  nerves,  produced  de- 
bility of  body  and  of  mind,  but  by  the  friend- 
ly attention  of  Dr.  Cotton  of  St.  Alban's,  his 
melancholy  terrors  gradually  subsided,  and 
from  a  dejected  gloom  he  rose'  to  the  purer 
use  of  his  mental  faculties  and  to  the  enjoy- 
ment of  rational  conversation,  and  the  cheer- 
ing and  serene  understanding  of  the  hopes 
of  revelation,     rn.  1765  he  settled  at  Hunt- 


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ingdon,  and  became  the  friend  and  the  inti- 
mate of  Mr.  Unwin,  a  neighboring  clergy- 
man, after  whose  unfortunate  death,  by  a 
fall  from  his  ho»>6e  in  1767,  he  retired  to 
Olney,  Bucks,  with  his  widow,  whom  he 
regarded  with  all  the  affection  of  a  mother. 
His  time  in  retirement  was  spent,  not  ouly 
in  devotion  but  in  literature,  and  he  contri- 
buted sixty-eight  hymns  to  the  collection 
which  his  friend  Mr.  Newton  the  curate  of 
Olney,  and  an  eloquent  supporter  of  the 
doctrine  of  Calvin,  gave  to  the  world.  In 
1782  he  appeared  himself  before  the  public 
by  the  publication  of  a  volume  of  poems, 
and  in  1785  the  general  voice  of  approbation 
was  raised  towards  him  on  the  appearance 
of  his  second  volume.  He  afterwards  en- 
gaged in  a  translation  of  Homer's  Iliad  and 
Odyssey  in  blank  verse,  and  in  the  opinion 
of  some  judges  the  work,  though  inferior  to 
the  versification  of  Pope,  possesses  great 
merit,  and  presents  to  the  English  reader  a 
more  pleasing  and  perfect  picture  of  the 
great  original.  In  17S6  he  removed  with 
Mrs.  Unwin  to  Weston,  Northamptonshire, 
and  afterwards  turned  his  thoughts  to  a  life 
of  Milton,  and  to  a  complete  edition  of  his 
poems,  and  after  he  had  made  some  little 
progress  he  was  introduced  to  Mr.  Hayley, 
who  had  been  engaged  on  the  same  subject, 
and  thus  arose  an  intercourse  of  friendship 
which  continued  to  the  last  period  of  life. 
The  poet  had  communicated  so  much  plea- 
sure and  instruction  to  the  world  by  the 
sweetness  of  his  lines,  and  the  pure  pre- 
cepts of  morality  and  benevolence  which  ev- 
ery where  captivate  the  reader,  that  the 
king  honorably  bestowed  upon  him  a  pension 
of  300/.  per  annum  in  1794;  but  the  compli- 
ment, so  flattering  to  a  man  of  talents,  and 
so  becoming  the  sovereign  of  an  enlightened 
nation,  gave  more  satisfaction  to  his  friends 
than  to  himself.  The  wretched  poet  was 
again  sunk  into  dejection  and  religious  me- 
lancholy, and  few  intervals  of  reason  beamed 
Upon  the  afflicted  mind  of  this  amiable  man. 
For  a  while  indeed  he  amused  himself  in 
the  revision  of  his  Homer,  but  again  relap- 
sed into  that  depression  of  spirits  which  rob- 
bed him  of  all  the  comforts  and  the  serenity 
of  a  reflecting  mind.  He  died  25th  April, 
1800,  at  Dereham  Norfolk,  where  a  hand- 
some monument  in  the  church  marks  the 
spot  where  his  remains  were  deposited.  In 
exhibiting  a  story  in  poetical  numbers  Cow- 
per possessed  a  peculiarly  happy  genius;  his 
John  Gilpin,  which  was  related  to  him  by 
his  friend  lady  Austin,  to  amuse  him  in  a 
tedious  hour  of  melancholy,  when  conver- 
ted into  verse  by  his  pen  proved  a  most  pop- 
ular ballad,  and  has  since  continued  to  please 
and  amuse  the  nation.  In  his  manners 
though  reserved  he  was  pleasing,  his  eon- 
versation  was  cheerful,  and  Mrs.  Unwin, 
lady  Austin,  lady  Hesketh,  and  Mrs.  Throg- 
morton  and  others,  were  not  only  honored 
■with  marks  of  his  friendship,  but  immortali- 
zed by  the  happy  effusions  of  his  delicate 
and  sportive  muse.  The  singular  subjects 
of  oae  of  his  best  pieces  was  undertaken  at 


the  request  of  lady  Austin,  who  called  forth 
his  powers  of  composition  by  bidding  him 
write,  on  a  sofa.  The  sofa  must  be  regar- 
ded as  a  most  valuable  composition,  and 
though  in  that  and  in  his  other  larger  poem 
The  task,  there  is  perhaps  no  well  digested 
plan  or  regular  connection,  the  whole  must 
be  considered  as  the  effort  of  a  great  genius, 
assisted  by  the  feelings  of  a  truly  humane, 
virt#)us,  and  benevolent  heart.  An  elegant 
and  pleasing  account  of  the  life  and  writings 
of  this  extraordinary  man  has  been  publish- 
ed by  his  friend  Mr.  Hayley. 

Cox,  Richard,  an  English  prelate  of  mean 
parentage,  born  at  Whaddon,  Bucks,  about 
1500.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  King's 
college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a 
fellow.  Hewasinvited  byWolsey,  to  form  one 
of  the  chosen  few,  on  his  new  foundation  at 
Oxford  ;  but  after  some  time  his  open  avow- 
al of  Luther's  principles,  rendered  him  ob- 
noxious to  the  censures  of  the  university, 
and  he  was  stripped  of  his  offices  and  impri- 
soned. Afterwards  he  was  made  master  of 
Eton  school,  and  by  the  favor  of  his  patron 
and  friend  Cranmer,  he  was  raised  to  the  of- 
fices of  archdeacon  and  prebendary  of  Ely 
and  Lincoln,  and  of  dean  of  Christ  church. 
As  tutor  to  king  Edward  VI.  he  became  a 
great  favorite  at  court,  was  made  privy 
counsellor,  and  chancellor  of  the  university 
of  Oxford,  canon  of  Windsor,  and  dean  of 
Westminster.  During  the  bloody  reign  of 
Mary  he  left  England,  and  maintained  on 
the  continent,  his  reputation  for  learning, 
and  for  adhering  to  the  protestant  faith. 
On  Elizabeth's  accession,  he  returned  to 
England,  and  gained  such  popularity  by  his 
eloquence  and  zeal  against  popery,  that  he 
was  raised  to  the  see  of  Ely,  over  which  he 
presided  for  21  years.  His  opposition  to  the 
catholics,  drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of 
his  enemies,  and  even  the  queen  herself 
shewed  herself  unfriendly  to  him.  Exposed 
to  the  persecution  of  chancellor  Hatton,  who 
wished  to  strip  him  of  all  his  ecclesiastical 
domains,  he  at  last  offered  to  resign  his  dig- 
nities, provided  that  200/.  per  annum  were 
allowed  him,  to  support  him  in  his  retire- 
ment and  solitude.  Nouc,  however,  could 
be  found  to  succeed  upon  those  disgraceful 
terms,  and  he  held  the  bishopric  till  his 
death,  1581,  in  his  83d  year.  He  was  a  great 
advocate  for  the  marriage  of  the  clergy,  and 
he  was  the  first  who  brought  a  wife  to  live  in 
a  college.  He  wrote  several  theological 
tracts,  but  he  is  chiefly  known  for  the  active 
part  which  he  took  in  the  compilation  of  the 
liturgy.  The  four  gospels — the  acts  of  the 
apostles — and  the  epistle  to  the  Romans, 
were  also  translated  by  him,  in  the  share 
which  he  had  in  the  bible,  now  called  the  Bi- 
shops' bible.  He  was  also  concerned  in  the 
compilation  of  Lily's  grammar. 

Cox,  sir  Richard,  chancellor  of  Ireland, 
was  born  at  Brandon,  county  of  Cork,  25th 
March,  1650.  Though  left  an  orphan  under 
the  age  of  three,  he  yet,  under  the  protect- 
ing care  of  his  grandfather  and  of  his  uncle, 
evinced  great  natural  abilities.     For  three 


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years  he  practised  as  an  attorney, but  coming 
to  Gray's  inn  in  1671,  he  studied  for  the  bar. 
In  consequence  of  an  early  marriage,  he  had 
a  large  family,   and   the   cares  which   they 
brought  upon  him,  roused  him  from  the  ob- 
scurity where  for  seven  years 'he  had  been 
!'isi  as  a  farmer,   and  by  the  interest  of  sir 
Robert  Southwell,  he  was  elected  recorder 
of  Kinsale.     He    now   practised   with   great 
success  in  the  law,   but  removing  from  the 
convulsion  which  agitated  the  protestants  he 
came  to  Bristol,   where,  from  his  many  avo- 
cations, lie  devoted  himself  to  the  completion 
of  his  history  of  Ireland.     At  the  revolution 
he  was  made  under  secretary  of  state,  after- 
wards recorder  of  VValerford,  in  IG90  second 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  and  the  next 
year  governor  of  the  county  and  city  of  Cork. 
Jn  liiis  singular  character,  uniting  the  office 
of  judge    with    military  duties,   he  behaved 
with    great   spirit    and   propriety,    he     was 
knighted  in  1092,   and  the  next  year  made 
chancellor  of  Ireland,  and  in  170G  created  a 
baronet.     On  the  accession  of  George  I.  he 
as  well  as  some  of  the  Irish  judges,  were  re- 
moved from   office,   but   while   he  hoped  to 
spend  the  rest  of  his  life  in  literary  and  in- 
dependent retirement,  he  found  himself  ex- 
posed to  the  censures  of  the  Irish  parliament, 
who,   however,    never    proceeded    further 
against  him.     In  April   17S3,    he  was  seized 
with  a  fit  of  apoplexy,  which  ending  in  a  palsv, 
carried  him  oft",  the  following  3d  May,  in  his 
84th  year.    He  was  esteemed  not  only  as  an 
able  lawyer,  and  impartial  historian,  but  as 
an  humane  and  beneficent  man.    Besides  his 
Hibernja-Anglicana  in  fo!io>  he  wrote  an  in- 
quiry into  religion,  and  the  use  of  reason  in 
reference  to  it,  8vo. — an  address  to  those  of 
the  Roman  communion  in  England,  12mo. 

Cox,  Leonard,  a  grammarian,  born  at 
Monmouth,  and  educated  at  Cambridge.  He 
was  for  some  time,  and  with  great  reputa- 
tion, master  of  Reading  school,  after  which 
he  travelled  through  France,  Germany,  Po- 
land, and  Hungary,  where,  as  a  teacher  of 
the  learned  languages,  he  acquired  much 
lame.  He  died  at  Caerllon,  Monmouthshire, 
1549.  He  v  rote  some  Greek  and  Latin  trea- 
tises, beside--  a  commentary  onLilv's  gram- 
mar. 

Coxeter,  Thomas,  born  at  Lechlade, 
Glocestershire,  Sept.  1689,  entered  at  Trin- 
ity college,  Oxford,  from  whence  he  removed 
to  London,  to  study  the  law,  but  the  death  of 
his  patron  sir  John  Cook  in  1710,  overturned 
his  hopes  of  high  distinction.  Left  without 
any  plan  to  pursue,  he  became  the  friend 
and  companion  of  authors  and  booksellers, 
and  began  to  make  a  curious  collection  of 
old  plays.  He  proposed  to  write  the  bio- 
graphy of  the  old  English  poets,  but  did  not 
proceed  far  in  the  work.  He  gave  in  1739  a 
new  edition  of  Daily's  life  of  bishop  Fisher, 
and  circulated  proposals  for  publishing  an- 
cient plays,  a  plan  which  was  afterwards 
adopted  by  Dodsley.  He  was  in  1737  secre- 
tary to  a  society  for  the  encouragement  of 
English  history,  under  whose  auspices  Carte's 
history  of  England,  first  volume,  appeared 
He  died  April  19th  1749,  aged  59. 


Coxis,  Michael,  a  painter  of  Mechlin, 
who  died  1592,  aged  95.  His  imitations  of 
Raphael  are  greatly  admired,  as  well  as  his 
designs. 

Coyer,  PAbbe  Gabriel  Francis,  a  French 
writer  who  was  born  at  Baumclles  Nones, 
Franche  Comte  and  died  at  Paris  July  18th 
1782,  in  an  advanced  age.  Originally  a  Jes- 
uit, he  abandoned  the  order,  and  lived  by, his 
pen.  His  works  possess  vivacity,  ease,  and 
wit.  He  v  rote  Bagatelles  morales, — the 
history  of  John  Sobeiski  3  vols.  12mo. — tra- 
vels in  Italy  and  Holland,  2  vols. — observa- 
tions on  England, — treatise  on  preaching, 
and  on  ptiblic  education,  besides  a  translation 
ol  Blac-kstone's  commentaries. 

Covpei.,  Charles  Anthony,  a  celebrated 
painter,  who  died  at  Paris,  his  native  city, 
1752,  aged  5S.  He  was  painter  to  the  duke 
of  Orleans  and  to  the  king,  and  by  his  amiable 
manners  and  extensive  endowments  lie  de- 
served and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  the  great. 
He  was  author  of  some  theatrical  pieces,  which 
were  performed  in  private  theatres,  and  he 
also  composed  several  dissertations  on  paint- 
ing, and  some  academical  lectures.  He  waa 
very  charitable,  and  for  his  many  virtues  was 
highly  esteemed  by  the  duke  of  Orleans. 
He  erected  a  preparatory  school  at  Pans 
for  students  before  they  went  to  Rome,  and 
he  also  projected  the  exhibition  of  the  pic- 
tures in  the  Luxemburg  gallery.  His  father 
Anthony,  who  died  in  1722,  aged  Gl,  was  also 
an  eminent  artist,  and  painter  to  the  king, 
and  his  grandfather  Noel  had  been  equally 
celebrated  at  Paris,  and  at  Rome  where  lie 
was    director   of   the    French   academy    of 

painting.     He  died  1707,  aged  79. Noel 

Nicholas,  the  son  of  Noel,  was  also  known 
not  only  as  a  painter  of  fine  church  pieces, 
but  as  an  able  professor  in  the  academy.  He- 
died  1735,  aged  4.3. 

Coysevox,  Anthony,  a  French  sculptor, 
born  at  Lyons.  He  died  1720,  aged  SO,  chan- 
cellor and  regent  of  the  academy  o!  painting 
and  sculpture.  Versailles  was  embellished 
by  the  finest  of  his  pieces.  At  Marly  his 
Neptune  and  Amphitritc,  and  at  the  church 
of  St.  Eustacluus  the  statue  of  Colbert,  are 
likewise  fine  specimens  of  his  great  powers. 
Coytier,  James,  physician  to  Lewis 
XI.  of  France,  is  remarkable  for  the  great 
ascendancy  which  he  obtained  over  the  su- 
perstition and  timidity  of  that  monarch,  who 
seemed  greatly  terrified  at  the  thought  of 
death.  This  influence  he  artfully  exerted 
to  advanee  his  interests  anil  those  of  his 
family. 

Co2.£A,  Francesco,  a  painter,  born  at  Pa- 
lermo in  Sicily.  He  was  pupil  to  Domini- 
chino,  and  eminent  in  fresco  and  in  oil  paint- 
ing, and  employed  himself  in  several  of  the 
great  works  which  adorn  Rome,  where  he 
died  1GG4. 

Craasbeck,  Joseph  van,  a  painter  born 
at  Brussels,  1608.  He  died  1668.  He  was 
pupil  to  Brouwer,  and  chiefly  excelled  in 
vulgar  scenes,  where  he  represented  drunk- 
enness and  ale-house  quarrels  with  great 
spirit. 
Crab,  Roger,  an  English  hermit,  born  in 


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Buckinghamshire  in  the  beginning  6f  the 
16th  century.  He  left  his  occupation  of 
hatter,  and  with  a  mind  influenced  by  fanati- 
cism and  the  love  of  singularity,  he  disposed 
of  his  property,  and  distributed  it  to  the 
poor,  and  building  a  small  hut  at  Ickinan 
near  Uxbridge,  he  lived  there  in  great  aus- 
terity. His  reputation  for  sanctity  and  ab- 
stinence was  such  that  he  was  visited  by  many 
respectable  persons,  who  consulted  him  as  a 
seer  and  prophet.  He  is  said  to  have  fore- 
told the  restoration,  and  the  elevation  of  the 
house  of  Orange  to  the  British  throne. 

Crabb,  Habakkuk, an  eminent  dissenter, 
born  at  Wattisfield,  Suffolk,  and  educated 
under  Dashworth  at  Daventry.  He  officiated 
as  minister  at  Stowmarket,  and  afterwards 
at  Cirencester,  and  then  joined  his  brother- 
in-law  Fenner  in  the  care  of  a  school  at  the 
Devizes.  On  the  death  of  his  friend  the 
well  known  Thomas  Hanmer,  he  was  invited 
by  his  congregation,  but  his  principles  were 
not  appreciated  with  that  liberality  which  he 
expected  in  his  native  place ;  and  as  being 
accused  of  departing  from  the  faith  of  the 
dissenters,  he  retired  from  his  ministry  to 
Royston,  where  the  loss  of  his  wife  added 
to  other  disappointments  brought  on  a  ner- 
vous fever  which  hurried  him  to  his  grave, 
two  years  after  his  wife,  Dec.  25th  1795. 
He  left  several  manuscript  sermons,  some 
of  which  have  been  published.  He  was  a 
repectable  man,  and  for  45  years  a  very  ex- 
emplary character,  who  while  he  dissented 
from  the  church,  yet  respected  the  opinions 
of  his  neighbors,  and  preached  religion  with- 
out disseminating  faction. 

Craddock,  Samuel,  rector  of  North 
Cadbury,  Somersetshire,  was  ejected  for 
nonconformity  in  1662.  He  was  a  respecta- 
ble man,  and  his  principal  works  display 
considerable  ability.  He  published  the  his- 
tory of  the  Old  and  New  testament — the 
apostolical  history — the  harmony  of  the  four 
gospels,  &c.     He  died  Oct.  7th  1706,  aged  86. 

Craddock,  Luke,  a  painter  of  great 
natural  genius.  His  birds  were  greatly  ad- 
mired, and  rose  in  value  to  three  or  four 
times  their  original  price,  after  his  death. 
He  worked  generally  for  dealers,  and  refus- 
ed to  employ  his  pencil  for  the  great,  ob- 
serving that  they  restrained  his  fancy.  He 
died  1717,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mary's 
Whitechapel. 

Craig,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Dane.  He 
•was  born  at  Ripen  in  1541,  and  was  regent  of 
the  school  at  Copenhagen  in  1576.  He  died 
1602,  aged  61.  He  was  engaged  by  the  king 
of  Denmark  in  some  important  negotiations, 
■which  he  fulfilled  with  great  credit  and  satis- 
faction. He  wrote  a  learned  book  on  the 
republic  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  reprinted 
at  Leyden,  1670,  8vo.  besides  the  annals  of 
Denmark  in  six  books,  reprinted  at  Copen- 
hagen in  1737,  folio. 

Craig,  sir  Thomas,  a  learned  Scotch 
lawyer,  born  at  Edinburgh,  1548,  where  he 
died  1608.  He  acquired  eminence  at  the 
bar.  He  is  well  known  for  his  "  Jus  Feu- 
dale,"  a  learned  work  universally  admired. 


He  wrote  also  a  treatise  on  the  sovereignty 
of  Scotland,  and  in  another  work  proved  the 
legality  of  James's  succession  to  the  English 
crown. 

Craig,  .James,  a  Scotch  divine,  born  at 
GifFord,  East  Lothian,  and  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  much  admired  as  a  popular 
preacher.  He  died  at  Edinburgh  1744,  aged 
62.  He  published  3  vols,  of  sermons,  chiefly 
on  the  heads  of  Christianity,  besides  2  vols, 
of  divine  poems  much  esteemed. 

Craig,  John,  a  Scotch  mathematician, 
who  became  known  by  his  "  theologian 
christians  principia  mathematical'  in  36 
pages  4to.  printed  at  London  1699,  and  re- 
printed at  Leipsic  1755.  In  this  small  work 
he  entertains  curious  reveries,  and  attempts 
to  prove,  by  mathematical  calculation,  that 
the  christian  religion  will  last  only  1454 
years  from  the  date  of  his  book.  This  work 
was  refuted  by  the  abbe  Houteville,  in  his 
christian  religion  proved  by  facts.  He  had 
also  a  dispute  with  J.  Bernouillion  the  quad- 
rature of  curved  lines,  and  curvilinear  fig- 
ures, and  also  on  an  algebraic  question,  in 
which  he  acknowledged,  very  candidly,  in 
the  philosophical  transactions,  the  fallacy  of 
his  own  suppositions. 

Craig,  William,  a  Scotch  divine,  born  at 
Glasgow,  Feb.  1709,  and  educated  at  the 
university  there.  Early  devoted  to  the  pur- 
suits of  classical  literature,  and  highly  sensi- 
ble of  their  beauty  and  simplicity,  he  with 
the  approbation  of  his  friends  Clerk  and 
Hutcheson,  transfused  their  most  striking 
passages,  not  only  into  his  conversation,  but 
his  pulpit  oratory,  which  was  solemn,  ele- 
gant, and  correct.  The  popularity  of  his 
preaching  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
of  Mr.  Lockhart  of  Cambusnethan,  who 
presented  him  to  that  parish.  After  refusing 
the  honorable  invitations  of  some  other  pat- 
rons, he  at  last  removed  to  Glasgow,  where, 
in  the  circle  of  his  friends,  and  in  the  midst 
of  an  applauding  audience  at  St.  Andrew's 
church,  he  pursued  his  ministerial  career 
with  earnestness,  animation,  and  success. 
Though  some  of  his  cotemporaries  preferred 
to  hear  the  abstruse  tenets  of  speculative 
theology,  and  all  its  mysterious  doctrines, 
enlarged  upon  in  the  pulpit,  he  applied  him- 
self to  bring  home  to  his  hearers  their  du- 
ties, and  the  knowledge  of  their  character, 
according  to  the  precept  and  the  example  of 
the  great  Saviour.  Mr.  Craig  was  sensibly 
affected  by  the  death  of  his  wife,  1758,  with 
whom  he  had  lived  happily  16  years,  and 
though  afterwards  he  married  again,  he 
never  recovered  his  wonted  spirits.  The 
death  of  his  second  wife  and  of  his  eldest 
son  increased  his  dejection,  and  he  at  last 
sunk  gradually  into  the  grave,  1783,  aged 
75. 

CrAckanthorp,  Richard,  was  born  at 
Strickland,  Westmoreland,  and  educated  at 
Queen's  cellege,  Oxford.  He  was  an  elo- 
quent preacher,  well  acquainted  with  divin- 
ity, and  much  admired  by  the  puritans. 
He  went  as  chaplain  to  an  embassy  to  the 
emperor,  and  afterwards  was  presented  to 


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the  rectory  of  Braintree  in  Essex.  He  died 
in  1624,  at  his  rectory  of  Black-Notley.  His 
works  are  Justinian  defended  against  Baro- 
nius — a  defence  of  Constantine — a  treatise 
on  the  5th  general  council,  &c. — five  books 
of  logic — a  defence  of  the  Anglican  church, 

Cramer,  John  Frederic,  a  learned  pro- 
fessor at  Duisburg,  resident  for  the  king  of 
Prussia  at  Amsterdam,  died  at  the  Hague, 
1715.  He  was  well  skilled  in  civil  law,  lan- 
guages, and  medallic  history.  He  translated 
Puffendorf's  introduction  to  history,  and 
wrote  vindicix  nominis  Germanici  contra 
g.illos,  &c. 

Cramer,  Gabriel,  an  able  mathematician, 
born  at  Geneva  1694.  He  was  the  pupil  of 
John  Bernoulli,  and  became  known  over 
Europe  for  his  great  skill  in  mathematics. 
He  destroyed  his  health  by  excessive  appli- 
cation, and  died  at  the  baths  of  Languedoc 
in  1752.  He  published  some  works,  besides 
an  edition  of  the  two  Bernoulli's  works, 
published  6  vols.  4to.  1643. 

Cramer,  Nicholas,  a  Flemish  painter, 
who  died  1710,  aged  40.  His  pieces  are 
much  admired  for  taste  and  correctness. 

Cramer,  J)aniel,  a  native  of  Beltz  in 
Brandenburg,  professor  of  eloquence  at 
Wittemberg,  and  afterwards  dean  and  con- 
sistical  professor  at  Stellen,  where  he  died 
1598,  aged  30.  He  was  an  able  divine,  and 
wrote  also  on  the  logic  and  metaphysics  of 
Aristotle — schoke  prophetical — arbor  he- 
retics consanguinitates,  &c. 

Cramer,  John  James,  a  native  of  Elgg, 
professor  of  the  oriental  languages  at  Zurich, 
and  afterwards  at  Herborn,  where  he  also 
iilled  the  chair  of  divinity  and  ecclesiastical 
history.  He  wrote  exercitationes  de  ara  ex- 
teriori  secundi  templi,  4to. — theologia  Is- 
raelis, 4to. — and  died  1702,  aged  29.  His 
brother  John  Rodolphus,  Hebrew  and  di- 
vinity professor  at  Zurich,  and  dean  of  the 
college  of  the  cannons,  was  author  of  some 
valuable  works  on  Hebrew  antiquities,  dis- 
sertations, harangues,  etc.  He  died  at  Zu- 
rich 1737,  aged  59. 

Cramer,  John  Andrew,  a  native  of 
Quedliuburg,  who  first  reduced  the  art  of 
assaying  in  metallurgy  into  a  system,  and 
wrote  on  it  elementa  artis  docimasticx,  8vo. 
1739.  He  wrote  besides,  elements  on  metal- 
lurgy, 2  vols,  folio — introduction  to  the  care, 
See.  of  forests,  with  a  description  of  the 
method  of  burning  charcoal,  Sec.  1766,  fol. 
He  died  near  Dresden,  1777,  aged  67. 

Cramer,  John  Andrew,  a  German  wri- 
ter, who,  after  studying  at  Leipsic,  and  giv- 
ing public  lectures,  and  editing  a  weekly  pa- 
per called  the  Guardian  spirit,  removed 
iTji  to  Copenhagen,  as  chaplain  to  the 
court.  He  was  made  professor  of  divinity 
1765  ;  but  the  disgrace  of  Struensee  was  fa- 
tal to  his  fortunes  for  a  while,  yet  though 
dismissed,  he  was  again  recalled  from  Lu- 
bec,  where  he  had  taken  refuge,  and  he  di- 
ed divinity  professor  at  Kiel  1788,  aged  65. 
He  was  not  only  an  able  divine,  but  a  poet  of 
considerable  merit,     Besides  a  spirited  ver- 


sion of  the  psalms,  odes,  and  other  poem;-, 
he  wrote  the  life  of  Gellert,  sermons,  mis- 
cellanies, &c.  and  translated  the  best  part  of 
Chrysostom  into  German,  and  Bossuet's 
universal  history,  with  dissertations. 

Crane,  Thomas,  a  nonconformist,  born 
at  Plymouth,  and  educated  at  Exeter  col- 
lege, Oxford.  Cromwell  gave  him  the  living 
of  Rumpesham  in  Dorsetshire,  from  which 
he  was  ejected  in  1662.  He  died  1714.  He 
published  a  treatise  on  divine  providence. 

Cranius,  Luca,  a  painter  of  Bamberg, 
who  died  1553,  aged  83.  His  pieces  though 
once  admired,  are  now  no  longer  esteemed. 
His  son  imitated  his  manner  of  painting,  and 
died  1586,  aged  70. 

Cranmer,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  born  at  Aslacton,  Nottingham- 
shire, 1489.  He  was  educated  at  Jesus  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fel- 
low. By  his  marriage  he  lost  his  fellowship, 
but  recovered  it  in  consequence  of  the  early 
death  of  his  wife  in  childbed,  and  he  took  his 
degree  of  D.  D.  in  1523.  The  freedom  and 
ability  with  which  he  canvassed  the  king's 
marriage  with  his  brother's  widow,  recom- 
mended him  to  the  notice  of  the  court,  and 
Henry  soon  employed  his  abilities  in  defence 
of  his  views.  Cranmer  went  to  Rome  with 
the  book  which  he  bad  written  in  support  of 
the  invalidity  of  the  king's  marriage,  and 
offered  to  dispute,  with  any  ecclesiastic 
whom  the  Roman  pontiff  might  appoint,  but 
the  challenge  was  not  accepted.  He  now- 
continued  in  Germany  as  ambassador  from 
the  king,  and  he  married  a  second  wife,  a 
niece  of  Osiander  at  Nuremburg.  Upon  the 
death  of  Warham  he  was  raised  to  the  va- 
cant see  of  Canterbury,  but  without  ac- 
knowledging the  pope's  supremacy  ;  and  two 
months  after,  May  1533,  he  pronounced  the 
divorce  between  Henry  and  queen  Catha- 
rine of  Arragon,  and  married  the  king  to 
Anne  Boleyn.  Thus  at  war  with  the  author- 
ity of  the  pope,  he  began  earnestly  to  labor 
fur  the  advancement  of  the  reformation,  by 
the  translation  of  the  bible  into  English,  and 
by  inveighing  against  the  vices  and  the  usur- 
pation of  the  court  of  Rome.  In  1536  he 
divorced  Henry  from  Anne  Boleyn,  but 
though  seemingly  the  favorite  of  the  king, 
lie  boldly  opposed  his  measures  for  the  con- 
fiscation of  all  the  monasteries  into  the  roy- 
al treasury,  whilst  he  wished  to  convert 
those  immense  spoils  for  the  advancement 
of  literature  and  religion  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  readers  of  divinity  of  Greek  and 
Hebrew  in  every  cathedral  in  the  kingdom. 
After  the  death  of  Cromwell,  he  retired 
from  public  affairs,  but  his  influence  was 
such,  that  be  procured  the  passing  of  laws, 
for  the  promotion  of  true  religion,  and  the 
modification  of  the  six  articles,  which  prov- 
ed eo  obnoxious  to  the  clergy.  His  enemies, 
however,  were  not  silent  in  these  times  ot 
popish  intrigue  and  corruption,  and  the 
commons,  as  well  as  the  privy  council,  se- 
verally reprobated  his  conduct,  till  Henry 
interposed,  and  saved  him  from  further 
'Ion.     At  the  king's  death,  he  was 


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the  unitarians.  He  died  at  Racovia  of  an  ep- 
idemic lever  in  his  43d  year.  He  was  a  man 
of  very  extensive  learning.  He  wrote  among 
other  things  several  tracts  upon  the  new  tes- 
tament, and  an  answer  to  Grotius'  book  de 
salisfactione  Christ.i,  against  Socinus,  which 
Grotius  treated  with  respect,  and  acknow- 
ledged to  be  drawn  up  with  moderation.  His 
works  form  two  vols,  folio. 

Cremonini,  Csesar,  an  Italian  philoso- 
pher, who  was  born  at  Cento  in  the  Mode- 
nese,  and  died  at  Padua  of  the  plague  at  the 
age  of  80,  1030.  He  was  professor  at  Ferra- 
ra  and  Padua,  and  he  published  several 
works  in  Italian  on  philosophy,  in  support  of 
the  doctrines  of  Aristotle,  in  which  he  main- 
tained the  materiality  of  the  soul. 

Ckesius,  Thomas  a  native  of  Branden- 
burg, corrector  of  the  press  at  Rotterdam 
and  Leyden.  He  died  at  Leyden  17'i8,  aged 
89.  His  writings,  which  are  in  Latin,  are 
very  numerous,  and  chiefly  on  philological 
subjects. 

Crequt,  Charles  de,  prince  deFoix,  duke 
de  Lesdiguieres,  was  marshal  and  peer  of 
France,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  duel 
with  don  Philippin,  bastard  of  Savoy,'  to 
whom  in  the  first  encounter  he  granted  his 
life,  but  slew  in  the  second.  His  valor  was 
displayed  against  the  Spaniards  at  the  relief 
at  Ast  and  Verrue,  at  the  taking  of  Pignerol 
and  the  Maurienne,  and  at  the  battle  of 
Thesin.  He  was  killed  by  a  cannon  ball  at 
the  siege  of  Bremen  1638,  in  his  60th  year. 
He  was  also  an  able  and  eloquent  negotiator, 
as  these  verses  made  on  his  death  affirm  : 
Quifuit  eloquii  flumen,  quifiumen  inarmis 

Jld  flumen,  Jllartis,  flumine,  clams  obit. 
He  married  successively   two   daughters  of 
the  constable  de  Lesdiguieres,  by  the  first  of 
whom  only  he  had  children. 

Cre qu  i,  Francis  de,  great  grand-son  of 
the  foregoing,  was  marshal  of  France,  and  a 
man  of  heroic  courage.  Though  defeated  in 
1675  near  Consarbrick  on  the  Same,  he  flew 
to  the  relief  of  Treves,  and  chose  rather  to 
surrender  at  discretion  than  capitulate.  In 
the  campaigns  of  1677  and  167S,  he  display- 
ed prodigies  of  valor.  He  defeated  the  duke 
of  Lorraine  at  Kochersberg,  took  Friburg, 
pursued  his  dispirited  enemies  towards  Of- 
femburg,  and  burnt  the  bridge  of  Strasburg. 
He  took  Luxemburg  in  1684,  and  died  three 
years  after,  February  4th,  16S7,  aged  63. 
He  was  commander  of  the  gallies  since  1661. 

Crescens,  a  cynic  philosopher,  who  at- 
tacked the  Christians,  and  prevailed  upon 
the  people  to  put  Justin  to  death,  because 
he  had  refuted  his  opinions,  in  the  second 
century. 

Crescembeni,  John  Maria,  an  Italian 
born  at  Maurata  in  Ancona  1663.  He  was 
founder  of  the  celebrated  Arcadian  academy 
for  the  reformation  of  learning,  taste,  ami 
criticism.  He  was  its  first  director  in  1690, 
and  continued  so  till  his  death  1728.  He 
was  eminent  both  as  a  poet  and  a  prose  wri- 
ter. His  chief  works  are  a  valuable  history 
of  Italian  poetry,  reprinted  six  vols.  4to. 
Venice  1731 — and  an  historr  of  the  acade- 


my of  Arcadia,  with  anecdotes  of  its  mem- 
bers, seven  vols.  4to.  history  of  vulgar  po- 
etry, &c.  seven  vols.  4to. 

Crescentius,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  Bou- 
logne in  the  14th  century,  who,  to  avoid  the 
troubles  of  his  country,  travelled  for  30  years 
as  a  law  practitioner.  On  his  return  he  pub- 
lished his  valuable  work  on  agriculture,  cal- 
led opus  ruralium  commodorum,  dedicated 
to  Charles  II.  of  Sicily.  The  best  edition  is 
Gesner's,  Leipsic  1735.  It  has  been  trans- 
lated into  various  languages. 

Crespi,  Daniel,  a  Bolognese  painter  who 
died  1630,  aged  38.  His  portraits  have 
great  merit,  and  especially  his  church  pain- 
tings. 

Crespi,  Guiseppe,  Maria,  a  painter  of 
Bologna,  who  died  1747,  aged  8'2.  His  meth- 
od of  painting  was  in  a  darkened  room,  with 
a  few  rays  from  the  sun  or  from  the  light  of 
a  flambeau,  by  which  he  gave  greater  vivaci- 
ty to  his  subjects,  and  a  more  judicious  dis- 
tribution of  light  and  shade. 

Cressy,  Hugh  Paulin,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  and  educated 
there  and  atOxford,  where  he  became  fellow 
of  Merton  college.  He  was  chaplain  to  Tho- 
mas lord  Wentworth,  and  afterwards  to  Lu- 
cius lord  Falkland  in  Ireland,  from  whom 
he  obtained  the  deanery  of  Laughlin,  and  a 
canonry  of  Windsor,  which  however  he  nev- 
er enjoyed.  After  the  death  of  Falkland 
he  travelled  with  Bertie  afterwards  lord 
Falmouth ;  but  in  Italy,  listening  to  the  per- 
suasions of  the  catholics,  he  became  a  con- 
vert, and  made  a  public  profession  of  his 
faith  at  Rome  1646.  From  Rome  he  came 
to  Paris,  and  was  taken  under  the  protection 
of  queen  Henrietta,  and  afterwards  retired 
to  the  college  of  Douay,  where  he  changed  his 
name  to  Serenus  de  Cressey,  and  during 
seven  years'  residence  published  several  val- 
uable and  laborious  works.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  came  to  England,  and  was  chaplain 
to  queen  Catharine,  and  resided  in  Somer- 
set-house, Strand.  Though  a  catholic  he 
was  however  respected  universally,  as  he 
never  interfered  with  the  intrigues  and  pol- 
itics of  the  times.  His  pen  indeed  was  fre- 
quently engaged  in  the  defence  of  his  faith, 
but  whilst  his  friends  considered  him  as  their 
ablest  champion,  the  protestants  respected 
him  as  a  learned,  judicious,  and  candid  wri- 
ter. His  attack  on  one  of  Stillingfleet's 
works  raised  against  him  the  censures  of 
his  old  friend  Clarendon,  whom  he  answered 
with  spirit  but  moderation.  The  unpopular- 
ity of  popery  at  last  induced  him  to  spend 
the  last  period  of  his  life  away  from  the 
capital,  and  he  retired  to  East  Grinstead  in 
Sussex,  where  he  died  soon  after,  10th  of  Au- 
gust 1674,  aged  70.  His  mild,  humane,  and 
humble  deportment  had  endeared  him  to  all 
ranks  of  people.  The  most  known  and  val- 
uable of  his  works  is  his  ecclesiastical  history, 
of  which  only  one  volume  was  published,  as 
the  second,  in  which  he  meant  to  bring  down 
the  history  to  the  dissolution  of  monasteries, 
was  left  incomplete  at  his  death. 

Cresti,  Dominico,  an  historical  painter. 


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the  pupil  of  Zucchero,  known  by  tlie  name  of 
Passignano,  from  tlie  place  of  his  birth,  near 
Florence.     He  died  16.38,  aged  80. 

Cretin,  William  du  Bois,  surnamed,  a 
French  poet,  whose  chief  merit  was  puns, 
low  wit,  ami  equivoques.  He  was  historian 
royal  under  Charles  VIII.  Lewis  XII.  and 
Francis  I.  and  died  in  1525.  Marot  admir- 
ed him  greatly  ;  but  the  judgment  of  poster- 
ity is  not  so  favorable.  His  works  were  re- 
printed in  12mo.  1724,  at  Paris. 

Crevier,  John  Baptiste  Lewis,  profes- 
sor of  rhetoric  at  Paris,  is  known  as  the  pu- 
pil of  Rollin,  and  the  finisher  of  his  Roman 
history.  He  published  an  edition  of  Livy, 
6  vols.  12mo. — the  history  of  the  Roman 
emperors  to  Constantine,  12  vols.  12mo. — 
the  history  of  the  university  of  Paris,  7  vols. 
12mo. — rhetorique  Francoise,  kc.  He  died 
1765,  in  an  advanced  age,  respected  as  a  man 
cjf  talents  and  of  extensive  knowledge. 

Crew,  Nathaniel,  bishop  of  Durham,  was 
born  Jan.  31. 163A,  and  succeeded  to  the  title 
of  lord  Crew  on  -the  death  of  his  brother. 
He  was  educated  at  Lincoln  college,  Oxford, 
was  proctor  of  the  university  1G6.3,  after- 
wards clerk  of  the  closet  to  Charles  II.  dean 
of  Chichester,  bishop  of  Oxford  1671,  and 
three  years  after  translated  to  Durham.  On 
the  accession  of  James  II.  he  was  admitted 
of  the  privy  council,  and  showed  himself 
very  friendly  to  all  the  measures  of  the  court, 
in  religion  and  in  politics.  He  paid  particu- 
lar respect  to  the  pope's  nuncio,  when  he 
came  to  London,  and  refused  to  introduce 
dean  Patrick  to  the  king,  because  he  was  too 
zealon-  against  popery.  The  unpopularity 
of  James's  government,  and  the  landing  of 
the  prince  of  Orange,  however,  made  great 
alterations  in  the  bishop's  conduct.  He 
withdrew  from  the  king's  councils,  and,  upon 
the  abdication,  he  expressed  a  wish  to  re- 
sign his  ecclesiastical  dignities  to  Dr.  Burnet, 
with  an  allowance  of  1000/.  for  life.  He  af- 
terwards left  his  retirement,  and  appeared 
in  parliament;  but  his  name  was  excepted 
from  the  act  of  indemnity  of  1690.  His  par- 
don, however,  at  last  was  procured  by  the 
intercession  of  his  friends,  and  lie  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  days  in  peace.  He  died 
September  12th,  1721,  aged  §8.  Notwith- 
standing his  adherence  to  the  violent,  illegal, 
and  arbitrary  measures  of  a  corrupted  court, 
he  was  a  liberal  patron,  and  his  munificence 
in  favor  of  the  indigent,  and  of  public  bodies, 
is  a  convincing  proof  of  the  goodness  of  his 
heart. 

Crichton,  James,  a  Scotchman  of  the 
16th  century,  whose  adventures  and  person- 
al endowments,  have  procured  him  the  name 
of  "  the  admirable  Crichton."  He  was  born 
in  1551,  or  according  to  lord  Buchan,  in  1560. 
His  father  was  lord  advocate  of  Scotland,  and 
by  his  mother,  who  was  a  Stuart,  he  was  de- 
scended from  king  Robert  II.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Perth,  and  at  the  university  of  St.  An- 
drews, where,  under  the  tuition  of  profes- 
sor Rutherford,  he  marie  such  wonderful 
progress,  that  at  the  age  of  20  he  had  run 
through  the  whole  circle  of  science,  and 
VOL.    T.  50, 


could  write  and  speak  to  perfection  10  dif- 
ferent languages.  Thus  gifted  with  mental 
endowments,  and  aided  by  all  the  advantages 
of  a  graceful  person,  elegant  manners,  and 
polite  accomplishments,  he  travelled  to  Pa- 
ris, where  he  publicly  challenged  the  most 
renowned  scholars,  to  dispute  with  him  in 
any  art  or  science  which  tliey  pleased,  and 
in  12  languages.  On  the  appointed  day  he 
appeared  at  the  college  of  Navarre,  and 
from  9  in  the  morning  till  6  in  the  evening, 
he  so  defeated  his  opponents,  and  astonished 
his  auditors,  that  the  president  in  admiration, 
with  four  of  the  most  eminent  professors  of 
the  university,  presented  him  with  a  diamond 
ring,  and  a  purse  of  gold,  as  a  token  of  their 
approbation.  The  next  day,  not  exhausted 
by  preceding  exertious,  he  appeared  at  the 
Louvre,  and  exhibited  such  teats  in  tilting, 
that,  in  the  presence  of  the  princes  of  the 
court,  he  carried  away  the  ring  15  times  suc- 
cessively, and  broke  as  many  lances  on  the 
Saracens.  At  Rome  he  challenged  the  wits 
and  the  learned  of  that  city,  to  propose  any 
question  to  him,  to  which  he  would  give  an 
immediate  answer,  and  in  the  presence  of 
the  pope,  the  cardinals,  and  great  men  of 
the  place,  he  obtained  in  his  defence  as  much 
eclat  as  he  had  received  at  Paris.  Boccalini 
however  asserts,  that  his  challenge  was  re- 
ceived with  pasquinades,  and  that  he  retired 
from  Rome  in  disgust.  From  Rome  he  pas- 
sed to  Venice,  where  he  introduced  himself 
by  an  elaborate  poem,  to  the  notice  and 
friendship  of  the  learned  Aldus  Manutius. 
He  gained  also  the  friendship  of  Laurentius 
Mussa,  Spero,  Speronius,  John  Donatus, 
and  other  learned  persons,  and  after  he  had 
been  honored  with  an  audience  from  the 
doge  and  the  senate,  in  which  he  astonished 
them  by  the  rapidity  of  his  eloquence,  and 
the  gracefulness  of  his  manners,  he  visited 
Padua.  At  Padua  he  pronounced  an  extent- 
p.re  poem,  on  the  beauties  of  the  university, 
and  after  disputing  for  six  hours,  with  the 
most  celebrated  professors,  and  refuting  the 
doctrines  of  Aristotle,  he  concluded  by  de- 
livering an  oration  in  praise  of  ignorance, 
which  excited  universal  applause.  He  fur- 
ther exposed  the  errors  of  Aristotle,  in  the 
presence  of  the  university,  and  for  three 
days  astonished  his  hearers,  supported  his 
propositions,  and  obtained  the  praises  and 
the  acclamations  of  the  most  crowded  audi- 
ences. At  Mantua  he  displayed  his  bodiiy 
agility  by  attacking  and  killing  a  gladiator, 
who  had  foiled  the  most  skilful  fencers  in 
Europe,  and  had  lately  slain  three  antago- 
nists; and  with  great  benevolence,  this  ad- 
mirable Scotsman  bestowed  the  reward  he 
obtained  for  this  exploit,  upon  the  widows  of 
the  three  persons  who  lately  had  lost  their 
lives.  The  dulie  of  Mantua  was  so  pleas- 
ed with  bini,  that  he  appointed  him  tutor 
to  his  son  Conz:<ga,  a  youth  of  dissolute 
manners,  and  of  an  unprincipled  heart. 
Crichton,  to  show  his  gratitude,  and  to  sup- 
port his  fame,  wrote  in  consequence  of  this, 
a  comedy,  in  which  he  acted  in  15  different 
characters,  am'  all  with  inimitable  success. 


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en 


In  the  midst  of  his  popularity,  while  walking 
during  the  carnival,  and  playing  upon  his 
guitar  in  the  streets  of  Mantua,  he  was  su- 
denly  attacked  by  six  men  in  masks.  Their 
number  proved  no  defence  against  the  su- 
perior dexterity  of  Crichton,  they  were  all 
disarmed,  and  the  leader  falling  on  his  knees, 
begged  for  life.  It  was  Crichton's  pupil,  to 
whom  the  astonished  master  recollecting  his 
rank,  immediately  presented  the  sword,  with 
every  apology  for  the  opposition  which  he 
had  made.  Instead  of  accepting  the  genero- 
sity, the  perfidious  prince  buried  the  sword 
into  his  defenceless  bosom.  The  cause  of  this 
brutal  and  cruel  action  in  Gonzaga,  is  ascri- 
bed by  some  tojealousy, because  Crichton  was 
a  greater  favorite  in  the  eyes  of  some  admi- 
red lady ;  but  others  attribute  it  to  a  drunk- 
en frolic,  leaving  it  undetermined  whether 
the  meeting  was  designed  or  accidental. 
This  happened  July  1583,  though  lord  Buch- 
an  fixes  it  on  the  preceding  year,  and  asserts 
that  he  was  then  22,  though  others  with 
greater  probability  make  him  32  years  old. 
His  death  was  universally  lamented,  the  peo- 
ple of  Mantua  mourned  for  him  three  fourths 
of  a  year,  and  his  picture  appeared  in  the 
chambers  and  houses  of  every  Italian.  To 
the  character  already  mentioned,  it  may  be 
added,  that  Crichton's  memory  was  univer- 
sally retentive,  and  he  was  naturally  endow- 
ed with  great  powers  for  declamation,  unex- 
hausted fluency  of  speech,  and  unusual  readi- 
ness to  reply. 

Ceillon,  Lewis  de  Berthon  de,  a 
French  general,  knight  of  Malta,  descend- 
ed from  a  noble  Italian  family,  was  born 
1541.  At  the  age  of  15  he  merited  the  no- 
tice of  Henry  II.  by  his  valor  at  the  siege  of 
Calais,  and  he  distinguished  himself  after- 
wards against  the  Huguenots,  at  the  battles 
of  Dreux,  Jarnac,  and  Monoontour.  At 
the  battle  of  Lepanto  in  1571,  his  valor  was 
conspicuously  displayed,  as  well  as  in  the 
other  encounters  of  these  warlike  and  peril- 
ous times,  so  that  he  was  deservedly  called 
by  Henry  IV.  the  brave  Crillon.  At  the 
peace  of  Vervins  he  retired  to  his  estates  at 
Avignon,  where  he  died  2d  December  1615, 
aged  74.  Bening,  a  Jesuit,  pronounced  his 
funeral  oration  in  a  bombastic  style,  and 
Madame  de  Lusson  published  his  life  in  2 
vols.  12mo.  Besides  great  and  incompara- 
ble valor,  Crillon  possessed  integrity,  honor, 
and  virtue,  and  when  invited  by  Henry  IH. 
to  murder  Guise,  he  answered  that  he  would 
fight  him,  but  be  no  assassin. 

Crillon  Mahon,  N.  duke  de,  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  seven  years'  war,  and 
afterwards  quitted  the  service  of  France  for 
that  of  Spain,  where  he  was  made  a  grandee 
of  the  first  order.  In  the  war  between  Eng- 
land and  Spain  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  armies,  and  had  the  good  fortune  to 
take  Minorca,  in  1782,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  assumed  the  name  of  Mahon  from 
the  capita!  of  the  island.  In  his  attempts  to 
reduce.Gibraltar  he  was  more  unfortunate, 
and  saw  the  measures  he  adopted  all  baffled 
by  the  superior  valor  of  the  English,  and  the 


vigilant  care  of  general  Elliot.    In  the  revo- ' 
lutionary  war  he  would  take  no  part  in  the 
cause  of  Spain,  but  remained  neuter.     He 
died  at  Madrid  1796,  aged  80. 

Crinesitjs,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Bo- 
hemia, professor  of  theology  at  Altorf, 
where  he  died  1626,  aged  42.  He  wrote  a 
dissertation  on  the  confusion  of  tongues, — 
Exercitationes  Hebraic^, — Lexicon  Syria- 
cura,  4to.  2  vols. — lingua  Samaritica,  Sec. 

Crinitus,  Petrus,  a  native  of  Florence, 
professor  of  belles  lettres,  after  Angelus 
Politianus.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learning, 
but  addicted  to  the  basest  sensualities.  He 
died  1505,  aged  40.  He  wrote  lives  of  the 
Latin  poets,  and  de  honesta  discipline,  be- 
sides poems  of  no  great  merit. 

Crisp,  Tobias,  the  champion  of  Antino- 
mianism,  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  took  his 
bachelor's  degree  at  Cambridge,  and  after- 
wards removed  to  Baliol,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  degrees  of  D.D.  He  was  rector  of 
Brinkworth,  Wilts,  in  1627,  and  there  he 
lived  in  a  hospitable  manner,  regular,  vir- 
tuous, and  devout.  He  came  to  London  in 
1642,  where  his  tenets  respecting  grace  op- 
posed him  in  a  controversy  with  52  divines. 
He  died  27th  February  1642.  His  sermons 
were  reprinted  168K.  He  asserted  in  his 
discourse  "  Christ  alone  exalted,"  that  sal- 
vation was  completed  on  the  cross,  and  that 
belief  was  all  that  was  required  of  the  hap- 
py elect. 

Critias,  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  ap- 
pointed over  Athens  by  Lysander.  He  fell 
in  battle  B.  C.  400. 

Crito,  one  of  the  pupils  and  friends  of 
the  great  Socrates. 

Ceitobulus,  a  physician,  who  is  said 
to  have  extracted  the  arrow  which  wounded 
the  eye  of  Philip  of  Macedonia. 

Critolaus,  a  Greek  historian. 

Critolaus,  a  native  of  Tegea  in  Arca- 
dia, who  fought  against  the  Pheneans.  When 
defeated  by  the  Romans  he  poisoned  himself 
B.  C.  146. 

Croese,  Gerard,  a  protestant  divine  of 
Amsterdam,  author  of  the  history,  of  the 
quakers,  translated  into  English,  and  of  Ho- 
merus  Hebrseus.  He  died  1710,  aged  68, 
near  Dordrecht. 

Crcesus,  last  king  of  Lydia,  is  famous  for 
his  opiflence  and  his  libei-al  patronage  of 
learned  men.  He  was  defeated  by  Cyrus 
king  of  Persia  B.  C.  548,  and  reduced  to 
privacy. 

Croius  or  de  Croi,  John,  a  native  of 
Usez,  who  became  there  a  protestant  minis- 
ter. He  wrote  Specimen  conjectuarum,  8c 
observationum  in  qiuedan  Origenis,  Irenasi, 
&  Tertulliani  loca,  1682, — observationes 
sacra  St  histor.  in  Nov.  Testam.  1644,  kc. 
He  died  1659. 

Croft,  Herbert,  an  English  prelate,  de- 
scended from  an  ancient  family,  was  born  at 
Great  Milton,  Oxfordshire,  18th  October 
1603,  at  the  seat  of  sir  William  Greene. 
At  13  he  was  sent  to  Oxford,  but  upon  the 
conversion  of  his  father  to  popery,  he  was 
removed  from  t]ie  university,  and  placed  iu. 


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the  monastery  of  Douay,  and  afterwards  in 
the  college  of  St.  Omer's.  A  visit  to  Eng- 
land on  family  affairs  introduced  him  to  the 
acquaintance  of  Morton  bishop  of  Darham, 
who  prevailed  upon  him  to  return  to  the 
protestant  faith,  and  by  the  advice  of  Laud, 
he  again  entered  at  Christ  church,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degrees.  He  was  now 
preferred  to  a  living  in  Glocestershire,  and 
to  another  in  Oxfordshire,  and  in  1639,  lie 
was  made  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  and  the 
next  year  took  his  degree  of  D.  D.  He  was 
"afterwards  prebendary  of  Worcester,  canon 
of  Windsor,  and  in  1644  dean  of  Hereford, 
but  he  suffered  like  all  loyal  subjects  during 
those  troublous  times,  till  in  1659,  by  the 
death  of  his  two  elder  brothers,  he  succeed- 
ed to  all  the  estates  of  his  family.  At  the 
restoration  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Here- 
ford 1661,  whieh  he  refused  to  quit  for  high- 
er preferment,  employing  himself  in  deeds 
of  charity,  benevolence,  hospitality,  and 
frequent  exhortation  from  the  pulpit.  His 
small  treatise  "the  naked  truth,"  printed 
at  a  private  press,  was  published  in  1675, 
■when  the  papists  hoped  to  take  advantage  of 
the  quarrels  of  the  nonconformists  with  the 
church  of  England,  and  it  became  a  popular 
work,  which  not  only  drew  the  attention  of 
parliament  to  the  subject,  but  produced 
some  severe  attacks  against  it.  One  of  these 
by  Dr.  Turner  of  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, was  answered  by  Andrew  Marvel], 
who  applauded  the  bishop's  works,  and  ably 
defended  his  principles.  Besides  this,  the 
bishop  published  some  occasional  sermons, 
religious  tracts,  a  legacy  to  his  diocese,  and 
in  1685,  animadversion  on  Burnet's  theory 
of  the  earth.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
he  wished  to  resign  his  bishopric  from  some 
scruples  of  conscience.  He  died  at  Here- 
ford 18th  May  1691,  and  was  buried  in  the 
cathedral.  His  only  son  Herbert  was  made 
a  baronet  by  Charley  II.  1671,  and  died 
1720. 

Croft,  William,  a  musician,  born  at 
Nether-Eatington,  Warwickshire.  He  was 
pupH  to  Dr.  Blow,  whom  he  succeeded  as 
master  of  the  children,  and  composer  to  the 
chapel  royal,  and  organist  at  Westminster- 
abbey.  In  1712  he  published  his  divine  har- 
mony, and  in  1715  he  became  D.  Mus.  and 
in  1724  he  published  by  subscription  his 
"  musica  sacra,"  two  vols.  He  died  August 
1727,  aged  50,  from  an  illness  occasioned  by 
his  attendance  at  the  coronation  of  George 
II.    He  was  buried  in  Westminster-abbey. 

Crofton,  Zaehary,  an  Irish  nonconform- 
ist, educated  at  Dublin.  During  the  Irish 
troubles  he  came  to  England,  and  obtained 
the  living  of  Wrenbury  in  Cheshire,  from 
which  he  was  expelled  in  1648,  for  refusing 
to  take  the  engagement.  He  afterwards 
held  St.  Botolph's  near  Aldgate.  At  the 
restoration  he  engaged  in  a  controversy 
with  bishop  Gauden,  who  combated  the 
superiority  of  his  learning  by  imprisoning 
him  in  the  tower,  from  which  he  was  with 
difficulty  liberated.  He  afterwards  lived  in 
Cheshire,  and  lastly  opened  a  school  near 


Aldgate,  where  he  died  1672.  He  was  author 
of  some  controversial  pamphlets. 

Croix  du  Maine,  Francis  Grude  de  la, 
a  learned  French  writer  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury. He  was  passionately  fond  of  litera- 
ture, and  made  a  most  valuable  collection  of 
books.  He  published  in  1584,  his  French 
library,  or  a  general  account  of  all  authors 
who  wrote  in  that  language.  The  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

Croix,  Francis  Petit  de  la,  secretary  and 
interpreter  to  the  French  king,  in  the  Turk- 
ish and  Arabic  died  November  4th,  1695, 
aged  73.  He  was  a  man  of  great  integrity 
and  refused  to  be  bribed  by  the  Algerines, 
to  make  a  treaty  with  them  favorable  to 
their  interests.  He  digested  Thevcnot's 
voyages  to  the  East-Indies,  he  made  an  ac- 
curate catalogue  of  all  the  Turkish  and 
Persian  books  in  the  French  king's  library, 
and  composed  besides  two  dictionaries  for 
the  French  and  Turkish  languages,  and  also 
a  learned  history  of  Genghis  Khan,  with  a 
good  map  of  the  north  of  Asia.  His  son 
added  an  abridgment  of  the  lives  of  those 
authors  from  whom  it  was  extracted,  which 
was  translated  into  English,  1722,  in  Svo. 

Chomp  ton,  William,  M.  A.  was  born  at 
Barnstaple,  of  which,  after  an  Oxford  edu- 
cation, he  became  minister.  He  was  ejected 
after  the  restoration  for  nonconformity,  but 
his  manners  were  so  inoffensive,  and  his  con- 
duct so  virtuous,  that  he  was  respected  by  his 
congregation  among  whom  he  still  preached 
in  private  houses,  till  his  death  1696.  He 
published  a  remedy  against  superstition,  and 
other  small  tracts. 

Cromwell,  Thomas,  earl  of  Essex,  an 
eminent  statesman  under  Henry  VIU.  was 
son  of  a  blacksmith  at  Putney,  Surrey,  and 
born  about  1490.  His  education  like  his 
origin  was  low,  but  he  possessed  strong  natu- 
ral parts,  which  he  improved  by  indefati- 
gable application.  He  was  at  Antwerp  for 
some  time,  as  clerk  to  the  English  factory, 
and  he  afterwards  travelled  on  the  continent, 
as  the  private  age»t  of  the  king,  and  in  the 
character  of  a  soldier,  he  was  engaged  with 
Bourbon  in  the  sacking  of  Rome.  On  his 
return  to  England,  he  was  admitted  into 
Wolsey's  family,  and  completely  gained  his 
confidence  and  friendship,  which  he  repaid 
with  the  strongest  attachment,  and  by  a 
most  able  and  eloquent  defence  of  hiiii  in 
the  house  of  commons,  when  he  was  im- 
pcacin  d.  After  Wolsey's  fall,  he  served  the 
king  with  equal  fidelity,  and  was  rewarded 
with  honors  and  riches.  He  graduallv  rose 
to  be  a  privy  counsellor,  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  secretary  of  state,  master  of  the 
rolls,  keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  earl  of  Es- 
sex, and  high  chamberlain  of  England.  His 
zeal  in  the  reformation  was  very  pleasing  to 
the  king,  and  he  not  onTy  directed  his  ven- 
geance in  the  dissolution  of  the  abbeys  and 
monasteries,  but  largely  shared  in  the  spoils 
of  the  plundered  church.  In  destroying  the 
relics  of  popery,  he  was  the  means  of  intro- 
ducing good  regulations,  and  he  provided 
that  the  bible  should  be  lead  in  English,  in 


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the  several  churches,  and  also  that  a  register 
of  births,  marriages,  and  buryings  should  be 
regularly  kept.  The  prosperity,  however, 
which  he  had  long  enjoyed,  was  now  all  at 
once  destroyed,  by  the  active  part  which  he 
took  in  procuring  the  marriage  of  his  master 
with  Anne  of  Cleves.  Henry,  dissatisfied 
-with  his  new  queen,  wreaked  his  vengeance 
on  his  favorite,  who  had  promoted  his  union, 
and  Cromwell,  unpopular  for  the  dissolution 
of  religious  houses,  and  the  large  subsidies 
which  he  had  extorted  from  the  people,  was 
now  arrested,  and  arraigned  as  a  traitor. 
Though  forsaken  by  all  his  former  friends, 
except  the  undaunted  Cranmer,  and  unable 
to  find  one  defender,  for  fear  of  the  royal 
resentment,  he  yet  pleaded  for  mercy  in  a 
letter  to  the  king  in  such  moving  terms,  that 
Henry  read  it  three  times,  and  probably 
would  have  pardoned  him,  had  not  his  pas- 
sion for  Catharine  Howard  kindled  his  fury. 
Cromwell  suffered  on  Tower-hill,  after  six 
weeks'  imprisonment,  J  uly  16thl540.  Though 
abused  by  the  papists  as  cruel,  ambitious,  and 
crafty,  he  is  represented  as  preferring  men 
of  learning  and  abilities,  more  than  any  of 
his  predecessors  ever  had  done.  His  son 
was  created  lord  Cromwell. 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  the  celebrated  pro- 
tector of  England,  was  born  of  a  very  res- 
pectable family  at  Huntingdon  25th  April 
1599.  He  received  his  education  in  the 
grammar-school  of  his  native  town,  and  in 
1616  was  admitted  as  fellow  commoner  at 
Sidney  college,  Cambridge.  He  did  not 
however  here  pay  much  attention  to  aca- 
demical studies,  as  foot-ball,  cricket  and 
other  exercises,  were  more  congenial  to  his 
pursuits,  and  therefore  his  mother,  now  be- 
come a  widow,  sent  him  in  1618  to  Lincoln's- 
Inn.  Irregularities  here  prevailed,  and  li- 
centious and  intemperate  pleasures  engag- 
ed his  attention  more  than  the  law,  till  at 
last  when  21  he  married  Elizabeth  the 
daughter  of  sir  James  Boucher  of  Essex, 
and  retired  to  lead  a  regular  life  at  Hunting- 
don. Some  time  after  he  removed  into  the 
isle  of  Ely,  where  his  uncle  had  left  him  an 
estate  of  400/.  a  year,  and  then  he  relin- 
quished the  principles  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
fand,  and  became  a  zealous  puritan.  He 
was  elected  into  parliament  in  1628,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  violence  against 
the  bishops;  but  the  warmth  with  which  he 
supported  ministers  of  his  own  persuasion 
soon  reduced  his  fortunes  and  obliged  him 
to  take  a  farm  at  St.  Ives.  For  five  years 
he  endeavored  to  improve  his  income  in  ag- 
ricultural pursuits,  but  instead  of  increasing 
it,  he  nearly  ruined  himself,  and  i«  1G37  he 
formed  the  plan  of  passing  over  to  New-Eng- 
land, which  he  was  prevented  from  doing  by 
a  proclamation  from  the  king,  against  migra- 
tion. As  he  had  acquired  some  distinction 
among  the  puritans  for  his  gift  of  preaching, 
praying,  and  expounding,  he  had  the  inter- 
est by  means  of  the  people  of  his  persuasion 
to  recommend  himself  to  the  corporation  of 
Cambridge,  and  to  be  chosen  their  repre- 
sentative in  the  parliament  of  1640.    In  the 


house  he  was  a  frequent  speaker,  hut,  with- 
out art  or  elocution,  lie  exclaimed  warmly 
against  grievances  in  church  and  state,  and 
zealously    promoted   the    remonstrance    of 
November  1641  which  laid  the  basis  of  civil 
war.    Courted  by  the  leading  men  of  oppo- 
sition, by  his   relation  Hampden,  by  Pym, 
and  others  who  knew  his  firmness  and  his  de- 
votion, he  became  well  acquainted  with  the 
intrigues  of  the  times,  and  when  the  par- 
liament resolved   in    1642  to  levy  war,  he, 
went  to  Cambridge,  where  he  raised  a  troop 
of  horse,  of  which  he  took  the   command. 
His  severity  to  the  royal  members  of  the 
university,  who  contributed  their  plate   to 
the  service  of  the  king,  was  very  culpable  ; 
but  his  wish  was  to  destroy  every  thing  which 
tended  to  support  the  royal  cause,  and   in 
this  attempt  he  evinced  such  Zealand  activ- 
ity  that  in  a  few  months  he   acquired   the 
character  of  a  good  officer,  and  his  soldiers 
were  the  best  disciplined  troops  in  the  king- 
dom.    After  various   proofs  of  his  devotion 
to  the   republican   party,    Cromwell,    who 
was  now  become  a  lieutenant   general   had 
an   opportunity  of  distinguishing  himself  at 
the  battle  of  Marston-moor,  3d  July,  1644, 
where  his  cavalry,  called  Ironsides,  changed 
the  fortune  of  the  day,  and  insured  victory 
wherever   they  appeared.     At  the  second 
battle  of  Newbury,  his  intrepidity  again  ap- 
peared conspicuous,  his  valor  and  services 
were  regarded  as  so  extraordinary,  that  he 
was  called  the  savior  of  the  nation  and  in 
the  self-denying  ordinance    which  was  pas- 
sed by  the  parliament,  for  the  exclusion  of 
officers  from  seats  in  the  house,  Cromwell 
alone  was  excepted.    His  successes  continued 
to    insure  the   approbation    of  the   republi- 
cans, and  the  fatal  battle   of  Naseby,    14th 
June  1646,  established  his  triumph  as  the 
ablest  general  of  the  times,  and  the  firmest 
supporter  of  the  public  liberties  of  the  state. 
He  was  thanked  by  the  parliament  and  re- 
warded with  a  pension,  but  while  the  popu- 
lar leaders  considered  him  as  fully  devoted 
to  their   services  they   soon  saw    cause  to 
doubt  his  sincerity.      When   the  king  had 
thrown  himself  into  the  hands  of  the  Scotch, 
and  had  been  shamefully  sold  to  the  English, 
the   parliament   began  to  regard  the   army 
whose  services  had  insured    them   the  vic- 
tory as  useless  and  dangerous,  and  there- 
fore  ordered  part  of  it  to  be  disbanded,  hut 
Cromwell  by  his  intrigues  prevented  the  ex- 
ecution  of  their  plans,  and  whilst  he  step- 
ped forth   as  the    advocate  of  their  rights 
against  the  tyranny  of  the  parliament,  lie 
secured  fully  to  his  person   the  attachment 
of  the   soldiers.     No   sooner   was   the  king 
lodged  in  Holmby  castle  than  the  artful  gen- 
eral made  himself  master  of  his  person  by 
means  of  cornet  Joyce,  and  thus,  by  declar- 
ing himself  the  arbiter  of  his  fate,  he  was 
courted  and  flattered  both   by  the   unfortu- 
nate  Charles,  who   wished  for  his  own   re- 
lease, and  by  the  parliament,  who  labored 
for  his  destruction.      After  rendering   th« 
king  more  unpopular  with  the  parliament, 
and  the  parliament  suspected  to  the  army. 


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GromweH  at  last  took  the  bold  measure  of 
excluding  from  the  house  of  commons  those 
members  whom  he  knew  to  be  averse  to  his 
schemes  of  ambition,  and  the  trial  of  the 
devoted  monarch  soon  after  followed.  Crom- 
well acted  openly  as  one  of  his  judges,  and 
he  signed  the  warrant  for  his  execution,  and 
by  this  bloody  deed  thus  paved  the.  way  to 
his  own  greatness.  The  government  was 
now  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  council  of  state, 
whose  decisions  were  directed  by  the  art- 
ful general ;  but  while  he  considered  him- 
self as  secure,  his  power  was  threatened  by 
rebellion  in  the  arm}",  and  even  in  his  own 
favorite  regiment.  With  his  usual  presence 
of  mind  he  appeared  among  the  rioters,  sup- 
ported by  some  regiments  on  whom  he  could 
depend,  and  calling  four  men  by  name  out 
of  the  ranks,  he  made  them  cast  dice  for 
their  life,  and  obliged  the  two  that  escaped 
to  shoot  the  others.  Having  thus  restored 
tranquillity  he  was  received  every  where 
with  marks  of  respect,  and  satisfied  that 
the  spirit  of  insubordination  was  subdued  in 
England  and  Scotland,  he  embarked  with  an 
army  for  Ireland  1649.  He  quickly  here 
routed  the  enemies  of  the  republic,  and  with 
such  acts  of  inhumanity  that  his  very  name 
became  a  terror  to  the  Irish.  In  1650  he 
returned  to  London,  and  was  publicly  thank- 
ed for  his  services  by  the  submissive  com- 
mons who  invested  him  with  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  army  in  Scotland,  where  Charles 
II.  had  been  acknowledged  king.  He  march- 
ed to  the  north  with  his  usual  rapidity,  and 
on  the  3d  September  1650  he  defeated  the 
Scotch  army  in  a  dreadful  battle,  at  Dun- 
bar, and  the  next  year,  on  the  same  auspi- 
cious day,  he  completed  the  ruin  of  Charles' 
fortunes  by  the  crowning  victory,  as  he  said, 
at  Worcester.  His  success  was  regarded  as 
so  important  that  a  general  thanksgiving  was 
appointed,  and  the  third  of  September  de- 
clared an  anniversary  state  holiday.  In  the 
midst  of  these  public  honors  Cromwell  nev- 
er lostsight  of  hisambitious  projects.  Though 
commander  in  chief  of  the  whole  island,  and 
lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  he  found  that  his 
power  depended  on  the  will  of  the  parlia- 
ment, and  therefore  he  determined  to  dis- 
miss them.  Whilst  the  commons  and  the 
council  of  the  officers  were  distracted  by 
opposite  opinions  on  subjects  of  govern- 
ment, Cromwell  forwarded  secretly  his  own 
views,  and  all  at  once  rising  up  in  his  seat  in 
the  house,  he  bade  the  speaker  leave  the 
chair,  and  the  whole  body  be  gone  and  give 
place  to  honcster  men  ;  and  filling  the  room 
with  armed  soldiers  he  turned  the  whole  as- 
sembly out,  and  locking  up  the  doors  he  re- 
tired to  Whitehall.  The  dismissal  of  the 
parliament  was  followed  by  that  of  the  coun- 
cil of  state,  and  the  appointment  of  a  body 
of  officers,  subordinate  to  the  usurper's  au- 
thority. Though  he  permitted  a  mock  as- 
sembly to  be  called,  under  the  name  of  coun- 
cil of  state,  he  was  soon  after  displeased  with 
their  conduct,  and  by  the  voice  of  his  gen- 
eral officers,  he  assumed  the  title  of  protec- 
tor of  the  commonwealth  of  England,  arid 


was  invested  with  the  new  office,  16th  Dec. 
1655,  in  the  chancery  court,  Westminster- 
hall.  Thus  absolute  in  the  government,  he 
appointed  a  council  of  state,  consisting  Of 
men  of  superior  wisdom  and  sagacity,  and 
adopted  such  measures  as  could  give  stabili- 
ty to  his  power,  and  add  to  the  security  and 
independence  of  the  kingdom.  Peace  was 
made  with  Sweden,  Holland,  Portugal,  and 
France,  the  most  up  w  right  judges  filled  the 
courts  of  Westminster-hall,  and  liberty  of 
conscience  was  tolerated  with  the  most 
magnanimous  moderation.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  popularity  of  his  measures,  howev- 
er, he  met  with  opposition  from  the  people, 
and  the  parliament,  which  he  assembled 
with  great  solemnity,  presumed  to  dispute 
the  legality  of  his  office,  and  were  dismis- 
sed with  a  severe  reprimand.  In  1655, 
though  threatened  with  conspiracies,  he 
supported  with  a  vigorous  hand  the  houor  of 
the  nation.  Blake  conquered  Jamaica,  and 
humbled  the  native  powers  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean shores,  w  ho  had  plundered  the  Brit- 
ish commerce,  and  a  treaty  of  offensive  al- 
liance was  formed  with  France  against  the 
Spaniards  in  the  Netherlands,  and  Dunkirk 
«  as  taken  possession  of  by  the  English.  The 
expenses  of  government  were  however  such, 
that  the  protector  called  another  parlia- 
ment, 19th  Sept.  1656,  but  to  insure  their 
obedience,  he  obliged  them  at  the  door  of 
the  house  to  swear  allegiance  to  his  person. 
This  had  due  effect,  the  members  awed  into 
deference  for  his  power  not  only  voted  him. 
supplies,  but  decreed  new  statutes  for  the 
security  of  his  authority,  and  bestowed  up- 
on him  the  title  of  king,  which  by  the  ad- 
vice of  his  friends  and  relations,  and  much 
against  his  inclination,  he  declined.  He 
however,  assumed  the  power  of  creating 
peers,  and  again,  to  give  greater  dignity  to 
his  authority,  he  was  in  1657  a  second  time 
inaugurated  protector  in  Westminster-hall, 
with  all  the  pride  and  pomp  of  a  coronation 
At  the  end  of  a  year  his  fears  were  alarmed 
by  the  publication  of  "  killing  no  murder," 
a  pamphlet  by  colonel  Titus,  which  directed 
against  him  the  dagger  of  every  bold  assas- 
sin, and  in  1658  he  felt  not  a  little  disap- 
pointment at  the  conduct  of  his  parliament, 
which  he  addressed  as  composed  of  lords 
and  commons,  in  the  usual  language  of  the 
kings-  of  England,  though  none  of  the  an- 
cient nobility  condescended  to  appear  among 
them.  These  open  insults,  together  with 
the  secret  machinations  of  his  enemies  and 
the  general  odium  of  the  people,  was  in- 
creased by  the  death  of  his  favorite  daugh- 
ter Mrs.  Claypole,  who  on  her  death-bed 
bitterly  reproached  him  with  the  tyranny  of 
his  conduct.  The  severe  agitations  of  his 
mind  at  last  undermined  the  powers  of  his 
constitution,  and  his  deportment  became 
altered,  he  grew  reserved  and  suspicious,  and 
the  attacks  of  a  slow  fever  were  succeeded  by 
a  tertian  ague.  Though  the  disorder  seem  - 
ed  at  first  not  alarming,  his  physicians  per- 
ceived his  danger,  but  regardless  of  their 
intimations,  he  depended  upon  the  prayer* 


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•  ii  the  godly  for  recovery,  and  hoped  that 
the  interference  of  heaven  would  be  exert- 
ed for  his  preservation.  His  disorder  prov- 
ed fatal,  3d  September  1G58.  lie  was  car- 
ried with  great  funeral  pomp  from  Somer- 
set-hoo.se  and  buried  in  the  chapel  of  Henry 
VII.  in  Westminster-abbey,  but  after  the 
restoration  his  body  was  taken  up  and  hung 
on  the  gallows.  Though  an  usurper  and  a 
tyrant,  Cromwell  possessed  great  powers  of 
mind  and  contributed  much  to  the  prosperi- 
ty and  glory  of  the  nation.  Not  only  Milton 
defended  his  government,  but  Waller,  Sprat, 
Dryden,  and  Cowley,  celebrated  his  virtues 
and  the  triumph  of  his  protectorate.  How 
blameworthy  soever  he  might  have  been  in 
the  acquisition  of  his  power,  observes  one 
of  his  biographers,  he  certainly  rivalled  the 
greatest  of  the  English  mormrchs  in  glory, 
and  made  himself  courted  and  dreaded  by 
the  nations  around  him.  In  his  religious 
opinions  he  was  a  wavering  fanatic,  and 
though  grave  and  demure  he  had  the  hypo- 
crisy to  adopt  such  tenets  only  as  tended 
best  to  secure  his  usurpation.  Of  all  his 
children  only  six  lived  to  maturity  :  Rich- 
ard his  successor,  who  held  the  protector- 
ate with  feeble  hands,  and  resigned  it  for  a 
life  of  ease  and  obscurity,  was  born  4th  Oc- 
tober 1G'2C,  and  died  at  Cheshunt,  July  13th 
1712  :  Henry,  born  20th  January  162",  was 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and  died  25th  March 
1G74 :  Bridget,  who  married  Ireton,  and 
afterwards  general  Fleetwood :  Elizabeth, 
his  favorite  daughter  who  married  Mr. 
Claypole  of  Northamptonshire  :  Mary,  who 
married  lord  Fauconberg,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  interested  herself  warmly  for  the 
restoration  of  Charles  II.  and  died  March 
1712 :  and  Frances,  the  youngest,  who 
married  Mr.  Rich,  grandson  to  lord  War- 
wick, and  afterwards  sir  John  Russel  of 
Chippenham,  Cambridgeshire.  His  moth- 
er lived  with  him  at  Whitehall,  but  in  the 
midst  of  the  splendors  of  absolute  authority 
she  enjoyed  it  not,  and  was  filled  with  ter- 
ror for  the  fate  of  her  son,  whom  she  nev- 
er considered  safe,  except  she  saw  him 
twice  a  day.  His  wife,  was  a  woman  of  mas- 
culine powers  of  mind,  and  she  gloried  in 
the  elevation  to  which  her  husband's  guilty 
ambition,  spurred  on  by  her  constant  ex- 
hortations, had  raised  her  fumHy.  She  sur- 
vived for  some  years  the  downfal  of  his  pow- 
er, and  of  that  of  her  son,  and  died  in  re- 
tirement 1672. 

Croxeck,  John  Frederic  baron  de,  born 
.it  Anspach,  died  of  the  small-pox,  1758, 
aged  27.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a  sen- 
sible and  ingenious  poet.  He  travelled  over 
Europe,  and  at  Paris  gained  the  friendship 
of  the  learned  and  the  great.  His  works 
were  printed  in  German,  at  Leipsic,  17G0. 

Cronstedt,  Axel  Frederic,  a  native  of 
Sudermania,  in  Sweden,  educated  at  Upsal, 
where  he  applied  himself  to  natural  history. 
He  was  employed  as  inspector  of  the  mines, 
1744,  and  in  1753  was  elected  member  of  the 
royal  academy  of  sciences  at  Stockholm.  He 
published  various  works  on  the  arrangement 


of  minerals  and  the  fossil  productions  of  na- 
ture.    He  died  1765,  aged  43. 

Crook,  sir  George,  was  born  at  Chilton, 
Bucks,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  and  the  In- 
ner-temple. He  rose  to  the  offices  of  king's 
Serjeant,  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  and 
chief  justice  of  England.  In  the  commons, 
he  voted  against  ship-money.  He  died  at 
Waterstock,  Oxfordshire,  1641,  aged  82. 
He  founded  and  endowed  an  hospital  at 
Beachley,  in  Buckinghamshire,  where  also 
he  built  a  chapel. 

Crosby,  Brass,  lord  mayor  of  London, 
was  born  at  Stoekton-upon-Tees  in  1725, 
and  early  came  to  London,  where  he  practi- 
sed as  an  attorney.  He  purchased  the  place 
of  remembrancer  to  the  city,  in  1760,  which 
he  sold  again  the  next  year,  and  in  1764  he 
was  elected  sheriff,  the  next  )'ear  alderman, 
and  in  1770  lord  mayor.  In  this  high  office 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  opposition  to 
the  court  in  the  prosecution  of  Wheble  and 
other  printers ;  and  he  spiritedly  supported 
Wilkes  and  Oliver,  for  which  he  was  sent  to 
the  Tower.  During  his  confinement,  his 
conduct  was  applauded  by  the  city,  and  vari- 
ous addresses  came  to  him  from  some  coun- 
ties and  respectable  towns.  He  was  released, 
23d  July,  by  the  prorogation  of  parliament, 
and  conducted  to  the  mansion-house  in  great 
pomp  by  the  populaee,  and  honored,  at  the 
expiration  of  his  office,  by  the  thanks  of  the 
corporation,  and  the  vote  of  a  cup  of  100^. 
value.     He  died  14th  February  1793. 

Cross,  Michael,  an  English  artist,  who 
was  employed  by  Charles  I.  to  copy  the  best 
pictures  of  Italy.  It  is  said,  that  being  per- 
mitted by  the  doge  of  Venice  to  copy  the 
Madonna  of  Raphael,  in  St.  Mark's  church, 
he  left  his  copy  behind,  and  brought  away  the 
original,  which,  in  the  time  of  the  republic, 
was'sold  to  the  Spanish  ambassador,  and  now 
adorns  the  Escurial. 

Cross,  Lewis,  a  painter,  who  died  1724. 
He  retouched  a  picture  of  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  in  the  possession  of  the  duke  of  Ha- 
milton, and  with  such  effect,  that  several  co- 
pies have  been  taken  from  it. 

Crousat.,  John  Peter  de,  a  mathemati- 
cian of  eminence,  born  at  Lausanne  13th 
April  1G6S.  He  was  intended  for  the  army 
by  his  father ;  but  his  inclinations  were  bent 
to  literature;  and  the  perusal  of  des  Cartes' 
works  totally  directed  his  attention  to  mathe- 
matics and  philosophy.  After  travelling  over 
Europe,  he  was  elected  professor,  and,  in 
170G,  made  rector  of  the  academy  of  Lau- 
sanne, and,  in  1724,  mathematical  professor 
at  Groningen.  He  was  afterwards  preceptor 
to  Frederic  of  Hesse  Cassel,  nephew  to  the 
king  of  Sweden,  and,  after  being  engaged  in 
some  embassies,  he  returned  to  Lausanne, 
where  he  died,  1 748,  aged  85.  He  wrote  es- 
say on  logic,  afterwards  enlarged  to  G  vols. 
8vo. — a  treatise  on  beauty,  2  vols.  12mo. — 
on  the  liberty  of  thinking — on  ancient  and 
modern  pyrrhonism,  folio — sermons — come 
mentary  on  Pope's  essay  on  man — miscella- 
neous works — and  pieces  on  philosophy  and 
mathematics; 


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Crowne,  John,  a  native'of  Nova  Scotia, 
who  came  over  to  England,  eager  to  acquire 
lame  and  independence  by  the  powers  of  his 
mind.  His  distresses  at  first  were  so  great 
that  he  became  upper  servant  in  an  old  lady's 
family,  from  which  he  soon  extricated  him- 
self by  the  wit  and  humour  of  his  writings. 
He  became  a  favorite  with  the  court,  and 
was  employed  by  Charles  II.  at  the  request 
of  Rochester,  to  write  the  masque  of  Calyp- 
so. Upon  the  discovery  of  the  popish  plot, 
he  embraced  the  pant  of  the  tories,  and  wrote 
his  "  city  politics,"  to  satirise  the  wliigs,  a 
comedy,  which,  while  it  procured  him  ap- 
plause, excited  against  him  the  resentment 
of  a  powerful  faction.  Anxious  now  to  retire 
from  the  intrigues  and  persecutions  of  poli- 
tics, he  petitioned  the  king  for  a  place  for 
life;  to  which  Charles  assented,  provided  he 
wrote  another  comedy.  Even  the  king  him- 
self assisted  him,  by  recommending  him  to 
borrow  from  the  Spanish  comedy  of  "  non 
pued  esser ;"  from  which  was  produced  the 
play  of  Sir  Courtly  Nice ;  but,  on  the  last  day 
of  rehearsal  before  the  comedy  could  be  act- 
ed, the  king  died,  and  all  the  hopes  of  the 
poet  were  dashed  to  the  ground.  Instead  of 
independence,  Crowne  now  had  recourse  to 
his  wit  for  maintenance.  He  died  about 
1 703,  author  of  17  plays,  besides  the  "  church 
scuffle,"  a  heroic  poem,  and  two  other  poems, 
Pandion  and  Amphigenia,  and  the  Dxneids. 

Croxall,  Dr.  Samuel,  was  born  at  Wal- 
ton-upon-Thames,  Surrey,  and  educated  at 
Eton  school,  and  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. At  the  university  he  wrote  the  fair 
Circassian,  which  he  dedicated  to  Mrs.  Anna 
Maria  Mordaunt,  of  whom  it  is  said  he  was 
deeply  enamoured,  but  as  the  poem  was  a 
licentious  imitation  of  Solomon's  songs,  he 
carefully  avoided  disclosing  himself  to  be  the 
author,  before  he  applied  for  ordination.  He 
obtained  the  living  of  Hampton,  Middlesex, 
the  parishes  of  St.  Mary  Somerset,  and 
Mountshaw,  London,  and  became  chancel- 
lor, prebendary,  and  canon  of  Hereford,  and 
afterwards  added  the  archdeaconry  of  Salop 
and  the  living  of  Sellek  to  his  other  prefer- 
ments. As  the  church  of  Hereford  was  go- 
verned by  him  during  the  old  age  of  bishop 
Egerton,  he  very  improperly  pulled  down  an 
old  chapel  adjoining  the  palace,  to  build  a 
house  for  his  brother.  His  politics  inclined  to 
the  whigs,  anil  hence  in  queen  Anne's  reign  he 
•wrote  in  their  support,  and  published  his  two 
cantoes  in  imitation  of  Spenser,  to  satirise 
Barley's  administration.  He  wrote  besides 
"  the  Vision,"  a  poem  addressed  to  lord  Ha- 
lifax,— the  fables  of  JE^op, — scripture  poli- 
tics,— the  royal  manual, — and  all  the  dedica- 
tions prefixed  to  "  Select  Novels."  He  died 
at  a  great  age,  February  13,  1752. 

Ckoie,  Malluirin  Veyssiere  la,  born  at 
Nantz  1661,  became  a  Benedictine  monk  in 
11373,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  exten- 
sive learning.  A  bold  and  independent  mode 
of  thinking,  added  to  disgust  and  disappoint- 
ment, induced  him  to  abandon  bis  order  and 
bis  religion  in  1696.  He  made  his  recanta- 
tion at  Bas.il,  and  employed  himself- in  Berlin 


as  an  instructor  of  youth,  as  librarian  to  the 
king,  and  as  professor  of  philosophy.  He 
died  1739,  aged  78.  He  wrote  some  valuable 
works,  dissertations  historiques,  &c. — an  Ar- 
menian dictionary,  4to.  compiled  after  twelve- 
years'  labor — bistoire  du  Christianisme  des 
Indes,  12mo. — du  Christianisme  d'Ethiopie, 
8c  d'Armeuie,  cce. 

Crucigek,  Gaspatya  protestant  of  Leip- 
sie,  author  of  some  commentaries  on  Scrip- 
ture.    He  died  at  Wittemberg  1548,  aged  45. 

Cr u den,  Alexander  M.  A.  was  born  at 
Aberdeen,  and  educated  at  the  Marischal 
college  there.  He  settled  in  London  in  1728, 
and  kept  a  bookseller's  shop  under  the  royal 
exchange  ;  but  maintained  himself  chiefly  by 
superintending  publications  for  the  press.  In 
1737  his  Concordance  was  published,  and  it 
again  appeared  improved  in  1761,  ns  a  most 
valuable  book.  Cruden  was  occasionally  de- 
ranged. About  the  year  1738  he  went  on  a 
romantic  view  to  reform  the  English  univer- 
sities, and  was  soon  after  confined  at  Chelsea- 
He  was  a  second  time  in  confinement  in  a 
mad-house,  and  was  at  last  found  dead,  in  a 
praying  posture,  at  Islington,  1774,  aged  70. 
He  was  a  worthy,  pious,  and  inoffensive  man. 

Crusius,  or  Krans,  Martin,  a  native  of 
Bamberg,  professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Tu- 
bingen, and  the  first  who  taught  Creek  in 
Germany,  died  at  Estringen  1G07,  aged  81. 
He  is  the  learned  compiler  of  Tureo-Grtc- 
cise,  libri  octo  1584 — annales  Suevici  ad  aan. 
1549 — Germano-Grxcix  libri  sex,  1585,  fat. 

Crvz,  Juanalnez  de  la,  an  ingeniouslady, 
born  at  Mexico.  She  was  naturally  endowed 
with  great  powers  of  mind,  which  were  care- 
fully cultivated,  and  rendered  her  well  skil- 
led in  philosophy,  history,  mathematics,  po- 
etry, and  every  branch  of  literature.  The 
poems  which  she  published  possessed  great 
merit,  according  to  the  opinion  of  father 
Feyjod.  The  best  part  of  her  life  was  spent 
in  the  seclusion  of  the  monastery  of  St.  Gero- 
nimo,  where  she  died,  after  27  years'  resi- 
dence, aged  44,  in  1695. 

Crytopylus,  Metrophanes,  a  Greek, 
who  studied  the  Latin  and  English  languages 
at  Baliol  college,  Oxford,  and  returned  in 
16.22  to  his  own  country,  where  the  patriarch 
of  Constantinople  made  him  his  secretary 
and  chancellor.  He  was  raised  to  the  see  of 
Alexandria  on  the  translation  of  Cyril  Lucar- 
Tbe  confession  of  faith  attributed  to  Cyril, 
and  published  in  Greek,  1629,  was  written 
by  him.    He  died  after  1641. 

Ctesias,  a  Greek  physician  in  theserviee 
of  Artaxer.xes,  king  of  I'ersia.  He  wrote  a 
history  of  Persia. 

Ctesibius,  a  mathematician  of  Alexan- 
dria, B.  C.  125,  known  as  the  inventor  of  tnc 
pump,  the  water-clock,  Sec. 

Ctesiphon-,  an  Athenian,  whose  attempi 
to  decree  a  golden  crown  to  Demosthenes 
was  opposed  by  ^Eschines,  and  produced  the 
two  famous  orations  of  the  rival  orators  de 
corona. 

Cudworth,  Ralph,  a  celebrated  divine, 
born  1617,  at  Aller,  Somersetshire,  where 
his  father  was  rector       He  w:ts  of  Eirtantfc I 


cu 


cu 


college,  of  which  he  became  fellow  and  tutor, 
and  where  he  had  among  his  pupils  sir  Wil- 
liam Temple.     In  1641  he  was  presented  to 
the  rectory   of  North   Cad  bury,    Somerset- 
shire, and  the  following  year  he  published 
his  "  discourse  concerning  the  true  notion  of 
the  Lord's  supper,"  and  afterwards  his  trea- 
tise, "  the  union  of  Christ  and  the  church,  a 
shadow."      In  1644  he  took  his  degree  of  B. 
D.  and  was  that  year  appointed   master  of 
Clare-hall,  and  the  year  after  regius  profes- 
sor of  Hebrew.    In  1647  he  preached  before 
the  house  of  commons,  for  which  he  received 
the  thanks  of  the  house.     In  1651  he  took  his 
degree  of  D.D.  and  3  years  after  was  elected 
master  of  Christ's  college,  at  which  time  he 
also  married.     He  was,  in  1657,  one  of  those 
who  were  consulted  by  parliament  about  the 
English  translation  of  the  bible,  and  by  his 
learning  and     consequence   he  gained    the 
friendship  of  Whitelocke,   and   of  Thurloe 
the  able  secretary  of  the  two  protectorates. 
At  the  restoration,  Cudworth   wrote  a  copy 
of  congratulatory   verses  to  the   sovereign, 
and,  in  1672,  he  was  presented  by  Sheldon 
bishop  of  London,  to  the  vicarage   of  Ash- 
well,  Hertfordshire.     In  1678  he  was  instal- 
led  prebendary   of  Glocester,  and  he  then 
published  in  folio  his  famous  work  "  the  true 
intellectual  system  of  the  universe,   wherein 
the  reason  and  philosophy  of  atheism  are  con- 
futed,  and  its  impossibility  demonstrated." 
This  work,  from  its  nature  and  importance, 
had  many  assailants ;  but  it  is  acknowledged 
by  Dryden,  Bayle,  and  Shaftesbury,  that  he 
was  so  fair  and  moderate  in  his  principles 
that  he  almost  betrayed  the  cause  which  he 
meant  to  defend.     A  warm  dispute  was  rais- 
ed in  consequence  between  him  and  le  CI  ere. 
The  work  was  translated  into  Latin,  in  1733, 
by  the   learned  Mosheim,  and  the  original 
was  republished,  in  1743,  in  2  vols.  4to.  by 
Dr.  Birch,  with  great  additions,  and  with  an 
accurate  statement  of  all  the  quotations,  and 
a  life  of  the  author  by  the  editor.     Cudworth 
died  at  Cambridge  26th  June  1688,  and  was 
buried  in  Christ  college  chapel.     Of  his  post- 
humous works,  which  were  a  continuation  of 
his  intellectual  system,  one  was  published  by 
Chandler  bishop  of  Durham  1731,  called  "  a 
treatise  concerning  eternal  and   immutable 
morality,"  intended  chiefly  against  Hobbes 
and  others.    His  other  MSS.  were  on  moral 
good   and   evil — a  book    of  morality,  with 
Hobbes'  philosophy  explained — discourse  on 
liberty  and  necessity — de   libero  arbitrio — 
on  Daniel's  prophecy  of  the  70  weeks — of 
the  verity  of  the  Christian  religion,  against 
the  Jews — Hebrew  learning,  &c.    Cudworth 
was  a  man  of  extensive  erudition,  well  skil- 
led in  the  languages,  au  able  philosopher,  an 
acute  mathematician,  and  a  profound  meta- 
physician.    Though    he   embraced   the  cor- 
puscular philosophy,  and  considered  Plato  as 
a  guide  with  respect  to  the  Deity,  he  was  de- 
servedly esteemed  for  his  virtues,   his  piety, 
his   moderation,  and  humanity.       His  only 
daughter,     Damaris,    married    sir    Francis 
Masham,  and  was  distinguished  as  much  for 
her  learning  and  genius  as  for  all  the  amiable 
virtues  of  her  sex. 


Cuerenhert,  Theodore  van,  a  singular 
character,  born  at  Amsterdam  1522.  He  was 
a  man  of  science,  and  had  a  turn  for  poetry ; 
but  he  chiefly  maintained  himself  at  first  by 
engraving,  in  which  he  displayed  skill  and 
genius,  though  he  was  too  hasty  and  volatile 
in  his  execution.  He  settled  at  Haerlem, 
and  was  honorably  employed  several  times 
as  ambassador  to  the  prince  of  Orange.  Such, 
at  last,  were  his  extraordinary  ideas  about  re- 
ligion, that  he  asserted  no  one  could  officiate 
as  a  minister  without  a  supernatural  mission, 
and  that  it  was  unworthy  a  Christian  to  enter 
a  place  of  public  worship.  These  wild  ideas, 
in  the  indulgence  of  which  he  would  hold  no 
communication  with  papists  or  protestants, 
procured  his  banishment  from  the  country. 
He  died  at  Tergont  1590,  aged  68.  His 
works  were  published,  3  vols,  folio,  1630.  As 
an  artist,  he  worked  with  the  Galles,  and  haa 
Henry  Goltzius  for  his  pupil. 

Cueva,  Alfonsus  de  la,  known  by  the 
name  of  Bedmar,  was  ambassador  from 
Philip  III.  to  the  Venetian  republic.  In  this 
sacred  character  he  plotted  the  seizing  of 
the  city ;  but  when  the  conspiracy  was  dis- 
covered, and  the  conspirators  put  to  death 
by  drowning,  the  author  of  the  horrible 
scheme,  out  of  respect  to  the. Spanish  king, 
was  secretly  dismissed  by  the  Senate  to  avoid 
the  fury  of  the  populace.  Cueva  fled  to 
Flanders,  where  he  became  president  of  the 
council,  and  received  a  cardinal's  hat.  In 
consequence  of  the  severity  of  his  govern- 
ment he  retired  from  Flanders  to  Rome, 
where  he  died,  1665.  He  was  a  man  of  as- 
tonishing powers  of  mind,  great  political  sa- 
gacity, an  acute  judge  of  the  manners  and 
prejudices  of  mankind,  composed  in  the 
most  violent  and  popular  agitations,  and  such 
a  master  of  the  knowledge  of  the  human 
passions,  that  his  conjectures  about  futurity 
seem  almost  prophetical.  Some  attribute  to 
him  a  treatise  against  the  republic  of  Venice, 
though  Velser  is  supposed  to  be  the  author. 

Cuff,  Henry,  a  celebrated  wit,  unfortu- 
nate for  his  connexion  with  Essex,  was  bora 
at  Hinton  St.  George,  Somersetshire,  1560. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  became  fellow  ;  but  a  joke  upon 
the  well  known  humorous  dishonesty  of  its 
founder  drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of 
the  president,  and  he  was  ejected  from  the 
society.  His  merit,  however,  was  so  univer- 
sally known,  that  he  was  admitted  at  Mer- 
ton,  and  two  years  after,  1588,  was  elected 
one  of  its  fellows.  He  was  afterwards  Greek 
professor  and  proctor  of  the  university;  and 
then  travelled  abroad  to  improve  himself 
for  some  active  scene  of  life.  His  many 
qualifications,  and  the  interest  of  his  friends, 
recommended  him  at  last  to  the  earl  of  Es- 
sex, whose  secretary  and  confidant  he  be- 
came. This  proved  a  most  fatal  engagement. 
When  Essex  was  condemned,  he  accused 
CufF  as  being  the  author  of  his  misfortunes, 
and  sir  Henry  Neville  confirmed  afterwards 
the  accusation,  in  consequence  of  which  the 
wretched  secretary,  perhaps  no  otherwise 
guilty  than  as  the  tool  of  ahold  and  ambitious 
favorite,  was  arraigned,  and,  though  he  de- 


cu 


cu 


fended  himself  with  great  animation,  he  was 
condemned,  and  executed  at  Tyburn  30th 
March  1G01.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing and  genius,  and  though  his  memory  has 
been  censured  by  Bacon,  Wotton,  and  even 
by  his  friend  Camden,  he  had  some  amiable 
qualities.  He  wrote  a  curious  philosophical 
piece,  which  appeared  1607,  called  the  dif- 
ferences of  the  ages  of  man's  life,  together 
with  the  original  causes,  progress,  and  end 
thereof,  8vo. 

Cugnieres,  Peter  de,  an  upright  magis- 
trate, advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris 
in  1329,  who  supported  the  rights  of  Philip 
Valois  against  the  clergy. 

Cujacius,  James,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
horn  at  Toulouse  1520.  He  was  of  mean 
origin  ;  but  the  greatness  of  his  genius  com- 
pensated for  his  obscurity,  and  by  his  inde- 
fatigable industry,  without  the  assistance  of 
a  master,  he  made  himself  perfect  in  the 
knowledge  of  Greek  and  Latin  literature, 
and  particularly  in  civil  law.  He  was  meanly 
refused  the  professor's  chair  in  his  native 
town ;  but  his  abilities  attracted  pupils  from 
every  country ;  and  to  his  superior  talents  in 
education,  France  owed  the  ablest  and  the 
most  expert  of  her  lawyers  and  magistrates. 
He  settled  at  Cahors,  and  afterwards  at  Bour- 
ges,  which  he  would  not  quit,  though  honored 
by  the  king  of  France,  aud  invited  to  Turin  by 
the  duke  of  Savoy,  and  to  Bologna  by  pope 
Gregory  XIII.  He  was  so  kind  to  his  pupils, 
and  so  communicative  and  familiar,  that  he 
was  called  the  father  of  his  scholars.  He 
died  at  Bourges  1590.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished at  Paris,  10  vols.  fol.  1659,  by  Fabrot. 

Cullen,  William,  the  celebrated  physi- 
cian, was  born  in  Lanerkshire,  and  served 
his  time  with  a  surgeon  and  apothecary  at 
Glasgow,  and  then  went  as  surgeon  in  a  ves- 
sel from  London  to  the  West-Indies.  On 
his  return  he  settled  at  Shotts,  and  after- 
wards at  Hamilton,  where  an  accidental  in- 
troduction to  the  duke  of  Hamilton  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  advancement.  By  the  ad- 
vice of  his  patron  he  removed  to  Glasgow, 
where  he  obtained  an  appointment  in  the 
university.  It  was  about  this  time  that  he 
had  formed  an  intimacy  and  partnership  with 
William  Hunter,  afterwards  equally  cele- 
brated. In  1740  Cullen  took  his  degree  of 
M.D.  and  in  174f>  he  was  appointed  lecturer 
in  chemistry  at  Glasgow,  and  in  1751  was 
nominated  king's  professor  of  medicine. 
His  practice  was  now  very  extensive,  and  his 
reputation  as  a  lecturer  proved  by  the  in- 
creasing number  of  his  pupils.  In  1756  he 
was  invited  by  the  university  of  Edinburgh 
to  the  vacant  chair  of  chemistry,  and  in  this 
new  office  he  displayed  such  powers,  and 
such  knowledge,  that  an  opposition  was  rais- 
ed agaijist  him  by  those  whoenvied  his  fame, 
and  could  not  rival  his  abilities.  His  charac- 
ter, however,  became  more  respectable 
from  opposition;  the  mildness  of  his  man- 
ners recommended  him  not  less  than  his 
professional  knowledge;  and  so  well  estab- 
lished was  his  merit  that  he  was  made  profes- 
sor of  medicme  by  the  magistrates  of  Edin- 
VOL.  I.  51 


burgh,  on  the  deals  of  Dr.  Alston,  in  170.5. 
He  published  the  lectures  which  he  deliver- 
ed, in  consequence  o(  the  appearance  of  a 
surreptitious  copy.  He  at  last  resigned  his 
office  to  Dr.  Black,  in  consequenoe  of  his 
growing  infirmities,  though  he  afterwards 
joined  Dr.  Gregory  as  candidate  for  giving 
lectures  on  the  practice  of  physic.  These 
illustrious  coadjutors  lectured  alternately, 
till  the  death  of  Dr.  Gregory,  and  theu  Dr. 
Cullen  succeeded  to  the  care  of  all  the  pu- 
pils, which  he  continued  to  do  till  within  a 
few  months  of  his  death.  He  died  11th  Oc- 
tober 1790.  He  married  miss  Johnston,  the 
daughter  of  a  clergyman,  by  whom  he  had 
a  numerous  family.  She  died  1786.  His 
other  works  were,  line*  of  physic,  4  vols. 
8vo. — synopsis  nosologia:  methodical,  2  vols. 
8.VO. — a  treatise  on  the  recovery  of  drowned 
persons,  kc.  Svo. 

Cullum,  sir  John,  was  born  21st  June 
1733,  and  educated  at  Bury  school  and  Cath- 
arine-hall, Cambridge,  of  which  he  became 
fellow.  He  died  at  Hardwicke-house,  9th 
October  1785,  rector  of  Great  Thurlow, 
Suffolk,  and  member  of  the  royal  and  anti- 
quarian societies.  He  published  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  Hawsted,  Suffolk. 

Culmer,  Richard,  a  violent  fanatic,  edu- 
cated atMagdalen  college,  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  his  master's  degree.  He  was 
expelled  from  the  living  of  Goodneston,  in 
Kent,  for  refusing  to  read  the  book  of  sports, 
and  then  became  lecturer  at  Canterbury, 
and  was  afterwards  employed  by  the  parlia- 
ment in  breaking  down  and  defacing  images, 
pictures,  Sec.  from  all  places  of  worship.  In 
his  indiscriminating  zeal,  he  demolished  the 
beautiful  painted  window  of  Canterbury  ca- 
thedral, of  which  he  gave  an  account:  and 
for  his  meritorious  services  in  the  cause  of 
republicanism  he  was  promoted  to  the  va- 
cant living  of  Minster  in  Kent,  from  which 
he  was  ejected  at  the  restoration.  He  was  a 
most  abusive  and  litigious  character,  and 
from  his  fondness  for  fighting  he  was  called 
the  blue-skin  Dick. 

Cui.peper,  Nicholas,  son  of  a  clergy- 
man of  that  name,  after  a  few  years  spent 
at  Cambridge,  was  bound  to  an  apothecurv. 
He  engaged  himself  deeply  in  the  study  of 
astrology,  of  which  he  became  professor.  He 
died  in  Spital-fields  1654.  He  wrote  several 
books,  the  best  known  of  which  is  his  "her- 
bal," in  which  he  describes  the  good  and 
bad  qualities  of  plants,  as  if  by  casting  their 
nativities. 

Cumberland,  Richard,  a  learned  pre- 
late, son  of  a  citizen  of  London,  where  he 
was  born  July  15,  1632.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  school  and  Magdalen  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  became  fellow.  He 
took  his  degree  of  M.A.  1656,  and  two  years 
after  he  was  presented  to  Brampton  rectory, 
Northamptonshire.  He  was  drawn  from 
his  solitude,  in  which  he  diligently  discharged 
all  the  pastoral  duties,  by  the  elevation  oi 
his  friend  Orlando  Bridgman  to  the  seals, 
1607,  from  whom  he  received  the  living  ot 
AJl-haJJows,    Stamford.      He  published    i?. 


1672,  his  work  de  legibus  naturse  disquisitio 
philosophica,  &c.  which  has  been  translated 
into  English  by  Tyrrel  and  by  Maxwell.  This 
performance  greatly  raised  his  reputation 
for  science  and  for  knowledge ;  and  he  was 
further  distinguished  for  the  exercises  which 
he  performed  when  he  took  his  degree  of 
D.D.  in  1680.  In  1686  he  published  his  essay 
on  Jewish  measures  and  weights,  a  work  of 
great  merit,  and  full  of  accurate  calculation. 
In  1691  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Peterbo- 
rough by  William,  without  solicitation  or  in- 
terest, but  merely  from  the  eminence  of 
his  learning,  his  exemplary  manners,  and  his 
strong  attachment  to  the  protestant  faith. 
In  his  episcopal  duties  he  was  indefatigably 
vigilant,  observing  to  his  friends  who  dissuad- 
ed from  exertions  which  might  injure  his 
heakh,  "  that  he  Avould  fulfil  his  duties  as 
long  as  he  could,  and  that  a  man  had  better 
wear  out  than  rust  out."  Some  part  of  his 
time,  however  was  devoted  to  literature,  he 
was  a  sound  mathematician,  well  acquainted 
with  oriental  learning,  and  perfectly  inform- 
ed in  all  the  branches  of  science  and  philoso- 
phy. In  his  pursuits  to  discover  the  true 
causes  of  idolatry,  he  paid  great  attention  to 
the  shattered  Phoenician  history  of  Sancho- 
niathon  ;  but  though  great  labor  was  bestow- 
ed on  the  subject,  and  a  book  prepared  for 
the  press,  his  bookseller  objected,  on  account 
of  the  times,  to  the  publication,  which  was 
deferred  till  after  his  death,  when  his  son-in- 
law,  Mr.  Payne,  gave  to  the  world,  in  1720, 
his  Sanchoniathon's  Phoenician  history,  from 
Eusebius'  prsepar.  evangel.  &c.  and  in  1724, 
his  second  work,  his  origines  gentium  anti- 
quissimce.  The  bishop  lived  to  a  good  old 
age,  and  to  the  last  retained  the  great  pow- 
ers of  his  mind.  He  died  October  9,  1718, 
in  his  87th  year,  in  consequence  of  a  violent 
attack  of  the  palsy,  which  proved  immedi- 
ately fatal, 
dral. 

Cumberland,  William  duke  of,  second 
son  of  George  II.  was  born  1721.  He  was 
at  the  battle  of  Dettingen  with  his  father, 
and  distinguished  himself  so  much,  that  at 
the  battle  of  Fontenoy  he  might  have  in- 
sured a  most  glorious  victory,  had  he  been 
ably  supported  by  the  Dutch  troops.  His 
next  services  were  the  defeat  of  the  pre- 
tender at  the  battle  of  Culloden,  1746,  for 
which  he  was  highly  applauded  by  the  par- 
liament,and  by  the  nation.  In  174/  he  lost 
the  battle  of  Val,  by  the  hesitating  assist- 
ance of  the  Dutch      He  died  1765. 

Cumberland,  Henry  Frederic  duke  of, 
son  of  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales,  was  cre- 
ated duke  in  1766,  and  in  1771  married  Anne 
Horton,  daughter  of  lord  Carhampton,  and 
widow  of  Mr.  Horton.  This  union  was  the 
cause  of  the  royal  marriage  act.  He  was 
grand  master  of  the  free  masons,  and  died 
September  1790,  aged  45. 

Cuming,  William,  an  eminent  physician, 
born  at  Edinburgh  1714,  and  educated  at 
the  high  school  and  university  of  that  city. 
After  residing -some  time  at  Paris  and  Ley- 
de!n,  he  came  to  London,  from  whence  he 


CU 

removed  to  Dorchester.  In  this  situation,- 
from  which  he  refused  to  retire  for  the 
more  extensive  practice  of  London,  he  soon 
gained  universal  reputation,  and  recom- 
mended himself  to  his  patients  as  well  by  the 
gentleness  of  his  manners  and  his  probity 
as  by  his  learning  and  his  skilful  manage- 
ment of  diseases.  Though  he  did  not  com- 
mit any  thing  to  the  press,  he  was  particularly 
attentive  to  assist  his  friend*,  among  whom 
Mr.  Hutchins,  the  historian  of  Dorsetshire, 
has  paid  very  handsome  and  deserved  com- 
pliments to  his  abilities  and  kind  assiduity. 
Dr.  Cuming  was  afflicted  with  great  weak- 
ness in  his  eyes,  which,  though  it  lessened, 
did  not  damp,  his  pursuits  after  knowledge. 
He  was  fellow  of  the  London  and  Edinburgh 
societies  of  antiquarians,  and  he  was  also 
fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians.  He  died 
of  a  dropsy,  25th  March  1788,  aged  74. 

Cun^us,  Peter,  a  learned  lawyer,  profes- 
sor at  Leyden,  was  born  at  Flushing  1586. 
He  was  educated  for  the  church ;  but  the  ran- 
cor of  the  theological  disputes  of  the  times 
disgusted  him,  and  he  applied  himself  to 
belles  lettres  and  to  the  law.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  learning,  and  deservedly  commended 
by  Vossius,  Casaubon,  Scaliger,  and  others. 
He  died  1638.  He  wrote,  among  other  valu- 
able works,  de  republica  Hebrceorum— satira 
Menippsea,  in  sui  sa:culi  homines  inepte  eru- 
ditos — remarks  on  Nonius'  Dionysiaca — a 
translation  of  Julian's  Csesars,  &c. 

Cunegonde,  daughter  of  Sigefroi  count 
of  Luxembourg,  married  the  emperor  Henry 
II.  by  whom  she  had  no  children.  Some  his- 
torians accuse  her  of  incontinence,  while 
others  regard  her  as  ill  treated  by  her  hus- 
band, after  whose  death,  in  1024,  she  retired 
to  a  monastery. 


Cunningham,  William,  a  physician, 
who,  as  bishop  Tanner!informs  us,  resided  in 
He  was  buried  in  his  own  cathe-  Coleman-street,  London.  He  lived  at  Nor- 
wich about  1559;  but,  in  1563,  was  a  public 
lecturer  in  Surgeons'  hall,  London.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  learning  as  an  astronomer  and 
physician,  and  was  equally  eminent  as  an  in- 
genious engraver  on  copper 

Cunitia,  Maria,  a  learned  lady  in  the 
17th  century,  born  in  Silesia.  She  possessed 
a  perfect  knowledge  of  ancient  and  modern, 
languages,  but  particularly  excelled  in  mathe- 
matics and  astronomy,  on  which  she  wrote 
some  ingenious  treatises,  especially  her  Ura- 
nia propitia,  in  1650,  in  Latin  and  German, 
dedicated  to  the  emperor  Ferdinand  III. 
This  work  contains  astronomical  tables,  calcu- 
lated on  Kepler's  hypothesis,  and  displays 
her  powers  as  a  scholar  and  mathematician 
to  have  been  very  great  and  most  respectable. 
She  married  a  physician,  Elias  de  Lewin, 
and  died  at  Pistehen  1664,  much  regretted 
as  a  person  of  science,  and  highly  beloved  as 
a  woman  of  an  amiable  character. 

Cunningham,  Alexander,  a  Scotch  his- 
torian, born  atEttrick,  near  Selkirk,  in  1654. 
He  was  educated  in  Holland,  where  no  doubt 
he  imbibed  all  the  principles  of  government 
then  fashionable,  and  where  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  fugitive  lords  Sutherland 


and  Argyle.  He  came  over  with  William  at 
the  revolution,  and  maintained  an  intimacy 
with  the  most  popular  members  of  govern- 
ment. He  was  for  many  years  employed  as 
travelling  tutor  to  lord  Hyndford  and  his  bro- 
ther William,  and  afterwards  to  lord  Lome, 
and  viscount  Lonsdale  ;  and  during  his  visits 
to  the  courts  on  the  continent,  he  had  the 
means  of  making  important  observations  on 
the  manners  and  politics  of  various  countries, 
which  he  communicated  in  confidence  to  the 
king  and  to  his  ministers.  To  this  may  be 
attributed  the  vast  information  which  he 
manifests  in  his  writings,  and  the  great  mili- 
tary knowledge  which  he  displays,  and  which 
he  derived  from  the  friendship  of  his  pupil 
lord  Lome,  afterwards  so  famous  as  John 
duke  of  Argyle.  At  the  accession  of  George 
I.  Cunningham,  by  the  partiality  of  his  friends, 
Argyle,  Sunderland,  and  Walpole,  was  sent 
as  envoy  to  the  Venetian  repubJic,  where  he 
resided  five  years,  till  1720.  He  afterwards 
lived  in  studious  retirement,  respected  as  a 
politician  and  as  a  man  of  letters.  From  an 
inscription  in  St.  Martin's  church  over  an 
Alexander  Cunningham,  supposed  to  be  his, 
he  died  15th  May  1737,  in  the  83d  year  of 
his  age.  His  history  of  Great  Britain,  from 
the  revolution  to  the  accession  of  George  I. 
appeared  in  2  vols.  4to.  1787,  translated  into 
English  from  the  Latin  manuscript,  by  Dr. 
W.  Thomson.  The  work  had  passed  into 
the  hands  of  Dr.  Hollingberry,  and  was  re- 
commended, from  its  valuable  contents,  for 
publication,  by  lord  Hardwicke  and  Dr. 
Douglas  bishop  of  Salisbury.  It  is  indeed  a 
work  of  merit,  and  it  relates  the  particulars 
of  an  important  period  with  accuracy,  spirit, 
and  impartiality  ;  though,  in  the  drawing  of 
some  characters,  especially  that  of  Burnet, 
the  author  shows  himself  prejudiced  and  un- 
candid.  To  our  author  some  have  likewise 
attributed  the  celebrated  criticisms  on  Ho- 
race, 2  vols.  8vo.  1721,  and  those  posthumous 
remarks  on  Virgil  published  1742;  but  by 
those  who  have  examined  the  matter  with 
great  care  and  nicety,  the  matter  is  left 
doubtful.  It  appears,  indeed,  that  the  histo- 
rian and  the  critic  were  both  of  the  same 
name,  both  Scotch,  both  lived  in  the  same 
times,  both  educated  in  Holland,  both  emi- 
nent for  their  skill  in  the  game  of  chess,  both 
employed  as  travelling  tutors,  and  both  at- 
tained to  an  advanced  age.  The  coincidence 
is  so  remarkable,  that  the  character  should 
be  considered  as  belonging  solely  to  the  Ve- 
netian envoy,  whose  learning  was  adequate 
to  the  most  refined  criticism,  and  the  deep- 
est observations  on  ancient  times  and  man- 
ners. 

Cunningham,  John,  son  of  a  wine-mer- 
chant in  Dublin,  displayed  early  evidences  of 
poetical  genius.  At  17  he  wrote  his  "love 
in  a  mist,  or  the  lass  of  spirit ;"  from  which 
Garrick  drew  the  prominent  features  of  his 
"lying  varlet."  He  was  for  several  years  of 
his  life  engaged  as  a  strolling  player,  in  the 
north  of  England  and  in  Scotland.  He  set- 
tled at  last  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  a  place 
to  which  he  was  very  partial,  and  where  he 
4ied  18th  September  1773,  aged  42. 


CU 

Cbny,  Lewis  Anthony,  a  Jesuit  of  Lan- 
gres,  who  died  1755.  He  is  known  by  three 
funeral  orations,  on  the  dauphin  of  France, 
the  queen  of  Poland,  and  cardinal  Rohan. 

Cupano,  Francis,  a  Sicilian  ecclesiastic, 
who  published,  in  1667,  a  catalogue  of  the 
plants  of  Sicily,  and  also  a  valuable  history  of 
the  island. 

Cuperus,  Gisbert,  professor  of  history 
and  burgomaster  of  Daventer,  was  born  at 
Hemmen,  in  Gueldres,  1644.  He  died  at 
Daventer  1716.  He  wrote  observationcs  criti- 
ticse  et  chronologic^,  3  vols.  4to. — apotheosis 
Homeri,  4to. — history  of  the  three  Gor- 
dians — a  collection  of  letters. 

Curjeus,  Joachim,  a  German  physician, 
born  in  Silesia.  He  improved  himself  great- 
ly by  travelling,  and  died  1573,  aged  41.  He 
wrote,  in  Latin,  the  annals  of  Silesia  and 
Breslau,  in  folio. 

Cdrcell«us,  Stephen,  an  eminent  di- 
vine, born  at  Geneva,  died  Hi  Amsterdam 
1658,  aged  72  After  residing  some  time  in. 
PYance,  he  settled  at  Amsterdam,  where  he 
was  followed  by  the  Arminians,  and  where 
he  succeeded  Episcopius  as  divinity  profes- 
sor. He  was  an  able  critic  and  a  great  lin-» 
guist,  and  wrote  several  theological  tracts. 
He  published  a  new  edition  of  the  Greek  tes- 
tament, with  various  readings,  and  with  a  co- 
pious dissertation,  in  which  he  properly  ob- 
serves, that  none  of  the  readings  affect  in  the 
least  degree  the  articles  of  faith.  Polemburg, 
the  successor  of  CurcellKus  in  the  professor's 
chair,  has  prefixed  an  account  of  his  life  to 
the  folio  edition  of  his  works. 

Curio,  an  orator  of  Rome,  who  called 
Csesar  the  man  of  all  the  women  and  the 
woman  of  all  the  men.  His  son  was  aJso 
eminent  as  an  orator,  and  as  the  friend  of 
Cassar. 

Curio,  Cojlius  Secundus,  was  born  at  San 
Chirieo,  in  Piedmont.  His  abjuration  of  the 
Romish  religion,  for  the  tenets  of  Luther, 
exposed  him  to  the  persecution  of  the  catho- 
lics, and  he  was  seized  and  confined  in  the 
prison  of  Turin,  by  the  bishop.  He  however 
escaped  from  his  enemies,  and  fied-to  Salo 
and  Pavia;  but  the  influence  of  the  pope  still 
pei-secuted  him  over  Italy,  till  he  took  re- 
luge  at  Lausanne,  in  Switzerland,  where  he 
became  principal  of  the  college.  He  after- 
wards removed  to  Basil,  where  for  twenty- 
two  years,  till  his  death,  15G9,  at  the  age  of 
67,  he  continued  respectably  to  fill  the  chair 
of  eloquence  and  belles  lettres.  His  work, 
"  de  amplitudine  beati  regni  Dei,"  1550,  in 
8vo.  is  a  curious  composition.  He  wrote  be- 
sides, "  oposcula,"  8vo. — letters — Calvinus 
judaisans,  inc. 

Curius,  Dcntatas  Marcus  Annius,  a  Ro- 
man consul,  distinguished  in  the  wars  against 
Pyrrhus.  He  preferred  poverty  to  riches, 
and  rejected  with  disdain  the  offers  of  the 
Samnitcs,  who  solicited  him  with  large  bribes, 
about  B.  C.  272. 

Curl,  Edmund,  a  bookseller,  whose  name 
has  obtained  immortality  in  Pope's  Dunciad. 
He  was  born  in  the  west  of  England,  and, 
from  'ow  beginnings,  kept  a  shop   in  the 


cl- 


ou 


neighbourhood  of  Covent  garden,  where  the 
hooks  he  published  were  general!}-  enlarged 
by  wretched  notes,  forged  letters,  and  bad 
plates.  He  lost  his  ears  for  publishing  "  the 
nun  in  her  smock,"  and  other  licentious  pie- 
ces.    He  died  1748. 

CuroPalate,  John,  an  officer  in  the 
household  of  the  Greek  emperor  of  that 
name.  He  wrote  a  Greek  history  from  the 
time  of  Michael  Curopalate  to  the  reign  of 
Alexius,  from  813  to  1081.  This  work  has 
been  most  shamefully  pillaged  by  Cedrenus, 
who  wrote  an  abridged  history  from  the  be- 
ginning of  the  world  to  the  reign  of  Isaac 
Commenus.  Syncellus,  Theophanes,  and 
others,  have  also  borrowed  from  him. 

Curradi,  Francesco,  an  Italian  painter, 
■who  died  1660,  aged  90.  He  was  very  cor- 
rect in  his  historical  pieces,  and  had  a  per- 
fect knowledge  of  the  chiaro-obscuro. 

Currie,  James,  an  eminent  physician. 
He  was  born,  1756,  at  Kirkpatrick-FIeruing, 
Dumfrieshire,  and,  after  receiving  a  proper 
education  at  Dumfries  school,  he  was  sent  to 
Virginia  in  a  commercial  capacity.  The  in- 
tricacies of  commercial  business,  however, 
had  no  attraction  for  him,  and  he  returned 
with  eagerness  to  study  medicine  at  Edin- 
burgh, where,  after  three  years'  residence, 
he  took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  He  settled  at 
Liverpool,  and  acquired  deserved  celebrity, 
not  only  from  his  practice,  but  the  candor 
and  benevolence  of  his  heart,  his  classical 
taste,  and  his  general  information.  He  af- 
terwards removed  to  Bath,  on  account  of  ill 
health,  and  died  at  Sidmouth,  Devonshire, 
3lst  August  1805.  Dr.  Currie  was  well 
known  as  the  author  of  a  letter,  commercial 
and  political,  to  Mr.  Pitt,  published  under 
the  assumed  name  of  Jasper  Wilson,  1793, 
which  passed  through  several  editions,  and 
attracted  much  of  the  public  attention  from 
its  own  merits,  and  from  the  answers  which 
were  made  to  it.  Besides  his  medical  re- 
ports on  the  effects  of  water,  cold  and  warm, 
as  a  remedy  in  febrile  diseases,  8vo.  1797, 
with  an  additional  volume  1804,  he  wrote 
some  valuable  papers  in  the  Manchester 
transactions,  the  collections  of  the  London 
medical  society,  and  the  philosophical  trans- 
actions. He  also  edited  Burns'  poems  in 
1800,  with  a  pleasing  account  of  the  poet's 
life,  and  a  learned  criticism  on  his  writings. 

Cur  son,  or  Co  rceone,  Robert,  an  Eng- 
lishman, who  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris. 
He  became  chancellor  of  Paris  university, 
and  was  made  a  cardinal  by  Innocent  III.  in 
1212,  He  was  active  in  preaching  the  cru- 
sades, and  died  at  Damietta  1218.  He  wrote 
on  the  question,  whether  Origen  be  saved  or 
not.     The  work  is  now  lost. 

Curtius,  Martius,  a  Roman,  who  is  said 
to  have  sacrificed  his  life  for  the  good  of  his 
country,  by  leaping  into  a  gulf,  which  could 
close  only  when  Rome  had  thrown  into  it 
whatever  she  held  most  precious,  about  362 
B.  C 

Curtius,  Quint.  Rufus,  a  Roman  histo- 
rian, whose  life  of  Alexander  the  great,  in  10 
books,  is  much  aduA"ed.     The  age  in  which 


I  he  lived  is  not  accurately  ascertained,  though 
some  place  him  in  the  reign  of  Trajan. 

Cusa,  Nicholas  de,  a  cardinal,  born  at  Cu- 
sa,  of  mean  parentage.  His  great  merit,  and 
his  extensive  knowledge  of  law  and  of  divinity, 
recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  pope 
Nicholas  V.  who  made  him  a  cardinal  1448, 
and  bishop  of  Brixia  two  years  after.  He  was 
sent  by  the  pope  to  Germany  as  legate,  in 
1451,  to  preach  the  crusades  against  the 
Turks,  in  which  he  was  unsuccessful.  He 
died  at  Todi,  in  Umbria,  1464,  aged  63.  His 
works,  which  were  numerous  and  valu- 
able were  collected  and  printed  in  three 
vols.  Basil,  1565.  They  contain,  besides  con- 
troversial and  metaphysical  tracts,  some  geo- 
graphical and  astronomical  pieces,  and  Cri- 
bratio  alcorani,  a  treatise  intended  against 
the  spreading  of  Mahomet's  doctrines  after 
the  fall  of  Constantinople. 

Cuspinian,  John,  a  German,  who  was 
born  at  Sweinfurt,  and  died  at  Vienna  1529, 
aged  56.  He  was  physician  to  the  emperor 
Maximilian  I.  by  whom  he  was  employed  in 
some  important  negotiations.  He  wrote  a 
learned  Latin  history  of  the  Roman  empe- 
rora  from  Julius  Csesar  to  the  death  of  Max- 
imilian I. — a  history  of  Austria — a  history  of 
the  Turks,  and  of  their  cruelty  towards  the 
Christians. 

Cussay,  N.  governor  of  Angers,  is  known 
for  his  noble  reply  to  the  duke  of  Guise,  who 
had  ordered  the  protestants  of  Anjou  to  be 
massacred  on  the  fatal  day  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew. "  Tell  the  king,"  answered  he,  "  that 
my  fellow  citizens  are  brave  and  loyal,  but 
not  assassins." 

Custines,  Adam  Philippe  count  de,  was 
born  at  Metz  4th  February  1740,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  seven  years'  war. 
In  the  American  war  he  assisted  the  revolt- 
ed colonies  at  the  head  of  his  regiment,  and 
in  the  national  assembly  he  espoused  warmly 
the  popular  party.  When  placed  in  the 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine,  he  took 
the  cities  of  Spires,  Mentz,  Frankfort,  &c. 
but  a  reverse  of  fortune  obliged  him  to  fall 
back.  Want  of  success  was  in  theeyesof  a  jea- 
lous tribunal  considered  as  treason,  and  Cus- 
tines perished  on  the  scaffold  27th  Aug.  1793. 
He  was  weak  in  his  conduct,  proud  in  pros- 
perity, but  a  coward  in  adversity.  His  son, 
with  greater  firmness  than  his  father,  met 
the  stroke  of  the  guillotine  3d  January  1794, 
aged  25. 

Cuthbert,  an  English  saint,  born  in  the 
north,  and  educated  by  the  Scottish  monks 
in  the  abbey  of  Icolmkill.  He  settled  in  the 
island  of  Lindisferna,  four  miles  from  Ber- 
wick, now  called  Holy-island  ;  from  whence 
he  came  to  the  court  of  Egfred  king  of  Nor- 
thumberland, whom,  with  many  of  his  nobles, 
he  converted  to  Christianity,  and  baptized. 
He  was  made  bishop  of  the  Northumbrian 
Saxons;  but,  from  his  fondness  for  solitude, 
he  retired  to  Holy-island,  where  he  found- 
ed a  monastery,  and  where  he  died  686, 
leaving  behind  him  a  great  number  of  pupds,, 
and  a  deserved  character  of  sanctity,  virtue, 
and  devotion. 


fcY 


CY 


Cutts,  Jolin  lord,  was  born  of  an  ancient 
family  at  Matching,  in  Essex,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  wars  of  William  III. 
He  was  early  in  the  service  of  Monmouth,  I 
and  signalized  himself  greatly,  under  the  | 
duke  of  Lorraine,  in  Hungary,  and  at  the  ta- 
king of  Buda  by  the  imperialists.  At  the 
revolution,  he  had  a  regiment  of  foot,  was 
created  baron  in  Ireland  1690,  governor  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight  1693,  and  complimented  by 
Hopkins  as  one  to  whom  a  double  crown  was 
due,  as  a  hero  and  a  poet.  On  queen  Anne's 
accession  he  was  made  lieutenant  general 
of  the  forces  in  Holland,  commander  of  the 
forces  in  Ireland  in  1705,  and  afterwards  one 
of  the  lords  justices  of  that  kingdom;  an  ap- 
pointment which  broke  hi6  heart,  because  it 
vemoved  him  intentionally  out  of  the  sphere 
of  active  enterprise.  He  died  at  Dublin 
26th  of  January  1707,  and  was  buried  in 
Christ-church  cathedral.  He  wrote  a  poem 
on  queen  Mary's  death,  and  published,  1687, 
poetical  exercises,  written  on  several  occa- 
sions— a  poem  on  wisdom — another  on  Wal- 
ler. The  poetry,  though  not  deserving  to 
rank  very  high,  yet  possesses  merit,  and  jus- 
tifies the  praises  of  Waller  and  others. 

Cvaxares  I.  king  of  the  Medes  after 
Phra«rtes,  died  585  B.  C. 

Cyaxares  II.  king  of  Media,  is  supposed 
to  be  the  famous  Darius,  who  died  536  B.  C. 
Cygne,  Martin  du,a  learned  Jesuit,  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence,  born  at  St.  Omer,  died 
1669,  aged  50.  He  wrote  explanatio  rheto- 
rics— ars  metrica  et  ars  poetica — fons  elo- 
quentise,  &c.  4  vols.  12mo. — comiedis  12  cum 
Tcrent.  turn  Plaut.  concinnatte,  2  vols.  12mo. 
Cynjegirus,  an  Athenian,  who  at  the 
battle  of  Marathon,  pursued  the  flying  Per- 
sians to  their  ships,  and  in  swimming  after 
them  had  both  his  arms  and  his  head  cut  off. 
Cyneas,  a  Thessalian  philosopher,  who 
accompanied  Pyrrhus  in  his  invasion  of  Italy. 
He  called  the  Roman  senate  an  assembly  of 
kings. 

Cyprian,  Thascius  Cxcilius,  one  of  the 
fathers  of  the  church,  born  at  Carthage. 
He  was  bishop  of  Carthage,  and  suffered 
martyrdom  258.  He  wrote  some  valuable 
works,  edited  by  Dr.  Fell,  and  translated  in- 
to English  by  Marshall. 

Cypriani,  or  Cipriani,  an  Italian 
painter,  who  settled  in  England,  and  died  in 
London  1785.  He  possessed  great  merit  in 
his  profession,  and  his  pieces  spread  over 
Europe  by  the  graver  of  Bartolozzi,  are  well 
known  and  admired  for  grace,  beauty,  and 
expression.  In  private  life  he  was  highly 
and  deservedly  esteemed  for  his  many"  tal- 
ents and  virtues.  His  son  inherited  his  vir- 
tues. 
Cyrano,    Bergerac,   a   French   author, 


born  in  Gaseony  1620.  He  early  entered 
the  army,  where  his  valor  distinguished  him. 
in  the  field  as  well  as  in  duelling,  and  pro- 
cured him  the  appellation  of  the  intrepid. 
He  was  shot  through  the  body  at  the  siege 
of  Mouzon,  and  run  through  the  neck  at 
that  of  Arras  in  1G40  ;  but  his  prospects  of 
promotion  were  so  small,  compared  to  the 
dangers  and  difficulties  to  which  he  exposed 
himself,  that  he  abandoned  the  army,  to 
wield  the  pen  of  wit  and  poetry.  Though 
fond  of  independence  and  liberty,  he  attached 
himself  to  marshal  Gassion,  and  afterwards 
to  the  duke  of  Arpajon.  He  died  in  1655, 
aged  35,  in  consequence  of  a  blow  received 
on  the  head  by  the  fall  of  a  piece  of  timber. 
His  works  consist  of  a  tragedy  on  the  death 
of  Agrippina,  mother  of  Germanicus — the' 
pedant,  a  comedy — besides  a  comic  history 
of  the  states  and  empires  of  the  sun  and  of 
the  moon letters dialogues and  frag- 
ments of  physics,  &c.  He  abounded  in  wit 
and  humor,  he  wrote  with  great  facility,  and 
interwove  in  his  philosophical  romance  the 
system  of  Des  Cartes.  In  many  parts,  from, 
his  fine  strokes  of  satire  on  the  wild  inqui- 
ries of  the  philosophers  of  the  age,  he  has, 
says  lord  Orrery,  directed  the  plan  which 
Swift  afterwards  pursued. 

Cyril  of  Jerusalem,  one  of  the  fathers, 
who  was  bishop  of  Jerusalem.  He  died  386, 
author  of  some  works. 

Cyril  of  Alexandria,  bishop  of  that  see, 
died  444.  He  was  violent  in  his  measures  to 
banish  the  Jews  and  Novalians  from  Alex- 
andria ;  and  wrote  various  works,  edited  at 
Paris,  7  vols.  fol. 

Cyri  ll,  Lucar,  was  born  in  Candia  1572, 
and  educated  at  Padua  and  in  Germany. 
He  was  made  bishop  of  Alexandria,  and  af- 
terwards, 1621,  patriarch  of  Constantinople. 
He  was  deposed,  for  his  attempts  to  reforru 
his  clergy,  and  at  last  was  strangled,  by  or- 
der of  the  grand  signior,  in  1638.  His  con- 
fession of  faith  and  his  letters  were  publish- 
ed, Amsterdam,  1718. 

Cyrus,  the  elder,  king  of  Persia,  was  son 
ofMandane,  the  daughter  of  Asty ages.  He 
dethroned  his  grandfather,  established  the 
Persian  empire,  and  was  at  last  killed  in  the 
battle  against  Tomyris  queen  of  the  Massa- 
getx,  B.  C.  530. 

Cyrus,  the  younger,  son  ofDarius,  revol- 
ted against  his  brother  Artaxerxes,  and  was 
defeated  by  him  in  the  plains  of  Cunaxa, 
401.  Had  he  not  been  too  rash,  he  might 
have  obtained  the  victory.  The  retreat  of 
the  10,000  Greeks  who  accompanied  him  is 
celebrated  in  ancient  history. 

Cyrus,  a  Latin  poet,  in  the  reign  of  the 
younger  Theodosius.  He  afterwards  be- 
came a  Christian  and  bishop  of  Phrygia. 


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DAC,  John,  a  German  painter,  born  at 
Cologne  1556,  and  employed  by  the 
emperor  Rodolpb,  who  rewarded  his  great 
abilities  with  honors  and  with  opulence. 
His  pictures  are  all  in  a  grand  style. 

Dacier,  Andrew,  a  French  philosopher 
and  critie,  born  at  Castres,  in  Upper  Lan- 
guedoc,  6th  April  1651.  His  parents  were 
protectants,  and  he  was  educated  at  Castres, 
■<i\\d  Puylonsens,  but  chiefly  at  Saumur,  un- 
der the  celebrated  T-naquil  Faber,  whose 
daughter  he  married.  At  Paris  he  was  re- 
commended to  the  duke  of  Mantausier,  and 
was  placed  in  the  Dumb  .  I  ihose  who  were 
to  publish  the  classics  for  the  use  of  the 
young  dauphin.  His  first  work  was  the  edi- 
tion of  Pompeius  Festus,  4to.  1681,  greatly- 
improved  in  the  edition  of  1699.  His  Ho- 
race, with  a  French  translation,  appeared  in 
1681,  in  10  vols.  12mo.  and  lias  frequently 
been  reprinted.  He  next  published  St.  An- 
astasius'  contemplations,  with  notes  and  a 
Latin  translation,  in  1682.  The  next  year 
he  married  Faher's  daughter  ;  and,  in  16S5, 
he  with  her  abjured  the  protestant  religion. 
He  published  nothing  afterwards  till  1691, 
when  his  -moral  reflections  of  Marcus  An- 
toninus '2  vols.  12mo.  appeared;  and  in  1692 
Aristotle's  poetics,  with  a  translation  and 
critical  remarks,  in  4to.  which  some  have 
considered  as  his  best  performance.  In  1693 
he  published  a  translation  of  the  GEdipus  and 
Electra  of  Sophocles  ;  in  1694,  the  first  vol- 
ume of  Plutarch's  lives  ;  in  1697,  the  trans- 
lation of  the  works  of  Hippocrates,  2  vols. 
1 2mo.  ;  in  1699,  that  of  Plato's  works,  2  vols  ; 
in  1706,  the  life  of  Pythagoras,  his  symbols, 
golden  verses,  &c.  2  voh>.  ;  in  1715,  Epicte- 
tus,  2  vols.  ;  and  in  1723  the  lives  of  Plu- 
tarch were  completed,  in  8  vols.  4to.  Be- 
sides these,  Dacier  published  notes  on  Lon- 
ginus,  a  dissertation  on  the  origin  of  satire, 
speeches  in  the  French  academy,  answers 
to  some  critics  who  had  censured  his  person 
and  manners,  &c.  besides  a  commentary  on 
Theocritus,  and  a  treatise  on  religion,  never 
published.  As  he  had  been  concerned  in  the 
compilation  of  the  medallic  history  of  Lewis 
XIV.  the  monarch  settled  on  him  a  pension 
of  2000  livres,  and  appointeil  him  keeper  of 
his  books  in  the  Louvre,  in  1713  he  was 
made  perpetual  secretary  to  the  French 
academy,  and  in  1717  he  obtained  a  rever- 
sionary grant  of  10,000  crowns,  as  library 
keeper  to  the  king,  which  was  afterwards  to 
devolve  to  his  wife  if  she  survived  him.  Her 
death,  in  1720,  prevented  her  enjoyment  of 
a  grant  so  very  honorable  to  her  merits.  Da- 
cier, though  greatly  afflicted  for  the  loss  of 
his  wife,  yet  would  have  married  a  second 
time  had  not  death  prevented  it.  He  was 
carried  off  by  an  ulcer  in  his  throat,  which 
he  had  disregarded,  as  not  dangerous,  Sep- 
tember 18,  1722,  in  his  71st  year.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  and  extensive  learning,  who 
applied  the  powers  of  his  mind,  and  the  most 
indefatigable  industry,  to  infuse  into  his  na- 
tive language  allthe  beauties  and  all  the  graces 
of  spine  of  the  best  writers  of  ancient  times. 

Dacier,  Anne,  wife  of  Andrew  Dacier, 


daughter  of  Tanaquil  Faber,  or  le  Fevre, 
was   born  at  Saumur  1651.     When  she  was 
11  years  old  her  father  discovered  the  strong 
natural  powers  of  her  mind,  and  immediate- 
ly laid  the  foundation  of  a  learned  education 
which  was  happily  completed.     In  1674,  she 
published  au  edition  of  Callimachus   in  4to. 
paid  in  consequence  of  her  extensive    know- 
ledge, she  was  engaged  in  the  editing  of  the 
classics   for  the   use    of  the  dauphin.    Her 
Florus,  appeared  in  1674,  in   4to.  and   her 
Aurelius  Victor  1681.     In  the    mean  time 
her  reputation  was   so   universally   spread, 
that  Christina  queen  of   Sweden   wrote  her 
some  pressing  letters,  and  invited  her  to  em- 
brace the  Romish  religion,  and   to  come  to 
settle  at  Stockholm,  where  every   mark  of 
respect  and  patronage   would  be  shown  to 
her.     These  offers  she  declined,  and  contin- 
ued her  labors  in  the  service  of  the  dauphin. 
In  1681,   her   translation  of  Anacreon   and 
Sappho  appeared,  so  much   commended  by 
Boileau,    and  in    1683,  were  published  Eu- 
tropius  4to.   and  a  French  translation  of  the 
Amphitryo,  Epidicus,  and  Rudens  of  Plautus, 
three  vols,   and   the   next  year  the  Plautus 
and  Clouds  of  Aristophanes  12mo.  with  Dic- 
tys  Cretensis  and  Dares  Phrygius.    In  1683 
she  married  Dacier,   a  scholar  with  whom 
she  had  shared  the  instruction  of  her  fath- 
er and  two  years  after  she  joined   him  in  a 
recantation  of  the  protestant  tenets.    It  has 
been  indeed   insinuated  that  she  had  been 
previously  married  to  Lesnier  a  bookseller 
of  her  father,  and  that  she  ran  away  from 
him  for  the  society  of  Dacier,  to  whom  she 
never  was  regularly  married,  an  imputation 
too  gross  and  illiberal  to  be  credited.    After 
her  conversion,  by  the  influence  of  the  duke 
of  Montausier,  a  pension  of  1500  livres  was 
settled  on  her  husband,  and  500  on  herself. 
In   1688    she  published   her   translation   of 
Terence's  plays  with  notes  3  vols.  12mo.  the 
best  edition  of  which  is   that  of  1717.     She 
also  assisted  her  husband  in  his  Marcus  An- 
toninus and  hisPlutarch,andin  1711  she  pub- 
lished her  translation  of  Homer's  Iliad  with 
notes  3  vols.  12mo.     In  1714  she  wrote  a  de- 
fence of  Homer  against  de  la  Motte,  and  two 
years  after  against  Hardouin,  in  which  she 
displayed   much  erudition,  great  taste,   and 
not  a  little  acrimony.     She  was  however  af- 
terwards reconciled  to  de  la  Motte.    Her  last 
work,  the  Odyssey  of  Homer  translated  from 
the  Greek,  appeared  in  1716,  3  vols.  12mo. 
The  two  last  years  of  her  life  she  sunk  into 
disease  and  debility,  and  died   August  17th 
1720,  aged  69.    She  had  a  son  and  two  daugh- 
ters, the  son  died  young,  one  of  the  daugh- 
ters was  a  nun,  and  the  other,  who  possessed 
the  virtues  and  accomplishments  of  her  sex, 
died    in  her    18th  year.     Besides  learning, 
Madame  Dacier  was  graced  with  the  noblest 
ornaments  of  human  nature,  with  generosi- 
ty, firmness,  mildness  and  exemplary  piety. 
She  had  so  much  modesty  that  she  never  dis- 
coursed on  literature,  to  display  her  superi- 
ority ;  but  when  requested  to  write  her  name 
and  a  sentence,  in  the  book  of  a  northern 
scholar,  according  to  the  •u.stomofthe  coun- 


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try,  she  strenuously  declined  to  enrol  herself 
among  the  most  illustrious  characters  of  the 
age.  When  at  last  prevailed  upon,  she 
wrote  her  name  with  a  verse  from  Sopho- 
cles, expressive  that  silence  is  the  best  orna- 
ment of  the  female  sex.  To  the  universal 
respect  of  Europe  the  academy  of  Kicovatri 
at  l'adua  added  the  honor  of  enrolling  her 
name  among  their  members  in  1684. 

Dagar,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Paris,  the 
pupil  of  Vouet,  and  eminent  as  an  historical 
and  portrait  painter.  He  was  patronised  by 
Christian  V.  of  Denmark,  at  whose  court 
he  long  resided,  and  then  he  visited  London, 
and  returned  to  Copenhagen  where  he  died 
1716,  aged  76. 

Dagobert  I.  succeeded  his  father  Clo- 
taire  II.  as  king  of  France  628.  He  made 
war  against  Saxouy,  Britany,  and  Gascony, 
but  stained  by  cruelty  the  laurels  which  he 
obtained  in  the  field  of  battle.  He  divorced 
his  wife,  and  not  satisfied  to  marry  three 
others  to  whom  he  gave  the  name  of  queens, 
he  kept  a  great  number  of  concubines.  It 
is  said  that  after  conquering  the  Saxons  lie 
caused  all  those  to  be  put  to  death  whose 
stature  exceeded  the  length  of  his  sword. 
He  died  at  Epernay  638,  aged  S6,  and  was 
the  first  monarch  buried  at  St.  Dcnys,  which 
he  had  founded  six  years  before. 

Dagobert  II.  son  of  Sigebert  II.  was 
prevented  from  ascending  his  father's  throne 
by  the  influence  of  Grimoald  mayor  of  the 
palace,  who  caused  his  own  son  Child ebert 
to  be  crowned  king.  He  afterwards  obtain- 
ed the  kingdom  of  Austrasia,  and  was  assas- 
sinated five  years  after  679,  and  was  buried 
at  Stenay. 

Dagobert  III.  succeeded  as  king  of 
Neustria  to  his  father  Childebert.  He  died 
four  years  after  17th  Jan.  715. 

Dagobert,  N.  a  French  republican  ge- 
neral, who  distinguished  himself  in  Italy  and 
against  the  Spaniards.  He  died  in  the  midst 
of  his  victories  beyond  the  Pyrenees  21st 
April  1794. 

Dagoumer,  William,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy, and  rector  of  the  university  of  Paris, 
was  born  at  Pont-audemer,  and  died  at  Cour- 
bevoye  in  1755.  He  published  a  course  of 
philosophy  in  Latin,  a  French  work  against 
the  advertisements  of  Languet  archbishop 
of  Sens.  He  is  ridiculed  by  le  Sage  in  Gil 
Bias  under  the  name  of  Guillomer. 

Dahl,  Michael,  a  Danish  painter  patron- 
ised by  queen  Anne  and  George  prince  of 
Denmark.  He  died  in  England  20th  Octo- 
ber 1743. 

Dahlberg,  Eric,  a  Swedish  engineer, 
whose  excessive  application  compensated 
for  the  early  loss  of  his  parents,  and  the 
misfortunes  of  a  neglected  education.  He 
prepared  for  the  brave  defence  of  Thorn, 
and  accompanied  Gustavus  Adolphns  in  his 
Polish  expedition,  and  advised  him  to  march 
his  army  across  the  Great  Belt  when  frozen, 
and  thus  penetrate  into  the  very  heart  of  the 
Danish  kingdom  and  besiege  the  capital.  His 
great  services  were  rewarded  in  1660  with 
the  rank  of  nobility,  and  he  was  suceessivelv 


raised  to  the  command  of  Malmo,  the  cue 
of  the  fortifications,  and  the  government  of 
Livonia.  He  died  at  Stockholm  1703,  aged 
78.  He  wrote  Suecia  anliqua  and  hodiernn, 
three  vols.  fol.  1700,  and  distinguished  him- 
self so  much  as  an  engineer  that  he  .was  de- 
servedly called  the  Vauban  of  Sweden. 

Daille,  John,  an  eminent  protestaiit 
dhine,  born  at  Chatelleraut  sixth  January 
1594.  His  Father  intended  to  place  him  in 
his  own  situation  as  receiver  of  the  consigna- 
tions at  Pohiers,  but  the  fondness  of  the  boy 
for  books  and  literature  turned  his  thoughts 
to  another  channel,  and  he  educated  liiin  in 
the  schools  of  Poitiers  and  Saumur.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen  he  was  admitted  into  the 
family  of  du  Plessis  Morn  ay  to  be  the  tutor 
of  his  two  grandsons,  and  in  this  situation 
he  continued  seven  years  before  he  began  to 
travel,  and  received,  as  it  is  said,  more  in- 
struction from  the  learned  conversation  and 
company  of  the  grandfather  than  he  com- 
municated to  his  pupils.  He  began  his  tra- 
vels in  1619,  and  with  his  two  pupils  passed 
through  Geneva,  Piedmont,  Lombard)-,  and 
Venice,  where  he  was  introduced  to  the 
acquaintance  and  friendly  intimacy  of  father 
Paul.  While  at  Mantua  one  of  his  pupils 
was  taken  ill,  and  soon  after  died,  so  thai 
Daille  with  difficulty  and  great  danger  con- 
veyed the  bodj-  concealed  as  a  bale  of  goods 
under  the  care  of  two  servants  to  the  burial 
place  of  Ins  father,  from  the  suspicious  eye  of 
the  inquisitors  who  viewed  w  ith  jealousy  the 
eonduct  of  the  protestanls.  With  the  othef 
pupil  he  continued  his  travels,  and  after  visit- 
ing Switzerland,  German)-,  Flanders,  Hol- 
land, and  England,  they  returned  to  France 
late  in  1021.  In  1623,  Daille  wasordained  and 
first  officiated  in  the  family  of  the  venerable 
Mornay,  who  died  soon  after  in  the  arms  of 
his  beloved  and  reverend  friend.  The  year 
1624  was  employed  in  digesting  some  papers 
which  afterwards  were  published  as  me- 
moirs, and  in  the  following  year  Daille  be- 
came minister  of  the  church  of  Saumur, 
where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  162S 
he  wrote  his  celebrated  book  "  on  the  use 
of  the  fathers'''  which  lord  Falkland  and  his 
friend  Chillingworth  greatly  valued,  and  be- 
gan to  translate,  but  left  unfinished;  but  it. 
appeared  in  1651  in  an  English  dress  by  the 
hands  of  Thomas  Smith  of  Cambridge,  and 
in  Latin  by  Mettayer  of  St.  Quintin.  In 
1633  he  published  his  apology  for  the  re- 
formed churches,  which  he  also  translated 
into  Latin,  and  Mr.  Smith  into  English  in 
165.8.  These  books,  from  their  importance, 
and  the  masterly  manner  in  which  the  sub- 
ject was  treated,  excited  a  great  outcry 
among  the  catholics,  but  they  maintained 
their  character  against  all  the  attacks  and 
insinuations  of  popery.  Daille  was  at  the 
synod  of  Alencon  in  1637,  where  his  autho- 
rity was  ably  exerted  to  reconcile  the  pro- 
testants  in  the  then  disputed  tenets  ..oout 
universal  grace.  These  principles  he  warm- 
ly embraced,  and  indeed  published  in  1655 
a  Latin  work  against  Spanheim  the  Leyden 
professor,  aj  "  an  apology  fer  the  synods  ei 


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Alencon  and  Charenton."  This  great  and 
good  man  died  at  Paris  15th  April  1670,  af- 
ter enjoying  through  life,  except  from  a 
small  attack  of  apoplexy  for  10  days,  the  most 
nniaterrupted  good  health,  and  with  it  the  un- 
diminished faculties  and  powers  of  his  mind. 
His  reputation  was  so  high  that  the  protest- 
ants  in  France  declared  they  had  seen  no 
■better  writer  since  the  days  of  Calvin.  He 
■wrote  besides  several  works  which  were 
chiefly  of  a  controversial  nature,  and  which 
equally  evinced  his  learning,  erudition,  and 
dexterity  of  argumentation.  He  married  in 
1625,  but  lost  his  wife  six  years  after,  by 
whom  he  had  only  one  son,  Hadrian,  who 
distinguished  himself  as  an  able  divine. ,  He 
was  invited  to  Rochelle  as  a  minister,  and 
after  five  years'  residence  he  was  chosen 
minister  of  Paris,  with  his  father  1658.  At 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  he  re- 
tired to  Switzerland,  and  died  at  Zurich, 
May  1690.'  His  MS.  and  some  of  his  fa- 
ther's works  were  deposited  in  the  public 
library. 

Dale,  Samuel,  an  apothecary  of  Brain- 
tree,  Essex,  who  became  by  his  merit  in 
1730,  a  licentiate  of  the  college  of  physicians 
and  fellow  of  the  royal  society.  He  wrote 
Pharmacologia,seu  manuductio  ad  materiam 
medicam,  often  printed, — the  antiquities  of 
Harwich  and  Dover  court,  in  4to.  improved 
4'rom  the  works  of  Silas  Taylor,  besides 
some  valuable  papers  in  the  philosophical 
transactions,  &c.  He  died  at  Booking,  where 
he  had  settled  as  a  physician, 1739,  aged  80. 
Dalechamps,  James,  a  learned  physi- 
cian born  at  Caen  1513.  He  died  at  the  age 
of  75,  at  Lyons,  where  he  had  practised  from 
1552  to  1588.  He  wrote  a  general  history 
of  plants,  three  books  de  peste,  besides  Pli- 
ny's natural  history  with  valuable  notes,  and 
also  translated  into  Latin,  Athenseus,  in  the 
completion  of  which  he  was  engaged  thirty 
years. 

Dal  en,  Cornelius  Von,  an  eminent 
Dutch  engraver,  who  florished  about  1640. 
He  engraved  a  great  variety  of  portraits, 
and  some  antique  statues,  all  in  a  masterly 
style. 

Da  lens,  Dirk,  a  landscape  painter  of 
Amsterdam,  who  did  16S8,  aged  '29.  He  is 
happy  in  the  expression  and  faithful  deline- 
ation of  his  pieces. 

D'alibrai,  Charles  Von,  a  Parisian  who 
abandoned  the  profession  of  arms  for  the 
muses.  He  was  of  a  dissipated  turn  of  mind, 
and  fond  of  merry  society',  and  he  declared 
that  he  would  die  by  the  mouth  of  the  bottle 
rather  than  by  the  mouth  of  the  cannon.  As 
he  had  a  moderate  income,  and  was  free 
from  ambition,  he  enjoyed  with  great  con- 
tentment what  he  had,  and  employed  his 
sportive  muse  as  fancy  or  occasion  directed. 
In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  lived  much 
in  the  country,  and  died  at  an  advanced  age 
about  the  beginning  of  1655.  His  works 
appeared  in  1553,  in  8vo.  divided  into  six 
parts,  containing  bacchanalian,  satirical,  he- 
roical,  moral,  and  christian  poems,  of  no 
great  merit  indeed,  but  frequently  happy  in 


delineation  of  character  and  in  flashes  of 
wit.  He  also  translated  Perez's  letters,  and 
73  epigrams,  against  Montmaur. 

Dalin,  Olaus  de,  a  learned  Swede,  born 
at  Winsberg  in  1708.  He  is  deservedly  cal- 
led the  father  of  Swedish  poetry,  by  his  two 
poems  on  the  liborty  of  Sweden,  and  the 
tragedy  of  Brunhilda.  He  rose  by  his  gen- 
ius to  fame  and  fortune,  and  was  appointed 
preceptor  to  prince  Gustavus,  and  at  last  be- 
came chancellor  of  the  court.  He  wrote,  at 
the  request  of  the  government,  the  history 
of  Sweden,  which  he  brought  down  to  the 
death  of  Charles  IX.  He  wrote  besides,  epis- 
tles, fables,  satires,  panegyrics,  &c.  and 
translated  Montesquieu's  book  on  the  de- 
clension of  the  Romans. 

Dallington,  sir  Robert,  author  of  the 
aphorisms  of  Tacitus,  was  born  at  Gedding- 
ton,  Northamptonshire,  and  educated  at 
Pembroke-hall,  Cambridge.  He  was  secre- 
tary to  Francis  earl  of  Rutland,  knighted  by 
queen  Elizabeth,  and  made  master  of  the 
Charter-house.  He  died  1637.  lie  wrote 
besides  a  survey  of  the  great  duke's  estate  in 
Tuscany  itc.  method  for  travel,  or  a  state  of 
France,  in  1598,  4to. 

Dalmatin,  George,  a  Lutheran,  minis- 
ter of  Laybach  in  Carniola,  from  which  he 
was  expelled  by  the  violence  of  the  catholics 
1598.  He  was  protected  in  his  disgrace  by 
the  baron  of  Aursperg,  in  whose  house  it  b 
said  he  died.  He  translated  the  bible  into 
the  Sclavonian  language  1584,  and  wrote 
some  tracts. 

Dalmatius,  a  bishop  ofCyzicum,  who 
attended  the  council  of  Ephesus,  and  wrote 
the  acts  of  the  synod  of  Nice. 

Dalrymple,  David,  son  of  sir  James 
Dairy mple  hart,  auditor  of  the  exchequer 
for  Scotland,  was  born  in  Edinburgh  28th 
October  1726.  His  mother  was  Christian, 
daughter  of  Earl  Haddington.  He  was  ed- 
ucated at  Eton,  from  whence  he  removed  la 
Utrecht,  where  he  continued  till  1746.  In 
1748  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  advocate.  His  name 
as  a  lawyer  was  so  eminent  that  he  was  rais- 
ed in  1766  to  the  dignity  of  one  of  the  judges 
of  the  court  of  session,  when  he  assumed,  as 
is  usual,  the  appellation  of  lord  Hailes,  by 
which  he  is  best  known  among  the  learned. 
He  became  however  conspicuous,  not  less  by 
his  learning,  and  his  writings,  than  by  his  in- 
tegrity, candor,  and  firmness,  as  a  judge.  In 
1773  he  published  remarks  on  the  history  of 
Scotland,  and  in  1776  and  1779,  annals  of 
Scotland,  2  vols.  4to.  containing  the  history 
of  14  Scottish  kings;  which  valuable  work, 
however,  the  author  did  not  complete.  He 
published  besides,  memorials  and  letters  re- 
lating to  the  history  of  Britain,  in  the  reign 
of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  2  vols.  1762  and 
17C6 — a  catalogue  of  the  lords  cf  session 
from  1532— biographia  Scotica — remains  of 
christian  antiquity,  3  vols,  and  other  nume- 
rous tracts  on  antiquities,  history,  divinity,. 
&c.  Lord  Hailes,  though  infirm  in  health, 
sat  on  the  bench  till  within  three  days  of  his 
death,  which  happened  29th  Nov.   1792,  in 


DA 


DA 


Ins  66th  year.  He  left  no  male  issue,  but 
only  two  daughters  by  two  different  wives. 

Dalton,  Michael,  an  English  lawyer, 
born  in  Cambridgeshire,  and  bred  at  Lin- 
coln's-inn.  He  wrote  a  well  known  book  on 
the  office  of  a  justice  of  peace,  and  on  the  du- 
ty of  sheriffs.  He  was  queen's  counsel  in 
1599,  and  died  before  the  civil  wars. 

Lalton,  John,  D.  D.  was  born  at  Deane 
in  Cumberland,  where  his  father  was  rector, 
1709.  He  was  educated  at  Lovvther,  and  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  became  tutor 
to  lord  Beauchamp.  He  employed  him- 
self in  the  mean  time,  in  adapting  Milton's 
masque  at  Ludlow-castle  to  the  stage,  which 
he  rendered,  by  a  judicious  selection  of  songs 
from  other  works  of  the  author,  and  some 
of  his  own,  a  very  popular  piece,  still  known 
and  admired  under  the  title  of  "  Comus." 
During  the  celebrity  of  this  performance, 
lie  sought  out  Milton's  grand-daughter,  who 
■was  overwhelmed  with  old  ;ige  and  poverty, 
and  honorably  exerted  his  influence  to  pro- 
cure her  a  benefit,  which  produced  her  120/. 
His  ill  health  afterwards  prevented  him  from 
attending  his  noble  pupil,  who  unfortunately 
died  of  the  small-pox  at  Bologna.  After  be- 
ing elected  to  a  fellowship  in  his  college,  he 
took  orders,  ami  was  presented  some  time 
after,  by  the  duke  of  Somerset,  to  the  living 
of  St.  Mary  at  Hill,  and  by  his  influence  to  a 
prebend  at  Worcester,  where  he  died  1763. 
He  published  a  volume  of  sermons,  1757 — 
two  epistles,  ito. — a  descriptive  poem  on  the 
coal  mines  near  Whitehaven — remarks  on 
12  historical  designs  of  Raphael.  His  broth- 
er Richard  was  librarian  to  the  king,  and 
published  a  description  of  some  prints,  from 
drawings  of  his  own,  of  the  procession  to 
Mecca. 

Dauell,  Andrew,  an  eminent  Greek 
Scholar,  born  at  Radio,  near  Edinburgh, 
about  1750.  From  his  village  school  he  came 
to  Edinburgh,  and  studied  with  such  zeal 
and  application,  that  he  became  professor 
of  the  Greek  language  in  the  university, 
keeper  of  the  university  library,  and  one  of 
the  secretaries  of  the  royal  society  of  Ed- 
inburgh, See.  His  literary  acquirements 
were  such,  that  he  was  selected  to  superin- 
tend the  education  of  the  present  lord  Lau- 
derdale, whom  he  accompanied  on  the  con- 
tinent. As  a  professor,  Mr.  Dalzell  posses- 
sed great  abilities  and  powerful  eloquence, 
and  his  lectures  were  so  popular,  that  the 
study  of  the  Greek  language  which  had  long 
been  neglected  in  Scotland,  became  under 
his  auspices,  a  favorite  pursuit  with  the 
youthful  students  of  the  university.  To  fa- 
cilitate the  labors  of  his  pupils,  he  devoted 
much  of  his  time  in  the  composition  of  val- 
uable notes,  in  the  elucidation  of  the  Greek 
classics,  which  he  published  under  the  name 
of  Analecta  minora  fcc  majora,  &c.  He 
wrote  besides,  some  papers  on  biography, 
and  on  literary  subjects  in  the  Edinburgh 
society  transactions,  and  recommended  to 
the  English  student,  Chevalier's  description 
of  the  plain  of  Troy,  by  giving  an  elegant 
translation  of  it:  enriched  with  learned  notes. 
SOI..    I.  ,~? 


He  also  edited  the  posthumous  works  of  liis 
father-in-law  Dr.  J.  Dry sd ale,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded as  principal  clerk  to  the  general  as- 
sembly of  the  church  of  Scotland.  This 
amiable  man  and  elegant  scholar  died  8th 
December  1806. 

Dalziei.,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  officer,  ta- 
ken prisoner  at  the  defeat  at  Worcester, 
and  confined  in  the  lower,  from  which  he 
escaped  to  Russia,  where  the  czar  made 
him  a  general.  At  the  restoration  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  Charles  II.  made 
him,  for  his  many  services,  commander  in 
chief  of  all  his  forces  in  Scotland.  He  was 
a  singular  man  in  his  dress  and  appearance. 
He  had  been  brought  up  hardy,  and  af- 
ter the  death  of  Charles  I.  he  never  shaved 
his  beard,  which  grew  white  and  bushy,  and 
descended  to  his  middle.  His  bald  head  was 
generally  covered  with  a  beaver  hat,  the 
brim  of  which,  was  not  more  than  three  in- 
ches broad.  He  generally  came  to  London 
once  or  twice  a  year,  to  kiss  the  king's  hand, 
who  had  great  regard  for  him,  but  whenev- 
er he  appeared  in  the  capital,  the  singulari- 
ty of  his  dress  and  appearance  drew  crowds 
of  boys  around  him.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  unknown. 

Damascenus,  John,  a  learned  father  of 
the  church,  born  at  Damascus.  He  died 
about  750.  His  works  were  edited,  2  vols, 
fol.  1712,  Paris. 

Damascus,  a  stoic  philosopher,  pupil 
to  Isidorus,  whose  life  he  wrote.  He  flor- 
ished  about  540,  A.  D. 

Damasus  I.  a  Spaniard, raised  to  the  pa- 
pal throne  366.  Though  warmly  opposed 
by  Ursin  the  antipope,  he  was  acknowledg- 
ed by  the  Italian  bishops,  and  by  the  coun- 
cil of  Aquileia,  who  condemned  his  oppo- 
nent. He  was  a  zealous  enemy  to  the  ten- 
ets of  the  Arians,  and  died  384,  aged  80. 
Some  of  his  letters  have  been  published. 

Damasus  II.  bishop  of  Brixen,  was  elect- 
ed pope  on  the  day  of  the  resignation  of  Ben- 
edict IX.  He  died  at  Palestrina,  23  days  af- 
ter his  election,  1048. 

Dam iso urn ey,  N.  was  born  at  Rouen, 
10th  May  1722,  and  died  there,  2d  June 
1795.  He  distinguished  himself,  not  only  as 
a  merchant,  but  as  a  man  of  science,  well 
acquainted  with  philosophy  and  chemistry. 
He  made  some  curious  experiments  on 
plants,  kc.  and  published  valuable  tracts. 

Dam l  en,  Peter,  cardinal  arid  bishop  of 
Ostia  in  the  eleventh  century,  was  original- 
ly a  Benedictine  monk,  whom  his  superiors 
and  not  his  ambition  raised  to  places  of  em- 
inence and  dignity.  He  publicly  condemned 
the  wars  which  the  popes  carried  on  against 
the  emperors,  and  asserted,  from  the  exam- 
ple of  our  Saviour,  that  the  ecclesiastics 
were  tooppose  their  enemies,  notbythe  arms 
of  the  flesh,  but  by  the  sword  of  the  spirit. 
He  was  equally  severe  igainst  the  licentious 
manners  of  his  age,  which  he  attempted  to 
correct  and  reform.  His  works  were  print- 
ed at  Paris  1CC3.     He  died  about  1073. 

Dam i ens,  Robert  Francis,  a  French- 
man.  hnovn  for  his  attempt  to  assassinate 


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Lewis  XV.  He  was  executed  28th  March, 
1757,  in  a  manner  most  horrible  and  wan- 
tonly barbarous.     Vid.  Chastel. 

Damo,  the  daughter  of  Pythagoras,  was 
well  skilled  in  the  philosophy  of  her  illus- 
trious father. 

Damon,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  ce- 
lebrated for  his  friendship  with  Pythias, 
which  Dionysius  the  tyrant  saw,  and  desired 
to  share. 

Damon,  an  Athenian  musician,  the  friend 
of  Socrates. 

Damocles,  a  flatterer  in  the  court  of 
Dionysius,  who,  for  a  while,  assumed  the 
dress  and  dignity  of  the  tyrant,  to  experi- 
ence what  happiness  existed  on  a  throne. 

Damocritus,  a  Greek  historian,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  tactics,  and  of  another  on  the 
Jews,  whom  he  accused  of  worshipping  the 
head  of  an  ass. 

Damo  uns,  Lewis,  a  French  lawyer,  who 
died  16th  Nov.  1788,  author  of  a  life  of  Ni- 
non de  l'Enclos,  and  other  works  of  little 
merit. 

Dampier,  John,  a  native  of  Blois,  who 
entered  among  the  cordeliers,  and  was  di- 
rector of  a  nunnery  at  Orleans,  where  he  di- 
ed before  1 550.  His  Latin  poems,  after  the 
manner  of  Catullus,  are  elegant  and  valua- 
ble, and  are  published  in  the  first  volume,  of 
the  deliciw  poetarum  Gallorum. 

Dampier,  Gapt.  William,  a  famous  na- 
vigator, born  at  East  Coker  in  Somerset- 
shire, 1652.  He  early  went  to  sea,  and  join- 
ed captain  Cook,  in  order  to  cruize  against 
the  Spaniards.  They  accordingly  proceed- 
ed to  the  South-seas  through  the  straits  of 
Magellan,  where  they  took  several  prizes, 
and  where  Cook  died,  1684,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded in  command  by  Davis.  They  after- 
wards attacked  and  burned  the  town  of  Pla- 
ta, and  then  advanced  to  the  bay  of  Pana- 
ma, near  which  they  took  a  Spanish  ship 
sent  with  dispatches  to  Lima,  and  from  the 
intelligence  received  on  board  they  medita- 
ted an  attack  on  the  plate  ships,  which  ended 
unsuccessfully.  Their  next  attack  wasagainst 
Leon,  on  the  Mexican  coast,  which  they 
destroyed,  and  also  Rio  Leja,  and  there 
Dampier  left  Davis,  and  sailed  with  captain 
Swan,  to  examine  more  fully  the  northern 
parts  of  the  Mexican  shore  ;  but  meeting 
with  no  success,  and  being  disappointed  in 
their  wishes  to  sieze  the  rich  Manilla  ship, 
the)r  sailed  across  the  great  Pacific  ocean  for 
the  East  Indies.  After  visiting  St.  John's 
island,  New  Holland,  Triest,  and  Nicobar, 
Dampier  left  his  companions,  and  arrived 
at  the  English  factory  at  Achan,  where  he 
afterwards  engaged  with  captain  Weldon  in 
trading  voyages  for  15  months,  and  then  en- 
tered as  gunner  at  a  factory  at  Bencoolen. 
In  1601  he  made  his  escape  from  the  vigi- 
lance of  the  governor,  and  brought  all  his 
papers  and  journals  with  him,  and  reached 
the  Downs,  Sept.  16th.  As  he  was  now  in 
want  of  money  he  sold  his  share  in  an  Indi- 
an prince,  whom  his  companions  carried 
&*>out  for  exhibition.  He  was  afterwards 
engaged  for  three  years,  till  1711,  in  a  voy- 


age under  the  British  merchants  to  the  South 
seas,  of  which  he  has  recorded  several  cu- 
rious and  very  interesting  particulars.  His 
voyage  round  the  world  has  been  frequently 
published,  and  is  considered  as  an  accurate 
and  valuable  performance.  The  time  of 
Dampier's  death  is  unknown.  A  good  like- 
ness of  him  is  preserved  in  Trinity -house, 
Tower-hill. 

DampierRE,  N.  aFrench  general,  who 
distinguished  himself  under  Duraourier  at 
the  battle  of  Jemappe.  Though  active  ami 
warlike  he  was  driven  from  Aix-la-chapelle, 
and  was  beaten  by  the  allies  at  Quaivrain. 
As  he  was  examining  the  works  of  the  ene- 
my his  thigh  was  carried  oft"  by  a  canon  ball 
from  an  English  battery,  before  the  camp  at 
Famars,  and  he  died  two  days  after,  10th 
May  1793. 

Dan,  the  fifth  son  of  Jacob  by  Bilhah  the 
maid  of  Rachel,  was  the  head  of  a  tribe, 
whose  territories  were  on  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean  between  Joppa  and  Ascalon. 

Dancer,  Daniel,  a  well  known  miser 
born  near  Harrow,  Middlesex.  The  love  of 
money  was  the  ruling  principle  in  his  fami- 
ly, and  when  he  inherited  his  paternal  es- 
tate, which  was  considerable,  he  pursued 
the  same  plan  of  rigid  mean  parsimony.  His 
intercourse  with  the  world  was  merely  in 
the  selling  of  his  hay,  and  the  other  pro- 
duce of  his  farm,  and  the  winter  comforts 
of  his  fire  side,  in  his  inhospitable  house, 
arose  from  the  scanty  supplies  laboriously 
collected  from  the  hedges,  or  the  scattered 
boughs  on  the  neighboring  common.  On  the 
death  of  his  sister,  from  whom  he  received 
some  property,  he  exchanged  the  hay  bands 
which  hitherto  had  protected  his  legs,  for 
a  second-hand  pair  of  black  worsted  stock- 
ings, which  were  the  only  tokens  of  his 
mourning.  This  singular  character  died 
1794,  aged  80,  and  left  the  whole  of  his 
property  to  lady  Tempest,  who  it  seems 
had  behaved  towards  him  with  charity,  in. 
the  hope  of  alleviating  his  apparent  poverty. 

Danchet,  Anthony,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Riorn  1671.  At  19  he  became  profes- 
sor of  rhetoric  at  Chartres,  and  four  years 
after  he  came  to  Paris,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  write  for  the  theatre.  He  was 
member  of  the  French  academy  and  of  that 
of  inscriptions,  and  had  also  a  place  in  the 
king's  library.  He  died  1748,  universally 
esteemed  as  much  for  his  private  character 
as  for  his  writings.  His  works,  consisting 
of  tragedies,  songs,  operas,  &c.  were  printed 
at  Paris  1751,  4  vols.  12mo. 

Dandini,  Jerome,  a  Jesuit,  born  a' 
Cesena  in  Italy  1554.  He  was  the  first  of 
his  order  who  taught  philosophy  at  Paris. 
He  was  in  consequence  of  his  learning  rector 
of  the  colleges  of  Ferrara,  Forli,  Bologna, 
Parma,  and  Milan.  He  also  taught  philoso- 
phy at  Perugia  1596,  when  he  was  appoint- 
ed by  pope  Clement  VIII.  to  be  his  legate  to 
the  Maronites  of  mount  Libanus.  He  wrote 
an  account  of  his  journey  in  Italian,  which 
Simon  translated  into  French.  Dandini  di- 
ed at  Forli  1634,  aged  80.    His  comments.- 


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ry  on  Aristotle's  three  books  de  anima,  ap- 
peared at  Paris  1011,  folio,  and  his  ethics  at 
Cesena  1651. 

Dandini,  Pietro,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Florence  164G.  He  studied  under 
ValerioSpada,  and  his  uncle  Vincentio  Dan- 
dini, and  alter  travelling  through  Italy  he 
resided  for  some  time  at  Venice,  and  also 
At  Parma  and  Modena,  that  he  might  more 
carefully  view  and  copy  the  finest  pieces  of 
the  greatest  masters.  On  his  return  to 
Florence  he  was  employed  by  the  grand 
duke  in  adorning  his  palaces  from  subjects 
from  sacred  and  fabulous  history,  as  well  as 
in  fancy  and  caricature  pieces.  His  genius 
was  great,  and  he  displayed  astonishing  pow- 
ers in  the  imitation  of  Titian,  Veronese, 
and  Tintoretto.  He  died  1712.  His  son  Oc- 
tavio  was  equally  eminent  as  a  painter. 

Dandini,  Csesare,  an  historical  painter 
of  Florence.  He  was  extremely  correct  in 
his  drawings,  and  his  pieces  were  all  finish- 
ed in  a  superior  style.  His  altar  pieces  at 
Florence  are  greatly  admired,  especially 
that  of  the  chapel  1'Annonciata.  He  was 
brother  to  Vincentio  and  uncle  to  Pietro. 

Dandini,  Hercule  Francois,  professor 
of  law  at  Padua,  died  1747,  aged  56.  He 
was  author  of  several  learned  works,  de  scri- 
bendi  ratione,  de  servitutibus  prtediorum  in- 
terpretationes  per  epistolas,  &c. 

Dandolo,  Henry,  a  Venetian,  raised 
to  the  rank  of  doge  of  his  country  1192. 
Though  then  84  years  old,  vigor,  wisdom, 
and  activity  marked  his  government.  He 
conquered  Zara  which  had  revolted,  engag- 
ed in  the  crusades,  and  displayed  astonish- 
ing valor  at  the  siege  of  Constantinople.  He 
was  in  consequence  of  his  services  created 
lord  of  Romania,  and  died  1205. 

Dandolo,  Andrew,  doge  of  Venice, 
made  an  alliance  with  Egypt,  which  pro- 
duced a  rupture  with  the  Genoese,  who 
were  jealous  of  his  prosperity.  He  died 
1354,  aged  44.  He  wrote  an  history  of  Ve- 
nice, and  as  the  friend  of  literature  corres- 
ponded with  Petrarch  and  other  learned 
men. 

Dandre  Bardon,  Michael  Francois, 
known  as  a  painter  and  as  a  writer,  was  born 
at  Aix  in  Provence,  22d  May  1700,  and  died 
14th  April  1783.  He  was  professor  of  the 
academy  of  painting,  and  was  admired  for 
his  historical  pieces.  He  wrote,  besides  some 
poetry  of  inferior  merit,  the  life  of  Carlo 
Vanlo,  12mo.  1705 — treatise  on  painting, 
sculpture,  &c. — well  known  anecdotes  on 
the  death  of  Bouchardon — conference  on 
the  utility  of  history  to  artists. 

Dandrieu,  John  Francis,  a  famous  mu- 
sician, who  died  at  Paris  1740,  aged  56.  He 
composed  three  books  of  pieces  for  the  harp- 
sicord,  one  for  the  organ,  with  pieces  for 
christmas,  much  admired  by  connoisseurs. 

Dakeau  •or  DanjUus,  Lambert,  a  Cal- 
vanist  preacher,  who  was  born  at  Orleans, 
and  died  at  Castres  in  1596,  aged  06.  He 
taught  theology  at  Lcyden,  and  published 
commentaries  on  Matthew  and  Mark,  a  po- 
etical system  of  geography,  aphorismi  politi- 
<Ji  8c  militares. 


Danes,  Peter,  born  at  Paris,  studied  at 
the  college  of  Navarre,  and  was  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  the  college  royal  for  five  years.  He 
was  tutor  to  the  dauphin  afterwards  Francis 
II.  and  he  was  present  at  the  council  of 
Trent,  where  he  delivered  a  celebrated 
speech  in  1546.  During  his  stay  atTrentJie 
was  made  bishop  of  Lavaur.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris 23d  April  1577,  aged  80.  He  was  a  pre- 
1  late  of  extensive  learning,  commanding  elo- 
quence, great  gravity  of  manners  and  genu- 
ine piety.  He  wrote  several  things,  but  ne- 
ver set  his  name  to  them.  The  10th  book 
of  Paulus  JEmilius'  history  of  France  is  at- 
tributed to  him.  His  opuscula,  with  his  life, 
were  published  by  his  kinsman  Peter  Hilany 
Danes  in  1731,  4to. 

Danet,  Peter,  a  French  abbe,  among 
those  learned  men  who  published  the  clas- 
sics for  the  use  of  the  dauphin.  He  published 
Phoedrus  with  notes,  besides  a  dictionary, 
and  other  works,  and  died  at  Paris  1709. 

Dangeau,  Louis Courcillon  de,  member 
of  the  French  academy,  and  abbot  of  Cler- 
mont and  Fontaine-Daniel,  was  born  at  Pa- 
ris, Jan.  1043,  and  died  there  Jan.  1st,  1723. 
He  usefully  devoted  his  time  to  facilitate  the 
study  of  belles  lettrcs,  history  and  geography, 
for  which  he  invented  several  new  and  ingeni- 
ous games.  He  published  a  new  method  to 
learn  historical  geography,  two  vols  folio.— 
the  principles  of  heraldry  in  14  plates  4to — 
historical  games  of  the  kings  of  France — 
reflections  on  the  parts  of  g"rammar — of  the 
election  of  the  emperor.  His  principal  work 
is  the  dialogues  on  the  immortality  of  the 
soul,  attributed  by  some  to  the  abbe  de  Cho- 
isi.  He  was  master  of  a  great  variety  of  lan- 
guages, but  his  benevolence  was  equal  to  his 
learning.  By  economy  he  was  in  possession 
of  a  respectable  income,  which  was  liberally 
applied  to  the  relief  of  indigence  and  dis- 
tress. 

Dangeau,  Philip  de  Courcillon,  marquis 
de,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
1638.  He  was  a  great  favorite  at  the  court 
of  Lewis  XI V.  for  his  many  accomplishments, 
and  his  taste  for  literature  procured  him  a 
seat  in  the  French  academy  and  in  that  of 
sciences.  He  died  at  Paris  1720,  at  the  age 
of  82,  grand  master  of  the  military  orders  of 
N.  dame  du  mont  Carmel,  and  Lazarus  of 
Jerusalem.  His  conversation,  manners,  dis- 
interestedness, and  many  other  virtues,  were 
the  admiration  oftheage.  He  leftsome  me- 
moirs in  MS.  from  which  Voltaire,  Henault, 
and  la  Beaumelle,  have  drawn  some  curious 
particulars.  There  is  also  another  MS.  in 
which  he  exhibits  in  a  very  interesting  man- 
ner the  character  of  Lewis  XIV.  among  his 
courtiers. 

Danhewer,  John  Conrad,  a  native  of 
theBrisgaw  qf  the  Lutheran  persuasion.  He 
was  theological  professor  at  Strasburg,  where 
he  died  1666,  aged  63.  He  was  author  of 
some  theological  tracts,  and  violently  oppo- 
sed the  intended  union  between  the  Calvau- 
ists  and  the  Lutherans. 

Danican,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Drieux 
near  Paris,  nicknamed  PhiUdor  by  the  king 


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ofFrance.  He  was  a  great  chess  player.  He 
published  at  I_iOndon  1749,  his  analyse  du 
jeu  des  echecs,  and  his  musical  composition  of 
the  carmen  seculare  of  Horace,  so  much  ad- 
mired, was  performed  at  Freemasons-hall 
1779,  as  also  Congreve's  ode  to  harmony. 
He  was  esteemed  for  his  many  private  good 
qualities,  as  well  as  his  singular  dexterity  at 
chess.  He  played,  not  two  months  before 
his  death,  two  games  at  the  same  time  and 
blindfolded,  with  two  of  the  best  chess  play- 
ers of  the  country,  and  was  declared  ictoi'i- 
ous.  His  infirmities  were  increased  by  a 
malevolent  insinuation  that  he  was  a  person 
suspected  by  government,  and  he  gradually 
sunk  into  the  grave,  after  a  long  residence 
in  England,  31st  August  1795,  aged  above  70 
Daniel,  the  last  of  the  four  great  pro- 
phets, was  of  the  royal  blood  of  Judah,  and 
•was  carried  away  a  captive  to  Babylon  COO 
B.C.  He  was  there  educated  to  become  one  of 
the  favorites  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  his 
name  was  changed  to  Belteshazzar.  So  ra- 
pid was  his  progress  in  the  sciences  and  the 
language  of  Chaldea,  and  so  great  his  wisdom, 
that  the  king  intrusted  him  with  the  govern- 
ment of  Babylon,  and  made  him  chief  of  the 
magi,  upon  his  true  explanation  of  the  dream 
pf  the  mystic  statue,  which  prefigured  the 
four  great  empires  of  Assyria,  Persia,  Alex- 
ander, and  his  successors.  He  acquired  sin- 
gular  celebrity  by  explaining  the  writing  up- 
on the  wall  under  Belshazzar,  and  under 
Darius  he  became  prime  minister.  His  fa- 
vor with  the  king  however  excited  the  envy 
of  the  courtiers,  and  he  was  by  their  intrigues 
thrown  into  the  den  of  lions,  for  refusing  to 
honor  Darius  with  divine  homage.  His  pres- 
ervation in  this  dreadful  situation  restored 
him  to  the  royal  favor,  and  brought  on  the  de- 
struction of  his  enemies.  The  book  of  Dan- 
iel is  written  partly  in  Hebrew,  and  partly  in 
Chaldee. 

Daniel,  Arnauld,  a  native  of  Tarascon, 
under  Alphonsus  I.  count  of  Provence.  He 
wrote  several  poems,  from  which  Petrarch 
received  great  assistance.  He  died  about 
1189. 

Daniel,  Peter,  a  learned  advocate  of  Or- 
leans, died  at  Paris  1603.  He  published  the 
aulularia  of  Plautusand  commentaries  of  Ser-- 
vius  on  Virgil.  His  library,  which  was  very 
valuable,  was  afterwards  conveyed  partly  to 
Stockholm,  and  partly  to  the  Vatican. 

Daniel,  Samuel,  an  English  poet  and 
historian  born  at  Taunton  in  Somersetshire 
1562.  He  entered  at  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford, but  after  three  years'  resilience  left  the 
university  without  a  degree,  and  by  the  in- 
fluence of  his  brother-in-law  John  Florio,  he 
became  groom  of  the  privy  chamber  to  Anne 
queen  of  .lames  I.  He  had  succeeded  Spen- 
ser as  poet  laureat,  and  by  his  genius  and 
learning  he  gained  the  friendship  of  the  most 
eminent  men  of  the  times,  such  as  Camden, 
sir.lohn  Harrington,  Spelman,  Cotton,  Ben 
.Tonson,  Owen,  Stradling,  ccc.  He  lived, 
while  near  the  court,  at  a  house  in  Old-street, 
■where  he  composed  many  of  his  dramatic 
pieces,  hut  in  his  old  age  he  went  to  reside 


at  a  farm  which  he  had  at  Beckington,  Som- 
ersetshire, where  he  ended  his  da}  s  in  peace 
and  retirement  1619.  His  poetical  works, 
consisting  of  dramatic  and  other  lighter  pie. 
ces,  besides  a  poem  in  8  books  on  the  wars 
of  York  and  Lancaster,  were  published  in  2 
vols.  12mo.  1718.  His  history  of  England  to 
the  end  of  Edward  III.  in  2  vols.  4to.  contin- 
ued afterward  by  Tmssel,  was  written,  it  is 
said  "with  great  brevity  anil  politeness,  ami 
his  political  and  moral  reflections  are  very 
fine,  useful,  and  instructive."'  This  history, 
as  Langbaine  observes,  is  the  crown  of  all  his 
works.  There  is  another  Samuel  Daniel, 
mentioned  by  Wood  as  publisher  in  1612 
of  "archicpiscopal  priority  established  by 
Christ,  and  of  "  the  birth,  life  and  death,  of 
the  Jewish  Unction." 

Daniel,  Gabriel,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Rouen,  8th  February  164'J.  At  the 
age  of  IS  he  was  admitted  among  the  Jesuits, 
and  early  began  to  display  his  abilities  by  de- 
livering lectures  on  literature,  philosophy, 
and  theology.  One  of  his  first  performances' 
was  a  voyage  to  the  world  of  Descartes,  a 
romance,  most  ingenious  and  excellent,  as 
Bolingbrnke  observes,  which  ridiculed  the 
Cartesian  system,  and  which  became  so  cel- 
ebrated as  to  be  translated  into  several  lan- 
guages. His  great,  work  is  his  history  of 
France  to  the  death  of  Henry  IV.  published 
at  Paris  in  3  vols,  folio,  1713,  and  afterwards 
corrected  and*  enlarged  in  7  vols.  4to.  1722. 
This  work  was  afterwards  continued  to 
the  death  of  Lewis  XIV.  but  in  an  inferior 
style.  Father  Daniel  wrote  besides  several 
theological  and  other  tracts,  one  of  which 
"  dialogues  between  Cleander  and  Eudoxus," 
passed  through  12  editions  in  less  than  2 
years.  All  these  smaller  tracts  were  col- 
lected in  two  vols.  4to.  This  very  learned 
and  amiable  Jesuit  died  at  Paris  23d  June 
1728. 

Dante,  Alighieri,  a  celebrated  Italian 
poet,  born  at  Florence  27th  Ma)r  1265,  of 
an  ancient  family.  He  early  displayed  hi? 
poetical  talents,  but  the  ambition  of  being  el- 
evated among  the  ruling  men  of  his  native 
city,  engaged  him  in  all  the  troubles  and 
miseries  of  violent  faction.  His  friends  were 
defeated  in  the  tumult,  and  he  sought  with 
them  safety  in  banishmcut.  In  his  exile  at 
Ravenna,  he  vented  the  severest  shafts  of 
his  resentment  against  his  enemies,  and  be- 
cause the  pope  and  Philip  ofValois,  brother 
to  the  French  king,  had  been  instrumental 
in  his  downfal,  he  ridiculed  them  in  his  wri- 
tings, and  intimated  that  Hugh  Capet  the 
progenitor  of  the  monarch  was  risen  from 
the  mean  occupation  of  a  butcher.  He  also 
incited  the  prince  of  Verona  to  make  war 
against  the  Florentines,  and  to  procure  his 
recall,  but  all  to  little  purpose.  In  his  hon- 
orable exile,  at  the  court  of  Guy  Polentano, 
prince  of  Ravenna,  he  was  sent  by  that  sove- 
reign to  negotiate  with  the  Venetians  who 
wished  to  make  war  against  him,  but  the  ma- 
gistrates of  Venice  treated  the  ambassador 
with  contempt,  and  refused  to  admit  him 
within  their  walls.    This  arrogant   conduct 


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hfad  such  an  effect  upon  the  sensible  and  ir- 
ritable heart  of  Dante,  that  at  his  return  to 
Ravenna,  unable  to  survive  the  affront,  lie 
died  July  1321,  aged  57.  To  his  misfortunes 
perhaps  we  are  indebted  for  his  poems,  for 
unable  to  revenge  himself  by  force,  he  drew 
the  pen  of  satire  in  his  own  defence.  His 
triple  poem, of  paradise,  purgatory,  and  hell, 
displays  astonishing  powers  of  genius,  and  at 
once  exhibits  the  sweetness  and  graces  of 
poetry  with  the  bitterness  of  insatiable  enmi- 
ty. The  reputation  and  the  usurped  power 
of  the  pope,  Boniface  VIII.  the  pedigree  of 
the  French  king,  and  the  prostituted  venality 
of  Florence,  lhatden  of  thieves,  are  the  sub- 
jects which  engage  and  enllame  the  virulence 
of  the  poet.  He  every  where  displays  spirit, 
fire,  and  sublimity, and  from  his  compositions, 
succeeding  poetshave  learned  not  only  how  to 
point  the  shaft  of  satire,  but  to  write  with  el- 
egance, dignity,  and  grace.  His  works  were 
collected  and  printed  at  Venice  1564,  with 
the  notes  of  Christopher  Landini,  and  vari- 
ous and  improved  editions  have  since  that 
time  appeared.  He  wrote  also  a  Latin  work 
on  monarchy,  and  another  de  vulgari  elo- 
quentia. 

Dante,  Peter  Vincent,  a  native  of  Pc- 
rouse,  who  died  1512.  lie  so  successfully 
imitated  the  verse  of  the  famous  Dante,  that 
he  was  called  by  his  name.  He  was  emi- 
nent for  his  skill  in  mathematics  and  archi- 
tecture, and  he  invented  several  useful  ma- 
chines, and  wrote  a  commentary  on  Sacro- 
bosco's  sphere. 

Dante,  Vincent,  grandson  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  well  known  as  a  painter  and 
sculptor  and  mathematician.  He  died  at  Pe- 
vouse  1576,  aged  4C.  His  statue  of  Julius 
III.  is  much  admired.  He  w*rote  the  lives  of 
those  who  excelled  in  drawings  for  statues. 
He  refused  the  invitations  of  Philip  II.  of 
Spain  to  finish  the  paintings  of  the  Escurial- 

Dante,  Ignatius,  a  descendant  of  the 
great  poet,  was  born  at  Perugia,  and  became 
known  for  his  skill  in  mathematics  as  well  as 
.in  divinity  and  philosophy.  He  read  lectures 
on  geography  at  Bologna,  and  was  engaged 
by  Gregory  XIII.  to  draw  geographical  maps 
and  plans.  He  evinced  such  dexterity  in 
this  that  the  pope  raised  him  to  the  bishopric 
ofAlatri.  He  died  1586.  He  published  in 
156'Jat  Florence,  a  treatise  on  the  astrolabe, 
besides  notes  on  the  universal  planisphere. 
He  made  a  sphere  of  the  world  in  five  tables. 
The  meridian  line,  which  he  <\vcw  through 
St.  Pet ronius' church  in  Bologna  1576,  was 
afterwards  finished  by  Cassihi. 

Dante,  John  Baptiste,  of  the  same  fami- 
ly as  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Perugia, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  mechani- 
cal powers  in  making  a  pair  of  wings  with 
such  nicety  that  he  could  support  himself 
in  the  air,  and  fly  across  the  lake  Thrasy- 
menus.  In  one  of  his  exhibitions  before 
the  people  of  Perugia,  one  of  the  wings 
hrokeand  he  fell  on  the  top  of  a  church,  and 
shattered  his  thigh.  He  was  afterwards  pro- 
lessor  of  mathematics  at  Venice,  and  died 
before  he  was  forty  years  old,  about  th<*  end 
of  the  15th  centurv." 


Danton,  George  James,  a  native  of  Ar« 
cis-sur-Aube,  born  2Cth  October  1759.  He 
was  originally  a  lawyer,  but  the  revolution 
drew  him  into  public  notice,  as  the  associate 
of  Robespierre  and  Marat.  To  an  unprin- 
cipled hatred  against  Lewis  XVI.  he  added 
the  most  ferocious  spirit,  and  after  viewing 
the  massacres  of  September  with  pleasure, 
he  prepared  to  organize  the  public  bodies  of 
the  state  to  resist  the  invasion  of  the  Prus- 
sians. Undismayed  amidst  the  general  ter- 
ror, he  opposed  the  project  of  removing  the 
convention  beyond  the  Loire;  hut  while  he 
permitted  the  cruelties  of  anarchy,  he  se- 
cretly paved  the  way  for  his  own  elevation  to 
the  sovereign  power.  For  a  while  Robes- 
pierre was  liis  friend,  but  when  he  saw  his 
superior  eloquence,  and  his  influence  among 
the  Jacobins',  lie  marked  him  for  destruction 
Dragged  before  the  bloody  revolutionary 
tribunal,  which  he  had  himself  established, 
Danton  shhwed  firmness  and  indifference. 
He  Mas  guillotined  the  first  day  of  April  1794. 
Indolent  yet  cruel,  ambitious  and  vulgar, 
this  bloody  tyrant  possessed  with  a  stentorian 
voice,  the  imposing  powers  of  persuasion, 
and  while  devoted  to  wincandJow  pleasures, 
he  gained  the  good  opinion  of  his  guilt)'  as- 
sociates by  gross  ribaldry  and  licentious  wit. 

Dantz.,  John  Andrew,  a  learned  Luthe- 
ran divine,  born  at  Sanhusen  near  Gotha. 
After  travelling  in  Holland  and  England,  he 
settled  at  Jena,  where,  as  professor  of  the 
oriental  tongues,  and  of  theology,  he  distin- 
guished himself.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy, 
1727,  aged  7,'j  He  wrote  Hebrew  and  Chal- 
dee  grammars — sinceritas  sacrse,  scripturae 
veteris  testameuti — translations  of  rabbinical 
writings,  dissertations,  &c. 

Daran,  James,  a  native  of  St.  Frajon  in 
Gascony,  who  became  surgeon  general  in 
the  imperial  army  at  Turin  and  Milan.  He 
refused  the  honorable  offers  of  Amadeus  to 
settle  in  Italy,  and  returned  to  France, 
where  he  died  1784,  aged  83.  He  wrote  a 
treatise  on  the  virulent  gonorrhoea — obser- 
vations on  the  diseases  of  the  urethra,  Sec. 
He  was  very  expert  in  his  operations  in  dis- 
eases of  the  bladder,  of  the  urethra,  &c. 

Darcet,  N.  an  able  chymist  and  physi- 
cian of  France,  who  was  professor  in  the 
national  institute,  and  died  at  Paris  1801, 
aged  75.  He  made  some  curious  experi- 
ments with  Rouelle  and  Macquer,  and  pub- 
lished some  valuable  memoirs  on  potteries, 
and  on  the  various  kinds  of  earth  to  be  used 
in  those  manufactories.  He  also  analysed 
minerals,  and  gave  to  the  public  the  state  of 
the  Pyrenees,  with  conjectures  on  the  causes 
of  their  gradual  wasting  away,  &c. 

DaRCI,  Patrick  count,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopher and  engineer,  born  in  Ireland  1725. 
As  he  was  attached  to  the  Stuart  family,  he 
removed  to  Paris  in  1739,  and  at  the  age  of 
17  he  distinguished  himself  by  a  new  solution 
of  the  problem  of  the  curve  of  equal  pres- 
sure, in  a  resisting  medium.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  the  war  of  1744,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  English.  In  1760  he  publish- 
ed his  essay  on  artillery,  with  curious  exper- 
imnn1-  on  «hr  charges  of  powder,  Sec.  and 


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in  1765  appeared  his  memoir  on  the  du- 
ration of  the  sensation  of  sight.  This  is  the 
most  ingenious  of  ins  works,  and  proves  him 
to  be  an  accurate  experimentalist.  His  me- 
moir on  hydraulic  machines,  and  also  his 
other  works  on  experimental  philosophy, 
evince  a  great  genius,  and  a  man  who  to  the 
patience  of  observation  united  great  and 
quick  discrimination,  and  solidity  of  judg- 
ment. Though  an  exile  he  Mas  attached  to 
his  country,  and  loved  the  name  of  an  Irish- 
man. He  died  at  Paris,  of  a  cholera  morbus 
in  1779. 

Dargonne,  Dom  Bonaventure,  a  learn- 
ed Carthusian  monk,  who  died  1704,  aged 
64.  He  is  author  of  un  traite  de  la  lecture 
des  peres  de  1'eglise — des  melanges  d'his- 
toire  &  de  literature — and  other  things. 

Darhs,  the  Mode,  supposed  to  be  the 
same  as  Cyaxares  the  son  of  Astyages,  who 
died  at  Babylon,  about  348  B.  C. 

Darius  I.  son  of  Hystaspes,  was  king  of 
Persia  after  Cambyses,  and  after  the  de- 
struction of  the  usurper  Smerdis.  His  se- 
lection out  of  the  seven  nobles,  who  had 
united  to  dethrone  the  impostor,  was  owing 
to  the  neighing  of  his  horse.  He  destroyed 
Babylon,  and  restored  the  captive  Jews  to 
their  country.  His  forces  were  defeated  at 
Marathon  by  Miltiades,  and  he  died  B.  C. 
485,  as  he  prepared  to  invade  Greece. 

Darius  II.  kingof  Persia,  after  his  father 
Artaxerxes,  was  father  of  Artaxerxes  and 
Cyrus  the  younger.  He  died  in  the  19th 
year  of  his  reign,  B.  C.  404. 

Darius  III.  the  last  king  of  Persia,  was 
defeated  by  Alexander  the  great,  in  the 
dreadful  battles  of  Granicus,  Issus,  and  Ar- 
bela,  and  was  murdered  as  lie  fled  from  the 
field  by  Bessus,  about  331  B.  C. 

Darcjuier,  Augustine,  an  eminent  astro- 
nomer, born  at  Toulouse,  23d  Nov.  1718.  He 
early  paid  attention  to  mathematical  and  as- 
tronomical pursuits,  and  ashe  was  blessed  with 
a  comfortable  independence,  he  provided 
himself  with  the  best  instruments,  and  built  an 
observatory  in  his  own  house.  More  general- 
ly to  diffuse  his  extensive  knowledge,  he  took 
pupils  whom  he  abby  instructed  m  astronomy. 
He  paid  the  expense  of  calculations  to  give 
greater  accuracy  to  his  observations,  and  re- 
ceived no  pecuniary  assistance  whatever 
from  the  government.  This  learned  and 
patriotic  man  died  in  his  native  town  ISth 
Jan.  1802,  after  escaping  the  storms  of  the 
revolution,  and  being  admitted  member  of 
the  national  institute.  He  wrote  2  vols,  of 
observations,  published  at  his  own  expense — 
Lambert's  cosmological  letters,  translated 
and  printed  at  Utrecht — elements  of  geome- 
try from  Simpson — observations  on  the  solar 
eclipse  of  1778,  from  the  Spanish  of  Ulloa — 
letters  on  practical  astronomy.  His  last  ob- 
servations to  March  1798  appeared  in  la 
Lande's  histoire  celeste. 

Darwin,  Erasmus,  an  English  poet  and 
physician,  born  at  Newark  in  Nottingham- 
shire, 1732.  As  his  family  was  respectable, 
he  received  a  liberal  education,  and  then  en- 
tered at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  where 


|  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  B.  17o5.  From 
;  Cambridge  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  where  he 
j  more  particularly  devoted  himself  to  the 
|  study  of  physic,  and  where  he  took  his  med- 
•  ical  degrees.  He  afterwards  settled  at  Lich- 
I  field,  where  he  acquired  great  celebrity  in 
|  his  profession.  His  first  wife  was  miss  How- 
ard of  Lichfield,  who  bore  him  three  sons, 
and  after  her  death,  which  happened  in  1770, 
he  married  the  widow  of  col.  Pole,  a  lady  of 
agreeable  manners,  and  possessed  of  a  hand- 
some fortune,  by  whose  persuasion,  in  1781 
he  retired  to  Derby.  He  died  at  Derby  very 
suddenly,  18th  April  1802.  In  private  life 
Dr.  Darwin  was  amiable  and  benevolent,  in 
his  conversation  easy  and  entertaining,  and 
in  his  manners  affable.  The  best  known  of 
his  works  are  his  botanic  garden  with  philo- 
sophical notes,  in  two  parts — the  economy  of 
vegetation — the  loves  of  the  plants,  2  vols. 
Svo. — zoonomia,  or  the  laws  of  organic  life, 
4  vols.  Svo. — phytologia,  or  the  philosophy 
of  agriculture  and  gardening,  4to.  He  wrote 
besides,  treatise  on  female  education,  4to. — 
some  papers  in  the  philosophical  transactions, 
on  medical  and  philosophical  subjects — a 
thesis  on  the  movement  of  the  heart  and  the 
arteries,  in  consequence  of  the  stimulus  of  the 
blood — the  system  of  vegetables  of  Linnseus, 
published  by  the  Lichfield  botanical  society, 
&c.  As  a  poet  and  botanist,  the  name  of 
Darwin  is  respectable,  his  verses  display  ele- 
gance, grace,  and  beauty,  but  they  seldom 
rise  to  sublimity,  and  they  please  more  by 
the  easy  flow  of  number,  than  by  the  fire  of 
description.  His  graces  are  the  tinsel  of  or- 
nament, not  the  animated,  the  fiery  language 
of  the  muse.  In  his  system  he  branches  out 
too  much  into  the  fields  of  fancy,  and  he 
seems  deltghted  in  informing  his  readers 
that  his  notions  of  religion  were  vague  and 
unprincipled.  Ovid,  in  another  age,  had 
changed  men  into  trees  and  plants;  but  the 
poet  of  Lichfield  transforms  his  flowers  into 
human  beings,  and  with  all  the  feeling  of 
carnal  passion  he  describes  the  inhabitants 
of  his  parterre  and  of  his  green  house,  as 
conveying  their  amorous  sighs,  and  their 
tender  glances,  with  all  the  art  and  coquetry 
of  modern  times. 

Darwin,  Charles,  son  of  Dr.  Darwin, 
was  born  at  Lichfield  1758,  and  educated  at 
Christ's  church,  Oxford,  and  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  obtained  the  first  prize  medal  from 
the  Esculapian  society,  in  a  treatise  on  the 
means  of  distinguishing  pus  from  mucus. 
He  wrote  in  Latin,  an  account  of  the  retro- 
grade motions  of  the  absorbent  vessels  of 
animal  bodies  in  some  diseases,  which  his 
father  published  in  English.  He  died  1778, 
at  a  time  when  his  father  promised  himself 
much  happiness  from  the  exertions  of  his 
great  and  extensive  abilities  in  the  medical 
world. 

Dassier,  John,  medalist  to  the  republic 
of  Geneva,  struck  a  series  of  the  English 
kings,  with  a  hope  of  procuring  an  establish- 
ment in  the  English  mint,  which  however 
did  not  succeed.  His  nephew,  James  An- 
thony, in  1740  was  appointed  seeond  engraver 


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to  llie  mint  in  London,  but  returned  to  Ge- 
neva five  years  after.  The  family  were  in- 
genious. They  executed  a  set  of  the  reform- 
ers in  brass,  small,  and  also  large  medals  of 
the  great  men  then  living.  Their  bronze 
medals  of  Roman  history  are  valuable. 

Dassouci,  a  French  musician  and  poet 
of  the  l~th  century.  He  obtained  celebrity 
by  his  buffoonery,  and  was  introduced  to  the 
court  of  Lewis  XIII.  and  XIV.  He  left  Pa- 
ris in  1655,  and  travelled  through  Lyons, 
where  he  was  noticed  and  entertained  by 
Moliere,  and  afterwards  visited  Turin,  and 
other  places,  where,  by  his  wit,  drollery,  and 
artifices,  he  maintained  himself,  and  procu- 
red the  patronage  of  the  great.  He  died  at 
the  latter  end  of  the  17th  century.  In  1674 
he  published  two  small  volumes,  composed 
in  the  Chatelet  prison.  He  was  ridiculed  by 
Boileau,  and  severely  lampooned  by  Cyrano 
de  Bergerac,  under  the  name  of  Soucidas. 

Datames,  an  illustrious  general  of  Per- 
sia, who,  after  the  most  meritorious  services, 
was  treated  with  contempt  and  suspicion, 
and  in  consequence  revolted  against  his  sove- 
reign. He  was  assassinated  by  Mithridates, 
361  B.  C. 

Dati,  Augustin,  a  native  of  Sienna, 
where  he  became  teacher  of  rhetoric  and  of 
the  classics,  and  afterwards  first  magistrate. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  immortality  of 
the  soul — epistles — orations — the  history  of 
Sienna,  &c.  printed  in  1  vol.  fol.  1503,  and  he 
died  1478,  aged  58. 

Dati,  Carlo,  a  native  of  Florence,  pro- 
fessor of  literature  t':iere.  He  was  remarka- 
ble for  the  civility  he  showed  to  strangers 
who  visited  his  native  city,  and  life  became 
known  by  his  works,  which  consisted  of  Ital- 
ian poems  on  Lewis  XIV.  and  other  things. 
He  proved  in  one  of  his  tracts,  that  Marsen- 
nus  is  not  the  inventor  of  the  cycloid,  but 
Galileo,  and  he  also  ascribes  great  merit  to 
Toricelli  for  the  explanation  of  the  suspen- 
sion of  quicksilver  in  a  glass  tube.  His  chief 
work,  according  to  Boyle,  is  the  life  of*  four 
of  the  illustrious  painters  of  ancient  times, 
Zeuxis,  Parrhasius,  Appelles  and  Protoge- 
nes.  Dati  died  1675,  respected  for  his  ami- 
able manners  not  less  than  for  his  extensive 
erudition. 

Daval,  Peter,  a  barrister  of  the  Middle- 
temple,  known  as  an  able  mathematician.  He 
translated  cardinal  de  Retz's  memoirs,  1723, 
and  died  8th  Jan.  1763,  being  then  accomp- 
tant  general  to  the  court  of  chancery.  His 
opinion  on  elliptical  arches,  at  the  time  of 
building  Blackfriars  bridge,  is  recorded  in 
the  London  magazine,  March  1760. 

Davaxzati,  Bernard,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  translated  Tacitus  into  Italian, 
and  wrote  besides,  treatises  on  Tuscan  agri- 
culture— history  of  the  English  schism — an 
account  of  exchanges,  kc.  and  died  1606, 
aged  77. 

Dau  benton,  John  Lewis  Marie,  an  emi- 
nent anatomist,  born  at  Montbard  in  Burgun- 
dy, May  1716.  When  he  had  completed  his 
medical  studies,  he  became  the  active  associ- 
ate of  BcifFen,  in.  the  preparation  and   the 


completion  of  his  valuable  natural  history, 
and  published  besides  instruction  fbr  shep- 
herds— a  treatise  on  trees  and  shrubs — and 
many  curious  and  interesting  memoixs  on 
suhjectsof  mineralogy — on  the  improvement 
of  wool,  &c.  He  was  at  first  keeper  of  the 
royal  museum,  and  in  1744  was  elected 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  and  in 
1799  he  was  chosen  member  of  the  conser- 
vative senate.  He  died  31st  Dec.  of  the 
same  year. 

Daubemton,  William,  a  Jesuit  of  Auv- 
erre,  confessor  to  Philip  V.  of  Spain.  It  is 
supposed,  that  he  enjoyed  so  much  the  royal 
confidence,  that  the  monarch  intrusted  him 
with  his  intention  of  abdicating  his  throne, 
an  important  secret  which  the  favorite  dis- 
closed to  Orleans  regent  of  France.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy  172.3,  aged  75.  He  wrote 
some  funeral  orations — some  sermons,  2  vols, 
folio,  &c. 

Davenant,  John,  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
was  born  in  Watling-street,  1576,  where  his 
father  was  a  merchant,  he  was  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  fellow  in  1597.  He  took  his  degree 
of  D.  D.  1609,  and  the  same  year  was  elected 
lady  Max-garet's  divinity  professor,  and  in 
1614  was  chosen  master  of  his  college.  His 
learning  recommended  him  to  James  I.  who 
sent  him  with  other  eminent  divines  to  the 
synod  of  Dort  1618,  and  he  was  in  1621  rais- 
ed to  the  see  of  Salisbury.  He  however  in- 
curred the  king's  displeasure,  by  treating  in 
a  discourse  on  predestination.  He  died  of  a 
consumption,  20th  April  1641,  and  was  buri- 
ed in  his  cathedral.  He  was  a  learned  di- 
vine, and  very  exemplary  in  his  manners, 
but  a  strong  Calvinist.  He  published  an  ex- 
position of  the  epistle  to  the  Colossiaus, — 
questions  on  which  he  had  disputed  in  the 
schools,  in  numbers,  49 — animadversions 
on  Hoard's  treatises — and  other  theological 
tracts. 

Davenant,  William,  an  English  poet, 
born  at  Oxford  1605.  As  his  father  kept  an 
inn  there,  and  his  mother  was  a  great  beauty, 
malevolence  has  wantonly  insinuated  that  to 
Shakspeare,  who  generally  stopped  there 
on  his  road  between  London  and  Stratford, 
our  author  was  indebted  for  his  life  and  his 
poetical  talents.  Young  Davenant  received 
his  grammar  learning  at  Oxford,  and  then 
entered  at  Lincoln  college;  but  his  love  of 
poetry  led  him  from  the  university,  and  he 
became  page  to  the  duchess  of  Richmond, 
and  afterwards  to  lord  Brooke,  who  himself 
had  some  poetical  talents.  In  1028  he  began 
to  write  plays,  and  soon  recommended  him- 
self to  the  friendship  of  the  wits  of  the  age. 
In  consequence  of  a  criminal  intercourse 
with  a  black  female  in  Axeyard,  Westmin- 
ster, he  had  about  this  time  the  misfortune 
to  lose  his  nose ;  but  though  disfigured,  and 
though  ridiculed  for  the  adventure,  he  did 
not  part  with  his  merriment,  or  the  cause  of 
his  disgrace.  In  1637  he  succeeded  Ben 
Jonson  as  poet  laureat,  but  his  attachment 
to  the  king's  person  produced  an  accusation 
against  hrm,  and  bf  was  diarged  with  an  at» 


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tempt  to  seduce  the  array.  He  .was  bailed 
and  immediately  withdrew  to, France,  and 
afterwards  on  his  return  he  was  knighted  by 
the  king,  near  Glocester,  1643.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  civil  troubles,  he  again  retired 
to  France,  where  probably  to  please  the 
.court,  he  changed  his  religion,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  the  weight  he  thus  acquired  he 
was  commissioned  confidentially  by  the  queen 
to  persuade  Charles  to  give  up  the  church 
for  his  security,  an  intimation  which  highly 
displeased  the  king,  who  forbad  Davenant 
ever  to  appear  before  him  again.  The  queen 
afterwards  employed  him  to  transport  some 
artificers  from  France  to  Virginia,  but  the 
ship  was  seized  by  the  English  cruizers,  and 
Davenant  thrown  into  prison,  and  threatened 
with  persecution  and  death,  from  which  how- 
ever the  friendship  and  interference  of  Milton 
and  others  saved  him.  After  two  years'  con- 
finement in  the  tower  he  was  liberated,  and 
now  to  maintain  himself,  he  began,  as  trage- 
dies were  considered  as  profane,  to  exhibit 
moral  virtues  in  verse,  and  to  perform  in  reci- 
tative music.  At  the  restoration  he  obtained  a 
patent  for  acting  plays  in  Lincoln's  Inn  fields. 
He  died  17th  April  1668,  aged  63,  and  was 
interred  in  Mrestminster-abbey,  where  these 
words  record  his  name,  "  O  rare  sir  William 
Davenant."  His  works  were  published  by 
his  widow  in  1673,  and  dedicated  to  James 
duke  of  York.  They  consist  of  plays  and 
poems  in  which  is  the  famous  Gondibert,  in 
which  his  favorite  black  female  is  introduced. 
Davenant,  Charles,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  w^s  born  in  1656,  and  educated 
at  Cheain,  Surrey,  and  Baliol  college,  Ox- 
ford. He  took  no  degree,  and  at  the  age  of 
19,  he  distinguished  himself  by  the  acting  of 
the  only  tragedy  he  wrote,  Circe,  which  ap- 
peared with  great  applause  at  the  duke  of 
York's  theatre.  From  the  theatre,  howev- 
er, where  he  had  some  interest  from  the 
property  left  by  his  father,  he  turned  his 
thoughts  to  civil  law,  and  had  the  degree  of 
doctor  conferred  on  him  by  Cambridge.  He 
served  fpr  St.  Ives  in  the  parliament  of  1685, 
and  in  1698  and  1700,  for  Great  Bedwin. 
He  was  appointed  by  James  II.  to  inspect  all 
plays,  and  preserve  the  decorum  of  the  stage, 
and  he  afterwards  held  for  16  years  the  of- 
fice of  commissioner  of  excise,  and  lastly 
that  of  inspector  general  of  the  exports  and 
imports,  till  his  death,  which  happened  sixth 
November  1714.  Dr.  Davenant's  knowledge 
of  the  constitution,  and  his  great  skill  in  fig- 
ures, rendered  him  an  able  political  and  fi- 
nancial writer.  Though  some  of  his  pam- 
phlets for  their  freedom,  their  independence 
of  language,  and  severity  of  censure,  drew 
upon  htm  the  attacks  of  some  able  oppo- 
nents, yet  his  abilities  were  universally  ac- 
knowledged, and  his  opinion  always  highly 
respected.  His  first  political  work  was  an 
essay  upon  the  ways  and  means  of  suyjplying 
the  war  1695,  and  he  treated  the  subject  in 
so  masterly  a  manner  that  whatever  he  af- 
terwards wrote  was  sought  with  avidity,  and 
read  with  deferer.ee.  His  other  works  are 
all  upon   political    and     financial    suhiects. 


They  were  the  best  part  collected  and  revi- 
sed by  sir  Charles  Whitworth  in  five  vols. 
8vo.  1771. 

Davenant,  William,  fourth  son  of  sir 
William,  was  educated  at  Magdalen-hall, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  A. 
1680,  and  entered  into  orders.  He  transla- 
ted into  English,  la  Mothe  le  "Vayer's  ani- 
madversions on  Greek  and  Latin  historians. 
He  was  presented  to  a  living  in  Surrey  by 
his  friend  Robert  Wymond  Sole  esquire, 
and  it  was  in  the  company  of  this  gentleman 
that  he  visited  Paris,  where  he  was  unfor- 
tunately drowned,  as  he  was  swimming  for 
his  diversion  in  the  summer  of  1681. 

Davenport,  Christopher,  a  learned 
Englishman,  born  1598  at  Coventry,  where 
he  received  his  grammar  education.  He  en- 
tered at  Merlon  college,  Oxford,  and  two 
years  after  went  to  Douay  and  Ypres,  where 
he  changed  his  religion  and  assumed  the 
habit  of  a  Franciscan.  He  afterwards  trav- 
elled into  England  under  the  name  of  San  eta 
Clara,  and  was  chaplain  to  queen  Henrietta. 
In  this  office  he  was  very  active  in  advancing 
the  cause  of  popery,  by  persuasion  as  well 
as  by  writing,  and  indeed  so  formidable  did 
his  influence  appear,  that  one  of  the  articles 
of  impeachment  against  Laud,  was  his  hold- 
ing conferences  with  this  dangerous  Francis- 
can. During  the  civil  wars  Davenport  was  ft 
fugitive  residing  sometime  abroad,  and  some- 
time in  London  and  Oxford,  but  after  the 
restoration  lie  was  appointed  chaplain  to 
Catharine  of  Portugal,  Charles's  queen,  and 
he  was  a  third  time  made  provincial  of  his 
order  in  England.  He  died  31st  May  1680. 
He  wrote,  among  several  works,  paraphrasti- 
ca  cxpositio  articulorum  confessionis  Angli- 
can, is.  Deus,  Natura,  Gratia,  in  which  he  at- 
tempted to  reconcile  the  king,  the  church, 
and  the  articles  of  religion,  to  the  church  of 
Rome. 

Davenport,  John,  elder  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Coventry  1597,  and 
entered  at  Merton  college  1613.  He  did  not 
like  his  brother  become  papist,  but  a  most 
zealous  puritan.  After  being  minister  of  St 
Stephen's  church,  Coleman  street,  and  ad- 
mired for  his  oratory,  lie  passed  over  to 
Amsterdam,  where  the  minister  of  the  Eng- 
lish church,  John  Paget,  prevented  his  asso- 
ciating with  his  congregation,  a  measure 
which  produced  a  controversy  between  the 
two  divines.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  re- 
bellion he  returned  to  England,  but  soon  af- 
ter embarked  for  America,  where  he  be- 
came minister  of  New-Haven.  He  died  a( 
Boston  1669.  He  wrote  sermons — a  cate- 
chism containing  the  chief  heads  of  the  chris- 
tian religion — and  other  theological  tracts. 

David,  king  of  Israel,  was  born  at  Beth- 
lehem 1085  B.C.  and  anointed  by  Samuel, 
whilst  he  was  keeping  the  flocks  of  his  fath- 
er Jesse.  His  courage  in  killing  the  giant 
Goliah,  with  a  sling  and  a  stone  rendered 
him  conspicuous  in  Israel,  but  Saul,  who  at 
first  wished  to  patronise  him,  grew  jealous 
of  his  popularity,  and  pursued  him  with 
the  intention  of  putting  him  to  death.    Thus 


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expelled  from  his  country  David  wandered 
among  the  neighboring  nations,  always  res- 
pected for  valor  and  integrity,  and  at  the 
de:Uli  of  Saul,  he  was  acknowledged  king  of 
the  tribe  of  Judah.  After  some  time,on  the 
death  of  Mephibosheth  the  son  of  Saul,  who 
had  been  placed  on  his  father's  throne  by  the 
intrigues  of  Abner,  David  was  received  as 
sole  monarch  by  all  the  tribes  of  Israel,  and 
his  reign  for  30  years  was  marked  by  pros- 
perity, glory,  and  fame.  He  extended  his 
dominion  over  some  of  the  adjoining  coun- 
tries, and  took  Jerusalem  the  city  of  the  Jeb- 
usites,  which  he  called  the  city  of  David  ; 
but  his  reputation  was  stained  by  his  adulte- 
rous intercourse  with  Bathsheba,  and  his 
foul  murder  of  Uriah  her  husband.  In  a 
moment  of  arrogance  too  he  caused  the  peo- 
ple to  be  numbered  which  was  severely  pun- 
ished by  the  visitation  of  a  plague.  His  trans- 
gressions were  also  visited  by  dissension  in 
his  own  family,  and  by  the  revolt  of  his  fa- 
vorite son  Absalom  who  proclaimed  himself 
king.  The  death  of  this  prince,  who  was 
slain  by  Joub,  greatly  affected  the  mourning 
lather,  who  in  his  old  age  resigned  the  gov- 
ernment into  the  hands  of  Solomon  his  son. 
David  died  aged  70  B.  C.  1015,  highly  re- 
spected for  his  character  of  benevolence, 
courage  and  piety.  The  psalms  which  he 
composed,  in  a  strain  of  great  sublimity  and  I 
commanding  eloquence,  are  strong  proofs 
of  his  devotion  as  well  as  of  his  trust  iu  the 
Divine  Providence. 

David,  Saint,  the  patron  of  Wales,  was 
a  native  of  the  province,  and  educated  at 
Bangor  in  the  5th  century.  He  founded  sev- 
eral monasteries  in  Wales,  where  his  monks 
maintained  themselves  by  their  labor  and 
industry.  He  governed  the  see  of  St.  Da- 
vid's 05  years,  and  was  buried  in  the  cathe- 
dral there.  The  symbol  of  the  leek  attri- 
buted to  him  is  supposed  to  originate  in  the 
custom  of  Cymhorlha,  still  observed  among 
the  farmers  of  the  country,  where  in  assist- 
ing one  another  in  ploughing  their  land,  they 
bring  each  their  leeks  to  the  common  repast 
of  the  whole  party. 

David,  an  Armenian  philosopher,  in  the 
middle  of  the  fifth  century,  who  studied  at 
Athens.  He  translated  some  of  the  works 
of  Plato  and  Aristotle,  and  other  learned 
Greeks,  which  are  preserved  in  the  French 
king's  library. 

David,  de  Dinant,  a  disciple  of  Amauri, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century,  who 
taught  that  God  was  original  matter,  a  sys- 
tem afterwards  nearly  adopted  by  Spinoza. 

David,  George,  a  fanatic  of  Ghent,  ed- 
ucated as  a  glazier.  In  1525  he  began  to 
preach  as  the  true  Messiah,  the  third  David, 
the  nephew  of  God.  This  strange  doctrine 
created  followers  and  persecution,  and  he 
fled  to  Friesland,  and  afterwards  to  Basil, 
where  he  died  1556.  He  prophesied  that 
after  three  days  he  would  rise  again,  and 
about  that  time  the  magistrates  of  Basil  in 
contempt  of  his  opinions  dug  up  his  body, 
which  together  with  his  writings  was  burnt 
by  the  executioner, 

VOL.    I.  63 


David,  de  Pomis,  a  Jewish  physician  of 
the  16th  century,  who  pretended  to  be  des- 
cended from  the  true  stock  of  Judah.  He 
wrote  de  senum  afTectibus,  8vo. — a  rabbinical 
dictionary,  Hebrew  and  Italian,  Venice,  folio. 
1587,  very  useful  and  learned. 

David,  Gantz,  a  Jewish  historian  of  the 
16th  century,  author  of  a  Hebrew  chronicle, 
4to.  part  of  which  was  translated  into  Latin 
by  Vorstius  with  notes,  Leyden  1644,  4to. 

David,  of  Hirazug,  a  Welsh  divine  and 
poet,  called  the  black,  about  1350.  He  al- 
tered and  improved  the  grammar  and  pro- 
sody of  Edeyrn,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest 
of  his  country  by  Edward  I.  and  according 
to  the  new  institutions  and  manners  which 
that  era  produced,  the  missal  or  the  office 
of  the  Virgin  was  translated  by  him  into 
Welsh,  and  is  still  preserved. 

David  el  David,  a  Persian  Jew,  in 
the  12th  century,  who  pretended  to  be  the 
Messiah,  and  prevailed  upon  some  of  his 
countrymen  to  support  his  imposture.  He 
was  at  last  defeated  and  beheaded  in  the 
king's  presence,  who  ordered  the  Jews  to  be 
massacred  through  the  empire. 

David  Ab  Gwilum,  a  celebrated  Welsh 
bard,  patronised  by  Ivor  the  Generous.  His 
poetry  which  possessed  beauty,  fire  and  sub- 
limity was  chiefly  on  subjects  of  love,  and 
147  of  his  poems  were  inscribed  to  the  fair 
Morvid  his  mistress,  who  however  proved 
unkind  to  his  merits,  and  married  Khys 
Gwgan,  an  officer,  who  distinguished  himself 
in  the  English  army  at  the  battle  of  Crecy. 
His  works  were  edited  at  London  1789. 

David,  emperor  of  Trebizonde,  after 
John  his  brother,  was  of  the  imperial  fam- 
ily of  the  Commeni.  He  was  defeated  by 
Mahomet  II.  who  insolently  offered  him  the 
choice  either  of  being  converted  tomahome- 
tanism,  or  to  suffer  death.  He  heroically 
chose  death,  and  suffered  1461. 

David  Ap  Edmund,  a  Welsh  poet  in 
the  15th  century,  born  at  Hanmer  in  Flint- 
shire. He  was  the  president  of  an  assembly 
of  bards  who  met  at  Caermarthen,  at  the 
request  of  Edward  IV.  and  were  opposed  by 
a  poetical  band  from  another  province.  At 
that  meeting  a  number  of  canons  of  poetry 
were  established  and  agreed  upon. 

David  I.  earl  of  Northumberland  and 
Huntingdon,  was  king  of  Scotland,  after  his 
brother  Alexander  the  Fierce  1124.  He  was 
brought  up  in  England,  and  married  Maud 
the  grand  niece  of  William  the  conqueror, 
and  after  the  death  of  the  first  Henry,  he 
maintained  with  spirit  the  claims  of  the  em- 
press Maud  to  the  English  throne  against 
Stephen.  To  enforce  her  pretensions  he 
entered  England,  and  seized  Carlisle  which 
though  conquered  afterwards  at  the  battle 
of  North  Allerton  113S,  he  was  permitted 
to  retain.  He  died  at  Carlisle  11th  May 
1153,  universally  respected  as  a  mild,  pop- 
ular, and  benevolent  king. 

David  II.  king  of  Scotland,  was  son  of 
llobert  Bruce,  whom  he  succeeded  when 
five  years  old.  During  the  invasion  of  his 
country  by  Baiiol  lie  was  conveyed  to  France, 


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but  returned  after  the  defeat  of  his  ene- 
mies 1342.  He  was  in  1346  taken  prisoner  by 
an  English  army,  after  a  valiant  resistance, 
and  sent  a  close  prisoner  to  the  tower,  from 
which  after  a  long  confinement  of  10  years, 
lie  was  liberated  on  paying  a  heavy  ransom. 
He  died  1371,  aged  47,  leaving  no  issue  by 
his  wife  Jane  daughter  of  Edward  II.  of  Eng- 
land. 

Davidis,  Francis,  a  Hungarian,  who  at 
various  times  embraced  the  tenets  of  the 
Roman  catholics,  the  Lutherans,  the  Cal- 
vinists,  the  Unitarians,  &c.  As  he  opposed 
both  Socinus  and  Blandrata,  and  declared 
that  no  worship  was  due  to  Christ,  he  was 
accused  of  favoring  Judaism,  and  was  in  con- 
sequence thrown  into  prison  where  he  died 
1579.  He  wrote  some  tracts  on  the  millen- 
nium, and  other  theological  subjects. 

Davies,  sir  John,  a  lawyer  and  poet, 
born  at  Chisgrove,  Wilts  1570.  He  was  of 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  then  removed 
to  the  Middle  temple,  where  he  was  called 
to  the  bar.  He  M'as  member  of  parliament 
in  1601,  and  on  the  queen's  death  went  with 
lord  Hunsdon  and  others  to  Scotland  to  con- 
gratulate James,  who  knowing  the  charac- 
ter of  his  writings  received  him  with  great 
cordiality  and  respect.  He  was  solicitor  and 
attorney-general  to  the  king  in  Ireland,  and 
also  speaker  of  the  Irish  house,  and  on  re- 
turning to  England  in  1612,  he  was  made  an 
English  Serjeant  at  law,  afterwards  one  of 
the  judges,  and  in  1626  lord  chief  justice  of 
the  king's  bench.  He  died,  however,  sud- 
denly of  an  apoplexy  before  his  installation. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  spirit,  of  extensive 
erudition,  but  more  distinguished  for  wit 
and  learning,  than  as  an  able  lawyer.  His 
nosce  teipsum,  on  the  nature  and  immor- 
tality of  the  soul,  a  poem  dedicated  to 
queen  Elizabeth,  has  gone  through  several 
editions.  He  wrote,  besides  smaller  poems 
—orchestra — on  dancmg — hymns  of  Astrea, 
&c.  edited  1773,  in  12mo.  and  some  law 
tracts — an  abridgment  of  sir  Edward  Coke's 
reports — jusimponendi  vectigalia,  &c.  edited 
1786,  8vo.  Sirjohn  married  Eleanor,  daugh- 
.  ter  of  lord  Touchet,  by  whom  he  had  a  son, 
an  idiot,  who  died  young,  and  Lucy,  who 
married  lord  Huntingdon.  Lady  Davies 
pretended  to  be  a  prophetess,  and  the  sun- 
day  before  her  husband's  death  she  suddenly 
burst  into  tears,  which  she  declared  were 
his  funeral  tears.  She  died  in  London  1552, 
and  was  buried  at  St.  Martin's  in  the  fields, 
near  her  husband.  An  account  of  her  won- 
derful and  strange  prophecies,  was  published 
in  1649. 

Davies,  John,  was  born  at  Llanveres  in 
Denbighshire,  and  educated  at  Huthin 
school  by  Morgan,  afterwards  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph.  He  was  of  Jesus,  and  afterwards  of 
Lincoln  college,  Oxford.  He  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree  1616,  and  became  rector  of 
Mallwyd  and  canon  of  St.  Asaph.  He  was 
an  excellent  scholar,  and  well  acquainted 
with  the  history  and  antiquities  of  his  coun- 
try. His  works  are — Antiqute  lingua  Bri- 
taunicse,    nuno    dictx    Cambro-BriUnnicje, 


&c.  rudiraenta,  1621  8vo.  Dictioiiariusn 
Latino — Britannicum  folio,  1632.  Adagia 
Britannica,  &c.  He  also  assisted  his  friends 
bishops  Morgan,  and  Farny,  to  translate  the 
bible  into  Welsh.    He  died  1644. 

Davies,  John,  an  eminent  critic,  born 
in  London  22d  April  1679.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  the  charter-house  and  Queen's  col- 
lege Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow 
in  1701.  In  1711  he  was  made  rector  of 
Fen-ditton,  near  Cambridge,  and  prebend- 
ary of  Ely,  and  1717  chosen  master  of  his 
college  and  created  D.D.  He  died  7th 
March  1732,  aged  53,  and  was  buried  in  the 
chapel  of  his  college.  He  was  the  learned 
editor  of  the  works  of  Maximus  Tyrius, 
Csesar,  Minucius  Felix,  Cicero's  philosophi- 
cal pieces,  &c.  Lactantius,  &c.  Though 
universally  admired  as  the  editor  of  these 
valuable  classics,  yet  the  abbe  d'Olivet,  has 
censured  Dr.  Davies  as  a  puerile,  weak,  and 
injudicious  annotator. 

Davies,  John,  a  poet  and  writing  master. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxfqrd,  and  afterwards 
resided  in  Fleet-street.  Most  of  his  poetical 
pieces  are  mentioned  by  Wood.  He  wrote 
also  the  scourge  of  folly,  in  epigrams,  and 
the  anatomv  of  fair  writing,  a  copy-book,  8*c. 
He  died  about  1618. 

Davies,  Samuel,  an  American  dissent- 
ing clergyman,  born  at  Newcastle,  Dela- 
ware, 3d  November  1724.  He  succeeded  in 
1759,  as  president  of  the  college  of  New- 
Jersey,  and  died  February  4th  1761.  His 
sermons,  3  vols.  8vo.  were  published  by  Dr. 
Gibbons,  London,  and  are  in  esteem. 

Davies,  Thomas,  a  bookseller.  He  was 
in  1728  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  and 
in  1736  appeared  as  an  actor  at  the  Hay- 
market  theatre.  He  then  commenced  book- 
seller in  Duke's  court,  but  soon  returned  to 
the  theatre,  and  after  strolling  over  the 
country  he  appeared  in  1752  at  Drury-lane, 
with  his  wife,  a  Miss  Yarrow,  a  woman  of 
great  beauty  and  unspotted  virtue.  In  1762 
he  again  commenced  a  bookseller  in  liussel- 
street,  and  in  1778  became  a  bankrupt,  but 
the  influence  and  friendship  of  Dr.  Johnson, 
and  a  benefit  at  Drury-lane  from  Mr.  Sher- 
idan, restored  him  to  the  comforts  of  inde- 
pendence. In  1780  he  published  his  life  of 
Garrick,  which  improved  his  income  and 
enlarged  the  number  of  his  friends.  He 
also  wrote  memoirs  of  Henderson,  a  life  of 
Massinger,  of  Dr.  John  Eachard,  Mr.  Lillo, 
sir  John  Davies,  and  also  dramatic  miscel- 
lanies 3  vols,  besides  some  fugitive  pieces  in 
the  newspapers.  He  died  5th  May  1785, 
and  was  buried  in  the  vault  of  St.  Paul's, 
Covent-garden. 

Davila,  Henry  Catherine,  a  celebra- 
ted historian,  born  at  Cyprus,  from  which 
he  fled  when  that  island  was  subdued  by  the 
Turks  1571.  He  came  to  Avila  in  Spain, 
where  he  understood  his  family  originated, 
and  he  afterwards  passed  to  France,  where 
he  became  a  favorite  at  the  court  of  Henry 
III.  The  death  of  the  monarch  disconcerted 
the  plans  of  Davila,  who  expected  there  for 
himself,  his  brother  and  two  sisters,  a  pcT- 


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manent  settlement,  and  though  lie  remained 
for  a  little  while  in  the  service  of  Henry  IV. 
he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  was  honorably 
received.  On  his  way  to  Verona,  on  the 
affairs  of  the  Venetian  republic,  he  was 
grossly  insulted  by  a  person  who  at  last  dis- 
charged a  pistol  at  him,  and  wounded  him 
mortally.  The  son  of  Davila,  a  youth  of  18, 
revenged  his  death,  and  immediately  cut  the 
assassin  to  pieces.  During  his  residence  at 
Venice,  Davila  wrote  in  Italian  his  history 
of  the  civil  wars  of  France  in  fifteen  books, 
from  the  death  of  Henry  II.  155'J  to  1598. 
This  history,  considered  by  Bolingbroke  as 
equal  to  Livy's  annals,  is  highly  esteemed 
fur  its  authenticity,  correctness,  and  the 
elegance  of  the  composition.  The  best 
edition  is  that  of  London  2  vols.  4to.  1*55. 

Davila,  Peter  Francis,  a  famous  Span- 
ish naturalist,  who  in  the  pursuit  of  conchy- 
lioiogy,  and  mineralogy  corresponded  with 
the  most  learned  men  in  Europe.  He  died 
at  Madrid  1785.  An  account  of  his  valuable 
cabinet  was  published  in  3  vols. 

Davis,  Henry  Edwards,  a  native  of 
Windsor,  llth  July  175G.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Ealing,  Middlesex,  and  at  Baliol  col- 
lege, Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow 
and  tutor.  In  177-8  he  wrote  his  examination 
of  Gibbon's  decline  and  fall  of  the  Roman 
empire,  a  work  which  though  the  produc- 
tion of  a  young  man  was  considered  as  so 
respectable,  that  of  many  attacks  it  was  the 
only  one  which  the  historian  deigned  to 
answer.  He  died  10th  February  17S4,  of  a 
lingering  illness,  and  left  behind  him  a  most 
respectable  character  for  erudition,  for 
goodness  of  heart,  and  amiableness  of  man- 
ners.    He  was  buried  at  Windsor. 

Davis,  John,  a  native  of  Sandridge,  De- 
vonshire, early  inured  to  a  sea  life.  He  ob- 
tained in  1585  the  command  of  some  vessels 
to  discover  a  northwest  passage  to  the  East- 
Indies,  and  he  gave  his  name  to  the  straits 
which  he  visited,  and  the  next  year  he  pro- 
ceeded in  his  spirit  of  discovery  to  the  coast 
of  Greenland,  and  as  high  as  the  73d  degree 
of  north  latitude.  He  was  with  Cavendish 
in  1591,  in  his  expedition  to  the  South  seas, 
and  afterwards  he  was  employed  in  five 
voyages  to  the  East-Indies.  He  was  not  only 
an  able  seaman  but  a  correct  writer,  as  ap- 
pears by  the  account  of  his  voyages  which 
be  published.  v  He  was  unfortunately  killed 
on  the  shores  of  Malacca  in  a  quarrel  with 
some  Japanese  1G05. 

Davison,  Jeremiah,  born  in  England,  of 
Scotch  parents,  was  pupil  to  Lely,  and  excel- 
led in  painting  satyrs.     He  died  1745. 

Daumius,  Christian,  a  native  of  Misnia, 
regent  of  the  college  of  Zwickau,  where  he 
died  IGS7,  aged  75.  He  gave  proofs  of  his 
learning  in  his  tractatus  de  causis  amissarum 
linguae  Latinos  radicum,  8vo. — epistohc  4to. 
— indagator  et  restitutor  lingua;  Grajc.  radi- 
cum,— and  poems. 

Daun,  Leopold  count,  a  great  general 
born  in  1705.  He  was  colonel  in  1740,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  Maria 
Theresa,  and  afterw  ards  with  greater  glory 


in  the  relief  of  Prague,  &c.  against  the  king 
of  Prussia  whom  he  defeated  at  Chotche- 
mitch  in  1757,  to  commemorate  which  £reat 
victory  the  empress  instituted  the  military 
order  which  bears  her  name.  He  again  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battle  of  Hochkir- 
chen  in  175S,  and  at  the  siege  of  Dresden, 
but  he  was  totally  defeated  at  Siplitz  near 
Torgau,  in  1760.  The  peace  of  1763  re- 
stored him  and  the  country  to  tranquillity, 
and  he  died  at  Vienna  5th  February  1766  at 
the  aye  of  61,  leaviug  behind  him  the  cha- 
racter of  a  brave  and  circumspect  general, 
a  humane  and  benevolent  man,  auda  devout 
christian. 

Daunots,  Countess,  acquired  some  ce- 
lebrity, bv  her  romances  and  travels  in  Spain. 
She  died  1705. 

Da u rat,  John,  a  French  poet,  born 
near  the  head  of  the  Vienne  1507.  He  so 
abl}-  distinguished  himself  by  his  learning 
and  application,  that  he  became  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  Paris,  and  evinced  the  superiority 
of  his  mode  and  powers  of  education,  by  the 
number  of  able  and  illustrious  scholars  who 
studied  under  him.  Though  learned,  he 
was  careless  of  his  affairs,  and  consequently 
poor.  Charles  IX.  made  him  his  poet  lau- 
reat,  and  was  frequently  delighted  with  his 
conversation.  Daurat  restored  the  custom  of 
writing  anagrams,  in  which  he  was  very  suc- 
cessful, and  so  prolific  was  his  muse,  that  it  is 
said  he  wrote  in  Greek  and  Latin,  not  less 
than  50,000  verses,  besides  poems  in  French. 
He  was,  as  Scaliger  observes,  a  good  critic  ; 
but  he  foolishly  employed  the  last  years  of 
his  life  in  Hading  out  the  bible  in  Homer's 
verses.  After  losing  his  first  wife,  by  whom 
he  had  some  children,  he  at  the  age  of  80 
married  a  young  girl,  by  whom  he  had  a 
son.     He  died  at  Paris  1588,  aged  81. 

Dawes,  sir  William,  an  English  jirelate, 
born  at  Lyons  near  Braintree,  Essex,  12th 
September  1671.  From  Merehant-taylors' 
school  he  went  to  St.  John's  college,  Oxford  ; 
but  about  two  years  after,  in  consequence  of 
the  death  of  his  two  elder  brothers,  and  his 
inheriting  the  estates  of  his  father  sir  John 
Dawes  bait,  he  removed  to  Cambridge,  as 
nobleman  of  Catherine-hall.  Soon  after 
taking  his  degree  of  M.A.  he  married  Fran- 
ces, daughter  of  sir  Thomas  Darcy,  and  at 
the  proper  age  entered  into  orders,  and  in 
1696,  after  being  made  D.D.  by  royal  man- 
date, he  was  elected  master  of  his  college. 
King  William,  who  was  pleased  with  one  of 
his  sermons,  gave  him  a  prebend  of  Worces- 
ter, and  he  was  afterwards  made  rector  and 
dean  of  Bocking,  Essex,  in  every  situation 
recommending  himself  to  the  good  opinion 
of  his  neighbors,  by  his  affable,  benevolent, 
and  charitable  conduct.  On  the  accession  of 
queen  Anne,  he  was  made  one  of  the  royal 
chaplains;  but  a  sermon  which  he  preached 
offended  some  of  the  ministers,  and  the  see 
of  Lincoln  intended  for  him,  was  conferred 
on  Wake,  1705.  Two  years  .after  however, 
the  queen  named  him  for  the  sec  of  Ches- 
ter, and  in  1714  he  was  translated  to  York 
He  died  of  a  diarrhoea,  and  an  inflammation 


DA 


DL 


of  the  bowels,  30tb  April  1794,  and  was  bi 

near  his  laily  in  Catharine-hall.  He  had  seven 
children,  three  of  whom  only  survived  Iiim. 
This  respectable  and  worthy  man  published 
an  anatomy  of  Atheism,  a  short  poem,  1(39.3 
— the  duties  of  the  closet — sermons  preach- 
ed on  several  occasions — the  duty  of  com- 
municating, &c — a  preface  to  Blaekalfs 
works.  His  whole  works  were  collected  in 
1733  in  S  vols,  8vo. 

Dawes,  Richard,  the  celebrated  author 
of  Miscellanea  Critica,  was  born  in  1708,  and 
educated  under  the  famous  Anthony  Black- 
wall,  and  afterwards  at  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge.  In  1736  he  published  a  speci- 
men of  a  Greek  translation  of  paradise  lost. 
His  attack  upon  Bentley,  is  censured  by 
Toup.  He  was  elected  master  of  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne  school  17.38,  which  he  resigned 
eleven  years  after,  and  died  in  1766  at  lie- 
worth  near  Newcastle.  His  miscellanea 
critica,  has  been  very  learnedly  edited  by 
bishop  Burgess,  Oxford,  1781. 

Day,  John,  an  eminent  printer,  who  had 
a  shop  in  Aldersgate-street,  and  another  at 
the  west  door  at  St.  Paul's.  He  died  33d 
July  1584.  'lis  name  deserves  to  be  com- 
memorated, not  only  as  the  printer  of  a  bible 
dedicated  to  Edward  VI.  of  Latimer's  ser- 
mons', of  Tyndall's  works,  of  the  book  of 
martyrs,  &c.  but  as  a  man  whose  great  dili- 
gence in  his  profession,  widely  disseminated 
knowledge,  and  advanced,  not  in  a  slight  de- 
gree, the  progress  of  the  reformation. 

Day,  Thomas,  an  eminent  writer,  born 
in  London,  2'2d  June  174S.  His  father  was 
a  collector  of  the  customs,  and  at  his  death 
left  him  an  unprotected  infant,  but  with  an 
income  of  1200/.  a  year.  After  being  eight 
or  nine  years  at  the  Charter  house,  he  en- 
tered at  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford,  where  he, 
however  took  no  degree.  He  afterwards 
wished  to  apply  himself  to  the  study  of  me- 
dicine, from  which  he  was  dissuaded  by  his 
friend  Dr.  Small,  of  Birmingham,  and  he  at 
last  entered  at  the  Middle  temple,  and  was 
called  duly  to  the  bar,  but  never  practised. 
In  his  opinions  of  mankind  he  was  romantic, 
he  was  an  enthusiastic  admirer  of  virtue, 
and  had  such  detestation  of  female  seduction 
that  he  challenged,  to  no  effect,  a  nobleman 
whom  report  described  as  a  vile  and  licen- 
tious violator  of  virgin  innoceuce.  In  his 
schemes  of  visionary  perfection,  he  selected 
two  girls  from  the  poor-house  at  Shrews- 
hury,  with  die  intention  of  educating  them 
after  the  principles  of  Rousseau,  and  of  se- 
lecting one  of  them  for  his  wife  ;  but  the 
conduct  and  affection  of  the  two  young  wo- 
men did  not  answer  hrs  sanguine  expecta- 
tions, though  he  honorably  performed  his 
engagements  towards  them,  and  presented 
them  with  500/.  each,  when  respectably 
married,  the  one  to  his  friend  Mr.  Bicknell, 
and  the  other  to  a  creditable  tradesman.  In 
the  beginning  of  the  American  war,  he  em- 
braced the  part  of  the  colonies,  against  the 
conduct  of  the  mother  country,  and  he 
published  some  political  tracts,  and  two  po- 
ems ealled  the  devoted  legions,  and  the  deso- 


lation of  America.  Though  long  regardless 
of  the  sex,  ami  afterwards  disappointed  in 
his  addresses,  he  married  miss  Esther 
Milnes,  and  retired  to  the  enjoyments  of 
domestic  life  and  of  agricultural  pursuits  on. 
his  estates  in  Essex  and  Surrey.  In  the  as- 
sociation for  the  redress  of  grievances,  Mr- 
Day  was  frequently  a  leading  man,  and  an 
eloquent  speaker,  and  in  1786  he  published 
a  pamphlet  against  the  increase  of  taxes, 
and  another  concerning  the  bill  in  parlia- 
ment for  the  exportation  of  wool.  The  work 
which  has  gained  him  celebrity,  is  his  Sand- 
ford  and  Merlon,  in  three  vols,  published 
separately,  in  17-8.5,  S6,  and  S'J,  for  the  in- 
formation of  youth,  a  composition  of  singu- 
lar merit,  which,  to  simplicity  of  diction, 
and  interesting  anecdotes,  unites  respect  for 
virtue,  morality,  and  religion.  On  the  2Sth 
September  1789,  Mr.  Day  attempted,  with 
more  boldness  than  prudence,  to  ride  a  fa- 
vorite but  untamed  horse,  which  by  a  sud- 
den plunge,  threw  off  his  rider,  and  by  a 
violent  kick  on  the  head  put  an  immediate 
end  to  his  existence.  Mrs.  Day  heard  the 
afflicting  intelligence  with  horror,  she  closed 
the  curtains  of  her  bed,  ami  never  again 
suffered  the  light  of  the  sun  to  visit  them, 
and  after  two  years  spent  in  this  melancholy 
retirement,  she  follow -ed  her  husband  to  the 
grave.  The  epitaph  which  Mr.  Day  had 
written  and  designed  for  his  friend  Doctor 
Small's  tomb,  was  inscribed  on  his  own. 

Deacon,  James,  an  English  gentleman, 
known  for  his  skill  in  music,  drawing  and 
painting.     He  died  May  1750. 

Deageant,  de  St.  Marcei.lix,  Gui- 
chard,  a  French  writer,  at  first  in  the  service 
of  marshal  d'Ancre,  and  afterwards  of  the 
duke  of  Luynes,  whom  he  assisted  against 
his  first  patron.  He  was  employed  as  an  able 
negotiator  by  the  court,  and  when  he  became 
a  widower,  Lewis  XUI.  wished  to  make  him 
bishop  of  Evreux,  but  he  preferred  a  second 
wife  and  politics  to  ecclesiastical  honors.  In 
the  fluctuations  of  court  favors,  he  was  at 
last  disgraced  and  sent  in  exile  to  Daiiphiny, 
where  he  died  1639,  in  a  good  old  age.  He 
wrote  some  memoirs  of  state,  from  the  time 
of  Henry  IV.  to  the  year  16-24,  which  though 
inelegant,  contain  some  curious  particulars. 
They  were  printed  by  his  grandson  at  Gre- 
noble in  l'2mo.  1668. 

Deborah,  a  prophetess  of  Israel,  who 
prevailed  on  Baruch  to  attack  Sisera  the 
general  of  ,/abin.  When  her  countrymen  had 
obtained  the  victorv,  she  composed  a  beauti- 
ful ode,  B.  C.  1-2851 

De  Bure,  William  Francis,  a  bookseller 
at  Paris,  well  known  for  his  bibliographe  in- 
structive, 7  vols.  8vo.  17f;.">,  &c.  He  died  at 
Paris  15th  July  178-2,  aged  50. 

Decebabus,  a  king  of  Dacia,  who  by  his 
valor  in  defeating  the  Roman  legions,  obtain- 
ed a  yearly  tribute  from  Domitian  and  Nero. 
Trajan  more  w  arlike  refused  to  pay  the  dis- 
graceful subsidy,  -und  conquered  Decebalus, 
and  reduced  his  country  to  a  Roman  province, 
105. 

Decembkio,  Peter  Canuido,  a  native  of 


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Pavia,  secretary  to  the  pope,  and  afterwards 
to  Alphonsus  king  of  Arragon.  He  wrote 
fives  of  Philip  Maria  Yisconti,  and  Francis 
Sforza,  dukes  of  Milan,--and  besides,  pub- 
lished Italian  translations  of  Quintus  Curtius, 
and  Livy— -  and  a  Latin  version  of  Diodorus 
Siculus,  of  Appian,  and  of  part  of  Homer. 
He  died  at  Milan,  1477  aged  7S 

Deciiai.es,  Claudius  Francis  Milliet,  an 
eminent  mathematician  and  astronomer, 
born  at  Chamberry  1611.  He  was  not  less 
respectable  in  private  life,  than  as  a  man  of 
learning.  He  read  public  lectures  at  Paris 
for  four  years,  and  afterwards  taught  naviga- 
tion at  Marseilles,  and  died  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Turin,  '28th  March,  1678, 
nged  07.  His  works  containing  an  edition  of 
Euclid's  elements — discourses  on  fortification 
and  navigation — architecture optics — hy- 
drostatics— trigonometry*  fccc.  were  first  col- 
lected in  three  vols,  folio,  called  Mundus 
inathematicus,  as  a  complete  course  of  ma- 
thematics, and  they  were  afterwards  impro- 
ved and  published  in  4  vols.  1030  at  Lyons. 

Decio,  Philip,  a  native  of  Milan,  lecturer 
in  jurisprudence  at  Pisa,  Pistoia,  and  other 
places  in  Italy,  where  he  acquired  such  cele- 
brity, that  no  one  could  dispute  with  him. 
He  afterwards  settled  in  France,  but  died  at 
Pisa  16.35,  aged  82. 

Decius,  a  Roman  consul,  immortalized 
in  the  annals  of  his  country,  for  devoting 
himself  to  the  gods  manes  in  the  midst  of  a 
battle  against  the  Latins,  and  thus  insuring 
the  victory  to  his  army.  His  son  and  grand- 
son on  similar  occasions  followed  his  glorious 
example,  and  thus  obtained  the  victory  for 
their  country. 

Decius,  a  Roman  emperor  after  Philip 
He  defeated  the  Persians  in  battle,  but  un- 
fortunately perished  in  a  morass  with  his 
army,  in  a  fight  against  the  Goths,  251  A.  D. 

Decker,  or  Deckiier,  John,  a  learned 
Jesuit,  born  at  Hazebruck,  in  Flanders,  was 
professor  of  theology  at  Douai  and  Louvain. 
He  was  sent  on  an  embassy  into  Ntiria,  and 
was  made  chancellor  of  Gratz  universitv, 
where  he  died  1619,  aged  69.  He  wrote 
\  elilicatio  seu  theoremata  de  anno  ortus  ac 
mortis  domini,  4to. — tabula  ehrouographica  a 
capta  per  Pompeiurn  Jerosolyma  ad  deletam 
a  Tito  urbera,  4to.  in  which  he  displayed 
great  erudition  and  extensive  knowledge  of 
chronology. 

Decker,  Thomas,  a  poet,  in  tlj.e  reign  of 
James  I.  He  acquired  some  celebrity  by  the 
satire  of  Ben  Jonson,  who  ridiculed  him, 
in  his  Poetaster,  under  the  name  of  Crispi- 
nus.  Decker  resented  the  affront  in  his  play 
of  Satyromaslix,  w  here  Jonson,  under  the 
name  of  young  Horace,  is  the  hero  of  the 
piece  ;  and  so  successful  and  popular  was  the 
poetic  invective,  that  the  play  was  universal- 
ly followed.  Decker  w  rote  three  of  his  plays 
:>i  conjunction  with  Webster,  and  one  with 
Rowley  and  Ford  ;  and  though  his  abilities 
•  not  of  a  saperi  >r  degree,  yet  he  was  ad- 
mired,  and  his  "  honest  whore,"  and  "  old 
J  or) unatus,"  are  said  to  possess  merit  equal 
y  of  the  compositions  of  other  theatrical 


writer;,  Shakspeare  excepted.  The  time 
of  his  birth  and  death  is  unknown,  though  it 
is  certain  he  was  alive  after  16.38. 

Dedekind,  Frederic,  a  German  of  the 
16th  century,  who  published  a  very  ingenious 
ironical  eulogium  on  incivility  and  rudeness, 
intituled,  Grobianus,  sive  de  incultis  mori- 
bus  et  inurbanis  gestibus,  Franckfort,  Svo. 
1558. 

Dee,  John,  a  mathematician  of  eminence, 
born  in  London  18th  July,  1527.  He  was 
educated  at  Chelmsford,  and  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where,  for  three  years,  he 
says,  he  devoted  each  day  4  hours  to  sleep,  '2 
to  meals  and  exercise,  and  18  to  study.  He 
went  to  the  low  countries  in  1547,  and  on  his 
return  he  was  made  fellow  of  Trinity-col- 
lege, just  founded  by  Henry  Yin.  His  at- 
tention to  mathematical  studies,  so  closely 
connected  with  astronomy,  and,  in  those 
days,  to  astrology,  brought  upon  him  at  this 
time  the  suspicion  of  magician;  and,  to  avoid 
this,  he  retired  to  Louvain,  in  1578,  where  it 
is  supposed  he  took  the  degree  of  L.  L.  D.  In 
1551  he  visited  Paris,  where  he  read  lectures 
on  Euclid's  elements  ;  but  the  most  nattering 
promises  could  not  prevail  upon  him  to  set- 
tle there.  He  therefore  returned  to  England, 
1551,  and  was  so  highly  respected  that  he  was 
presented  to  the  king,  and  made  rector  of 
Upton -upon- Severn.  In  Mary's  reign,  his 
correspondence  with  Elizabeth's  friends  ex- 
posed him  to  the  suspicions  of  treason,  and 
therefore  he  was  arrested,  and  at  last  with, 
difficulty  set  at  liberty.  He  paid  His  court  to 
queen  Elizabeth,  who  nattered  him  with 
compliments;  but  the  general  belief  of  his 
being  a  conjuror  was  in  the  way  of  his  pro- 
motion, and  the  books  which  lie  published 
countenanced  the  imputation,  from  the  mys- 
terious language  and  incomprehensible  sub- 
jects which  they  contained.  In  1564  he  left 
England,  to  present  a  work  to  the  emperor 
Maximilian;  and,  in  1571,  the  queen  paid 
such  respect  to  his  celebrity  that  she  sent  two 
physicians  to  attend  him  when  confined  bv 
sickness  in  Louvain.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land he  settled  at  Mortlake,  where  he  col- 
lected a  choice  library  of  above  40  )0  volumes; 
which  however,  during  his  absence,  in  15S3, 
was  plundered  by  the  populace,  who  firmly 
believed  that  he  had  a  familiar  connection 
with  the  devil,  by  bis  magical  incantations. 
The  appearance  of  a  new  star  in  1572,  and 
of  a  comet  in  1577,  gave  him  opportunities  cf 
distinguishing  himself  as  an  astronomer;  and 
he  engaged  the  queen's  patronage  bv  his  able 
assertion  of  her  right  to  the  countries  disco- 
vered  by  her  subjects,  and  by  his  ingenious 
plans  for  the  reformation  of  the  calendar.  In 
1581  he  began  hisattempts  to  penetrate  more 
deeply  into  futurity,  and  assisted  by  Kelly,  a 
young  man  of  Worcestershire,  he  "launched 
forth  into  those  extravagancies  in  mystery  and 
superstition  by  which  he  pretended  to  hold 
intercourse  with  departed  spirits.  For  two 
years  he  was  engaged  in  these  unbecoming 
pursuits,  and  was  at  last  persuaded  by  Albert 
Laski,  a  Polish  lord,  who  entertained,  the 
same  notions  of  astrology,  to  p:.M  over  to 


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th'e  continent,  more  securely  to  indulge  their 
mysterious  incantations.  After  travelling 
through  German y,  the  three  conjurors  reach- 
ed Poland,  and,  after  an  introduction  to  the 
emperor  ltodolph,  aud  to  Stephen  king  of 
Poland,  Dee  and  Kelly  were  at  last,  after  the 
exhibition  of  some  magical  tricks,  banished 
from  the  country  by  the  interference  of  the 
pope's  nuncio.  The  noise  of  this  fanatical 
adventure  reached  Elizabeth,  Vvho  desired 
Dee  to  return.  He  obeyed,  and  travelling 
tv ith  great  pomp  and  becoming  solemnity, 
reached  England  23d  November  1589,  and  a 
few  days  after  was  presented  to  the  queen, 
who  received  him  graciously.  But  though 
so  powerful  over  supernatural  agents,  Dee 
was  poor,  and  therefore  he  petitioned  the 
queen  for  a  liberal  subsistence.  Two  com- 
missioners were  appointed  to  examine  his 
papers  and  the  transactions  of  his  life ;  and 
though  their  report  was  favorable,  he  yet  ob- 
tained no  relief.  At  last,  however,  by  the 
interference  of  lady  Warwick  and  archbish- 
op Whitgift,  he  obtained  the  chancellorship 
of  St.  Paul's,  and,  two  years  after,  the  war- 
denship  of  Manchester  college,  where  lie 
spent  seven  years  in  a  disturbed  and  unquiet 
manner.  In  1604  he  petitioned  James  that 
he  might  he  tried,  and  that  all  aspersions  of 
magical  incantations  might  be  wiped  away 
from  his  character;  but  the  king,  knowing 
'he  habits  of  his  life,  disregarded  it;  and 
Dee  at  last  removed  to  MorUske,  where  he 
began  again  to  practise  his  mysterious  arts. 
Though  old  and  infirm, I Dee  still  believed  in 
his  astrological  calculations,  and  the  vanity 
and  ostentatious  ambition  which  for  above 
fifty  years  he  had  displayed  forsook  him  not 
when  sinking  into  the  grave.  He  died  mise- 
rably poor,  in  1608,  aged  80,  and  was  buried 
at  Mortlake.  He  was  twice  married,  and  he 
left  a  numerous  family.  The  eldest  of  his 
sons,  Arthur,  was  brought  up  under  Camden, 
and  was  physician  to  Charles  I.  His  writings 
were  very  numerous ;  but  besides  what  he 
published,  several  MSS.  are  preserved  in 
the  Cotton  library  and  in  the  Ashmolean  mu- 
seum. His  notes  and  preface  to  Billingsley's 
Euclid,  and  some  other  works,  prove  him  to 
have  been  a  very  able  mathematician.  An 
account  of  his  communications  with  spirits 
and  his  conferences  with  the  emperor  of 
Germany  and  the  king  of  Poland,  written  by 
his  own  hand,  was  published,  with  a  curious 
preface,  by  Dr.  Merie  Casaubon,  in  1650,  fo- 
lio, and  it  attracted  for  some  time  the  public 
attention.  Dr.  Hooke,  some  years  after,  at- 
tempted to  show  that  Dee  was  not  an  astro- 
loger, but  that  he  was  a  spy,  and  that  the 
figures  and  hieroglyphics  he  used  were  not 
those  of  an  enthusiast  or  magician,  but  of  an 
artful  man,  employed  to  watch  the  conduct 
and  develope  the  measures  of  government. 
To  this  conjecture,  however,  few  assented. 

Defesch,  William,  a  German,  eminent 
for  his  skill  on  the  violin.  He  was  leader  of 
the  band  at  Marybone-gardens,  and  also 
composed  for  Vauxhall.  His  musical  com- 
positions, songs,  and  ballads,  were  much  ad- 
mired.   He  died  about  1750,  aged  70. 


De  Foe,  Daniel,  was  born  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Giles'  Cripplegate,  about  1068,  where 
his  father,  James  Foe,  was  a  butcher.  He 
was  educated  among  the  dissenters,  and 
warmly  embraced  their  tenets  ;  and  he  pro- 
bably prefixed  De  to  his  name  to  conceal  the 
obscurity  of  his  origin.  He  was  early  an 
author,  and  published,  1680,  a  pamphlet  on 
the  contest  between  the  Turks  and  Austri- 
ans.  In  1683  he  followed  in  arms  the  for- 
tunes of  Monmouth,  and  escaped,  much  to 
the  wonder  of  all  his  historians,  the  sanguin- 
ary grasp  of  Jeffries.  He  became  a  livery- 
man of  London  1688,  and  zealously  favor- 
ed the  revolution.  About  this  time  he  was 
a  hosier,  though  he  afterwards  denied  the 
occupation  ;  and  in  1692  he  was  so  reduced, 
either  by  misconduct  or  by  the  unfavorable 
circumstances  of  the  times,  that  he  fled  from 
his  creditors,  though  he  afterwards  very 
honorably  discharged  the  best  part  of  his 
debts.  Though  offered  a  respectable  com- 
mercial situation  at  Cadiz  by  his  friends,  he 
determined  to  live  by  his  pen.  In  1695  he 
was  made  accountant  to  the  commissioners 
of  the  glass  duty,  in  which  he  continued  till 
the  suppression  of  the  tax  in  1699.  He  now 
published  various  pamphlets  on  political  and 
temporary  subjects,  one  of  which,  his  "  true 
born  Englishman, "  a  satire,  in  verse,  in  de- 
fence of  the  revolution,  recommended  him 
to  the  notice  of  king  William.  His  "  short- 
est way  with  the  dissenters,"  in  1702,  as  it 
reflected  on  the  government  and  the  church, 
was  noticed  by  the  house  of  commons,  and 
he  was  sentenced  to  stand  in  the  pillory,  to 
be  fined,  and  imprisoned.  He  was  liberated 
from  his  confinement  in  1704,  by  the  friend- 
ship of  Harley  and  of  Godolphin,  and  im- 
mediately retired  to  St.  Edmundsbury, 
where  his  pen  was  again  employed  on  po- 
litical subjects.  In  1706  he  produced  some 
essays  to  remove  the  prejudices  of  the  Scotch 
against  the  union ;  and  so  great  were  his 
services  considered,  that  he  was  sent  by 
Godolphin  to  Edinburgh  to  confer  upon  the 
subject  with  the  leading  men  of  Scotland. 
Upon  the  conclusion  of  the  union,  he  was 
rewarded  for  his  services,  and  two  years  af- 
ter, 1709,  he  published  the  history  of  the 
union,  in  a  manner  so  satisfactory,  that,  in 
1786,  the  same  pamphlet  was  republished, 
when  the  Irish  union  was  projected.  In  1713 
some  of  his  publications  were  considered 
as  jacobitical,  in  consequence  of  which  he 
was  prosecuted,  but  at  last  liberated  from 
Newgate  by  the  influence  of  his  friend  lord 
Oxford.  He  found  himself  so  neglected  on 
the  accession  of  the  house  of  Hanover,  that 
he  published  his  appeal  to  honor  and  justice, 
the  last  of  his  political  tracts,  as  he  was  seiz- 
ed with  an  apoplexy  before  the  work  was 
finished,  and  as  he  afterwards  devoted  him- 
self only  to  useful  and  general  instruction. 
In  1715  he  wrote  the  family  instructor  ;  and 
in  April  1719  appeared  the  first  part  and 
August  following  the  second  part  of  Rob- 
inson Crusoe;  a  work  which,  though  abu- 
sed by  some  of  his  contemporaries,  has 
survived   by  its   merit  the  malevolence  of 


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criticism*  and  triumphed  over  the  opposi- 
tion of  party,  and  stands  now  as  the  most 
lasting  monument  of  literary  fame  and  mer- 
its of  the  author.  It  is  said  by  some,  indeed 
that  this  interesting  book  was  dishonestly  bor- 
rowed from  the  papers  of  Alexander  Selkik, 
a  Scotchman,  who  lived  four  years  and  four 
months  in  an  uninhabited  island,  till  reliev- 
ed by  captain  Wood  Rogers  in  1709.  Sel- 
kirk's adventures,  indeed,  appeared  before 
the  public  in  the  captain's  voyage ;  and 
therefore,  though  the  idea  of  a  man  thrown 
upon  a  desert  island  might  be  borrowed 
from  Selkirk's  adventures,  yet  the  rest  of 
the  story  evidently  belongs  to  the  genius  and 
superstructure  of  De  Foe.  This  respecta- 
hle  writer  died  at  his  house  at  Islington  1731, 
leaving  one  daughter,  who  married  Mr.  H. 
Baker,  the  naturalist.  The  publications  of 
De  Foe  are  very  numerous,  and  possessed 
great  merit,  and,  at  the  time  in  which  they 
appeared,  they  were  considered  as  very 
powerful  engines  in  the  hands  of  party. 
His  attempts  to  write  poetry  were  not  suc- 
cessful, after  the  noble  strains  of  Waller 
and  Dryden  ;  and  if  his  verses  were  read, 
it  was  more  in  consequence  of  the  satire 
which  they  conveyed  than  of  the  merit  and 
beauty  of  the  numbers.  The  life  of  a  polit- 
ical writer  must  be  exposed  to  the  attacks 
of  open  and  secret  enemies,  a  circumstance 
which  De  Foe's  political  career  sufficiently 
evinced,  but  whatever  might  have  been  the 
provocations  which  he  gave  to  his  oppo- 
nents, it  is  to  be  observed,  to  the  discredit 
of  Pope,  that,  without  the  most  distant 
imputation  of  offence,  De  Foe  appeared  dis- 
graced in  1728,  in  the  libellous  lines  of  the 
Dunciad. 

Deghuy,  an  ingenious  French  engraver, 
who  died  1748.  He  engraved  the  pieces  of 
some  of  the  greatest  masters,  among  whom 
are  the  names  of  Rembrandt,  Vernet,  Aved, 
Tintoretto,  &c. 

Dejaure,  N.  a  French  poet,  who  died 
young,  aud  suddenly,  October  1800.  His 
pieces,  called  le  franc  Breton — Montano — 
Lodoiska,  an  opera,  have  been  received  on 
the  stage  with  applause. 

Deidier,  Anthony,  a  medical  profes- 
sor of  Montpellier,  who  published  in  1723, 
a  curious  dissertation,  de  venereis  morbis, 
in  which  he  supposes  that  the  disease  is  com- 
municated by  a  number  of  small  animalcules. 

Dejotarus,  tetrarch  and  king  of  Gala- 
tea, espoused  the  cause  of  Pompey  in  the 
civil  wars,  for  which  he  was  dethroned  by 
Caesar. 

Delamet,  Adrian  Augustin  de  Bussy, 
an  ecclesiastic,  born  of  a  noble  family  in  Pi- 
cardy.  He  attended  his  relation  cardinal  de 
Retz  in  his  travels,  and  then  settled  at  the 
Sorbonne  at  Paris,  where  he  died,  20th  Ju- 
ly 1691,  aged  70.  He  wrote  among  other 
things,  a  resolution  of  cases  of  conscience, 
afterwards  republished  by  Treuve,  under  the 
name  of  dictionary  of  cases  of  conscience, 
2  vols.  fol. 

Delany,  Patrick,  an  eminent  divine, 
born  in  Irelaud  about  16S6.    His  father  was 


originally  a  servant  in  the  family  of  sir  John 
Rennel,  the  judge,  and  afterwards  rented 
a  small  farm.  Young  Delany  was  brought 
up  as  sizar  at  Trinity-college  Dublin,  of 
which  he  became  fellow.  At  this  time  he 
formed  a  very  intimate  acquaintance  with 
dean  Swift,  and  soon  distinguished  himself 
as  a  popular  preacher,  and  as  an  active  and 
successful  tutor  in  his  college.  The  part, 
however,  which  he  took  in  supporting  two 
young  men  who  had,  for  misconduct,  been 
expelled,  proved  offensive  to  the  provost  and 
to  Boulter  the  primate,  who  wished  to  op- 
pose his  advancement.  Lord  Carteret,  in 
1727,  presented  him  to  the  chancellorship 
of  Christ- church,  and  a  prebend  in  the  ca- 
thedral of  St.  Patrick.  In  1729  he  began 
the  periodical  paper  called  the  Tribune,  con- 
tinued to  20  numbers;  and  in  1731  he  came 
to  London,  to  publish  his  "  revelation  ex- 
amined with  candor,"  a  work  to  which  he 
added  a  second  volume,  and,  thirty  years  al- 
ter, a  third,  and  which  was  universally  and 
deservedly  admired.  When  in  London,  lie 
married  Mrs.  Margaret  Tenison,  a  rich  Irish 
widow,  who  died  December  G,  1741.  In 
1738  he  published  his  "  reflections  upon  po- 
lygamy," a  curious  work,  which  was  follow- 
ed, in  1740  and  1742,  with  an  historical  ac- 
count of  the  life  of  David  king  of  Israel,  in 
3  vols,  a  performance  which,  while  it  dis- 
played the  ingenuity,  learning,  and  judg- 
ment of  the  author,  little  contributed  to  the 
honor  of  the  sacred  writings,  whose  authenti- 
city and  character  cannot  rest  upon  the  la- 
bors of  men.  In  1743,  9th  June,  he  took 
for  his  second  wife  the  widow  of  Alexander 
Pendarves,  a  woman  of  great  excellence 
and  known  genius ;  and  the  following  year 
he  was  raised  to  the  deanery  of  Down.  The 
most  considerable  of  his  productions  after  he 
became  dean,  was  his  "  remarks  on  the  life 
of  Swift  by  lord  Orrery."  This  publication 
set  in  fairer  colors  the  character  of  Swift, 
and  exhibited  him  in  a  more  amiable  view, 
from  the  recollections  of  friendship  and  in- 
timacy, than  that  of  lord  Orrery.  His  la- 
bors, however  friendly,  did  not  pass  uncen- 
sured  from  the  pen  of  Dean  Swift,  esq.  who 
reflected,  with  petulence  and  abuse,  on  the 
publication  of  Dr.  Delany ;  who  replied,  in 
1755,  with  great  temper  and  truly  christian 
moderation.  Besides  these,  he  published 
sermons,  and  some  theological  tracts.-  He 
died  at  Bath,  May  1708,  in  the  83dyearof 
his  age.  Dr.  Delany  was  remarkable,  not 
more  for  his  learning,  than  for  his  benevolence 
and  hospitality.  He  left  little  property  be- 
hind him,  though  the  last  twenty  years  of 
his  life  his  annual  income  was  30;XY.  which 
generously  were  distributed  at  thecal!  of  in- 
digence and  distress. 

Delany,  Mary,  second  wife  of  Dr.  De- 
lany, Was  t'nugbter  of  Barnard  Granville, 
afterwards  lord  Lansdewne,  and  was  born 
at  Coulton,  Wilts,  14th  May  1700.  When 
she  was  17,  she  was  influenced  by  her  rela- 
tions, against  her  inclinations,  to  marr 
exander  Pendarves,  esq.  of  Roscrow,  in  ( 
wall,  a         tleman  of  great  pre}.-;        <  n 


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much  advanced  in  life;  but  though  she  lived 
unhappy,  her  time  was  usefully  devoted  to 
the  cultivation  of  her  mind,  naturally  vigor- 
ous and  eager  after  improvement.  In  1724 
she  became  a  widow;  in  consequence  of 
which  she  left  Cornwall,  and  resided  chiefly 
in  London.  After  a  widowhood  of  19  years, 
she  married,  in  1743,  Dr.  Delany,  whom 
she  had  long  known  as  the  friend  of  her 
learned  correspondent  dean  Swift,  and  with 
him  she  lived  the  happiest  of  wives,  till  his 
death,  in  1768.  When  this  melancholy  event 
took  place,  she  wished  to  settle  at  Bath,  but 
the  duchess  of  Portland  who  knew  and  lov- 
ed her  virtues,  insisted  upon  her  living  with 
her  at  Bulstrode,  and  she  continued  in  that 
hospitable  retreat  for  some  years.  On  the 
death  of  the  duchess,  the  king,  with  lauda- 
ble benevolence,  assigned  Mrs.  Delany,  a 
house,  ready  furnished,  in  St.  Alban's  street, 
Windsor,  and  granted  her  a  pension  of  SOOl. 
a  year,  which  she  enjoyed  till  her  death, 
15th  April  1788,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
nearly  88.  Mrs.  Delany  is  well  known  for 
her  spirited  and  elegant  correspondence 
with  some  of  the  learned  and  of  the  witty 
of  the  times,  but  particularly  for  her  great 
skill  in  drawing  and  painting.  Her  pieces, 
which  are  numerous  and  tastefully  executed, 
adorn  the  mansions  of  her  relations,  as  well 
as  her  works  in  embroidery  and  in  shells. 
She  is  also  known  for  inventing,  at  the  age 
of  74,  an  ingenious  Flora,  by  the  tasteful 
application  of  colored  papers  together,  skil- 
fully cut  with  scissars,  and  so  delicately  dis- 
posed, upon  black  ground,  as  to  imitate  and 
almost  equal  the  works  of  nature.  In  this 
elegant  accomplishment  she  continued  to  be 
engaged  till  her  83d  year,  when  her  sight 
began  to  fail ;  and  so  astonishing  was  her  as- 
siduity, that  not  less  than  980  plants  were 
exhibited  in  her  beautiful  flora,  which  is 
now  in  the  possession  of  her  nephew,  Court 
Dewis,  esq.     She  also  wrote  some  poetry. 

Delaune,  Thomas,  a  nonconformist, 
who,  in  1683,  wrote  an  answer  to  Dr.  Cala- 
my's  discourse  concerning  a  scrupulous  con- 
science. His  booji  called  "  plea  for  noncon- 
formity," gave  such  offence,  that  he  was 
tried,  and  sentenced  to  pajv  a  heavy  fine  ; 
which  as  he  could  not  do,  he  died  in  prison. 
Deleyre,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Bour- 
deaux,  who  wrote  an  analysis  of  lord  Ba- 
con's works,  3  vols.  12mo. — the  genius  of 
Montesquieu — the  spirit  of  St.  Evremond, 
&c.  He  also  assisted  Raynal  in  his  history  of 
the  commerce  of  the  Indies,  and  contribu- 
ted some  valuable  articles  to  the  encyclo- 
pedic    He  died  1797. 

Delft,  Jacob,  a  celebrated  portrait 
painter,  of  Delft,  who  died  1661,  aged  42. 
lie  was  grandson  of  Mirevelt,  whom  he  ri- 
valled in  the  efforts  of  his  pencil. 

Delius,  Christopher  Trail gott,  a  native 
of  Walhausen,  iu  Thuringia,  who,  after  serv- 
ing in  the  army,  was  made  surveyor  of  the 
Hungarian  mines,  and  then  placed  at  Vien- 
na, in  the  department  of  the  mines  and  of 
the  mint.  He  was  an  eminent  mineralogist, 
and  wrote  a  dissertation  on  mountains,  Svo. — 


an   introduction  to  the  art  of  mining,  4to. 
He  died  in  Italy  1799,  aged  51. 

Delmont,  Deodalt,  an  historical  pain- 
ter,  born  at  St.  Tron.  He  was  pupil  to  Ru- 
bens,  who  highly  esteemed  him.  He  died 
1634,  aged  53. 

Delobel,  a  French  painter,  of  the  17th 
century.  His  pieces  which  are  in  a  very  su- 
perior style,  adorn  chiefly  the  churches  and 
cathedrals  of  France. 

De  Lolme,  John  Lewis,  L.  L.  D.  a  na- 
tive of  Geneva,  who  for  some  years  resided 
in  England,  and  acquired  great  celebrity  as 
an  author.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he 
retired  to  the  continent,  and  died  in  Swit- 
zerland, March  1807.  He  was  in  his  character 
a  man  of  talents  and  information,  entertain- 
ing and  witty  in  his  conversation,  temperate 
in  his  living,  but  in  his  person  little  attentive 
to  the  graces  of  outward  appearance.  He  is 
author  of  parallel  between  the  English  con- 
stitution and  the  former  government  of  Swe- 
den, 1772 — treatise  on  the  constitution  of 
England,  1775,  a  work  of  singular  merit, 
often  reprinted,  and  commended  by  the  ap- 
probation not  only  of  lords  Camden  and 
Chatham,  and  other  great  political  charac- 
ters, but  by  the  nervous  writer  of  Junius3 
letters — essay  on  the  union  of  Scotland  with 
England,  1787 — memorials  of  human  super- 
stition— observations  on  the  tax  on  windows, 
1788 — observations  on  the  late  national  em- 
barrassments, 1789,  &c. 

Delrio,  Martin  Anthony,  a  learned  Je- 
suit, born  at  Antwerp,  of  Spanish  parents, 
1551.  He  studied  at  the  universities  of  Paris, 
Douai,  and  Louvain,  where  he  displayed  as- 
tonishing powers  of  memory,  and  great  quick- 
ness of  learning.  He  was  admitted  L.  L.  D. 
at  Salamanca^  and  afterwards  became  a 
counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Brabant,  and 
entered  the  Jesuits'  order  at  Valladolid.  He 
taught  belles  lettres  at  Liege,  Mayence, 
Gratz,  and  Salamanca,  and  died  at  Louvain, 
two  years  after  his  friend  Lipsius,  1608. 
Besides  notes  on  Seneca,  Claudian,  and  So- 
linus,  he  wrote  explications  of  difficult  pas- 
sages in  scripture — commentaries  on  the  old 
testament — disquisitiones  magicte. 

Delrio,  John,  a  native  of  Bruges,  dean 
of  Antwerp,  died  1624.  He  wrote  com- 
mentaries on  the  119th  psalm. 

Demades,  an  Athenian  orator,  for  some 
time  at  the  court  of  Philip  of  Macedon. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Cassander,  B.  C. 
322. 

De  mar  at  us,  a  king  of  Sparta,  who  was 
obliged  to  resign  the  crown  in  consequence 
of  the  imputation  of  his  enemies,  who  accu- 
sed him  of  being  illegitimate.  He  retired 
to  Persia,  where  he  was  honorahly  received. 

Demeste,  John,  M.  D.  chaplain  and  chief 
surgeon  to  the  forces  of  the  prince  of  Liege, 
was  a  native  of  Liege,  where  he  died,  Au- 
gust 20,  1783,  aged  38.  He  is  well  known 
as  the  author  of  some  ingenious  letters  on 
chemistry,  Paris,  1779. 

Demetrius,  Poliorcetes,  son  of  Antigo- 
nus,  was  honored  by  the  Athenians  with  the 
dedication  of  brazen  statues,  because  he  had 


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delivered  their  city  from  the  power  of  De- 
metrius Phalereus,  and  defeated  Cassander 
at  Thermopylae.  Though  beaten  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Ipsus,  lie  hail  the  good  fortune  to  seat 
himself  on  the  throne  of  Macedonia  ;  where 
his  posterity  remained  till  the  age  of  Perse- 
us.    He  died  B.  C.  286. 

Demetrius,  Soter,  king  of  Syria,  was 
son  of  Seleucus.  He  was  for  some  time  an 
hostage  at  Home,  and  perished  in  battle,  B. 
C.150. 

Demjltrius  IT.  surnamed  Nieanor,  was 
king  of  Syria  after  his  father,  Demetrius  I. 
He  formed  an  alliance  with  the  Jews,  and 
Mas  at  last  killed  by  the  governor  of  Tyre, 
B.C.  12". 

Demetrius  Phaieueus,  a  philoso- 
pher, the  disciple  of  Theophrastus.  He 
was  highly  honored  by  the  Athenians,  and 
afterwards  was  hospitably  entertained  by 
Ptolemy  king  of  Egypt.  He  contributed 
200,000  volumes  to  4,he  Alexandrine  library, 
and  died  by  the  bite  of  an  asp,  284  B.  C. 

Demetrius,  a  cynic  philosopher,  in  the 
reign  of  Caligula,  afterwards  banished  by 
Vespasian  for  his  insolence. 

Demetrius,  czar  of  Russia,  son  of  the 
czar  John  Bassilowitz,  is  by  some  histori- 
ans called  the  false  Demetrius,  and  regar- 
ded as  an  obscure  native  of  Jaroslaw,  who 
was  instructed  by  an  artful  monk  to  assume 
the  character  of  the  real  Demetrius,  who, 
it  is  said,  had  been  murdered  by  Boris  Gu- 
denow.  This  youthful  adventurer,  whether 
really  the  prince  or  pretender,  invaded  Rus- 
sia with  a  small  army,  in  1G04,  and  was  so 
successful  as  to  seat  himself  on  the  throne. 
After  a  short  reign  of  eleven  months,  he 
was  assassinated,  1606.  He  had  married  the 
daughter  of  Mnieski,  palatine  of  Sendomir, 
who  had  warmly  espoused  his  cause. 

De  Missy,  Csesar,  a  learned  divine,  born 
at  Berlin  2d  January  1703.  He  studied  at 
Berlin  and  at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder ;  and 
after  preaching  for  five  years  in  several 
towns  of  the  United  Provinces,  he  came  to 
London,  where  he  was  ordained  to  serve 
the  Savoy  chapel,  and  in  1762,  named  by 
the  bishop  of  London  French  chaplain  to 
the  king.  He  died  10th  August  1775.  He 
published  some  poetical  pieces — essays  on 
profane  and  sacred  literature — epitomes  of 
books,  memoirs,  Jkc.  but  generally  anony- 
mously, or  only  with  his  initials.  He  also 
assisted  many  of  his  friends,  particularly 
Western,  in  his  edition  of  the  Greek  testa- 
ment, and  Jortin  in  his  life  of  Erasmus.  He 
was  a  learned  and  pious  man. 

Democedes,  a  physician  of  Crotona, 
who,  after  serving  Polycratas  of  Samos,  be- 
came the  slave  and  the  physician  of  Darius 
king  of  Persia.  He  returned  to  his  country 
by  stratagem,  and  married  the  sister  of 
Milo,  the  celebrated  wrestler. 

Democritus,  a  famous  philosopher  of 
Abdera,  whose  mental  acquirements  were  so 
great  and  extraordinary  that  lus  countrymen 
accused  him  of  madness.  Hippocrates, 
however,  saw  and  acknowledged  his  merit. 
He  laughed  constantly  at  the  follies  of  ma"n- 
VOL.    I.  54 


kind.    He  died    at  the    age  of  109,  about 
351. 

Demonax,  a  philosopher  of  Crete  in  the 
reign  of  Adrian.  He  had  the  highest  con- 
tempt for  riches,  and  lived  upon  the  acciden- 
tal supplies  which  he  received  from  his 
friends  and  strangers.  He  lived  to  his  100th* 
year. 

Demoi  vre,  Abraham,  an  eminent  math- 
ematician, born  at  Vitri,  Champagne,  May 
1667.  He  left  France  at  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  came  to  England, 
where,  by  studying  the  principia  of  New- 
ton, he  made  himself  a  complete  master  of 
mathematics,  in  which  he  read  some  pop- 
ular lectures  for  his  support.  He  was  ad- 
mitted member  of  the  royal  society  in  Lon- 
don, and  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  Paris  ; 
and  died  in  London  November  1754.  His 
works  are  strong  evidences  of  his  superior 
learning  and  great  application.  He  publish- 
ed, miscellanea  analytica,  4to. — a  treatise 
on  annuities — and  his  great  work,  "doc- 
trine of  chances,"  in  1718,  4tQ.  twice  re- 
printed, with  considerable  improvements. 

Demosthenes,  a  celebrated  orator  of 
Athens.  Though  but  the  son  of  a  black- 
smith, he  rose  to  consequence  ;  and  though 
neglected  by  his  guardians,  and  impeded  in 
his  education  by  weakness  of  lungs,  and  an 
inarticulate  pronunciation,  his  assiduity  over- 
came all  obstacles,  and  enabled  him  toris*.' 
superior  to  every  difficulty,  and  become  the 
most  illustrious  and  eloquent  orator  of  all 
antiquity.  He  warmly  resisted  the  polities 
and  the  insinuating  conduct  of  Philip  of  Ma- 
cedon,  and  was  equally  violent  against  his 
son  and  successor,  Alexander  the  great;  but, 
in  spite  of  his  eloquence,  the  arts  and  the 
valor  of  the  Macedonians  prevailed,  and  De 
mosthenes  unhappily  found,  that  the  Athe- 
nians whom  he  addressed  were  only  the  de- 
generate sons  of  those  heroes  who  had  bled 
at  Marathon,  at  Salamis,  and  at  Thermopy- 
lae. Demosthenes,  whohad  inveighed  against 
the  bribery  of  the  Macedonians,  himself  was 
accused  of  receiving  some  splendid  presents 
of  money  from  Harpalus,  the  deputy  of 
Alexander  ;  but  the  unpopularity  of  his  con- 
duct continued  but  a  short  time  ;  till  at  last 
the  victories  of  Antipater  obliged  the  Athe- 
nians to  deliver  their  orator,  and  Demosthe- 
nes, rather  than  fall  into  the  hands  of  bis 
enemies,  destroyed  himself  by  poison,  B.  C. 
322.  The  best  edition  of  his  orations  is  that 
of  Reiske. 

Demours,  Peter,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
known  for  his  eminence  as  a  physician  and 
for  the  dexterity  of  his  surgical  operations, 
and  his  great  skill  as  an  ooulist.  He  died 
at  Paris  26th  June  1795,  aged  93,  author 
of  some  respectable  works  on  his  profession. 

Dempster,  William,  a  learned  Scots- 
man, born  in  the  shire  of  Angus,  1490,  and 
educated  at  St.  Andrew's,  from  whence  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  was  successfully  employ- 
ed by  the  university  there  to  refute  the 
books  of  Raymond  Lully,  vviho  had  im- 
pugned Aristotle's  philosophy.  After  visit 
log  Padua  and  other  places,  he  returned  to 


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Scotland,  of  which  he  published  an  ecclesi- 
astical history,  in  which  he  magnifies  the 
most  common  events  into  miracles.  He  died 
at  Paris  1557. 

Dempster,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who  studied  at  Paris,  and  there  taught 
classical  learning.  His  quarrelsome  temper 
however,  and  his  severities  to  his  pupils, 
rendered  him  unpopular,  and  he  was  obli- 
ged to  fly  from  Paris,  and  to  return  to  Scot- 
land. He  afterwards  went  to  Pisa,  where 
his  wife,  a  woman  of  great  beaut}',  ran  away 
■with  one  of  his  scholars,  a  misfortune  which 
he  bore  with  all  the  indifference  of  stoicism. 
He  afterwards  read  lectures  on  polite  learn- 
ing in  various  universities,  and  obtained  a 
professor's  chair  atNismes,  from  whence  he 
retired  to  Bologna,  where  after  some  years' 
residence  he  died  1625.  lie  wrote  some 
learned  works,  commentaries  on  Rosinus' 
Roman  antiquities,  and  on  Claudian, — four 
books  of  epistles, — dramatic  pieces  and  po- 
ems,— a  martyrology  of  Scotland, — a  list  of 
Scottish  writers,  &c.  He  was  a  man  of  as- 
tonishing memory,  so  that  he  was  properly 
called  a  living  library.  His  application  was 
indefatigable,  he  never  studied  less  than  14 
hours  daily,  but  he  wanted  judgment  and 
discrimination.  He  was  so  partial  to  his 
eouutry  that  he  attributed  to  the  natives  of 
it,  nearly  all  the  books  which  English,  Welsh 
and  Irish  authors  had  composed.  He  has 
therefore  been  censured  by  protestants  as 
well  as  papists,  and  Baillet  has  observed  that 
in  his  ecclesiastical  history  of  Scotland,  in 
19  books,  he  had  no  conscience,  he  forged 
titles  of  books  never  published  to  raise  the 
glory  of  his  native  country,  and  he  has  been 
guilty  of  several  cheating  tricks  by  which  he 
has  lost  his  creait  among  men  of  learning. 

Denham,  sir  John,  an  English  poet,  born 
in  Dublin  1615.  His  father  was  chief  baron 
of  the  exchequer  in  Ireland,  and  when  af- 
terwards removed  to  the  English  bench,  he 
brought  his  son  with  him,  who  was  educa- 
ted in  London,  and  hi  1631  entered  at  Trin- 
ity college,  Oxford.  During  his  residence 
in  the  university,  and,  afterwards  while  a 
student  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  he  was  devoted  to 
gaming  and  dissipation,  more  than  to  learn- 
ing and  science,  and  his  father  not  only  au- 
gured the  mostfatal  consequences,but  threat- 
ened to  disinherit  him.  In  1641,  three  years 
after  the  death  of  his  father,  he  published 
his  tragedy  of"  Sophy,"  which,  says  Waller, 
\>roke  oat  like  the  Irish  rebellion  threescore 
thousand  strong,  when  nobody  was  aware 
of  it.  Soon  after  he  was  sheriff  of  Surry, 
and  governor  of  Farnham  castle,  but  not  un- 
derstanding military  affairs  he  came  to  the 
king  at  Oxford,  where,  in  1643,  he  publish- 
ed his  "  Cooper's  hill,"  a  poem,  says  Dry- 
den,  which  for  majesty  of  style  is  and  ever 
will  be  the  standard  of  good  writing.  His 
attachment  to  the  royal  cause  during  the 
eivil  wars,  insured  him  the  confidence  of  the 
queen,  who  intrusted  him  with  a  commis- 
sion to  her  unfortunate  husband  a  captive  in 
the  army.  He  afterwards  went  as  ambassa- 
dor with  lord  Croft  from  Charles  II.  to  Po- 


land, anil  in  1562  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  found  his  estates  greatly  reduced 
in  consequence  of  his  former  habits  of  ga- 
ming, and  the  persecutions  of  the  civil  war. 
For  about  a  year  he  was  hospitably  enter- 
tained by  lord  Pembroke.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  entered  upon  his  office  of  surveyor 
general  to  the  king's  buildings,  and  at  the 
coronation  he  was  created  K.  B.  In  the  lat- 
ter part  of  his  life,  in  consequence  of  some 
domestic  difference  on  his  second  marriage, 
he  unfortunately  lost  his  senses,  which  he 
however  recovered.  He  wrote  some  verses 
on  Cowley's  death,  and  soon  followed  him 
to  the  grave.  He  died  March  1608,  and 
was  buried  in  Westminster-abbey  near  the 
remains  of  Chaucer,  Spenser,  and  Cowley. 
Denham's  works  have  been  published  to- 
gether at  different  times,  the  sixth  edition 
of  which  appeared  in  1719.  These  poems 
are  above  20  in  number,  containing  besides 
the  Sophy,  and  Cooper's  hill,  the  destruc- 
tion of  Troy,  and  Cato  Major.  Wood  men- 
tions other  works  of  Denham,  such  as  a  new 
version  of  the  psalms,  a  panegyric  on  gen- 
eral Monk,  the  true  presbyterian,  &c.  Den- 
ham, as  Johnson  has  observed,  is  deservedly 
consideied  as  one  of  the  fathers  of  English 
poetry.  Cooper's  hill  is  the  work  that  con- 
fers upon  him  the  rank  and  dignity  of  an 
original  author.  He  seems  to  have  been,  at 
least  among  us,  the  author  of  a  species  of 
composition  that  may  be  denominated  local 
poetry,  of  which  the  fundamental  subject  is 
some  particular  landscape  to  be  poetically 
described,  with  the  addition  of  such  embel- 
lishments as  may  be  supplied  by  historical  ret- 
rospections or  incidental  meditation.  He  is 
one  of  the  writers  that  improved  our  taste 
and  advanced  our  language,  and  whom  we 
ought  therefore  to  read  with  gratitude, 
though  having  done  much,  he  left  much  tu 
do. 

Denelle,  an  infamous  revolutionist. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Marat,  and  shared  all 
his  crimes,  and  at  last,  after  trying  to  poison 
his  wife  and  five  children,  he  killed  them 
with  his  own  band  with  blows.  He  expiated 
his  crimes  on  the  scaffold. 

Denneu,  Balthasar,  a  portrait  painter, 
born  at  Hamburgh  1685.  lie  was  offered,  in 
London,  for  his  excellent  portrait  of  an  old 
woman,  500  guineas  which  he  refused.  He 
died  1747. 

Dennts,  John,  an  English  critic,  born  in 
London  1657,  and  educated  at  Harrow  and 
Cains  college,  Cambridge.  After  taking  his 
bachelor's  degree  he  was  expelled  for  at- 
tempting to  stab  a  person  in  the  dark,  upon 
which  he  travelled  over  France  and  Italy, 
and  at  his  return  set  up  for  a  man  of  fashion 
and  of  wit.  He  began  his  literary  career 
as  early  as  16'JO,  and  continued  to  write  till 
his  death  in  1733.  He  was  intimate  with  the 
great  and  the  learned  of  the  times,  but  Lis 
temper  was  so  violent,  and  his  pride  and  sus- 
picions so  great,  that  his  life  was  a  continual 
scene  of  tumult  and  quarrel,  inflamed  and 
cherished  by  the  invectives  of  his  pen.  He 
wrote  in  1Q02,  a  pindaric  ode  on  William's 


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victory  at  Aghrim,  and  lie  also  licnored  the 
deatli  of  that  monarch  and  that  of  his  queen, 
with  poetical  incense.  In  1704  came  his  fa- 
vorite tragedy  "  Liberty  asserted,"  in  which 
he  used  such  violent  language  against  the 
French  nation  that  in  the  pride  of  self-con- 
sequence he  persuaded  himself  peace  could 
never  he  re-established  between  the  two 
countries  without  his  being  delivered  up  to 
the  offended  enemy.  With  this  idea  he  ap- 
plied to  the  duke  of  Marlborough  for  his  pro- 
tection, who  declared  to  the  alarmed  poet 
that  he  had  no  influence  with  the  ministry, 
but  that  he  thought,  without  being  terrified, 
his  own  case  as  desperate,  as  lie  had  done  the 
French  almost  as  much  mischief  as  Mr. 
Dennis  himself.  This  singular  character 
thus  exposed  to  ridicule,  is  said  on  another 
occasion  to  have  been  walking  near  the  sea 
•while  the  guest  of  a  friend  in  Sussex,  and 
that  at  the  sudden  sight  of  a  ship  sailing  as 
lie  imagined  towards  him,  he  decamped  in 
the  greatest  hurry,  calling  his  friend  a  trai- 
tor for  conspiring  to  deliver  his  person  up 
to  the  French.  His  poems  on  the  battles  of 
.Blenheim  and  Ramillies  gained  him  the 
friendship  of  the  victorious  hero  of  the  day, 
who  presented  him  with  100/.  and  procured 
him  an  appointment  in  the  customs  worth 
120/.  per  annum.  He  also  wrote  some  prose 
nieces,  especially  priestcraft  dangerous,  &c. 
against  Sachevcrell's  political  union,  and 
some  severe  reflections  on  Pope's  essay  on 
criticism,  and  Addison's  Cato.  This  not 
only  occasioned  a  curious  pamphlet  called 
the  narrative  of  Dr.  Uobert  Norris,  con- 
cerning the  strange  and  deplorable  frenzy 
of  Mr.  John  Dennis,  but  it  drew  upon  him 
the  satirist's  resentment,  and  entitled  him 
to  a  conspicuous  place  among  the  heroes  of 
the  Dunciad.  Though  now  disregarded  as  a 
writer  and  a  critic,  he  was  esteemed  in  his 
day,  but  it  was  observed  by  a  wit  that  Den- 
nis was  the  fittest  man  in  the  world  to  in- 
struct a  dramatic  writer,  for  he  laid  down 
rules  for  writing  good  plays,  and  showed  him 
what  were  bad  by  his  own. 

Denny,  sir  Anthony,  a  favorite  of  Henry 
VIII.  born  at  Cheshunt,  and  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  school  and  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. His  great  abilities  soon  recommend- 
ed him  to  the  court,  where  he  became  gen- 
tleman of  the  bed  chamber,  groom  of  the 
stole,  and  a  privy  counsellor.  He  was  also 
knighted  by  the  king,  and  in  the  general 
plunder  of  the  property  of  the  church,  sir 
Anthony  received  from  his  capi'icious  master 
very  large  and  valuable  grants  of  lands  in 
Hertfordshire.  When  Henry  was  on  his 
death  bed,  sir  Anthony  alone  had  the  cour- 
age and  humanity  to  approach  him,  to  re- 
mind him  of  his  situation,  and  to  exhort  him 
to  devote  the  few  remaining  moments  of  life 
to  the  momentous  concerns  of  religion.  The 
king  had  such  an  opinion  of  his  integrity, 
that  he  made  him  one  of  the  executors  of 
his  will,  and  of  the  counsellors  of  his  suc- 
cessor, and  gave  him  a  legacy  of  300/.  Sir 
Anthony  was  a  man  of  great  piety  as  well  as 
learning.     He  died  1550,  leaving  by  his  lady 


Joan,  daughter  of  sir  Philip  Champernon  of 
Modhury,  Devon,  six  children,  of  whom 
Henry  the  eldest  was  father  of  Edward  who 
was  knighted,  and  in  1G26  made  earl  of  Nor- 
wich. 

Denton,  John,  an  English  divine,  edu- 
cated at  Clare-hall,  Cambridge,  and  ejected 
for  nonconformity  from  the  living  of  Oswald 
kirk,  Yorkshire,  in  1662.  He  afterwards 
conformed  and  after  being  re-ordained,  was 
presented  to  the  living  of  Stonegrave,  and  a 
prebend  of  York,  which  he  held  till  his  death 
4th  January  1708,  in  his  83d  year.  He  pub- 
lished some  sermons  and  religious  tracts,  and 
was  the  intimate  friend  and  correspondent  of 
Tillotson  afterwards  the  primate. 

Dentrecoi.les,  Fra.ncis  Xavier,  a  Je- 
suit, born  at  Lyons  1664.  He  went  to  China 
as  missionary  with  Parennin,  and  he  died 
there  on  the  same  year  as  his  associate  1741, 
and  both  aged  77.  This  Jesuit  wrote  several 
works  in  the  Chinese  language  to  recom- 
mend the  christian  religion  to  the  disciples 
of  Confucius,  and  some  interesting  pieces  of 
his  are  also  found  in  "  lettres  edifiantes  & 
curieases,"  and  in  du  Halde's  China. 

Denys,  James,  an  historical  painter,  born 
at  Antwerp  1645.  He  studied  in  Italy,  and 
resided  for  some  time  at  the  court  of  Mantua, 
where  he  was  highly  honored.  He  returned 
afterwards  to  his  native  city,  where  he  died. 

Deparcieux,  Anthony,  a  mathemati- 
cian, born  in  the  diocese  of  Usez.  He  wrote 
a  treatise  on  trigonometry  4io. — essays  on 
the  probabilities  of  the  duration  of  human 
life  4 to.  a  valuable  work,  which  obtained  him 
a  seat  in  the  academy  of  sciences, — memoir 
on  the  inundations  of  the  river  Seine,  &c. 
His  skill  was  much  applauded"  in  his  con- 
struction of  sun-dials  on  a  new  plan,  and  also 
for  his  meridian  lines.  He  died  1768,  aged 
65. 

Derby,  James  Stanley  earl  of,  an  Eng- 
lish nobleman,  celebrated  for  his  courage 
during  the  civil  wars.  With  only  600  horse 
he  bravely  defended  himself  at  Wigan  against 
col.  Lilburne  and  3000>  horse  and  foot,  but 
when  taken  at  the  battle  of  Worcester,  he 
was  basely  beheaded  though  faithfully  pro- 
mised pardon,  October  15th,  1651.  His 
widow  imitated  his  heroic  conduct,  and  after 
the  brave  defence  of  Latham  house,  she  re- 
tired to  the  Isle  of  Man,  where  she  defied 
the  attacks  of  her  enemies.  She  was  the 
last  person  who  submitted  to  the  power  of 
the  regicides. 

Dercyllidas,  a  Lacedaemonian  general, 
who  avenged  his  country  against  the  Persians 
and  defended  Chersonesus  against  the  in- 
roads of  the  Thracians  about  400  B.  C. 

Dereing,  Edward,  an  eminent  divine, 
born  in  Kent,  fellow  of  Christ's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  preacher  at  St.  Paul's  Lon- 
don, and  distinguished  himself  by  his  elo- 
quence before  the  court.  He  died  1576, 
much  respected  for  his  piety  as  well  as  learn- 
ing. He  wrote  sermons, — lectures  on  the 
epistle  to  the  Hebrews, — answer  to  Harding, 
be. 

Derham,  William,  an  able  philosopher 


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and  divine,  horn  at  Stoughton  near  Worces- 
ter, 2Cth  November  1657,  and  educated  at 
Blockley,  and  Trinity  college,  Oxford.  He 
■was  presented  in  1682  to  Wargrave  vicar- 
age, Berks,  and  in  1689  to  Upminster  rectory, 
Essex.  He  devoted  tlie  best  part  of  his  time 
to  mathematics  and  experimental  philoso- 
phy. He  was  chosen  fellow  of  the  royal  so- 
ciety, and  enriched  the  philosophical  trans- 
actions with  many  curious  and  valuable  com- 
munications. In  1716  he  was  made  canon  of 
Windsor,  and  the  university  of  Oxford  in 
lf.'30  honorably  granted  him  the  degree  of 
D.D.  for  his  meritorious  services  in  the  cause 
of  science.  This  pious  and  good  man,  always 
employed  in  the  labors  of  philosophy,  hu- 
manity and  religion,  died  5ih  April  1735, 
«ged  78,  and  was  buried  at  Upminster.  His 
publications  are  very  numerous,  not  less  than 
40,  and  mostly  on  philosophical  subjects.  The 
test  known  of  his  works  are  his  physico-thc- 
ology,  1 6  discourses  preached  at  Boyle's  in- 
stitution 1711  and  12,  and  in  1714  his  astro- 
theology,  and  in  1730  his  christo-theology,  a 
sermon  to  prove  the  divine  origin  of  Chris- 
tianity, besides  the  artificial  clock-maker, 
an  ingenious  book  the  fourth  edition  of 
which  was  published  1734.  He  also  assisted 
some  of  his  literary  friends,  he  revised  the 
"miscellanea  curioso,"  he  prepared  notes 
and  observations  for  Eleazer  Albin's  natural 
history  4  vols.  4to.  and  published  some  pieces 
of  Mr.  Ray,  and  also  the  experiments  of 
Dr.  Robert  Hooke.  He  left  behind  him  a 
very  valuable  collection  of  curiosities. 

Dering,  sir  Edward,  a  native  of  Kent, 
very  violent  in  parliament  in  favor  of  repub- 
lican principles.  He  brought  in  a  bill  for  the 
abolition  of  bishops,  deans,  and  chanters, 
and  proposed  other  plans  of  reforms.  After- 
wards however  he  changed  his  opinion  and 
espoused  the  royal  cause  which  he  supported 
with  a  troop  of  horse,  equipped  at  his  own 
expense.  He  was  a  great  sufferer  in  the  civil 
wars,  and  died  before  the  restoration.  His 
speeches  in  parliament  were  published  in  4to. 
Derrick,  Samuel,  a  linen  draper  of 
Dublin,  who  in  1751  came  to  London  with 
the  intention  of  supporting  himself  as  a  lite- 
rary character.  He  once  attempted  the 
character  of  Glocester  in  JaneShore,  but  with 
such  ill  success  that  it  was  never  repeated. 
After  this  he  subsisted  by  pamphlet  writing, 
but  his  extravagance  led  him  into  perpetual 
difficulties.  He  was  on  Beau  Nash's  death 
by  means  of  his  friends  appointed  in  his  place 
master  of  the  ceremonies  at  Bath  and  Tun- 
bridge,  but  ill  conduct  prevented  his  rise  to 
independence,  and  he  died  very  poor  7th  of 
March  1769,  aged  45.  He  translated  among 
ether  things  Sylla,  a  dramatic  entertainment 
by  the  king  of  Prussia,  Svo.  1753. 

Deryk  or  Derick,  Peter  Cornelius,  a 
landscape  painter  of  Delft,  the  pupil  of  Hu- 
bert Jacobs.  He  6tudied  afterwards  in  Italy, 
and  died  1030,  aged  62. 

Deryke,  William,  an  historical  painter 
at  Antwerp,  who  died  1697. 

Desaguliers,  John  Theophilus,  son  of 
a  protestant  minister  at  Rochelle,  where  he 
was  born   12th    March  1683,  and  which  he 


left  at  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nante*. 
lie  was  educated  at  Christ  church,  Oxford, 
and  he  succeeded  Dr.  Kiel  in  reading  lectures 
on  experimental  philosophy.  In  1712  he 
married,  and  was  the  first  who  introduced 
the  reading  of  lectures  in  London,  where  he 
had  for  his  audience  not  only  the  learned 
and  the  great,  but  also  George  I.  and  George 
H.  and  the  royal  family.  He  was  patronised 
by  the  duke  of  Chaiulos,  who  gave  him  the 
living  of  Edgware,  and  he  afterwards  became 
chaplain  to  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  had  a 
valuable  living  in  Essex.  In  the  latter  part 
of  his  life,  he  had  lodgings  under  the  piazzas, 
Covcnt-garden,  where  his  lectures  were  con- 
tinued till  his  death  1749.  He  was  member 
of  several  foreign  academies,  and  published 
a  course  of  experimental  philosophy,  2  vols. 
4to.  1734, — Gravesand'.s  mathematical  ele- 
ments of  natural  philosophy, — and  an  edition 
of  Gregory's  elements  of  catoptrics  and 
dioptrics. 

Desaix,  Lewis  Charles  Anthony,  a 
French  general,  born  of  a  respectable  family 
at  Vegou,  near  Riom  in  August  1708.  He 
embraced  the  military  profession  as  lieuten- 
ant in  the  regiment  of  Britanv,  and  at  the 
revolution  he  assisted  Custine  as  his  aid-de- 
camp. He  was  wounded  in  the  cheek  at  the 
battle  of  Lauterburg,  but  disregarded  the 
pain  while  he  boldly  rallied  the  yielding  bat- 
talions to  the  fight.  He  was  general  of  di- 
vision under  Aloreau,  whom  he  assisted  in 
his  glorious  retreat  from  the  Danube;  and 
afterwards  he  drove  the  Cermans  from  the 
Rhine,  and  at  the  battle  of  Rastadt  he  obliged 
the  archduke  Charles  to  retreat.  He  bravely 
defended  the  bridge  of  Kehl,  and  afterwards 
in  consequence  of  the  treaty  of  Campo  For- 
mio,  he  attended  Bonaparte  into  Egypt.  In 
this  distant  country,  he  every  where  dis- 
played the  same  presence  of  mind,  the  same 
bravery,  and  after  dispersing  the  Arabs,  and 
the  scattered  forces  of  Murad-hey,  and  El- 
phi-bey,  he  was  named  commander  of  Upper 
Egypt  which  his  valor  and  steadiness  had 
completely  subdued.  After  Bonaparte's  re- 
treat from  Egypt  he  signed  the  treaty  of 
El-arisch  with  the  English  and  the  Turks, 
and  returned  to  Europe,  but  was  detained  as 
a  prisoner  by  lord  Keith.  When  set  at  lib- 
erty he  hastened  back  to  France,  and  found 
his  friend  Bonaparte  advancing  to  the  con- 
quest of  Italy.  His  happy  arrival,  after  a 
severe  march  of  30  miles,  with  a  fresh  squad- 
ron, gave  the  decision  to  the  memorable  bat- 
tle of  Marengo,  but  at  the  very  moment 
that  he  insured  the  victory  to  his  already 
yielding  countrymen,  the  brave  Desaix  re- 
ceived a  fatal  shot  in  the  breast  and  immedi- 
ately expired  14th  June  1800.  He  was  buri- 
ed with  the  military  honors  which  his  ser- 
vices and  his  private  virtues  deserved. 

Desault,  Peter,  a  native  of  Arsac,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  physician.  His  treatise  on  the 
venereal  disease  and  on  the  method  of  curing 
it  without  salivation,  was  much  admired,  and 
also  that  on  the  stone  in  the  kidneys,  and  the 
bladder,  which  was  attacked  by  Astruc.  He 
died  at  Bourdeaux  1737,  aged  02. 

Desault,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French  sur- 


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geon  whose  journal  cle  chirurgie  was  trans- 
lated into  English  b)r  Gosling.  He  was  born 
r.t  Maguibeniois  near  Macon,  and  died  Jane 
1st  1795,  in  his  46ih  year,  not  without,  suspi- 
cion of  being  poisoned  for  his  attendance  on 
the  unfortunate  Lewis  XVII.  It  is  remark- 
able that  Ins  successors,  Clopa'rt  and  Doublet, 
died  within  four  days  after.  He  had  been 
much  esteemed  as  a  professor  of  anatomy  at 
Paris  where  300  pupils  together  attended 
Iiis  lectui'cs,  and  also  as  surgeon  at  the  hospi- 
tal of  charily,  and  at  the  hotel  Uicu. 

Des  Barreaux,  James  de  Vallec  Ion!, 
a  French  nobleman,  born  at  Paris  1  GO  J.  He 
was  brought  up  by  the  Jesuits,  who  in  vain 
endeavored  to  gain  him  over  to  their  society, 
and  he  afterwards  became  counsellor  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  where  his  wit  was  more 
admired  than  his  application.  He  exposed 
himself  to  the  resentment  and  persecution 
of  Richelieu,  by  refusing  to  yield  a  favorite 
mistress  to  the  hoar)'  libertine,  and  thus 
banished  from  regular  employment  he  spent 
his  time  in  visiting  his  friends,  and  in  pursu- 
ing his  pleasures.  About  four  or  five  years 
before  his  death,  however,  he  began  to  re- 
flect upon  the  vicious  course  of  his  conduct, 
and  after  disregarding  the  truths  and  the 
practice  of  Christianity,  he  gave  himself  up 
to  serious  meditation,  and  to  penitence.  He 
retired  to  the  pure  air  of  Chalon  on  the 
Soan,  where,  alter  an  exemplary  close  of 
life,  he  died  1647.  Some  time  before  his 
death  he  wrote  the  famous  sonnet  so  full  of 
contrition  "grand  dieu,  tes  jugemens,"  &c. 
Tie  was,  in  the  days  of  his  gaiety  and  liber- 
tinism, author  of  some  poems  in  Latin,  and 
also  in  French,  and  of  some  popular  songs, 
Sec. 

Desbilt.ons,  Francis  Joseph,  a  French 
Jesuit,  horn  at  Chateau neuf  25th  January 
1711.  After  reading  lectures  in  the  colleges 
of  Caen,  Nevers,  la  l-'leche,  and  Bourges,  he 
came  to  Paris,  where  he  studied  for  15  vcars 
in  the  college  of  Lewis  XIV.  At  the  aboli- 
tion of  his  order  176'2,  he  retired  to  Man- 
hcim,  where  lie  published  his  fables,  on  which 
he  had  so  long  been  engaged,  530  in  number, 
divided  into  15  books,  in  two  vols  He  also 
published  a  learned  edition  of  PliEcdrus,  and 
wrote  some  Latin  poems,  and  left  in  MS. 
an  history  of  the  Latin  tongue.  He  died  19th 
March  1788,  aged  78. 

Desbois,  Francis  Alexander,  author  of  a 
military  dictionary  3  vols.  8vo. — a  dictionary 
of  agriculture  two  vols.  8vo. — a  dictionary 
6f  animals  i  vols.  8vo.  and  other  works,  died 
in  the  public  hospital  at  IVris  17S4,  aged  85. 

Des  Cartes,  Rene,  a  French  philoso- 
pher.    FiV/ Cartes. 

Desericivs  or  Desrritz,  Joseph  In- 
nocent, a  native  of  Nitra  in  Hungary,  made 
a  Roman  cardinal,  and  sent  by  Benedict 
XIV.  as  ambassador  to  the  hospodar  ofWal- 
lachia.  He  died  1765,  aged  63.  He  wrote 
proeulfu  literarum  in  Ilungaria,  ac  specia- 
lism civiiate  direcesiqne  vindicatio,  4to. — de 
initiis  8t  majorfbus  Hungarortim  commen- 
taria,  5  vols.  fol. — historia  episcopates  dioece- 
sis  &  eivitatis  VaVjeosis,  fol.  &c. 


Desgodets,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Paris, 
eminent  as  an  architect.  When  going  to 
Rome  id  1674  he  was  captured  by  the  Alge- 
rines,  and  remained  16  months  in  slaver}-, 
and  when  he  reached  the  capital  of  Italy  at 
last,  he  composed  his  work  "  the  ancient  edi- 
fices of  Rome  drawn  and  measured  with  ex- 
actness,'" fol.  which  was  newly  edited  1779. 
He  was  made  comptroller  of  the  royal  buil- 
dings at  Paris  and  architect  to  the  king.  He 
died  17CS,  aged  75.  Two  of  his  works  on  ar- 
chitecture have  appeared  since  his  death. 

Desha  is,  John  Baptist  Henry,  a  French 
painter,  horn  at  Rouen  1729.  Under  the  di- 
rection of  Vermont,  Rcstout,  and  Carlo  Van- 
loo,  he  improved  his  strong  natural  abilities, 
and  in  1751  obtained  the  prize  of  the  acade- 
my. After  visiting  Rome  for  improvement 
and  information,  he  returned  to  Paris,  and 
was  admitted  into  the  academy  with  univer- 
sal approbation.  The  superior  merit  of  his 
pictures  promised  the  noblest  monuments  of 
genius  to  adorn  the  French  school,  but  he 
unfortunately  died  in  the  midst  of  his  career 
in  1765.  The  most  celebrated  of  his  pie- 
ces are  the  marriage  of  the  Virgin,  the  re- 
surrection Aof  Lazarus,  Potiphar's  wife  and 
Joseph,  the  combat  of  Achilles  and  Xanthus, 
Jupiter  and  Antiope,  Artemisia  at  her  hus- 
band's tomb,  &c. 

Desiderius  or  Didier,  last  king  of 
Lombardy,  succeeded  Astnlphus  756.  His 
invasion  of  the  papal  dominions  was  resisted 
at  the  request  of  the  pope  by  Charlemagne 
his  son-in-law,  and  Didier  was  made  prisoner 
and  died  in  France.  His  other  daughter  had 
married  a  brother  of  Charlemagne,  Carlo- 
man,  another  son  of  Pepin  king  of  France. 

Desmahis,  Joseph  Francis  Edward  de 
Corsembleu,  a  French  writer,  born  at  Sna- 
ly-sur-loire,  who  died  February  25th  1761, 
aged  38.  He  was  a  man  of  great  abilities, 
very  amiable  in  his  manners,  moderate  in  his 
wishes,  and  benevolent  in  his  intercourse 
with  mankind.  He  used  to  say,  "  When  my 
friend  laughs,  it  is  his  business  to  inform  me 
of  the  cause  of  his  joy  ;  but  when  he  weeps, 
it  is  mine  to  discover  the  sources  of  his 
grief,"  He  wrote  the  comedy  of  the  "im- 
pertinent," which  met  with  great  applause. 
He  also  wrote  miscellaneous  works,  and  in 
his  poetical  pieces  displayed  ease,  grace,  and 
elegance.  His  works  were  published  1777, 
two  vols.  12mo.  Paris. 

Des  Maizeaix,  Peter,  a  learned  biog- 
rapher, born  at  Auvergne  1666,  where  his 
father  was  a  protestant  minister.  He  came 
early  to  England  and  was  elected  secretary 
to  the  royal  society.  He  died  1745.  He 
edited  the  works  of  St.  Evrcmont  three  vols. 
4to.  and  also  published  the  life  of  Bnyle,  pre- 
fixed to  his  dictionary.  He  had  some  hand  in 
the  general  historical  dictionary,  10  vols.  fol. 
and  in  other  useful  works,  and  wrote  the 
lives  of  Chilling  worth  and  John  Hales. 

Desmares,  Toussaint,  a  priest,  native  of 
Virc  in  Normntidy.  i^c  defended  the  cause 
of  the  Jansenists  before  pope  Innocent  X. 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  sermons. 
He  was  persecuted  for  his  opinions,  but  hit; 


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inanely  protected  by  the  duke  of  Liancourt,  I  the  habeas  corpus  act,  and  confined  in  sev- 
at  whose  house  in  Beauvias  lie  ended  bis  '  eral  prisons,  but  when  at  last  liberated,  past 
days  1687,  aged  8/".  He  wrote  the  necro-  j  misfortunes  had  made  no  impression  upon 
loge  de  port  royal,  printed  4to.  1723,  and  '  him,  but  rather  stimulated  him  to  revenge. 
Other  works.  i  He  now  formed  the  plan  of  seducing  the  sol- 

Desmarets,  Nicholas,  nephew  of  (Jol- j  diery  from  their  allegiance,  and  in  the  se- 
cret committees  which  he  held  with  his  as- 
sociates, under  the  sanction  of  a  solemn  oath 
it  was  agitated  to  assassinate  the  king,  as  he 
proceeded  to  the  opening  of  parliament.  This 
murderous  design  was  happily  discovered  by 
some  of  the  accomplices,  and  Despard  and 
his  associates  were  seized,  and  tried  at  a 
special  commission  in  South wark,  5th  Febru- 
ary 1S03,  and  on  an  impartial  trial  his  atro- 
cious guilt  was  made  too  evident  to  deserve 
pardon.  He  suffered  on  the  21st  March  with 
nine  others,  and  after  their  heads  had  been 
cut  oft',  their  bodies  were  delivered  to  their 
friends  for  interment.  Without  contrition, 
sorrow,  or  concern,  this  infatuated  man  met 
his  fate,  and  convinced  the  spectators  how 
well  qualified  he  was  for  the  worst  of  nefari- 
ous attempts. 

Despautere,  John,  a  Flemish  gram- 
marian, who  was  born  at  Ninove,  and  died 
at  Comiues  15120.  He  had  the  use  of  only 
one  eye.  His  works,  which  were  chiefly 
grammatical,  were  in  great  vogue  in  all  schools 
at  one  time,  but  now  they  have  given  way 
to  more  modern  and  methodical  elements  of 
education. 

Despierr.es,  John,  superior  of  the  Ben- 
edictine college  at  Douay,  died  there  1664, 
aged  67.  He  was  eminent  a9  a  mathemati- 
cian, and  as  a  mechanic,  and  wrote  treatise* 
on  the  Horaaii  calendar — a  defence  of  the 
vulgate  translation  of  the  bible — a  commen- 
tary on  the  psalms,  &c. — and  he  also  con- 
structed an  iron  sphere  which  with  great  ex- 
actness represented  the  planetary  system. 

Desplaces,  an  eminent  French  engra- 
ver, who  died  1740.  His  best  pieces  were 
his  soldier  holding  a  dagger  at  Astynax  in 
his  mother'sarms,  his  descent  from  the  cross, 
after  Jouvenet,  his  rape  of  Helen  after  Guido. 
Another  of  the  same  name  engraved  several 
pieces  for  the  cahinet  deCrozat. 

Desportes,  Claude  a  painter  of  Cham- 
pagne, who  died  at  Paris  1743,  aged  82.  He 
was  highly  favored  by  Lewis  XIV.  aud  XV. 
His  best  pieces  are  preserved  at  Marly.  He 
excelled  in  grotesque  figures,  and  in  animals, 
flowers,  fruits,  &c.  His  son  and  nephew 
were  equally  celebrated. 

Des touches,  Andrew,  a  Frenchman, 
who  went  to  Siam,  and  abandoned  the  pro- 
fession of  a  soldier,  for  that  of  musician, 
Though  unacquainted  with  rules,  by  the 
mere  powers  of  genius  he  produced  hislsse, 
an  opera,  which  so  highly  pleased  the  French 
king,  that  he  gave  him  200  louis,  with  many 
commendations.  Afterwards  he  studied  the 
rules  of  musical  composition,  but  his  other 
pieces  were  never  equal  to  Isse.  He  died 
1740. 

Destrouches,  Philip Ncricaut, a  French 
dramatic  writer,  born  at  Tours,  and  educa- 
ted at  Paris.  He  shone  also  as  a  negotiator 
in  Switzerland,  and  lastly  in  London,  where 


bert,  and  minister  of  state  and  comptroller 
the   reign   of  Lewis   XIV.  died    1721.     He 
published   a  very  curious  and  interesting  ac- 
■  OMut  of  his  administration. 

Desmolets,  Peter  Nicholas,  an  ecclesi- 
astic, born  at  Paris  He  edited  Lamy's  trea- 
tise de  tabernaculo  foederis  sam-ta  civitate  Je- 
rusalem &  teraplo  ejus  fo). — Ponget's  insti- 
tutiones  catholics;  in  modum  catecheseos,  2 
vols,  fol.— and  continued  Sallcngre's  me- 
moirs of  literature,  li  vols.  12mo.  He  died 
17C0,  aged  83. 

Desmoulins,  Benedict Camille,  a  native 
of  Guise  in  Picardy,  who  displayed  his  re- 
publican zeal  at  the  taking  of  the  Bastille,  and 
in  the  demolition  of  the  monarchy.  As  the 
friend  of  Danton  he  was  one  of  the  original 
founders  of  the  Jacobin  club,  and  he  had  a 
share  in  the  atrocities  of  the  20th  of  June 
and  the  10th  of  August  1702.  His  influence 
in  the  convention  was  seen  with  jealousy  by 
Robespierre,  and  he  marked  for  slaughter 
the  man  who  presumed  to  defend  Orleans, 
and  to  talk  of  a  committee  of  cjemency  in 
the  midst  of  a  sanguinary  assembly.  The 
fall  of  Danton  was  liisown;  when  seized  in 
the  night,  3 1st  March  1705,  he  opened  his 
•windows  to  call  in  vain  for  help  against  the 
satellites  of  tyranny,  and  with  Young's  night 
thoughts,  and  Harvey's  meditations  in  his 
hand,  he  was  dragged  to  prison,  and  imme- 
diately after  to  the  scaffold,  His  writings 
•were  periodical — the  revolutions  of  France 
and  Brabant — the  history  of  the  Brissotins — 
the  Vieux  Cordelier.  His  wife,  who  wished. 
to  share  his  fate,  was  permitted  to  follow  him 
10  days  after  to  the  scaffold.  When  asked 
his  age  by  the  bloody  tribunal,  he  answered, 
"  My  age  is  that  of  Jesus  Christ  when  he  suf- 
fered death,"  33. 

D'Espagne,  John,  minister  of  a  French 
congregation  at  Durham-house,  Strand,  died 
about  1660.  He  was  much  admired  as  a 
preacher,  and  several  of  his  works  have  been 
translated  into  English.  They  are  all  on  the- 
•ological  subjects. 

Despard,  Edward  Marcus,  a  native  of 
Queen's  county  in  Ireland,  of  a  respectable 
family.  He  early  embraced  a  military  life, 
and  was  employed  in  the  West  Indies,  on 
the  Spanish  main,  and  in  the  bay  of  Hondu- 
ras, where  he  was  appointed  superintendant 
of  the  English  colony.  His  conduct  in  this 
office  gave  offence  to  the  settlers,  and  in  con- 
quence  of  their  complaints  he  was  recalled 
home  1790;  but  when  he  applied  to  govern- 
ment to  investigate  his  administration  his 
representations  were  rejected  without  ex- 
planation. This  rendered  him  a  disaffected 
subject,  and  the  French  revolution  no  soon- 
er tended  todisseminate  principles  of  disloy- 
alty and  rebellion,  than  he  warmly  embraced 
the  new  doctrines.  He  was  seized  for  his 
seditious  conduct,  under  the  suspension  of 


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he  resided  seven  years,  and  where  he  mar- 
ried. On  his  return  to  Paris  he  was  receiv- 
ed with  esteem  for  his  services,  but  the  death 
of  the  regent  shattered  his  fair  hopes  of  pre- 
ferment and  reward,  and  he  retired  to  Fort- 
oiseau,  near  Melun,  where  he  forgot  the  in- 
gratitude of  the  court  in  the  cultivation  of 
the  muses  and  of  agriculture.  Cardinal 
Fleury  in  vain  wished  to  draw  him  from  his 
retirement  to  go  to  Russia.  He  died  175-i. 
fits  works  were  published  by  his  son,  by  the 
order  of  Lewis  XV.  i  vols.  1757,  and  lu  vols. 
12mo.  Though  devoid  of  the  gaiety  of  Reg- 
nard,  and  the  strong  touches  of  Moliere,  he 
yet  commands  attention  by  his  interesting 
scenes,  and  his  tender  and  affecting  delinea- 
tions of  nature.  His  Philosophe  Mari£,  and 
his  Glorieux,  a  comedy,  rank  next  to  the 
compositions  of  Voltaire. 

Devaux,  John,  a  native  ofParis,  esteem- 
ed as  a  surgeon,  and  author  of  a  treatise  on 
preserving  health,  by  instinct — on  making 
reports  on  surgery — and  other  works,  be- 
sides translations  of  medical  works  into 
French.    He  died  1729,  aged  80. 

Devereux,  Robert,  earl  of  Es3ex,  the 
favorite  of  Elizabeth,  was  born  10th  Novem- 
ber 1567,;at  Netherwood,  Herefordshire,  and 
under  the  guardianship  of  lord  Burleigh  he 
was  educated  at  Cambridge  by  Dr.  Whit- 
gift  afterwards  primate.  His  first  appear* 
Mance  at  court  was  in  his  17th  year,  and  in 
1585  he  accompanied  the  earl  of  Leicester  to 
Holland,  and  distinguished  himself  greatly  by 
his  courage  at  the  battle  of  Zutphen.  At 
his  return  he  was  master  of  the  horse  to  the 
queen,  and  at  the  assembling  of  an  army  at 
Tilbury  fort  against  the  Spanish  invasion,  he 
was  declared  general  under  Leicester,  and 
soon  after  made  knight  of  the  garter.  Thus 
elevatedin  rank  he  disputed  for  the  qucen'sfa- 
vor  with  sir  Charles  Blunt  earl  of  Devonshire, 
who  wounded  him  in  the  knee,  but  after- 
wards became  his  most  intimate  friend.  In 
1589  he  went  with  sir  John  Xorris  and  Fran- 
cis Drake  in  the  expedition  to  replace  Anto- 
nio on  the  throne  of  Portugal,  but  as  it  was 
without  the  queen's  permission,  he  was  soon 
recalled  with  marks  of  displeasure,  which, 
however,  his  presence  soon  dissipated.  His 
private  marriage  with  the  widow  of  sir  Phil- 
ip Sidney,  daughter  of  sir  Francis^  Walsing- 
ham,  was  also  disagreeable  to  the  queen,  and 
his  unsuccessful  expedition  to  assist  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  and  his  quarrel  with  lord 
Burleigh  about  the  Spanish  war,  tended  to 
show  the  violence  of  his  temper  and  the  am- 
bition of  his  heart.  Though  Burleigh,  by- 
proposing  a  peace  with  Spain,  opposed  him, 
yet  he  loved  him,  and  after  the  death  of  that 
statesman,  Essex  found  that  he  had  lost  a 
most  valuable  friend,  whose  advice  and  pro- 
tection often  interposed  between  him  and 
the  commission  of  wrong.  He  succeeded 
Burleigh  as  chancellor  of  Cambridge,  but 
his  enemies  viewed  the  increase  of  his  digni- 
ties with  a  jealous  eye.  When  a  consulta- 
tion took  place  about  appointing  a  viceroy  in 
Ireland,  the  queen  recommended  sir  Wil- 
liam Knollis,  and  Essex  sir  George  Carcw, 


and  when  the  favorite  saw  his  mistress  un- 
willing to  yield  to  his  persuasion,  ha  con- 
temptuously turned  his  back  upon  her.  Eli- 
zabeth resented  the  ill  conduct  of  Essex,  ant) 
gave  him  a  box  on  the  ear,  upon  which  he 
placed  his  hand  on  his  sword,  with  threaten- 
ing attitude,  swearing  he  would  not  take 
such  an  affront  even  from  her  father,  the 
courtiers  present  interfered,  and  he  left  the 
palace  with  unsubdued  indignation.  Hi-t 
friends  however  prevailed  upon  him  to  make 
concessions,  and  he  was  apparently  recon- 
ciled to  Elizabeth,  and  soon  after  by  the  ar- 
liiice  of  his  enemies  sent  over  to  Ireland 
The  ill  success  of  his  ministry  there  encour- 
aged his  opponents,  who  persuaded  the  queen 
to  levy  an  army  under  Nottingham,  to  coun- 
teract the  rebellious  schemes  of  Essex.  Es- 
sex heard  of  their  plans,  and  coming  sud- 
denly over  to  England,  he  was  apparently 
received  with  cordiality,  but  soon  after  strip- 
ped of  all  his  honors  except  of  the  office  bf 
master  of  the  horse.  While  thus  disgraced, 
he  was  advised  by  his  favorite  Cuft'e  to  re- 
store himself  to  the  queen's  partiality  by 
force,  but  though  he  disapproved  all  violent 
measures,  he  could  not  refrain  saying  the 
queen  grew  old  and  cankered,  and  that  her 
mind  was  as  crooked  as  her  carcass.  The 
rash  words  were  reported  to  the  queen,  and 
Essex  was  summoned  to  appear  before  the 
council,  but  he  conceived  his  person  in  dan- 
ger, and  instead  of  submitting  he  prepared 
to  resist.  After  an  unavailing  struggle,  ami 
some  bloodshed,  he  surrendered  and  was 
conveyed  to  the  tower.  He  was  arraigned 
before  his  peers  on  the  19th  P'ebrnary  1601, 
and  condemned  to  lose  his  head,  and  his  ex- 
ecution took  place  on  the  25th.  He  was  in 
person  tall,  but  careless  in  his  dress.  He 
was  learned  and  to  his  honor  protected  and 
encouraged  learned  men.  Warm  in  his 
friendships,  and  sound,  except  in  few  instan- 
ces, in  his  morals,  he  was  a  good  protestant. 
It  is  remarkable  that  his  execution  took 
place  not  without  great  struggles  in  the 
queen's  affections.  In  the  days  of  their 
friendship,  she  had  given  him  a  ring  with 
promises  that  it  would  restore  him  at  all 
times  to  her  favor,  and  therefore  she  suffered 
to  be  sacrificed  the  man  who  so  proudly  re- 
fused to  purchase  and  at  so  little  price  her 
pardon.  The  fatal  ring  indeed  was  sent  by 
the  repenting  Essex,  but  lady  Howard  the 
bearer  refused  to  deliver  it,  and  on  her  death- 
bed she  revealed  to  the  queen  her  ill  conduct. 
which  she  attributed  to  the  jealousy  of  her 
husband.  The  queen  heard  the  dreadful 
tale  with  astonishment,  she  retired  over- 
whelmed with  grief,  and  a  few  weeks  after 
expired. 

Devereux,  Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  son 
of  Elizabeth's  favorite  was  born  159'2,  and 
educated  at  Merton  college,  Oxford,  under 
sir  Henry  Saville.  His  marriage  with  iadv 
Frances  Howard,  lord  Suffolk's  daughter, 
was  very  unfortunate,  for  the  lady  accused 
him  of  ioipotency,  and  obtained  a  divorce 
that  she  might  marry  her  new  favorite  Carr 
carl  of  Somerset,     firafex  served  in  the  Pa 


DE 

latinate  under  sir  Horatio  Vere,  awl  in  Hol- 
land, under  prince  Maurice,  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  England  appeared  in  parliament  as 
a  violent  opposer  of  the  measures  of  govern- 
ment. During  the  civil  wars  he  headed  the 
parliamentary  army,  faced  the  king's  forces 
at  Edgehill,  and  at  the  first  battie  of  New- 
bury, and  after  reducing  Reading  and  re- 
lieving Glocester  lie  in  164-i  returned  to  the 
west  of  England.  Here  he  was  unsuc- 
cessful against  the  king's  troops,  and  he 
owed  his  safety  to  flight  by  sea  from  the  un- 
tenable garrisons  of  Cornwall.  In  1645  the 
parliament,  jealous  of  his  power,  or  dissat- 
isfied with  his  conduct,  deprived  him  of  his 
office  by  the  self-denying  ordinance,  and  the 
next  year  he  died  at  Essex-house  in  the 
Strand. 

D'ewes,  sir  Symonds,  an  English  histo- 
rian and  antiquarian,  born  in  1602,  at  Cox- 
den  Dorsetshire,  the  seat  of  Mr.  fcymonds, 
ijiis  mother's  father.  His  ancesters  came 
from  the  Low  Countries.  In  1618  he  enter- 
ed at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  and 
two  years  after  began  his  collection  of  mate- 
rials for  an  history  of  England.  His  learn- 
ing and  his  labors  recommended  him  to  the 
notice  of  the  most  distinguished  characters 
of  the  times,  of  Cotton,  Spelman,  Selden, 
and  others.  In  1626  he  married  Anne 
daughter  of  sir  William  Clopton,  who  was 
scarce  18,  with  whom  he  lived  in  great  do- 
mestic happiness,  ilis  great  work  was  fin- 
ished when  he  attained  his  30th  year,  but  he 
did  not  publish  it,  and  it  appeared  after- 
wards under  the  title  of  Journals  of  all  the 
parliaments  during  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
Sec.  revised  by  Paul  Bowes  1682,  folio.  He 
served  the  office  of  sheriff  for  Suffolk,  and 
was  knighted,  and  in  1641  was  made  baronet ; 
but  notwithstanding  these  marks  of  royal  fa- 
vor, he  embraced  the  cause  of  the  parliament. 
He  sat  in  the  house  till  December  1648, 
when  he  was  ejected  for  supposed  attach- 
ment to  the  king.  He  died  April  18th  1650, 
and  was  succeeded  by  bis  son  Willoughby, 
to  whom  the  journals  were  inscribed  by  Mr. 
Bowes.  The  manner  in  which  sir  Symonds 
spoke  of  Camden's  Britannia  has  drawn  up- 
on him  the  censures  of  several  writers,  and 
he  certainly  was  very  injudicious  in  asserting 
that  scarce  a  page  of  it  was  free  from  er- 
rors. From  his  MSS.  preserved  among  the 
Harleian  papers,  there  are  some  particulars 
of  his  life. 

De  Witt,  John.,  the  famous  pensiona- 
ry of  Holland,  was  born  at  Dort  in  1625,  and 
educated  there.  His  abilities  were  so  great, 
and  his  improvement  so  rapid,  that  at  the 
r.ge  of  23  he  published  his  "  Elementa  cur- 
varum  linearum,"  a  work  displaying  the 
deepest  knowledge  of  mathematics.  After 
taking  the  degree  of  L.  L.  D.  and  trarvelling 
for  some  time,  he  was  made  pensionary  of 
his  native  town,  and  began  to  distinguish 
rgmself  by  his  skill  in  political  affau's.  He 
warmly  but  unsuccessfully  opposed  the  war 
between  England  and  his  country,  and  when 
afterwards  raised  to  the  high  office  of  pen- 
sionary" f  Ho'hnti,  he  sent  ambassadors  to 


DE 

I  Cromweli,  to  negotiate  a  peace.  A  pncifi- 
i  cation  took  place,  but  the  secret  article  to 
;  exclude  the  family  of  Orange  from  the  stadt- 
:  holdership,  brought  public  odium  on  De 
j  Witt's  administration.  Notwithstanding  the 
clamors  of  his  enemies,  anil  the  pulpit  in- 
vectives of  the  clergy,  he  subdued  all  oppo- 
sition by  his  firmness,  and  when  his  office 
expired,  he  was  unanimously  re-elected  by 
the  states,  15th  Sept.  1663.  When  war  was 
unfortunately  declared  against  England,  af- 
ter the  restoration,  De  Witt  exerted  all  his 
power  to  make  the  naval  armaments  as  res. 
peclable  as  possible,  and  after  Opdam'g  de- 
feat, he  was  one  of  those  named  to  preside 
over  the  fleet.  The  fleet  was  shut  up  in  th«: 
Texel;  but  whilst  the  commanders  consid- 
ed  it  impossible  to  sail  but  with  only  10  points 
of  the  compass,  he  by  mathematical  calcu- 
lation, convinced  them  that  only  four  points 
were  against  them,  and  28  for  them,  and  in 
consequence  of  this,  the  ships  were  safely 
conveyed  through  a  passage,  which  since 
that  time  has  been  called  De  Witt's  diep. 
Of  this  affair,  and  of  the  events  which  took 
place  afterwards,  he  wrote  an  accurate  re- 
lation, for  which  lie  received  the  thanks  of 
the  state.  Of  the  famous  battle  of  three 
days,  in  1666,  he  also  gave  a  full  account  to 
the  slates,  and  in  1667  he  established  an 
edictfor  ever  to  abolish  the  stadlholderate  in. 
Holland  ;  but  in  1672  when  the  prince  of  Or- 
ange was  nominated  captain  general,  thqj 
mob  invited  him  to  accept  the  office  of  stadt- 
holder,  and  De  Witt,  uo  longer  popular,  re- 
signed his  office,  after  receiving  the  solemn 
thanks  of  the  states  for  his  services.  When 
Holland  was  invaded  by  the  French,  the 
odium  was  thrown  by  the  friends  of  the  Or- 
ange family  on  De  Witt  and  his  party,  and 
so  violent  were  the  tumults,  that  De  Witt's 
brother,  Cornelius,  was  accused  by  Tick- 
laer,  a  barber,  and  though  declared  inno- 
cent, was  sentenced  to  exile,  and  soon  after 
the  prison  in  which  he  was,  was  attacked, 
and  he  as  well  as  his  brother,  who  un- 
fortunately was  present,  were  inhumanly 
butchered.  Their  dead  bodies  were  drag- 
ged to  the  gallows,  and  the  pensionary's  re- 
mains were  hung  one  foot  higher  than  those 
of  his  brother.  Their  bodies  thus  insulted 
were  cut  into  a  thousand  pieces,  and  it  is 
even  said,  that  some  of  the  flesh  was  broiled 
and  eat  by  the  savage  murderers.  Thus  fell 
tliis  virtuous  and  amiable  man,  in  his  4"tli 
year.  As  a  politician  he  had  no  equal,  aud 
his  love  to  his  country  was  inferior  to  none 
of  his  other  virtues.  Without  pride  and 
pomp,  he  lived  upon  little  more  than  700/.  a 
year,  though  at  the  head  of  a  government ; 
and  with  the  greatest  and  most  laudable  in- 
tegrity, he  refused  a  gift  of  10,000/.  with 
which  the  states  wished  to  reward  his  noble 
services,  observing,  that  such  liberality  was 
a  bad  precedent  in  a  government.  His  work 
called,  ",  the  true  interest  and  political  max- 
ims of  the  republic  of  Holland,"  translated 
into  English  by  John  Campbell,  is  a  glorious 
monument  of  bis  abilities  as  a  statesman, 
and  it  displays  the  true  maxims  by  which  a 


DI 

government,  may  become  popular  at  liome 
;iu<l  respectable  abroad,  whilst  it  maintains 
justice  with  liberty,  and  encourages  trade 
without  oppression,  or  monopoly. 

Dewitt,  James,  a  painter  of  Amster- 
dam, born  1G95.  lie  was  pupil  to  Van  Hal. 
His  best  work  is  Moses  appointing  the  70 
elders,  painted  for  the  burgomasters  of  Am- 
sterdam. 

Dbtkum,  John  Baptist  Van,  an  emin- 
ent miniature  painter  of  Antwerp,  born 
1620. 

Deyster,  Lewis,  an  eminent  painter  and 
engraver  of  Bruges,  who  died  1711,  aged  55. 
Hia  death  of  the  Virgin,  is  his  best  piece. 
His  daughter  Anne  was  equally  famous  as  a 
painter,  but  she  relinquished  the  profession 
to  construct  organs  and  harpsichords,  and 
consequently  died  poor,  1746,  aged  50. 
D'iiosier,  Peter, a native  of  J Marseilles,  the 
first  who  formed  genealogies  into  a  science. 
He  was  patronised  by  Lewis  XIII.  and  XIV. 
who  made  him  counsellor  of  slate.  He  died 
If. 60,  aged  68. 

Diaconus,  Panlus,  a  Lombard,  born  at 
T'liuli,  and  educated  at  the  court  of  Pavia. 
He  became  a  mmik  in  the  monastery  of 
Monte  Casino,  where  he  composed  his  his- 
tory of  the  Lombards,  in  six  books.  He  is 
considered  as  accurate  in  the  affairs  of  his 
Own  nation,  though  not  equally  exact  in 
treating  foreign  affairs.  He  died  770.  His 
history  was  printed  1641,  and  is  also  found 
in  Muratori's  lierum  Ilal.  Scriptores. 

Biagohas,  a  philosopher  born  at  Melos, 
who  professed  publicly  atheism,  for  which 
he  was  accused  before  the  Athenians.  He 
afterwards  perished  in  a  shipwreck,  412 
B.C. 

DiA7,,  Bartholomew,  a  celebrated  Portu- 
guese navigator,  who  in  1466  discovered  the 
most  southern  cape  of  Africa,  to  which  he 
gave  the  name  ofthe  Cape  of  Storms.  Thisap- 
pellalion,  so  ill  omened,  was  altered  by  John 
II.  king  of  Portugal,  to  the  name  of  the 
Cape  of  Good-hope, 

Dta7.,  John,  a  Spaniard,  who  studied  at 
Paris,  and  embraced  the  doctrines  of  Lu- 
ther. He  afterwards  visited  Calvin  at  Ge- 
neva, and  Bucer  at  Strasburg,  and  met  at 
Neuburg  his  brother  Alphonsus,  who,  as  a 
violent  catholic,  endeavored  to  convert  him 
from  the  pretestant  faith.  Unable  to  do 
this,  Alphonsus  pretends  to  return  home, 
and  the  next  morning)  instigates  Rn  assas- 
sin to  enter  his  brother's  apartment,  and 
with. an  axe  to  dash  out  his  brains,  whilst  he 
himself  awaits  the  event  at  the  door  of  his 
chamber.  The  assassins  were  pursued  and 
seized  at  Inspruck,  but  Charles  V.  took 
their  punishment  into  his  own  hand.  This 
dreadful  deed  was  perpetrated  the  27lh 
March  1546. 

Dicearchus,  a  philosopher  of  Messina 
in  Sicily,  who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  geog- 
raphy of  Greece,  8cc.  published  170'J. 

Diceneus,  an  Egyptian  philosopher,  in 
the  age  of  Augustus.  He  travelled  into  Scy- 
thia,  where  he  persuaded  the  people  to 
learn  and  to  practise  temperance. 

vol.  i.  65 


m 

Dicnro,  Ralph  de,  author  of  abbrevia- 
tiones  chronicoruni,  or  an  epitome  of  Eng- 
lish history  to  the  conquest — £c  imagines 
historiarum,  or  lives  of  some  English  kings 
— was  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  1210. 

Dick,  sir  Alexander,  son  of  sir  William 
Cunningham  of  Copingtonj  by  the  daughter 
and  heiress  of  sir  James  Dick  of  Preston- 
field,  was  born  1705.  He  studied  medicine 
at  Edinburgh,  and  afterwards  under  Boer- 
haave  at  Leyden,  where  he  took  his  degrees, 
and  after  visiting  several  countries  of  Eu- 
rope, he  returned  to  England,  and  began  to 
practise  in  Pembrokeshire.  On  the  death 
of  his  brother  sir  William,  he  assumed  the 
name  of  his  maternal  grandfather,  and  re- 
tired to  his  family  seat,  at  Prcstonfield,  where 
he  died  1785.  He  was  in  1756  president  of 
the  college  of  physicians  in  Edinburgh,  and 
liberally  contributed  to  the  honor  and  sup- 
port of  his  profession.  He  was  in  1774  hon- 
ored with  a  medal  from  the  London  society 
of  arts  and  commerce,  for  his  successful 
culture  of  rhubarb,  the  first  attempt  of  rear- 
ing which  in  England  was  owing  to  his  patri- 
otic views, 

Dickinson,  Edmund,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, son  ofthe  rector  of  Appleton,  Berk- 
shire, where  he  was  born  1624.  lie  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Merton  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  medical  degrees 
He  published  in  1655  his  Delphi  Phoenici/- 
antes,  a  learned  work,  in  which  he  proved 
that  the  Greeks  borrowed  their  history  of 
the  oracle  of  Delphi  from  the  scriptures, 
especially  the  book  of  Joshua.  This  book 
was  universally  admired,  and  Sheldon  the 
primate  wished  in  vain  to  turn  the  attention, 
of  the  ingenious  author  to  theological  studies. 
After  practising  for  some  time  in  Oxford, 
where  he  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his  first 
wife  in  childbed,  and  his  second  soon  after 
his  marriage,  he  in  1684  settled  in  London, 
where,  by  recovering  lord  Arlington,  he  ob- 
tained an  introduction  at  court,  and  became 
physician  to  Charles  II.  and  afterwards  to 
his  successor.  Upon  the  abdication  he  re- 
tired from  practice,  and  applied  himself  to 
the  completion  of  his  Physica  vetus&  vera, 
kc.  which  when  just  finished  was  unfortu- 
nately burnt,  and  cost  him  the  heavy  labors 
of  recomposilion.  It  appeared  in  1 702,  and 
it  proved  that  the  method  and  mode  of  the 
creation  of  the  universe,  according  to  the 
principles  of  true  philosophy,  are  related  in, 
a  concise  and  general  way  by  Moses.  Ho 
wrote  besides,  diatriba  de  Nose  in  Italian 
adventu,  &c. — de  orgine  Druidum,  ike.  He- 
was  also  an  able  chemist,  and  was  intimate 
with  Theodore  Mundanus,  an  illustrious 
professor  in  that  science  at  Paris.  He  died 
of  the  stone  in  April  1707,  in  his  83d  year, 
and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  St.  Martin 
in  the  fields. 

Dickson,  David,  a  Scotch  divine,  born 
at  Paisley  1591,  and  educated  at  Glasgow. 
He  was  an  eloquent  preacher;  hut  he  was 
too  violent  against  the  episcopalians,  which 
subjected  him  to  much  obloquy,  and  to  per- 
secution.    Tie    was  in  1688  a   oominissionef 


DI 


DI 


to  the  general  assembly  at  Glasgow*,  and  iii 


1643  in  Westminster.  He  was  divinity  pro- 
fessor at.  Edinburgh,  hut  in  1662  he  was 
stripped  of  all  his  employments,  and  died  at 
Edinburgh  tu-o  years  after,  a;;ed  73.  He 
wrote  a  commentary  on  St.  Matthew — the 
epistle  to  the  Hebrews  and  Romans — and 
the  psalms,  kt. — besides  some  divinity 
tracts. 

Dictys  Cketensis,  an  ancient  histo- 
rian, said  to  have  been  engaged  in  the  Tro- 
jan war,  under  Idomeneus.  The  work  ex- 
tant under  his  name  is  spurious. 

Di  derot,  Dionysius,  a  celebrated  writer, 
sou  of  a  cutler,  Mas  hern  at  Langres  1713, 
and  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  and  afterwards 
at  Paris.     His  father  wished  him  to  study 
the  law,  but  belles  lettres   were   his  favorite 
pursuits,  and  when  settled  in  the  capital,  he 
soon  acquired  by  his  wit,  his  learning,  and  his 
genius,    friends,    patrons,    and    encourage- 
ment.     His   first   publication    was   Pensees 
philosophiques  in  1746  which  afterwards  was 
published    under  the   title  of  Etreunes  aux 
esprits  forts.      He  now    employed    himself 
with  Eidons and  Toussaint,  in  publishing  an 
universal  dictionary  of  medicine,  in  six  vols, 
folio.     This  work,  though  deficient  in  many 
respects,  procured  him  a  greater  shave  of 
reputation,  and  he  now  formed  the  gigantic 
plan  of  a  Dictionnaire  erroyclopediqiie.    In 
this  laborious  undertaking  he  was  assisted 
by  d'Alembert,  and  by  several  other  asso- 
ciates,  whose   genius,   diligence,  and  judg- 
ment were    united  to  produce   a  work  of 
merit,  and  of  universal  interest.      Diderot 
himself  took  the  arts  and  trades,  and  infused 
into  his  subjects,  all  the  knowledge,  the  bril- 
liancy, and  the  nervousness  of  language,  of 
which  he  was  so   capable  ;  hut  he   did  not 
find   in   his  fellow  laborers,  the  same  zeal, 
nor  the  same  abilities.     While  his  own  part 
was  completed  with  spirit  and  success,  his 
associates  proved  too  often   inadequate    to 
their  undertakings  ;    their  contributions  arc 
ill  digested,  puerile,  and  contradictory,  with- 
out system,  without  union,  and  devoid  of  in- 
terest  and   accuracy.      This    great    work, 
which  cost  twenty  Mars'  labor  to   Diderot, 
was  retarded   in  its   progress  by  the  suspi- 
cions  of  the    court,    who  considered    some 
reflections  on  government  and   religion,  as 
improper  and  indelicate,  and  not  only  some 
copies   were  seized,  but  the  printers  them- 
selves were  sent  to  the  bastille.     The  work 
was  delivered  to  the  public  between    1751 
and  17C7,  and  soon  sold  off,  but  Diderot  did 
not  find  that  increase  to  his  independence 
which  he  expected,  so  that  he  was  obliged 
to  sell  his  library,  which  was  purchased  for 
50,000  livres  by  the  empress  of  Russia;  but 
with  a  generosity   truly  great,  the  philoso- 
pher was  permitted  the  use  of  his  books  as 
long  as  he  lived.     Though   laboriously   en- 
gaged  in  the   encyclopedia,  Diderot   found 
time  to  write  his  Bijoux  indiscrets,   2  vols. 
12mo.  a  licentious  anil  disgusting  romance, 
the   Fils  natural,   and  the  Pere  de  famille, 
1757  and  175S,  two  prose  comedies,  which, 
in  an  elegant  and  nervous  style,  paint  the 
passions,  strongly   interest  the   heart,  and 


render   virtue    in    her   various  (rials   truly 


great,  noble,   and   amiable.     His  letters  on 
the  blind  appeared   in  1749,  but  the  free- 
doms,   and    the    scepticism    of   the   author 
cost  him  his  liberty,  and  he  was  imprisoned 
for  six    months  at   Vineennes,   where    the 
gloom  and    horrors   of   confinement  nearly 
deprived  him  of  reason,  had  not  the  conver- 
sation of  J.  ,1.   Rousseau  and  other  literary 
men   comforted  his  affliction.     In    1751    he 
delivered  his  opinion   on  metaphysics,  poet- 
ry,  eloquence,   ike.  in  a   letter  on   the  deaf 
and   dumb,  2   vols.  I'imo.     Diderot's  other 
works  are — principles  of  moral  philosophy, 
12mo. — history  of  Greece,   translated  from 
Stanyan,  3   vols.   12mo. — pieces   on   mathe- 
matical  subjects — the   code  of  nature — the 
sixth  sense — of  public  education — reflections 
on  the  interpretation  of  nature — panegyrics 
on   Richardson — and  the  life   of  Seneca,   a 
useful    work.      He  died  suddenly  on  rising 
from  table,  31st  July  17.S4,  aged  71.     Dide- 
rot's character  has  been  variously  described. 
His  frankness  and  candor  are  extolled  by  his 
friends,  whilst  his  enemies  reproach  him  as 
an  artful,  interested,  pliant,  and  dangerous 
character.     Of  his  extensive  learning,  and  of 
his   knowledge  in  every  branch  of  science, 
his  writings  are  most  lasting  monuments.    It 
is  however  to  be  lamented,  that  his  erudi- 
tion was  not  always  employed  in  the  support 
of  virtue  and  morality,  nor  his  abilities  ex- 
erted to  animate  man  in  the  cultivation  of 
what  is  so  necessary  to  his  welfare  and  hap- 
piness, the  religious  duties.     A  partial  col- 
lection of  bis  works  has  been  published  in  6 
vols.  8vo. 

Didius  Julianus,  M.  Salvius  Severus, 
a  Roman  emperor,  wdio  purchased  the  dia- 
dem of  the  corrupt  soldiery.  Severus  was 
soon  after  raised  to  the  throne,  and  Didius 
was  put  to  death  after  a  short  reign  of  66 
days,  A.  D.  193. 

Dido  or  Ei. i ss a,  queen  of  Carthage,  fled 
from  Tyre  alter  the  murder  of  her  husband 
Sichieus,  by  his  brother  Pygmalion,  and  she 
settled  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  where  she 
laid  the  foundation  of  a  new  empire.  Virgil 
and  others  represent  her  as  visited  by  JBne- 
as,  after  whose  departure  she  destroyed 
herself  through  grief  and  disappointed  love. 
Didot,  Francis  Ambrose,  an  eminent 
printer  at  Paris.  The  works  which  he 
printed  were  peculiarly  admired  for  the  cor- 
rectness, elegance,  and  beauty  of  the  type, 
and  among  these,  the  edition  of  the  classics 
published  by  order  of  Lewis  XVI.  for  the 
use  of  the  dauphin,  ranked  very  high.  He 
made  some  useful  improvements  in  paper 
mills,  and  in  printing  machines,  and  to 
bus  ingenuity  the  invention  of  stereotype- 
printing  ma)'  be  fairly  ascribed,  to  the  per- 
fection of  which  he  devoted  himself  with  so 
much  zeal,  that  at  the  age  of  73  he  perused 
five  times  successively,  the  edition  of  Mon- 
taigne which  his  sons  had  undertaken.  He 
died  at  Paris,  10th  July  1804,  aged  74,  and 
was  succeeded  in  his  business  by  his  sons, 
the  eldest  of  whom  is  lately  dead,  leaving 
his  concern  to  his  brother,  and  to  his  son. 
Didymus,    of   Alexandria,    an  anwent 


DI 


DI 


grammarian,  in  the  age  of  Augustus,  said  to 
Dave  l>een  the  author  of  400  books. 

Uidymus,  of  Alexandria,  an  able  writer, 
though  blind  at  the  age  of  live.  He  died 
:>'J5,  aged  85. 

Diecman,  John,  a  native  of  Stade,  who 
became  superintendent  of  the  duchies  of 
Bremen  and  Verdun,  and  rector  of  Stade 
university,  where  he  died  1/20,  aged  73. 
Besides  several  theological,  metaphysical, 
and  philosophical  works,  he  published,  an 
edition  of  Luther's  bible,  used  at  Slade. 

Diem  ex,  Anthony  Van,  a  native  of  Kuil- 
enberg,  where  his  father  was  burgomaster. 
He  went  to  the  East-Indies,  and  gradually 
rose  to  be  governor  of  the  Dutch  territories 
there,  an  office  which  he  discharged  with 
great  zeal,  ability,  and  success,  ile  sent  in 
l64"2  Abel  Tasman  on  a  voyage  of  discovery 
to  the  southward,  and  the  land  which  was 
discovered  on  the  south  of  \ew  Holland, 
was  called  in  his  honor  Van  Diemen's  land, 
lie  died  1645. 

Diemerbroek,  Isbrand,  a  learned  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  at  Utrecht,  born  at  Mont- 
Ion!  in  Holland.  He  died  at  Utrecht,  1674, 
aged  65,  His  works  are  a  treatise  on  the 
plague — an  history  of  distempers — a  miscel- 
lany of  pieces  on  physic  and  anatomy,  folio. 

Dietexbeck,  Abraham,  a  painter  of 
Boisleduc,  who  died  at  Antwerp  1675,  aged 
67.  He  studied  under  Rubens,  and  first 
painted  on  glass,  and  afterwards  in  oil.  His 
drawings  are  numerous,  and  his  temple  of 
the  muses  is  considered  as  a  master  piece. 

Diest,  Adrian  Van,  a  landscape  painter, 
of  the  Hague,  who  died  1704,  aged  4'J.  He 
spent  the  best  part  of  his  life  in  England, 
where  his  pencil  was  employed  in  delineat- 
ing the  beauties  of  the  western  plants  of  the 
island. 

Dietrtc,  John  Conrad,  a  Lutheran, 
native  of  Butzbaeh  in  Wetteravia.  He  was 
professor  of  Greek  and  history  in  his  native 
town,  and  removed  in  1653  to  Giessen, 
where  lie  died  1667,  a'^ed  55.  He  was 
author  of  a  hook  de  peregrinatione  studio- 
rum — antiquitalcs  Romause  lexicon  etytno- 
logico-griccum — antiquilales  novi  lestamenti 
— aotiquitates  hihlkc,  kc. 

Dietrich,  John  William  Ernest,  a  na- 
tive of  Weimar,  where  his  father  was  emi- 
nent as  a  painter  of  battles,  and  of  portraits. 
After  studying  under  his  father,  he  went  to 
Dresden  to  improve  himself  under  Alexan- 
der Thiele,  and  thence  removed  to  Italv. 
His  abilities  recommended  him  to  the  public 
notice,  and  he  was  made  professor  of  Dres- 
den academy,  and  director  of  the  painting 
school  of  Meissen,  and  died  1774,  aged  6'i. 
His  landscapes,  portraits,  scripture  pieces, 
conversations,  S:e.  Mere  much  admired,  and 
he  acquired  some  celebrity  also  as  an  en- 
graver. 

Dietry,  a  painter  of  Dresden,  who  died 
there  1730,  aged  45.  His  two  views  near 
Home  are  very  pleasing  proofs  of  his  great 
skill  in  landscape  painting. 

Dibit,  Lewis  de,  an  eminent  divine,  born 
at  Flushing,  7th  April  1590.     He  early  dis- 


tinguished himself  as  a  preacher,  and  Refused 
to  be  the  court  minister  at  the  Hague,  as  he 
was  more  desirous  to  censure  than  counten- 
ance the  licentious  morals  of  the  great.  He 
came  to  Ley  den  to  teach  with  his  uncle  ami 
preceptor,  the  learned  Colooius,  and  he  was 
divinity  professor  in  the  Walloon  college  till 
his  death  in  164&  He  published  in  1651  a 
commentary  on  the  four  gospels — and  notes 
on  the  Acts,  after  a  careful  examination  of 
several  translations, — the  history  of  out- 
Saviour  in  the  Persian  language  by  the 
Jesuit  Jerome  Xa\ ier,  and  a  Latin  transla- 
tion— rudiments  of  the  Hebrew  and  Persian 
tongues — besides  the  revelations  of  St.  John, 
in  Hebrew  and  Syriac,  with  a  Latin  version 
— ami  other  inferior  treatises.  His  hither 
Daniel  de  Dieu,  was  minister  nf  Flushing, 
and  a  very  learned  orator,  who  could  iltlent- 
ly  preach  in  Germaii,  Italian,  French,  and 
English. 

Digby,  FiVerard,  an  English  gentleman 
of  Dry  stoke  in  Rutlandshire,  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge.  Me  wrote  some 
curious  and  learned  books,  de  arte  natandi, 
— de  duplici  method O,  Sec. — theoria  analiti- 
ca — a  dissuasive  from  taking  the  church 
livings,  &c.     He  died  159'i. 

Digby,  sir  Everard,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  educated  in  the  Romish  church  after 
his  father's  death.  He  was  vecommended 
to  queen  Elizabeth,  whost  court  he  attended, 
and  he  was  knighted  by  king  James.  Though 
of  mild  manners,  and  peaceful  disposition-, 
and  rich  and  independent  from  his  own  pa- 
ternal estates,  and  the  property  of  his  wife, 
daughter  of  William  Mulsho  esq.  of  Go- 
tliurst,  Bucks,  he  yet  engaged  in  the  scheme's 
for  the  destruction  of  the  government. 
Though  not  immediately  an  agent  in  the 
gunpowder  plot  with  Guy  Fawkes,  he  gave 
150UJ.  towards  the  expenses  of  it.  On  the 
discovery  of  this  diabolical  scheme,  there- 
fore he  was  sent  to  the  tnv.or,  and  when  ar- 
raigned he  pleaded  for  his  conduct,  that  the 
king  had  broke  his  promises  to  the  catholics, 
and  that  the  restoration  of  the  catholic  re- 
ligion was  an  event,  which  in  the  opinion  of 
this  infatuated  sect,  it  became  every  sub- 
ject to  accomplish  by  whatever  means  they 
could;  and  he  added,  that  as  he  alone  was 
guilty,  pardon  should  be  extended  to  all 
others,  and  his  family  particularly,  not  ruin- 
ed. On  the  ;>oth  January  l6oG,  pursuant  to 
his  sentence,  lie  was  hanged,  drawn,  and 
quartered  at  the  west  end  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  and  he  died  very  penitent,  and 
anxious  to  make  deep  atonement  fur  the 
meditated  horrors  of  the  conspiracy. 

Digby,  sir  Keneim,  an  eminent  philoso- 
pher, eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Gotiiurst,  Bucks,  11th  June  1603.  He 
was  educated  under  the  care  of  Laud  then 
dean  of  Glocester,  and  in  1618  he  entered 
at  Glocester-hall,  Oxford,  where  during  the 
three  years  of  his  residence,  he  displayed 
such  great  abilities,  and  so  extensive  a  know- 
ledge, that  he  was  compared  to  the  celebra- 
ted Picus  de  Mirandula.  After  travelling 
through  France,   Spain,   and   Italy,  he  re- 


DI 


DI 


turned  to  England  in  1623,  and  was  knight- 
ed.   He  then  engaged  tbe attention  of  the 

learned  and  the  curious,  by  the  introduction 
of  a  secret  medicine,  afterwards  well  known 
by  the  name  of  sympathetic  powder,  which 
he  discovered  in  his  travels.  He  became  a 
favorite  of  Charles  f.  nml  when  a  quarrel 
arose  with  the  Venetians,  he  was  ?•  -m  with 
a  fleet  into  the  .Mediterranean  in  1628,  and 
acquired  great  reputation  by  hi';  conduct  at 
Algiers,  and  by  his  attack  of  the  hostile  fleet 
in  the  hay  of  Scanderoon.  In  1036,  after  a 
visit  to  France,  he  was  reconciled  to  the 
Uomish  church,  much  to  the  regret  of  his 
guardian  and  friend  Laud,  who  expostulated 
with  him  in  vain,  and  he  defended  his  mo- 
tives, and  published  163S,  a  eoufevenee  with 
a  lady  about  the  choice  of  religion,  re-print  - 
ed  1654.  In  10:39  he  was  very  active  to  levy 
contributions  among  the  papists  for  the 
king's  service,  for  which  interference  he  was 
called  before  the  parliament,  and  imprison- 
ed in  Winchester-house,  from  which,  how- 
ever, he  was  released  in  consequence  of  the 
honorable  interference  of  the  queen  of 
Trance.  Upon  his  liberation  he  retired  to 
Paris,  and  soon  after  visited  Des  Cartes  at 
Egmont,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  that 
friendly  intercourse  and  literary  communi- 
cation, which  always  afterwards  prevailed 
between  these  two  celebrated  characters. 
During  his  retirement  in  France,  sir  Kenelm 
devoted  himself  to  philosophical  pursuits, 
find  published  his  treatise  of  the  nature  of 
bodies — and  another  on  the  operation  and 
nature  of  man's  soul,  &c.  1C44 — an  institu- 
tionum  peripateticarum  libri  quinqpue,  &c. 
1651.  Upon  the  destruction  ot  the  regal 
power,  he  returned  to  England  to  collect 
the  shattered  remains  of  his  fortune,  but 
the  parliament  ordered  him  to  leave  the 
country  on  pain  of  confiscation  and  loss  of 
life.  His  return  to  Paris  was  agreeable  to 
queen  Henrietta,  whose  chancellor  he  had 
been  appointed,  and  he  was  sent  by  her  as 
negotiator  to  pope  Innocent  X.  The  eleva- 
tion of  Cromwell  to  supreme  power  enabled 
him  to  revisit  England,  and  after  staying 
there  the  best  part  of  the  year  1655,  and 
engaging,  it  is  supposed,  to  reconcile  the 
papists  to  the  usurpation,  he  returned  to 
Paris.  He  afterwards  spent  some  time  at 
Toulouse  and  Montpellier,  where,  as  a  man 
of  letters  and  as  a  philosopher,  he  was  cour- 
ted and  respected.  At  the  restoration  he 
came  hack  to  England,  and  became  a  favor- 
ite in  the  court  of  Charles  II.  though  his 
enemies  failed  not  to  represent  him  as  lately 
employed  in  the  service  of  the  usurper.  At 
the  establishment  of  the  royal  society  be 
was  made  one  of  the  council*  He  was  very 
grievously  afflicted  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
by  the  stone,  of  which  painful  disorder  he 
died  at  his  house,  Covent-garden,  June  11th 
1665.  His  remains  were  interred  in  Christ- 
ohurch,  Newgale.  His  valuable  library, 
which,  during  the  troubles,  had  been  re- 
moved to  France,  became  at  his  death  the 
property  of  the  French  king-.  Besides  the 
books  mentioned,  sir  Kenelm  published  ob- 


servation? oil  J)r.  .Crown's  rcligio  medici— 
observations  on  the  22d  stanza  of  the  0th 
canto,  second  book  of  the  fairy  queen — a 
discourse  on  the  vegetation  of  plants—  a 
treatise  of  adhering  to  Cod,  translated  from 
Albertus  Magnus.  Sir  Kenelm  was  ridiculed 
for  asserting,  on  the  report  of  some  of  his 
Intends,  that  there  was  a  city  near  Tripoli. 
whose  inhabitants,  beasts,  fccc.  had  in  a  few- 
hours  been  turned  to  stone,  by  petrifying 
vapor  from  the  earth  ;  a  circumstance  sup- 
ported by  the  observations  of  late  travellers, 
mentioned  in  Dr.  Hob.  Hook's  philosophical 
observations,  &<;.  1726,  8vo.  Sir  Jv. nelm 
left  an  only  son  John,  who  succeeded  him  to 
his  estate.  Another  son,  Kenelm,  was  slain 
in  the  king's  cause  at  the  battle  of  Saint 
Neots. 

Dic.nY,  John,  a  nobleman  descended  of  a 
respectable  family  at  Coleshill,  Warwick- 
shire. He  was  of  Magdalen  college,  Oxford, 
and  after  finishing  his  travels,  he  was  intro- 
duced to  James  1.  who  appointed  him  gentle- 
man of  the  privy  chamber,  and  in  1606 
knighted  him,  and  in  1611  and  1614  sent  him 
as  his  ambassador  to  Spain.  In  1610  he  be- 
came a  privy  counsellor,  and  chamberlain  to 
the  king;  two  years  after  he  was  made  baron 
Digby  of  Sherbourne,  and  1620  sent  ambas- 
sador to  the  archduke  Albert,  and  next  j  ear 
to  the  emperor.  In  1622  he  went  to  Spain 
to  negotiate  the  prince's  marriage  with  the 
infanta,  and  on  his  return  he  was  created  earl 
of  Bristol.  He  opposed  Buckingham  in  par- 
liament, and  for  a  while  he  favored  the  popu- 
lar party ;  but  in  the  civil  troubles  he  was  ex- 
iled, and  died  at  Paris  21st  Jan.  1653.  He 
was  author  of  some  poems,  of  airs  and  dia- 
logues. He  also  translated,  it  is  supposed, 
at  James  I.'s  request,  Du  Moulin's  defence  of 
the  catholic  faith,  contained  in  the  books  of 
king  James  against  the  answer  of  N.  Coeffe- 
teau,  Sec.  1610. 

Digby,  George,  earl  of  Bristol,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Madrid,  October 
1612.  He  was  educated  at  Magdalen  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  distinguished  himself  by 
his  abilities,  and  by  his  friendship  with  the 
celebrated  Feter  Heylin.  In  his  politics  he 
embraced  the  popular  cause,  and  was  one  of 
Strafford's  accusers;  but  he  afterwards  favo- 
red the  king's  party,  and  was  expelled  from 
the  house  of  commons  for  speaking  in  the 
defence  of  that  unfortunate  nobleman.  Du- 
ring the  civil  wars  he  was  very  active  in  the 
royal  cause,  and  in  Ireland,  Jersey,  aj»d 
France  he  displayed  his  zeal  in  the  service  of 
his  unfortunate  master.  After  Charles' death 
he  was  exempted  from  pardon  by  the  parlia- 
ment, and  consequently  spent  his  life  in  ex- 
ile, but  at  the  restoration  he  was  made  a 
knight  of  the  garter,  but  he  violently  oppo- 
sed in  parliament  the  great  Clarendon.  He 
died  at  Chelsea,  20th  March,  1676.  It  is  re- 
markable, that  though  he  wrote  against  pope- 
ry he  died  a  papist,  and  though  a  papist  he 
spoke  in  favor  of  the  test  act. 

Digges,  Leonard,  a  learned  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Barium  in  Kent,  and  educated 
at   University  college,    Oxford       He  wrote 


DI 


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Tectonicuni,  to  shew  the  measuring  of  land, 
ice.  1550,  4to.  improved  by  his  sou  Thomas 
1 592, — a  geometrical  practical  treatise — pan- 
lonieiria,  published  by  his  son  1591 — prog- 
nostic;.tiou  oi'  everlasting  right,  good  effect, 
or  rules  to  judge  the  weather  by  the  sun, 
moon,  stars,  kt.  1504.     He  died  1574. 

Digges,  Thomas,  only  son  of  Leonard, 
after  studying  at  Oxford,  proved  himself  a 
very  great  i. mathematician,  lie  went  as  mus- 
ter-master general  to  the  forces  sent  by  Eli- 
zabeth to  defend  the  Netherlands.  Besides 
improving  some  of  his  father's  works,  he 
published  alia  sive  scalie,  kc.  mathematical 
wings  or  ladders,  1j73,  4to. — an  arithmetical 
military  treatise,  4to. — a  geometrical  trea- 
tise, kc. — a  description  of  celestial  orbs,  ls.c. 
— motive  for  association,  &cc. — England's  de- 
fence, &c.     He  died  1595. 

Digges,  sir  Dudley,  eldest  son  of  Tho- 
mas, was  Lorn  158,1,  aud  educated  at  Uni- 
versity college,  Oxford.  He  studied  the  law, 
and  after  being  knighted,  travelled  to  improve 
himself  in  foreign  lands.  He  was  sent  in  101.8 
as  ambassador  to  Prussia  by  .Tames  1.  and 
two  years  after  he  went  to  Holland  as  com- 
missioner. He  was  in  parliament  in  the  reign 
of  James,  and  of  Charles  I.  and  his  conduct 
was  very  independent,  and  often  hostile  to 
the  measures  of  the  court,  so  that  he  was 
sent  to  the  tower  for  his  accusation  against 
Buckingham.  So  powerful  was  his  influ- 
ence, that  measures  were  adopted  to  gain 
him  over,  and  by  a  reversionary  grant  .»('  the 
office  of  master  of  the  rolls  in  10:50,  which  he 
obtained  in  163C,  he  was  brought  over  to 
favor  the  measures  of  government.  He  did 
not  long  enjoy  this  honorable  office,  ^s  he  died 
8th  March  1639,  universally  lamented.  He 
published  a  defence  of  trade,  4to. — a  dis- 
course on  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  sub- 
ject, or  a  conference  v.  ith  the  lords  by  a 
committee  of  both  houses,  1028  aud  1 0 4>J — 
speeches  on  several  occasions  inserted  in 
Buthworth's  collections — letters  between 
Walsinghani  and  Burleigh,  and  others,  about 
Elizabeth's  marriage  with  the  duke  of  Au- 
jou. 

Digges,  Thomas,  brother  to  sir  Dudley, 
was  educated  at  University  college,  and  im- 
proved himself  by  travelling  abroad.  He 
translated  Gerardo,  the  unfortunate  Span- 
iard, from  Cespades — and  Glaudian's  rape  of 
Proserpine  into  English  verse.  He  was  a 
learned  man,  and  died  1035. 
4  Digges,  Dudley,  third  son  to  sir  Dudley, 
was  educated  at  University  college,  and  he- 
came  fellow  of  All-souls,  16.3.3.  He  wrote  an 
answer  to  observations  on  his  majesty's  an- 
swers aud  expresses — and  the  unlawfulness 
of  subjects  taking  up  arms  against  their  sove- 
reign, 1043.     He  died  1643. 

Dill  en  i  us,  John  James,  an  eminent  bo- 
tanist, born  at  Darmstadt  in  Germany  1681, 
and  educated  at  the  university  of  Giessen,  in 
Upper  Hesse.  He  established  his  reputation 
as  a  learned  botanist,  by  his  valuable  commu- 
nications to  the  miscellanea  curiosa,  and  by 
his  other  ingenious  publications.  In  his  dis- 
sertation on  the  coffee  of.  the    Arabian  .  he 


gives  his  preparations  made  witli  peas,  beans, 
&c.  and  asserts,  that  from  rye  can  be  produ- 
ced, that  which  most  nearly  resembles  cof- 
fee. He  enumerates  not  less  than  'JSO  plants, 
exclusive  of  mushrooms  and  mosses  in  the 
neighbourhood  ofGiessen,  and  thus  displays 
the  most  indefatigable  and  ardent  industry, 
llis  acquaintance  with  Dr.  Sherard,  who  had 
been  British  consul  at  Smyrna,  was  produc- 
tive of  an  alteration  in  his  plans  ;  he  follow- 
ed his  friend  to  England  in  1721,  and  there 
resided  the  rest  of  ids  life.  He  first  engaged 
himself  in  this  country,  in  a  new  edition  of 
Bay's  synopsis  stirpium  Brittanniearum, 
and  by  tin-  death  of  his  friend  in  1728,  and 
his  bequeathing  of  3000/.  to  the  university  of 
Oxford  for  a  botanical  professorship,  to  which 
DiUenius  was  first  to  he  appointed,  he  was 
raised  to  comfortable  independence,  and 
learned  retirement.  In  this  wished  for  situ- 
ation he  applied  himself  diligently  to  the  im- 
provement of  botany,  and  in  hishortus  Eltha- 
mensis,  417  plants,  chiefly  exotics,  were  de- 
scribed  and  figured  with  the  most  careful  at- 
tention. His  expectations,  however,  did  nor 
answer  ;  botany  was  not  yet  a  favorite  study, 
and  the  author  sold  few  of  his  copies,  and 
where  he  flattered  himself  with  profit,  he  ex- 
perienced only  loss.  In  1735  the  university 
granted  him  the  degree  of  M.D.  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  honored  with  a  visit  from 
his  friend  and  correspondent  Linnxus.  He 
now  devoted  himself  to  the  completion  of  an 
history  of  mosses,  and  probably  would  have 
undertaken  the  funguses,  had  not  death  clo- 
sed prematurely  his  labors.  He  was  attack- 
ed the  last  week  in  March  1747  with  an  apo- 
plexy, and  died  on  the  '2d  April,  aged  CO.  Ih 
his  private  character,  Dillenius  was  very  re- 
spectable, naturally  of  a  mild  temper,  but 
fond  of  retirement,  that  his  studious  pursuits 
might  meet  less  interruption.  His  draw- 
ings, dried  plants,  MSS.  &c.  were  pur- 
chased by  Dr.  Sibthorpc  his  successor,  and 
now  enrich  the  treasures  of  Oxford. 

Dillon,  Wentworth,  earl  of  Boscora- 
mon.     Vid.  Boscommon. 

Dilwokth,  Thomas,  a  diligent  school- 
master, whose  spelling  book — book-keeper's 
assistant — schoolmaster's  assistant — miscella- 
neous arithmetic,  Sic. — are  well  known  as 
useful  and  popular  books.  He  v.  as  for  some 
time  engaged  at  Stratford-Ie-bow  with  Dyche, 
anil  then  set  up  a  school  for  himself  at  \V'ap- 
ping.     lie  died  1781. 

D  i  m  s  d  a  le,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English 
physician,  born  at  Thoydon-garnon,  Essex, 
where  bis  father  was  a  surgeon.  His  family 
were  quakers,  and  his  grandfather  was  the 
companion  of  Penn  in  America.  Young 
Dimsdale,  after  studying  at  St.  Thomas'  hos- 
pital, settled  at  Hertford,  which  he  quitted 
in  1745  in  consequence  of  the  death  of  his 
wife,  and  engaged  as  surgeon  in  the  duke  of 
Northumberland's  army  in  the  Scotch  cam- 
paign. On  the  taking  of  Carlisle  he  returned 
to  Hertford,  where  he  again  married,  and  in 
1701  began  to  practice  as  physician.  His  ce- 
lebrity as  an  inoculator  in  the  small-pox,  re- 
commended him  to  the  empress  Catharine 


Dl 


DI 


at  whose  request  he  visited  Russia  in  1768. 
His  successful  inoculation  ot"  the  empress, 
and  of  her  sou  the  grand  duke,  wits  rewarded 
with  the  rank  of  baron  ot"  the  empire,  of 
counsellor  of  state,  and  of  physician  to  the 
empress,  besides  a  pension  of  500/.  per  ami. 
and  a  present  of  12,000/.  His  3011  who  had 
accompanied  him  shared  his  honors,  and  was 
presented  with  a  gold  snuff-box  set  with  dia- 
monds. Tn  1781  Dimsdaie  was  again  in  Rus- 
sia to  inoculate  (he  grand  duke's  two  sons, 
and  so  respectable  was  his  character,  that  he 
was  elected  member  of  parliament  for  Hert- 
ford in  17S0,  and  again  17S4,  but  resigned 
his  pretensions  at  the  next  general  election. 
This  able  practitioner  had  Hie  misfortune  to 
lose  his  eye-sight  by  a  catarrh,  which  how- 
ever was  happily  removed  by  Wenzeil.  He 
died  1S00.  He  was  author  of  tracts  on  inocu- 
lation, with  an  account  of  his  journey  to  Rus- 
sia, 8vo.  1781. 

Dinarciius,  a  Greek  orator,  the  pupil  of 
Theophrastus.  Ue  was  banished  for  a  false 
accusation  of  receiving  bribes,  B.  C.  340. 

Dingley,  Robert,  an  English  writer, 
educated  at  Magdalen  college.  He  became  a 
zealous  puritan,  and  was  made  rector  of 
Brixton  in  the  tsle  of  Wight,  by  the  interest 
of  his  uncle  col.  Hammond,  when  governor 
there,  fie  died  1659,  aged  40.  Among  his 
works  are  mentioned,  the  deputation  of  an- 
gels, proved  by  the  divine  right  of  nature, 
from  many  rubs  and  mistakes,  isc. 

Dino,  compiler  of  the  six  books  of  decre- 
tals, and  author  of  a  valuable  commentary  on 
the  rules  of  law,  was  professor  of  jurispru- 
dence at  Bologna,  and  died  aboyt  1307.  It  is 
said,  that  he  expected  to  be  made  a  cardinal, 
as  the  reward  of  his  services,  and  inconse- 
quence of  sucii  hopes  lie  took  orders,  and  di- 
vorced his  wife. 

Dinocrates,  a  Macedonian  architect, 
whose  abilities  were  employed  in  the  building 
of  the  city  of  Alexandria.  His  offer  to  cut 
mount  Athos  into  the  form  of  a  statue  in 
honor  of  Alexander,  was  rejected  by  the 
monarch. 

Dinosthaius,  a  mathematician,  the 
pupil  of  l'lato.  He  is  the  inventor  of  the 
quadratic  curve  which  bears  his  name. 

Dinoth,  Richard,  a  protectant  writer  of 
Coutances,  who  died  1680,  leaving  an  accu- 
rate work,  de  bello  civili  Gallico. 

JJikouaet,  Anthony  Joseph  Toussaint, 
ration  of  St.  Bennet,  Paris,  and  member  of 
the  academy  of  the  Arcades  at  Rome,  was 
born  at  Amiens  1st  Nov.  1715,  and  died  at 
Paris  23d  April  1786.  He  first  engaged  at 
Paris  with  Joannet  in  periodical  publications, 
■where  the  severity  of  his  remarks  drew  upon 
him  trouble  and  law-suits.  In  1760 he  began 
his  ecclesiastical  journal,  which  produced 
liini  an  extensive  correspondence  with  France, 
hut  he  was  little  attentive  in  this  periodical 
work  to  propriety,  as  nostrums,  and  sermons 
were  recommended  in  the  same  page  to  his 
readers,  and  large  quotations  from  various 
authors  were  made  without  any  acknowledge- 
ment. His  other  works  are  embrvologia 
sacra,  ISiiio.— the  manual  far  pastors,  3>.vols. 


12mo. — the  rhetoric  of  preachers,  &c. — he^ 
sides  some  Latin  and  French  poems  of  infe- 
rior merit. 

Dio  Chrysostom,  an  orator  of  Prusa 
in  Bithynia,  wantonly  disgraced  by  Domi- 
lian,  but  treated  with  great  kindness  by 
Trajan. 

Dioci.es,  a  mathematician  in  the  fifth 
century,  the  inventor  of  the  cissoid  or  curve 
line,  which  Newton  calls  one  of  the  defec- 
tive hyperbolas. 

Diocletian,  Cains  Valerius,  a  Roman 
emperor,  born  of  an  obscure  family  in  Dal- 
matia.  He  succeeded  Ntimcrianiu  2S4,  and 
after  a  glorious  reign  of  valor,  and  the  hon- 
orable patronage  of  virtue  and  learning,  he 
laid  down  his  power  at  Nicomedia  304,  and 
retired  to  privacy  at  Salona,  where  he  died 
313. 

Diodati,  John,  a  native  of  Lucca,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Geneva,  where  be 
died  1652,  aged  7$.  He  is  well  known  for* 
his  translations  of  the  bible  into  Italian,  with 
notes,  4to.  1607,  into  French,  1644 — and 
father  Paul's  history  of  the  council  of  Trent 
into  French. 

Diodorus  Siculus,  a  Greek  historian, 
born  at  Argyrium  in  Sicily.  Of  his  universal 
history  only  15  books  remain,  best  edited  by 
Wesseling.     He  flourished  about  44  B.C. 

Diodorus,  bishop  of  Tarsus,  eminent  as 
a  divine,  and  also  as  an  instructor  of  youth 
in  the  fourth  century.  Of  his  writings  only 
a  few  fragments  remain. 

Diogenes,  a  famous  cynic  philosopher, 
born  at  Sinope,  in  Pontus,  B.  C.  414.  He 
was  so  independent  in  his  character  and  con- 
duct, that  he  preferred  living  in  a  tub  to 
the  comforts  of  a  house.  Pride,  however, 
and  misanthropy,  seem  to  have  predomina- 
ted in  him,  over  virtue  and  true  philosophy. 

Diogenes,  a  philosopher  of  Babylon, 
B.  C  200.  He  succeeded  Zeno  in  his  school, 
and  attended  Carneades  to  Rome  in  his 
embassy. 

Diogenes  Laertius,  a  Greek  histo- 
rian of  Ciiicia.  His  lives  of  philosophers  in 
10  books  are  esteemed.     He  died  A.  D.  222. 

Diogenes,  a  Cretan  philosopher,  the 
successor  of  Anaximenes,  B.  C.  500. 

Diognetus,  a  philosopher,  preceptor  to 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

Dion,  a  Syracusan,  celebrated  as  the 
friend  of  Plato,  and  particularly  as  the  re- 
lation and  the  opponent  of  the  Dionysi,  ty- 
rants of  Sicily.  After  successfully  expel- 
ling the  younger  Dionysius,  he  was  himself 
soon  after  murdered  about  354  B.  C. 

Dion  Cassius,  aa  historian  of  Bithynia 
in  the  third  century.  Of  his  Greek  history 
from  the  age  of  Romulus  to  the  reign  of 
Alexander  Severus,  much  has  been  lost. 

Dionis,  Peter,  a  French  surgeon  who 
died  1718.  His  skill  in  anatomical  disser- 
tations and  chirurgical  operations  was  very 
great.  He  published  some  valuable  works, 
— uncours  d'operations  de  chirurgie, — I'an- 
atomiede  Phomme, — &  trade  de  la  maniere 
de  sccourir  les  femmes  dans  les  accouclip* 
mens,  &c. 


DI 


DI 


DioNYsrus  I.  tyrant  of  Sicily,  raised 
himself  from  obscurity  to  the  sovereign  pow- 
er, which  he  maintained  with  great  vigor. 
His  reign  is  however  marked  by  many  ac- 
tions of  cruelly  and  oppression,  and  his  con- 
duct towards  Plato,  whom  lie  ordered  to  be 
sold  as  a  skive,  was  infamous  in  the  extreme. 
He  died  366  B.  C.  after  a  reign  of  near  40 
years. 

Dionysivs  II.  succeeded  his  father  as 
tyrant  of  Syracuse,  and  exceeded  him  in 
cruelty  though  he  was  inferior  to  him  in  sa- 
gacity. He  was  at  last  expelled  by  Dion  B. 
C.  343,  and  died  a  private  man  ;it  Corinth. 

Dionysus  Periegetes,  author  of 
Periegesis,  or  geography  of  the  world,  in 
Greek  verse,  was  patronised  by  Augustus. 

Dionysius,  an  historian  of  Ilalicarnas- 
sus,  who  stilled  at  Home  B.C.  SO,  and  wrote 
a  valuable  work  called  Roman  antiquities,  of 
which  only  11  books  are  extant.  Rewrote 
some  other  works. 

Dio  NYSivs,  a  tyrant  of  Heraclea,  who 
married  a  niece  of  Darius.  He  was  remark- 
able for  his  corpulence,  and  died  304  B.C. 

Bionysiu  s,  a  bishop  of  Corinth,  who  suf- 
fered martyrdom  178. 

Diony'sius  a  bishop  of  Alexandria,  the 
disciple  of  Origen.  lie  wrote  some  things, 
and  was  exposed   to    persecution.     lie  died 

267. 

Dionysius,  bishop  of  Home  after  Sixtus 
259,  condemned  the  heresy  of  Sabellius  in  a 
full  synod,  and  died  '200. 

Dionysius,  a  Romish  monk  called  the 
little,  in  the  fifth  century.  He  compiled  a 
book  of  decretals,  and  translated  from  the 
Greek,  a  body  of  ea>nons,  and  invented,  as 
it  is  said,  the  Victorian  period,  or  method  ot 
calculating  the  time  of  Easter. 

Dionysii'S,  the  Areopagite,  a  learned 
Athenian,  member  of  the  court  of  the  arco- 
pagus,  and  converted  to  Christianity  by 
Paul's  preaching  on  the  unknown  God,  as 
mentioned  in  the  Acts  17.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  suffered  martyrdom,  but  when  or 
•where  is  unknown.  The  works  published 
under  his  name,  Antwerp,  '2  vols.  1634,  are 
spurious. 

Diophanti's,  a  mathematician  of  Alex- 
andria, said  to  have  invented  algebra.  The 
age  in  which  he  lived  is  unknown.  Mis  six 
books  on  arithmetic,  in  Greek  and  Latin, 
were  published  Paris  1621. 

DioscoaiBES,  Pedacus,  a  physician  un- 
der Nero.  He  wrote  five  books  on  the  vir- 
tues of  plants,  euited  by  Saracenus  1598  fol. 

Dippel,  John  Conrad,  a  curious  and  < ex- 
travagant character,  viho  called  himself  in 
his  writings,  Christianos  Democritos.  He 
Wftrmly  opposed  the  Pietists  at  Strashurg, 
and  afterwards  supported  thetu  at  Giessen 
"When  unable  to  get  a  wife  and  a  professor's 
chair,  he  began  his  invectives  ag.iinst  the 
protestants,  and  soon  after  turned  his 
thoughts  to  chemistry,  and  pretended  to 
have  discovered  the  philosopher's  stone. 
But  though  thus  rich  in  his  opinion  be  was 
literally  poor,  and  in  consequence  of  his  debts 
successively  confined  in  the  prisons  of  Berlin, 


Copenhagen,  Frankfort,  Leyden,  Amster- 
dam, kc.  In  1727  lie  went  to  Stockholm  to 
prescribe  for  the  king,  but  the  Swedish  cler- 
gy, though  pleased  with  the  recovery  of  the 
monarch,  banished  the  operator,  who  re- 
turned to  Germany.  In  1733  he  published 
a  statement  to  prove  that  he  should  not  die 
till  the  year  1  SOS,  but  the  next  year,  unfortu- 
nately for  the  prophecy,  he  was  found  dead  in 
his  bed  at  Widgebstein,  25th  April  1734.  He 
wrote  some  enthusiastic  works,  end  denied 
the  divine  inspiration  of  the  holy  scriptures. 
Dirois,  Francis,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonlie, 
is  known  for  his  work  called  Preuves  &  pre- 
juges  pour  la  religion  chretienne  ix  catho- 
liqu'e,  contre  les  fausses  religions  St  atheism, 
atul  for  other  ecclesiastical  labors.  He  died 
about  1700. 

Disney,  John,  a  native  of  Lincoln,  educa- 
ted at  the  grammar  school  there,  and  among 
the  dissenters,  and  afterwards  removed  to 
the  Middle  temple.  He  never  however 
practised  at  the  liar,  but  devoted  himself  ty 
the  arduous  offices  of  public  magistrate  in 
his  native  country,  atul  was  so  upright  and 
zealous  in  the 'support  of  virtue  and  morali- 
ty, that  be  received  the  thanks  of  the  judges 
at  the  assize.  Though  brought  up  among 
the  dissenters'  and  the  son  of  a  dissenter,  he 
yet  honored  the  church  of  England,  and  at 
the  age  of  42,  look  orders  and  succeeded  to 
the  livings  of  Croft,  and  Kirkby  on  Baine, 
Lincolnshire,  and  in  1722  to  that  of  St.  Mary, 
Nottingham.  lie  was  author  of  two  essays 
on  the  execution  of  the  laws  against  immor- 
ality and  profaneness,  8vo. — Flora  prefixed 
to  K-apin's poem  on  gardens,  translated, — re- 
marks on  Sacheverell's  sermon,-1— primilix 
sacra,  or  reflections  on  devout  solitude  8vo. 
— genealogy  of  the  house  of  Brunswick  Lu- 
nenburg,— view  ef  ancient  laws  against  im- 
morality, fcc.  folio.  This  excellent  man 
died  at  Nottingham  1730,  aged  53. 

Dithmak,  a  Benedictine  monk,  bishop 
of  Mersburg,  died  1028,  aged  42.  He  i3 
know  ii  for  a  valuable  chronicle  of  ihe  em- 
perors Henry  1.  Otho  II.  and  III.  and  Hen- 
ry 11.  the  best  edition  of  which  is  that  pub- 
lished by  Leibnitz  in  his  collection  to  illus- 
trate the  history  of  Brunswick. 

Dithmar,  Justus  Christopher,  member 
of  the  academy  of  Berlin,  and  historical  pro- 
fessor at  Frankfort,  where  he  died  1757. 
Mis  works  on  the  history  of  German}  evince 
great  learning  and  strong  application. 

DlTTON,  Humphrey,  an  eminent  math- 
ematician, born  at  Salisbury,  2'Jth  May, 
1675.  He  entered  upon  the  labors  of  the 
ministry  at  his  father's  request,  and  for 
some  time  officiated  at  a  dissenting  meet- 
ing house  at  Tunbridge,  where  he  married. 
The  death  of  his  father  soon  after  enabled 
him  to  pursue  his  favorite  studies,  and  to 
abandon  divinity  for  mathematics.  Pv  the 
iqterest  of  his  friends,  and  especially  sir 
Isaac  Newton,  he  was  appointed  master  of 
the  mathematical  school,  Christ's  Hospital, 
where  he  continued  till  death  1715.  He  fa- 
vored the  world  with  some  learned  works, 
and   his  tracts  ou  the  tangents  of  curves,  in 


DO 


DU 


spherical  catoptrics,  general  laws  of  na- 
ture and  motion,  Alexandra's  synopsis  alge- 
braica,  the  institution  of  fluxions,  his  dis- 
course on  the  resurrection  of  Jesus,  and  the 
new  law  of  fluxions  and  a  treatise  on  per- 
spective, are  well  known. 

Divixi,  Eustachius, an  Italian  artist,  em- 
inent  in  the  making  of  telescopes.  He  dis- 
puted with  Hiiiygetis  about  the  discovery  of 
Satan's  ring,  bin  the  pamphlets  written  on 
this  occasion  show  that  the  Italian's  tele- 
scopes were  not  so  good  as  those  of  his  op- 
ponent.    He  died  about  1664. 

Di.uc.oss,  John,  a  Pole,  who  became 
archbishop  of  Leopol,  and  died  1480,  aged 
65,  much  persecuted  by  king  Casimir.  His 
history  of  Poland,  in  Latin,  though  accu- 
rate, is  written  in  barbarous  language.  He 
brought  it  down  to  the  year  1444.  The 
12  first  books  were  printed  at  Frankfort 
1711,  folio,  and  the  13th  atLeipsic  1712. 

Dobson,  William,  an  English  painter, 
born  in  London  1610.  Under  Peakc,  a  sta- 
tioner, he  had  the  opportunity  of  copying 
Titian  and  Vandyck's  pieces  with  such  suc- 
cess that  he  was  generously  recommended 
by  Vandyck  to  Charles  I.  who  patronised 
him.  Though  highly  favored  at  court,  he 
died  poor  at  his  house  in  St.  Martin's  lane 
1047.  Had  his  genius  been  early  tutored 
by  the  hand  of  art,  he  might  have  become 
a  very  great  master.  His  pieces  however 
in  history  and  portraiture  exhibit  unusual 
powers. 

Dod,  John,  a  nonconformist  of  Jesus  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  who  died  ahout  1645.  His 
pious  observations  were  once  very  popular 
among  the  vulgar,  as  well  calculated  lo  re- 
commend virtue  and  religion.  He  was  cal- 
led the  decalogist,  from  his  exposition  of 
the  10  commandments  in  conjunction  with 
liobert  Cleaver.  He  was  very  eminent  as 
a  Hebrew  scholar,  in  which  he  instructed 
his  friend  John   Gregory  <>f  Oxford. 

Dodart,  Denys,  physician  to  Lewis 
XIV.  was  born  at  Paris  1634,  and  died 
1707,  greatty  regretted,  lie  was  a  support- 
er of  Sanctorius'  notions  about  insensible 
perspiration,  and  he  made  an  experiment 
upon  himself  during  Lent,  by  which  he  found 
that  he  weighed  at  the  end  of  that  season 
of  abstinence  only  107  pounds  12  ounces, 
having  lost  during  that  time  eight  pounds 
five  ounces.  He  was  a  very  religious  and 
amiable  character  His  son  Claude,  was 
physician  to  the  king,  and  died  at  Paris  1720, 
leaving  notes  on  Pomey's  history  of  drugs. 

Dodd,  William,  a  learned  but  unfortunate 
divine,  born  1 72t>  at  Bourne,  Lincolnshire, 
where  his  father  was  vicar.  In  1745  he  en- 
tered at  Clare-hall,  Cambridge)  where  he 
early  distinguished  himself  and  took  bis  de- 
grees. He  published  about  this  time  the 
beauties  of  Shakspeare,  2  vols.  12mo.  and 
having  entered  into  orders  in  1753,  he  became 
a  popular  and  eloquent  preacher  in  London, 
and  was  appointed  lecturer  to  some  chari- 
ties, especially  the  Magdalen  hospital,  in 
whose  establishment  he  had  been  zealously 
active.    In  1761  he  wrote  a  sonnet  in  praise 


of  Dr.   Squire,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  aim 
for  his  flattery  was   made   his  chaplain,  and 
afterwards    prebendary   of   Brecon.       But 
though  his  income  was  respectable  from  his 
ecclesiastical   appointments,    and    from    his 
connections  with  the  booksellers,  who  allow. 
fed  him  100/.  a  year  to  superintend  the  Chris- 
tian's  magazine,    his    expenses   were    great 
from  an  improper  spirit  pf  extravagance  and 
gaiety  which  he   thoughtlessly   indulged.     Ju 
1765  lie  began  to  publish  in  weekly  numbers 
his  commentary  on  the  bible,    which   drew 
the  public  attention,  as  being  collected  from 
the  papers  of  Lock,  Watcrland,  West,  Cla- 
rendon, and  other  celebrated  men,  and  the 
work  was  completed  in  3  vols,  folio,  and  ded- 
icated to    bishop    Squire,  who  unluckily  for 
the  author  died  soon  after.     In   1766,  as  be- 
ing king's  chaplain,  he  took    the   degree  of 
L.  Li  D.  and  soon   after  published  a  volume. 
of  poems,  and  in  1769  he  translated  Mill- 
ion's  sermons,  inscribed    to    the    prince   of 
Wales.    In  1771  appeared    his  sermons    to 
young  men  3  vols.  12mo.  dedicated   to    his 
pupils  Charles  Ernst,  and    Philip  Stanhope, 
afterwards   earl    of  Chesterfield.      He    wa» 
presented  in  1772  to  the  living  of  Hocklifle, 
Bucks,  by  his  pupil,  but  though  his  income 
was  enlarged  his   expenditure   increased  in 
far  greater  proportion,  and  in  a  thoughtless 
moment  of  ambition  and  avarice,  he  endea- 
vored   to   obtain    the   vacant    living  of  St. 
George's  Hanover  square,  by  offering  in  an 
anonymous  letter  30002.  to  lady    Apsley,  if 
she  would  use  her  influence  for  the  appoint- 
ment.   The  unfortunate  letter  was  divulged, 
and  the  chancellor  Apsley  laid  it  before  the 
king,  in    conscquenee  of  which   Dodd,  now 
proved  to  be  the  author  of  it,  was  not  only 
erased   from  the  list  of  chaplains,  but  ridi- 
culed in  the  papers,  and  lampooned   on   the 
stage  in  one   of  Foote's  pieces   at  the  Hay- 
market.    Ashamed  of  his  conduct  he  fled  to 
Geneva,  where  his  pupil  lord  Chesterfield 
honorably  gave  him  in  addition  the  living  of 
Winge  in  Bucks  ;  but  so  extravagant  and  ri- 
diculous was  the   conduct  of  this  ill  fated  di- 
vine, that  he  appeared  at  the  races  at   Sab- 
Ions  near  Paris,  in  a  phaeton,  in  all  the  attire 
of  French   foppery.     On  his  return  to  Lon- 
don he  preached  his  last  sermon  at  the  Mag- 
dalen 2d  February  1777,  and  two  days  after 
signed  a  bond  for  4000/.  which  he  had  forged 
in   the  name   of  lord   Chesterfield,   and  by 
which  he  obtained   money  to  relieve   his  ne- 
cessities.    The  forgery  was  soon  discovered, 
Dodd  was  tried  and  condemned   at  the    Old 
Bailey  24th  February,  and  executed   at  Ty- 
burn 27th  June.    Between  the   passing    of 
his   sentence   and  its  execution,  which  had 
been  delayed  in  consequence  of  doubts  about 
the  admissibility  of  the  evidence  of  the  man 
who  had  drawn  up   the   bond,  great  interest 
was  made,  and  a  petition  signed  by  thousands 
presented  to  the  king,  to  save  from  ignomin- 
ious death  this   unfortunate   man,   but  all  iu 
vain.     During  his  confinement  he  behaved 
with  great  penitence,  and  addressed  his  fel- 
low  prisoners   in  his  "  thoughts  in  prison," 
with  energy  and  Christian   fortitude.      He. 


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translated  Callimachus,  and  wrote  4  rols.  of 
sei-nioos  on  the  miracles  and  parables  of  our 
Saviour.  His  publications  are  said  to  have  al- 
together amounted  to  55  in  number,chiefly  on 
religious  and  moral  subjects.  Before  the  com- 
mission of  his  forgery  he  offered  proposals 
for  a  history  of  free-masonry  2  vols.  4to.  He 
was  married  in  1 75 1,  but  he  left  no  children. 

Doddridge  or  Doderidge,  sir  John, 
a  native  of  Barnstaple,  Devonshire,  educated 
at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
bachelor's  degree  1576.  He  then  removed 
to  (he  Middle-temple,  and  became  in  1603 
Serjeant  at  law,  solicitor  to  the  king,  and  in 
1612  a  judge  of  the  common  pleas,  and  after- 
wards of  the  king's  beuch.  He  died  at  Eg- 
ham,  Surrey,  and  -n  as  buried  iu  Exeter  ca- 
thedral, where  a  monument  records  his  ser- 
vices. He  is  author  of  the  lawyer's  light,  or 
direction  for  the  study  of  the  law,  4to.  1629, 
— a  complete  parson,  or  description  of  ad- 
vowsons,  &e.  4to.  1630, — history  of  the  an- 
cient and  modern  estates  of  Wales,  Cornwall, 
and  Chester,  4to.  1630, — the  English  law- 
yer 4to.  1731, — opinion  on  the  antiquity, 
power,  order,  &c.  of  the  high  court  of  par- 
liament in  England  1658,  published  by  his  re- 
lation John  Doddridge  recorder  of  Barnstaple. 

Doddridge,  Philip  D.  D.  an  eminent 
dissenting  divine,  son  of  an  oilman  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  was  born  26th  June  1702. 
He  was  educated  at  private  schools  at  Kings- 
ton-on-Thames and  at  St.  Alban's,  and  began 
at  the  latter  place  a  lasting  friendship  with 
Dr.  Samuel  Clarke  who  became  his  religious 
instructor,  and,  on  his  father's  death,  his 
faithful  guardian.  Tinctured  with  the  tenets 
of  the  dissenters,  he  declined  the  liberal  of- 
fers of  the  duchess  of  Bedford,  who  wished 
to  bring  him  up  at  the  university,  and  to 
raise  him  to  preferment,  and  in  1719  he  went 
to  the  academy  of  Mr.  Jennings  at  Kib- 
worth  in  Leicestershire,  where  he  displayed 
uncommon  diligence.  He  afterwards  took 
the  care  of  a  small  congregation  at  Kibworth, 
and  soon  after  succeeded  on  Jennings'  death 
to  his  academy,  which,  at  the  invitation  of 
his  friends,  he  removed  to  Northampton, 
where  he  continued  the  rest  of  his  days,  re- 
spected as  a  divine,  successful  as  an  instruct- 
or, and  beloved  as  a  private  man.  He  died 
26th  October  1751,  at  Lisbon,  where  he  had 
gone  for  the  recovery  of  his  health,  and  was 
buried  in  the  ground  of  the  English  factory 
there.  This  amiable  character,  so  much  re- 
spected by  all  parties,  published  several  reli- 
gious tracts,  the  best  known  of  which  are, 
the  principles  of  the  christian  religion,  &c. — 
the  rise  aud  progress  of  religion  in  the  soul, 
— remarkable  passages  in  the  life  of  col. 
James  Gardiner,  &c. — ten  sermons  on  the 
power  and  grace  of  Christ,  &c. — the  family 
expositor,  containing  a  version  and  para-  ' 
phrase  of  the  New  testament  with  critical  ; 
notes,  &c.  a  valuable  work,  in  6  vols.  4to. 
Some  of  his  letters  and  smaller  tracts  have 
been  published  by  Stedman  of  Shrewsbury.  | 

Dodoens   or  Dodon^os,    Rambert,  a: 
botanist  of  Malines,   physician  to  the  empe-  ! 
rors  Maximilian  II.  and  Rodolphus  II.  and  i 
VOL.  I.  56 


professor  at  Leyden,  died  1 585,  aged  67.  He 
wrote  an  history  of  plants,  Antwerp  fol. 
1616,  translated  into  French  by  I'Ecluse. 

Do dsley,  Robert,  a  well  known  booksel- 
ler and  writer,  born  at  Mansfield,  Notting- 
hamshire, 1703.  Receiving  little  of  education, 
he  began  life  as  footman  in  the  family  of 
Mrs.  Lowther,  but  in  this  servile  situation 
he  indulged  his  natural  talents  for  poetry, 
and  satire,  and  wrote  the  muse  in  livery,  and 
a  small  dramatic  piece,  called  the  Toyshop, 
which  accidentally  was  seen  by  Pope,  and 
engaged  all  his  attention.  Interesting  him- 
self in  the  cause  of  this  humble  poet,  he  pro- 
cured for  him  the  introduction  of  his  piece 
at  the  theatre,  and  manifested  for  him  to  the 
end  of  life  the  most  cordial  and  honorable 
friendship.  The  Toyshop  was  succeeded  by 
"  the  King  and  Miller  of  Mansfield,"  in  1736, 
and  from  the  great  success  of  these  two  pieces, 
he  was  enabled  to  settle  himself  independent- 
ly as  a  London  bookseller,  a  situation  in  which 
he  maintained  the  greatest  respectabilit3r  of 
character  with  the  most  benevolent  inten- 
tions and  great  humility  of  deportment.  Af- 
ter acquiring  a  very  handsome  fortune, 
Dodsley  retired  from  business  in  favor  of  his 
brother,  and  died  25th  September  1764,  in 
his  61st  year,  at  the  house  of  his  friend  Mr. 
Spence  of  Durham,  and  was  buried  in  the  ab- 
bey church  at  Durham.  His  works  consist  of 
six  dramatic  pieces  of  which  the  Cleone,  a 
tragedy,  is  much  admired,  besides  public  vir- 
tue, a  poem  1754,  4to.  trifles  1745,  8vo.  Mel- 
pomene, agriculture  a  poem,  the  economy 
of  human  life,  and  another  book  of  trifles, 
collected  after  his  death.  He  also  collected 
some  scattered  poems  of  great  merit  in  6 
vols.  12mo.  and  also  plays  by  old  authors  in  12 
vols.  12mo.  which  have  lately  been  reprinted, 
ind  introduced  to  the  public  by  a  handsome 
and  well  deserved  compliment,  to  the  genius, 
character,  and  integrity  of  the  first  editor. 

Do d son,  Michael,  a  native  of  Marlbo- 
rough, Wilts,  son  of  a  dissenting  minister. 
Under  the  protection  of  his  paternal  uncle, 
sir  Michael  Foster  the  judge,  he  studied  the 
law,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  1783.  In  1770 
he  had  been  made  by  lord  Camden  commis- 
sioner of  bankrupts.  Besides  a  translation 
of  Isaiah  with  notes  published  in  1790,  and 
ably  defended  against  the  attacks  of  Dr. 
Sturges,  he  wrote  the  life  of  judge  Foster, 
for  the  Biographia  Brit,  and  the  life  of  Hugh 
Farmer,  some  papers,  &c.  among  the  essays 
published  for  the  promotion  of  scripture 
knowledge.     He  died  1799,  aged  67. 

Dodsworth,  Roger,  an  indefatigable  to- 
pographer, born  24th  July  1585,  at  Newton 
Grange,  St.  Oswald,  Yorkshire.  He  died 
August  1654,  and  was  buried  at  Ruffbrd, 
Lancashire.  In  his  laborious  researches  in 
the  antiquities  of  his  native  country  he  wrote 
122  volumes,  besides  other  MSS.  which  alto- 
gether amount  to  162  folio  vols,  which  were 
never  published  but  are  deposited  in  the 
Bodleian  library.  Gen.  Fairfax,  was,  not- 
withstanding the  violence  of  the  times,  a 
great  patron  of  Dodsworth,  and  to  the  libe- 
rality of  his  nephew,   dean  Fairfax  of  Nor- 


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wich,  the  university  of  Oxford  are  indebted 
for  tiiis  valuable  collection. 

Do  owell,  Henry,  a  learned  writer,  born 
in  Dublin  October  1641,  but  of  English  pa- 
rents. He  came  over  to  England  in  1648, 
and  was  placed  at  a  school  in  York,  but  the 
death  of  his  father  by  the  plague  at  Water- 
tord,  and  of  his  mother,  by  a  consumption 
soon  after,  reduced  him  to  a  wretched  and 
indigent  situation,  from  which  he  was  at  last 
re  Sieved  by  his  uncle  a  clergyman  of  Suffolk, 
who  in  1654  sent  for  him,  paid  his  debts,  and 
afterwards  had  him  conducted  to  Dublin. 
In  1656  he  entered  at  Trinity  college  under 
Dr.  Stuarue,  and  became  fellow,  but  in  1666 
quitted  his  fellowship  because  lie  would  not 
go  into  orders,  as  the  statutes  required.  He 
then  passed  over  to  England,  but  afterwards 
revisited  Ireland,  and  in  1674  settled  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  soon  formed  a  lasting  friend- 
ship with  several  learned  men,  especially 
bishop  Lloyd.  In  1688  he  was  without  his 
knowledge,  and  in  his  absence,  elected  Cam- 
den professor  of  history  at  Oxford,  of  which 
employment  however  he  was  deprived  3 
years  after  for  refusing  to  take  the  oaths  of 
allegiance.  He  afterwards  settled  at  Cock- 
ham,  Berkshire,  and  separated  from  the 
church  because  new  bishops  were  appointed 
to  succeed  such  as  refused  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance. In  consequence  of  his  acquaintance 
with  Mr.  Cherry  of  Shottesbrooke,  he  re- 
moved to  that  village,  and  after  the  death  of 
the  Dodweils  his  nephews,  whom  he  nomi- 
nated his  heirs,  he  married  the  daughter  of 
the  person  where  he  lodged  at  Cookham  in 
1694*  by  whom  he  had  10  children,  six  of 
v.  hrfhi  survived  him.  He  was  afterwards 
reconciled  to  the  church,  and  died  at  Shot- 
t  brooke  7th  June  1711,  aged  70.  His 
-writings,  which  are  very  numerous,  and 
which  prove  him  to  have  been  a  man  of  in- 
defatigable diligence  and  extensive  learning, 
are  on  controversial,  theological,  and  classical 
subjects.  The  best  known  of  these  are  an- 
nals of  Thucydides  and  Xcnophon, — de  vete- 
ribus  Grxcorum,  Komanorumque  cyclis,  obi- 
terqne  tie  cyclo  Judreorum, — tetate  Christi, 
dissertationes  decern,  cum  tabulis  necessariis 
4to.  1701,  a  most  excellent  book  according 
to  Dr.  Malley,  an  epistolary  discourse  prov- 
ing from  the  scriptures  and  the  first  fathers 
thai  the  soul  is  a  principle  naturally  mortal, 
but  immortalized  actually  by  the  pleasure  of 
Cod,  to  punishment  or  reward,  by  its  union 
with  the  divine  baptismal  spirit,  wherein  is 
proved  that  none  have  the  power  of  giving 
this  divine  immortalizing  spirit  since  the 
apostles,  but  the  bishops,  1706,  8vo.  a  work 
which  gave  rise  to  a  violent  controversy, 
which  was  defended  by  the  author  in  three 
different  treatises  against  the  attacks  of 
Cl-.ishnll,  Nwrrisand  Clarke,  ike. — chronolo- 
gy of  Dionysius  Halicarnassus — exercita- 
tiont  s  dine,  Sec. — Julii  vitalis  epitaphium,  &c. 
Do  dwell,  Henry,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  author  of  an  anonymous  pam- 
phlet, "Christin'iity  not  founded  on  argu- 
ment ;"  ah  artful  work,  in  which  he  attempt- 
ed to  undermine  and  vilify  religion.    It  was 


answered  by  his  own  brother,  and  by  Leland, 
and  Doddridge.  He  was  brought  up  to  the 
law,  and  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  the  so- 
ciety for  the  promotion  of  arts,  manufactures, 
and  commerce. — His  next  brother,  William, 
D.D;  of  Trinity-college,  Oxford,  was  arch- 
deacon-of  Berks,  prebendary  of  Sarum,  and 
rector  of  Shottesbrooke.  Besides  an  answer 
to  his  brother's  pamphlet,  he  wrote  a  disser- 
tation on  Jephthah's  vow — practical  dis- 
courses, 2  vols. — an  answer  to  Dr.  Middle- 
ton's  free  inquiry — defence  of  the  answer 
against  Toll,  1751,  &c. 

Does,  Jacob  van  der,  a  Dutch  painter, 
who  died  1673,  aged  50.  As  his  temper  was 
gloomy,  it  is  supposed  his  pictures  partake 
strongly  of  his  feelings.  His  landscapes  are 
very  much  admired.  His  pieces  are  gene- 
rally in  the  style  of  Bombaccio. 

Does,  Jacob  van  der,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Amsterdam,  and  died  1659,  aged 
19,  giving,  by  the  few  pieces  which  he  finish- 
ed, the  most  promising  tokens  of  a  great 
genius  in  the  art  of  painting. 

Does,  Simon  van  der, brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, died  1717,  aged  64.  His  landscapes, 
portraits,  battles,  &c.  are  in  a  pleasing  style. 

Dogcet,  Thomas,  an  author  and  actor, 
born  in  Castle-street,  Dublin.  He  first  ap- 
peared on  the  Irish  stage,  but  afterwards 
came  to  England,  and  engaged  himself  in 
the  Drury-lane  and  Lincoln  s-inn-fields  com- 
panies, where  he  was  particularly  applauded 
in  the  characters  of  Fondle-wife,  in  the  Old 
Bachelor,  and  Ben  in  Love  for  Love.  He 
was  joint  manager  of  Drury-lane  with  Wilks 
and  Cibber ;  but  gave  up  his  concern,  because 
Booth  was  forced  upon  him  as  fellow-mana- 
ger in  the  house ;  and  he  retired  in  the  me- 
ridian of  his  reputation,  to  the  private  en- 
joyment of  a  moderate  fortune.  He  died 
highly  respected,  22d  September  1722.  In 
his  principles  he  was  a  whig,  and  so  strongly 
attached  to  the  house  of  Hanover  that  he  left 
a  waterman's  coat  and  silver  badge  to  be 
rowed  for  yearly  by  six  watermen,  on  the 
Thames,  against  the  stream,  from  the  Old 
Swan,  London-bridge,  to  the  White-Swan, 
Chelsea,  on  the  1st  of  August,  the  anniver- 
sary of  George  I.'s  accession  to  the  throne. 
He  wrote  only  one  comedy,  "  the  country 
wake,"  1696,  4to.  better  known  in  its  altered 
form  of  "  Flora,  or  Hob  in  the  well,"  a  farce. 
Doissin,  Lewis,  a  Jesuit,  who  died  1753, 
aged  32.  He  displayed  great  powers  in  the 
composition  of  elegant  Latin  verse,  in  his 
two  poems  on  the  art  of  sculpture  and  the 
art  of  engraving,  in  which  he  celebrates  in 
an  animated  style,  the  immortal  labors  of 
Praxiteles,  Miron,  &e. 

Dolabella,  P.  Cornelius,  son-in-law  ot 
Cicero,  was  the  friend  of  Csssar,  and  became 
governor  of  Syria.  When  besieged  in  Lao- 
dicea  by  Cassius,  he  killed  himself,  in  his 
27th  year 

Dolbin,  John,  descended  from  an  an- 
cient family  in  North  Wales,  was  born  at 
Stanwick,  Northamptonshire,  1624,  and  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  selwol,  and  Christ- 
church,  Oxford.    During  the  civil  wars,  he 


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gravely  espoused  the  king's  side,  and  was 
major  in  his  army  ;  but  upon  the  triumph  of 
the  republicans,  he  returned  to  a  collegiate 
life,  and  was  turned  out  in  1C48.  At  the 
restoration  he  became  canon  of  Christ- 
church,  archdeacon  of  London,  dean  of 
Westminster,  and  in  1666,  bishop  of  Roches- 
ter, and  in  1CS3  was  translated  to  York, 
where  he  died  1686.  He  was  an  eloquent 
and  admired  preacher,  and  his  sermons,  de- 
livered before  Charles  II.  and  on  other  occa- 
sions, possess  merit. 

Dolce,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Venice,  who 
died  there  1568,  aged  60.  He  wrote  several 
poems,  and  translated  some  ancient  authors, 
Ovid,  Seneca,  Euripides,  &c.  in  a  style  pure 
and  elegant.  He  published  Dialogo  della 
pittura,  intitolato  l'Aretino,  Venice,  1557, 
8vo.  reprinted  at  Florence  1735 — cinque  pri- 
rni  canli  del  Sacripante,  1535,  8vo. — Prima- 
leone,  4to.— Achilles  and  iEneas,  1570, 4to. — 
poems  in  different  collections,  and  the  life  of 
Charles  V. 

Dolce,  Carlo,  a  painter  of  Florence,  who 
died  1686,  aged  70.  His  St.  John,  though 
painted  only  in  his  11th  year,  was  much  ad- 
mired. His  religious  pieces  are  very  highly 
finished. 

Dolet,  Stephen,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Orleans  1508  He  was  a  printer  and 
bookseller  at  Lyons,  where  he  published 
some  of  his  works  for  the  reformation  and 
improvement  of  the  French  language.  He 
ventured,  however,  to  give  way  to  licentious 
and  profane  ideas  in  his  writings,  which  drew 
upon  him  the  vengeance  of  the  inquisition,  so 
that  he  was  condemned  to  be  burnt  for  athe- 
ism. He  suffered  the  dreadful  punishment 
on  his  birth-day,  3d  August  1546.  Though 
some  attribute  his  sufferings  to  his  attachment 
to  Lutheranism,  yet  Beza  and  Calvin  seem  to 
place  him  iw  the  number,  not  of  martyrs,  but 
of  impious  blasphemers. 

Dolomieu,  Deodat,  commander  of  the 
order  of  Malta,  member  of  the  academy  of 
sciences  and  of  the  institute  at  Paris,  was 
made  inspector  of  the  mines.  In  the  pursuit 
of  knowledge  he  exposed  himself  to  all  the 
inclemencies  of  the  air,  the  climate,  and  the 
seasons,  and  regarded  neither  expense  nor 
difficulties  for  his  favorite  studies  of  nature. 
He  was  in  Egypt  with  Bonaparte,  and  on  his 
return  was  taken  prisoner,  and  confined  at 
Messina,  from  whence  he  was  liberated  by 
the  kind  interference  of  sir  Joseph  Banks. 
He  died  suddenly  at  Cree,  near  Macon,  in 
1S02,  as  he  was  preparing  a  scientific  excur- 
sion to  the  north,  to  examine  the  rocks  and 
the  natural  curiosities  of  unexplored  regions. 
He  published  a  voyage  to  the  isles  of  Lipari, 
1781 — memoir  on  the  earthquake  of  Calabria 
in  1783 — a  mineralogical  dictionary — a  trea- 
tise on  the  origin  of  basaites — memoir  on 
JEtna,  &c. 

Do  mat,  John,  a  French  lawyer,  born  at 
Cleriuont,  in  Auvergne,  1625.  He  studied 
the  learned  languages  and  belles  lettres  at 
Paris,  and  applied  himself  to  the  law  at 
Bourges,  where,  though  only  20  years  old,  he 
'a  as  offered,  on  account  of  his  great  proficien- 


cy, a  doctor's  hood.  He  became  a  pleader  at 
Clermont,  and,  as  advocate  to  the  king,  which 
he  continued  for  thirty  years,  he  was,  for  his 
integrity  and  extensive  abilities,  the  arbiter 
of  all  the  ajfiurs  of  the  province.  In  1648  he 
married,  and  by  that  marriage  hud  thirteen 
children  He  applied  himself  to  simplify  the 
laws  of  the  state,  and  to  reduce  them  from 
confusion  to  order  and  regularity  ;  and  was  so 
successful  in  his  plan  that  Lewis  XIV.  grant- 
ed him  a  pension  of  2000  livres,  and  encour- 
aged him  in  the  prosecution  The  first  volume 
was  published  16S9,  in  4to.  called,  "  the  ei\it 
laws  in  their  natural  order;"  to  which  three 
volumes  of  equal  size  and  value  were  after- 
wards added.  Domat  was  the  friend  of  Pas- 
cal, whom  he  assisted  in  some  of  his  experi- 
ments on  air,  and  in  other  branches  of  philo- 
sophy. He  died  at  Paris  1696.  A  new  edi- 
tion of  his  Works  appeared  in  1777,  in  folio. 

Domenichino,  an  Italian  painter,  born 
at  Bologna  1581.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Cal- 
vert the  Fleming,  and  afterwards  of  the  Ca- 
raccis;  but  he  was  so  slow  in  his  progress 
that  his  fellow  students  called  him  "  the  ox." 
Annibal  Caracci  observed,  upon  this  ridicu- 
lous appellation,  that  "  this  ox,  by  dint  of 
labor,  would  in  time  make  his  ground  so 
fruitful  that  painting  itself  would  be  fed  by 
what  it  produced" — a  prognostic  of  his  future 
greatness,  which  was  most  truly  fulfilled.  He 
applied  to  his  work  with  great  study  and 
zeal ;  and  though  he  wanted  genius,  yet  so- 
lidity and  judgment,  and  a  strong  enthusiastic 
ardor,  made  him  one  of  the  greatest  Italian 
masters.  According  to  N.  Poussin,  his 
communion  of  St.  Jerome  and  Raphael's 
transfiguration,  were  the  two  best  pieces 
which  ever  adorned  Rome.  He  also  shone  as 
an  architect,  and  built  the  apostolical  palace 
for  Gregory  XV.  He  was  reserved,  bui. 
mild  in  his  manners;  but  his  great  merit 
raised  him  many  enemies,  who  were  jealous 
of  his  fame,  and  envious  of  his  eminence. 
He  died  1641,  not  without  suspicion  of  poison. 

Dominic,  de  Guzman,  a  Spaniard,  born 
1170,at  Calahorra,  in  Arragon,  known  as  the 
founder  of  the  order  of  the  predicants,  and 
the  cstablisher  of  the  inquisition  in  Langue- 
doc.  Before  he  was  horn,  his  mother  dream- 
ed she  had  a  dog  vomiting  f:re  in  her  womb; 
and  the  dream  was  fulfilled,  when  Dominic, 
followed  by  fire  and  sword  and  the  army  of 
Innocent  III.  preached  to  the  Albigenses, 
and,  with  the  offer  of  death  or  abjuration, 
converted  above  100,000  souls.  He  Mas  the 
first  master  of  the  sacred  palate,  an  office 
which  at  his  suggestion  Hohprius  HI.  esta- 
blished. He  died  at  Bologna  1221,  and  was 
afterwards  canonized  for  his  great  services. 
The  great  men  of  the  order  were,  Thomas 
Aquinas,  Albertus  Magnus,  cardinal  Cajctan, 
Doininicus  Soto,  Lewis  of  Granada,  £ce.  ;  and 
it  is  said  that  the  Dominicans  produced  to  the 
church  no  less  than  3  popes,  48  cardinals,  23 
patriarchs,  1500  bishops,  600  archbishops;  43 
legates,  and  other  inferior  agents  actively 
employed  in  the  service  of  the  Jlomish 
church. 

Domixichiki,  Lodovico,  a  native  of 


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Placentia,  famous  for  his  voluminous  trans- 
lations from  ancient  authors  and  other  works, 
which  are  mentioned  in  Baretti's  Italian  li- 
brary.   He  was  poor,  and  died  1574. 

Dominis,  Mark  Antony  de,  originally  a 
Jesuit,  afterwards  bishop  of  Segni,  and  last- 
ly archbishop  of  Spolato,  in  Dalmatia,  in  the 
16th  century.  He  was  very  unsettled  in  his 
religious  notions,  though  so  elevated  in  the 
church  ;  and  he  wrote  his  famous  book,  call- 
ed "  de  republica  ecclesiastica,"  in  which  he 
assailed  the  papal  power.  This  work  was 
seen  in  MS.  and  corrected  by  the  learned 
Bedell,  who  was  chaplain  to  sir  Henry  Wot- 
fcon,  the  ambassador  of  James  I.  to  Venice, 
and  by  his  means  it  was  published  in  London. 
De  Dominis  accompanied  his  friend  Bedell 
on  his  return  to  England,  and  was  received 
with  great  respect  by  the  English  clergy. 
He  was  favored  by  the  king,  and  made  dean 
of  Windsor;  but,  after  preaching  against  the 
pope,  and  endeavouring  to  reconcile  and  re- 
unite the  Romish  and  English  churches,  he, 
with  his  usual  wavering  temper,  expressed 
an  inclination  to  return  to  Home.  He  there 
abjured  all  his  errors  1622,  and  was  received 
into  the  pope's  protection;  but  an  expression 
against  Bellarmine,  who,  as  he  said,  had  not 
refuted  his  arguments,  in  his  answer  to  him, 
rendered  him  suspeoted  to  the  catholics.  He 
was  seized  and  imprisoned,  and  died  in  con- 
finement, in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  1645. 
It  was  afterwards  discovered,  that  his  wri- 
tings and  correspondence  had  been  ver}-  hos- 
tile to  the  pope,  and  therefore,  by  order  of 
the  inquisition,  his  body  was  dug  up,  and  to- 
gether with  his  writings  burnt  in  Flora's  field. 
He  wrote  besides  a  treatise,  de  radiis  visus  et 
luces,  &c.  in  which  he  was  the  first  who  gave 
a  rational  explanation  of  the  colors  of  the 
rainbow. 

Domitian,  Titus  Flavius,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, after  Titus  son  of  Vespasian.  From  a 
very  mild  character  at  the  beginning  of  his 
reign,  he  became  licentious,  debauched, 
cruel,  and  vindictive,  and  was  at  last  assassi- 
nated 96,  in  his  45th  year. 

Domitunus,  Domitius,  general  ofDio- 
elesian  was  proclaimed  emperor  in  Egypt 
288,  and  died  a  violeut  death  two  years  af- 
ter. 

Do  nato,  Bernardino,  Greek  professor  at 
'Padua,  and  other  Italian  cities,  died  about 
1550.  He  was  the  learned  author  of  a  Latin 
dialogue  on  the  difference  between  Aristotle's 
and  Plato's  philosophy,  and  translated  into 
Latin,  besides  some  of  Galen's,  Aristotle's 
and  Xenophon's  works,  the  demonstratio 
evangelica  of  Eusebius,  &c. 

Donato,  an  architect  and  sculptor  of 
Florence.  He  was  employed  by  Cosmo  de 
Medicis,  by  Venice  and  other  states.  His 
Judith  cutting  off"  the  head  of  Holofernes  is 
his  best  piece.     He  died  1466,  aged  83. 

Donato,  Jerom,  a  Venetian  nobleman, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  for  his  military  ser- 
vices, and  particularly  for  his  negotiations. 
He  was  the  successful  ambassador  in  the  re- 
conciliation made  between  his  country  and 
pope  Julius  II.    When  asked  by  the  pope 


why  Venice  claimed  the  sovereignty  of  th* 
Adriatic,  he  answered,  your  holiness  will  find 
the  concession,  on  the  back  of  the  record  of 
Constantine's  grant  to  pope  Silvester  of  the 
city  of  Rome  and  of  the  ecclesiastical  states 
— a  bold  answer  on  a  donation  about  doubt- 
ing which  informer  times  1478  persons  had 
at  Strasburg  been  sent  to  '?he  flames.  This 
great  statesman  died  of  a  fever  at  Rome 
1511,  just  before  the  pacification  was  signed. 

Donato,  Alexander,  a  Jesuit  of  Sienna, 
who  died  at  Rome  1640.  He  wrote  a  very 
valuable  description  of  Rome  1639,  4to.  call- 
ed Roma  vetus  &  recens,  besides  poems  in 
8vo.  Cologne  16.30,  and  other  works. 

Donato,  Marcellus,  an  Italian  count, 
who  held  some  important  offices  at  Mantua, 
and  died  at  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 
He  wrote  a  learned  work,  scholia  on  the 
Latin  writers  of  the  Roman  history  1607,  8vo. 
Frankfort. 

Donatus,  bishop  of  Carthage  was  ban- 
ished 556.  He  maintained  that  the  three 
persons  of  the  trinity  are  of  the  same  sub- 
stance, yet  unequal. 

Donatus,  iElius,  a  grammarian  of  the 
fourth  century,  preceptor  of  St.  Jerome,  and 
author  of  commentaries  on  Terence  and 
Virgil. 

Donatus,  bishop  of  Numidia,  founder  of 
a  sect  after  his  own  name  311,  was  deposed 
for  supporting  Majorinus  as  a  candidate  for 
the  see  of  Carthage  against  Cecilianus. 

Doncker,  Peter,  a  painter  of  Gouda, 
disciple  to  Jacques  Jordaens.  He  studied  at 
Rome,  and  died  1668.  There  was  also 
another  painter  named  John,  of  the  same 
place,  who  died  young. 

Dondus,  or  de  Dondis,  James,  a  phy- 
sician of  Padua,  surnamed  Aggregator,  from 
the  number  of  medicines  he  had  made.  He 
was  also  well  skilled  in  mechanics  nnd  in 
mathematics,  and  he  invented  a  clock  on  a 
new  construction,  which  pointed  out  not  only 
the  hours,  but  the  festivals  of  the  year,  and 
the  course  of  the  sun  and  moon.  He  found 
out  also  the  secret  of  making  salt  from  the 
wells  of  Albauo,  and  died  1350.  He  wrote 
Promptuarium  medicina?  Venice,  fol.  1481. — 
de  fontibus  calidis  Patavini  agri,  1553,  folio. 
—  the  flux  and  reflux  of  the  sea. 

Doneau,  Hugh,  Donellus  of  Chalons-sur- 
Soane,  professor  of  law  at  Bourges  and  Or- 
leans, was  saved  from  the  massacre  of  Bar- 
tholomew by  the  affection  of  his  scholars,  and 
escaped  into  Germany,  and  died  at  A'torf 
1591,  aged  64.  He  wrote  commentaria  de 
jure  civili,  five  vols.  fol.  reprinted  at  Lucca 
12  vols.  fol.  1770. — Opera  posthuma,  8vo. 

Don i,  Anthony  Francis,  a  Florentine 
priest,  who  possessed  great  satirical  powers, 
and  died  1574,  aged  61.  His  works  are,  let- 
ters in  Italian  8vo. — la  libraria  Svo. — la  Zuc- 
cafour  parts  with  plates  Svo. — Imond,  celes- 
ti,  terrestri,  &c. — I  inarm  i  cive  Raggiona- 
menti,  Stc.  4to. 

Doni  d'Attichi,  Lewis,  a  Florentine 
noble,  whose  modesty  and  learning  recom- 
mended him  to  Richelieu,  who  made  him 
bishop  of  Reiz,  and  afterwards  of  Autun.  He 


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viied  1064,  aged  68.  He  wrote  in  French  a 
Jiistory  of  the  Minims,  4to.  asociety  to  which 
he  belonged, — and  in  Latin  the  hie  of  queen 
Joan  8vo. — of  cardinal  de  Berulle  8vo. — and 
of  the  cardinals,  two  vols.  fol.  1660. 

Don  i,  John  Baptiste,  an  Italian,  who  died 
in  his  native  city  of  Florence  1647,  aged  51. 
He  was  professor  of  eloquence,  and  member 
of  the  Florentine  and  del  crusca  academies, 
and  invented  a  musical  instrument  called  lyra 
barbarini.  He  wrote  a  well  known  treatise 
on  music  in  Latin,  and  other  tracts  on  the 
same  subject  in  Italian. 

Donne,  John,  an  English  poetand  divine, 
horn  in  London  1573,  and  descended  by  his 
mother  from  sir  Thomas  More.  At  the  age 
of  11  he  went  to  Oxford,  and  after  three 
years'  residence  he  removed  to  Cambridge, 
and  three  years  after  to  Lincoln  Vinn.  His 
friends  were  papists,  but  he  refused  to  be 
shackled  by  their  opinions  and  prejudices, 
and  at  the  age  of  19  he  embraced  the  pro- 
testant  faith.  When  21  he  began  to  travel, 
and  accompanied  the  earl  of  Essex  in  1596 
and  97,  against  Cadiz  and  the  Azores,  and 
afterwards  visited  Spain  and  Italy,  and  form- 
ed the  resolution  of  going  as  far  as  Jerusa- 
lem, whieh  however  he  did  not  do.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  became  secretary  to 
Egerton  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  buthissecret 
attachment  and  his  marriage  to  the  daugh- 
ter of  sir  George  More,  chancellor  of  the 
garter,  threatened  for  a  time  every  possible 
misfortune  to  him.  The  father  was  so  irri- 
tated that  he  not  only  prevailed  upon  Eger- 
ton to  dismiss  the  offender  from  his  service, 
but  he  procured  his  imprisonment,  and  that 
of  the  two  brothers,  Brooke,  the  one  the 
minister  who  had  married  him  and  the  other 
the  friend  who  had  given  the  lady  away. 
He  at  last  liberated  himself  and  his  friends 
from  confinement,  and  was  with  difficulty 
reconciled  to  his  father-in-law,  who  consen- 
ted to  make  him  a  decent  allowance.  Though 
not  replaced  in  the  favor  of  Egerton,  he  ap- 
plied himself  diligently  to  the  study  of  civil 
and  canon  law,  and  was  much  respected  for 
his  learning  and  abilities.  About  the  year 
1612,  he  accompanied  sir  Robert  Drury  to 
Paris,  and  about  that  time  he  displayed  such 
ability  in  a  treatise  on  the  oaths  of  allegi- 
ance and  supremacy  then  agitated,  that  king 
James  Highly  favored  him,  and  in  compli- 
ance with  his  intimation  and  the  request  of 
his  friends,  he  now  applied  himself  to  divin- 
ity and  took  orders.  James  made  him  his 
chaplain,  and  the  university  of  Cambridge 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  At 
this  time  to  his  great  grief  his  wife  died  on 
the  birth  of  her  12lh  child.  He  was  no  soon- 
er ordained  than  14  livings  in  the  country 
were  offered  to  him,  which  he  declined  to  re- 
side in  London,  where  he  became  Lincoln's- 
inn  preacher,  and  two  years  after  was  ap- 
pointed chaplain  to  lord  Don  caster's  embas- 
sy to  Vienna.  In  1621,  he  was  made  dean 
of  St.  Paul's,  and  afterwards  he  was  pre- 
sented to  St.  Dunstan  in  the  west  and  anoth- 
er benefice.  His  eloquence  as  a  preacher 
~^as  great,  but  his  enemies  represented  him 


as  hostile  to  the  king,  and  therefore  he  was 
obliged  to  vindicate  himself  before  James 
who  expressed  himself  much  pleased  with 
his  conduct.  He  was  in  1630  attacked  by  a 
fever  which  brought  on  a  consumption.  He 
preached  at  court  the  first  Friday  in  lent,  on 
the  words  "  to  God  the  Lord  belong  the  is- 
sues from  death,"  which  was  considered  as 
his  funeral  sermon.  He  died  31st  March 
16.51.  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral. 
Dr.  Donne  was  in  his  character  an  amiable 
and  benevolent  as  well  as  an  ingenious  and 
learned  man,  and  lord  Falkland  said  of  him 
that  he  was  "  one  of  the  most  witty  and 
most  eloquent  of  our  modern  divines."  To 
his  Pseudomartyr  he  was  indebted  in  some 
degree  for  his  honors,  but  it  is  a  book,  as 
Warburton  has  observed,  of  little  merit, 
agreeing  merely  with  the  opinions  of  the 
times,  and  applauded  by  James.  He  pub- 
lished also  some  poems  consisting  of  songs, 
sonnets,  epigrams,  elegies,  satires,  &c.  all 
printed  in  one  vol.  12mo.  1719.  In  speak- 
ing of  these,  Dryden  has  given  Donne  the 
character  of  the  greatest  wit,  though  not  the 
greatest  poet  of  the  nation.  Pope  has  shown 
the  highest  respect  to  his  memory  by  em- 
ploying his  pen  to  render  his  satires  into  mod- 
ern numbers  and  ail  the  graces  of  his  own 
poetry.  He  wrote,  besides  paradoxes,  es- 
says, &c.  three  volumes  of  sermons,  essays 
in  divinity,  letters  to  several  persons,  the 
ancient  history  of  the  septuagint,  biathana- 
tos,  or  on  suicide,  &c.  His  son  John  was 
educated  at  Westminster  school,  and  Christ 
church,  Oxford,  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
at  Padua,  and  had  the  same  at  Oxford.  He 
died  1662,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's 
church  Covent-garden.  Wood  represents 
him  as  an  atheistical  buffoon,  nut  adds,  that 
Charles  II.  valued  him  as  a  man  of  sense 
and  parts.     He  wrote  some  frivolous  trifles. 

Donne,  Benjamin,  a  mathematician,  born 
1729,  at  Biddeford,  Dovenshire,  where  for 
some  years  he  kept  a  school,  and  afterwards 
at  Bristol.  He  was  made  master  of  mechan- 
ics to  the  king  in  1796,  and  died  two  years 
after,  respected  as  a  very  ingenious  and  be- 
nevolent character.  He  wrote  mathemati- 
cal essays  in  8vo.  treatises  on  geometry, 
book-keeping,  and  trigonometry,  an  epitome 
of  natural  experimental  philosophy,  and  the 
British  mariner's  assistant,  and  in  the  first 
part  of  his  life  received  I00J.  from  the  socie- 
ty of  arts  and  commerce  for  his  able  survey 
of  his  native  country. 

Doolittle,  Thomas,  a  nonconformist, 
born  at  Kidderminster  1630,  and  educated  at 
Pembroke-hall,  Cambridge.  He  was  for 
nine  years  minister  of  St.  Alpage,  London, 
from  which  he  was  ejected  in  1662.  He  af- 
terwards kept  an  academy  in  Monkwell- 
street,  Cr! ^legate,  and  officiated  among 
the  dissenters  till  his  death,  on  the  24th 
May  1707,  at  the  age  of  77.  He  wrote  sev- 
eral books  of  practical  divinity.  His  treatise 
on  the  sacrament  has  been  frequently  prin- 
ted, as  also  his  call  to  delaying  sinners.  Me- 
moirs of  him  are  prefixed  to  his  "  bodv  of 
divinity,"  published  after  his  death.     His 


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Mm  Samuel  was  for  some  time  minister  at 
Beading. 

Doppj.e-Maier,  John  Gabriel,  author 
of  some  tracts  on  geography,  dialling,  astron- 
omy, of  the  account  of  the  mathematicians 
of  Nuremburg,  and  of  several  translations 
from  English  mathematical  works  into  La- 
tin and  German,  died  at  Nuremburg,  where 
ire  was  professor  of  mathematics  1750,  aged 
83.  He  was  fellow  of  the  London  royal  so- 
ciety, and  of  the  academies  of  Berlin  and  Pe- 
tersburg. 

Dorbay,  Francis,  a  French  architect, 
who  furnished  the  design  of  several  beautiful 
works  at  the  Louvre,  Thuilleries,  &c.  He 
was  born  at  Paris,  and  died  there  1697. 

Dorfling,  a  Prussian,  who  from  the 
profession  of  a  tailor  became  a  soldier,  and 
gradually  rose  to  the  highest  military  honors 
under  Frederic  William,  elector  of  Bran- 
denburgh.  He  distinguished  himself  great- 
ly against  the  Swedes,  and  when  become 
field  marshal,  some  envying  his  elevation  ob- 
served he  had  still  the  appearance  of  a  tay- 
lor.  "  Yes,"  says  the  valiant  Horning,  "  I 
was  once  a  taylor ;  I  formerly  cut  out  cloth, 
but  now,  (clapping  his  hand  to  the  hilt  of 
Lis  sword,)  here  is  the  instrument  with 
which  I  cut  off  the  ears  of  them  that  speak 
ill  of  me." 

Doria,  Andrew,  a  noble  Genoese,  born 
at  Oneille  1468.  He  embraced  the  military 
profession,  and  signalized  himself  in  Italy, 
snd  particularly  in  Corsica,  which  island  he 
bravely  reduced  under  the  power  of  the  re- 
public. Distinguished  as  a  warrior  by  land, 
bis  countrymen  wished  to  employ  his  abili- 
ties by  sen,  and  accordingly  in  1:513  he  was 
named  captain  general  of  the  gallies  of  Ge- 
noa, and  soon  enriched  himself  and  his  brave 
companions  by  successful  attacks  on  the  pi- 
rates of  the  Mediterranean.  The  revolu- 
tions of  Genoa  engaged  Doria  in  the  service 
of  Francis  I.  of  France,  after  whose  defeat 
at  Pavia,  he  became  admiral  to  pope  Cle- 
ment VII.  Upon  the  sacking  of  Borne  by 
Bourbon  1527,  Doria  returned  to  the  French 
service,  and  was  honorably  received  by  Fran- 
cis, who  granted  him  a  pension  and  appoin- 
ted hiin  admiral  of  the  seas  of  the  Levant. 
His  great  talents  were  now  employed  in  es- 
tablishing the  preponderance  of  the  French 
power  in  Italy,  and  the  emperor  baffled, 
&aw  his  fleets  destroyed  and  his  armies  de- 
feated by  the  genius  of  this  intrepid  repub- 
lican. But  when  Naples,  besieged  by  the 
French  forces,  was  ready  to  submit,  Doria 
changed  the  face  of  war.  Long  viewed  with 
jealousy  by  the  courtiers  of  Francis,  he  be- 
came suspected  to  the  monarch,  who  or- 
dered bis  person  to  be  siezed  ;  but  Doria's 
vigilance  frustrated  the  designs  of  his  ene- 
mies, and  by  throwing  bhasefir  under  the 
protection  of  the  emperor  lie  was  received 
with  open  arms.  Francis  in  vain,  by  every 
sacrifice,  endeavored  to  regain  his  confi- 
dence, and  the  emperor  on  the  other  hand 
wished  to  secure  him  even  by  making  him 
the  sovereign  of  Genoa,  an  office  which  Do- 
rip,   rejeeted    with  noble  patriotism.    Doria 


thus  successful  in  preventing  the  capture  of 
Naples,  attacked  Genoa,  which  bad  fallen 
under  the  French  power,  and  though  only 
with  13  gallies  and  500  men,  hem  one  night, 
1528,  made  himself  master  of  the  place 
without  bloodshed,  and  was  hailed  by  the 
grateful  Genoese  by  the  endearing  terms  of 
father  and  the  deliverer  of  his  country.  A 
new  and  moderate  government  was  estab- 
lished, and  Doria,  now  owner  of  22  gallies, 
and  supported  by  brave  and  faithful  associ- 
ates, signalized  himself  in  maritime  affairs, 
took  Coron  and  Patras  from  the  Turks,  and 
assisted  Charles  V.  in  the  reduction  of  Tu- 
nis and  Gouletle.  The  expedition  against 
Algiers,  in  1541,  and  the  affair  of  Prevazzo 
undertaken  against  his  advice,  proved  how- 
ever very  unfortunate,  and  it  has  been  in- 
sinuated that  Doria,  when  opposed  to  Bar- 
barossa  the  commander  of  the  Turkish  for- 
ces, did  not  display  his  usual  valor,  but  se- 
cretly' wished  to  prolong  a  war  which  ce- 
mented his  influence,  and  made  him  a  ne- 
cessary ally.  He  was  loaded  with  honors  for 
his  eminent  services  by  the  emperor,  and  to 
the  marquisate  of  Tursi  in  Naples,  was  ad- 
ded the  dignity  of  grand  chancellor  of  that 
kingdom.  Engaged  to  the  very  last  in  the 
service  of  his  country  and  of  his  ally,  Doria 
died  25th  November  1560,  aged  93,  poor 
indeed  in  fortune,  but  honored  by  his  coun- 
try, and  respected  by  the  whole  world.  His 
life  was  twice  attempted  by  assassins,  but 
their  conspiracy  failed.  Doria,  though  of  a 
benevolent  and  humane  temper,  once  yield- 
ed to  a  dishonorable  resentment,  and  order- 
ed de  Fresco,  a  man  who  had  conspired 
against  him,  to  be  sewn  up  in  a  sack  and 
thrown  into  the  sea. 

Dori  gny,  Michael,  a  French  painter  and 
engraver  in  aquafortis,  born  at  St.  Quintin 
1617.  He  was  professor  of  the  academy  of 
painting  at  Paris,  and  died  1665.  His  paint- 
ings are  seen  in  the  castle  de  Vincennes,  and 
his  engravings  were  of  his  own  pieces. 

Dorigny,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  French 
engraver,  whose  finest  pieces  are  the  bark 
of  Lanfranco,  the  St.  Petronilla  of  Gucrchi- 
no,  the  descent  from  the  cross  by  Voleterra, 
the  transfiguration  after  Baphael,  &c.  He 
was  knighied  by  George  I.  and  died  at  Paris 
1746,  aged  90.  His  brother  Lewis,  also  a 
painter,  died  at  Verona  1742,  aged  48. 

Doring  or  Dokink,  Mathias,  a  Ger- 
man Franciscan  professor,  born  at  Kiritz, 
where  he  died  1494.  He  is  said  to  be  the 
author  of  the  abridgment  of  the  historical 
mirror  of  de  Beauvais  continued  to  1493. 
He  inveighs  with  asperity  against  the  vices 
of  the  cardinals  and  popes,  and  he  may  be 
considered  as  the  forerunner  of  Luther. 

Dorislaus,  Isaac,  a  Dutchman  who 
came  from  Leyden  to  England,  and  by  the 
interest  of  Fulk  lord  Brooke,  read  lectures  on 
history  at  Cambridge.  When  expelled  by  Co- 
sin  the  vice-chancellor,  as  suspected  of  repub- 
lican principles,  he  became  judge  advocate  in 
the  roval  army  against  the  Scots,  but  with  an 
unpardonable  levity  he  quitted  the  king's 
service   for   that  of  the  parliament,  and  as- 


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sisted,  it  is  said,  in  drawing  up  the  articles 
of  accusation  against  his  sovereign.  Thus 
recommended  by  guilt  and  profligacy  to  the 
ruling  powers,  he  went  in  1649,  as  ambassa- 
dor from  the  republic  to  Holland,  where  he 
was  attacked  while  at  supper  by  some  en- 
thusiastic royalist  and  stabbed  to  the  heart. 
His  body,  by  the  direction  of  the  parlia- 
ment, was  brought  over  to  England,  and  bu- 
ried in  Westraiuster-abbey,  but  removed  at 
the  restoration  to  St.  Margaret's  church- 
yard. 

Dormans,  John  de,  bishop  of  Beauvais, 
a  cardinal,  and  chancellor  of  France  under 
Charles  V.  died  7th  Nov.  1373.  He  was  a 
liberal  patron  of  letters,  and  founded  the 
college  which  bears  his  name  at  Paris. 

Dornavius,  Gaspar,  a  physician,  born 
at  Zigenrick,  in  Voightland,  died  very  old, 
in  1631.  He  is  author  of  some  humorous 
and  whimsical  pieces — amphitheatrum  sa- 
pientise  Socratica?,  two  vols,  folio. — homo 
1 1  in  bolus  4to.  &c. 

Dorsch,  Everard,  a  Dutch  engraver  on 
gems  of  superior  abilities.  He  was  born  at 
Nuremberg,  and  died  1712,  aged  63.  His 
son  Christopher  was  equally  celebrated,  and 
finished  portraits  on  gems,  without  the  as- 
sistance of  drawings,  with  astonishing  accu- 
racy. He  was  also  a  painter.  He  died  1732, 
aged  56,  at  Nuremberg. 

DositHjEus,  the  first  heresiarch,  a  ma- 
gician of  Samaria,  who  pretended  to  be  the 
true  Messiah,  and  applied  to  himself  all  the 
propheeies  concerning  the  Saviour.  Among 
his  30  disciples  he  admitted  a  woman  whom 
he  called  the  moon.  He  privately  retired  to 
a  cave  where  he  starved  himself  to  death 
that  he  might  persuade  his  followers  that  he 
was  ascended  into  heaven.  His  followers  al- 
ways staid  24  hours  in  the  same  posture  in 
which  they  were  when  the  sabbath  began. 
They  existed  in  Egypt  tilKthe  sixth  century. 

Doublet,  N.  an  eminent  French  sur- 
geon, who  died  at  Paris  1795.  He  wrote 
some  valuable  pieces  on  his  profession. 

Doucin,  Lewis,  a  French  Jesuit  of  Ver- 
non in  Normandy.  He  wrote  an  history  of 
Nestorianism — a  work  against  the  Jansen- 
ists — and  other  pieces,  and  died  at  Orleans 
1726. 

Dove,  Nathaniel,  an  ingenious  penman, 
author  of  "  the  progress  of  time,"  contain- 
ing verses  on  the  four  seasons  and  the  12 
months  of  the  year,  with  16  plates.  He  was 
clerk  in  the  victualling  office,  Tower  hill, 
and  kept  in  1740  an  academy  at  Hoxton.  He 
died  1754,  aged  44. 

Douffet,  Gerard,  a  painter  of  Liege, 
born  16th  August  1594.  He  was  the  pupil 
of  Rubens,  and  distinguished  himself  by  the 
accuracy,  variety,  correctness  and  sweetness 
of  his  pieces.     He  died  about  1660. 

Douc ados,  Venance,  a  capuchin  born 
near  Carcassone  1764.  The  revolution  open- 
ed to  him  a  field  for  the  display  of  intrigue 
and  of  ambition,  but  as  the  friend  of  the 
federalists  he  was  dragged  to  the  scaffold  and 
suffered  1794.  He  wrote  some  poetical  pie- 
ces which  possess  merit,  and  have  been  pub- 
lished at  Nice. 


Douglas,  Gawin,  youngest  son  of  the 
sixth  earl  of  Angus,  was  born  at  Brechin  in 
Scotland  1471,  and  educated  at  St.  Andrew's. 
He  perfected  his  education  by  travelling  in 
Italy  and  Germany,  where  he  cultivated  the 
muses,  and  merited  the  acquaintance  and 
commendation  of  the  learned.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Scotland  in  1496,  he  was  made  pro- 
vost ofSt.  Giles's  church,  Edinburgh,  inl515, 
bishop  of  Dunkeld  to  which  the  rich  abbe}- 
of  Aberbrothic  was  afterwards  added.  He 
was  exposed  to  the  virulent  persecutions  of 
the  times,  and  came  to  London,  where  he 
died  of  the  plague  in  April  1522.  His  chief 
works,  which  prove  him  to  be  an  eminent 
scholar  and  poet,  are  a  translation  of  Vir- 
gil's JEneid — the  palace  of  honor,  a  poem — 
aurete  narratioues  &  comedi«  sacrse — de  re- 
bus Scoticis  liber.  As  Chaucer  in  England, 
so  he  in  Scotland  is  the  great  forerunner  of 
the  revival  of  learning. 

Douglas,  William,  a  Scotch  nobleman, 
commissioned  by  Robert  Bruce,  who  hat! 
made  a  vow  which  he  could  not  fulfil,  to  go 
on  a  crusade,  to  carry  his  heart  to  the  holy 
land.  Douglas  set  out  after  the  king's  death, 
1327  ;  but  he  perished  by  the  way,  with  the 
illustrious  Scots  who  followed  in  his  train. 

Douglas,  James,  an  English  anatomist, 
and  great  practitioner  in  the  obstetric  art, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century.  He 
wrote  bibliographix  anatomic  specimen,  8vo. 
miographiaj  comparata;  specimen,  1706— de- 
scription of  the  peritonaeum,  London,  1730 
— a  history  of  the  lateral  operation  for  the 
stone,  Svo. — and  papers  in  the  philosophical 
transactions.  He  patronised  John  Hunter  ; 
and  died  1742.  His  brother  John  -was  sur- 
geon in  t!»e  Westminster-hospital. 

Douglas,  sir  Charles,  a  Scotsman,  en- 
gaged in  the  Dutch  navy,  and  afterwards  in 
the  English  service  during  the  American 
war.  He  commanded  with  reputation  in  the 
gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  died  1789f  a  rear- 
admiral. 

Douglas,  James  earl  of  Morton  and  Ab- 
erdeen, was  born  at  Edinburgh  1707,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  love  of  scienee 
and  literature.  He  established,  when  96, 
the  philosophical  society  of  Edinburgh,  and 
was,  in  1733,  elected  president  of  the  Lon- 
don royal  society.  The  academy  of  scien- 
ces at  Paris  paid  respect  to  his  virtues,  by 
electing  him  an  associate;  and  as  the  patron 
of  merit,  and  an  able  astronomer,  he  de- 
served the  good  opinion  of  the  learned  world. 
He  died  1768,  leaving  a  son  and  daughter. 

Douglas,  John,  a  learned  prelate,  born 
in  1721,  at  Pittenweem,  in  Fifeshire.  From 
Dunbar  school  he  removed,  in  1736,  to  St. 
Mary-hall,  Oxford,  and  two  years  after  was 
elected  to  an  exhibition  in  Baliol  college.  He 
took  his  first  degree  in  1741,  and  then  went 
to  Montreal  and  to  Ghent,  to  acquire  a  com- 
petent knowledge  of  the  French  language. 
As  chaplain  of  the  3d  regiment  of  foot  guards, 
he  went  in  the  expedition  in-  Flanders,  and 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  Fontenoy,  in 
1745.  He  afterwards  attended  lord  Pultney 
in  his  travels  on  the  continent ;  and  on  his 
return  to  England,   in    1749,    he    obtained 


DO 


DO 


from  his  patron  the  donative  of  Uppington, 
Shropshire,  which  he  soon  after  exchanged 
for  the  vicarage  of  High  Ereal,  in  the  same 
county.  By  the  interest  of  his  friends,  and 
by  his  own  merits  as  an  able  and  acute  wri- 
ter, lie  rose  to  higher  honors  in  the  church. 
lie  was  made,  in  1760,  chaplain  to  the  king ; 
and  in  1762  he  obtained  a  canonry  of  Wind- 
sor, which  he  afterwards  exchanged  for  the 
residentiaryship  of  St.  Paul's,  resigned  by 
him  in  1788  for  the  deanery  of  Windsor, 
lie  had,  in  1764,  exchanged  his  Shropshire 
livings  for  St.  Austin's  and  St.  Faith's,  Wat- 
ling-street,  London ;  and  in  1787  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Carlisle,  from  which  he 
was  translated,  in  179),  to  Salisbury.  His 
powers  as  a  writer  were  strong,  respectable, 
and  multifarious.  His  first  work  was,  the 
vindication  of  Milton  from  the  charge  of 
plagiarism,  against  Lauder,  1750 — and  he 
afterwards  published,  the  criterion  of  mira- 
cles, 1754,  a  work  of  great  merit,  of  which 
he  prepared  another  edition  in  1806 — an  apo- 
logy for  the  clergy  against  the  Hutchinsoni- 
ans,  &c. — the  destruction  of  the  French 
foretold  by  Ezekiel — several  pamphlets  a- 
gainst  Archibald  Bower — a  defence  of  lord 
George  Sackville — a  letter  to  two  great  men 
on  the  approach  of  peace,  &c.  Besides  these 
works,  he  assisted  in  the  publication  of  lord 
Clarendon's  diary  and  letters — of  Cooke's 
voyages— of  lord  Hardwicke's  miscellaneous 
papers,  Sec.  and  he  also  published  several  po- 
litical papers  in  the  public  advertiser  and  in 
other  periodical  publications.  He  was,  in 
1786,  elected  one  of  the  vice-presidents  of 
the  antiquarian  socfety,  and  was  also  one  of 
the  trustees  of  the  British  museum  ;  and  af- 
ter a  life  thus  actively  devoted  to  the  cause 
of  literature  and  religion,  retaining  his  fac- 
ulties to  the  last,  he  died  of  a  gradual  decay, 
without  a  struggle,  18th  May  1807,  aged  86, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  George's  chapel,  Wind- 
sor. He  was  twice  married ;  first  in  1752, 
when  he  became  a  widower  in  the  short  space 
of  three  months;  and  secondly  in  1765.  By 
his  last  wife,  daughter  of  Henry  Brudenell 
Hooke,  esq.  who  died  two  years  before  him, 
he  left  one  son  and  one  daughter. 

Do  usa,  James,  a  noble  Dutchman,  born 
at  Northwick  1545.  After  studying  with 
great  reputation  at  Paris,  he  returned  to 
Holland,  where  he  married  early,  and  ap- 
plied himself  to  political  affairs.  For  twenty 
years  he  was  curator  of  the  banks  and  dykes 
of  Holland,  and  distinguished  himself  so 
much  at  the  siege  of  Leyden  in  1574,  that  the 
prince  of  Orange  made  him  governor  of  the 
town,  and  curator  of  the  university  founded 
there.  He  was  most  eminent  as  a  scholar, 
and  his  genius  was  displayed  in  several  iKiet- 
ical  productions.  He  also  wrote  the  annals 
of  his  country,  besides  critical  notes  on  Ho- 
race, Sallust,  Plautus,  Catullus,  Tibullus,  he. 
He  was  in  his  private  character  as  amiable  as 
he  was  respected  in  hi ;  public  duties.  He 
died  1604,  and  his  memory  was  honored  by 
the  oration  of  Daniel  Heinsitis.  He  had  four 
sons,  .lames,  George,  Francis,  and  Theodo- 
rus.  James  was  a  very  extraordinary  gen- 
ius, who  attained   maturity  of    wisdom   and 


erudition  in  the  flower  of  youth.  Besides 
poems  of  great  merit,  he  wrote  at  the  age  of 
19,  his  book  de  rebus  ccelestibus — and  his 
panegyric  on  a  shadow — critical  notes  on 
several  Latin  authors — and  assisted  his  father 
in  his  annals.  He  was  made  preceptor  to 
the  prince  of  Orange,  and  librarian  to  the 
university  of  Leyden ;  but  he  unfortunately 
died  1597,  in  his  26th  year,  when  his  abilities 
promised  the  noblest  additions  to  the  great- 
ness and  learning  of  his  country.  George 
was  a  good  linguist,  and  published  an  account 
of  a  voyage  to  Constantinople.  Francis  pub- 
lished Scaliger's  epistles — annotations  on  the 
fragments  of  Lacilius,  &c.  Theodorus  pub- 
lished Logotheta's  chronicon,  with  notes. 
Sec. 

Douvre,  Thomas  de,  a  native  of  Bay- 
eux,  raised,  for  his  learning  and  virtues,  by 
William  the  conqueror,  to  the  see  of  York, 
where  he  rebuilt  his  cathedral.  He  com- 
posed some  books  on  music,  and  was  a  great 
patron  and  benefactor  to  his  clergy.  After 
being  archbishop  for  twenty-eight  years,  he 
died  1100. 

Douvre,  Thomas  de, nephew  to  the  fore- 
going, was  also  archbishop  of  York  in  1108. 
He  had  violent  quarrels  with  Anselm  of 
Canterbury  about  the  precedency  of  the  two 
sees.  He  died  1114,  greatly  respected  for 
his  constancy,  virtues,  and  faith. 

Douvre,  Isabella  de,  of  the  same  family 
as  the  preceding,  was  mistress  to  Robert  the 
bastard  of  Henry  I.  of  England,  by  whom  she 
had  Richard,  afterwards  bishop  of  Bayeux, 
1133.  She  retired  in  her  old  age  to  solitude 
and  penitence  at  Bayeux,  where  she  died 
1166. 

Dow,  Gerard,  pupil  of  Rembrandt,  was 
born  at  Leyden  1613.  His  pieces  which  are 
all  small,  and  to  be  viewed  to  advantage  on- 
ly by  the  help  of  a  magnifying-glass,  possess 
astonishing  expression,  and  are  extremely 
delicate.  He  was  patient  in  his  labors,  and 
was  not  less  than  three  days  in  representing 
a  broomstick,  and  five  in  painting  a  hand. 
He  died  in  a  good  old  age,  but  when  is  not 
ascertained. 

Dowal,  William  Mac,  a  learned  Scots- 
man, born  in  1590,  and  educated  for  seven 
years  by  Nisbet  at  Musselburgh,  and  after- 
wards at  St.  Andrew's.  In  1614  he  went  to 
Groningen,  where  he  studied  civil  law,  and 
took  his  doctor's  degree,  in  1625.  He  was 
made  advocate  to  the  army  of  count  Nassau, 
and  in  1629  and  1635  came  as  ambassador 
to  Charles  I.  to  support  the  freedom  of  the 
seas  about  the  herring-fisheries.  He  was 
made  by  Charles  one  of  the  council  of  state 
for  Scotland,  in  which  office  he  was  continu- 
ed by  Charles  II.  with  the  additional  title  of 
ambassador  to  the  United  States.  He  died 
in  Loudon,  but  when  not  known,  having  had 
two  wives,  both  Dutch  women,  the  last  of 
whom  he  buried  1652. 

Downham,  John,  was  born  at  Chester, 
son  of  the  bishop  of  that  see.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge,  and  is  author  of  that  pi- 
ous and  well  known  book,  "the  Christian 
warfare."     He  died  in  London  1644. 

Downing,  Calibut,   an  English  divine. 


DR 


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tiostQf  of  laws,  and  incumbent  of  Hackney, 
Middlesex,  and  Hickford,  Bucks.  He  was 
disappointed  in  liis  views  of  higher  prefer- 
ment, upon  which  he  embraced  the  republi- 
can party,  and  preached  some  violent  ser- 
mons, asserting  the  lawfulness  of  subjects  to 
take  up  arms  against  the  king,  lu  1643  he 
was  a  grand  covenanter,  but  died  the  next 
year.  Some  of  his  sermons  have  been  prin- 
ted. His  son,  sir  George,  was  secretary  to 
the  treasury,  and  commissioner  of  customs 
under  Charles  II. 

Drabicius,  Nicholas,  an  enthusiast, born 
158",  at  Stransnitz,  in  Moravia.  He  became 
a  minister  in  1616  at  Drakotutz ;  but  the 
persecutions  against  the  protestauts  obliged 
him  to  fly  to  Lcidnitz,  in  Hungary,  where  he 
turned  woollen  draper  for  his  sustenance. 
His  improper  conduct  and  frequent  ebriety 
exposed  him  to  the  censures  of  his  superi- 
ors ;  but  in  his  50th  year  he  determined  to 
distinguish  himself  as  a  prophet.  His  visions 
began  in  1638,  and  though  at  first  little  re- 
garded, yet  they  engaged  the  curiosity  and 
acquired  the  respect  of  the  vulgar,  and,  by 
tlenouncing  destruction  against  the  house  of 
Austria  and  the  papal  power,  he  inspired 
with  fear  even  the  bravest  of  generals.  He 
was  assisted  in  his  fanatical  reveries  by  Co- 
menius,  a  man  of  learning,  but  weak  princi- 
ples, with  whom  he  published  his  revelation 
called  "  lux  in  tenebris."  Drabicius  was  per- 
secuted by  the  house  of  Austria,  for  the  ruin 
which  he  falsely  prophesied  against  it,  and 
what  became  of  him  is  unknown.  Some 
suppose  that  he  was  burut  as  an  impostor  and 
false  prophet,  and  others  say  that  he  died  in 
Turkey,  where  he  had  taken  refuge.  Co- 
menius  published  an  abridgment  of  the  re- 
veries of  Drabicius,  Kotterus,  and  others,  at 
Amsterdam,  in  166(1,  and  reprinted  it  under 
the  title  of  lux  e  tenebris  novis  radiis  aucta, 
&c.  1666. 

Draco,  a  celebrated  Athenian,  B.  C.  643, 
whose  laws  were  so  severe  that  they  were 
said  to  be  written  in  blood. 

Dracomites,  John,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
born  atCarlstadt,  in  Franconia.  He  was  made 
a  bishop  in  Prussia,  and  was  the  learned  au- 
thor of  commentaries  on  the  pi-ophetsand  the 
gospels,  and  began  a  polyglott  bible,  but  di- 
ed before  its  completion,  1566. 

Dragut,  IIais,  i.e.  captain  Ragut,  the 
favorite  and  successor  of  Barbarossa,  was 
born  of  obscure  parents,  in  Natolia.  In  abil- 
ities no  ways  inferior  to  his  master,  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  courts  of  Naples  and 
Calabria ;  but  being  taken  by  Doria's  ne- 
phew, he  passed  seven  long  years  in  captivi- 
ty. In  1560  Doria  was  besieged  in  the  har- 
bor of  the  isle  of  Gerbes  ;  but  the  artful  pi- 
rate eluded  the  vigilance  of  his  enemies,  by 
conveying  his  gallies  across  the  land,  and 
took  the  capital  of  Sicily,  to  the  astonish- 
ment of  his  opponents.  In  1566  he  assisted 
Solyman  II.  against  Malta  with  fifteen  gal- 
lies and  while  reconnoitring,  a  piece  of 
stone  struck  by  a  cannon  ball  gave  him  so 
violent  a  blow  on  the  car  that  he  died  a  short 
time  after. 


VOL.    K 


57 


Drake,  sir  Francis,  an  illustrious  naviga- 
tor, son  of  a  sailor,  and  born  at.  Tavistock  in 
Devonshire  1545.  He  was  brought  up  by 
his  kinsman  sir  John  Hawkins,  and  at  the  age 
of  18  was  purser  to  a  Biscayan  trader,  and. 
at  20  went  to  Guinea,  and  at  22  obtained  the 
command  of  the  Judith.  He  distinguished 
himself  greatly  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  under 
sir  John  Hawkins,  and  projected  expeditions 
against  the  Spaniards  in  America,  which  he 
executed  with  great  firmness  and  success,  in 
1570,  and  1572.  He  afterwards  served  in 
Ireland  under  Walter  earl  of  Essex,  and  at 
his  death  he  was  recommended  by  sir  Chris- 
topher Hatton  to  queen  Elizabeth,  who  en- 
tered into  ail  his  views  of  attack  and  discov- 
er}'. On  the  13th  of  Dec.  1577,  he  set  out  on 
his  celebrated  voyage,  with  five  small  ships, 
and  only  164  able  men.  Of  these  ships  two 
were  destroyed  on  the  coast  of  Brasil  as  unfit, 
and  one  returned  home,  so  thaUonly  with  hi* 
own  vessel  he  entered  the  straits  of  Ma- 
gellan, and  coasting  along  Chili  and  Peru, 
he  enriched  his  companions  by  the  plunder 
of  the  unsuspecting  Spaniards.  He  sailed  as 
high  as  the  48  degree  north  latitude  with 
hope  of  finding  a  passage  to  the  European 
seas,  and  gave  the  name  of  New  Albion  to 
the  country.  From  thence  he  set  sail  the 
29th  Sept.  1579  for  the  Moluccas,  and  after 
visiting  some  savage  islands,  and  enduring 
many  hardships,  he  doubled  the  cape  of 
Good  Hope  on  the  15th  of  March  1580,  ha- 
ving then  only  57  men  and  three  casks  of  wa- 
ter. He  continued  his  voyage,  and  after  wa- 
tering in  Guinea,he  reached  Plymouth  on  the 
third  of  Nov.  after  an  absence  of  two  years 
and  ten  months.  The  glory  of  sailing  round 
the  world,  and  the  vast  plunder  obtained 
from  the  Spaniards,  were  however  viewed 
with  indignation  by  some  who  regarded 
Drake  as  a  common  pirate  ;  but  the  queen 
approved  the  bold  expedition  of  her  naval 
hero,  and  on  the  4th  of  April  1581,  she  went 
on  board  his  ship  atDcptford  and  dined  with 
him,  and  conferred  on  him  the  honor  of 
knighthood.  This  ship  also  was  preserved  to 
commemorate.the  glory  of  the  enterpriser,till 
decaying  by  time  it  was  broken  up  and  a 
chair  made  of  the  timber  presented  to  the 
university  of  Oxford.  In  1585  Drake  took 
St.  Jago,St.  Domingo.Carthagena,  &c.  in  the 
West  Indies,  and  in  1587,  he  attacked  Cadiz, 
and  burned  more  than  10,000  tens  of  ship- 
ping, which  he  merrily  called  burning  the 
Spanish  king's  beard.  When  the  invincible 
armada  approached  England,  Drake  was 
made  vice  admiral  under  lord  Howard,  and 
in  the  encounter  he  behaved  with  great  cour- 
age, though  his  eagerness  to  pursue  the  plun- 
der proved  nearly  fatal,  by  his  suffering  his 
admiral  to  be  exposed  in  the  midst  of  the 
hostile  fleet.  Fortune  however  favored  the 
English,  and  Drake  enriched  himself  and  his 
crew  by  the  seizure  of  Pedro's  galleon,  which 
produced  55,000ducatsofgold.  Inl589Drakc 
was  sent  to  restore  Antonio  to  the  kingdom 
of  Portugal,  but  without  success  ;  and  he  af- 
terwards went  to  the  West  Indies  where  his 
quarrel  with  sir  John  Hawkins  disconeerto) 


DR 


DR 


the  plans  of  the  expedition  which  ended  un- 
successfully. These  unfortunate  events  prey- 
ed much  upon  the  mind  of  Drake,  he  fell  in- 
to a  melancholy,  and  was  carried  off  by  a 
bloody  flux  on  board  his  ship  near  the  town 
<tf  Nombre  de  Dios  '28th  January  1596.  His 
death  was  universally  lamented,  for  he  was 
respected  not  only  as  a  naval  hero,  but  as  a 
worthy  private  character.  He  was  twice 
member  of  parliament  for  Bossiney  and  af- 
terwards for  Plymouth,  a  town  where  his 
name  is  still  revered  for  the  water  which  he 
conveyed  there  in  158"  by  a  circuitous  canal 
of 'JO  miles  from  springs  at  the  distance  of 
eight  miles.  His  widow,  daughter'  of  sir 
George  Sydenham,  by  whom  heiiad  no  issue, 
married  after  his  death  William  Courtenay, 
esq.  of  Powdcrham  castle. 

Drake,  James,  a  physician  and  political 
writer,  born  at  Cambridge  1667,  and  educa- 
ted there.  In  1696  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.IV  and  became  soon  after  fellow  of  the 
royal  society-  and  of  the  college  of  physi- 
cians, but  he  prefered  writing  for  the  book- 
sellers to  professional  engagement.  His 
"History  of  the  last  parliament  of  king 
William,"  1702,  was  considered  as  so  severe 
in  his  reflections  on  that  monarch,  that  he 
was  prosecuted  by  the  attorney-general,  but 
acquitted.  In  1704,  upon  the  rejection  of  the 
bill  to  prevent  occasional  conformity,  he 
ventured,  with  Poley,  member  for  Ips- 
wich, to  publish  the  memorial  of  the  church 
of  England,  &c.  which  highly  offended  Co- 
dolphin,  and  roused  the  vengeance  of  the 
house  of  commons,  who  offered  a  reward  for 
the  discovery  of  the  author,  who,  however, 
though  suspected,  remained  unattacked.  In 
1706  he  was  prosecuted  for  the  publication 
of  Mercurius  Politicus,  a  newspaper  which 
severely  reflected  upon  the  conduct  of  gov- 
ernment, and  though  acquitted  through  a 
flaw  in  the  information,  he  took  to  heart  the 
asperity  of  his  persecutors,  and  falling  into 
a  fever  he  died  at  Westminster  the  second  of 
March  1707.  He  wrote,  besides  the  "Sham 
lawyer,"  a  comedy, — an  English  translation 
of  Herodotus,  neTer  published, — a  "  new 
system  of  anatomy,"  a  work  of  great  merit, 
published  by  Dr.  Wagstaffe,  and  again  in 
1717,  in  two  vols.  8vo.  with  an  appendix, 
1728, — and  notes  to  le  Clere's  history  of 
physic. 

Drake,  Samuel,  fellow  of  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  published  in  1729,  folio,  a 
splendid  edition  of  archbishop  Parker's  "de 
antiquitate  Britannicw  ecclesite,  &c." 

Drake,  William,  a  physician,  born  1687, 
at  York,  where  he  settled,  after  taking  his 
degrees  at  Christ-church,  Oxford.  In  his 
oh!  age  he  collected  various  records,  and 
published  a  valuable  history  of  York,  with 
copper-plates,  Sec.  folio.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Mead,  Fawkes,  &c.  and  died  greatly  re- 
spected 1760,  aged  73. 

Drake,  Roger,  D.D.  a  physician,  who 
afterwards  became  a  popular  preacher  in 
London,  and  was  one  of  the  Savoy  commis- 
sioners. He  died  after  the  restoration.  He 
*  as  learned,  pious,  and  charitable,  and  wrote 


some  sermons,  besides  a  sacred  chronology 

Drakenberg,  Christian  Jacob,  the  well 
known  centenary  of  the  north,  was  born  at 
Stravenger,  Norway,  1624,  and  died  at  Aar- 
rhuys  in  1770,  aged  146.  After  living  in  ce- 
libacy till  his  113th  year,  he  married  a  wi- 
dow aged  60.  His  great  old  age  brought 
about  him  many  respectable  visitors,  who 
were  pleased  with  his  good  sense,  his  humi- 
lity, and  the  sound  state  of  his  faculties. 

Drakenborch,  Arnoldus,  professor  of 
history  and  eloquence  at  Utrecht,  died  1748, 
aged  64.  He  is  well  known  as  the  editor  of 
Livy,  7  vols.  4to.  and  Silius  Italious  with  very1 
learned  notes. 

Dran,  Henry  Francis  le,  a  famous  sur- 
geon and  lithotomist,  who  died  at  Paris  1770s 
aged  85.  He  was  author  of  observations  on 
surgery  2  vols.  12mo. — on  gunshot  wounds, 
— on  the  various  modes  of  lithotomy, — on 
the  opei-ations  of  surgery,  translated  into 
English  by  Gataker,  &c. 

Drater,  sir  William,  an  English  gene- 
ral, son  of  a  collector  of  the  customs  at  Bris- 
tol, educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  college, 
Cambridge.  He  embraced  the  military  pro- 
fession, and  in  the  East-Indies  acquired  the 
rank  of  colonel.  In  1761  he  was  made  bri- 
gadier in  the  expedition  against  Belleisle, 
and  in  1763  he  went  with  admiral  Cornish 
against  Manilla.  The  place  was  taken,  but 
the  ransom  of  four  millions  of  dollars,  which 
the  governor  pledged  himself  to  pay,  was 
resisted  by  the  Spanish  government,  and 
the  conquerers  were  thus  robbed  of  -their 
expected  reward.  Draper,  however,  was 
made  in  consequence  of  his  services,  knight 
of  the  bath,  and  on  the  reduction  of  his  re- 
giment, colonel  of  the  16th.  In  gratitude 
for  his  education  he  presented  the  colors  ot 
the  conquered  fort  to  King's  college.  In 
1769  he  engaged  in  the  controversy  with  the 
celebrated  Junius,  in  defence  of  the  marquis 
of  Granby,  and  his  two  letters  were  answer- 
ed with  great  spirit  and  severity  by  his  un- 
known antagonist,  whom,  however,  he  again 
attacked  under  the  signature  of  Modestus. 
In  October  1769,  he  went  to  America  for 
his  health,  where  he  married  miss  de  Lan- 
cey,  daughter  of  the  chief  justice  of  New- 
York.  In  1779,  he  was  tasAe  lieutenant  go- 
vernor of  Minorca,  and  on  the  surrender  ot 
the  place  he  exhibited  twenty-nine  charges 
against  the  governor,  Murray,  twenty-seven 
of  which  were  deemed  frivolous,  and  for  the 
other  two,  the  governor  was  reprimanded  j 
after  which  the  accuser  was  directed  by  the 
court  to  make  an  apology  to  his  general,  to 
which  he  acquiesced.  He  lived  afterwards 
in  retirement,  and  died  at  Bath  Sth  January 
1787. 

Drayton,  Michael,  an  English  poet, 
born  at  Harshull,  in  Warwickshire,  1563 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  where,  how- 
ever, he  took  no  degree,  and  devoted  him- 
self early  to  the  cultivation  of  the  muses. 
In  1593  he  published  the  shepherd's  garland, 
afterwards  re-printed  under  the  name  of 
pastorals,  and  before  159S  he  presenicd  be- 
fore the  public  his  Barons9  wars,  England's 


L>R 


DR 


heroical    epistles,  ilownfals  of  Robert  duke 
of  Normandy,  Matilda,  and  Gaveston.  Thus 
distinguished  as  a  favorite  of  the  muses,  lie 
welcomed  the  arrival  of  James  I.  in  a  con- 
gratulatory poem,  but  he  met  with  marked 
•neglect  instead  of  remuneration  from    the 
court.    In  1613  he  published  the  first  part 
of   his   Poly-Olbion,    a    descriptive    poem, 
which   in  its  account  of  the   rivers,  moun- 
tains, productions,  antiquities,  and  remark- 
able historical  features,  contains  more  cor- 
rectness and  truth  of  delineation  than  real 
and  sublime  poetry.    The  metre  of  twelve 
syllables  is  particularly   offensive,   and  the 
poem  is  now  regarded  only  for  the  accuracy 
of  its   narrative  and  of  its   description.    In 
1627  Drayton  published  a  second  volume  of 
his  poems,   containing  the  battle  of  Agin- 
court,  miseries  of  queen  Margaret,  court  of 
fairies,  quest  of  Cynthia,  shepherds'  syrena, 
elegies,  and  a  spirited  satire  against  female 
affectation  called  mooncalf.    In  1630  another 
volume  appeared  called  the  muses'  elysium, 
etc.    Drayton  died    1631,   and    was   buried 
among   the    poets    in    Westminster-abbey. 
Though  called  poet  laureat,  it  is  a  compli- 
mentary appellation,  as  Ben  Jonson  was  the  !  learned  and  laborious,  and  by  his  influence 


was  born  1633  at  Paris,  and  became  M.D.  at 
Montpellier,  and  was  appointed  physician  to 
the  king's  forces  in  Flanders  under  Turen- 
nc.  He  was  afterwards  physician  to  William 
and  Mary,  of  England,  and  died  at  Ley  den 
May  1697,  leaving  a  son  of  his  own  name. 
He  was  not  less  esteemed  as  a  private  cha- 
racter than  as  a  medical  man,  as  he  was  hu- 
mane, pious,  benevolent,  and  learned.  His 
treatises  on  his  profession  are  highly  esteem- 
ed. The  fourth  son  of  Dreiincourt,  Antho- 
ny, was  a  physician  at  Orbes  in  Switzer- 
land; the  fifth  died  at  Geneva,  studying  divi- 
nity; the  sixth,  Peter,  died  dean  of  Ar- 
magh; the  other  children  died  young,  ex- 
cept a  daughter,  who  married  Malnoc,  ad- 
vocate of  the  parliament  of  Paris. 

Dresserus,  Matthew,  a  German,  born 
at  Erfurt  in  Thuringia,  1536.  He  became 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  history  at  Erfurt, 
and  afterwards  at  Jena,  and  in  1581  accept- 
ed the  chair  of  polite  learning  at  Leipsic. 
He  engaged,  though  unwillingly,  in  the  pue- 
rile disputes  which  in  those  days  divided  the 
attention  of  the  learned  between  the  dis- 
ciples of  Aristotle  and  of  liamus.    He  was 


laureat  of  this  time.  Drayton's  works  were 
published  in  1748,  in  1  vol.  fol.  and  hi  1753  in 
10  vols.  8vo. 

Drebel,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  philosopher, 
born  at  Alcmaer  1572,  died  in  London  1634. 
As  he  pretended  to  be  an  alchymist  some 
curious  particulars  are  related  with  respect 
to  his  power  to  cause  rain,  cold,  &c.  by  the 
operation  of  his  machines.  To  his  ingenuity 
some  attribute  the  invention  of  the  micros- 
cope and  the  thermometer,  to  which  some 
add  the  telescope.  Among  other  things  he 
wrote  de  natura  elementorum,  8vo.  &c. 

Drelincourt,  Charles,  a  calvanist  mi- 
nister, born  at  Sedan,  July  1595,  and  educa- 
ted there  and  at  Saumur.    Though  a  pro- 
testant  and  a  powerful  enemy  against  the  pa- 
pists, yet  he  was  universally  esteemed  and 
beloved  by  them  there  and  at  Saumur.    His 
discourses  as  a  preacher  were  very  edifying, 
and  his  writings  particularly  consolatory,  as 
interesting  the  soul  in  that  inward  devotion 
and   sincerity   of  prayer    which   alone  can 
prove   acceptable    to    the   God   of  purity. 
Many  of  his  writings,  thirteen  in  number, 
were  controversial.    Besides  these  he  pub- 
lished consolations  against  the  fear  of  death, 
which  have  passed  through  more  than  forty 
editions,  and  have  been  translated  into  va- 
rious languages, — his  charitable  visits,  in  5 
vols,  and  3  vols,  of  sermons,  &c.  all  equally 
remarkable  for  the  piety,  devotion,  and  re- 
ligious  assertions  with  which  they  inspire 
the  attentive  reader.     He  died  the  third  of 
November  1669.     He  married  in  1625,  and 
by  his  wife  liad  sixteen  children,  the  first 
seven  of  whom  were  sons,  and  the  rest  six 
sons  and  three  daughters  intermixed.    The 
eldest  son   Lawrence  was  an  able  preacher, 
and  his  sermons  and  sonnets  were  greatly 
esteemed.    He  died  1681,  aged  50.    Henry 
the  second  son  was  minister,  and  published 
also  some  sermons.    The  third  son,  Charles, 


the  confession  of  Augsburgh,  was  received 
in  the  university  of  Leipsic.  He  died  1607. 
He  had  been  twice  married.  His  writings 
were  chiefly  on  controversial  subjects,  and 
are  no  longer  remembered. 

Drevet,  Peter,  two  famous  engravers 
at  Paris,  who  both  died  there  1739,  the  fa- 
ther, aged  75,  aud  the  son  42.  Thetr  works 
are  highly  esteemed.  Claude,  their  relation 
possessed  also  merit  in  the  same  line. 

Dreux  du  Kadier,  John  Francis,  an 
advocate,  born  at  Chateauneuf  Thimerais 
10th  of  May  1714.  He  abandoned  the  bar  for 
the  pursuits  of  literature,  but  he  did  not  gain 
much  reputation  as  a  poet,  as  his  verses 
were  dull,  incorrect,  and  prosaic.  His  prose 
writings  are  bibliotheque  historique  politique 
du  Poitou,  5  vols.  12mo. — l'Europe  illustree, 
— tablettes,  anecdotes  des  rois  de  France,  3 
vols.  12mo. — histoires  auecdrtes  des  reines, 

&c.  six  vols.  12mo. He  died  the  first  of 

March,  1780.  Though  sarcastic  in  his  writ- 
ings he  was  a  benevolent  man  in  his  character. 
Drexe  li  us,  Jeremiah,  a  Jesuit  of  Augs- 
burgh, who  died  at  Munich  1638,  aged  57. 
His  works  were  published  at  Antwerp  two 
vols,  folio.  He  has  a  curious  poem  on  hell 
torments,  in  which  he  calculates  how  many 
souls  can  be  contained  in  a  narrow  space  in 
those  dreadful  regions. 

Driedo,  John,  a  learned  divinity  profes- 
sor of  Louvain,  who  died  there  1535.  His 
abilities  were  engaged  in  the  opposition  of 
the  Lutheran  Calvanists,  and  he  published  4 
vols.  fol.  on  theological  subjects. 

Drinker,  Edward,  an  American  cente- 
nary, born  Dec.  24th  1680  in  a  sm«ll  cabin 
where  the  corner  of  Walnut  and  Second- 
streets,  Philadelphia,  now  stand.  .  At  the 
age  of  twelve  he  went  to  Boston  as  appren- 
tice to  a  cabinet-maker,  and  in  1745  return- 
ed to  Philadelphia,  with  his  family,  where 
he  lived  the  rest  of  bis  life.    He  was  four 


DR 


DR 


limes  married,  and  had  18  children,  all  by 
iiis  first  wile,  and  before  his  death  he  had 
a  grandchild  born  to  one  of  his  grandchil- 
dren, being  the  fifth  in  succession  from  him- 
self. He  retained  all  his  faculties  to  the  last, 
though  his  eyesight  failed  him  some  time 
before  his  death.  lie  lost  all  his  teeth  about 
thirty  years  before  he  died.  In  his  meals  he 
was  moderate,  but  he  eat  often  and  never 
took  any  supper,  and  he  was  never  seen  in  a 
state  of  intoxication.  His  memory  contin- 
ued so  perfect  that  he  could  relate  the  min- 
utest events  in  his  youth,  and  never  repeated 
them  twice  to  the  same  company.  He  had 
the  unusual  happiness  of  seeing  a  place  of 
desolation,  the  lurking  spat  of  wild  beasts 
and  birds  of  prey,  converted  to  a  handsome, 
populous,  and  florishing  city,  and  after  living 
under  seven  sovereigns,  and  beholding  the 
great  Penn  establish  his  treaty  with  the  In- 
dians, and  the  congress  sign  their  alliance 
with  France,  he  hailed  the  day  which  made 
America  a  free  independent  republic.  This 
venerable  man,  deservedly  respected  for  his 
virtues  in  private  life,  died  Nov.  17th  1782, 
aged  103. 

Drolinger,  Charles  Frederick,  privy 
Counsellor  and  librarian  to  the  margrave  of 
Baden  Durlach,  was  admired  as  a  poet  and 
scholar.  He  died  1742,  and  his  poetical 
woi'ks  appeared  the  next  year  at  Basil  in  8vo. 
full  of  energy,  elegance,  and  correctness. 

Drou,  N.  a  French  advocate,  distinguish- 
ed for  his  eloquence  as  well  as  humanity. 
"He  defended  with  zeal  and  ability  the  cause 
of  the  poor  as  well  as  of  the  rich.  He  died 
June  1783  much  respected. 

Drou.ais,  Hubert,  a  painter,  born  at  la 
Rouge,  Normandy,  died  at  Paris  Feb.  9th 
1767,   aged  C8.      He  was  the  pupil   of  his 


his  retirement  he  wrote  the  history  of  the 
live  Jameses,  which  was  published  after  his 
death.  He  also  wrote  other  pieces  which 
tended  to  pacify  his  countrymen,  and  rouse  a 
spirit  of  loyalty  through  the  nation.  He  was 
intimate  with  the  learned  men  of  the  times, 
with  Drayton,  Jonson,  the  marquis  of  Mon- 
trose, Sec  He  married  in  1644,  and  had 
three  children,  and  died  1649.  His  works, 
consisting  of  poetry  and  prose,  with  his  life 
prefixed,  were  printed  in  folio,  Edinburgh 
1711.  His  son  William  was  knighted  by 
Charles  II. 

Drummond,  Robert  Hay,  second  son  of 
the  seventh  earl  of  Kinnoul,  by  a  daughter  of 
Robert  Harley  lord  Oxford,  was  born  10th 
Nov.  1711,  at  London,  and  educated  at  West- 
minster-school and  Chri«t-church,  where  he 
was  student.  In  1736  he  took  orders,  and 
the  next  year  was  made  king's  chaplain,  and 
in  1743  was  abroad  with  the  king,  before 
whom  he  preached  after  the  battle  of  Det- 
tingen.  His  abilities,  and  particularly7  the 
influence  of  his  relations,  insured  his  promo- 
tion in  the  church,  he  became  prebendary  of 
Westminster,  in  1748  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  in 
1761  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  soon  after  was 
translated  to  York.  He  published  six  occa- 
sional sermons,  besides  a  sensible  letter  on 
theological  study,  which  was  edited  in  one 
vol.  8vo,  1803,  with  his  life.  He  died  in  1773 
leaving  only  three  of  several  children  by  his 
wife,  daughter  of  Peter  Auriol,  a  London 
merchant. 

Drury,  Robert,  was  shipwrecked  1762,  in 
the  Degrave  East  Indiaman,  on  the  south 
side  of  Madagascar,  where  he  remained  in 
slavery  1 5  years.  On  his  return  he  publish- 
ed, 1729,  a  very  interesting  account  of  that 
uncivilized  country,  which,  though  extraor- 


father,  who  was  likewise  a  painter,  and   he  I  dinary,  is  considered  as  accurate,  as  it  cor 


enjoyed  the  sublimest  of  satisfactions  of  sha 
ring  with  his  parents  and  in  the  bosom  of  his 
family  the  applauses  which  were  liberally  be- 
stowed on  the  exertions  of  his  pencil.  By  his 
genius  and  industry  he  raised  himself  from 
an  humble  situation  to  fame  and  opulence. 
His  son  Germain  John  was  a  painter  of  pro- 
mising abilities,  and  died  at  Rome  1790  aged 
27. 

Drouet,  Stephen  Francis,  a  laborious 
French  writer,  who  edited  Moreri  and  also 
Lenglet's  Methode,  &c.  He  died  1779,  aged 
54. 

Drummond,  William,  a  Scotchman,  son 
of  sir  John  Drummond  of  Hawthornden, 
where  he  was  born  1585.  He  was  educated 
at  Edinburgh,  and  in  1606  he  passed  over  to 
France  and  studied  civil  law  at  Bourges.  He 
however  abandoned  the  pofession  of  the  law 
for  the  muses,  and  for  the  peaceful  retire- 
ment of  Hawthornden,  which  soon  became 
disagreeable  to  him  on  the  sudden  death  of  a 
young  lady  to  whom  he  was  betrothed.  In 
consequence  of  this  he  went  to  settle  on  the 
continent,  and  resided  for  eight  years  be- 
tween Rome  and  Paris,  and  travelled  over 
Germany,  Italy,  and  France.  He  visited  his 
country  afterwards,  but  soon  left  it  on  ac- 
count of  the  civil  broils  of  the  time.    During 


responded  with  the  papers  of  Mr.  Benbow 
who  shared  the  calamity.  Three  only  with 
Drury  escaped  the  ferocity  of  tht  natives. 

Drury,  Dru,  a  jeweller  in  the  Strand, 
London,  better  known  as  fellow  of  the  Lin- 
nsean  society,  and  as  a  naturalist,  and  an  in- 
defatigable collector  of  curiosities.  He  died 
Jan.  1804,  and  after  his  death  there  were 
found  in  the  neck  of  his  bladder  three  large 
oval  stones,  more  than  two  inches  long,  and 
one  deep,  nearly  two  ounces  in  weight.  He 
wrote  three  volumes  on  insects.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  he  was  descended  from  Dru  Dru- 
ry a  well  known  character  in  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth. 

Drusili.a,  Livia,  daughter  of  Gcrmani- 
cus,  disgraced  herself  by  her  incestuous  com- 
merce with  her  brother  Caligula.  She  died 
38  A.  D.  aged  29. 

Drusius,  John,  a  learned  protestant, 
born  at  Oudenard  1555.  He  was  educated  at 
Ghent  and  Louvain,  and  upon  his  father's 
settlement  in  England  came  to  Cambridge, 
where  he  learned  Hebrew.  His  return  to 
France  was  prevented  by  the  Bartholomew 
massacre,  and  he  went  by  invitation  to  Ox- 
ford, where  he  became  professor  of  the  ori- 
ental languages  for  four  years,  though  only 
22.     lie  afterwards  studied  law  at  Louvain, 


DR 


DR 


and  settled  at  Ley  den  as  professor  of  oriental 
languages,  where  he  married,  and  then  re- 
moved in  1585,  in  consequence  of  the  scanti- 
ness of  his  salary,  to  Franekcr,  where  he  fil- 
led the  professor's  chair  with  great  credittill 
his  death  in  1610.  He  wasvery  learned  inHe- 
hrew,  and  in  the  Jewish  antiquities,  and  the 
text  of  the  old  testament,  as  his  works  fully 
evince.  He  had  two  daughters  and  one  son. 
One  of  the  daughters  married  Coriander  who 
wrote  the  life  of  his  father-in-law.  His  son 
was  so  well  skilled  in  the  learned  languages, 
that  he  could  write  at  12  extempore  in  verse 
and  prose,  and  at  17  he  made  a  Latin  speech 
to  James  I.  which  was  much  applauded.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  21,  of  the  stone.  He  left 
some  learned  works,  so  excellent  that  Sca- 
liger  declared  that  Drusiusthe  son  knew  He- 
lirew  better  than  his  father. 

Drusus,  son  of  Germanicns,  was  put  to 
death  by  Tiberius  through  the  intrigues  of 
Sejanus,  A.  U.  93. 

Drusus,  M.  Livius,  an  ambitious  Roman, 
murdered  for  his  attempts  to  recommend 
and  enforce  the  agrarian  law,  B.  C.  190. 

Drusus,  Nero  Claudius,  brother  of  the 
emperor  Tiberius,  was  honored  with  a  tri- 
umph for  his  victories  in  Germany,  and  died 
B.  (J.  91,  aged  30. 

Drusus,  son  of  Tiberius  and  Vipsania, 
was  banished  by  the  intrigues  of  Sejanus, 
whom  in  a  fit  of  resentment  he  had  si  ruck, 
AD.  23. 

Dryander,  John,  aphysician  and  mathe- 
matician of  Wetteren  in  Hesse,  lecturer  at 
Marpurg,  where  he  died  20th  Dec.  1560. 
His  works  are  valuable  on  medicine  and 
mathematics,  and  his  discoveries  in  astrono- 
my and  his  invention  of  mathematical  instru- 
ments are  important. 

Dryden,  John,  an  illustrious  English  po- 
et, was  born  of  a  very  respectable  family  at 
Aldwincle  near  Oundle,  Northamptonshire, 
the  9th  of  Aug.  1631.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  under  Busby,  and  at  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge.  He  early  gave  proof  of 
superior  poetical  abilities,  and  even  while  at 
school  translated  the  third  satire  of  Persius, 
and  wrote  a  poem  on  the  death  of  lord  Hast- 
ings. In  1658  he  published  heroic  stanzas  on 
Cromwell,  and  in  1660,  Astrea  redox,  on  the 
restoration  of  Charles  H.  In  1662  he  ad- 
dressed a  poem  to  chancellor  Hyde,  and 
published  his  satire  on  the  Dutch.  In  1666 
appeared  his  Annus-mirablis,  and  in  166S,  he 
was,  on  the  death  of  Davenant,  appointed 
poet  laureat  and  historiographer  to  the  king. 
He  next  wrote  his  essay  on  dramatic  poetry, 
inscribed  to  the  earl  of  Dorset,  and  in  1669, 
appeared  his  first  play  "  The  wild  gallant," 
which  was  not  well  received,  but  ill  success 
did  not  however  discourage  him,  as  in  the 
space  of  25  years  he  produced  27  plays.  He 
was  satirized  and  ridiculed,  in  1671,  under  the 
oharacter  of  13ays  in  the  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham's comedy  of  the  Rehearsal,  an  attack 
which  he  affected  to  despise,  but  which  he 
fully  resented  by  representing  the  duke  as 
'/imri  in  his  Absalom  and  Achitophel.  In 
1679  he  published  with  lord  Molgrave  his  es- 


say on  satire,  but  as  it  reflected  on  the  cha- 
racter of  the  duchess  of  Portsmouth  and  lord 
Rochester,  three  men  were  hired  soundly  to 
cudgel  him  for  his  insolence,  in  Wills'  coffee- 
house Covent  garden.      In  lOSOhewas  con- 
cerned in  the  translation  of  some  of  Ovid's 
epistles,  and  the  next  year  he  published  his 
celebrated  poem  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  in 
which  he  satirized  severely  the  rebels  who 
espoused  the  cause  of  Monmouth  against  the 
king.     The  king  appeared  under  the  name  of 
David,  Monmouth  of  Absalom,  Shaftesbury 
of  Achitophel,  and  Buckingham    of  Zimri. 
This  poem  was  deservedly  popular,  and  was 
translated  into  Latin  verse  by  both  Dr.  Cow- 
ard and  the  famous  Atterbury,   but  the  au- 
thor never  could  be  persuaded  to  finish  the 
story,  as  he  was  unwilling  to  shew  Absalom 
unfortunate.       A   second  part  indeed    was 
written  by  Tate  to  which  Dryden  contributed 
about  200  lines,  but  far  inferior  to  the  first. 
In  1681  appeared  the  Medal,  a  satire  against 
sedition,  in  consequence  of  Shaftesbury's  ac- 
quittal, and  the  next  year  Religio  laid  was 
published,  and  in   16S3  the  tragedy  of  the 
duke  of  Guise,  which  proved  so  offensive  to 
the  whigs.    The  translation  of  Maimbourg's 
history  of  the  league  was  published  in  1684, 
and  the  next  year  Dryden  changed  his  reli- 
gion to  please  his  patron  James  II.     His  con- 
duct deservedly  exposed  him  to  the  ridicule 
and  satire  of  the  wits  of  the  times,  and  par- 
ticularly T.  Browne,  Burnet  and  Stillingfieet, 
whose  attacks  he  wished  to  repel  by  defend- 
ing the  Romish  faith.     His  Hind  and  Panther 
was  published  in  1687,  but  while  he  repre- 
sents the  church  of  Rome  under  the  former 
beast,  and    under  the  latter  the  church  of 
England,  he  betrays  weakness  of  argument, 
and  a  gross  abuse  of  poetical  talents,  and  his 
ridiculous    allusions    are    well    and  humor- 
ously  exposed   in    "  the    hind  and  panther 
transversed  to  the  story  of  the  country  mouse 
and  city   mouse,"  by  the  united   labors  of 
Montague  lord  Halifax,  and  of  Prior.      The 
Britannia  rcdiviva  appeared  in  16S8,   and  on 
that  year  the  poet,  in  consequence  of  his  re- 
ligion, was  removed  from  the  appointment  of 
laureat,   which  was  bestowed  on  Shadwell. 
Lord  Dorset  however  behaved   with  great, 
liherality,  and  while  as  chamberlain   he  dis- 
missed the  catholic  poet,  he  allowed  a  pen- 
sion out  of  his  own  pocket  equivalent  to  the 
royal  salary.      The  spleen  of  Dryden  on  this 
occasion  was  discharged  with  astonishing  ef- 
ficacy on  his  successor  in  the  Mac  Flecknoe, 
a  satire,  the  severest  that  has  appeared  in 
any   country   or  language.     About  this  time 
he  translated  father  Bouhour's  life  of  Xavier, 
and  in  1693,  he  published  the  Juvenal  of  Per- 
sius, assisted  by  some  of  his  friends.     In  1695 
he  translated  in  prose  du   Fresnoy's  art  of 
painting,  and  two  years  after  his  Virgil  ap- 
peared, a  work  which  has  in  various  editions 
continued  to  command  the  public  admiration, 
and  which,  as  Pope  observes,  id  notwithstand- 
ing some  human  errors  the  most  noble  and 
spirited  translation  in  any  language.    In  1698 
he   published  his  fables  ancient  and  modern 
from  Ho.mcr,  Ovid,  Boccace,  and  Chaucer. 


DU 


DU 


Besides  these  numerous  works  he  was  enga- 
ged in  the  translation  of  some  of  Plutarch's 
lives  and   various  other  miscellanies.     This 
great  man  died  in  consequence  of  the  inflam- 
mation in  his  foot  caused  by  the  growing  of 
his  nail  under  the  flesh,  May  the  1st,  1701, 
ami  he  was  interred  in  Westminster  abbey, 
whe'rd  a  monument  was  erected  over  his  re- 
mains by  John   Sheffield  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham.    He  had  married  lady  Elizabeth  How- 
ard daughter  of  the  ear!  of  Berkshire,  who 
survived  him  eight  years,  by  whom  he  had 
three  sons,  Charles,  John,  and  Henry.     The 
eldest  was  usher  of  the  palace  to  pope  Cle- 
ment II.  and  soon  after  his  return  to  England 
was  drowned  in  the  Thames  near  Windsor 
1701.    He   had  written  some  pieces.    Johu 
was  the  author  of  "  the  husband  his   own 
cuckold,"  a  comedy   printed   164(6.     Henry 
entered  into  a  religious  order.     It  is  said  in 
Wilson's  memoirs  of  Congrcve,  that  Dryden's 
remains  were  indecently  insulted  by  Jefferies 
the  dissipated   son  of  the  chancellor,   who 
upon  the  pretence  of  paying  greater  honor 
to  the  deceased  poet,  stopped  the  funeral  in 
the  midst  of  the  procession,  and  afterwards 
disdainfully  left  it  to  the  care  of  an  underta- 
ker.    Dry  den's   character  as  a  prose   writer 
is  as  well  established  as  that  of  a  poet.      His 
dedications,  essays,  prefaces,  &c.  are  very 
elegant  and  masterly  productions,  and  display 
great   powers   of  judgment,    criticism,    and 
erudition.     His  poems  prove  him  one  of  the 
greatest  poets  of  his  country,  and  as  Congreve 
says,  no  man  has  written  in  any  language,  so 
much  and  so  various  matter,  and  in  so  vari- 
ous manners,  so  well.       His  ode  on  St.  Ceci- 
lia's day,  and  his  fables,  though  composed  in 
the   latter  part  of  life,  show  him    in  ima- 
gination and  fire  even  greater  than  himself. 
For  the  correctness  of  his  prose  he  owned 


lady,  born  at  Rouen  1710.  She  early  dis- 
played her  poetical  powers  by  a  spirited 
translation  into  French  of  Pope's  temple  of 
fame,  and  afterwards  of  Milton's  paradise 
lost,  and  of  the  death  of  Abel.  Her  Ama- 
zons, a  tragedy,  was  received  with  flattering 
applause  in  1749,  and  soon  after  her  Colum- 
biad,  an  epic  poem  in  10  cantos  on  the  dis- 
covery of  America,  proved  her  to  be  ani- 
mated by  the  strongest  fire  of  the  muses. 
She  published  besides,  her  travels  through 
England,  Holland,  and  Italy,  in  the  form  of 
letters,  and  also  the  composition  which  ob- 
tained the  first  prize  granted  by  the  Rouen 
academy  in  1746.  She  was  member  of  the 
learned  academies  of  Rome,  Bologna,  Pa- 
dua, Lyons,  Rouen,  &c.  and  died  August 
1802.  Her  works  were  collected  in  three 
vols.  Lyons. 

Dubois,  William  du,  a  French  prelate, 
son  of  an  apothecary  at  Limosin.  Though 
originally  but  a  valet  in  St.  Michael's  college, 
Paris,  he  rose  to  consequence  by  the  influ- 
ence of  the  regent  Orleans,  to  whom  he  was 
reader,  and  afterwards  preceptor,  and  whom 
he  ably  supported  in  all  his  schemes  of  licen- 
tious pleasure,  and  of  wild  ambition.  In 
1G'J.3  he  obtained  the  rich  abbey  of  St.  Just, 
and  afterwards  became  counsellor  of  state, 
and  in  1717,  passed  as  ambassador  to  Eng- 
land to  sign  the  triple  alliance.  He  was  next 
appointed  minister  and  secretary  of  state, 
presented  to  the  archbishopric  of  Cambray, 
in  1721  made  a  cardinal,  and  in  1722  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  prime  minister.  He  died 
1723,  aged  07,  leaving  behind  him  the  una- 
miable  character  of  a  mean  intriguing  politi- 
cian, of  an  immoral  priest,  and  a  designing 
hypocrite. 

Dubois,  Dorothea,  daughter  of  Annesley, 
afterwards  earl  of  Angiesea,  by  Anne  Symp- 


himself  indebted  to  the  frequent  reading  of  I  son,  married  a  musician,  and  endeavored  by 


Tillotson's  excellent  writings.  His  dramatic 
jworks  are  perhaps  the  least  valuable  of  his 
poetry,  and  he  confesses  himself  to  be  not  ve- 
ry fit  for  that  sort  of  writing  in  which  his  prede- 
cessors had  shone  so  superior  to  himself.  The 
great  fault  and  probably  the  only  fault  which 
criticism  can  observe  in  his  works  is  the  as- 
tonishing rapidity  with  which  he  composed, 
which  consequently  prevented  correctness, 
and  all  the  accuracy  which  must  arise  from 
frequent  meditation  and  impartial  revision. 
If  he  had  written  but  the  tenth  part  of  what 
lie  has  published,  his  name  would  have  stood 
high  in  the  list  of  fame,  and  if  he  had  ap- 
plied himself  only  to  one  species  of  the  vari- 
ous subjects  on  which  he  has  treated,  still  he 
would  have  appeared  a  most  respectable  and 
eminent  author  entitled  to  preference  and 
distinction.  Dr.  Johnson's  critique  on  Dry- 
den  is  well  worth  the  most  attentive  perusal. 
Du  a  rem,  Francis,  a  French  civilian,  born 
at  St.  Brienne  in  Bretagne  1509.  He  taught 
civil  law  at  Bourgcs,  where  he  died  1559. 
His  works,  which  are  chiefly  on  law,  were 
published  in  his  life  time,  Lyon:;  1554,  and 
ifter  his  death  a  more  complete  edition  ap- 
peared by  his  scholar  Cisner  1579, 


her  writings  to  reclaim  her  rights  and  privi- 
leges from  her  father,  who  had  meanly  de- 
nied his  marriage  with  her  mother,  and  dis- 
owned her  as  his  child.  She  wrote  the  di- 
vorce, a  musical  entertainment, — and  Theo- 
dora, a  novel,  two  vols.  1770,  in  which  she 
delineates  her  unfortunate  history.  She  died 
at  Dublin  1774. 

Dubois,  Simon,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
who  came  to  England,  where  he  met  great 
encouragement.  His  battles,  cattle,  &c.  were 
highly  finished.     He  died  1708. 

Dub  os,  Charles  Francis, a  Frenchman,  au- 
thor of  the  life  of  Barillon  bishop  of  Lucon. 
He  continued  the  Lucon  conferences  in  17 
vols.  12mo.  and  died  1724,  dean  of  St.  Lucon, 
aged  03. 

Dubos,  John  Baptist,  abbot  of  Resons, 
died  1742,  aged  72.  He  wrote  critical  re- 
flections on  poetry  and  painting,  two  vols. 
12mo.  critical  history  of  the  establishment 
of  the  French  monarchy  in  Caul,  besides 
some  political  pieces,  &c. 

Dubos,  Jerome,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 
representation  of  hell  was  finished  with  such 
effect  that  it  struck  astonishment  and  terror 
into  the  spectators.    He  lived  in  the  begjn- 


D •■) a o cage. Mary  Apnele  Page,  a  French  Jningof  the  16th  centurv 


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Duboucher,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Dax, 
who  published  some  law  tracts,  besides  a 
poem  on  friendship,  a  drama,  and  an  opera 
in  three  acts.     He  died  1801. 

Dubrau,  oi-DubraviusScala,  John, 
bishop  of  Olmutz  in  Moravia,  was  born  at 
Piltzen  in  Bohemia,  and  died  1553.  He  was 
employed  as  ambassador  in  Silesia,  and  was 
the  author  of  some  learned  works,  especially 
a  valuable  history  of  Bohemia,  in  33  books, 
edited  1575,  and  afterwards  improved  Frank- 
fort 1688 

Due,  Fronton du,  Fronto  Ductus,  a  Jesuit 
of  Bourdeaux,  well  known  as  a  learned  critic 
and  an  excellent  Greek  scholar.     He  devot-  ; 
erl  his  time  to  study,  devotion,   and    absti- 
nence.    He   i3   the  editor   of  Chrysostom's 
work,  six  vols.  fol.  1613, — three  volumes  of ; 
controversy, — of  the  history  tragique  de  la  [ 
puccllc  d'Orleans,  &c.     He  died  of  the  stone 
at   Paris  27th   September   1624.     A   stone 
weighing  five  ounces  was  found  in  his  blad- 
der. 

Due,  John  le,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  1636, 
at  the  Hague,  where  he  was  director  of  the 
academy  of  painting.  He  was  the  disciple 
of  Paid  Potter,  and  equalled  his  master  in 
execution. 

Ducarel,  Andrew  Coltee,  a  learned  an- 
tiquarian, born  at  Greenwich,  1714,  and  ed- 
ucated at  Eton,  and  St.  John's  college,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  became  member  of  Doctor's  Commons 
1743,  and  married  1749.  In  1757  he  was 
made  Lambeth  librarian  under  the  primate 
Hutton,  and  he  devoted  himself  with  great 
care  and  assiduity  in  perfecting-  and  improv- 
ing the  catalogues  of  that  valuable  collection. 
Of  all  his  preferments  that  wiyoh  pleased 
him  most  was  his  commissariate  of  St.  Cath- 
arine's, of  which  peculiar  he  has  given  a 
very  elaborate  history,  with  beautiful  en- 
gravings. He  was  so  devoted  to  the  pur- 
suit of  antiquities,  that  he  generally  travelled 
every  year  in  company  with  his  friend  Sam- 
uel Gale  esquire,  with  a  Camden's  Britan- 
nia and  a  set  of  maps,  and  by  proceeding 
about  15  miles  a  day,  enjoyed  the  opportu- 
nity of  examining  every  place  with  leisure 
and  accuracy.  He  was  a  very  cheerful  and 
hospitable  man,  and  of  his  knowledge  of 
antiquities  the  best  specimen  is  his  history 
of  Croydon  palace,  and  of  Lambeth,  besides 
the  account  of  Doctor's  Commons,  which  he 
did  not  live  to  complete.  He  (Bed  throe 
days  after  his  return  from  his  visitation  as 
official  of  Canterbury,  at  South  Lambeth, 
aged  72,  29th  May  1785. 

Di'CART,  Isaac,  a  flower  painter,  born  at 
Amsterdam.  He  painted  generally  on  satin, 
and  with  extraordinary  effect.  lie  died  1697, 
aged  67. 

Ducas,  Michael,  a  Greek  historian,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  the  Grecian  empire  from 
Andronicus  the  elder  to  the  fall  of  the  em- 
pire. Though  his  language  is  harsh  and  in- 
elegant, yet  he  relates  with  accuracy  and  im- 
partiality. The  work  was  printed  nt  the 
Louvre,  fol.  1649,  and  translated  by  Cousin 
into  French  1672. 


Duchal,  James,  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  in  Ireland  16'J~,  and  educated  at  Glas- 
gow, where  he  took  the  degree  of  D.D.  Af- 
ter being  11  years  minister  of  a  disscnti::'-1; 
congregation  at  Cambridge,  on  the  removal 
of  his  friend  Abernethy  from  Antrim,  he 
succeeded  him  there,  and  at  his  death  was 
chosen  minister  of  the  congregation  in 
Wood-street,  Dublin.  He  died  1761.  In 
the  decline  of  life  he  wrote  above  700  ser- 
mons, out  of  which  were  selected  the  three 
vols.  Svo.  published  1764.  During  his  life  he 
published  a  volume  of  sermons. 

Duci:  .\xce,  Gaspard,  a  French  engraver, 
who  died  6th  January  1757,  aged  97.  After 
engaging  on  the  engraving  of  Leda,  To,  and 
Danae,  without  draperies,  he  executed  the 
driving  of  the  money  changers,  and  the. 
Pharisee's  supper.  The  palaces  of  France 
are  adorned  with  the  best  of  his  pieces. 

Duciiat,  Jacob  le,  a  Frenchman,  horn  at 
Metz  165S.  He  followed  the  profession  of 
the  bar  till  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  and  in  1701,  he  settled  at  Berlin, 
where  he  died,  1735.  He  was  learned,  and 
he  is  known  rather  as  an  editor  than  au 
author.  He  edited  the  Menippean  satires, 
the  works  of  Rabelais,  &c.  and  contributed 
much  to  the  completion  of  his  friend  Baile's 
dictionary.  A  book  called  Ducatiaua  ap- 
peared at  Amsterdam  1738,  two  vols.  12mo. 
Duchatel,  Gaspard,  a  deputy  in  the 
French  convention,  celebrated  for  his  able 
and  manly  defence  of  the  unfortunate  Lewis 
XVI.  These  honorable  efforts  in  the  cause 
of  innocence  were  regarded  by  the  tyrants 
with  envy,  and  Duchatel  fulely  accused  of 
holding  a  treasonable  correspondence  with 
the  Vendean  rebels,  was  guillotined  Novem- 
ber 1793. 

DuCHATELET-D'IlARAUCOURTjLew?* 

Marie  Florent  due,  a  native  of  Saumur,  who 
became  colonel  in  the  French  army,  and 
was  one  of  the  deputi**  in  the  national  as ■« 
seniblv.  He  was  imprisoned  for  his  attach- 
ment to  his  royal  master  on  the  10th  August, 
and  fell  on  the  scaffold  November  1792,  aged 
66.  He  left  memoirs  of  his  mission  as  am- 
bassador in  England,  lately  published. 

Duche'de  Vancv,  Joseph  Francis,  a 
French  poet  horn  at  Paris  29th  October 
1668.  He  was  patronised  by  Madame  de 
Maintenon,  and  he  engaged  and  insured 
universal  respect  by  the  mildness  of  his 
manners,  his  inoffensive  conduct,  and  his 
genuine  wit,  never  directed  against  virtue 
or  religion.  He  was  member  of  the  academy 
of  inscriptions  and  belles  lettres,  and  <lied 
14th  December  1704,  aged  37.  He  wrote 
three  tragedies,  Jonathan,  Absalom  and  De- 
borah, besides  ballets  and  pieces  for  the  ope- 
ra, which  had  great  merit,  and  were  receiv- 
ed with  universal  applause.  His  hymns, 
sacred  canticles,  and  edifying  stories,  com- 
posed for  the  pupils  at  St.  Cyr,  possess  great 
excellence. 

Duck,  Arthur,  a  civilian  born  in  Devon- 
shire 15S0,  and  educated  at  Exeter  college, 
and  Hart-hall,  Oxford.  He  became  fellow 
of  All-souls,  and  took  his  degrees  in  law,  and. 


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after  travelling  through  France,  Italy,  and  I  little  in  his  delineation  of  characters,  and  Wi? 
German)',  he  was  made  chancellor  of  Bath  ;  interest  of  his  narative.  He  was  also  engaged 
and  Wells,  afterwards  of  London,  and  then  I  in  the  dictionary  of  the  academy,  and  in  the 
master  of  the  requests.  He  suffered  much  continuation  of  the  history  of  that  society, 
during  the  civil  wars  for  his  attachment  to  |  Ducj.os,  Mary  Ann,  a  French  actress,  of 
the  royal  family,  and  died  in  his  retirement  |  great  merit,  horn  at  Paris.  She  excelled 
at  Chiswick  1649.  He  wrote  vita  Henrici  chiefly  in  the  representations  of  queens  and 
Chichele,  kc. — &  de  usu  et  authoritate  juris  |  princesses,  and  for  many  years  engaged  the 
civilis  Romanorum  in  dominiis   principium    public   applause.      Her    maiden  name   was 


Christianorum,  an  useful  book,  often  reprint 
cd. 

Duck,  Stephen,  a  poet  of  extraordinary 
fortune,  who  from  a  thresher  became  the 
respectable  minister  of  a  parish.  Though 
little  blessed  with  education,  he  was  natural- 
ly endowed  with  a  strong  mind  and  perse- 
vering temper;  and  at  the  age  of  24  he  began 
to  apply  himself  laboriously  to  the  acquisition 
of  knowledge,  and  devoted  to  retired  study 
those  few  hours  which  he  could  spare  from 
the  active  and  menial  occupation  of  a  servant. 
By  little  and  little  he  purchased  a  few  and 
necessary  books,  and,  with  a  scanty  library, 
and  great  application,  he  became  something 
of  a  poet  and  of  a  philosopher.  The  lines 
of  Milton  enriched  his  imagination,  and  the 
correctness  of  Addison's  Spectators  improv- 
ed his  understanding,  and  helped  him  in  the 
regular  disposition  of  his  thoughts.  By  de- 
grees his  poetical  attempts  became  respecta- 
ble, and,  by  being  reported  in  his  neighbor- 
hood, were  made  known  to  some  of  the  cler- 
gy, and  at  last  to  queen  Caroline,  who,  pleas- 
ed with  him,  settled  a  pension  of  30/.  upon 
him,  and  thus  enabled  him  not  only  to  live 
independently,  but  to  take  orders ;  after 
•which  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of  By- 
fleet,  Surry.  In  this  new  office  he  behaved 
vith  great  propriety ;  he  was  followed  as  a 
preacher,  and  respected  as  a  man  ;  but  his 
spirits  sunk  into  a  dreadful  melancholy,  and, 
in  an  unfortunate  moment,  robbed  of  his 
reason,  he  threw  himself  from  a  bridge,  near 
Reading,  into  the  Thames,  and  was  drowned, 
May  or  June  1756.  His  poems  have  been 
published ;  and  though  he  was  not  a  first- 
rate  poet,  yet  he  possessed  merit,  and  de- 
served the  censure  of  the  cynical  Swift. 

Duclos,  Charles  Dineau,  historiographer 
of  France,  and  secretary  to  the  French 
academy,  was  born  at  Ditiant,  in  Bretagne, 
1705,  and  educated  at  Paris.  In  1744  he  was 
mayor  of  Din  ant, ,  and  in  1755  received  a 
patent  of  nobility,  and  died  26th  March  1 772, 
respected  and  beloved.  Though  consider- 
ed as  one  of  the  philosophers  of  France,  he 
proved  by  his  conduct,  writings  and  conver- 
sation, that  he  was  moderate  in  his  opinions 
and  the  friend  of  morality  and  virtue.  He 
never  published  any  thing  as  historiographer, 
and  observed,  that  he  never  would  ruin  him- 
self by  speaking  truth,  nor  debase  himself  by 
flattery.  His  history  of  Lewis  XV.  was,  af- 
ter his  death,  lodged  in  the  hands  of  the 
minister.  His  works  are,  romances,  ingeni- 
ous and  interesting — the  confessions  of  count 
*** — the  baroness  dc  Luz — history  of  Lewis 
XI.  3  vols.  12mo. — memoirs  on  the  manners 
of  the  18th  century — Acajou,  &c.  Though  he 
•  ook  Taeitus  for  his  model,  he  resembles  him 


Chateauncuf ;  that  of  Duclos  was  assumed ; 
and  she  married,  in  1730,-  Duchemin,  an 
actor,  from  whom  she  was  divorced  three 
years  after.  She  died  at  Paris  1748,  aged  78. 
Ducreux,  N.  a  native  of  Paris,  eminent 
as  a  painter.  He  was  at  Vienna  to  take  por- 
traits of  the  imperial  family.  He  died  at 
Paris  of  an  apoplexy,  1802,  aged  64. 

Ducroisy,  Philibert  Gassaud,  a  French 
actor,  intimate  with  Moliere.  It  was  for 
him  that  the  poet  wrote  the  excellent  char- 
acter of  his  Tartuffe. 

Dudeffant,  N.  a  French  lady,  well 
known  in  Paris  for  her  knowledge  of  criti- 
cism, her  elegant  taste,  and  her  pleasing  and 
agreeable  manners.  She  was  acquainted 
with  all  the  learned  men  of  the  times,  who 
frequented  her  house.  She  died  1780,  aged 
84,  the  last  thirty  of  which  she  had  been 
blind. 

Dudith,  Andrew,  a  divine,  born  at 
Buda,  in  Hungary,  6th  February  1533,  and 
employed  by  Ferdinand  II.  in  affairs  of  im- 
portance, and  rewarded  with  the  bishopric 
of  Tina,  in  Dalmatia.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  learning,  and  of  such  application  that 
he  is  said  to  have  transcribed  three  times 
the  works  of  Cicero,  to  make  himself  per- 
fect master  of  his  style  and  manner.  He 
was  deputy  at  the  council  of  Trent,  where 
he  became  intimate  with  cardinal  Pole  ; 
and  at  his  return  he  embraced  the  protest- 
ant  religion,  resigned  his  bishopric,  and 
married  one  of  the  queen's  maids  of  honor, 
by  whom  he  had  a  sou,  who  gave  him  great 
trouble.  After  her  death  he  married  a  sec- 
ond time,  and  died  23d  February  1589.  His 
works  on  physic,  controversy,  and  poetry, 
are  numerous,  and  possess  merit.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  mildness,  benevolence,  and 
regularity. 

Dudley,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  lawyer 
and  statesman,  born  in  1462,  of  a  respecta- 
ble family.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
and  removed  to  Gray's  inn ;  and  he  became 
so  respectable  for  his  knowledge  of  law,  and 
for  his  general  information,  that  Henry  Vll. 
admitted  him  of  the  privy  council,  and  made 
him  one  of  his  favorites.  In  141)4  he  married 
Elizabeth  Grey,  daughter  of  viscount  l'Isle. 
In  1 50  i  lie  was  speaker  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons, and  two  years  after  he  obtained  the 
stewardship  of  the  rape  of  Hastings.  His 
services  to  his  master  were  numerous  ;  and 
it  is  said  that  Henry,  to  fill  his  coffers,  used 
this  artful  favorite,  who,  little  regardless  of 
conscience  or  of  reputation,  joined  with 
Empson  to  op-press  and  harass  the  people,  * 
and  by  various  methods  of  influence,  in- 
trigue, or  terror,  extorted  great  fines  and 
ransoms',  so  (hat,  according  to  Bacon,  they 


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turned  law  and  justice  to  wormwood  and 
rapine.  This  conduct,  however,  did  not 
pass  unpunished.  Henry  was  scarce  in  his 
grave  before  the  public  indignation  called  for 
the  punishment  of  Ids  wicked  and  corrupt 
ministers  ;  and  Empson  and  Dudley  were 
both  yielded  up  by  Henry  VIII.  and  after 
being  attainted  and  convicted  of  high  trea- 
son,"they  lost  their  heads  on  Towerhill,  18th 
August  1510.  During  his  imprisonment  in 
the  Tower,  Dudley  wrote  "the  tree  of  the 
commonwealth,  by  Edmund  Dudley,  esq. 
late  counsellor  to  Henry  VII.  the  same  Ed- 
mund  being  at  the  compiling  thereof  pris- 
oner in  the  Tower,  1  Henry  VIII."  It  is 
still  in  manuscript. 

Dudley,  John,  son  of  the  above,  baron 
Malpas,  viscount  l'Isle,  earl  of  Warwick,  and 
duke  of  Northumberland,  was  born  in  1502. 
He  was  restored  in  blood  from  the  igno- 
minious attainder  of  his  father,  and  soon  be- 
came known  at  court  as  the  friend  of  Suf- 
folk, of  Wolsjy,  and  of  Cromwell,  and  as 
the  favorite  of  the  king.  Henry,  pleased 
with  the  versatility  of  his  talents,  created 
him  viscount  l'Isle,  and  knight  of  the  garter, 
and  afterwards,  for  his  many  services  and 
his  great  courage,  appointed  him  high  admi- 
ral for  life.  He  also  received  important 
grants  of  church  lands,  and  was  nominated 
one  of  the  sixteen  executors  of  the  king's 
will.  On  the  death  of  Henry,  Dudley  was 
succeeded  as  high  admiral  by  sir  Thomas 
Seymour,  brother  to  Somerset  the  protec- 
tor ;  but,  as  an  equivalent  for  his  loss  of 
dignity,  he  was  created  earl  of  Warwick, 
and  chamberlain  of  England.  His  military 
abilities  were  now  employed  against  the  in- 
surgents of  Norfolk,  and,  by  a  well  mana- 
ged negotiation,  instead  of  fighting  them, 
he  prevailed  upon  them  to  lay  down  their 
arms,  and  to  deliver  up  their  leaders.  His 
influence  in  the  cabinet  was  now  so  great, 
that  the  young  king  confided  much  to  his 
advice  and  authority  ;  he  was  made  duke  of 
Northumberland  ;  and  a  short-lived  recon- 
ciliation was  efl'ected  between  him  and  the 
duke  of  Somerset,  by  the  marriage  of  his 
eldest  son  with  the  latter's  daughter.  Rival- 
ship,  however,  could  never  be  extinguished. 
Somerset,  though  uncle  to  the  king,  was 
tried,  condemned  and  executed  for  a  pre- 
tended conspiracy  against  Northumberland. 
The  victorious  but  guilty  favorite  now  suc- 
ceeded to  all  the  honors  of  his  fallen  enemy, 
he  became  chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and 
uotonly  guided  the  young  king,  but  in  conse- 
quence of  his  weak  state  of  health  determin- 
ed to  raise  his  own  family  to  the  sovereign 
power.  He  with  precipitation  effected  a 
marriage  between  his  fourth  son,  lord  Guild- 
lord  Dudley,  and  lady  Jane  Gray;  eldest 
daughter  of  the  duchess  of  Suffolk,  in  whose 
favor  he  caused  the  yielding  Edward  to  settle 
the  succession.  No  sooner  had  Edward  expi- 
red than  .lane  was  conveyed  to  the  tower  by 
her  ambitious  father-in-law,  and  on  the  tOth 
of  July  proclaimed  queen.  Submission  to 
these  measures  was  demanded  from  Mary, 
and   when  the  men  of  Suffolk  ruse  up  in  her 

VOL.    !.  58 


favor,  Northumberland  advanced  with  a  body 
of  troops  to  check  the  insurgents.  He  soon 
found  however  the  unpopularity  of  his  mea- 
sures, when  he  reached  St.  Edmundsbury, 
no  supplies  arrived  to  support  his  plans,  and 
he  retired  to  Cambridge,  where  seeing  lus 
followers  deserting  his  standard,  he  affected 
attachment  to  Mary,  and  caused  her  to 
be  proclaimed  queen,  and  threw  up  his  cap 
into  the  air,  in  sign  of  joy.  Mary  pleased 
with  her  success  did  not  relent  towards  her 
enemyr,  Northumberland  was  arraigned  and 
condemned,  and  he  lost  his  head  on  Tower- 
hill,  after  making  a  profession  of  the  Ro- 
mish religion  22d  Aug.  1553.  Thus  fell  this 
powerful  subject,  whose  many  virtues  were 
lost  by  a  restless  and  at  last  fatal  ambition, 
which  swept  away  not  only  him  but  the  in- 
nocent lady  Jane  and  her  virtuous  consort. 
Northumberland  had  eight  sons  and  live 
daughters,  some  of  whom  died  before  him. 

Dudley,  Ambrose,  son  of  the  preceding, 
waa  born  1530.  He  was  knighted  for  his 
bravery  against  the  Norfolk  insurgents,  and 
shared  the  condemnation  of  his  unfortunate 
father,  but  was  pardoned  by  the  queen  1544'. 
In  155",  he  distinguished  himself  with  his 
two  brothers  Robert  and  Henry,  at  the 
siege  of  St.  Quintin,  and  for  his  gallant  ser- 
vices was  restored  in  blood  by  the  kindness 
of  Mary,  and  was  afterwards  under  Eliza- 
beth created  baron  l'Isle  and  earl  Warwick. 
His  services  to  the  country  were  great,  and 
to  his  honor  it  is  mentioned  that  he  had  no 
share  in  the  intrigues  and  disgraceful  meas- 
ures of  the  times,  and  therefore  was  deser- 
vedly called  "  the  good  earl  of  Warwick." 
He  died  in  consequence  of  the  amputation 
of  his  leg  from  a  wound  received  in  his  val- 
iant defence  of  Newhaven  against  the 
French,  Feb.  1589.  Though  three  times 
married  he  left  no  issue. 

Dudley,  Robert,  baron  Denbigh,  earl  of 
Leicester,  son  of  John  duke  of  Northum- 
berland, and  brother  of  Ambrose  earl  of 
Warwick,  was  born  153'2.  He  became  a 
favorite  at  the  court  of  Edward,  and  was 
knighted,  and  in  1550,  he  married  Amy 
daughter  of  sir  John  Robsart.  Under  Mary 
he  fell  into  the  same  disgrace  as  his  father, 
and  he  was  condemned,  but  by  the  queen's 
favor  pardoned  in  1554,  and  afterwards  re- 
stored in  blood.  On  the  accession  of  Eliza- 
beth he  became  a  great  favorite,  and  was 
made  knight  of  the  garter,  master  of  the 
horse,  aud  a  privy  counsellor,  and  so  much 
honored  by  the  queen  and  flattered  by  the 
people,  that  he  was  called  "  the  heart  of 
the  court."  Though  opposed  in  some  of  his 
measures  by  the  earl  of  Sussex,  he  yet  shar- 
ed the  queen's  favor,  and  obtained  the  grant 
of  whatever  lands  and  offices  he  pleased,  to 
gratify  his  pride,  or  the  avarice  of  Ins  friends. 
Elizabeth,  to  show  how  much  she  esteemed 
him,  proposed  him  in  marriage  to  Mary 
queen  of  Scots,  with  the  intention  of  admit- 
ting bun  to  share  her  bed,  if  that  unfortunate 
princess  listened  to  the  proposal.  Mary 
bow-ever  rejected  this  offer  from  Dudley, 
who  it  is  said  on  the  8th  of  September  1560 


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jiad  caused  his  ill-fated  wife  to  be  strangled  i  carefully  concealed  from  the  knowledge  of 
and  thrown  down  a  pair  of  stairs  at  Cumnor    queen  Elizabeth,  as  well  as  of  lady  Essex,  to 


near  Abingdon,  that  she  might  not  stand  in 
the  way  of  his  criminal  ambition.  In  1564 
he  was  created  earl  of  Leicester  with  unu- 
sual solemnity,  and  to  the  honors  of  chancel- 
lor of  Oxford  and  high  steward  of  Cambridge, 
was  added  the  order  of  St.  Michael  from 
tlie  king  of  France.  About  1572  be  pri- 
vately married  lady  Douglas  Sheffield,  but 
though  he  had  by  her  a  son  whom  he  cal- 
led bis  base  son,  and  a  daughter,  he  never 
acknowledged  her  as  his  wife,  and  when  he 
espoused  lady  Essex,  he,  after  attempting 
in  vain  to  pacify  her,  and  to  silence  her  pre- 
tensions to  his  band  and  heart,  endeavored 
to  cut  her  off  by  poison,  from  which  she 
however  escaped,  with  the  loss  of  lrer  hair 
and  nails.  When  on  h  el*  progress,  Elizabeth 
and  her  suite  were  sumptuously  entertained 
for  17  days  at  Kenilworth  castle,  Warwick- 
shire, a  mansion  which  the  earl  had  obtain- 
ed from  the  favor  of  bis  mistress,  and  tad 
embellished  at  the  expense  of  6O,000£ 
Though  Leicester  stood  so  high  in  the  gra- 
ces of  the  queen,  there  were  not  wanting  at- 
tempts to  destroy  bis  influence  and  conse- 
quence. Elizabeth  was  highly  displeased 
with  his  union  with  lady  Essex,  of  which  she 
had  been  for  some  time  kept  ignorant,  and 
iu  1584  a  virulent  attack  was  made  on  the 
favorite  by  a  work  called  "  Leicester's  com- 
monwealth," which  exhibited  him  in  the 
odious  character  of  an  atheist,  a  traitor,  a 
public  oppressor,  and  a  monster  of  ambition, 


whom  the  earl  was  either  betrothed  or  mar- 
ried. He  was  sent  to  school  at  Offingham  in 
Sussex,  and  removed  to  Christ-church,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  became  known  for  his  many 
mental  and  personal  accomplishments, 
Though  he  inherited  the  better  part  of  his 
father's  estate,  after  the  death  of  his  uncle 
Ambrose,  yet  dissatisfied  with  a  life  of  indo- 
lence, he  projected  a  voyage  to  the  South 
seas,  which  however  the  government  would 
not  suffer  to  proceed,  till  Nov.  1504.  His  first 
wife  was  the  sister  of  the  famous  Thomas  Ca- 
vendish, and  for  his  second  he  took  Aliee 
daughter  of  sir  Thomas  Leigh.  In  1605,  he 
commenced  a  suit  to  prove  the  legitimacy 
of  his  birth,  but  in  this  he  was  opposed  by 
the  lady  dowager  of  Essex,  who  threatened 
to  prosecute  him  for  a  conspiracy.  Upon 
this  he  retired  to  tbe  continent,  where  he 
assumed  the  title  of  the  earl  of  Warwick,, 
for  which  he  was  summoned  back  to  Eng- 
land, and  on  his  refusal  his  property  was 
forfeited  to  the  crown  during  his  life.  He 
settled  at  Florence,  where  he  was  patron- 
ised by  the  duke  Cosmo  II.  and  by  the  influ- 
ence, of  his  consort,  sister  to  the  emperor 
Ferdinand  II.  he  was  created  a  duke  of  tbe 
Roman  empire,  and  ten  years  after  he  was 
enrolled  by  pope  Urban  VIH.  among  the 
ltoman  nobility.  These  high  honors  were 
deserved  by  the  services  which  he  performed 
for  his  patrons.  He  formed  the  plan  for 
draining  the  extensive  morass  between  Fis:t 


cruelty   and  lust.    This  famous  book,   con-  »and   the  sea,  and  by  his  wise  regulations  he 


sidered  as  so  hostile  to  overgrown  ministers 
and  afterwards  republished  to  bring  into  dis- 
grace the  government  of  Charles  I.  and 
Anne,  was  read  with  avidity  by  the  people  ; 
but  Elizabeth  screened  her  favorite  with 
the  shield  of  her  never-ceasing  partiality  and 
esteem.  In  1585  he  went  to  the  Low  Coun- 
tries as  governor,  at  the  request  of  the  dis- 
tracted inhabitants,  but  his  conduct  was  dis- 
pleasing to  the  queen,  and  be  was  recalled, 
and  though  criminated  by  his  enemies  for 
violence  and  maladministration,  be  was  re- 
instated in  the  royal  favor.  Tn  1588  he  was 
made  lieutenant-general  of  the  army  assem- 
bled atTilbury  to  oppose  the  Spanish  arma- 
da, and  he  there  received  high  and  flattering 
commendation  from  the  queen.  He  died 
Sept.  4th,  1588,  at  Cornbury,  Oxfordshire, 
awd  was  buried  with  great  magnificence  at 
Warwick.  This  ambitious  favorite  was  en- 
dowed with  great  talents  ;  the  influence 
which  he  possessed  over  the  queen  he  main- 
tained by  his  intrigues  and  duplicity.  He 
affected  regularity  and  piety  to  an  offensive 
degree,  but  when  bis  views  were  thwarted, 
neither  virtue  nor  innocence  could  resist  the 
secrecy  of  his  measures,  or  tbe  perseverance 
of  his  guilt.  Poisoning  was  the  favorite 
recipe  to  which  he  had  recourse  to  remove 
his  enemies  or  rivals.  He  left  tbe  greater 
part  of  bis  estates  to  his  base  son  Robert. 

Dudley,  Robert,  son  of  the  earl  of  Lei- 
cester by  lady  Douglas  Sheffield,  was  born 
at  SHecn  in  Surrev  1573.    His  birth  was 


raised  Leghorn  from  an  insignificant  town, 
to  a  respectable  and  populous  sea  port.  He 
lived  in  great  magnificence,  and  to  his  titles 
assumed  that  of  duke  of  Northumberland. 
He  died  at  .his  castle  of  Corbello,  three  miles 
from  Florence,  Sept.  1659.  In  philosophy, 
chemistry,  and  physic,  he  was  as  eminent 
as  in  politics.  The  account  of  his  voyage  is*, 
published  in  Hackluyt's  collection,  and  his 
principal  work  besides  is  "  del  arcano  del 
mare,"  &c.  Florence  1630,- 1640.  It  is  very 
valuable  for  its  charts  aud  plans,  and  for  pro- 
jects there  offered  for  the  improvement  of 
commerce  and  navigation.  He  also  wrote 
a  proposition  to  bridle  the  impertinence  of 
parliaments,  &c.  which  was  submitted  to 
James,  and  which  was  intended  to  pave  the 
recall  of  the  intriguing  author  to  England  ; 
but  instead  of  being  approved  it  drew  upon 
him  the  censure  of  politicians,  and  was  made; 
a  charge  of  indirect  accusation  against 
James  and  his  unfortunate  son.  Though  be 
left  his  wife  lady  Alice  and  four  daughters 
in  England,  yet  he  afterwards,  by  a  dispen- 
sation from  the  pope,  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  sir  Robert  Southwell,  a  young 
lady  who  had  accompanied  him  in  his  exile 
in  the  habit  of  a  page,  and  who  atoned  for 
the  follies  and  the  immodest  conduct  of  her 
youth,  by  the  exemplary  deportment  of  a 
respectable  matron.  By  her  be  had  a  son, 
Charles,  who  called  himself  earl  of  War- 
wick, and  four  daughters. 
DuFr&Tj  Thomas,  fcora  the  professioa. 


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of  a  milliner,  rose  to  the  rank  of  a  dra- 
matic writer.  He  travestied  Dryden,  Shad- 
well,  and  Settle,  but  his  plays,  which  for  a 
while  commanded  the  public  attention,  have 
long  since  been  forgotten.  His  Mock  tem- 
pest, Psyche,  Emperors  of  Morocco,  are 
mentioned,  but  they  lived  for  a  day.  He 
florished  in  the  17th  century,  but  the  time 
of  his  death  is  not  mentioned. 

Dufresne,  Abraham  Alexis  Quinault, 
a  French  actor  of  eminence.  The  noblest 
characters  of  the  theatre  were  exhibited  by 
him  with  great  success,  but  it  is  remarka- 
able  that  in  private  life,  he  could  scarce  for- 
get the  authority  which  he  exercised  as  a 
theatrical  monarch.    He  died  1767  aged  72. 

Dufresnoy,  Charles  Alphonse,  a  na- 
tive of  Paris,  who  acquired  some  emin- 
ence as  a  painter,  and  as  a  poet.  He  died  of 
a  paralytic  stroke  1665,  aged  54. 

Dufresny,  Charles  Riviere,  a  native  of 
Paris,  called  grandson  of  Henry  LV.  from 
his  great  resemblance  to  that  monarch.  He 
was  employed  about  the  court,  in  laying  out 
the  garden  and  pleasure  grounds,  and  when 
dismissed  he  became  a  dramatic  writer. 
His  works  were  published  in  0  vols.  12mo. 
He  died  very  poor  1724,  aged  86. 

Dugard,  William,  son  of  a  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Bromsgrove,  Worcestershire, 
1606,  and  educated  at  Worcester  school,  and 
Sydney  college,  Cambridge.  About  1631 
he  was  appointed  master  of  Stamford  school, 
and  in  1637  master  of  Colchester  school,  and 
1644  master  of  Merchant  taylors,'  London. 
He  was  displaced  for  assisting  in  the  print- 
ing of  Salmasius's  defence,  and  was  impri- 
soned in  Newgate,  and  his  wife  and  child- 
ren reduced  to  poverty,  1650.  Upon  his 
release  he  opened  a  private  school,  the  same 
year,  and  the  following  September  was  rein- 
slated  at Merchant-taylors.'  In  1662  however 
he  was  ejected  for  the  violation  of  some  of  the 
rules,  and  opened  a  school  in  Coleman-street, 
where  he  had  193  scholars.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  learning,  and  much  and  deservedly 
esteemed  as  a  teacher.  He  died  1682.  His 
"  Lexicon  Grssci  Testamenti"  has  been  im- 
proved and  edited  by  Bowyer.  He  wrote 
besides  a  compendium  of  rhetoric,  a  Greek 
grammar,  a  selection  of  Lucian's  dialogues, 
&c. 

Dugdale,  sir  William,  an  eminent  his- 
torian and  antiquary,  born  at  Shustoke  near 
Cok-shill,  Warwickshire,  12th  Sept.  1605. 
lie  was  educated  at  Coventry  grammar- 
school,  and  instructed  by  his  father  in  civil 
law  and  history.  In  1623  he  married  at  his 
father's  request,  and  two  years  after  settled 
at  Blythe-hall  near  Coleshill,  on  an  estate 
which  he  purchased.  He  devoted  himself 
deeply  to  the  study  of  antiquities,  and  in 
1638  he  came  to  London,  and  by  the  influ- 
ence of  his  friends  Hatton  and  Spelman  he 
procured  an  appointment  in  the  Heralds'  of- 
fice. In  this  favorite  retreat  he  had  the 
means  of  improving  his  collections,  and  by 
the  encouragement  of  sir  Christopher  Hat- 
ton  he  was  employed  in  taking  draughts  of 
the  most  celebrated  of  the  English  cathe- 


drals, which  were  afterwards  deposited  In 
the  library  of  his  friends.  He  was  with 
Charles  at  the  battle  of  Edge-hill,  and  at  the 
siege  of  Oxford,  where  he  was  in  1642, 
made  M.  A.  Upon  the  reduction  of  Oxford 
he  returned  to  London,  and  after  compound- 
ing for  his  estate  he- applied  himself  labori- 
ously with  his  friend  Dodsworth  in  completr 
ing  their  collection  from  the  records  of  the 
Tower,  and  other  places.  Of  his  Monasti- 
con  Anglicanum  the  first  volume  appeared 
in  folio  1655,  the  second  1661,  and  the  third 
1673,  a  curious  collection  of  all  the  founda- 
tion charters  of  the  dissolved  monasteries. 
His  antiquities  of  Warwickshire  were  pub- 
lished in  1656,  after  the  laborious  researches 
of  20  years,  of  which  valuable  compilation 
a  second  edition  appeared  in  1730  by  Dr. 
Thomas.  His  history  of  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral was  published  in  1658,  and  it  was  af- 
terwards greatly  improved  and  edited  by  Dr. 
Maynard.  At  the  restoration,  he  was  made 
norroy  king  at  arms,  and  in  1677  created 
garter,  and  knighted  by  the  king.  He  died 
at  Blythe-hall,  of  a  cold,  10th  Feb.  1686,  in 
his  81st  year,  and  was  buried  in  Shustoke 
church,  where  he  had  erected  a  tablet  of 
white  marble.  With  his  wife,  who  died 
18th  Dec.  1681,  aged  75,  he  lived  59  years, 
and  by  her  he  had  several  children.  One  of 
his  danghters  married  Ashmole  of  antiqua- 
rian memory,  his  sons  all  died  young  except 
John,  who  was  Windsor  herald,  and  norroy 
king  at  arms,  and  was  knighted,  and  died 
Aug.  31st,  1690.  Besides  the  works  already 
mentioned,  sir  William  wrote  the  history  of 
drainingand  embankingfens  and  marshes,  &c, 
republished  1772 — Spelman's  councils  from 
1066  to  1531 — Spelman's  glossarium  archa- 
iologicum,kc. — origines  juridicales,kc. — the 
baronage  of  England  three  vols.  fol.  which, 
though  the  labor  of  30  years,  is  not  without 
inaccuracies — a  short  view  of  the  late  trou- 
bles in  England,  &c. — the  ancient  usage  of 
bearing  arms,  ixc. — a  perfect  copy  of  the 
summons  of  uobility  to  the  great  councils, 
&c.  Many  of  his  manuscript  collections,  to 
the  number  of  43  vols,  in  folio,  he  gave  to 
the  university  of  Oxford,  where  they  are 
now  preserved,  besides  several  books  to  th» 
Heralds'  office,  London. 

Dugomier,  N.  a  French  general,  born 
at  Martinico.  In  the  revolution  war  he  was 
appointed  commander  in  Italy,  and  was  af- 
terwards successful  in  retaking  Toulon  from 
the  English.  He  next  was  employed  against 
the  Spaniards,  and  defeated  them  in  various 
encounters;  but  he  was  killed  17th  Nov. 
1794,  at  the  battle  of  St.  Sebastian.  His 
name  was  inscribed  in  the  Pantheon. 

Duguay-Trouix,  Rene,  a  celebrated 
French  admiral,  born  at  St.  Maloes,  10th  June 
1673.  He  early  distinguished  himself  bv  his 
intrepidity  and  perseverance,  and  in  various 
encounters  with  the  English  and  the  Dutch 
he  came  off  victorious.  In  1711  he  took  Rio 
Janeiro  from  the  Portuguese,  ami  every- 
where in  the  Indies,  and  also  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean against  the  corsairs,  he  displayed  the 
greatest  skill  united  with  the  most  consura- 


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mate  wisdom.    Tliis  brave  man,  honored  by  i 
the  king,  and  respected  by  the  nation,  died 
at  Paris  27th  Sent    1736.     His  memoirs  ap- 
peared at  Paris,  in  4to.  by  de  la  Garde. 

Duguet,  James  Joseph,  a  French  wri- 
ter, born  1G49.  He  was  a  priest  of  the  or- 
ator)1, and  went  to  Brussels  to  his  friend  Ar- 
nauld,  but  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  led 
a  very  retired  life,  and  died  17.33.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  learning,  and  uncommon 
sweetness'of  manners,  but  his  firm  opposi- 
tion to  the  bull  unigenitus,  exposed  him  to 
much  obloquy  and  trouble.  He  wrote  near- 
ly 20  works  in  French,  on  theological  sub- 
jects, iu  a  style  clear,  pleasing,  and  perspi- 
cuous. 

Duhalde,  John  Baptist,  a  French  Je- 
fcuit,  born  at  Paris.  His  historical  and  ge- 
ographical description  of  the  empire  of  Chi- 
na, and  Chinese  Tartary,  in  4  vols.  fol.  was 
compiled  from  the  records  of  French 
missionaries,  a  work  of  great  merit.  He 
wrote  besides  Latin  poems — essays — letter* 
— &c.  and  died  at  Paris,  1743,  aged  69. 

Duhamel,  John  Baptist,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, born  at  Vire,  1624,  and  eminent 
as  a  philosopher  and  a  man  of  science.  He 
published  astronomia  physica — de  meteoris 
&;  fossilibus — de  mentehumana — decorpore 
animato — de  consensu  veteris  &  novas  philo- 
sophise— and  other  learned  works,  and  died 
6th  August  1706,  aged  82. 

Dikamel  du  Mo nceau,  Henry  Lew- 
is, a  learned  Frenchman,  who  devotad  him- 
self to  the  improvement  of  agriculture  and 
commerce*  of  the  marine  and  of  mechanical 
arts.  He  published  various  ingenious  works, 
and  died  universally  respected  for  his  abil- 
ities and  patriotic  exertions,  23d  Aug.  1782, 
aged  82. 

Duhan,  Lawrence,  a  professor  ofphy- 
losophy  for  38  years  at  the  college  du  Pies- 
sis,  fie  died  canon  of  Verdun  1730,  aged 
70.  He  left  a  book  "  pbilosop'ius  in  utram- 
cjue  partem,"  of  great  use  in  scholastic  sub- 
tilties. 

Duillius,  Nepos,  the  first  Roman  who 
obtained  a  naval  victory  over  Carthage.  A 
column  was  erected  to  his  honor,  B.  C.  260. 
Duisburg,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  Duis- 
burg,  in  the  duchy  of  Cleves,  in  the  16th 
century,  author  of  a  chronicle  of  Prussia 
from  1226  to  1325.  It  contains  many  valu- 
able particulars. 

Dujardin,  Charles,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Amsterdam.  He  died  at  Venice 
1674,  aged  34.  lie  was  the  able  disciple  of 
Bergham,  and  excelled  in  the  delineation  of 
markets,  robbers,  mountebanks,  and  land- 
scapes. His  productions  are  greatly  esteem- 
ed. About  50  of  his  engra\ingsin  aquafor- 
tis are  preserved. 

Duke,  Uichard,  a  poet,  educated  at  West- 
minster and  made  fellow  of  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees  of  M. 
A.  1683.  He  was  the  friend  of  Otway,  and 
of  the  poetical  wits  of  the  times,  and  was 
for  some  time  tutor  to  the  duke  of  Rich- 
mond. His  poetry  is  notvery  respectable.  He 
wTrote  a  poem  on  the  marriage  of  Anne  and 
the  duke  of  Denmark,    He  was  made  chap 


lain  to  the  king,  prebendary  of  Glucester, 
and  obtained  the  rich  living  of  Witney,  Ox- 
fordshire, where  he  was  found  dead  iu  his 
bed,  after  returning  the  preceding  evening 
from  an  entertainment,  10th  Feb.  1711.  He 
published  a  volume  of  sermons  and  another 
of  poems. 

Dulau,  John  Marie,  a  native  of  Peri- 
gueux,  who  became  archbishop  of  Aries, 
and  wasin  the  states  general,  of  1789.  Though 
he  did  not  venture,  through  timidity,  lo\ 
speak  in  favor  of  moderation,  yet  he  wrote 
with  spirit  and  ability  against  the  banish- 
ment of  the  priests.  He  was  arrested  by  the 
suspicious  jacobins,  and  was  one  of  those 
wretched  victims  sacrificed  in  the  prison  of 
the  CarmesinSept.  1792. 

Dulaurekt,  N.  a  native  of  Artois,  who 
employed  his  great  abilities  on  subjects  of 
licentiousness.  The  best  known  of  his  im- 
moral works,  is  his  Compere  Matthieu,  3 
vols.  This  worthless  ecclesiastic,  who  prov- 
ed so  great  an  enemy  to  religion  and  morali- 
ty, died  about  the  end  of  the  last  century. 

Dullart,  Herman,  a  painter  and  poet 
of  Rotterdam,  the  disciple  of  Rembrandt. 
He  was  of  a  weak  constitution,  and  refused 
to  become  one  of  the  magistrates  of  Rotter- 
dam. He  so  successfully  imitated  his  mas- 
ter, that  their  pieces  are  frequently  mista- 
ken one  for  the  other.  He  was  well  skilled 
in  music.     He  died  1684,  aged  48. 

Dumas,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Nismes,  natu- 
ral son  of  Montcalm,  lord  of  Candiac.  Though 
bred  to  the  law,  he  was  eminent  as  a  mathe- 
matician, and  invented  the  bureau  typograph- 
iquc,  to  teach  children  reading  and  writing 
mechanically,  and  also  another  instrument 
for  musical  instruction.  He  wrote  an  histo- 
ry of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  and  died  1744, 
aged  68. 

Dumee,  Joan,  n  learned  lady,  born  at  Pa- 
ris. She  married  very  young,  and  at  the 
age  of  17  lost  her  husband,  who  fell  in  Ger- 
many at  the  head  of  his  company.  She  de- 
voted herself  with  unusual  application  to  as- 
tronomy, and  published  at  Paris,  in  1680, 
"  discourses  of  Copernicus  on  the  mobility  of 
the  earth,"  4to.  in  which  she  displays  great 
knowledge  and  extensive  erudition. 

DuMESNir,,  N.  a  professor  of  rhetoric 
at  Paris,  author  of  Latin  svnonyms.  He  died 
at  Valogne  1802,  aged  S-2. 

Dumont,  John,  baron  of  Carlscroon,  his- 
toriographer to  the  emperor,  fled  from  France 
to  Holland,  upon  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes.  He  wrote  "  des  memoirs  poli- 
tiques,  kc."4  vols.  12mo.  an  useful  perform- 
ance, which  contains  every  fact  of  import- 
ance from  the  peace  of  M'mster,  to  the  year 
1676 — travels  in  France,  Italy,  Sec.  4  vols. 
12mo. — universal  diplomatic  body,  $CC.  8  vols. 
foi.— Historical  letters,  fccc.  tie  died  about 
1726  at  a  great,  age, 

Dumo nt,  George,  a  native  of  Paris,  se- 
cretary to  the  French  embassy  at  Peters- 
burg. He  was  author  of  history  of  the  com 
merce  of  English  colonies — present  state  ot 
English  commerce — treatise  on  the  circula- 
tion of  credit,  &c  and  died  17S8,  aged  C? 


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Uumont,  ST.  a  French  painter,  surnamed 
the  ltoman.  He  died  at  Paris  17S1,  very  old. 
His  pieces  possess  merit. 

Dumourier,  Anthony  Francis  Dupericr, 
a  native  of  Paris,  eminent  as  a  commissary  in 
tlie  French  armies.  He  was  author  of  Bi- 
chardet,  a  poem,  2  vols. — some  comedies 
translated  from  the  Italian,  Spanish,  and 
English, — an  opera,  &c.    He  died  17G7,  aged 

6a 

Dun,  David  Erskine  lord,  born  at  Dun, 
and  educated  at  St.  Andrew's  and  Paris, 
where  he  studied  the  law.  He  was  oalled  to 
the  bar,  1090,  and  opposed  the  Scottish  union, 
but  was  a  benefactor  to  the  persecuted  epis- 
copal clergy.  He  was  called  to  the  bench 
1711,  and  took  the  name  of  Dun.  He  died 
at  Dun  1755,  five  years  after  he  had  retired 
from  the  court  »f  justiciary,  aged  85.  His 
"  advices/'  12mo.  is  an  excellent  perform- 
ance. 

Dunbar,  William,  an  eminent  poet  of 
Scotland,  born  1405  at  Salton,  on  the  south 
of  East  Lothian.  He  was  originally  poor,  and 
after  travelling  as  a  noviciate  of  the  francis- 
can  order,  he  returned  home  in  his  25th 
year.  His  "  thistle  and  the  rose,"  was  writ- 
ten on  the  marriage  of  James  IV.  of  Scotland 
with  .Margaret  daughter  of  Henry  VII.  but 
whilst  he  expected  ecclesiastical  preferment 
for  the  offering  of  his  poetry,  he  unfortunate- 
ly was  disappointed  ;  for  the  great  listen  with 
delight  to  the  flattering  compliments  of  the 
learned,  but  seldom  reward  merit.  He  wrote 
besides,  the  golden  terge — the  freirs  of  Ber- 
wick— the  twamarrit  wemen — and  the  wedo. 
J  lis  poetry  is  commended  by  Warton,  as 
next  in  rank  to  Chaucer's  and  Lydgatc's,  and 
Pinkerton,  with  national  partiality,  says,  that 
he  surpasses  the  morals  and  satires  of  Lang- 
land,  Chaucer's  humor  and  knowledge  of  life, 
Gowcr's  allegory,  and  the  description  of 
Lydgate.  His  works  were  published  with 
learned  notes  by  sir  David  Dalrymple.  He 
died  about  1580. 

Duncan,  Mark,  a  Scotch  physician,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy,  and  principal"  of  the 
Calvinists'  college  at  Saumur.  He  was  invi- 
ted by  James  I.  to  settle  near  his  person, 
which  he  declined,  and  he  died  1640  at  Sau- 
Eiur,  where  he  had  married.  He  wrote 
some  philosophical  works,  and  a  treatise 
against  the  possession  of  the  Ursuline  nuns  of 
London,  which  excited  some  public  resent- 
ment against  him. 

Duncan,  Daniel,  an  eminent  physician 
born  at  Montauban  in  Languedoc,  1040,  of  a 
family  of  Scottish  original.  The  loss  of  his 
parents  while  in  his  cradle,  was  compensated 
by  the  paternal  attention  of  his  mother's 
brother,  Daniel  Paul,  a  learned  counsellor 
of  Toulouse,  who  had  him  educated  at  Puy 
Laurens,  and  at  Montpellier,  where,  under 
the  care  of  Dr.  Charles  Babeyrnc,  he  studied 
•tight  years,  and  when  24  he  took  his  degree 
ofM.D.  From  Montpellier  he  came  to 
Paris,  where  he  resided  seven  years,  and 
published  his  "  explication  nouvelle  6c  me- 
chanifjuc  des  actions  animales,  1078,"  which 
w:is  well  received,  and  the  following;  vear  lie 


visited  London,  for  business  as  well'  as  to 
make  inquiries  into  the  effects  of  the  plague 
of  1605.  After  a  residence  of  two  years  be 
was  recalled  to  Paris,  on  account  of  tlie  de- 
clining health  of  his  great  friend  and  patron 
Colbert.  About  this  time  he  published  Ids 
"  chymie  naturelle,  ou  explication  de  la  nour- 
riture  de  1'animal,"  which,  when  completed 
in  three  parts,  was  read  with  universal  ap- 
plause. On  the  death  of  Colbert  he  left  Pa- 
ris, 1083,  and  retired  to  Montauban  with  the 
intention  of  selling  his  property  and  settling 
in  London.  Here,  however,  he  continue* 
till  the  persecution  against  the  protestanta 
forced  him  for  refuge  to  Geneva,  and  after- 
wards to  Berne,  where  he  obtained  the  pro- 
fessorship of  anatomy.  After  residing  at 
Berne  eight  or  nine  years,  he  went  to  attend 
the  princess  of  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  Cas- 
scl,  where,  for  three  years  he  was  treated 
with  the  respect  due  to  his  merit.  At  this 
time  he  wrote  his  popular  treatise  on  the 
abuse  of  hot  liquors,  especially  tea,  coffee, 
and  chocolate,  which  had  lately  been  intro- 
duced into  Germany,  and  he  published  it  af- 
terwards at  Rotterdam  1705,  at  the  request 
of  Dr.  Boerhaave.  His  character  and  the 
benevolence  with  which  he  treated  the  va-» 
rious  protestant  emigrants  whom  persecution 
drove  out  of  France,  recommended  him 
strongly  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  by  whom  he 
was  honorably  invited  to  Berlin,  where, 
though  physician  to  the  household,  he  staid  a 
little  time  and  removed  to  the  Hague.  For 
12  years  he  resided  at  the  Hague  and  finally 
settled  in  London  in  1714.  He  died  in  Lon- 
don April  30th,  1735,  aged  80.  This  amiable 
man,  so  universally  respected  for  his  human- 
ity and  benevolence,  wrote  besides  the  books 
already  mentioned  "  histoire  de  1'animal, 
&c."  and  left  besides  several  manuscripts  on 
medical  subjects.  His  conversation  "  says 
his  biographer,"  was  easy,  cheerful  and  in- 
teresting, pure  from  all  taint  of  party  scan- 
dal or  idle  raillery;  this  made  his  company 
desired  by  all  who  had  a  capacity  to  know  its 
value,  and  he  afforded  a  striking  instance  that 
religion  must  naturally  gain  strength  from 
the  successful  study  of  nature.  It  is  remark- 
able that  for  three  generations  before  him 
medicine  found  most  respectable  professors 
in  his  family. 

Duncan,  William,  a  learned  writer,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  the  Marischal  college 
of  Aberdeen,  lie  was  born  at  Aberdeen  in 
July  1717,  and  was  educated  there  under  the 
celebrated  Dr.  Biackwell.  He  came  to  Lon- 
don in  17.39,  and  there  chiefly  em  ployed  him- 
self in  writing  Wiv  the  booksellers.  His  works 
appeared  generally  without  his  name.  He 
translated  some  books  from  the  French,  and 
was  concerned  in  that  translation  of  Horace 
known  under  the  name  of  Watson.  He  Was 
the  coadjutor  of  Dr.  Johnson,  Campbell,  and 
Fordyce,  in  the  preceptor  which  Dodsley 
published,  and  he  wrote  for  his  share  the  lo- 
gical part.  He  also  translated  several  of 
Cicero's  orations,  and  likewise  Cassar's  com- 
mentaries which  appeared  in  1752,  folio, 
with  fine  cuts.    In  1753  he  removed  to  Abet- 


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dcefi  where  lie  had  been  the  preceding  year 
appointed  professor  of  philosophy.  He  died 
a  bachelor  May  1st  1760,  aged  43.  Though 
a  "man  of  no  superior  genius,  he  possessed 
taste,  judgment,  and  good  sense,  and  His 
abilities  were  rather  solid  than  shining.  He 
v/as  universally  beloved  in  private  life. 

Duncan,  Adam  lord,  a  well  known  Eng- 
lish admiral,  born  at  Dundee  of  a  respectable 
family.  As  a  younger  son  he  was  bred  to  the 
sea,  and  in  1761,  was  made  post  captain.  He 
served  uuder  Keppel  as  his  captain,  and  in 
1787  was  made  rear  admiral,  in  1793  vice  ad- 
miral, and  in  1795  admiral  of  the  blue.  His 
station  during  the  late  war  was  in  the  north 
sea  to  block  up  the  Texel,  but  in  his  tempo- 
rary absence  during  the  mutiny  of  the  fleet, 
the  Dutch  escaped  from  their  ports,  and 
were  soon  brought  to  an  engagement  by  the 
English  admiral,  near  Camperdown,  within 
five  miles  of  their  own  shores.  On  this  cele- 
brated day,  1 1th  October  1797,  the  Dutch  ad- 
miral De  Winter  struck  with  eight  ships  to 
the  superior  valor  of  the  English,  and  in  re- 
ward for  bis  conduct  Duncan  was  created 
the  21st  of  the  same  month  viscount  Duncan 
of  Camperdown,  baron  Duncan  of  Lundie, 
Perthshire,  with  a  pension  of  2001)2.  on  him- 
self and  his  two  successors  in  the  peerage. 
Lord  Duncan,  whose  character  in  private  life 
as  a  man  and  as  a  christian,  was  equal  to  his 
bravery  as  a  seaman,  died  1804.  He  was  in 
stature  a  comely  person,  full  six  feet  three 
inches  tall,  so  that  he  observed  jocosely  to  the 
Dutch  admiral  who  was  likewise  a  man  of 
tall  stature,  I  wonder  how  you  and  I  have  es- 
caped the  balls  in  this  hot  battle.  During  the 
mutiny  of  his  fleet  the  admiral  addressed  the 
crew  of  his  ship,  tlie  Veteran,  with  a  tone  of 
affection  and  of  firmness,  and  in  a  speech  so 
sensible  and  so  judicious,  as  to  call  forth  the 
admiration  even  of  his  rebellious  crew. 

Buncombe,  William,  an  English  writer, 
born  at  Stocks,  Hertfordshire.  In  1726  he 
married  the  only  sister  of  John  Hughes, 
whose  poems  he  edited  in  two  vols.  12mo. 
1735,  and  the  miscellanies  of  the  other  bro- 
ther Jabez,  in  one  vol.  1737.  He  translated 
Racine's  Athaliah,  which  met  with  applause, 
and  afterwards  edited  the  works  of  Mr. 
Needier,  and  he  produced  his  L.  J.  Brutus 
on  the  boards  of  Drury  lane,  and  it  was  pub- 
lished in  1735  and  1747.  He  besides  edited 
some  of  Herring's  sermons,  and  published 
Horace  in  English  verse  by  several  hands 
1757.     He  died  26  February  1769,  aged  80. 

Duncombe,  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  1730.  He  was  educated  at  pri- 
vate schools  at  Romford  and  Felsted,  where 
he  displayed  great  regularity,  uncommon  ap- 
plication, and  superior  talents.  At  the  age 
of  16  he  was  admitted  at  Benet's  college, 
Cambridge,  at  the  recommendation  of  arch- 
bishop Herring  his  father's  friend.  In  1750 
he  was  chosen  fellow  of  his  college,  and  three 
years  after  took  orders,  and  became  assistant 
preacher  at  St.  Anne's  Soho,  where  his  elo- 
quence as  an  orator,  and  his  amiable  man- 
ners in  private  life,  gained  him  the  respect  of 
a  populous  neighborhood.     In  1757,  the  pri- 


mate Herring  gave  him  the  livings  oi  St.  An- 
drew and  St.  Mary  Bredman,  Canterbury, 
but  the  death  of  that  excellent  patron,  two 
months  after,  cut  off  all  hopes  of  further  and 
more  valuable  preferment.  He  married  in 
1765,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Highmore  the 
painter,  with  whom  he  enjoyed  23  years  of 
uninterrupted  domestic  happiness.  In  1766, 
Seeker  appointed  him  one  of  the  six  Canter- 
bury preachers,  and  the  next  primate,  Corn- 
wallis,  presented  him,  in  1773,  to  the  living 
of  Heme,  six  miles  from  Canterbury.  He 
was  also  master  of  Harbledown  and  St.  John's 
hospitals,  which,  though  places  of  trust  and 
not  emolument,  enabled  him  to  display  his 
regard  for  the  poor,  and  his  humane  endea- 
vours to  relieve  their  necessities.  He  was  al- 
so an  active  magistrate,  and  in  this  office  he 
was  the  means  of  encouraging  virtue  and  of 
checking  vice.  He  was  attacked  by  a  para- 
lytic stroke  21st  June  17S5,  from  which 
he  never  recovered,  and  died  on  the  18th  of 
the  following  January.  He  left  only  one 
daughter.  His  works  are  chief!}'  fugitive  pie- 
ces published  in  Dodsley's  collection,  and  in 
periodical  magazines,  besides  the  Seminead. 
and  a  poem  on  the  death  of  Frederick  prince 
of  Wales.  He  also  greatly  assisted  his  father 
in  his  translation  of  Horace,  and  published 
the  seventh  satire  of  the  second  book  in 
1752,  imitated,  and  inscribed  to  R.  Owen, 
Cambridge. 

Dungal,  a  monk  of  St.  Dennis  in  the 
ninth  century,  supposed  to  be  an  Irishman. 
He  was  consulted  by  Charlemagne  with  res- 
pect to  the  two  eclipses  of  the  sun  which 
happened  810,  and  his  answer  is  preserved  in 
the  10th  vol.  4to.  of  d'Acheri's  spicilegium. 
A  tract  also  by  him  against  the  worship  of 
images,  may  be  found  in  the  Bibliotheca  pat- 
rum  1608,  8vo. 

Dunlop,  William,  M.  A.  was  born  1692 
at  Glasgow,  where  his  father  was  principal  of 
the  university.  He  applied  himself  for  about 
two  years  to  the  study  of  the  law  at  Utrecht, 
but  abandoned  the  plan  at  the  representation 
of  Mr.  Wishart,  and  became,  by  means  of 
his  friend,  regius  professor  of  divinity  and 
church  history  at  Edinburgh  1716.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  much  as  a  preacher,  an4 
died  of  a  dropsy  1720,  aged  28.  He  publish- 
ed two  volumes  of  sermons  12mo.  aud  an  es- 
say on  confessions  of  faith. 

Dunlop,  Alexander,  M.  A.  brother  to 
the  above,  was  born  in  16S4,  in  America 
where  his  father  was  in  exile.  He  came  over 
at  the  revolution,  and  was  in  1720  appointed 
professor  of  Greek  in  Glasgow  university. 
He  published  in  1736,  a  Greek  grammar 
which  still  maintains  its  superiority  in  the 
Scotch  university,  and  died  at  Glasgow  1742, 
aged  58. 

Dunn,  Samuel,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian born  at  Crediton,  Devonshire,  where  he 
kept  a  school  for  some  years,  and  where  he 
founded  a  mathematical  school.  He  after- 
wards removed  to  Chelsea,  where  he  kept 
school,  and  was  appointed  mathematical  ex- 
aminer of  those  officers  who  entered  into  the 
East  India  company's  service.  He  died  179'-V 


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author  of  several  mathematical  treatises— an 
atlas — treatises  on  book  keeping. 

Dunning,  John,  lord  Ashburton,  was 
born  18th  October  1731,  at  Ashburton,  in 
Devonshire.  He  rose  by  his  merit  at  the 
bar,  and  greatly  distinguished  himself  in  par- 
liament. He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in 
1782,  and  made  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of 
Lancaster,  and  recorder  of  Bristol.  He  died 
18th  August  1783,  leaving  only  one  son. 

Dunod  de  Charnage,  Francis  Igna- 
tius, the  learned  professor  of  law  at  Besan- 
con,  his  native  town,  died  there  1751.  He 
wrote  "memoires  of  the  court  of  Bourgog- 
ne"  three  vols  4to. — history  of  the  church 
8tc.  of  Besancon,  two  vols.  4to. — treatise  of 
descriptions,  &c.  His  son  Joseph,  left  some 
notes  on  his  father's  works.  Peter,  a  Jesuit 
of  the  same  family,  published  a  curious  work, 
called  the  discovery  of  the  town  of  Antre  in 
Franche  Comte". 

Dunois,  John,  count  of  Orleans  andLon- 
gueville,  was  the  natural  son  of  Lewis  duke 
of  Orleans,  and  born  23d  November  1407. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  arms,  in  the  de- 
feat of  the  earls  of  Warwick  and  Suffolk,  and 
in  the  defence  of  Orleans,  till  it  was  relieved 
by  Joau  of  Arc.  He  pursued  the  English,  and 
took  from  them  Blaic,  Bourdeaux,  Bayonne, 
&c.  He  was  rewarded  for  his  services  by 
Charles  VII.  who  called  him-the  restorer  of 
his  country,  and  gave  him  large  grants  of 
lands,  with  the  office  of  grand  chamberlain  of 
.France.  This  great  hero,  so  respectable  al- 
so for  the  virtues  of  private  life,  died  24th 
November  1468,  aged  61. 

Duns,  John,  commonly  called  Duns  Sco- 
tus,  a  celebrated  theologian  of  the  franciscan 
order,  born  at  Dunstance,  Northumberland. 
He  became  fellow  of  Merton,  Oxford  and, 
then  went  over  to  Paris,  where  his  abilities 
and  his  acuteness  in  disputation  procured  him 
the  appellation  of  the  subtil  doctor.  He  op- 
posed the  doctrines  of  Thomas  Aquinas, 
hence  his  followers  were  called  Scotists,  and 
his  opponents  Thomists.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Cologne  where  he  died  1308.  It  has  been 
said  by  Paul  Jovius  that  he  was  attacked  by 
an  apoplexy  and  buried  as  dead,  and  that  up- 
on his  recovery,  he  languished  in  a  most  mis- 
erable manner  in  his  coffin  till  he  expired. 
His  works  were  printed  at  Lyons  1639,  10 
vols,  folio,  and  are  now  little  regarded. 

Dunstan,  St.  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
was  born  in  924.  He  embraced  the  ecclesi- 
astical life,  and  was  made  by  Edgar,  bishop 
of  Worcester,  and  afterwards  in  959  transla- 
ted to  Canterbury.  He  was  also  abbot  of 
Glastonbury.  He  is  well  known  as  a  man  of 
intrigue,  and  of  great  spiritual  power,  which 
he  showed  with  unusual  obstinacy  in  the  En- 
glish court,  especially  under  Edmund.  The 
pope  knowing  his  influence,  made  him  his  le- 
gate.    He  died  988. 

Dumton,  John,  a  bookseller,  born  at 
Graff  ham,  Huntingdonshire,  14th  May  1659. 
Upon  failing  in  his  business  as  bookseller, 
after  twenty  years'  success,  he  began  author, 
and  in  1701  was  employed  in  the  Post  angel 
paper.    He  afterwards  began  the  \tkenian 


Mercury,  which  was  a  plan  to  answer  ques- 
tions, monthly  proposed  by  unknown  per- 
sons, and  which  was  re-published  by  Bell 
under  the  name  of  the  Athenian  Oracle,  4 
vols.  8vo.  In  1710  he  published  his  Alheni- 
anism,  containing  600  treatises,  in  prose  and 
verse,  on  all  subjects.  Though  prolix  and 
sometimes  obscure  as  a  writer,  he  yet  pos- 
sesses merit  as  a  satirist,  and  some  of  his  pie- 
ces will  be  read  with  pleasure.  He  also 
wrote  *«  Dunton's  life-  and  errors."  He  died 
about  1725. 

Du  Paty,  advocate  general,  afterwards 
•president  of  the  parliament  at  Bourdeaux, 
was  born  at  Rochelle,  and  died  at  Paris  1788 
not  far  advanced  in  life.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  an  eloquent  and  powerful  orator, 
and  as  an  upright  magistrate.  His  historical 
reflections  on  penal  laws,  are  a  very  valuable 
work.  He  wrote  also  academical  letters  and 
discourses  on  Italy,  two  vols.  8vo.  1788.  He 
affected  to  imitate  Diderot,  and  was  deficient 
in  ta3te.  Voltaire  with  sarcastic  self-conse- 
quence spoke  with  indifference  of  his  abili- 
ties. 

Duperray,  Michael,  a  French  lawyer, 
who  died  at  Paris  1730,  aged  90.  He  wrote 
some  works  chiefly  on  ecclesiastical  sub- 
jects, &c. 

Duphot,  N.  a  French  general,  who  after 
serving  with  distinction  in  Italy,  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  the  pope.  He  was  there  as- 
sassinated in  1797,  in  a  popular  tumult,  and 
though  the  pope  could  not  prevent,  and  was 
not  privy  to  the  commotion,  the  death  of 
the  ambassador,  was  made  a  pretext  by  the 
French  for  seizing  the  ecclesiastical  states. 

Dupin,  Lewis  Ellis,  a  learned,  and  well 
known  critic,  was  born  at  Paris  17th  June 
1657.  He  early  displayed  great  partiality 
for  literature,  and  embraced  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal profession,  and  became  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonn*e  1G84.  He  devoted  himself  to  the 
composition  of  his  great  work  called  "  Bi- 
bliotheque universelle  des  auteurs  ecclesias- 
tiques,"  the  first  volume  of  which  appeared 
1686.  The  boldness,  however,  with  which 
he  spoke  of  various  writers  gave  offence  to 
the  critics,  aud  the  author  was  obliged  by 
Harlay,  archbishop  of  Paris,  to  retract  some 
of  his  opinions,  and  to  suppress  the  work  irk 
1693,  with  the  privilege  of  continuing  it  un- 
der the  altered  title  of  Bibliotheque  nou- 
velle.  Besides  this  great  work  which  was 
brought  down  in  several  volumes  to  the  end 
of  the  16th  century,  Dupin  wrote  others,  the 
chief  of  which  are — prolegomena  to  the 
bible, — notes  on  the  psalms  and  pentatench, 
— a  profane  history — a  treatise  of  power  ec- 
clesiastical aud  temporal, — and  method  of 
studying  divinity,  &c.  He  was  professor  of 
the  Royal  college,  from  which  he  was  re- 
moved in  the  famous  cas  de  conscience,  but 
after  wards-  restored.  He  died  at  Paris  1719, 
aged  62.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive  eru- 
dition, and  of  indefatigable  application.  His 
ecclesiastical  bibliotheque,  so  valuable  for 
the  analytical  account  of  authors  and  of  their 
writings,  which  it  accurately  gives,  has  been 
translated  into  English  with  notes,  hv     He 


DU 


DU 


corresponded  with  Wake  the  English  pri- 
mate about  the  union  of  the  two  churches. 

Du pl anil,  J.  D.  a  French  physician, 
who  translated  various  works  into  French 
from  the  English,  among  which  was  Buch- 
an's  domestic  medicine.  He  died  at  Paris 
1802. 

Dupleix,  Scipio,  was  born  at  Condom 
15CG,  and  noticed  bj'  queen  Margaret,  who 
brought  him  to  Paris  in  1G05,  and  made  him 
master  of  requests,  and  afterwards  historio- 
grapher of  France.  In  his  old  age,  which 
he  reached  without  sickness  or  infirmity,  he 
wrote  a  book  on  the  liberties  of  the  Gallican 
church,  which  he  presented  to  chancellor 
Seguier  for  the  liberty  of  printing,  but  the 
courtier  with  unparalleled  audacity  threw  it 
into  the  fire,  which  so  shocked  the  venerable 
author,  that  he  returned  to  Condom  and 
died  soon  after,  of  deep  vexation,  1661,  aged 
92.  His  works  are  memoirs  of  the  Gauls 
1G50,  folio,  a  book  of  great  value, — history 
of  France  in  six  vols,  folio,  not  very  ac- 
curate or  impartial — an  account  of  the  flat- 
teries heaped  on  Richelieu,  and  the  violent 
reflections  thrown  on  the  deceased  Marga- 
ret, now  no  longer  the  patroness  of  the  au- 
thor,— Roman  history  three  vols,  folio,  an 
insipid  performance, — a  course  of  philoso- 
phy three  vols.  12mo. — natural  curiosity, 
&c.  8vo.  insignificant  and  often  licentious, — 
the  liberty  of  the  French  language  against 
Vaugelas,  &c. 

L*upleix,  Joseph,  a  French  merchant, 
appointed  in  17.10  director  of  Chanderna- 
gore  in  the  East-Indies,  a  colony  which,  by 
his  wisdom  and  firmness  he  raised  from  po- 
verty and  distress  to  consequence  and  opu- 
lence. He  inspired  his  countrymen  with 
the  spirit  of  commerce  and  enterprise,  and 
established  mercantile  connexions  with  the 
lied  sea,  the  Maldives  Goa,  the  Manillas, 
&c.  He  was  appointed  governor  of  Pori- 
dicherry  in  1742,  and  defended  the  place 
with  uncommon  bravery  in  1748  for  forty- 
two  days  against  the  attack  of  two  English 
admirals.  For  these  services  he  was  re- 
warded by  the  French  king  with  the  red 
riband,  and  the  title  of  marquis,  and  by  the 
great  Mogul  with  the  title  of  nabob.  He 
was  recalled  in  1753  during  the  war  which 
broke  out  in  the  East  between  the  English 
and  the  French,  in  the  support  of  two  rivals 
for  the  nabobship  of  Arcot,  and  he  was  so 
hurt  at  the  idea  of  being  called  away  from 
the  exercise  of  sovereign  power  to  a  private 
station,  and  of  soliciting  the  French  East- 
India  company  for  the  payment  of  his  ar- 
rears, that  he  fell  under  a  dejection  of  spi- 
rits and  died  soon  after.  His  conduct  to- 
wards la  Bourdonnaye,  his  rival  in  the  East, 
is  the  most  exceptionable  part,  of  his  charac- 
ter. Jealousy  of  power  prompted  him  to 
use  severe  measures  against  him,  in  1747, 
and  afterwards  Bourdonnaye  had  influence 
enough  to  procure  the  recall  of  his  prosper- 
ous adversary. 

Duport,  James,  a  learned  divine  educa- 
ted at  Cambridge,  where  he  became  profes- 
sor of  Greek,  and  master  of  Magdalen  col- 


lege. He  was  raised  to  the  deanery  of  Fe 
terborough,  and  died  1680.  His  great  em. 
dition  as  a  classical  scholar  is  evinced  in  his 
learned  works.  He  wrote  a  Greek  version 
of  the  psalms,' — gnomologia  Homeri  cum 
duplice  parallelisimo,  Cambridge,  1660 — po- 
etica  stroroata,  1676,  8vo. — and  lectures 
published  with  Nedham's  Theophrastus' 
characters,  1712. 

Duport,  Francis  Mathurin,  counsellor 
of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  revolution  as  a  violent  enemy 
to  the  measures  of  the  court.  His  con- 
nexion with  Orleans  at  last  proved  fatal  to 
him,  and  he  suffered  under  the  guillotine 
20th  of  April  17'J4,  aged  46. 

Duppa,  Brian,  a  learned  prelate,  born 
1589  at  Lewisham,  Kent,  and  educated  at 
Westminster,  and  Christ-church,  Oxford. 
In  1612  he  was  elected  fellow  of  All-souls, 
and  after  having  travelled  in  France  and 
Spain,  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  in  1625, 
and  was  in  1629,  by  the  interest  of  the  eaii 
of  Dorset,  made  dean  of  Christ-church.  In 
1638  he  became  tutor  to  the  prince  Charles, 
and  to  his  brother  James,  and  about  that 
time  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Chichester.  In 
1641  he  was  translated  to  Salisbury,  but  he 
received  little  benefit  from  it,  and  on  the 
suppression  of  episcopacy  he  attended  his 
master,  especially  in  the  isle  of  Wight,  and 
assisted  him,  it  is  said,  in  the  composition  of 
the  Eikon  Basilike.  He  afterwards  lived  in 
retirement  at  Richmond,  till  the  restoration; 
when  he  was  made  bishop  of  Winchester, 
and  lord  almoner.  He  died  in  1662  aged  73, 
at  Richmond,  in  Surrey,  a  place  which  he 
loved,  and  where  he  erected  antl  endowed 
an  alms-house.  A  few  hours  before  he  ex- 
pired, Charles  II.  visited  this  venerable  pre- 
late, and  kneeling  by  his  bed-side  implored 
his  blessing,  which  the  dying  man,  placing 
one  hand  on  the  king's  head,  and  raisiug  the  . 
other  to  heaven,  gave  him  with  great  fervor 
and  piety  He  was  buried  in  Westminster- 
abbey.  He  left  many  charitable  legacies  to 
those  places,  or  societies,  with  which  either 
by  birth,  office,  or  predilection,  he  had  been 
connected.  He  Wrote  some  things  chiefly 
on  devotional  subjects,  as  "  a  guide  for  the 
penitent,"  "  the  soul's  soliloquies,  8cc." 

Duprat,  Anthony,  ;in  eminent  French 
statesman.  He  was  first  :;t  the  bar,  and 
rose  gradually  to  the  first  presidency  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  1507,  and  the  chancel- 
lorship of  France  1515.  He  was  tutor  to 
Francis  I.  when  count  of  Angnuleme,  and 
bv  cheeking  his  criminal  passion  for  the 
wife  of  Lewis  XII.  he  gained  his  confidence 
and  patronage.  He  advised  his  master, 
whose  necessities  were  great,  to  raise  money 
by  selling  the  offices  of  judicature,  and  by 
his  suggestions  the  chamber  called  Tournclie 
was  established,  which  augmented  the  taxes 
and  improved  the  royal  revenue  by  the  op 
pression  of  the  poor.  By  the  advice  of  his 
favorite,  Francis  also  abolished  the  pragma- 
tic sanction,  and  established  the  concordat, 
b)  which,  while  the  king  nominated  to  va- 
cant beneficesj  the  pope  received  a  large  an- 


DL 


DU 


nual  i'ncome  from  the  churches.  This  step 
rendered  Duprat  a  favorite  at  Rome,  he  be- 
came an  ecclesiastic,  and  from  the  sees  of 
Meaux,  Albi,  Valence,  Die,  Gap,  and  Sens, 
which  he  successively  filled,  he  was  honor- 
ed with  the  purple  1527.  He  was  after- 
wards a  legate  in  France,  and  on  the  death 
of  Clement  VII.  it  is  said  he  aspired  to  the 
tiara,  an  ambitious  step  which  the  French 
King  ridiculed  and  by  no  means  promoted. 
This  artful  prelate,  to  whom  his  ambition 
and  his  intrigues  raised  many  enemies,  died 
at  his  chateau  de  Nantoillet  9th  July  1535, 
overwhelmed  with  remorse,  and  worn  out 
by  diseases.  He  was  a  man  of  the  most  am- 
bitious and  selfish  character,  whose  whole 
conduct  was  guided  by  interest  and  avarice. 
To  increase  his  power  or  enlarge  his  fortune 
lie  scrupled  at  no  sacrifice  on  either  of  fame 
or  virtue,  and  therefore  his  death  was  as  tin- 
lamented  as  his  life  had  been  guilty.  lie 
built  at  the  hotel  de  Dieu  at  Paris  a  hall 
which  still  bears  his  name,  on  which  the 
king  observed  that  it  should  have  been  much 


Dorand,  William,  a  nr.tive  of  Provence, 
eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  afterwards  raised 
to  a  bishopric  by  the  pope.  He  died  at 
Rome  1290,  aged  59,  author  of  a  Speculum 
juris.  Sec.  a  work  of  merit.  His  ntphew 
was  also  a  bishop,  and  wrote  on  general 
councils. 

Durand,  de  St.  Pourcain,  William, 
a  French  bishop,  called  from  his  powers  of 
argumentation  the  resolute  doctor.  He  was 
author  of  commentaries  on  the  sentences 
and  other  works,  and  died  1332. 

Dukande,  N.  a  physician  of  eminence 
at  Dijon,  who  published  some  interesting 
tracts  on  his  profession.  Ilk:  died  at  Dijon, 
17  'J  9. 

Durant,  Gilles,  sieur  de  la  Bcrgerie, 
advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Paris.  He 
was  one  of  the  nine  appointed  by  the  court 
to  reform  the  customs  of  Paris.  He  pos- 
sessed great  talents  for  ludicrous  poetry,  and 
his  verses  on  the  ass  that  had  joined  the 
league,  and  had  fallen  during  the  siege  of 
Paris   1590,  are  much  admired     He  wrote 


larger,  if  it  could  contain  all  the  poor  Duprat    other  humorous  pieces,  which  equally  com 


had  made. 

Dupre,  de  Guyer,  John,  a  hermit  said 
to  have  built  with  only  the  assistance  of  his 
servant  the  hermitage  of  Friburg  in  Swit- 
zerland, in  the  solid  rock,  the  chimney  of 
which  rises  90  feet  in  height. 

Dupre,  Mary,  a  learned  lady  of  the  17th 
century,  born  at  Paris,  and  educated  by  her 
uncle  des  Marets  de  St.  Sorlin  in  the  learn- 
ed languages  and  in  rhetoric,  versification, 
and  philosophy.  She  also  studied  Descartes, 
and  was  called  the  Cartesienne.  She  was 
intimate  with  the  learned  of  her  time,  and 
her  pieces  of  poetry  and  also  her  prose  wri- 
tings were  read  with  great  applause. 

Dupre  d'AuNAY,  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Paris,  member  of  several  learned  academies. 
He  died  1758.  He  wrote  letters  of  the 
generation  of  animals, — traite  des  subsis- 
tences militaires,  two  vols.  4to. — reflec- 
tions on  the  transfusion  of  blood,  12mo.  &c. 

Dupre  de  St.  Maur,  Nicholas  Francis, 
a  native  of  Paris,  who  died  there  December 
the  1st,  1774,  aged  80.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  French  academy.  He  translated 
Milton's  Paradise  lost,  with  Addison's  odes, 
and  also  Paradise  regained,  by  a  Jesuit,  four 
vols.  12mo.  He  wrote  an  essay  on  the  coins 
of  France,  1740,  4to.  a  valuable  work, — in- 
quiries on  the  value  of  money,  Sec. — the 
table  of  the  duration  of  human  life.  He  was 
well  informed  in  matters  of  agriculture, 
economy,  and  commerce. 

Dupuis,  Claude,  a  French  engraver  of 
merit  who  died  at  Paris,  1742  aged  57.  His 
brother  Gabriel  Nicholas  was  also  an  emi- 
nent engraver,  and  died  1771,  aged  73. 

Duquesne,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Nor- 
mandy, who  distinguisiied  himself  in  the 
French  navy  in  various  fights  against  the 
Spaniards,  the  Dutch,  the  Genoese,  Sec. 
He  died  at  Paris  the  second  February  1688, 
aged  78,  much  and  deservedly  respected, 
not  less  in  his  private  than  his  public  cha- 
varcter. 

VOT.    T-  5& 


mand  the  approbation  of  the  public,  though 
some  are  of  a  licentious  tendency.  Some 
suppose  that  he  was  broke  on  the  wheel, 
loth  of  July  1618,  for  a  libel  on  the  French 
king,  but  the  sufferer  was  another  person, 
who  with  his  two  brothers  endured  that 
savage  punishment.  Durant's  works  were 
printed  1.594. 

Duranti,  John  Stephen,  a  native  of 
Toulouse,  of  whose  parliament  he  was  advo- 
cate-general, and  afterwards  in  1581  first 
president.  He  violently  opposed  the  league, 
and  perished  in  a  tumult  which  he  endea- 
vored to  appease,  being  shot  by  a  musket 
ball  10th  of  Feb.  15S9,  and  treated  with  every 
mark  of  insult  and  indignity  by  the  mob. 
This  meritorious  martyr  had  the  year  before 
successfully  employed  his  influence  to  pre- 
serve Toulouse  from  the  plague,  and  he  had 
deserved  the  affection  of  his  couutry  by  his 
liberality  and  charity  of  some  institutions 
which  he  founded  for  the  education  of  youth 
and  the  relief  of  indigence.  He  wrote  also 
a  book  de  ritibus  ecclcsi:c,  printed  at  Rome 
1591  folio. 

Durbach,  Anne  Louisa,  a  German  po- 
etess, born  1722.  From  the  mean  occupa- 
tion of  watching  cattle,  she  raised  herself  to 
distinction  by  the  reading  of  books,  and  by 
uncommon  application  to  literature.  At  17 
she  married  a  woolcomber,  but  with  him  and 
with  another  afterwards,  she  was  exposed  to 
great  poverty,  till  the  age  of  40,  when  her 
muse  celebrated  in  a  triumphal  ode  the  bat- 
tle of  Lowoschutz.  This  piece  was  noticed, 
and  recommended  to  the  Prussian  monarch, 
who  sent  for  the  poetess  to  Berlin,  and  by 
his  patronage  placed  her  above  want.  Her 
poems  have  been  published,  and  possess 
great  merit.     She  died  about  1780. 

Dure i, l,  John,  a  divine  of  eminence, 
born  1626  in  the  island  of  Jersey,  and  edu- 
cated at  Merton  college,  which  he  left  at  the 
beginuingof  the  civil  wars,  and  then  passed 
to  Cftcn,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  MA 


DU 


DU 


He  war.  ordained  by  the  bishop  of  Galloway, 
at  Paris  1651^  and  was  afterwards  invited  by 
the  church  of  Caen  to  supply  the  place  of 
the  famous  Uoehart  during  liis  absence  at 
the  court  of  Christina  of  Sweden,  an  honor- 
able appointment,  which  however  he  did 
not  ace.  pt.  At  the  restoration  he  was  chap- 
lain to  the  king-,  and  preferred  to  a  prebend 
at  Salisbury,  afterwards  at  Windsor,  and 
then  at  Durham.  In  1669  he  took  his  de- 
gree oi'  D.  D.  at  Oxford,  and  in  1677  was 
raised  to  the  deanery  of  Windsor.  For  this 
preferment  he  was  indebted  to  his  abilities 
as  well  as  to  the  partiality  of  Charles,  who 
«vas  v  ell  acquainted  with  his  merits,  and  had 
known  him  in  Jersey  and  in  France.  He  di- 
ed 1683,  aged  58,  and  was  buried  at  Wind- 
tor.  His  writings  were  chiefly  controversial — 
a  vindication  of  the  church  of  England 
Against  schismatics — a  view  of  the  govern- 
ment, &cc.  of  the  church  of  England,  4to. — 
besides  a  translation  of  the  liturgy  into  Latin 
and  French. 

Dure  Li.,  David,  a  native  of  Jersey,  edu- 
cated at  Pembroke  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  his  master's  degree.  He  afterwards 
became  fellow  of  Hertford  college,  of  which 
in  1757  he  was  made  principal.  In  1764  he 
took  his  degree  of  D.  D.  and  in  1767  was 
made  prebendary  of  Canterbury'.  He  ser- 
ved the  office  of  vice  chancellor  and  died  1775, 
aged  47.  He  was  author  of  critical  remarks 
on  the  books  of  Job,  Psalms,  Ecclesiaste 
and  Canticles,  4to. — the  Hebrew  text  of  the 
parallel  prophecies  of  Jacob  and  Moses,  re- 
lating to  the  IS  tribes,  with  a  translation  and 
notes,  &c.  4to. 

Dueee,  Albert,  a  celebrated  painter  and 
engraver,  born  at  Nuremberg  20th  May 
1471,  of  Hungarian  parents.  After  being 
well  instructed  in  arithmetic,  perspective, 
and  geometry,  he  began  to  exhibit  some  of 
his  pieces  before  the  public,  and  his  three 
graces  were  the  first  performance  which  fix- 
ed the  admiration  of  his  country  upon  him, 
in  1497.  He  painted  little,  therefore  his  pic- 
tures are  very  scarce,  and  as  highly  valued. 
His  Adam  and  Eve  are  still  preserved  in  the 
royal  palace  of  Prague,  and  also  a  picture 
of  Christ  bearing  the  cross,  an  adoration  of 
the  wise  men,  and  at  Frankfort  two  pieces 
of  the  passion  and  an  assumption  of  exqui- 
site beauty.  In  the  senators'  hall  at  Nurem- 
berg are  also  still  exhibited  with  national 
pride,  a  portrait  of  Charlemagne,  and  of 
some  of  the  emperors,  with  the  12  apostles. 
His  engravings  are  highly  admired.  Instead 
of  the   tedious   mode   of  engraving  on  cop- 

Eer,  he  first  attempted  to  work  on  wood,  and 
is  first  pieces  in  that  way,  were  the  behead- 
ing of  John  the  Baptist,  and  the  presenta- 
tion of  his  head  to  Herod,  published  in  1510. 
One  of  his  best  pieces  is  said  by  Vasari  to 
he  a  St.  Eustachius  kneeling  before  a  stag. 
The  merit  of  Durer  was  not  lost  in  obscuri- 
ty, he  was  esteemed  by  the  great,  and  the 
emperor  Maximilian  not  only  patronised 
him  but  granted  him  a  pension  and  a  patent 
of  nobility.  He  died  in  his  native  city,  6th 
April  1528,  and  was  buried  in  St.  John's 


church,  where  his  friend  Pirkheimer  placed 
an  honorable  inscription  over  his  remains. 
Besides  his  great  reputation  as  an  artist,  he 
possessed  what  is  equally  valuable,  a  respec- 
table character  in  private  life.  He  was 
cheerful  but  not  licentious  in  his  conversa- 
tion, the  firm  friend  of  virtue  and  piety,  and 
he  never,  like  some  of  his  fellow  artists, 
employed  his  talents  on  any  thing  that  was 
either  obscene  or  profane.  He  wrote  some 
hooks  in  German,  published  after  his  death, 
on  the  rules  of  painting — fnstitutiones  geom- 
etrite,  &c.  His  wife,  who  was  beautiful,  but 
is  described  by  some  as  a  Xantippe,  sat  to 
him,  and  from  her  features  he  painted  the 
face  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

Duret, Lewis,  aphysican,bornatBeauge- 
la-Ville  in  Brescia.  He  practised  with  great 
success  at  Paris,  and  was  in  the  household 
of  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  III.  He  was  par- 
ticularly esteemed  by  this  last  monarch,  who 
granted  him  a  pension  of  400  crowns  of  gold, 
with  a  survivance  to  his  five  sons,  and  in 
proof  of  his  great  esteem  was  also  present 
at  the  marriage  of  his  daughter.  Duret  di- 
ed 22d  January  1586,  aged  59.  He  was  a 
true  follower  of  Hippocrates,  and  treated 
medicine  after}  the  manner  of  the  ancients. 
His  best  work  is  a  commentary  on  Hippo- 
crates published  Paris  1621,  folio,  after  be- 
ing completed  and  revised  by  his  son  John, 
who  like  himself  was  eminent  as  a  physi* 
cian.     The  son  died  1629,  aged  66. 

B'Urfey,    Thomas,  a  facetious  English 
poet.    His  parents  who   were  Huguenots, 
left  Bochelle  before  it  was  besieged  by  Lew- 
is XIII.  in  1628,  and  they  settled  at  Exeter, 
where  the  poet  was  born.     He  applied  him- 
self to  the  law,  but  the  liveliness  of  his  gen- 
ius, and  the  volatility  of  his  mind,  carried 
him  to  the  cultivation  of  poetry,  and  as  he 
possessed  the  powers  of  wit  and  the  keen- 
ness of  satire,  his   plays  were  received  on 
the  stage   with  great  applause.    His  face- 
tiousness  and  easy   manners  recommended 
him  to  the  notice  of  the  great,  and  Charles 
II.  was  often  seen  with  this  favorite  of  the 
muses,  most  familiarly  leaning  on  his  shoul- 
der, or   humming    over  a  song    with    him. 
But  though  popular,  his  ballads,  songs,  and 
plays  possessed  all  the  coarseness  of  wit,  li- 
centiousness,   and    indelicacy    which    were 
fashionable  in  the  days  of  the  second  Charles, 
and  which  better  times  have  happily  banish- 
ed, so  that  within  30  years  after  his  death, 
none  of  his  pieces  were  suffered  to  appear  on 
the  stage.    This  humorous  author,  familiarly 
known  by  the  name  of  Tom,  lived  much 
■with   the   earl  of  Dorset  at  Knole,  where 
there  is  still  preserved  a  picture  of  him,  ta- 
ken  by  stealth,  as  lie  was  sleeping  in  his 
chair  after  dinner,  but  in   the  last  part   of 
his  life  he  was  haunted  by  poverty,  for,  re- 
gardless   of  the    morrow   he    had    always 
squandered  the  present  away.    To  relieve 
him  from  distress,  the  players  very    gener- 
ously, at  the  solicitation  of  Addison,  came 
forward  to   perform  "  the  Plotting  sisters'* 
for  the   benefit  of  the  author,  who  humor- 
ously €aid,  he  had  Avritten  more  odes  fhffn" 


DU 


DU 


Horace,  and  four  times  as  many  comedies  as 
Terence,  and  this  temporary  relief  set  him 
above  want.  He  died  26th  February  1723, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  James'  churchyard, 
Westminster.  His  age  is  not  exactly  known, 
though  it  must  have  been  about  70.  His 
souuets,  ballads,  Sec.  are  contained  in  G  vols. 
12mo.  and  called  "  Pills  to  purge  melancho- 
ly," and  they  are  handsomely  recommend- 
ed by  the  29th  number  of  the  Guardian,  in 
the  Onh  number  of  which  work  also  may 
be  found  a  humorous  account  of  the  author. 
Durham,  James,  a  Scotch  divine,  born 
in  West  Lothian  1620,  and  educated  in  St. 
Salvador's  college,  St.  Andrew's.  At  the  age 
of  30  by  the  persuasion  of  his  friends  he 
took  orders,  and  became  a  very  popular  and 
eloquent  preacher  at  Glasgow.  He  died  of 
a  consumption  165S,  aged  38.  He  wrote  a 
commentary  on  the  revelations — discourse 
on  scandal — sermons  on  the  53d  of  Isaiah 
and  the  Song  of  Solomon,  Sec. 

Duringer,  Melchior,  professor  of  ec- 
clesiastical history  at  Berne,  passed  his 
whole  life  in  celibacy,  solitude,  and  melan- 
choly. He  fell  from  the  story  of  his  house, 
•which  was  unfortunately  on  fire,  and  died 
an  hour  after,  1st  January  1723,  aged  76. 
The  author  of  physica  sacra,  printed  at  Am- 
sterdam 173-2,  is  much  indebted  to  the  la- 
bors of  Duringer. 

Dury  or  DurjEus,  John,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine, who  labored  earnestly  to  reconcile  the 
Lutherans  and  Calvinists,  but  to  little  pur- 
pose. He  began  about  1634  to  travel  through 
Europe,  engaged  in  this  gigantic  undertak- 
ing, and  after  conferring  with  the  divines  of 
England,  Germany,  Sweden,  Denmark,  Hol- 
land, Geneva,  and  other  places,  he  at  last, 
after  40  years'  laborious  pursuit,  found  him- 
self disappointed,  and  though  all  commend- 
ed his  spirit  and  extolled  the  purity  of  his 
intentions,  none  would  resign  their  opinions 
and  their  faith  to  the  decision  of  their  neigh- 
bors. It  is  unknown  when  he  died,  but  in 
the  last  part  of  his  life  he  was  honorably 
patronised,  by  Hedwig  Sophia,  princess  of 
Hesse,  who  allowed  him  a  comfortable  ■  re- 
tirement, with  a  table  well  furnished,  and 
every  convenience.  He  wrote  much  in  fa- 
vor of  his  grand  plan,  and  evinced  himself 
a  man  of  extensive  learning,  great  zeal,  be- 
coming piety,  but  rather  fanatical.  His  let- 
ter to  Dumoulin,  concerning  the  churches 
of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  under 
Cromwell,  is> curious.  It  is  published  Lon- 
don 1658,  12rao. 

Dusart,  a  painter  of  Haerlem,  disciple 
of  Adrian  Ostade.  He  was  chiefly  great  in 
the  description  of  taverns  and  low  company. 
He  died  1704,  aged  39. 

Dussaulx,  John,  a  native  of  Chartres, 
Mho  after  distinguishing  himself  in  the  war 
of  Hanover  under  Richelieu,  devoted  him- 
self to  literary  pursuits.  At  the  revolution 
he  became  member  of  the  convention,  but 
his  conduct  was  moderate  and  humane,  and 
he  was  one  of  the  73  proscribed  deputies 
who  were  imprisoned  fop  opposing  the  mea- 
sures of  their  more  violent  associatc3s     IJe 


was  afterwards  member  of  the  council  of 
ancients,  and  president  of  the  national  insti- 
tute, and  died  at  Paris  16th  March  1799, 
aged  71.  He  published  a  translation  of  Ju- 
venal— de  la  passion  du  jeu,  8\o. — e'oge  de 
Blanchct — memoire  sur  les  satirinues  Latins, 
Sic. 

Duval,  Peter,  geographer  royal  of 
France,  v  as  born  at  Abbeville.  He  died  at 
Paris  1083,  aged  65.  He  studied  geography 
under  his  learned  maternal  uncle  Sanson, 
and  is  the  author  of  some  geograpical  tracts 
and  maps,  formerly  in  great  esteem. 

Duval,  Nicholas,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
•died  1732,  aged  8S.  He  studied  in  Italy  un- 
der Corlona,  and  was  made  by  William  111. 
director  of  the  academy  at  the  Hague. 

Duval,  Valentine  Jamerai,  an  extraor- 
dinary character,  born  in  1695  at  Arlonay 
in  Champagne.  At  the  age  of  10  he  lost  his 
father  who  was  a  poor  laborer,  but  thus  des- 
titute, overwhelmed,  with  his  mother  and 
her  family,  by  poverty,  he  began  to  hope  far 
better  times.  He  hired  himself  with  a  pea- 
sant of  the  village,  and  even  in  the  employ- 
ment of  keeping  the  poultry  yard,  he  drew 
the  attention  of  his  youthful  associates,  and 
by  his  superior  agility  guided  tfieir  innocent 
sports.  In  the  winter  of  1709  he  travelled 
towards  Lorraine,  and  in  the  cold  journey 
lie  was  attacked  by  the  small-pax  under 
which  he  must  have  sunk  but  tor  the  timely 
assistance  of  a  shepherd  near  ."Vlonglat,  who 
supplied  him  with  dry  bread  and  water,  in 
a  miserable  sheep-pen  where  the  breath  of 
the  crowded  sheep  hastened  the  termination 
of  his  disorder  by  occasioning  a  strong  and 
lasting  perspiration.  Recovered  from  this 
dreadful  malady  he  went  to  Clezautine,  a 
village  on  the  borders  of  Lorraine,  w  here  he 
continued  two  years  in  the  service  of  anoth- 
er shepherd,  and  then  became  an  attendant 
on  brother  Palemon  at  the  hermitage  of  La 
Rochette  near  Deneuvre.  From  this  peace- 
ful abode  he  was  soon  removed  to  the  her- 
mitage of  St.  Anne  near  Luneville,  and 
there  employed  in  the  service  of  four  her*, 
mits  and  in  acts  of  charitable  hospitality,  he 
learnt  to  write,  and  with  eagerness  devoured 
the  books  which  his  indigent  abode  afforded. 
His  activity  was  here  employed  in  the  pur- 
suit of  game  which  he  sold  and  converted  to 
the  increase  of  his  books  and  knowledge, 
and  his  accidental  finding  of  a  seal  belong- 
ing to  Mr.  Forstcr,  an  English  gentleman  re- 
sident at  Luneville,  which  he  very  honora- 
bly advertised,  procured  him  new  and  solid 
advantages.  Forster  rewarded  his  honesty, 
and  assisted  him  in  the  purchase  of  books 
and  of  maps,  and  his  library  soon  increased 
to4(>0  volumes.  Here,  while  one  day  en- 
gaged deeply  in  the  study  of  a  map  at  tiie 
foot  of  a  tree,  he  was  found  bv  the  attend- 
ants of  the  princes  of  Lorraine,  and  the  per- 
tinent and  very  sensible  remarks  which  he 
made  on  the  inquiries  of  his  illustrious  visitors, 
engaged  so  much  their  attention  that  they 
promised  him  their  protection,  and  introduc- 
ed him  to  Leopold  duke  of  Lorraine.  The 
young  advcjtureV  quit  fed  Ore  hermitage  with 


DY 


DY 


tears  of  gratitude,  and  soon,  under  the  care 
of  the   Jesuits  of  Pont-a-Mousson,  he  made 
himself  master  of  his   favorite   studies,  his- 
tory, geography,  and  antiquities.     His  pro- 
gress here  was  astonishing,  but  while  he  en- 
deavoured once  to  cure  the  impetuous  passion 
of  love  by  hemlock,  as  he  read  in  St.  Jerome, 
he  nearly  destroyed  himself,  and    long  after 
felt  the  terrible  effects  of  this  violent  remedy. 
In  1718  he  visited  Paris  in  the  suite  of  his  pat- 
ron Leopold,  and  at  his  return  became  his  li- 
brarian,and  also  professor  of  history  at  Lune- 
lle.    In  this  new  office  Duval  distinguished 
himself  greatly,  he  was  attended  by  several 
Englishmen,  and  particularly  by  Pitt  after- 
wards earl  of  Chatham,  whose    genius   and 
manners  he  admired,  and  whose  future  em- 
inence he  prophetically  announced.   He  now 
found  himself  raised  to  comfortable  indepen- 
dence, and  in  the  fullness  of  his  heart  he 
showed  his  gratitude  to  the  hermits  of  St. 
Anne    his    benefaetors,   by  rebuilding  and 
adorning  their  residence,  and  enabling  them 
to  extend  their  charities.     On  the  death  of 
Leopold  in  1738,  he  followed  his  son  Francis 
who  exchanged  Lorraine  for  Tuscany,  but 
though  Florence  afforded   him  many  com- 
forts from  the  salubrity  of  its  climate,  and 
the  rich  treasures  of  its  libraries,  he  yet  sigh- 
ed for  his  native  land.    Francis,  on  his  mar- 
riage with  the  heiress  of  Austria,  soon  grat- 
ified his  wishes,  and  when  removed  to  Vienna 
he  called  his  respectable  attendant  near  his 
person,  and  gave  him  the  care  of  his  collec- 
tion of  medals.    In  this  situation  Duval  lived 
respected  and  beloved,  and  when  in  1751  he 
was  nominated  preceptor  to  the  young  prince 
Joseph,  he  did  not  offend  his  imperial  pat- 
rons by  modestly  refusing  an  office  so  flat- 
tering to  vanity.    He  enjoyed   good   health 
from  the  temperance  of  his  habits,  and  the 
hard  mode  of  life  to  which  he  had   inured 
himself,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  literature  and  to  the  correspondence 
of  his  friends,  especially  of  madame  de  Gut- 
tenberg,  lady  of  the  bed-chamber  to  the  em- 
press, a  woman  whose  understanding  was 
similar  to  his  own,   and  whase  goodness   of 
heart  like  his  own  was  displayed  in  frequent 
acts  of  benevolence  and  charity.    In  1752, 
Duval  visited  Paris,  and  was  honorably  re- 
ceived by  the  learned,  and  on  his  return  pas- 
sing by  Artonay  his  native  village,  he  pur- 
chased the  house  which  the  indigence  of  his 
sister  had  sold,  and  built  on  the  spot  where 
he  was  born  a  neat  house,  which  he  appro- 
priated to  the  residence  of  the  public  school- 
master of  the  place.    This   venerable  and 
pious  character  died  third  November  1775, 
aged  81,  displaying  in  his1  last  moments  that 
resignation  and  faith  which  close  the  life  of 
a  good  man. 

Duveneke,  Marc  Van,  an  historical 
painter  of  Bruges,  who  died  1729,  aged  55. 
He  was  the  pupil  of  Carlo  Maratti,  and 
painted  chiefly  for  churches,  and  many  of 
his  pieces  are  still  preserved  at  Bruges. 

Dyche,  Thomas,  an  English  clergyman, 
well  known  as  a  schoolmaster,  at  Strafford- 
le-bow,  and  as  the  author  of  an  English  dic- 


tionary, spelling-hook,  Latin  vocabulary,  &£. 
He  died  about  1750. 

Dyer,  sir  James,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
born  at  Roundhill,  Somersetshire,  1511,  and 
educated  at  Broadgate  hall,  Oxford,  and  re- 
moved to  the  Middle  temple,  London. 
Here  by  assiduity  he  distinguished  himself, 
and  in  1552,  he  was  made  sergeant  at  law, 
and  elected  speaker  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons. In  1556  he  was  made  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  common  pleas,  in  1557  remo- 
ved to  the  king's  bench,  and  in  1559  again 
restored  to  the  common  pleas,  and  the  next 
January  he  was  made  chief  justice  of  that, 
court.  This  respectable  and  upright  ma- 
gistrate died  at  his  seat  of  Stanton,  Hunting- 
donshire, 24th  March  1581,  aged  70.  He 
wrote  a  large  volume  of  reports,  published 
20  years  after  his  death,  and  reprinted  often, 
and  deservedly  commended  by  sir  Edward 
Coke.  He  left  also  some  other  law  tracts, 
and,  for  his  learning  and  great  excellence  of 
character,  fully  merited  the  eulogium  passed 
on  him  by  Camden. 

Dyer,  William,  a  nonconformist,  ejected 
from  his  living  of  Cholesbury,  Bucks,  in 
1062.  He  turned  quaker  the  latter  part  of 
his  life,  and  died  1696,  aged  60  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Southwark.  He  wrote  some  ser- 
mons, and  theological  tracts  much  in  the 
style  jof  Bnnyan's.  They  were  reprinted 
1671. 

Dyer,  John,  an  English  poet,  born  at  Ab- 
erglasney,  Caermarthenshire,  1700.    He  was 
educated   at  Westminster  school,    and  re- 
turned  home  to  study  the  law,  his  father's 
profession,  but  he  had  a  greater  relish  for 
poetry  and  design,  and  therefore  he  deter- 
mined to  become  a  painter.    In  1727  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Grongar-hill,"  a  beautiful  little 
poem,  and  afterwards  set  out  for  Italy  to  de- 
lineate  the   antiquities  of   that    celebrated 
country,  and   employed  much  of  his  time 
among  the  enchanting  prospects  near  Rome 
and  Florence.    At  his  return  home  in  1740 
appeared  his  poem  "  the  ruins  of  Rome," 
and  soon  after,  by  the  advice  of  his  friends, 
he  took  orders.     He  was  presented  to  Cal- 
thorp,    Leicestershire,    which,  after  a  re- 
sidence of  10  years,  he  exchanged  for  Belch- 
ford,  Lincolnshire.     In  1752  he  was  present- 
ed by  sir  John  Heathcote  to  Coningsby,  and 
in  1756  the  chancellor  added   to  it,  Kirkby 
on  Bane  ;  but  whilst  he  began  to  enjoy  him- 
self, and  prepared  the  improvements  of  his 
parsonage  house,  and  of  his  garden,  the  cup 
of  felicity  was  dashed  from  his  hand,  and  he 
was  carried  off  by  a  rapid  consumption  175S, 
and  buried  at  Coningsby,  where  no  memo- 
rial records  the  virtues  of  its  pastor.    He  left 
a   widow  and   four    children,   one  son   and 
three  girls.    The  son,  heir  to  his  father's 
taste  and  classical  knowledge,  died  in  Lon- 
don April  1782,  aged  32,  as  he  was  prepar- 
ing   to  extend  his   travels  to  Italy.      The 
"  fleece,"  which  was  published  a  little  before 
the  poet's  death — Grongar-hill — and  the  ru- 
ins of  Rome,   are  the   three   poems  which 
raised  Dyer  above  mortality.    The  simplici- 
ty of  his  lines  is  enriched  with  true  sublimi- 
ty, and  the  whole  breathe  forth  the  purest 


DY 


DY 


flames  of  benevolence  and  humanity,  and 
have  gained,  and  will  preserve  universal 
admiration.  His  works  were  printed  in  one 
vol.  8vo.  1761. 


Dynamus,  a   rhetorician  of  the  fourth 
century,  born  at  Bordeaux,  which  lie  left  on 
an  accusation  of  adultery.     He  died  3fi0  in 
j  Spain,  where  he  had  married  a  rich  widow. 


EA 

EACHARD,  Dr.  John,  an  English  divine, 
born  in  Suffolk  I63fi.  He  was  educated 
at  Catharine-hall,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  fellow,  and  in  1G75  master,  the  year 
after  which  he  took  his  degree  of  1).  D.  He 
died  7th  July  1097,  aged  61,  and  was  buried 
iq  the  chapel,  where  a  handsome  inscription 
is  placed  over  bis  remains.  He  is  well  known 
as  the  author  of  the  grounds  and  occasions 
of  the  contempt  of  the  clergy  and  religion  in- 
quired into,  in  a  letter  to  R.  L.  1670,  which 
was  attacked  by  several  writers,  and  ans- 
wered by  him.  In  1672  he  published  Mr. 
Hobbes'  state  of  nature  considered,  in  a  dia- 
logue between  Philantbus  and  Timothy, 
dedicated  to  Sheldon  the  primate,  which 
Hobbes  never  noticed,  and  perhaps  wisely, 
as  his  superior  powers  must  have  sunk  be- 
fore the  wit  and  raillery  of  his  opponent. 
These  two  performances  were  long  in  es- 
teem, and  deserved  the  high  commendations 
of  Swift.  All  Dr.  Eachard's  works  were 
printed  complete  in  1774. 

Eames,  John,  a  native  of  London,  edu- 
cated at  Merchant-taylors'  and  intended  for 
the  ministry  among  the  independent  dissen- 
ters. A  strong  defect  in  the  organs  of 
speech  rendered  it  impossible  for  him  to 
appear  with  advantage  before  a  congrega- 
tion, and  therefore  he  employed  himself  in 
educating  young  persons  at  the  expense  of 
the  independent  fund,  and  after  undertak- 
ing the  class  of  mathematics,  the  learned 
languages,  and  philosophy,  he  filled  the  chair 
of  divinity  with  considerable  respectability. 
His  learning  recommended  him  to  the  no- 
tice of  sir  Isaac  Newton,  and  othar  eminent 
men,  and  procured  him  a  seat  in  the  royal 
society,  whose  transactions  he  abridged  with 
the  assistance  of  another  person.  He  died 
1744. 

Earle,  John,  a  native  of  York,  educated 
at  Merton-college,  Oxford,  and  made  tutor 
to  Charles  prince  of  Wales.  He  was  a  great 
sufferer  during  the  civil  wars,  and  at  the 
restoration  was  made  dean  of  Windsor,  then 
bishop  of  Worcester,  and  in  1663  bishop  of 
Salisbury,  where  he  died  two  years  after. 
He  was  author  of  a  translation  of  the  Icon 
Basilike  into  Latin — micro  cosmographv,  or 
a  piece  of  the  world  characterized  in  essays 
and  characters,  12mo. — an  elegy  on  Francis 
Beaumont  the  poet,  &c. 

Earle,  William  Benson,  a  benevolent 
character,  born  at  Shaftesbury,  7th  July 
1740.  He  was  a  man  of  polished  manners, 
well  acquainted  with  the  circle  of  belles  let- 
tres,  and  in  disposition  most  humane  and 
charitable.  He  left  by  his  will  '2000  guin- 
eas to  the  matrons  in  bishop  Ward's  hospi- 
tal, Sarum,  and  to  various  other  public  institu- 
tions in  Winchester,  Salisbury,  Bristol,  Lon- 


EB 

don,  Bath,  Jkc.  handsome  legacies,  expressive 
of  his  respect  for  those  foundations,  which  of- 
fer relief  to  the  aged,  the  weak,  the  indigent, 
and  the  unfortunate.  Other  legacies  also 
were  left  for  the  improvements  of  the  Salis- 
bury concert,  and  for  agricultural  purposes. 
This  benevolent  man  died  21st  March  1796, 
in  the  Close,  Sarum,  and  was  buried  with- 
out pomp  with  his  ancestors  in  Newtou- 
Toney  church. 

Ebertds,  Theodore,  a  learned  profes- 
sor of  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  in  the  17th 
century.  His  works  arc,  Chronologia  sanc- 
tions lingure  doctorum, — elogia  jurisconsul- 
torum,&cc.  8vo. — Poctica  Hebraica,8vo.  1628. 
Ebion,  the  founder  of  a  sect  about  the 
3'ear  72.  St.  John  is  supposed  to  have  writ- 
ten his  gospel  against  the  doctrines  of  the 
Ebionites  who  denied  the  divinity  of  our 
Saviour,  and  acknowledged  as  true  only  a 
mutilated  and  interpolated  copy  of  St.  Mat- 
thew's gospel,  rejecting  all  the  other  books 
of  the  new  testament.  Some  authors  sup- 
pose that  there  was  no  such  person  as  Ebion. 
Eccard,  John  George  d',  a  German  his- 
torian and  antitpuary,  born  at  Duingen, 
Brunswick,  1G70.  He  was  professor  of  his- 
tory at  Heimstadt,  and  succeeded  his  friend 
Leibnitz  in  the  chair  of  Hanover  1716. 
His  debts  obliged  him  to  leave  his  situation 
1723,  and  turning  Roman  catholic  he  retired 
to  Wurtzburg,  where  he  obtained  the  office 
of  episcopal  counsellor  and  librarian.  He 
was  ennobled  by  the  emperor,  and  died  1730. 
His  works  are  Corpus  hjstoricum  medii  asvi 
a  Caroli  magni  tempor.  ad  finem  seouli  xv. 
two  vols.  fol.  a  learned  and  valuable  work, — 
leges  Francorum,  ike. — de  origine  Gerraa- 
nurum, — historia  studii  etymologici,  he. 

Ecchellensis,  Abraham,  a  Maronite 
professor  of  oriental  languages  at  Rome. 
He  translated  from  the  Arabic  into  Latin 
some  of  the  books  of  Apollonius' conies,  and 
went  to  Paris  to  assist  le  Jay  in  the  publica- 
tion of  his  polyglott  bible.  He  quarrelled 
with  le  Jay,  and  also  with  Flavigny,  who  had 
attacked  his  edition  of  the  bible,  and  he 
showed  himself  wantonly  severe  and  licen- 
tiously satirical.  He  was  recalled  from  Paris 
to  assist  the  translating  of  the  scriptures  into 
Arabic,  and  died  at  Rome  1664. 

Eccles,  Solomon,  an  English  musician, 
who  in  the  zenith  of  his  fame  turned  qua- 
ker  and  destroyed  bis  instruments.  He  now 
became  as  ridiculous  as  before  he  had  been 
admired,  and  for  a  while  amused  the  public 
by  his  foolish  plans,  to  reconcile  all  mankind 
to  one  religion.  The  confinement  of  a  pris- 
on at  last  cured  him  of  bis  follies,  but  he  died 
without  religion  the  last  years  of  the  17th 
century. 
Ebf.'oin,  mayor  of  the  palace  under  CIo- 


ED 


ED 


thaire  III.  and  Thiery  I.  maintained  for  a 
wfiile  the  great  power  which  his  intrigues 
aod  hypocrisy  had  obtained,  but  his  pride 
and  cruelty  offended  the  French  nobles,  and 
he  was  at  last  confined  in  a  monastery.  He 
however  escaped,  and  soon  returned  with  an 
army  to  regain  his  lost  influence.  His  ene- 
mies and  rivals  were  sacrificed  to  his  ambi- 
tion and  revenge,  and  the  greatest  atrocities 
■were  exercised  in  the  name  of  public  justice. 
This  tyrant,  execrated  by  the  people,  was  at 
last  assassinated  by  Hermanfroi,  a  noble 
■whose  death  he  meditated,  681. 

Echard,  Jacques,  a  dominiean  who  was 
born  at  Rouen,  and  died  at  Paris  March  15th 
1774,  aged  60.  He  wrote  an  account  of  the 
learned  men  whom  his  order  had  produced, 
two  vols.  fol.  Paris  1719,  and  1721. 

Echard,  Lawrence,  an  English  historian 
■and  divine,  born  at  Bassam  near  Beccles, 
Suffolk,  1671,  and  educated  at  Christ  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  M. 
A.  1695.  He  took  orders  and  obtained  the 
livings  of  Welton  and  Elkinton,  Lincolnshire. 
In  1706,  he  published  his  history  of  England, 
from  the  time  of  the  Romans  to  James  I. 
in  one  volume  folio,  to  which  he  added  a  se- 
cond and  a  third  volume  1718,  up  to  the  set- 
tlement of  William  and  Mary.  He  wrote 
also  an  ecclesiastical  history,  and  an  English 
translation  of  Plautus  and  Terence,  besides  a 
gazetteer,  &c.  He  was  made  prebendary  of 
Lincoln,  and  in  1712,  archdeacon  of  Stowe, 
and  soon  after  presented  to  the  livings  of 
Rendlesham,  Sudborn,  and  Alford,  Suffolk. 
His  declining  state  of  health  obliged  him  to 
go  to  Scarborough  for  the  waters,  but  he  di- 
ed by  the  way,  while  in  his  chariot,  16th  Au- 
gust 1730.  He  was  an  author  of  great  judg- 
ment and  perseverance,  but  the  labors  of 
more  modern  and  elegant  writers  have  ren- 
dered his  works  obsolete.  He  was  twice 
married,  but  had  no  children. 

Eckius,  John,  a  learned  professor  of  In- 
goldstadt,  born  in  Suabia  1483.  He  warmly 
opposed  the  great  leaders  of  the  reformation, 
and  disputed  at  Leipsic  with.  Luthei*,  before 
the  duke  of  Saxony,  and  at  Worms  against 
Melancthon.  He  was  a  divine  of  great  abili- 
ties, warm  zeal,  and  extensive  erudition.  His 
writing's  arc  chiefly  on  controversial  sub- 
jects, in  support  of  the  popish  supremacy 
against  the  protestaius.  He  died  at  Ingold- 
stadt  1543. 

Ecl  use,  Charles  del'  Clusius,  a  physi- 
cian of  Arras,  who  had  the  care  of  the  sim- 
ples of  Maximilian  II.  and  Rodolphus  II. 
Disliking  the  life  of  a  courtier,  he  retired  to 
Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  and  then  to  Ley- 
den  where  he  died  professor  of  Botany,  4th 
April  1609,  aged  84.  His  works  on  botanical 
subjects  were  published  two  vols.  fol.  Ant- 
werp 1601-5. 

Ecluse  des  Loges,  Pierre  Mathuran 
de  1'  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne  was  born  at  Fa- 
laise,  and  obtained  the  prize  of  eloquence  at 
the  French  academy  1743,  and  died  1775. 
He  edited,  but  with  great  partiality,  the  me- 
moirs of  Sully. 

Edeli?jck}  Gerard,  au  engraver, born'at 
^.BJtS^rp  1641.    The  munificence  of  Lewis 


XIV.  invited  him  to  France,  where  he  cxe« 
cuted  in  the  most  finished  style  the'holy  fam- 
ily of  Raphael,  Alexander  in  Darina' tent  by 
le  Brun,  and  Mary  Magdalen  also  by  le  Brun. 
Some  of  his  portraits  are  excellent,  especially 
his  own.  He  died  1707,  aged  66,  at  the  ho- 
tel of  the  Gobelins. 

Edema,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
in  Friesland.  He  visited  Surinam,  and  af- 
terwards America,  to  paint  the  views,  the 
trees,  insects,  &c.  of  the  country,  aud  came 
to  London  1670.  He  was  much  admired  for 
the  bold  features  of  his  landscapes;  and  his 
rocks,  mountains,  and  cataracts  displayed 
awful  grandeur.  He  hastened  his  dissolution 
by  excessive  drinking,  and  died  about  1700. 
Eder,  George,  a  learned  lawyer  of  the 
16th  century,  born  at  Friesingen,  and  coun- 
sellor to  the  emperors  Ferdinand,  Maximili- 
an, and  Rodolphus.  His  best  work  is  Gm:o- 
nomiabibliorum  seu  partionum  biblicaruin  li- 
bri  quinque  folio. 

Edgar,  succeeded  on  the  throne  of  Eng- 
land after  his  brother  Edwy  959,  and  deser- 
ved from  his  mildness  the  name  of  peacea- 
ble. He  was  a  warlike  prince,  and  obtained 
some  important  victories  in  Scotland  and  in 
Ireland,  and  also  in  Wales,  where  he  exact- 
ed from  the  inhabitants  a  tribute  of  wolves' 
heads,  which  thus  cleared  the  country  from 
those  rapacious  animals.  After  the  death  of 
his  queen  Egelflida,  he  married  the  beautiful 
Elfrida,  daughter  of  the  earl  of  Devonshire, 
whom  his  favorite  Ethelwolfe,  overpowered 
with  the  love  of  her  beauty,  claimed  for  him- 
self instead  of  demanding  her  for  his  master. 
Edgar  died  975,  aged  33. 

Edgar,  son  of  Malcolm  III.  was  king  of 
Scotland,  and  died  1107.  His  sister  married 
Henry  king  of  England,  and  by  this  union 
restored  peace  between  the  two  countries. 

Edmer  or  Eadmer,  an  English  bene- 
dictine  of  Canterbury,  afterwards  abbot  of 
St.  Alban's,  and  bishop  of  St.  Andrew's  in 
Scotland.  He  wrote  the  history  of  ids  own 
times  from  1066  to  1122,  called  Historia  no- 
vorum,  and  also  the  life  of  Anselm  and  Wil- 
fred and  some  other  tracts.  His  historia  was 
printed  with  notes  by  Selden  1623,  and  re- 
printed 1675  by  Gerberon. 

Edmondes,  sir  Thomas,  a  statesman 
born  in  Devonshire  about  1563,  and  introdu- 
ced at  court  under  the  patronage  of  sir  Fran- 
cis Walsingham.  He  was  employed  by  Eli- 
zabeth in  some  negotiations,  but  when  her 
ambassador  at  Paris  he  was  allowed  only  20s. 
a  day,  so  that  he  complains  severely  of  his  in- 
ability to  support  the  dignity  of  a  royal  rep- 
resentative, and  adds  that  "he  has  not  the 
means  wherewith  to  put  a  good  garment  on 
his  back,  to  appear  in  honest  company."  He 
was  sent  in  1599  to  Brussels,  and  was  after- 
wards employed  as  one  of  the  clerks  of  the 
privy  council.  He  was  knighted  by  James  I. 
aud  engaged  in  affairs  of  trust  and  importance, 
and  afterwards  appointed  to  the  offices  of 
comptroller  of  the  king's  household,  and  pri- 
vy counsellor,  and  in  1618,  of  treasurer  of  the 
household.  In  the  two  first  parliaments  of 
Charles  J.  he  sat  for  Oxford,  aud  some  ot; 
his  speeches  are  preserved.    In  1629  he  n  ent 


ED 

as  ambassador  to  the  French  court,  and  af- 
terwards retired  from  office,  and  died  in 
peaceful  privacy  1639.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  abilities,  eminent  as  a  negotiator,  active 
as  a  courtier,  upright,  firm,  and  incorrupti- 
ble, as  attached  to  the  privileges  of  his  king 
and  country.  Some  of  ,his  papers,  which 
once  consisted  of  12  vols,  folio,  have  been 
preserved,  and  some  of  his  letters  are  pub- 
lished in  Sawyer's  three  volumes  of  memo- 
rials of  affairs  of  state  1725,  and  Dr.  Birch's 
View  of  negotiations  &c.  1749,  8vo. 

Edmondes,  Clement,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Sharwardine  in  Shropshire, 
and  educated  at  All-souls'  college,  of  which 
he  became  fellow  1590.  By  the  interest  of  his 
father  he  was  made  secretary  for  the  French 
to  Elizabeth,  and  afterwards  remembrancer 
of  the  city  of  London,  master  of  the  requests, 
and  clerk  to  the  council,  and  in  1617  knight- 
ed. He  was  a  man  of  learnir.g,  well  skilled 
in  arts  and  sciences.  He  wrote  observa- 
tions on  the  first  5  books  of  Csesar's  civil  wars 
1600,  folio,  besides  observations  on  the  com- 
mentaries, &c.  He  died  in  St.  Martin's  in 
the  fields,  12th  October  1622,  and  was  buried 
at  Preston  near  Northampton. 

Edmund,  St.  king  of  the  East  Angles, 
•was  for  his  sanctity  made  one  of  the  saints  of 
the  calendar.  He  was  taken  prisoner  in  870, 
by  Ivar  the  Dane,  and  shot  to  death  with  ar- 
rows, after  being  fastened  to  a  tree..  He  was 
buried  at  St.  Edmundsbury,  Suffolk. 

Edmund,  St.  a  native  of  Abingdon,  who 
studied  at  Paris,  and  for  bis  eminence  as  a 
preacher  was  made  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
by  Innocent  HI.  A  quarrel  with  Henry  HI. 
obliged  him  to  leave  the  kingdom,  and  retire 
to  France  where  he  died  1240.  He  was  can- 
onized by  Innocent  IV.  1249. 

Edmund  I.  son  of  Edward  the  elder,  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Athelstan  as  king  of  En- 
gland 941,  and  added  Mercia,  Northumber- 
land, and  Cumberland,  to  his  dominions.  He 
was  stabbed  to  death  at  Puckle  church, 
Glocestershire  948,  by  Leolf,  a  robber, 
whom  he  had  banished. 

Edmund  II.  surnamed  Ironside,  succeed- 
ed his  father  Etheldred  1016,  and  took  for 
his  partner  on  the  throne  Canute  who  oppo- 
sed him.  He  was  assassinated  at  Oxford,  by 
two  of  bis  servants  1017. 

Edward,  the  elder,  succeeded  his  father 
Alfred,  as  king  of  England  900.  He  defeat- 
ed the  Scotch  and  "Welsh,  andrepressed  the 
invasion  of  the  Danes.  He  erected  five 
bishoprics,  and  by  founding  the  university  of 
Cambridge,  he  extended  his  protection  to 
learning.  He  died  925,  and  was  succeeded 
^»y  his  illegitimate  son  Aldestan. 

E  dw ar  d,  St.  or  Martyr,  the  younger,  son 
of  Edgar  the  great,  succeeded  to  the  English 
crown  975,  and  was  basely  murdered  at 
Corfe  castle  978,  by  his  step-mother  Elfrida, 
who  wished  to  place  her  own  son  Ethelred 
on  the  throne. 

Edward,  surnamed  the  confessor,  son 
of  Ethelred,  succeeded  his  brother  Hardica- 
nute  1041.  He  'was  a  weak  and  impolitic 
prince,  and  suffered  bis  kingdom  to  be   go- 


ED 

veriied  by  carl  Godwin,  whose  daughter  lie 
had  married.  At  his  death,  unable  or  un- 
willing to  settle  the  succession  about  which 
he  had  consulted  his  friend  William  of  Nor- 
mandy, he  left  his  kingdom  a  prey  to  ambi- 
tious factions.  He  died  5th  Janaary  1066, 
and  after  the  short  but  unfortunate  reign  of 
Harold,  he  was  succeeded  the  followiug  Oc- 
tober by  William  the  couqueror. 

Edward  I.  king  of  England,  son'aud  suc- 
cessor of  Henry  III.  was  born  at  Winchester. 
He  was  recalled  from  his  expedition  in  Asia 
against  the  infidels  to  ascend  the  throne  1272, 
and  he  distinguished  himself  by  the  vigor  and 
wisdom  of  his  government.  The  Welsh 
were  subdued,  and  to  reconcile  them  to  their 
change  of  master,  the  king  created  his  owa 
son  prince  of  Wales.  In  1286  he  was  ap- 
pointed umpire  between  the  rival  competi- 
tors for  the  crown  of  Scotland,  and  he  so  art- 
fully conducted  himself,  that  he  nearly  made 
the  whole  kingdom  subservient  to  his  power. 
He  died  at  Carlisle  5th  July  1307,  aged  68, 
as  he  was  preparing  to  march  against  the 
Scots,  who  had  revolted  against  him,  and  on 
his  death-bed  he  recommended  to  his  son  the 
prosecution  of  the  war.  From  the  wisdom 
and  equity  ofthe  laws  which  he  established, 
Edward  has  been  called  the  English  Justini- 
an, and  to  his  fondness  for  war  and  his  ex- 
pensive levies,  the  people  may  be  said  to  be 
indebted  for  their  liberties,  which  were  ce, 
mented  by  the  weight  and  consequence  given 
to  their  representatives  first  called  to  sana- 
tion and  to  support  the  measures  and  the- 
taxes  of  government.  After  the  death  of  his 
first  wife  Eleanor,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  III-. 
king  of  Castile,  he  married  Margaret  daugh- 
ter of  Philip  the  hardy  of  France. 

Edward  II.  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Caernarvon,  and  as- 
cended the  throne  1307.  He  was  devoid  of 
that  vigor  and  firmness  requisite  in  the  head  t. 
of  a  turbulent  kingdom,  and  his  ill  judged  y 
attachment  to  bis  worthless  favorites  Garcs- 
ton  and  the  Spencers  i-aised  his  barons  in 
opposition  to  his  measures  and  embittered 
the  whole  of  his  life.  Not  only  his.  people 
but  his  own  wife,  rose  up  against  him,  and. 
after  the  punishment  of  his  favorites  he  was 
solemnly  deposed  by  the  nobles,  and  shut  up" 
in  Berkeley  castle,"where  soon  after  he  was 
murdered  in  the  most  barbarous  and  insult- 
ing manner,  1327,  aged  42, 

Edward  III.  son  of  the  preceding,  \fas, 
born  at  Windsor  1312,  and  ascended  the 
throne  on  his  father's  death  1327.  After  a 
glorious  campaign  in  Scotland,  where  Baliol 
paid  homage  to  him  for  his  crown,  he  turned 
his  arms  against  Philip  king  of  France.  Hi£ 
successes  brought  on  the  celebrated  victory 
of  Cressy  1346,  in  which  30,000  French  fell, 
and  after  the  capture  of  Calais,  peace  was 
re-established  between  the  two  countries. 
The  succession  of  John  on  the  French  throne 
renewed  the  war,  and  in  1357  another  dread,- 
ful  battle  was  fought  at  Poitiers,  by  the  black 
prince,  who  in  the  midst  of  the  slaughter 
took  the  French  monarch  prisoner.  The 
arras  of  Edward  kad  also  been  sucewsfftl 


ED 


ED 


again&t  the  Scotch,  and  their  king  David 
Bruce  was  taken  prisoner,  and  thus  England 
saw  two  captive  monarchs  in  her  capital 
These  glorious  actions  were  unfortunately 
obscured  by  the  misfortunes  of  the  latter 
end  of  the  king's  reign.  The  monarch 
abandoned  the  cares  of  government  to  his 
rapacious  ministers,  and  lost  himself  in  the 
grossest  sensuality.  He  died  23d  July  1377, 
aged  65,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson 
Richard  II.  During  his  reign  England  was 
greatly  improved  by  her  connexion  with 
the  continent,  and  the  arts  and  manufac- 
tures of  the  Flemish,  were  transplanted  into 
the  island,  where  the  industry  and  the  bold 
genius  of  the  inhabitants  have  since  cherish- 
ed and  improved  them.  The  order  of  the 
garter  was  established  in  this  reign. 

Edward  IV.  son  of  Richard  duke  of 
York,  claimed  the  crown  as  descended  from 
the  second  son  of  Edward  III.  in  preference 
to  the  reigning  monarch  Henry  VI.  the  de- 
scendant of  a  third  son  of  Edwai'd  III.  This 
rivalship,  which  filled  the  kingdom  with 
hlocd,  had  already  been  disputed  in  six  bat- 
tles, in  one  of  which  Richard  the  duke  of 
York  fell,  and  in  seven  others  it  continued  to 
engage  the  passions  of  contending  armies, 
till  Edward  prevailed,  and  was  crowned  at 
Westminster  1461.  His  marriage  with  Eli- 
zabeth Woodville,  disgusted  greatly  his 
friend  Warwick,  who  received  the  surname 
of  king-maker,  and  the  dissatisfaction  was  so 
rooted,  that  another  civil  war  was  to  decide 
the. dispute.  Warwick  joining  himself  to  the 
forces  of  the  deposed  Henry,  defeated  Ed- 
ward's army  at  Banbury  1469,  and  soon  after 
took  him  prisoner.  Edward  found  means  to 
escape,  and  Warwick,  defeated  in  his  turn, 
fled  to  France  for  new  supplies,  and  soon 
returned  to  place  Henry  from  a  prison  on 
the  throne.  In  his  turn,  Edward  became  a 
fugitive,  but  unbroken  by  misfortunes,  he 
collected  forces  on  the  continent,  and  on  his 
return  defeated  his  enemies,  and  slew  War- 
wick in  the  field  of  battle,  and  in  another 
fight  in  Tewsksbury  park  so  completely 
routed  the  forces  of  Margaret,  the  heroic 
queen  of  the  cowardly  Henry,  that  no  fur- 
ther opposition  was  raised  against  him.  Re- 
spectable as  a  warrior  and  as  a  negotiator, 
Edward  became  despicable  as  a  monarch, 
and  lost  himself  in  effeminacy,  and  in  the 
indulgence  of  the  most  sensual  appetites. 
He  died  9th  April  1483,  aged  41. 

Edward  V.  son  of  Edward  IV.  was 
only  twelve  years  old  on  his  father's  death. 
The  guardianship  of  his  minority  was  in- 
trusted to  his  uncle  Gloucester,  whose  am- 
bition prompted  him  to  the  commission  of 
the  foulest  crimes.  The  young  monarch, 
with  his  brother  the  duke  of  York,  were  on 
pretence  of  greater  safety,  conducted  to  the 
tower,  and  soon  after  barbarously  smothered 
1483,  and  the  cruel  uncle  ascended  the  va- 
cant throne,  under  the  name  of  Richard  III. 
The  bodies  of  these  unfortunate  princes 
were  discovered  in  1678,  and  conveyed  to  a 
decent  burial  in  Westminster-abbey. 

Edward  VI.  son  of  Henry  VIII.  by  Jane 
Seymour,  ascended  the  English  throne,  at 


the  age  of  10,  1547.  His  character  exhibited 
strong  marks  of  benevolence,  virtue,  and 
humanity,  but  the  goodness  of  his  inclina- 
tions was  often  prevented  by  the  intrigues 
or  the  malice  of  Ids  ministers.  He  continued 
the  work  of  the  reformation  begun  by  his 
father,  and  by  the  powerful  co-operation  of 
Cranmer,  nearly  settled  the  religious  estab- 
lishment in  the  form  in  which  it  now  exists 
To  avoid  the  errors  of  a  popish  reign  he  set 
aside  by  his  will  his  two  sisters  Mary  and 
Elizabeth,  and  settled  the  crown  on  his 
cousin  the  lady  Jane  Grey,  but  his  benevo- 
lent wishes  failed,  and  the  bloody  reign  of 
Mary  overturned  for  a  while  his  excellent 
institutions.  He  died  of  a  consumption  1553, 
aged  16.  He  showed  himself  a  munificent 
patron  of  literature,  by  the  foundation  of 
several  schools  in  the  kingdom,  and  by  the 
liberal  endowment  of  Christ-church,  Bride- 
well, and  St.  Thomas's  hospital. 

Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  surnamed  the 
black  prinee  from  the  color  of  his  armour, 
was  eldest  son  of  Edward  III.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  valor  in  the  field  of 
battle  in  the  wars  of  France  under  his  father, 
especially  at  Cressy,  and  afterwards  he  com 
manded  the  English  forces  on  the  glorious- 
victory  of  Poictiers,  where  he  took  John 
the  king  of  France  and  one  of  his  sons  pris- 
oner. Sensible  of  the  deference  due  to  roy- 
alty he  waited  behind  the  chair  of  this  illus  > 
trious  prisoner  on  the  evening  of  the  battle, 
and  when  he  conveyed  him  to  London  he- 
entered  the  capital  mounted  on  a  small  black 
horse,  while  the  royal  captive  was  borne  by 
a  beautiful  white  charger  richly  caparisoned. 
This  warlike  prince,  who  was  the  idol  of  the 
nation,  died  of  a  consumption  before  his  fa- 
ther 1376,  aged  46;  and  by  a  daughter  ol 
Edmund  of  Kent,  brother  to  Edward  II.  a 
widow,  he  lett  one  son  Richard,  who  ascend- 
ed the  throne  after  the  death  of  Edward  HI. 
The  crest  which  he  took  from  the  blind  king 
of  Bohemia  became  afterward*  the  crest  ol 
the  succeeding  princes  of  Wales,  distin- 
guished by  three  ostrich  feathers  and  the 
motto  Ich  dien,  I  serve.  Edward,  as  bene- 
volent as  he  was  brave,  extended  his  protec- 
tion to  Peter  the  cruel  king  of  Castile,  and 
received  him  in  Aquitaine,  which  he  had  ob- 
tained by  the  treaty  of  Bretigny  ;  but  though 
replaced  on  his  throne  by  the  expulsion  ot 
his  usurping  brother  Henry  count  of  Trans 
tamare,  the  ungrateful  prince  forgot  his  ob- 
ligation to  the  English  victor,  and  even  refu- 
sed to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  troops 
which  had  restored  his  fortunes. 

Edwards,  Richard,  an  English  writer, 
born  in  Somersetshire,  1523,  admitted  ol 
Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford,  and  elected 
student  of  Christ's  church.  Pie  was  made- 
gentleman  of  Elizabeth's  chapel,  and  taught 
music  to  the  children  of  the  choir.  He- 
wrote  three  plays,  the  first  of  which  is  dated 
1562,  besides  poems  published  after  his 
death  in  a  collection  called  "  a  paradise  of 
dainty  devises"  1578.  He  was  member  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  in  his  last  illness  wrote 
"  the  soul's  knell,"  much  esteemed.  He 
died  15C6. 


ED 


KD 


Kdwuds,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
i  iuiatcd  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  Blasters  degree  1609. 
He  was  a  nonconformist,  and  violently  op- 
posed the  royalists  during  the  civil  wars. 
He  generally  preached  about  London,  and 
at  Hertford,  and  after  the  fall  of  royalty, 
be  expressed  his  disapprobation  against  the 
rsect  of  independents,  with  such  freedom  that 
upon  ihe  triumphal  return  of  Cromwell  to 
London,  he  fled  to  Holland,  v.  here  he  died 
of  a  quartan  ague,  24th  August  1647,  aged 
48.  His  writings,  which  are  extremely  vir- 
ulent and  abusive,  arc  chiefly  iu  favor  of  the 
puritans,  and  of  the  presbytery.  The  most 
known  of  these  are  his  Gangrxna  in  three 
parts, — aiitapologia,  S:c.  Air.  Edwards  pro- 
fesses himself  to  be  "  a  plain  open  hearted 
man,  who  hated  tricks,  reserves,  and  de- 
signs, zealous  lor  the  assembly  of  divines, 
the  use  of  the  Lord's  prayer.  One."  He  was 
from  his  zeal  called  the  young  Luther  at 
Cambridge.  He  had  by  his  wife,  who  was 
an  heiress,  four  sons  ami  one  daughter. 

Edwards,  John,  a  divine  of  the  church 
of  England,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
ai  Hertford  26th  February  16.37  Me  was 
educated  at  Merchant-taylors'  and  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became 
fellow.  He  took  his  master's  degree  1601, 
and  was  soon  after  ordained,  and  then  un- 
dertook the  cure  of  Trinity  church,  Cam- 
bridge, where  his  sensible  discourses  and 
eloquent  delivery  procured  him  a  large  and 
admiring  audience.  In  1668  he  went  for 
one  year  to  reside  at  St.  Edmondsbury  as 
lecturer,  and  on  his  return  to  the  univer- 
sity, in  consequence  of  some  dispute  with 
the  society  of  his  college,  he  removed  to 
Trinity-hall,  and  then  became  minister  of 
St.  Sepulchre's  church  there.  In  1676  he 
married  the  widow  of  Mr.  Lane,  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  then  went  to  reside  on  the  small 
living  of  St.  Peter's,  Colchester,  where  for 
three  years  he  continued  the  respected  and 
beloved  pastor  of  his  parishoncrs.  In  1697, 
displeased  with  the  conduct  of  the  Colches- 
ter clergy  towards  him,  he  removed  to 
Cambridge,  where  two  years  after,  ht*  pro- 
ceeded to  his  degree  of  D.D.  In  1701  he 
lost  his  wife,  and  some  time  after  he  took 
for  his  second  wife  a  niece  of  his  first  wife's 
first  husband.  He  died  16th  April  1716, 
aged  7'J,  and  Ids  wife  survived  him  thirty- 
ni'ne  years,  and  died  January  4,  1743,  aged 
SI.  Dr.  Edwards,  after  his  return  to  C Cam- 
bridge, applied  himself  very  assiduously  to 
the  service  of  literature.  Though  he  had 
no  collection  of  books,  he  drew  much  assis- 
tance from  the  libraries'  of  the  university, 
and  in  his  writings,  which  are  numerous, 
showed  himself  most  indefatigable,  well 
skilled  in  ecclesiastical  history,  and  a 
subtle  and  able  polemic.  That*  he  was  oc- 
casionally unpopular  among  the  clergy  arose 
from  his  decided  partiality  for  calvinistic 
principles,  and  his  bias  towards  the  abjured 
doctrines  of  the  old  puritans.  Dr.  Kippis 
has  called  him  the  Paul,  the  Augustine,  the 
Bradwardine,   the   Calvin,  of  his   age;  but 

vor.     T  fiO 


though  he  possessed  merit  in  a  very  gf pat 
degree,  the  commendation  is  perhaps  im- 
moderate. His  writings  are  now  little  known. 

Edwards,  George,  the  father  of  ornitho- 
logists, was  born  at  Stratford,  Essex,  third 
April  1G«J4.  He  was  brought  up  to  trade, 
but  the  great  powers  of  his  genius  began  to 
be  developed  by  the  perusal  of  books  on 
natural  history,  antiquities,  kc.  and  at  the 
expiration  of  his  apprenticeship,  in  Fen- 
church -street,  he  travelled  abroad,  and  visi- 
ted Holland,  and  two  years  after,  Norway, 
where  his  researches  were  attended  with 
the  most  unbounded  friendship  and  hospi- 
tality from  the  natives.  In  1~33  he  was,  by 
Ihe  recommendation  of  sir  lfans  Sloane, 
chosen  librarian  of  the  college  of  physicians, 
where  he  obtained  apartments;  and  he  be- 
came afterwards  fellow  of  the  royal  and  an- 
tiquarian societies,  London,  and  other  learn- 
ed societies  abroad.  The  first  of  his  learned 
and  valuable  labors  appeared  in  the  history 
of  birds,  4  vols.  4to.  in  the  years  1743,  1747, 
1750,  and  1751 ;  and  in  175S,  1760  and  1764, 
three  more  4to.  vols,  were  added,  "  called, 
"  gleanings  of  natural  history :"  two  most 
valuable  works,  containing  engravings  and 
descriptions  of  upwards  of  COO  subjects  in 
natural  history  never  before  delineated. 
This  worthy  man  died  23d  Jury  177o,  aged 
81. 

Edwards,  Dr.  Jonathan,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  wrote  against  the  Socinians.  He 
was  of  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  of  which,  on 
the  promotion  of  Dr.  Lloyd  to  the  see  of  St. 
David,  he  became  principal,  16S6.  His  wri- 
tings are  chiefly  controversial,  and  show  him 
to  have  been  a  zealous  but  bigoted  dispu- 
tant. 

Edwards,  Thomas,  an  elegant  writer. 
He  purchased  Turrick,  in  Bucks,  where  be 
chief]}'  resided  ;  and  he  died  on  a  visit  to  his 
friend  Richardson,  at  Parson's  Green,  8fh 
January  17 '.7,  aged  58,  and  was  buried  in 
Ellesborongh  church -yard,  Pucks.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  able  critic  and  a 
good  scholar  in  his  canons  of  criticism,  first 
printed  1747,  and  his  letter  to  the  author  ol 
a  late  correspondence,  kc.  which  drew  upon 
him  the  severity  of  WarburtOn's  vengeance, 
Illiberally  wreaked  in  a  note  on  the  Dunciad. 
He  also  wrote  some  sonnets,  thirteen  of 
which  are  preserved  in  Dodsley's  collection, 
eight,  in  Pearch's,  and  four  in  Nichols'.  His 
trial  of  the  letter  V  is  elegant. 

Edwards,  Thomas,  an  eminent  divine 
of  the  church  of  England,  born  at  Coventry 
10th  August  1729.  lie  was  educated  partly  ai 
Coventry  school,  and  partly  under  his  father, 
who  was  the  vicar  of  St.  Michael's,  Coven- 
try, and  in  1747  he  entered  at  Clare-hall, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  He 
early  displayed  his  knnwlege  of  the  learned 
languages  by  the  publication  of  a  new  Eng- 
lish translation  of  the  psalms  from  the  origi- 
nal Hebrew,  with  notes,  8vo.  1755.  In  1758 
he  was  chosen  master  of  Coventry  gram- 
mar-school, and  rector  of  St.  John  the  Bap- 
tist in  that  city  ;  and  the  same  year  married 
the  daughter  of  Stohyer   Parrot,   esq    by 


ED 


EG 


whom  ho  had  one  son,  Dr.  Edwards,  of 
Cambridge.  In  1759  he  published  his  useful 
work,  "  the  dootrines  of  irresistible  grace 
proved  to  have  no  foundation  in  the  writings 
of  the  new  testament ;"  and  in  1752  he  at- 
tacked Dr.  Lowth's  "  metricie  Harianai 
brevis  confutatio  ;"  and  by  thus  supporting 
Hare's  metrical  system,  he  began  a  contro- 
versy, which  was  continued  for  some  time, 
and  after  some  pamphlets  between  the  rival 
divines,  ended  at  last  in  the  general  opinion 
of  the  superiority  of  Lowth's  arguments. 
In  1766  our  author  took  his  degree  of  D.D. 
and  in  1770,  upon  obtaining  the  valuable 
living  of  Nuneaton,  Warwickshire,  from  the 
crown,  he  retired  from  Coventry,  and  fixed 
his  residence  thei'e  for  the  rest  of  his  life. 
The  loss  of  his  wife,  May  1784,  greatly  af- 
flicted him,  and  he  never  recovered  the 
shock.  He  died  at  Nuneaton  30th  June 
1785,  aged  56.  Besides  the  above,  Dr.  Ed- 
wards published  two  dissertations,  on  bigot- 
ry, and  on  the  interpretation  of  the  new 
testament,  and  some  very  learned  notes  on 
some  of  the  idyllia  of  Theocritus.  As  a 
teacher,  Dr.  Edwards  was  able  and  assiduous, 
and  as  a  minister  he  was  attentive,  exemp- 
lary, and  devout.  The  habits  of  a  sedentary 
life,  however,  rendered  him  little  fond  of 
company,  and  though  the  correspondent  of 
some  learned  men,  he  was  the  intimate 
friend  of  few,  among  whom  bishop  Law  of 
Carlisle  was  the  chief. 

Edwards,  Jonathan,  an  American,  born 
at  Windsor  in  Connecticut,  and  educated  at 
Yale  college.  He  was  the  minister  of  a 
presbyterian  congregation  at  New-York 
172'2,  and  two  years  after  he  was  made  tutor 
in  his  college  ;  but  resigned  in  1726,  to  as- 
sist his  grandfather,  the  minister  of  North- 
ampton. He  was  in  1750  ejected  by  his 
Congregation,  for  refusing  to  administer  the 
sacrament  to  some  particular  persons ;  and 
the  next  year  he  went  as  missionary  among 
the  Indians.  In  1757  he  was  made  president 
of  the  college,  New-Jersey,  and  died  of  the 
small. pox  the  next  year.  He  was  author  of 
the  life  of  David  Brainerd,  a  missionary — 
narrative  of  the  work  of  God  in  the  conver- 
sion of  many  hundred  souls  in  Northampton 
— the  doctrine  of  original  sin  defended — 
inquiry  into  the  freedom  of  will  as  supposed 
to  be  essential  to  moral  agency— sermons, 
&c. 

Edwards,  William,  a  common  mason, 
who,  by  the  strong  powers  Of  his  untutored 

fenius  acquired  great  celebrity  as  a  bridge- 
uilder.  His  bridge  over  the  river  Taafi", 
which  is  the  segment  of  a  circle,  the  chord 
of  which  is  147  feet  from  the  surface  of  the 
■•ater,  is  a  remarkabJe  instance  of  his  inge- 
nuity. He-  was  occasionally  a  methodist 
preacher;  and  died  1789,  aged  81. 

Edwy,  succeeded  his  uncle  Edred  as  king 
of  England  955,  and  married  Elgiva,  who 
was  related  to  him  within  the  prohibited 
degrees.  This  circumstance  proved  his  nun, 
and  that  of  his  queen,  who  was  seized  by 
Odo,  the  archbishop,  and  after  1-  ing  brand- 
ed with  a  hot  iron  in  the  face,  to  destroy  her 


beautiful  features,  was  banished  to  Ireland, 
where  she  expired  by  a  most  cruel  and  violent 
death.  The  king  was  also  excommunicated, 
and  died  in  exile  959. 

Eeckhout,  GerbrantVanden,  a  painter, 
born  at  Amsterdam  19th  of  August  1621. 
He  studied  the  manner  of  his  master  Rem- 
brandt with  such  success  that  his  pictures 
drew  equal  applause,  and  possessed  equal 
merit.  He  preferred  historical  subjects  to 
portraits,  and  excelled  chiefly  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  feelings  of  the  soul  in  the 
features  of  the  countenance.  His  best  pieces 
are — a  Jesus  among  the  doctors, — the  infant 
Jesus  in  the  arms  of  Simeon, — Abraham 
dismissing  Hagar  and  Ishmael, — the  conti- 
nence of  Scipio, — and  a  woman  looking  for 
the  fleas  of  her  dog.  He  died  22d  July  1674, 
a  bachelor. 

Eeckhout  e,  Anthony  Vanden,  a  painter, 
born  at  Bruges.  He  travelled  into  Italy 
with  his  brother-in-law  Deyster,  and  while 
he  executed  the  flowers  and  the  fruits,  his 
companion  completed  the  figures  of  the  se- 
veral pictures  which  were  thus  conjointly 
produced.  After  his  return  home,  Eeck- 
houtc  purchased  an  honorable  post  under 
the  bishop  of  Bruges ;  but,  to  the  astonish- 
ment of  all,  he  suddenly  abandoned  his  coun- 
try, where  be  was  loved  and  patronised,  and 
embarked  for  Italy.  In  his  way  he  was 
carried  by  a  storm  to  Lisbon,  where  his 
works  soon  recommended  him  to  general 
notice ;  and  after  the  residence  of  two  years 
he  married  a  lady  of  quality,  and  of  opulent 
ortune.  His  rivals,  however,  viewed  his 
success  with  jealousy,  and  as  he  was  riding 
out  in  his  coach,  he  was  shot  with  a  ball  and 
instantly  expired  1695.  The  causes  of  this 
melancholy  catastrophe  are  unknown.  His 
fortune  descended  to  his  sister  who  had 
married  Deyster. 

Egbert,  last  king  of  the  Saxon  heptarchy, 
and  first  king  of  England,  was  proclaimed 
monarch  of  Wessex  800,  and  of  all  England 
in  828.  He  died  10  years  after,  distinguished 
for  valor  and  success  against  his  Danish  inva- 
ders. 

Egede,  John,  a  Dane,  who  went  as  mis- 
sionary to  Greenland  1721,  where  he  resided 
15  years.  His  description  of  Greenland  ap- 
peared 17'i9,  and  he  died  1758.  His  son 
Paul  assisted  him  in  his  endeavors  to  con- 
vert the  Greenlanders,  and  was  appointed 
bishop  of  the  country,  and  died  1789,  aged  81. 
He  republished  his  father's  history,  besides 
a  journal  about  the  occurrences  of  Green- 
land. 

Ecerton,  Thomas,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
natural  son  of  sir  Kit-hard  Egerton,  of  Kid- 
ley,  Cheshire,  born  1540.  He  was  educated. 
a$  Brazen-nose  college,  Oxford,  and  removed 
to  Lincoln's  Inn,  where  he  assiduously  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  law.  In  1591  he  was 
made  solicitor  general  to  the  queen,  in  1592 
attorney  general,  and  knighted,  and  after- 
wards he  rose  to  the  office  of  master  of  the 
rolls,  and  of  keeper  of  the  great  seal.  James 
I.  in  1603  created  him  baron  Ellesmere,  and 
made  him  chancellor  of  England.    In  1016 


EG 


EI 


he  was  elected  chancellor  of  Oxford  and 
made  viscount .  Brackley.  He  died  15th 
March  1017,  at  York-house  in  the  Strand, 
and  was  buried  at  Dodleston  Cheshire.  He 
left  some  law  manuscripts,  and  published 
some  observations  on  his  oftice,  its  privileges 
and  prerogatives,  and  a  speech  concerning 
the  postnati.  His  descendants  bow  enjoy  his 
estates  represented  by  the  earl  of  Bridge- 
water. 

Egerton,  John,  a  learned  prelate,  born 
30th  November  1721,  in  London,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton,    and  Oriel   college,    Oxford. 
He  was  son  of  the  bishop  of  Hereford,  and 
descended  from  the   earl   of  Bridge  water's 
family.     On  taking  orders  he  was  presented 
by  his  father  to  the  living  of  lioss,  afterwards 
made  archdeacon  of  Hereford,  and  the  year 
after  prebendary  of  Hereford.    In  174s,  he 
married  lady  Ann  Sophia,   daughter  to  the 
duke  of  Kent,  and  the  year   aftef  became 
chaplain  to  the  king,  and  in  1750  was  made 
dean  of  Hereford.    In  1750  he  was  consecra- 
ted bishop  of  Bangor,  and  by  diploma  from 
Oxford  made  LLD.    In  1708  he  was  transla- 
ted to  Lichfield,  and  in  1771   to   the  see  of 
Durham.    These  high  and  rapid  preferments 
•were  not  undeserved.     The  bishop  possessed 
among  his  many  virtues  the  manners  of  con- 
ciliation and  humility,  and  by  a  temperate 
condescending    conduct  he   restored  peace 
and  good  will  among  the  political  contending 
factions  which  unhappily  divided  his  county 
when  he  succeeded  to  Durham.    By  hospi- 
tality and  affability  he  recommended  himself 
to  his  clergy,  and  by  his  anxious  concern  fpr 
the  general  improvement  of  agriculture  and 
the  encouragement  of  useful  projects  through 
£he  diocese,  he  rendered  himself  deservedly 
popular,  and  greatly  beloved.    The  respect- 
ability of  the  pastor,  and  the  comforts  of  the 
poor  were  always  nearest  his  heart,  there- 
fore his  patronage  was  extended  only  to  the 
virtuous  and  good,  and  his  charity  tended  to 
encourage  humble  poverty   in   honest  pur- 
suits and  in  industrious  diligence.     This  very- 
virtuous  and  venerable  prelate,  after  a  life 
usefully  spent  in   distributing  liberally   and 
judiciously  the   many   favors  which   Provi- 
dence had  placed  at  his  command,  died  at 
his  house,  Grosvenor-square,  London,  18th 
January  1787,  and  was  privately  buried  in 
St.  James's  church.     His  lordship  was  mar- 
ried to  his  second  wife  Mary  sister  of  sir 
Edward  Boughton  in    1782,   who  survived 
him  without  issue.     Though  well  educated, 
and  with  a  mind  stored  with  all  the  learning  of 
ancient  and  modern  times,  he  published  only 
three   sermons  preached   on    public   occa- 
sions. 

Ecgelixg,  John  Henry,  a  native  of 
Bremen,  who  travelled  over  Europe  to  in- 
crease his  knowledge  and  enlarge  his  mind. 
On  his  return  he  was  made  secretary  to  his 
republic,  and  died  respected  1715,  aged  74. 
He  wrote  explications  of  medals  and  other 
ancient  monuments. 
Eginhart.  Vid.  JEgintiard. 
Egmont,  Lamoral  count,  one  of  the 
lords  of  the  Low  Countries,  boru  in  Hol- 


land 1522.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the 
service  of  Charles  Y.  in  Africa,  and  also 
under  Philip  II.  at  the  battles  of  St.  Quin- 
tin  and  Gravelines,  where  he  was  general  of 
horse.  Though  attached  to  his  sovereign, 
lie  seemed  unwilling  to  assist  in  the  enslav- 
ing of  his  country,  and  therefore  being  sus- 
pected by  the  duke  of  Alva  of  favoring  the 
cause  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  and  more- 
over hated  by  the  tyrant  for  his  superior 
abilities,  he  was  beheaded  by  the  governor's 
order  at  Brussels,  5th  June  1568,  together 
with  Philip  de  Montmorency  count  Horn. 
On  this  dreadful  occasion  the  French  am- 
bassador wrote  to  his  court  that  he  had  seen 
that  head  fall  which  had  twice  made  France 
to  tremble,  and  Philip  observed  that  the 
heads  of  salmons  were  of  greater  account 
than  many  thousands  of  frogs.  Some  others 
of  the  family  were  equally  illustrious  in 
arms.  The  count's  last  descendant  died" 
1707,  aged  38,  in  the  service  of  France. 

Egmon.t,  Justus  Van,  a  painter,  born  at 
Leyden  1002.  He  travelled  early,  and  re- 
sided a  long  time  in  France,  where  he  was 
painter  to  Lewis  XIII.  and  XIV.  and  one  of 
the  twelve  elders  in  the  establishment  of  the 
academy  for  painting  and  sculpture.  He  re- 
turned to  Antwerp,  where  he  died  8th  Jan. 
1674,  and  his  wife  June  1685. 

Egnatius,  John  Baptist,  a  learned  man, 
born  at  Venice  1473.  He  was  pupil  to  the 
famous  Politian,  and  like  him  he  contributed 
by  the  force  and  excellence  of  his  instruc- 
tions to  the  revival  of  learning.  When 
grown  old,  the  republic  paid  him  the  highest 
honors  for  his  eminent  services  in  education, 
and  for  his  virtues,  and  decreed  that  his 
stipend  should  be  continued  as  public  teach- 
er, and  that  he  should  be  exempted  from  all 
taxes.  The  works  which  he  published  are 
numerous,  but  they  do  not  exhibit  any  marks 
of  superior  excellenee,  as  the  abilities  of  the 
author  consisted  chiefly  in  an  astonishing  re- 
tentive memory,  in  a  striking  ready  elocu- 
tion, and  in  a  convincing  mode  of  conveying 
instruction.  This  respectable  man  died  at 
Venice  1553,  leaving  his  estate  and  fine  li- 
brary- to  the  three  illustrious  families  of 
Molino,  Lauredano,  and  Bragadeno.  His 
works  are  orations, — epistles, — a  poetical 
panegyric  on  Francis  I.  of  France, — de  lta- 
m anis  principibus  vel  Csesaribus, — de  ex- 
emplis  virorum  illustrium, — on  the  origin  Of 
tiie  Turks,  &c. 

Ehret,  George  Dionysius,  a  German, 
eminent  as  a  painter  of  flowers.  AHrr 
painting  for  Mr.  Clifford  of  Holland,  the 
beautiful  figures  of  the  Hortus  Cliffbrtianus, 
he  came  to  England,  where  he  met  with 
great  encouragement,  and  was  made  mem- 
ber of  the  royal  society.  One  hundred  of 
his  botanical  figures  appeared  in  the  Plantie 
selects;.     He  died  1770,  aged  60. 

Eisee,  Charles,  an  artist,  who  died  poor 
at  Brussels,  January  4th  1778.  He  made 
excellent  designs  for  Fontaine's  tales,  1 762, 
for  Ovid's  metamorphoses  1767,  for  the 
Henriade,  &c. 
Eisengrein,  Martin,  D.D.  a  native  of 


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Stutgard,   chancellor  of   the  university   of 

lngolstadt.  died  157.S.  Though  lie  gloried  in 
abandoning  the  parly  of  antichrist,  with  the 
protcstants,  he  afterwards  altered  his  opin- 
ion, embraced  the  popish  religion,  and  be- 
came a  violent  supporter  of  its  tenets.  His 
■writings  were  mostly  controversial. 

Eisenschmidt,  John  Caspar,  a  German 
mathematician  and  physician,  born  at  Stras- 
Lurg,  where  he  died  17*12,  aged  50.  He  was 
intimate  with  du  Vcrncy.  Tournefort,  and 
Other  learned  men.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  weights  and  measures  of  various  nations, 
and  the  value  of  ancient  coins,  and  a  treatise 
on  the  figure  of  the  earth. 

Ekins,  Jefifery,  D.D.  an  English  divine, 
educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  fellow,  lie 
held  successively  the  rectories  of  Quainton, 
Sedgefield,  and  Morpeth,  Durham,  and  was 
made  dean  of  Carlisle.  He  published  a 
translation  of  Apollonius  llhodius'  loves  of 
Jason  and  Medea,  3  vols.  4to.  1771,  and  died 
1791. 

Elbee,  N.  d',  a  native  of  Poitou,  for 
some  time  engaged  in  the  service  of  Saxony. 
During  the  revolution  he  espoused  the  cause 
of  his  suffering  countrymen  in  la  Vendee, 
and  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  royalists 
there,  1793,  and,  by  the  most  masterly  ma- 
nreuvres,  the  greatest  intrepidity,  and  the 
most  consummate  prudence,  he  succeeded  in 
■defeating  all  the  republican  forces  sent  for 
Itis  destruction.  After  the  victories  of  Grol- 
leau,  Thonars,  Saumur,  Chatenay,  Clissot, 
&c.  he  Mas  unfortunately  defeated  at  the 
hattle  of  Ciiollet,  and  retired  to  Noirmon- 
tiers,  where  he  was  taken,  and  condemned 
to  be  shot.  This  extraordinary  man,  the 
bravest  and  the  most  formidable  of  the  roy- 
alists of  la  Vendee,  was  then  aged  42. 

Elbene,  Alphonsus  d',  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, bishop  of  Albi,  died  8th  February 
1608,  in  an  advanced  age.  His  works  are, 
de  regno  Burgundivc  8c  Arelatis,  4to.  1002 — 
de  familia  Capeti,  1595,  8vo.  &c.  He  was 
succeeded  as  bishop  by  his  nephew  Alphon- 
sus, who  quitted  his  dignity,  in  the  civil 
troubles  of  Languedoc,  and  died  at  Paris, 
counsellor  of  state,  1661. 

Elbceuf,  Rene  de  Lorraine,  marquis  d', 
seventh  son  of  Claude  duke  of  Guise,  died 
1566.  His  grandson  Charles  married  Catha- 
rine, the  daughter  of  Henry  IV.  and  Ga- 
hrielle  d'Estrees,  and  died  1657.  These 
great  and  illustrious  characters  were  con- 
cerned in  the  intrigues  and  tumults  of  the 
French  court  under  Ilichelieu  and  Mazarin. 
The  last  male  descendant  of  this  noble  house 
was  Emanuel  Maurice,  due  d'Elbceuf,  who 
died  in  France  1763,  aged  86.  He  is  par- 
ticularly known  as  the  discoverer  of  Hcrcu- 
laneum.  As  he  had  served  the  emperor  in 
Naples,  he  settled  there,  at  Portici,  and  be- 
ing offered  pieees  of  ancient  marbles,  to  or- 
nament his  villa,  by  a  peasant,  who  found 
them  in  digging  a  well,  he  purchased  the 
ground,  and  by  carefully  making  excava- 
tions Herculaneum  was  discovered. 
Elbrucht,  John  Van,  a  painter,  born 


at  Elbourg,  near  Campen,  1500.  He  settled 
at  Antwerp,  where  some  of  his  pieces  arc 
preserved,  especially,  in  the  Fishmonger's 
chapel,  the  miraculous  draught  of  fisher.. 
His  landscapes,  human  figures,  and  his  stor 
my  sea,  were  admirable.  • 

Eleanor,  Duchess  of  Guienne,  suc^ 
ceeded  her  father,  William  IX.  in  1137, 
though  only  15,  and  the  uext  year  she  mar- 
ried Lewis  VII.  king  of  France,  whom  she 
accompanied  to  the  holy  land.  Lewis  was  a 
character  full  of  oddity  and  superstition,  and 
when  he  cropped  his  hair,  and  shaved  his 
head,  at  the  instigation  of  Peter  of  Lombar- 
dy,  who  told  him  that  Cod  hated  long  hair, 
he  soon  appeared  ridiculous,  and  conse- 
quently despicable  to  his  wife,  who  was  play- 
ful and  volatile.  His  conduct,  it  is  said,  pro- 
duced inconstancy,  and  Eleanor  passed  many 
guilty  hortrs  in  the  company  of  her  uncle 
Raymond,  prince  of  Antioch,  and  of  Saladin, 
a  Turk  of  commanding  appearance;  and 
when  Lewis  complained  of  her  levity,  on 
his  return  to  France,  a  quarrel  arose,  and 
a  divorce  ensued,  1152.  Six  weeks  after, 
Eleanor  married  Henry  duke  of  Normandy, 
afterwards  Henry  11.  of  England,  by  whom 
she  had  four  sous  and  a  daughter.  Guienne 
and  Poictou,  the  dowry  which  she  brought 
to  her  husband,  afterwards  proved  the 
source  of  those  dreadful  wars  which  for 
three  centuries  deluged  France  with  English 
blood.  Eleanor  gave  up,  in  1102,  Guienne 
to  her  second  son,  Richard,  and  died  1204, 
a  nun  in  the  abbey  of  Fontevrault.  Her 
history  was  published  at  Rotterdam  by  Lar- 
rey,  1691,  12mo.  Her  quarrel  with  her 
husband,  who  had  an  adulterous  intercourse 
with  the  fair  Rosamond  of  Clifford,  in  Wood- 
stock-park, incited  her  to  encourage  the  re- 
bellion of  her  sons  against  their  father,  and 
at  last  procured  her  imprisonment  for  six- 
teen years. 

Eleazar,  high-priest  of  .Tudea  after  his 
brother  Simon,  292  B.  C.  It  is  said  that  he 
gave  Ptolemy  Philadelphus  a  copy  Of  die  bi- 
ble, which  was  by  order  of  the  monarch 
translated  by  70  persons,  and  is  now  known 
by  the  name  of  the  septuagint. 

Eleutherius,  a  native  of  Nicopolis, 
made  pope  170.  He  opposed  the  Valentini- 
ans  with  great  zeal,  and  died  185. 

Eli,  the  high-priest  and  the  judge  of  the 
Israelites,  B.C.  1156,  was  regardless  of  the 
licentious  conduct  of  his  sons,  Hophni  and 
Phineas,  against  whom  theangerof  the  Lord 
was  aunounced  in  a  vision  revealed  to  the 
young  prophet  Samuel.  The  aged  father 
heard  the  threatened  punishment  with  re- 
signation, and  when  the  ark  of  God  was  taken 
by  the  Philistines,  and  his  two  sons  slain  in 
battle, he,  at  the  melancholy  report,  fell  back 
from  his  seat,  and  broke  his  neck,  the  9Sd 
year  of  his  age. 

Eli  as,  Matthew,  a  painter,  born  at  Peene, 
near  Cassel,  of  obscure  parents,  1658.  Ashe 
was  one  day  keeping  the  only  cow  belonging 
to  his  widowed  mother,  Corbeen,  the  famous 
painter,  observed  him  making  a  fortification 
of  mud  by  the  road-side,  and,  pleased  with 


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)  he  regularity  of  his  works,  and  the  attitude 
of  his  figures,  he  stopped,  and  prevailed  upon 
him  to  come  to  Dunkirk  and  live  with  him. 
Here  he  engaged  the  affection  of  his  friend 
and  patron,  by  his  great  application"' and  his 
superior  abilities ;  and  at  the  age  of  20  he  was 
enabled  to  go  to  Paris,  further  to  improve 
himself.  His  pieces  soon  gained  the  public 
attention  ;  but  though  courted  and  nattered, 
Elkis  never  forgot  his  gratitude  and  respect 
to  his  kind  benefactor.  He  married  at  Paris, 
and  was  appointed  professor  at  St.  Luke, 
and  raised  to  other  respectable  offices.  He 
afterwards  visited  Dunkirk,  and  settled  there, 
employing  his  pencil  in  adorning  the  church- 
es and  chapels  of  that  part  of  France.  He 
lived  always  with  the  same  regularity  and 
temperance.  Mild  in  his  manners,  inoffen- 
sive in  Ids  conduct,  he  was  Seldom  seen  but 
at  church  and  in  his  work  room.  He  worked 
till  the  las%  period  of  life;,  and  expired  22d 
April  1741,  aged  82,  highly  respected.  He 
had  only  one  son,  who  died  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne  at  Paris ;  and  he  never  had  more  than 
one  pupil,  Carlier,  as  he  rather  discouraged 
the  attempts  to  painting,  which  were  attend- 
ed with  great  trouble,  and  often  unrewarded. 
Though  correct  and  grand  in  his  drawings, 
he  failed  in  his  draperies ;  and  some  of  his 
female  figures  are  represented  without  judg- 
ment and  without  taste. 

Elias,  Levita,  a  German  rabbi,  of  the 
16th  century.  He  taught  Hebrew  at  Venice 
and  Koine,  and  was  a  very  learned  man  and 
a  most  judicious  critic.  He  published,  lexi- 
con Chaldaicum,  1541,  folio — traditio  doctri- 
nse,  1558,  4to.— some  Hebrew  grammars — 
nomenclatura  Hebraica,  1542,  4to. — collec- 
tio  locorum  in  quibus  Chaldxus  paraphrastes 
interjecit  noraen  Messix  Christi,  &e.  1572, 
Svo. 

Elich,  Lewis  Philip,  a  native  of  Marpurg, 
known  in  the  17th  century  for  his  foolish 
hook,  de  magia  diabolica,  which  was  cancelled 
by  the  magistrates,  but  afterwards  published 
at  Frankfort  under  a  different  title,  1607.  He 
now  avoided  persecution  by  flight,  and  turn- 
ed lioman  catholic.  He  published  another 
book  at  Frankfort,  1609,  de  miseria  homines, 
kc.  He  was  immoral  and  impious  in  his  sen- 
timents, and  his  conduct  has  been  warmly  at- 
tacked and  exposed  by  his  opponent,  Tandlcr, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Wittemberg. 

Elichman,  John,  a  native  of  Silesia,  who 
practised  physic  at  Leyden,  and  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  sixteen  languages,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Salmasius,  superior  to  every  European 
m  the  knowledge  of  Persian,  lie  wrote  in 
Arabic,  de  usu  Arabicx  lingux  in  medicina, 
1636 — a  dissertation  de  termiuo  vitx,  &c. 
1639 — and  a  Latin  translation  of  Cehes' pic- 
ture, printed  at  Leyden,  1640,  with  a  Greek 
and  Arabic  version. 

Eliezer,  a  rabbi,  of  the  8th  century,  said 
by  some  to  be  contemporary  with  Christ. 
His  valuable  "  chapters,  or  sacred  history," 
were  translated  into  Latin,  with  notes,  by 
Vorstius,  1664,  4to. 

Elijah,  an  illustrious  prophet  of  Israel, 
under  A,hab  and  Ahaziah.     After  suffering 


great  persecution  from  queen  Jezebel,  lie 
was  taken  up  to  heaven  in  a  chariot  of  fire* 
895  B.  C;  and  left  his  mantle  and  his  pro- 
phetic powers  to  his  servant  Elisha. 

Eliot,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Suffolk,  she- 
rift"  of  Cambridge  under  Henry  VIII.  He 
chiefly  resided  at  Cambridge,  and  was  the 
author  of  the  first  dictionary,  Latin  and  Eng- 
lish, ever  published  in  England.  He  died 
1546. 

Eliot,  John,  a  puritan,  born  in  Devon- 
shire or  Cornwall,  and  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  went  to  America  in  1031,  and 
established  a  grammar  school  and  an  inde- 
pendent congregation  at  Roxhurg.  In  his 
zeal  to  make  converts,  he  applied  himself  to 
learn  the  Indian  language,  1646,  and,  as  a  vo- 
luntary missionary,  he  converted  many  of 
the  natives  to  the  Christian  religion,  and,  lo 
enlarge  their  understanding,  translated  into 
their  language  the  bible,  and  some  popular 
tracts.     He  died  at  Roxhurg  1689. 

Eliott,  sir  John,  a  native  of  Peebles,  of 
obscure  origin.  He  showed  great  application 
in  his  youth,  and,  by  the  direction  of  his  fa- 
ther-in-law, he  became  well  acquainted  with 
Latin  and  Greek.  He  was  first  employed  in 
the  shop  of  an  apothecary  in  the  Hay-market> 
London,  and  quitting  this,  for  more  venturous 
services,  he  went  to  sea  as  surgeon  A  rich 
prize  soon  rewarded  his  labors,  and  enabled 
htm,  on  i»is  return  to  London,  to  assume  the 
air  and  the  name  of  physician.  He  was  in 
this  new  character  befriended  by  sir  William 
Duncau,  and  soon  gained  reputation  and  opu- 
lence. His  address  greatly  recommended 
him,  and  though  he  was  neither  very  learned 
nor  very  ingenious,  he  however  became  one 
of  the  most  popular  physicians  in  London ; 
his  fees  amounted  to  little  less  than  5000A  a- 
year ;  and  such  was  his  consequence,  that  he 
was  created  a  baronet,  by  the  influence  ot 
madame  Schwellenbcrgen  and  lord  Sackville. 
Thus  raised  to  eminence,  and  patronised  by 
the  prince  of  Wales,  and  courted  by  the 
great,  sir  John  showed  that  he  knew  well 
how  to  use  the  favors  of  fortune.  His  hospi- 
tality was  very  great ;  but  while  the  friend  of 
the  witty  and  the  learned,  while  courted  by 
M'Pherson,  Horace  Walpole,  Astle,  Town- 
ley,  Whitefoord,  Armstrong,  and  others, 
he  did  not  forget  the  labors  of  his  profession, 
nor  did  he,  while  attending  the  opulent,  dis- 
dain to  administer  to  the  poor  without  fee  or 
reward.  It  is  supposed  that  the  hospitable 
treats  with  which  he  delighted  his  friends, 
and  the  pleasures  of  the  table,  in  which  he 
moderately  indulged,  hastened  the  decay  of 
his  constitution.  In  the  languishing  hour  of 
sickness  he  tried  in  vain  the  waters  of  Bath 
and  other  places,  and  sea  voyages.  He  died 
suddenly,  at  Brocket-hall,  it  was  imagined, 
from  the  rupture  of  one  of  the  larger  vessels, 
and  was  buried  at  Hatfield,  1787.  He  left  a 
handsome  fortune,  to  be  divided  among  his 
eight  surviving  children. 

Eliott,  George  Augustus,  the  brave  de- 
fender   of  Gibraltar,    was   born  at  Stobbs, 
Roxburghshire,  1718,  the  youngest  of  the  nine 
\  sons  of  Sir  Gilbert  Eliott,  of  an  ancient  fawi- 


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ly,  said  to  have  accompanied  the  conqueror  in 
his  invasion  of  England.     He  was  educated 
under  a  private   tutor,    and    then   went  to 
Leydcn,  where  he  made  great  progress  in 
military  science,  which  he  completed  at  the 
ecole  royale  of  La  Fere  in  Picardy.     He  af- 
terwards served  in  the  Prussian  service,  and 
on  his  return  to  Scotland  in  his  17th  year,  he 
entered  as  volunteer  in  the  23d  regiment  of 
foot.     The  next  year  he  went  into  the  engi- 
neer corps  at  Woolwich,  and  then  by  his  un- 
cle's interest  became  adjutant  of  the  second 
troop   of  horse  grenadiers.     He   went  with 
this  highly  disciplined  regiment  into  Germa- 
ny, and  was  at  the  battle  of  Dettingen,  where 
he  was  wounded.      After  rtsing  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant  colonel  in  this  regiment,  he  re- 
signed his  commission  as  engineer,  ami  was 
soon  after  made  aid-de-camp  to  George  II. 
In  1759  he  quitted  his  regiment  to  raise  and 
discipline  the  first  regiment  of  light  horse 
called  after  him  Eliott's,  and  with  them  in 
the  character  of  brigadier*  general,  lie  went 
in  an  expedition  to  the  French  coast,  and  af- 
terwards to  Germany,  where  discipline,  ac- 
tivity,  and  enterprise  reflected  the  highest 
honor  on  the  general,  and  on  the  men.      He 
was  recalled  from  Germany  to  be  second  in 
command  in  the  expedition  against  the  Ha- 
vannah,  where  his  intrepid  courage  in  the  ac- 
tion,  and  his  great    humanity  towards  the 
conquered,  were  eminently   displayed.    At 
the  peace,  the  gallant  regiment  was  reviewed 
in  Hyde  park  by  the  king,  who  was  so  pleased 
with  their   appearance  and  so  grateful'  for 
their  valor  that  he  bestowed  upon  them  the 
appellation  of  royals.     In  1775,  general  Eli- 
ott  succeeded  A'Court  ascommander  in  chief 
in  Ireland,  but  before  he  had  completely  ta- 
ken possession  of  his  office,  he  was  nominated 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  an   appointment  for 
•which,  by  his  habits,  his  intrepidity,  and  his 
experience,  he  was  well  calculated.      While 
he  established  in  the  garrison  a  severe  but 
salutary  system  of  discipline,  he  exhibited  to 
his  soldiers  an  example  for  them  to  follow. 
He  inured  himself  to  the  severest  privations, 
he  eat  no  flesh,  nor  drank  wine,  but  lived  on 
vegetables  and  water;  he  never  slept  more 
than  four  hours  at  a  time,  and  therefore  the 
abstemiousness  and  the  vigilance  of  the  gene- 
ral were  soon  seen  and  imitated  as  the  best 
qualifications  of  a  good  soldier.    Thus  perse- 
vering, active,  vigilant,  he  maintained  the  ho- 
nor of  his   country,  and  defended  a  barren 
rock  with  victorious  success  against  the  com- 
bined forces  of  Spain  and  France.    The  skill 
and  valor  displayed  in  the  memorable  siege  of 
1782,  had  fixed  upon  the  gallant  commander 
and  his  brave  garrison  the  eyes  and  the  ad- 
miration of  the  world,  and  therefore  on  his 
return  to  England,    at  the  peace,   he   was 
greeted  by  the  nation  with  acclamations,  by 
the  senate  with  thanks,  and  by  the  king  with 
the  honorable  reward  of  a  peerage  by  the  ti- 
tle of  lord  Heathfield,  baron  Gibraltar.  This 
illustrious  veteran  died  at  his  chateau,  at  Aix- 
Ja-Chapelle,  of  a  second  attack  of  the  palsy, 
sixth  July  1790,  in  his  73d  year,  at  a  moment 
wlren  lie  was  pneparing  tp  return  thrgugh 


Leghorn  to  his  favorite  garrison.  Hi3  re^ 
mains  were  brought  over  to  England,  and  bu» 
ried  at  Heathfield,  Sussex,  where  a  handsome 
monument  is  erected.  Lord  Heathfield  had 
married  Ann  daughter  of  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
who  died  1769,  leaving  a  son,  who  succeeded 
to  his  father's  honors,  and  a  daughter  mar- 
ried to  J.  T.  Fuller  of  Bailey-park,  Sussex. 

Eli ott,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Kingsbridge,  Devon,  and  educated  at  Be- 
net  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  proceed- 
ed A.  B.  and  took  orders.  He  was  expelled 
from  St.  George's  chapel,  Hyde-park,  for 
priutinga  sermon  on  salvation  by  faith  with- 
out works,  and  afterwards  became  minister 
of  a  dissenting  congregation,  Glass-house 
yard,  Aldersgate  street.  He  died  suddenly 
in  his  pulpit  1789.  He  published  some  con- 
troversial tracts  and  sermons,  and  defended 
himself  against  the  attack  of  Dr.  Dodd,  ahout 
his  discourse  on  faith.  * 

Elisha,  a  prophet  among  the  Israelites, 
He  was  called  from  the  plough  to  become 
the  servant  of  Elijah,  and  afterwards  when 
his  master  was  carried  up  to  heaven  in  a 
chariot  of  fire,  he  received  his  mantle  and 
was  appointed  his  successor.  He  was  highly 
respected  by  the  people  of  Judea  and  by  the 
Syrians,  who  frequently  consulted  him.  He 
died  at  Samaria  about  830  B.  C. 

Elizabeth,  queen  of  England,  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  VIII.  by  Ann  Boleyn,  was 
born  seventh  September  1533.  She"  was  de- 
clared illegitimate  by  her  capricious  father, 
but  her  dying  mother  recommended  her  to 
the  care  of  Parker,  afterwards  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  by  whom  her  principles  of 
religion  were  fixed,  and  her  mind  cultivated 
and  improved.  She  lived  in  privacy  and  re- 
tiivment,  but  on  Mary's  accession  she  was 
imprisoned  and  nearly  sacrificed  to  the 
queen's  bigotry  by  the  influence  of  bishop 
Gardiner,  who  represented  her  as  the  fu- 
ture prop  of  protestantism.  Philip,  how- 
ever, interceded  for  her,  as  he  already 
marked  her  for  his  second  wife  on  Mary's 
decease.  She  was  drawn  from  prison  to  sit 
on  the  throne  1558,  and  thus  educated  in 
the  school  of  adversity,  she  came  to  govern 
a  gallant  and  rising  nation,  and  by  her  wis- 
dom and  energy  to  fix  their  destinies  on  the 
most  glorious  basis.  With  a  soul  heroic  and 
magnanimous,  an  understanding  polished  by 
the  knowledge  of  literature  and  of  the  learn- 
ed languages,  she  jet  possessed  the  weak- 
ness of  her  sex,  and  loved  to  be  admired  and 
courted  for  the  elegancies  of  h^r  dress,  and 
the  beauties  of  her  person.  Prudent  and 
discerning  in  all  her  measures,  she  proceed- 
ed with  caution  in  her  determination  to  es- 
tablish the  protesta«t  religion,  she  treated 
the  catholic  party  with  tenderness,  and  pro- 
fessed a  great  willingness  to  be  on  amicable 
terms  even  with  pope  Paul  IV.  Before  she 
ascended  the  throne  the  king  of  Sweden 
made  proposals  of  marriage  to  her,  which 
she  rejected.  Philip  her  brother-in-law  was 
equally  unsuccessful,  and  the  duke  of  Anjou 
who  for  a  while  seemed  to  be  treated  with 
partiality  and  affection,  was  dismissed  at  last 


EL 


EL 


with  coMncss  and  indifference.  Her  parlia- 
ment indeed  interfered,  but  she  declared 
that  she  was  wedded  to  her  people,  and  that 
.-ihe  wished  her  tomb-stone  to  record  that 
after  reigning  so  long  she  had  lived  and  died 
a  virgin  queen.  Authors  have  been  puzzled 
to  aocount  for  this  settled  aversion  to  the 
marriage  state,  and  whilst  some  have  sug- 
gested that  this  coldness  of  constitution  arose 
from  natural  causes,  others  have  intimated 
that  her  hours  of  retirement  Mere  not  al- 
ways devoted  to  continence.  The  suspicions 
are  wanton,  false  and  illiberal;  though  she 
was  beautiful  and  young,  and  loved  enter- 
tainments, dress,  and  pleasure,  though  she 
selected  the  handsomest  and  best  shaped 
men,  such  as  Leicester  and  Essex,  for  her 
favorites,  yet  nothing  can  be  advanced  with 
truth  against  the  chastity  of  her  character. 
Though  she  had  favorites,  in  no  instance  is 
it  mentioned  that  she  forgot  her  rank  or  the 
dignity  of  her  sex,  and  indeed  there  were 
so  many  watchful  eyes  about  her  court  and 
person,  that  liad  she  been  incontinent,  her 
weakness  would  have  been  divulged,  and 
her  amours  recorded  to  posterity.  That  she 
wished  to  govern  her  favorites,  and  by  them 
her  people,  by  the  soft  influence  which  fe- 
male charms  possess  over  the  heart  is  pro- 
bable: but  when  it  is  considered  that  when 
settled  on  her  throne  she  was  nearly  thirty, 
that  the  warmer  passions  of  youth  had  sub- 
sided, and  that  her  great  ambition  was  to 
rule  without  a  ouperior  or  rival  in  the  affec- 
tion of  her  subjects,  the  wonders  of  her  celi- 
hacy  will  cease.  'She  was  fortunate  in  the 
choice  of  he*-  ministers,  but  though  she 
could  depend  on  Cecil  and  on  Walsingham, 
she  yet  loved  business,  and  regarded  the 
prosperity  and  happiness  of  the  nation  as 
her  immediate  care.  It  is  unnecessary  here 
to  mention  the  glorious  events  which  mark- 
ed her  reign.  The  most  indelible  blot,  how- 
ever, on  her  character,  is  her  treatment  of 
the  unfortunate  Mary,  whom,  as  her  rival 
in  beauty,  and  as  her  presumptive  heir  she 
hated.  Instead  of  pitying  her  misfortunes 
iudeed,  she  deceived  her;  and  instead  of 
granting  her  liberty,  or  replacing  her  on  her 
throne,  she  ignominious!}*  led  her  to  a  scaf- 
fold, and  then  meanly  pretended  to  blame 
the  horrible  proceedings  as  the  act  of  hey 
ministers.  After  an  illustrious  reign  of  44 
years  four  months  and  six  days,  and  after 
seeing  her  people  grown  powerful  in  arms, 
successful  in  extending  navigation  and  com- 
merce, and  distinguished  in  science  and  lite- 
rature, this  great  priacess  died  twenty -fourth 
March  1 003,  aged  70.  Never,  says  a  Jesuit, 
did  a  crowned  head  better  understand  the 
art  of  government,  and  commit  fewer  er- 
rors in  it,  during  a  long  reign.  Her  aim  was 
to  reign,  to  govern,  to  be  mistress,  to  keep 
her  people  in  subjection.  She  was  not  a 
warlike  princess,  but  she  knew  so  well  how- 
to  train  up  warriors  that  England  had  not 
for  a  long  time  seen  a  greater  number  of 
them,  nor  more  experienced. 

Elizabeth,    of  Austria,    daughter    of 
Maximilian  II.  was  married  to  Charles  IX. 


of  France  26th  November  1570  at  Mezieres. 
The  dreadful  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew 
overwhelmed  her  with  grief,  but  as  she 
never  meddled  in  the  public  affairs  of  the 
kingdom,  she  avoided  the  dangers  of  politics 
and  retained  the  affections  of  her  capricious 
husband,  who  on  his  death-bed  tenderly  re- 
commended her  and  her  daughter  to  the 
kindness  of  Henry  IV.  king  of  Navarre  his 
successor.  Thus  respected  and  beloved  in 
France  as  a  most  virtuous  wife  and  most  be- 
nevolent queen,  she  retired  to  Vienna  after 
her  husband's  death,  and  though  her  sister- 
in-law,  Margaret  of  Navarre,  was  different 
from  her  in  temper  and  character,  yet  she 
honored  her  with  her  friendship,  and  serit 
her  two  books  she  had  written  with  her  ow  q 
hand,  one  on  the  word  of  God,  and  the  oth- 
er on  the  remarkable  events  that  had  occur- 
red during  her  residence  in  France.  She 
died  at  Vienna  in  a  convent  whic.li  she  hcr~ 
self  had  founded,  1592,  aged  38,  deserved!}' 
beloved  and  sincerely  lamented.. 

Elizabeth,  Petrovna,  daughter  of  Pe- 
ter the  Great,  was  born  170'J.  Her  rank  anil 
personal  attraction's  made  her  an  object  of 
admiration  among  her  neighbors,  and  among 
her  suitors  are  mentioned  Lewis  XV.  of 
France,  Charles  Augustus  bishop  of  Lubec, 
Charles  Margrave  of  Anspach,  Kouli  Khan> 
and  Lewis  of  Brunswick,  but  she  rejected  all. 
She  did  not  however  dislike  fcavorites,  as  he;' 
amours  were  frequent,  and  as  she.  declared 
to  her  confidants  she  never  was  happy  but 
in  love.  She  ascended  the  throne  of  Russia 
in  1741,  and  received  the  appellation  of 
humane,  because  she  made  a  vow  that  no 
capital  punishment  should  be  inflicted  du- 
ring her  reign.  Severities  however  were 
practised,  the  public  prisons  were  filled  with 
wretches  who  frequently  expired  under  tor- 
tures, and  Elizabeth  herself  gave  a  strong 
example  of  cruelty,  in  condemning  two  la- 
dies of  her  court,  women  of  beauty  and  rank, 
the  countess  Bestuchef  and  Lapookin,  to  re- 
ceive 50  strokes  of  the  knoot,  in  the  open, 
square  of  Petersburg,  to  have  their  tongues 
cut  out,  and  to  be  banished  to  Sibewa  for  di- 
vulging the  secret  amours  of  the  empress. 
Though  thus  given  to  private  meootinence;, 
Elizabeth  pretended  to  be  a  strict  devotee  ; 
she  was  scrupulous  in  her  yearly  confessions 
at  Easter,  she  expressed  contrition  for  her 
faults,  and  was  most  punctual  in  all  the  ex- 
ternal offices  of  religion.  She  died  25th  De- 
cember 1761,  in  the  21st  year  of  her  reign 
and  52d  of  her  age.  The  punishment  of 
torture,  which  hitherto  was  permitted,  was 
abolished  gradually  by  her  successors. 

Ei.ler  de  Brook.h t*SENT,  John  Theo- 
dore, physician  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  was 
born  at  Pietzkau  in  Auhalt-Bernburg,  and 
died  at  Berlin  1760,  aged  71.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  learning  and  of  extensive  experience 
in  his  profession.  He  wrote  a  Latin  treatise 
on  the  knowledge  and  treatment  of  diseases, 
translated  by  Le  Roy  into  French. 

Ellicer,  Ottomar,  son  of  a  physician, 
was  born  at  Gottenburg  ISth  September 
1633.     His  father  wished   to    make  hini   a 


EL 


EL 


scholar,  but  nature  had  formed  him  for  a 
painter,  and  at  last  the  inclination  of  the 
son  prevailed,  and  under  Daniel  Seghers  the 
Jesuit  of  Antwerp,  he  soon  displayed  supe- 
rior excellence  in  painting  flowers  and  fruit. 
He  was  invited  to  Berlin,  where  he  became 
a  great  favorite  at  court.  His  pieces  are 
much  admired  in  Germany.  The  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

Elliger,  Ottomar,  son  of  the  preceding, 
"was  born  at  Hamburgh  16th  February  1606. 
Me  studied  under  bis  father,  and  under  Mi- 
chael Van  Musscher,  at  Amsterdam,  but 
his  great  master  was  Lairesse.  Instructed 
by  him  he  soon  imitated  his  copies,  and  ta- 
king nature*  for  his  model,  he  finished  his 
pictures  ill  a  style  pleasing  to  the  man  of 
laste  as  well  as  the  scholar.  In  his  back 
grounds  he  introduced  the  finest  remains  of 
Egyptian,  Grecian,  or  Roman  architecture, 
und  every  where  displayed  correctness  of 
conception  and  sublimity  of  genius.  His  best 
pieces  arS  the  death  of  Alexander,  and  the 
nuptia's  of  Thetis  and  Peleus,  made  for  the 
elector  of  Mentz,  which  the  prince  wished 
to  reward  by  granting  the  painter  a  hand- 
some pension,  and  making  him  his  principal 
painter.  These  honors  Elliger  refused,  pre- 
ferring liberty  to  the  service  of  the  greatest 
potentates.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
clouded  by  intemperance  and  debauchery. 
He  died  24th  November  1732,  aged  60. 

Ellis,  Clement,  M.  A.  a  native  of  Cum- 
berland, brought  up  under  his  uncle,  Potter, 
hishop  of  Carlisle.  He  aftefwerds  went  to 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  at  the  refor- 
mation obtained  the  living  of  Kirkby-west- 
erh,  Notts,  and  in  1693  the  prebend  of  South- 
well. He  died  1700,  aged  70.  He  was  lear- 
ned and  examplary  as  a  divine,  and  wrote 
;he  genteel  sinner, — the  scripture  catechist, 
— the  self-deceiver,  &c. 

Ellis,  John, an  English  poet, born  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Clement  Danes,  London,  22d 
March  1698.  As  his  father  was  a  man  of  an 
eccentric,unsettled  character,  and  his  mother 
a  fanatical  dissenter,  who  punished  him  se- 
verely even  for  looking  at  a  top  on  Sunday, 
his  education  was  little  attended  to,  though 
his  application  made  up  fully  for  the  defi- 
ciencies of  parental  care.  He  was  placed  in 
the  office  of  Taverner,  a  scrivener,  in 
Threadnecdle-street,  where,  besides  the 
knowledge  of  his  business,  he  heard  and  at- 
tended to  the  classical  instructions  wluch 
young  Taverner,  an  idle  scholar  of  Mcr- 
chant-taylors'  school,  regularly  received 
from  his  fond  father.  With  this  indolent 
youth,  after  the  father's  death,  Ellis  was 
united  in  partnership,  and  from  his  impru- 
dence he  was  a  great  sufferer,  and  was  long 
involved  in  difficulties,  which  injured  his 
peace  of  mind,  and  prevented  his  prosper- 
ous settlement  in  the  world.  His  literary 
qualifications  introduced  him  to  the  acquaint- 
ance of  the  learned,  and  among  his  friends  of 
merit  and  virtue  he  could  number Mr.FaytiRg 
ofCambridge,Dr.KingofOxford,MosesMen- 
flez  esq.  and  Dr  Johnson.  Though  for  seventy 
years  he  wrote,  without  however  publishing, 


small  poetical  pieces,  he  did  not  neglect  his 
business,  and  as  a  scrivener  of  probity  and 
moral  honesty,  he  was  the  agent  of  many  re- 
spectable families.  In  1750  he  was  elected  a 
common  councilman  of  London  ;  an  office 
which  he  retained  till  his  death.  He  was 
also  for  many  years  deputy  of  his  ward,  and 
four  times  elected  master  of  the  scriveners' 
company,  and  so  highly  esteemed  by  that 
respectable  body  that  a  picture  of  him  was 
hung  up  in  their  hall.  By  temperance  and 
exercise  he  attained  a  great  age,  though  he 
had  a  weakness  in  one  of  his  eyes,  which,  in 
his  86th  year,  passed  to  the  other  in  a  sin- 
gular manner,  which  he  has  described  in  a 
letter  to  his  friend  Dr.  Johnson.  The  last 
year  of  his  life  was  clouded  with  distress, 
from  which  however  his  friends  extricated 
him,  by  relieving  him  from  indigence,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  having  incautiously  trusted 
some  money,  perhaps  the  whole  of  his  pro- 
perty, into  the  iiands  of  an  artful  villain,  wHo 
was  a  bankrupt.  Cheerful  and  strong  even 
to  the  last,  he  was  capable  of  walking  twen- 
ty and  even  thirty  miles  a-day  even  to  his 
85th  year.  He  died  gently,  sitting  in  his 
chair,  the  31st  December  1791,  in  his  94th 
year,  and  was  buried  on  the  5th  of  January, 
in  St.  Bartholomew's  church,  Exchange,  at 
tended  by  a  great  number  of  persons,  who 
paid  this  last  respect  to  his  memory.  As  he 
had  been  brought  up  a  dissenter,  lie  soon  saw 
with  disgust  the  hypocrisy  of  the  sect,  and 
instead  of  following  them,  he  expressed  tha 
strongest  aversion  for  them.  His  hours  of 
relaxation  were  always  employed  m  walking  ; 
and  when  questioned  why  he  neglected  to  go 
to  church,  he  replied,  "Nathan  walked  with 
the  Lord."  To  the  character  of  an  honest, 
upright,  and  independent  man,  he  added 
that  of  poetical  merit  ;  and  though  his  pieces 
possessed  not  superior  sublimity,  yet  they 
were  distinguished  for  neatness,  elegance,  spi- 
rit and  naivete.  Many  of  his  poems  were  long 
preserved  in  manuscript.  Besides  some  piece* 
to  be  found  in  Dodsley's  collection,  he  wrote 
a  translation  of  Dr.  King's  templum  liberta- 
tis — a  Hudibrastic  travesty  of  Maphieus — the 
South  Seadream — the  surprise,  or  the  gen- 
tleman turned  apotbecai-y — a  translation  of 
some  of  the  epistles  and  of  the  metamorpho- 
ses of  Ovid, — some  parts  of  iEsop's  fables. 
of  Cato,  and  others. 

Ellwood,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Crowell, 
Oxfordshire,  who  turned  quaker,  by  the  in- 
fluence of  Isaac  Pennington,  and  thus  lost 
the  protection  of  his  father.  He  was  for  somr 
time  reader  to  Milton,  and  exposed  himself 
to  persecution  on  account  of  his  religious 
tenets,  which  he  ably  defended.  He  wrote 
a  sacred  poem  on  the  life  of  David — an"  his- 
tory of  the  old  and  new  testaments — besides 
an  edition  of  George  Fox's  journal,  &c.  He 
died  1713,  aged  74. 

Ellys,  Anthony,  an  English  prelate,  bam 
in' 1693,  and  educated  at  Clare-hall,  Cam- 
bridge. In  1724  he  was  vicar  of  St.  Olave's, 
Jewry,  rector  of  St.  Martin's  Ironmonger's 
lane,  the  next  year  prebendary  of  Glouces 
ter,  and  in  1728  he  took  his  <!cgree  of  D.  1> 


EL 


EL 


Inl75Ghewas  marie  bishop  of  St..  David's, 
and  died  at  Gloucester  1761,  and  was  buried 
in  the  cathedral  there.  Resides  three  occa- 
sional sermons,  he  published,  in  1736,  a  plea 
for  the  sacramental  test,  kc.  4to. — remarks 
on  Hume's  essay  on  miracles;  and  left  un- 
published tracts  on  the  liberty,  spiritual  and 
temporal,  df  protestants  in  England,  cic.  the 
first  part  "of  which  was  printed  1703,  the 
second  in  1765.  These  works  prove  the 
author  to  have  been  a  man  possessed  of 
learning,  of  candor,  of  benevolence,  and 
every  christian  virtue. 

Ei.m  acinus,  George,  an  Egyptian,  of  tin; 
13th  century,  author  of  a  Saracen  history, 
from  Mohammed  to  the  year  1118.  fit- 
professed  himself  to  he  a  christian,  and  he4d 
places  of  honor  under  the  caliphs  ;  .hut  the 
favorable  manner  in  which  bespeaks  of  the 
mnssulmans,  of  .Mohammed,  ami  of  his  reli- 
gion, suggests  a  suspicion  that  he  had  hide 
of  the  christian  besides  the  name.  This 
history  lias  been  translated  from  the  Saracen 
into  Latin  by  Erpenins  and  completed  hv 
Golius,  Leyrien,  1625,  folio,  and  into  French 
1>3  Vattier,  Paris,  1657  j  but  both  transla- 
tions are  very  incorrect. 

Elmenhorst,  Geverhart,  a  critic,  of 
Hamburgh,  who  died  1621.  He  published 
Cebes,  Leyden,  161 S,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  learned  notes  on  Minutius  Felix, 
and  other  ancient  authors. 

Elmenhoust,  Henry,  author  of  a  Ger- 
man treatise  on  public  spectacles,  Ham- 
burgh, 1638,  4to.  He  does  not  consider 
them  as  injurious  to  manners.  This  subject 
has  been  treated  by  Rousseau  and  d'Aleni- 
bert. 
.  Ei.phinstone,  William,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine, horn  in  the  count}'  of  Stirling  1432, 
and  educated  at  St.  Salvador's,  St.  Andrew's, 
and  at  Paris,  where  he  studied  the  law.  On 
his  return  home  he  took  orders,  and  became 
arch-deacon  of  St.  Andrew's,  provost  of  St. 
Giles,  Edinburgh,  and  bishop  of  Aberdeen. 
In  1483  he  went  as  ambassador  to  France, 
and  in  1489  to  Henry  Vll.  of  England  ;  and 
in  1495  he  was  made  chancellor  of  Scotland. 
The  death  of  king  James,  at  the  battle  of 
Flodden-ficld,  1513,  so  overpowered  his  spi- 
rits that  he  died  soon  after,  aged  81.  He 
was  a  munificent  benefactor  to  the  university 
of  Aberdeen,  and  his  learning  is  evinced  by 
the  history  of  Scotland,  a  MS.  copy  of  which 
is  preserved  in  the  Bodleian. 

Elsheimeu,  Adam,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, born  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine  1574. 
Though  the  son  of  a  tailor,  he  by  his  in- 
dustry was  enabled  to  go  to  Kome,  where 
he  soon  became  a  distinguished  artist.  His 
landscapes,  histories,  and  night-pieces,  are 
so  highly  finished,  so  scarce,  and  so  valuable, 
that  they  are  to  be  seen  only  in  the  collec- 
tion of  princes.  He  was  a  man  of  a  melan- 
choly disposition,  and  died  1610. 

Els  neb,  James,  a  Prussian,  professor  of 
theology  and  oriental  languages  at  Lingen, 
and  afterwards  master  of  Joachim's  school, 
Berlin.  In  1730  he  became  pastor  of  one  of 
the  Berlin  churches,  atid  was  made  member 
\OL.  I.  61 


of  the  academy  of  sciei  c^s,  and  confessor  fif 
the  royal  consistory.  He  wrote  observa* 
tiones  sacrae  in  novi  testarn.  libros  Utra;.- 
1720,  17'2S — explanation  of  the  epistle  to  the 
Philippians — state  o.  the  Greek  church  in 
Turkey,  Svo.  1737.  He  died  1750,  agedt 
fifty-eight. 

Ei.s tor,  'William,  a  learned  divine  and. 
Saxon  linguist,  horn  at  Newcastle  1673, 
ami  educated  at  E"ton  and  Catharine-hall, 
Cambridge.  lie  afterwards  removed  to, 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  thence  was. 
chosen  fellow  of  University,  where  he  w.:s. 
tutor.  In  |702  lie  became  rector  of  Saint 
Swithin  and  St.  Mary  Rpthaw,  London, 
where  he  died,  twelve  years  after.  Me  pub- 
lished Lupus1  Saxon  history^gsnslated  into 
Latin,  and  also  Ascham's  Latin  letters,  and 
wrote  an  essay  on  the  great  affinity  and 
mutual  agreement  of  the  two  professions, 
law  and  divinity.  Ml-  was  engaged  also  in 
the  laborious  edition  of  the  Saxon  laws,  with 
notes,  Sue.  which  he  did  not  live  to  coin* 
plcte,  and  which  wns  finished  by  L)r.  "W'fl- 
kins,  1721. 

E/.stob,  Elizabeth,  sister  of  the  preced- 
ing, born  in  1683,  was  well  skilled  in  the 
Saxon  language.  She  retired,  after  her 
brother's  death,  to  Evesham,  Worcester- 
shire, where  she  kept  a  small  school.  Bv 
lorri  Oxford's  interference,  she  obtained, 
from  queen  Caroline  an  annuity  of  t\l.  but 
after  the  death  of  her  majesty  she  was  again 
reduced  to  poverty,  and  though  skilled  in  8 
languages,  she  was  obliged  to  become  a 
governess.  She  was  then  engaged  in  the 
duchess  of  Portland's  family,  where  she 
continued  seventeen  years,  and  died  at  Bul- 
sti-ode  30th  May  1756.  She  gave  an  English 
translation  to  the  homily,  which  her  brother 
published  from  the  Saxon  1709.  In  1715 
she  published  a  Saxon  grammar,  and,  as 
Rowe  Mores  observes,  "  she  was  the  inde- 
fessa  comes  of  her  brother's  studies,  a  female 
student  of  the  university,  upon  a  genteel 
fortune,  but  pursuing  too  much  the  drug 
called  learning." 

Ei.swich,  John  Herman  d',  a  Lutheran 
divine,  who  was  born  at  Renshurg,  Ilolstein, 
and  died  at  Stade  1721,  aged  37.  He  pub- 
lished Simonius'  book  de  Uteris  pereuntibus, 
with  n»tes, — Launoius  de  varia  Arislotelis 
fortuna,  cvc. 

Elsynge,  Henry,  an  English  gentleman, 
appointed,  by  Laud's  interest,  clerk  of  the 
house  of  commons.  He  was  born  at  Batter- 
sea  1598,  and  educated  at  Westminster  and 
Christ-church,  Oxford.  He  spent  some 
years  in  travelling;  and  when  appointed 
clerk  to  the  commons,  he  displayed  such 
correctness  and  ability  in  his  office  that  he 
was  respected  by  all  parties,  and  consulted 
on  every  occasion.  He  resigned  this  honor- 
able office  when  he  saw  the  determination 
of  parliament  to  try  the  king;  and  he  re- 
tired to  his  hous.e  at  Hounslow,  where  he 
•lied,  1654.  To  learning,  and  the  knowledge 
of  French  and  Italian,  he  added  the  noble 
character  of  an  honest  man.  He  published 
"  the  aneient  merljod  and  manner  of  holding 


EL 


EM 


parliaments  in  England,"  ICG3,  reprinted 
1768,  and  wrote  a  tract  concerning  the  pro- 
ceedings in  parliament,  never  published,  and 
other  things. 

Ki.vius,  Peter,  a  native  of  Upsal,  secre- 
tary to  the  Stockholm  royal  academy  of  sci- 
ences. He  was  eminent  for  his  knowledge 
of  :\.athematics  and  his  love  of  science.  He 
made  surveys  of  the  Swedish  lakes,  and  of 
the  coasts  of  the  country,  besides  observa- 
tions on  the  heavenly  bodies,  from  Urani- 
burg;  and  he  constructed  also  some  ingeni- 
ous machines  worked  upon  by  water.  He 
■wrote  a  journal  of  a  tour  in  Sweden,  pub- 
lished, Stockholm,  1751.  He  did  1749,  aged 
39. 

Elwes,  John,  of  saving  memory,  was 
son  of  a  brewer  in  Southwark,  of  the  name 
of  Meggot.  Though  he  lost  his  father  when 
four  years  old,  he  was  sent  to  Westminster- 
school,  where  he  continued  ten  or  twelve 
years;  from  whence  he  went  to  Geneva, 
■where,  for  three  years,  he  distinguished  him- 
self in  dividing  the  palm  of  horsemanship 
■with  Mr.  Worsley  and  sir  Sydney  Meadows. 
On  his  return  to  England  he  visited,  in  the 
assumed  garb  of  a  miser,  his  uncle,  sir  Har- 
vey Elwes,  who  lived  in  Essex,  and  whose 
sole  pleasure  was  the  hoarding  up  of  money. 
He  afterwards  succeeded  to  his  fortune, 
which  was  little  less  than  £50,000/.  and, 
agreeable  to  his  will,  changed  the  name  of 
Meggot  for  that  of  Elwes.  He  was  then  40 
years  old ;  but  though  known,  for  the  last 
fifteen  years,  in  all  the  circles  of  fashion  and 
dissipation  in  London,  he  did  not,  upon  the 
acquisition  of  such  an  ample  fortune,  to 
which  indeed  his  own  was  equal,  launch  out 
into  the  extravagancies  of  the  times,  but  fol- 
lowing his  uncle's  example,  he  determined 
to  increase  it  with  all  his  power.  He  was 
naturally  fond  of  gaining,  and  did  not  give  it 
up  till  fate  in  life.  "  He  has  been  known," 
as  his  biographer  has  observed,  "  after  sit- 
ting up  a  whole  night  at  play,  for  thousands, 
in  elegant  apartments,  ornamented  with  the 
most  splendid  decorations,  and  with  waiters 
at  his  call,  to  walk  out  about  four  in  the 
morning,  and  proceed  to  Smithfield,  to  meet 
his  own  cattle  coming  to  market  from  Thoy- 
don-hall,  Essex,  where  he  had  a  farm.  For- 
getful of  the  scenes  which  he  had  jusi  left, 
this  singular  man  would  stand  there,  often 
in  the  cold  and  rain,  disputing  with  a  carcass 
butcher  for  perhaps  a  shilling.  Sometimes, 
when  the  cattle  did  not  arrive  at  the  hour 
he  expected,  he  would  walk  on,  in  the  mire 
and  dirt,  to  meet  them,  and  more  than  once 
he  lias  gone  the  whole  way  to  his  farm, 
without  stopping,  though  seventeen  miles 
from  London.  Denying  himself  every  earth- 
ly comfort,  he  woidd  walk  home  to  London 
in  the  rain,  sooner  than  pay  a  shilling  for  a 
coach  ;  he  would  sit  in  wet  clothes,  rather 
than  have  a  tire  to  dry  them;  he  would  eat 
his  provisions  in  the  last  state  of  putrefac- 
tion, sooner  than  have  a  fresh  joint  from  the 
butcher ;  and  he  wore  a  wig  for  a  fortnight, 
which  I,"  says  the  biographer,  "  saw  him 
pick  up  from  a  rut  in  a  lane."    Yet  when 


this  inordinate  passion  of  saving  did  not  in- 
terfere, he  performed  very  kind  offices,  and 
even  went  a  great  way  to  serve  those  who 
applied  to  him.  In  1774,  when  aged  sixty, 
he  was  elected  member  for  Berkshire,  and 
for  twelve  years  served  the  county,  the 
most  independent  man  in  the  house  of  com- 
mons. He  came  in  without  expense,  and 
therefore  expected  no  favor,  and  voted  as  in 
the  purest  days  of  parliamentary  represen- 
tation. In  178S  he  began  to  feel  the  infir- 
mities of  age,  but  with  the  strongest  antipa- 
thy to  the  drugs  and  pills  of  apothecaries, 
he  endeavored  to  support  life  by  regular 
exercise  and  by  temperance.  In  November 
1789  nature  seemed  exhausted,  and  no  lon- 
ger able  to  walk,  he  crept  into  his  bed  on 
the  21st,  and  on  the  26th  expired,  without  a 
groan,  leaving  besides  entailed  estates  at 
Marcham,  Berks,  in  Essex,  etc  upwards  of 
500,000/.  to  his  natural  sons.  Though,  how- 
ever, so  fond  of  money,  lie  never  did  an  un- 
just action  to  increase  his  store.  He  was 
cruel  to  himself,  and  benevolent  to  others 
To  others  he  lent  much,  to  himself  he  de- 
nied every  thing. 

Elxai,  or  ElXjEus,  founder  of  a  sect 
among  the  Jews  in  the  second  century,  com- 
manded his  followers,  whenever  they  pray- 
ed, always  to  direct  their  faces  towards  Je- 
rusalem. As  he  was  an  enemy  to  continence, 
he  obliged  all  followers  to  marry.  This  sect 
spread  around  Jordan,  Palestine,  and  Ara- 
bia, was  not  extinct  till  the  4th  century. 

Elvot,  Thomas.     Vid.  Eliot. 

Elys,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Devonshire, 
educated  at  Baliol  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  became  fellow,  and  published  some  divine 
poems  and  miscellanea,  in  Latin  and  English 
verse,  1658.  In  1659  he  succeeded  his  father 
as  rector  of  East  Allington,  Devonshire,  from 
which  he  was  afterwards  ejected  as  a  non- 
juror. He  was  a  man  of  extensive  learning. 
His  pamphlet  against  Tillotson's  sermons  on 
the  incarnation,  and  his  volume  of  letters, 
were  much  admired.    He  died  after  1693. 

Elzevirs,  celebrated  printers  at  Am- 
sterdam and  Leyden,  inferior  to  the  Ste- 
phens in  learning,  but  superior  to  them  in 
the  neatness  and  elegance  of  their  small 
characters.  There  were-five  brothers,  Lew- 
is, Bonaventure,  Abraham,  Lewis,  and  Dan 
iel.  Lewis  became  known  at  Leyden  1595, 
and  was  the  first  who  marked  the  distinc- 
tion between  v  consonant  and  u  vowel.  Dan- 
iel, though  Ue  left  some  children  in  his  pro- 
fession, was  the  last  of  his  family  distinguish- 
ed over  other  printers.  He  died  1681.  The 
catalogue  of  their  editions  was  printed  at 
Amsterdam  1674,  12mo.  Their  Virgil, 
Terence,  and  Greek  testament,  are  most 
beautiful  and  valuable  books. 

Emanuel  succeeded  John  II.  as  king  ot 
Portugal  1495,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
the  liberal  manner  in  which  he  patronised 
commercial  adventures  among  his  subjects. 
Their  ancient  privileges  were  restored  to 
the  nobility;  and,  by  the  persevering  bold- 
ness of  the  Portuguese,  the  way  to  India  by 
the  Cape  was  discovered  by  Gama;  Brazil 


EM 


EM 


was  visited  in  1501  by  Cabral,  and  a  regular 
intercourse  was  established  with  the  king- 
dom of  Congo  and  the  other  states  on  the 
African  coast.  This  popular  monarch,  de- 
servedly called  the  great,  died  1521,  r.ged 
fifty-three. 

Emebraet,  a  Flemish  painter,  who,  af- 
ter living  some  time  at  Home,  settled  at  Ant- 
werp, and  acquired  distinction  in  landscape 
painting.  His  best  piece  is  in  the  church  of 
the  Carmelites  at  Antwerp,  Ho  lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  17th  century. 

Emeri,  Sebastian,  an  advocate  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  in  the  16th  century, 
known  for  his  independent  spirit  in  refusing 
to  defend  the  duchess  of  Angouleme  against 
the  constable  of  Bourbon.  His  severe  sa- 
tire against  Poyet,  afterwards  chancellor  of 
France,  who  espoused  her  cause,  procured 
his  banishment  from  court.  He  retired  in 
disgust  to  a  monastery,  where  he  died,  devot- 
ed to  the  services  of  religion. 

Emerson,  William,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, born,  14th  May  1701,  at  Hurworth, 
in  the  county  of  Durham.  He  for  a  while 
followed  the  profession  of  his  father  as  school- 
master ;  but,  either  from  dislike  to  the  em- 
ployment, or  warmth  of  temper,  he  l'esign- 
ed  it,  and  lived  satisfied  with  a  small  pater- 
nal estate  of  about  601.  or  701.  a  year.  His 
mind  had  been  well  cultivated.  He  was  not 
only  a  general  scholar,  but  well  skilled  in 
classical  learning,  and  knew  something  of 
physic.  With  a  noble  independence  of  mind, 
his  manners,  as  well  as  his  dress  and  conver- 
sation, were  singular  and  eccentric.  His 
dress,  when  in  company,  consisted  of  a  flax- 
en wig  without  a  single  crooked  hair  in  it; 
his  shirt  had  no  opening  before,  but  button- 
ed close  at  the  collar  behind  ;  his  waistcoat 
always  open  before,  except  the  lower  but- 
ton ;  and  his  coat,  the  only  one  he  had,  al- 
ways open  ;  with  one  hat,  which  served  him 
the  whole  of  life,  as  he  gradually  lessened 
the  flaps,  bit  by  bit,  as  it  lost  its  elasticity, 
tie  always  walked,  though  he  kept  a  horse  ; 
and  when  pressed  by  the  duke  of  Manches- 
ter, who  often  was  delighted  to  pay  him  a 
visit,  to  get  into  his  coach,  he  would  answer, 
"  Damn  your  whim-wham,  I  had  rather 
walk."  When  he  had  any  thing  for  the 
press,  he  Avalked  to  London,  and  cor- 
rected every  sheet  himself.  He  was  very 
fond  of  fishing,  and  generally  stood  up  to  his 
middle  in  the  water  while  engaged  in  it.  Af- 
ter hard  study  he  retired  to  the  ale-house 
for  relaxation,  and  there  procured  whom- 
ever he  could  to  drink  and  to  talk  with  him. 
He  was  a  married  man.  He  lived  very  heal- 
thy, till  1781,  when,  being  afflicted  with  the 
stone,  and  apprehending  his  dissolution,  he 
sold  all  his  books  to  a  York  bookseller.  He 
expired  26th  May  1782,  aged  near  SI.  His 
publications  were  sixteen  in  number,  and  all 
on  mathematics,  fluxions,  algebra,  optics, 
navigation,  and  mechanics.  They  are  con- 
sidered as  very  learned  and  accurate,  as  he 
never  advanced  a  proposition  before  he  had 
iirst  tried  it  in  practice. 

Emiliano,  John,  an  Italian  philosopher 


and  physician,  of  the  16th  century,  author 
of  a  tract  published  at  Arenice,  1584,  4to. 
called  historia  naturalis  de  ruminantibus  et 
rummatione. 

Emlyn,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  di- 
vine. He  was  born  at  Stamford,  Lincoln- 
shire, 27th  May  100.3,  and  educated  by  his 
parents  for  the  ministry  among  the  dissen- 
ters. After  being  at  a  private  school,  he  en- 
tered at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  v.  here 
however  he  staid  little  time,  and  removed 
lo  Doolittlc's  academy,  near  London.  He 
became,  in  1CS.3,  chaplain  to  tbe  countess  of 
Donegal,  and  went  over  to  Belfast  in  Ire- 
land, and  lived  in  her  family  even  after  her 
marriage  to  sir  William  Franklin.  He  was 
here  so  much  respected  and  beloved  that  his 
patron  sir  William  offered  him  a  living  in 
England,  which  he  refused,  in  consequence 
of  his  adherence  to  the  nonconformists  doc- 
trines. The  troubles  of  Ireland,  however, 
soon  put  an  end  to  his  peaceful  retirement, 
and  these,  together  with  some  domestic 
quarrels,  occasioned  the  breaking  up  of  lady 
Donegal's  family,  so  that  Emlyn  returned  to 
London  about  1C8S.  Though  he  occasional- 
ly officiated,  he  acquired  no  permanent  set- 
tlement till  may  1689,  when,  on  the  invita- 
tion of  sir  liobert  Kich,  one  of  the  lords  of 
the  admirality,  he  undertook  the  care  of  a 
dissenting  congregation  at  Leostotf  Here 
he  continued  about  a  year  and  a  half,  and 
applied  himself  to  the  examination  of  the 
then  warmly  disputed  trinitarinn  controver- 
sy. With  Manning,  a  neighboring  noncon- 
formist, he  deeply  studied  the  subject ;  but 
he  did  not  agree  with  his  friend  in  embrac- 
ing Socinian  doctrines,  but  inclined  in  opin- 
ion to  Arianism.  The  flight  of  James  II. 
from  Ireland  allowed  the  dissenters  to  re-es- 
tablish their  regular  congregations,  and  Em- 
lyn, who  was  well  known  as  a  preacher  in 
Dublin,  was  invited  to  settle  there  by  his 
friend  Boyse,  and  to  share  with  him  the  la- 
bors of  the  ministry  over  his  congregation 
in  Wood-street.  Emlyn  consented,  and  in 
1691  removed  to  Dublin,  and  three  years  af- 
ter he  married  a  rich  widow  of  the  name  of 
Bury.  In  this  active  scene  he  displayed 
great  powers  of  eloquence  as  a  preacher; 
he  was  universally  followed  ;  and  he  insur- 
ed the  public  esteem  by  his  discourses,  es- 
pecially by  that  pathetic  sermon  called  fun- 
neral  consolations,  which  he  delivered  in 
consequence  of  his  wife's  death.  This  event, 
which  happened  1701,  and  was  followed  by 
the  death  of  his  mother,  and  soon  after  of  a 
son,  affected  him  most  bitterly ;  hut  to  do- 
mestic calamities  was  now  to  be  added  pub- 
lic persecution.  His  opinions  with  respect 
to  the  Trinity  began  to  be  suspected  by  some 
of  the  neighboring  ministers,  and  he  openly 
declared  his  sentiments,  anil  after  much  dis- 
putation he  was  suspended  from  his  office, 
and  persuaded  abruptly-  to  leave  the  coun- 
try. He  came  in  consequence  to  London, 
where  he  published  his  case  ;  but,  after  ten 
weeks'  absence,  he  determined  to  return  to 
Dublin  to  his  family,  and  there  roused  the 
indignation  and  the  animosity  of  all  parties 


EM 


EN 


against,  him  by  the  publication  of  liis  "  hum- 
ble inquiry  into  the  scripture  account  of  Je- 
sus Christ,  or  a  short  argument  concerning 
his  deity  and  glory,  according  to  the  gospel." 
'This  book,  which;  whatever  were  its  mer- 
its or  demerits,  ought  to  have  been  candid- 
ly examined,  drew  the  arm  of  the  law  upou 
its  author,  lie  was  arrested  at  the  instance 
of  the  dissenters,  his  book  was  seized,  and 
he  was  tried,  and  ftiund  guilty  of  blasphe- 
mously asserting  that  Jes.is  Christ  was  not 
equal  to  God  the  Father,  to  whom  he  was 
subject,  and  that  with  a  seditious  intention. 
He  was  accordingly  sentenced  by  the  lord 
chief  justice  to  sutler  a  year's  imprisonment, 
to  pay  a  line  of"  1000/.  to  the  queen,  and  he 
confined  till  paid,  and  to  bud  sureties  for  his 
future  good  behavior.  The  ignominy  of  the 
pillory  was  not  added  to  this  sentence,  as  he 
■was  a  man  of  letters;  but  he  was  conducted 
round  the  four  courts  to  be  exposed  with  a 
label  on  his  breast.  After  two  yearn'  con- 
finement tiie  fine  was  reduced  to  70/.  and  he 
Mas  liberated.  He  returned  to  London, 
where  lie  occasionally  preached  among  the 
dissenters  ;  but  by  the  death  of  some  of 
his  friends  and  supporters,  his  congregation 
was  diminished,  and  at  last  he  retired  to 
peaceful  solitude,  where  he  engaged  him- 
self in  polemical  divinity.  He  was  engaged 
with  several  divines  in  controversy  about  va- 
rious parts  of  scripture,  especially  about  the 
authenticity  of  the  7th  verse  of  St.  John's 
5th  chapter  1st  epistle,  which  he  maintained 
to  he  surreptitious  ;  an  opinion  "which  sever- 
al learned  men  hare  adopted.  Though  his 
enemies  were  numerous,  yet  he  had  sever- 
al invitations  to  take  an  active  part  in  the 
ministry,  particularly  at  Exeter;  but  all 
these  he  rejected,  satisfied  with  his  retire- 
ment, and  the  partial  assistance  which  he 
occasionally  ijave  his  friends,  lie  was  much 
esteemed  by  Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,  who  visited 
him  with  leal  friendship  and  undisguised 
confidence  Emlyn  died  SOth  July  1743, 
aged  79.  He  was  buried  in  Bunhill-fiehls, 
and  his  funeral  sermon  was  preached  by  his 
friend  Mr.  Porster,  and  he  is  represented 
as  "  one  of  the  highest  examples  of  substan- 
tia! unaffected  piety,  of  serious  rational  de- 
votion, of  a  steady  unshaken  integrity,  and 
an  undaunted  christian  courage."  liis  writ- 
ings, which  are  numerous,  and  on  contro- 
versial subjects,  are  even  now  held  in  esti- 
mation by  some,  who  have  embraced  his 
opinions  as  an  unitarian  or  high  arian.  Some 
memoirs  of  his  life  were  also  published  by 
his  son,  Sollom  Emlyn,  in  1740,  prefixed  to 
4  collection  of  his  works,  '2  vols.  8vo.  Sol- 
lom Emlyn  was  a  counsellor, and  edited  lord 
Hale's  history  of  the  pleas  of  the  crown,  iJ 
-vols,  folio,  1731,  and  died  175b.  His  son, 
Thomas,  is  a  barrister,  and  fellow  of  the 
royal  society. 

Emma,  daughter  of  Richard  II.  duke  of 
Normandy,  married  Etheldred  king  of  Eng- 
land, with  whom  she  fled,  on  the  invasion 
of  the  Danes.  She  afterwards  married  Ca- 
nute ;  and  when  her  son  Edward,  called  the 
coufwpor,  ascended  the  throne,  she  reigned 


conjointly  with  him.  Her  enemy  the  carl 
of  Kent  opposed  her  ;  and  when  she  appeal- 
ed for  assistance  to  her  relation  the  bishop  of 
Winchester,  she  was  accused  of  criminal  in- 
tercourse with  that  prelate  ;  a  circumstance,-' 
from  which  she  extricated  herself  by  walk- 
ing barefoot,  and  unhurt,  over  nine  burning 
ploughshares,  after  the  manner  of  the  times. 

Emmius,  Uho,  a  professor  of  Groningen, 
born  at  Gretha,  in  East  I'riesland,  1547. 
He  studied  successively  at  Embdeu,  Bre- 
meii,  Rostock,  and  Geneva,  and  at  his  re- 
turn was  appointed  rector  of  Nordcn  col- 
lege, 157'J.  He  was  however  expelled  from 
his  office,  for  refusing  to  subscribe  the  con- 
fession of  Augsburg,  and  15SS  he  became 
rector  of  Leer  college,  which  he  raised  to 
high  eminence  and  distinction.  In  15D4  he 
was  appointed  over  Groningen  college,  and 
when  it  was  changed,  in  1614,  into  an  uni- 
versity, he  was  selected  to  be  professor  of 
history  anil  Greek.  After  a  life  usefully  and 
honorably  spent  in  the  service  of  the  public, 
this  worthy  and  learned  man  died  at  Gron- 
ingen  1625,  leaving  several  uhildrcn  by  two 
wives,  lie  was  author  of  several  works,  the 
most  known  of  which  are,  Vetus  Graecia  il- 
lustrata,  3  vols,  published  alter  his  death — 
history  of  William  Lewis  count  Nassau — de- 
cades rerum  Frisicaruin,  &c. — chronological 
and  genealogical  works — vita  et  sacra  eleiui- 
nia  Duvidis,  Georgii,  &c. 

Empedocles,  a  philosopher  of  Sicily, 
who  followed  the  doctrines  of  Pythagoras, 
to.  G.  444.  He  wrote'tragedies,  &c.  and  re- 
fused the  sovereign  power  over  his  country, 
offered  him  by  his  fellow  citizens.  Accord- 
ing to  the  more  received  opinion,  he  threw 
himself  into  the  crater  of  mount  ./Etna. 

Empereur,  u  well  known  French  engra- 
ver, in  the  18th  century,  whose  best  pieces 
are,  the  triumph  of  Silenus  and  the  bathers, 
after  Vanloo — Aurora  and  Tilhonus,  and 
the  rape  of  Europa,  after  Pierre — Pyram- 
us  and  Thisbe,  from  Natoire,  &c. 

Emtereur,  Constautine  1%  of  Oppyck, 
in  Holland,  was  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Ley- 
den,  and  died  1648,  at  an  advanced  age 
His  works  are  chiefly  translations  of  Jewish 
and  Talmudical  books,  which  display  deep 
research  and  great  knowledge  of  oriential 
literature.  He  wrote  also  de  mensuris  tem- 
pli,  4to.  1630. 

Empoli,  Jacopo  da,  an  historical  painter 
of  Empoli,  born  1554.  He  studied  Andrew 
del  Sarto's,  works,  and  rose  to  great  emin- 
ence.   He  died  1640. 

Emporivs,  a  learned  rhetorician  in  the 
7th  century.  His  writings  on  his  art  were 
printed,  Paris,  15**9,  4to. 

Empsoy,  sir  Richard,  the  favorite  of 
Henry  VII.  was  son  of  a  sieve-maker  at 
Towcesler,  Northamptonshire.  His  con- 
duct in  raising  the  king's  revenues,  raid  the 
oppressions  of  which  lie  was  guilty,  render- 
ed him  unpopular,  and  in  the  beginning  of 
the  next  reign,  he  was  beheaded,  with  his 
friend  and  coadjutor  Dudley,  1510. 

Excoi.Pius,  the  favorite  of  the  emperor 
Alexander,  whose  history  he  wrote.    The 


EN 


EN 


Work  is  not  extant,  though  a  translation  of 
il  was  introduced  to  the  world  by  Thomas 
Eliot,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  who  said 
lie  had  obtained  the  original  Greek  manu- 
script from  a  Neapolitan  called  Puderic.  It 
is  however  considered  as  an  imposition  upon 
the  public,  probably  attempted  in  COnse- 
•  jUciKe  of  the  success  of  the  similar  fraud 
of  Guevara,  who  pretended  to  give  the  life 
of  Marcus  Aurclius  taken  from  an  old  man- 
uscript. 

Enfield,  William,  a  native  of  Sudbury, 
educated  at  Davenlry,  under  Dr.  Ash  worth, 
and  nude  in  1763  the  minister  of  a  dissent- 
ing congregation  in  Liverpool.  He  was  in 
177U  tutor  in  belles  lettres  to  the  Warring- 
ton academy,  and  afterwards,  in  17;>5,  set- 
tled as  pastor  of  a  dissenting  meeting  at 
Norwich,  where  he  died,  1707,  aged  50. 
lie  published  two  volumes  of  sermons,  of 
considerable  merit — an  history  of  Liverpool 
— institutes  of  natural  philosophy — prayers 
and  hymns — an  history  of  philosophy,  2  vols- 
4to. — biographical  sermons — the  speaker,  a 
popular  sciiool  book — and,  since  his  death, 
3  vols,  of  sermons  have  appeared,  with  his 
life  by  Dr.  Aikin. 

Exgelbrecht,  John,  a  German  Lu- 
theran, born  at  Brunswick  1599.  After 
working  as  a  clothier,  he  became,  in  lGi'-i,  a 
fanatical  visionary,  and  gained  the  attention 
of  the  vulgar  by  his  pretended  intercourse 
with  spirits,  angels,  and  devils,  and  even 
■with  Christ  himself,  who,  as  he  said,  showed 
him  his  five  holy  wounds.  As  heaven  and 
hell  were  thus  open  to  his  view,  he  received 
divine  letters  from  above,  and  was  called  the 
luouth  of  the  Lord.  He  died,  neglected  and 
despised,  in  1041.  His  doctrines  have  been 
revived  by  Swedenborg,  who  appeal's  to 
have  been  a  more  rational,  though  equally 
eccentric  fanatic. 

KxcHEtiiHECiiTSCN,  Cornelius,  a  pain- 
ter, born  at  Leyden  1498.  He  studied  the 
works  of  John  Van  Eyck,  and  was  the  first 
Dutchman  who  painted  in  oil.  J  lis  Christ  on 
the  cross,  his  Abraham's  sacrifice,  and  his 
descent  from  the  cross,  are  preserved  in  the 
church  of  Notre  Dame  du  Marais ;  but  his 
best  piece  is  a  picture  with  two  sides,  de- 
signed for  the  tombs  of  the  barons  Loek- 
horst,  representing  the  lamb  of  the  apoca- 
lypse. This  great  painter  died  at  Leyden 
1533,  aged  05. 

Enchelkams,  Cornelius,  a  painter  in 
water  colors,  born  at  Malines  1527.  His 
works,  which  are  on  religious  subjects,  are 
scattered  about  Germany  ;  but  his  principal 
pieces  are  in  the  church  of  St.  Kombout,  rep- 
resenting the  works  qf  mercy.  He  died 
lis.;,  aged  50. 

Engiuen,  duke  of,  son  of  the  duke  of 
Bourbon,  and  grandson  of  the  prince  of 
Conde  was  siezed  in  the  night  at  his  seat  at 
Ettenheim,  in  the  territories  of  the  elector 
of  Baden,  by  an  armed  force,  by  direction 
of  Bonaparte,  aud  hurried  to  Paris.  This 
atrocious  step  was  followed  by  a  mock  trial, 
and  the  prince  condemned  for  having  carri- 
ed arms  agaitut  his  country  during  the  tyran- 


nical reign  of  Robespierre.  The  sentence 
of  his  judges  was  carried  into  execution  m 
the  night  of  the  22d  of  March  1804,  aud  he 
was  shot  in  the  wood  of  Yiueennes.  He  di- 
ed with  heroic  resignation,  and  rejoiced  in 
his  last  moments  that  the  soldiers  who  shot 
him  were  not  Frenchmen,  but  the  mercina- 
ry  hirelings  of  the  body  guard  of  his  bloody 
murderer. 

English,  Hester,  a  Frenchwoman  by 
descent,  whs  eminent  for  fine  writing  in  the 
reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I.  Her  per- 
formances are  preserved  in  libraries  and 
private  hands.  One  of  her  pieces  was  pre- 
served by  Mr.  Cripps,  surgeon,  London,  cal- 
led, "  Octonaires  upon  the  vanitie  and  in- 
constancie  of  the  world,  written  by  Ester 
Inglis,  the  firste  of  Januarie  1600."  It  is  an 
oblong  Svo.  French  and  English  verse,  the 
French  in  a  print  hand,  the  English.  Italian 
or  secretary,  curiously  ornamented  with  flow- 
ers and  fruits,  painted  i:i  water  colors,  con- 
taining on  the  first  leaf  her  own  picture  in  a 
small  form,  with  the  motto,  "deDieu  le 
Lien,  de  may  le  rien."  At  the  age  of  40, 
she  married  Bartholomew  Kello,  a  North 
Briton,  by  whom  she  had  a  son,  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  who  died  1700,  minister  of 
Speekshali,  Suffolk.  One  of  her  MSS.  pre- 
served in  the  Bodleian,  is  dedicated  to  her 
very  singular  friend  Joseph  Hall,  bishop  of 
Norwich. 

Enjedim,  George,  an  ingenious  unitari- 
an of  Hungary,  who  died  1597.  He  wrote  a 
learned  book,  called  explicatio  locorum  scrip- 
turis  vcteris  et  novi  testamenti,  ex  quibus 
dogma  Trinitatis  stabiliri  solet,  4to. 

Esxius,  Quintus,  a  famous  old  Latin  po- 
et, born  in  Calabria  about  237  B.  C.  He  was 
the  first  Roman  who  wrote  in  heroic  verse. 
His  poems  have  perished. 

Ennodius,  Magnus  Felix,  an  eminent 
writer,  born  in  Italy  about  473.  The  loss  of 
an  aunt,  at  the  age  of  16,  reduced  him  to 
poverty,  from  whicji  lie  was  relieved  by  mar- 
rying a  lady  of  fortune  and  quality.  He  af- 
terwards altered  his  mode  of  life,  ami  took 
orders  ;  and  his  lady  also  retired  to  the  se- 
clusion of  a  religious  life.  His  writings  rais- 
ed his  reputation,  and  in  511  he  was  advan- 
ced to  the  bishopric  of  Pavia,  and  was  after- 
wards engaged  to  negotiate  an  union  be- 
tween the  western  and  eastern  churches- 
Though  unsuccessful,  he  displayed  great 
prudence  as  a  negotiator.  lie  died  at  Padua 
5*21.  His  works  were  published  by  Scottus 
at  Tournay  1610,  and  at  Paris  by  Sirmond 
1011,  with  notes  to  illustrate  the  history  of 
the  age  of  the  author.  Another  edition  was 
published  in  1090  at  Paris,  and  one  at  Ve- 
nice 1729,  folio. 

Enoch,  son  of  .Tared,  and  the  seventh 
from  Vdam,  is  celebrated  in  the  holy  scrip- 
tures for  !ii s  integrity  and  virtues,  for  which 
he  was  taken  up  to  heaven  without  dying,  B. 
C.  3017,  in  the  365th  year  of  his  age.  The 
prophesies  of  Enoch  are  preserved,  but  are 
regarded  as  apocryphal. 

Ensenada,  Zeno  Somo  do  Silva,  mar- 
quis de  la,  au  able  minister  ol  Spain.    Froya 


LO 


EP 


obscurity  and  the  office  of  a  book-keeper  to 
a  banker,  he  rose  to  places  of  honor  and 
trust;  and  being  ennobled  by  the  king,  took 
the  name  of  Ensenada  {nothing  in  itself,)  ei- 
ther from  modesty  or  from  laudable  ostenta- 
tion. He  was  intimate  with  Farinelli,  who, 
like  himself,  had  risen  from  obscurity  to  con- 
sequence ;  and  when  dismissed  from  office, 
by  the  intrigues  of  the  duke  of  Huescar,  his 
friend  had  the  boldness  to  reflect  upon  the 
severity  of  the  measure  in  the  presence  of 
(he  queen.  Though  never  reinstated  in  the 
office  and  influence  of  prime  minister,  he 
yet  retained  in  privacy  the  esteem  and  good 
will  of  his  sovereign.     He  died  1755. 

Emt,  George,  an  ingenious  physician, 
born  at  Sandwich,  Kent,  Gth  November 
1604,  and  educated  at  Sydney  college,  Cam- 
bridge. He  afterwards  travelled,  took  his 
degree  of  M.  D.  in  Padua,  and  at  his  return 
home  was  elected  fellow,  and  afterwards 
president,  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and, 
at  the  restoration,  knighted  by  Charles  II. 
He  died  in  London  13th  October  1G89,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Lawrence  church,  Jewry. 
He  was  eminent  not  only  for  extensive  prac- 
tice, but  great  learning.  As  the  friend  of 
Harvey,  he  wrote  apologia  pro  circulatione 
sanguinis,  contra  JEmilium  Parisanum,  8vo. 
1041 — fir.imadversiones  in  Malachia?  Thrus- 
toni,  M.  D.  diatribam  de  respirationis  usu 
primario,  8vo. — 8c  observations  pouderis 
testudinis,  &c. 

Entick,  John,  an  English  clergyman, 
and  school-master  at  Stepney,  well  known 
as  the  author  of  a  Latin  aud  of  a  spelling 
dictionary.  He  also  wrote  a  history  of  the 
war  terminated  in  1763,  5  vols.  8vo.  and  a 
history  of  London,  4  vols.  8vo.  abridged 
from  Stow  and  Maitland,  and  other  works. 
He  died  1780  and  was  buried  in  Stepney 
church-yard. 

ExTixorE,  an  architect  of  Candia,  in 
the  5th  century,  one  of  the  chief  founders  of 
Venice.  He  fled  from  the  invasion  of  the 
Goths,  in  405,  and  concealed  himself  in  the 
marshes  on  the  borders  of  the  Adriatic,  and 
the  house  he  built  there  was  the  beginning 
of  the  republic.  The  people  of  Padua  sought 
the  same  residence  afterwards,  and  twenty- 
Four  houses  were  erected  there  in  413.  The 
house  of  Entinope  was  afterwards  conver- 
ted into  a  church,  dedicated  to  St.  James, 
and  still  exists  in  the  Rialto. 

Enzinas,  Francis,  a  native  of  Burgos, 
1515,  known  also  by  the  name  of  Dryander 
and  du  Chesne.  He  became  a  disciple  of 
Melancthon,  and  at  Wittemberg  turned 
protestant,  as  his  brother,  John  Dryander, 
had  done.  He  translated  the  new  testament 
into  Spanish,  for  which  he  was  imprisoned 
fifteen  months  ;  and  escaping  from  imprison- 
ment, he  fled  to  Calvin  at  Geneva,  1545.  He 
wrote  a  history  of  the  Low  Countries,  and 
of  Spain,  which  forms  part  of  the  protestant 
martyrology  printed  in  Germany.  His 
brother  was  burnt  at  Koine  as  a  heretie, 
1545. 

Eobanus,  Elias,  surnamed  Hessus,  as 
born  in  an  open  field  near  Hesse,  1448,  was 
professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Erfurt,  Nurem- 


berg, and  Marpurg.  Though  a  good  pott,, 
an  elegant  scholar,  and  a  learned  man,  he 
was  very  fond  of  drinking,  and  he  is  said  to. 
have  conquered  a  hard  German  drinker  by 
emptying  a  bucket  of  beer.  He  possessed  all 
the  ease  and  elegance  of  Ovid,  though  he 
was  inferior  in  imagination.  He  died  Octo- 
ber 5,  1540,  aged  52.  His  works  are,  Latin 
translations,  in  verse,  from  Theocritus  and 
from  Homer — elegies — sylvx, — bucolics, 
much  esteemed — epistolss,  Sic.  The  poems 
were  published  under  the  name  of  Poema- 
tum  farragines  duae,  Halle,  1539,  8vo.  and 
Frankfort  1564,  Svo. 

Eon,  de  I'Etoile,  a  fanatic  of  Britany. 
Taking  advantage  of  his  name,  he  thought 
himself  the  son  of  God,  and  the  judge  of 
quick  and  dead,  per  euin  qui  justificaturus 
est  vivos  et  mortuos.  He  gave  rank  to  his 
followers,  calling  some  angels  and  some  in- 
ferior spirits;  and  as  he  bribed  those  who 
were  sent  to  seize  him,  it  was  considered 
by  the  vulgar  that  it  was  impossible  to  ap- 
prehend him.  He  was  brought  before  pope 
Eugenius  at  the  council  of  liheims  in  1148, 
and  pretended,  that  when  he  held  up  to 
heaven  the  forked  stick  in  his  hand,  two 
thirds  of  the  world  were  under  the  power 
of  God,  and  the  other  of  himself,  and  when 
he  turned  the  stick  to  the  earth,  that  his 
authority  extended  over  two  parts  and  that 
of  God  only  over  one.  He  died  wretched  in 
prison,  and  some  of  his  followers  chose  to 
be  burnt  rather  than  abjure. 

Eon  de  Beaumont,  Charlotte-Gene- 
vieve-Timothee  d',  a  native  of  Tonnerre  sur 
Armencon,  born  5th  October  1728.  She 
was  brought  up  as  a  boy  by  her  parents, 
who  wished  at  her  birth  to  have  a  son,  and, 
after  going  through  the  labors  of  a  school 
and  college  education,  she  was  recom- 
mended to  the  court,  and  sent  three  times 
as  ambassador  to  Russia.  She  afterwards 
served  in  the  army  under  marshal  Broglio, 
and  behaved  with  unusual  courage,  and 
after  the  peace  of  1762,  she  was  sent  as 
secretary  to  the  embassy  in  London,  and 
also  succeeded  as  ambassador.  A  wager  de- 
termined her  sex  in  London,  and  before  the 
king's  bench  she  declared  herself  to  be  a 
woman.  The  pension  she  had  received  was 
continued  by  the  French  king,  but  on  con- 
dition she  assumed  the  dress  of  her  sex.  This 
extraordinary  woman  died  in  1790.  She 
published  tracts  relative  to  the  negotiations 
in  which  she  had  been  engaged. 

Epaminondas,  a  Theban  general  of 
great  celebrity.  He  defeated  the  Spartans 
at  the  battle  of  Leuctra,  and  afterwards  fell 
nobly  at  Mantinea,  B.  C.  363. 

Epaphroditus,  a  bishop  of  Philippi, 
who  carried  .the  contributions  of  his  country 
to  the  saints  of  Jerusalem,  and  brought 
back  St.  Paul's  epistle  to  his  church,  A. 
D.  62. 

Epee,  Charles  Michael  de  1',  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  celebrated  for  his  most  humane 
efforts  to  restore  the*deaf  and  dumb  to  the 
blessings  and  the  enjoyment  of  society.  By 
his  salutary  instruction,  these  unfortunate 
members  of  the  community  have  been  able 


EP 


EP 


to  acquire  the  knowledge  of  even  six  differ- 
ent languages,  they  have  become  profound 
mathematicians,  and  ready  calculators.  This 
worthy  and  most  benevolent  man,  after  re- 
ceiving the  most  honorable  marks  of  esteem 
and  gratitude  from  the  empress  of  Russia, 
the  emperor  of  Germany,  the  king  of 
France,  and  the  whole  of  Europe,  died  at 
Paris,  February  1790.  He  was  succeeded 
in  his  benevolent  institution  by  l'abbe  Sicard. 

Ephorus,  an  historian  of  Cuma,  the 
pupil  of  Isocrates.    His  works  are  lost. 

Ephraim,  son  of  Joseph,  was  adopted, 
with  his  brother  Manasseh,  among  the  tribes 
of  Jacob.  He  was  born  in  Egypt  about  1710 
B.C. 

Ephrem,  St.  a  father  of  the  church,  born 
at  Edessa,  or  Nisibis  according  to  some.  He 
devoted  himself  to  the  monastic  life,  and  re- 
fused to  be  a  bishop.  He  wrote  several 
books  in  Syriac,  which  are  highly  esteemed. 
They  have  been  translated,  and  were  edited 
at  Oxford,  in  folio,  1708.  Ephrem  was  a 
man  of  great  charity,  and  of  uncommon 
chastity,  so  that  he  would  i>ot  even  fix  his 
eyes  upon  a  woman.  He  died  378,  and  or- 
dered the  monks  who  attended  him  to  keep 
his  garments  as  relicts,  but  to  bury  him  with- 
out funeral  pomp.  His  works  were  edited 
at  Rome,  1747,  0  vols.  fol. 

Epicharmus,  a  Pythagorean  bishop  of 
Cos,  said  to  have  invented  the  letters  6  and 
X.    He  died  aged  97. 

Epicie,  an  eminent  French  engraver. 
His  pieces  in  the  cabinet  de  Crozat  are  high- 
ly esteemed  ;  but  his  finest  performance  is 
considered  to  be  the  bashaw  having  the  pic- 
ture of  his  mistress  taken,  after  Carlo  Ven- 
loo.  The  heads  in  this  piece  are  most  beau- 
tifully engraved.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown. 

Epictetus,  a  stoic  philosopher,  born  at 
Hierapolis  in  Phrygia.  He  wrote,  in  the 
age  of  Domitian,  Enchiridion,  a  work  aboun- 
ding in  excellent  rules  of  morality,  transla- 
ted from  the  Greek  by  Mrs.  Carter. 

Epicurus,  founder  of  the  sect  which 
bore  his  name,  was  born  at  Gargettus,  near 
Athens,  342  B.  C.  His  sum  mum  bonum 
was  pleasure,  but  pleasure  produced  and 
tempered  by  virtue,  a  system  which  has 
been  much  misrepresented  and  abused.  He 
died  aged  73. 

Epimenides,  a  poet  of  Crete,  said  to 
have  slept  at  one  time  fifty  years. 

Epiphanius,  a  father  of  the  church, 
bishop  of  Salamis.     He  died  403. 

Epiphanius,  a  writer  of  the  6th  centu- 
ry, who  translated  the  histories  of  Socrates, 
Sozomen,  and  Theodoret. 

Epiphanius,  son  of  Carpocrates,  was 
the  author  of  a  heresy.  He  supported  the 
necessity  of  a  community  of  women,  and  at- 
tempted to  vindicate  some  of  his  opinions 
from  the  words  of  St.  Paul,  which  mention 
that  before  the  law  there  was  no  sin.  He 
was  after  death  revered  as  a  saint,  and 
had  a  temple  at  Sama  in  Cephelenia  conse- 
crated to  him. 

Episcopius,  Simon,  an  able  drvine,  born 


of  protestant  parents  at  Amsterdam,  1583, 
and  educated  there  and  at  Leyden.  During 
the  controversy  between  Gomarus  and  Ar- 
minius  about  predestination,  he  embraced 
the  opinions  of  the  latter,  and  was  conse- 
quently exposed  to  persecution  and  obloquy, 
and  considered  as  the  public  disturber 
of  the  church.  He  was  ordained  in  1610, 
and  two  years  after  was  appointed 
divinity  professor  at  Leyden,  in  the  room 
of  Gomarus.  In  1615  he  went  to  Paris  : 
but  this  journey,  undertaken  for  purposes 
of  curiosity,  was  viewed  with  suspicion  by 
his  enemies,  and  he  was  on  his  return  accu- 
sed of  concerting  with  father  Cotton  the 
ruin  of  the  protestant  church  and  the  Uni- 
ted States.  He  was  consequently  obliged  to 
appear  before  the  synod  at  Dort,  and  be- 
cause he  and  his  friends  refused  to  submit  to 
the  authority  of  arbitrary  judges,  they  were 
deposed  from  their  functions,  and  banished 
from  the  territories  of  the  commonwealth. 
He  retired  to  Antwerp,  and  in  his  banish- 
ment employed  his  pen  in  the  support  of 
his  opinions,  and  in  severe  attacks  upon  the 
popish  tenets.  He  afterwards  visited  Paris  ; 
and  in  the  revolutions  of  party  zeal  and  reli- 
gious persecution  he  was  again  permitted  to 
return  to  Holland,  in  1626,  where  he  be- 
came minister  of  the  remonstrants'  church 
at  Rotterdam.  In  1627  he  married,  and  in 
1634  he  was  chosen  rector  of  the  college' 
founded  by  his  sect  at  Amsterdam.  He  died 
4th  April  1643,  of  a  retention  of  urine,  a 
dreadful  disorder,  which  had  two  years  be- 
fore carried  off  his  wife.  As  the  moon  was 
under  an  eclipse  at  the  moment  of  his  death, 
his  friends,  in  the  wildness  of  their  grief, 
considered  it  as  the  emblem  of  the  church, 
which  lost  its  brightest  light  by  the  depar- 
ture of  that  shining  luminary  Episcopius. 
Though  a  man  of  great  learning  and  vast 
erudition,  Episcopius  did  not  always  act  v\  ith 
that  humility  of  temper  and  moderation  so 
becoming  a  christian.  His  character  was 
highly  respected  by  Grotius,  who  ahvays 
carried  with  him  his  theological  institutions ; 
and  even  Mabillon,  though  a  papist,  has  spo- 
ken much  in  his  commendation.  As  an  Ar- 
minian,  and  the  leader  of  the  remonstrants) 
he  was  engaged  in  severe  controversies,  in 
which  he  displayed  commanding  eloquence 
and  ardent  zeal.  His  works  have  appeared 
in  2  vols,  folio,  the  first  published  in  his  life- 
time, and  the  last  after  his  death,  under  the 
care  of  L.imborch,  who  had  married  his 
brother's  daughter. 

Eppendorf,  Henry,  a  German  noble, 
who  acquired  celebrity  by  his  dispute  with 
Erasmus.  He  was  born  near  Friburg,  a  city 
of  Misnia,  and  though  he  boasted  of  his  no- 
bility, he  was  the  son  of  a  plebeian.  He  re- 
flected with  vulgar  severity  on  the  illegiti- 
mate birth  of  Erasmus,  who  in  his  turn  re 
torted  against  his  adversary  and  censured 
him  for  his  petulenee,  falsehood,  and  defa- 
mation. The  interference  of  friends  at  las! 
produced  a  reconciliation,  but  it  was  mo- 
mentary, and  a  war  of  letters  arose  more 
fierce  and  inveterate   than  before.    These 


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things  arc  to  be  lamented  in  Uie  life  oi  men 
of  literary  merit  and  christian  virtue,  but 
too  many  unfortunately  forget  their  charac- 
ter and  profession  while  intent  to  repel  or 
avenge  an  injury.  The  lime  of  Eppendorf's 
death  is  not  recorded. 

Erasistra tiis,  a  Greek  physician, 
known  for  discovering  the  passion  which 
Aulioehus  had  conceived  for  his  mother-in- 
law.  He  is  said  to  have  first  dissected  hu- 
man bodies. 

Erasmus,  Desiderius,  a  most  illustrious 
character  in  the  republic  of  literature,  and  in 
the  cause  of  religion,  was  horn  28th  October 
1  Hi",  at  Rotterdam.  His  lather  Gerard,  who 
lived  at  Tergou,  fell  in  love  with  Margaret 
daughter  of  Peter  a  physician  of  Lovc*iber- 
gen,  and  after  mutual  promises  of  marriage, 
■which  were  never  realized,  the  lovers  forgot 
themselves  in  criminal  intercourse,  and  gave 
birth  to  two  sons.  One  of  these  died  earl}', 
•and  the  other  was  called  Gerard  after  his 
father,  a  name  which  he  exchanged  for  De- 
siderius, which  in  Latin  signilies  the  same  as 
Gerard  in  Dutch,  that  is,  amiable.  The  con- 
duct of  Gerard  gare  such  uneasiness  to  his 
relation*  that  they  determined  to  make  him 
an  ecclesiastic,  but  he  fled  from  their  pur- 
Suits  to  Home,  where  he  maintained  himself 
by  transcribing  ancient  authors.  In  this  dis- 
tant retreat  he  was  falsely  informed  by  his 
friends  that  his  beloved  Margaret  was  no 
more,  and  in  despair  he  devoted  himself  to 
that  profession,  to  avoid  which  he  had  aban- 
doned his  home,  and  became  a  priest.  On 
his  return  to  Tei-gou,  however,  be  was  aston- 
ished to  find  his  Margaret  alive,  but  dis- 
pleased as  he  was  with  the  meanness  of  his 
relations,  and  attached  by  the  tenderest  feel- 
ings to  the  first  object  of  his  love,  he  abstain- 
ed from  all  improper  intercourse,  and  Mar- 
garet herself,  faithful  to  her  first  vows,  led 
ever  after  a  life  of  seclusion  and  celibacy. 
Gerard  now  devoted  himself  to  the  education 
ef  his  only  son,  and  saw  with  admiration  the 
opening  of  those  powers,  which,  according  to 
Rhenauus  the  master  of  Deventer  college, 
would  some  time  prove  the  envy  and  wonder 
of  all  Germany.  His  studies  at  Deventer 
where  he  had  for  his  friend  and  fellow-stu- 
dent pope  Adrian  VI.  were  interrupted  by 
the  plague,  which  proved  fatal  to  his  mother, 
who  from  excessive  affection  had  accompa- 
nied her  son  to  this  seat  of  learning.  The 
death  of  Margaret  was  followed  by  that  of 
Gerard,  who  through  grief  could  not  survive 
the  woman  in  whom  all  his  affections  had 
centered,  and  Erasmus  now  an  orphan,  was 
removed  from  Deventer  to  Tergou,  about 
the  age  of  14,  and  placed  under  the  care  of 
guardians,  who  wished  to  obtain  possession  of 
his  small  patrimony  by  devoting  him  to  the 
Seclusion  of  a  monastery.  He  was  first  sent 
to  a  convent  at  Bois-le-duc,  where,  as  he  says, 
lie  lost  3  years  of  his  life,  then  removed  to 
Sion  near  Delft,  and  afterwards  to  Stein  near 
Tergou,  where,  overpowered  by  the  unceas- 
ing solicitations  of  his  guardians,  he  became  a 
segular  canon  14SG.  In  the  retreat  of  a  con- 
vent} which,  -as  he  describes,  is  a  place  of 


impiety  rather  than  of  religion,  where  every 
thing  was  done  to  which  a  depraved  inclina- 
tion Could  lead,  under  the  sanction  and  mask 
of  piety,  and  where  it  was  hardly  possible  for 
any  one  to  keep  himself  pure  and  unspotted, 
Erasmus  could  not  long  be  confined.  He  was 
introduced  to  Henry  a  Bergis,  archbishop  of 
Cambray,  who  wanted  a  learned  secretary 
on  his  visit  to  Home  ;  but  though  the jonrnev 
vvas  laid  aside  by  the  prelate,  Erasmus  de- 
termined not  to  return  to  the  convent,  but 
after  being  ordained  priest  at  Utrecht  1492, 
he  set  out  for  Paris  in  1495,  to  prosecute  his 
studies.  To  maintain  himself  he  instructed 
some  pupils,  some  of  whom  were  English- 
men, and  among  them  William  Blunt,  lord 
Mont  joy,  who  ever  after  treated  him  with 
respect.  In  1497  be  left  Paris,  and  was  kind- 
ly received  at  Cambray  by  the  bishop,  who 
had  however  violated  his  promise  of  support- 
ing him  while  in  the  capital  of  France.  The 
same  year  he  visited  England  under  the  pat- 
ronage of  his  pupil  lord  Montjoy,  and  ho 
entered  at  St.  Mary's  college,  Oxford,  where, 
in  the  company  and  conversation  of  Colet, 
Grocyn,  Linacer,  Latimer,  and  Moore,  he 
devoted  himself  to  classical  studies,  and  es- 
pecially to  the  learning  of  Greek,  which  now 
began  to  revive  in  England,  and  of  which  he 
knew  nothing.  After  nearly  a  year's  resi- 
dence, he  returned  to  Paris,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  the  plague  which  prevailed  in  that 
city,  he  passed  to  Orleans,  and  in  149S,  com- 
pleted his  Adagia.  The  kindnesses  he  had 
experienced  in  England  could  never  be  for- 
gotten, and  he  agwin,  in  1499,  visited  for  a  lit- 
tle time  that  country,  which  he  describes  as 
abounding  with  humanity,  politeness,  and 
learning.  His  Adagia  was  published  at  Pa- 
ris 1500,  and  to  it  he  added  a  panegyric  oh 
England,  and  soon  after  he  printed  his  book 
de  copia  verborum,  8c  de  conscribendis 
epistolis.  But  whilst  rising  in  literary  fume, 
and  devoted  zealously  to  the  cultivation  of 
literature,  Erasmus  was  poor;  and  though  he 
flattered  his  patrons,  he  found  them  indiffe- 
rent, and  frequently  regardless  of  his  neces- 
sities. The  prelate  of  Cambray  pretended  to 
be  offended  with  him,  lord  Mon'joy's  assist- 
ance was  slow,  and  from  the  marchioness  of 
Vere,  and  Antonius  a  Bergis,  abbot  of  St.. 
Berlin,  he  could  receive  little  hut  fair  words 
and  unmeaning  promises.  It  was  his  inten- 
tion to  study  divinity  in  Italy,  but  this  plan  he 
did  not  immediately  adopt,  as  in  1502,  he  was 
pursuing  theological  studies  at  Louvain,  un- 
der his  friend  Adrian  Florent,  afterwards 
Adrian  VI.  In  1503,  he  published  his  "En- 
chiridion militis  Christian!,"  which  assailed 
the  corruptions  and  the  superstition  of  the 
Romish  church.  He  bad  now  applied  close- 
ly for  three  years  to  the  Greek,  and  he  dis- 
played his  proficiency  by  publishing  some 
translations  from  Greek  authors.  One  of 
Plutarch's  treatises  he  dedicated  to  Henry 
"VIII.  the  Hecuba  of  Euripides  to  archbishop 
Warham,  anil  Lucian's  Toxaris  to  Fox  bish- 
op of  Winchester.  He  now  travelled  to  Ita- 
ly, and  taking  his  degree  of  D.  D.  at  Turin, 
he  proceeded  to  Florence,  and  was  present 


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Sit  the  pompous  and  triumphal  entry  of  pope 
Julius  II.  into  the  conquered  city  of  Bologna, 
a  ceremony  which  excited  his  surprise  and 
indignation,  when  he  compared  the  meek  en- 
try of  the  lowly  Jesus  into  Jerusalem,  to  the 
splendid  magnificence  of  his  proud  vicege- 
rent. After  staying  about  a  year  at  Bologna, 
he  went  to  Venice,  where  Aldus  printed  a 
new  improved  edition  of  his  Adagia,  and  of 
his  translations  from  Euripides,  Terence,  and 
Plautus.  At  Padua  he  superintended  the 
education  of  Alexander  the  natural  son  of 
James  IV.  of  Scotland,  then  nominally  ap- 
pointed archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's.  He  af- 
terwards passed  to  Sienna,  and  to  Rome, 
where  he  was  received  with  all  the  respect 
and  deference  due  to  his  merit  and  learning 
by  the  cardinals  and  great  men  of  the  city. 
The  solicitations  which  he  had  to  settle  there, 
particularly  from  the  pope  himself  and  from 
cardinal  Grimani,  were  so  pressing,  that  he 
would  have  accepted  them,  had  he  not  pre- 
viously engaged  to  return  to  England.  Going 
back  therefore  to  Sienna,  where  he  had  left 
his  royal  pupil,  he  parted  with  him  at  Cu- 
rax,  and  had  afterwards  the  misfortune  to 
hear  that  he  had  perished  in  the  bloody  bat- 
tle of  Flodden  field  1513.  From  Italy,  Eras- 
mus passed  through  Constance,  Brisgau, 
Strasburg,  Holland,  and  Antwerp,  and  arri- 
ved in  England  in  the  beginning  of  1510. 
Though  flattered  with  expectations,  and  pro- 
mised an  honorable  settlement  by  his  friends, 
he  found  himself  greatly  disappointed,  and 
regretted  seriously  he  had  not  fixed  his  resi- 
dence at  Rome.  While  in  England  he  lodg- 
ed in  the  house  of  sir  Thomas  Moore,  where 
in  the  course  of  a  week  he  wrote  his  "  enco- 
mium morise,"  in  which  he  lashed  the  indo- 
lence and  the  follies  of  the  church  of  Rome. 
He  afterwards  went  to  Cambridge  upon  the 
invitation  of  Fisher  bishop  of  Rochester  and 
chancellor  of  the  university,  by  whose  recom- 
mendation he  was  appointed  lady  Margaret's 
divinity  professor,  and  also  professor  of 
Greek.  How  long  he  continued  in  these  of- 
fices is  not  known,  he  had  unfortunately  a 
fondness  for  wandering,  which  distracted  the 
plans  of  his  best  friends,  and  the  poverty 
which  still  persecuted  him  in  the  midst  of  his 
literary  reputation,  rendered  him  easily  dis- 
satisfied with  the  slow  progress  of  prefer- 
ment, which,  while  it  frequently  falls  rapidly 
on  the  head  of  persons  of  no  merit,  with 
difficulty  overtakes  those  whose  services  have 
been  most  active  and  successful  in  the  cause 
of  science  and  of  virtue.  In  1514  Erasmus 
was  in  Flanders,  and  was  flattered  with  the 
title  of  counsellor  to  Charles  of  Austria  at  the 
court  of  Brabant,  and  in  1515  he  went  to 
Basil,  with  the  intention  of  printing  there 
his  new  testament,  bis  epistle  of  St.  Jerome, 
and  other  works.  The  new  testament  ap- 
peared in  1516,  and  as  it  was  the  first  time  it 
■was  printed  in  Greek,  it  drew  upon  the  edi- 
tor the  envy  and  the  censure  of  ignorant  and 
malevolent  divines.  But  to  his  labors,  per- 
haps more  than  to  any  other  man,  was  learn- 
ing indebted  for  its  revival.  The  compre- 
hensive powers  of  his  mind  were  employed 

vol.  I.  62 


not  only  in  producing  before  the  public  cor- 
rect editions  of  respectable  writers,  but 
in  rousing  by  his  various  compositions 
the  attention  and  improving  the  taste  of 
mankind,  after  a  gloomy  period  of  igno- 
rance, superstition,  bigotry,  and  persecution. 
While  thus  engaged  in  the  cause  of  litera- 
ture, the  opinions  of  the  world  were  agitated 
by  the  opposition  of  Luther  to  the  papal  au- 
thority, and  the  principles  of  the  church  of 
Rome.  It  was  expected  that  Erasmus  would 
have  zealously  joined  the  reformer,  as  in  his 
Enchiridion  he  had  ridiculed  the  popish  ce- 
remonies, and  as  he  was  considered  bj  ma- 
ny "  to  have  laid  the  egg  which  Luther 
hatched ;"  but  though  solicited  by  Luther,  he 
declined  to  take  a  share  in  the  dispute,  and 
expressed  his  hopes  that  a  reconciliation 
might  be  effected.  This  timidity  from  Eras- 
mus was  agreeable  to  neither  party,  who 
eagerly  wished  each  for  his  great  abilities  to 
defend  and  support  their  cause,  and  there- 
fore while  he  pretended  on  one  side  to  be 
well  affected  towards  the  pope,  and  on  the 
other  hand,  commended  the  conduct  and  ta- 
lents of  Luther,  and  declared  that  he  learn- 
ed more  from  one  page  of  his,  than  from  all 
the  volumes  of  Thomas  Aquinas,  he  at  last 
found  that  his  wavering  disposition  exposed 
him  to  the  odium  and  persecution  of  all.  In 
1518  he  was  invited  with  offers  of  great  pre- 
sents from  Henry  VIII.  to  settle  in  England, 
but  he  was  suspicious  of  Wolsey,  and  thank- 
ed the  king  in  general  terms.  At  last  to  an- 
swer the  expectations  of  some  of  his  friends, 
Erasmus  attacked  Luther  on  free  will,  and 
bestowed  high  encomium  on  the  book  which 
Henry  VIII.  had  published  against  the  re- 
former, but  these  things  appeared  feeble  to 
the  catholics,  and  the  publication  of  the  Col- 
loquia,  proved  that  the  author  had  no  objec- 
tion to  ridicule  the  indulgences  of  the  pope, 
and  the  vicious  follies  of  his  monks.  The 
book,  though  full  of  wit,  and  good  sense,  was 
afterwards  condemned  by  the  faculty  of  the- 
ology at  Paris,  and  prohibited  by  the  pope. 
On  the  succession  of  Adrian  VI.  to  the  chair 
of  St.  Peter,  Erasmus  congratulated  his  old 
friend  and  school-fellow,  but  though  repeat- 
edly invited  by  him  to  come  to  Rome,  with 
every  offer  of  patronage  and  protection,  he 
refused  to'trust  himself  into  the  hands  of  men 
whom  he  had  in  his  writings  and  conversa- 
tion offended,  and  with  justice,  for  he  soon 
discovered  that  the  advice  which  he  offered 
about  healing  the  dissensions  of  the  church, 
was  received  at  the  Vatican  not  only  with  in- 
difference, but  with  evident  marks  of  dis- 
pleasure. The  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  chiefly  at  Basil,  where  his  laborioui 
studies,  the  precarious  state  of  his  health, 
and  the  malevolent  reflections  of  his  enemies, 
all  tended  toenfeeble  his  constitution.  Though 
exasperated  by  Luther,  who  in  his  answer  to 
his  book,  in  a  mixture  of  compliment,  scorn, 
ridicule,  and  invective,  called  it  "  an  excre- 
ment in  a  golden  dish,"  and  displeased  with 
the  philippics  of  Julius  Scaliger  against  his 
"  Ciceronianus,"  he  still  preserved  that  neu- 
trality which  either  the  love  of  ease,  or  more 


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properly  cowardice,  had  suggested  him  to 
follow.  It  is  said  that  as  his  health  declined 
he  was  flattered  with  a  cardinal's  hat,  and 
with  the  highest  preferment  of  the  court  of 
Rome,  which  no  doubt  would  have  been 
lavished  upon  him,  but  he  firmly  resisted. 
He  died  at  Basil  12th  July  1536,  aged  69, 
und  was  buried  there  in  the  cathedral,  where 
a  Latin  inscription  is  placed  on  his  tomb. 
Basil  still  retains  her  respect  for  the  ashes  of 
this  great  man,  the  house  in  which  he  died 
is  shown  with  enthusiastic  ceremony,  and  his 
cabinet  containing  his  ring,  his  seal,  his 
sword,  knife,  pencil,  and  his  will  written  by 
Mmself,  and  his  picture  by  Holbein,  is  still 
visited  with  veneration  by  the  curious.  Rot- 
terdam also  has  not  forgotten  the  celebrity 
she  derives  from  giving  birth  to  her  favorite 
citizen.  The  house  in  which  he  was  born  is 
marked  out  to  the  admiration  of  the  traveller 
by  a  becoming  inscription,  the  college  bears 
the  name  of  Erasmus,  and  a  beautiful  copper 
statue  erected  in  1622,  in  an  open  part  of  the 
:ity,  points  out  with  how  much  pride  the  in- 
habitants reckon  Erasmus  in  the  number  of 
their  fellow-citizens.  The  person  and  the 
manners  of  Erasmus  have  been  faithfully  de- 
ineated  by  his  friend  Beatus  Rhenanus,  and 
lis  features  are  most  correctly  expressed  by 
the  pencil  of  Hans  Holbein.  Great  and  re- 
spectable as  the  character  of  Erasmus  is,  he 
had  his  failings.  Too  fickle  in  his  attach- 
ments, and  irresolute  in  his  opinions,  he  has 
been  censured  by  le  Clerc  for  lukewarmness, 
timidity,  and  unfairness  in  the  reformation. 
Though  disgusted  with  the  superstition  and 
liypocrisy  of  Rome,  his  meek  spirit  was 
squally  hurt  by  the  violence  and  animosity  of 
:he  reformers,  and  perhaps  to  the  prejudi- 
ces of  his  early  education  may  be  ascribed, 
the  conduct  he  pursued  in  not  warmly  em- 
bracing the  tenets  of  Luther.  Indifferent  to 
the  success  or  jealous  of  the  labors  of  the  re- 
formers, Erasmus  claims  the  gratitude  of 
posterity  by  the  number  and  excellence  of 
liis  writings,  in  the  composition  of  which  he 
spent  a  long  and  laborious  life,  in  opposing 
gnorance  and  superstition,  and  in  promoting 
literature  and  true  piety.  His  works  which 
are  very  numerous  and  which  display  the 
sloquence  and  the  graces  of  Cicero,  were 
correctly  published  in  10  vols,  folio,  by  le 
Clerc.  The  life  of  Erasmus  has  been  given 
to  the  world  by  Dr.  Jortin. 

Erastus,  Thomas,  a  physician  and  di- 
vine, born  at  Baden  1524.  He  was  educated 
at  Basil,  and  afterwards  studied  at  Bologna, 
and  after  10  years  spent  in  Italy  he  returned 
to  his  native  country.  He  practised  physic 
with  great  reputation  at  Henneberg,  and  at 
the  court  of  Frederic  III.  elector  palatine, 
and  became  professor  of  physic  at  Heidelberg 
university.  The  disputes  about  the  real  pre- 
sence at  the  sacrament  engaged  his  pen,  and 
he  attended  the  conference  held  on  the  sub- 
ject between  the  divines  of  Wirtemberg  and 
the  palatinate,  and  he  eloquently  maintained 
that  the  words  flesh  and  blood  are  to  be  used 
metaphorically.  He  retired  to  Basil  after- 
wards, where  he  died  31st  December  1583. 


Of  his  books  on  divinity  the  best  known  Is 
"de  excommunicatione  ecclesiastica,"  pub- 
lished after  his  decease,  which  was  attacked 
by  various  divines,  who  wished  to  maintain 
that  the  censures  of  the  church  extended  be- 
yond this  life. 

Erastosthenes,  a  Greek  philosopher 
of  Cyrene,  librarian  at  Alexandria.  He  first 
discovered  the  method  of  measuring  the 
earth's  circumference,  and  died  B.  C.  194. 

Erchembert,  a  Lombard,  in  the  ninth 
century,  who  from  a  soldier  became  a  bene- 
dictine  monk,  and  retired  to  the  monastery  of 
Monte  Cassino.  He  wrote  a  chronicle  of  the 
Lombards  from  774  to  888,  which  is  suppo- 
sed to  be  lost,  but  an  abridgment  of  it  was 
published  by  Caraccioli,  at  Naples  1620,  in 
4to.  and  by  Camillus  Peregrinus  1643,  4to. 

Ercill-ya-Cuniga,  Don  Alonzo  d',  a 
Spaniard,  in  the  service  of  Maximilian.  He 
was  at  the  battle  of  St.  Quintin  under  Philip 
II.  in  15!>7,  and  afterwards  travelled  through 
France,  England,  and  Italy.  Animated 
with  romantic  bravery  he  went  to  the  attack 
of  the  Indians  who  had  revolted  in  Chili  and 
Peru,  and  he  defeated  them,  and  made  his 
adventures  tb<=  subject  of  his  poem  called 
Araucana-  This  poem,  which  consists  of 
36  cantos,  contains  many  tedious  repetitions, 
but  it  abounds  in  bold  descriptions,  and  pos- 
sesses all  the  charms  of  animated  poetry. 
The  best  edition  is  that  of  Madrid  1632,  in 
12mo. 

ErCkern,  Lazarus,  a  German,  super- 
intendant  of  the  mines  of  Hungary,  the  Ty- 
rol, &c.  He  published  an  useful  work  on 
metallurgy,  at  Frankfort  1694,  which  has 
been  translated  into  Latin. 

Ercole,  a  painter,  son  of  Carl  Antonia, 
the  pupil  of  his  uncle  Julio  Cesare.  He  was 
patronised  by  the  court  of  Savoy,  and  died 
1676,  aged  80. 

Eremita,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
intimate  with  Scaliger,  and  by  his  introduc- 
tion with  Casaubon.  He  went  with  M.  de 
Vic  the  ambassador  to  Switzerland,  and  by 
his  persuasion  was  converted  to  the  Romish 
religion.  He  was  insinuating  in  his  manners, 
but  without  principle,  and  in  his  conversa- 
tion very  licentious.  He  was  by  his  intrigues 
recommended  to  the  great  duke  of  Flor- 
ence, and  obtained  a  pension  for  his  verses 
on  the  marriage  of  the  duke  with  Magdalen 
of  Austria  1608.  He  went  in  the  suite  of  the 
duke's  envoy  to  Germany,  and  made  him- 
self ridiculous  on  his  return  by  the  bold  and 
shameless  untruths  which  he  delivered.  He 
became  afterwards  a  deist,  and  died  at  Leg- 
horn 1613.  His  opera  varia  were  published 
at  Utrecht  by  Gneviua,  among  which  were 
his  four  books,  de  aulica  vita  ac  civili,  writ- 
ten with  elegance,  ease,  and  purity  of  style. 
He  wrote  besides  Latin  poems,  &  relatio  de 
itinere  Germanico,  &c. — &  de  Helvetico- 
rum,  &c.  situ,  &c. 

Eric  IX.  king  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Norway,  after  Margaret  1412,  married  the 
daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  England.  His 
pilgrimage  to  the  holy  land  and  his  captivity 
in  Syria  disordered  the  affairs  of  his  king 


ER 


ER 


dom,  and  on  his  return  to  Europe  he  found 
the  Swedes  dissatisfied  with  his  government, 
and  the  Danes  anxious  to  revolt  from  him, 
because  he  wished  to  render  their  crown 
hereditary  and  not  elective.  Though  he  at- 
tempted to  maintain  his  authority  by  arms, 
he  found  opposition  unavailing,  he  was  so- 
lemnly deposed  1439,  and  retired  to  Pome- 
rania  where  he  died  in  privacy  1459.  He 
wrote  in  his  exile  an  history  of  Denmark  to 
the  year  1288. 

Eric  XIV.  succeededhis  father  Gustavus 
on  the  throne  of  Sweden,  and  became  the 
unsuccessful  suitor  of  Elizabeth  queen  of 
England.  His  marriage  with  the  daughter 
of  an  obscure  peasant,  rendered  him  unpop- 
ular and  his  people  dissatisfied.  His  cruel- 
ties increased  the  general  dissatisfaction, 
and  he  was  at  last  obliged  to  resign  the  crown 
1568,  and  died  in  confinement  1578. 

Erjc,  Peter,  a  Venetian  admiral,  who 
siezed  in  1584  a  vessel  which  was  carrying 
the  widow  of  the  bashaw  of  Tripoli  to  Con- 
stantinople with  all  her  treasures.  Not  sat- 
isfied to  obtain  the  gold,  he  put  to  death  the 
sailors,  and  offered  violence  to  the  females, 
and  then  cut  their  bodies  to  pieces  and  threw 
them  into  the  sea.  This  barbarity  was  pun- 
ished, and  Eric  was  beheaded  by  order  of 
the  Venetian  senate,  and  his  plundered  rich- 
es restored  to  Amurath  emperor  of  Turkey. 

Erigena,  John  Scotus,  a  celebrated 
scholar  in  the  ninth  century,  born  at  Ayr  in 
Scotland,  though  others  give  him  a  Welsh, 
others  an  Irish,  origin.  Eager  in  the  pursuit 
of  knowledge,  he  quitted  his  native  country 
where  only  ignorance  and  superstition  pre- 
vailed, and  travelled  into  foreign  lands,  and 
at  Athens  so  perfected  himself  in  classical 
and  oriential  literature  and  science  that  he 
proved  the  greatest  philosopher  and  most 
learned  man  of  the  age.  At  the  invitation 
of  Charles  the  Bald  he  resided  for  some  years 
at  the  French  court,  and  the  king  offered 
him  the  most  munificent  and  honorable  pat- 
ronage, and  bore  with  the  severity  of  his 
raillery  with  good  humour  and  most  forgiv- 
ing composure.  As  the  monareh  and  the 
philosopher  sat  one  day  opposite  each  other 
at  table,  Charles  asked  him  in  a  merry  mood, 
Pray  what  is  between  a  scot  and  a  sot  ?  Noth- 
ing but  the  table,  answered  the  bold  cour- 
tier. The  king  heard  the  rebuke  without 
being  offended,  but  laughed  heartily.  Sco- 
tus in  this  happy  retreat  wrote  some  works 
at  the  recommendation  of  his  royal  patron, 
but  though  all  admired  his  learning,  the  cler- 
gy, were  offended  with  the  boldness  with 
which  he  attacked  their  notions  of  predesti- 
nation, and  the  doctrine  of  transubstantia- 
tion.  His  books  therefore  were  regarded  as 
heretical  by  Wemlo  archbishop  of  Sens,  and 
as  they  seemed  to  contain  all  the  errors  of 
Pelagius,  they  were  attacked  by  Prudentius 
bishop  of  Troyes,  and  by  Florus  a  deacon  of 
Lyons.  His  next  work  was  a  translation  of 
the  works  of  Dionysius,  which  the  Greek 
emperor  had  sent  as  a  present  to  Charles, 
and  which  Erigena  at  the  request  of  his  sove- 
reign presented  to  the  world  in  a  Latin  dress. 


The  work,  as  being  considered  though  false- 
ly the  labor  of  Dionysius  the  Areopagite  the 
first  christian  preacher  of  France,  was  re- 
ceived with  gratitude  by  the  western  clergy, 
but  as  it  attacked  in  some  passages  the  ac- 
knowledged faith  of  the  Romish  church, 
pope  Nicholas  sent  a  threatening  letter  to 
the  French  king,  desiring  the  banishment 
of  Erigena,  and  his  appearance  at  Home. 
Charles  had  too  much  regard  for  his  learned 
friend  than  to  trust  him  into  the  hands  of  the 
pope,  he  therefore  permitted  him  to  escape 
to  England.  Here  he  was  employed  under 
Alfred  in  restoring  literature  in  Oxford. 
According  to  Tanner  he  was  in  879  profes- 
sorof  mathematics  and  astronomy  in  that  uni- 
versity, and  in  consequence  of  some  dispute, 
after  three  years'  residence  he  retired  to 
Malmsbury,  where  he  opened  a  school. 
His  severity  in  this  place  was  said  to  be  so 
great  that  his  pupils  murdered  him  with 
iron  bodkins,  the  instruments  with  which 
they  then  wrote,  though  some  imagine  that 
the  atrocious  deed  was  committed  at  the  in- 
stigation of  the  monks,  who  were  jealous  of 
Scotus  for  his  learning  and  heterodoxy.  This 
event  is  placed  in  the  year  883,  by  some  in 
884,  and  by  others  in  886,  but  by  Macken- 
zie in  874,  "ten  years  after  his  return  to  Eng- 
land. The  most  celebrated  of  Scotus'  works 
is  his  treatise  on  the  division  of  nature,  pub- 
lished from  the  MS.  by  Dr.  Gale  1681,  Ox- 
foi'd.  It  is  written  with  great  acuteness  and 
metaphysical  subtilty,  and  must  rank  its  au- 
thor if  not  among  atheistical  philosophers, 
yet  among  fanatical  enthusiasts. 

Erinna,  a  Grecian  poetess,  cotemporary 
with  Sappho. 

Erizz.0,  Lewis  and  Mark  Anthony,  two 
brothers  of  a  noble  Venetian  family.  They 
conspired  in  the  murder  of  their  uncle,  a 
senator  of  Uavenna  1546,  to  obtain  his  great 
riches.  Their  bloody  deed  was  discovered 
by  a  soldier  who  was  an  accomplice,  and 
Lewis  was  beheaded  and  Mark  died  in  pri- 
son. 

Ertzzo,  Paul,  a  noble,  of  the  same  fam- 
ily, governor  of  Negropont.  When  obliged 
to  capitulate  to  the  Turks,  on  condition  of 
having  his  life  spared,  Mahomet  II.  disre- 
garding his  promises,  ordered  him  1469  to 
be  sawn  in  two,  and  cut  off,  with  his  own 
hands,  the  head  of  his  daughter,  who  indig- 
nantly refused  to  gratify  his  licentious  pas- 
sions. 

Erizzo,  Sebastian,  a  noble  Venetian,  au- 
thor of  an  Italian  treatise  on  medals,  4to. 
Venice  1571.  He  wrote  also — des  nouvelles 
en  six  journees  1567,  4to.  and  trattato  della 
via  inventrice  e  dell'  instrumento  de  gli  an- 
tichi,  Venice  1554.    He  died  1585. 

Erkivins,  a  famous  architect  of  Stein- 
bach,  who  died  1305.  He  began  the  erec- 
tion of  Strasburg  tower,  which  was  not  com- 
pleted till  1449. 

Erlach,  John  Lewis,  a  native  of  Berne, 
of  the  head  of  the  six  families  of  that  name, 
so  illustrious  in  Switzerland.  He  chose  a 
military  life,  and  so  distinguished  himself  in 
the  service  of  France,  especially  in  the  tjk- 


EH 


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ing  of  Brisach  1639,  and  at  the  battle  of  Lens 
J 648,  that  Lewis  XIV.  made  him  comman- 
der in  chief  of  his  troops  on  the  defection  of 
Turenne.  He  died  1650,  aged  55,  at  Bri- 
sach, of  which  he  was  governor,  when  the 
French  monarch  was  preparing  to  send  him 
as  a  negotiator  to  Nuremberg,  and  to  bestow 
upon  him  greater  marks  of  honor  and  of 
confidence. 

Ernesti,  John  Augustus,  a  native  of 
Tennstadt,  professor  of  theology  at  Leipsic, 
and  afterwards  of  ancient  literature,  and  el- 
oquence. He  died  1781,  aged  74,  universal- 
ly respected  for  learning,  and  indefatigable 
zeal  in  the  service  of  literature.  Besides 
excellent  editions  of  Cicero,  Xenophon, 
Suetonius,  Homer,  Tacitus,  Callimachus, 
&c.  with  learned  notes,  he  published  institu- 
tio  interprets  Novi  Testam.  Leips.  1761 — 
opuscula  oratoria,  orationes  prolusiones  h 
elogia,  8vo — opusculorum,  oratorum  no- 
vum volumen,  8vo.  1791 — opuscula  critica, 
8vo.  kc. 

Erostratus  or  Eratostratus,  an 
Ephesian,  who,  to  acquire  celebrity,  set  the 
temple  of  Diana  on  fire  B.  C.  356. 

Erpenius,  Thomas,  or  Van  Erpe  iu 
Dutch,  a  learned  writer,  born  at  Gorcum  in 
Holland  11th  September  1584.  He  studied 
at  Leyden,  where  he  took  the  degrea  of 
doctor  in  philosophy  1608,  and  afterwards 
travelled  forfour  years  into  England,  France, 
Italy,  and  Germany.  His  extensive  learn- 
ing, and  the  fame  of  his  works  made  him 
known  to  the  learned  of  Europe,  and  among 
his  friends  and  correspondents  were  Casau- 
bon,  Joseph  Scaliger,  Bedell,  Vossius,  &c. 
In  1612  he  was  appointed  professor  of  Ara- 
bic and  of  oriential  languages  at  Leyden, 
■where  he  died  of  a  contagious  disease  13th 
November  1624.  His  abilities  were  so  much 
admired  that  he  was  earnestly  solicited  to 
settle  in  England,  also  in  Italy,  and  in  Spain, 
and  his  knowledge  of  Arabic  was  so  correct 
that  the  emperor  of  Morocco  shewed  his 
nobles,  as  a  curiosity  for  its  elegance  and  pu- 
rity, a  letter  in  Arabic,  which  he  had  re- 
ceived from  him,  as  the  interpreter  and  cor- 
responding secretary  of  the  states  of  Hol- 
land, to  the  powers  of  Asia  and  Africa. 
Though  he  was  but  40  years  old  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  yet  he  published  19  various 
works,  on  oriental  history,  and  on  subjects 
connected  with  his  professorship,  in  which  he 
displayed  the  great  powers  of  Ids  mind,  and 
the  vast  stores  of  his  retentive  memory. 

Erskine,  Ralph,  a  Scotch  divine,  born 
at  Alloa,  1628,  and  educated  there  and  at 
Edinburgh,  where  he  took  his  degree  of 
M.  A.  He  was  made  minister  of  Falkirk  iu 
1654,  but  ejected  for  nonconformity  1662, 
and  when  afterwards  imprisoned  by  the  per- 
secution of  his  enemies,  he  was  liberated  by 
the  influence  of  his  kinsman,  the  earl  of  Mar. 
On  the  rc-establishment  of  the  presbytery 
by  the  toleration  act  of  James  II.  he  was 
made  1690  minister  of  Churnside,  Berwick, 
■where  he  died  1696,  aged  68.  He  left  some 
Latin  MSS.  on  difficult  passages  of  scripture, 
never  published. 


Erskine,  Ebenezer,  son  to  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  1680,  in  the  prison  of  Bass, 
where  his  father  was  confined  in  the  perse- 
cutions of  the  times.  In  1701  he  took  his 
master's  degree  at  Edinburgh,  and  the  next 
year  was  ordained  minister  of  Portmoak, 
Fifeshire,  from  whence  he  removed  in  1728 
to  Stirling.  In  1747,  in  consequence  of 
some  disputes  with  the  clergy,  he  joined  the 
seceders  called  burghers,  and  died  at  Stir- 
ling 1755,  aged  75.  Four  volumes  of  his 
sermons  were  printed  at  Glasgow,  1762,  8vo. 
and  a  fifth  at  Edinburgh  1765. 

Erskine,  Ralph,  brother  to  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  at  Roxburgh  1682,  and  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh,  where  he  took  his  mas- 
ter's degree  1704.  He  was  minister  of  Dun- 
fermline, Fifeshire,  1711,  and  was  deposed 
by  the  general  assembly  1734,  for  joining  the 
seceders.  He  died  1751,  aged  69,  much  res- 
pected as  a  divine  and  as  a  preacher.  His 
works  were  published  2  vols.  fol.  1760,  con- 
sisting of  a  polemical  treatise,  gospel  son- 
nets, and  above  200  sermons,  &c. 

Erskine,  James,  lord  Alva,  was  bora 
at  Edinburgh  20th  June  1722,  and  made  one 
of  the  barons  of  the  Scotch  exchequer  1754, 
which  he  resigned  in  1761,  on  being  appoin- 
ted to  the  supreme  civil  court  of  Scotland. 
He  assumed  the  name  of  lord  Barjarg,which 
he  afterwards  exchanged  for  that  of  Alva. 
He  died  at  Drumsheugh,  near  Edinburgh 
13th  May  1796.  He  was  twice  married,  and 
had  children  only  by  his  first  wife,  two  sons 
and  two  daughters. 

Erxleben,  John  Christian  Polycarp,  a 
native  of  Quedlinburg,  who  studied  at  Got- 
tingen,  and  gave  lectures  in  physic,  the  vet- 
erinary art  and  natural  history.  He  was  an 
able  naturalist,  and  his  principles  of  natural 
history  in  8vo.  1768,  are  particularly  admi- •■ 
red.    He  died  1777,  aged  33. 

Eryceira,  Ferdinand  de  Meneses  count 
d',  was  born  at  Lisbon  1614,  and  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  military  affairs,  as  governor  of 
Penicha  and  of  Tangiers.  He  was  also  an 
able  historian,  and  wrote  the  history  of  Tan- 
giers, fol.  printed  1723, — history  of  Portu- 
gal, 2  vols,  folio,  from  1640  to  1657, — and 
the  life  of  John  I.  king  of  Portugal. 

Eryceira,  Francis  Xavier  de  Meneses 
count  d',  greatgrandson  of  the  foregoing, 
was  born  at  Lisbon  1673,  and  died  1743.  He 
was  known  also  as  a  literary  and  military 
character.  He  was  honored  by  several  prin- 
ces, and  many  learned  men,  and  by  the  pre- 
sent of  their  works  and  other  munificeut 
donations,  he  increased  the  valuable  library 
of  his  ancestors  with  15,000  new  volumes, 
and  1000  manuscripts.  He  wrote  above 
100  different  publications,  the  best  known 
of  which  are  his  memoirs  on  the  value  of 
the  coins  of  Portugal,— reflections  on  acade- 
mical studies, — 58  parallels  of  illustrious 
men, — and  12  of  illustrious  women, — the 
Henriade  of  Voltaire  translated,  with  obser- 
vations, &c.  4to.  &c. 

Erytrophilus,  Rupert,  a  German  di- 
vine, in  the  17th  century,  minister  of  Han- 
over, who  wrote  a  methodical  commentary 


ES 


ES 


on  the  history  of  the  passion— and  eaten* 
aurese  in  harmoniam  evangelicara,  4to. 

Es,  James  Van,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
well  known  for  his  pictures  of  birds,  flow- 
ers, fishes  and  fruit.  His  lobsters,  crabs, 
oysters,  &e.  are  incomparable,  and  in  his 
grapes,  nature  is  so  skilfully  imitated,  that 
the  stones  are  visible  through  the  skin. 

Esau,  son  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca,  sold  his 
rights  of  primogeniture  to  his  brother 
Jacob,  who  afterwards,  also  obtained  by  ar- 
tifice his  father's  blessing.  This  conduct  of 
Jacob  proved  so  offensive  to  Esau,  that  he 
meditated  his  death,  but  though  he  caused 
him  to  fly  into  Mesopotamia,  he  was  after- 
wards reconciled  to  him.  He  was  the  father 
of  the  Edomites,  and  died  about  1710  B.  C. 
aged  126. 

Escalo,  Mastin  de  1',  was  elected  po- 
destat  of  Verona  1259,  but  though  prudent 
and  humane  in  the  administration  of  affairs, 
he  raised  himself  enemies  by  whom  he  was 
assassinated  1273.  The  sovereign  authority 
remained  however  in  his  family,  and  his  de- 
scendant Mastino  III.  added  Vicenza,  Bres- 
cia, and  even  Padua  to  his  dominions.  His 
tyranny  at  last  was  repressed  by  the  Vene- 
tians, and  he  died  1387,  after  a  life  of  cruelty 
and  perilous  adventures.  The  families  of 
1'Escalo  and  the  Carraras  of  Padua  had  long 
and  bloody  contests,  but  Verona  at  last  be- 
came independent  till  overpowered  by  the 
intrigues  of  her  neighbors. 

Escalquens,  William,  capitou  of  Tou- 
louse 1326,  rendered  himself  known  by  caus- 
ing himself  to  he  carried  in  a  coffin,  with  all 
the  funeral  pomp  of  a  departed  saint,  \o  the 
cathedral,  and  after  the  completion  of  the 
solemnity,  inviting  the  attendants  of  this  ri- 
diculous ceremony  to  a  sumptuous  enter- 
tainment. The  circumstance  was  agitated 
by  the  bishop  and  clergy  in  full  council,  and 
it  was  forbidden  to  practise  such  supersti- 
tious ceremonies  on  pain  of  excommunica- 
tion. Charles  V.  however  renewed  it  in 
Spain  about  200  years  after. 

Escobar,  Bartholomew, a  learned  Jesuit, 
of  Seville,  who  went  to  America  as  a  monk 
employed  in  works  of  charity.  He  died  at 
Lima  1624,  aged  66.  He  wrote  some  reli- 
gious pieces  in  Latin,  scarce  known  in 
Spain. 

Escobar,  Marine  d',  a  native  of  Valla- 
dolid,  who  died  9th  June  1633,  aged  79,  and 
is  known  as  the  foundress  of  the  reconcilia- 
tion of  St.  Bridget  in  Spain.  Her  memoirs 
have  been  written  in  folio,  by  father  Dupont, 
her  confessor. 

Escobar,  Anthony,  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
surnamed  of  Mendoza,  who  died  4th  July 
1669,  aged  80.  His  works,  which  are  theo- 
logical, in  16  vols,  folio,  and  his  principles  of 
morality  in  7  vols.  fol.  have  been  ridiculed 
by  Pascal. 

Escoubleait,  Francis  d',  cardinal  de 
Sourdis,  archbishop  of  Bourdeaux,  was  a 
great  favorite  with  pope  Leo  IX.  and  bis  four 
successors.  He  was  a  warm  advocate  for 
church  discipline.  He  died  8th  Februarv 
16S0,  aged  53. 


Escoubleau,  Henry  d',  brother  and 
successor  to  the  preceding,  as  archbishop  of 
Bourdeaux.  He  was  at  the  siege  of  Rochelle, 
under  Lewis  XIII.  and  at  the  retaking  of 
the  isles  of  Lerins  under  Harcourt.  He  quar- 
relled with  the  duke  of  Epernon,  who  struck 
him  a  blow,  which  was  punished  by  the  ex- 
communication of  the  guilty  lord,  which 
disgrace  however  was  removed  by  his  falling 
on  his  knees  before  the  haughty  prelate. 
He  died  1645. 

Escure,  N.  de  \\  one  of  the  generals  of 
la  Vendee,  remarkable  for  his  loyalty,  cour- 
age, and  virtues.  With  a  small  force  he 
defeated  the  more  numerous  army'  of  the  re- 
publicans at  Thouars,  but  unfortunately  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Chollet,  and  died 
in  consequence  of  the  wounds  1794,  aged 
26. 

Espagnac,  John  Baptist  Joseph  de  Sa- 
puguel  Damarzil  baron  d',  a  French  gene- 
ral, born  at  Brive-la-Gaillarde  25th  March 
1713,  and  died  at  Paris  S8th  February  1783. 
He  signalized  himself  in  the  campaigns  of 
Italy,  and  Bavaria,  and  was  made  major- 
general  of  the  army  under  marshal  Saxe, 
and  as  governor  of  the  Hotel-des-invalides 
he  introduced  some  useful  regulations.  He 
wrote  several  books  on  the  military  profes- 
sion, among  which  are  his  campaignes  du 
roi,  1745,  he.  4  vols.  Svo.  essai  sur  la  science 
de  la  guerre,  a  valuable  work,  3  vols.  Svo. 
Historic  du  marechal  de  Saxe,  3  vols.  4to. 
&c.  He  had  four  sons  and  a  daughter  by 
his  wife  baroness  de  Beyer. 

Espagnan  del,  Matthew  1',  an  eminent 
sculptor,  who,  though  a'  protestant,  adorned 
several  of  the  Paris  churches,  and  also  the 
park  of  Versailles,  by  his  works.  He  lired 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  17th  century. 

Espagne,  John  d',  a  native  of  Dauphine, 
who  came  to  England  in  James'  reign,  and 
officiated  as  minister  of  a  French  protestant 
congregation  in  London,  till  the  restoration. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  of  some  merit  on  popu- 
lar errors  in  religion,  with  some  strictures 
on  Calvin's  principles,  dedicated  to  Charles 
I.  His  works  appeared  together  in  2  vols. 
12mo.  IC74,  Hague. 

Espagnet,  John  d',  president  of  the 
parliament  of  Bourdeaux,  became  known  by 
his  Enchiridion  physicx  restitute,  in  which 
he  establishes  a  complete  system  of  phvsics 
contrary  to  the  tenets  of  Aristotle.  He  con- 
siders earth  and  water  to  be  the  only  ele- 
ments, and  he  places  the  real  fire  of  the 
world  in  the  sun,  which  he  calls  the  eye,  not 
only  of  the  universe  but  of  the  Creator. 
He  wrote  also  arcanum  hem.iticoe  philoso- 
phise opus,  on  the  philosopher's  stone,  Sue 
In  1616  be  published  an  old  manuscript, 
called  le  Hosier  des  guerres,  of  which  an 
earlier  edition  had  appeared  in  1523. 

Espagnolet,  Joseph  Kiberia  1',  a  Span- 
ish painter,  born  at  Xativa,  in  Valencia  US'") 
He  studied  the  manner  of  Caravagio.  and 
surpassed  him  in  correctness.  In  poverty 
he  was  extremely  happy  in  his  delineations, 
but  prosperity  rendered  him  indolent,  and 
regardless  of  his  art.     The  countenances  of 


ES 


ES 


Iiis  figures  were  extremely  expressive,  and 
he -was  particularly  successful  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  terror,  anguish,  and  ferocity.  He 
was  patronised  at  Naples,  where  he  died 
165G,  aged  76.  His  chief  works  are  preser- 
ved in  the  Escurial  and  at  Naples. 

Esparron,  Charles  d'Arcussia  Viscount 
d',  a  provencal  nobleman,  who  wrote  a  val- 
uable treatise  on  hawking  and  falconry,  4lo. 
Rouen  1644,  amusements  to  which  he  was 
very  partial. 

Espej:,  Zeger  Bernard  Van,  was  horn 
1646,  at  Louvain,  where  he  became  profes- 
sor of  laws.  His  observations  on  the  formu- 
lary, and  on  the  bull  unigenitus,  proved  the 
sources  of  great  bitterness  to  him,  so  that  to 
avoid  persecution,  he  retired  to  Maestricht, 
and  afterwards  to  Amersfort,  where  he  died 
2d  October  1728,  aged  83.  His  works  which 
are  considered  as  valuable,  especially  his 
jus  ecclesiasticum  universum,  were  publish- 
ed at  Paris  175S,  in  4  vols,  folio. 

Espence,  Claude  d',  a  native  of  Chalons- 
sur-Marne,  rector  of  the  university  of  Paris, 
and  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne.  He  attended 
the  cardinal  de  Lorraine  in  Flanders,  and 
likewise  at  Home  1555,  where  he  displayed 
so  much  eloquence  as  an  orator,  that  the 
pope,  Paul  IV.  wished  to  bestow  on  him  a 
cardinal's  hat,  which  he  refused.  He  died 
of  the  stone  at  Paris  5th  October  1571,  aged 
GO.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learning  and 
moderation.  He  wrote  some  commentaries 
on  Paul's  epistles  to  Timothy  and  Titus,  and 
some  controversial  tracts.  His  Latin  works 
were  printed  1619,  folio,  Paris. 

Esper,  John  Frederic,  a  native  of  Dros- 
senfeld,  in  Bayreuth,  who  studied  at  Erlan- 
gen,  and  applied  himself  to  botany  and  natu- 
ral history.  He  wrote  an  accurate  descrip- 
tion of  the  lately  discovered  zoolites  of  un- 
known animals,  and  of  several  caverns,  Sec. 
Nuremberg  fol.  1774,  a  method  of  determin- 
ing the  orbits  of  the  comets,  and  other  ce- 
lestial bodies,  without  astronomical  instru- 
ments and  mathematical  calculations,  &c. 
He  died  1781,  aged  4«J. 

Esperiente,  Philip  Callimachus,  a  na- 
tive of  St.  Geminiano,  in  Tuscany,  who  un- 
der Pius  II.  formed  an  academy,  the  mem- 
bers of  which  assumed  Greek  or  Latin 
names.  Under  Paul,  Pius'  successor,  the 
academy  was  considered  as  an  assembly  of 
seditious  men,  and  the  founder  therefore 
fled  to  Poland,  where  he  became  preceptor 
to  the  children  of  king  Casimir  III.  He  was 
also  employed  as  ambassador  to  Constanti- 
nople, Vienna,  Venice,  and  Home,  and  on 
his  return  to  Poland,  an  accidental  fire  de- 
stroyed his  house,  library  and  manuscripts, 
and  overwhelmed  him  with  grief.  He  died 
soon  after  at  Cracow  1496.  His  works  are 
commentarii  rerum  Persicarum,  folio. — 
historia  de  iis  quie  a  Venetis  tentata  sunt, 
Persis  &  Tartaris  contra  Turcas  movendis, 
— Attilla  historia  de  rege  Vladislao,  4to. 

Espremenil,  James  Duval  d',  a  French- 
roan,  born  at  Pondicherry,  the  nephew  and 
heir  of  Duval  de  Leyril,  the  governor  of  the 
city,  and  the  accuser  of  Lally.     He  became 


an  advocate,  and  counsellor  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  and  was  remarkable  for  his 
violent  proceedings  during  the  revolution. 
He  was  guillotined  April  23d  1794.  He  was 
asked  by  his  old  opponent  Chapelier,  as  he 
was  going  to  the  scaffold  with  him,  To  which 
of  us  two  are  the  shouts  of  the  mob  addres- 
sed ?  To  both,  replied  D'Espremenil.  He 
wrote  remonstrances,  published  by  the  par- 
liament 1788,— nullity  and  despotism  of  the  as- 
sembly, 8vo.— actual  state  of  France,1790,8vo. 
Esprit,  James,  an  agreeable  writer,  born 
at  Beziers  1611.  For  five  years  he  was 
member  of  the  oratory  which  he  quitted, 
and  afterwards  became,  by  his  wit,  sense, 
and  elegant  manners,  the  friend  of  Seguier, 
Itochefoucault,  and  Conti.  He  was  member 
of  the  French  academy,  and  died  1678,  aged 
67.  He  wrote  paraphrases  on  the  psalms, 
the  fallacy  of  human  virtues,  2  vols.  12mo. 
which  is  a  commentary  on  Uochefoucault's 
reflections. 

Essars,  Pierre  des,  a  French  nobleman, 
who  served  in  the  Scotch  army  against  the 
English,  and  was  taken  prisoner  in  1402. 
On  his  return  to  France  he  attached  him- 
self to  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  by  whom  he 
was  raised  to  places  of  trust  and  honor,  but 
he  became  suspected  of  partiality  to  the 
duke  of  Guienne,  and  fled  to  Cherbourg  of 
which  he  was  the  governor.  In  1413  he 
secretly  returned  to  Paris,  and  was  thrust 
into  the  hastile,  and  soon  after  condemned, 
and  he  lost  his  head,  1st  July  1413.  His 
body  was  interred  in  the  Mnthurins'  church, 
by  his  widow,  who  obtained  the  restitution 
of  his  property. 

Essars,  Charlotte  des,  countess  of  Romo- 
rentin,  and  daughter  of  lieutenant-general 
des  Essars  in  Champagne,  was  a  lady  of 
great  beauty.  She  was  in  England  with  the 
countess  de  Beaumont,  and  on  her  return  to 
France  she  was  introduced  1590  to  Henry 
IV.  by  whom  she  had  two  children,  after- 
wards legitimated.  She  afterwards  lived 
with  Louis  de  Lorraine,  cardinal  de  Guise, 
by  whom  she  had  a  son  called  the  chev- 
alier de  Romerentin,  and  she  married 
in  1630  marshal  de  l'Hopital,  known  under 
the  name  of  Hallier.  Her  wishes  to  advance 
her  son  Romerentin  by  her  intrigues  proved 
fatal,  to  her,  as  she  fell  under  the  resentment 
of  the  French  king  and  Richelieu,  by  whom 
sho  was  arrested,  and  placed  in  confinement 
where  she  died  1651. 

Essex,  James  F.  A.  S.  was  born  1723,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  great  knowledge 
of  architecture.  He  repaired  and  improved 
King's  college  chapel,  Cambridge,  and  the 
cathedrals  of  Ely  and  Lincoln,  besides  other 
colleges  in  Cambridge,  which  will  remain 
lasting  monuments  of  his  great  skill  and  judg- 
ment. His  proposals  for  publishing  plans 
and  sections  of  King's  college  chapel,  ap- 
peared in  the  Brit.  Topog.  vol.  1.  p.  237,  and 
he  enriched  that  valuable  collection  with 
many  other  curious  and  ingenius  communi- 
cations. He  died  14th  September  1784,  in 
his  61  st  year,  at  Cambridge,  his  native  town, 
where  his  father  had  acquired  some  proper- 
ty as  a  carpenter. 


ES 


ES 


Estaino,  Charles  Henry  count  d',  a 
French  admiral,  horn  in  Auvergne.  He  was 
under  Lally  in  the  East  Indies,  and  escaped 
from  an  English  prison,  by  breaking  his  pa- 
role. He  was  commander  of  the  French 
squadrons  in  the  American  war,  and  lie  took 
Grenada.  At  the  revolution  he  became 
member  of  the  assembly  of  notables,  and  was 
at  last  guillotined  29th  April  1793,  as  a  sus- 
pected character. 

Estampes,  Anne  of  Pisseleu  duchess  of, 
a  woman  of  great  beauty,  daughter  of  de  He- 
illi.  She  attended  as  maid  of  honor,  Louisa 
of  Savoy,  when  she  went  to  meet  her  son 
Francis  I.  of  France  at  Madrid,  and  she  was 
no  sooner  seen  than  loved  by  the  amorous 
monarch.  Though  Francis  forgot  himself  in 
the  arms  of  his  favorite  mistress,  he  yet  at- 
tempted to  cover  her  dishonor  by  marrying 
her  to  one  of  his  flatterers,  whom  he  created 
duke  of  Estampes.  In  the  declining  years 
of  the  monarch,  the  duchess,  who  still  pos- 
sessed the  influence  of  her  charms,  entered 
into  correspondence  with  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  to  counteract  the  views  of  the 
dauphin  afterwards  Henry  II.  and  of  his  mis- 
tress Diana  de  Poitiers  ;  and  by  informing 
the  foreign  monarch  of  the  plans  of  the  court 
she  gained  his  confidence,  and  insured  his 
promises  towards  the  duke  of  Orleans,  the 
dauphin's  brother,  whose  cause  she  es- 
poused. By  her  perfidious  communications 
Charles,  at  the  head  of  an  almost  mutinous 
and  famished  army,  was  enabled  suddenly  to 
take  Epernay  and  Chateau-Tierri,  where 
the  magazines  of  the  French  troops  were  de- 
posited, without  apprehensions  of  attack; 
and  as  no  measures  were  taken  by  the  dau- 
phin without  consultation  with  Francis,  every 
secret  was  imparted  to  the  faithless  mistress, 
and  by  her  to  the  enemy,  so  that  the  ruin  of 
the  kingdom  seemed  inevitable.  A  quarrel 
however  arose  between  Charles  and  Henry 
VIII.  of  England,  and  the  peace  of  Cressy 
saved  France.  After  the  death  of  Francis 
the  worthless  favorite  returned  to  her  coun- 
try seat,  and  was  saved  from  the  prosecution 
of  her  husband,  who  wished  to  punish  her  for 
adultery,  by  the  interference  of  the  reigning 
monarch.     She  died  a  protestant. 

Estampes,  Leonor  d',  bishop  ofChartres 
in  16:20,  and  in  1041  archbishop  of  Kheims, 
was  zealous  in  the  assembly  of  the  French 
clergy,  against  the  Jesuits  1626,  who  in  two 
publications  had  attacked  the  authority  of  the 
king,  in  church  affairs.  The  censure  of  d'Es- 
tampes  was  however  resisted,  and  the  French 
clergy  showed  such  influence  that  in  ^he 
states  general  of  1614  the  tiers  etat  could  ne- 
ver obtain  the  declaration,  "  that  no  power, 
temporal  or  spiritual,  has  the  right  to  dispose 
of  the  kingdom,  and  to  dispense  the  subjects 
from  their  oaths  of  fidelity."  The  monks, 
however,  were  silenced  by  pope  Benedict 
XIV. 

Estcourt,  Richard,  a  native  of  Tewks- 
bmy,  Gloucestershire,  who  at  the  age  of  15 
escaped  from  his  friends  and  joined  a  compa- 
ny of  strolling  players  at  Worcester,  where 
he  first  appeared  on  the  stage  in  women's 


clothes,  in  the  part  of  Koxana  in  Alexander 
the  great.  His  disguise  did  not  prevent  his 
discovery,  he  was  pursued  to  Chipping-Nor- 
ton,  by  his  father,  who  immediately  bound 
him  to  an  apothecary  in  Hattou-garden,  5,on- 
don.  In  this  engagement  he  continued  till 
business  failed  him,  though  others  declare, 
he  quitted  his  master  abruptly,  and  wander- 
ed about  the  country  for  two  year9.  He 
went  afterwards  to  Ireland,  where  he  was 
well  received,  and  appeared  at  Drury-lane 
for  the  first  time,  in  the  part  of  Dominic  in 
the  Spanish  Fryar.  His  chief  merit  consisted 
in  mimicry.  Without  great  powers  of  his 
own,  he  could  imitate  with  wonderful  success 
the  greatest  players  of  the  times,  though  he 
frequently  offended  the  audience  by  the  in- 
troduction of  sentences  which  the  author 
never  wrote.  He  became,  by  his  manners 
and  conversation,  a  great  favorite  of  the  town, 
and  when  the  chief  wits  and  leading  men  of 
the  times,  and  among  them  the  duke  of 
Marlborough,  erected  the  beef  steak  club, 
Estcourt  was  appointed  providore,  and  wore, 
as  the  badge  of  his  office,  a  gold  gridiron  sus- 
pended from  his  neck,  by  a  green  silk  ribbon. 
Some  years  before  his  death  he  quilted  the 
stage.  He  died  1713,  and  was  buried  at  St. 
Paul's,  Covent  garden.  He  left  two  dramatic 
pieces,  Fair  example,  a  comedy,  1706,  4to, 
and  Prunella,  an  interlude,  4to. 

Esther,  a  Jewess,  mistress  to  Casimir 
HI.  king  of  Poland,  in  the  14th  century, 
from  whom  she  obtained  great  privileges  for 
her  nation. 

Esther,  a  Jewish  maid,  of  the  tribe  of 
Benjamin,  whom  Ahasuerus  king  of  Persia 
took  for  his  wife,  after  his  divorce  from 
Vashti.  She  had  the  good  fortune  to  defeat 
the  machinations  of  Haman  against  her 
nation,  aud  she  saw  her  cousin  Mordecai 
raised  to  the  same  honors  which  the  fallen 
favorite  possessed.  This  great  deliverance 
of  the  Jews  was  celebrated  by  a  particular 
feast  called  Purim.  The  Ahasuerus  of  scrip- 
tore  is  supposed  to  be  Darius  son  of  Hys- 
taspes. 

Esti us,  William,  a  native  of  Gorcum  in 
Holland,  divinity  professor,  and  chancellor 
of  Douay  university,  where  he  died  1613, 
aged  71.  He  was  author  of  commentaries  or». 
the  epistles  two  vols. — annotationes  in  prreci- 
pua  &  difficiliora  scripturre  loca,  fol. — mar- 
tyri  Edmundi  Campiani,  &c. 

Estoile,  Pierre  del',  grand  auditor  of 
the  chancery  of  Paris,  died  1611.  From  his 
MSS.  were  published  his  journal  of  Henry 
III.  beginning  May  1574  to  August  1589,  im- 
proved by  du  Fresnoy  1744,  five  vols.  8vo. — 
Journal  of  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  four  vols. 
8vo.  improved  also  by  du  Fresnoy.  These 
works  are  valuable,  and  illustrate  the  private 
histoz'y  of  France.  The  author,  under  the 
character  of  ease  and  openness  conceals  a  se- 
vere and  sarcastic  disposition. 

Estoile,  Claude  del',  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  member  of  the  French  academy 
1632,  and  died  1652,  aged  54.  He  was  one 
of  the  five  authors  consulted  by  Richelieu  in 
the  making  of  hisbad  plays.    D'Estoile  wrote 


ES 


ET 


Some  poems  and  plays,  and  it  is  said  that, 
like  Mohere  and  Malherbe,  he  read  his  pie- 
ces for  the  stage  to  his  maid  servant,  on 
whose  approbation  proceeding  from  simple 
and  ingenuous  motives,  he  could  depend.  His 
odes  are  published  in  the  recueil  des  poetes 
Francois,  1692,  five  vols,  liran. 

Estouteville,  William  d',  of  an  illus- 
trious Norman  family,  was  archbishop  of 
Rouen,  and  a  cardinal.  He  reformed  the 
university  of  Paris,  and  enjoyed  the  confi- 
dence of  Charles  VII.  and  Lewis  XI.  and  was 
a  man  of  great  firmness  of  character,  and  of 
the  strictest  integrity,  and  very  charitable. 
He  died  at  Rome  22d  December  1483,  aged 

80.  Besides  his  archbishopric  he  held  six 
bishoprics  in  France  and  Italy,  four  abbeys, 
and  three  grand  priories,  and  was  dean  of  the 
cardinals. 

Estrades,  Godfrey  count  d',  marshal  of 
France  and  viceroy  of  America,  was  also  an 
able  negotiator.  He  was  ambassador  in  Eng- 
land in  1661,  and  the  next  year  he  negotia- 
ted with  Charles  II.  for  the  evacuation  of 
Dunkirk,  which  he  effected  though  contrary 
to  the  wishes  of  the  English  parliament.  In 
1666,  he  had  a  dispute  with  Vatteville  the 
Spanish  ambassador,  about  precedency  in 
London,  and  the  year  following  he  negotia- 
ted the  peace  of  Breda,  and  in  1673,  assisted 
at  the  conferences  of  Nimeguen.  He  died 
26th  February  1686,  aged  79.  His  negotia- 
tions were  printed  at  the  Hague  1742,  nine 
vols.  12mo.  from  the  originals,  which  consist- 
ed of  22  vols,  folio. 

Estrees,  John  d',  page  to  queen  Anne 
of  Britany,  was  afterwards  grand  master  of 
the  artillery  of  Franee,  and  died  1567,  aged 

81.  He  distinguished  himself  greatly  in  seve- 
ral battles  and  especially  at  the  taking  of 
Calais  1558.  He  improved  the  manner  of 
casting  cannon.  He  was  the  first  gentleman 
of  Picardy  who  embraced  the  protestant  re- 
ligion. 

Estrees,  Francis  Annibal  d',  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  1573,  and  embraced 
the  ecclesiastical  profession,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Laon  by  Henry  IV.  He  soon  how- 
ever quitted  the  church  for  the  army,  and 
distinguislied  himself  at  the  taking  of  Treves, 
and  by  other  military  exploits.  He  was  made 
duke,  peer,  and  marshal  of  France,  and  was 
employed  in  1636,  as  ambassador  to  the  court 
of  Rome,  where  he  offended  the  pope  Ur- 
ban and  his  nephews,  for  which  he  was  re- 
called. He  died  at  Paris  5th  May  1670,  aged 
98.  He  wrote  in  an  unadorned  style,  but 
with  great  fidelity,  memoirs  of  the  regency 
of  Mary  deMedicis,  printed  1666,  12mo.  and 
relation  of  the  siege  of  Mantua  in  1630,  and 
another  of  the  conclave  which  elected  Grego- 
ry XV.  pope,  1621. 

Estrees,  Csesar  d',  cardinal,  abbot  of  St. 
Germain  des  Pres,  was  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  was  born  1628.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
Laon  1653,  and  produced  a  reconciliation  be- 
tween the  pope's  nuncio,  and  four  of  the 
French  bishops  who  resisted  his  authority. 
He  was  afterwards  employed  by  the  French 
iing  at  the   court  of  Bavaria,    and  also  at 


Rome,  where  he  skilfully  conducted  himself 
to  procure  the  elections  of  the  popes  Alex- 
ander VIII.  Innocent  XII.  and  Clement  XI. 
He  accompanied  Philip  V.  when  he  took  pos- 
session of  the  Spanish  throne,  and  he  died 
18th  December  1714,  aged  87,  respected  as 
an  able  negotiator,  a  benevolent  man,  and 
an  agreeable  companion. 

Estrees,  Gabrielle  d',  sister  of  Franei- 
Annibal  d'Estrees,  became  the  favorite  mis- 
tress of  Henry  IV.  who  saw  her  first  in  1591, 
at  the  castle  of  Coeuvres.  The  king  was  so 
partial  to  her  that  to  please  her  he  embraced 
the  popish  religion,  and  determined  to  marry 
her,  though  he  was  himself  married  to  Mar- 
garet de  Valois.  While  engaged  in  procu- 
ring the  divorce,  Gabrielle  died  suddenly 
10th  April  1599.  It  was  suspected  that  she 
was  poisoned  by  the  financier  Zamet,  as  her 
head  the  day  after  her  death  was  so  distort- 
ed that  her  beautiful  features  had  totally  dis- 
appeared. During  her  amours  she  had  mar- 
ried d'Amerval,  lord  of  Liancourt,  with 
whom  however  she  never  cohabited.  She 
had  three  children  by  Henry.  The  king  put 
on  mourning  for  her,  and  honored  her  me- 
mory as  if  she  had  been  a  queen.  Though 
passionately  fond  of  her,  Henry  did  not  how- 
ever forget  liis  duties  to  his  subjects ;  and 
when  Gabrielle  was  displeased  with  some  of 
his  ministers,  and  solicited  their  dismission, 
he  firmly  replied  that  he  would  sooner  part 
with  10  mistresses  than  one  of  his  favorite  and 
long-tried  servants. 

Estrees,  Victor  Marie  d',  vice-admiral 
of  France,  after  his  father  John,  was  born 
1660.  He  bombarded  Barcelona  and  Alicant 
1691,  and  again  in  1697  he  besieged  Barcelo- 
na. In  1701  he  was  made  commander  in  chief 
of  the  French  and  Spanish  fleets,  and  in  170o 
was  created  marshal  of  France,  and  after- 
wards grandee  of  Spain,  and  knight  of  the 
golden  fleece.  He  was  a  man  well  acquainted 
with  literature,  and  he  was  member  of  seve- 
ral learned  bodies.  He  died  at  Paris  28th 
December  1737,  aged  77. 

Estrees,  Lewis  C»sar  duke  d',  marshal 
of  France  and  minister  of  state,  was  born 
first  July  1695.  His  father  was  Francis  Mi- 
chael le  Tellier  de  Courtanvaux,  and  by  his 
mother  he  was  descended  from  John  count 
d'Estrees,  vice-admiral  of  France.  He  first 
distinguished  himself  in  the  war  against 
Spain,  and  afterwards  in  the  war  of  1741, 
where,  at  the  blockade  of  Egra,  the  battle  of 
Fontenoi,  the  sieges  of  Mons  and  Charleroi, 
and  the  victory  of  Lafeldt,  under  marshal 
Saxe,  his  bravery  was  conspicuous,  and  his 
services  were  most  meritorious.  In  the  war 
of  1756  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
French  forces  in  Germany,  and  he  gave  bat- 
tle to  the  duke  of  Cumberland  at  Hasten- 
back,  and  paved  the  way  for  the  success  of 
Closterseven,  which  Richelieu,  who  superse- 
ded him  through  intrigue,  obtained  over  the 
Hanoverians.  He  was  made  a  duke  in  1763, 
and  died  1771,  second  January,  aged  76, 
leaving  no  children  behind  him. 

Ethelbert,  king  of  Kent,  became  a 
christian  by  the  preaching  of  Austin,  who 


ET 


EV 


came  to  England  at  the  invitation  of  Bertha 
the  queen,daughter  of  Caribert  king  of  France. 
He  enacted  a  code  of  laws,  and  died  616,  in 
the  56th  year  of  his  reign. 

Ethelbert,  second  son  of  Ethelwolf, 
succeeded  his  brother  Ethelbald  as  king  of 
England  860,  and  was  a  popular  and  benevo- 
lent prince. 

Ethelred,  son  of  Edgar,  was  king  of 
England,  after  his  brother  Edward  the  Mar- 
tyr 978.  To  deliver  himself  from  the  op- 
pressive tax  which  he  paid  to  the  Danes, 
called  Danegelt,  he  caused  those  unfortunate 
foreigners  to  be  all  murdered,  in  consequence 
of  which  Sweyn  the  Danish  king  invaded  the 
kingdom,  and  obliged  him  to  fly  to  Norman- 
dy. After  Sweyn's  death  he  resumed  bis 
authority  and  died  1016. 

Ethelwolf,  king  of  England  838,  went 
to  Rome  to  improve  the  education  of  his  son 
the  great  Alfred.  He  died  857,  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Winchester. 

Etherege,  George,  a  dramatic  writer, 
born  1636,  of  an  ancient  family  in  Oxford- 
shire. It  is  supposed  that  he  studied  at 
Cambridge,  and  afterwards  applied  himself 
to  the  law  at  one  of  the  inns  of  court  in 
London.  His  comedy  of  "  The  comical  re- 
veng-e,  or  love  in  a  tub,"  appeared  in  1664, 
and  recommended  him  to  the  wits  of  the 
times,  to  Charles  duke  of  Dorset,  Villiers 
duke  of  Bucks,  Wilmot  earl  of  Rochester, 
sir  Car  Scroop,  Sedley,  Saville,  &c.  in  whose 
company  he  shone  as  a  man  of  humor,  live- 
ly in  his  conversation  and  of  a  refined  taste. 
His  second  play  appeared  with  equal  ap- 
plause in  1668,  called  "  She  would  if  she 
coukV'  and  the  last  in  1676,  called  the 
"  Man  of  mode,  or  sir  Fopling  Flutter." 
Of  these  three  plays  the  last  was  the  most 
finished,  and  as  it  represented  the  charac- 
ters and  censures  on  the  vices  of  some  of  the 
fashionable  men  of  the  time3,  it  was  for  some 
time  very  popular.  His  gayety  and  intem- 
perance rendered  him  poor,  but  to  recruit 
his  finances,  he  paid  his  addresses  to  a  rich 
old  widow,  who  however  refused  to  marry 
him  except  he  was  knighted;  and  to  make 
her  a  lady  therefore,  and  obtain  her  fortune, 
he  solicited  the  honor  of  knighthood,  which 
was  conferred  about  1685.  Etherege  whose 
manners  were  so  fascinating  that  he  was 
humorously  called  gentle  George,  and  easy 
Etherege,  was  greatly  patronised  by  the 
duchess  of  York,  in  whose  household  he 
was,  and  by  whose  influence  he  was  sent 
ambassador  abroad.  He  was  at  RatisLon,  in 
1688,  where,  after  entertaining  some  com- 
pany, and  probably  drinking  with  more 
freedom  than  prudence,  he  tumbled  down 
stairs  and  broke  his  neck,  though  some  ac- 
counts state  that  he  followed  his  master 
JamesII.  to  France  upon  his  abdication,  and 
died  soon  after.  Etherege  had  no  children 
by  his  wife,  but  he  had  a  daughter  by  Mrs. 
Barry  the  actress,  with  whom  in  those  days 
of  licentiousness  and  general  depravity  he 
lived.  Besides  his  plays  he  wrote  various 
sonnets,  sougs,  and  short  poems,  which  with 
great  ease  and  elegance  contain  the  voluptu- 

VOI.     V  63 


ous  descriptions,  and  the  immoral  Ievitif* 
which  were  so  fashionable  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  H.  His  comedies,  though  very 
popular,  are  not  free  from  licentiousness ; 
and  however  we  may  admire  the  politeness 
of  the  dialogue,  the  sprightliness  of  the  con- 
versation, the  faithful  delineation  of  the  cha- 
racters, and  the  interesting  intricacies  of  the 
plots,  yet  the  loose  tendency  and  the  impu- 
rities of  the  whole  cannot  escape  the  se- 
verest censures  of  every  friend  of  virtue  and 
morality.  Sir  George  Etherege  had  a  bro- 
ther who  was  a  soldier  in  the  wars  of  king 
William,  and  who  died  at  Ealing  in  Mid- 
dlesex, about  the  third  or  fourth  of  George  I. 
Ethryg,  George,  orEtheridge,  orEdry- 
cus,  a  native  of  Thame,  Oxfordshire,  edu- 
cated at  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow  1539.  In  1553  he 
was  appointed  king's  Greek  professor,  but 
in  Elizabeth's  reign  he  was  dismissed  from 
the  office  in  consequence  of  the  persecution 
which  he  had  encouraged  against  the  pro- 
testants  in  Mary's  reign.  He  then  practised 
medicine  at  Oxford  with  success,  and  en- 
gaged in  the  education  of  young  persons  of 
his  persuasion,  though  he  was  exposed  to 
severe  trials  on  account  of  his  popish  tenets. 
He  was  living  in  1588,  but  the  year  of  his 
death  is  unknown.  He  excelled  in  the  know- 
ledge not  only  of  the  Greek  and  Hebrew, 
and  of  medicine,  but  also  of  music.  Some 
of  his  musical  compositions  and  of  his  Latin 
poems  are  extant  in  manuscript. 

Estlager,  Christopher,  a  writer  of 
Steirmark,  in  the  beginning  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. He  wrote  Synopsis  rei  nummarise 
veterum,  Steyer  1724,  12mo. 

Ettmuller,  Michael,  a  physician,  born 
at  Leipsic  86th  May  1644,  where  he  took 
his  degree  of  M.D.  1666.  After  travelling 
through  F' ranee,  England,  Holland,  and  Italy, 
he  was  appointed  assessor  of  the  medicinal 
faculty  1676,  and  in  1681  professor  of  botany. 
He  died  in  consequence  of  an  unsuccessful 
operation  in  chemistry  March  9th,  1683.  He 
wrote  several  things  on  medicinal  subjects, 
and  some  of  his  works  were  published  by 
his  son  at  Frankfort  1708,  and  afterwards  by 
professor  Cvrillo,  five  volumes  folio,  Naples, 
1729. 

Ettmuller,  Michael  Erne  St.  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Leipsic  26lh 
August  1673,  and  educated  there  and  at 
Wittemberg.  He  took  his.  degree  of  M.D. 
at  Leipsic  1699,  after  visiting  England,  Hol- 
land, and  Germany,  and  was  elected  profes- 
sor of  auatomy  and  surgery  at  the  Lazaret- 
to, Leipsic  1706,  and  after  many  honorable 
appointments,  he  was  made  in  1730,  director 
of  the  imperial  academy  of  naturw  curioso- 
rum,  and  died  25th  Septembe&-1?32.  He 
published  his  father's  works,  with  a  preface, 
and  wrote  several  learned  and  curious  trea- 
tises on  medical  subjects. 

Evagoras,  king  of  Cyprus,  was  defeat- 
ed by  the  Persians,  and  was  assassinated  374 
B.  C.  His  grandson  of  the  same  name,  was 
deposed  by  his  uncle  Protagoras,  and  at  larst 
put  to  death  by  Artaxcrxes  Otfhus. 


£V 


EV 


Evagoras,  a  Greek  writer  in  the  age  of 

Augustas,  author  of  an  history  of  Egypt,  &c. 

Evagrius,  a  monk  of  the  fifth  century, 

author  of  Altercatio  Simonis  Judsei  &  Theo- 

phili  Christiani. 

Evagrius,  a  hishop  of  Antioch,  whose 
election  was  disputed  by  Flavianus.  He 
died  392. 

Evagrius,  Scolasticus,  an  historian  of 
Epiphania,  in  Syria  in  the  sixth  century,  au- 
thor of  six  books  of  ecclesiastical  history  from 
431  to  594,  printed  Paris  1544,  and  edited 
again  Cambridge  1720,  fol. 

Evagrius,  Ponticus  or  Hyperborita,  a 
monk  of  the  fourth  century,  surnamed  Pon- 
ticus, from  the  place  of  his  birth.  He  was 
archdeacon  of  Constantinople,  and  wrote 
some  treatises,  in  which  he  espoused  the 
tenets  of  Origen. 

Evasgelista,  a  capuchin  of  Canobio, 
in  the  Milanese,  who  was  general  of  his  or- 
der, and  died  after  his  return  from  the  coun- 
cil of  Trent  1595,  aged  84.  He  was  also  a 
learned  civilian,  and  wrote  consulta  varia  in 
juro  canonico,  &c. — Annotationes  in  L.  L. 
deeretalium,  Milan  1591. 

Evans,  Cornelius,  son  of  a  Welchman 
by  a  Provence  woman,  was  born  at  Marseil- 
les. During  the  civil  wars  he  played  the  part 
of  an  impostor  and  came  to  an  inn  at  Sand- 
wich in  1648,  pretending  that  he  was  the 
prince  of  Wales  who  had  escaped  from 
France.  When  the  imposition  was  discover- 
ed he  was  sent  to  Newgate,  but  he  had  the 
dexterity  to  extricate  himself  from  confine- 
ment, and  though  search  was  made  after 
him,  it  never  was  known  what  became  of 
him. 

Evans,  Arise,  a  Welch  conjuror,  brought 
up  at  Oxford.    He  took  orders,  and  resided 
on  a  curacy  at  Enfield,  in  Staffordshire,  from 
which  place  he  fled  on  account  of  the  irreg- 
ularities and  the  immorality  of  his  conduct. 
He  came  to  London  in  1632,  where  Lilly 
learned  astrology  under  him.    He  was  con- 
sidered as  so  powerful  in  the  management 
of  supernatural  beings,  that  he  was  solicited 
by  lord  Bothwell,  and  sir  Kenelm  Digby,  to 
show  them  a  spirit.    At  the  appointed  time, 
when  all  were  within  the  magical  circle,  and 
after  some  invocations,  Evans  was  suddenly 
carried  out  of  the  room  and  thrown  into  a 
field  at  Baltersea-causey  near  the  Thames, 
where  he  was  found   by  a  countryman  the 
next  morning  asleep.    These  astrological  in- 
cantations were  the  fashionablt  study  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I.  and  when 
nobles  and  learned  men  lent  their  influence 
to  the  profession,   it  is  no  wonder  the  vul- 
gar believed  them.    Evans  died  about  the 
time  of  the  rebellion. 

Evans,  Abel,  known  best  by  the  name  of 
Dr.  Evans  the  epigrammatist,  was  of  St. 
John's  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
degree  of  MA.  1699,  and  of  D.D.  If  11.  He 
was  iniimate  with  the  wits  and  poets  of  the 
times,  especially  Pope,  dean  Swift,  &c.  He 
was  vicar  of  St.  Giles',  Oxford,  and  bursar 


ols'  select  collections,  especially  his  "appa- 
rition," &c.  and  "  Vertumnus,"  and  some 
epigrams. 

Evans,  John,  D.D.  a  dissenting  minister 
born  in  Shi-opshire  1680.  He  was  ordained 
minister  of  a  meeting  in  Shropshire,  and  in 
1716,  succeeded  Dr.  Williams  as  pastor  in 
Petty  France,  Westminster.  He  was  popu- 
lar as  a  preacher.  He  printed  some  occa- 
sional sermons,  but  his  thirty-eight  sermons 
on  the  christian  temper  is  his  best  work,  in 
great  esteem  with  many  divines.  He  died 
of  the  dropsy  1732,  aged  52. 

Evans,  Caleb,  a  native  of  Bristol,  where 
his  father  was  a  dissenting  baptist  minister. 
He  became  also  himself  a  preacher  and  in- 
structed young  people  for  the  dissenting 
ministry.  He  was  made  D.D.  by  the  king's 
college,  Aberdeen,  and  died  1791,  aged  54. 
He  published  scripture  doctrine  of  the  son 
and  holy  spirit, — hymns  for  public  worship, 
— address  to  serious  professors  of  Chris- 
tianity— the  doctrine  of  atonement  or  Christ 
crucified. 

Evans,  Evan,  a  native  of  Cardiganshire, 
educated  at  Jesus  college,  Oxford.  Though 
a  clergyman,  he  obtained  no  preferment,  but 
unfortunately  addicted  himself  to  intemper- 
ate drinking,  and  died  1790,  aged  60.  He 
published  two  vols,  of  sermons  by  Tillotson 
and  others,  translated  into  Welch, — the  love 
of  our  country,  an  English  poem, — disserta- 
tio  de  bardis,  with  specimens  of  Welch  po- 
etry, 4to. 

Ev  anson,  Edward,  a  native  of  Warring- 
ton,  educated  at  Emanuel  college,    Cam- 
bridge, after  which  he  became  curate  to  his 
unele  at  Mitcham,  Surrey,  and  then  obtain- 
ed in  1768,  south  Mimms  living,  Middlesex. 
In  1770,  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Tewksbury,  Gloucestershire,  and  afterwards 
to  Longdon,  Worcestershire.    His  conduct 
in  these  parishes,  and  the  alterations  which 
he  presumed  to  introduce  in  the  liturgy  and 
in  the  forms  of  the  church  duty,  highly  of- 
fended his  auditors,  but  though  he  escaped 
the   punishment  of  the   ecclesiastical   law, 
from  some  irregularity  in  the   proceedings 
adopted  against  him,  his  unpopularity  con- 
tinued to  increase  and  he  resigned  his  livings 
in  1778.  He  afterwards  resided  at  Mitcham, 
where  he  took  some  pupils  and  lie  died  at 
Colford,  Gloucestershire,  25th  September, 
1805,  aged  74.    He  published   without  his 
name  in  1772,  the  doctrines  of  a  trinity  and 
the  incarnation  of  God,   examined  on  the 
principles  of  reason  and  common  sense,  &o. 
— the  dissonance  of  the  four  generally  re- 
ceived  evangelists    1792,    8vo. — Argument 
against  and  for  the  observance  of  Sunday, 
&c. — letter  to  Dr.  Priestley, — reflection  on 
the  state  of  religion  in  Christendom,  fccc. — 
and  he  was  also  engaged  in  a  controversy 
with  bishop  Hurd,  on  the  subject  of  prophe- 
cy.    An  account  of  the  prosecution  estab- 
lished against  him  was  published  1774,  fol. 

Evantius,  an  old  Latin  poet,  who  wrote 
"  de   ambiguis,   sive   hybridis  animalibus,'" 


of  his  college.    His  poetry  is  now  forgotten.  J  generally  printed  with  Petronius  &  Achros 
A  good  specimen  of  it  may  be  seen  in  Nich- 1  ticon  in  funus  geniton's  sul  Nicholas,"  in 


EU 


EV 


verted  among  the  works  of  Eugeniu3  of 
Toledo. 

Evantus,  called  also Evantius,  Evcntius, 
and  Aventius,  a  bishop  of  Vienne  in  the  sixth 
century.  He  assisted  at  several  councils  and 
died  550. 

Evaristus,  bishop  of  Home  100,  was 
martyred  nine  years  after.  lie  gave  to  the 
emperor  an  excellent  apology  for  the  chris- 
tian religion. 

Ebulides,  a  philosopher  of  Miletus,  au- 
thor of  some  comedies,  and  a  tract  against 
Aristotle. 

Euchadius,  Augustinus,  a  Latin  histo- 
rian, author  of  "  vitx  octo  imperatorum  ct 
-leseriptio  Danubii,"  preserved  in  the  library 
at  Vienna. 

Eucharius,  or  IIouch^rius,  Eligius, 
a  divine  and  poet  of  Ghent,  who  studied  at 
Paris,  and  then  settled  in  his  native  country, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century.  He 
wrote  the  lives  of  St.  Levinus,  Coleta,  and 
Bertulfius — a  comedy  of  the  patience  of 
(Jliryselleis — panegyric  of  St.  Agnes  and 
Catherine — and  some  other  works. 

Eucherius,  archbishop  of  Lyons,  was 
canonized  for  his  great  piety.  He  assisted  at 
some  councils,  and  wrote  various  works,  in 
the  ascetic  taste  of  the  times ;  and  died  about 
454. 

Euclid,  a  celebrated  mathematician  of 
Alexandria,  whose  books  of  geometry  are 
v,  ell  known.  Ptolemy  was  among  his  pupils. 
He  florished  B.  C.  300. 

Euclid,  a  philosopher  of  Megara,  the 
disciple  of  Socrates,  and  the  founder  of  the 
sect  of  wranglers. 

EudjEmon,  John  Andrew,  a  Jesuit,  born 
in  the  Island  of  Candia,  died  at  Rome  1625. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  is  "  admonitio 
ad  regem  Ludovicum  XIII."  4to.  which  was 
censured  by  the  Sorbonne  and  the  assembly 
of  the  clergy,  and  answered  by  Garasse. 

Eudes,  John,  brother  of  the  historian 
Mezcrai,  was  born  at  live,  in  the  diocese  of 
Sees,  in  1601.  In  1643  he  founded  the  con- 
gregation of  the  Eudists,  which  greatly  in- 
creased in  Normandy  and  Britany.  He  died 
at  Caen  19th  August  1680,  aged  "9,  and  left 
several  devotional  works. 

Eudocia,  or  Athexais,  an  Athenian 
lady,  daughter  of  the  philosopher  Leontius. 
When  left  little  property  by  her  father,  who 
bequeathed  bis  inheritance  to  his  two  sons, 
she  went  to  Constantinople,  and  became  the 
favorite  of  the  empress  Pulcheria,  and  in 
421  married  the  emperor  Theodocius,  who 
in  a  fit  of  jealousy  divorced  her.  She  re- 
tired upon  this  to  Jerusalem,  where  she 
died,  devoted  to  religious  duties,  4CO.  She 
wrote  some  Greek-poems,  &c. 

Eudocia,  or  Eudoxia,  surnamed  Ma- 
crembolitissa,  ascended  the  imperial  throne 
of  Constantinople  at  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band, Constantino  Ducas,  106".  One  of  her 
generals,  Romanus  Diogenes,  conspired 
against  her;  but  the  empress  condemned 
him  to  death,  and  afterwards  struck  with  the 
elegance  of  his  person,  she  pardoned  him, 
and  when  he  bnd  retrieved  his  character  by 


valor  and  fidelity,  she  made  him  her  hus- 
band. In  1071,  her  son  Michael  proclaimed 
himself  emperor,  and  shut  up  his  mother  in 
a  monastery,  where  she  ended  her  days  in 
devotion  and  study.  Some  MSS.  of  her 
writing  on  mythology,  &c.  were  preserved 
in  the  French  king's  library. 

Eudocia,  Feodoreuna,  daughter  of  the 
boyar  Feodor  Lapookin,  was  made,  1689, 
the  first  wife  of  Peter  the  great,  whom  he 
chose  out  of  the  hundred  young  girls  that  he 
had  by  proclamation  assembled  at  Moscow. 
Her  complaints  against  the  infidelity  of  her 
husband  produced  her  disgrace.  She  was 
hurled  from  the  throne,  divorced  in  1696, 
and  confined  in  a  «onvent  at  Susdal.  In  her 
retirement  she  formed  an  intimacy  with  gen- 
eral Glcbof,  and,  trusting  to  the  predictions 
of  a  fanatic  bishop,  she  expected  the  death 
of  her  husband,  and  her  restoration  to  pow- 
er under  the  reign  of  her  son.  Peter  was 
informed  ot  her  plans,  and  she  was  scourged 
by  two  nuns,  and  then  immured  in  the  con- 
vent of  Nova  Ladoga,  and  afterwards  in  the 
fortress  of  Shlusselburgh,  from  which  she 
was  released  at  the  accession  of  her  grand- 
son, Peter  II.  at  whose  coronation  she  was 
present.  She  died  in  the  monastery  of  De- 
vitza,  1731,  aged  59.  Glebof  was  cruelly 
put  to  death  by  order  of  the  inhuman  Pe- 
ter, and  with  his  last  breath  he  asserted  his 
innocence,  and  that  of  the  injured  empress. 

Eudoxius,  an  Arian  of  Arabisso,  in  Les- 
ser Armenia,  bishop  of  Germanicia,  and 
then  of  Antioch,  from  which  he  was  depo- 
sed. He  was  made  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople by  Constanlius,  and  died  370,  at  Ni- 
caea.  He  wrote  a  discourse  on  the  incarna- 
tion of  the  word. 

Eudoxus,  of  Cnidus,  studied  in  Egypt 
with  Plato,  and  opened  a  school  of  philoso- 
phy at  Athens. 

Evelyn,  John,  a  learned  writer,  de- 
scended of  an  ancient  and  respectable  fami- 
ly, in  the  county  of  Salop.  He  was  born  at 
"Wotton,  in  Surrey,  31st  October  1620  ;  and 
after  being  educated  at  Lewes  grammar- 
school,  he  entered  at  Baliol  college,  in  1637. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  wars  he  obtain- 
ed permission  to  travel,  from  king  Charles 
himself,  and  in  1644  he  left  England.  To 
enlarge  his  mind  by  observations  on  the  man- 
ners and  habits  of  various  countries,  to  ex- 
amine accurately  their  commercial  and  ag- 
ricultural concerns,  and  the  curiosities,  the 
productions,  the  antiquities,  the  arts,  and 
the  sciences,  of  every  place,  was  the  great 
and  the  commendable  object  of  his  inten- 
tions ;  and  to  these  pursuits,  so  honorable  to 
himself,  and  so  advantageous  to  his  country- 
men, about  seven  years  of  his  life  were  de- 
voted. In  1647,  while  at  Paris,  he  married 
Mary  the  only  daughter  of  sir  Richard 
Browne  bart.  the  king's  minister  at  the 
French  court;  and  on  his  return  to  England, 
in  1651,  he  fixed  his  residence  at  her  seat, 
at  Saves  Court,  near  Ucptford,  in  Kent. 
Attached  by  choice  to  o  life  of  retirement, 
ho  had  little  concern  with  public  affairs  ;  but 
after   the  expulsion   of  Richard   Cromwell 


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from  (he  protectorate,  he  was  zealously  en- 
gaged in  promoting  the   restoration  of  the 
royal  family,  and  his  services  were  acknow- 
ledged by  Charles  at  his  return.    At  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  royal  society,   in   1662, 
Mr.  Evelyn  was  appointed  one  "of  the  first 
fellows,  and  counsel ;  a  distinction  to  which 
he  was  entitled  by  his  virtues  and  the  great 
merit  of  his  works.    In  1604  he  was  made 
one   of  the  tommissioners  of  the  siek  and 
wounded,  and  was  afterwards  appointed  one 
of  the   commissioners  for   the  rebuilding  of 
St.  Paul's.    In  1669  he  visited  Oxford,  where 
he   was  honored  with  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
This  was  granted  out  of  respect,  not  only 
to  his  great  abilities  and  universal  benefi- 
cence, but  the  active  part  which  he  had  ta- 
ken in  procuring  the  Arundelian  marbles, 
■which,  by  his  intercession  with  lord  Henry 
Howard,  were  handsomely  presented  to  that 
learned  body,  for  which  he,  together  with 
the  noble  doner,  received  the  thanks  of  the 
university  by   their  delegates.    About  this 
time  he  was  nominated  one  of  the  members 
of  the  board  of  trade ;  and  under  James  II. 
he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  execute 
the  office  of  lord  privy  seal ;  and  after  the 
revolution  he  became  treasurer  of  Green- 
wich hospital.    This  great  and  good  man  di- 
ed in  the  86th  year  of  his  life,  27th  Februa- 
ry 1706,  and   was  interred  at  Wotton,  in  a 
stone  coffin,  over  which  was  this  inscription  : 
*■'  That  living  in   an  age  of  extraordinary 
events  and  revolutions,  he  had  learned  from 
thence  tikis  truth,  which   he  desired  might 
thus  be  communicated  to  posterity,  that  all 
is  vanity  which  is  not  honest,  and  that  there 
is  no  solid  wisdom  but  in  real  piety."    His 
wife  survived  him  till  9th  February   1709, 
in  her  74th  year,  and  she  was  deposited  in  a 
stone  coffin  near  him.    By  her  he  had  five 
sons  and  three  daughters.     All  the  sons  ex- 
cept one  died  young,  and  only  one  daughter 
survived  him,   Susannah,    married    to  Mr. 
Draper,  of  Addiscombe,  Surrey.    Mr.  Eve- 
lyn's works  amount  to  more  than  25  various 
publications,   besides     communications  and 
other  papers  inserted  in  the  transactions  of 
the  royal  and  other  societies.     Of  these,  the 
most  known  are  his  sculptura,  or  the  his- 
tory and  art  of  chalcography  and  engraving 
in  copper,   with  an  ample  enumeration  of 
the  most  renowned  masters  and  their  works, 
with  the  new  manner  of  engraving,  or  mez- 
zo-tinto,    communicated    by    his    highness 
prince  liupert  to  the  author  of  this  treatise, 
London,  1662,  8vo.  a  very  learned  and  val- 
uable work,  edited  again  in  1755,  and  high- 
ly commended  by  Mr.  Walpole — Sylva,  or 
a  discourse  of  forest  trees,  and  the  propaga- 
tion of  timber  in  his  Majesty's  dominions,  to 
which  is  annexed,  Pomona,  concerning  fruit- 
trees,   &c.  1664,    folio,    a    popular    work, 
which,  as  the  author  says  in  the  second  edi- 
tion, 1669,  was  the  cause  that  more  than  two 
millions  of  timber  trees  had  been   furnished 
in  the  three  kingdoms.    The  sixth  edition  of 
this  excellent  book  was  published  by  Dr.  A. 
Hunter  of  York,  enriched  with  notes  and  a 
life  of  the  author,  1776.    He  wrote  also  a 


parallel  of  ancient  architecture  with  the  mo- 
dern, Stc.  the  third  edition  of  which  appear- 
ed in  1733,  folio — kalendarium  Hortense, 
1664,  a  publication  many  times  edited,  and 
from  which  all  modern  gardening  books  are 
borrowed — public  employment  and  active 
life  preferred  to  solitude,  in  reply  to  sir 
George  Mackenzie's  book  on  a  contrary  title 
— the  perfection  of  painting  demonstrated 
from  the  principles  of  art  &c. — a  philosophi- 
cal discourse  of  earth,  relating  to  the  culture 
and  improvement  of  it  for  vegetation,  &c. — • 
mundus  muliebris,  or  the  lady's  dressing- 
room  unlocked,  and  her  toilet  spread,  in 
burlesque — Numata,  a  discourse  on  medals, 
ancient  and  modern,  with  some  account  of 
heads  and  effigies,  &c.  Besides  these,  he 
planned,  but  never  completed,  a  general 
history  of  all  trades — also  elysium  Britan- 
nicum.  It  was  a  happy  addition  to  the  vir- 
tues and  extensive  powers  of  mind  which  he 
possessed,  that  he  was  in  easy  and  indepen- 
dent circumstances,  which  left  him  no  wish 
unsatisfied  which  a  man  of  worth  and  virtue 
could  form.  His  library  was  large  and  se- 
lected ;  his  grounds  and  gardens  about  his 
mansion  were  neatly  cultivated,  and  adorned 
with  all  the  embellishments  of  nature  and  art 
which  his  fertile  genius  could  suggest  ;  and 
among  his  friends  he  could  number  the 
greatest  and  the  most  ingenious  and  learned 
men  of  the  time3.  His  services  to  literature 
and  mankind  have  been  celebrated  by  Cow- 
ley, Joseph  Glanville,  Dr.  Wotton,  bishop 
Burnet,  Koger  North,  kc.  and,  among  for- 
eigners, by  Morhoff  and  others.  He  was 
also  an  artist,  for  "  if  he  had  not  been,"  says 
Mr.  Walpole,  "  I  should  have  found  it  dif- 
ficult to  deny  myself  the  pleasure  of  allotting 
him  a  place  among  the  arts  he  loved,  pro- 
moted, patronised.  If  I  have  once  or  twice 
criticised  him,  they  are  trifling  blemishes, 
compared  with  his  amiable  virtues  and  be- 
neficence. It  may  be  remarked,  that  the 
worst  to  be  said  of  him  is  that  he  knew  more 
than  he  always  communicated.  His  life  was 
a  course  of  inquiry,  study,  curiosity,  instruc- 
tion, and  benevolence.  The  works  of  the 
Creator,  and  the  mimic  labors  of  the  crea- 
ture, were  all  objects  of  his  pursuit.  He 
adored  from  examination,  was  a  courtier 
that  flattered  only  by  informing  his  prince, 
and  was  really  the  neighbor  of  the  Gospel, 
for  there  was  no  man  that  might  not  have 
been  the  better  for  him.  He  promoted  the 
royal  society,  he  obtained  the  Arundeliaa 
marbles  for  the  university  of  Oxford,  and  he 
proposed  to  Mr.  Boyle  the  erection  of  a 
philosophical  eollege  for  retired  and  specu- 
lative persons,  and  he  had  the  honesty  to 
write  in  defence  of  active  life  against  Mr. 
Mackenzie's  essay  on  solitude.  He  knew 
that  retirement  in  his  own  hands  was  indus- 
try and  benefit  to  mankind,  in  those  of  oth- 
ers laziness  and  inutility." 

Evelyn,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Saycs-court,  near  Deptfoid,  14th 
January  1654.  In  1666  lie  went  to  Oxford, 
under  the  care  of  Dr.  Bathurst,  of  Trinity 
college,  but  did  not  till  two  years  after  be. 


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come  a  member  of  the  university.  When 
little  more  than  15,  he  wrote  that  elegant 
Greek  poem  which  is  prefixed  to  the  sec- 
ond edition  of  his  father's  Sylva.  The  pow- 
ers of  genius  thus  early  displayed  were  cul- 
tivated with  the  greatest  attention,  and  gave 
birth  to  some  other  original  pieces  of  poetry, 
inserted  in  Dryden's  miscellanies.  He  also 
translated,  in  elegant  language,  the  four 
books  of  gardens  from  the  poems  of  Renatus 
Rapinus,  1673 — besides  Alexander's  life, 
from  Plutarch,  inserted  in  the  4th  volume  of 
Plutarch,  by  several  hands — and  the  history 
of  the  grand  visiers,  etc.  with  the  secret  in- 
trigues of  the  seraglio,  1677,  Svo.  He  mar- 
ried Martha  daughter  of  .Richard  Spenser 
esq.  by  whom  he  had  two  sons  and  three 
daughters  He  was  one  of  the  commission- 
ers of  the  revenue  in  Ireland,  and  died  in  the 
flower  of  his  age,  in  London,  24th  March 
1698,  aged  45.  His  eldest  son  and  two  daugh- 
ters died  infants  ;  the  other  daughter  marri- 
ed the  eldest  son  of  lord  chancellor  Har- 
court ;  and  the  son  married,  1705,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Mr.  Boscawen,  and  was  in  1713  crea- 
ted a  baronet.  He  was  a  commissioner  of 
the  customs,  and  fellow  of  the  royal  society. 

Everdingen,  Cxsar  vau,  a  Dutch  pain- 
ter, born  at  Alcmaer,  died  1679,  aged  73. 
His  victory  of  David  over  Goliah,  in  the 
church  of  Alcmaer,  is  his  best  piece.  His 
nephew  Albert  was  eminent  as  a  landscape 
painter.     He  died  1675,  aged  54. 

Eugene,  Francis,  prince  of  Savoy,  was 
born  in  1663.  He  was  son  of  Eugene  Mau- 
rice, general  of  the  Swiss  and  Grisons,  gov- 
ernor of  Champagne,  and  earl  of  Soissons, 
by  Olympia  Mancini,  niece  of  cardinal  Ma- 
zarin.  He  was  early  intended  for  the  church, 
and  received  an  abbey  from  the  French  king, 
as  a  step  to  a  cardinal's  hat ;  but  the  death  of 
his  father,  before  he  was  10  years  of  age,  al- 
tered the  prospects  of  his  future  life.  The 
unjust  banishment  of  his  mother  to  the  Low 
Countries  raised  his  indignation  ;  and  as 
Curtius  and  Cassar  seemed  more  favorite  au- 
thors with  him  than  all  the  divines  of  the 
church,  he  panted  for  military  employments, 
and  when  refused  by  the  king  he  removed 
to  Vienna  with  his  brother  Philip.  The  em- 
peror received  them  with  great  ceurtesy, 
and  from  that  time  the  two  brothers,  reject- 
ing the  offers  of  France,  determined  to  be- 
come the  faithful  subjects  of  the  imperial 
house.  They  soon  distinguished  themselves 
against  the  Turks  ;  but  the  death  of  Philip, 
whilst  bravely  fighting,  left  Eugene  to  avenge 
his  fall,  and  to  conduct  his  regiment  to  vic- 
tory. In  1683  Eugene  displayed  astonishing 
powers  of  valor  in  the  presence  of  the  prin- 
ces and  generals  of  the  Austrian  troops,  in 
the  raising  of  the  siege  of  Vienna ;  and  at 
New  Lausel  and  Buda  his  bravery  again  be- 
came so  conspicuous,  that  the  duke  of  Lor- 
raine, in  presenting  him  to  the  emperor, 
said,  '*  May  it  please  your  majesty,  this 
young  Savoyard  will  some  time  or  other  be 
the  greatest  captain  of  the  age."  The  dec- 
laration of  war  against  the  empire  by  Lewis 
XIV.  called  forth  all  the  abilities  of  Eugene  ; 


he  was  removed  from  the  less  important 
campaign  against  the  Turks,  to  resist  the 
French  ;  and  he  so  effectually  blocked  up 
Mantua  that  for  two  years  his  enemies  were 
unable  to  advance  a  single  step  in  Italy. 
The  peace  between  Savoy  and  France,  in 
1696,  enabled  Lewis  to  negociate  with  Eu- 
gene ;  but  the  offer  of  the  government  of 
Champagne,  of  a  marshal's  baton,  and  of  an 
annual  pension  of  '2000  pistoles,  could  not 
shake  his  fidelity  to  the  emperor.  His  at- 
tachment was  so  well  tried,  that  he  was 
made  commander  in  chief  of  the  imperial 
forces  in  Hungary,  where  he  completed  the 
campaign  by  the  total  defeat  of  the  Turkish 
army,  commanded  by  the  grand  seignor  in 
person,  1697.  In  this  famous  battle,  fought 
at  Zenta  near  Peterwardin,  the  Turks  lost 
20,000  men  killed,  12,000  drowned,  and 
6000  prisoners,  besides  oxen,  camels,  and 
horses,  and  a  booty  which  amounted  to 
several  millions  of  pounds  sterling,  whilst 
the  Germans  had  no  more  than  430  meif 
killed.  The  peace  of  Carlowitch,  in  1699, 
was  thus  insured  by  the  valor  of  Eugene, 
and  put  an  end  to  a  war  of  15  years,  but 
new  laurels  awaited  the  hero,  on  the  death 
of  the  king  of  Spain.  While  France  claim- 
ed the  succession,  the  emperor  set  forth  also 
his  title  to  the  crown,  and  Eugene  was  sent 
to  Italy  to  oppose  the  French  forces  under 
Villeroi.  Though  inferior  in  numbers,  Eu- 
gene obtained  the  superiority  in  every  en- 
counter, and  planned  his  measures  with 
such  wisdom  that  he  surprised  Cremona, 
and  carried  Villeroi  away  his  prisoner,  by 
a  coup  de  main.  To  the  imperialists  were 
soon  added  the  English,  who  viewed  with 
jealousy  the  elevation  of  the  duke  of  Anjou 
to  the  throne  of  Spain,  and  resented  the 
acknowledgement  of  the  pretender  for  king 
of  England  by  Lewis.  Eugene  at  the  head 
of  the  imperial  counci;  of  the  war,  and  in  the 
field,  displayed  his  usual  abilities,  and  the 
battles  of  Schellenburg,  Blenheim,  Turin, 
&c.  became  the  scenes  of  the  superior  pow- 
ers of  his  mind  and  of  the  successful  execu- 
tion of  his  plans.  His  influence  was  so  great 
that  his  enemies  determined  to  cut  him  off 
by  poison.  He  accordingly,  in  1710,  receiv- 
ed a  letter,  enclosing  a  paper  poisoned  to 
such  a  degree  that  it  made  him,  and  three 
more  who  touched  it,  ready  to  swoon,  and 
killed  a  dog  upon  the  spot  upon  his  swallowing 
the  noxious  contents.  In  1712  he  came  over 
to  England,  to  induce  the  court  to  continue 
the  war ;  but  he  was  surprised  to  find  his 
friend  and  comrade  Marlborough  in  disgrace, 
and  a  new  ministry  totally  averse  fi  his  mea- 
sures. He  however  received  the  honor  due 
to  his  rank  and  merit ;  he  was  magnificently 
feasted  in  the  city  of  London  ;  he  received  a 
sword  worth  5000/.  from  the  qoeen,  which 
he  wore  on  her  birth-day  ;  but  in  the  midst 
of  the  compliments  paid  him  he  still  shoved 
his  respect  for  Marlborough,  by  taking  his 
abode  solely  with  hiin.  Unsuccessful  in 
London  as  a  negotiator,  he  returned  to  the 
armies,  where  he  was  forced  to  act  upon  the 
defensive,    to    check    the  advance  of  the 


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French  forces  into  Germany,  hi  March 
1714  he  signed  with  marshal  Villars  prelim- 
inary articles  of  peace,  which  were  the  Sep- 
tember following  concluded  by  a  solemn 
treaty.  He  was  received  at  Vienna  in  the 
most  flattering  manner  by  the  emperor ;  but, 
in  the  bosom  of  peace,  new  victories  awaited 
him.  The  Turks  began  to  threaten  the  im- 
perialists in  1716,  and  Eugene,  placing  him- 
self at  the  head  of  the  army  in  Hungary,  de- 
feated them  with  dreadful  slaughter,  and 
took  Temeswaer,  of  which  they  had  had  pos- 
session 164  years,  and  afterwards  besieged 
and  reduced  Belgrade.  After  the  peace 
with  the  Turks,  Eugene  had  little  to  do  with 
the  disputes  between  Spain  and  the  emperor. 
In  1733  he  was,  however,  engaged  in  the 
wars  between  the  imperialists  and  the  kings 
of  France,  Spain,  and  Sardinia,  where  his 
usual  prudence  and  success  were  emi- 
nently displayed.  He  died  at  Vienna  10th 
April"  1736,  aged  73.  His  death  was  sudden, 
aSthe  preceding  day  he  had  entertained  com- 
pany, and  he  is  supposed  to  have  been  choak- 
ed  in  the  night  by  a  strong  defluction  of 
rheum.  This  heroic  general  deserved  equal 
commendation  in  the  character  of  a  private 
man.  He  was  affable,  modest,  generous,  and 
humane.  He  was  also  the  patron  of  learned 
men,  and  himself  no  indifferent  scholar. 
Thomas  a  Kempis'  book,  de  imitatione,  was 
the  constant  companion  of  his  travels  and 
campaigns,  and  he  wisely  observed,  with 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  that  a  good  christian  al- 
ways made  a  good  soldier.  His  collection  of 
hooks,  pictures,  and  prints,  is  preserved  in 
the  imperial  library.  His  funeral  sermon 
was  preached  by  cardinal  Passionei,  nuncio 
at  Vienna,  from  these  words  of  Maccabees, 
"  Alexander,  son  of  Philip  the  Macedonian, 
made  many  wars,  took  many  strong  holds, 
went  through  the  ends  of  the  earth,  took 
spoils  of  many  nations.  The  earth  was  quiet 
before  him.  After  these  things  he  fell  sick, 
and  perceived  that  he  should  die." 

Eugenius  I.  St.  pope,  after  Martin,  654, 
died  three  years  after,  1st  June.  He  was  a 
pious  and  benevolent  pontiff. 

Eugenius  II.  succeeded  Pascal  I.  824, 
and  died  three  years  after,  27th  October. 
He  supported  the  water  ordeal,  and  was  an 
advocate  for  image  worship,  though  it  was 
condemned  by  the  council  of  Paris. 

Eugenius  III.  was  made  pope  1145  ;  but, 
disatisfied  with  the  tumultuous  conduct  of 
the  Romans,  he  retired  to  Pisa,  and  thence 
to  Paris,  and  to  Rheims,  where  he  called  a 
council.    He  died  at  Tivoli  7th  July  1153. 

Eugenius  IV.  Gabriel  Condolmero,  a 
Venetian,  elected  pope  1431,  after  Martin 
V.  He  had  a  violent  dispute  with  the  coun- 
cil which  had  assembled  at  Basil,  and  issued 
a  bull  to  dissolve  it ;  but  the  bishops  resisted 
his  authority,  and  he  was  at  last  obliged  to 
assent  to  their  resolutions,  and  to  confirm 
them.  Another  council  at  Ferrara  was 
equally  obstinate,  though  the  pope  proposed 
a  reconciliation  and  union  between  the  east- 
ern and  western  churches,  supported  by  the 
presence  and  authority  of  the  emperor  John 


Paloeologus,  and  of  several  Greek  bishops. 
The  sudden  breaking  out  of  a  plague  disper- 
sed the  council,  which  removed  to  Florence ; 
but  the  terms  of  pacification  which  were 
there  adopted  were  soon  violated.  The. 
council  of  Basil  presumed  to  depose  the  poiv- 
tiff,  and  to  appoint  Amadeus  VIII.  duke  of 
Savoy  in  his  room,  under  the  title  of  Felix 
V. ;  but  the  cause  of  the  dishonored  Eugen- 
ius prevailed,  and  he  died  at  Rome  in  the 
full  enjoyment  of  his  privileges,  1447,  aged 
64. 

Eugenius,  a  grammarian,  whom  count 
Arbogastujs  proclaimed  emperor  in  Dau- 
phine,  after  the  death  of  Valentinian  the 
younger,  392.  Though  successful  in  his  first 
attempts  upon  Milan,  and  in  his  invasion  of 
Italy,  he  was  soon  after  defeated  by  Theo- 
dosius,  and  fell  in  battle,  394. 

Euler,  Leonard,  an  illustrious  mathema- 
tician, born  at  Basil  14th  July  1707.  His 
father,  Paul  Euler,  who  was  protestant  min- 
ister of  Richon,  intended  him  for  the  min- 
istry, and  he  instructed  him  himself  in  math- 
ematics, for  the  ground  work  of  all  other 
improvements  ;  but  the  genius  of  the  son 
Mas  bent  to  philosophical  pursuits,  rather 
than  theology.  Encouraged  by  the  Bernou- 
illis,  he  soon  followed  them,  1727,  to  Pe- 
tersburgh,  where  Catharine  I.  had  founded, 
in  1723,  an  academy  of  sciences,  and  in  1727 
he  was  appointed  adjutant  to  the  mathema- 
tical class  of  the  academy.  His  different 
publications  on  the  nature  and  propagation 
of  sound,  on  curves,  on  the  calculus  integra- 
lis,  the  movement  of  the  celestial  bodies, 
and  other  useful  subjects,  had  already  raised 
his  reputation,  and  ranked  him  among  the 
greatest  of  philosophers.  The  powers  of 
his  mind  were  indeed  astonishing.  While 
his  fellow  academicians  asked  four  months 
to  complete  an  important  calculation,  he 
finished  it  in  three  days,  but  so  intense  had 
been  his  application  that  it  produced  a  fever, 
which  robbed  him  of  the  sight  of  one  of  his 
eyes.  He  gained,  in  1740,  with  Maclaurin 
and  D.  Bernoulli,  the  prize  of  the  academy 
of  Paris,  on  the  nature  of  tides ;  and  the  la- 
bors of  these  three  illustrious  men,  thus  ad- 
judged equally  meritorious,  traced  the  ef- 
fects, though  by  different  roads,  to  the  same 
causes.  In  1741  he  removed  to  Berlin,  at 
the  invitation  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  and 
assisted  the  monarch  in  the  establishment 
of  an  academy  of  sciences,  whose  memoirs 
he  enriched  by  valuable  communications. 
Still  indefatigable,  he  produced  his  theory 
of  the  motions  of  the  planets  and  comets,  the 
theory  of  magnetism,  the  theory  of  light  and 
colorsagainst  Newton's  system  of  emanations, 
and  the  theory  of  the  equilibrium  and  motion 
of  floating  bodies  and  the  resistance  of  fluids. 
In  1773al80  he  published  histheoriecomplette 
de  la  construction  et  de  la  manoeuvre  des 
vaisseux,  which  valuable  work  was  translated 
into  all  languages,  and  was  rewarded  with 
6000  livres  from  the  French  king,  as  his 
theorems  before  had  beefi  rewarded  with 
300/.  from  the  British  parliament.  His  la- 
bors of  thirty  vears  on  the  most  intricate 


EU 

subject  of  infinitesimals  were  communicated 
to  the  public  by  his  "introduction  to  the 
analysis  of  infinitesimals,"  and  followed  by 
lessons  on  the  calculus  iutegralis,  and  differ- 
entialis.  Thus  engaged  in  the  cause  of  sci- 
ence, and  for  the  benefit  of  mankind,  he 
continued  in  the  enjoyment  of  health  to  a 
good  old  age,  and  while  arranging  his 
thoughts  on  the  motion  of  the  aerostatical 
globes,  and  conversing  with  his  friend  Lex- 
ell  on  the  new  planet,  he  was  suddenly  at- 
tacked by  a  fit  of  apoplexy,  as  he  played 
with  one  of  his  grandchildren  at  tea-time. 
The  stroke  was  sudden,  and  immediately 
fatal.  "  I  am  dying,"  were  his  last  words, 
and  a  few  hours  after  he  expired,  7th  Sep- 
tember 1783,  aged  76  years  5  months  3 
days.  Besides  the  works  already  enumera- 
ted, there  are  many  others,  equally  valuable, 
on  geometrical  and  philosophical  subjects. 
He  was  a  man,  indeed,  as  his  impartial  and 
eloquent  eulogist,  Fuss,  has  mentioned,  of 
astonishing  powers,  great  and  extensive  eru 
riition,  and  of  such  retentive  memory  that 
he  could  repeat  the  whole  of  the  JEneid,  and 
in  one  night  he  calculated  in  his  head  the  six 
first  powers  of  all  the  numbers  above  20, 
which  he  repeated  the  next  day  most  cor- 
rectly to  his  astonished  friends.  Affable,  hu- 
mane, and  benevolent  in  his  conduct,  he 
could  abandon  the  most  abstruse  studies  to 
mix  with  the  general  amusements  of  society, 
and,  with  unusual  vivacity,  enter  into  all  the 
trifles  and  the  frivolous  anecdotes  which  of- 
ten fill  up  the  vacuum  of  company.  His  piety 
was  ardent  but  sincere,  he  loved  mankind, 
and  defended  the  great  truths  of  religion 
with  earnestness  and  fidelity.  He  was  twice 
married,  and  was  father  of  thirteen  chil- 
dren ;  four  of  whom  only  survived  him. 
The  eldest  son  was  his  assistant  and  succes- 
sor ;  the  second,  physician  to  the  empress  ; 
and  the  the  third,  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
artillery ;  the  daughter  married  major  Bell. 
These  four  children  gave  him  3S  grandchil- 
dren, among  whom  he  was  viewed  as  a  ven- 
erable and  deservedly  respected  patriarch. 
The  list  of  his  works  makes  50  pages,  14  of 
which  contain  the  MS.  works.  The  printed 
works  amount  to  38  volumes,  and  are  found 
in  the  Petersburg,  Paris,  Berlin  acts,  &c. 

Eulogius,  a  patriarch  of  Alexandria, 
intimate  with  Gregory  the  great.  He  wrote 
against  the  Novatians  and  died  608. 

Eulogius,  th«  martyr  of  Cordova,  put 
to  death  by  the  Saracens,  859,  after  being 
elected,  but  not  consecrated,  archbishop  of 
Toledo.  He  wrote  a  history  of  some  mar- 
tyrs, &c. 

'  Eumathius,  a  Greek  writer  of  amato- 
rial  compositions.  He  wrote  Ismenias  and 
Ismene.  The  age  in  which  he  lived  is  un- 
known. He  is  some  times  called  Eusta- 
thius. 

Ei'menes,  a  celebrated  general  of  Alex- 
ander the  great.  He  was  at  last  overpow- 
ered in  the  dissensions  which  divided  the 
generals  of  Alexandria,  and  put  to  death  by 
Antigonus,  316  B.  C. 

Eumenes,  akingofPergamus,  B.C. 263. 


EV 

His  nephew  of  the  same  name,  was  king,  197 
B.C.  and  reigned  38  years. 

Eumenius,  an  eminent  orator,  about  310 
A.D. 

Eunafius,  a  physician  of  the  4th  centu- 
ry, a  violent  enemy  of  Christianity.  He 
wrote  the  lives  of  philosophers  and  sophists, 
the  history  of  the  Csesark,  &c. 

Eunomius,  a  native  of  Cappadocia,  iu 
the  4th  century,  liisciple  of  iEtius,  and  foun- 
der of  a  sect  called  Eunomians,  who  denied 
the  essential  deity  of  Christ.  He  was  made 
bishop  of  Cyzicum,  360,  but  was  several 
times  banished  for  his  fanatical  opinions,  and 
died  very  old,  394,  after  experiencing  a 
great  variety  of  sufferings 

Edphemia,  FlaviaEiiaMarcia,  the  con- 
cubine and  then  the  wife  of  the  emperor 
Justin  I.  died  without  children,  523.  She 
showed  herself  a  great  and  benevolent  prin- 
cess on  the  throne. 

Euphemius,  a  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple, who  quarrelled  with  the  popes  about  the 
insertion  of  names  among  the  saints,  and  was 
banished  by  Anastasius  to  Ancyra,  where  he 
died,  515. 

Euphorion,  a  Greek  poet  and  historian 
of  Chalcis,  in  Eubrca,  B.  C.  274.  There  were 
two  other  writers  of  the  same  name. 

Euphranok,  an  Athenian  painter  and 
sculptor,  B.  C.  352. 

Euphrates,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century. 
He  and  his  followers  imagined  that  our  first 
parents  wero  deceived  by  Christ,  in  the  form 
of  a  serpent,  and  therefore  they  paid  divine 
honors  to  serpents,  and  thence  were  called, 
ophites,  or  serpentarians.  There  was  a  pla- 
tonic  philosopher  of  this  name  under  Per- 
diccas,  and  another,  a  stoic,  in  the  age  of 
Adriau. 

Eupolis,  a  comic  poet,  of  Athens,  B.  C. 
435,  said  to  have  been  thrown  into  the  sea  by 
Alcibiades,  because  he  had  written  a  play  to 
satirize  him. 

Evermond,  St. Charles  de  St.  Denis  lord, 
of,  a  well  known  French  writer  of  a  noble 
family  in  Normandy,  born  at  St.  Denis  le 
Guast,  April  1st,  1613.  He  was  educated  in 
the  college  of  Clermont,  Paris,  and  at  Caen, 
and  being  a  younger  son,  was  intended  for 
the  law,  but  his  inclinations  turned  to  a  mili- 
tary life,  and  before  he  was  sixteen  he  ob« 
tained  an  ensigncy.  He  signalized  himself  in 
the  army,  and  was  as  well  known  for  his  po- 
liteness and  literary  accomplishments,  as  for 
his  valor  in  the  field,  so  that  the  duke  of 
Enghien  admiring  his  character  made  him 
lieutenant  of  his  guards  to  have  him  near  hi? 
person.  He  was  at  the  siege  of  Arras  in 
1640,  and  served  in  the  campaigns  of  Bocroy 
and  Priburg,  and  was  wounded  in  the  kner . 
in  the  battle  of  Nortlingen.  After  the  taking- 
ofFurnesin  1646,  the  duke  commissioned, 
him  to  convey  the  news  to  the  court,  and  to 
concert  with  Mazarin  measures  for  the  siege 
and  reduction  of  Dunkirk,  but  he  was  \a 
1648,  for  some  satirical  remarks  dismissed 
from  the  confidence  and  friendship  of  the 
duke,  who  unfortunately  loved  raillery,  but 
was  not  magnanimous  enough  to  pardon  it 


EV 


EU 


He  was  afterwards  reconciled  to  the  court, 
and  the  king,  well  acquainted  with  his  me- 
rits, made  him  in  1552  a  major  general,  and 
granted  him  a  pension  of  3000  livres  a  year. 
He  served  in  Guietine  under  the  duke  of 
Candale,  and  after  a  confinement  of  three 
months  in  the  bastile  for  reflections  on  Ma- 
zariu's  character,  he  was  permitted  to  attend 
the  campaign  of  Flanders  in  1654.  In  1657 
he  fought  a  duel  with  the  marquis  de  Force, 
which  proved  so  offensive  to  the  court,  that 
he  retired  into  the  country,  till  his  friends 
could  procure  his  pardon.  In  the  campaign 
of  1649  he  served  in  Flanders,  and  soon  after 
he  accompanied  Mazarin  in  the  negotiation 
and  conclusion  of  a  treaty  with  the  Spanish 
ministry.  Of  this  journey  and  negotiation 
he  gave  a  written  account  to  the  marquis  of 
Crequi,  which  contained  such  severe  reflec- 
tions on  the  character  of  Mazarin,  and  such 
odious  charges  of  sacrificing  the  honor  of 
France,  to  private  interest,  that  the  compo- 
sition was  considered  as  treasonable,  and 
though  the  cardinal  was  dead,  the  writer  was 
obliged  to  fly  to  Holland,  in  1061,  from  the 
persecution  of  the  court.  From  Holland  he 
immediately  passed  to  England,  where  he 
had  been  sent  the  year  before  by  the  French 
king  to  congratulate  Charles  on  his  restora- 
tion, and  he  was  received  with  great  cour- 
tesy by  Buckingham,  and  the  English  nobil- 
ity. Devoting  himself  here  to  literature, 
and  the  society  of  his  friends,  he  did  not 
however  forget  his  native  conntry,  and  he 
solicited  his  return  from  the  court,  but  to  no 
purpose.  He  afterwards  visited  Flanders, 
Spa,  and  Liege,  and  wished  to  fix  his  resi- 
dence in  Holland,  but  the  invitations  of 
Charles,  by  the  hands  of  sir  William  Temple 
and  lord  Arlington,  prevailed  upon  him  to 
return  to  England  where  the  king  granted 
him  a  pension  of  3001.  a  year.  On  the  death 
of  Charles  he  lost  his  pension,  and  his  appli- 
cations to  the  French.king  for  pardon,  by  the 
means  of  his  friend  Crequi,  proved  ineffec- 
tual ;  but  though  deserted  by  his  country,  he 
refused  to  accept  near  James's  person  the 
honorable  office  of  private  secretary  of  the 
cabinet.  The  revolution  proved  more  fa- 
vorable to  his  interests,  William  honored  the 
illustrious  stranger  with  his  friendship,  and 
■while  he  liberally  patronised  him,  he  de- 
lighted in  his  conversation,  and  eagerly  heard 
from  him  the  recital  of  the  wars  and  adven- 
tures of  his  youthful  days.  At  last  the 
French  king  relented,  and  offers  of  recon- 
ciliation were  sent  by  count  Grammont, 
hut  St.  Evremond  now  refused  to  quit  a  coun- 
try where  he  had  been  so  hospitably  treated, 
and  where  his  old  age  and  infirmities  could 
meet  with  a  continuation  of  long  experienced 
comforts.  He  died  on  the  9th  of  September, 
1703,  of  a  strangury,  in  his  95th  year,  and 
•was  buried  in  Westminster-abbey,  where  a 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory.  St. 
Evremond  was  an  accomplished  gentleman, 
and  though  his  morals  were  not  rigid,  he  was 
generous  in  his  conduct,  humane  and  bene- 
volent. Though  suspected  by  Bayle  of  being 


a  freethinker,  he  always  professed  the  Ro- 
mish faith,  and  though  occasionally  giving  a 
loose  to  satire,  and  making  pleasure  the  sole 
business  of  life,  he  never  spoke  with  jocula- 
rity, or  indecorous  freedom  of  religion  or 
morality.  Common  decency,  says  he,  and 
the  regard  due  to  one's  fellow-creatures,  will 
not  suffer  it.  He  describes  himself  as  a  phi- 
losopher equally  remote  from  superstition 
and  impiety,  a  voluptuary,  who  has  no  less 
aversion  for  debauchery  than  inclination  for 
pleasure,  who  lived  in  a  condition  despised 
by  those  who  have  every  thing,  and  envied 
by  those  who  have  nothing,  but  relished  by 
those  who  make  reason  the  foundation  of 
their  happiness.  He  is  well  pleased  with  na<- 
ture,  and  does  not  complain  of  fortune,  he 
hates  vice,  is  indulgent  to  frailties,  and  la- 
ments misfortunes.  He  searches  not  after 
the  failings  of  men  to  expose  them,  and  on- 
ly finds  out  the  ridiculous  in  them  for  his 
own  diversion.  Of  his  works,  which  consist 
of  light  pieces  of  poetry  and  prose,  the 
best  edition  is  that  of  Amsterdam  1726,  5 
vols.  12mo.with  two  other  volumes  of  pieces 
attributed  to  his  pen,  with  his  life  prefixed, 
by  des  Maizeaux.  They  have  been  trans- 
lated, London,  1728,  3  vols.  8vo. 

Euripides,  a  Greek  tragic  poet,  born  at 
Salamis  about  480  B.  C.  Only  19  of  his  sub- 
lime tragedies  are  extant. 

Eurydice,  wife  of  Amyntas,  king  of 
Macedonia,  was  the  mother  of  Philip,  the 
father  of  Alexander,  and  conspired  against 
her  husband. 

Eurydice,  daughter  of  Aridseus,  was 
put  to  death  by  Olympias,  with  the  rest  of 
her  family. 

Eusden,  Lawrence,  an  English  poet, 
descended  from  an  Irish  family,  and  born  at 
Spotsworth  in  Yorkshire,  where  his  father 
was  rector.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  and  upon  taking  orders, 
was  made  chaplain  to  lord  Willoughby  de 
Broke.  He  was  also  patronised  by  lord  Ha- 
lifax, and  by  the  duke  of  Newcastle,  whose 
marriage  with  lady  Henrietta  Godolphin  he 
celebrated  in  verse,  for  which  the  duke,  on 
Kowes  death,  appointed  him  laureat  1718. 
This  elevation  was  viewed  with  jealousy  by 
the  contemporary  bards:  and  Pope,  without 
any  known  cause,  assigned  to  the  laureat  r 
distinguished  place  in  his  Dunciad.  Eusden. 
died  at  his  rectory  at  Coningsby,  Lincoln- 
shire, 27th  September  1730.  One  of  his  bi- 
ographers has  asserted  that  in  the  latter 
part  of  his  life,  he  became  a  very  great 
drunkard,  but  perhaps  without  authority. 
He  left  a  MS.  translation  of  Tasso.  Some 
of  his  poems  are  preserved  in  Nichols's  select 
collection. 

Eusebia,  abbess  of  St.  Cyr,  or  St.  Savi- 
our's, at  Marseilles,  who  is  said  to  have  cut 
off  her  nose,  to  secure  herself  from  the  bru- 
tality of  Saracen  ravishers.  Her  nuns  fol- 
lowed her  example,  but  they  were  all  mur- 
dered by  the  disappointed  barbarians,  731. 
A  similar  story  is  related  of  an  abbess  of  Col' 
dingham  m  England. 


EU 


EW 


EusEBius.a  Greek  bishop  ofRome,  after 
Mareellus,  510.  He  violently-  opposed  the 
read  mission  of  lapsed  christians  to  the  com- 
munion, lor  which  he  was  banished  to  Sicily 
by  the  emperor  Maxentius,  and  died  the 
same  year. 

Eusebius,  Pamphilus,  an  ecclesiastical 
historian, born  at  Palestine,  and  made  bishop 
of  Ciesarea  .313.  He  opposed  Arius,  though 
his  personal  friend,  and  died  about  338.  He 
wrote  the  life  of  Constantino, an  ecclesi- 
astical history,  See. 

E  u  s  e  b  i  u  s,  a  bishop  of  Bery  tus,  and  after- 
wards of  Constantinople,  who  died  341. 

Eusebius,  a  bishop  of  EnfWi,  in  Syria, 
author  of  some  homilies.     He  died  360. 

Kusebius,  bislwp  of  Verccll,  in  Pied- 
mont, strenuously  defended  Atbanasius,  and 
died  371. 

Eusebius,  bishop  ofSamosata,  favored 
but  afterwards  opposed  Ariar.ism,  and  died 
by  liic  fall  of  a  tile  378. 

Eusebius,  bishop  cf  Doryleum  in  Phry- 
gia,  was  deposed  by  the  Eutychiaus,  whom 
he  opposed,  4 49. 

Eustaciie,  David,  a  protestant minister, 
of  Montpellier,  sent  in  1669  by  the  Synod  of 
Ludun,  to  address  tlie  French  king.  His 
speech  to  the  monarch  on  this  occasion  was 
much  admired.  He  was  author  of  some  the- 
ological and  controversial  tracts. 

Eustachius,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian 
physician  of  the  16th  century,  born  at  San- 
Severino.  fie  settled  at  Urbino,  and  after- 
wards at  Rome,  where  his  anatomical  tables 
were  engraved  165%  though  not  published 
till  1714,  and  the  second  edition  1728.  His 
opuscula  anatomica  were  republished  by 
Boerhaave  1707.     He  died  1570. 

Eu-STATJii  us,  a  Romish  saint,  bishop  of 
Brerea  and  Antioch.  He  was  banished  b> 
Constantius  lor  opposing  the  Arians,  and  he 
died  at  Trajanopolis  360.  His  writings  are 
lost. 

Eustathius,  a  learned  Creek  commen- 
tator on  Homer  and  Dionysius  the  geogra- 
pher. He  was  bishop  of  Thessalouica  and 
•lied  about  1194. 

Eustochium,  a  Roman  lady,  like  her 
mother  Paula,  well  skillod  in  Creek  and  He- 
brew. She  was  a  disciple  of  St.  Jerome,  and 
lived  in  a  monastery  at  Bethlehem,  from 
which  she  lied  durii.g  a  persecutiou,  anil 
died  419. 

Eustratius,  a  bishop  of  Nice,  whose 
commentaries  on  Aristotle's  analytics  and 
ethics,  have  been  published  at  Venice  1534, 
and  1536,  and  Paris  1543.  He  lived  in  the 
3  2th  century.  There  was  a  priest  of  Con- 
stantinople of  that  name  in  the  6th  century, 
author  of  a  work  on  the  state  of  the  dead 

Euthymius,  an  lsaurian,  made  patri- 
arch of  Constantinople,  by  Leo  VI.  'J()6,  and 
displaced  by  Alexander  H.  He  died  in  ex- 
ile 910  or  911,  and  was  buried  at  Constan- 
tinople. 

Euxi'vMirs,  Zigabenus,  or  Zip;adenus,  a 
Greek  monk  of  Constantinople,  the  favorite 
*>f  Alexius  Commcnus.  He  wrote  at  the  em- 
peror's command,  Panoplia  dogmatics  ortho- 
vol.   I.  64 


doxse  fidei,  or  the  whole  armour  of  the  or- 
thodox faith,  against  heretics.  He  wrote 
nine  other  works  besides.  The  lime  of  his 
death  is  unknown,  though  it  was  after  1118. 

Eutocius,  a  Greek  mathematician  of 
Ascalon,  in  Palestine,  who  wrote  commen- 
taries on  the  conies  of  Apollonius,  published 
in  Halley's  edition,  lie  wrote  also  commen- 
taries on  Archimedes,  published  at  Oxford 
1792.  He  is  a  very  learned,  accurate,  and 
judicious  commentator.  He  flourished  in  the 
sixth  century. 

Eutkopius,  Flavius,  a  Latin  historian, 
secretary  to  Constantine.  lie  wrote  an  epi- 
tome of  the  Roman  history. 

Eutropius,  an  eunuch,  minister  to  Ar- 
cadius.  He  was  consul  399,  but  proved  in 
his  conduct  so  tyrannical,  that  he  was  banish- 
ed, and  afterwards  beheaded. 

Eutvches,  abbot  of  a  convent  near  Con- 
stantinople, opposed  violently  the  Nestori- 
ans,  and  maintained  in  his  zeal  that  Christ's 
body  was  an  aerial  form,  and  therefore  not 
human.  These  notions  were  censured  in 
the  council  of  Constantinople  448,  and  Euty- 
ches  was  deposed,  though  another  council 
was  summoned  to  reverse  the  sentence  ;  and 
a  third  composed  of  630  bishops  confirmed 
the  sentence  of  the  first,  and  declared  that  in 
Christ  were  united  two  natures  without  mix- 
ture or  confusion. 

EuTyCHiANUs,  pope,  a  native  of  Tusca- 
ny successor  of  Felix  275,  and  succeeded  in 
283,  by  Caius,  on  his  martyrdom. 

Eutychius,  a  monk  of  Amasasa,  made 
patriarch  of  Constantinople  by  Justinian,  553, 
and  deposed  by  him  564.  He  was  restoral 
by  Tiberius  II.  and  died  585,  aged  73. 

Eutychius,  a  christian  author,  born  at 
Cairo  S76.  He  practised  physic  with  great 
success  among  the  Mahometans,  and  after- 
wards became,  in  933,  patriarch  of  Alexan- 
dra, and  exchanged  his  name  of  Said  Ebn 
Balrick  for  its  Greek  correspondent  word 
Eutychius.  He  wrote,  in  Arabic,  annals 
from  the  beginning  of  the  world  to  900,  curi- 
ous, but  not  always  authentic.  He  wrote 
also,  de  rebus  Sicilian,  preserved  in  MS.  in 
Cambridge  public  library  ;  and  died  950.  An. 
extract  from  his  annals  relating  to  the  church 
of  Alexandria  appeared,  in  Arabic  and  Latin, 
at  Oxford,  by  Selden,  1642,  4to.  and  the 
whole  annals  were  published,  Arabic  and  La- 
tin, by  Pocock,  1659,  4to. 

Euzokius,  a  deacon  of  Alexandria,  de- 
posed and  condemned  by  the  council  of  Nice 
for  his  attachment  to  the  tenets  of  Arius. 
He  satisfied  Constantino  on  articles  of  faith 
afterwards,  and  was  made  bishop  of  Antioch 
361.    He  baptized  Constantius,  and  died  3*"6. 

Another  of  the  same  name  was  bishop 

of  Ciesarea. 

Ewald,  John,  a  native  of  Copenhagen, 
who,  in  the  hopes  of  seeing  the  world,  em- 
braced the  military  profession,  ami  became 
a  sergeant  in  the  Prussian  service.  He  after- 
wards deserted  from  his  regiment,  and  re- 
turned loDenmark,  where  he  studied  divi- 
nity, but  did  not  enter  into  orders.  Poetry 
was  his  favorite  pursuit,  and,  to  enlarge  bis 


EY 


EZ 


understanding,  he  studied  the  best  English 
poets.  He  wrote  poems  in  the  style  of  Os- 
sian — Adam  and  Eve,  a  dramatic  poem — a 
theatrical  piece  called  the  fisherman — and 
other  poems,  which  possess  great  merit 
and  rank  high  in  the  temple  of  poetry. 
He  died  1781,  aged  38,  and  his  works  were 
collected  together  at  Copenhagen  in  1791,  in 
4  vols. 

ExpiLLi,Clauded',  president  of  the  par- 
liament of  Grenoble,  was  born  at  Voiron, 
Dauphiny,  and  died  at  Grenoble  1 650,  aged 
75.  He  was  a  writer  of  some  merit,  though 
better  known  as  an  upright  magistrate.  He 
published  pleadings,  Paris,  4to.  16 1 '2 — poems, 
4to.  1624 — a  life  of  Bayard,  1650 — a  treatise 
on  French  orthography*  1618,  fob 

Exuperius  a  Romish  saint,  bishop  of 
Toulouse,  distinguished  for  his  charity  in  the 
lime  of  a  famine.  After  parting  with  all  his 
property,  he  sold  the  gold  and  silver  utensils 
of  the  church,  to  supply  the  necessities  of  the 
poor.     He  died  about  417. 

Eyck,  Hubert  Van,  a  painter,  born  at 
Maseik  on  the  Maese,  died  1426,  aged  60. 
He  painted  much  for  Philip  the  good,  duke 
of  Burgundy,  his  friend  and  patron. 

Eyck,  John  Van,  brother  and  disciple  to 
the  preceding,  died  1441,  aged  71.  He  is 
supposed  to  be  the  inventor  of  painting  in 
oil,  which  he  discovered  by  mixing  linseed 
oil  in  the  composition  of  a  brilliant  varnish. 
The  secret  was  conveyed  to  Italy  by  one  of 
his  pupils,  and  divulged  to  the  world.  He 
is  sometimes  called  John  of  Bruges.  His 
historical  pieces  and  landscapes  are  much 
admired. 

Eykens,  Peter,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
born  1599.  His  last  supper,  and  John 
preaching  in  the  desert,  are  admired  pieces, 
preserved  in  the  churches  at  Antwerp. 

Eymar,  A.  M.  d',  a  deputy  from  Forcal- 


quier  to  the  states-general  in  1789,  evinceii 
his  attachment  to  the  opinions  and  the  sys- 
tem of  Rousseau,  as  a  lover  of  republican- 
ism. He  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Pied- 
mont, and  discovered  the  treaty  which  the 
Sardinian  king  had  made  to  espouse  the  cause 
of  the  confederates  against  France;  and  in 
consequence  of  this,  by  his  intrigues,  he  for- 
ced the  unfortunate  monarch  from  his  Italian 
dominions.  He  was  afterwards  prefect  of 
Leman,  and  died  at  Geneva  J  805.  He  wrote 
some  small  tracts,  not  devoid  of  merit. 

Eiekiel,  the  third  of  the  great  pro- 
phets, was  sun  of  Buzi,  and  descended  from 
Aaron.  He  JKs  a  captive  at  Babylon  with 
Jehoiachim  king  of Judah,  597  before  Christ, 
and  there  he  wrote  his  prophecies,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Chebar.  His  style,  according 
to  bishop  Lowth,  is  bold,  vehement,  and  tra- 
gical, abounding  with  figurative  expressions, 
and  worked  up  occasionally  to  a  degree  of 
tremendous  dignity.  He  foretold  to  his  peo- 
ple the  coming  of  the  Messiah,  and  their 
restoration. 

Ezekiei.,  a  Greek  Jew  and  poet,  author 
of  some  tragedies  on  scripture  subjects. 
Large  fragments  of  his  tragedy  of  the  depar- 
ture of  the  Israelites  from  Egypt  are  pre- 
served by  Clemens  of  Alexandria  andEuse- 
bius.  It  is  supposed  that  he  florished  about 
300,  or  according  to  some  200,  years  before 
Christ. 

Ezra,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Aaron, 
son  of  Seraiah.  He  shared  the  captivity  of 
Babylon,  and  was  permitted  by  Artaxerxes 
to  conduct  a  colony  of  his  countrymen  to  Je- 
rusalem, and  to  rebuild  the  temple  and  es- 
tablish the  laws  of  Moses,  about  467  before 
Christ.  A  book  bearing  his  name  in  the  bi- 
ble, and  two  in  the  apocrypha,  are  preser- 
ved. He  died  in  Persia,  or  according  to  Jo- 
sephus  at  Jerusalem. 


FA 

FABER,  John,  a  German  divine,  born  in 
Suabia,  and,  from  one  of  his  works 
against  the  reformers,  called  the  Mallet  of 
Heretics.  He  was  made,  1526,  confessor  to 
Ferdinand,  king  of  the  Romans,  and  in  1531, 
advanced  to  the  see  of  Vienna,  where  he 
died  1542,  aged  6.3.  He  owed  his  elevation 
to  his  zeal  in  the  defence  of  the  papists 
against  Luther  and  his  adherents.  His  works, 
which  display  warmth  and  fluency  of  lan- 
guage, are  contained  in  3  vols,  folio,  Cologne, 
1537-1541. 

Faber,  Basil,  a  zealous  Lutheran,  born 
1520,  at  Soraw  in  Lusatia.  He  was  teacher 
in  the  schools  of  Nordhausen,  Tenustadt,  and 
Quwllinburg,  and  rector  of  Erfurt.  His  chief, 
and  most  valuable  work  is  Thesaurus  Erudi- 
tionis  Scholastic®,  published  1571,  and  im- 
proved afterwards  by  Cellarius  and  others. 
The  best  edition  is  2  vols.  fol.  1735.  Faber 
died  1576. 

Faber,  Antonius.  Vid.  Favre,  Anthony. 

Faber,  Jacobus.  Vid.  Fevre,  Jamcf. 


FA 

Faber,  Nicolaus.  Vid.  Fevre,  Nicolas. 

Faber,  Tanaquil.  Vid.  Fevre. 

Fabert,  Abraham,  an  officer,  who  rais- 
ed himself,  by  his  extraordinary  merit,  to  the 
dignity  of  marshal  of  France  under  Lewis 
XIV.  He  distinguished  himself  in  1635,  at 
the  siege  of  Turin  1640,  when  he  was  badly 
wounded,  at  the  siege  of  Perpignan  1642, 
and  in  1654  at  the  taking  of  Stenai.  As  he 
was  not  duly  qualified  by  nobility  of  ances- 
tors, he  refused  the  collar  of  the  royal  order, 
observing,  he  would  not  be  decorated  with  a 
cross,  with  his  soul  disgraced  by  an  impos- 
ture. Though  brave,  he  was  childishly  ad- 
dicted to  astrological  calculations. 

Fabian,  Robert,  a  merchant  of  London, 
sheriff  and  alderman  of  his  native  city,  where 
he  died  1512.  He  had  some  skill  in  Latin 
and  English  poetry  ;  but  his  chief  work  is  his 
"  Chronicle  of  England  and  France,"  first 
printed  1516,  and  again  1553,  2  vols  folio. 
The  first  volume  begins  with  Brute  and  end: 


FA 


FA 


at  the  death  of  Henry  II.  and  the  second, 
which  is  very  valuable,  ends  1504.  Stow 
calls  the  work  a  painful  labor,  to  the  great 
honor  of  the  city,  and  of  the  whole  realm. 
Because  he  spoke  too  plainly  of  the  revenues 
of  the  church,  Wolsey  caused  as  many  co- 
pies of  the  book  as  possible  to  be  destroyed. 
Fabian  was  buried  at  St  Michael's,  Cornhill. 

Fabian,  a  saint  of  the  Itomish  church, 
made  pope  326.  He  was  active  in  the  dis- 
semination of  Christianity  and  the  building 
of  churches,  and  he  suffered  martyrdom  in 
the  persecution  of  Decius. 

Fabius,  Maximus  Rullianus,  a  Roman, 
master  of  the  horse  to  the  dictator  Papirius. 
He  triumphed  over  seven  nations,  and  was 
himself  dictator,  B.  C.  287. 

Fabius,  Maximus  Quintus,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  -who  opposed  Annibal  in  Italy,  and 
in  consequence  of  his  dilatorj",  but  salutary 
measures,  was  called  Cunctator.  When  the 
senate  refused  to  ratify  a  ransom  of  prisoners 
on  which  he  had  agreed,  he  sold  his  estates 
to  pay  the  money.     He  died  B.  C  203. 

Fabius,  Pictor,  the  first  Latin  historian 
mentioned  among  the  Romans,  B.  C.  225. 

Fabre,  Jean  Claude,  a  priest  of  the  ora- 
tory of  Paris,  who  died  there  1753,  aged  85. 
He  is  known  as  a  laborious,  but  not  judicious, 
compiler.  He  wrote  two  dictionaries,  an  in- 
different translation  of  Virgil,  and  a  continu- 
ation of  Fleury's  Ecclesiastical  History,  and 
some  articles  in  Richelet's  Dictionary. 

Fabre,  N.  a  native  of  Languedoc,  famous 
for  his  filial  piety.  When  his  father  was  con- 
demned to  the  gallies  for  his  adherence  to 
Calvinism,  in  1752,  he,  unperceived,  took 
his  place  among  the  condemned,  and  re- 
mained for  six  years  in  confinement,  till  this 
virtuous  sacrifice  was  made  known  to  Mire- 
poix,  the  governor  of  the  province,  who  libe- 
rated him,  and  presented  him  to  the  court 
as  an  illustrious  character. 

Fabre,  d'Eglantine,  Philip  Francis 
Mazaire,  was  born  at  Carcassone,  28th  Dec. 
1755,  and,  with  a  restless  spirit,  became  suc- 
cessively an  actor,  a  comic  writer,  and  a 
statesman.  In  the  convention  he  was  the 
friend  and  confidential  associate  of  Danton, 
Des  Moulins,  and  the  other  promoters  of  the 
massacres,  and  of  the  miseries  of  France,  and 
though  originally  poor,  he  soon  became  very 
rich.  Robespierre,  who  viewed  his  assumed 
consequence  with  jealousy,  hurled  him  from 
his  eminence  before  the  revolutionary  tribu- 
nal, and  he  was  guillotined  5th  April,  1794. 
He  wrote  some  plays  which  possess  merit, 
and  he  is  particularly  known  as  the  person 
who  recommended  and  introduced  in  France 
that  puerile  calendar  which  combated  the 
habits,  the  opinions,  and  the  prejudices  of 
(he  rest  of  Europe. 

Fa  b  re  t  t  i,  Raphael,  a  learned  antiquary, 
born  at  Urbino  in  1619.  He  studied  at  Cagli 
and  Urbino,  and  then  practised  at  Rome  as 
an  advocate.  He  was  sent  by  cardinal  Impe- 
riali  to  negotiate  into  Spain,  and  he  conduct- 
ed himself  there  with  such  success  and  ability 
that  he  was  made  procurator  fiscal  of  the 
kingdom.  After  13  years'  residenrc  m  Spain 


he  returned  to  Rome,  where  he  was  appoint 
ed  judge  of  appeals  to  the  capitol,  and  after- 
wards auditor  of  the  legation  of  Urbino,  un- 
der Cerri  the  legate.  Some  time  after  he 
was  engaged  in  drawing  up  the  apostolical 
briefs  to  the  pope's  vicar,  and  lastly  was  se- 
cretary of  the  memorials  to  pope  Alexander 
Vin.  After  Alexander's  death  he  devoted 
himself  to  his  favorite  pursuits,  the  study  of 
antiquities,  and  with  his  horse,  to  which  his 
friends  gave  the  name  of  Marco  Polo,  he 
made  excursions  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Rome  to  visit  and  examine  whatever  was 
most  rare,  curious,  and  valuable.  Innocent 
XII.  had  such  respect  for  him  that  he  drew 
him  from  his  retirement  to  make  him  master 
of  the  secrets  of  the  pope's  temporal  state. 
He  died  7th  Jan.  1700.  He  published  these 
valuable  works,  De  Aquis  8c  Aqiueductibus 
Veteris  Romte  Dissertationes  tres,  4to.  16S0 
— De  Columna  Trajaua  Syntagma,  &c.  fol. 
1683.  Jasithei  ad  Gronovium  Apologema, 
in  ejusqueTitivilitia,  sivede  Tito  LivioSom- 
nia  Animadversiones  1686,  4to. — Inscription- 
um  Antiquarum,  &c.  Explicatio,  fol.  1699, 
&c.  He  was  learned,  and  in  his  researches 
indefatigable. 

Fabri,  Honore,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born  at 
Bcllay,  near  Lyons,  1607;  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Lyons,  and  penitentiary  at  Rome, 
where  he  died  1688.  He  wrote  several  large 
works  on  theology,  optics,  plants,  &c.  and  he 
is  said  by  some  to  have  discovered  the  circu- 
lation of  the  blood  before  Harvey. 

Fabriaxo,  Gentile  da,  an  historical 
painter  of  Verona,  who  merited  to  be  raised 
to  the  honoi's  of  Venetian  nobility,  and  died 
1412,  aged  80. 

Fabricius,  Caius,  a  Roman  general,  who 
obtained  some  victories  over  the  Samnites 
and  Lucanians,  and  indignantly  rejected  the 
offers  of  Pyrrhus,  who  attempted  to  bribe  his 
integrity.  He  afterwards  discovered  to  Pyr- 
rhus the  plot  which  his  physician  had  formed 
to  poison  him.    He  died  B.  C.  250. 

Fabricius,  George,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Chemnitz,  in  Misnia,  1516,  and  fa- 
mous for  his  Latin  poetry.  He  travelled  to 
Italy  as  tutor  to  a  nobleman,  and  at  Rome  he 
composed  his  work  called  Roma,  containing 
an  interesting  and  very  animated  description 
of  that  city.  After  returning  home,  he  was 
for  26  years  master  of  the  school  of  Messein, 
where  he  died  1571.  His  poems,  which  are 
written  with  great  powers  of  genius,  and  in 
the  most  elegant  and  correct  language,  ap- 
peared at  Basle  1567,  2  vols.  8vo.  He  wrote 
also  some  odes,  hymns,  &cc.  besides  prose 
works,  such  as  the  Annals  of  Messein,  in  se- 
ven books,  Origines  Saxon  icac,  2  vols,  folio, 
&c.  2  vols,  on  the  affairs  of  Germany,  &c. 

Fabricius,  Jerome,  an  Italian^hysician, 
called  Aquapendente,  from  the  place  of  his 
birth.  He  studied  languages  at  Padua,  and 
acquired  his  medical  knowledge  under  Fallo- 
pius.  He  practised  for  40  years  at  Padua, 
and  with  such  repute  that  Venice,  sensible 
of  his  great  merits,  settled  an  annual  yiension 
of  1000  crowns  of  gold  on  him,  besides  the 
honor  of  a  golden  chain,  and  of  a  statue.  He 


FA 


FA 


died  about  1603,  and  left  2  vols,  folio,  the 
cine  on  surgery,  published  Holland,  1 723,  and 
tbe  other  on  anatomy,  Ley  den,  1738. 

Fa bk i ci us,  William,  a  surgeon,  born 
near  Cologne,  who  became  public  physician 
at  Berne,  where  he  died  1634,  aged  74  lie 
wrote  tracts  on  gangrene  and  sphacelus — on 
burns,  on  gun-shot  wounds,  on  lithotomy — 
Six  Centuries  of  Observations  and  Cures,  bcc. 
1600,  in  4to.  His  works  were  all  published 
at  Frankfort  •"  fob  1682. 

Kaericids,  John  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Schaffhauseu,  professor  of  theology  and  phi- 
losophy at  Heidelberg,  and  also  ecclesiastical 
counsellor  to  the  elector.  He  was  author  of 
tracts  De  Viis  Dei,  etquousque  sunt  simiies 
"Nils  Honiinnm — De  Symbolica  Dei  Visione 
— on  Infant  Baptism,  8cc.  He  died  at  Frank 
fort  1697,  aged  58. 

Fabriciu-s,  John  Albert,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  at  Leipsic,  11th  Nov.  1668,  and 
educated  at  Quedlinburg.  He  showed  asto- 
nishing [lowers  of  application,  and  after  stay- 
ing fire  years  in  the  house  of  [lis friend  Meyer 
at  Hamburgh,  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
eloquence  in  that  city  1699,  and  created 
D.  I),  at  Kiel.  He  was  invited  by  the  Ian- 
grave  of  Hesse  Cassel,  to  settle  in  his  domi- 
nions, but  so  great  was  his  reputation  at 
Hamburgh,  that  the  senators  prevailed  upon 
him,  by  a  superior  salary,  not  to  relinquish 
his  residence  among  them.  This  most  inde- 
fatigable scholar,  equally  admired  for  his  mo- 
desty, and  the  simplicity  of  his  manners,  died 
at  Hamburgh,  3d  April,  1736.  Of  his  nume- 
rous works,  the  most  useful  are  Bibliotheca 
Latina,  sive  Notitia  Auctorum  Veterum  La- 
tinorum  quorumcunque  Scripta  ad  nos  per- 
venerunt,  2  vols.  4to.  republished  by  Ernesti, 
3  vols.  8vo. — Bibliotheca  Grseea,  sive  Notitia 
Scrii'torum  Veterum  Groccorum,  quorum- 
cunque Monumenta  Integra,  autFragmenta, 
Edita  extant,  turn  Plerorumque  ex  MSS.  & 
Deperditis,  14  vols.  4to. — Codex  Apocryphus 
Novi  Testament!?  Collectus,  kc.  3  vols.  8vo. 
1719. — Codex  Pseu-depigraphusVeterisTes- 
tamenti,  2  vols.  8vo  1722,  and  1723. — Biblio- 
grapbia  Antiquum,,  sive  Introductio  in  No- 
titiam  Scriptorum  qui  Antiquittitcs  Hebrai- 
eas,  Grwcas,  Rom  anas,  &  Christianas  Scrip- 
tis  illustravcrunt,  4to.  1716. — Delectus  Argu- 
nientorum,  h  Syllabus  Scriptorum  qui  veri- 
tatem  Relig.  Christ,  adversus  Atheos,  Stc. 
asserueruht,  tto.  17'25. — SalutarisLexEvan- 
gelii,  ckc.  4to.  1731. — Bibliotheca  Media;  8c 
Intinix  Latinitate,  5  vols.  8vo.  1734,  and  6 
vols.  4to.  17,54,  Padua. 

Fabricius,  Vincent,  a  learned  German, 
horn  at  Hamburgh  1613.  He  wrote  Latin 
poetry  with  great  ease  and  elegance.  He 
was  counsellor  to  the  bishop  of  Lubep,  and 
afterwards  syndic  to  the  city  of  Dantzic, 
where  he  became  burgomaster,  and  was  13 
times  deputy  to  Poland.  lie  died  at  War- 
saw, during  the  diet  of  the  kingdom,  1667. 
The  first  edition  of  his  poems  was  printed 
163'2  at  the  recommendation  of  his  friend 
Daniel  Heinsiua ;  but  the  best  is  that  of  Leip- 
sic 16S5,  under  the  care  of  his  son. 
Fabricics,  Baron,  a  Germaa  writer, 


the  favorite  of  Charles  XII.  with  whom  he 
resided  as  envoy  of  the  court  of  Holstein, 
during  that  monarch's  captivity  at  Bender. 
He  was  afterwards  in  the  service  of  Stanis- 
laus of  Poland.  He  was  also  in  the  service 
of  George  I.  and  he  accompanied  him  in  his 
last  journey  to  Hanover,  so  that  the  king  ac- 
tually died  in  his  arms.  Fabricius  is  known 
for  his  interesting  letters,  which  give  an  ac- 
count of  Charles  XII.  while  resident  in  Tur- 
key. They  have  been  translated,  and.  they 
appeared  in  London  1761,  Svo. 

Fabricius,  Charles,  a  painter,  born  at 
Delft.  His  house  was  destroyed  by  the  blow- 
ing up  of  a  powder  magazine,  and  he  with 
his  pupil  Spoors  perished.  He  was  in  the 
flower  pf  youth,  and  promised  the  fairest 
talents  for  fame. 

Fabroni,  Angiolo,  a  native  of  Marradi 
in  Tuscany,  educated  at  Fienza  and  at 
Rome.  He  was  made  by  Peter  Leopold 
prior  of  St.  Lorenzo's  church  at  Florence, 
and  afterwards  curator  of  Pisa  university. 
He  wrote  an  account  of  the  learned  men  of 
Italy  in  the  17lh  and  18th  centuries,  of  which 
21  v61s.  were  published,  and  one  was  left  un- 
finished. He  published  also  an  account  of 
Cosmo,  Lorenzo,  and  the  other  illustrious 
members  of  the  house  of  Medicis,  besides 
some  religious  tracts,  ckc.  He  died  at  Pisa 
1802,  aged  70. 

Fabrot,  Charles  Hannibal,  a  French 
lawyer,  born  at  Aix  in  Provence,  1580, 
where  he  became  advocate  and  professor  of 
law.  In  1617  he  came'to  Paris,  and  in  1637 
he  was  prevailed  upon  by  Seguier  the  chan- 
cellor, who  granted  him  a  pension,  to  give  an 
edition  of  the  Basilica;,  or  constitutions  of 
the  Eastern  emperors.  This  great  work 
appeared  in  7  vols.  fol.  1647,  with  a  Latin 
translation  and'  notes,  and  two  years  after 
he  published  Cedrenus,  Nieetas,  Anastasius 
Bibliothecarius,  Constantine  Manasses  and 
Glycas,  in  2  vols.  fol.  with  curious  notes. 
In  1658  he  published  the  works  of  Cujacius, 
revised  and  with  notes,  10  vols.  fol.  His 
great  application  brought  on  disorders,  which 
put  an  end  to  his  life,  1659.  He  wrote  be- 
sides notes  on  the  1'heodosian  code,  and  a 
treatise  against  Salmasius,  &c. 

Facciolati,  Giacomo,  an  Italian  ora- 
tor and  grammarian  of  Padua,  who  died 
1769,  aged  87.  He  edited  Cicero's  Oration 
pro  Qu'mct.  and  wrote  some  philological  and 
other  learned  works. 

Facketti,  Pietro,  an  eminent  painter 
of  .Mantua,  who  died  at  Pome  1613,  aged  78. 

Pacini,  Pietro,  an  historical  painter  of 
Bologna,  who  died  1602,  aged  42.  He  was 
pupil  to  Annibal  Caracci.  His  Christ  with 
the  three  disciples,  and  Mary  weeping  at  the 
death  of  Lazarus  is  in  the  Wilton  collection. 

Facio,  Bartholomeo,  a  learned  Italian, 
born  at  Spczzia  near  Genoa.  He  was  secre- 
tary to  Alphonso  king  of  Naples,  and  inti- 
mate with  vEncas  Sylvius,  afterwards  pope 
Pius  11.  He  died  about  1457.  He  wrote  de 
Bcllo  Veneto  Claudiano,  seu  inter  Ycuetos 
k  Genuciises,  anno  1391,  8vo.  157S — de 
Kebus  ab  Alphonso    Neapolit.  gestis,  Libri 


FA 


FA 


decern— de  Humanse  Vitse  Felicitate  ad  Al- 
phonsum.  Neap.  Reg. — tie  Viris  lllustr.  sui 
Temporis,  1745.  His  enmity  to  Laurentius 
Valla  was  almost  proverbial. 

Facundus,  bishop  of  Hermianum  in 
Asia,  known  for  bis  defence  of  tbe  three 
chapters,  at  the  council  of  Constantinople, 
547.  In  consequence  of  his  zeal  on  this  oc- 
casion, ami  in  favoring  the  Nestorians,  lie 
"was  banished  by  Justinian,  but  in  his  exile  he 
still  defended  his  opinions,  and  wrote  no  less 
than  12  books  addressed  to  the  emperor. 

Fadlallah,  or  Chodsa  Iiasehid  Addin, 
a  Persian  historian,  visier  to  Cazan  the  sul- 
lan  of  Taurus.  He  wrote  at  the  desire  of 
his  master,  an  History  of  the  Moguls,  finish- 
ed 1294,  to  which  he  added  a  supplement. 
The  first  part  of  the  work  appeared  in 
French  by  la  Croix. 

FaernuS,  Gabriel,  a  native  of  Cremona, 
known  as  a  critic  and  a  poet  in  the  IGth 
•entury.  He  was  the  favorite  of  cardinal  de 
Medicie,  afterwards  Pius  IV.  He  wrote 
Latin  elogies,  besides  pieces  of  criticism,  and 
notes  on  Terence,  so  valuable  that  Bentley 
has  inserted  them  whole  in  his  edition  of 
that  poet.  He  wrote  also  in  iambic  verse 
100  fables,  so  much  in  the  style  of  Phxdrus, 
that  Thuanus  has  accused  him  of  concealing 
from  the  world  that  Latin  fabulist  then  un- 
known, to  procure  celebrity  for  his  own 
composition  ;  but  of  his  100  fables  only  the 
treat  the  same  subjects  as  Phxdrus,  and 
therefore  the  idea  of  either  deceit  or  plagar- 
ism  is  puerile.     Faernus  died  at  Rome  1561. 

Fagan,  Christopher  Bartholomew,  a 
French  comic  writer,  who  died  1755,  aged 
53.  He  was  like  his  father  clerk  in  a  pub- 
lic office  at  Paris,  and  devoted  his  leisure  to 
poetry.  Of  his  works  collected  in  4  vols. 
12mo.  1760,  the  most  approved  comedies 
are,  the  Rendezvous,  and  the  Ward,  writ- 
ten in  a  delicate  and  lively  style.  Though 
a  man  of  genius,  he  was  averse  to  business, 
negligent  of  his  dress,  and  very  shy. 

Page,  Raimond  de  la,  a  self-taught  gen- 
ius in  drawing  with  the  pen,  or  Indian  ink, 
born  at  Lisle-en-Albigeois  in  Languedoc. 
He  was  highly  complimented  by  Carlo  .Ma- 
rat, but  his  intemperance  ruined  his  pros- 
pects ;  as  his  time  was  generally  spent  at 
the  alehouse,  where  he  frequently  discharg- 
ed his  bills  b\  producing  a  sketch.  He  died 
1690,  aged  42. 

FAGius,PauI,  a  protest 'nt  minister,  born 
at  Rheinzabern  in  Germany,  1504.  His 
German  name  was  Buehlein.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Heidelberg-  and  Strasburg.  and  af- 
ter making  great  proficiency  m  Hebrew, 
which  then  was  become  fashionable,  he 
undertook  in  1527  the  care  of  a  school  at 
lsna  where  he  married.  He  afterwards 
abandoned  this  employment,  and  entering 
into  orders  he  distinguished  himself  in  15 41 
by  his  zeal  in  administering  to  the  necessi- 
ties and  comforts  of  the  poor,  during  the 
plague  which  raged  at  lsna  and  the  neigh- 
boring places,  from  tbe  infection  of  which 
he  happily  escaped.  He  afterwards  preach- 
ed at  Strasburg,  and  became   professor    at 


Heidelberg,  where  he  published  some  works 
for  the  advancement  of  Hebrew  literature. 
During  the  persecution  of  the  protestants  in 
Germany  he  was  invited  to  England  byCran- 
mer,  v  litre  he  came  with  Bucer  in  154'.:. 
These  two  learned  men  were  then  engaged 
at  Cambridge  to  complete  a  new  translation 
of  the  bible,  Fagius  of  the  Old,  and  Bucer 
of  the  New  Testament.  This  was  never 
completed,  as  Fagius  died  of  a  fever  at  Cam- 
bridge, in  Nov.  1550,  and  Bucer  about  a 
year  after.  The  bodies  of  these  two  protest- 
ant  divines  were  dug  up  and  burnt  under 
the  gallows,  in  the  ignominious  reign  of 
Mary.  Fagius  wrote  on  the  Hebrew  lan- 
guage and  on  the  Targums. 

Fagna:;i,  Prospero,  an  Italian,  secre- 
tary to  the  'ioly  congregation,  and  author  of 
a  commentary  on  the  five  books  of  the  dc • 
cretals.     Ha  died  1678,  aged  80. 

Fagnano,  Julius  Charles  count  of,  mar- 
quis of  Tosthi,  a  native  of  Sinigaglia,  who 
published  at  Pesaro  1750,  his  works  in  2 
vols.  4to.  in  which  he  treats  in  a  clear  man- 
ner of  the  discoveries  of  the  property  and  of 
the  use  of  the  geometric:;!  curve,  called  the 
Lemniseate.     He  died  1760,  aged  70. 

Fagox,  Guy  Crescent,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, born  at  Paris.  He  early  supported 
the  doC.rine  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood, 
anil  gained  the  royal  approbation  by  his  in- 
defatigable researches  in  collecting  plants  on 
the  Alps,  and  in  the  South  of  Prance.  He 
was  mad  j  professor  of  botany  and  chemistry 
in  the  roral  gardens,  and  gradually  rose  to 
be  physuian  to  Lewis  XIV.  in  1693.  It 
was  by  his  advice  that  the  king  sent  Tour- 
nefort  to  collect  plants  in  the  East.  Though 
of  a  delicate  constitution  he  lived  by  proper 
regimen  to  the  age  of  80,  and  died  171 S, 
leaving  two  sons,  one  of  whom  became  a 
bishop,  and  the  other  a  counsellor  of  state. 

Pagcndy,  Stephen,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
authoi  of  Quxstiones  de  C.hrislianis  Officiis 
et  Casibus  Conscientix,  in  Ecclesix  Prseep- 
ta — de  Justitix,  &c.  He  died  at  Lisbon  1645- 
aged  68. 

Fahrenheit,  Gabriel  Daniel,  an  ingen- 
ious experimentalist,  born  at  Dantzic,  14th 
May,  1686.  He  was  intended  for  commerce, 
but  his  genius  was  bent  to  philosophical  pur- 
suits. In  1720  he  improved  the  thermom- 
eter by  substituting  mercury  for  spirits  of 
wine,  and  fixed  the  extremity  of  his  scale  at 
the  point  of  cold,  which  he  had  observed  in 
Iceland  in  1709,  but  at  Petersburg  the  cold 
had  been  known  fortj  degrees  below  the  ° 
of  this  thermometer.  The  English  in  gen- 
eral have  adopted  his  scale,  but  the  French 
adhere  to  Reaumur's.  He  travelled  through 
Holland  and  on  the  continent  in  pursuit  of 
knowledge,  and  died  16th  Sept.  1736.  He 
wrote  a  Dissertation  on  Thermometers  1724. 

Faille,  William  de  la,  a  syndic  of  Tou- 
louse, w!r>  died  1711,  aged  96.  He  wrote 
an  interesting  though  inelegant  history  of 
bis  native  city,  2  vols.  foj. 

F.Miicr.ouoH,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Ha- 
veril,  educated  at  Queen's  college,  Cam- 
bridge.    He  was  minister  of  Baruardistoa, 


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and  afterwards  of  Ketton,  Suffolk,  and  was 
ejected  for  nonconformity  1662.  He  was  a 
most  amiable  character  in  private  life,  and 
though  he  disapproved  of  some  things  in  the 
liturgy,  he  was  the  friend  of  episcopacy. 
He  published  a  sermon  preached  at  sir  Nat. 
Barnardiston'sfuneral,and  some  other  tracts, 
and  died  1678,  aged  84.  His  son  Samuel  was 
ejected  from  Houghton  Conquest  rectory, 
Bedfordshire,  and  died  1691,  and  his  other- 
son  Richard  was  also  ejected  from  Wells 
living,  Somersetshire,  and  died  1  G82. 

Fairfax,  Edward,  an  English  poet  in 
the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James,  son  of  sir 
Thomas  Fairfax  of  Denton,  Yorkshire.  He 
early  displayed  poetical  talents,  and  accor- 
ding to  Dryden  himself  a  judge  of  merit,  he 
deserved  to  be  ranked  above  Spenser  in 
point  of  harmony.  His  first  attempt  was  a 
translation  of  Tasso's  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  a 
performance  very  respectable,  and  highly 
valued  by  the  wits  of  the  times,  and  esteem- 
ed greatly  by  James  and  Charles  I.  He 
■wrote  also  some  eclogues,  besides  contro- 
versial treatises  on  the  pope's  infallibility, 
&c.  and  deserved  the  amiable  character  of  a 
modest,  benevolent  man,  who  preferred 
solitude  and  peace  to  the  war  and  tumults  of 
the  times.  He  died  about  the  year  1632,  at 
Newhall,  between  Denton  and  Kiaresbo- 
roiigh.  His  son  William  translated  Diogenes 
Laertius  into  English. 

Faikfax,  Thomas  lord,  eldest  son  of 
Ferdinando  lord  Fairfax,  was  born  at  Den- 
ton, Yorkshire,  1611.  He  early  devoted 
himself  to  the  profession  of  arms,  and  after 
serving  in  Holland  under  lord  Vere  with 
great  credit,  he  embraced  the  party  of  the 
presbyterians  in  the  civil  war,  and  fought 
against  the  king.  He  was  engaged  in  the 
North,  where  he  suffered  some  defeats,espe- 
cially  at  Adderton  moor  1643,  but  he  re- 
trieved his  affairs  and  his  fame  in  the  battle 
of  Marston  moor,  and  for  his  services  was 
intrusted  with  the  chief  command  of  the 
army  on  the  resignation  of  lord  Essex.  He 
contributed  greatly  to  the  king's  defeat  at 
Naseby  1645,  and  afterwards  marched  to  the 
reduction  of  the  West.  In  1648  he  succeed- 
ed to  the  title  on  the  death  of  his  father  who 
had  like  himself  been  very  active  in  the 
cause  of  the  parliament,  and  the  same  year 
he  reduced  Colchester,  and,  much  to  his 
disgrace,  ordered  the  brave  defenders  sir 
George  Lisle  and  sir  Charles  Lucas,  to  whom 
he  had  promised  pardon,  to  be  shot.  On  the 
king's  trial  it  was  supposed  that  he  would 
interfere,  but  during  the  execution  he  was 
kept  at  a  distance  from  the  dreadful  scene, 
engaged  with  col. Harrison, by  the  intrigues  of 
Cromwell,  in  the  hypocritical  attitude  of 
offering  up  prayers  to  God.  After  the  de- 
struction of  royalty  he  favored  the  views  of 
the  usurper,  he  was  made  doctor  of  laws  at 
Oxford,  and  treated  with  unusual  ceremony 
in  London,  but  when  offered  by  the  parlia- 
ment the  command  of  the  army  against  the 
revolted  presbyterians  of  Scotland,  lie  per- 
tinaciously refused  it,  and  it  was  granted  to 
Cromwell.     He  afterwards  lived  in  retire- 


ment, and  at  the  restoration  he  was  recon- 
ciled to  the  king,  and  went  to  the  Hague  to 
congratulate  him  on  the  change  of  the  re- 
publican government.  He  wrote  an  inter- 
esting account  of  his  public  life,  and  died 
1671. 

Fa  i  rthorne,  William,  an  English  pain- 
ter,  who  became  a  soldier  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  being  taken  at  Basing-house  was 
banished  for  refusing  to  swear  allegiance  to 
Cromwell.  He  studied  abroad  under  Cham- 
pagne, and  on  his  return  home  applied  him- 
self chiefly  in  engraving,  in  which  he  also 
excelled.  He  wrote  a  book  "upon  drawing, 
graving,  and  etching,"  celebrated  by  Flat- 
man  the  poet,  and  died  at  Blackfriars  1691, 
aged  75.  His  son  William  acquired  celebri- 
ty by  mezzotinto  engraving. 

Faistenberger,  Anthony,  a  painter 
of  Tnspruck,  who  died  1722,  aged  44.  His 
landscapes,  cascades,  rocks  and  rivers,  were 
all  in  a  masterly  style.  His  younger  brother 
Joseph  was  equally  eminent  in  landscape 
painting. 

Falcandus,  Hugo,  a  respectable  and 
accurate  historian  of  Sicily,  who  published 
an  account  of  the  affairs  of  his  afflicted  coun- 
try for  23  years  under  Willliam  I.  and  II. 
His  preface  was  written  1126.  The  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

Falconberg,  Mary,  countess  of,  the 
third  daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  se- 
cond wife  of  Thomas  viscount  Falconberg. 
She  possessed  great  beauty,  and  so  much 
spirit  and  activity  that,  'as  Burnet  observes, 
she  was  more  worthy  to  be  protector  than 
her  brother.  On  Richard's  deposition  she 
exerted  herself  strenuously  for  the  restora- 
tion of  Charles  II.  with  whom  her  husband 
was  in  great  favor.  She  died  14th  March, 
1712. 

Falcone,  da  Bcnevento,  secretary  to 
pope  Innocent  II.  was  author  of  a  Chronicle 
or  History  of  Naples  from  1102  to  1140. 

Falconer,  William,  a  Scotsman,  who 
came  to  London  in  1762,  where  he  published 
"  the  Shipwreck,"  in  three  cantos,  a  very  in- 
genious and  pathetic  poem.  He  wrote  also 
that  useful  compilation  the  Marine  Diction- 
ary, 4to.  His  merits  recommended  him  to 
the  patronage  of  the  great,  and  especially  of 
the  late  duke  of  York.  As  he  was  a  sailor  he 
unfortunately  perished  in  the  Aurora  in  1769. 
This  ship  was  proceeding  to  the  East  Indies 
with  Messrs.  Vansittart,  Scrafton,  Ford,  and 
other  gentlemen,  and  after  touching  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  was  never  heard  of. 

Fa  i,  c o  n  E  T,  Camillc,  a  French  physician, 
the  friend  of  Malebranche,  born  at  Lyons 
1671.  He  was  elected  in  1716  into  the  French 
academy,  and  from  his  excellent  collection  of 
nearly  500,000  volumes,  he  liberally  enriched 
the  royal  library  with  such  books  as  were  de- 
ficient. He  lived  to  the  age  of  91  in  1762, 
and  is  supposed  to  have,  like  Fagon,  pro- 
longed  life  by  his  medical  skill.  He  wrote  a 
translation  of  Villemont's  Systema  I'laneta- 
iu:ii — an  edition  of  the  Pastorals  of  Daphnis 
and  Chloe,  translated  by  Amyot — an  edition 
of  Despericr's  Cymbahun  Mundi,  beside? 
Dissertations. 


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Falcon i  A,  Proba,  a  Latin  poetess  in  the 
age  of  Thcodosius,  born  at  Horta  in  Etruria. 
She  wrote  from  Virgil  a  poetical  canto,  con- 
fining the  History  of  the  Creation,  and  of 
the  Life  of  our  Saviour. 

Falda,  Giovanni  Baptista,  an  Italian  en- 
graver of  the  last  century,  whose  etchings  in 
aqua  fortis  are  much  admired.  His  views  of 
palaces,  fountains,  &c.  in  Rome,  are  esteem- 
ed very  curious. 

Faleti,  Jeronimo,  a  poet  of  Savona, 
near  Genoa,  who  published  in  1557  a  poem 
on  the  Wars  of  Charles  V.  and  other  poems. 
He  was  also  distinguished  as  an  orator,  his- 
torian, and  statesman,  and  was  employed  as 
ambassador  to  Venice,  by  Hercules,  duke  of 
Ferrara. 

Falieri,  Ordelafo,  a  doge  of  Venice, 
•who  went  with  a  fleet  in  1102  to  assist  Bald- 
win of  Jerusalem  in  the  conquest  of  Syria. 
On  his  return  he  conquered  Dalmatia,  Croa- 
tia, and  other  provinces,  and  afterwards  lost 
his  life  at  the  siege  of  the  revolted  city  of 
Zara  in  Dalmatia,  1120. 

Falieri,  Marino,  a  doge  of  Venice, 
1354,  who  conspired  to  make  himself  abso- 
lute by  the  assassination  of  all  the  senators. 
His  plot  was  discovered,  and  he  lost  his  head 
at  the  age  of  80,  and  more  than  400  of  his 
associates  were  hanged. 

Falk,  John  Peter,  a  learned  Swede,  born 
at  Westrogothia,  and  educated  at  Upsal, 
where  he  studied  medicine  and  also  botany 
under  Linnaeus  He  was  made  professor  of 
botany  in  the  Apothecaries'  garden  at  Pe- 
tersburg, and  keeper  of  the  natural  history 
cabinet,  and  he  published  Observations  on 
his  Travels,  3  vols.  4to.  1785,  Petersburg.  In 
a  fit  of  melancholy,  to  which  he  was  often 
subject,  he  unfortunately  destroyed  himself, 
1774,  aged  47. 

Falkenstein,  John  Henry,  a  native  of 
Franconia,  made,  in  1714,  director  of  the 
academy  of  noblemen  at  Erlingen.  He  was 
next  in  the  service  of  the  bishop  of  Eich- 
:;tadt,  and  afterwards  of  the  margrave  of  An- 
spach.  He  left  the  protestant  for  the  Roman 
catholic  religion,  and  died  1760,  aged  78.  He 
published  the  Antiquities  of  JJordgan  in  the 
diocese  of  Eichsladt,  3  vols,  folio,  and  other 
works  on  ecclesiastical  and  antiquarian  sub- 
jects. 

Falkland,  lord.  Vicl.  Cary. 

Falle,  Philip,  author  of  the  History  of 
Jersey,  where  he  was  born  1655.  He  enter- 
ed,  at  the  age  of  14,  at  Exeter  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  afterwards  removed  to  Alban  hall, 
lie  was  rector  of  St.  Saviour's  in  the  island, 
and  came  over  as  one  of  the  deputies  of  the 
states  to  William  and  Mary.  He  also  pub- 
lished three  sermons  preached  at  St.  Hilary's, 
1692,  Whitehall,  1694,  and  before  the  lord 
mayor,  1695. 

Falloi'ius,  Gabriel,  a  celebrated  Italian 
physician  and  anatomist,  born  at  Modena, 
1490.  He  travelled  through  Europe,  and  af- 
terwards practised  with  the  greatest  success 
and  reputation.  He  was  professor  of  ana- 
'omy  at  Pisa,  1548,  and  three  years  after  at 
Padu3,  where  he  died  9th  Oct.  1563,  aged 


72.  He  made  various  discoveries  in  anatomy , 
and  especially  the  tubes  by  which  the  ova 
descend  from  the  female  ovarium  into  the 
uterus,  called  from  him  "  Fallopian  tubes." 
His  works,  which  are  all  on  subjects  of  me- 
dicine and  anatomy,  were  published  in  3  vols, 
fol.  Venice,  1584  and  1606. 

Fals,  Raymond,  a  medal  engraver,  born 
at  Stockholm,  1658.  He  settled  at  Paris, 
where  he  obtained  a  pension  of  1200  livres, 
and  died  at  Berlin,  1703. 

Falster,  Christian,  a  Danish  critic  of 
Flensburg,  the  time  of  whose  death  is  not 
accurately  ascertained.  He  wrote  Supple- 
mentum  Lingua  Latins:,  1717 — Animadver- 
siones  Epistolica? — Qusestiones  Romance — 
Cogitationes  Philologies — Sermo  Panegyri- 
cus,  £tc.  Vigilia  prima  Noctium  Ripensium 
— Amoenitates  Philologies,  3  vols. — the  14th 
satire  of  Juvenal  translated  into  Danish,  1731. 

Fancourt,  Samuel,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, born  in  the  west  of  England.  He  settled 
at  Salisbury,  where  for  20  years  he  took 
some  pupils,  and  had  the  care  of  a  congre- 
gation; but  his  writings  against  Calvinism 
exposed  him  to  persecution,  and  driven  from 
his  residence,  he  came  to  London.  About 
the  year  1740,  or  1745,  he  established  the 
first  circulating  library  in  the  kingdom  ;  but, 
however,  his  plans  did  not  succeed  to  his 
wishes,  and  after  advertising  for  subscribers, 
and  offering  to  teach  the  classics,  so  as  to 
enable  his  pupils  to  write  and  speak  fluently 
in  12  months  for  12  guineas,  he  sunk  into  po- 
verty and  neglect,  and  from  the  corner  of 
one  of  the  streets  of  the  Strand,  where  he 
had  a  shop,  he  retired  to  Hoxton  square, 
where  his  indigence  was  relieved  by  the  cha- 
ritable contributions  of  his  friends.  He  died 
8th  June,  1768,  aged  90.  As  a  preacher  it 
is  said  that  he  was  zealous  and  persuasive, 
without  being  popular  or  eloquent.  His  pub- 
lications, which  were  numerou3,  are  men- 
tioned in  the  Gent.  Magazine,  1784,  p.  274. 

Fannius,  surnamed  Strabo,  a  Roman, 
who  is  known  by  his  law  to  curb  the  extra- 
vagance of  his  countrymen.  His  son  was  an 
elegant  orator.  An  historian  of  the  same 
name  in  Trajan's  age,  wrote  an  account  of 
Nero's  reign,  now  lost. 

Fanshaw,  sir  Richard,  an  English  gen- 
tleman, 10th  son  of  sir  Henry  Fanshaw,  of 
Ware  park,  Herts,  where  he  was  born  1607. 
After  studying  at  Cambridge,  he  travelled  on 
the  continent,  and  in  1635,  was  engaged  in 
the  service  of  Charles  I.  who  sent  him  as  en- 
voy to  Spain.  In  1644  he  attended  the  king 
at  Oxford,  and  was  made  by  the  university 
doctor  of  laws,  and  afterwards  appointed  se- 
cretary to  Charles  prince  of  Wales,  whose 
wanderings  he  shared  in  the  west  of  England, 
and  in  the  islands  of  Scilly,  and  Jersey.  He 
was  treasurer  of  the  navy  under  Rupert,  in 
1G4S,  and  was  created  1650,  a  baronet  by 
Charles  II.  and  sent  as  envoy  to  Spain.  He 
was  taken  at  the  battle  of  "Worcester,  and 
imprisoned  in  London,  from  which  however 
he  was  liberated  in  con»equence  of  a  severe 
illness,  by  giving  bail.  In  1659,  he  visited  the 
king  at  Bvcla,  by  whom  he  was  knighted, 


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and  at  the  restoration  he  was  made  master 
of  requests,  and  secretary  of  the  Latin  lan- 
guage. He  afterwards  -was  ambassador  in 
Portugal,  to  negotiate  the  marriage  of  Charles 
and  the  infanta  Catharina,  and  on  his  return 
16C3,  he  was  sworn  of  the  privy  council.  He 
■was  in  16C4  sent  as  ambassador  to  Philip  IV. 
of  Spain,  with  whose  successor  he  concluded 
a  treaty  of  peace  in  1665.  He  died  at  Ma- 
drid  l6thJune,  1666,  of  a  fever,  as  he  was 
preparing  to  return  home.  His  body  was 
embalmed,  and  brought  over  to  England, 
and  deposited  in  All  Saints'  church,  Hert- 
ford, and  afterwards  removed  to  a  new  vault 
i4i  Ware  church.  He  had  by  his  wife  Anne, 
daughter  of  sir  John  Harrison,  six  sons,  and 
eight  daughters,  of  whom  only  one  son,  and 
four  daughters  survived  him.  Though  en- 
gaged in  political  affairs,  he  found  time  to 
write  some  respectable  pieces,  and  among 
them  a  translation  in  rhyme  of  Guarini's 
Pastor  Fido,  16*6,  a  translation  of  Fletcher's 
Faithful  Shepherdess,  into  Latin  verse — 
Odes  of  Horace,  translated  into  English — 
Virgil's  fourth  iEneid — and  Camoens'  Lu- 
fciad,  translated  into  English,  besides  some 
poems,  and  original  letters,  published  during 
jus  embassies  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  1702. 

Fardella,  Michael  Angelo,  an  emi- 
nent professor  of  natural  history  and  astro- 
nomy at  Padua,  was  born  at  Trapani  in  Si- 
cily, and  died  at  Naples  1718,  aged  68.  He 
wrote  several  works,  now  little  known. 

Fare,  Charles  Augustus,  marquis  de  la, 
a  captain  in  the  French  guards,  better  known 
as  a  writer  and  as  the  author  of  Memoirs 
and  Reflections  on  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV. 
12mo.  and  of  some  little  pieces  of  poetry 
which  possess  genius  and  merit.  He  began 
to  be  a  poet  when  60  years  old,  and  died 
1712,  aged  6S. 

Faeel,  William,  an  able  reformer,  born 
at  Gap  in  Dliuphine  14S9.  He  studied  with 
great  assiduity  at  Paris  the  Hebrew  and 
Greek  tongues,  but  soon  after  he  became  a 
teacher,  the  spirit  of  persecution  against  the 
protestants  drove  him  from  France.  He 
■went  to  Strasburg,  and  then  to  Switzer- 
land, and  he  successfully  engaged  with  the 
duke  of  Wirtemberg,  to  introduce  the  refor- 
mation into  Moutbeliard,  Aigle,  Morat,  and 
other  places.  He  afterwards  went  to  Gene- 
va, but  his  violence  against  popery  was  re- 
sisted by  the  clergy,  and  he  retired,  though 
in  1534  he  was  recalled.  In  1538  he  was 
again  banished  from  Geneva  with  Calvin,  and 
retired  to  Basil,  and  then  to  Ncufchatel. 
Zealous  in  the  cause  of  reformation  belabor- 
ed assiduously  as  a  preacher,  and  though 
exposed  to  a  thousand  dangers  from  perse- 
cution and  from  the  jealousy  of  the  papists, 
he  escaped  them  all,  and  after  increasing  his 
proselytes  at  Metz  and  the  neighboring- 
places,  he  visited  Calvin  on  his  death-bed  at 
Geneva  1564,  and  expired  himself  the  next 
year  on  the  13th  Sept.  at  Neufchatel.  At 
the  age  of  69  he  married,  an  event  in  his  life 
which  exposed  him  to  the  ridicule  of  his  ene- 
mies. Erasmus  among  others  has  spoken  of 
him  severely,  but  rather  unjustly,  -when  he 


calls  him  af;:lse,  virulent,  and  seditious  evan- 
gelist. Nothing  could,  indeed,  resist  the 
zeal  of  Farel,  though  surrounded  by  drawn 
swords,  though  interrupted  by  the  ringing  of 
bells,  and  by  the  clamors  of  his  enemies,  he 
yet  preached  boldly  and  successfully,  and 
made  as  many  converts  as  any  of  the  refor- 
mers. He  wrote  some  few  things  on  contro- 
versial subjects. 

Fa  ret,  Nicholas,  one  of  the  first  mem- 
bers of  the  French  academy,  known  more 
for  the  excellent  statutes  which  he  formed 
for  the  new  Institution,  than  the  books  he 
wrote.  He  was  the  friend  of  count  d'Har- 
court  and  Vaugclas  St.  Amand,  and  died 
1646,  aged  46. 

Farin,  Emanuel  de  Sousa,  a  Portuguese 
knight.,  who  accompanied  Rodrigo,  as  ambas- 
sador to  Rome.  He  died  at  Madrid  1650, 
aged  60,  reduoed  to  poverty,  by  his  negli- 
gence of  his  property.  He  wrote  poems  in  a 
manly  and  nervous  style,  collected  into  seven 
volumes  after  his  death,  besides  moral  and 
political  discourses,  commentaries  on  the  Lu- 
siad  of  Camoens,  a  history  of  Portugal  to  the 
reign  of  Henry  the  cardinal,  and  Portuguese 
Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  America.  Though 
a  Portuguese,  he  preferred  the  Castilian  lan- 
guage to  his  own. 

Pari  naccio,  Prosper,  an  Italian  lawyer, 
born  at  Rome,  died  161  S,  aged  64.  His  works 
in  13  vols,  fob  are  much  esteemed  at  Rome. 
They  are  all  on  law  subjects. 

Fa  r  i  nato,  Paul,  an  Italian  painter,  born 
at  Verona  1522.  His  mother  died  in  giving 
him  birth,  and  he  and  his  wife  both  expired 
at  the  same  moment  in  1606.  One  of  bis 
paintings  in  St.  George's  church,  Verona,  is 
as  much  admired  as  that  of  Paul  Veronese, 
which  is  pfaced  near  it.  He  was  equally 
eminent  as  an  orator,  sculptor,  and  archi- 
tect, and  it  is  said  that  he  was  also  a  good 
swordsman. 

Farinelli.  Vid.  Broschi. 

Faringdon,  Anthony,  an  English  di- 
vine, born  at  Sunning,  Berks,  1596.  He  -was 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford,  of  which 
be  became  fellow  and  tutor,  and  afterwards 
he  was  vicar  of  Bray,  near  Maidenhead, 
1634,  and  divinity  reader  in  Windsor  chapel. 
In  the  civil  wars,  he  was  ejected  from  his  pa- 
rish, and  reduced  to  great  poverty,  till  in- 
vited by  sir  John  Robinson,  alderman  of 
London,  to  officiate  at  St.  Mary  Magdalen, 
Milk-street,  London,  where  lie  died  Sept. 
165S.  He  published  in  1657,  a  folio  volume 
of  his  sermons,  dedicated  to  his  patron  Ro- 
binson, and  after  his  death  two  other  folio 
volumes  of  his  MS.  sermons,  were  publish- 
ed by  his  friends. 

Farmer,  Hugh,  a  dissenting  minister, 
educated  under  Dr.  Doddridge.  He  settled 
at  Walthamstow,  and  lived  in  the  house  of 
bis  friend  Mr.  Snell,  where  he  died  5th  Feb. 
1787.  He  wrote  a  dissertation  on  Miracles, 
Svo. — a  treatise  on  the  Worship  of  Human 
Spirits  among  the  Heathens,  Svo. — on 
Christ's  Temptation,  8vo. — and  on  the  De- 
moniacs, Svo. 

Farmer,   Richard,  a  learned  native  of 


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Leicester,  educated  at  Emftnuel  college, 
Cambridge,  'where  he  became  fellow  and  tu- 
tor, and  took  his  degree  of  M.A.  1760.  In 
1766  he  published  his  valuable  essay  on  the 
Learning  of  Shakspeare,  in  which  he  main- 
tains that  the  bard  obtained  his  knowledge 
of  ancient  history  and  mythology  from  trans- 
lations and  not  from  original  classical  au- 
thors. He  Mas  in  1767  made  one  of  the 
Whitehall  preachers,  and  in  1775  he  was 
elected  master  of  his  college,  and  then  took 
his  degree  of  D.D.  He  obtained  afterwards 
a  prebend,  and  the  chancellorship  in  Lich- 
field cathedral,  the  place  of  librarian  in  Cam- 
bridge, and  afterwards  a  prebend  of  Canter- 
bury, which  he  exchanged  for  a  residentia- 
ryship  of  St.  Paul's.  He  had  collected  ma- 
terials for  the  history  of  his  native  town, 
which  however  he  gave  together  with  the 
plates  to  his  friend  Mr.  Nichols,  for  his  Lei- 
cestershire history.  He  died  1797,  aged  62, 
and  his  valuable  collection  of  scarce  and  cu- 
rious books  was  sold  by  public  auction,  after 
his  death. 

Farnabv,  Thomas,  an  eminent  gram- 
marian, born  in  London  1575.  He  was  ser- 
vitor of  Merton  college,  Oxford,  and  was 
seduced  by  the  Jesuits,  and  persuaded  to 
leave  his  country  and  religion,  and  retire  to 
Spain.  Tired  of  the  discipline  of  his  new 
instructors,  he  at  last  with  difficulty  escaped, 
and  went  a  voyage  with  sir  Francis  Drake, 
and  sir  John  Hawkins,  1595.  He  afterwards 
served  a*  a  soldier  in  the  Low  Countries, 
and  then  returued  to  Cornwall,  poor  and 
destitute.  He  settled  at  Martock,  Somer- 
setshire, where  he  taught  grammar  with 
great  success,  and  then  came  to  London, 
where  he  met  with  much  encouragement, 
and  had  not  less  than  three  hundred  pupils. 
In  1616,  he  took  his  master's  degree  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  admitted  ad  eundem  at 
Oxford,  and  about  1636,  on  account  of  the 
sickness  prevalent  in  London,  he  removed 
to  Seven  Oaks,  Kent,  where  his  usual  suc- 
cess attended  him,  and  enabled  him  to  pur- 
chase an  estate  there,  and  another  in  Sussex. 
During  the  civil  wars  he  became  obnoxious 
to  the  parliament,  because  he  had  said  it  was 
better  to  have  one  king  than  500.  He  was 
therefore  imprisoned  in  Newgate,  and  though 
his  enemies  wished  to  transport  him  to  Ame- 
rica, he  was  removed  to  Ely  house,  Holborn, 
where  he  continued  till  within  a  year  of  his 
death.  He  died  12th  June  1647,  and  was 
buried  at  Seven  Oaks.  His  works  were 
Notre  ad  Juvenalis  &  Persii  Satiras,  1612. 
— Notte  ad  Senecaj  Tragcedias  1613, — ad 
Martialis  Epigr.  1615, — adLucani  Pharsalia, 
1618,— Index  llhetoricus,  &c.  1625,— Flori- 
legium  Epigrammat.  Groec.  1629, — Nota?  ad 
Virgil,  1634, — Systema  Grammatic.  1641, 
Jtec.  His  works  display  every  where  great 
erudition,  and  his  notes,  says  Boyle,  are  of 
great  use,  being  short,  learned,  and  designed 
to  clear  up  the  text. 

Farnese,  Peter  Louis,  son  of  pope  Paul 

in.  by  a  secret  marriage,  before  he  became 

a  cardinal,  was  made  duke  of  Parma,  and 

Placentia.    His  debaucheries,  and  the  tyran- 

TOL.  T.  65 


ny  of  his  government,  rendered  him  so  un- 
popular, that  he  was  assassinated  at  Placen- 
tia 1547,  two  years  after  his  elevation. 

Farnese,  Alexander,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  1520.  He  was  made 
bishop  of  Parma,  by  Clement  VII.  and  ad- 
vanced to  the  purple  in  1534,  by  his  grand- 
father Paul  HI.  by  whom  he  was  employed 
as  ambassador  to  Germany,  France,  and  the 
Low  Countries.  His  talents  as  a  negotiator 
were  very  great,  and  he  was  respected  for 
his  learning,  as  well  as  patronage  of  litera- 
ture, and  of  learned  men.  He  died  at  Rome, 
1589.  Charles  V.  said  of  him,  when  dean  of 
the  sacred  college,  that  if  all  the  members 
resembled  him,  the  college  would  be  the 
most  august  assembly  in  the  world. 

Farnese,  Alexander,  third  duke  of  Par- 
ma, was  nephew  to  the  cardinal.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  siege  of  Lepanto, 
and  at  the  taking  of  Antwerp,  and  succeeded 
in  1578  John  of  Austria,  as  governor  of  the 
Low  Countries.  He  received  a  mortal  wound 
at  Kouen,  when  it  was  besieged  by  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  and  he  died  at  Arras,  1592. 

Farnevvorth,  Ellis,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Bonteshall,  Derbyshire,  where  his 
father  was  rector,  and  educated  at  Chester- 
field and  Eton,  and  then  at  Jesus  college, 
Cambridge.  He  was  presented  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Carsington,  Derbyshire,  1762,  by 
dean  Yorke,  and  died  there  25th  March, 
1763.  He  wrote  the  Life  of  pope  Sixtus  V. 
from  the  Italian  of  Leti,  folio,  1754, — Da- 

vila's  History  of  I" ranee,  2  vols.  4to.  1757, 

Machiavel's  works  translated  1761,  reprinted 
1775,  4  vols.  8vo. 

Farquhar,  George,  an  eminent  comic 
poet,  son  of  a  clergyman,  born  at  London- 
derry, 1678.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin 
college,  and  afterwards  engaged  himself  with 
a  company  of  players.  In  this  employment, 
at  the  representation  of  Dryden's  Indian 
Emperor,  he  was  nearly  converting  the  play 
into  a  real  tragedy,  for  forgetting  to  ex- 
change his  sword  for  a  foil,  he, as  Guyomar, 
wounded  his  antagonist  Vasquez  so  dread- 
fully that  from  that  moment,  he  in  terror 
bid  adieu  to  the  stage.  He  came  to  London 
in  1696,  and  at  the  repeated  solicitations  of 
Wilks  the  actor,  he  turned  his  thoughts  to 
thfe  composition  of  a  theatrical  piece.  His 
opportunities  of  study  and  meditation  were 
improved  by  the  kindness  of  lord  Orrery, 
who  gave  him  a  lieutenant's  commission  in 
his  regiment.  In  1698  his  first  comedy  ap- 
peared, called  "  Love  in  a  Bottle,"  and  was 
well  received.  In  1700,  "the  Constant 
Couple,  or  Trip  to  the  Jubilee,"  was  acted, 
and  gave  Wilks  the  opportunity  of  display- 
ing sir  Harry  Wildair  with  a!i  the  gayety 
animation,  and  vivacity  of  the  character. 
The  same  year  Farquhar  was  in  Holland, 
and  he  has  given  a  facetious  and  interesting 
account  of  the  place  and  people  in  two  let- 
ters. In  1701,  appeared  "  sir  Harry  WitcN 
air,  or  the  sequel  of  the  Trip  to  the  Jubilee," 
which  was  received  with  uncommon  appro- 
bation. He  published  in  1702,  miscellanies, 
or  collections  o.f  poems,  letters  swid  e-;svvs. 


FA 


FA 


and  the  next  year  came  out  his  "Inconstant, 
or  the  Way  to  Win  him."  In  1704  appear- 
ed his  "Stage  Coach,"  the  next  year  "  the 
Twin  Rivals,"  and  in  1706  ."  the  Recruiting 
Officer"'  dedicated  to  "  all  friends  round  the 
Wrekin"  a  hill  near  Shrewsbury,  where  he 
had  observed  on  a  recruiting  party,  the 
maimer  in  which  clowns  are  inveigled  into 
the  army,  and  the  milk  maids  are  robbed  of 
their  virtue  and  happiness  by  the  arts  of  mili- 
tary men.  His  last  comedy  was  the  Beaux's 
Stratagem,  the  great  success  of  which  he 
did  not  live  to  see,  as  the  unkindness  of  a 
courtier,  who  hud  promised,  and  forgot,  to 
patronise  him,  and  the  pressure  of  his  debts 
broke  his  heart.  He  died  April,  1707,  be- 
fore he  had  reached  his  thirtieth  year.  He 
had  married  in  1703,  a  lady  who  had  fallen 
in  love  with  him,  and  who  to  gain  the  affec- 
tions of  a  needy  and  dissipated  suitor,  had 
falsely  represented  herself  as  a  woman  of 
great  opulence.  He  married,  but  though 
bitterly  disappointed,  he  never  upbraided  his 
•wife  with  the  artifice,  but  became  a  tender 
and  indulgent  husband.  He  left  two  daugh- 
ters whom  in  his  papers  he  had  recom- 
mended to  the  friendship  and  patronage  of 
Wilks.  Wilks  became  a  father  to  them,  he 
procured  a  benefit  for  each  of  them,  and 
continued  his  parental  fondness,  even  after 
they  were  settled  in  business,  For  the  suc- 
cess of  his  comedies,  Farquhar  is  indebted 
to  the  natural  delineation  of  his  characters, 
the  interesting  tendency  of  his  plots,  and  the 
flowing  graces  and  sprightliness  of  his  wit. 
The  same  popularity  attends  them  now  as 
upon  their  original  production,  though  it  is 
to  be  lamented  that  a  licentiousness  and 
spirit  of  indelicacy  much  to  be  censured  are 
observed  throughout,  to  be  attributed  not  so 
much  to  depravity  of  heart  in  the  author, 
as  to  the  impure  taste  of  the  age  in  which  he 
wrote. 

Fastolff,  sir  John,  a  valiant  general, 
of  an  ancient  family,  born  at  Yarmouth  in 
Norfolk,  about  1377.  He  attended  the  duke 
of  Clarence,  as  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  about 
1405  and  1406,  and  in  140S  he  married  a 
rich  widow  of  that  kingdom,  and  soon  after 
■went  over  to  France,  where,  under  the  Eng- 
lish regency,  he  was  promoted  to  places  of 
trust  and  honor.  He  returned  home  1440, 
covered  with  laurels  bravely  won  in  the  field, 
and  in  his  private  conduct  now  he  exhibited 
the  hospitable,  generous,  and  benevolent 
man.  He  bestowed  large  legacias  on  Cam- 
bridge to  build  the  schools  of  philosophy  and 
civil  law,  and  was  a  most  liberal  benefactor 
to  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  founded  by  his 
friend  Wainfleet.  He  died  1459,  aged  up- 
wards of  80,  according  to  what  Caxton  his 
contemporary  has  mentioned.  Shakspeare 
has  been  severely  censured  for  abusing  this 
great  and  good  man  under  the  character  of 
sir  John  Falstaff.  The  age  and  the  name  of 
these  two  knights  are  so  different,  that  the 
apparent  coincidence  must  be  purely  acci- 
dental. Fastolff-,  as  is  well  observed,  was  a 
young  and  grave,  discreet  and  valiant,  chaste 
and  sober  commander  abroad,  and  eminent 


for  every  virtue  at  home ;  but  the  Falstaff  of 
the  poet  is  an  old,  humorous,  vaporing,  cow- 
ardly, lewd,  lying,  drunken,  debauchee.  It 
is  besides  to  be  recollected  that  Shakspeare's 
Falstaff  was  first  acted  under  the  name  of  sir 
John  Oldcastle,  though  modern  critics  dis- 
pute it. 

Favart,  Charles  Simon,  a  Parisian, 
known  for  his  operas,  which  are  numerous, 
and  deservedly  admired.  He  died  at  Paris 
1703,  aged  83. 

Favart,  Marie  Justine  Benoite,  a  fa- 
mous French  actress,  wife  of  the  preceding, 
born  at  Avignon,  1727.  Her  maiden  name- 
was  du  Roncerai.  She  was  never  surpassed 
in  the  sensibility,  ease,  and  liveliness  of  her 
eomic  characters.     She  died  at  Paris,  1772. 

Fauchet,  Claude,  a  French  antiquarian, 
historiographer  to  Henry  IV.  He  died  1601, 
aged  72,  overwhelmed  in  debts.  The  monu- 
ments of  his  extensive  reading  and  deep  re- 
searches are  found  in  his  Gaulish  and  French 
Antiquities, — a  treatise  on  the  Liberties  of 
the  Gallican  Church, — on  the  Origin  oi 
Knights,  Armorial  Bearings,  and  Heralds, 
— Origin  of  Dignities  and  Magistracies  in 
France.  These  works  printed  together  in 
4to.  1610,  are  curious,  but  so  inelegant  that, 
it  is  said,  the  perusal  of  them  gave  Lewis 
XIII.  a  distaste  for  reading. 

Fauchet,  Claude,  a  native  of  Dome  in 
the  Niveruois,  who  became  vicar-general  to 
the  archbishop  of  Bruges,  and  preacher  to 
Lewis  XVI.  The  theatrical  manner,  and 
ridiculous  affectation  of  his  delivery,  how- 
ever, offended  the  devotion  of  the  monarch, 
and  in  consequence  of  this  disgrace,  Fauchet, 
at  the  revolution,  was  most  hostile  to  the 
government.  He  was  one  of  the  most  active 
in  the  destruction  of  the  Bastille,  and  preach- 
ed a  thanksgiving  sermon  on  the  event,  and 
in  his  enthusiastic  conduct  showed  himself 
so  forgetful  of  his  character  and  profession, 
that  he  called  Jesus  Christ  the  first, sanscu- 
lotte of  Judxa.  These  extravagancies  ren- 
dered him  popular  with  the  mob;  he  was 
deputy  from  Calvados  in  the  national  as- 
sembly and  in  the  convention,  and  became 
the  constitutional  bishop  of  Bayeaux.  He 
was  at  last  accused  as  a  disaffected  person 
before  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  and  guillo- 
tined 1793,  in  his  49th  year.  He  wrote  a 
panegyric  on  St.  Lewis,  before  the  French 
academy, — a  funeral  Oration  for  the  duke  of 
Orleans, — Discourse  on  Universal  Manners, 
— Eloge  on  Benjamin  Franklin,  &c. 

Faucheur,  Michael  le,  a  French  pro- 
testant  divine,  admired  as  a  preacher  at 
Montpellier,  Charenton,  and  Paris.  After 
hearing  him  discourse  on  duelling,  marshal 
de  la  Force  said,  "  if  a  challenge  was  sent 
to  me,  I  would  refuse  it."  He  died  univer- 
sally  regretted  at  Paris,  1667.  He  wrote  a 
treatise  on  Oratorical  Action, — sermons  in 
8vo. — Christian  Prayers  and  Meditations, — 
a  treatise  on  the  Eucharist,  against  cardinal 
Perron,  Geneva,  folio. 

Faulkner,  George,  a  printer  of  emi 
nence,  the  first  who  raised  his  profession  in 
Ireland  to  credit  and  respectability.  He  ws..- 


*"  A 


FA 


t&e  friend  of  dean  Swift,  and  of  lord  Ches- 
terfield, whose  letters  to  him  under  the 
name  of  Atticus,  are  much  admired.  He 
had  the  misfortune  to  break  his  leg,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  Foote,  with  more  humor 
than  good  breeding,  introduced  him  in  his 
Orators,  1762,  in  the  character  of  Peter 
Paragraph.  The  insult  was  fell,  and  Faulk- 
ner commenced  an  action  against  the  mimic, 
"which,  however  was  dropped  by  the  inter- 
ference of  lord  Townshend.  He  raised  him- 
self to  opulence  by  the  success  of  his  "Jour- 
nal," and  was  universally  respected  for  his 
fair  and  upright  conduct  in  his  profession. 
He  died  Alderman  of  Dublin,  28lh  August 
1775. 

Fa  vol  i  us,  Hugo,  a  Dutch  physician  and 
poet,  author  of  Hodoeporican  Byzanti- 
um, in  three  books,  published  at  Louvain, 
1563.     He  died  1585. 

Favorixus,  a  Platonic  philosopher  in 
the  age  of  Adrian.  He  was  born  at  Aries  in 
Gaul,  and  taught  at  Rome. 

Favorinus,  Various, 'Originally  Guarini 
of  Favera,  near  Camerino  in  Italy,  the  place 
of  his  birth,  was  a  disciple  of  Politiau,  and 
became  a  Benedictine  monk.  In  1512  he 
was  keeper  of  the  Mendiceau  library  of  Flo- 
rence, and  in  1514  was  made  bishop  of  No- 
cera,  and  died  1537.  He  published  in  1523 
his  Greek  Lexicon  at  Rome,  one  of  the  first 
of  modern  Lexicons,  compiled  from  Suidas, 
the  Etyrnologicum  Magnum,  Hesychius,  &c. 
the  best  edition  of  which  is  that  of  Bartoli, 
fol.  Venice  1712.  He  wrote  besides,  Cornu- 
eopix  et  Horti  Adonidis,and  Stobxus'Apoph- 
thegmata,  translated. 

Faur,  Guy  de,  lord  of  Pibrac,  a  native  of 
Toulouse,  eminent  as  an  advocate,  and  sent 
by  Charles  IX.  as  ambassador  to  the  council 
of  Trent,  where  he  manfully  defeoded  the 
liberties  of  the  Gallican  church.  In  15G5  he 
■was  made  advocate  general  in  the  parliament 
of  Paris,  and  in  1570,  counsellor  of  state.  In 
1572  he  vindicated  the  massacre  of  St.  Uar- 
'.holcmev,  no  doubt  compelled  by  his  supe- 
riors, as  his  own  character  was  mild,  hu- 
mane, and  far  from  vindictive.  He  made 
peace  between  the  court  and  the  protestants 
under  Henry  III.  whom  he  had  accompanied 
to  Poland,  when  he  was  elected  king  there. 
He  possessed  great  influence  with  his  mas- 
ter, and  was  created  one  of  the  chief  presi- 
dents of  the  court  of  law.  He  died  15 Si, 
aged  56.  He  published  some  speeches,  but 
he  is  best  known  by  his  "Quatrains,"  or 
Moral  StanzUs  of  four  lines,  so  much  admi- 
red at.  that  time,  that  they  were  translated 
into  all  languages,  and  into  English  by  Syl- 
vester. 

Pavre,  Anthony,  Fabet"  in  Latin,  a  pro- 
found lawyer,  born  1557  at  Bresse.  He  w:is 
governor  of  Savoy,  and  was  engaged  in  seve- 
ral negotiations  between  that  dukedom  and 
France.  He  died  I62i.  He  wrote  10  vols, 
fbl.  on  jurisprudence  and  civil  law,  besides 
quatrains  preserved  among  those  of  Faur, 
lord  of  Pibrac. 

Favre.  Claude,  lid,  Vau-CFX.Vs. 
Faust  Vid.  Fust. 


Fausta,  Flavia  Maximiana,  second  v/'tie. 
of  the  great  Constantino,  caused  by  false 
accusation  the  death  of  Crispus  her  son-in- 
law.  She  was  suffocated  in  a  bath  for  her 
incontinence  327. 

Faustina,  Anna  Galena,  daughter  of 
Ann.  Verus,  and  wife  of  Antoninus  Pius, 
disgraced  herself  by  her  debaucheries,  and 
died  141.  Her  daughter  was  equally  licen- 
tious. 

Faustus,  an  English  monk  of  the  5th 
century.  He  was  abbot  of  the  monastery  of 
the  Lerin  Islands  433,  and  in  406  made 
bishop  of  Riez  in  Provence.  He  wrote  a 
homily  on  Maximus,  his  predecessor  in  the 
bishopric.  He  was  banished  from  his  see  in. 
481,  and  died  soon  after. 

Fawcett,  sir  William,  an  English  gene- 
ral, born  at  Shipden  hall  near  Halifax,  York- 
shire. He  received  his  education  at  a  gram- 
mar school  in  Lancashire,  and  early  embra- 
ced the  military  profession,  and  served  in 
Germany  during  the  seven  years'  war  under 
Eliot  and  Granny.  His  abilities  were  ap- 
plauded by  the  king  of  Prussia,  who  made 
him  liberal  offers  to  accept  a  command  in 
his  army,  but  he  preferred  the  service  of 
his  native  country,  and  was  gradually  promo- 
ted to  the  rank  of  a  general,  and  made  knight 
of  the  bath,  colonel  of  the  third  regiment  of 
dragoon  guards,  and  governor  of  Chelsea 
hospital.  He  died  1804,  and  was  buried 
with  great  military  pomp  in  Chelsea  college 
chapel.  He  translated  from  the  French 
count  Saxe's  reveries,  or  Memoirs  on  the 
Art  of  War,  4to.  1757 — Regulations  for  the 
Prussian  Cavalry,  from  the  German,  1757 — 
Regulations  for  the  Prussian  Infantry,  and 
the  Prussian  Tactics,  1759. 

Fawkes,  Francis,  an  ingenious  poet,  born 
in  Yorkshire  1721,  and  educated  at  Leeds 
school,  and  afterwards  at  Jesus  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees  in 
arts.  Upon  taking  orders  he  settled  at  Brom- 
ham,  Yorkshire,  and  then  removed  to  Croy- 
don, Surrey,  where  Herring  the  primate 
noticed  him,  and  gave  htm  in  1755  the  vicar- 
age of  Orpington,  with  St.  Mary  Clay,  Kent, 
which  he  exchanged  in  1774  for  the  rectorv 
of  Hayes.  He  died  26th  Aug.  1777.  He 
published  an  ode  inscribed  to  his  patron 
Herring,  and  lamented  his  death  in  1757  in  a 
pathetic  eleg_y.  His  poems  appeared  bv 
subscription  1761,  in  8vo.  but  his  chief  merit 
was  translation,  as  is  evinced  by  his  spirited 
versions  of  Anacreon,  Sappho,  Blob,  Mos- 
chus,  and  Musasus,  17G0,  12mo. — and  the 
Idyllia  of  Theocritus  1767,  8vo.  His  Apol- 
loniusRhodius  appeared  1780.  A  Bible  with 
notes  was  published  in  his  name. 

Favdit,  Anselm,  a  Provencal  poet,  or 
troubadour  of  celebrity,  noticed  by  the  prin- 
ces of  his  time,  for  his  wit  and  the  elegance 
of  his  manners.  He  was  relieved  from  indi- 
gence by  the  liberality  of  Richard  Coem-  de 
Lion  who  admired  his  poetry,  and  he  died  at 
<Vix  12-20.  He  wrote  a  poem  on  the  death  of 
his  benefactor  Richard,  the  Palace  of  Love, 
imitated  afterwards  by  Petrarch,  beside? 
comedies,  one  of  which  "Ileregiadels  Pro?- 


FE 


EE 


tes,"  reflected  severely  on  the  corruption  of 
the  church. 

Faydit,  Peter,  a  priest  of  the  oratory, 
who  was  born  at  Riom  in  Auvergne,  and 
died  there  1709,  aged  60.  He  is  known  for  his 
satirical  attacks  on  great  characters,  especi- 
ally Bossuet  and  Fenelon  for  his  Telema- 
chus,  and  his  illustrations  of  Ecclesiastical 
History,  8vo. — his  treatise  on  the  Trinity, 
&c. 

Fayette,  Louisa de  la,  a  French  lady  of 
great  celebrity.  She  was  maid  of  honror  to 
Anne  of  Austria,  and  enjoyed  the  confidence 
of  Lewis  XIII.  without  sullying  her  good 
name  or  her  virtue.  So  great  was  her  influ- 
ence upon  this  monarch  that  she  reconciled 
him  to  his  queen,  and  when  she  had  thus 
served  the  man  whom  she  respected,  she 
retired  uncontaminated  to  a  convent,  and 
took  the  veil.  Lewis  visited  her  in  her 
retreat,  but  she  resisted  every  invitation  to 
the  court.  She  died  in  her  convent,  univer- 
sally beloved,  and  deservedly  admired  for 
that  uncommon  display  of  virtue  and  self- 
command  which,  in  a  young  and  beautiful 
■woman,  could  resist  the  most  flattering  offers 
of  distinction  and  of  rank,  and  sacrifice  the 
world,  and  her  innocent  attachment  to  a 
king,  to  the  meek  spirit  of  devotion. 

Fayette,  Marie  Madeleine,  countess  of, 
daughter  of  Ayiner  de  la  Vergne,  governor 
of  Havre  de  Grace,  and  wife  of  count  de  la 
Fayette,  is  celebrated  for  her  knowledge  of 
literature  and  of  the  fine  arts,  and  her  inti- 
inacy  with  Uouchefoucault,Huetius,  Menage, 
Segrais,  and  other  learned  men.  She  died 
1693.  Though  abused  for  levity  of  conduct 
by  the  author  of  the  memoirs  of  Madam  de 
Maintenon,  she  is  represented  by  Madam 
de  Sevigne  as  a  woman  of  respectable  and 
exemplary  character.  She  wrote  Zaide — 
La  Princesse  de  Cleves — La  Princesse  de 
Monlpensier,  romances — Memoires  de  la 
Cour  de  France  1688  and  1689— Histoire 
d'Henriette  d'Angletere — divers  portraits, 
Jkc.  These  works  are  still  esteemed.  She 
is  the  first,  says  Voltaire,  who  exhibited  in 
her  romances  the  manners  of  people  of 
fashion  in  a  graceful,  easy,  and  natural  way. 
Featley,  Daniel,  or  Fairclough,  an 
English  divine,  born  at  Charlton,  Oxford- 
shire, March  1582.  He  was  educated  at 
Magdalen  college  school  and  Corpus  Christi, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow  1602. 
He  distinguished  himself  so  much  by  his 
extensive  knowledge  of  school  divinity,  and 
by  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher,  that  he  was 
sent  as  chaplain  to  sir  Thomas  Edmund's 
embassy  to  France,  where  he  continued 
three  years.  He  became,  in  1613,  rector  of 
Norlhlll,  Cornwall,  and  chaplain  to  Abbot 
the  primate,  who  made  him  rector  of  Lam- 
beth. In  1617  he  took  his  degree  of  D.  U. 
and  afterwards  received  from  his  patron,  the 
primate,  the  rectory  of  All-Hallows,  Bread 
street,  London,  which  he  exchanged  for 
Acton,  and  he  was  the  last  provost  of  Chel- 
sea college.  He  suffered  much  in  his  pro- 
perty by  the  civil  wars,  and  hardly  escaped 
with  his  life,  as  he  was  seized  and  imprisoned 


in  1643,  for  opposing  the  covenant.  He  grew 
so  weak  and  dropsical  from  the  confinement 
that  he  was  permitted  to  remove  to  Chelsea 
college,  where  he  died  April  1645.  He  was 
a  very  able  disputant,  and  a  most  smart 
scourge,  says  Wood,  of  the  church  of  Rome. 
He  published  nearly  40  works,  all  of  the 
polemical  kind,  besides  **Cygnea  Cantio," 
1629,  and  the  scholastic  duel  between  him 
and  king  James. 

Fecht,oi- Feciitius,  John,  a  Lutheran 
divine  of  Brisgaw,  who  settled  at  Dourlach, 
and  afterwards  at  Rostock.  He  died  1/10, 
aged  80.  He  wrote  a  History  of  Cain  and 
Abel,  with  notes,  &c.  Svo. — a  treatise  on  the 
Religion  of  the  modern  Greeks — another 
against  the  Superstitions  of  the  Mass,  &c. 

Feckenham,  John  de,  so  called  as  being 
born  of  poor  parents  near  that  forest  in. 
Worcestershire.  His  right  name  was  How- 
man.  His  promising  abilities  were  observed 
and  improved  by  the  priest  of  his  parish,  and 
he  was  educated  carefully  in  the  monastery 
of  Evesham,  and  afterwards  at  Glocester 
hall,  Oxford,  where,  in  1559,  he  took  the 
degree  of  B.  D.  He  was  afterwards  chaplain 
to  bishops  Bell  and  Bonner,  and  in  1549  he 
was  committed  to  the  tower  for  refusing,  it 
is  said,  to  administer  the  sacraments  after 
the  manner  of  the  protestants.  On  Mary's 
accession  he  was  released,  and  raised  to  dis- 
tinction in  the  church.  In  1554  he  disputed 
at  Oxford  with  Cranmer,  Ridley,  and  Lati- 
mer, before  they  suffered  martyrdom;  but 
though  favored  by  the  papists,  he  exercised 
every  office  of  benevolence  and  kindness 
towards  the  suffering  protestants.  In  1556 
he  was  made  D.  D.  by  the  university  of 
Oxford,  in  compliment  to  his  great  learning, 
and  his  many  private  virtues,  and  the  same 
year  he  was  appointed  abbot  of  Westminster. 
On  Mary's  death,  Elizabeth,  before  her 
coronation,  sent  for  him,  and  as  he  had  in- 
terested himself  warmly  in  her  favor  during 
the  last  reign,  she  acknowledged  his  services, 
and  offered  him  the  archbishopric  of  Canter- 
bury if  he  would  conform,  which  he  abso- 
lutely refused.  In  the  queen's  first  parlia- 
ment he  was  the  last  abbot  that  sat  there, 
and  he  then  spoke  so  boldly  against  the  refor- 
mation, that  he  was  sent  to  the  tower  in 
1560.  He  continued  in  custody,  either  in. 
the  house  of  some  bishop,  or  in  a  public, 
prison,  the  rest  of  his  life;  but  though  he 
acknowledged  the  queen's  supremacy,  he 
never  would  conform  to  the  reformation. 
He  died  a  prisoner  in  Wisbech  castle,  in  the 
isle  of  Ely,  1585.  Though  a  violent  papist, 
he  was  a  most  humane  and  charitable  man, 
whose  mildness,  piety,  and  goodness  of  heart, 
have  been  warmly  commended  by  Camden, 
Fuller,  Burnet,  Dart,  and  Reyner.  His 
works  were  chiefly  sermons  and  controver- 
sial tracts,  now  little  regarded. 

Feijoo,  Benedict  Jerom,  a  Spanish  Ben- 
edictine, who  attempted  by  his  writings  and 
example,  to  correct  and  reform  the  vitiated 
notions  of  his  countrymen.  His  Teatro 
Critic©,  in  14  vols.  4to.  is  a  work  of  great, 
merit,  which,  with  great  freedom  and  spirit. 


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censures  tlie  ignorance  and  licentiousness  of 
the  clergy,  anil  exposes  the  futility  of  pilgri- 
mages, pretended  miracles,  and  superstiti- 
ous exorcisms.  This  unusual  boldness  against 
the  prejudices  of  the  times  proved  very 
offensive  to  the  church,  and  the  author  was, 
with  difficulty,  saved  from  the  horrors  of  the 
inquisition.     He  died  1765. 

Feithus,  Everard,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Elburgh,  in  Gueldcrland.  After 
devoting  himself  with  great  assiduity  to  liter- 
ature at  Berne,  he  returned  home  ;  but  the 
invasion  of  the  Spaniards  under  Spinola  so  ter- 
rified him,  that  he  retired  to  France,  where 
lie  taught  Greek,  and  was  honored  with  the 
friendship  of  Casaubon,  Thuanus,  I)u  Puy, 
and  other  learned  men.  As  he  walked  one 
day  at  Rochelie,  attended  by  a  servant,  he 
was  invited  into  a  house  by  one  of  the  citi- 
zens, and  from  that  moment,  it  never  could 
be  known  what  became  of  him,  though  the 
mysterious  occurrence  was  diligently  inqui- 
red into  by  the  magistrates  of  the  place.  He 
was  then  young,  but  had  given  great  speci- 
mens of  superior  learning.  Of  his  _MS.  works 
were  published  Antiquitatum  Homericarum 
Libri  Quatuor,  12mo.  Leyden,  1677 — De 
Atheniensium  Republica — De  Antiquit.  At- 
ticis,  &c.  very  learned  and  interesting. 

Felibien,  Andrew,  counsellor  and  his- 
toriographer to  the  French  king,  was  born 
at  Chartres  1019.  He  improved  himself  at 
Paris,  and  also  at  Rome,  where  he  attended 
as  secretary  de  Fontenay-Mareuil,  ambassa- 
dor to  that  court  from  France.  On  his  re- 
turn he  was  patronised  by  Fouquet  and 
Colbert,  and  placed  by  the  king  in  offices  of 
respectability  and  importance.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  members  of  the  academy  of  in- 
scriptions and  medals,  and  died  June  11th 
1695,  aged  76,  leaving  five  children.  His 
principal  works  are  Entretiens  sur  les  Vies 
&:  les  Ouvrages  des  plus  Excellens  Feintres, 
Ancieus  &  Modernes,  5  vols.  4to. — Les  Prin- 
cipes  de  1' Architecture,  de  la  Sculpture,  & 
de  la  Peinture,  avec  un  Uictionnaire  des 
Termes  Propres,  de  ccs  Ars,  de  POrigine 
de  la  Peinture,  &c. — Descriptions  of  several 
Entertainments  given  by  the  King,  &c. — 
the  Conferences  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Painting,  &c. — the  Description  of  the  Abbey 
de  la  Trappe,  &c.  His  Dialogues  on  the 
Lives  of  the  Painters  is  the  work  most  admi- 
red. It  is  elegant  and  profound.  In  his 
private  character  Ftlibien  was  very  amiable, 
a  good  man,  not  ambitious,  but  possessed  of 
every  christian  virtue.  He  first  gave  the 
mime  of  Great  to  Lewis  XIV.  in  the  inscrip- 
tion s  of  the  Hotel  de  Ville. 

Felibien,  John  Francis,  succeeded  his 
father  in  all  his  appointments,  and  inherited 
all  his  taste  and  knowledge  of  the  fine  arts. 
lie  wrote  an  Historical  Collection  of  the 
Lives  and  works  of  the  most  celebrated  Ar- 
chitects, 4lo.  168" — Description  of  Versallies 
ancient  and  modern,  12mo. — Description  of 
the  Church  of  Invalids,  fol.  1706  and  1756. 
He  died  1733. 

Felibien,  James,  brother  of  Andrew, 
was  archdeacon  of  Chartres,  and  died  25th 


Nov.  1716.     He  wrote  Des  Instructions  Mo- 
rales— and  Pentateuchus  Historicus. 

Felibien,  Michael,  son  of  Andrew,  was 
of  the  congregation  of  St.  Maur,  and  was  en- 
gaged to  write  the  History  of  Paris,  which  he 
did  not  live  to  complete.  It  was  finished  by 
Lobineau,  5  vols.  fol.  1725.  He  died  10th 
Sept.  1719,  aged  53.  He  hnd  published,  in 
1706,  the  History  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Denys, 
in  folio. 

Felix,  was  the  governor  of  Judea  before 
whom  Paul  preached  with  such  effect  as  to 
cause  him  to  tremble.  He  Mas  recalled  by 
Nero  for  his  oppression. 

Felix,  bishop  of  Urgella  in  Spain,  sup- 
posed with  his  friend  Elipand,  archbishop  of 
Toledo,  that  Christ  was  son  of  God  only  by 
adoption,  an  opinion  which  drew  upon  him 
the  resentment  of  Charlemagne,  and  his  de- 
position from  his  see.  He  died  an  exile  at 
Lyons,  815. 

Felix  I.  pope  after  Dionysius,  269,  was 
put  to  death  274,  and  canonized.  His  epis- 
tle against  Sabellius  and  Paulus  Samosatenua 
is  preserved. 

Felix  II.  was,  in  355,  elevated  to  the  pa- 
pal chair  by  Constans,  during  the  exile  of 
Laberius.  On  the  return  of  his  rival,  Felix, 
supported  by  the  authority  of  Constans, 
wished  to  retain  his  office  conjunctly  with 
him,  but  the  Romans  exclaimed,"  "  one  God, 
one  Christ,  one  pope,"  and  he  retired  to  ex- 
ile, and  died  365. 

Felix  III.  successor  of  Simplicius,  quar- 
relled with  the  emperor  Zeno,  in  defence  of 
the  privileges  of  the  Western  church,  and 
died  492. 

Felix  IV.  a  native  of  Beneventum,  was 
raised  to  the  papal  chair  after  John  I.  520, 
and  died  four  years  after.  He  was  a  prelate 
of  great  piety  and  exemplary  goodness.  He 
was  the  first  who  introduced  extreme  unction 
in  the  church. 

Fell,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  prelate,  born 
at  Longworth,  Berks,  23d  June,  1625.  lie 
was  educated  at  Thame  school,  and  at  the 
age  of  11  was  admitted  at  Christ-church,  Ox 
ford,  where  his  father  was  dean.  During  the 
civil  war,  he  bore  arms  for  the  king,  and  for 
his  loyalty  he  was  expelled  from  the  college, 
and  lived  in  retirement  till  the  restoration, 
when  he  was  made  prebendary  of  Chiches- 
ter, and  canon  and  dean  of  Christ-church 
He  was  very  liberal  to  his  college,  and  built 
the  lower  over  the  principal  gate,  into  which 
in  1683  he  caused  to  be  removed  the  bell 
called  great  Tom,  said  to  have  been  origi- 
nally brought  from  Oseuey  abbey.  In  1666; 
and  the  three  following  years,  he  served  the 
office  of  vice-chancellor,  and  by  his  indefa- 
tigable attention  he  contributed  much  to  re- 
store the  good  order  and  ancient  discipline  of 
the  university.  In  1675-6  he  was  made  bi- 
shop of  Oxford,  without  giving  up  his  deanery, 
and  now,  besides  charitable  contributions,  he 
applied  a  large  part  of  his  income  to  the  re- 
building of  Cuddcsden  palace,  lie  died  10th 
July,  1686,  and  was  buried  in  Christ-church 
cathedral,  where  an  inscription  by  Aldrich., 
his  successor,  nxu'„-=  his  grave.     He  wrote 


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the  Life  of  Ur.  Hammond,  1660. — Historia 
•&  Antiquitates  Universitatis  Oxon,  1  vols. 
folio,  translated  from  Wood's — Alcinoi  in 
Platonicam  Philosophiam  Introductio —  In 
Laudem  Musiccs  Carmen  Sapphicum — St. 
Clement's  two  Epistles  to  the  Corinthians, 
Greek  and  Latin — Allestree's  Life — ser- 
mons— an  edition  of  Cyprian's  works,  and 
other  classics.  The  bishop's  father,  Dr.  Sa- 
muel Fell,  was  born  in  St.  Clement  Danes' 
parish,  London,  1594,  and  was  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Christ-church.  He  was 
successively  minister  of  Freshwater,  isle  of 
Wight,  chaplain  to  James  I.  prebendary  of 
Worcester,  dean  of  Lichfield,  and  in  1638 
dean  of  Christ-church.  He  died  1st  Feb. 
l(vt-S-9,  of  a  broken  heart,  in  consequence  of 
the  murder  of  his  royal  master.  He  wrote 
Primitise,  seu  Oratio,  &c.  1626,  and  Concio 
Latina  ad  Baccalaureas,  &c.  1637. 

Fell,  John,  a  dissenting  minister,  horn 
at  Cockermouth,  1752.  He  was  originally  a 
bailor  ;  but  after  living  in  that  employment 
in  London,  he  acquired  some  knowledge  of 
the  classics,  and  became  pastor  of  a  congre- 
gation at  Beetles,  Suffolk,  and  afterwards 
Thaxsted,  Essex.  He  was  afterwards  tutor 
at  an  academy  at  Homerton,  from  which  he 
was  dismissed,  saj's  his  biographer,  for  read- 
ing a  newspaper  on  a  Sunday.  A  subscrip- 
tion of  100  guineas  was  made  that  he  should 
preach  sermons  on  the  evidences  of  Christi- 
anity. Four  only  of  these  discourses  were 
delivered  at  the  Scots'  church,  London  Wall, 
when  the  preacher  fell  a  victim  to  a  dropsy, 
13th  Sept.  1797.  The  sermons  were  con- 
tinued and  published  by  Dr.  H.  Hunter.  Fell 
■was  the  author  of  Answers  to  Farmer's  Es- 
say on  the  Demoniacs — and  his  treatise  on 
the  Idolatry  of  Greece  and  Rome — Genuine 
Protestantism — an  Essay  on  the  Love  of 
one's  Country — a  Letter  to  Burke  on  the 
Penal  Laws — an  Essay  on  English  Gram- 
mar, &c. 

Feller,  Joachim  Frederic,  a  learned 
German,  born  at  Leipsic,  1G73.  He  was  se- 
cretary to  the  duke  of  Weimar,  and  travel- 
led much  to  visit  foreign  libraries.  He  died 
1726.  The  best  known  of  his  works  is  Mo- 
luimenta  Varia  Inedita,  Jena,  17.14,  in  12 
numbers,  4to.  He  wrote  also  Miscellanea 
Leibnitiana — Genealogy  of  the  House  of 
Brunswick. 

Feller,  Francis  Xavier,  an  ex-jesuit, 
born  at  Brussels.  He  wrote  an  Historical 
and  Literary  Journal  from  17<*4  to  1794,  at 
Luxemburg — a  Geographical  Dictionary — 
Observations  on  Newton's  Philosophy — and 
Buffon's  Epochs  of  Nature  examined — an 
Historical  Dictionary,  S  vols.  8vo.  Liege,  said 
by  the  editors  of  the  Nouveau  Dictionnaire 
Historique,  to  be  pirated  from  their  own 
work.    He  died  at  Katisbon,  1802,  aged  67. 

Felltham,  Qwen,  an  English  writer 
born  in  the  reignlof  James  I.  in  Suffolk, 
where  his  family  h|d  been  settled  for  several 
generations.  Few  particulars  are  known  of 
his  history,  though  it  appears  that  his  learn 


ly  he  lived  for  some  years  in  easy  and  honor- 
able  dependence.  He  wrote  Resolves,  Di- 
vine, Moral,  and  Political,  a  work  of  great 
merit,  and  singular  excellence,  of  which  the 
12th  edition  appeared  in  1709,  in  8vo.  This 
book,  so  valuable  for  its  refined  sentiments 
of  morality,  its  pointed  delineations  of  duty, 
and  its  interesting  tendency  to  instruct  the 
mind  and  improve  the  heart  in  the  road  of 
virtue,  has  lately  been  edited  with  a  few  al- 
terations by  Mr.  dimming,  and  deservedly 
recommends  itself  to  universal  perusal.  Fell- 
tham wrote  besides  some  prayers  for  the  use 
of  lady  Thomond's  family,  &c.  The  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown,  though  he  was  living 
in  1677. 

Felton,  John,  an  Englishman,  known  in 
history  as  the  assassin  of  Villiers,  duke  of 
Buckingham,  1G28,  a  crime  which  he  com- 
mitted out  of  fanatic  zeal,  in  the  full  persua- 
sion tiiat  he  thus  served  God  and  man.  He 
was  tried  and  executed  for  the  foul  deed. 
He  had  been  a  lieutenant  in  the  army  which 
besieged  the  isle  of  Rhe,  and  because  he  did 
not  succeed  to  a  company  on  the  death  of 
his  captain,  who  was  slain  in  the  attack,  he 
quitted  the  army  in  disgust,  and  became  a 
bigoted  dissatisfied  puritan.  His  grandfather 
of  the  same  name,  had,  in  the  reign  of  Eli- 
zabeth, affixed  on  the  palace  gates  of  the  bi- 
shop of  London,  the  bull  of  Pius  V.  by  which 
the  queen  was  declared  a  heretic,  and  her 
subjects  incited  to  rebellion.  He  was  tried 
and  executed  for  this  conduct,  1570.  His  son 
Thomas,  was  a  Franciscan,  and  carne  to 
England  as  a  missionary,  for  which  he  was 
executed  1588. 

Felton,  Henry,  principal  of  Edmund 
hall,  Oxford,  dedicated  to  his  pupil,  the  duke 
of  Rutland,  his  Dissertation  on  reading  the 
Classics,  and  forming  a  Just  Style,  a  work  of 
merit.  He  wrote  also  a  volume  of  sermons, 
and  died  1739. 

Fenelon,  Francis  de  Salignac  de  la 
Motte,  archbishop  of  Cambray,  was  born  of 
an  illust'rious  family  at  the  castle  of  Fenelon 
in  Perigord,  6th  Aug.  1651.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Cahors,  and  afterwards  finished  his 
studies  at  Paris,  and  began  early  to  acquire 
popularity  as  a  preacher.  At  the  age  of  24 
he  took  orders,  and  in  1686,  after  the  revo- 
cation of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he  was  sent  by 
the  king  at  the  head  of  the  missionaries  who 
were  to  convert  the  protestants  of  the  coast 
of  Saintonge  and  the  Pays  de  Aunis,  who 
had  not  yet  submitted  to  the  influence  of  mi- 
litary force.  In  1689  he  was  appointed  tutor 
to  the  dukes  of  Burgundy,  Anjou,  and  Berri, 
and  he  displayed  such  abilities  in  the  educa- 
tion of  these  princes,  that  the  king  in  grati- 
tude for  his  services  gave  him  the  abbey  of 
St.  Valery,  and  soon  .-ifter  the  see  of  Cam- 
bray, to  which  he  was  consecrated  by  Bos- 
suet,  1695.  In  1697  he  was  exposed  to  reli- 
gious persecution,  by  the  publication  of  his 
explication  of  "  the  maxims  of  the  Saints 
concerning  the  Interior  Life,"  in  which  he 
supported  the  claims  of  Madame  Guyon,  to 


ing  and  virtues  recommended  him  to  the  no- 1  exalted  devotion,  and  her  mystical  intcrpre 
tice  of  the  earl  of  Thomond,  in  whose  fami- 1  tation  of  Solomon's  song.    There  was  little 


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in  her  book  that  merited  attention,  but  as 
Fenelou  defended  her  cause,  his  authority 
alarmed  some  of  the  French  prelates,  and 
conferences  were  held  for  some  months  be- 
tween him  and  Bossuet,  bishop  of  Meaux, 
Noialles,  bishop  of  Chalous,  and  T ronton, 
superior  of  St.  Sulpieius.  Fenelon  was  of- 
fered to  sign  a  recantation  of  his  opinions, 
and  when  he  refused,  the  affair  was  referred 
to  the  king,  and  then  to  the  decision  of  the 
pope,  who  in  condemning  the  archbishop's 
book,  declared  that  he  had  erred  from  ex- 
cess of  love  of  God,  and  his  opponents  from 
excess  of  love  of  their  neighbor.  This  af- 
fair to  which  such  importance  was  attached, 
was  supposed  to  arise  from  the  wish  of  pre- 
venting the  appointment  of  Fenelon  to  the 
office  of  almoner  to  the  duchess  of  Burgundy, 
which  was  immediately  tilled  by  Bossuet. 
Fenelon  with  true  Christian  meekness  sub- 
mitted to  the  decision  of  the  pope,  and  read 
the  sentence,  and  his  recantation  in  his  own 
diocese,  where,  by  his  exemplary  life,  he 
gave  lustre  to  the  episcopal  office.  He  after- 
wards assisted  the  Jesuits,  in  their  successful 
attack  against  the  Jansenists,  and  procured 
the  disgrace  of  Noialles  their  patron,  and  the 
condemnation  of  their  writings.  The  work 
from  which  Fenelon  derives  immortality  is 
his  "  Telemachus."  It  was  indeed  exposed 
to  the  jealousy  of  Lewis  and  his  courtiers, 
who  pretended  to  see  the  character  of  Ma- 
dam de  Moutespan  in  Calypso,  of  Mademoi- 
selle de  Fontanges,  in  Eucharis,  of  the  duch- 
ess of  Burgundy,  in  Antiope,  of  Louvois,  in 
Protesilaus,  of  James  II.  in  Idomeneus,  and 
of  Lewis  XIV.  in  Sesostris,  but  though  its 
publication  was  prohibited  in  France,  it  ap- 
peared at  Paris  surreptitiously  in  1699,  and 
in  a  corrected  form  at  the  Hague,  1701.  Such 
is  the  merit  of  the  work,  that  it  ranks,  though 
in  prow,  among  epic  poems,  and  by  the  ele- 
gance of  its  style,  and  the  sublimity  of  its 
moral,  it  has  secured  universal  applause,  and 
has  been  translated  into  all  the  modern  lan- 
guages of  Europe.  The  last  part  of  Fene- 
lon's  life  was  spent  in  the  conscientious  dis- 
charge of  the  pastoral  office,  in  his  diocese, 
where  his  benevolence,  and  goodness  of  heart, 
gained  him  the  affection  and  gratitude  of  his 
people,  and  his  reputation  the  respect  even 
of  his  enemies,  for  Marlborough,  w  hen  vic- 
torious in  the  country,  ordered  the  lands  of 
the  great  and  good  Fenelon  to  be  spared. 
This  amiable  prelate  died  7th  Jan.  1715, 
aged  63.  Besides  his  Telemachus,  and  his 
Explication  of  the  Maxims,  he  wrote  some 
other  valuable  works,  a  treatise  on  the  Educa- 
tion of  daughters,  12mo.  much  admired — Dia- 
logues of  the  Dead,  '2  vols.  12mo. — Dialogues 
on  Eloquence,  and  the  Eloquence  of  the  Pul- 
pit, 12mo. — Lives  of  ancient  Philosophers, 
abridged,  12mo. — Spiritual  Works,  4  vols. 
12mo. — a  Demonstration  of  the  Existence  of 
God,  12mo. — Directions  for  the  Conscience 
of  a  King — sermons,  Sec. 

Fenton,  Elijah,  an  English  poet,  the 
youngest  of  twelve  children,  born  at  SheU 
ton,  near  Newcastle,  under-Line,  Stafford- 
shire.   He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  but 


his  opposition  to  government  prevented  his 
entering  into  orders,  and  he  became  usher 
in  Mr.  Bonwickc's  school  at  Head  ley  in  Sur- 
ry. He  afterwards  was  master  of  Seven. 
Oaks  sch  ol,  and  next  was  appointed  secre- 
tary to  lord  Orrery,  and  tutor  to  his  son  lord 
Boyle.  By  Pope's  recommendation  he  was 
placed  as  an  useful  assistant,  near  Craggs, 
secretary  of  state,  whose  early  death  pre- 
vented his  comfortable  settlement.  Though 
not  rich  he  ended  his  life  in  ease  and  tran- 
quillity, and  died  at  the  house  of  lady  Truin- 
bal,  East-Hamstead,  Berks,  18th  July  1730. 
He  published  in  1709,  "Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge verses,"  and  in  1717,  a  volume  of  his 
own  poems,  and  in  1723,  his  tragedy  of  Ma- 
riamne,  collected  out  of  Josephus.  He  also 
assisted  Pope  in  the  Odyssey,  and  translated 
the  first,  fourth,  19th  and  20th  books.  He 
also  edited  Waller's  poems,  witli  notes,  and 
published  a  life  of  Milton,  commended  by 
Dr.  Johnson.  Fenton  though  of  no  superior 
genius  as  a  poet,  yet  possessed  great  merit,, 
as  the  choice  and  friendship  of  Pope  fully 
testily.  His  epitaph  was  written  by  Pope, 
and  the  praises  bestowed  on  him  are  not 
overcharged,  for  he  was  an  honest  man,  un- 
envied  by  rivals,  mild,  humane  and  benevo- 
lent in  his  conduct,  and  he  lived  "  content 
with  science  in  the  vale  of  peace." 

Fen  ro  N,  sir  Geoffrey, an  eminent  writer, 
descended  from  a  good  family  in  Notting- 
hamshire. He  served  queen  Elizabeth  in 
Ireland,  where  he  became  member  of  the 
privy  council  1581,  and  where  he  married 
the  daughter  of  Dr.  Bobert  Weston,  lord 
chancellor  of  the  island.  He  was  afterwards 
appointed  to  the  secretaryship  of  the  lord 
lieutenant,  and  continued  in  that  responsible 
office  under  all  the  changes  of  government. 
He  died  19th  October  1608,  in  Dublin,  at 
the  house  of  the  earl  of  Cork,  who  had  mar- 
ried, in  1603,  his  only  daughter.  He  trans- 
lated Guiciardini's  Wars  of  Italy,  dedicated 
to  queen  Elizabeth,  besides  Golden,  epistles 
from  Guevara's  works,  &e. 

Ferajuoli,  Nuzio,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  in  1661.  He  was  pupil  to  Luca  Gior- 
dano, and  is  eminent  for  the  beauty  and  cor 
redness  of  his  landscapes,  aud  the  transpa- 
rency of  the  waters. 

Ferdinand  I.  emperor  of  German)-, 
second  son  of  the  archduke  Philip,  was  horn 
at  Medina,  in  Castile,  1503.  He  was  crown 
ed  king  of  Hungary,  and  Bohemia  1527,  ov 
the  death  of  his  brother-in-law,  Louis  the 
younger,  the  last  king,  and  in  1531  he  was 
elected  king  of  the  Bomans,  and  in  1558  he- 
succeeded  as  emperor,  on  the  abdication  ot 
his  brother  Charles  V.  He  governed  with 
moderation  and  prudence,  and  after  making 
peace  with  the  Turks,  and  producing  a  re- 
conciliation between  the  kings  of  Sweden 
and  Denmark,  he  died  of  a  dropsy  at  Vien 
na,  25th  July  1564,  aged  61. 

Ferdinand  11.  archduke  of  Austria, 
and  son  of  Charles,  duke  of  Stiria,  was  made 
king  of  Bohemia  1617,  and  of  Hungary  1618, 
and  raised  to  the  imperial  throne  1619.  His 
subjects  of  Bohemia  revolted,  and  Haced  on 


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the  throne  Frederic  V.  elector  Palatine,  but 
Ferdinand  attacked,  and  defeated  them  at 
the  battle  of  Prague  1620,  and  the  dukedom 
of  the  usurper  was  given  to  Maximilian, 
duke  of  Bavaria.  The  fortunes  of  the  un- 
fortunate Palatine,  were  supported  by  Chris- 
tian, king  of  Denmark,  but  the  victories  of 
Tilly,  tlie  imperial  general,  rendered  his 
opposition  hopeless,  and  obliged  him  to  sue 
for  peace  1629.  These  brilliant  successes 
roused  against  Ferdinand  the  king  of  France, 
and  Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden,  and  the 
imperial  general  was  defeated  at  Leipsic 
1631,  though  soon  after  the  Swedish  con- 
queror fell  covered  with  glory  in  the  cele- 
brated battle  of  Lutzon.  The  battle  of 
Nortlingen  in  1634,  proved  favorable  to  the 
cause  of  the  Germans,  and  the  following 
year  tranquillity  was  restored  among  the 
rival  powers.  Ferdinand  died  at  Vienna, 
8th  Feb.  1637,  aged  59. 

Ferdinand  111.  surnamed  Ernest,  eld- 
est son  of  the  preceding,  was  made  king  of 
Hungary  1625,  of  Bohemia  1627,  and  of  the 
JRomans  1636,  and  elected  emperor  on  his 
father's  death.  He  pursued  the  same  plans 
of  ambition  and  aggrandizement  as  his  father, 
but  in  his  war  against  the  Swedes,  his  troops 
■were  defeated  by  Bernard  duke  of  Weimar, 
who  in  four  months  gained  four  important 
victories.  The  French  under  the  great 
Conde  supported  the  Swedish  arms,  and 
Ferdinand  was  besieged  in  ltatisbon  where 
he  held  a  diet  of  the  empire.  In  1645  ano- 
ther battle  was  fought  and  won  by  Conde  at 
Nortlingen  on  the  same  spot  where  the 
Swedes  had  been  eleven  years  before  de- 
feated. Tranquillity  was  at  last  restored  to 
the  empire  by  the  peace  of  Westphalia, 
1648,  and  the  treaties  of  Osnaburg  and 
Munster,  which  granted  Pomerania  to  the 
Swodish  monarch,  and  made  him  one  of  the 
members  of  the  Germanic  body,  and  tolera- 
ted the  Lutherans  and  Calvinistsin  the  midst 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  The  em- 
peror died  1657,  aged  49.  He  was  3  times 
married. 

Ferdinand  I.  king  of  Castile  and  Leon, 
surnamed  the  Great,  was  son  of  Sancho  III. 
king  of  Navarre.  He  defeated  in  battle 
Alphonso  king  of  Leon  1037,  and  caused 
himself  to  be  crowned  king  of  Leon,  and  of 
the  Asturias,  the  nest  year.  He  next 
marched  against  the  Moors,  took  several  of 
their  towns,  and  penetrated  into  the  heart 
of  Portugal,  and  afterwards  he  attacked  his 
brother  Garcias  king  of  Navarre,  whom  he 
deprived  in  a  decisive  battle,  of  his  crown, 
and  of  his  life.  He  died  1065,  and  divided 
his  kiugdom  among  his  sons,  and  thus  created 
causes  for  civil  wars. 

Ferdinand  II.  younger  son  of  Alphon- 
so VIII.  king  of  Leon  and  Castile,  made  war 
against  the  Portuguese,  and  took  their  king 
Alphonso  Heuriques  prisoner.  He  made 
the  wisest  syml  most  temperate  use  of  his 
victory,  and  died  1187,  after  a  reign  of  thirty 
years. 

Ferdinand  III.  St.  son  of  Alphonso  IX. 
obtained  the  crown  of  Castile  by  the  abdica- 


tion of  his  mother  Berengere  1217,  and  as- 
scended  the  throne  of  Leon  on  his  father's 
death,  1230.  He  made  successful  war  against 
the  Moors,  and  took  Cordova,  Murcia,  Se- 
ville, Xeres,  Cadiz,  Sec.  and  died  1252,  as  he 
was  meditating  an  invasion  of  the  kingdom 
of  Morocco.  He  was  a  wise  monarch,  and 
he  established  some  salutary  laws  for  the 
protection  of  his  subjects,  and  the  more  im- 
partial administration  of  justice.  He  was 
canonized  by  Clement  X.  1617. 

Ferdinand  IV.  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Castile  1295,  at  the  age  of  ten.  His  mi- 
nority was  governed  by  the  prudent  adminis- 
tration of  his  mother  Mary.  He  made  war 
against  the  Moors,  and  against  Grenada,  and 
died  suddenly  1312,  aged  27. 

Ferdinand  V.  surnamed  the  Catholic, 
was  son  of  John  II.  king  of  Arragon.  He 
married  in  1469  Isabella  of  Castile,  and  thus 
united  the  two  kingdoms  of  Castile  and  Ar- 
ragon. He  made  war  against  Alphonso  king 
of  Portugal,  and  defeated  him  at  Toro  1476, 
and  he  next  turned  his  arms  against  the 
kingdom  of  Grenada,  which  he  totally  sub- 
dued after  a  war  of  eight  years,  and  thus 
put  an  end  to  the  Moorish  power,  which  for 
800  years  had  florished  in  Spain.  Ambitious 
and  enterprising,  Ferdinand;  next  turned  his 
arms  against  Navarre,  and  by  means  of  his 
brave  general  Gonsalvo  of  Cordova,  he  con- 
quered part  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  but 
whilst  his  dominions  were  thus  enlarged  in 
Europe  and  in  Africa,  a  new  continent  sub- 
mitted to  his  power  by  the  great  discoveries 
of  the  immortal  Columbus.  Ferdinand  left 
four  daughters,  and  died  1516. 

Ferdinand  VI.  surnamed  the  Wise, 
was  son  of  Philip  V.  and  Mary  of  Savoy,  and 
succeeded  his  father  1746.  He  was  a  most 
benevolent  prince,  he  restored  liberty  to 
prisoners,  he  extended  his  forgiveness  to 
deserters  and  smugglers,  and  appointed  two 
days  in  the  week  when  he  freely  gave  ac- 
cess to  his  subjects,  and  redressed  person- 
ally their  grievances.  He  engaged  in  the 
war  of  1741,  and  in  the  peace  of  1748  he 
obtained  for  one  of  his  brothers  the  crown 
of  the  two  Sicilies,  and  for  the  other  the 
duchies  of  Parma  and  Placentia.  In  his 
government  he  was  prudent,  and  deservedly 
popular,  industry  was  encouraged,  abuses 
were  reformed,  and  canals  were  made  to 
convey  plenty  and  commerce  through  tho 
country.  He  died  without  children  at  Mad- 
rid 10th  Aug.  175-9,  aged  46. 

Ferdinand  I.  succeeded  in  1458  to  Al- 
phonso of  Arragon  as  king  of  Naples  and 
Sicily.  Though  he  protected  commerce, 
and  encouraged  the  liberal  arts  among  his 
subjects,  yet  he  was  unpopular  on  account  of 
his  debaucheries  and  cruelties.  He  died 
little  regretted  1 494,  aged  70. 

Ferdinand,  king  of  Portugal  after 
Peter,  1367,  died  1383.  He  assumed  the  title 
of  king  of  Castile  after  the  death  of  Peter 
the  cruel,  and  in  consequence  was  engaged 
in  war  with  Henry  of  Transtamare,  whose 
daughter  he  was  obliged  to  marry  to  re-es- 
tablish the  general  tranquillity.  He  was  again 


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unfortunate  fn  another  war,  though  suppor- 
ted by  the  English 

Ferdinand  I.  grand  duke  of  Tuscany 
after  his  brother  Francis  II.  15S7,  was  emi- 
nent for  his  wisdom  in  the  government,  and 
for  the  vigor  with  which  he  made  war 
against  the  pirates  who  disturbed  the  com- 
merce of  liis  subjects  in  the  Mediterranean. 
He  died  much  respected  1609. 

Ferdinand  II.  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
succeeded  Cosmo  II.  and  gained  the  respect 
of  the  neighboring  princes,  by  the  firm  neu- 
trality which  he  maintained  during  the  wars 
between  France  and  Spain.  He  ably  sup- 
ported the  Venetians  in  their  war  in  Candia, 
and  died  1G6S  after  a  reign  of  forty-eight 
years. 

Ferdinand  of  Cordova, a  learned  Span- 
iard of  the  15th  century,  who  was  not  only 
well  skilled  in  the  logic  of  Aristotle,  and  the 
learning  of  theaneients,  but  an  accomplished 
master  in  the  polite  arts,  so  that  he  passed 
among  the  vulgar  for  a  magician.  He  wrote 
de  Artiiicio  Omnia  Scibilis — and  Commen- 
taries on  Ptolemy's  Almagest,  and  on  the 
Bible. 

Ferdinand  Lotez,  a  Portuguese  who 
went  to  the  East-Indies  in  the  16th  century, 
and  published  an  interesting  account  of  his 
voyage,  &c. 

Ferdinand,  Charles,  a  native  of  Bru- 
ges, known  as  a  poet  and  philosopher.  He 
died  at  Paris  1494,  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
Tranquillity  of  the  Soul. 

Ferdinand,  John,;  a  Jesuit  of  Toledo, 
author  of  Divinarum  Scripturarum  Thesau- 
rus, Col.  1594.  He  died  at  Valencia  1595, 
aged  59.  Another  of  that  name  was  a  Do- 
minican of  Arragon,  who  published  a  com- 
mentary on  Ecclesiastes,  and  died  1625. 

Ferdinand  de  Jesus,  a  Carmelite 
monk  in  Spain,  very  eloquent,  so  that  he 
was  surnamed  the  Golden  mouthed.  He 
wrote  Commentaries  on  Aristotle,  the  Bible, 
he.  in  the  17th  century. 

Ferdinand i,  Epiphanius,  a  native  of 
Obianto,  eminent  as  a  physician.  He  wrote 
Observaliones  et  Casus  Medici — de  Vita 
Propaganda — '!e  Peste — Theoremata  Medi- 
ca,  &c.     He  died  10:38,  aged  69. 

Ferdonsi,  Hassan  Ben  Scharf,  a  Persian 
poet,  whose  epic  poem  called  Schanameh  is 
very  celebrated.  It  is  the  labor  of  thirty 
years,  and  consists  of  60,000  verses,  each  of 
which  is  a  distich.  It  contains  the  annals  of 
the  kings  of  Persia.  He  died  at  1'hous 
1020. 

Ferg  or  Fergire,  Francis  Paul,  a 
painter,  horn  at  Vienna  1GS9.  He  studied 
under  Hans  Graaf  and  Grient,  and  improved 
himself  by  travelling.  He  came  to  London 
where  he  was  much  esteemed,  but  an  im- 
prudent marriage  ruined  all  his  expecta- 
tions. He  was  found  dead  at  the  door  of  his 
lodging  1740,  worn  out  with  disease  and 
wretchedness.  His  landscapes  are  beau- 
tifully enriched  with  ruins  of  castles  and 
towers. 

Fergus  I.  king  of  Scotland,  son  of  Fer- 
gus king  of  the  Irish  Scots.    It  is  said  that 

vol.  i.  66 


he  assisted  the  Scots  in  repelling  the  Picts, 
and  that  for  his  services  he  was  elected  king. 
He  was  drowned  as  he  returned  to  Ireland, 
4(J4. 

Ferguson,  Robert,  a  divine,  ejected 
from  the  living  of  Godmarsham  in  Kent,  for 
nonconformity  166'2.  He  afterwards  kept  a 
school,  and  then  devoted  himself  to  politics, 
and  became  a  court  spy.  He  was  next  the 
associate  of  the  <:nfortunate  Monmouth, 
whom  as  it  is  thought  he  betrayed,  as  he  was 
fickle  in  his  attachments,  and  faithful  to  no 
party.  He  wrote  the  Interest  of  Reason  in 
Religion,  8vo. — a  Discourse  concerning  Jus- 
tification, Sec.  and  died  poor  1714. 

Ferguson,  Hubert,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, who  studied  divinity,  but  preferred 
poetry  and  literary  fame  to  all  ether  pursuits. 
He  obtained  a  place  in  the  sheriff  clerk's 
office  Edinburgh,  but  dissipation  abridged  his 
days,  and  he  died  insane  in  the  lunatic  asy- 
lum of  Edinburgh  1774,  aged  24.  His  pastoral, 
humorous,  and  lyric  poems  have  been  edited 
in  Dr.  Anderson's  collection. 

Ferguson,  James,  an  ingenious  Scotch- 
man, self-taught  as  a  philosopher,  born  of 
poor  parents  at  Keith  in  Bamffshire,  1710. 
He  was  for  four  years  a  common  shepherd, 
and  in  this  solitary  employment  he  marked 
accurately  the  position  of  the  stars  with  a 
thread  and  bead.  His  ingenuity  was  obser- 
ved and  encouraged  by  his  opulent  neigh- 
bors, who  had  him  instructed  in  arithmetic, 
algebra,  and  geometry,  and  under  the  patro- 
nage of  sir  James  Dunbar  for  many  years 
lie  supported  himself  by  drawing  and  taking- 
portraits.  His  ingenuity  was  so  great  that 
after  the  accidental  sight  of  a  watch  and  of  a 
clock,  he  made  one  of  each  with  wood.  In 
174:  he  came  to  London,  and  in  consequence 
of  his  astronomical  rotula  to  shew  the  new 
moon  and  eclipses,  he  was  introduced  to  the 
learned  and  ingenious,  and  made  fellow  ot 
the  Royal  society.  He  was  a  man  of  inoffen- 
sive manners,  mild  and  benevolent  in  his 
character.  The  present  king  at  his  accession 
granted  him  a  pension  of  50/.  a  year,  and 
occasionally  took  great  delight  in  his  conver- 
sation. He  invented  some  Useful  instruments, 
and  died  16th  Nov.  1776.  He  wrote  "Select 
Mechanical  exercises,"  1773 — Introduction 
to  Electricity,  1770— to  Astronomy,  1772 — 
treatise  on  Perspective,  1775 — and  Astrono- 
my Explained  on  Newton's  principles,  edit- 
I  ed  for  the  fourth  time  1770 — Lectures  en 
Mechanics,  Hydrostatics,  Hydraulics,  Pneu- 
matics, kc.  edited  the  fifth  time,  177C,  &c. 

Ferguson,  William,  a  Scotch  painter, 
who  died  1690.  He  travelled  into  Italy  and 
excelled  in  representing  dead  birds,  game, 
and  still  life. 

Fermat,  Peter,  an  eminent  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Toulouse  1590,  where  from  his 
knowledge  of  the  law  he  became  counsellor 
in  the  parliament,  and  an  upright  magis- 
trate. As  a  philosopher  he  may  be  said  to 
have  prepared  the  way  for  the  Infinites  ot 
Newton  and  Leibnitz,  and  to  have  introdu- 
ced new  geometry.  He  was  connected  with 
Descart"s,   Huygens,   and  Pascal,   and  died 


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1664.  His  works  highly  valued  were  pub- 
lished at  Toulouse,  2  vols.  fol.  1679.  His  son 
Samuel  was  eminent  as  a  literary  man,  and 
wrote  some  learned  dissertations. 

Fermor,  William  count  Von,  a  native  of 
Phaskow,  the  son  of  a  Scotchman.  He  like 
his  father,  was  in  the  Russian  service,  and 
greatly  distinguished  himself  against  the 
Turks.  In  1755  he  was  commander  of  the 
Russian  forces,  and  for  his  services  in  defeat- 
ing the  Prussians  he  was  made  count  of  the 
empire  by  the  emperor  Francis.  He  defeat- 
ed the  king  of  Prussia  at  the  famous  battle  of 
Zorndorff,  and  afterwards  took  Berlin.  He 
died  1771,  aged  64. 

Fernandez,  Anthony,  author  of  Com- 
mentaries on  Isaiah,  and  the  Visions  of  the 
Old  Testament,  was  superior  of  the  Portu- 
guese Jesuit  missionaries  in  India,  and  died  in 
Portugal  1628. 

Fernandez,,  Benedict,  a  Portuguese  Je- 
suit, author  of  Commentaries  on  Genesis, 
and  on  St.  Luke's  Gospel.  He  died  at  Lis- 
bon 1630. 

Fernandez,  Alphonso,  a  Spanish  Domi- 
nican, author  of  an  ecclesiastical  history  of 
his  own  times,  and  of  other  works.  He  died 
about  1640. 

Fernel,  John  Francis,  physician  to 
Henry  II.  of  France,  was  born  at  Montdidier 
in  Picardy  1506.  He  applied  himself  to 
study  with  the  most  indefatigable  zeal  at 
Paris,  and  he  made  such  progress  that  his 
lectures  on  philosophical  subjects  were  great- 
ly admired  for  eloquence  and  erudition.  He 
afterwards  studied  physic,  and  when  admit- 
ted to  practice,  he  divided  his  time  between 
his  patients  and  his  books,  allowing  himself 
scarce  five  hours  of  rest  in  24.  When  invited 
to  court  by  the  king,  whose  friendship  and 
good  opinion  he  had  secured  by  curing  one 
of  his  favorites,  he  excused  himself,  and 
when  solicited  to  accept  honors  and  places  of 
emolument,  he  modestly  refused,  and  pre- 
ferred the  retirement  and  studies  of  private 
life  to  every  other  pursuit.  On  the  death  of 
the  king's  first  physician,  he  was  at  last  obli- 
ged to  settle  at  the  court,  but  the  sudden 
death  of  his  wife  who  fell  a  sacrifice  to  her 
grief  in  leaving  her  relations  to  come  to  live 
at  Fontainbleau,  so  affected  him  that  he  died 
■within  a  mouth  after,  1558.  He  wrote  seve- 
ral works  on  medical  subjects  in  high  repute, 
as  he  was  considered  one  of  the  great- resto- 
rers of  medicine.  His  practice  was  so  great 
that  his  gains  were  yearly  12,000  livres. 

Fernouillot  de  Falbaire,  Charles 
George,  a  French  author,  who  died  May, 
1801,  aged  74.  He  wrote  some  articles  in 
the  Encyclopedic,  besides  dramatic  pieces  of 
considerable  merit. 

Ferracino,  Bartolomeo,  a  self-taught 
mechanic,  born  at  Bassan  in  Padua  1692. 
He  was  a  sawyer,  and  his  invention  of  a  saw 
which  worked  by  the  wind  recommended 
him  to  the  notice  of  the  great.  He  built  a 
famous  bridge  over  the  Brenta  in  his  native 
town,  and  died  soon  after  the  completion 
1764.  An  account  of  his  life  and  inventions 
was  published  by  Memo,  Venice. 


Ferha.n  d,  James,  a  French  physician  oi 
Agen.  He  wrote  a  book  "  on  the  Distemper 
of  Love,"  Paris,  1622,  which  in  treating  ot 
the  passion  as  of  a  bodily  disease,  and  ot  the 
frequent  uneasiness,  and  fatal  consequences 
of  its  pleasures,  shows  the  great  erudition  oi 
the  author. 

Ferrand,  Lewis,  a  French  lawyer,  born 
at  Toulon  1645.  He  was  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  and  died  there  1699. 
His  works,  which  are  neither  accurate  noi 
brilliant,  are  chiefly  on  religious  subjects. 

Ferrand,  Anthony,  a  counsellor  of  Pa- 
ris, who  died  there  1719,  aged  42.  His 
madrigals,  songs,  epigrams,  &c.  are  well 
known.  He  was  the  rival  of  J.  B.  Rousseau 
in  poetry. 

Ferrand,  James  Philip,  a  French  paint- 
er in  enamel,  was  born  at  Joigni  in  Bui-gun- 
dy,  and  died  at  Paris  1732,  aged  79.  He- 
wrote  a  treatise  on  Enamel  Painting,  and 
another  on  Miniatures,  l2mo. 

Ferrandus,  Fulgentius,  a  deacon  of 
Carthage,  who  died  before  551.  He  war 
disciple  of  St.  Fulgentius,  and  wrote  some 
books,  enumerated  by  Cave. 

Ferrar,  Robert,  a  native  of  Halifax, 
Yorkshire,  educated  at  Cambridge  and  Ox- 
ford, and  made  bishop  of  St.  David's  by  the 
influence  of  Cranmer,  to  whom  he  had  been 
chaplain.  He  was  imprisoned  on  suspicion 
in  Edward's  reign,  and  under  Mary  he  was 
burnt  as  a  heretic  at  Caermarthen,  1555. 

Ferrar,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  London, 
son  of  an  East  India  merchant.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  after  travelling 
on  the  continent,  he  was  made  secretary  to 
the  Virginia  company,  and  in  1624  elected 
member  of  parliament,  and  directed,  with 
two  others,  to  draw  the  impeachment  against 
lord  Cranfield,  the  treasurer.  He  soon  after 
retired  to  Little  Gidding,  Huntingdonshire, 
where  he  established  a  prstestant  monas- 
tery, and  devoted  himself  to  devotional  pur- 
suits. In  1626  he  took  deacon's  orders,  and 
died  1637.  He  had  translated  from  the 
Spanish  Valdesso's  Considerations  on  Reli- 
gion. 

Ferrari,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Milan,  who 
studied  under  Cardan,  and  became  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Bologna,  where  he  died 
1565,  aged  45.  He  is  known  for  his  inven- 
tion of  the  method  of  resolving  biquadratic 
equations. 

Ferrari,  Antony  Mary  Zachary  Bar- 
tholomew, founder,  with  James  Morigia,  ot 
the  order  of  the  Barnabites  at  Milan,  1520, 
confirmed  by  pope  Paul  III.  1535.  This 
order  florished  greatly'.  Ferrari  died  supe- 
rior of  his  foundation,  1544. 

Ferrari,  Octavian,  an  Italian  author, 
born  at  Milan,  1518.  He  was  much  respect- 
ed as  a  professor  of  ethics  and  politics  at 
Venice,  Padua,  Milan,  and  other  places  oi 
Italy.  He  died  at  Milan,  1586,  considered 
for  his  learning  as  a  second  Aristotle.  He 
wrote  de  Sermonibus  Exoreticis,  1575 — de 
Origine  Romanorum,  1607 — a  Latin  transla 
tion  of  Athenwus,  and  Notes  on  Aritollc. 


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Ferrari,  Francisco  Bernardino,  of  the 
same  family  as  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
Milan,  1577.  He  was  a  doctor  of  the  Am- 
brosian  college,  and  he  was  encouraged  by 
the  archbishop  of  Milan  to  travel  not  only  to 
improve  himself,  but  to  make  a  collection  of 
books.  This  valuable  selection,  made  in 
Spain,  Italy,  and  in  other  countries,  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  Ambrosian  library.  Ferrari 
died  at  Milan,  1669,  aged  92.  He  wrote  de 
Antiquo  Ecclesiasticarum  Epistolarum  Gcn- 
ere  Libri  tres,  161.3 — de  Kitu  Sacrarum  Ec- 
clesiaj  Catholicse  Concionum  Libri  tres,  1620 
— de  Veterum  Acelamationibus  &  Plausu 
Libri  septem,  1627.  These  works  are  very 
curious,  and  display  the  great  ei-udition  and 
deep  researches  of  the  author. 

Ferrari,  Octavio,  of  the  same  family, 
was  born  at  Milan,  IC07,  and  educated  at 
the  Ambrosian  college,  of  which  he  became 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  the  age  of  21,  on 
account  of  his  great  proficiency.  Six  years 
after  he  was  invited  by  the  republic  of  Ve- 
nice to  Padua,  where  as  professor  of  Greek, 
of  eloquence,  and  politics,  he  collected  a 
great  number  of  pupils,  and  restored  the 
declining  reputation  of  the  university.  His 
learning  was  so  extensive,  and  his  fame  so 
deservedly  established,  that  Christina  of 
Sweden  honored  him  with  presents,  and 
Lewis  XIV.  settled  on  him  a  pension  of  500 
crowns  for  seven  years.  He  died  1682,  res- 
pected for  his  amiable  manners,  and  that 
sweetness  and  humanity  of  character  which 
procured  him  the  name  of  Pacificator.  His 
works  are  chiefly  on  classical  antiquities,  the 
most  known  of  which  is  Origines  Lingux 
Italics;,  fol.  1676,  a  subject  treated  before  by 
Scaliger,  in  24  books,  now  lost. 

Ferrari,  John  Baptist,  a  Jesuit  of  Sien- 
na, who  published  a  Syriac  Dictionary,  4to. 
1622,  to  explain  the  Syriac  words  in  the 
bible.  He  wrote  also  de  Malorum  Aureo- 
rum  Cultura,  &  de  riorum  Cultura,  1C33, 
and  1646,  and  died  1655. 

Ferrari,  Giovanni  Andrea,  a  painter  of 
Genoa,  who  died  1-669,  aged  70.  He  ex- 
celled in  the  representation  of  flowers, 
fruits,  he. 

Ferrariensis,  a  general  of  the  Domi- 
nicans, who  died  1528.  His  real  name  was 
Francis  Sylvestre.  He  wrote  on  philosophy, 
&c. 

Ferrars,  George,  a  learned  man,  born 
of  an  ancient  family  near  St.  Alban's,  1512. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  removed  to 
Lincoln's  inn,  and  soon  distinguished  himself 
as  an  advocate  under  the  patronage  of  Crom- 
w  ell,  earl  of  Essex.  He  became  afterwards 
a  favorite  with  Henry  VIII.  and  his  arrest, 
when  he  was  member  of  parliament  for 
Plymouth,  created  such  confusion,  that  in 
the  event,  it  established  the  privileges  of  the 
members  of  the  house.  On  the  fall  of  So- 
merset under  Edward  VI.  he  was  named 
lord  of  misrule,  to  entertain  the  public  with 
pastimes,  and  for  twelve  days  he  exhibited  at 
Greenwich  all  the  pomp  and  magnificence  of 
assumed  greatness,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
court,  and  the  gratification  of  the  populace. 


Ferrars  possessed  such  versatile  talents,  that 
though  the  religion  of  the  court  frequently 
changed  at  the  caprice  of  the  sovereign,  he 
continued  still  a  favorite  with  all,  and  died  a 
protestant  at  Flamstead,  Herts,  1579.  He 
wrote  the  history  of  Queen  Mary,  which 
was  insei'ted  in  the  chronicle  under  the 
name  of  Richard  Grafton.  He  also  contri- 
buted to  the  poetical  work  called  "  the  Mir- 
ror for  Magistrates,"  published  1559— -the 
Fall  of  Robert  Tresilian,  Chief  Justice,  &c. 
— the  tragedy  of  Thomas  Woodstock,  duke 
of  Gloucester — tragedy  of  king  Richard  II. 
— the  story  of  Eleanor  Cobham,  Etc. 

FERRARS,Edward,  a  Warwickshire  poet, 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  was  a  favorite  with 
Henry  VIII.  and  died  1564.  He  wrote 
according  to  Wood,  some  comedies  and  tra- 
gedies. 

Ferrars,  Henry,  of  the  same  family  as 
the  preceding,  was  educated  also  at  Oxford, 
and  made  large  collections  for  the  history  of 
his  native  county.  His  valuable  papers  laid 
the  foundation  of  Dugdale's  Antiquities  of 
Warwickshire.  He  was  esteemed  by  Cam- 
den, and  distinguished  himself  also  as  a  poet. 
He  died  1633,  aged  84,  leaving  behind  him, 
says  Wood,  the  character  of  a  well-bred  gen- 
tleman, a  good  neighbor,  and  an  honest 
man. 

Febraud,  N.  a  native  of  Daure,  near  the 
Pyrenees,  who  was  a  deputy  in  the  conven- 
tion, and  distinguished  himself  by  his  enmity 
to  the  monarchy.  He  was  commissary  in 
the  armies  of  the  Rhine,  where  he  behaved 
with  coolness  and  intrepidity,  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Paris,  when  opposing  the  attack  made 
on  the  convention,  26th  Mayr,  1795,  he  was 
shot  through  the  heart  with  a  pistol.  His 
murderer  was  executed,  and  the  convention 
appointed  a  da)-  to  eclehrate  his  obsequies. 

Fekreix,  Antony,  a  French  anatomist, 
who  died  at  Paris  1769,  aged  76.  He  pub- 
lished lectures  which  he  had  read  on  medi- 
cine, and  lectures  on  Materia  Medica,  each 
3  vols.  12mo. 

Ferreas,  Don  John  of,  a  Spanish  divine 
born  at  Rabanezza  1652,  am!  educated  at  Sa- 
lamanca. His  wit  and  learning  recommend- 
ed him  to  the  court,  from  w  hose  favors  he 
refused  the  pressing  offer  of  two  bishoprics. 
He  was  made  member  of  the  academy  of'Ma- 
drid  1713,  and  appointed  Librarian  to  the 
king.  He  contributed  much  to  the  Spanish 
Dictionary,  published  by  the  academy  1739, 
in  6  vols.  fol.  He  died  1735,  leaving  several 
works  in  philosophy,  divinity,  and  history, 
the  best  known  of  which  is  his  history  of 
Spain,  translated  into  French,  by  Hermilly, 
10  vols.  4to. 

Ferreti,  or  Ferretus,  a  poet  and 
historian  of  Vicenza,  of  the  1 4th  century, 
who  contributed  much  to  the  revival  of  learn- 
ing in  Europe.  He  wrote  an  history  of  his 
own  times  from  1259  to  1328,  in  seven  books, 
and  other  works  in  verse  and  prose,  in  Ital- 
ian. 

Ferreti,  Emilio,  an  Italian  lawyer,  born 
at  Castelfranco,  Bologna  1489.  He  was  em- 
ployed at  Avignon,  by  Leo  X.  to  whom  he 


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was  secretary.  He  died  at  Avignon  1552. 
His  Opera  Juridica  were  published  after  his 
death. 

Ferrety,  Giovanni  Batista,  a  Benedic- 
tine monk  of  Vicenza,  who  published  at  Ve- 
rona, in  167.J,  "  Muss-  Lapidariaj,"  in  folio, 
which  contain  inscriptions  from  ancient  mon- 
uments. The  time  of  his  death  is  unknow  n. 
Ferri,  Paul,  a  learned  divine,  born  at 
Metz  1591 ,  and  educated  at  Montauban.  He 
became  a  minister  in  his  native  town,  and 
gained  popularity  by  his  eloquence,  and  his 
dignified  address  as  a  preacher.  He  zealously 
employed  himself  to  reconcile  the  protestants, 
and  for  these  benevolent  motives  he  was  ac- 
cused by  his  enemies  of  being  bribed  by  Rich- 
elieu to  form  a  coalitiou  of  the  two  religions. 
He  died  1669,  of  the  stone,  and  more  than 
80  calculi  were  found  in  his  bladder.  He  pub- 
lished, 1616,  Scholastici  Orthodoxici  Speci- 
men, a  book  approved  by  Du  Plessis  Mornay 
— Yindicise  pro  Scholasiico  Orthodox  1619. — 
and  General  Catechisme  de  la  Reformation, 
1654. 

Ferri,  Giro,  apainter,  born  at  Rome  1634. 
He  was  the  disciple  and  happy  imitator  of 
Peter  de  Cortona,  and  the  excellence  of  his 
pieces,  on  which  he  set  a  very  high  price, 
recommended  him  to  the  patronage  of  pope 
Alexander  VII.  and  of  his  three  successors. 
The  duke  of  Florence  also  grauted  him  a 
pension  to  finish  the  imperfect  pictures  of 
Cortona,  and  honorably  nominated  him  chief 
of  the  Florentine  school.  Ferri  was  equally 
great  as  an  architect,  and  several  palaces  and 
altars  at  Home  were  raised  from  his  designs. 
It  is  said  that  he  died  through  chagrin  at  see- 
ing the  superior  coloring  of  Bacici's  picture 
of  angels  near  his  own  works  in  the  palace  of 
Navona,  1689,  at  the  age  of  55. 

Ferrier,  Arnaud  de,  a  lawyer,  born  at 
Toulous  1506,  and,  from  the  greatness  of  his 
abilities,  called  the  Cato  of  France.  He  was 
professor  of  the  university,  and  afterwards 
counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Toulouse,  and 
he  was,  in  1562,  deputed  by  the  French  king 
to  the  council  of  Trent,  where  the  boldness 
of  his  harangues  in  favor  of  his  master  offen- 
ded some  of  his  Italian  hearers.  He  after- 
wards went  to  Venice,  where  he  assisted 
father  Paul  in  the  collection  of  materials  for 
the  History  of  the  council  of  Trent.  He  was 
at  heart  a  proteslant,  and  professed  it  at  the 
solicitation  of  Du  Plessis  Mornay.  He  was 
made  chancellor  to  the  king  of  Navarre,  and 
he  formed  the  design  to  declare  the  French 
king  head  of  the  Church,  after  the  example 
of  England.  He  died  in  his  79th  year.  He 
wrote  some  works. 

Ferrier,  Jeremy,  a  divinity  professor  at 
Nismes,  who,  from  protestant,  became  pap- 
ist, even  after  declaring  in  a  public  disputa- 
tion that  Clement  VIII.  was  Anti-christ.  He 
was  afterwards  made  state  counsellor  to  the 
French  king,  and  he  attended  him  in  Britany 
in  1626.  He  was  patronised  by  Richelieu, 
and  wrote  some  tracts,  especially  "  Catho- 
lique  d'Etat,"  in  favor  of  his  religion  and 
principles.  He  died  of  a  hectic  fever  1626. 
He  had  a  large  family,  but  only  one  daughter, 
who  married  Tardieu,  aud  of  whom  some 


anecdotes  are  recorded  in  Boilcau's  tenth 
satire. 

Ferrier,  Lewis,  a  poet,  born  at  Avig- 
non. He  was  imprisoned  for  some  licentious 
verses  in  his  "  Preccptes  Galantes,"  but  lib- 
erated by  interest,  lie  wrote  Anne  of  Brit- 
any, Adrastus,  and  Montezuma,  tragedies, 
which,  iu  a  feeble  style,  have  some  pathetic 
passages.  He  died  in  Normandy  1721,  aged 
69. 

Ferrier,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Rodez,  in 
Rouergne,  confess  or  to  the  French  king  after 
Annat,  in  1670.  He  opposed  the  Jansenisis, 
and  wrote  his  famous  book,  on  probability, 
against  them.     He  died  1674. 

Ferrieres,  Claude  de,  a  doctor  of  civil 
law  at  Paris,  who  wrote  several  valuable 
books  on  jurisprudence.  His  compositions 
enriched  the  booksellers,  but  left  him  and  his 
family  very  poor.  He  died  1715,  aged  77. 
His  works  are,  the  Jurisprudence  of  the  Jus- 
tinian Code — of  the  Digest — of  the  No- 
vellre,  fsc.  His  son  Claude  Joseph  wrote  a 
Dictionary  of  Law,  2  vols.4to  1771. 

Ferros,  Arnauld  du,  a  lawyer  of  Bour- 
deaux,  who  died  1563,  aged  48.  He  wrote 
in  elegant  Latin  in  the  style  of  Terence,  and 
continued  to  the  reign  of  Francis  I.  the  Latin 
History  of  France  by  Paulus  iEmilius  the 
Veronese.  It  was  published  at  Paris  1555, 
and  very  highly  esteemed  for  curious  and  in- 
teresting details. 

Ferte,  Henry  de  Senccterre  Mareschal 
de,  a  famous  general  under  Lewis  XI 11  and 
his  successor,  distinguished  at  the  siege  of 
Rochelle  1626,  and  at  the  battles  of  Rocroi 
and  Lens.  In  1650,  he  defeated  the  duke  of 
Lorraine,  at  the  battle  of  St.  Nicholas,  and 
was  made  marshal  of  France,  but  in  1656,  he 
was  taken  prisoner,  at  Valenciennes,  by  the 
Spaniards.  He  died  1681,  aged  82,  respect- 
ed as  a  warrior,  but  inferior  to  Turenne, 
whose  fame  he  envied. 

Ferus,  John,  a  superior  of  the  Gray 
Friars,  at  Metz,  known  as  a  preacher,  and  as 
an  able  commentator  on  the  bible.  His 
works,  which  favor  the  protestants,  are  inser- 
ted in  the  Index  Expurgatorius.  He, died 
1654. 

Festus,  Porcius,  was  the  proconsul  of 
Judea,  before  whom  the  apostle  Paul  ap- 
peared, and  by  whom  he  was  on  his  appeal 
sent  to  Rome. 

Festus,  Pompeius,  an  ancient  gramma- 
rian, author  of  aTractde  Signiticatioue  Ver- 
borum,  abridged  from  Flaccus. 

Fetti,  Dominico,  apainterbornatRome, 
1589,  and  educated  under  Ludovico  Civoli, 
of  Florence.  He  studied  and  imitated  the 
paintings  of  Julio  Romano,  and  was  patron- 
ised by  the  duke  of  Mantua,  whose  palaces 
he  adorned  with  his  highly  finished  pieces. 
He  ruined  his  constitution  by  licentious  in- 
dulgences at  Venice,  and  died  in  his  35th 
year.  His  pictures  are  very  scarce,  and 
much  sought  after.  His  sister,  a  nun,  was 
also  a  good  painter,  and  she  adorned  her 
convent,  at  Mantua,  with  some  of  her  pieces. 
Fevardentius,  or  Fewardent, 
Francis,  a  Franciscan  friar  of  Coutances, 
Normandy,  born  1541.    He  was  a  furious 


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and  bigoted  opposer  of  the  protestants,  a- 
gainst  whom  he  preached  with  great  viru- 
lence. Even  the  third  and  fourth  Henries 
■were  objects  of  his  attack,  and  against  them  he 
directed  all  his  thunder  from  the  pulpit.  He 
published  the  five  books  of  Iremcus,  correct- 
ed and  illustrated  with  learned  notes,  and 
edited  the  last  time  at  Paris,  1639.  He  wrote 
also  controversial  tracts.     He  died  1641. 

Feullee,  Lewis,  a  French  naturalist, 
born  in  Provence  1660.  His  great  abilities 
were  honorably  employed  by  Lewis  XIV.  in 
different  parts  of  the  world,  to  advance  the 
knowledge  of  natural  history,  and  at  his  re- 
turn he  received  a  pension,  and  an  observa- 
tory was  built  for  his  residence  at  Marseilles, 
where  he  died  1782.  He  wrote  a  journal  of 
observations  physical,  botanical,  Sec.  on  the 
Coasts  of  South  America,  3  vols.  4to.and  pre- 
sented the  French  king  with  a  large  folio  of 
curious  drawings,  &e.  executed  in  the  South- 
seas. 

Feuquieres,  Anthony  de  Pas  marquis  of, 
a  native  of  Artois,  distinguished  as  a  general, 
and  made  a  marshal  for  his  services  in  Ger- 
many. He  wrote  Military  Memoirs,  4  vols. 
12mo.  in  which  he  spoke  with  unusual  sever- 
ity against  the  general  officers  of  his  age,  and 
died  1711,  aged  03. 

Feurborn,  Justus,  a  German  protestant 
of  Westphalia,  author  of  several  theological 
works  in  Latin.  He  died  rector  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Gicssen  1056,  aged  69. 

Fevre,  Claude,  a  French  painter,  who 
died  in  London  1675,  aged  42.  His  portraits, 
flowers,  historical  pieces,  &c.  were  much  ad- 
mired. 

Fevre,  Guy  le,  sieur  de  la  Boderie,  a 
poet,  born  in  Lower  Normandy.  He  was 
well  skilled  in  oriental  literature,  and  pub- 
fished  some  works  in  Syriae  and  Chaldee, 
avid  assisted  in  editing  of  Montanu's  Polyglott 
bible.     He  died  1598,  aged  57. 

Fevre,  Anthony  le,  brother  to  Guy,  was 
employed  near  the  person  of  Henry  IV.  of 
France,  and  sent  as  ambassador  to  England, 
and  to  other  countries.  He  died  1615,  aged 
60.  His  memoirs  appeared  at  Paris  5  vols. 
l2mo. 

Fevre,  Nicholas  le,  a  French  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  true  religion  —  and  a 
critical  examination  of  Bavle's  works.  He 
died  1755. 

Fevre,  James  le,  or  Jacobus  Faber,  a 
learned  Frenchman,  born  at.  Estampes,  in 
Picardy  1440.  He  was  suspected  of  protest- 
antism, and  therefore  exposed  to  persecution, 
and  after  taking  refuge  at  Meaux,  JJlois,  and 
Guienne,  he  at  last  found  a  safe  retreat  at 
Nerac,  under  the  protection  of  Margaret, 
queen  of  Navarre,  sister  of  Francis  I.  He 
died  there  1537,  nearly  100  years  old. 
Though  not  professedly  a  protestant,  he  yet 
disapproved  of  many  of  the  tenets  of  the 
church  of  Home,  and  he  held  a  conference 
with  Bucer  and  Captio,  at  Strasburg,  about 
the  reformation  of  the  church.  In  1512,  he 
published  a  translation  of  St.  Paul's  epistles, 
with  notes,  and  gave  the  rest  of  the  New 
Testament  in  1522,  with  copious  commenta- 


ries. Though  the  intimate  friend,  nnd  cor- 
respondent of  Erasmus,  he  quarrelled  with 
him  in  consequence  of  some  disputed  passa- 
ges in  scripture,  and  Erasmus,  much  to  his 
honor,  after  repelling  the  attack,  solicited 
the  continuance  of  his  friendship.  It  is  said 
that  he  was  murdered  in  his  bed,  after  weep- 
ing in  the  presence  of  queen  Margaret,  and 
lamenting  that  he  had  not,  like  many  of  his 
disciples,  had  the  fortitude  to  become  a  mar- 
tyr in  the  defence  of  his  opinions. 

Fevre,  Nicholas  le,  or  Nicholaus  Faber, 
an  ingenious  and  learned  man,  born  at  Paris, 
2d  June  1544.  In  his  youth,  he  had  a  dread- 
ful accident,  while  cutting  a  pen,  a  small 
piece  of  the  quill  flew  into  his  eye,  and  caus- 
ed such  acute  pain,  that  he  lifted,  in  sudden 
anguish,  the  knife  to  his  eye,  and  struck  it 
out  of  the  socket.  He  studied  the  civil  law 
at  Toulouse,  Padua,  and  Bologna,  and  after 
residing  18  months  in  Rome,  he  returned  to 
Paris,  and  applied  himself  to  belles  lettres. 
His  edition  of  Seneca,  appeared  in  1587,  with 
learned  notes.  He  also  devoted  some  time 
to  mathematics,  and  with  such  success  that 
he  discovered  the  falsity  of  Scaliger's  demon- 
stration of  the  quadrature  of  the  circle.  On 
the  accession  of  Henry  IV.  to  the  crown,  he 
was  made  preceptor  to  the  duke  ofConde, 
and  after  the  king's  death,  he  held  the  same 
office  in  the  education  of  Lewis  XIII.  He 
died  1611.  His  works,  which  are  few,  were 
collected  after  his  death  by  his  friend  le 
Begue,  in  a  4to.  vol.  1614  Paris.  He  was  not 
indeed  anxious  to  appear  as  an  author,  but 
he  was  more  willing  to  communicate  instruc- 
tion and  intelligence  to  those  who  enriched 
the  world  with  literary  productions,  and 
therefore  for  his  liberality,  nnd  for  his  modes- 
ty, and  the  amiable  qualities  of  a  private 
character,  he  is  deservedly  commended  by 
Baillet,  Lipsius,  and  others. 

Fevre,  Tanaquil,  or  Tannequi,  a  learn- 
ed man,  father  of  Madame  Dacier,  was  born 
at  Caen  in  Normandy  1615.  After  studying 
with  the  greatest  success  at  home,  and  un- 
der the  care  of  his  uncle,  he  went  to  Pans, 
and  was  soon  recommended  to  the  patron- 
age of  Richelieu,  who  settled  a  pension  of 
2OO0  livrcs  upon  him,  to  inspect  the  books 
published  at  the  Louvre.  The  death  of  his 
patron,  and  the  neglect  of  the  next  minister 
Mazarine,  altered  his  plans  of  life,  and  he 
turned  protestant,  and  accepted  a  profes- 
sorship in  the  university  of  Saumur.  Here 
his  learning  and  his  reputation  drew  pupils 
from  all  quarters,  but  an  unfortunate  asser- 
tion that  he  could  pardon  Sappho's  love  for 
her  own  sex,  since  it  produced  a  beautiful 
ode,  proved  the  cause  of  a  dispute  with  the 
university,  and  at  last  in  1672,  he  was  invi- 
ted to  remove  to  Heidelberg.  V  fever  how- 
ever prevented  his  departure,  and  he  died 
12th  Sept.  1672.  He  left  a  son  of  his  own 
name,  who  was  a  protestant  divine  in  Hol- 
land, and  at  London,  but  became  a  Roman 
catholic  at  Paris,  and  published  a  Tract  de 
Futilitate  Poetices  1697,  and  besides  Madame 
Dacier,  another  daughter  married  to  Paul 
Bauldii,  professor  at  Utrecht.    Faber  was 


IE 


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agreeable  in  his  person,  but  rather  effemi- 
nate, as  to  appear  with  neatness,  he  procur- 
ed gloves,  &c.  from  London,  and  essences 
frdtn  Home.  He  published  among  other 
books,  Luciani  de  Morte  Peregrini  Libellus, 
ito.  1053.  Diatribe  Flavii  Josephi  de  Jesu 
Christi  Testimonium  suppositum  esse  1655, 
Svu. — Epistolarum  Pars  Prima,  1659,  Sec- 
urrda,  1665, — a  short  acoount  of  the  Lives 
of  Greek  poets — the  life  of  Theseus,  from 
Plutarch — Methodc  pour  Commeuccr  les 
Humanites  Grccqucs  &  Latines — editions  of 
Xenophon'sConvivium,  of  Plato's  Alcibiades, 
uf  Plutarch's  de  Superstitione,  besides  notes 
on  Apollodorus,  Longinus,  and  other  clas- 
sics. 

Fevre,  Roland  Ic,  a  painter,  born  at 
Anjou,  though  called  sometimes  a  Venetian. 
His  naked  figures  were  much  admired.  He 
stained  marble  curiously.  He  died  in  Eng- 
land, 1677. 

Feveet,  Charles,  a  French  civilian, born 
at  Sanmur  15S3.  He  studied  the  law  at 
Heidelberg  under  Godefroy,  and  in  1607  he 
returned  to  Dijon,  where  he  married  Anne 
Brunei  of  Beaulne,  by  whom  lie  had  19 
children,  14  of  which  were  born  in  eight 
years.  He  was  a  popular  advocate  at  Dijon, 
and  became  counsellor  of  the  three  estates 
of  the  province.  When  Lewis  XIII.  came 
to  Dijon  to  punish  an  insurrection,  Fevret 
was  the  only  person  considered  as  capable  to 
plead  the  cause  of  the  insurgents,  and  to 
petition  the  monarch,  and  so  eloquent  and 
persuasive  was  his  address  that  the  king  de- 
sired him  to  print  it,  and  forgave  the  rebels. 
His  abilities  rendered  him  universally  known, 
the  princes  of  Conde  appointed  him  their 
counsellor,  and  he  held  the  same  honorable 
office  also  with  Frederic  Casimir  the  pala- 
tine of  the  Rhine.  He  died  at  Dijon  1661, 
aged  78.  He  published  1645  a  Laliu  trea- 
tise de  Claris  Fori  Burguudiii  Oratoribus — 
and  in  1653  his  famous  "  Traite  de  l'Abus," 
which  l>as  been  frequently  reprinted.  He 
also  translated  Pibrac's  Quatrains  into  Latin 
verse,  &c. 

Feustkikg,  John  Henry,  a  native  of 
Holstein,  who  became  professor  and  doctor 
of  divinity  in  the  university  of  Wittemberg. 
He  was  also  confessor  to  the  elector  of  Sax- 
ony, and  counsellor  to  the  duke  of  Saxe  Go- 
tha,  and  died  1713,  aged  4l.  He  wrote  va- 
rious works  in  German  and  in  Latin. 

Fevret  deFontette,  Charles  Ma- 
rie, great  grandson  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Dijon  1710,  and  became  eminent  as 
a  lawyer,  and  obtained  a  pension  from  gov- 
ernment. He  was  member  of  the  academy 
of  belles  lettres,  and  was  laboriously  employ- 
ed in  editing  "  le  Long's  Bibliotheque  Histo- 
rique  de  la  France,"  which  he  enlarged  from 
one  to  five  large  fol.  vols.     He  died  1772. 

Feydeau,  Matthew, a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  born  at  Paris  1616.  He  was  a  zea- 
lous Jansenist,  and  died  in  exile  at  Annonai 
in  Vivarcs  1694.  He  wrote  "  Meditations 
on  Providence,  and  the  Mercy  of  God,"  un- 
der the  name  of  Piessigny,  and  the  "  Cate- 
chism of  Grace,"  &c. 


FiasellA,  Dominico,  an  Italian  histori- 
cal painter,  who  died  1669,  aged  80.  He 
was  also  called  Sarazena  from  the  place  of 
his  birth  near  Genoa. 

Fichard,  John,  a  lawyer  and  syndic,  of 
Frankfort  on  the  Mayne,  where  he  died 
1581,  aged  69.  The  best  known  of  his  works 
are,  Virorum  Qui  Supei'iori  Xostroque  Sre- 
colo  Eruditionc  et  Doctrina  Illustres  atque 
Memorabiles  Fuerunt,  Vitte,  1536,  4to. — 
Vitse  Juris-consultorum,  1565 — Ononiasticon 
Philosophico-Medico  Synonymum,  1574 — 
de  Cautilis,  1577 — Concilium  Matrimoniale, 
1580. 

Ficinus,  Marsilius,  a  learned  Italian, 
born  at  Florence  1433,  and  educated  at  the 
expense  of  Lorenzo  de  Medicis,  to  whom, 
his  father  was  physician.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  an  able  scholar,  a  great  philoso- 
pher, physician,  and  divine,  and  under  the 
patronage  of  his  friends  Lorenzo  and  Cosmo 
de  Medicis,  he  restored  in  the  West  the 
study  of  the  platonic  philosophy,  and  tran- 
slated not  only  his  favorite  author  Plato,  but 
also  Plotinus,  Proclus,  Iamblicus,  Porphyri- 
us,  &ce.  Though  originally  a  sceptic,  the  el- 
oquent preaching  of  Savanorola  brought  him 
to  a  due  sense  of  religion  and  of  religious  du- 
ties, but  like  many  of  the  learned  of  his  time 
he  still  remained  devoted  to  astrology.  By 
care  and  a  proper  regimen  he  supported  Ins 
naturally  feeble  constitution  to  the  age  of  66. 
He  died  at  Correggio  1499,  and  soon  after, 
as  Baronius  gravely  affirms,  appeared  ac- 
cording to  his  promise  to  his  friend  Michael 
Mercatus,  to  prove  thus  the  immortality  of 
the  soul.  His  writings  sacred  and  profane 
are  very  numerous,  they  were  collected  and 
printed  at  Venice  1516,  and  at  Paris  1641, 
in  2  vols,  folio. 

Ficoroni,  Francesco,  a  Roman  medal- 
ist, who  died  1747,  aged  83.  He  wrote  se- 
veral works,  in  Italian,  on  medals  and  anti- 
quities, published  at  Rome. 

FIDANZ.A,  Johannes,  a  philosopher,  poet, 
and  theologist  of  Tuscany,  called  also  St. 
Bonaventirre,and  from  his  learning  styled  the 
seraphic  doctor.  He  died  1274,  aged  53,  au- 
thor of  some  books  now  little  known. 

Fiddes,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Hunmanby  near  Scarborough,  Yorkshire 
1671.  He  entered  at  Corpus  Christi  college, 
and  afterwards  removed  to  University  col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  after  taking  his  bachelor's 
decree  he  returned  to  Yorkshire,  where  in 
1693  he  married.  In  1694  he  was  presented 
to  the  living  of  Halsham,  but  the  marshy  sit- 
uation of  the  place  proved  so  injurious  to  him 
that  he  was  suddenly  deprived  of  his  speech, 
and  never  after  completely  recovered  it. 
Thus  disabled  from  performing  his  duty,  he 
came  to  London  1712,  and  no  longer  able  to 
shine  as  before  as  an  eloquent  preacher,  he 
determined  to  maintain  himself  by  his  pen. 
By  the  friendship  of  Swift  he  was  recommen- 
ded to  lord  Oxford  who  made  him  his  chap- 
lain, but  the  hopes  of  preferment  and  inde- 
pendence vanished  at  the  death  of  the  queen 
and  the  changes  of  the  ministry.  By  the  re- 
commendation of  Dr.  Radclifte  his  relation, 


FI 


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he  took  his  degree  of  B.  D.  and  afterwards 
was  honored  with  that  of  D.  D.  by  the  univer- 
sity. He  died  at  Putney  1725,  aged  54,  lea- 
ving in  destitute  circumstances  his  wife  and 
six  children.  Of  his  writings  the  most  known 
are,  "  a  Body  of  Divinity  Explaining  the 
Principles  and  the  Duties  of  Natural  and  Re- 
vealed Religion,  '2  vols.  fol. — 58  Discourses — 
and  the  Life  of  Cardinal  Wolsey,  in  fol. 
These  works  appeared  under  the  patronage 
of  a  large  subscription,  but  their  popularity 
was  severely  attacked.  Staekhouse  found 
great  fault  with  the  body  of  divinity,  and  for 
ihe  life  of  Wolsey  the  author  was  acrimoni- 
ously censured  in  the  London  journal,  as  be- 
ing a  friend  to  popery,  and  the  secret  en- 
emy of  the  reformation.  Dr.  Knight  after- 
wards in  his  life  of  Erasmus  repeats  the  ac- 
cusation, and  charges  Eiddes  with  favoring 
the  claims  of  the  pretender,  as  he  wrote  his 
book  in  the  house  and  under  the  eye  of  At- 
terbury,  whose  opposition  to  the  Hanoveri- 
an family  was  then  very  unpopular.  These 
charges  may  now  be  considered  as  puerile, 
Fiddes  wrote  for  his  bread,  but  he  certainly 
wrote  for  a  party,  and  while  he  wished  to 
please  one  part  of  the  nation,  he  was  sure 
that  his  compositions  would  be  viewed  with 
a  jaundiced  eye  by  the  other. 

Field,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  horn 
at  Hempstead,  Herts  1561,  and  educated  at 
Magdalen  college,  Oxford.  He  afterwards, 
removed  to  Magdalen  hail,  and  soon  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  preacher  and  a  power* 
t'ul  disputant,  so  that  in  15U4  lie  became  rea- 
der to  Lincoln's  Inn  society,  from  one  of 
whose  members  he  obtained  the  living  of 
Burrowclere,  Hants.  In  159S  he  was  ap- 
pointed chaplain  to  queen  Elizabeth,  and 
under  James  her  successor,  he  was  made 
successively  canon  of  Windsor,  and  dean  of 
Gloucester.  The  bishopric  of  Oxford  was 
intended  for  him,  but  he  died  before  the  ap- 
pointment was  conferred  in  form,  'J  1st  Nov. 
1616,  aged  55.  He  was  a  man  highly  re- 
spected lor  his  learning,  and  anxiously  devo- 
ted to  the  healing  of  dissensionsin  the  church, 
so  that  at  one  time  James  wished  to  employ 
his  great  abilities  to  produce  a  reconciliation 
between  the  Lutherans  and  Calvinists  of  Ger- 
many. The  first  time  the  king  heard  him 
preach  he  quaintly  observed,  "  this  is  a  Field 
for  God  to  Dwell  in,"  and  almost  in  similar 
words  he  was  styled  by  Fuller,  "  that  learn- 
ed divine,  whose  memory  smellcth  like  a 
Field  which  the  Lord  hath  blessed."  The 
most  famous  of  his  works  is  his,  "  Four 
Books  of  the  Church,"  augmented  with  a 
fifth  in  the  second  edition,  which  appeared 
1610.  His  memory  was  retentive  to  a  sur- 
prising degree,  so  that  whatever  he  read  he 
accurately  remembered.  He  was  not,  how- 
ever, only  a  learned  man,  but  he  was  most 
universally  benevolent,  exemplary  in  his 
family,  religious  in  his  behaviour,  and  in 
every  thing  a  good  christian. 

Fielding,  Henry,  the  celebrated  novel- 
ist, was  born  at  Sharpham  park,  Somerset- 
shire, 22d  April,  1707.  His  father  was  a 
lieutenant-general  in  the  army,  and  grand- 


son to  an  carl  of  Denbigh,  anil  his  mothci 
was  daughter  of  the  first  judge  Gould.  Young 
Fielding  was  educated  at  home,  under  th^ 
care  of  Mr.  Oliver,  a  clergyman,  whom   he 

afterwards  turned  to  ridicule  in  the  humor- 
ous but  coarse  character  of  parson  Trulliber 
in  Joseph  Andrews.  He  then  went  to  Eton, 
where  he  formed  an  early  intimacy  with 
the  future  leading  men  of  the  age;  with  Lyt- 
telton,  Fox,  Pitt,  Banbury,  Williams,  and 
others, and  then,  when  IS,  he  passed  to  Lc; 
den,  where  lie  devoted  himself  to  the  stud;: 
of  civil  law  for  two  years.  Being  ill  suppli 
ed  with  money  by  his  fattier,  who  had  t:ik«-iL 
a  second  wife  and  had  another  rising  family 
to  provide  for,  he  returned  to  London,  aad 
in  that  scene  of  dissipation,  regardless  of  the 
calls  of  temperance  and  of  virtue  he  grati- 
fied every  passion,  and  laid  the  seeds  of  fu- 
ture evils  and  of  lasting  infirmities.  With  a 
straitened  purse  he  soon  found  that  some- 
thing must  be  done  for  bread.  He  therefore 
commenced  author,  and  produced  his  first 
dramatic  piece,  "Love  in  several  Masques/1 
1727,  which  together  with  "the  Temple 
Beau"  the  next  year,  drew  forth  the  applau- 
ses of  crowded  audiences.  He  v.  as  not, 
however,  always  successful,  and  he  ventured 
to  publish  on-.1  of  Ids  pieees,  bearing  in  the 
title  "asit-^as  damned  at  the  theatre-roy- 
al,Drnry-tane  ,■"  but  the  severity  of  criticism, 
and  the  frowns  of  disapprobation  were  un- 
heeded iu  the  friendship  and  patronage  of 
the  great  anil  powerful,  especially  of  the 
duke  of  Argyle,  and  lord  Lyttleton.  About 
the  year  1734  he  married  Miss  Craddoek  at 
Salisbury,  a  woman  of  great  beauty,  and  a 
fortune  of  about  15007.  but  this,  together 
with  the  estate  ofStower,  Dorsetshire,  which 
fell  to  him  by  his  father's  death,  and  which 
might  with  economy  have  rendered  him 
comfortable  and  independent,  was  quickly 
squandered  away  in  expensive  hospitality, 
and  an  improper  show  of  equipage  and 
magnificence,  and  at  .30  Fielding  found  him- 
self poor,  and  destitute  of  every  resource. 
He  now  applied  to  the  law,  and  in  due  time 
was  called  from  the  Temple  to  the  bar,  and 
began  to  make  a  respectable  figure  in  West- 
minster hall  ;  but  the  frequent  attacks  of 
the  gout,  and  all  the  diseases  ingrafted  on 
a  licentious  youth,  prevented  the  success 
which  his  abilities  fairly  promised.  To 
maintain  himself  and  a  wife  and  children 
whom  he  tenderly  loved,  he  again  had  re- 
course to  his  pen,  and  various  pamphlets 
and  tracts  were  ushered  into  the  world  an- 
onymously. In  the  full  vigor  of  genius  he 
produced  his  Josepii  Andrews,  and  Tom 
Jones,  novels  so  universally  admired,  as  to 
be  above  the  praise  of  his  biographer.  His 
"  Wedding  Day,"  however,  did  not  meet  on 
the  stage  the  success  which  he  expected,  and 
while  he  meditated  on  the  gloomy  aspect  ol 
his  affairs,  the  death  of  his  wife  came  to  em- 
bitter the  cup  of  his  affliction,  and  it  pro- 
ved so  poignant,  that  his  friends  dreaded 
the  loss  of  his  senses.  By  time  he  re» 
covered  the  severity  of  the  blow,  and  hr 
began  again  to   struggle    against    fortune 


FI 


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He  undertook  to  contribute  to  two  periodi- 
cal papers,  but  reduced  as  his  income  was, 
he  found  great  assistance  in  the  appointment 
of  justice  of  the  peace  for  the  county  of  Mid- 
dlesex, which  was  procured  by  the  influence 
of  his  friends,  and  which,  though  unpopular 
and  odious,  was  discharged  by  him  with  im- 
partiality and  attention.    In  the  busy  avoca- 
tion of  this  office  he  planned  and  executed 
his  Amelia,  a  work  very    respectable,   but 
certainly  inferior  to  Tom  Jones.    His  con- 
stitution   was    now    so    enfeebled    that  his 
friends  advised    his  removing  to   the  softer 
climate  of  Lisbon,  and  two  months  after  he 
arrived  there  he  died,  1754,  aged  48.    Yet 
though  weak,  and  laboring  under  the  attacks 
of  disease  he  employed  his  pen  in  the  hu- 
morous  journal    of   his   voyage   to  Lisbon, 
published    in   London    1755.      Besides   the 
works  already  mentioned,   he  wrote  an  Es- 
say on   Conversation, — on   the    Knowledge 
and   Characters  of  Men, — a  Journey  from 
this  World  to  the  next, — the  History  of  Jo- 
nathan the  Wild,  &c.     His  dramatic  pieces 
are  twenty-six  in  numbei*,  and  the  whole  of 
his   works   has    been  published    in   several 
sizes,  with  an  Essay  on  his  Life  and  Genius, 
by  Arthur  Murphy.     He  left  a  second  wife 
with  four  children.      His  biographer,   who 
views  his  character  with  the  partiality  of  a 
friend,  and  the  candor  of  an  historian,  attri- 
butes much  in  the  history  of  Fielding's  life 
to  slander  and   defamation;  but  he    wisely 
observes  that  quick  and  warm  passions  should 
be  early  controlled,  and  that  to  their  licen- 
tious indulgence  the  author   of  Tom  Jones 
sacrificed  his  health,  his  happiness,  and  the 
prospect  of  a  lengthened  life.     When   poor 
he  was  no  longerahe  master  of  his  actions, 
and   he  had  often  recourse  for  subsistence 
to  those  measures  which  his  honor  disowned, 
and   his  pride   regarded    with  shame.     So 
fatal  to  all  happiness  and  to  peace  is  the  wild 
indulgence  of  those   passions   which    provi- 
dence has  given  to  man  for  his  comfort  if 
decently  enjoyed,  and  for  his  misery  if  ri- 
otously abused.     Some  years  after  Fielding's 
death,"  the  French    consul    at    Lisbon,  de 
Meyrionnet,  offered  to  erect  a   monument 
over  his  grave,  but  the  English  factory  rou- 
sed by  the  generous  views  of  a  stranger,  dis- 
charged a  debt  due  to  departed  literary  merit. 
Fielding,  Sarah,  third  sister  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  1714,  and  died  unmarried 
1768.    She  possessed  the  abilities  and  genius 
of  her  brother,  which  she  evinced  in  the 
Cry,  and  in  David  Simple,  and  in  the  letters 
published  as  from  the  principal  characters  of 
the  work.    She  also  translated  Xenophon's 
Memorabilia. 

Fielding,  sir  John,  the  fourth  half 
brother  to  Henry  Fielding,  was  his  succes- 
sor in  the  office  of  Westminster  magistrate. 
Though  blind  from  his  youth,  he  discharged 
his  duty  with  great  activity  and  impartiality, 
and  for  his  services  to  the  public  received 
the  honor  of  knighthood  1761.  He  published 
various  tracts  on  subjects  of  police,  charges 
to  the  grand  jury,  essays  on  important  sub- 
jects, but  it  is  supposed  that  most  of  these 


appeared  under  his  borrowed  name,  and  that 
he  wr<te  nothing  but  Cautions  against  the 
Tricks  of  Sharpers,  1777.  He  died  at 
Bromptoti,  Sept   17SO. 

Fiennes,  William,  lord  Say  and  Sele, 
born  at  Broughton,  Oxfordshire,  1582,  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  college, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow  as  related 
to  the  founder.  He  was  raised  from  the  dig- 
nity of  baron  to  that  of  viscount,  by  James  I. 
but  in  the  reign  of  his  successor  he  showed 
himself  violent,  inconstant,  and  vindictive. 
In  the  long  parliament  of  1640,  he  was  very 
active  with  Hampden  and  Pym,  and  though 
made  master  of  the  court  of  wards,  he  slight- 
ed all  reconciliation  with  the  king,  so  that  he 
was  attainted  of  treason  for  not  attending  the 
king's  person  at  Oxford.  After  the  king's 
death  he  left  the  presbyterians  whom  he  had 
hitherto  supported,  and  joined  himself  to 
the  independents,  and  during  the  usurpation 
he  was  created  one  of  Cromwell's  peers.  At 
the  restoration  he  was  greatly  noticed  by 
Charles  II.  made  lord  privy  seal,  and  lord 
chamberlain,  though,  as  Wood  observes,  he 
had  been  a  grand  rebel  for  20  years,  and 
while  others  who  had  been  reduced  to  a  bit 
of  bread  for  his  majesty's  cause,  were  left  to 
pine  and  languish  under  insult  and  disap- 
pointment, and  though  a  promoter  of  the  re- 
bellion, and  in  some  respect  accessary  to  the 
murder  of  Charles,  he  died  quietly  in  his 
bed  14th  April,  1662,  and  was  buried  with 
his  ancestors  at  Broughton.  He  is  called  by 
Whitlock  a  man  of'  great  parts,  wisdom,  and 
integrity,  and  Clarendon,  allowing  him  the 
same  merit,  describes  him  as  ambitious,  the 
enemy  of  the  church,  and  a  violent  and  dan- 
gerous leader  of  the  discontented  party.  He 
wrote  some  political  tracts,  besides  an  attack 
against  the  quakers,  who  it  seems  were  nu- 
merous and  troublesome  in  his  neighbor- 
hood. 

Fiennes,  Nathanael,  second  son  of  the 
above,  was  born  at  Broughton,  1608,  and  like 
his  father  educated  at  Winchester  and  New- 
college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became  a  fel- 
low. He  travelled  on  the  continent,  and  at 
Geneva,  and  in  Switzerland  confirmed  that 
aversion  which  he  derived  from  his  father 
against  the  church.  At  his  return  he  was 
made  member  for  Banbury,  and  displayed 
the  same  violence  against  the  royal  party  as 
his  father.  During  the  civil  wars  he  was  co- 
lonel of  horse,  under  Essex,  and  governor  of 
Bristol,  which  he  too  easily  yielded  to  the 
assault  of  prince  Rupert,  for  which  he  was 
condemned  to  lose  his  head.  His  father's 
influence,  however,  saved  him,  and  lit  left 
the  army  disgraced,  but  still  virulently  ani- 
mated against  the  king.  He  joined  the  inde- 
pendents like  his  father,  and  when  Crom- 
well became  protector,  he  was  made  one  of 
his  privy  council,  and  sent  among  his  lords. 
At  the  restoration  he  retired  into  the 
country,  and  died  at  his  seat  of  Newton 
Tony  near  Salisbury,  1669.  He  wrote  some 
things  in  support  of  Cromwell's  usurpation, 
and  in  another  tract  defended  his  conduct  at 
Bristol.    Clarendoa  represents  him  as  an 


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able  man,  and  in  council  inferior  only  to  the 
great  Hampden. 

Fienus,  Thomas,  a  physician-,  born  at 
Antwerp  1566.  He  travelled  over  Italy,  and 
at  his  return  was  made  professor  of  phvsic 
at  Louvain,  and  physician  to  the  duke  of  Ba- 
varia. He  died  at  Louvain  1631.  He  wrote 
'•  de  Viribus  Imaginationis,"  in  which  he  re- 
lates a  curious  story  of  a  hypocondriac  who 
thought  himself  so  large  that  he  could  not 
get  out  of  his  room — de  Formatione  8c  Ani- 
matione  Ftetus — Apologia  pro  codem — de 
Cauteriis — Libri  Chirurgici. 

Fiescho,  John  Lewis,  a  noble  Genoese, 
who  conspired  against  Andrew  Doria,  with 
the  intention  of  delivering  the  gallics  to  the 
French,  and  of  making  himself  sovereign  in 
the  room  of  his  rival.  He  was  drowned  in 
the  attempt  1st  Jan.  1547,  and  the  plot,  aban- 
doned by  his  associates,  and  his  family  ba- 
nished from  Genoa  to  the  fifth  generation. 
He  was  then  only  22  years  old. 

Figixo,  Ambrozio,  a  painter  born  at 
Milan,  the  disciple  of  Lomazio.  His  descent 
from  the  cross  is  seen  at  Wilton,  and  much 
admired.    He  died  1590. 

FiGRELiuSjEdmundus, a  learned  Swede, 
professor  of  history  at  Upsal.  He  wrote  a 
bookde  Statuis  Illustrium  liomauoruuij 1656, 
and  died  1676. 

Fieangeri,  Gaetano,  a  native  of  Naples, 
who  studied,  but  never  practised  the  law. 
He  was  in  1777  employed  about  the  court  as 
gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber,  and  as  an 
officer  of  marine,  and  in  1787  was  raised  to 
an  office  in  the  college  of  Finance.  He 
wrote  a  popular  work  on  legislation,  the 
first  vol.  of  which  appeared  in  1780,  and  the 
8th  in  1791.     He  died  1787,  aged  35. 

Filelfo,  Francis,  oi-Philephus.  Vid. 
Philelphus. 

Fii.es ac,  John,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  theology  at  Paris, 
died  163S.  His  works  appeared  1621,  3  vols. 
•Ito. 

Filicaja,  Yinccntio  di,  an  elegant  poet 
of  Florence,  who  died  1707,  aged  65.  He  was 
senator  in  his  native  city,  and  his  wants 
were  honorably  and  liberally  relieved  by- 
Christina,  queen  of  Sweden.  His  poems, 
which  are  in  a  delicate  and  refined  style, 
were  collected  by  his  son  in  folio,  and  re- 
printed at  Venice,  3  vols.  12mo.  1747. 

Filmer,  sir  Robert,  an  English  writer, 
born  at  East  Sutton  in  Kent,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  He  died  1688. 
He  wrote  the  Anarchy  of  a  limited  and  mix- 
ed Monarchy — "  PatriarcJiia,"  in  which  he 
]>roves  the  original  government  to  be  monar- 
chical, derived  from  the  patriarch,  and  heads 
of  families — and  "  the  Freeholders  Grand 
Inquest."  His  Patriarcha  was  attacked  by 
Locke. 

Fi  nveus,  Orontius,  Fine,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics in  the  college  founded  by  Francis 
I.  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Briancon,  Dauphine, 
1494.  By  his  genius  and  application  he  re- 
commended himself  to  the  notice  of  the 
great,  but  though  as  a  mathematician,  and  as 
a  man  of  letters  he  was  highly  respectable, 
VOL.  I.  67 


yet  he  was  pinched  by  poverty,  and  at  his 
death  in  1555,  he  left  his  wife  and  six  chil- 
dren in  very  reduced  and  distressed  circum- 
stances. He  invented  a  cluck  in  1553,  and 
pretended  that  he  had  found  out  the  quadra- 
ture of  the  circle.  His  works  were  collected 
in  3  vols,  folio,  1532,  1542,  and  1556. 

Finch,  Heneage,  earl  of  Nottingham, 
son  of  sir  Heneage  Finch,  recorder  of  Lon- 
don, was  born  in  1621.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  Christ  church,  Ox- 
ford, and  at  the  Inner  Temple  he  assiduously 
applied  himself  to  the  study  of  law.  He  was 
made  solicitor-general  to  Charles  11.  and 
created  a  baronet,  and  in  1061  he  was  elected 
member  for  the  university  of  Oxford.  He 
was  very  active  in  the  impeachment  of  lord 
Clarendon,  in  1667,  and  in  1670  he  was  made 
attorney -general,  and  three  years  after  lord 
keeper,  and  raised  to  the  peerage.  In  1675 
he  was  appointed  lord  chancellor,  and  in 
1C81,  he  was  created  earl  of  Nottingham, 
and  died  the  year  after.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  wisdom  and  eloquence,  and  though 
born  in  dangerous  and  troublesome  times, 
he  so  conducted  himself  that  he  retained  ifi 
every  situation  the  good  opinion  of  the  king 
and  of  the  people.  Burnet  has  commended 
him  for  his  attachment  to  the  church,  Dry- 
den  lias  recorded  him  in  his  Absolom  and 
Achitophel,  in  the  character  of  Amri,  and 
for  his  powers  in  oratory,  he  acquired  and  Je- 
ser\ed  the  name  of  the  Roscius  and  Cicero  of 
England.  Some  of  his  speeches  in  parliament, 
and  on  judicial  causes,  have  been  published. 

Finch,  Daniel,  earl  of  Nottingham,  sou 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  1647.  Though 
he  was  one  of  the  privy  counsellors  who  pro- 
claimed the  elevation  of  the  duke  of  York  to 
the  throne,  he  never  appeared  at  court  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  James,  but  upon  his  abdica- 
tion he  wished  the  appointment  of  a  regent, 
and  not  the  setting  up  of  another  king.  He 
was  secretary  under  William,  and  held  the 
same  office  under  Anne,  till  1704.  At  the 
accession  of  George  I.  he  was  one  of  the  lords 
for  the  administration  of  affairs,  and  was  de- 
clared president  of  the  council.  He  retired 
from  public  affairs  1716,  and  died  1730.  He 
wrote  a  very  elaborate  book  in  reply  to  Whis- 
ton's  letter  to  him  on  the  trinity,  for  which, 
he  was  thanked  by  the  university  of  Oxford. 
Finch,  Edward,  brother  of  sir  Heneage 
Finch,  first  earl  of  Nottingham,  was  vicar  of 
Christ  church,  London,  from  which  he  was 
ejected  by  the  parliamentary  inquisitors. 
The  crimes  alleged  against  him  wrere,  that 
he  preached  in  a  surplice,  worshipped  the 
great  idol  set  up  in  the  church,  i.  e.  the  altar, 
and  associated  with  women.  He  died  Feb. 
1,  1642,  much  respected. 

Finck,  Thomas,  a  native  of  South  Jut- 
land, who  took  his  medical  degrees  at  Basil, 
and  became  physician  to  the  duke  of  Sles- 
wick.  He  was  made  in  1691  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  Copenhagen,  and  in  1602  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence,  and  1603,  of  medicine. 
He  wrote  tracts,  Geometrite  Itolundi — de 
Constitutione  Matheseos — de  Medicina,  Sv*. 
He  died  1650,  aged  95. 


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Finet,  sir  John,  agentlemanof  respecta- j  sic,  which  he  afterwards  practised  in  New  - 
hility  among  the  courtiers  of  James  I.  and  England.  On  his  return  to  England  he  took 
Charles  I.  He  was  born  at  Soulton  near  orders,  and  became  minister  of  Shalford, 
Dover,  in  Kent,  and  died  1641,  aged  70.  He  |  from  which  he  was  ejected  for  nonconformi- 
wrote  "  Fineti  Philoxenus,"  a  book  on  the  |  ty  1662.  He  resumed  the  practice  of  phy- 
precedency,  treatment,  audience,  and  punc-  I  sic,  and  died  1097,  aged  80.  The  best  known 
tilios  ol>served  towards  foreign  ambassadors  of  his  works  is  "  the  Real  Christian." 
at  the  English  court,  1G56.  Fironzabadi,    surnamed    Sharazi,    a 

Firenzuola,  Angelo,  an  Italian  poet,  ]  learned  Persian,  author  of  al  Tanbidh,  or 
born  at  Florence,  and  patronised  by  pope  i  general  information  on  the  Mahometan  law- 
Clement  VII.  He  was  for  some  time  an  ad-  j  in  the  11th  century.  Another  of  the  same 
vocate,  and  then  became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  I  name  wrote  the  Ocean,  or  a  dictionary  of  the 
died  at  Rome  1545.     His  prose  works  were    Arabic  language,  and  died  1414. 


published  at  Florence  1548,  8vo.  and  his  co 
roedies  and  other  poetical  pieces  the  year 
after,  and  in  1763,  in  3  vols. 

Firmicius  Maternus,  Julius,  a  Chris- 
tian writer  of  the  fourth  century,  of  whom 
little  is  known.  His  book  "  de  Errore  Pro- 
fanarura  Religionum,"  has  been  often  printed, 
and  is  a  valuable  performance.  The  eight 
books  of  astronomy  or  mathematics,  printed 
at  Venice  1497,  which  bear  his  name,  are 
supposed  not  to  be  by  him,  or  at  least  to 
have  been  written  by  him  before  he  was  con- 
verted from  heathenism  to  Christianity. 

Firmilian,  bishop  of  Cxsarea  in  Cap- 
padocia,  was  the  friend  of  Origen,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  council  of  Antioch  against  Paul 
of  Samosata.     He  died  269. 

Firmis,  Thomas,  a  most  benevolent  En- 
glishman, born  at  Ipswich,  June,  1632.    He 
was  apprenticed  by  his  parents  who  were  pu- 
ritans, to  a  linen  manufacturer  in  London, 
and  in  1660  married   a   citizen's  daughter, 
who   died  after  bringing  him  two  children. 
He   married  again  in  1664,  and  had  several 
children.     He  was  very  prosperous  in    his 
business,  and  he   honorably  employed   the 
fruits  of  his  industry  and  success  to  the  most 
charitable  purposes.    He  was  in  his  religious 
opinions  a  Socmian,  but  he  nevertheless  was 
held  in  esteem  by  the  clergy,  by  Wilkins, 
Whichcot,  and  especially  Tillotson,  who  fre- 
quented his  company  even  when  archbishop. 
He  was  settled  in  Lombard  street,  and  tho 
ravages  of  the  plague  in  1665,  and  the  fire  of 
1666,  gave  full  activity  to  his  extensive  be- 
nevolence.   In  1676  he  erected  a  warehouse 
in  Little  Britain  for  the  industrious  employ- 
ment of  the  poor  in  the  linen  manufacture, 
and  in  1 6*2  he  established  another  manufac- 
tory of  the  same  kind  at  Ipswich  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the    protestants  who  had   fled  from 
France  on  account  of  religious  persecutions. 
For  the  last  20  years  of  his  life  he  was  gover- 
nor of  Christ  hospital,  London,  to  which  he 
was  a  great  benefactor.       There  was  indeed 
scarce  a  charitable  institution  to  which  he  did 
not  liberally  contribute,  with  the  most  hu- 
mane and  benevolent  of  intentions.     This 
worthy  and  great  character,  died  20th  Dec. 
1697,  aged  66,  and  was  buried  in  the  clois- 
ters of  Christ  hospital,  where  in  the  wall  near 
his  grave  an  inscription  records  his  real  me- 
rits.   He  published  in  1678  Proposals  for  the 
Employing  of  the  Poor,  and  the  Prevention 
of  Beggary,  &e.  4to 


Fish,  Simou,  a  native  of  Kent,  educated 
at  Oxford,  from  whence  he  went  to  Gray's 
Inn  and  studied  the  law.  He  fled  into  Ger- 
many in  consequence  of  his  acting  in  a  play, 
in  which  severe  censures  were  thrown  upon 
Wolsey,-  and  there  he  met  William  Tyndale 
likewise  an  exile.  He  wrote  in  1527,  "  the 
Supplication  of  Beggars,"  which  is  a  violent 
satire  on  bishops  and  clergy,  and  the  peru- 
sal of  this  piece  by  Henry  VIII.  and  Anne 
Boleyn,  restored  him  to  favor,  and  after 
"Wolsey's  fall  he  returned,  and  was  gracious- 
ly treated  by  the  king.  He  died  of  the  plague 
1571.  He  translated  the  Dutch  book  called 
the  Sum  of  the  Scriptures. 

Fisher,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born  at 
Beverley,  Yorkshire,  1459.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Michael  house,  a  college  afterwards 
incorporated  with  Trinity  college  Cambridge, 
and  in  1495  when  fellow,  he  served  the  of- 
fice of  proctor,  and  that  same  year  he  was 
elected  master  of  .Michael  house,  and  then 
became  confessor  to  Margaret,  duchess  of 
Richmond,  mother  to  Henry  Vll.  who  by 
his  advice  founded  St.  John's  and  Christ  col- 
leges, at  Cambridge,  and  among  other  acts 
of  great  benevolence,  founded  both  the  di- 
vinity professorships  in  the  universities.  In 
1501  he  took  the  degree  of  D.D.  and  was 
made  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and  in 
1504  was  nominated  bishop  of  Rochester, 
and  the  next  year  accepted  the  headship  of 
Queen's  college,  Cambridge.  On  Luther's 
appearance  he  stood  forth  as  the  champion 
of  Rome,  but  though  long  favored  by  the 
king,  he  fell  under  his  displeasure  1527,  on 
account  of  his  zealous  defence  of  the  queen, 
in  the  affair  of  her  divorce.  In  1530  he  nar- 
rowly escaped  poisoning  by  one  Rouse,  who 
threw  in  the  cook's  absence  poison  into  the 
gruel,  of  which  luckily  the  bishop  did  not 
taste,  but  which  proved  fatal  to  two  of  the 
servants,  and  nearly  so  to  15  others  who  par- 
took of  it.  Upon  the  question  of  the  king's 
supremacy  in  1531,  Fisher  opposed  it  with 
great  freedom,  and  increased  the  dissatis- 
faction of  the  court,  by  listening  to  the  pre- 
dictions of  the  holy  maid  of  Kent,  and  more 
at  last  by  refusing  to  take  the  oaths  of  alle- 
giance to  the  king,  and  to  his  children,  by 
Anne  Boleyn.  He  was  committed  to  the 
Tower  for  this  contumacy,  and  though  soli- 
ciied  by  his  friends  he  refused  to  alter  his 
opinion,  or  asr.ent  to  the  law  fulness  of  the  di- 
vorce, and    the  marriage   of  the  king.     He 


Firmin,  Giles,  a  native  of  SufToIk,  edu-    was  attainted  of  high  treason,  but  he  might 
cuted  at  Cambridge,"  where  he  studied  pby-    have  languished  in  confinement  the  rest  of 


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life,  had  not  the  gratitude  of  the  pope 
been  unseasonably  manifested  towards  him. 
Pleased -with  the  firmness  of  the  venerable 
bishop,  Paul  III.  in  1535,  created  him  a  car- 
dinal, an  honor  which  displeased  Henry  so 
much,  that  he  gave  orders  that  none  should 
bring  the  hat  into  his  dominions.  The  mea- 
sure was  unworthy  of  a  king,  but  when  Fish- 
er, more  ambitiously  than  wisely,  had  decla- 
red to  Cromwell,  whom  Henry  had  sent  to 
examine  him,  that  he  would  receive  from 
the  pope  the  cardinal's  hat,  the  angry  mon- 
arch, swore  by  the  mother  of  Cod,  that  he 
should  wear  it  on  his  shoulders  then,  for  he 
would  leave  him  never  a  head  to  set  it  on. 
He  was  therefore  soon  after  arraigned,  and 
condemned  to  suffer  death  for  high  treason, 
and  on  the  2Cd  June,  1535,  lie  was  beheaded, 
and  his  head  fixed  on  London-bridge,  the 
next  day.  He  was  then  nearly  77.  Of  his 
learning,  his  several  works  which  are  chiefly 
on  Controversial  subjects,  &c.  which  appear- 
ed together  at  Wurtzburg,  in  folio,  1595, 
are  evident  proof.  As  he  was  the  literary 
opponent  of  Erasmus,  the  opinion  of  that  il- 
lustrious author  must  be  considered  as  im- 
partial, flte  describes  him  as  a  man  of  great 
and  extensive  powers  of  mind,  and  for  in- 
tegrity, sweetness  of  temper,  and  greatness 
of  soul,  far  superior  to  all  the  men  of  his 
age. 

Fisher,  Mary,  an  enthusiastic  quaker, 
in  the  17th  century,  who  travelled  to  Con- 
stantinople, with  the  chimerical  intention  of 
converting  the  grand  Segnior.  Mahomet 
heard  her  with  patience,  and  sent  her  back 
to  her  country  in  safety.  She  afterwards 
married  a  preacher  of  her  persuasion,  and 
then  went  into  Languedoc,  to  attempt  the 
conversion  of  the  protcstants  there  to  the 
tenets  of  the  quakers. 

FiniiERBERT,  sir  Anthony,  a  learned 
lawyer,  born  of  an  ancient  family  at  Norbu- 
ry,  Derbyshire.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
and  at  one  of  the  inns  of  court,  London, 
and  soon  distinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer. 
In  1511,  he  was  made  serjeant  at  law,  in 
1516,  knighted,  and  in  1523,  appointed  jus- 
tice in  the  court  of  common  pleas.  After  a 
life  supported  in  his  high  station  with  inte- 
grity and  honor,  he  died  27th  May  153S,  and 
•was  buried  at  Norbury,  leaving  a  numerous 
family,  well  provided  for.  He  wrote  the  of- 
fice of  Justice  of  the  Peace,  &cc. — the  office 
of  Sheriffs,  &c.  and  other  law  tracts,  besides 
"  of  the  Surveying  of  Lands" — and  the  book 
of  husbandry,  «kc. 

Fiuherbert,  Thomas,  grandson  to  sir 
Anthony,  was  born  in  Staffordshire  1552, 
and  educated  at  Oxford,  either  at  Exeter,  or 
Lincoln  college.  As  he  was  a  zealous  catho- 
lic, he  left  the  university  without  a  degree, 
and  retired  to  privacy,  but  on  account  of  his 
bigoted  principles,  and  his  attachment  to  the 
Jesuits  Campian  and  Parsons,  he  exposed 
himself  to  difficulties,  and  fled  as  a  voluntary- 
exile  to  France  1582.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Madrid,  and  Milan,  and  at  last  entered 
into  the  society  of  Jesus,  at  liorae  1614.  He 
rvas  afterwards  at  Brussels,  and  for  22  years 


presided  over  the  English  college  at  Rome, 
where  he  died  1640,  aged  88,  and  was  buried 
in  the  college  chapel.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning,  and  he  wrote  several  books,  on  cou- 
troversial  subjects,  against  Barlow,  Downe, 
Andrews  and  other  divines.  His  treatise 
concerning  policy  and  religion,  in  three  parts, 
was  much  admired  by  papists  and  protec- 
tants, 

Fitzherbert,  Nicholas,  grandson  to 
sir  Anthony,  and  cousin  to  Thomas,  was  born 
1550,  and  educated  at  Exeter  college,  Ox- 
ford. In  1572,  he  went  abroad  as  a  volunta- 
ry exile,  on  account  of  his  religious  princi- 
ples, and  settled  at  Bologna,  and  afterwards 
at  Rome,  in  the  house  of  William  Alan,  the 
English  cardinal.  He  was  unfortunately 
drowned  in  a  journey  from  Rome  1612.  He 
wrote  CasseGalataeideBonisMoribus,  1595 — 
Oxoniensis  in  Anglia  Academise  Description 
1602 — de  Antiquitate  k  Continnatione  Cath- 
olicie  Religionis,  in  Anglia,  1608 — Cardinali3 
Alani  Vitre  Epitome,  1608. 

Fitzjames,  James,  duke  of  Berwick, 
natural  son  of  the  duke  of  York,  afterwards 
James  II.  by  Arabella  Churchill,  sister  to  the 
duke  of  Marlborough,  was  born  at  Moulines 
1671.  He  was  early  inured  to  the  labors  of 
a  military  life,  and  was  wounded  at  Buda 
168G,  and  signalized  himself  at  the  defeat  of 
the  Turks  at  Mohatz,  and  afterwards  in  Ire- 
land at  the  siege  of  Londonderry,  and  atthe 
battle  of  the  Boyne.  In  1703,  he  headed  the 
French  troops  in  Spain,  reduced  the  rebels 
in  the  Cevennes  and  in  1705  took  Nice,  and 
for  his  services  was  made  marshal  of  France 
by  the  king.  He  gained  the  famous  victory 
at  Almanza,  over  the  English  and  Portugese 
under  Galloway  1707,  and  thus  secured  the 
Spanish  crown,  on  the  fiead  of  Philip  V.  He 
was  killed  at  the  head  of  the  French  army, 
by  a  cannon  ball,  at  the  siege  of  Philipsburg* 
in  Germany  1734.  He  was  a  man  of  a  be- 
nevolent character,  generally  poor  from  the 
great  sacrifices  which  he  made  to  support 
the  emigrants  in  his  father's  cause.  Montes- 
quieu has  drawn  up  his  character,  and  2  vols, 
of  his  memoirs  have  been  published,  12mo. 
by  Margon. 

Fiti-Stephen,  William,  a  monk  of 
Canterbury,  of  Norman  extraction.  He  was 
present  at  the  murder  of  Becket,  of  which 
he  wrote  an  account.  His  description  of 
London  in  that  account  is  very  curious,  and 
is  the  oldest  extant.     He  died  1191. 

Fixmillner,  Placidus,  a  native  of  Linz 
in  Austria,  who  early  studied  mathematics 
at  Strasburg,  under  Stuard,  and  afterwards 
embraced  a  monastic  life,  and  was  ecclesias- 
tical professor  for  40  years  at  Kremsmun- 
ster.  He  directed  also  his  attention  to  celes- 
tial observations,  and  published  some  inge- 
nious works  on  astronomical  subjects,  besides 
tracts  on  the  canon  law,  and  on  ecclesiasti- 
cal affairs.     He  died  1791,  aged  71. 

Fi2.es,  Anthony,  a  famous  physician  of 
Montpellier,  who  died  there  1765,  aged  75. 
His  works  are  esteemed.  Opera  Medica, 
4to.  1742 — Leconsde  Chymie,  1750. — Trac- 
tatus  de  Fe.bribus,  12nao.  1749. — Tractatus 


i  ri- 
de Physiologia,    12mo.  1750,  ami  disserta- 
tions. 

Flaccour,  F.  de,  directing  general  of 
the  French  East-India  company,  was  also  at 
the  head  of  a  colony  in  Madagascar,  in  164S, 
which  he  was  obliged  to  quit.  On  his  return 
to  France,  he  published  an  account  of  the 
island,  in  one  vol.  4to. 

Flaccus,  Caius  Valerius,  a  Latin  poet, 
in  the  age  of  Vespasian,  author  of  the  Ar- 
gonautica. 

Flacius,  or  Fhaxcowitz,  Matthias, 
F»UFra.\cowitz. 

Flameel,  Bertholet,  an  historical  pain- 
ter of  Liege,  who  died  1675,  aged  Cl.  He 
improved  himself  in  Italy,  and  was  noticed 
at  Florence,  by  the  grand  duke.  Some  of 
his  pieces  adoru  the  churches  of  Paris  and 
of  Liege. 

Flamel,  Nicolas,  a  notary  of  Paris, 
horn  at  Pontoise.  He  suddenly  rose  from 
poverty  to  extensive  opulence,  and  gave 
rise  to  a  report  that  he  had  discovered  the 
philosopher's  stone.  His  riches,  however, 
•were  nobly  used  in  the  relief  of  indigence, 
and  in  the  erection  of  hospitals.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  his  riches  arose  from  successful 
speculations  in  commerce,  at  that  time  little 
known.  He  was  living  in  1599,  and  Lucas 
simused  his  readers  by  declaring  that  he  had 
seen  him  in  India  after  his  decease.  Some 
■works  on  Alchymy  have  been  attributed  to 
him. 

Flaminio,  Giovani  Antonio,  an  orator, 
poet,  and  historian  of  Bologna,  author  of  the 
lives  of  Albertus  Magnus,  of  St.  Dominic, 
&c.    He  died  1536,  aged  72. 

Flaminio,  Marc  Antonio,  son  of  the 
preceding,  born  at  Imola.  He  was  patron- 
ised by  cardinal  Farnese,  who  appointed 
him  his  secretary  at  the  council  of  Trent,  an 
office  which  his  infirmities  prevented  him 
to  execute.  He  died  at  Home  1550,  aged 
57.  His  letters  and  epigrams  appeared  1561, 
Svo. — and  his  paraphrase  of  thirty  psalms, 
155S.  His  latinity  is  very  pure.  Ht  was 
learned,  and  his  other  writings  are  much 
esteemed. 

Flamintus,  or  Flamininus,  Titus 
Quintus,  a  Roman  consul,  celebrated  for  his 
defeat  ofPhilip  of  Macedon,B.G.  19S,  and  his 
restoration  of  the  liberties  of  Greece.  He 
prevailed  upon  Prusias  to  deliver  up  Annibal. 
Flaminius,  Nobilis,  an  Italian,  eminent 
as  a  divine,  and  as  a  critic.  He  wrote  a  trea- 
tise on  Predestination,  corrected  the  Vulgate 
edition  of  the  Scptuagint,  and  died  at  Luca, 
159Q. 

Flamsteeb,  John,  an  able  astronomer, 
born  at  Derby,  Aug.  l'Jth  1646.  He  was 
educated  in  his  native  town,  but  a  severe  dis- 
temper prevented  the  designs  of  his  parents, 
in  sending  him  to  the  university,  and  when  he 
left  school  in  1662,  he  saw  for  the  first  time, 
an  astronomical  book,  Sacrobosko's  de  Sph se- 
lla. This  fixed  deeply  his  attention,  and  di- 
rected all  his  thoughts  to  astronomical  sub- 
jects. He  not  only  constructed  dials,  but  by 
"the  help  of  Street's  Caroline  tables,  he  calcu- 
lated very  accurately  an  eclipse,  which  was 


FL 

to  happen  22d  June  166G,  and  so  ingenious 
did  this  appear,  that  the  calculation  was 
j  shown  to  Mr.  Halton,  a  gentleman  of  prop- 
I  erty  and  mathematical  knowledge  in  the 
neighborhood,  who  applauded  the  young  as- 
tronomer, and  supplied  him  with  fresh  books, 
for  his  studies.  In  1G69,  he  communiaated 
his  calculations  of  the  eclipses,  of  the  fixed 
stars,  by  the  moon,  to  the  royal  society,  and 
received  the  thanks  of  that  body,  by  the 
hands  of  its  secretary  Oldenburg,  and  one  of 
its  members  Collins.  In  1670  his  father,  who 
had  hitherto  viewed  his  studies  with  jealous 
dissatisfaction,  pleased  with  his  correspond- 
ence with  learned  men,  advised  him  to  go  to 
London,  which  he  willingly  did  to  visit  his 
friends  Collins  and  Oldenburg.  At  Cam- 
bridge he  became  acquainted  with  Barrow, 
Wroe,  and  Newton,  and  he  now  entered  at 
Jesus  college,  at  that  university,  where  he 
continued  his  astronomical  studies  with  in- 
creasing zeal.  In  1673-4,  he  wrote  his  E- 
phemeris,  to  show  the  folly  of  astrology,  to 
which  he  added  tables  of  the  moon's  rising 
and  setting,  and  at  the  request  of  his  friend 
sir  Jonas  Moore,  he  compiled  an  account  of 
the  tides,  and  constructed  a  barometer,  for 
the  use  of  the  king.  On  taking  his  master's 
degree  at  Cambridge,  he  wished  to  take  or- 
ders, but  his  friend  sir  Jonas  dissuaded  him, 
and  procured  him  the  place  of  astronomer 
royal,  with  a  salary  of  1001.  a  year.  This 
however  did  not  prevent  Flamsteed's  pur- 
pose, he  was  ordained  by  bishop  Gunning, 
and  when  ia  1675,  the  first  stone  was  laid  for 
the  building  of  Greenwich  observatory,  he 
lodged  at  the  queen's  house  there,  and  ob- 
served the  appulses  of  the  moon  and  planets 
to  the  fixed  stars,  and  in  1681,  published  the 
doctrine  of  the  Sphere,  in  sir  Jonas  Moore's 
posthumous  work  of  a  new  System  of  Math- 
ematics in  4to.  In  16S4,  he  obtained  the 
living  of  Burstowin  Surrey,  the  only  prefer- 
ment he  ever  held,  but  though  his  genius  en- 
titled him  to  higher  emoluments,  his  benev- 
olent heart  was  satisfied  with  moderate  com- 
petence, more  pleased  in  the  pursuit  of  his 
favorite  studies,  and  in  the  friendship  of 
such  men  as  Newton,  Halley,  Molineux, 
Wallis,  Casini,  Wotton,  Keil,  Sccthan  in  the 
possession  of  unbounded  opulence.  This 
great  and  illustrious  character  died  of  a 
strangury,  31st  Dec.  1712,  and  thus  though 
of  a  very  feeble  constitution  lived  more  than 
73  years.  He  was  married  but  left  no  chil- 
dren. His  Historia  Ccelestis  Britannica,  of 
which  the  best  part  was  printed  before  his 
death,  was  published  by  his  widow  1725,  in 
3  vols.  fol.  and  dedicated  to  the  king.  His 
papers,  as  he  himself  tells  us  in  his  preface, 
had  been  examined  by  the  direction  of 
George,  prince  of  Denmark,  by  Roberts, 
Newton,  Gregory,  Arbuthnot,  Wren  and 
others,  and,  under  this  high  recommenda- 
tion, were  afterwards  presented  to  the  public. 
Flandrix,  Peter  a  native  of  Lyons,  who 
studied  the  veterinary  art  under  his  uncle 
professor  Chabert,  and  acquired  some  celeb- 
rity in  the  knowledge  of  comparative  anato- 
my.   He  visited  England  and  Spain  in  search 


'  •   ;,jn 


FL 


PL 


of  information  about  the  management  of  cattle 
and  the  improvement  of  wools,  and  publish- 
ed an  interesting  treatise  on  the  subject. 
He  wrote  besides  various  memoirs,  and  was 
made  member  of  the  national  institute.  He 
died  1796. 

Flassans,  Taraudet  de,  a  Provencal 
poet  of  the  14th  century,  born  at  Flassans. 
He  wrote  a  poem  called  Lessons  to  avoid  the 
Treacheries  of  Love,  for  which  be  was  re- 
warded by  de  Ponteves,  with  a  piece  of  land. 
He  was  employed  by  queen  Joan  to  make  a 
remonstrance  to  the  emperor  Charles  IV. 
which  he  ably  executed. 

Flatman,  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
born  in  Aldersgate  street,  London,  16.33,  and 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  college, 
Oxford.  He  left  the  university  without  a 
degree,  and  became  hamster  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  but  never  followed  the  law  as  a 
profession.  He  now  turned  author,  and 
wrote  several  light  poems,  one  of  which,  ou 
the  death  of  lord  Ossory,  was  read  by  the 
father,  the  duke  of  Ormond,  with  such  grat- 
ification that  he  sent  the  author  a  mourning 
ring,  with  a  diamond  in  it,  worth  100/.  In 
his  younger  days  Flatman  expressed  his  ab- 
horrence to  the  marriage  state  by  a  song, 
beginning  with  these  lines  : 
JAke  a  dog  -with  a  bottle  tied  close  to  his  tail, 
JLilce  a  tor  if  in  a  bog,  or  a  thief  in  a  jail,  &c. 
and  when,  as  Wood  says,  he  was  afterwards 
smitten  with  a  fair  virgin,  and  more  with  her 
fortune,  he  espoused  her  in  1672,  and  on  his 
wedding  night  his  jovial  companions  serena- 
ded luni  with  his  favorite  song.  He  died  in 
Fleet-street,  London,  1688.  He  was  an  in- 
different poet ;  but,  says  Granger,  succeeded 
better  as  a  painter,  as  one  ot  his  heads  is 
wortl i  a  ream  of  his  Pindarics.  His  poems, 
lliird  edition,  we.re  printed  1682,  in  one  vol. 
Svo. 

Ft, AVE L,  John,  an  English  divine,  born 
in  Worcestershire,  and  educated  at  Univer- 
sity college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  B.  A.  He  was  ejected  from  his  liv- 
ing at  Dartmouth,  in  1662,  for  nonconformi- 
ty, and  retired  to  Hudscott,  near  South  Mol- 
tOB.  He  returned  to  his  living  on  the  indul- 
gence granted  by  Charles  II.  and  died  there 
1692.  He  wrote  Navigation  and  Husbandry 
spiritualized,  &c.  His  works,  which  are  res- 
pectable, were  published  2  vols.  fol.  and  6 
vols.  8vo. 

Flavian,  a  patriarch  of  Antioch,  where 
lie  died  404. 

Flavian,  a  patriarch  of  Constantinople 
after  Proclus  447.  He  condemned  the  Eu- 
tychian  heresy  in  a  synod,  for  which,  by  the 
opposite  faction,  he  was  deposed,  scourged, 
and  banished  to  Lydia,  where  lie  died  in 
consequence  of  the  ill  treatment  which  he 
had  received. 

Flavigni,  Valerian  de,  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  canon  of  Rheims,  and  Hebrew 
professor  of  the  royal  college,  was  born  at 
Laon,  and  died  at  Paris  1674,  very  old.  He 
wssisted  in  the  polyglott  of  le  Jay,  and  w;\s  a 
violent  polemic. 

Fla vitas,   patriarch  of  Constantinople 


after  Acacius.  Zeno,  the  emperor,  was  so 
superstitious  as  to  suppose  that  an  angel 
would  come  down  to  inscribe  the  name  of 
the  new  prelate  on  apiece  of  paper  which  he 
left  on  the  altar;  but  Flavitas,  by  bribing  the 
chamberlain,  inserted  his  own  name,  and  was 
made  bishop ;  but  died  three  months  after, 
and  the  artifice  being,  in  consequence,  disco- 
vered, cost  the  guilty  chamberlain  his  life. 

Flaust,  John  Baptist,  an  advocate  ofthe 
parliament  of  Rouen.  He  was  fifty  years 
employed  in  the  composition  of  his  Explica- 
tion ofthe  Jurisprudence  Usage  of  Norman- 
dy, 2  vols,  folio.     He  died  1783,  aged  72. 

Flechier,  Esprit,  a  celebrated  French 
prelate,  born  1632,  at  Perne,  near  Avignon. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  a  popular  preach- 
er, and  became  known  as  an  elegant  scholar, 
by  his  poetical  description  of  a  carousal  in 
pure  latinity.  His  funeral  orations  were 
much  admired,  especially  that  on  Turenne, 
and  that  on  Montauser,  which  raised  him  to 
the  same  rank  of  reputation  with  the  well 
known  Bossuet.  In  1679  he  wrote  his  His- 
tory of  Theodosius  the  Great,  and  in  168.> 
he  was  honorably  promoted  to  the  see  of 
Lavaur,  ou  which  occasion  the  king  said,  Be 
not  surprised  I  have  so  long  delayed  to  re- 
ward your  merit;  I  was  afraid  of  losing  the 
pleasure  of  hearing  )'our  discourses.  In  16S7 
he  was  translated  to  Nismes,  where,  as  a 
preacher  and  a  bishop,  he  was  successful  in 
drawing  many  of  the  protcstants  to  the  ca- 
tholic faith.  In  the  famine  of  1709  his  cha- 
rity and  benevolence  were  unbounded.  This 
most  virtuous  and  exemplary  man  died  1710, 
lamented,  says  d'Alembert,  by  the  catholics, 
regretted  by  the  protcstants,  having  exhibit- 
ed to  his  brethren  an  excellent  model  of  zeal 
and  charity,  simplicity  and  eloqner.ee.  His 
works  are  (Euvres  Melees — Panegyric  of 
Saints — Funeral  Orations — sermons,  3  vols 
12mo. — the  History  of  Theodosius — Grati- 
ani  de  Casibus  lllustr.  Vir. — the  Life  of 
Ximenes,  4to. — letters,  2  vols.  12mo. — the 
Life  of  Cardinal  Commendon,  4to. — posthu- 
mous works.  Those  who  compare  Bossuet 
with  Flechier  observe,  that  the  former  has 
less  elegance  but  greater  strength,  and  that 
the  style  of  his  rival  is  more  flowing,  finish- 
ed, and  uniform.  Bossuet  owes  all  to  nature, 
Flechier  much  to  art. 

Flecknoe,  Richard,  an  English  poet, 
formerly,  it  is  said,  a  Jesuit.  At  the  revolu- 
tion, when  Dryden  was  dismissed,  as  being  a 
catholic,  from  the  office  of  laureat,  Flecknoe 
was  appointed  as  his  successor,  which  so  ex- 
asperated the  bard,  that  he  vented  his  indig- 
nation in  a  severe  satirical  poem  called,  from 
his  humble  antagonist,  Mac  Flecknoe.  He 
wrote  some  plays,  one  only  of  which  was 
acted.  His  Damoiselles  A-la-mode,  and  his 
Love's  Kingdom  were  both  hissed  off  the 
stage.  He  wrote  besides  enigmas  and  epi- 
grams, besides  the  "Diarium,"  in  burlesque 
verse.     The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Fleetwood,  William,  an  English  law- 
yer, recorder  of  London  in  Elizabeth's  reign, 
was  natural  son  of  Mr.  Fleetwood  of  Hes- 
keth,   Lancashire.    He  was  educated  at  Ox- 


FL, 


FL 


ford,  and  studied  the  {aw  in  the  Middle  Tern- 
pie,  and  soon  distinguished  himself  by  his 
abilities.  He  was  made  recorder  of  London 
1569,  he  showed  himself  very  active  against 
ntiassrhouses,  and  popish  priests.  In  1580  he 
-was  made  Serjeant  at  law,  and  in  1592  Ser- 
jeant to  the  queen.  He  died  1593,  and  was 
buried  at  Great  Missenden,  Bucks,  where  he 
had  an  estate.  He  was  married,  and  hud 
some  children  who  survived  him.  He  was 
an  eloquent  orator,  says  Wood,  and  his  skill 
as  a  politician  recommended  him  much  to 
the  notice  of  Leicester.  He  published  an 
oration  at  Guild-hall  before  the  lord  mayor — 
a  table  to  Plowden's  Reports — the  O flic e  of 
a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  1058 — Annalium  tarn 
Regum  Edwardi  V.  Richardi  III.  Henrici 
VII.  quam  Henrici  VIII. — Tituiorum  Online 
Alphabet  &  Elenchus  1579  and  159". 

Fleetwood,  William,  an  English  pre- 
late, descended  from  the  Lancashire  Fleet- 
woods, and  born  in  the  tower  of  London  1st 
Jan.  1656.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  on  taking 
orders,  became  an  eloquent  preacher.  He 
was  made  chaplain  to  king  William,  and  af- 
terwards obtained  a  fellowship  at  Eton,  and 
the  rectory  of  St.  Austin's,  London.  He  was 
installed  canon  of  Windsor  1702,  but  in 
1705,  he  quitted  the  tumults  of  the  town, 
and,  much  to  the  concern  of  large  audiences, 
■who  attended  his  eloquent  and  persuasive 
discourses,  he  retired  to  the  privacy  of  Wex- 
ham  rectory,  in  Bucks.  In  1706,  without 
any  solicitation  on  his  part,  or  that  of  his 
friends,  he  was  nominated  to  succeed  Beve- 
ridge  in  the  see  of  St.  Asaph,  and  in  1714  he 
was  translated  to  Ely.  He  died  at  Totten- 
ham, in  Middlesex,  where  he  had  retired 
for  change  of  air,  4th  August,  1723,  and  he 
■was  buried  in  Ely  cathedral,  where  Jus  lady, 
who  soon  followed  him  to  the  grave,  erected 
a  monument  over  him.  His  only  son,  Dr. 
Charles  Fleetwood,  rector  of  Cottenham, 
Cambridgeshire,  did  not  long  survive  him. 
Bishop  Fleetwood's  character  was  respecta- 
ble in  every  point  of  view.  Admired  as  a 
preacher,  he  made  an  exemplary  life,  and  a 
benevolent  heart,  the  noblest  ornaments  of 
his  persuasive  eloquence  in  the  pulpit.  As  a 
bishop  he  was  beloved  by  his  clergy,  and  did 
rot  arrogantly  assume  that  superiority  over 
them  which  conscious  merit  disdains,  but  il- 
liberal pride  asserts.  As  a  writer  he  was 
highly  respected,  his  sermons  and  divinity 
tracts  were  widely  circulated ;  but  the  firm- 
ness of  his  opinions,  however,  drew  upon 
him  the  censure  of  the  house  of  Commons. 
His  preface  to  his  sermons,  on  the  deaths  of 
Mary,  of  the  duke  of  Glocester,  and  of  Wil- 
liam, and  on  the  accession  of  Anne,  gave  such 
offence  to  the  ministry  that  the  book  Mas 
burned  publicly,  12th  May,  1712;  but  it  was 
more  universally  read,  and  even  appeared  in 
the  Spectator,  No.  384.  Besides  these, 
Fleetwood  published  Inscriptionum  Antiqua- 
rum  Sylloge,  8vo.  1691 — a  translation  of  Ju- 
rieu's  Method  of  Devotion,  1692,  the  27th 
edition  of  which  appeared  1750 — an  Essay  on 
Miracles,   8vo.  1701 — the  Reasonable  Com- 


municant, 1704 — Sixteen  Practical  Discour- 
ses on  the  Relative  Duties  of  Parents,  &c. 
2  vols.  8vo.  1705— the  Thirteenth  of  Romans 
vindicated,l710 — the  Judgment  of  the  Church 
of  England  in  Lay  Baptism  and  Dissenters' 
Baptism,  1712— the  Life  of  St.  Wenefrede, 
1713 — Chronicon  Preciosum,  or  Account  of 
English  Money,  Price  of  Corn  and  other 
Commodities  for  the  last  600  Years,  1707, 
besides  smaller  works. 

Fleming,  Robert,  a  North  Briton,  born 
at  Bathcns,  1630.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
Andrew's,  and  at  the  age  of  33  became  pas- 
tor of  a  congregation,  from  which  office  he 
was  ejected  after  the  restoration.  He  then 
settled  at  Rotterdam,  in  Holland,  as  minis- 
ter of  the  Scots'  congregation  there,  and 
died  25th  July  1694.  His"  Fulfdlingof  the 
Scriptures,"  has  been  a  popular  work  among 
the  dissenters. 

Fleming,  Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  educated  at 
Leyden  and  Utrecht.  He  settled  at  Leydeu 
as  minister,and  then  removed  to  Amsterdam, 
from  whence  he  came  to  London,  and  offici- 
ated at  the  Scotch  church,  Lothbury,  and 
at  Salters'  hall.  He  wrote,  among  other 
things,  sermons — tracts — Christology,  3  vols. 
8vo. — the  Rise  and  Fall  of  Popery,  of  whiolj 
it  is  said  that  many  passages  are  particularly 
applicable  to  the  first  events  of  the  French 
revolution.     He  died  1716. 

Fleming,  Caleb,  a  native  of  Notting- 
ham, pastor  of  a  dissenting  congregation  in 
London,  and  in  1752,  called  to  be  assistant  to 
Dr.  Forster  at  Pinners  hall.  He  wrote  a 
Survey  of  the  Search  after  Souls,  and  other 
tracts,  and  in  his  tenets  he  wa6  a  strict 
Arian.    He  died  1773,  aged  75. 

Flemming,  or  Flemmynge,  Richard, 
a  native  of  Croston,  Yorkshire,  educated  at 
University  college,  Oxford,  and  made  pre- 
bendary of  York  1408.  He  was,  in  1442, 
made  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  went  as  deputy 
to  the  council  of  Constance.  The  pope  rai- 
sed him  to  York  ;  but  as  the  king  refused  his 
consent  he  continued  bishop  of  Lincoln  till 
his  death,  1431.  He  was  founder  of  Lincoln 
college,  Oxford,  and  was  a  strenuous  oppose r 
of  Wicklifte's  doctrines,  which  he  afterwards 
as  warmly  embraced.  To  his  disgrace  he 
was  instrumental,  however,  iu  digging  up 
the  bones  of  that  bold  reformer,  according 
to  the  impotent  resolutions  of  the  Constance 
council. 

Flesselles,N.  de,  a  French  magistrate, 
respectable  for  his  loyalty,  and  the  mildness 
of  his  manners.  He  attempted  in  vain  to  re- 
press the  tumults  which  preceded  the  revo- 
lution ;  but  on  the  14th  of  July  1789  his  be- 
nevolent and  patriotic  interference  proved 
fatal  at  the  taking  of  the  Bastile.  He  receiv- 
ed a  shot  from  a  pistol,  and  his  head,  being 
cut  off,  was  carried  on  a  pike  in  triumph 
through  the  streets. 

Fletcher,  Dr.  Richard,  father  of  the 
dramatic  poet,  was  born  in  Kent,  and  educa- 
ted at  Benet  college,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  fellow.  He  was  made  dean  of 
Peterborough  1583,  aud  three  years  after 


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attended  the  Scotch  Mary's  execution,  where 
he  displayed  more  zeal  than  good  sense  in 
pressing  that  unfortunate  queen  to  turn  pi-o- 
testant.  In  1589  he  was  advanced  to  the  see 
of  Bristol,  in  1592  translated  to  Worcester, 
and  1594  to  London.  After  the  death  of  Ins 
•wife  he  took  a  second,  lady  Baker,  a  woman 
of  great  beauty,  about  1595,  and  this  so  of- 
fended Elizabeth,  who  was  averse  to  the 
marriage  of  the  clergy,  especially  of  bishops, 
that  she  caused  Whityift  to  suspend  him. 
Though  afterwards  restored  to  favor,  the 
queen's  conduct  sat  heavily  upon  him,  and 
he  died  suddenly  in  his  chair  1096.  As  he 
was  fond  of  tobacco,  then  little  known,  Cam- 
den imputes  his  death  to  an  immoderate  use 
of  it. 

Fletcher,  Giles,  brother  to  the  bishop, 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  1581.  His  abilities  were  employed 
by  queen  Elizabeth,  as  commissioner  in 
Scotland,  Germany  and  the  Low  Countries, 
and  in  1588,  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Russia,  to  reconcile  the  Russians  to  the  Eng- 
lish commerce,  and  to  efface  the  disadvanta- 
geous impressions  which  the  jealousy  of  the 
Dutch  and  other  powers  had  excited.  On 
his  return  he  was  made  secretary  to  the  city 
of  London, and  in  1597  treasurer  of  St.  Paul's. 
lie  died  1610.  He  wrote  a  curious  account 
"of  the  Russian  Commonwealth,"  with  a  de- 
scription of  the  fashions  and  manners  of  the 
people,  1590,  8vo.  The  book  was  suppres- 
sed, but  appeared  in  Hakluyt's  collection, 
1643. 

Fletcher,  John,  a  dramatic  writer, 
son  of  the  bishop  of  London,  was  born  in 
Northamptonshire  1576.  He  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  probably  Benet  college,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  a  writer  of  plays 
conjointly  with  Beaumont.  He  also  assisted 
Ben  Jonson  in  his  "  Widow,"  and  after 
Beaumont's  death  he  consulted  Shirley  in 
the  formation  of  the  plots  of  his  pieces. 
The  respective  share  of  these  joint  authors 
is  not  known,  though  it  is  sail  that  Beau- 
mont's judgment  corrected  the  redundancies 
of  Fletcher's  wit  Once  at  a  tavern  the 
brother  bards  debated  upon  the  plot  of  a 
tragedy,  and  Fletcher  being  overheard  bv 
the  waiter  to  say  that  he  would  kill  the  king, 
he  and  his  friend  were  both  seized  for  high 
treason,  till  explanations  proved  to  the  ma- 
gistrate that  the  intended  murder  was  the 
innocent  sacrifice  of  a  theatrical  hero. 
Fletcher  died  of  the  plague  in  London  1625, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Mary  Overy's  church 
Southwark.  Fletcher  was  ranked  with  Jon- 
son and  Shakspeare,  in  the  great  triumvirate 
of  chief  dramatic  authors,  by  Edward  Phi- 
lips, and  Uryden  says  that  his  plays,  as  pos- 
sessing gayety  in  the  comic  parts,  and  pathos 
in  the  more  serious  characters,  were  acted 
more  frequently  than  those  of  Jonson  or 
Shakspeare.  Now,  though  they  possess 
great  merit,  the  plays  of  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  are  little  regarded,  and  seldom  ap- 
pear on  the  stage.  The  plays  of  the  poet 
amounting  to  above  50,  were  "first  edited  to- 


gether, 1679,  folio,  and  lately  by  Colraan,  10 
vols.  8vo.  1778. 

Fletcher,  Phinchas,  a  poet,  son  of 
Giles  Fletcher.  He  was  educated  at  Eton, 
and  elected  to  King's  college,  Cambridge, 
1600.  He  was  made  minister  of  Hilgay  in 
Norfolk,  1621,  by  sir  Henry  Willoughby, 
and  died  there  about  1650.  He  is  known  as 
the  author  of  "  Purple  Island,"  a  poem  con- 
taining an  allegorical  description  of  man, 
and  very  popular  at  the  time  of  its  publica- 
tion. He  wrote  besides  "  Piscatory  E- 
clogues,"  which  were  published  at  Edin- 
burgh 1772,  and  the  Purple  Island,  with 
Giles's  '*  Christ's  Victory,"  1783  London. 

Fliitcher,  Giles,  brother  of  Phinehas, 
was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.  D.  He  died 
at  his  living  of  Alderton,  Suffolk  1623,  equal- 
ly beloved,  says  Wood,  of  the  muses  and 
graces.  His  "  Christ's  Victory,"  was  first 
published  1610,  and  again  1640,  and  it  is  a 
poem  of  some  merit,  as  the  personifications 
are  very  natural,  and  the  language  dignified. 
Fletcher,  Andrew,  son  of  sir  Robert 
Fletcher,  of  Saltoun,  Scotland,  was  horn 
1653.  He  was  educated  under  bishop  Bur- 
net, and  when  in  parliament  he  so  strongly 
opposed  the  measures  of  the  court  that  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  country  and  go  to 
Holland.  Tie  landed  in  the  West  of  Eng- 
laud  with  Monmouth  1685,  and  afterwards 
fought  against  the  Turks  in  the  Hungarian 
army.  The  revolution  restored  him  to  his 
country,  and  he  became  a  commissioner  to 
settle  the  government  of  Scotland.  He  died 
in  London  1716.  His  works  which  are  all 
on  political  subjects,  and  in  the  bold  style 
of  theory,  appeared  together  in  1  vol.  8vo. 
1732. 

Fletcher,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Little 
Broughton,  Cumberland,  brought  up  under 
his  father  as  a  tobacco  pipe  manufacturer, 
From  this  humble  occupation,  by  severe  ap- 
plication, he  raised  himself  to  public  notice, 
and  though  self-taught  in  reading  and  in  writ- 
ing, he  so  improved  himself  that  he  became 
at  the  age  of  30  a  teacher  of  mathematics  ; 
and  as  astrologer  and  universal  doctor,  he 
acquired  a  fortune  of  3000/.  His  Universal 
Measurer,  8vo.  is  a  work  of  great  merit,  and 
exhibits  in  the  most  favorable  view  his  per- 
fect knowledge  of  mathematics.  He  died 
1793,  aged  79. 

Fleury,  Claude,  a  French  advocate* 
born  at  Paris  1640.  After  being  at  the  bar 
nine  years  he  took  orders,  and  in  1672  be- 
came preceptor  to  the  princess  of  Conti,  and 
in  1080  to  the  count  de  Vermandois.  Under 
Fenelon  he  was  subpreceptor  to  the  dukes  of 
Burgundy,  Anjou,  and  Berri,  and  for  his  ser- 
vices he  was  made  abbot  of  Locdieu,  which 
he  resigned  in  1706,  for  the  rich  priory  of 
Angenteuil.  In  1716  he  was  confessor  to 
Lewis  XV.  and  died  1723,  aged  82,  greatly 
respected  for  his  learning  and  virtues.  His 
works  are  numerous,  the  chief  of  which  are, 
Manners  of  the  Israelites — Manners  of  the 
Christians — Ecclesiastical  History,  in  13  vols. 
4lo.  a  valuable  book— Institutian  of  Ecclesi- 


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asticalLaw — a.treatise  on  the  choice  and  me- 
thod of  Studies — Dttiics  of  Masters  and  Ser- 
vants— treatise  on  Public  Law,  2  vols.  12mo. 
Fleuhy,  Julian,  the  learned  editor  of  the 
Delphin  Apuleius,  in  2  vols.  4to.  He  began 
Ausonius,  but  did  not  complete  it. 

Fleury,  Andre  Hercule  de,  a  famous 
cardinal,  born  at  Lodeve  in  Languedoc  1653, 
and  educated  at  Paris.  .Recommended  by 
abilities,  and  by  a  pleasing  address,  and  hand- 
some figure,  he  rose  from  canon  of  Mont- 
pelier  to  he  bishop  of  Frejus,  and  was  ap- 
pointed by  Lewis  XIV.  preceptor  to  his 
grandson,  after  Bossuet  and  Fenelon.  In 
1726  he  was  made  cardinal  and  prime  min- 
ister though  aged  70,  and  so  active  was  his 
conduct,  and  sagacious  his  measures,  that 
the  kingdom  of  France  prospered  greatly 
under  his  administration,  the  succession  war 
v.as  gloriously  finished,  and  Lorraine  added 
to  the  French  dominions.  His  economy, 
however,  neglected  and  ruined  the  marine, 
and  in  the  war  of  1740,  his  plans  were  not 
crowned  with  victory,  so  that  it  is  said,  he 
died  with  a  heart  broken  with  grief,  1743. 
Without  the  pride  of  Richelieu,  and  the  av- 
arice of  Mazarine,  he  possessed  great  abili- 
ties, and  though  the  misfortunes  of  the  last 
war  were  attributed  to  him,  he  rather  de- 
served the  gratitude  of  the  nation  for  his 
prudent  management  of  the  finances,  and 
more  for  the  benevolence  of  his  heart. 

Flink,  Godfrey,  a  Dutch  painter,  pupil 
of  Rembrandt.  He  died  1660,  aged  4-i.  He 
imitated  his  master  in  the  execution  of  his 
pieces,  but  afterwards  studied  the  Italian 
manner. 

Flipart,  John  James,  a  French  en- 
graver, who  died  at  Paris  11th  July,  1782, 
aged  67.  He  possessed  great  merit,  and  in 
private  life  was  an  amiable  man. 

Flocqjtet,  Stephen  Joseph,  a  musician 
of  eminence,  was  born  at  Aix  in  Provence, 
and  died  at  Paris  17X5,  aged  35  His  operas 
were  received  with  the  most  flattering  ap- 
plause on  the  French  stage. 

Flodoard,  or  Frodoard,  a  French 
histoi'ian  of  Eperuai.  He  was  an  ecclesiastic 
in  the  church  of  Rheims,  where  he  wrote  a 
Chronicle  from  916  to  966 — and  a  History  of 
his  Church  from  its  Foundation  to  949.  The 
best  edition  is  that  of  1617.  He  wrote  also 
poetry,  and  died  966,  aged  73. 

Flogel,  Charles  Frederic,  author  of  a 
History  of  the  Human  Understanding — 
History  of  Comic  Literature — Present  State 
of  the  Belles  Lettres  in  Germany,  &c.  in 
German,  was  professor  of  philosophy  in  the 
college  of  noblemen  at  Leignitz,  where  he 
died  1788,  aged  59. 

Flood,  Henry,  an  Irish  orator,  son  of  the 
chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench  in  Ireland. 
He  was  educated  at  Dublin  university,  and 
at  Oxford,  where  he  was  honored  with  the 
degree  of  M.  A.  1752.  He  satin  the  Irish 
house  of  commons  for  Kilkenny,  and  after- 
wards for  Calhm,  and  he  acquired  great ' 
popularity  by  his  eloquence  ami  the  meas- 
ures which  he  proposed,  but  his  consequence 
ceased  when  he  obtained   a  seat  among  the 


English  commons,  and  his  addresses  on  sub- 
jects of  reform  and  on  public  occasions  wer* 
received  with  little  interest.  He  died  1791. 
He  wrote  a  Pindaric  Ode  to  Fame — a  Poem 
on  the  death  of  Frederic  Prince  of  Wales, 
found  in  the  Oxford  collection,  and  some  of 
his  speeches  have  also  appeared  in  print. 
His  property  after  the  death  of  his  wife  is 
bequeathed  to  Dublin  university  for  the 
foundation  of  a  professorship,  and  for  en- 
riching the  public  library  by  the  purchase 
of  MSS.  &c. 

Florentino,  Stephano,  an  historical 
painter  of  Florence,  who  studied  under  Gi- 
otto, and  died  1350,  aged  49. 

Florian,  John  Peter  Claris  de,  a  native 
of  Languedoc,  educated  under  the  care  of 
his  relation  Voltaire,  by  whose  influence  lie 
obtained  the  office  of  page  to  the  duke  of 
Penlhievre.  Though  honored  by  his  patron, 
and  promoted  in  the  army,  he  preferred 
literary  reputation  to  all  other  objects,  and 
published  in  1782  his  first  work  Galathee,  a 
romance.  He  wrote  afterwards  Theatre, 
Voltaire  et  le  Serf  de  Jura,  which  obtained 
the  prize  of  the  French  academy — Estelle 
— Numa  Pompilius,  &c.  During  the  revo- 
lution his  sentiments  expressed  in  Numa 
drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of  Robes- 
pierre, who  imprisoned  him,  but  after  the 
tyrant's  death  he  was  liberated,  and  died  at 
Seaux,  13th  Sep.  1794,  aged  39.  He  began 
during  his  confinement  a  poem  on  William 
Tell,  which  was  never  completed.  He  wrote 
also  Ebrahim,  a  pcem,  &c. 

Florimond  de  Remond,  a  native  of 
Guienne,  counsellor  in  the  parliament  of 
Bourdeaux.  He  opposed  warmly  the  Cal- 
vinists,  and  wrote  on  Antichrist — the  Origin 
of  the  Heresies,  &c.  and  died  1602. 

Florio,  John,  the  Resolute,  as  he  styled 
himself,  was  born  in  London  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  His  parents  who  were  Wal- 
denscs,  and  descended  from  the  Florii  of 
Sienna  in  Tuscany,  had  fled  from  the  perse- 
cutions of  popery  in  the  Valteline,  and  set- 
tled finally  in  England  under  Elizabeth,  after 
a  short  absence  during  Mary's  bigoted  reign. 
Florio  taught  Italian  and  French  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  and  was  admitted  at  Mag- 
dalen college.  He  was  tutor  in  those  lan- 
guages to  prince  Henry,  and  to  Anne  the 
queen  of  James  I.  to  whom  he  was  clerk  of 
the  closet.  He  died  of  the  plague  at  Fulhsm, 
1625,  aged  80.  Of  his  works  the  principal 
are,  "  first  Fruits  and  second  Fruits,"  con- 
taining proverbs  and  witty  sentences — Gar- 
den of  Recreation — a  translation  of  Mon- 
taigne's Essays — and  an  Italian  and  Euglish 
Dictionary,  fol.  1597,  a  work  of  merit.  He 
married  the  sister  of  Sam.  Daniel,  the  poet. 
Floris,  Francis,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
born  1520.  He  was  like  his  father  a  sculp- 
tor till  the  age  of  20,  and  then  he  studied 
painting  under  Lambert  Lombard,  and  by 
imitating  Angelo  lie  acquired  celebrity  and 
opulence.  He  worked  seven  hours  each 
da> ,  and  devoted  the  rest  of  the  time  to 
drinking;.  He  died  at  the  age  of  50.  He 
was  called  the  Raphael  of  Fltuiders. 


FO 


FO 


Florus,  Lucius  Anmeus,  a  Latin  histo- 
rian, related  to  Seneca  and  Lucan.  He 
wrote  an  abridgment  of  the  Roman  history, 
116  AD. 

Florus,  surnamed  Master,  a  deacon  of 
Lyons  in  the  'Jth  century,  author  of  Com- 
mentaries on  St.  Paul's  Epistle — an  Answer 
to  Erigena,  on  predestination,  and  other 
works, 

Floyer,  sir  John,  a  native  of  Hinters, 
Staffordshire,  educated  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxford,  where,  he  took  his  medical  degrees. 
He  afterwards  settled  as  a  respectable  prac- 
tioner  at  Lichfield  and  was  knighted.  He 
wrote  the  Touchstone  of  Medicines,  2  vols. 
Svo. — the  Virtues  of  Cold  Water,  Svo.  and 
died  17'20,  aged  71. 

Fi.i'»D,  Robert,  an  English  philosopher, 
son  of  sir  Thomas  l-'Iudd,  knight,  born  at 
Milgate,  Kent,  1574.  He  was  of  St.  John's 
college,  Oxford,  and  after  taking  his  degrees 
in  arts,  applied  to  physic  and  travelled  iu 
France,  Spain,  Italy,  and  Germany,  to  im- 
prove himself.  He  took  his  degrees  in  me- 
dicine 1605,  and  settled  in  London,  and  be- 
came fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians.  He 
began  to  publish  ahout  1616,  and  was  a  vo- 
luminous writer,  chiefly  on  the  powers  and 
wonders  of  Alchymy,  and  the  Rosicrucian 
doctrines.  His  works  are  in  Latin,  and  writ- 
ten in  an  obscure  and  mysterious  language. 
They  amount  to  about  20,  and  are  all  men- 
tioned in  Wood's  Athens.  Two  of  his  pro- 
ductions were  against  Kepler  and  Mersen- 
nus,  and  they  were  answered  by  those  great 
philosophers. 

Foes,  orFoESius,  Anutius,  a  learned 
physician,  born  at  Metz  1528.  He  was  well 
skilled  in  Greek  and  Latin,  and  translated  the 
works  of  Hippocrates  into  Latin,  as  also  the 
commentaries  of  Galen.  His  abilities  are 
praised  by  Huetius.  He  practised  physic  at 
Lorraine  with  reputation,  and  died  1596. 

Foglieta,  or  Foi.ieta,  Uberto,  a 
learned  Genoese  priest,  banished  from  his 
country  on  account  of  the  freedom  of  his 
writings.  Cardinal  d'Este,  at  Rome,  became 
his  patron,  and  he  died  there  1581,  aged  03. 
He  wrote  Historia  Genuensium,  12  libr.  fol. 
1585 — de  Ratione  Scribendse  Historix  Elogia 
Clarorum  Ligurum,  4to. — de  Causis  Magni- 
tudinis  Turcarum  Imperii — Delia  Republica 
di  Genoa,  Svo.  &c. 

Fohi,  the  first  king  of  China,  and  the 
founder  of  the  monarchy  about  20  years  after 
the  deluge.  He  removed  the  seat  of  empire 
from  Xen  Si,  to  Chin  Cheu,  and  he  invented 
instruments  of  music,  and  established  proper 
laws  respecting  marriage,  instead  of  the  pre- 
valent promiscuous  intercourse  of  the  sexes. 
It  is  said  that  he  reigned  115  years,  but  fable 
is  strongly  intermixed  with  his  history.  His 
memory  is  still  revered  by  the  Chinese. 

Foinard,  Frederic  Maurice,  a  native  of 
Conches  in  Normandy,  who  was  eminent 
as  a  Hebrew  scholar,  and  became  vice-prin- 
cipal of  the  college  of  du  Plessis.  He  pub- 
lished Brcviarium  Ecclesiasticarium,  2  vols. 
Svo. — Genesis  Explained,  French  and  Latin, 
VOL.  T.  68 


2  vols.  12mo. — the  Psalms  in  Historical  Or- 
der, See.  and  died  1743. 

Foix,  Mark  Anthony,  a  Jesuit,  eminent 
as  a  preacher.  He  died  provincial  of  the 
college  of  Billon,  Auvergne,  1687,  aged  60. 
He  published  the  Art  of  Preaching — the  Art 
of  Educating  a  Prince,  12mo,  &c. 

Foix,  Odel  de,  lord  of  Lautrec,  a  French 
general  of  eminence.  He  was  wounded  un- 
der Lewis  XII.  at  the  battle  of  Ravenna 
1512,  and  appointed  governor  of  Milan  by 
Francis  I.  The  success  of  Colunna,  however, 
soon  after  drove  him  from  Milan,  Pavia, 
Lodi,  Parma,  and  Placentia,  and  after  the 
unfortunate  battle  of  Bicoque  he  retired  to 
Guienne  1522.  In  1528  he  re-entered  Italy, 
took  Pavia,  and  boldly  besieged  Naples,  be- 
fore which  he  died.  His  body  was  conveyed 
to  Spain,  and  20  years  after  buried  in  the 
tomb  of  the  great  Gonsalvo  of  Cordova. 

Folard,  Charles,  a  Frenchofficer  born  at 
Avignon  1669.  His  military  genius  was 
roused  by  the  reading  of  Crcsar's  commenta- 
ries, and  at  the  age  of  16  he  became  a  soldier. 
His  father  confined  him  in  a  monastery,  but 
he  escaped,  and  still  more  attached  to  the 
army,  became  aid-de-camp  to  Vendome  who 
commanded  in  Italy,  1702,  and  intrusted  him 
with  part  of  his  forces.  He  was  honored  for 
his  services  with  the  cross  of  St.  Lewis,  and 
had  a  pension  of  400  livres  settled  on  him.  In 
1705  he  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Cassano, 
and  in  consequence  lost  the  use  of  his  left 
hand.  In  1706  he  defended  Modena  against 
prince  Eugene,  by  whom  he  was  taken  pri- 
soner some  time  after  the  battle  of  Blenheim . 
In  1711  he  was  made  governor  of  Bourbourg. 
in  1714  he  assisted  in  the  defence  of  Mali  a 
against  the  Turks,  and  afterwards  went  into 
the  service  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden.  Hm 
accompanied  him  in  his  invasion  of  Norway, 
and  was  present  at  his  death,  at  the  siege  of 
Frederickshall  171S.  On  his  return  to  France 
he  served  as  colonel  under  the  duke  of  Ber- 
wick, and  afterwards  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  the  military  art.  He  died  at  Avig- 
non 1752,  aged  83.  He  wrote  some  valuable 
commentaries  on  Polvbius,  in  6  vols.  4to.  a 
book  of  new  discoveries  in  war — a  treatise 
Concerning  the  Defence  of  Places.  Though 
not  an  accomplished  writer,  yet  his  publica- 
tions show  great  knowledge  of  the  military 
art. 

Folengo,  Theophilns,  known  by  the  as- 
sumed name  of  Mcrliu  Coccaye,  was  of  a  no- 
ble family  in  Mantua.  He  fled  from  Bologna. 
and  for  some  time  was  in  the  military  profes- 
sion, which  he  quitted  for  the  society  of  the 
Benedictines  in  St.  Euphcmia  monastery. 
He  died  1544,  aged  51,  at  the  priory  of  St. 
Croce,  Bassano.  The  best  known  of  his 
works  are  "Opus  Macaronicum,"  1651,  a 
popular  work — Orlandino,  1526,  and  Chaos 
del  Triperuno,  two  licentious  poems — on  the 
three  Ages  of  Man,  1527, — le  Humanita  del 
Figlio  di  IJio,  1533. 

Folengo,  John  Baptist,  a  Benedictine 
monk  of  Mantua,  who  died  at  Trcviso,  1559, 
aged  69.    He  was  author  of  Commentaries 


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on  the  Epistles  of  St.  James,  St.  Peter,  and 
the  first  of  St.  John,  1 555,  8vo. — a  Commen- 
tary on  the  Psalms,  1557,  folio.  &c. 

Folkes,  Martin,  an  English  antiquary 
and  philosopher,  born  at  Westminster  1690. 
He  was  of  the  Royal  society,  London,  and 
became  its  president  after  sir  Hans  Sloane 
1741.  He  contributed  much  to  the  philoso- 
phical transactions,  and  was  a  great  connois- 
seur of  old  and  modern  coins.  He  died  in 
London  1754.  Boyer's  anecdotes  contain  an 
ample  account  of  him.  He  wrote  a  4to.  vo- 
lume of  English  Silver  Coin,  from  the  Con- 
quest to  his  own  time. 

Foncemagne,  Stephen  Laurent  de,  a 
native  of  Orleans,  who  died  at  Pai-is  26th 
Sept.  1779,  aged  83.  He  was  first  preceptor 
to  the  duke  of  Chartres,  and  is  known  for 
some  memoirs  in  the  academy  of  inscriptions, 
of  which  he  was  a  member. 

Fonseca,  Anthony  de,  a  Dominican  of 
Lisbon  educated  at  Paris,  where  he  published 
remarks  on  Cajetan's  Commentaries  on  the 
Bible,  1539.  He  was  preacher  to  the  king, 
and  theological  professor  at  the  university  of 
Coimbra. 

Fonseca,  Peter,  a  Portuguese  writer, 
author  of  a  system  of  metaphysics  in  4  vols, 
folio.     He  died  1559. 

Font,  Joseph  de  la,  a  French  comic  wri- 
ter, author  of  five  comedies  and  some  operas. 
He  died  1725,  aged  39,  hurried  to  his  grave 
Ly  his  intemperance  and  love  of  pleasure. 

Font,  Pierre  de  la,  a  French  divine  who 
died  1699.  He  wrote  "  Entretiens  Eccle- 
siastiques"  5  vols.  12mo.  and  4  vols,  of  ser- 
mons. 

Fontaine,  John  de  la,  a  celebrated 
French  poet  born  at  Chateau-Thierry,  8th 
July  1621.  After  a  liberal  education  he  was 
admitted  at  19  among  the  fathers  of  the  ora- 
tory, whom  he  soon  left,  but  he  displayed  no 
genius  for  poetry  till  the  age  of  22,  when  the 
accidental  hearing  of  Malherbe's  odes  on  the 
assassination  of  Henry  roused  hispowers  into 
a  flame.  He  read  with  eagerness  the  best 
poets  of  Greece,  and  ltome,  of  Italy,  and  of 
his  country,  and  in  the  writings  of  Plato  and 
Plutarch,  collected  all  that  morality  which  has 
enriched  and  beautified  his  fables.  He  mar- 
ried to  please  his  parents,  but  though  he  had 
shown  such  partialities  to  his  wife  as  to  in- 
trust her  in  confidence  with  his  compositions; 
he  left  her  soon  with  indifference  to  follow 
his  patroness  the  duchess  of  Bouillon  to 
Paris.  Here  he  procured  a  pension  and  be- 
came gentleman  to  Henrietta  of  England, 
after  whose  death  he  was  received  into  the 
house  of  the  witty  Madam  de  la  Sabliere, 
who  jocosely  observed  in  parting  with  her 
household,  she  kept  only  three  animals,  her 
dog,  her  cat,  and  her  la  Fontaine.  In  the 
company  of  this  learned  lady  he  continued 
about  20 years,  not,  however,  without  paying 
annually  formal  visits  to  his  neglected  wife, 
and  upon  the  death  of  his  patroness  he  refu- 
sed the  invitations  of  St.  Evremond,  and 
others,  to  come  to  settle  in  England.  He 
was  attacked  by  a  severe  illness  in  1692,  and 
then  began  to  think  of  death  and  of  religion, 


at  the  representation  of  the  priest  who  at- 
tended him.  The  holy  monitor  reminded 
him  that  his  tales  had  an  evil  tendency,  and 
were  frequently  licentious,  and  hostile  to 
good  morals,  and  la  Fontaine  at  last  acknow- 
ledged the  imputation,  and  promised  amend- 
ment. Though  not  a  libertine  he  was  most 
indifferent  to  religious  truths,  and  he  inform- 
ed the  priest  with  great  composure  that  he 
had  the  new  Testament  which  he  thought  a 
tolerable  good  book.  He  died  13th  April, 
1695,  and  it  is  said  he  was  found  with  an  hair 
shirt  on,  a  proof  of  sincere  repentance  ac- 
cording to  some.  In  his  character  la  Fon- 
taine was  a  very  absent  man,  who,  in  the  in- 
dulgence of  his  reveries  and  poetical  ideas, 
would  often  say  the  most  unbecoming  things, 
and  do  the  most  incoherent  actions.  Meeting 
one  day  his  son,  without  knowing  him,  he 
observed  that  he  was  a  youth  of  parts  and 
spirit,  and  when  informed  that  it  was  his  own 
son,  he  replied  with  unconcern,  1  am  really 
glad  of  it.  In  the  company  of  some  wits  and 
of  some  eminent  ecclesiastics,  he  asked  if  St. 
Austin  had  more  wit  than  Rabelais.  One  of 
the  divines  eyeing  him  from  top  to  toe,  ans- 
wered only  by  observing,  that "  he  had  put  on 
one  of  his  stockings  the  wrong  side  outward," 
which  wras  the  case.  In  consequence  of  his 
great  merit,  it  is  said  the  intendant  forbad 
taxes  to  be  levied  on  his  family,  an  honora- 
ble mark  of  respect  paid  to  genius.  He 
wrote  besides  "  Tales," — fables — comedies 
— Amours  de  Psyche,  a  romance — letters, 
&c.  all  of  which  possess  great  originality. 
Four  vols,  of  his  miscellanies  appeared  at 
Paris  1744. 

Fontaine,  Nicholas,  son  of  a  scrivener, 
admitted  at  the  age  of  20  among  the  society 
of  port  Royal,  where  he  had  afterwards  the 
superintendance  of  the  pupils.  In  1664  he 
was  confined  for  four  years  in  the  bastille 
with  Sacy,  and  at  last  finally  settled  at  Me- 
lun  where  he  died  1709,  aged  84.  He  wrote 
"  Lives  of  the  Saints  of  the  Old  Testament" 
4  vols.  8vo. — Lives  of  Saints  in  General, 
4  vols.  8vo. — the  Figurative  Language  of  the 
Bible  4to. — Memoirs  of  the  Solitaries  of 
Port-Royal,  2  vols.  12mo. — Chrysostom's 
Homilies  on  St.  Paul's  epistles,  translated  7 
vols.  8vo.  For  private  worth,  for  learning, 
and  piety,  and  for  indefatigable  and  patient 
industry,  Fontaine  not  only  equalled  but  sur- 
passed his  contemporaries. 

Fontaines,  Peter  Francis  Guyot  des,  a 
French  critic,  born  at  Rouen  1685.  He  took 
the  habit  of  a  Jesuit  at  15,  and  quitted  the  so- 
ciety at  30.  For  some  time  a  priest,  he  be- 
came a  man  of  wit,  and  in  1724,  he  was  in- 
trusted by  Bignon  with  the  care  of  the  "  Jour- 
nal des  Savans."  The  severity  of  his  cen- 
sures drew  upon  him  the  accusation  of  an 
abominable  crime  from  his  enemies,  but,  af- 
ter some  confinement,  his  character  was  clear- 
ed up  and  re-established.  In  1731,  he  began 
the  "Nouvelliste  du  Parnasse,  ou  Reflexions 
sur  les  Ouvrages  Nouveaux,"  of  which  he 
wrote  2  vols,  till  the  work  was  suppressed  for 
the  severity  of  its  contents.  In  1735,  he  be- 
gan "Observations  stir  les  Ecrits  Moder- 


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ires,"  which,  after  33  vols,  were  completed, 
was  also  suppressed  1743.  The  next  year 
another  periodical  paper,  "  Jugemens  sur  les 
Ouvrages  Nouveaux,"  was  undertaken  ;  but 
after  11  vols,  had  appeared,  doath  stopped 
the  labors  of  the  critic  1745.  Me  published 
translations  of  Virgil  and  other  classics,  be- 
sides those  of  Pope,  Swift,  Fielding  and 
others. 

Fontana,  Dominico,  a  Roman,  architect 
and  mechanic,  born  at  Milan  1543.  His  chief 
work  was  the  setting  up  of  the  obelisk,  in 
front  of  St.  Peter's,  which  had  been  buried 
for  many  years,  and  considered  as  an  imprac- 
tible  thing  by  all  other  mechanics.  He  was 
deservedly  commended  and  rewarded  for  the 
bold  and  successful  execution  of  this,  and  in 
1592,  he  removed  to  Naples  as  an  architect 
to  the  king,  and  died  there  greatly  respect- 
ed 160". 

Fontana,  Prospero,  a  painter,  born  at 
Bologna  1512.  Hewasanable  artist,  andhad 
among  his  pupils  Ludovico  and  Annibal  Ca- 
racci. 

Fontana,  Lavinia,  daughter  of  the  pre-  ] 
ceding,  died  1602, aged  50.     She  was  eminent ; 
as   a  painter,  and  was  patronised    by    pope  1 
Gregory  XIII.    whose  picture  she  drew  in  a 
very  superior  style. 

Fontanges,  Marie  Angelique,  duchess  of, 
successor  to  de  Moutespan  in  the  good  gra- 
ces of  Louis  XIV.  was  beautiful  as  an  angel, 
hut  silly  as  a  goose  says  abbe  Chosi.  She  died 
in  child-bed,  June  1681,  aged  only  20. 

Fojjtanini,  Juste,  archbishop  of  Ancy- 
ra,  was  born  in  the  Frioul,  and  died  at  Home 
1736.  His  chief  works  are  Bibliotheca  Delia 
Eloquenza  Italiana,  2  vols.  4to.  1753. — a  Lit- 
erary History  of  Aquiieia,  1742. — a  collec- 
tion of  Bulls  of  Canonization  from  John  XV. 
to  Benedict  XIU. 

Fonte-Moderata,  a  Venetian  lady, 
whose  real  name  was  Modesta  Pozzo.  She 
was  born  at  Venice  1555,  and  though  placed 
at  first  in  a  monastery,  she  married,  and,  af- 
ter 20  years  of  conjugal  happiness,  died  in 
child-bed  1592.  Her  memory  was  so  reten- 
tive that  she  could  repeat  verbatim  a  discourse 
when  only  once  heard.  She  wrote  a  poem 
called  "  il  Floridoro,"  and  another  on  the 
Passion  and  Resurrection  of  Christ,  besides 
"  Dei  Meriti  Delle  Donne,"  a  prose  work  in 
which  she  maintains  that  the  female  sex  is 
not  inferior  in  understanding  to  the  male. 

Fontexay,  Peter  Claude,  a  learned  je- 
snit,  born  at  Paris.  He  was  engaged  to  con- 
tinue Longueval's  History  of  the  Gallicau 
Church,  and  died  1742. 

Fontenay,  John  Baptist  Blain  de,  a 
French  painter,  disciple  of  Monoyer,  born  at 
Caen  1654.  His  fruits  and  flowers  are  very 
fine,  and  the  insects  on  them  have  the  ap- 
perance  of  real  life.  He  was  patronised  by 
Louis  XIV.  who  granted  him  a  pension,  anil 
apartments  in  the  Louvre.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris 1715. 

Fosteneue,  Bernard  le  Bovier  de,  son 
of  an  advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Rouen, 
by  a  sister  of  the  great  dramatic  Corneille, 
was  bornatllouen.Tuth  Feb.lC-57.     Though 


so  weak  at  his  birth  that  his  surviving  was  un- 
expected, he  attained  the  age  of  10©,  never 
troubled  with  attacks  of  disease  till  his  90th 
year,  when  his  eyes  became  dim  and  his  hear- 
ing dull.  He  died  Jan.  1757.  He  displayed 
early  proofs  of  genius,  and  before  he  had 
reached  his  20th  year  he  had  written  a  great 
part  of  his  Bellerophon,  a  tragic  opera.  He 
did  not,  however,  shine  as  a  dramatic  writer 
equal  to  his  uncle  Corneille,  but  in  his  other 
pieces  he  exhibits  great  powers,  delicacy  of 
wit,  and  profoundness  of  thought,  so  that 
Voltaire  has  truly  observed  that  he  was  the 
most  universal  genius  which  the  age  of  Louis 
XIV.  produced.  His  "  Plurality  of  Worlds" 
is  a  most  fascinating  performance,  in  which 
he  introduces  a  lady  conveying  the  sublimer 
truths  of  philosophy  in  a  dialogue,  pleasing, 
livery,  and  refined.  In  his  office  of  secretary 
to  the  academy  of  sciences,  in  which  he  con- 
tinued more  than  40  years,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  "  History"  of  that  learned  body, 
and  introduced  elegance  of  language  into  the 
most  abstruse  parts  of  science.  The  "Eloges" 
delivered  on  deceased  members  aie  perused 
with  particular  attention  and  delight,  and  his 
apology  for  Descartes'  virtues,  though  in  fa- 
vor of  an  exploded  system,  must  be  read  with 
interest  and  admiration  due  to  a  great  but 
mistaken  genius.  No  man  more  than  Fonte- 
nelle  deserved  and  enjoyed  the  respect  and 
confidence  of  his  contemporaries.  In  his  tem- 
per he  was  mild  and  affable,  and  with  the 
feelings  of  a  true  christian  he  observed  that 
a  man  should  be  sparing  in  superfluities  to 
himself,  that  he  may  supply  necessities  to 
others.  Though  originally  poor,  he  acquired, 
by  industry  and  commendable  economy,  an 
independent  fortune;  but  not  despising  the 
rest  of  the  world  for  his  superiority  of  men- 
tal talents  and  of  riches  he  said  that  men  are 
foolish  and  wicked,  but  such  as  they  are  we 
must  live  among  them.  He  wrote  besides 
the  works  already  mentioned,  Pastoral  Poems 
16SS — History  of  the  French  Theatre  to 
Corneille — Reflections  on  Theatrical  Poetry, 
particularly  Tragedy,  a  judicious  and  valua- 
ble work — Elements  of  Geometry — of  Infin- 
ities, 1727 — a  tragedy,  and  six  comedies — 
Endymion — Moral  Discourses — the  History 
of  Oracles — Dialogues  of  the  Dead,  &c.  His 
works  have  been  published  at  Paris  in  8  vols. 
8vo.  His  Eloge  was  pronounced  by  le  Cat. 

FoNTEHW)  Lewis  Francis  do,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Lilledon,  in  Galinois  1667. 
He  was  a  great  antiquarian,  and  contributed 
much  to  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  In- 
scriptions. A  list  of  his  works  is  preserved 
in  Saxius'  Onomasticon  1714.  He  died  1759, 
aged  92. 

Fontius,  Bartholomew,  an  historian  of 
Florence,  intimate  with  Pious  Mirandula, 
and  other  learned  men.  He  was  librarian  to 
Matthew  Corvinus  king  of  Hungary  at  Buda, 
and  died  1513,  aged  6S.  He  wrote  a  commen- 
tary on  Persius,  and  some  orations. 

Foote,  Samuel,  a  dramatic  writer,  called 
the  English  Aristophanes,  was  born  at  Truro, 
Cornwall,  1722.  His  father  was  commissioner 
of  the  prize  office,  and  member  for  Tiverton, 


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and  his  mother  inherited  the  paternal  estates 
of  hep  family  by  the  unfortunate  quarrel  of 
her  two  brothers,  Sir  John  iDitiely  Goodere 
bart,  and  sir  Samuel  Goodere,  captain  of  the 
Ruby  man  of  war,  in  which  both  unhappily 
fell.  He  was  at  Worcester  college,  Oxford, and 
then  removed  to  the  Temple,  but  the  law  was 
too  dry  and  abstruse  a  pursuit  for  his  volatile 
temper,  and  he  therefore  went  on  the  stage. 
He  appeared  first  in  Othello,  but  his  success 
in  performing  the  character  of  other  writers 
did  not  please  him,  and  he  commenced  author 
and  actor  in  the  Hay-mnaket,  where  in  1747, 
he  first  appeared  before  the  public  in  '**  the 
Diversions  of  the  Morning."  This  entertain- 
ing piece,  atfirst  opposed  by  the  Westminster 
justices,  as  representing  characters  in  real 
life,  was  altered  to  "  Mr.  Foote's  giving  Tea 
to  his  Friends"  and  thus  for  upwards  of  40 
mornings  drew  crowded  and  applauding  audi- 
ences. The  next  year  presented  "  An  auc- 
tion of  Pictures"  which  met  with  equal  ap- 
probation, though  it  reflected  on  the  popular 
characters  of  the  day,  on  sir  Thomas  de  Veil 
the  justice,  Cock  the  Auctioneer,  and  Henley 
the  orator.  From  1752,  to  1761,  his  success 
continued  uninterrupted  by  the  introduction 
of  new  pieces,  and  the  versatility  with  which 
he  himself  represented  various  characters, 
and  the  little  theatre  Hay-market  was  now 
considered  as  the  regular  summer  theatre, 
after  the  close  of  the  other  two.  In  1766,  he 
had  the  misfortune  while  at  lord  Mexbo- 
rough's  to  breakHiis  leg  by  a  fall  from  his  horse, 
and  to  suffer  an  amputation,  but  the  accident 
so  interested  the  duke  of  York  who  was  pre- 
sent, that  in  consequence  of  his  influence,  a 
patent  was  'obtained  that  year  for  the  little 
theatre.  In  1776,  his  attempt  to  introduce 
on  the  stage  the  duchess  of  Kingston,  a  lady 
whose  conduct  was  then  much  canvassed 
before  the  public,  not  only  proved  abortive, 
but  brought  upon  him  the  malicious  accusa- 
tion of  unnatural  practices.  Though  acquit-; 
ted  of  this  foul  charge,  yet  the  blow  he  felt 
from  the  imputation  weakened  his  constitu- 
tion, and  brought  on  a  paralytic  fit.  He  re- 
covered, but  the  following  year  as  lie  proceded 
to  France  by  the  advice  of  his  physicians,  be 
was  taken  ill  and  died  a  few  hours  after  at 
Dover,  20th  Oct.  1777.  In  his  private  char- 
acter Foote  was  respectable,  and  the  wit  and 
humor  of  his  conversation  were  very  pow- 
erful. Dr.  Johnson,  as  Boswell  relates,  met 
him  for  the  first  time  at  Fitzherbert's.  Hav- 
ing no  good  opinion  of  the  fellow,  says  he,  I 
was  resolved  not  to  be  pleased,  and  it  is  very 
difficult  to  please  a  man  against  his  will.  I 
went  on  eating  my  dinner  pretty  sullenly,  af- 
fecting not  to  mind  him,  but  the  dog  was  so 
very  comical,  that  I  was  obliged  to  lay  down 
my  knife  and  fork,  throw  myself  back  in  my 
chair,  and  fairly  laugh  it  out.  Sir,  he  was  ir- 
resistible. His  dramas  are  20  in  number, 
mostly  built  on  temporary  topics,  and  full  of 
personalities.  He  borrowed  liberally  from 
Moliere,  but  made  all  his  own  by  his  own  pe- 
culiar powers  of  humor  and  originality.  His 
works  have  been  collected  and  published  in  4 
vols.  8vo.  His  life  has  been  published  with 
entertaining  anecdotes  by  Mr,  Cooke. 


Foppens,  John  Fraucis,  professor  of  di- 
vinity at  Louvain,  and  archdeacon  of  Mech- 
lin, edited  Mirseus'  Opera  historica  Diploma- 
tica,  and  compiled  Bibliotheca  Belgica,  2  vols. 
4to.  from  the  labors  of  learned  Belgians,  and 
other  works,  and  died  1761,  aged  72. 

Forbes,  Patrick,  a  Scotch  prelate,  of  a 
noble  family,  born  in  Aberdeenshire  1564. 
He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  St.  An- 
drew's, and  being  ordained  presbyter  at  the 
age  of  28,  he  was,  in  1618,  raised  to  the  see 
of  Aberdeen,  much  against  his  will,  but  at  the 
pressing  solicitations  of  king  James.  This 
great  and  good  man  died  1635,  aged  71.  His 
Commentary  on  the  Revelations  appeared 
London  1613.  He  was  a  great  benefactor  to 
Aberdeen  university  of  which  he  was  chan- 
cellor, and  he  revived  the  professorship  of 
law,  physic,  and  divinity. 

Forbes,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
made  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  by  king  James. 
He  was  expelled  from  the  divinity  professor- 
ship at  Aberdeen  by  the  covenanters,  and  after 
two  years'  residence  in  Holland,  he  returned 
to  his  native  country  and  ended  his  days  at 
his  estate  at  Corse  1648.  He  was  a  very 
learned  man,  as  his  theological  and  historical 
institu Lions  fully  evince.  His  works  were 
published  at  Amsterdam  2  vols.  fol.  1703. 

Forbes,  William,  bishop  of  Edinburgh, 
was  born  at  Aberdeen  1585,  and  educated 
there.  After  studying  at  Leyden,  and  in  the 
universities  of  Germany,  became  to  England, 
where  he  rejected  the  Hebrew  professorship 
at  Oxford,  that  he  might  re-establish  his 
health  by  returning  to  the  air  of  his  native 
country.  He  was  highly  esteemed  by  his 
countrymen,  and  as  his  health  would  not  per- 
mit his  frequent  preaching,  he  was  appointed 
principal  of  the  Marischal-college  Aberdeeu. 
On  the  foundation  of  the  see  of  Edinburgh 
by  Charles  I.  Dr.  Forbes  was  honorably 
placed  by  the  monarch  to  fill  it,  but  he  enjoy- 
ed his  dignity  only  three  months,  and  died 
1634.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive  learning, 
but  was  very  moderate  in  his  opinions,  anil 
pacific  in  his  temper,  as  his  treatise  to  dimin- 
ish controversies  printed  London  1658,  and 
re-printed  at  Frankfort  1707,  fully  proves. 

Forbes,  Duncan,  a  Scotch  judge,  born  at 
Culloden  1685.  He  studied  at  Edinburgh, 
Utrecht,  aud  Paris,  and  on  his  return  to  Scot- 
land 1710,  practised  as  an  advocate.  In  1722, 
he  was  elected  member  for  Invernesshire,  and 
1725  was  made  lord  advocate.  In  1742,  he^ 
was  raised  to  be  lord  president  of  the  court 
of  sessions,  and,  in  the  rebellion  of  1745,  he 
nobly  opposed  the  pretender,  but  the  refusal 
of  government  to  refund  what  he  had  lost  by 
his  liberal  support  of  the  royal  cause,  proved 
so  disagreeable  to  his  feelings,  that  it  produc- 
ed a  fever  of  which  he  died  1747,  aged  62. 
He  was  a  good  Hebrew  scholar,  and  wrote 
Thoughts  on  Religion, — a  Letter  to  a  bishop 
on  Hutchinson's  writings, — Reflections  on  In- 
credulity, 2  vols.  12mo.  1750. 

Forbist,  Claude  Chevalier  de,  a  French 
naval  officer,  born  in  1666.  He  was  early 
brought  up  to  the  sea  service,  and  in  1686 
became  chief  admiral  to  the  king  of  Siam  in 


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I'O 


the  East-Indies.  He  afterwards  distinguished 
himself  in  Europe,  on  the  coast  of  Spain,  and 
in  the  service  of  Lewis  XIV.  The  king  was 
pleased  with  his  valor,  and  the  disinterest- 
edness, and  generosity  of  Ids  character,  but 
though  favored  by  the  prince,  he  was  ne- 
glected by  the  ministers,  and  therefore  he 
retired  in  discontent  from  the  service  1710. 
He  died  1 73  J,  aged  77.  His  maxims  to  per- 
sons in  the  sea  service,  were  two,  never  to 
interfere  with  any  thing  not  belonging  to 
their  employment,  and  to  pay  a  blind  obedi- 
ence to  the  orders  they  received,  however 
repugnant  to  their  private  opinions. 

FORBISHER,    ltd.  FrOBISHER. 

Foreoxnais,  Francis  Verott  dc,  inspec- 
tor general  of  the  manufactures  of  France, 
wasborn  at  Mans,  2d  Oct.  17 '22,  and  died  at 
Paris  at  the  end  of  1800.  He  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  commerce,  and  the  real  re- 
sources of  a  kingdom,  and  he  published  vari- 
ous intelligent  tracts  on  subjects  of  finance, 
politics,  and  mercantile  concerns. 

Force,  Charlotte  Rose  de  Caumontde  la, 
a  French  poetess,  who  died  1724,  aged  70. 
Her  Castle  in  Spain,  a  poem — her  secret 
History  of  Burgundy,  a  romance — her  tales, 
and  other  works,  possess  merit. 

Force,  James  duke  de  la,  son  of  Francis, 
lord  of  la  Force,  who,  with  his  eldest  son 
Arnaud,  was.  murdered  in  his  bed,  on  the 
fatal  night  of  St.  Bartholomew.  He  was  then 
nine  years  old,  and  was  between  his  father 
and  his  brother  in  the  bed,  but  being  un- 
perceived  by  the  assassins,  he  escaped  with 
his  life,  a  circumstance  which  Voltaire  has 
recorded  in  the  2d  canto  of  his  Hcnriade. 
He  fought  under  Henry  IV.  and  espoused 
the  side  of  the  protestants,  against  Lewis 
XIII.  especially  at  Montauban  1021.  He 
soon  after  made  his  peace  villi  the  king, 
upon  which  he  was  created  marshal  of 
France,  a  duke,  lieutenant  general  of  the 
army  of  Piedmont,  besides  a  present  of 
200,000  crowns.  He  afterwards  took  Figne- 
rol,  and  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Caii^nnn 
1G30.  He  was  afterwards  engaged  in  the 
German  wars,  and  took  Spires,  after  raising 
the  siege  of  Philipsburg.  He  died  full  of 
years  and  of  glory  1652,  aged  89. 

Ford,  John,  a  dramatic  poet,  in  the  reigns 
of  James,  and  Charles  I.  He  was  of  the  mid- 
dle Temple,  but  the  time  of  his  death  is  un- 
known. He  wrote  12  plays  published  be- 
tween 1629,  and  1636. 

For  dux,  John  de,  a  Scotch  historian, 
who  florished  about  1377.  He  wrote  a 
history  of  his  country  called  Scoti-Chronicon, 
a  curious  hut  not  accurate  performance,  pub- 
lished by  Hearne  at  Oxford,  5  vols.  8vo.  and 
by  Goodall,fol.  Edinburgh. 

Fordyce,  David,  a  learned  Scotsman, 
born  at  Aberdeen  1720,  wlvere  he  was  edu- 
cated, and  where  he  became  professor  of 
moral  philosophy,  in  the  marischal  college. 
He  travelled  through  France  and  Italy,  and 
other  parts  of  Europe,  and  was  drowned  on 
his  return,  in  a  storm  on  the  coast  of  Holland 
1751.  He  wrote  Dialogues  concerning  Edu- 
cation, 2  vols.  8vo. — treatise  of  Moral  Philo- 


sophy— Theodorus,  a  dialogue  concerning 
the  Art  of  Preaching — the  Temple  of  Vii" 
tue,  a  dream,  &.c. 

Fodyce,  James,  a  Scotch  divine,  brother 
to  the  above,  born  at  Aberdeen,  and  educa- 
ted there.  He  was  minister  of  Brechin,  and 
afterwards  of  Alloa,  and  in  1762,  he  removed 
to  Monkwell  street,  London,  where  he  wa.j 
assistant,  and  then  successor  to  Dr.  Law- 
rence, lie  afterwards  settled  in  Hampshire, 
aud  died  at  Bath  1796,  in  his  77th  year.  He 
is  author  of  Sermons  to  young  Women,  2 
vols. — Address  to  young  Men,  2  vols. — Ad- 
dresses to  the  Deity — a  sermon  on  the  Elo- 
quence of  the  Pulpit — poems — single  ser- 
mons, &c. 

Fordyce,  George,  nephew  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  near  Aberdeen,  and  educated 
in  that  university,  where  at  the  age  of  14  he 
took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  After  some  resi- 
dence with  his  uncle,  who  was  an  apothecary 
and  surgeon  at  Uppingham,  Rutlandshire,  he 
went  to  Edinburgh,  and  to  Leyden,  where 
he  took  his  doctor's  degree  1758.  He  settled 
the  following  year  in  London,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  as  a  lecturer  on  the 
Materia  Medica,  anil  the  practice  of  physic, 
and  in  1770  he  became  physician  to  St. 
Thomas's  hospital,  and  six  years  after  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  society.  He  was,  in 
17S7,  made  a  fellow  of  the  college  of  physi- 
cians speciali  gratia,  an  unusual  honor,  and 
he  died  1802,  aged  66.  His  works  are  essays 
on  Fevers — on  Digestion — Elements  of  the 
Practice  of  Physic — Elements  of  Agriculture 
and  Vegetation,  &c. 

Fordyce,  sir  William,  a  Scotch  physi- 
cian, of  great  repute,  who  died  in  London 
1702. 

Foreiro,  Francis,  a  Dominican  monk, 
born  at  Lisbon,  and  sent  by  the  king  of  Por- 
tugal, to  the  council  of  Trent,  where  he  was 
in  consequence  of  his  abilities  invited  to 
draw  up  a  general  catechism.  He  published, 
with  a  commentary,  a  translation  of  Isaiah's 
prophecy,  Venice  1562,  and  died  at  Lisbon, 
15S1. 

Forest,  Peter,  or  Forestus,  a  Dutch 
physician,  born  at  Alcmaer  1522.  He  studi- 
ed physic  in  Italy,  and  died  medical  professor 
at  Leyden  1597.  The  most  known  of  his 
works  is  "  Observations  on  Medicine"  6  vols, 
fol.  Frankfort  162Si 

Forest,  John,  a  French  landscape  paint- 
er, born  at  Paris,  where  he  died  1712,  aged 
76.  He  was  painter  to  the  French  king,  and 
in  his  manner  imitated  Titian,  Giorgione, 
and  the  Bassans. 

Forest,  or  Forf.sta,  James  Philip, 
known  by  the  name  of  Philip  Bergamo,  the 
place  of  his  birth,  was  an  Augustine  monk, 
and  wrote  a  chronicle  from  Adam  to  the 
year  150.5,  a  work  not  very  valuable.  He 
wrote  a  confessional,  fol.  Venice  UX7 — and 
a  treatise  of  Illustrious  Women,  foi.  1497, 
Ferrara. 

Formey,  John  Henry  Samuel,  a  native 
of  Berlin,  minister  of  the  French  church 
there,  and  afterwards  professor  of  philoso- 
phy ia  the  French  college,  and  then  secre- 


ro 


FO 


tary  to  the  royal  Berlin  academy  of  sciences, 
and  privy  counsellor.  He  died  1797,  aged 
86.  He  was  author  of  Abridgement  of 
Ecclesiastical  History — History  of  Philoso- 
phy abridged,  both  translated  into  English — 
Researches  on  the  Elements  of  Matter — 
Considerations  on  Cicero's  Tusculanum — 
the  Christian  Philosopher — Pensees  Rai- 
sonables — Anti-Emile  against  Kosseau,  and 
other  works,  and  he  conducted,  with  Beau- 
sobre,  the  Bibliotheque  Gewnanique. 

Formosus,  bishop  of  Porto,  near  Home, 
succeeded  Stephen  V.  as  pope,  891.  He  was 
very  unpopular  in  his  government,  and  after 
death  his  body  was  dragged  from  his  grave  by 
the  populace,  ami  thrown  into  the  Tiber. 

Forskal,  Peter,  a  Swedish  naturalist, 
who  studied  at  Gottingen  and  at  Upsal  under 
Linnxus.  He  went,  in  1761,  with  Niebuhr 
to  Arabia,  and  died  there  at  Jerim  1763, 
aged  27.  He  was  author  of  Thoughts  on 
Civil  Liberty,  1769,  and  from  his  papers 
Niebuhr  published  lconcs  Rerum  Naturali- 
um  quas  in  Itinere  Orientali  depingi  curavit 
Forskal,  4to. — Descriptiones  Animalium  & 
Equie,  &c.  4to. — Flora  iEgyptiaco-Arabica, 
4to. 

Forster,  John,  a  protestant  Hebraist  of 
WitU'ruburg,  born  at  Augsburg  1495.  He 
was  the  friend  of  Luther,  lieuchlin,  and 
Melancthon,  aud  died  15.76.  He  published  a 
Hebrew  Lexicon,  1564,  folio,  Bale.  Another 
person  of  the  same  name  published  Com- 
mentaries on  Isaiah,  and  other  works. 

Forster,  George,  an  ingenious  natural- 
ist, who  accompanied  Cook  in  his  second 
voyage  round  the  world.  He  was  professor 
in  the  university  of  Cassel,  and  afterwards  at 
Wilna  and  Mayence.  He  next  visited  Paris, 
to  enable  himself  to  travel  to  Thibet;  buti 
died  in  the  midst  of  his  preparations,  1792, 
aged  39.  He  was  then  representative  of 
Mentz  in  the  national  assembly.  He  wrote 
a  tract  on  the  English  Constitution — a  Jour- 
nal of  Cook's  second  Voyage,  2  vols.  4to. 
which  he  defended  against  Wales — a  Philo- 
sophical Journey  along  the  Rhine,  2  vols. 
8vo. — a  Journey  through  England,  1790. 

Forster,  Dr.  John  Reinold,  father  to  the 
above,  studied  at  Halle,  and  was  minister  at 
Dantzic,  and  after  being  some  time  in  Russia 
he  came  to  England,  and  was  tutor  in  Ger- 
man and  French  in  Warrington  academy. 
He  accompanied  Cook  in  his  second  voyage, 
and  after  his  return  in  1775,  he  was  created 
LL.  D.  by  the  university  of  Oxford.  He  lost 
his  public  character  in  England,  for  publish- 
ing, contrary  to  agreement,  an  account  of 
the  plants  discovered  in  his  voyage,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  left  the  country  for  Ger- 
many. He  died  at  Halle,  in  Saxony,  1799. 
He  is  author  of  Observations  made  round 
the  AVorld — History  of  Discoveries  in  the 
North — treatises  on  the  Byssus  of  the  An- 
cients, and  other  valuable  tracts  on  natural 
history. 

Forster,  Nathaniel  a  native  of  Plym- 
stock,  Devonshire,  educated  at  Plymouth 
and  Eton  school,  and  afterwards  at  Corpus 
Christi,   Oxford,   where   he  became  fellow. 


He  obtained  Hethe  rectory,  Oxfordshire, 
and  in  1 750  was  chaplain  to  Butler,  of  Dur- 
ham, who  made  him  his  executor.  He  was, 
in  1752,  chaplain  to  Herring  the  primate, 
and  two  years  after  obtained  a  prebend  in 
Bristol  cathedral,  and  Rochdale  vicarage, 
Lancashire.  In  1756  he  was  chaplain  to  the 
king,  and  then  preacher  to  the  Rolls.  He 
died  1757,  aged  40.  He  published  Platonis 
Dialogi  quinque,  &c.  1745 — Reflections  on 
the  Antiquity  of  Egypt — Appendix  Liviana, 
1746 — Popery  destructive  of  the  Evidence 
of  Christianity,  a  sermon — Dissertation  on 
Josephus'  Account  of  our  Saviour — Biblia 
Hebraica,  sine  Punctis,  4to. — on  the  Mar- 
riage of  Minors,  8vo.  &c. 

Forstner,  Christopher,  an  Austrian 
lawyer,  who  died  1667,  aged  69.  After 
travelling  in  Italy  he  was  engaged  in  the 
negotiations  of  the  peace  of  Munster,  and 
for  kis  services  he  was  made  a  member  of 
the  Aulic  council.  He  wrote  De  Principatu 
Tiberii  Notse  Political  ad  Taciturn — collec- 
tion of  his  letters  on  the  peace  of  Munster — 
Hypomnemata-Politica,  &c. 

Fort,  Francis  le,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
who,  from  military  zeal,  served  in  Holland  at 
the  age  of  16,  and  afterwards  entered  into 
the  army  of  Peter  I.  of  Russia.  He  gained 
the  favor  of  that  prince,  and  was  intrusted 
in  1696,  with  the  seige  of  Azof,  and  in  this 
arduous  affair,  he  displayed  such  abilities 
that  the  emperor  made  him  commander  of 
his  forces,  and  his  prime  minister.  The 
resources  of  his  great  genius  were  employed 
in  new-modelling  the  army,  and  improving 
the  affairs  of  his  imperial  patron.  He  died 
at  Moscow  1699,  asd  the  Czar,  afflicted  for 
his  loss,  paid  the  last  honors  to  his  remains, 
with  the  most  magnificent  obsequies. 

Fortescue,  sir  John,  an  English  lawyer, 
born  of  an  ancient  family  at  Wear  Gifford, 
in  Devonshire.  He  was,  according  to  Tan- 
ner, educated  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford, 
from  whence  he  removed  to  Lincoln's  Inn. 
In  1441  he  was  made  king's  Serjeant  at  law, 
and  the  next  year  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
bench.  His  integrity,  wisdom,  and  firmness 
recommended  him  to  Henry  VI.  by  whom 
his  salary  was  raised  ;  but  his  attachment  to 
the  house  of  Lancaster  proved  the  source  of 
persecution.  In  the  first  parliament  of  Ed- 
ward IV.  he  was  attainted  of  high  treason,  and 
he  followed  his  exiled  master  into  Scotland, 
where  he  was  nominated  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land. He  embarked  for  Holland  in  1463,  with 
queen  Margaret,  and  continued  several  years 
in  exile  in  Lorraine.  In  this  foreign  country 
he  employed  himself  in  the  composition  of 
his  book  "  De  Laudibus  Legum  Anglise," 
written  for  the  instruction  of  young  prince 
Edward ;  but  not  published  till  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  He  afterwards  accompanied 
the  queen  back  to  England  ;  but  their  affairs 
became  more  desperate,  and  with  greater 
love  of  ease,  perhaps,  than  attachment  to  his 
master,  he  reconciled  himself  to  the  reigning 
monarch  by  writing  an  apology  for  his  own 
conduct,  and  passed  the  rest  of  his  life  in 
retirement  and  solitude.     The   year  of  his 


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death  is  unknown,  though  lie  lived  to  nearly 
his  90th  year,  and  was  buried  in  the  church 
of  Ehrington,  Glocestershire,  where,  in  1077, 
one  of  his  descendants  repaired  his  monu- 
ment. He  wrote  besides,  "  the  Difference 
between  an  absolute  and  limited  monarchy, 
&c."  published  by  J.  Fortescue  Aland,  1714, 
besides  other  works  remaining  in  MS.  The 
best  edition  of  his  book,  "  De  Laudibus  is  that 
of  1741.  His  character  was  very  respectable 
for  piety,  learning,  and  benevolence,  and,  as 
attached  to  his  country,  none  deserves  a 
better  name. 

Fortiguerra,  Nicolas,  an  Italian  pre- 
late ami  poet,  born  1674.  He  was  made  a 
bishop  by  Clement  XI.  but  he  was  so  often 
disappointed  by  Clement  XII.  who  as  the 
patron  of  poets,  had  promised  him  a  cardi- 
nal's hat,  that  he  fell  ill  in  consequence,  and 
died  1735,  aged  CI.  He  wrote  "Ricciar- 
detto,"  a  burlesque  poem  in  30  cantos,  in  a 
short  time,  to  prove  to  some  of  his  friends 
the  ease  with  which  he  could  write  in  the 
manner  of  Ariosto.  This  poem,  though 
very  fault}',  exhibits  sallies  of  pleasantry  and 
strokes  of  genius.  It  has  been  translated  into 
French  by  du  Mourrier.  Fortiguerra 
translated  Terence  into  Italian  1730. 

Fortius,  or  Fortis,  Joachim,  a  teach- 
er of  Greek  and  of  mathematics  at  Antwerp, 
intimate  with  Erasmus,  and  other  learned 
men.  He  died  1536.  He  wrote  "  De  Ra- 
tione  Studendi,"  and  other  works. 

Foscari,  Francis,  a  noble  Venetian,  elec- 
ted doge  1423.  He  enlarged  the  Venetian 
dominions  by  the  conquest  of  Brescia  and 
Bergamo,  and  the  towns  of  Crema  and  Ra- 
venna, and  other  places ;  but  these  victories 
cost  so  dear  that  the  Venetians  loudly  mur- 
mured, and  deposed  their  unfortunate  leader. 
His  son  shared  also  his  disgrace,  and  was 
banished,  under  false  accusations,  and  the 
wretched  father  died  two  days  after  his  de- 
position, 1457,  aged  84.  The  son  also  soon 
after  died  in  prison,  upon  the  false  charge  of 
murdering  a  senator. 

Foscarini,  Michael,  a  Venetian  senator 
and  historian.  He  continued  Nani's  history 
of  Venice,  at  the  public  request,  and  died 
1692,  aged  64.  His  work  was  printed  1692, 
4to.  and  makes  the  10th  vol.  of  Venetian  his- 
torians.    He  also  wrote  novels. 

Fosse,  Charles  de  la,  a  French  painter, 
pupil  to  Le  Brun,  born  at  Paris  1640.  He 
studied  in  Italy,  and  at  his  return  he  painted 
the  dome  of  the  hotel  of  Invalids-  Lewis 
XIV.  gave  him  a  pension  of  1000  crowns,  and 
he  became  professor  and  rector  of  the  acade- 
my for  painting.  He  was  for  some  time  en- 
gaged in  adorning  the  duke  of  Montague's 
house,  now  the  British  museum  in  London, 
and  received  a  handsome  offer  from  king 
William,  who  admired  his  genius,  and  wished 
him  to  settle  in  England;  but  he  declined. 
He  died  at  Paris  1716. 

Fosse,  Antony  de  la,  nephew  to  the  above, 
was  born  at  Paris  1658.  He  was  lord  of  Au- 
bigny,  by  the  purchase  of  the  estate  which 
bears  that  title,  and  lie  was  secretary  to  the 
marquis  de  Crequi.     When  his  patron   was 


killed  at  the  battle  of  Luzura,  he  brought 
back  his  heart  to  P:ivis,  and  celebrated  his 
fall  in  poetry.  He  was  afterwards  in  the 
service  of  the  duke  d'Aumont;  but  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  chiefly  by  Ms  tragedies.  ' 
His  MunKrrt,  which  is  his  best  play,  is  consi- 
dered by  the  French  as  equal  to  the  trage- 
dies of  Corneille;  but  he  is  less  known  than 
he  deserves.  This  amiable  poet  died  in  the 
retirement  and  modest  solitude  which  he 
loved,  1708,  aged  50. 

Foster,  Samuel,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian, born  in  Northamptonshire,  and  educa- 
ted at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  his  degree  of  M.A.  1623.  He  was 
elected  in  163(3,  to  the  professorship  of  astro- 
nomy in  Gresham  college,  which  he  resigned 
the  same  year,  and  to  which  he  was  again 
elected  in  1641.  During  the  civil  wars  he 
formed  one  of  that  society  of  learned  men 
who  united  for  philosophical  purposes,  and 
were  afterwards  incorporated  under  the 
name  of  the  Royal  society  by  Charles  n.  He 
not  only  applied  himself  to  astronomy,  and 
to  curious  and  intelligent  observations  on 
eclipses  and  on  celestial  bodies,  but  he  con- 
structed and  improved  with  great  ingenuity, 
several  mathematical  and  astronomical,  in- 
struments. He  died  at  Gresham  college,  of 
a  decline,  1652.  The  chief  of  his  works  are 
"  the  Art  of  Dialling,"  4to.  1638 — four  trea- 
tises of  Dialling,  4to.  1654 — Miscellanies  or 
Mathematical  Lucubrations — descriptions  of 
several  Instruments  invented  and  improved. 
There  were  two  other  mathematicians  of  the 
name  of  Foster  in  the  same  century;  Wil- 
liam, a  disciple  of  Oughtred,  and  author  of 
the  Circles  of  Proportion,  and  the  Horizon- 
tal Instrument,  1633,  4to.  and  Mark,  who 
published  a  treatise  of  Trigonometry-. 

Foster,  James,  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  16th  Sep.  1C9",  at  Exeter,  at  the  gram- 
mar school  and  in  an  academy  of  which 
place  he  was  educated.  With  great  abilities, 
a  sound  judgment,  and  a  ready  elocution,  he 
began  to  preach  1718,  but  the  warm  disputes 
which  prevailed  in  the  west  of  England,  and 
especially  Exeter  about  the  trinity,  rendered 
his  situation  in  Devonshire  unpleasant,  and 
he  removed  to  Melborne,  Somersetshire, 
and  soon  after  to  Ashw  iek.  He  published  in 
1720  his  "  Essay  on  Fundamentals,"  and  his 
sermon  "  on  the  Resurrection  of  Christ;" 
but  his  finances  were  so  low,  and  his  hopes 
of  improving  his  income  so  uncertain,  that 
he  almost  determined  to  learn  the  trade  of 
gloverfrom  Mr.  Norman,  in  whose  house  he 
lived  at  Trowbridge  in  Wilts,  after  ids  remo- 
val from  Somersetshire.  He  was,  however, 
soon  after  received  as  chaplain  in  the  family 
of  Rob.  Houlton,  esq.  and  in  1724  he  was 
choseu  to  succeed,  at  Barbican,  Dr.  Gale,  a 
person  by  whose  book  on  adult  immersion  he 
had  been  persuaded  to  be  baptized.  In  1731 
he  published  bis  Defence  of  the  Usefulness 
Truth,  &c.  of  Christian  Revelation  against 
Tindal,  and  in  1744,  after  20  years'  service 
at  Barbican,  he  was  chosen  pastor  of  the  in- 
dependents at  Pinners  hall,  and  in  1748  re- 
ceived the  degree©!' D.D.  from  the  uuiversi- 


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FQ 


ty  of  Aberdeen.  He  attended  lord  Kilmar- 
nock after  his  trial  in  1746,  and  died  in  con- 
sequence of  a  paralytic  stroke,  5th  Nov.  1753. 
His  character  for  humanity  and  benevolence 
of  heart  was  equal  to  his  learning,  popular 
as  a  preacher,  and  liberal  in  his  religious 
sentiments.  He  wrote  besides  the  above, 
"  Tracts  on  Heresy,"  in  a  controversy  with 
Dr.  Stebbing — 4  vols,  of  sermons,  8vo. — 2 
vols,  of  Discourses  on  Natural  Religion,  and 
Social  Virtue,  4to.  Bolingbroke  attributes 
to  him  that  false  aphorism,  "that  where  mys- 
tery begins,  religion  ends."  Pope  has  men- 
tioned him  with  commendation  in  the  pre- 
face to  his  satires. 

Foster,  John,  an  elegant  scholar,  born 
at  Windsor  1731,  and  educated  at  Eton  col- 
lege, where  under  the  able  tuition  of  Flump- 
tree  and  Iturton,  he  distinguished  himself  as 
a  superior  proficient  in  the  Greek  and  He- 
brew languages.  In  1748  he  was  elected  to 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards 
became  assistant  to  Dr.  Barnard,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1765,  in  the  mastership  of  Eton 
college.  But  though  eminent  in  learning, 
and  great  in  mental  powers,  he  was  deficient 
in  manners,  in  temper,  and  in  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  the  world,  which  are  so  neces- 
sary for  such  a  situation,  and  which  were 
possessed  in  a  high  degree  by  his  predeces- 
sor Barnard,  so  that  his  authority  became  un- 
popular, and  he  at  last  resigned.  His  me- 
rits, however,  were  rewarded  by  a  canonry 
at  Windsor  in  1772,  but  his  infirmities  were 
increasing  so  rapidly,  that  he  did  not  enjoy 
his  honors  long.  He  went  to  the  German 
Spa  for  the  recovery  of  his  health,  and  died 
there  Sep.  1773.  His  remains  were  after- 
wards brought  over  to  England,  and  buried 
at  Windsor  near  those  of  his  father  who  had 
been  mayor  of  the  town,  and  over  his  tomb 
is  an  elegant  Latin  inscription  written  by 
himself.  *"  He  wrote  besides  a  prize  disserta- 
tion on  the  doctrines  of  Epicurus,  and  the 
Stoics,  Cambridge — an  Essay  on  the  Diffe- 
rent Nature  of  Accents  and  Quantity,  with 
their  Use  and  Application  in  the  Pronuncia- 
tion of  the  English,  Latin,  and  Greek 
Tongues,  with  the  Defence  of  the  Greek 
Accentual  Marks,  against  Js.  Vossius,  Sarpe- 
donius,  Dr.  Galy,  kc.  8-  o.  1762.  It  is  a  cu- 
rious and  valuable  performance. 

Foster,  Michael,  a  learned  judge,  born 
at  Marlborough,  Wilts.  He  was  educated  at 
Marlborough  school,  and  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  and  in  1707  entered  at  the  Middle 
Temple.  In  1737  he  was  elected  recorder 
of  Bristol,  and  in  1745  he  was  made  one  of 
the  justices  of  the  king's  bench,  and  then 
knighted.  He  died  1765,  aged  74.  He  pub- 
lished an  Examination  of  the  Scheme  of 
Church  Power,  laid  down  in  bishop  Gibson's 
Codex,  1735 — Report  of  some  Proceedings 
on  the  Commission  for  the  Trial  of  Rebels  in 
1746  in  the  county  of  Surrey,  1762. 

Fothergill,  George,  D.  1).  eldest  of 
seven  sons,  was  born  the  last  day  of  the  year 
1705,  at  Lockholme,  Westmoreland,  of  an 
ancient  family.  He  was  educated  there,  and 
at  Kendal    school,    and  then    removed    to 


Queen's  college,  Oxford,  where  he  became 
fellow  and  tutor.  In  1751  he  was  made  head 
of  St.  Edmund  hall,  and  vicar  of  Bramley, 
Hampshire.  He  died  of  an  asthma,  5th  Oct. 
1760,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  his  hall. 
He  was  author  of  2  vols,  of  sermons. 

Fothergill,  John,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, born  8th  March,  1712,  at  Carr-end, 
Yorkshire,  of  respectable  quakers.  He  was 
educated  atSedburgh  school,  Yorkshire,  and 
in  1718  bound  apprentice  to  an  apothecary 
at  Bradford.  In  1736  he  removed  to  Lou- 
don, and  studied  two  years  under  Wilmot  at 
St.  Thomas's  hospital,  and  then  went  to 
Edinburgh,  where  he  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree. He  afterwards  visited  Leyden,  and 
travelled  through  France  and  Germany,  and 
in  1740  settled  in  London.  He  was  a  licen- 
tiate of  the  college  of  physicians,  London, 
and  fellow  of  Edinburgh,  and  of  the  royal 
and  antiquarian  societies.  He  continued  to 
rise  in  fame  and  practice,  so  that  his  busi- 
ness brought  him  little  less  than  7000/.  per 
ann.  and  enabled  him  to  accumulate  a  pro- 
perty of  80,000/.  He  died  of  an  obstruction 
in  the  bladder,  at  his  house  Harpur  street, 
26th  Dec.  17S0,  and  his  remains  were  inter- 
red in  the  quaker's  burying  ground  Winch- 
more  hill.  Besides  his  medical  engagements, 
he  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  natural  histo- 
ry, and  made  a  collection  of  shells  and  other 
natural  curiosities,  which  were  sold  after 
his  death  to  Dr.  Hunter  for  1200/.  He  form- 
ed an  excellent  botanical  garden  at  his  house 
at  Upton  in  Essex,  and  he  liberally  endowed 
a  seminary  of  young  quakers  at  Ac  worth 
near  Leeds,  for  the  education  and  clothing  of 
above  300  children.  He  published  some 
tracts,  the  best  of  which  is  "  on  the  Ulce- 
rous Sore  Throat,"  and  was  a  great  patron 
of  learned  men.  He  assisted  Sydney  Park- 
inson in  his  account  of  his  South  sea  voyage, 
and  at  the  expense  of  2000/.  printed  a  trans- 
lation of  the  bible  from  the  Hebrew  and 
Greek  original,  by  Anthony  Purver  ihe 
quaker,  2  vols.  fol.  1764,  and  in  1780  publish- 
ed Percy's  Key  to  the  New  Testament,  for 
the  use  of  his  seminary.  His  books  were 
sold  by  auction  in  1781,  and  his  portraits  and 
prints  were  bought  for  200  guineas  by  Mr. 
Thane. 

Fothergill,  Samuel,  brother  to  the 
preceding  was  eminent  as  a  preacher  among 
the  quakers.  He  travelled  over  England, 
Scotland,  Ireland,  and  North-America  to 
propagate  his  doctrines,  and  died  1773,  much 
respected  for  his  private  character. 

Foucault,  Nicolas  Joseph,  an  antiquary 
born  at  Paris,  1643.  He  was  intendant  in 
Normandy,  and  within  six  miles  of  Caen,  he 
discovered  in  1704  the  ancient  town  of  the 
Viducassians,  of  which  he  published  an  inter- 
esting account,  with  the  history  of  the  mar- 
bles, coins,  inscriptions,  &c.  found  there. 
He  discovered  in  the  abbey  of  Moissac  in 
Querci  a  MS.  of  Lactantius  de  Mortibus 
Persecutorem,  afterwards  published  by  Ba- 
luce.  He  died  1721,  respected  for  his  erudi- 
tion, his  mildness  of  manners,  and  his  bene- 
volence. 


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Foucher,  Simon,  a  native  of  Dijon,  who 
died  at  Paris  1696,  aged  52.  fie  was  author 
of  a  treatise  on  Hygrometers — on  the  Wis- 
dom of  the  Ancients — Letters  on  the  History 
and  Principles  of  the  Academic  Philosophy, 
6  vols.  kc. 

Pouchier,  Bertram  de,a  Dutch  painter 
of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  disciple  to  Vandyck. 
He  studied  the  manner  of  Tintoretto  at 
Koine,  and  adopted  at  his  return  home  the 
style  of  Brou wer.  His  portraits  and  conver- 
sations are  much  admired.  He  died  1674, 
aged  66. 

Foucquet,  Nicolas,  marquis  of  Belle- 
Isle,  was  born  1615,  and  for  his  talents  was 
earlv  advanced  in  the  state.  He  was  at  the 
age  of  35  procurator-general  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  and  at  38  superintendant  of 
the  finances.  His  peculation  and  extrava- 
gance, however,  were  little  calculated  to  re- 
pair the  mismanagement  of  Mazarin,  and 
when  he  had  spent  above  150,000/.  of  the 
public  money  in  adorning  his  seat  at  Vaux, 
and  attempted  to  rival  his  master  in  the 
affection  of  la  Valliere,  his  ruin  was  com- 
plete. He  was  arrested  in  1661,  and  con- 
demned to  perpetual  banishment,  exchanged 
afterwards  for  imprisonment.  He  died 
March  16S0,  aged  65,  in  the  citadel  of 
Pignerol. 

FoucQ.uET,  Charles  Lewis  Augustus, 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  better  known  by 
the  name  of  mareschal  Bellisle,  was  born 
1684.  He  entered  early  into  the  army  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  Lisle, 
for  which  Lewis  XIV.  promised  him  his 
favor  and  protection.  After  that  monarch's 
■death,  he  shared  the  disgrace  of  the  minister 
le  Blanc,  and  was  confined  in  the  Bastille, 
till  his  modest  justification  recommended 
him  to  the  court,  and  paved  his  way  to  pro- 
motion and  honor.  He  was  commander  in 
Flanders  in  the  war  of  1733,  and  became 
the  adviser  and  confidential  friend  of  cardinal 
Fleury.  In  1741  he  was  created  mareschal 
of  France,  and  in  1742  he  assisted  at  Frank- 
fort at  the  election  of  the  emperor  Charles 
VII.  where  his  influence  was  equal  to  his 
great  magnificence.  Afterwards  being  de- 
serted by  the  Prussians  and  Saxons,  he 
effected  his  escape  with  great  difficulty  from 
Prague,  but  with  sagacious  dexterity,  so  that 
lie  was  created  by  the  emperor  member  of 
the  Golden  Fleece,  and  a  prince  of  the  em- 
pire. He  was  taken  prisoner  in  1743  at 
Elbingerode  near  Hanover,  and  brought  over 
to  England.  He  afterwards  served  against 
the  Austrians  in  Provence,  and  was  made 
peer  of  France  1748.  He  was  made  prime 
minister  1757,  and  died  four  years  after,  a 
sacrifice  to  his  zeal  in  the  service  of  his  coun- 
try, and  his  anxiety  to  restore  her  finances 
and  commerce  to  a  prosperous  course.  He 
died  Jan.  1761,  aged  77.  He  was  a  great 
character,  respected  in  private  life,  and 
much  attached  to  the  glory  of  his  country. 
He  was  a  patron  of  merit,  and  free  from 
blame,  except  in  his  criminal  partiality  for 
the  fair  sex.  His  only  son,  born  of  a  second 
wife,  was  killed  in  battle  1758. 
VOL.    I.  6f» 


Fougeroux,  Augustus  Denys,  an  emi- 
nent writer  born  at  Paris  10th  Oct.  1732  He 
was  nephew  of  Duhame!,  and  with  him  he  ex- 
amined with  a  philosophic  eye  the  quarries  of 
Anjou,  Britany,  Naples,  &c.  and  every  where 
made  judicious  and  valuable  observations  on 
the  various  productions  of  the  natural  kingdom . 
He  died  of  an  apoplexy  28th  Dec.  1789  He 
wrote  Memoir  on  the  formation  of  Bone — 
I'Art  de  l'Ardoisier — l'Art  du  Tonnellier — 
I' Art  de  Travailler  les  Cuirs  Dores,  Sec. 

Fouillon,  James  an  ecclesiastic  born  at 
Rochelle,  and  though  educated  among  the 
Jesuits,  a  favorer  of  the  Jansenists.  He  edi- 
ted Arnauld's  Letters,  and  had  a  share  in  the 
History  of  the  Case  of  Conscience,  8  vols.  1 .05 
— and  in  the  Hexaples  against  the  Bull  Uni- 
genitus,  7  vols.  &c. 

Foulon,  William,  in  Latin  Gnaphseus, 
was  born  at  the  Hague,  where  he  kept  a 
school.  He  wrote  three  Latin  comedies, 
Martyrium  Johannis  Pistorii — Hypocrysis&c 
Acolastus  de  Pilio  Prodigo,  the  most  admir- 
ed, edited  with  learned  notes  by  Prateolus  at 
Paris  1554.  He  died  at  Horden  in  Friesland, 
where  he  was  burgomaster,  1558,  aged  75. 

Foulon,  John,  author  of  a  Commentary 
on  the  Maccabees — Historia  Leodiensis,  3 
vols,  folio,  &c.  was  a  Jesuit  of  Liege  who 
died  1668. 

Foulon,  N.  a  French  politician  who  ad- 
vised the  government  to  recover  its  credit 
by  a  general  bankruptcy.  He  was  placed 
over  the  finances  at  the  beginning  of  the  re- 
volution, but  in  the  midst  of  the  general  con- 
fusion he  became  one  of  its  first  victims  He 
in  vain  attempted  to  conceal  himself,  when 
discovered  22d  July,  1789,  he  was  dragged 
with  the  greatest  insult,  and  in  the  most  ex- 
cruciating manner  to  Paris,  where  he  was 
hanged  amidst  the  acclamations  of  a  rejoic- 
ing, and  ferocious  populace 

Fo  uxtaine,  sir  Andrew,  an  antiquarian, 
born  at  Narford,  Norfolk,  and  educated  at 
Christ-church,  Oxford.  He  studied  here  the 
Anglo-Saxon  language,  and  published  a  spe- 
cimen of  his  great  proficiency  in  his  instruc- 
tor Hickes'Thesaurus,  under  the  title  of  Nu- 
mismata  Anglo-Saxonica  &  Anglo-Danica, 
hreviter  Illustrata  ab  Andrea  Fountaine,  cq. 
aur.  &  redis  Christi  Oxon.  Altimno,  1705. 
He  was  knighted  by  king  William,  and  after- 
wards travelled  through  Europe  in  making  a 
collection  of  valuable  pictures,  medals,  sta- 
tues, and  inscriptions.  He  was  the  intimate 
friend  and  correspondent  of  Swift,  and  he 
embellished  his  Tale  of  the  Tub,  with  excel- 
lent designs.  Sir  Andrew,  as  a  masterly  con- 
noisseur of  medals  and  antiques,  improved 
his  property  greatly  by  collecting  for  some  of 
the  largest  cabinets  in  the  kingdom.  He  was 
vice-chamberlain  to  Caroline,  when  princess 
of  Wales  and  queen,  and  in  1727  was  made 
warden  of  the  mint,  an  office  which  he  held 
till  hisdeath,  4th  Sept.  1753.  He  was  buried 
at  Narford;  a  portrait  of  him  by  Hoare  is 
preserved  at  Wilton-house.  He  is  mention- 
ed with  great  applause  by  Montfnucon. 

Fouqjjier-Tinville,  Anthony  Quen- 
tin,  a  Frenchman  of  infarrious  memory,  born 


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at  Herouan  near  St.  Quentin.  From  a  bank- 
ru])t,  he  became  the  friend  of  Robespierre, 
and  so  sanguinary  was  his  conduct,  and  so 
ferocious  his  principles,  that  he  was  deemed 
by  the  tyrant,  worthy  to  be  the  public  accu- 
ser. In  this  office  he  displayed  the  most 
bloody  and  vindictive  character.  The  young, 
the  aged,  the  innocent,  were  hurried  with  in- 
sulting indifference  to  the  scaffold,  and  in  one 
instance,  in  four  hours,  80  individuals  were 
demoted  to  immediate  death.  When  one  of 
the  gaolers  observed  that  a  person  brought 
u\i  before  the  tribunal  was  not  the  accused, 
Fauquier  observed  with  unconcern,  that  one 
was  as  good  as  the  other,  and  the  unhappy 
victim  marched  to  the  guillotine.  On  ano- 
ther occasion,  under  a  similar  mistake,  he  ex- 
ciaimed,  it  matters  little,  to-day  is  as  good  as 
to-morrow,  and  the  wretched  prisoner  suf- 
fered death.  The  fall  of  Robespierre  check- 
ed not  the  hand  of  this  monster,  on  the  day 
of  the  tyrant's  arrest,  he  observed,  on  sign- 
ing the  condemnation  of  4iJ  persons,  that  jus- 
tice must  have  her  course.  At  last  punish- 
ment came  though  late,  the  vindictive 
Fouquier  appeared  before  that  tribunal  where 
he  had  exercised  such  bloodyr  tyranny,  and  on 
the  7th  May  1794,  he  was  gullotined,  aged 
48,  and  universally  execrated. 

Fouquieres,  James,  a  Flemish  painter, 
born  at  Antwerp,  15S0.  He  was  the  disciple 
of  Velvet  Breughel,  and  painted  for  Rubens. 
He  worked  for  the  electorpalatineat  Heidle- 
berg,  and  went  to  Paris  where  he  died  poor 
through  imprudence  1659.  His  landscapes 
are  so  finely  finished  as  to  be  scarce  inferior  to 
Titian's. 

Four  du.     Fid.  Longuerue. 

Fourcroi,  N.  an  eminent  French  engi- 
neer, who  planned  the  junction  of  the  rivers 
Scheldt,  Moselle,  Sambre,  Oise,  Rhine  and 
Meuse,  by  means  of  canals.  He  published 
some  valuable  tracts,  and  died  12th  Jan.  1791, 
aged  76 . 

Fourmoxt,  Stepheu,  professor  of  Ara- 
bic and  Chinese  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Herbe- 
lai  near  that  city  1683  He  devoted  himself 
with  unusual  application  to  study,  and  had  so 
retentive  a  memory  that  the  most  difficult 
paesages  became  familiar  to  him.  Hewasso 
well  known  as  a  man  of  erudition,  that  once 
or  twice  a  week  conferences  were  held  at  his 
house,  on  literary  subjects,  by  learned  French- 
men, and  foreigners.  He  was  liberally  invi- 
ted by  count  de  Toledo  to  settle  in  Spain, 
which  be  declined.  He  succeeded  Galland 
in  1715,  as  Arabic  professor,  ami  was  admit- 
ted into  the  learned  societies  of  Paris,  Berlin, 
and  Loudon,  and  was  afterwards  secretary  to 
the  duke  of  Orleans  his  friend  and  patron. 
He  died  1743.  His  works  are  "  the  Roots  of 
the  Latin  Tongue  in  Metre" — Critical  Re- 
flections on  Aucient  History,  to  the  time  of 
Cyrus,  2  vols.  4to. — Meditationes  Sinica:, 
folio — a  Chinese  Grammar  in  Latin,  folio — 
Dissertation  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy 
of  Inscriptions. 

Fourmont,  Michael,  brother  to  the 
above,  was  r>n  ecclesiastic  and  professor  of 
Syriac  in  the  Royal  college,  and  member  of 


I  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions.    He  died  1746. 
Fournier,  Peter  Simon,  a  French  en- 

!  graver  aud  letter  founder,  born  at  Paris  1712. 

I  In  1737,  he  published  a  table  of  proportions 

I  to  be  observed  between  letters,  to  determine 
their  height.  He  wrote  also  dissertations  on 
the  rise  and  progress  of  the  typographical 
art,  published  since  in  1  vol.  8vo.  divided  into 

!  three   parts.     His  great  work  is  "  Manuel 

]  Typographique  utile  aux  Gens  de  Lettres, 
&  a  ceux  qui  exercent  les  Hifferentes  Parties 
de  l'Art  de  rimprimerie,  8vo.  2  vols.  This 
excellent  character,  who  had  done  so  much 
for  his  profession,  died  1/68. 

Four Ny,  Honore  Caille  du,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  who  assisted  pere  Anselme  in 
his  second  edition  of  Histoire  Genealogique 
&  Chronologique  de  la  Maison  de  France  & 
des  Grands  Officiers  de  la  Couronne,  1712, 
since  continued  to  9  vols  fol.  He  was  audi- 
tor of  the  Paris  chamber  of  accounts,  and 
died  1731. 

Foi'rquevaux,  Raymond  of  Pavia, 
baron  of,  an  Italian,  of  the  family  of  Beccari 
in  Pavia,  who  came  to  France  in  ttie  wars  of 
the  Guelphs  and  Gibbelines,  and  signalized 
himself  in  the  defence  of  Toulouse  against 
the  Huguenots  in  1562.  He  was  for  his  ser- 
vices made  governor  of  Narbonne,  where  he 
died  1574,  aged  66.  He  wrote  the  lives,  of 
14  great  French  generals,  4to.  Paris  1543, 
much  esteemed. 

Fowler,  John,  an  English  printer,  boru 
at  Bristol,  and  educated  at  Winchester  and 
New-college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became 
fellow  1555.  He  resigned  in  1559;  and  went 
to  Antwerp  and  Louvain,  where  he  learned 
printing,  and  employed  his  talents  for  the  pa- 
pists against  the  protestants.  He  was  accord- 
ing to  Wood  a  learned  man,  well  skilled  in 
Greek  and  Latin,  a  poet  and  orator,   and   a 

judicious  critic.  He  wrote,  as  well  as  printed 
books  in  favor  of  his  religion.  He  died  at 
Newmark  in  Germany  1578. 

Fowler,  Christophe,  a  puritan  of  some 
eminence,  born  at  Marlborough  1611,  and 
educated  at  Magdalen-college,  and  Edmund- 
hall,  Oxford.  He  took  orders,  but  in  1641 
declared  himself  a  presbyterian,  and  drew 
crowds  after  him  by  the  oddity  of  his  gestures 
and  the  violence  of  his  appeals  in  the  pulpit. 
He  afterwards  was  vicar  of  St.  Mary's 
Reading,  and  then  fellow  of  Eton,  and  an 
able  assistant  to  the  Berkshire  commissioners 
in  the  ejection  of  what  then  were  called  igno- 
rant and  insufficient  ministers.  At  the  resto- 
ration he  was  ejected  from  his  preferments, 
and  died  1676,  considered  as  little  better  than 
distracted.  His  writings  are  not  worth  men- 
tioning. 

Fowler,  Edward,  an  English  prelate, 
born  1632,  at  Westerleigh,  Glocestershire, 
where  his  father  was  minister.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  college  school  Glocester,  and 
removed  to  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford. 
Ashe  had  been  brought  up  among  the  puri- 
tans, he  at  first  objected  to  conformity  with 
the  church,  but  became  afterwards  one  of  its 
greatest  ornaments.  As  he  was  an  able 
preacher  he  was  made  by  the  primate  Shel- 


FO 


FO 


■Ion,  rector  of  All-IIallows,Bread  street,  167.3, 
and  two  years  after  he  became  prebendary  at 
Glocester,  and  in  1681  vicar  of  St.  Giles' 
Cripplegate,  when  lie  took  his  degree  of  D. 
D.  He  was  an  able  defender  of  protestant- 
ism, and  appeal's  as  the  second  of  the  Lon- 
don clergy,  who  refused  to  read  king  James's 
declaration  for  liberty  of  conscience,  in  1688. 
He  was  rewarded  for  his  eminent  services  in 
the  cause  of  religion,  and  in  the  promotion  of 
the  revolution,  by  being  made  in  1691,  bishop 
of  Glocester.  He  died  at  Chelsea  1714, 
aped  S2.  He  was  twice  married,  and  by  his 
first  wife  had  several  children  He  wrote 
sermons  and  various  pieces  on  divinity,  the 
most  known  and  useful  of  which  is  his  "  De- 
sign of  Christianity,"  often  printed,  and  de- 
fended by  the  author  against  Bunyan,  the 
•writer  of  the  Pilgrim's  Progress. 

Fox,  Edward,  an  English  prelate  and 
statesman,  born  at  Dursley,  Glocestci  shire, 
and  educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  provost  1.V28. 
His  abilities  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
of  Wolsey,  by  whom  he  was  engaged  as  an 
ambassador  to  Home  with  Gardiner,  to  pro- 
mote the  divorce  of  the  king  from  Catherine 
of  Arragon.  He  was  afterwards  sent  on  em- 
bassies to  France  and  Germany,  and  in  1535 
raised  to  the  see  of  Hereford.  He  was  an 
active  promoter  of  the  reformation,  and  if 
inferior  to  Cranmer  in  abilities,  he  was  his 
superior  in  dexterity.  When  in  Germany 
}ie  zealously  invited  the  protestant  divines  to 
unite  themselves  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
church  of  England.  He  died  in  London  15$8. 
He  wrote  in  the  midst  of  his  political  engage- 
ments, a  book  called  de  Vera  Differentia 
Regise  Protestatis  et  Ecclesiastics  et  quce  sit 
ipsa  Veritas,  et  Virtus  utriusque  1534  ;  trans- 
lated into  English  by  lord  Strafford.  His 
maxims  were  that  "  an  honorable  peace 
lasts  long,  but  a  dishonorable  peace  no  lon- 
ger, than  till  kings  have  power  to  break  it; 
the  surest  way  therefore  to  peace  is  a  con- 
stant preparedness  for  war,"  and  "  two 
things  must  support  a  government,  gold  and 
iron, — gold  to  reward  its  friends,  and  iron  to 
keep  under  its  enemies." 

Fox,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  ecclesi- 
asticalhistorian,  born  atBoston,  Lincolnshire 
1517.  He  was  entered  at  Brazen-nose  col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  afterwards  chosen  fellow 
of  Magdalen,  and  in  154-3,  he  became  M.A. 
In  his  younger  years  he  displayed  poetical 
genius  in  the  publication  of  some  Latin  plays 
on  scriptural  subjects,  but  he  afterwards  turn- 
ed all  his  thoughts  to  divinity,  and  to  the  re- 
formation which  now  engaged  the  attention 
of  Europe.  To  acquire  the  judgment  and 
information  necessary  on  such  important 
points,  he  read  with  great  care  the  Greek 
and  Latin  fathers,  studied  Hebrew,  and  pe- 
rused every  work  from  which  he  could  reap 
information  ;  but  his  seclusion,  and  his  fre- 
quent absence  from  public  worship,  alarmed 
his  friends  and  encouraged  his  enemies.  He 
was  therefore  accused  of  heresy  in  1545,  and 
with  difficulty  escaped  with  his  life  by  ex- 
pulsion from   college.    In  his  distress,  and 


adandoned  by  his  father-in-law,  he  was  gen- 
erously received  in  the  house  of  sir  Thomas 
Lucy  of  Warwickshire,  to  whose  children  he 
became  tutor.  He  afterwards  married  a  per- 
son of  Coventry,  and  after  residing  there  somt 
time,  he  came  to  London  still  exposed  to  the 
privations  of  a  narrow  income.  His  wants, 
however,  says  his  son,  were  relieved  by  an 
unknown  stranger,  who  gave  him  an  untold 
sum  of  money  and  bade  him  hope  for  better 
times,  which  in  three  days  arrived  by  his 
being  admitted  into  the  service  of  the  duchess 
of  Richmond,  and  made  tutor  to  her  nephew 
lord  Surrey's  children.  He  lived  at  Ryegate 
under  the  kind  protection  of  this  noble  family, 
and  though  the  persecuting  Gardiner,  in  the 
bloody  reign  of  Mary,  plotted  his  ruin,  he 
remained  for  some  time  unhurt  by  the  influ- 
ence and  the  dexterity  of  his  worthy  pupil 
now  duke  of  Norfolk.  At  last,  he  escaped 
from  the  pursuit  of  the  artful  prelate  to  the 
contiuent  with  his  wife,  and  passing  through 
Antwerp  and  Frankfort  he  settled  at  Basil, 
and  there  maintained  himself  by  correcting 
the  press  for  the  famous  printer  Oporinus. 
Here  he  formed  the  plan  of  his  great  workj 
and  at  the  end  of  Mary's  reign  returned  toEtig- 
land  where  he  was  received  with  all  the  re- 
spect due  to  his  merits.  His  pupil,  the  duke 
of  Norfolk,  settled  a  pension  on  him,  and 
Cecil  obtained  for  him  a  prebend  in  the 
church  of  Salisbury,  but  though  he  might 
have  risen  high  in  preferment  by  the  interest 
of  his  friends  Walsingham,  Drake,  Gresham, 
Grind;:!,  Pilkington,  ccc.  he  refused  to  sub- 
scribe to  some  of  the  canons,  and  when  urged 
by  Parker  the  primate,  he  produced  a  Greek 
testament,  adding,  to  this  only  will  I  subscribe. 
This  worthy  man,  so  much  and  so  deservedly 
respected,  was  greatly  afflicted  at  the  ejec- 
tion of  his  son  from  Magdalen  college  by  the 
puritans ;  but  while  he  exhibited  the  most 
perfect  moderation  in  his  religious  senti-i 
ments,  he  dreaded  the  evils  which  party  and 
dissension  might  bring  upon  the  church.  He 
died  1587,  aged  70,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  St.  Giles'  Cripplegate,  of  which 
for  some  time  he  had  been  -wear.  He  left 
two  sons,  Samuel,  afterwards  fellow  of  Mag- 
dalen college,  Oxford,  and  author  of  his  fa- 
ther's life,  and  Thomas,  fellow  of  King's 
college,  Cambridge,  and  physician  in  Lon- 
don Fox  is  deservedly  .  celebrated  as  the 
author  of  the  history  of  the  acts  and  monu- 
ments of  the  churuh,  called  "  Book  of  Mar- 
tyrs" published  in  London  1563,  in  one  vo- 
lume folio,  and  afterwards  improved  and  en- 
larged, and  published  in  a  ninth  edition  1684, 
in  3  vols.  fol.  This  work  was  highly  valued 
by  the  protestants,  while  the  papists  abused 
it  under  the  name  of  Fox's  golden  legend. 
That  Fox  is  occasionally  intemperate  and 
abusive  cannot  be  denied,  but  though  Jeremy 
Collier  accuses  him  of  disingenuity  and  ill- 
nature,  he  is  still  to  be  read  with  interest,  as 
he  is  accurate,  minute,  and  generally  impar- 
tial. 

Fox,  George,  thefirstpreacher  of  the  s;ct 
called  quakers,  was  born  at  Drayton  in  the 
Clay,  Leicestershire,  1624.    He  was  bound 


FO 


FO 


by  his  father,  who  was  a  weaver,  to  a  shoe- 
maker and  grazier,  and  the  occupation  of  his 
youth  was  chiefly  the  tending  of  sheep.  He 
did  not  however  follow  the  professions  in 
•which  he  had  been  engaged,  as,  in  1643,  he 
began  his  wandering  life,  and  after  retiring 
to  solitude,  and  at  other  times  frequenting 
the  company  of  religious  and  devout  persons, 
he  became  a  public  preacher  in  1647  or 
1648.  He  inveighed,  with  sullen  bitterness, 
against  the  drunkenness,  the  injustice,  and 
the  vices  of  the  times,  he  attacked  the  cler- 
gy, and  the  established  modes  of  worship, 
and  asserted  that  the  light  of  Christ,  implant- 
ed in  the  human  heart,  was  alone  the  means 
of  salvation  and  the  right  qualification  of  the 
gospel  ministry  Such  doctrines  produced 
persecution,  lie  was  imprisoned  at  Notting- 
ham in  1649,  and  during  the  whole  course  of 
his  laborious  life,  he  suffered  the  same  treat- 
ment eight  times  more,  and  often  with  great 
severity.  He  married  in  1669,  Margaret  the 
widow  of  Thomas  Fell,  a  Welch  judge,  who 
•was  nine  years  older  than  himself,  but  as  she 
had  to  attend  to  a  family,  by  her  former  hus- 
band, and  as  his  avocations  were  of  a  spiri- 
tual kind,  and  in  distant  countries,  they  did 
not  long  live  together.  In  his  pious  zeal, 
Fox  visited  not  only  England,  Ireland,  and 
Scotland,  but  he  extended  his  travels  to  Hol- 
lan',  and  Germany,  to  the  American  colo- 
nies, and  the  West-India  Islands,  recom- 
mending in  his  life  and  conduct  the  merits  of 
a  meek,  devout,  and  inoffensive  character. 
He  died  in  London  1690.  Though  illiterate 
he  wrote  much.  His  journal  was  printed 
1694,  his  epistles  1698,  his  doctrinal  pieces, 
about  150  in  number,  1706.  The  name  of  j 
quakers  was  first  given  to  him  and  his  fol-  j 
lowers  at  Derby,  in  consequence  of  the  odd  j 
contorsions  of  their  body. 

Fox,  Richard,  a  native  of  Grantham,  Lin- 
colnshire. Though  of  obscure  origin,  he  | 
was  well  educated  at  Boston  school,  and 
Magdalen  coll.  ge,  Oxford,  from  which  he 
removed  in  consequence  of  the  plague,  to 
Pembroke  hall.  Cambridge.  He  was  by  the 
friendship  of  Morton  bishop  of  Ely,  recom- 
mended at  Paris,  to  the  notice  of  Henry  earl ! 
of  Hiehmond,  who  on  his  accession  to  the  ; 
English  throne,  made  him  a  privy  counsel- 
lor, and  raised  him  to  the  see  of  Exeter. 
His  abilities  were  employed  by  the  monarch 
in  various  embassies  on  the  continent,  and  he 
was  translated  to  the  see  of  Durham,  and 
then  to  Winchester.  He  was  a  liberal  pa- 
tron of  learning,  and  founded  besides  several 
free  schools,  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford. 
He  died  1528 

Fox,  Charles  James,  an  eminent  states- 
man, born  13th  Jan.  1749.  He  was  the  se- 
cond son  of  lord  Holland,  by  the  sister  of  the 
duke  of  Richmond,  and  to  the  accidental  fa- 
vors of  high  rank,  and  of  titled  relatives,  he 
added  the  more  solid  advantages  of  extraor- 
dinary natural  genius,  and  strong  powers  of 
mind.  These  promising  talents  were  seen 
and  cherished  by  his  father,  he  was  instruct- 
ed to  think  with  freedom,  and  to  speak  with 
readiness  and  with  energy,  and  after  a  short 


initiation  at  Westminster  school,  he  was  re 
moved  to  Eton,  and  during  his  residence  in. 
that  illustrious  seminary,  he  published  the 
periodical  paper  called  the  Spendthrift,  in. 
'20  numbers  From  Eton,  where  he  formed 
an  increasing  friendship  with  some  of  the  fu- 
ture leaders  of  the  senate,  he  removed  to 
Oxford,  and  then  devoted  himself  so  zealous- 
ly to  dramatic  literature,  that  he  is  said  to 
have  read  every  play  written  in  the  English 
language.  After  making  the  usual  tour  of 
Europe,  he  was  elected,  even  before  he  was 
of  age,  into  parliament  for  Midhurst,  and  his 
first  speech  was  in  favor  of  ministry,  and 
against  Mr.  Wilkes,  and  the  Middlesex  elec- 
tion. After  sharing  the  favors  of  the  minis- 
ter as  a  lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and  after- 
wards as  a  lord  of  the  Treasury,  he  was  dis- 
missed from  his  offices,  and  had  the  singular 
fortune  before  he  reached  his  24th  year,  of 
being  the  ablest  supporter  of  the  government 
during  one  session,  and  in  the  next  of  be- 
coming one  of  its  most  eloquent  and  dange- 
rous opponents.  During  the  American  war 
he  was  a  regular,  consistent,  and  active  an- 
tagonist of  the  ministry,  and  on  the  removal 
of  lord  North  he  was  raised  to  a  seat  in  the 
cabinet  as  secretary  of  state.  The  death  of 
lord  Rockingham  soon  after  dissolved  the 
new  ministry,  and  Mr.  Fox  after  some  time 
opposing  the  measures  of  lord  Shelburne  re- 
turned to  power  by  his  well  known  coalition 
with  lord  North.  This  event  is  regarded  as 
an  indelible  stigma  in  the  political  life  of  Fox, 
who  in  the  ardor  of  his  zeai  had  often  decla- 
red that  he  would  not  trust  himself  in  the 
same  room  with  lord  North,  but  would  em- 
ploy all  his  powers  to  bring  him  to  the  scaf- 
fold for  the  flagitiousness  of  his  jfretended 
public  crimes.  So  heterogeneous  an  .-union 
gave  great  offence  to  the  people,  and  reflect- 
ed little  honor  on  the  integrity  of  the  two 
colleagues,  and  therefore  the  memorable  In- 
dia-bill proved  fatal  to  their  interests,  and 
brought  on  their  downfal.  The  French  re- 
volution was  an  event  which  Fox  hailed  as 
the  harbinger  of  freedom,  happiness,  and 
prosperity,  not  only  to  France,  but  to  neigh- 
boring nations,  but  he  lived  to  witness  the 
fallacy  of  his  rash  conclusions.  Deserted  by 
some  of  his  once  faithful  associates,  who  re- 
garded his  systematical  opposition  to  the  mi- 
nistry as  disloyal  if  not  treacherous,  he  form- 
ed the  design  of  withdrawing  from  his  at- 
tendance in  parliament,  except  on  great  and 
constitutional  occasions,  and  the  measure  was 
deservedly  censured,  even  by  his  warmest 
supporters  In  his  addresses  at  some  of  the 
public  meetings  at  the  Crown  and  Anchor 
tavern,  which  were  now  considered  as  substi- 
tutes for  his  parliamentary  services,  he  gave 
offence  to  the  ministry,  and  In  consequence 
of  his  speeches,  in  which  he  affected  to  treat 
the  sovereign  with  disrespect,  his  name  was 
struck  off  from  the  list  of  the  privy  counsel- 
lors. In  1803,  he  returned  to  his  parliamen- 
tary duty,  and  on  the  lamented  death  of  his 
great  rival  Pitt,  in  the  beginning  of  1806,  he 
was  drawn  from  the  ranks  of  opposition,  and 
by  the  advice  of  lord  Grenville,  placed  as  se- 


FO 


Y'R 


crctary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs,  in  tlie 
number  of  those  who  were  most  capable  of 
guiding  the  destinies  of  the  empire  in  limes 
of  the  greatest  danger  and  difficulty.  In  this 
new,  and  unexpected  situation,  he  had  the 
opportunity  of  witnessing  the  chicane  and 
perfidy  of  the  government,  whose  cause  lie 
had  so  long  advocated  in  parliament,  and  in 
his  negotiation  with  France  lie  experienced 
how  ill  calculated  for  the  happiness  and  inde- 
pendence of  Europe,  was  the  political  system 
of  that  people,  whose  extravagances  and 
crimes  he  had  once  regarded  as  the  ebulli- 
tions of  freemen,  and  as  the  forerunner  of 
national  forbearance,  and  of  universal  peace. 
Having  thus  lived  to  feel  the  disappointment 
which  a  generous  mind  must  experience  in  a 
dipleniaticiiitercour.se  conducted  on  one  part 
with  frankness  and  sincerity  and  on  the  other 
with  artifice  and  duplicity,  this  illustrious 
statesman  fell  a  prey  to  the  insurmountable 
attacks  of  a  dropsy.  He  died  at  Chiswick- 
house,  13th  Sept.  1806,  after  undergoing 
three  times  in  five  weeks  the  painful  opera- 
tion of  tapping,  and  his  remains  were  pub- 
licly buried  on  the  10th  (Jet  following  in 
Westminster  abbey.  Of  this  extraordinary 
character,  it  must  be  acknowledged  that  he 
was  one  of  the  greatest  men  this  country 
ever  produced.  As  an  orator  his  powers 
were  gigantic,  his  eloquence  irresistible, 
vehement,  and  sublime.  It  was  a  torrent 
which  in  its  impetuous  force  hurried  along 
its  hearers  in  spite  of  all  opposition.  His 
mind  capacious  and  intelligent,  at  one  view 
grasped  the  whole  subject  of  debate,  at  one 
glance  he  saw  the  weak,  and  the  strong  parts 
of  his  adversary's  defence,  and  with  masterly 
dexterity  he  combated  the  most  formidable 
opponent,  and  improved  every  advantage 
which  in  the  field  of  debate  lay  exposed  to 
his  attacks.  If  he  was  less  copious,  less  ele- 
gant, and  less  sententious  than  Pitt,  if  he  was 
deficient  in  the  dazzling  and  flowery  profu- 
sion, in  the  lively  sallies  of  imagination  of  his 
great  master  Burke,  he  possessed  the  pathos, 
the  forcible  argument,  the  convincing  lan- 
guage, the  imposing  earnestness  which  capti- 
vated and  enchained  every  hearer.  With 
the  most  retentive  memory,  he  has  been 
known  after  the  lapse  of  many  hours,  when 
the  powers  of  the  mind  might  grow  languid, 
to  answer  the  ai-guments  of  various  speakers, 
and  with  the  most  minute  arrangement  His 
manner,  if  not  graceful,  was  peculiarly  ani- 
mated and  impressive,  and  the  fire  of  his  eye 
-was  rapid  and  commanding.  His  replies  al- 
ways exhibited  him  as  very  great,  and  with 
all  the  ardor  of  genuine  oratory  he  enliven- 
ed the  debate,  not  only  with  new  ideas,  but 
■with  all  the  clearness  of  argumentation,  and 
the  extensive  information  with  which  his 
comprehensive  mind  was  stored.  In  a  pro- 
found acquaintance  with  the  human  charac- 
ter, and  a  mature  knowledge  of  domestic 
and  foreign  politics,  he  was  above  all  others 
supremely  happy.  In  private  life  he  was 
universally  beloved.  He  was  the  convivial 
friend,  the  pleasing  companion,  the  man  of 
integrity  and  honor.     He  possessed,  in  a  high 


degree  the  talent  which  distingmshes  man., 
and  the  genius  which  elevates  him,  nor  was 
he  deficient  in  a  portion  of  that  virtue  which 
rises  superior  to  both  His  faults,  as  Burke 
observed,  though  they  might  tarnish  the  lus- 
tre, and  sometimes  impede  the  march,  of  his 
abilities,  were  not  formed  to  extinguish  the 
fire  of  great  virtues.  In  his  faults  there  was 
no  mixture  of  deceit,  of  hypocrisy,  of  pride, 
of  ferocity,  or  complexional  despotism.  That 
much  of  the  popularity  which  he*  enjoyed 
arose  from  his  opposition  to  his  great  rival 
Pitt,  as  well  as  from  the  vast  extent  of  "his 
own  mighty  powers,  cannot  be  doubted. 
Though  regarded  for  many  years  by  his 
friends  as  the  only  man  whose  talents  could 
support  and  confirm  the  tottering  fabric  of 
the  state,  it  is  remarkable  that  after  all  his 
determined  and  systematic  opposition  to  his 
rival,  he  when  in  office  pursued  the  same 
I  plan  of  politics,  and  from  the  champion  of 
j  popular  right,  became  the  accommodating 
colleague,  and  the  pliant  imitator  of  his  pre- 
decessor. As  a.  man  of  letters,  Mr.  Fox  is 
highly  respectable.  His  letter  to  the  elec- 
tors of  Westminster,  passed  through  seve- 
ral editions,  not  only  on  account  of  the  poli- 
tical situation  of  the  times,  but  the  abilities 
and  the  force  of  argument  displayed  in  the 
address.  Some  copies  of  his  verses  are  pre- 
served, and  show  great  genius  and  strong 
poetic  fire.  It  was  said  that  he  was  engaged 
in  the  composition  of  an  History  of  England 
from  the  Revolution,  and  that  he  visited  Pa- 
ris during  the  short  interval  of  peace,  after 
the  treaty  of  Amiens,  to  collect  materials, 
but  probably  little,  if  any,  progress  was  made 
in  the  work. 

Fox  de  Mor.ziLLO,  Sebastian,  a  native 
of  Seville,  author  of  tracts  de  Studii  Philo- 
sophici  llatione, — de  Natuni  Philosopho- 
rum,  &c.  He  was  invited  to  become  the 
tutor  of  De/ii  Carlos,  son  of  Philip  HI.  of 
Spain,  but  was  unfortunately  drowned  as  he 
passed  from  Louvain. 

Fracastorio,  Girolamo,  an  Italian  po- 
et and  physician  born  at  Verona  1483.  Two 
singular  things  are  related  of  him  in  his  in- 
fancy. When  born  his  lips  adheied  so  close- 
ly together,  that  the  knife  of  a  surgeon  was 
necessary  to  separate  them,  and  his  mother 
when  she  took  him  up  in  her  arms  was  kil- 
led by  lightning,  and  he  remained  unhurt. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  parts  and  addi-ess. 
By  his  influence  pope  Paul  III.  removed  the 
council  of  Trent  to  Bologna,  on  pretence  of 
a  contagious  disease.  He  was  also  eminent 
as  an  astronomer  and  mathematician,  and 
the  intimate  friend  of  cardinal  Bembo,  of 
Julius  Scaliger  who  esteemed  him  inferior 
only  to  Virgil,  and  other  learned  men.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy  at  Casi  near  Verona 
1553,  and  six  years  after  the  town  of  Verona 
honored  his  memory  with  a  statue.  His 
chief  poem  is  "  Siphilis,  or  de  Miprbo  Galil- 
eo" his  medical  pieces — de  Sympalhia  & 
Antipathia, — de  contagione  k  Contagiosis 
Morbis, — deCausis  Criticorum  Dierum,  ccc. 
The  works  were  printed  collectively,  the  best 
edition  that  of  Padua,  '2  vols.  4to.  1735. 


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Fuachetta,  Giroiamo,  a  political  wri- 
ter of  Rovigno,  engRged  in  several  public 
affairs.  His  great  services  procured  him 
enemies,  and  to  escape  from  their  persecu- 
tion lie  retired  to  Naples,  where  he  vindi- 
cated his  conduct  to  the  Spanish  court,  and 
was  protected  by  Benevento  viceroy  of  Na- 
ples, and  received  a  liberal  pension.  He 
died  at  Naples  the  beginning  of  the  17th 
century.  His  great  work  is  "  111  Seminario 
tie  Governi  di  Stato  &  di  Guerra,"  which 
contains  about  8000  military  and  state  max- 
ims. The  work  is  highly  esteemed.  The 
best  edition  is  that  of  Genoa  1648,  4to. 

Feaguier,  Claude  Francis,  a  French 
writer  born  at  Paris  1666,  and  educated 
among  the  Jesuits,  Rapin,  Jouvenci,  La 
Rue,  &c.  He  taught  belles  lettres  at  Caen 
for  four  years,  but  on  his  return  to  Paris  he 
quitted  the  order  of  the  Jesuits  1694,  and 
devoted  himself  to  the  greater  cultivation  of 
his  mind,  and  to  literary  pursuits.  As  he 
was  well  skilled  in  the  classics,  and  in  mo- 
dern languages,  he  assisted  the  abbe  Bignon 
in  the  Journal  des  Scavans,  and  undertook  a 
translation  of  Plato.  He  exposed  himself 
unfortunately  to  the  cold  air  of  the  night, 
which  brought  on  convulsions  in  his  head, 
and  though  he  outlived  the  attack  nine- 
teen years,  he  yet  was  unable  to  labor,  and 
died  at  last  of  an  apoplexy,  1728,  aged  62. 
Hi9  works  consist  of  Latin  poems  published 
at  Paris  1729,  12mo.  with  dissertations  con- 
cerning Socrates,  and  other  subjects  inserted 
in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions, of  which  .he  was  a  member. 

Francesca,  Peter,  a  painter  of  Venice, 
eminent  in  his  representation  of  night  pieces 
and  battles.    He  died  1443. 

Franceschini,  Mark  Antony,  a  pain- 
ter of  Bologna,  disciple  to  Carlo  Cignani, 
whose  manner  he  successfully  imitated.  He 
died  1729,  aged  81. 

Franchi,  Antonio,  a  painter  of  Lucca, 
engaged  in  the  service  of  the  duchess  of  Flo- 
rence, for  whom  he  painted  several  beautiful 
pieces.     He  died  1709,  aged  71. 

Francia,  Francesco,  a  painter  born  at  i 
Bologna,   1450.     He   was  originally  a  gold-  i 
smith,  afterwards  a  graver  of  medals,  and  at  I 
last  an  eminent  painter.     His  Sebastian  tied  j 
to  a    tree,   was  an    admirable   piece,  from 
which   succeeding    painters  drew    the   im-  j 
provement  of  their  art.     This  story  is  rela-  j 
tc(\  of  his  death.     When   requested   by    his 
friend  Raphael  to  place  in  one  of  the  church- 
es of  Bologna  his  picture  of  St.  Cecilia,  he 
was  so  struck  with  the  perfection  of  a  piece 
which  his  best  skill  could  not  excel,  that  he 
fell  into  melancholy,  and  becoming  conse- 
quently consumptive,  died  1 51S,  or  according 
to  some  1530. 

Francis,  a  Romish  saint  born  at  Assisi 
in  Umbria,  1182.  He  abandoned  the  pro- 
fession of  his  father  as  merchant,  and  devo- 
ted himself  to  austerity.  He  founded  one  of 
the  four  orders  of  mendicant  friars,  which 
was  approved  and  confirmed  by  Innocent 
HI.  1210.  His  followers  increased  so  rapidly 
that  iu  1219,  his  order  consisted  of  five  thou- 


sand members.  He  afterwards  travelled  to 
the  Holy  Land,  with  the  intention  of  con- 
verting the  sultan  Meledin,"  and  offered  to 
throw  himself  into  the  flames,  to  prove  the 
truth  of  what  he  preached.  He  died  at 
Assisi  1226,  and  was  canonized  by  Gregory 
IX.  four  years  after.  His  order  rose  to  great 
consequence  in  time,  and  was  distinguished 
not  only  for  its  services  to  the  Roman  see, 
but  for  the  popes  and  other  great  men  whom 
it  nurtured. 

Francis  of  Paulo,  a  Romish  saint  born 
at  Paulo  in  Calabria,  1416,  and  founder  of 
the  Minims.  He  retired  to  a  cave  where 
his  austerities  drew  around  him  a  great 
number  of  penitents,  who  built  there  a 
monastery.  He  was  very  rigid  in  his  rules, 
enjoining  perpetual  abstinence,  from  wine, 
fish,  and  meat,  with  many  bodily  mortifica- 
tions He  was  invited  to  France  to  cure 
Lewis  XI.  by  his  venerable  presence,  but 
instead  of  curing  the  monarch,  he  died  at 
Plessis  du  Pare  1507,  aged  91.  He  was 
canonized  by  Leo  X.  1519. 

Francis  Xavier,  a  famous  ecclesias- 
tic, born  at  Xavier  at  the  foot  of  the  Py- 
renees, 7th  April,  1506.  He  taught  philo- 
sophy at  Paris,  and  there  became  acquaint- 
ed with  Ignatius  Loyola,  whom  he  assisted 
in  the  establishment  of  the  order  of  Jesuits, 
and  with  whom  and  five  others  he  made  a 
vow  to  labor  in  the  conversion  of  infidels. 
Consequently  he  embarked  at  Lisbon  1541 
for  Goa,  and  as  the  apostle  of  the  Indies  he 
preached  on  the  coast  of  Comorin,  at  Ma- 
lacca, in  the  Moluccas,  and  at  Japan  ;  but  as 
he  formed  the  design  of  proceeding  as  far 
as  China,  he  was  cut  off  by  disease  1552.  He 
was  canonized  by  Gregory  XV.  1622.  He 
wrote  five  books  of  Epistles,  Pavia,  1631, 
8vo. — a  Catechism  and  Opuscula. 

Francis  de  Sales,  a  Romish  saint,  born 
at  Sales,  near  Geneva  21st  Aug.  1567.  He 
studied  at  Paris  and  Padua,  and  in  his  zeal 
is  said  to  have  converted  to  the  faith  70,000 
protestants.  In  1612  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Geneva,  and  founded  the  order  of  the  Visi- 
taiion,  established  by  pope  Paul  V.  1618. 
Though  invited  to  settle  in  France  by  Henry 
IV.  he  refused  to  quit  Geneva.  He  died  at 
Lyons  1622,  aged  56,  and  was  canonized  by 
Alexander  VI.  1665.  His  works  are,  Intro- 
duction to  a  Devout  Life — a  treatise  on  the 
Love  of  God,  and  letters,  all  displaying 
much  piety  and  goodness  of  heart. 

Francis,  of  Lorraine,  emperor  of  Ger- 
many, was  son  of  Leopold  duke  of  Lorraine, 
and  was  born  1708.  He  married  in  1736 
Maria  Theresa,  the  daughter  of  the  empe- 
ror Charles  VI.  and  after  his  father-in-law's 
death  1740,  he  was  associated  in  the  empire 
by  his  wife,  and  after  the  death  of  his  oppo- 
nent Charles  VII.  he  was  elected  emperor 
1745.  The  war  which  a  disputed  succession 
had  occasioned  was  terminated  by  the  peace 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1747,  but  new  disturb- 
ances arose  in  1756,  and  hostilities  again 
began,  till  the  treaty  of  Hubertsburg  in  1763 
restored  tranquillity  to  the  empire.  Francis 
was  a  great  patron  of  literature,  of  the  arts, 


FR 


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mid  of  commerce,  among  his  subjects.  He 
died  suddenly  at  Inspruek,  18th  Aug.  1765, 
aged  58. 

Francis  I.  king  of  France,  son  of  Charles 
of  Orleans,  and  Louisa  of  Savoy,  was  born  at 
Cognac,  12th  September  1494.  He  succeed- 
ed to  the  French  throne  on  the  death  of 
Lewis  XII.  1515,  and  immediately  deter- 
mined to  obtain  possession  of  the  Milanese, 
■which  he  claimed  as  descended  from  duke 
Valentine  his  maternal  grandfather.  His 
progress  was  stopped  by  the  Swiss,  but  he 
defeated  them  in  the  dreadful  battle  of  Ma- 
rignan,  Sept.  1515,  and  entering  the  Milan- 
ese obliged  the  duke  Maximilian  Sforza  to 
resign  his  power  into  his  hands.  After 
making  treaties  with  the  Genoese  and  the 
pope,  Francis  in  1516  met  Charles  V.  at 
Noyon,  and  swore  eternal  peace  between 
their  dominions.  This  pledge  so  solemnly 
given  was  observed  only  two  days,  and 
Francis  dissatisfied  that  his  rival  had  obtain- 
ed the  imperial  crown  against  him,  sought 
revenge  in  war.  Successful  for  a  while  in 
Navarre,  Francis  acquired  greater  advan- 
tages over  his  enemies  in  Flanders,  and  took 
Landrecies,  Bouchain,  &c.  In  1522  the 
French  under  Lautrec  were  defeated  at 
Bieoque,  Cremona  and  Genoa  were  taken, 
Toulon  and  Marseilles  were  besieged,  and 
Provence  was  invaded.  Francis  flew  to  the 
relief  of  his  suffering  provinces,  and  began 
the  siege  of  Pavia,  but  was  soon  after  de- 
feated, 24th  Feb.  1525,  in  battle,  and  made 
prisoner  with  the  bravest  men  of  his  army. 
On  this  melancholy  occasion  he  wrote  to  his 
mother,  and  declared  that  all  was  lost  except 
his  honor.  A  prisoner  at  Madrid,  Francis 
was  treated  by  Charles  with  great  and  un- 
pardonable severity,  and  he  was  restored  to 
liberty  in  1326,  only  upon  signing  his  renun- 
ciation to  Naples,  the  Milanese,  Genoa,  Aost, 
Flanders,  and  Artois.  The  peace  of  Cam- 
bray  152'.>  put  an  end  to  the  disputes  between 
the  rival  sovereigns  Francis  took  for  his 
second  wife  Eleauora  the  emperor's  sister, 
and  agreed  to  ransom  for  a  large  sum  his 
two  sons  who  were  still  detained  as  hostages 
at  Madrid.  Still  jealous  of  the  power  of  his 
rival,  Francis  in  1535  seized  upon  Savoy, 
while  he  saw  his  provinces  of  Provence  in- 
vaded, and  Marseilles  again  besieged,  but  at 
last  a  reconciliation  was  effected  by  means 
of  the  pope  Paui  III.  1538.  The  peace  was  of 
short  duration,  Francis  attacked  Italy,  Rous- 
sillon,  and  Luxemburg,  hut  though  his  gen- 
eral, the  duke  of  Enghien,  defeated  the  im- 
perialists at  Cerisoles  in  1544,  his  enemy 
supported  by  the  powerful  assistance  of  Hen- 
ry VIII.  of  England  made  a  formidable  in- 
vasion in  Picardy  and  Champagne.  Bou- 
logne and  Soissons  opened  their  gates  to  the 
conquerors,  and  fresh  victories  appeared 
probable,  when  the  protestant  princes  united 
their  forces  against  the  conqueror,  and  stop- 
ped his  career.  Peace  was  restored  with 
Germany  1544,  and  two  years  after  with 
England.  Francis  died  at  Rambouillet,  51st 
March,  154",  aged  53.  He  had  in  conse- 
quence of  his  debaucheries  contracted  the 


foul  disease,  which,  after  a  continuance  of 
nine  years  of  increasing  pains,  proved  at  last 
fatal.  By  his  first  wife,  Claude  of  France, 
he  had  two  sons  and  four  daughters,  and 
none  by  the  second.  Greater  as  a  warrior 
than  as  a  king,  his  whole  reign  was  disturbed 
by  a  spirit  of  jealousy,  which  he  cherished 
to  the  last  against,  the  power  of  his  rival  the 
emperor,  but  the  protection  which  he  ex- 
tended to  literature,  and  which  procured  for 
him  the  honorable  title  of  father  of  letters, 
has  eclipsed  the  weaknesses  of  an  adminis- 
tration too  often  guided  by  prejudge,  and 
disgracefully  influenced  by  the  ascendency 
of  mistresses  and  of  favorites.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  royal  college  of  Paris.  His 
life  has  been  written  by  Gaillard,  eight  vols. 
12mo. 

Francis  II.  son  of  Henry  II.  and  Cathe- 
rine de  Medicis,  was  born  1544,  and  suc- 
ceeded  his  father  on  the  throne  of  France 

1559.  He  had  married  the  preceding  year 
Mary  Stuart  of  Scotland,  and  he  died  after 
a  reign  of  seventeen  months,  5th  December 

1560,  aged  17.  The  confidence  which  he 
placed  in  the  Guises  proved  the  source  of 
much  misery  to  France,  and  kindled  the 
flames  of  civil  war. 

Francis,  duke  of  Alencon,  Anjou,  and 
Berri,  son  of  Henry  II.  and  brother  of  the 
preceding,  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
malcontents  when  his  brother,  Henry  III. 
ascended  the  throne.  He  was  seized  and 
imprisoned  by  order  of  his  mother  Cathe- 
rine de  Medicis,  but  his  brother  the  king 
restored  him  to  liberty,  and  thus  enabled 
him  to  excite  fresh  troubles.  He  supported 
the  disturbances  in  the  Low  Countries,  and 
was  at  last  crowned  15S2,  duke  of  Brabant, 
but  the  oppressive  conduct  of  his  govern- 
ment revolted  his  new  subjects  agaiast  him. 
and  the  next  year  he  was  obliged  to  fly  to 
France  for  safety.  He  died  there  10th  Feb. 
1584,  aged  29.  He  is  known  in  English  his- 
tory as  the  suitor  of  queen  Elizabeth  in  1581, 
who  flattered  his  vanity,  but  with  unbecom- 
ing coquetry  rejected  his  addresses,  after  she 
had  given  him  a  ring  as  a  pledge  of  her  af- 
fection. 

Francis,  of  Bourbon,  count  cf  St.  Pol 
and  Chaumont,  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battle  of  Marignan  1515.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Pavia  with  Francis  I.  but  escaped 
from  captivity.  He  died  at  Cotignan  near 
Rheims  1st  Sept.  1545,  aged  55. 

Francis  de  Bourbon,  count  Enghien, 
displayed  his  vr lor  in  the  service  of  Francis 
I.  and  took  Nice  and  obtained  the  famous 
victory  of  Cerisoles,  1544.  He  was  killed  by 
accident  23d  Feb.  1545,  aged  '■IT. 

Francis  de  Bourbon,  duke  of  Mont- 
pensier,  behaved  with  valor  at  the  siege  of 
Rouen,  and  at  the  battles  of  Jarnnc  and  of 
Montcontour  1572.  He  was  a  faithful  asso- 
ciate of  Henry  IV.  and  he  ably  distinguished 
himself  in  his  service  at  Arques  and  Ivri. 
He  died  at  Lisieux  1592,  aged  50. 

Francis,  of  Lorraine,  duke  of  Guise, 
and  of  Aumale,  was  born  at  Bar  17th  Feb. 
1519.    He  early  displayed  courage  and  abili- 


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ties  in  war,  arid  his  defence  of  Metz  in  1553, 
against  the  arms  of  Charles  V.  is  deservedly 
commended.  The  next  year  he  distinguish- 
ed himself  at  the  battle  of  Itenti,  in  which 
he  defeated  the  Germans,  and  after  some 
glorious  campaigns  in  Italy  and  Plunders,  he 
was  named  lieutenant-general  of  all  the 
king's  armies.  His  next  exploit  was  against 
Calais,  which  he  took  after  a  siege  of  eight 
days  from  the  English,  who  had  possessed  it 
for  210  years,  and  this  was  followed  by  the 
fall  of  Thionville.  His  services  were  such 
that  he  governed  the  kingdom  under  Hen- 
ry II.  and  Francis  II  and  received  from  the 
parliament  the  glorious  title  of  the  saviour 
of  his  country.  The  death  of  Francis  II.  was 
the  signal  for  civil  war,  and  while  the  duke 
supported  the  cause  of  the  catholics,  the  in- 
terests of  the  protestants  were  ably  protect- 
ed by  the  valor  of  Coligni.  He  took  liouen 
and  Bourges,  and  defeated  his  enemies  at 
Dreux  15*32,  and  he  was  preparing  to  be- 
siege Orleans,  the  chief  and  strongest  town 
of  the  protestants,  when  he  was  assassinated 
by  a  pistol  shot  from  the  hands  of  Poltrotde 
Mere,  one  of  the  Huguenots,  24th  Feb. 
1563. 

Francis  de  Borgta,  St.  duke  of  Can- 
dia,  and  viceroy  of  Catalonia,  was  grandson 
of  pope  Alexander  VI.  and  after  filling  high 
offices  in  the  state,  he  embraced  the  ecclesi- 
astical profession  on  the  death  of  his  wife, 
and  entered  among  the  Jesuits.  He  refused 
the  rank  of  cardinal,  and  other  ecclesiasti- 
cal honors,  and  died  at  Rome,  renowned 
for  his  piety,  30th  Sep.  1572,  aged  62.  He 
was  canonized  by  Clement  X.  1671.  He  is 
author  of  some  pious  tracts  in  Spanish, 
which  have  been  translated  into  Latin  by 
Deza  the  Jesuit. 

Francis,  Lucas,  a  native  of  Mechlin, 
employed  as  a  painter  by  the  kings  of  Spain 
and  France.  His  portraits  and  historical 
pieces  possessed  merit.  He  died  1643,  aged 
69.  His  son  Lucas  called  the  Young  was 
born  also  at  Mechlin,  and  after  studying 
under  Gerhard  Segers,  acquired  celebrity 
as  an  artist.    He  died  1654,  aged  48. 

Francis,  Simon,  a  native  of  Tours,  em- 
inent as  a  portrait  painter.  He  died  1671, 
aged  65. 

Francis  Romain,  a  Dominican  of 
Ghent.  He  was  an  able  architect,  and  finish- 
ed the  bridge  of  Maestricht,  and  afterwards 
was  engaged  by  Lewis  XIV.  in  the  comple- 
tion of  the  Pont-Royal  at  Paris,  which  had 
been  left  imperfect  by  Gabriel.  He  was  lib- 
.erally  rewarded  for  his  services  and  abilities 
by  the  French  monarch,  and  died  at  Paris 
1735,  aged  89. 

Francis,  James  Charles,  an  eminent 
French  engraver,  born  at  Nancy.  From 
Lyons  he  came  to  Paris,  where  he  was  lib- 
erally patronised,  but  his  merits  raised  him 
enemies,  which  circumstances  it  is  said  hast- 
ened his  death.  He  died  17G9,  aged  52.  He 
published  Uecueildes  Chateaux  dc  Lorraine, 
— Corps-de-Garde  after  Venloo,  ccc. 

Francis,  Philip,  D.  D.  an  eminent  di- 
vine, son  of  an  Irish  dean.    He  is  known  by 


his  excellent  translations  of  Horace  and  De- 
mosthenes, fele  wrote  also  Eugenia  and 
Constantia  two  tragedies  not  very  successful, 
and  for  his  services  as  a  political  writer,  it 
is  said,  he  was  rewarded  by  government 
with  the  rectory  of  Barrow,  Suffolk,  and  the 
chaplainship  of  Chelsea  college.  He  died 
at  Bath,  March  1773,  leaving  a  son  now 
member  of  parliament,  and  formerly  one  ot 
the  supreme  council  of  Bengal. 

Francisca,  or  Frances,  a  Roman 
lady  founder  of  a  convent  at  Rome.  She 
followed  the  doctrines  of  St.  Benedict.  She 
was  born  1384,  and  was  canonized  1 608. 

Francius,  Peter,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, who  studied  at  Leyden  under  Grono- 
vius.  After  travelling  over  France  andEng- 
land,  he  became  1674,  professor  of  rhetoric 
and  history  at  Amsterdam.  He  wrote  Ora- 
tiones — Specimen  Eloquentia;  Exterioris, — 
besides  poems  in  Greek  and  Latin,  which 
possess  considerable  merit.    He  died  1704 

Franck,  George,  a  native  of  Naumbtirg, 
who  so  early  displayed  his  abilities,  that  at 
the  age  of  18  he  received  the  poetic  cn>\<  n, 
for  his  Latin,  Greek,  German,  and  Hebrew 
poetry.  He  became  professor  of  medicine 
at  Heidelberg,  and  Witlemberg,  and  died 
1704,  sged  61.  He  is  author  of  Flora  Fran- 
cica,  12mo. — Satyrse  Medicoe,  4to. — Episto- 
lx,  &c. 

Fraxck,  Augustus  Herman,  a  native  of 
Lubeck,  professor  of  oriental  languages,  and 
of  divinity  at  Halle.  He  distinguished  him- 
self by  tin;  most  active  benevolence,  and 
founded  at  Halle  an  orphan-house,  which,  in 
1727,  contained  2196  children,  and  more 
than  130  preceptors.  Fie  also  promoted  the 
establishment  of  a  mission  to  propagate  the 
gospel  on  the  coast  of  Malabar.  He  wrote 
iViethodos  Studii  Theologici — Intrnductio  ad 
Lectionem  Prophet  arum — Commentaria  de 
Scopo  Veteris  &  NoviTest. — Manuductio  ad 

Lectionem   S.    Scriplurse Observationes 

Biblicse — Sermons — Book  of  Devotions,  ike. 
He  died  1727,  aged  64. 

Franck,  or  Francken,  Franciscus,  a 
Flemish  painter,  called  Old  Franck,  died 
1616,  aged  71.  He  executed  his  historical 
pieces  from  the  scriptures,  some  of  which 
possess  great  merit,  especially  in  the  color- 
ing, and  in  the  expression  of  the  figures. 

Franck,  Franciscus,  son  to  the  above, 
called  Young  Francis,  died  1642,  aged  62. 
He  studied  under  his  father,  and  improved 
himself  at  Venice.  His  idolatry  of  Solomon 
in  the  Notre  Dame  of  Antwerp  is  his  best 
piece. 

Francken,  Christian,  a  German  in  the 
16th  century,  successively  a  Jesuit,  a  Socinian 
in  Poland,  an  unitarian,  and  lastly  h  Roman 
catholic  He  wrote  Breve  Colloquium  Jesu- 
iticum,  a  severe  satire  against  the  Jesuits — 
de  Honore  Christi,  and  other  works. 

Franckens tein,  Christian  Godfrey,  a 
native  of  Leipsic,  distinguished  as  an  advo- 
cate, and  more  as  a  man  of  letters.  He 
wrote  the  life  of  Christina  of  Sweden — 
History  of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries — and 
a  Continuation  of  Puffendorf  s  Introduction 


FR 


FR 


to  History,  and  died  1717",  aged  56.  His  son  I  Lucian,  and  he  wrote  the  earl  of  Warwick, 
lames  wrote  de  Collatione  Honorum — de  I  and  Matilda,  two  tragedies  which  were  re- 
Jtiribui  Judxorum  Singularibus  in  Ger- 1  ceived  with  great  applause,  and  also  "  the 
mania,  &c.  and  died  1733.  Contract,"  a  comedy  in  two  acts  performed 

Franco,   Nicolo,    a  satirist,  the  friend    at  the    Hay-market.    Voltaire's   works  ap- 
nnil  rival  of  Aretin,  born  at  Benevento  1510.  |  peared  translated  under  his  name  ;  but  only 


lie  was  condemned  to  death  at  Rome  15G'J, 
for  severe  satires  on  some  illustrious  persons 
of  that  city  ;  but  it  is  unknown  whether  he 
suffered.     He  was  an  able  writer. 

Franco,  Battista,  a  painter  of  Venice, 
who  imitated  the  manner  of  Michael  An- 
gelo  Buonarotti.     He  died  1561,  aged  03. 

Francois,  Abbe  Laurent,  an  able  oppo- 


two  tragedies,  the  Orestes  and  Electra  were 
by  him.  He  published  also  some  sermons 
on  the  relative  duties. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  an  American  phU 
losopher  and  statesman,  was  born  at  Boston, 
New  England,  1706.  He  was  well  educated 
under  his  father,  who  was  a  tallow-chandler 
and  soap  boiler,  and  after  being  for  a  little 


nent  of  the  French  philosophers,  who  died  j  while  engaged  in  the  business,  he  was  bound 
1782,  aged*§4.  His  works  which  were  use-  I  to  his  father's  elder  brother,  who  was  a  prin- 
ful,  were  a"  Book  of  Geography — Proofs  of'ter.  Eager  after  knowledge,  he  read  atten- 
fhe  Religion  of  Jesus  Christ,  4  vols.  12mo.  j  lively  in  the  night,  the  works  which  he  had 
— Defence  of  Religion,  4  vols.  12mo. — Ex-  printed  in  the  day,  and  from  the  pages  of 
animation  of  the  Catechism  of  an  honest  Xenophon  he  derived  that  energetic  ardor 
Man — of  the  Facts  on  which  Christianity  is  i  which  at  last  raised  him  to  fame  and  distinc- 
founded,  3  vols   12mo. — Observations  on  the  j  tion.      A  difference  with  his  uncle  removed 


Philosophy  of  History,  8vo 

Francois,  Simon,  a  portrait  painter, 
born  at  Tours.  He  was  self-taught,  and  ac 
quired  great  reputation.  He  died  1671,  aged 
.65. 

Francois,  Lucas,  an  historical  painter, 
called  the  Old,  was  born  at  Mechlin,  and 
died  very  rich  164S,  aged  69.  He  was  in 
the  service  of  the  kings  of  France  and 
Spain. 

Francois,  Lucas,  son  of  the  above,  cal- 
led the  Younger,  was  brought  up  under  his 
father,  and  studied  under  Gerhard  Segers. 
He  died  greatly  respected  as  a  painter  1654, 
aged  48. 

Francowitt,,  Matthias,  a  protestant 
divine,  the  pupil  of  Luther  and  Melancthon, 
born  at  Albano  in  Illyria  1520,  iu  conse- 
quence of  which  he  assumed  the  name  of 
Tlaccus  Illyricus.  He  taught  the  Greek  and 
Latin  languages  at  Wittemberg  privately,  and 
was  afterwards  public  professor.  He  oppo- 
sed the  interim  of  Charles  V.  and  was  con- 
cerned in  the  drawing  up  of  the  centuries 
of  Magdeburg.  He  died  1575.  His  best 
work  is  a  Key  to  the  Holy  Scriptures,  2  vols, 
fol.  He  wrote  besides  a  Catalogue  of  the 
Witnesses  of  the  Truth,  4to. — de  Transla- 
tione  Imperii  Rom.  ad  Germanos— de  Elec- 
tione  Episcoporum,  &c. 

Fr a ncus,  Sebastian,  a  German  anabap- 
tist of  the  16th  century,  who  acquired  some 
celebrity  by  writing  books,  which  were  re- 
futed by  Luther  and  Melancthon. 
Frank-Floris.  Vid.  Floris. 
Franklin,  Thomas,  D.  D.  son  of  Rich- 
ard Franklin  the  editor  of  the  Craftsman,  an 


him  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia,  where 
he   maintained  himself  for  some  time  by  his 
industry,  till  he  was  noticed  by  the  governor, 
sir  William  Keith,  and  encouraged  to  setup 
business   for  himself.      With   this   view   he 
came  to  London ;  but  soon  discovered  that 
the  warm  assurances  of  his  patron  for  assist- 
ance and   protection,  were  the   unmeaning 
professions  of  polished  life,  and,  therefore, 
after  working  for  some  time  as  a  journey- 
man-printer, he,  in  1726,  returned  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  settled.     By  the  means  of 
his  friends  he  began  business,  and  published 
a   periodical  paper,    which   was  read  with 
avidity.     In  1730  he  married  a  widow,  whom 
he  had  known  and  courted  before  her  first 
marriage,  and  the   next  year  he  began   the 
public  library  of   Philadelphia,   which  was 
enriched  by  the  valuable  contributions  of  the 
Penn   family,  of  Collinson,  and  others,  and 
spread  knowledge  and  information  through 
the  province.     His    Poor  Richard's  Alman- 
ack appeared  in  1732,  and  so  pleased  the  pub- 
lic, on  account  of  the  many  aphorisms,  and 
the  valuable  maxims  of  prudence  and  econo- 
my which   it  contained,  that  not  less  than 
10,000  copies  were   sold  in   one  year.     He 
was,  in  1736,  made  clerk  to  the  general  as- 
sembly in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  next  year  he 
obtained  the  office  of  post-master  at   Phila- 
delphia.     In  173S  he  formed  an  association 
for   preserving  the  houses    of   Philadelphia 
from  fire,  and  in  the  -war  of  1744  he  ably  pro- 
moted  some  popular  measures  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  province,  by  the  voluntary  force 
of  the  citizens.     In  1747  he  addressed  an  ac- 
count of  his  discoveries  on  electricitv  to  his 


anti-ministerial  paper,  was  born  in  London  friend  Collinson,  and  explained  in  a  very  sa- 
1720.  He  was  educated  at  Westminster-  j  tisfactory  manner  the  Aurora  Borealis,  and 
school  and  Trinity-college,  Cambridge,   of    the   laws  of  thunder  and   lightning,  and  he 


■which  he  became  feWow.  For  some  time 
also  he  was  Greek  professor.  He  was  in 
1758,  made  vicar  of  Ware  and  Thundridge, 
and  afterwards  obtained  the  rectory  of  Bras- 
ted  in  Kent.  He  was  also  chaplain  in  ordi- 
nary to  the  king,  and  died  March  15th  1784. 
He  possessed  learning,  genius,  and  applica- 
tion. He  translated  Phalaris,  Sophocles,  and 
VOL.  I.  70 


not  only  recommended  the  propriety  of 
guarding  buildings  against  the  effects  of 
storms,  by  means  of  conductors,  but  showed 
that  the  lightning  from  the  clouds  is  the  same 
as  the  electric  fire.  Distinguished  as  a  phi- 
losopher, he  was  equally  so  as  a  statesman, 
and  the  measures  which  he  recommended 
in   the    public    assemblies   of  the  province 


PR 


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proved  his  patriotism  and  sagacity.     By  Lis 
advice  the  militia  bill  was  passed,  and  he  was, 
in  consequence,  appointed  colonel  o!'  the  Phi- 
ladelphiadistrict.     On  hisappearance  in  Eng- 
land, in  1757,  as  agent  for  Pennsylvania,  he 
was  received  with  respect  and  attention  by 
the  public  men,  and  he  was  honored  with  a 
seat  in  the  Royal  society,  and  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  laws  in  the  universities  of  St.   An- 
drew's, Edinburgh,  and  Oxford.     He  return- 
ed home  in  1762,  and  two  years  after  he  again 
visited  England,  as  agent  from  his  country- 
men.   The  spirit  which  now  began  to  appear 
in  America  roused  the   attention  of  the  go- 
vernment, and  Franklin,  as  a  man  of  know- 
ledge and  influence,  was  called  to  the  bar  of 
the  Commons,  and  examined  with  respect  to 
the  stamu  act.     His  conduct  on  this  occasion 
•was  firm  and  manly,  and  his  answers  so  clear, 
that  they,  and  not  the  questions,  appeared 
to  have  been   prepared  with  the  nicest  dis- 
crimination of  circumstances  and  of  facts. 
He  returned,  in  1775,  to  America,  and  was 
elected  one  of  the  members  ofCongress,  and 
during  the  war  he  displayed  the  most  active 
zeal,  and   proposed  the  strongest  measures 
for  the  full  emancipation  of  the  colonies  from 
the  mother  country.     He  was  next  employed 
in  completing  the  negotiations  of  America 
with   France,  aud   as  the   resources  of  his 
country  were  low,  he  embarked  with  a  car- 
go of  tobacco,   which  he  sold  at  Nantes,  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  his  mission.     He  was 
received  with  great  distinction  by  the  French 
court ;  the  people  admired  the  singularity  of 
his  dress  and  the  simplicity  of  his  republican 
manners;  the  poets  of  the  age,  and  Voltaire 
particularly,  paid  respect  to  his  merits,  and 
the  government  at  last,  by  signing  a  treaty  of 
offensive  and  defensive  alliance  with  him,  de- 
clared war  with  England.  The  independence 
of  America  was  at  last  acknowledged  by  the 
mother  country,  and  Franklin,  who  had  con- 
tinued at  Paris,  signed  the  treaty  of  peace  in 
1783,  and  advanced  the  interests  and  glory  of 
his  country  by  forming  new  connections  with 
the   kings  of  Prussia  and  Sweden.     He  re- 
turned to  America  in  1785,  and  was  received 
by  his  countrymen  as  a  venerable  father,  he 
•was  made  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  as 
a  representative  he  applied  the  strong  pow- 
ers of  his  mind  to  heal  the  differences  which 
prevailed  in  the  province,  by  wise  laws  and 
conciliating  regulations.      This   respectable 
man  died  full  of  years  and  of  glory,   Ifth 
April  1790,  aged  84  years  and  three  months, 
and  his  memory  was  respected  by  his  coun- 
trymen, who  ordered,  on  the  occasion,   a 
public  mourning  for  two  months.    The  epi- 
taph which  he  composed  for  himself  is  well 
known.     His   discoveries  in  electricity,  and 
his  services  in  the  emancipation  of  his  coun- 
try were  depicted  by  the  pen  of  Turgot  in 
this  hold  line,  placed  under  his  portrait : 
Ertpirit  cceh,fulmen  sceptrumque  tyratmis, 
Bv  his  patient  industry'  he  rose  from  obscu- 
rity, and  amassed  a  very  large  fortune,  part 
of  which  he  left  for  charitable  and  public 
purposes.    He  wrote  an  entertaining  account 
of  the  first  part  of  his  life,  which  contains 


many  valuable  maxims  for  health,  industry, 
and  economy,  which  has  appeared  in  two 
small  vols.  12mo  with  some  essays.  His 
political,  miscellaneous,  and  philosophi- 
cal pieces  have  been  published  in  4to.  and  in 
8vo.  He  contributed  some  valuable  papers 
also  to  the  philosophical  institutions  of  Ame- 
rica. 

Franks,  Sebastian,  a  painter,  born  at 
Antwerp  1573.  His  landscapes  and  conver 
sation  pieces  were  much  admired. 

Franks,  John  Baptist,  supposed  to  be 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  An- 
twerp 1600  He  studied  very  successfully 
the  manner  of  Vsndyck  and  Rubens. 

Frantiius,  Wolfgang,  a  German  divine, 
born  at  Plawen,  in  Voigtland,  was  professor 
of  divinity  at  Wittemberg,  where  he  died 
1620,  aged  56.  He  wrote  Auimalium  Histo- 
ria  Sacra — Tractatus  de  Interpretatione  Sa- 
crarum  Seriptuarum,  4to. — Schola  Sacrifi- 
ciorum  Patriarch.  Sacra — Commentar.  in 
Leviticum,  &s.  and  other  works. 

Frasson,  Claude,  a  French  monk,  horn 
at  Peronne,  in  Picardy.  He  was  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonue,  theological  professor  at  Parist. 
and  superior  of  the  Franciscan  convent 
there.  He  wrote  Dissertationes  Biblicae,  2 
vols.  4to. — a  valuable  system  of  Philosophy,  2 
vols.  4to.    He  died  1711,  aged  91. 

Fratellini,  Giovanna,  a  paintress, 
born  at  Florence  1666,  and  patronised  by 
the  Archduchess  Victoria.  Her  historical 
pieces  and  miniatures  were  much  admired. 
She  died  1731. 

Fratellini,  Lorenzo  Maria,  sqn  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  1690.  He  painted  un- 
der Dominico  Gabbiani,  and  his  historical 
pieces,  his  landscapes,  and  fruit  were  highly 
finished.     He  died  1729. 

Frauweni.ob,  Henry,  a  German  writer 
who  died  1317.  He  wrote  in  favor  of  the 
ladies,  and  they  it  is  said  attended  his  fune- 
ral, and  poured  such  quantities  of  wine  into 
his  grave,  as  almost  inundated  the  church. 

Fiiedecarius,  the  earliest  French  his- 
torian, after  Gregory  of  Tours,  was  called 
the  Scholastic.  His  chronicle,  in  barbarous 
language,  extends  to  the  year  641,  and  is 
found  in  the  collections  of  Duchesne,  and 
Bouquet. 

Fredegonde,  wife  of  Chilperic,  king  of 
France,  was  born  at  Avancourt  in  Picardy, 
of  obscure  parents.  She  was  in  the  queen's 
retinue,  and  by  her  arts,  and  by  the  influence 
of  her  personal  charms,  she  became  the 
third  wife  of  the  weak  Chilperic.  Raised  to 
the  throne,  she  sacrificed  the  members  of 
the  royal  family  to  her  pride  and  ambition, 
and  by  the  sword,  as  well  as  by  poison,  she 
cut  off  ail  those  whom,  either  on  account  of 
talents,  influence,  or  birth,  she  regarded  as 
enemies  or  rivals.  She  .at  last  completed  the 
measure  of  her  iniquities,  by  the  death  of 
Chilperic,  who  was  assassinated  in  huniing, 
that  the  guilty  queen  might  indulge  her 
criminal  passions  for  her  favorite  Landri 
This  detested  character,  who  possessed  bra- 
very in  the  field  of  battle,  died  597. 
Frederic  I.  surnamed  Barbaros'sa,  vr 


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oorn  1121,  and  succeeded  his  father  Frederic 
as  duke  of  S  wabia  1147,  and  in  1 152  he  ascend- 
ed the  imperial  throne  after  the  death  of  his 
uncle  Conrad  III.  He  passed  in  1155  into 
Italy,  where  after  some  difficulties  on  ac- 
count of  the  superiority  which  the  pope 
claimed  over  him,  he  obtained  the  crown, 
and  consecration  from  the  hands  of  Adrian 
IV.  The  disputes  between  him  and  the  holy 
see  were  kindled  anew  on  the  death  of  Adri- 
an, and  Alexander  III.  the  next,  successor, 
v  as  soon  opposed  by  the  successive  elevation 
of  three  anti-popes  to  the  chair  of  St.  Peter. 
The  advantages  obtained  at  Rome  were  fol- 
lowed by  the  defeat  of  the  Milanese,  and  by 
the  destruction  of  their  city,  and  the  over- 
throw of  Brescia  and  Placentia,  but  at  last 
the  troops  of  Frederic  were  conquered  at 
the  battle  of  Como,  and  this  disaster  produ- 
ced a  peace.  The  emperor  met  the  pope  at 
Venice  and  a  reconciliation  was  effected  in 
1177.  New  quarrels  however  soon  arose, 
till  Frederic   was  prevailed  upon  by  Urban 

III.  to  undertake  a  crusade  against  Saladin. 
At  the  head  of  a  numerous  army  he  marched 
into  the  East,  and  after  defeating  the  Grc  eks, 
and  the  Turks,  he  penetrated  into  Syria, 
where  death  stopped  his  victories.  He  died 
10th  June  1190,  in  consequence  of  bathing 
imprudently  in  the  Cydnus,  in  Cilicia, 
v.'here  Alexander  the  Great,  some  ages  be- 
fore, had  nearly  fallen  a  sacrifice  to  the  same 
recreation.  During  the  38  years  of  his  reign, 
Frederic  compensated  for  the  odious  vices  of 
pride  and  ambition  by  courage,  liberality,  and 
benevolence,  and  the  forbidding  characters 
of  the  tyrant  were  forgot  in  the  amiable  and 
conciliating  manners  of  the  man.  By  his 
second  wife  Beatrix  he  left  five  sons,  one  of 
whom  Frederic,  duke  of  Swabia,  attended 
him  in  his  Asiatic  expedition,  and  behaved 
with  great  valor  in  the  Holy  Land,  till  he 
was  cut  off  by  a  severe  distemper,  which 
proved  also  fatal  to  a  great  part  of  his  army 
at  the  siege  of  Ptolemais. 

Frederic  II.  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
and  son  of  Henry  VI.  was  born  1194,  and 
was  elected  king  of  the  Romans,  two  years 
after.  In  1210,  he  was  elected  emperor  of 
Germany,  on  the  excommunication  of  Otho 

IV.  by  Innocent  III.  but  he  obtained  peaceful 
possession  of  his  power,  only  after  the  death 
of  his  rival  121S.  After  settling  his  affairs  in 
Germany,  he  went  to  Italy,  where  he  was 
solemnly  crowned  by  the  hands  of  Honorius 
III.  1220,  and  promised  to  extend  the  papal 
power  by  undertaking  a  crusade.  This 
distant  expedition  was  put  off  for  some  time 
till  the  fear  of  excommunication  from  the 
next  pope  Gregory  IX.  obliged  him  to  set 
out  for  Jerusalem  in  1228.  His  invasion  of 
the  Holy  Land  was  so  formidable,  that  Sala- 
din, Sultan  of  Babylon,  not  only  made  a 
truce  of  10  years  with  him,  but  yielded  to 
him  some  of  the  Asiatic  cities  near  Jerusa- 
lem. This  conduct  provoked  the  resentment 
of  the  pope,  who  stirred  up  war  against  Fred- 
eric, and  incited  his  son  anil  his  father-in- 
law  to  take  up  arms  against  him.  Frederic 
hastened  back  to  Enrope  to  nppcrse  th?s  un- 


natural conspiracy,  and  seizing  Romagna.. 
AneonajSpoletto,  anil  Benevento,  defeated 
the  plans  of  his  enemies.  His  partisans  in 
these  troublous  times  bore  the  name  ot 
Gibbelins,  while  those  of  the  pope  were  called 
Guelphs,  and  carried  on  their  shoulders  tlie 
impressions  of  two  keys.  At  last  however 
tranquillity  was  restored,  and  Frederic  made 
peace  with  the  Roman  pontiff  1230,  to  be 
enabled  to  reduce  to  obedience  his  rebelli- 
ous son  Henry,  whom  he  degraded  from  the 
title  of  king  of  the  Romans  in  favor  of  his 
second  son  Conrad.  In  1240,  Frederic  pas- 
sed again  to  Italy,  and  reduced  the  Milanese, 
and  Sardinia,  and  after  defeating  the  Geno- 
ese and  Venetians,  and  seizing  Tuscany  and 
Urbino,  he  laid  seige  to  Rome.  The  pope 
opposed  his  attack  by  the  terrible  denuncia- 
tion of  excommunication,  but  Frederic  dis- 
regarded the  impotent  thunders  of  the  Vati- 
can, and  defeated  all  the  forces  which  were 
sent  to  check  his  progress.  The  death  of 
the  pope  soothed  for  a  while  the  enmities 
between  Rome  and  Germany,  but  at  last 
Innocent  IV.  had  the  courage  to  depose 
this  powerful  enemy  of  the  holy  see,  at  a 
council  at  Lyons  12-15,  and  Frederic  render- 
ed unpopular  by  the  artifice  of  his  oppo- 
nents, saw  Henry  of  Thuringia,  elected  in 
1246,  to  fill  the  imperial  throne,  and  the 
next  year,  William,  count  of  Holland.  Thus 
insulted  and  harrassed  by  the  insurrections 
of  his  subjects  in  Naples  and  Parma,  Frede- 
ric at  last  sunk  under  his  misfortunes,  and 
died  at  Fiorenzuola,  in  Apulia,  13th  i>cx. 
1250,  aged  57.  He  was  succeeded  by  Con- 
rad his  son  by  his  second  wife  Yolandc. 
daughter  of  John  of  Brienne,  king  of  Jerusa- 
lem 

Frederic  III.  surnamed  the  Fair,  v.sr 
son  of  Albert  of  Austria,  and  was  elected 
emperor  1314,  by  some  of  the  electors, 
though  the  majority  placed  the  crown  on  his 
more  successful  rival  Lewis  of  Bavaria.  The 
battle  of  Micheldorif,  1322,  proved  decisive 
against  the  claims  of  Frederic,  who  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  died  13th  Jan.  1330. 

Frederic  IV.  surnamed  the  Pacific,  was 
son  of  Ernest,  duke  of  Austria,  and  ascended 
the  imperial  throne  1440,  in  his  2.»th  year. 
He  was  crowned  at  Rome  1452,  by  Nicholas 
V.  and  was  the  last  of  the  German  princes, 
who  submitted  to  that  ceremony  in  the  capi- 
tal of  the  ancient  world.  He  was  a  weak, 
indolent,  and  superstitious  prince,  and  he 
suffered  with  the  greatest  indifference  Hun- 
gary to  rebel  and  to  separate  itself  from  his 
power,  and  afterwards  he  fled  from  Vienna, 
before  his  enemies,  satisfied  to  beg  his  bread 
from  convent  to  convent  This  worthless 
monarch  died  7th  Sep.  1493,  in  consequence, 
of  the  amputation  of  one  of  his  legs  whieh 
mortified,  and  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Maximilian. 

Frederic  I.  the  Pacific,  king  of  Den- 
mark 1523,  after  the  expulsion  of  Christian, 
distinguished  himself  by  the  wisdom  of  hir 
measures,  and  by  his  alliance  with  Gustavo's 
I.  of  Sweden,  and  with  the  Hanseatic  towns 
After  (he -conquest  of  Copenhagen,  he  re- 


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conciled  to  his  government  the  Danish  no- 
bility, and  rendered  himself  popular  by  his 
liberality,  and  the  prudence  and  utility  of 
his  public  measures,  and  by  the  introduction 
of  Lutheranism  among  his  subjects  lie  died 
1533. 

Frederic  II.  king  of  Denmark,  after 
his  lather  Christian  III.  increased  his  do- 
minions, by  the  conquest  of  Diethmarsia. 
He  was  the  patron  of  learning,  and  of  learned 
men,  and  the  protection  which  he  extended 
to  Tycho  Brahe,  added  celebrity  to  his 
reign  He  was  for  some  time  engnged  in 
war  with  Sweden,  but  tranquillity  was  resto- 
red in  1570.  He  died  4th  April  1588,  aged  54. 

Frederic  III.   archbishop   of  Bremen, 


tended  to  literary  characters,  and  to  the 
arts,  reflected  the  highest  honor  on  his  me- 
mory. 

Frederic  Augustus  II.  son  ofthepre- 
ceding,  was  born  1696,  and  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther on  the  Polish  throne  1734.  The  last 
years  of  his  life  were  unhappily  embittered 
by  the  miseries  of  war,  and  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia invaded  his  dominions,  and  obliged  him 
soon  to  yield  to  the  rigorous  fate  of  uncondi- 
tional submission.  Augustus  was  permittetl 
indeed  to  return  to  Poland,  but  Saxony  re- 
mained in  the  hands  of  the  conqueror,  till 
the  peace  of  Hubersburg,  15th  Feb.  1763. 
Augustas  died  the  following  October.  Re- 
spectable in  private  life,   this  monarch   was 


succeeded  his  father  Christian  IV.  in  164S,  |  unequal  to  the  arduous  duties  of  reigning, 
as  king  of  Denmark.  Though  be  lost  some  |  and  whilst  he  devoted  himself  to  the  plea- 
places  in  a  war  with  Sweden,  he  enlarged  :  sures  of  luxury  and  to  indolence  he  made  no 
the  happiness  of  his  people,  by  rendering  preparations  against  the  attacks  of  his  pow- 
theni  more  independent  of  the  nobles,  and  i  erful  neighbors  of  Russia  and  Prussia.  By 
by  nuking  the  crown  hereditary,  and  no  :  his  wife  Mary  Josephine,  daughter  of  the 
longer  elective.    He  died  9th  of  Feb.  1670,    emperor  Joseph,  he  left  several  daughters. 


aged  61. 

Frederic  IV.  succeeded  his  father 
Christian  V.  as  king  of  Denmark,  1699.  He 
joined  the  Czar  Peter,  and  the  king  of  Poland 


one  of  whom    was  the  mother  of  the  unfor- 
tunate Lewis  XVI.  of  France. 

Frederic,  prince  of  Hesse  Cassel,  mar- 
ried in  1715,  Ulrica  Eleanora  sister  of  Charles 


in  hostilities  against  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  XII.  of  Sweden,  and  he  obtained  possession 
but  he  was  obliged  to  make  peace,  by  the  i  of  the  Swedish  throne  1720,  after  theabdiea- 
rapidity  of  the  victories  of  his  enemy.  Du-  }  tion  of  his  wife  who  had  succeeded  on  the 
ring  the  captivity  of  Charles  in  Turkey,  death  of  her  brother.  He  made  unsuccessful 
Frederic  drove  the  Swedes  from  his  domin- 1  war  against  the  Russians,  and  died  1751, 
ions,    and    recovered    some   of  the    places  !  aged  75,  without  issue. 

which  the  fortune  of  war  had  wrested  from  I  Frederic  William,  surnamed  the 
his  hands.     He  died  1730,  aged  59.  Great,  elector  of  Brandenburg,  was  born   at 

Frederic  V  grandson  of  the  preceding,  Cologne,  on  the  Spree  1620.  He  made  suc- 
ascended  the  throne  1746,  and  died  after  a  ,  cessful  war  against  the  Poles,  but  the  treaty 
reign  of  20  years.  On  his  death-bed,  he  called  j  of  Braunsberg,  in  1657,  put  an  end  to  hos- 
his  son  and  successor  Christian  VII.  and  tilities.  In  1674  he  joined  himself  against 
addressed  him  in  these  remarkable  words,  !  Lewis  XIV.  with  Spain  and  Holland,  and  in- 
f  It  is  a  great  consolation  to  me,  my  son,  in  I  vaded  Alsace,  but  his  progress  was  checked 
my  last  moments,  to  reflect  that  I  have  j  by  the  intelligence  that  the  Swedes  had  laid 
offended  no  one,  and  that  I  have  shed  the  waste  s.  veral  of  his  cities,  and  he  returned 
blood  of  none  of  my  subjects."  i  hastily  to  repel  them,  and  seized  the  towns 

Frederic  Augustus  I.king  of  Poland,  of  Stralsund,  Ferschantz,  and  Grispwald. 
■was  son  of  John  George  III.  elector  of  Sax- 1  Peace  was  soon  after  restored  and  Frederic 
ony,  and  was  born  at  Dresden  1670.  He  j  directed  all  his  attention  to  improve  the  corn- 
succeeded  to  the  electorate  after  the  death  '  merce  of  his  dominions,  and  joined  the  Spree 
of  his  brother  1694,  and  distinguished  him-  •  to  the  Oder  by  the  opening  of  a  canal.  He 
self  against  the  French  on  the  Rhine,  and  died  1688,  aged  68,  highly  respected  by  his 
defeated  the  Turks,  in  1696,  at  the  battle  of1  subjects  as  a  liberal,  generous,  benevolent, 
Oltach.     By  embracing  tiie  catholic  religion,  |  and  patriotic  prince. 

he  recommended  himself  to  the  Polish  nobles,  j  Frederic  I.  elector  of  Brandenburg, 
and  was  in  1696  elected  king,  but  the  glories  |  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Konigsberg 
which  he  acquired  in  foreign  wars,  were  '  1657.  The  ambition  of  this  prince  was  flat- 
eclipsed  by  the  successes  of  Charles  XII.  of'  tered  with  the  hopes  of  erecting  his  duchy 
Sweden,  and  Frederic  beaten  at  Riga,  Clis- !  into  a  kingdom,  and  Leopold  the  emperor, 
sow,  and  Frawstadt,  was  obliged  to  sign  the  j  although  he,  in  1695,  had  rejected  his  solici- 
peace  of  1706,  by  which  he  was  stripped  of  tations,  granted  his  requests  in  1700,  provid- 
his  dominions,  and  consented  to  see  the  ]  ed  he  assisted  him  in  the  war  against  France, 
crown  of  Poland  placed  on  the  head  of  Stanis-  :  England,  Holland,  Sweden,  and  Poland  ;  and 
laus.  The  battle  of  Pultowa,  and  the  defeat  |  in  consequence  of  this  elevation  his  title  was 
of  the  Swedes,  proved  favorable  to  his  views,  I  fully  acknowledged  at  the  peace  of  Utrecht. 
he  recovered  the  Polish  throne,  and  main-  :  The  Prussian  dominions  were  increased  un- 
tamed his  power,  and  independence  till  his  :  der  him  by  the  acquisition  of  Guelders  of 
death  1st  Feb.  1733,  in  his  63d  year.  He  j  the  county  of  Tecklenburg,  and  of  the 
•was  in  his  person  very  athletic,  and  possessed  principalities  of  Neuchatel  and  Valengin  . 
of  prodigious  bodily  strength.  His  court  was  |  Frederic  died  1713,  aged  60  He  founded 
for  a  long  time  one  of  the  most  brilliant  in  the  university  of  Halle,  the  royal  academy  of 
Europe,  and  the  patronage  which  he  ex-    Berlin,  and  the  academy  of  nobles.    He  was 


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Ibrce  times  married.  By  his  second  wife, 
daughter  of  the  duke  of  Hanover,  and  sister 
of  George  afterwards  king  of  England,  he 
had  a  son  who  succeeded  him. 

Frederic  William  I.  king  of  Prus- 
sia, was  born  at  Berlin  15th  Aug.  16SS,  and 
succeeded  his  father  just  mentioned  1713. 
His  reign  was  begun  by  a  strict  reform  in  the 
expenditure  of  the  kingdom,  and  of  the  100 
chamberlains  kept  for  ostentation  by  li is  fa- 
ther only  12  were  retained.  He  unwillingly 
engaged  in  war  against  Charles  XII.  of  Swe- 
den, from  whom  he  took  Stralsund.  Eager 
to  encourage  commerce  and  industry  among 
his  subjects,  he  invited  foreign  artisans  into 
his  dominions  by  the  offer  of  liberal  rewards, 
and  while  he  contributed  to  the  prosperity  of 
the  nation,  he  watched  over  its  safety,  anil 
created  a  large  standing  army  of  sixty  thou- 
sand men.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
clouded  hy  an  unhappy  disagreement  with 
his  son  the  prince  royal,  and  though  he 
married  him  to  the  princess  of  Wo!  fen  buttle 
in  173.3,  he  did  not  derive  from  that  union 
that  concord  and  reconciliation  which  he  fond- 
ly expected.  He  died  31st  May  1740,  aged 
58.  By  Sophia  Dorothea,<laughter  of  George 
of  Hanover,  lie  had,  besides  his  successor, 
three  sons  and  six  daughters. 

Frederic  II.  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
horn  24th  Jan.  1712,  and  ascended  the  throne 
of  Prussia  1740.  His  conduct  had  been 
viewed  with  jealousy  by  his  father,  and  his 
attachment  to  music  and  to  belles  lettres  was 
regarded  as  a  mean  and  dishonourable  pro- 
pensity; but  when  he  attempted  to  escape 
from  the  harsh  treatment  which  he  experi- 
enced, he  was  not  only  seized  and  sent  as 
prisoner  to  Custrin,  but  was  obliged  to  be  a 
spectator  of  the  execution  of  Kar,  the  friend 
and  the  companion  of  his  domestic  sufferings. 
On  his  accession  to  the  throne,  Frederic  laid 
claims  to  the  province  of  Silesia  which  had 
been  long  occupied  by  the  German  emperor, 
and  all  the  attempts  of  Maria  Theresa  to 
defend  it  against  his  invasion  proved  abortive. 
Count  Neuperg  the  Hungarian  general  was 
defeated  at  Molwitz,  and,  in  1741,  all  Lower 
Silesia  submitted  to  the  conqueror,  and  his 
possession  was  confirmed  by  the  treaty  of 
Breslaw  1743.  The  following  year  war  was 
rekindled,  and  Frederic  advanced  with 
100,000  men  to  the  siege  of  Prague,  which  he 
took  with  16,000  prisoners,  and  this  advan- 
tage was  soon  followed  by  the  decisive  battle 
of  Friedburg  over  prince  Charles  of  Lorraine. 
Another  treaty  signed  at  Dresden  1745,  again 
restored  peace  to  the  continent,  and  Austria 
ceded  to  the  Prussian  conqueror  all  Silesia 
together  with  the  county  of  Glatz.  In  1755 
a  new  war,  called  the  seven  years'  war,  burst 
forth  with  increased  violence,  and  while 
Prussia  had  for  its  auxiliary  the  English 
nation,  Austria  was  supported  by  France 
and  by  the  elector  of  Saxony,  and  Frederic 
soon  saw  the  number  of  his  enemies  aug- 
mented by  the  accession  of  Russia,  Sweden, 
and  Germany.  Undismayed  in  the  midst  of 
his  powerful  enemies,  Frederic  laid  the  foun- 
dation for  victory  and  success  in  the  strict 


discipline  of  his  army,  and  in  the  fortitudr 
and  resignation  with  wdiich  he  supported  the 
reverses  of -fortune,  and  shared  the  fatigues 
of  his  soldiers^    Though  France  attacked  his 
dominions  from  Guelders  to    Miuden,   and 
Russia  penetrated  into  Prussia,  and  the  Aus- 
trians  into  Silesia,  Frederic  on  all  sides  rose 
superior  to  misfortunes.     Though  defeated 
by    the   Russians   he   routed  the  Austrians, 
and    again    suffered  a  check  in  Bohemia,  but 
on  the   5th    Nov.  1757,  he  avenged  himself 
by  the  terrible  defeat  of  the  Austrians  and 
French  at  Rosbach,  and  by  an  equally  splen- 
did victory  the  next  month  over  the  Austrian 
forces  at  Lissa  near  Breslaw.  These  impor- 
tant successes  appalled  Lis  enemies,  the  Rus- 
sians and   Swedes   retired   in  dismay   from 
Prussia,  and  Frederic  supported  by  a  liberal 
supply  of  money  from  the  English  govern- 
ment, and  by  an  army  of  Hanoverians  under 
the  duke  of  Brunswick  penetrated  into  Mo- 
ravia and  laid  siege  to  Olmutz.  Though  here 
checked  by  marshal  Daun,  he  rapidly  advan- 
ced against  the  Russians  at  CusLrin,  and  de- 
feated them   in  the  dreadful  battle  of   Zorn- 
dolf  The  battle  of  Hochkirchen  against  Daun 
was  adverse  to  his  fortunes,  and  he  also  suf- 
fered a  severe  cheek  at  the  doubtful  fight  of 
Cunnersdorff  against  the    Russians,   and  in 
consequence    of  these    repeated     disasters, 
Brandenburg  and   the   capital   fell  into  the 
hands  of  the   victorious  enemy  1761.     The 
defeat  of  Daun  at  Torgau  gave  a  new  turn  to 
the  affairs  of  the  undaunted  monarch,  his  ter- 
ritories were  evacuated  by  the  enemy,  and  he 
ineverysituationdisplayed  such  activity,  such 
vigilance,  and  such  resources  of  mind  that  in 
1762,  a  treaty  of  peace    was  concluded   with 
Russia  and  Sweden,  and  the  next  year  with 
France  and  the  Empire,  by  which  Silesia  was 
for  ever  confirmed  in  Ilia  possession.    While 
cultivating  the  arts  of  peace,  Frederic  was 
still  intent  on  enlarging  his  dominions,  and 
he  joined  with  Austria  and  Russia,  in  1772, 
in  that  unpardonable  league  which  dismem- 
bered the  defenceless  territories  of  Poland, 
and  added  some  of  its  most  fertile  provinces 
to  his  kingdom.     In  1777,  the  death  of  the 
duke  of  Bavaria  without  children  kindled  the 
flames  of  discord   and  of  war  between   Aus- 
tria aud  Prussia,  Frederic  placed  himself  at 
the  head  of  his  troops,  but  the  differences  of 
the  rival  princes  were  settled  by  the  peace 
ofTeschen  13th  May  17/9.     The  last  years 
of  Frederic's  life  were  earnestly  devoted  to 
the  encouragement  of  commerce  and  of  the 
arts,  justice  was  administered  with  imparti- 
ality,  useful   establishments    were    created, 
and  the  miseries  of  the  indigent  and  unfortu- 
nate were  liberally  relieved  by  the  benevo- 
lent cares  of  the   monarch.     Frederic  died 
17th  Aug.  1 780,  aged  75,   and  he  met  death 
with  all  the  resignation  which  philosophy  un- 
aided by  religion  can  show.  As  Frederic  was 
brought  up  in  the  school  of  adversity,  he  early 
learnt  lessons  of  stoicism   and   philosophical 
wisdom,  and  unyieldingto  the  caresses  of  pros- 
perity  he  was  taught  not  to  sink  under  the 
frowns  of  fortune.     From  necessity  as  well 
as  from  eljoiee  att.acb.ed  to  literature  in  the 


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years  of  his  privacy,  he  cultivated  the  muses 
on  the  throne,  and  liberally  patronised  the 
lovers  of  sciences  and  of  the  fine  arts.  His 
evenings  were  generally  spent  in  the  easy 
society  of  men  of  letters,  and  after  the  fa- 
tigues of  the  day  he  unbent  the  hero  and 
the  king  to  the  wit,  the  scholar,  and  the 
literary  disputant.  His  invitations  to  learned 
/foreigners  were  sincere  and  honorable,  and 
Maupertius  and  especially  Voltaire  were  for 
a  while  objects  of  his  particular  regard  and 
of  his  unfeigned  esteem.  Anxious  to  redress 
the  grievances  of  his  subjects  he  paid  the 
minutest  attention  to  their  applications,  and 
a  word  written  at  the  bottom  of  each  petition 
by  his  hand  served  for  his  secretaries  to 
convey  to  the  eager  suppliants  either  refusal 
or  reprehension,  encouragement  or  promi- 
ses. At  five  in  the  morning  Frederic  gene- 
rally rose  from  his  bed,  and  after  the  day 
■was  divided  between  business,  recreation, 
and  literature,  he  retired  to  his  chamber  at 
ten  in  the  evening,  and  as  his  meals  were.re- 
gular  and  simple,  and  as  he  was  through  life 
a  stranger  to  the  licentious  propensities  which 
too  often  dishonor  the  great  and  the  power- 
ful, he  enjoyed  a  strong  constitution  with  a 
placid  and  serene  evenness  of  temper.  His 
conduct  in  war,  the  heroic  firmness  with 
-which  he  withstood  his  numerous  enemies, 
and  the  astonishing  presence  of  mind  which 
he  displayed  in  every  difficult  situation,  not 
less  than  his  wisdom,  the  equity  of  the  laws 
■which  he  established,  and  the  paternal  care 
with  which  he  watched  over  the  happiness 
of  his  people,  proved  him  to  be  a  monarch  of 
superior  excellence  ;  but  though  he  thus  de- 
served the  appellation  of  Great,  it  is  painful 
to  observe  the  inconsistency  of  his  princi- 
ples, the  wavering  tenets  of  his  faith,  and  the 
mighty  influence  of  those  two  dangerous 
passions  by  which  he  was  guided,  ambition 
and  avarice.  Great  as  a  monarch,  Frederic 
■was  an  infidel  at  heart,  and  while  he  wished 
to  bind,  to  obedience  to  his  government,  the 
affection  of  his  subjects  by  the  imposing 
rites  of  religion,  and  by  the  expectations  of 
another  life,  he  was  himself  a  sceptic  in  the 
most  offensive  degree,  and  regarded  the  ties 
■which  unite  men  to  an  over-ruling  provi- 
dence only  so  far  as  they  secured  his  power 
or  contributed  to  his  aggrandizement.  As 
Frederic  did  not  cohabit  with  his  wife,  whom 
he  had  married  only  in  obedience  to  his 
father,  without  affection  or  esteem,  he  died 
■without  issue.  His  works  are  numerous  and 
respectable.  Four  volumes  in  octavo  were 
published  in  his  life-time,  and  fifteen  since 
his  death.  The  chief  of  these  are  Memoirs 
of  the  House  of  Brandenburg — a  Poem  on 
the  Art  of  War,  a  composition  of  great  me- 
rit— the  history  of  his  own  Time — the  His- 
tory of  the  seven  Years'  War.  All  these 
have  been  collected  together  in  25  vols.  8ro. 
1790,  with  an  account  of  his  life.  M.  de 
Segnr  has  among  others  published  an  account 
of  his  reign  and  of  his  extraordinary  char- 
acter. 

Freberic,  surnamed  the  Wise,  elector 
of  Saxony,  was  "born  1463.    He  enjoyed  the 


good  opinion  and  shared  the  councils  of  the 
emperor  Maximilian,  after  whose  death  he 
might  have  been  placed  on  the  imperial 
throne,  an  honor  which  he  refused,  while  he 
supported  the  election  of  Charles  V.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  and  most  zealous  friends 
of  Luther,  and  contributed  much  to  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  reformed  church.  He 
died  1520,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother 
John  surnamed  the  constant,  whose  son  John 
Frederic,  when  raised  to  the  sovereign  pow- 
er, became  a  powerful  protector  of  the  re-? 
formers,  and  was  chief  of  the  famous  league 
of  Smalkalde  1586.  In  the  war  which  fol- 
lowed this  league  John  Frederic  was  taken 
prisoner  by  Charles  V.  and  condemned  to 
lose  his  head,  but  the  sentence  was  reversed 
on  condition  that  he  consented  to  the  renun- 
ciation of  the  electoral  dignity  for  himself  and 
his  posterity.  He  died  3d  March  1554,  aged 
51. 

Frederic  V.  elector  of  Palatine,  son  of 
Frederic  IV.  married  a  daughter  of  James 
I.  of  England.  He  was  elected  in  1619,  king 
of  Bohemia  by  the  protestants,  but  his  ele- 
vation was  opposed  by  his  rival  Ferdinand  of 
Austria,  and  though  supported  by  Fiance 
and  by  England,  he  was  defeated  the  follow- 
ing year  and  totally  rained  near  Prague. 
The  great  Gustavus  in  his  invasion  of  Ger- 
many promised  to  re-establish  him  in  his 
rights  and  dominions,  but  the  death  of  that 
heroic  chief  at  the  battle  ofLutzen  1632,  not 
only  shattered  all  his  fond  hopes,  but  weigh- 
ed so  heavily  on  his  spirits  that  he  died  a 
month  after. 

Frederic,  Colonel,  son  of  Theodore  the 
unfortunate  king  of  Corsica,  was  early  in- 
gaged  in  the  military  profession,  and  served 
the  elector  of  Wirtemberg,  who  honored 
him  with  his  friendship  and  presented  him 
with  the  insignia  of  the  order  of  merit.  He 
came  to  England  as  the  agent  of  the  elector, 
but  either  unsuccessful  in  his  political  nego- 
tiations, or  overwhelmed  with  debts  and  po- 
verty, he  in  a  rash  moment  committed  sui- 
cide by  shooting  himself  through  the  head  in 
the  portal  of  Westminster-abbey  1796.  This 
unhappy  youth,  who  seemed  to  inherit  the 
misfortunes  and  the  imprudence  of  his  fa- 
ther, was  author  of  some  publications  of  me- 
rit, Memoires  pour  servir  a  l'Histoire  de 
Corse,  8vo.  1768 — a  description  of  Corsica, 
with  an  account  of  its  short  Union  to  the 
British  Crown,  &c.  1798,  8vo.  &c. 

Freeke,  William,  an  English  socinian, 
born  1664.  He  wrote,  in  questions  and  an- 
swers, a  dialogue  on  the  Deity,  and  a  confu- 
tation of  the  doctrines  of  Trinity,  which 
drew  down  the  severity  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons upon  him.  He  was  fined  500/.  his  book 
was  burnt,  and  he  made  a  recantation  in  the 
four  courts  of  Westminster-hall. 

Freeman,  John,  a  painter,  in  the  age  of 
Charles  II.  His  life  was  attempted  by  poison 
in  the  West  Indies,  and  his  constitution  ever 
after  retained  the  fatal  effects.  In  the  declino 
of  life,  he  painted  scenes  for  Covent-garden 
theatre.  ,  . 

Freggso,  Baptist,  doge  of  Genoa  1478, 


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lYora  which  office  he  was  deposed  for  his 
haughtiness,  and  banished  to  Fregui.  The 
rime  of  his  death  is  unknown.  He  wrote, 
like  Valerius  Maximus,  nine  books  of  Me- 
morable Actions — the  Life  of  Martin  V. — a 
Latin  Treatise  on  learned  Ladies — an  Italian 
Treatise  against  Love. 

Freher,  Marquard,  a  German,  born  at 
Augsburg  1565.  He  studied  civil  law  in 
France  under  Cujacius,  and  at  the  age  of  23 
was  counsellor  to  Casimir  prince  Palatine. 
He  was  afterwards  professor  of  law  at  Hei- 
delberg, and  engaged  in  important  affairs  by 
the  elector  Frederic  IV.  He  died  at  the 
age  of  49.  His  books  on  law,  criticism,  and 
history,  are  very  numerous  and  respectable. 
His  abilities,  and  the  amiable  character  of  his 
private  life,  are  highly  commended  by  Duu- 
za,  Melchior  Adam,  Seioppiu.;,  Casaubon, 
and  others. 

Freigius,  John  Thomas,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  atFriburg,  son  of  a  husbandman. 
He  studied  the  law  under  Zasiusand  Ramus, 
and  taught  first  as  Friburg,  and  afterwards 
at  Basil,  and  then  at  the  moment  when  he 
thought  of  retiring  from  the  ingratitude  of 
the  world  to  the  peace  of  a  rural  life,  he  was 
appointed  rector  of  the  new  college  of  Altorf 
1575.  He  died  1583  of  the  plague,  following 
to  the  grave  a  son  and  two  daughters,  one  of 
which  had,  at  the  age  of  12,  very  promising 
talents  aud  a  great  taste  for  literature.  Of 
his  works,  the  chief  are  Questiones  Geome- 
tricse,  and  Stereo-Metricse  Logica  Cousulto- 
rum — Ciceronis  Orationes  Perpetuis  Notis 
Logicis,  &c.  3  vols.  Svo  Basil  1583. 

Fueixd,  John,  an  English  physician  of 
eminence,  born  1675,  at  Croton  in  North- 
amptonshire, where  his  father  was  rector. 
He  was  educated  under  Busby  at  Westmin- 
ster, and  came  in  1690  to  Christ-church, 
where  Aldrich  presided.  His  abilities  as  a 
scholar  were  already  so  distinguished,  that 
he  then  in  conjunction  with  a  friend  published 
an  elegant  edition  of  Demosthenes,  and  JEs- 
chinesde  Corona,  and  about  the  same  time 
revised,  for  publication,  the  Delphin  edition 
of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses.  He  now  directed 
his  attention  to  physie,  and  displayed  great 
knowledge  of  the  subject,  by  addressing  a  let- 
ter concerning  the  hydrocephalus  to  sir 
Hans  Sloane  in  1699,  and  another  in  1701  de 
Spasmi  Karioris  Historia,  which  are  insert- 
ed in  the  philosophical  transactions,  No.  256 
and  270.  In  1703  he  drew  the  public  atten- 
tion to  an  useful  and  valuable  work  called 
"  Emmenologia,  in  qua  Fluxus  Muliebris 
Meustrui,  Jsc."  and  in  1 704  was  elected  che- 
mical professor  at  Oxford.  The  year  after 
he  accompanied  lord  Peterborough  in  his 
Spanish  expedition,  and  after  two  years'  at- 
tendance on  the  army,  he  visited  Italy  and 
Rome,  and  conversed  with  Baglivi  and  Lan- 
cisi  men  of  eminence  and  medical  celebrity. 
On  his  return  in  1707,  he  published  an  ac- 
count of  the  earl  of  Peterborough  in  Spain 
&c.  as  an  able  vindication  of  the  honor  and 
character  of  his  friend  since  the  raising  of  the 
siege  of  Barcelona,  and  during  the  campaign 
of  Valencia ;   and  the  work  became  very 


popular  and  passed  rapidly  to  a  third  edition. 
At  this  time  he  was  created  M.D  and  two 
years  after  he  published  his  PrselectionesCln- 
micoe,  dedicated  to  sir  Isaac  Newton.  This 
work  was  censured  in  the  Acta  Eruditorum 
by  the  German  philosophers,  and  drew  forth 
a  defence  from  the  author  inserted  in  the 
philosophical  transactions.  In  1711  he  was 
elected  member  o\'  the  Royal  society,  and 
that  year  Went  with  the  duke  of  Ormond  as 
physician  to  Flanders.  In  1716  he  was  cho- 
sen fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and 
at  that  time  he  had  a  controversy  with  Dr. 
Woodwaud  of  Gresham  college,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  publication  of  Hippocrates  de 
Morbis  Popularibus,  and  afterwards  on  the 
subject  of  the  fever  iu  the  small-pr:\,  in 
which  unpleasant  dispute,  more  acrimony 
was  shown,  on  both  sides,  than  prudence  or 
decorum  could  approve.  In  1722  he  was 
elected  M.  P.  for  Launceston  in  Cornwall, 
and  the  freedom  and  eloquence  of  his  speech- 
es in  the  house,  together  with  bis  intimacy 
with  Atterbury,  drew  upon  him  (he  suspi- 
cion that  he  was  concerned  in  the  plot  of  that 
unfortunate  bishop,  and  consequently  he  was 
committed  to  the  Tower,  March,  1722—3, 
from  which  he  was  bailed  the  June  follow- 
ing. In  his  confinement  he  wrote  a  letter  on 
some  kind  of  small-pox,  addressed  to  his 
friend  Mead,  and  he  formed  the  plan  of  his 
great  work  "the  History  of  Physic,"  the 
first  part  of  which  appeared  in  1725,  and  the 
second  1726.  He  became  physician  to  the 
prince  of  Wales,  and  on  his  accession  to  the 
throne,  to  the  queen,  whose  confidence  and 
esteem  he  fully  enjoyed.  He  died  of  a  fever 
26th  July,  1728,  iu  Ins  52d  year,  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Hitcham,  Bucks,  but  a  monument 
was  erected  to  him  in  Westminster  abbey. 
i  He  left  one  son,  afterwards  student  of  Christ 
I  church.  His  Latin  works  were  published 
together,  London  1738,  in  fol.  by  Wigan, 
who  added  a  Latin  translation  of  the  History 
of  Physic,  with  an  elegant  dedication  to  the 
queen.  Dr.  Friend's  brother,  Robert,  was 
head  of  Westminster  school,  and  a  very  learn- 
ed man.  He  published  Cicero  de  Oratore» 
and  died  1754. 

Freinshemius,  John,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  at  Ulm  in  Swabia  1608.  He  was 
professor  of  eloquence  at  Upsal,  librarian  to 
Christina  of  Sweden,  and  afterwards  pro- 
fessor at  Heidelberg,  where  he  died  1660. 
He  was  a  most  able  classical  scholar,  and  to 
the  knowledge  Of  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin, 
united  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  all  the 
languages  of  Europe.  His  critique  on  Flo. 
rus,  and  his  notes  on  Phsedrus  and  Tacitus, 
I  are  valuable,  but  he  derives  his  greatest  ce- 
lebrity from  his  excellent  supplements  to 
Livy  and  Quintus  Cnrtius,  in  which  he  has 
been  so  successful  that  we  almost  cease  to  la- 
ment the  loss  of  the  originals. 

Fr  e  i  r  e  de  A  n  d  r  a  d  a,  Hyacinthe,  a  Por- 
tuguese, abbot  of  St.  Mary  de  Chans,  born 
atBeja  1597.  He  was  in  great  favor  with 
John  IV.  of  Portugal,  who  wished  to  make 
him  a  bishop.  He  was  a  man  of  great  levity 
of  character,  whieh  probably  prevenfro*  hi? 


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advancement  in  the  state,  as  his  abilities 
might  have  promised.  He  died  at  Lisbon 
165/.  His  "  Life  of  don  Juan  de  Castro," 
is  esteemed  as  one  of  the  best  written  books 
in  Portuguese.     He  wrote  also  some  poems. 

Fee  mi  net,  Martin,  a  French  painter, 
who  died  at  Paris,  liis  birth  place,  1019,  aged 
5'/.  He  was  chiefly  painter  to  Henry  IV.  and 
honored  with  the  order  of  St.  Michael  by 
Lewis  XIII.  He  imitated  with  suceess  the 
beauties  of  Michael  Angelo,  and  of  Joseph 
of  Arpjno. 

Fremont  d'Ablancourt,  Nicholas, 
nephew  and  pupil  of  Perrot  d'AbJancourt, 
retired  to  Holland  at  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  and  was  appointed  histori- 
ographer to  the  prince  of  Orange.  Besides 
a  defence  of  his  uncle  Tacitus  against  la  Hous- 
saye,  he  translated  Lucian's  dialogue  between 
the  letters  and  the  supplement  to  the  true 
history,  and  after  his  death,  which  happened 
in  1C93,  his  Memoirs  of  the  History  of  Por- 
tugal, appeared  in  12mo. 

Frenicle  de  Bessy,  Bernard,  a  mathe- 
matician, author  of  a  treatise  on  Right-ang- 
led Triangles — on  Combinations — on  Resolv- 
ing Problems  by  Exclusions,  &c.  He  was 
very  intimate  with  Mersenne,  Fermat,  Des- 
cartes, and  other  learned  men,  and  died 
1675. 

Freres,  Theodore,  a  painter,  born  at 
Enkhuysen  1643.     The  best  of  his  pieces  are 

? reserved  in  the  great  hall  of  Amsterdam, 
lis  drawings  and  designs  were  in  high  es- 
teem. He  resided  for  some  time  at  Rome. 
Freret,  Nicolas,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Paris  1688.  Though  bred  tothe  law 
he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  history, 
and  at  the  age  of  25  was  admitted  into  the 
academy  of  inscriptions,  in  consequence  of 
his  Discourse  on  the  Origin  of  the  French. 
«This  valuable  treatise  was  considered  as  of- 
fensive to  the  court,  and  the  author  was  sent 
to  the  Bastille,  where  the  reading  of  Bayle's 
dictionary  rendered  him  sceptical.  He  wrote 
letters  "  of  Thrasybulus  to  Leucippe,"  in 
favor  of  atheism — Examination  of  the  Apo- 
logists for  Christianity,  &c.  He  died  1743, 
aged  61. 

Freron,  Elie  Catherine,  a  French  jour- 
nalist, and  an  able  opponent  of  the  new  phi- 
losophy, was  born  at  Quimper  1719.  He 
was  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  but  in  1739  he 
left  them,  and  began  the  life  and  profession 
of  author.  His  "  Letters  on  Certain  Wri- 
tings of  the  Times,"  appeared  in  1749,  and 
were  continued  to  13  vols.  In  1754  he  began 
his  "  Annee  Literaire,"  in  7  vols,  to  which 
he  added  yearly  8  vols,  till  his  death  in  1776. 
He  was  an  able  and  acute  critic,  but  his  re- 
marks on  Voltaire  drew  upon  him  all  the  vi- 
olence and  fury  of  the  satirist,  and  he  be- 
came the  hero  of  his  Dunciad.  To  a  well 
informed  mind,  Feron  added  an  excellent 
private  character.  He  died  10th  March, 
1776,  and  besides  his  periodical  publications, 
•wrote  miscellanies,  3  vols.— les  Vrais  Plai- 
sirs,  from  Marino,  and  part  of  a  translation 
of  Lucretius,  &c. 

Fresnaye,  John  Vauquelin  de  la,  an 


[  early  French  poet,  king's  advocate  for  Caen 
j  and  afterwards  president  of  that  city.  He 
died  1606,  aged  72.  He  wrote  "  Satires," 
which  though  inferior  to  those  of  Boileau 
and  Regnier,  yet  possess  merit — "  the  Art 
of  Poetry," — two  books  of  Idyllia" — a  poem 
on  the  Monarchy,  all  published  at  Caen  1605. 
Fresxe,  Charles  du  Cange  du,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Amiens  1610.  He  stu- 
died the  law  at  Orleans,  and  was  advocate  ot 
the  parliament  of  Paris.  He  spent  some 
time  in  his  native  town  in  the  pursuits  of  lite- 
rature and  philosophy,  and  then  settling  at 
Paris,  he  was  in  1668  engaged  by  Colbert  to 
make  a  collection  from  all  authors  who  had 
written  on  the  history  of  France.  His  la- 
bors, however,  did  not  please  the  minister, 
and  he  resigned  all  his  engagements  in  the 
undertaking,  and  then  finished  his  "  Glossa- 
rium  Medise  &  Infimaj  Latinitatis"  3  vols, 
fol.  an  excellent  and  useful  work,  often  re- 
printed. He  afterwards  wrote  a  Greek 
Glossary  of  the  middle  age,  in  2  vols,  folio. 
He  wrote  also  the  History  of  Constantinople 
under  the  French  emperors,  and  published 
besides,  editions  of  Nieephorus,  Cinnamus, 
Anna  Comena,  Zonaras,  &c.  with  learned 
notes.  He  died  1688,  aged  78,  leaving  four 
children,  who  were  honorably  pensioned  by 
Lewis  XIV.  in  consequence  of  their  father's 
merit.  Du  Cange's  Latin  Glossary  was  af- 
terwards enlarged  and  improved,  and  after- 
wards abridged  in  6  vols.  8vo.  Halle,  1772. 

Fresnoy,  Charles  Alphonso  du,  a  poet 
and  painter,  born  at  Paris  1611.  His  father 
who  was  a  surgeon,  educated  him  for  a  phy- 
sician, but  the  love  of  poetry  was  superior 
to  paternal  authority.  Under  Perrier  and 
Vouet  he  learned  design,  and  in  1634  travel- 
led to  Rome,  where  his  wants,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  neglect  of  his  offended  parents 
were  very  great  till  relieved  by  the  liberality 
of  his  friend  Mignard.  Devoting  himself  to 
classical  studies,  he  did  not,  however,  pay 
less  attention  to  anatomy,  the  rules  of  per- 
spective and  architecture,  and  the  elements 
of  geometry,  and  with  a  mind  well  stored 
with  poetical  images,  he  produced  his  ele- 
gant and  labored  poem  "  De  Arte  Graphi- 
cal' His  pictures  were  not  numerous, 
scarce  fifty  in  number,  and  always  parted 
with  for  little,  and  to  suppl}'  the  wants  of  the 
moment.  On  his  return  from  Italy,  in  1656, 
he  was  solicited  to  publish  his  poem ;  but 
though  encouraged  by  de  Piles,  his  friend, 
who  undertook  a  French  translation  of  it, 
he  deferred  it,  and  died  before  the  comple- 
tion, 1665,  aged  53.  The  poem  appeared 
after  his  deatii,  with  notes  by  de  Piles,  and 
its  excellent  precepts  have  been  made  known 
to  the  English  by  the  translations  of  Dryden, 
of  Graham,  and  lastly  of  Mason,  in  blank 
verse  with  notes.  In  the  coloring  of  his 
i  pieces    Fresnoy   imitated   Titian,    and  the 

!Caraccis  in  their  designs. 
Fresny,  Charles  Riviere  du,  a  French 
poet,  born  at  Paris  1648.  To  a  strong  taste 
Ifor  music,  painting,  and  sculpture,  he  joined 
a  great  knowledge  of  gardening.  He  was 
overseer  of  the  king's  gardens  j  but  he  sohl 


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the  appointment  to  supply  his  extravagance, 
and  retired  to  Paris  to  live  by  his  pen.  As 
a  dramatic  writer  he  acquired  some  celebri- 
ty. His  follies  were  such  that,  as  Le  Sage 
has  mentioned  in  the  Diable  Boiteux,  I  e 
actually  married  his  laundress,  thus  to  dis- 
charge his  bills.  Besides  his  comedies  lie 
wrote  cantatas  and  songs,  which  lie  himself 
set  to  music.  He  died  1724,  aged  70.  His 
•works  were  collected  in  six.  vols.  12mo.  and 
d'Alembert  has  drawn  a  parallel  between 
him  and  Destouches  as  a  comic  writer. 

Freteau  de  St.  Just,  Emmanuel 
Marie  Miehael  Philip,  a  Trench  nobleman, 
wlio,  through  disappointment,  embraced  the 
popular  party  against  the  court  at  the  revo- 
lution. After  acquiring  some  popularity  in 
the  assembly  and  the  convention  by  his 
speeches,  he  was  marked  for  destruction  by 
Robespierre,  and  was  guillotined  15th  June 
1793,  aged  49. 

Frewen,  Accepted,  an  English  prelate, 
born  in  Kent,  and  educated  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow 
and  president.  He  was  chaplain  to  Charles 
I.  1631,  was  made  dean  of  Glocesti-r,  and  in 
1043,  bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry.  He 
was  translated  to  York  at  the  restoration, 
and  died  at  Thorpe  castle  1664,  aged  75. 

Prey,  John  Cecil,  a  German  physician, 
who  pretended  to  be  the  first  in  Europe 
who  defended  theses  in  philosophy  in  the 
Greek  language.  He  died  of  the  plague 
1631,  and  his  Opusctda  appeared  after  his 
death  by  Baledrens. 

Preytag,  Frederic  Gottlehb,  a  burgo- 
master of  Nuremberg,  who  died  1776,  aged 
53.  He  was  author  of  Rhinoceros  Veterum 
Scriptorum  Monumentis  Descriptus,  1747, 
Analecta  Literaria  de  Libris  Rarioribus, 
1751, — Oratorum  &  Rhet.  Graic.  quibus 
Statua;  Honor.  Causa  positre  sunt,  1752, — 
an  Account  of  scarce  Books,  Sec.  1776, 
&c. 

Frezier,  Amadee  Francis,  a  native 
of  Chambery,  descended  from  a  Scotch  fa- 
mily. He  took  a  survey  of  Chili  and  Peru, 
of  which  he  published  an  account,  1716,  and 
deserved  the  cross  of  St.  Lewis  for  his  ju- 
dicious labors  in  the  fortifying  of  St.  Maloes. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  Lesfeux  d'Arliiice, 
— Elemens  de  Stereotomie,  &c  ami  died  at 
Brest  1772,  aged  90. 

Priart,  Rowland,  an  architect  of  the 
17th  century,  who  translated  Palladio,  and 
drew  a  parallel  between  ancient  and  modern 
architecture. 

Feiche,  or  Frische,  James  de,  aBene- 
dictine,  horn  in  Normandy.  He  edited  Am- 
brose's works,  ten  vols.  fol.  Paris,  and  wrote 
the  Life  of  St.  Augustine,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1693,  aged  52. 

Frisch,  John  Leonard,  a  native  of  Saltz- 
hacb,  founder  of  the  silk  manufactures  at 
Brandenburg,  and  the  first  encourager  of  the 
cultivation  of  the  mulberry  tree  in  Prussia. 
He  belonged  to  the  academy  of  sciences  at 
Berlin,  and  died  there  1743,  aged  77.  He 
wrote  a  German  and  Latin  Dictionary, — a 
Description  of  German  In56'CtS-»*lJfction- 
VOL.  I.       "         71 


uaire  Nouveau  des  Passages  Francois  AUe- 
mands,  fete.  8vo. 

Frischlix,  Nicodemus,  a  learned  Ger- 
man born  at  Baling,  in  Swabia,  1547.  lie 
was  educated  under  his  father,  who  was  a 
minister,  and  at  Tubingen,  and  so  great 
were  his  powers  that  at  the  age  of  thirteen 
lie  could  write  with  elegance  Greek  and 
Latin  poetry.  He  became  at  twenty,  pro- 
fessor at  Tubingen,  and  in  1580,  published 
an  oration  in  praise  of  a  country  life,  with  a 
paraphrase  on  Virgil's  Eclogues  and  Geor- 
gics.  In  this  celebrated  work  he  inveighed 
severely  against  courtiers,  and  the  satire  was 
felt  and  resented.  Even  his  life  was  in  dan- 
ger, so  that  he  fled  to  Laubach,  in  Carniola, 
where  he  opened  a  school ;  but  the  insalu- 
brity of  the  air,  and  the  ill  health  of  his  wife 
and  children  obliged  him  to  return  home. 
He  afterwards  passed  to  Frankfort,  and 
thence  into  Saxony,  and  to  Brunswick,  and 
at  last,  overpowered  by  his  necessities,  he 
wrote  to  the  prince  of  Wirtemberg  for  re- 
lief; but  his  application  was  disregarded, 
and  he  afterwards  imprisoned  in  Wirtem- 
berg castle.  From  this  illiberal  treatment 
he  determined  to  escape,  but  unfortunately 
in  the  attempt,  the  ropes  which  he  used 
were  so  weak  that  he  fell  down  a  deep  pre- 
cipice, and  was  dashed  to  pieces  on  the  rocks, 
in  1590.  He  left  behind  him  the  character 
of  an  unfortunate,  persecuted  man,  whose 
abilities,  however,  were  strongly  exhibited 
in  his  tragedies,  comedies,  elegies,  and  ele- 
gant tranclations  from  Greek  and  Latin  au- 
thors, and  ;J3o  by  a  well  digested  La^tin 
firammar. 

Frischmuth,  John,  a  native  of  Fran- 
conia,  who  died  rector  of  Jena  university, 
1687,  aged  68.  He  was  author  of  Illustra- 
tions and  Dissertations  on  difficult  Passages 
of  Scripture. 

Frisius,  John,  a  native  of  Zurich.  He 
became  principal  of  the  college  there,  and 
introduced  the  study  of  the  Hebrew,  and 
other  oriental  languages.  Besides  a  Latin 
and  German  Dictionary  he  translated  seme 
of  the  scriptures  into  German  from  the  lie-' 
brew,  and  died  1565,  aged  60.  His  sou  John 
James,  was  professor  of  theology  and  philo- 
sophy, and  died  1610. — Another  son  suc- 
ceeded him  as  professor.  Henry,  of  the 
same  family,  was  professor  of  languages  at 
Zurich,  where  he  died  1718,  author  of  a 
treatise  De  Sede  Artimx  Rationis, — De 
Communions  Sanctorum,  &c. 

Frith,  John.  Vul.  Fryth. 

Feizon,  Peter,  author  of  a  History  of 
French  Cardinals, — a  History  of  the  Grand 
Almoners  of  France, — the  Life  of  SpondKus, 
&c.  and  editor  of  the  French  Bible,  trans- 
lated by  the  Louvain  divines,  with  notes, 
died  at  Paris,  master  of  the  Jesuits'  college 
of  Navarre,  1051. 

Frobenius,  John,  an  eminent  German 
printer,  born  at  Hammeiburg,  Franconia. 
He  was  educated  at  Basil,  and  after  great 
progress  in  literature  began  the  business  of 
printer  there.  The  respectability  of  his 
character,  and   his   constant  care  of  never 


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printing  any  thing  offensive  to  morals  and 
religion,  produced  him  hoth  celebrity  and 
opulence.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  of 
Erasmus,  and  he  printed  his  works.  From 
his  press  issued  a  great  many  valuable  edi- 
tions of  different  authors,  of  Jerome,  Augus- 
tine, &c.  He  had  formed  the  design  of  pub- 
lishing all  the  Greek  fathers,  but  death  pre- 
vented the  completion.  His  death,  which 
happened  at  Basil  1527,  was  supposed  to 
have  been  occasioned  by  a  fall  five  years  be- 
fore, which  at  last  ended  in  a  dead  palsy. 
He  was  universally  lamented ;  but  by  none 
more  than  Erasmus,  who  loved  him  sincere- 
ly, and  who,  in  proof  of  his  affection,  wrote 
liis  epitaph  in  Greek  and  Latin.  He  left  his 
business  to  his  son  Jerome  Frobenius,  and 
his  son-in-law  Nicolas  Episcopius. 

Frobisher,  sir  Martin,  a  celebrated  na- 
vigator, born  near  Doncaster  in  Yorkshire.  He 
was  early  brought  up  to  a  sea  life,  and  was 
the  first  Englishman  who  attempted  to  dis- 
cover a  north-west  passage  to  China.  After 
fruitless  endeavors  to  complete  his  favorite 
scheme  for  15  years,  he  at  last  obtained  the 
protection  of  Dudley  earl  of  Warwick,  and 
with  three  barks  he  sailed  from  Deptford, 
8th  June  1576,  in  the  sight  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth, who  waving  her  hand  bade  him  fare- 
well. After  visiting  the  coasts  of  Greeuland, 
and  penetrating  to  a  strait  to  which  he  gave 
his  own  name,  he  returned,  and  arrived  at 
Harwich  the  2d  October.  As  he  brought 
with  him  some  of  the  produce  of  the  lands 
which  he  visited,  a  black  and  heavy  stone, 
which  was  on  board,  was  discovered  to  con- 
tain gold,  and  in  consequence  a  new  expe- 
dition was  quieklv  planned.  With  a  ship  of 
the  royal  navy  and  two  barks,  he  sailed  from 
Harwich  31st  May  1577;  and  after  passing 
by  some  very  dreadful  islands  of  ice  on  the 
coast  of  Friezland,  he  discovered  and  gave 
names  to  various  bays  and  isles;  and  at  last, 
after  loading  bis  ships  with  some  of  the  gol- 
den ore  of  which  he  was  in  pursuit,  he  came 
back  and  readied  England  at  the  end  of 
'September.  The  queen  received  him  with 
great  condescension.  The  ore  he  had 
brought  was  examined  before  commission- 
ers, aud  was  proved  to  be  valuable;  and 
another  expedition  was  prepared  to  make 
still  further  discoveries.  The  third  expe- 
dition, consisting  of  fifteen  ships,  sailed  from 
Harwich  on  the  31st  of  May,  and  returned 
back  with  the  usual  success,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  October.  Afterwards  Frobisher 
served  in  sir  Francis  Drake's  expedition  to 
the  West-Indies;  and  three  years  after,  in 
1588,  he  commanded  the  Triumph  in  the 
defeat  of  the  Spanish  armada.  He  was 
knighted  in  his  own  ship  for  his  great  ser- 
vices ;  and  afterwards  was  employed  to  com- 
mand a  fleet  on  the  Spanish  coast.  In  1594, 
he  supported  Henry  IV.  against  the  leaguers 
and  Spaniards ;  but  in  an  attack  against 
Croyzon  near  Brest,  he  was  unfortunately 
wounded  by  a  ball  in  the  hip,  7th  Novem- 
ber and  died  soon  after,  h.  is  said,  through 
the  ignorance  of  his  surgeon,  who,  by  ne- 
glecting to  extract  the  wadding,  did  not  pre- 


vent the  festering  of  the  affected  part.  This 
brave  man  was  buried  at  Plymouth. 

Froelich,  Erasmus,  a  native  of  Gratz 
in  Styria.  He  was  a  Jesuit,  and  eminent  for 
his  knowledge  of  mathematics  and  medallic 
history.  He  wrote  Quatuor  Teutermina  in 
Re  Nummaria,  4to. — Annales  Regum  Sty- 
ria, fol. — de  Figura  Telluris,  4to.  and  died 
1758,  aged  58. 

Fkoidmont,  Libert,  a  native  of  Liege, 
dean  of  St.  Peter's,  and  philosophical  pro- 
fessor at  Louvain.  He  wrote  Dissertatio  de 
Cometa, — Meteorologicorum  Libri  Quinque 

Brevis    Anatomia    Hominis — in     Actus 

Apostol.  Commeutar.  He  died  1653,  aged 
66. 

Froila  I.  king  of  Spain  after  Alphonsus 
757,  is  known  for  the  famous  victory  which 
he  obtained  over  the  Saracens  in  Galicia  760. 
He  established  very  excellent  laws,  but  his 
murder  of  his  brother  Vimazan  was  cow- 
ardly and  cruel ;  and  in  consequence  of  this 
he  lost  his  life  by  the  hand  of  his  other  bro- 
ther Aurelius  768. 

Froila  11.  succeeded  his  brother  Ordo- 
guo  on  the  Spanish  throne  923,  and  died  of 
a  lepi-osy  two  years  after.  He  was  so  cruel  in 
his  government  that  the  Castilians  revolted 
against  him. 

Froissard  or  Froissart,  John,  an 
eminent  historian,  born  at  "Valenciennes 
1337.  Though  bred  to  the  church,  he  was 
fond  of  gayety,and  travelled  through  England, 
Scotland,  Italy,  and  other-  places.  He  was 
for  some  time  in  great  favor  with  Philippa,' 
the  queen  of  Edward  111.  and  died  canon 
aud  treasurer  of  Chimai  about  1410.  His 
"  Chronicle"  is  a  valuable  work,  containing 
an  account  of  the  events  w  hich  took  place  in 
England,  France,  and  Spain,  from  1320  to 
1400.  The  best  edition  is  that  of  Lyons,  4 
vols.  fol.  1599.  It  has  been  abridged  by 
Sleidan,  and  continued  to  1466  by  Monstre- 
let.  It  has  been  lately  edited  and  elucidated 
by  the  labors  of  Mr.  Johnes.  ' 

Fromage,  Peter,  a  superior  of  the  Je- 
suits sent  to  Egypt  and  Syria.  He  publish- 
ed, in  Arabic,  various  religious  pieces,  at  St. 
John's  monastery  near  Antura,  vhere  he 
had  established  a  press.  He  died  in  Syria, 
after  some  years'  residence  there  1740. 

Fronteau,  John,  a  native  of  Angers, 
chancellor  of  Paris  university,  and  after- 
wards prior  of  Benay  in  Angers,  and  St. 
Magdalen  of  Montargis,  where  he  died  1662, 
aged  48.  He  wrote  the  Philosophy  of  AI- 
amandus, — Antitheses  Augustini  &  Calviui, 
de  Diebus  Festivus,  fol. 

Frontinus,  Sexlus  Julius,  a  Roman 
\»riter  under  Trajan.  He  wrote  de  Re  Ag- 
rai'ia, — Libri  Tres  Stratagematum,  kc. 

Fro n to,  Marcus  Cornelius,  a  Roman 
orator,  preceptor  to  Vereus  and  M.  Aure- 
lius. 

Frowde,  Philip,  an  English  poet,  educa- 
ted at  Oxford,  where  his  intimacy  with  Ad- 
dison introduced  him  to  the  notice  of  the 
great.  He  was  author  of  some  very  elegant 
Latin  poems  in  the  Musse  Anglicauie,  and 
wrote  besides,  two  tragedies,  "  the  Fall  of 


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Saguntum"  and  "Philotas."  He  died  in 
Cecil-street,  Strand,  1738,  leaving  a  most 
amiable  character  behind  him'.  No  man, 
•ays  liis  biographer,  could  live  more  beloved, 
no  private  man  could  die  more  lamented. 

Frugoxi,  Charles  Innocent,  an  Italian 
poet,  born  at  Genoa  1C92.  He  entered  into 
the  society  of  the  Sommasques,  but  after- 
wards with  the  [tope's  leave  laid  aside  the 
clerical  character,  and  became  perpetual  se- 
cretary to  the  academy  of  tine  arts  at  Padua. 
He  died  1768  aged  70.  His  works  consist- 
ing of  minor  poems  were  published  at  Par- 
ma 1779  in  9  vols.  Svo. 

Frumentius,  a  llomish  saint,  the  apos- 
tle of  the  ./Ethiopians,  among  whom  he  was 
consecrated  bishop  331,  by  Athanasius.  He 
died  360. 

Frve,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Dublin,  who 
settled  in  London,  where  he  acquired  some 
eminence  as  a  painter.  He  afterwards  en- 
gaged in  a  china  manufactory  at  How,  but  ill 
success  obliged  him  to  return  to  his  pallet 
He  attempted  also  mezzotmto  engraving. 
His  picture  of  the  prince  of  Wales  painted 
for  Sadlers-hall  in  1738,  was  admired  as  a 
well  executed  piece.  He  died  in  London 
1762,  aged  52. 

Frvth,  John,  an  English  martyr,  born  at 
Seven  Oaks  in  Kent.  He  was  educated  at 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards 
went  to  Oxford,  where  he  became  one  of  the 
canons  in  Wolsey's  college.  The  acquaint- 
ance and  conversation  of  Tyndale  converted 
him  to  the  tenets  of  Luther,  for  which  he 
was  imprisoned.  Upon  his  liberation  in 
1528  he  left  England,'  and  two  years  after 
returned,  and  began  with  increased  zeal  to 
preach  his  opinions.  His  influence  was  so 
great  that  he  was  sent  to  the  Tower  by  sir 
Thomas  More,  and  refusing  to  recant  he 
was  condemned  by  the  catholic  commission, 
and  was  burnt  in  Smithfield  1533.  lie  wrote 
several  treatises  against  popery,  which  were 
reprinted  in  London  in  fol.  1573. 

Fuchsius,  or  Fuchs,  Leonard,  a  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  born  1501,  at  Wembdingen 
in  Bavaria.  He  practised  at  Munich  and 
Ingoldstadt,  and  was  raised  to  equestrian 
honors  by  Charles  V.  He  died  1566,  aged 
65.  The  best  known  of  his  works  is,  "His- 
toria  Stirpium,"  1 543,  folio,  Bale. 

Fuessli,  John  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Zu- 
rich, eminent  as  an  artist  and  as  a  respecta- 
ble man.  He  wrote  the  History  of  the  Art- 
ists of  Switzerland,  a  work  of  merit,  and 
died  1782,  aged  70.  His  son  of  the  same 
name  was  a  bookseller  at  Zurich,  and  pub- 
lished some  interesting  works  on  entomolo- 
gy.    He  died  1786. 

Fvgger,  Huldric,  a  learned  man,  horn 
at  Augsburg  in  1526,  of  an  ancient  and  opu- 
lent family.  He  spent  much  of  his  proper- 
ty in  the  purchasing  of  books  and  manu- 
scripts, which  he  printed  at  the  press  of 
Henry  Stephens,  but  his  relations  were  so 
displeased  with  his  extravagance,  as  they 
called  it,  in  the  protection  and  encourage- 
ment of  literature,  that  they  had  him  dc- 
•Jared  by  a  court  of  justice  incapable  of  ma- 


naging his  affairs,  lie  retired  to  Heidelberg, 
where  he  died  1584,  bequeathing  his  libra- 
ry to  the  elector  Palatine,  with  a  fnnd  for 
the  decent  maintenance  of  six  scholars. 

Fulbert,  an  Italian,  educated  under 
pope  Sylvester  II.  He  acquired  great  ce» 
lebrity  in  France  as  a  public  preacher,  and 
obtained  the  bishopric  of  Chartres.  He 
wrote  with  strong  zeal  against  Berengarius 
on  the  euclu'rist,  and  was  the  first  who  in- 
troduced into  France,  the  worship  paid  to 
the  Virgin  Mary.  He  died  1028.  His  works 
and  letters  are  extant. 

Fulda,  Charles  Frederic,  a  native  of 
Wimpfen  in  Swabia,  eminent  as  a  Lutheran 
divine,  and  also  as  a  mechanic.  He  died  at 
Etuzigen  17SS,  aged  66.  He  was  author  of 
a  Dictionary  of  the  German  Boots — an  In- 
quiry into  Language — on  the  Origin  of  the 
Goths — on  the  Cimbri — on  the  Deities  of 
Germany — a  Chart  of  History,  &c 

FuLGENTits,  St.  an  ecclesiastical  wri- 
ter, born  of  a  noble  family  at  Tftlepta  about 
468.  After  a  liberal  education  he  took  the 
monastic  vows,  and  founded  a  monastery. 
Fie  was  elected  bishop  of  Yin! a  in  507,  and 
afterwards  of  liuspa,  but  he  shared  the  per- 
secution of  the  African  prelates',  and  was 
banished  by  Thrasimond,  king  of  the  Van- 
dals, into  Sardinia.  After  the  death  of 
Thrasimond  he  returned  to  Africa,  and  died 
there  533,  the  first  day  of  the  year,  aged  55. 
Of  the  works  of  this  learned  father,  the  best 
edition  is  that  of  Paris,  4to.  16R4. 

Fulginas,  Sigismund,  a  writer  of  the 
15th  century,  in  the  service  of  pope  Julius 
II.     He  wrote  an  history  of  his  own  times. 

Fulke,  William,  an  English  divine,  born 
in  London,  and  educated  at  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow 
1564.  He  spent  six  years  at  Clifford's  Inn, 
but  his  fondness  for  literature  was  greater 
than  his  partiality  for  the  law,  though  against 
the  wishes  of  his  father.  In  consequence  of 
his  acquaintance  with  Carlwright,  he  was 
suspected  of  puritanism,  and  was  expelled 
from  his  college,  but  the  patronage  of  the 
earl  of  Leicester  restored  him  to  public  fa- 
vor, and  presented  him '1571  to  the  living 
of  Warley,  Essex,  and  two  years  after  to 
Didington,  Suffolk.  He  afterwards  took  his 
degree  of  D.  1).  at  Cambridge,  and  accompa- 
nied as  chaplain  his  patron  when  ambassa- 
dor to  France,  and  on  his  return  he  was 
made  master  of  Pembroke  hall,  and  Marga- 
ret professor,  He  died  l.'.S'j.  He  wrote 
several  works  in  Latin  and  English,  chiefly 
against  the  papists,  and  dedicated  to  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  to  her  favorite  Leicester. 
His  Comment  upon  the  Rheims  Testament 
is  the  most  known  of  his  works.  It  appeared 
in  1580,  and  again  in  1601,  1617,  and  1633, 
in  fol. 

Fuller,  Nicolas,  was  born  at  Southamp- 
ton 1557,  and  educated  at  the  free  school 
there.  He  became  secretary  to  Home  bish- 
op of  Winchester,  and  to  Watson  his  succes- 
sor, and  afterwards  he  went  as  tutor  to  a 
Mr.  Knight's  sons  at  St.  John's  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  took hja  degrees   in  aria   at  Hart 


VXJ 


IU 


hail.  He  became  prebendary  of  Salisbury, 
and  rector  of  Bishop's  Waltham,  Hants,  and 
died  1622.  He  was  an  able  scholar,  well 
skilled  in  Hebrew,  and  superior  to  all  the 
critics  of  his  time.  His  "  Miscellanea  The- 
ologica,"  in  four  books,  a  valuable  book,  was 
published  in  Oxford  1616,  and  London  1617, 
and  it  is  inserted  with  some  other  works  in 
Poole's  Synopsis  Critieorum.  Some  of  his 
MSS.  are  preserved  in  the  Bodleian  library. 
Fuller,  Thomas,  an  English  historian 
and  divine,born  in  1608, at  Akle  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, where  his  father  was  minister.  His 
proficiency  was  so  great  that  at  the  age  of 
12  he  was  sent  to  Queen's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  degrees  in  arts, 
and  afterwards  removed  to  Sidney  college, 
of  which  he  was  chosen  fellow  1 631.  That 
year  he  obtained  a  prebend  at  Salisbury,  and 
■was  afterwards  presented  to  the  living  of 
Broad  Windsor,  Dorsetshire,  where  he  mar- 
vied.  Upon  the  loss  of  his  wife  about  1641,  he 
removed  to  London,  and  became  minister  of 
the  Savoy.  In  1642  he  preached  at  West- 
minster abbey,  and  gave  such  offence  in  his 
sermon  by  his  zealous  support  of  the  royal 
cause,  that  his  life  was  considered  in  danger. 
He  joined  the  king  at  Oxford  in  1643,  but  his 
sermon  there,  before  his  royal  master,  ap- 
peared as  lukewarm,  as  that  at  Westminster 
had  been  interpreted  as  violent,  a  strong 
proof  no  doubt  of  the  moderation  to  which  he 
warmly  exhorted  all  parties.  In  1644,  he 
was  chaplain  to  lord  Hopton,  and  was  left 
"with  part  of  his  army  at  Basing  house  when 
it  was  besieged  by  sir  William  Waller,  and 
in  this  situation  lie  behaved  with  such  cour- 
age that  the  parliamentary  general  raised  the 
siege  with  loss.  Fuller  afterwards  retired 
to  Exeter,  where  he  was  chaplain  to  the 
princess  Henrietta,  and  where  he  continued 
during  the  siege  of  the  city,  and  at  the  close 
of  the  war  he  returned  to  London,  and  be- 
came a  popular  preacher  at  St.  Clement's 
lane,  and  afterwards  at  St.  Bride's  Fleet- 
street.  In  164S  he  was  presented  to  the 
living  of  Waltham,  in  Essex,  by  lord  Carlisle, 
and  in  1654  he  married  a  sister  of  viscount 
Baltinglasse.  At  the  restoration,  he  found 
himself  a  favorite  at  court,  and  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.  D.  and  would  have  risen  to  a  bish- 
opric, had  not  a  fever  unfortunate!}'  carried 
him  off",  16th  Aug.  1661.  His  funeral  was 
attended  by  200  of  his  brethren,  and  a  ser- 
mon was  preached  over  him  by  dean  Hardy. 
The  most  celebrated  of  his  works  are  "■  the 
Church  History  of  Britain,  from  the  birth  of 
Christ,  till  1648,"  with  the  History  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  and  the  History  of  Walt- 
ham-abbey  annexed,  1656 — History  of  the 
Worthies  of  England,  a  valuable  book,  pub- 
lished in  1662,  fol.— Good  Thoughts,  in  Bad 
Times,  and  in  Worse  Times — the  History 
of  the  Holy  War,  1640,  fol.— the  Holy  State, 
fol.  1642 — Pisgah  Sight  of  Palestine,  and  the 
Confines  thereof,  with  the  History  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testament,  1650— Abel  ltedi- 
vivus,  or  English  divines,  1651,  4to. — the 
Speech  of  Birds,  moral  and  mystical,  8vo. 
16G0 — Andronicus,  or  the  Unfortunate  Poli- 


tician, 1049,  8vo.  besides  sermons,  &c.  Hi3 
Church  History  was  attacked  with  severity 
by  Dr.  Heylin,  and  ably  defended,  but  with 
such  moderation  that  the  two  antagonists 
were  reconciled  in  lasting  friendship.  Dr. 
Fuller  left  a  son  by  each  of  bis  two  wives 
He  was,  in  private  as  well  as  public  life,  a 
very  respected  and  amiable  character.  His 
memory  is  said  to  have  been  uncommonly 
retentive,  so  that  he  could  repeat  a  sermon 
verbatim,  after  once  hearing  it,  and  once 
after  walking  from  Temple-bar  to  the  end  of 
Cheapside,  lie  mentioned  all  the  signs,  on 
both  sides  of  the  way,  either  backwards  or 
forwards.  He  was,  in  his  conversation,  very 
humorous.  It  is  said  that  he  once  travelled 
with  a  friend  of  the  name  of  Sparrowhawk, 
and  he  could  not  but  ask  him  jocosely  what 
was  the  difference  between  an  Owl  and  a 
Sparrowhawk.  The  difference  is  very  great, 
replied  his  companion,  eyeing  his  corpulent 
person  with  a  smile,  for  it  is  Fuller  in  the 
head,  fuller  in  the  body,  and  fuller  all  over. 

Fuller,  Isaac,  an  English  painter  of  some 
celebrity.  The  resurrection  in  All  Soul's 
college-chapel,  and  that  of  Magdalen  col- 
lege, and  an  historical  piece  only  in  two  co- 
lors, in  Wadham  college,  Oxford,  are  ex- 
cellent proofs  of  his  great  abilities.  He  stu- 
died under  Perrier,  in  France,  and  was  very 
accurate  in  the  anatomy  of  his  figures  but  he 
often  offended  in  decency  and  historical  truth. 
He  died  at  the  end  of  the  second  Charles' 
reign  in  London. 

Pullo,  Peter,  a  heretical  bishop  of  An- 
tioch,  during  the  exile  of  Martyrius  in  the 
fifth  century.  He  maintained  with  the  Eu- 
tychian  tenets,  that  all  the  three  persous  of 
the  trinity  suffered  on  the  cross. 

Fulvia,  wife  of  Mark  Antony,  known 
for  her  hatred  against  Cicero.  When  the 
orator's  head  was  brought  to  her  she  pier- 
ced the  tongue  repeatedly  with  a  silver  bod- 
kin. 

Funccius  or  Funck,  John  Nicholas,  a 
celebrated  critic,  born  at  Marpurg  in  1693. 
He  was  educated  at  the  university  of  Itint- 
len,  and  wrote  some  very  able  and  learned 
treatises,  de  Origine  Latin®  Lingua?,  and 
de  Pueritia  Latin*  Lingua?,  &c.  He  died 
1778. 

Furetiere,  Anthony,  a  lawyer  born  at 
Paris  1620,  and  eminent  as  an  advocate  in 
the  parliament.  He  afterwards  took  orders, 
and  became  abbot  of  Chalivoy  and  prior  of 
Chuines.  He  was  expelled  in  1685  from  the 
French  academy,  on  the  accusation  that  he 
had  composed  "a  Dictionary  of  the  French 
Tongue"  which,  being  borrowed  from  the 
same  materials,  was  intended  to  supersede 
theirs.  This  valuable  work  was  published 
two  years  after  his  death,  in  1690, 2  vols,  folio. 

Furini,  Francesco,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, who  died  1646,  aged  42.  His  bathing 
nymphs  were  particularly  admired,  but  he 
displayed  in  his  figures  more  elegance  than 
regard  to  decency. 

Furius  Bibaculus,  a  Latiu  poet  of 
Cremona,  author  of  some  annals  and  satires, 
100  B.C. 


l'Y 


FY 


Furneaux,  Philip,  a  non-conformist 
born  at  Totness,  Devonshire.  He  was  as- 
sistant to  a  dissenting  congregation  in  South- 
wark,  and  afterwards  lecturer  at  Salters' 
hall,  and  in  175.3  he  succeeded  Lowman  at 
Clapham.  He  was  complimented  with  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  from  a  Scotch  university, 
and  died  1783,  aged  59.  He  wrote  an  Essay 
on  Toleration,  and  letters  to  judge  Black- 
stone  on  kis  Exposition  of  the  Toleration 
Act. 

Furst,  Walter,  or  Furstius,  a  Swiss, 
revered  as  i  ne  of  the  founders  of  the  liberty 
of  his  country.  He  seized  in  1307  with  some 
of  his  brave  countrymen,  the  forts  by  which 
his  country  was  enslaved  under  Albert  of 
Austria,  and  by  their  demolition  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  Swiss  was  re-established. 

Furstemberg,  Ferdinand  de,  a  native 
of  Westphalia,  promoted  in  the  church  by 
pope  Alexander  VII.  and  in  1G78  made  bish- 
op of  Munster,  and  apostolical  vicar  of 
Northern  Europe.  He  published  Monu- 
ments Paderbornensia  1672,  4to. — a  Col- 
lection of  Latin  poems,  &c.  and  was  a  liberal 
patron  of  literature,  and  encouraged  stren- 
uously the  propagation  of  Christianity  in  for- 
eign parts.     He  died  168.3,  aged  57. 

Ft;  si,  Anthony,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
minister  of  St.  Bartholomew  church  at  Paris. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  the  Jesuits,  whose 
opinions  and  conduct  he  opposed,  and  accus- 
ed of  incontinency  and  heresy,  but  he  was 
afterwards  set  free,  and  retired  to  Geneva 
where  he  publicly  embraced  the  protestant 


tenets.  He  wrote  against  the  errors  and  cor- 
ruptions of  the  Komish  church,  besides  au 
account  of  his  own  case,  &c.    He  died  1630. 

Fust  or  Faust,  John,  a  goldsmith  of 
Mentz,  to  whom  with  Guttemberg  and 
Schiefter,  is  attributed  the  invention  of  print- 
ing. It  is  more  probable  that  he  only  assis- 
ted Guttembergh  with  money,  to  enable  him 
to  make  movable  metal  types  at  Strasburg 
in  1444.  Koster,  however,  at  Harlaem  in- 
vented, in  1430,  the  cutting  of  wooden  blocks, 
and  Schteffer,  in  1452,  found  out  the  method 
of  casting  metal  types.  The  first  printed 
book  with  metallic  types  is  Durandi  Rationale 
Divinorum  Officiorum  1459,  and  afterwards 
Calholicon  Joannis  Januensis,  though  it  is 
said  that  there  is  a  psalter,  with  the  date  of 
1457  printed  at  Mentz.  Fust  died  at  Paris 
1466  of  the  plague.  The  report  of  his  being 
arrested  as  a  magician  at  Paris,  for  having 
in  his  possession  various  copies  of  the  bible 
in  unusual  exactness,  is  false. 

Fuielier,  Lewis,  a  dramatic  writer  of 
Paris,  who  also  conducted  the  Mercury,  a 
periodical  work,  from  1744  to  1752,  when  he 
died  aged  80.  His  tragedies,  operas,  &c. 
were  written  with  ease  and  spirit. 

Fyot  de  la  Marche,  Claude,  count  of 
Bosjam,  a  native  of  Dijon,  highly  honored  by- 
Lewis  XIV.  and  made  counsellor  of  state, 
and  prior  of  Notre  Dame.  He  wrote  an 
History  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Stephen,  fol. 
and  some  religious  tracts,  and  died  at  Dijon 
1721,  aged  91. 
I 


GA 

GA  AL,  Barent,  a  Dutch  landscape  painter, 
the  disciple  of  P.  Wouvermaus.  He 
was  born  about  1650,  and  by  imitating  his 
master  acquired  some  celebrity. 

Garb i ami,  Antonio  Domenico,  a  painter 
of  Florence,  patronised  by  the  duke  Cosmo 
III.  and  sent  by  him  to  Rome  to  improve 
himself.  He  was  killed  by  a  fall  from  a  scaf- 
fold 1726,  aged  74. 

Gabinius,  Aulus,  a  Roman  consul,  em- 
ployed against  Alexander  king  of  J  udsea.  He 
placed  Ptolemy  Auletes  on  the  Egyptian 
throne,  and  died  B.  C.  40. 

Gabriel,  Severus,  a  Greek  bishop,  born 
at  Monembasia  in  Peloponnesus.  He  -was 
made  bishop  of  Philadelphia,  but,  in  1577, 
came  to  Venice,  and  presided  over  the 
Greeks  in  that  republic.  His  various  tracts 
en  theological  subjects,  Greek  and  Latin, 
were  published  Paris  1671,  4to. 

Gabriel,  Sionite,  a  Maronite,  once  pro- 
fessor of  oriental  languages  at  Rome,  died 
at  Paris  1648,  then  professor  of  Syriac  and 
Arabic.  He  assisted  le  Jay  in  the  polyglot 
bible,  and  published  a  translation  of  the  Ara- 
bic Geography,  called  Geographia  Nubien- 
sis,  in  1619,  4to. 

Gabriel,  James,  a   French  architect, 
the  pupil  of  Mansard.   He  was  born  at  Paris, 
and  died  1742,  aged  77.     His  merit,  as  the  j 
able  builder  of    several   noble    edifices  in  J 


GA 

France,  placed  him  in  the  office  of  inspec- 
tor general  of  buildings,  gardens,  arts,  and 
manufactures,  and  of  first  architect  and  en- 
gineer of  bridges  and  public  ways  in  the 
kingdom.  He  was  also  knight  of  the  order 
of  St.  Michael. 

Gabrielle,  de  Bourbon,  daughter  of 
count  deMontpensier,  married,  1485,  Lewis 
de  la  Tremouille,  who  was  killed  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Pavia  1525.  Her  son  Charles  count  of 
Talmond,  was  also  killed  at  the  battle  of  Ma- 
rignan  1515,  and  she  died  1516.  Her 'vir- 
tues were  very  great,  and  some  published 
treatises  remain  as  proofs  of  her  great  piety 
and  devotion. 

Gabrino,  Augustine,  a  fanatic  of  Bres- 
cia, who  called  himself  prince  of  the  number 
seven,  and  monarch  of  the  holy  Trinity.  His 
followers  amounting  to  80  called  themselves 
Knights  of  the  Apocalypse.  He  rushed  into 
a  church  on  palm  Sunday  1694,  while  the 
priests  were  singing,  Who  is  the  king  of 
glory  ?  and  with  a  drawn  sword  he  proclaim  - 
ed  himself  the  king  of  glory.  He  was  con- 
fined in  a  mad  house,  and  his  sect  dispersed. 

Gabrino.   Fid.  Rienzi. 

Gaburet,  Nicolas,  an  eminent  French 
surgeon,  under  Lewis  Xni.  He  died  1662, 
at  an  advanced  age. 

Gacon,  Francis,  a  French  poet,  bora 
at  Lyons     He  became  father  of  the  orato- 


GA 


GA 


rV,  and  died  at  his  priory  of  Baillon  1727, 
ngeri  58.  tie  is  known  for  his  severe  satires 
against  Bossuet,  Rousseau,  la  Motte  and 
Others.  Though  he  had  personally  attacked 
almost  all  the  members  of  the  academy,  yet 
the  poetical  prize  was  adjudged  to  him  in 
1717.  The  best  of  his  works  is  a  transla- 
tion of  Anacreon.  His  other  pieces  are 
chiefly  satirical. 

Gaddesden,  John  of,  an  Englishman, 
the  first  employed  as  physician  at  the  court. 
He  wrote  "  Rosa  Anglica"  a  treatise  which 
contains  a  compendium  of  all  the  practice 
of  physic  in  Eugland  in  his  time.  He  was 
an  ecclesiastic  and  had  preferment,  and  as 
a  medical  man  was  very  superstitious, 
though  superior  to  others  of  his  time. 

Gaddi,  Gaddo,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
who  died  1312,  aged  73.  His  works  were 
chiefly  Mosaic,  he  also  excelled  in  designs. 

Gaddi,  Taddco,  son  of  the  above  was 
born  at  Florence,  and  died  1350,  aged  50. 
A  crucifixion  by  him  is  still  preserved  at 
Arezzo. 

Gaddi,  Agnolo,  the  son  arid  pupil  of 
Taddeo,  died  1387,  aged  60.  He  success- 
fully imitated  his  father. 

Gaelen,  Alexander  Van,  a  Dutch 
painter  who  died  1728,  aged  58.  He  was 
in  London,  and  painted  three  battles  be- 
tween Charles  1.  and  Cromwell,  besides  a 
picture  of  the  battle  of  the  Boyne. 

Gaertner,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Caluin 
Swabia,  son  to  the  physician  of  the  duke  of 
"Wirtemberg.  He  studied  at  Tubingen,  but 
his  fondness  for  natural  history  was  so  great 
that  he  abandoned  divinity  to  devote  him- 
self more  fully  to  his  favorite  pursuits,  and 
to  mathematics  and  medicine.  He  next  at- 
tended the  lectures  of  Haller  at  Gottingen, 
and  after  travelling  over  part  of  Europe  he 
took  the  degree  of  M.  D  and  in  1759  ap- 
plied himself  to  botany  and  vegetable  anat- 
omy at  Leyden.  His  visit  to  England  was 
marked  by  his  friendly  reception  among 
jnen  of  rank  and  of  science,  he  was  made 
fellow  of  the  royal  society  and  enriched  the 
philosophical  transactions  with  a  curious  pa- 
per on  the  fructification  and  propagation  of 
Conferva?,  &c.  In  1768,  he  was  honorably* 
appointed  professor  of  botany  and  natural 
history  at  Petersburg,  and  was  thus  enabled 
to  examine  the  natural  curiosities  of  the 
Ukraine  with  the  eye  and  attention  of  a  phi- 
losopher and  botanist.  He  returned  to  Swa- 
bia in  1770,  and,  in  1778,  again  visited  Lon- 
don to  finish  the  drawings  and  figures  for 
his  great  work  called  Cai-pology,  which  he 
dedicated  to  sir  Joseph  Banks.  This  inde- 
fatigable naturalist  died  1791,  aged  59,  leav- 
ing behind  him  many  valuable  manuscripts, 
&c. 

GjEtano  Scipio,  a  Florentine  painter, 
who  died  1588,  aged  38.  His  portraits  and 
historical  pieces  are  much  admired. 

Gaffarell,  James,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Mannes,  in  Provence,  1601,  and  ed- 
ucated at  the  university  of  Apt  in  that  prov- 
ince. He  studiously  devoted  himself  to  the 
Hebrew  language,  and  to  Rabbinical  learn- 


ing, and  at  the  age  of  22  wrote  a  large  4tc , 
volume  in  defence  of  the  mysterious  doct- 
rine of  the  Cabala.  He  was  appointed  libra- 
rian to  Richelieu,  and  enabled  by  his  muni- 
ficence to  travel  into  Italy  to  make  a  collec- 
tion of  valuable  books  and  manuscripts.  On 
his  return  his  abilities  were  employed  by  his 
patron  in  the  difficult  and  unavailing  task  of 
reconciling  the  protestants  to  the  papists. 
He  died  at  Sigonce,  where  he  was  abbot, 
1681,  aged  81.  By  the  recommendation  of 
Richelieu,  whom  he  survived  many  years, 
he  was  dean  of  canon  law  at  Paris,  prior  of 
Revest  de  Brousse,  and  commandant  of  St. 
Omeil.  His  works  are  numerous,  learned, 
and  curious.  The  most  known  are  "  Uu- 
heard  of  Curiosities  concerning  the  Talis- 
manic  Sculpture  of  the  Persians, — the  Hor- 
oscope of  the  Patriarchs  and  the  Reading 
of  the  Stars,"  a  work  which  passed  through 
three  editions  in  six  months,  and  in  asserting 
some  bold  things  concerning  magic,  drew 
upon  the  author  the  censures  of  the  Sorbon- 
nc, — a  History  of  the  Subterranean  World, 
with  an  account  of  Grottoes,  Vaults,  and 
Catacombs,  seen  during  his  travels,  with 
plates,  left  unfinished  at  his  death — a  trea- 
tise of  Good  and  Evil  Genii,  fete.  Though 
learned  he  was  very  superstitious,  and  more 
fond  of  magic  than  became  his  knowledge 
of  the  world,  and  his  experience. 

Gafurio,  Francbino,  a  native  of  Lodi, 
who  became  head  of  the  choir  in  Milan  ca- 
thedral, and  also  musical  professor.  lie 
wrote  in  Latin,  Theoricum  Opus  Musicas 
Disciplinre— — Practica  Musicss  Utriusque 
Cantus — Angelicum  &  Divinum  Opus  Mu- 
sical Materna  Lingua  Seriptum — de'Harmo- 
nia  Music.  Instrument.  &c.  He  died  at  Mi- 
lan, 1520,  aged  69. 

Gage,  Thomas,  an  Irishman,  monk 
among  the  Spanish  jacobins,  sent  as  mis- 
sionary to  the  Philippines  1625.  He  acqui- 
red some  propcvl}'  in  his  mission,  which  he 
came  to  enjoy  in  England,  where  in  1651, 
he  published  his  account  of  the  East-Tndies, 
translated  into  French,  by  order  of  Colbert, 
1676. 

Gagnier,  John,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Paris,  and  educated  there.  He  was 
a  most  able  orientalist,  and  upon  abandoning 
the  popish  failb,  for  the  tenets  of  the  Eng- 
lish church,  he  came  to  England,  where,  in 
honor  of  his  merits,  the  two  universities  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  M.  A.  He  lived 
some  time  at  Oxford,  by  teaching  Hebrew, 
but  during  the  absence,  and  after  the  death, 
of  Dr.  Wallis,  he  was  appointed  Arabic  pro- 
fessor, and  delivered  lectures  to  the  univer- 
sity, with  universal  approbation,  till  his  death 
1725.  In  1706,  he  edited  Jos  Ben  Gorion's 
History  of  the  Jews,  in  Hebrew,  with  a  Latin 
translation,  and  notes  4to.  and  in  1723,  he 
published  Abulftda's  life  of  Mahomet,  in 
Arabic,  with  a  Latin  translation  in  fol.  His 
translation  of  Abulfeda's  description  of  Ara- 
bia, had  appeared  in  Hudson's  Geographic 
Veteris  Scriptores  Greed  Minores,  1712; 
8vo. 

Gagny,  John,  first  almoner  to  Francis  I, 


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-was  chancellor  of  Paris  university,  and  au- 
thor of  Commentaries  on  the  New  Testa- 
ment,— the  Psalms  in  verse,  Sec.  He  died 
1549. 

Gag u in,  Robert,  a  French  historian, 
horn  at  Colines,  near  Amiens,  and  educated 
at  Paris,  where  he  took  his  doctor's  degree 
in  law.  His  abilities  -were  employed  by 
Charles  VIII.  and  Lewis  XII.  in  embassies 
to  England,  Germany,  and  Italy-.  He  was 
royal  librarian,  and  general  of  the  Unita- 
rians, and  died  1501,  advanced  in  years. 
His  chief  work  is  "  De  Gestis  Francorum" 
from  1200  to  1500  in  11  books  folio,  Lyons, 
1524. 

Gaiches,  John,  priest  of  the  oratory, 
and  canon  of  Soissons,  was  author  of  Aca- 
demical discourses, — Maxims  for  Pulpit 
Orators,  &c.  and  died  at  Paris  1731,  aged  83. 

Gaillakd,  de  Lonjumeau,  bishop  of 
Apt,  from  1673,  to  his  death  1695,  is  to  be 
recorded  as  being  the  first  projector  of  an 
universal  historical  dictionary.  In  the  exe- 
cution of  his  useful  work,  he  patronised  his 
almoner  Moreri,  and  enabled  him  to  consult 
the  libraries  of  Europe,  and  the  Vatican. 
According  to  Moreri's  dedication  of  his  first 
edition,  Gaillard  was  a  man  of  eminent  vir- 
tues, exemplary  in  public  and  private  life, 
and  distinguished  as  the  encourager  of  lite- 
rature, and  of  learned  men. 

Gainas,  a  Goth,  who  by  his  valor,  be- 
came a  general  under  Arcadius,  and  ruined 
and  destroyed  Ruffinus,  and  the  eunuch  Eu- 
tropius,  who  were  the  favorites  of  their  im- 
perial master.  He  invaded  and  desolated 
Thrace,  because  refused  a  church  for  the 
Arians,  according  to  the  promise  of  Arcadi- 
us at  Chalcedonia,  and  was  at  last  killed  near 
the  Danube,  A.  D.  400,  and  his  head  carried 
in  triumph  through  the  streets  of  Constanti- 
nople. 

Gainsborough,  Thomas,  an  English 
painter,  born  at  Sudbury,  Suffolk,  172".  He 
was  self-taught,  and  after  trying  the  powers 
of  his  genius,  in  delineatiug  the  scenes  of  the 
country,  he  came  to  London,  where  he  ac- 
quired celebrity,  by  the  superior  style  of  his 
portraits,  and  the  elegant  simplicity  of  his 
landscapes.  He  v  *.?  of  a  very  benevolent 
turn  of  mind,  and  it  is  said  that  he  impove- 
rished himself  by  his  extensive  liberality. 
He  died  1788,  aged  61.  His  eldest  brother 
was  also  eminent  as  an  artist,  and  another, 
minister  of  a  dissenting  congregation  at  Hen- 
ley, Oxon,  was  said  to  be  a  very  able  and  in- 
genious mechanic. 

Galadin,  Mahomet,  a  popular  emperor 
of  the  Moguls,  who  died  1605.  He  gave 
twice  a  day  audience  to  his  subjects,  and  was 
very  careful  that  their  complaints  should  be 
listened  to  and  redressed,  for  which  purpose 
he  had  a  bell  jn  his  room,  with  a  rope  de- 
scending into  the  street,  to  the  ringing  of 
•which  he  punctually  attended. 

Galantini,  Hippolito,  a  painter  of  Ge- 
noa, called  also  Capucino,  as  belonging  to  the 
fraternity  of  Capuchins.  His  miniatures  pos- 
sess delicacy  and  expression,  He  died  1706, 
aged  79. 


Galanus,  Clement,  an  Italian  of  the  or- 
der of  the  Theatin  monks,  for  some  years  a 
missionary  in  Armenia.  His  grammar  of  the 
Armenian  tongue,  appeared  at  Rome,  16J0, 
and  also  some  treatises  in  that  language,  with 
Latin  translations,  2  vols.  fol. 

Galas,  Matthew,  a  general  who  from 
being  page  to  baron  Beaufremont,  so  distin- 
guished Himself  by  his  valor  and  intrepidity 
under  marshal  1'iili,  that  he  succeeded  him 
in  the  command  of  the  imperial  forces.  Af- 
ter being  in  the-  service  of  the  emperor  Fre- 
deric II.  and  of  Philip  the  IV.  of  Spain,  he 
fell  into  disgrace  in  consequence  of  the  lost 
of  a  battle,  against  Torstenson,  the  Swede, 
near  Magdebourg.  He  was  restored  after- 
wards to  favor,  but  died  shortly  after,  at  Vi- 
enna, 1647,  leaving  behind  the  character  of  a 
very  great  general. 

Galateo  Ferrari,  Antonio,  a  scho- 
lar and  physician,  born  at  Galatina,  in  the 
territory  of  Otranto.  He  was  physician  to 
the  king  of  Naples,  but  retired  from  the 
court  through  ill  health,  and  died  at  Leev.e, 
in  his  native  province,  1517,  aj;ed  73.  He 
wrote  "  a  Description  of  lapygia" — a  tract 
in  praise  of  the  Gout — Latin  verses — a  trea- 
tise on  the  Elements,  &c. 

Galatin,  Peter,  author  of  the  valuable 
work,  de  A rcanis Catholics  Veritatis,  edited 
best  in  1672,  fol.  was  a  Franciscan  monk, 
about  1530. 

Galba,  Scrvius  Sulpicius,  emperor  of 
Rome  after  Nero,  was  slain  by  the  pretorian 
guards,  who  had  raised  Otho  to  the  impecial 
throne,  in  his  stead,  A.  D.  69. 

Gale,  John,  a  baptist  preacher,  born 
May  26th,  1680,  in  London.  At  tho  age  of 
17  he  was  an  able  scholar,  and  passed  to  Ley- 
den  to  complete  his  studies,  and  there  took, 
in  his  19th  year,  his  degrees  of  master  of  arts 
and  doctor  of  philosophy.  From  Leyden, 
where  his  abilities  had  been  acknowledged 
with  universal  applause,  he  went  to  Amster- 
dam, and  studied  under  Limborch,  and  be- 
gan a  lasting  intimacy  with  J.  le  Clerc.  Soon 
after  his  return  home  in  1703,  the  university 
of  Leyden  offered  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  if 
he  would  assent  to  the  articles  of  Dordt, 
which  he  refused.  In  1711  he  published  his 
Reflections  on  Wall's  Defence  of  Infant  Bap- 
tism, and  so  high  was  the  character  of  this 
work,  that  he  acquired  great  influence  among 
the  dissenters.  At  the  age  of  35  he  began  to 
preach  among  the  people  of  his  persuasion, 
and  became  one  of  the  ministers  of  St.  Paul's 
alley  near  Barbican.  A  meeting  upon  the 
disputed  subject  of  baptism,  took  place  be- 
tween Wall  and  Gale,  but  though  each  en- 
deavored to  convince  the  other,  both  part- 
ed dissatisfied,  and  Wall  published  soon  after 
in  1719,  his  Defence  of  the  History  of  Infant 
Baptism,  which  was  so  highly  respected  that 
the  university  of  Or:ford  presented  him  v.  ilii 
the  degree  of  D.  D.  To  this  defence  it  is 
said  that  Gale  prepared  an  answer,  which 
death  prevented  him  from  completing.  He 
died  of  a  fever  Dec.  1721,  age<J  4-.  Besides 
the  hook  already  mentioned,  Gale  published 
some  sermons,  4  vols,  of  which  appeared  in  » 


GA 


GA 


second  edition,  8vo.  1726.  He  was  in  private 
life  a  respectable  character,  much  esteemed 
by  bishops  Hoadly  and  Bradford,  and  by 
chancellor  King. 

Gale,  Theophilus,  a  learned  dissentei-, 
born  1628,  at  King's  Teignton,  Devonshire, 
where  his  father  was  vicar.  He  entered  at 
Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  in  1647,  and  in 
1649,  in  consequence  of  his  great  proficiency 
in  literature,  he  was  presented  with  his  de- 
gree of  bachelor  in  arts.  In  1050  he  was 
chosen  fellow  of  his  college,  and  became  an 
active  tutor.  He  afterwards  became  a  popu- 
lar preacher  and  settled  at  Winchester,  but 
at  the  restoration  he  was  ejected  from  his 
fellowship  for  refusing  to  conform,  and  in 
1662  attended  as  tutor  the  two  sons  of  lord 
Wharton  to  Caen  university  in  Normandy. 
He  returned  in  1665,  and  the  following  year 
saw  the  city  of  London  in  flames,  but  in  the 
midst  of  the  general  calamity  lie  had  the 
good  fortune  to  find  his  papers  saved  from 
the  conflagration,  and  "  the  Court  of  the 
Gentiles"  was  destined  to  appear  before  the 
public.  He  assisted  Rowe  in  the  ministry  of 
his  congregation  in  Holborn,  and  succeeded 
him  in  1677,  and  then  took  a  few  private 
pupils  at  Newington.  He  died  March  1678, 
and  as  a  proof  of  his  attachment  to  the  non- 
conformists, he  left  his  property  to  trustees 
for  the  education  of  students  in  his  own  per- 
suasion, and  he  also  bequeathed  his  library 
for  the  promotion  of  the  same  principles  in 
New  England.  Besides  his  Court  of  the 
Gentiles  published  in  four  parts,  between 
1669  and  1677,  in  which  he  proved  that 
the  theology  and  philosophy  of  the  pagans 
were  derived  from  the  holy  scriptures,  he 
wrote  a  the  True  Idea  of  Jansenism,"  4to. 
1669 — the  Anatomy  of  Infidelity,  &c.  8vo. — a 
Summary  of  the  two  Covenants,  and  other 
tracts. 

Gale,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine,  born 
1636  at  Scruton,  Yorkshire,  and  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow  and 
M.  A.  1662.  His  great  abilities  recommend- 
ed him  to  be  professor  of  Greek  in  the  uni- 
versity, and  in  1672  he  was  elected  master  of 
St.  Paul's  school,  and  had  the  honor  to  re- 
ceive a  handsome  present  of  plate  from  the 
city,  for  writing  the  inscription  on  the  monu- 
ment which  records  the  conflagration  of  Lon- 
don. In  1675  he  took  his  degrees  of  B.  D. 
and  D.  D.  and  the  next  year  became  preben- 
dary of  St.  Paul's,  and  was  made  member  of 
the  Royal  society  in  consequence  of  his  pre- 
senting that  learned  body  some  curiosities, 
especially  a  Roman  urn  with  ashes,  found  at 
Peckham  in  Surrey.  After  presiding  with 
great  popularity  and  national  advantage  over 
his  school  for  25  years  he  was  made  dean  of 
York  in  1697,  and  showed  his  liberality  by 
not  only  presenting  the  new  library  of  his 
college  with  five  Arabic  MSS.  but  by  im- 
proving the  cathedral,  and  displaying  the 
hospitality  of  a  virtuous  and  noble  minded 
dignitary.  He  died  at  his  deanery,  8th  April, 
1702,  aged  67,  and  was  buried  in  the  middle 
of  the  cathedral.    Though  engaged  the  best 


part  of  life  in  active  and  laborious  employ- 
ments, he  yet  devoted  much  of  his  time  to 
literature  and  classical  learning.  He  pub- 
lished in  1671,  the  Greek  Mythologic  Au- 
thors, Ethic  and  Physical — Historic  Poetic® 
Scriptores,  1675 — Rhetores  Selecti,  Gr.  and 
Lat.  1676— -Jamblicus,  ike.  1678 — Herodoti 
Historia,  Gr.  and  Lat.  1679 — Cicero's  works, 
2  vols,  folio,  1681,  and  4 — Historise  Anglica- 
nse  Scriptores  quinque,  1687,  fol. — Historise 
Britannicse,  Saxonies,  Ang.  Danica;  Scrip- 
tores quindecim,  &c.  1691,  fol.  and  other 
works. 

Gale,  Roger,  esq.  F.  R.  and  A.  S.  S,  son 
of  the  dean,  was  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow  1697 
He  was  a  man  of  large  property,  and  repre- 
sented North  Allerton  in  three  parliaments, 
and  was  commissioner  of  excise.  He  was  the 
first  president  of  the  Antiquarian  society, 
and  treasurer  to  the  Royal  society.  He  was 
considered  as  one  of  the  most  learned  and 
polite  scholars  of  the  age.  He  died  at  Scru- 
ton 25th  June,  1744,  aged  72.  He  published 
Antonini  Iter  Britanniarum  Commentariis 
Illustratum,  T.  G.  1709,  4to.— the  Know- 
ledge of  Medals,  by  P.  Jobert,  translated 
from  the  French,  and  other  works.  He  left 
his  MSS.  to  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and 
his  cabinet  of  Roman  coins  to  the  public 
library  there. 

Gale,  Samuel,  the  youngest  of  the  three 
sons  of  dean  Gale,  was  a  man  of  some  learn- 
ing. He  published  some  essays  in  the  Archse- 
ologia,  and  died  1754,  aged  72. 

Galeano,  Joseph,  a  physician  of  Paler- 
mo, eminent  also  fur  his  knowledge  of  classi- 
cal and  polite  literature.  He  died  1675,  aged 
70,  much  regretted.  He  wrote  several  trea- 
tises on  his  profession,  and  especially  "  Hip- 
pocrates Redivivus,  ike."  1650,  besides  the 
smaller  pieces  of  the  Sicilian  poets,  5  vols. 

Galen, Claudius,  a  celebrated  physician  of 
Pergamus,  who  practised  at  Rome  under  Au- 
relius  with  great  success.  He  died  A.  D.  201. 
He  wrote  300  volumes  on  his  profession,  etc. 

Galen,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Zealand, 
professor  of  divinity,  and  afterwards  chan- 
cellor of  Douay  university.  He  wrote  Com- 
mentarium  de  Catholic^fe  Christiano  Sacer- 
dote,  4to. — de  Originibus  Monast. — de  Missa- 
Sacrific. — de  Sseculi  Nostri  Choreis,  Ike.  and 
died  1573. 

Galen,  Bernard  Van,  a  native  of  West- 
phalia, known  as  a  bishop  and  as  a  general. 
He  was  originally  in  the  service  of  the  elec- 
tor of  Cologne,  and  then  took  orders  and  be- 
came canon,  and  then  bishop  of  Munster, 
but  when  the  pope  refused  to  confirm  his 
elevation,  he  determined  to  secure  his  power 
by  having  a  garrison  of  soldiers  devoted  to  his 
own  interest.  The  citizens  in  vain  inter- 
fered, Galen  was  resolved  to  have  recourse 
to  arms,  but  hostilities  were  suspended,  and 
his  attention  was  drawn  to  the  war  against 
the  Turks,  in  which  he  had  an  important 
command.  In  this  however  he  did  not  en- 
gage, but  in  1665,  he  attacked  the  United 
States.  Though  pacified  by  the  interference 
of  France,  he  again,  in  1672,  formed  a  league 


GA 

with  England  and  France,  against  the  States, 
and  afterwards  directed  his  arms  against 
Sweden,  in  conjunction  with  Denmark,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  this  war,  as  he  had 
done  before,  by  great  valor,  but  not  unmixed 
with  cruelty.  He  died  19th  Sept.  167S,  aged 
74,  little  regretted  by  his  people,  whom  his 
ambition  and  intrigues  had  conWibuted  to 
render  dissatisfied  and  unhappy. 

Galeoti,  Nicholas,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  the  lives  of  the  generals  of  his  order, 
in  Latin  and  Italian,  1748 — Notes  on  the 
Musseum  Odescalcum,  2  vols.  fol.  &c.  died 
1748. 

Galeoti,  Marcio,  a  native  of  Narni,  in 
the  papal  territories.  He  instructed  youth  at  j 
Bologna,  and  afterwards  in  Hungary,  where 
he  became  known  to  the  king,  Matthias  Cov- 
vinus,  who  made  him  his  secretary,  and  ap- 
pointed him  oyer  the  education  of  his  son 
John,  and  librarian  of  Buda.  He  was  invited 
by  Lev, is  XI.  into  France,  and  came  to  Ly- 
ons to  meet  the  king.  The  unexpected  meet- 
ing of  the  king  at  the  gates  of  the  city  proved 
fatal  to  Galeoti;  he,  descending  too  hastily 
from  his  chariot,  to  pay  his  respects  to  his 
majesty,  fell  down,  and  being  very  corpulent, 
so  much  injured  himself  that  he  died  soon 
after.  He  published,  in  1748,  the  Bon  Mots 
of  Matthias  Corvinus,  and  also  a  treatise  in 
4to.  "  De  Homine  Interiore,  et  de  Corpore 
ejus." 

Galerius,  C.  Valerius  Maximianus, 
from  a  herdsman  in  Dacia  became  emperor 
of  Home,  and  married  Diocletian's  daughter. 
He  was  warlike,  and  died  311. 

Galgacus,  a  Caledonian  chief,  famous 
for  his  noble  resistance  against  the  invasion 
ef  the  Bomans  under  Agricola. 

Gal  I  an  i,  Ferdinand,  a  noble  writer, 
born  at  Chieti,  in  Abruzzi,  and  educated 
under  his  uncle  the  archbishop  of  Tarento. 
In  1750  he  published  his  work  on  Money 
and  Specie,  in  consequence  of  the  scarcity  of 
cash  iu  the  two  Sicilies,  and  in  1772  appeared 
Ids  Catalogue  of  Stones  found  near  Vesuvius, 
which  he  presented  to  Benedict  XIV.  with 
this  inscription  on  one  of  the  boxes  which 
contained  the  collection :  Beatissime  pater, 
fac  ut  lapides  isti  fiant  panes.  The  witty 
sentence  procured  a  living  from  tho  pope, 
and  Galiani,  in  1759,  was  sent  as  secretary  to 
the  embassy  at  Paris,  where  his  genius  and 
his  talents  were  seen  and  admired  by  the 
French  literati.  He  returned,  in  1779,  from 
Paris,  and  died  at  Naples  1787.  Besides  his 
anonymous  dialogues  on  the  corn  trade,  writ- 
ten while  at  Paris,  and  which  possessed  me- 
rit, he  published  a  Commentary  on  Horace 
—a  treaties  on  the  Duties  of  Princes  towards 
belligerent  powers,  8cc. 

Galigai,  Eleonora,  the  wife  of  Conciui, 
marechal  D'Ancrc,  was  daughter  of  a  joiner 
and  a  washerwoman  in  Italy.  She  was  foster- 
sister  to  Mary  of  Medicis,  who  loved  her 
with  strong  affection,  and  to  this  partiality 
were  owing  her  greatness  and  misfortunes. 
She  came  to  France  with  her  patroness,  and 
though  her  features  were  plain  and  even  dis- 
gusting, she  married  Concini.  In  thrs  eleva- 
VOL.    L.  72 


GA 

ted  situation,  she  did  not  shew  that  modera- 
tion and  self-command  which  her  great  pow- 
ers of  mind  seemed  to  promise.  She  was 
haughty  and  imperious,  and  by  her  conduct 
soon  gave  offence  to  Louis  XIII.  the  son  of 
her  partial  mistress,  who,  with  the  cruelty 
of  those  barbarous  times,  caused  her  husband 
to  be  assassinated,  and  herself  to  be  brought 
to  trial,  though  no  crime  but  that  of  being  a 
favorite  and  of  governing  the  queen,  could  be 
proved  against  her.  She  was  charged  with 
sorcery  ;  and  when  questioned  by  what  ma- 
gic she  had  so  fascinated  her  mistress,  she 
made  this  well  known  answer,  "  By  that 
power  which  strong  minds  naturally  possess 
over  the  weak."  She  was  condemned  in 
May,  and  the  July  following  1017,  she  was 
executed  She  had  a  son  and  daughter; 
the  daughter  died  young,  and  the  son  return- 
ed to  Italy  to  enjoy  the  vast  possessions 
which  his  mother's  good  fortune  had  heaped 
together. 

Galilei,  Galileo,  a  celebrated  astrono- 
mer and  mathematician,  was  horn  at  Flo- 
rence 19th  February,  15G1.  His  father,  who 
was  a  Florentine  nobleman,  wished  him  to 
apply  to  medicine,  but  his  stronger  attach- 
ment to  mathematics  prevailed,  and  so  rapid 
was  his  progress,  that  in  1589  he  was  ap- 
pointed mathematical  professor  at  Pisa.  His 
opposition  there  to  the  prevalent  maxims  of 
Aristotle,  rendered  his  situation  unpleasant, 
and  in  1592  he  removed  to  Padua,  and  ob- 
tained a  professor's  chair.  His  treatise  on 
"Mechanics,"  and  his  "Balance,"  or  the 
problem  of  Archimedes  about  the  crown, 
now  made  him  known  as  a  man  of  genius 
and  application.  In  1609,  while  at  Venice, 
he  heard  of  the  invention  of  the  telescope  by 
James  Metius  in  Holland,  and  he  immedi- 
ately applied  the  powers  of  his  mind  to  con- 
struct and  improve  that  astonishing  instru- 
ment, by  which  he  penetrated  into  unknown 
regions,  and  displayed  the  heavens  in  a  new 
light.  He  discovered  mountains  in  the  moon, 
and  first  observed  four  of  the  satellites  which 
attend  the  planet  Jupiter,  to  which  he  gave 
the  name  of  Mediceau  stars  in  honor  of  his 
patron  duke  Cosmo  II.  He  was  in  1610  re- 
established at  Pisa  by  ihe  duke,  with  a  hand- 
some salary,  and  he  continued  his  observa- 
tions on  the  heavens,  and  observed  the  phases 
of  Venus  ;  but  his  discoveries  were  too  aston- 
ishing and  too  opposite  to  the  doctrines  of 
Aristotle,  to  escape  the  censure  of  the  philo- 
sophers of  the  age.  No  sooner  did  he  em- 
brace the  Coperniean  svitem,  and  assert 
that  the  sun,  disfigured  by  spots,  remains 
immoveable  in  the  centre  of  the  universe, 
and  that  the  earth  turns  round  in  annual  and 
diurnal  motions,  than  he  was  summoned  be- 
fore the  inquisition  for  opinions  so  false  lit 
philosophy,  and  so  heretical,  and  so  contrary 
to  the  word  of  God.  After  a  year's  confine- 
ment in  the  inquisition  prison,  he  was  res- 
tored to  liberty  1616,  on  the  promise  of 
renouncing  his  heretical  opinions ;  but  consi- 
dering forced  oaths  as  not  obligatory,  he 
continued  his  discoveries  in  the  planetary 
system.    I«  16;5?,  lire  dialogues  oa  the  t*o 


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systems  of  Ptolemy  and  Copernicus*  drew 
down  upon  him  the  vengeance  of  the  monks. 
Though  indeed  he  left  the  question  undeci- 
ded, yet  he  wished  to  lean  to  the  opinions  of 
Copernicus,  and  hy  thus  overthrowing  the 
philosophy  of  Aristotle,  and  in  bold  language 
ridiculing  the  blindness  of  his  followers,  he 
shewed  himself  an  obstinate  heretic.  He  was 
therefore  cited  before  the  inquisition  at 
Rome,  and  after  being  made  to  abjure  his 
errors,  and  doing  penance  for  his  offences, 
by  repeating  every  week  the  seven  peniten- 
tial psalms,  he  was  detained  in  prison  till 
1634.  Indignant  at  the  cruelty  of  this  treat- 
ment, and  the  bigotry  and  blindness  of  his 
persecutors,  he  yet  continued  his  pursuits ; 
but  in  silence  and  fear.  His  excessive  appli- 
cation, and  the  constant  use  of  his  telescope, 
together  with  frequent  exposure  to  the  night 
air,  had  such  effect  upon  him,  that  in 
1639  this  venerable  man  lost  his  sight  He 
died  three  years  after  at  Arcetri  near  Flo- 
rence, 8th  Jan.  1642,  aged  78.  Galileo  has 
thus  immortalized  himself  by  his  important 
discoveries;  he  first  observed  the  inequali- 
ties on  the  surface  of  the  moon,  and  knew 
her  vibration ;  he  planned  the  accurate  cal- 
culation of  the  longitude  by  the  eclipses  of 
the  Medicean  stars ;  he  invented  the  cycloid, 
and  observed  the  increasing  celerity  in  the 
descent  of  bodies.  His  works  were  collected 
in  3  vols.  4to.  1718,  but  it  is  said  that  his  wife 
permitted  a  fanatic  monk  to  peruse,  and 
consequently  to  destroy  many  of  his  valuable 
manuscripts.  His  son  Vincenzo  was  a  man 
of  genius  and  abilities,  and  author  of  some 
treatises  and  inventions  in  mechanics  and 
music.  Among  Galileo's  pupils,  were  Vin- 
cenzo Viviani  the  mathematician,  Toricelli 
the  inventor  of  the  barometer,  kc. 

Galissonnie  re, Holland  Michael  Barria 
marquis,  a  French  admiral,  born  at  Roche- 
fort,  11th  Nov.  1693.  After  serving  with 
distinction  in  the  navy,  he  was  made  gover- 
nor of  Canada  1745,  aRd  in  1756  he  had  a 
severe  engagement  near  Minorca  with  the 
English  fleet  under  Byng.  He  died  the  same 
year  at  Nemours,  17th  Oct.  deservedly  res- 
pected by  the  nation  for  bravery,  humanity, 
and  benevolence. 

Galland,  Augustus,  a  French  counsel- 
lor of  state,  well  acquainted  with  the  laws, 
the  history,  and  royal  rights  of  his  country. 
He  wrote  Memoirs  for  the  History  of  France 
and  Navarre,  folio — a  treatise  on  the  Ensigns 
and  Standards  of  France,  &c.  He  died  about 
1644,  but  at  what  age  is  unknown. 

Galland,  Antony,  a  French  antiquary, 
born  of  poor  parents  at  Rollo,  in  Picardy, 
1646.  He  was  educated  at  Noyon  and  Paris, 
and  in  consequence  of  his  great  knowledge 
of  the  Hebrew  and  the  oriental  languages,  he 
was  sent  to  travel  in  the  East  by  Colbert, 
and  at  his  return  he  enriched  the  literature 
of  his  country  by  his  publications.  He  was 
member  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions,  and 
professor  of  Arabic  at  Paris,  where  he  died 
1715.  He  published  a  Collection  of  Maxims 
and  Bon  Mots  from  oriental  writers — a  trea- 
tise on  the  Origin  of  Coffee — an  Account  of 


the  Death  of  the  Sultan  Osman,  &c. — Ara- 
bian Nights'  Entertainments,  and  some  cu- 
rious dissertations  on  medals,  &c. 

Galle,  or  GALLVEus,Servatius,  pastor  of 
the  Walloon  church  at  Haerlem,  wrote  Dis- 
sertaliones  de  Sibyllis  &  Oraculis,  1688,  4to. 
— besides  an  edition  of  Lactantius,  with  notes 
1660,  8vo.-^and  of  the  Sibylline  Oracles,  with 
notes,  &c.     He  died  1709. 

Gal  let,  N.  a  French  spice  merchant, 
who  died  at  Paris  June  1757.  He  is  known 
for  some  short  comic  pieces,  which  appeared 
on  the  French  theatre  with  applause.  He 
wrote  also  songs  and  poetical  trifles,  with 
great  neatness  and  pleasing  variety. 

Gallienus,  a  Roman  emperor,  son  of 
Valerian.     He  was  assassinated  268. 

Galligai.  Vid.  Galigai. 

Gallitz.in,  Basil,  a  noble  Russian,  in 
great  favor  with  the  regent  princess  Sophia 
during  the  minority  of  the  Czars  Peter  1. 
and  Iwan,  who  reigned  jointly.  He  was  un- 
fortunate in  his  military  expeditions  against 
the  Tartars,  and  his  influence  was  greatly 
diminished.  When  the  princess  regent  was 
discovered  in  her  secret  intrigues  to  destroy 
the  Czar  Peter,  and  to  raise  her  favorite  to 
the  throne  by  marrying  him,  she  was  confi- 
ned to  a  monastery  near  Moscow,  and  Gal- 
litzin  banished  to  Kargapol,  in  Siberia.  Ho 
afterwards  recovered  his  liberty,  and  retired 
to  a  monastery,  where  he  died  in  great  aus- 
terity 1713,  at  the  age  of  80.  Though  unsuc- 
cessful in  his  ambitious  views,  he  was  a  mac. 
of  great  merit,  whose  attention  introduced 
improvement  and  civilization  into  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  and  prepared  the  way  for  .the 
illustrious  reign  of  Peter  the  Great. 

Gallitz.in,  Michael  Michaelowitz, 
prince  of,  of  the  same  family  as  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  1674,  and  distinguished  him- 
self under  Peter  the.  Great  against  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden.  He  commanded  10  years 
in  Finland,  and  concluded  the  peace  of 
Neustadt.  He  died  1730,  field-marshal,  and 
president  of  the  college  of  war,  and  highly 
respected  as  an  able  minister  and  meritori- 
ous general.  At  the  victory  of  Lerna  he 
asked  only  the  pardon  of  one  of  the  captives 
for  the  reward  of  his  services. 

Galloche,  Lewis,  a  painter  of  the 
French  school,  who  died  rector  and  chan- 
cellor of  the  Royal  academy  1761,  aged  91. 
He  was  the  disciple  of  Boullongne,  and  mas- 
ter of  le  Moine.  The  Paris  churches  are 
adorned:  by  his  pieces. 

Gallots,  John,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Paris  1632.  He  was  well  acquainted 
with  the  ancient  and  modern  languages,  and 
of  such  universal  information  and  splendid 
talents  that  he  engaged  with  de  Sallo  in  the 
conducting  of  the  Journal  des  Sravans,  a 
periodical  paper,  which,  from  its  commence- 
ment, Jan.  5th,  1665,  has,  under  various 
names,  and  under  different  revolutions  and 
characters,  claimed  the  public  attention. 
Gallois  was  patronised  by  Colbert,  whom  he 
instructed  in  Latin  chiefly  in  his  coach,  as 
he  travelled  between  Versailles  and  Paris. 
He  was  made  member  of  th,c  academy  o! 


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sciences  1668,  and  of  the  French  academy 
1673,  and  after  his  patron's  death,  librarian 
to  the  king,  and  then  Greek  professor  of  the 
Royal  college.  He  died  of  the  dropsy  1707, 
and  in  1710  a  catalogue  of  his  books  was 
printed,  consisting  of  upwards  14,000  vo- 
lumes. 

Gallonio,  Antonio,  an  ecclesiastic  at 
Rome,  known  for  his  writings  on  the  saints, 
martyrs,  and  holy  virgins,  and  especially  his 
work  which  describes  the  various  cruelties 
exercised  on  primitive  martyrs,  with  plates, 
1594,  in  4to.    He  died  1605. 

Gallucci,  Tarquinio,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 
who  pronounced  an  oration  on  cardinal  Bel- 
larmine,  and  wrote  "Virgilian;e  Indicati- 
oues,"  in  which  he  asserted  in  bold  and 
animated  language,  the  superiority  of  Virgil 
over  Homer,  against  the  opinion  of  Madam 
Dacier.     He  died  1649,  aged  75. 

Gallucci,  Giovanni  Paulo,  an  Italian 
astronomer  of  the  16th  century.  He  wrote 
*'  on  the  Instruments  of  Astronomy,"  1597 
— Theatrum  Mundi  &  Temporis,  folio,  1507 
— Speculum  Uranicum,  folio,  &c. 

Gallucci,  Angelo,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 
born  at  Macerata.  He  is  author  of  "  Com- 
mentarii  de  Bello  BeJgico,"  from  1593  to 
1609,  Rome,  1674,  2  vols,  folio.  He  died 
1674. 

Gallus,  Cornelius,  a  Roman  poet,  made 
governor  of  Egypt  by  Augustus.  He  was 
the  friend  of  Virgil,  and  he  destroyed  him- 
self B.  C.  26. 

Gallus,  C  Vibius,  a  Roman  emperor- 
after  Decius.  After  two  years'  reign  he  was 
assassinated  by  his  soldiers,  253. 

Gallus,  Flavius  Claudius  Constantius, 
brother  of  the  emperor  Julian,  was  made 
Ciesar  by  Constantius  ;  but  afterwards  put  to 
death  on  suspicion  of  cruelty  and  ill  conduct, 
354. 

Gally,  Henry,  was  born  at  Beckenham, 
Kent,  August  1696,  and  educated  at  Benet's 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.  D.  in  1728,  when  the  king  visited 
the  university.  In  1721  he  was  made  lectu- 
rer of  St.  Paul's,  Covent-garden,  and  rector 
of  Wanden,  Bucks,  and  in  1728  he  was  pre- 
sented to  a  prebend  of  Glocester  by  King, 
lord  chancellor,  to  whom  he  n  as  chaplain. 
He  afterwards  had  a  prebend  at  Norwich, 
and  became  rector  of  Ashton,  Northampton- 
shire, and  St.  Giles'  in  the  Fields,  and  in 
1735  chaplain  to  the  king.  He  died  Aug.  7th, 
1769.  He  wrote  some  sermons,  besides  the 
Characters  of  Theophrastus,  translated  from 
the  Greek,  with  notes — a  dissertation  against 
pronouncing  the  Greek  language  according 
to  Accents,  1754,  8vo. — a  second  dissertation 
on  the  same  subject,  8vo.  &c. 

Galvani,  Lewis,  an  eminent  physiolo- 
gist, born  at  Bologna.  He  studied  medicine 
under  Galeazzi,  whose  daughter  he  married, 
and  in  1762  he  began  to  give  lectures  in 
anatomy  in  his  native  city.  He  accidentally 
discovered,  while  preparing  broth  from  frogs 
for  his  sick  wife,  that  the  muscles  of  these 
animals  were  thrown  into  convulsion  by  the 
touch  of  a  dis&ectingfcnifc.  and  exhibited  all 


the  appearance  of  the  electric  shock.  The 
subject  was  accurately  examined  by  the 
patient  philosopher,  and  upon  incontroverti- 
ble grounds  he  proved  that  the  nerves  of  all 
animals  are  thus  powerfully  acted  upon,  and 
he  had  the  honor  of  giving  his  name  by  this 
important  discovery  to  this  new  system  of 
physiology.  His  observations  were  commu- 
nicated to  the  world  in  his  treatise  de  Viri- 
hus  Eleetricitatis  in  Motu  musculari  'Com- 
mentarius,  1691,  and  the  subject  afterwards 
engaged  the  attention  of  Valli,  Fowler,  Aldini, 
and  especially  Volta,  who  introduced  very 
great  improvements  in  the  system.  After 
the  death  of  his  wife,  in  1790,  Galvani  be- 
came a  prey  to  a  severe  melancholy,  and 
died  1798,  aged  61.  He  wrote  besides  tracts 
on  medical  subjects,  &c. 

Galvano,  Antony,  a  native  of  the  East- 
Indies,  governor,  of  the  Moluccas.  He  was 
prudent  and  vigorous  in  his  administration, 
and  cleared  the  sea  of  pirates,  but  he  re- 
duced himself  so  much  by  his  liberality  that 
he  returned  poor  to  Europe,  and  not  meet- 
ing with  the  treatment  which  he  deserved 
from  John  III.  king  of  Portugal,  he  died  in 
an  hospital  at  Lisbon  1557. 

Gam,  David,  a  brave  Welchman  at  the 
battle  of  Agincourt.  He  observed  of  the 
enemy  that  there  were  enough  to  kill, 
enough  to  take  prisoners,  and  enough  to  fly. 
He  fell  in  the  fight  in  nobly  defending  the 
person  of  Henry  V  and  just  as  he  expired 
he  was  knighted  by  his  grateful  sovereign  on 
the  field  of  battle. 

Gam  a,  Vasco,  or  Vasquez  de,  an  illus- 
trious Portuguese,  horn  at  Sines,  on  the  sea- 
coast  of  Portugal,  immortalized  as  the  dis- 
coverer of  a  passage  to  the  East-Indies  by 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  He  set  sail  from 
the  Tagus  8th  July,  1497,  with  four  ships, 
and  though  his  expedition  was  considered  as 
most  perilous,  he  boldly  encountered  the 
storms  of  the  African  coast,  and  the  more 
dangerous  mutiny  of  his  followers,  and  on 
the  20th  November  doubled  the  cape,  which 
hitherto  had  been  called  the  Cape  of  Tem- 
pests, and  proceeded  as  far  as  Calicut.  He 
redoubled  the  c.ipe  April,  1499,  and  return- 
ed home  after  an  ahsence  of  two  years  and 
nearly  two  months,  and  mi  loaded  with 
honors  due  to  his  merit  and  services.  Iu 
1502  he  again  visited  the  East-Indies,  with 
twenty  ships,  as  admiral  of  the  eastern  seas, 
and  returned  September  1503,  with  thir- 
teen ships  richly  laden.  Under  John  III.  he 
was  appointed  viceroys  of  India,  and  for  the 
third  time  returned  to  the  country  and  fixed 
the  seat  of  government  at  Cochin,  but  he 
unfortunately  died  soon  after,  24th  Decem- 
ber 1525.  He  was  a  man  of  the  greatest 
intrepidity  and  the  most  persevering  cour- 
age, but  he  also  possessed  in  a  very  eminent 
degree  the  virtues  of  private  life,  and  for  a 
while  forgot  his  ambition  and  lib  fame  in 
deploring  the  death  of  his  brother  and  com- 
panion, Paulus  de  Gama.  His  adventures 
have  been  immortalized  by  the  poem  of  Ca- 
moens,  called  "  the  Lusiad"  trauslnti 


English  bv  Mickle, 


ited  iiit'j 


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GA 


Gamaches,  Stephen  Simon,  a  member 
of  the  French  academy  of  sciences,  who 
dieil  at  Paris  1756,  aged  84.  He  was  author 
of  Physical  Atronomy,  2  vols.  4to. — Lite- 
rary and  Philosophical  Dissertations,  8vo. 
— System  of  the  Heart — the  Elegancies  of 
Language  reduced  to  their  Principles,  a  val- 
uable book. 

Gamaches,  Philip  de,  author  o,f  2  vols, 
of  Commentaries  on  the  Snmmi  of  Aquinas, 
was  divinity  professor  in  Paris  university, 
and  ably  defended  llie  Gallican  church  against 
the  encroachments  of  the  papal  power,  lie 
died  at  Paris  1625. 

Gamaliel,  a  Jewish  doctor  of  the  law, 
and  a  secret  disciple  of  our  Saviour.  He  de- 
fended the  conduct  of  the  apostles  against  the 
machinations  of  the  Sanhedrim.,  and  when 
Stephen  had  been  cruelly  stoned  to  death,  it 
is  said  that  he  caused  his  remains  to  be  de- 
cently buried. 

Gambara,  Lorenzo,  an  Italian  poet  pa- 
tronised by  cardinal  Alexander  Parnese. 
He  died  1586,  aged  90.  He  wrote  a  Latin 
poem  on  Columbus,  besides  eclogues,  &c. 
but  his  poetry  is  spoken  of  with  great  con- 
tempt by  Muretus. 

Gambara,  Veronica,  an  Italian  lady  born 
at  Brescia.  She  married  the  lord  of  Corre- 
gio,  and  after  his  death  devoted  herself  to  li- 
terature, and  the  education  of  her  two  sons. 
She  died  1550,  aged  65.  The  best  edition  of 
her  poems,  which  possess  merit,  and  of  her 
letters,  is  that  of  Brescia,  1759. 

Gam  bold,  John,  a  native  of  Haverford- 
west, educated  at  Christ  church,  Oxford, 
■where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  1734. 
He  was  on  the  presentation  of  Seeker,  vicar 
of  Stanton  Harcourt,  and  wrote  there  "  the 
Martyrdom  of  Ignatius,"  a  tragedy,  1740, 
and  in  1742  edited  at  the  Oxford  press,  the 
New  Testament,  after  MiJIes.  He  joined  in 
1748  the  united  Moravian  brethren,  and  was 
for  many  years  their  minister  in  Neville's 
•ourt,  Fetter-lane.  He  was  consecrated  bi- 
shop of  his  fraternity  at  the  synod  1754,  and 
in  1765  he  established  a  congregatiou  at  Coot- 
hill  in  Ireland.  He  died  in  his  native  town, 
Sept.  13,  1771,  and  though  an  enthusiast  he 
was  universally  respected  for  his  learning 
and  information,  and  for  his  inoffensive  man- 
ners. He  wrote  several  things  for  the  use  of 
his  Moravian  brethren,  besides  a  Character 
of  count  Zinzendorf — 16  Discourses  on  the 
second  Article  of  the  Creed — and  the  His- 
tory of  Greenland,  translated  from  the  Dutch, 
&c. 

Gandy,  James,  a  painter  who  came  to 
Ireland  with  the  duke  ofOrmond,  and  died 
there  1689.  He  was  the  pupil  and  imitator 
of  Vandyck. 

Ganganelli.     Vid.  Clement  XIV. 

Garamond,  Claude,  a  native  of  Paris, 
known  as  an  ingenious  engraver  and  letter 
founder.  He  first  banished  the  use  of  the 
Gothic,  or  black  letter,  and  founded  his  types 
in  so  complete  a  manner  that  they  became 
universally  admired  in  Europe,  and  by  way 
of  excellence  the  small  Roman  letters  were 
denominated  in  every  country  by  his  name. 


At  tire  desire  of  Francis  I.  he  founded  thre* 
different  Greek  types,  for  Robert  Stephens, 
for  the  publication  of  tlie  Greek  Testament, 
and  of  the  Greek  classics.  This  ingenious 
and  indefatigable  man'  died  1561,  and  his 
types  became  the  property  of  Fournier  the  • 
elder,  an  eminent  letter  founder. 

Garasse,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Au- 
gouleme  15S5.  He  diplayed  his  genius  by 
his  publication  of  the  elegies  on  the  death  of 
Henry  IV.  and  in  a  poem  in  heroic  verse  ad- 
dressed to  Lewis  XIII.  on  his  inauguration. 
As  a  preacher  he  was  very  eloquent  and  po- 
pular, but  he  aspired  to  the  public  admira- 
tion by  the  force  and  consequence  of  his 
writings.  In  his  style  he  was  violent  and 
scurrilous,  and  his  •"  Horoscope  of  Anti-Co- 
ton,  &c."  and  his  "  Calvimstic  Blixir,  &c." 
were  proofs  of  the  virulence  and  buffoonery 
with  which  he  defended  his  order  against  the 
attacks  of  his  enemies.  In  1620  he  published 
"  Rabelais  Reformed,  &c."  and  afterwards 
in  other  publications  attacked  the  ghost  of 
Pasquier,  an  affront  which  was  severely  re- 
sented by  the  indignant  sons  of  this  reverend 
father.  His  "  Somme  Theologique  des  Vc- 
rites  Capitales  de  la  Religion  Chretienne,:' 
published  1625,  first  raised  the  torch  of  dis- 
sension and  hatred  between  the  Jesuits  and 
Jansenists.  The  book  was  attacked  by  the 
abbot  of  St.  Cyran,  and  in  1626,  the  rector 
of  the  Sorbotine  complained  to  his  society 
of  the  evil  tendencies  of  a  composition  which 
recommended  heretical  opinions,  aud  abound- 
ed in  false  quotations  from  scripture.  Ga- 
rasse was  in  consequence  of  this,  after  a  so- 
lemn examination  censured,  but  the  viru- 
lence and  animosity  which  had  been  excited 
between  the  two  orders  continued  to  be  dis- 
played on  both  sides  with  increasing  violence. 
Though  supported  by  the  Jesuits  in  the  dis- 
pute, Garasse  was  banished  to  one  of  their 
houses  at  some  distance  from  Paris.  During 
the  pestilence  which  raged  at  Poictiers,  he 
showed  himself  charitably  active  in  the  re- 
lief of  the  infected,  and  fell  a  victim  to  the 
contagion,  14th  June,  1631.  He  is  styled  by 
Warburton  in  his  commentary  on  the  Essay 
of  Man,  an  eminent  casuist. 

Garbieri,  Lorenzo,  a  painter  of  Bolog 
na,  pupil  to  Ludovico  Caracci.  He  died 
1654,  aged  64. 

Garbo,  Raphael  del,  an  historical  painter 
of  Florence,  who  died  1534,  aged  58.  His 
representation  of  the  resurrection  is  his  best 
piece. 

Garci  as  II.  king  of  Navarre  after  Sancho 
11.  died  1000. 

Garcilasso,  rv  Garcias  Lasso  de 
la  Vega,  a  Spanish  poet,  born  of  a  noble 
family  at  Toledo,  1500.  He  was  educated 
under  the  eye  of  Charles  V.  who  patronised 
and  esteemed  him,  and  he  distinguished 
himself  as  much  by  his  valor  as  by  his  poetry. 
After  accompanying  Charles  in  his  campaigns 
in  Germany,  Africa,  and  Provence,  he  re- 
ceived a  wound  on  the  head  from  a  stone 
thrown  from  a  tower,  when  at  the  head  of  a 
battalion,  and  died  three  weeks  after  at  Nice, 
in  his  364)  year.     To  his  genius  and  his  &- 


GA 


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bors  the  poetry  of  the  Spaniards  is  greatly 
indebted.  His  works  are  written  not  only  in 
elegant  language,  but  with  true  poetic  fire, 
and  his  odes  are  said  by  Paul  Jovius  to  equal 
those  of  Horace  in  sweetness.  His  works 
were  published  with  learned  notes  by  Franc. 
Sanchez,  Naples,  166-1,  in  8vo.  There  was 
another  Spaniard  of  the  same  name,  born  at 
Cusco,  who  wrote  the  History  of  Florida,  of 
Peru,  and  of  the  Incas. 

Gardie,  Pontus  de  la,  a  French  adven- 
turer in  the  service  of  marshal  Brisac,  and 
afterwards  of  the  Danes,  and  then  of  the 
Swedes.  He  was  ambassador  from  Sweden 
at  Vienna  and  at  Rome,  and  in  1580  he  was 
employed  against  the  Russians,  and  fought 
with  great  suecess.  He  was  drowned  acci- 
dentally in  the  port  of  Revel  1585. 

Gardin  Dumesnil,  N.  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Paris,  was  eminent  as  a  scholar, 
as  appears  in  his  Synonymes  Latines,  in  imi- 
tation of  Girard's  Synonymes  Francois.  He 
died  at  Valogne,  May  1802,  aged  8'2. 

Gardiner,  Stephen,  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, was  the  illegitimate  son  of  Lionel 
Woodville,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  brother 
to  Elizabeth  the  queen  of  the  fourth  Ed- 
ward. He  was  born  at  Bury  St.  Edmund's, 
Suffolk,  1483,  and  educated  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  his  progress  in  clas- 
sical literature,  and  in  civil  and  canon  law 
was  very  rapid.  His  introduction  into  the 
Norfolk  family,  and  afterwards  into  the  ser- 
vice of  Wolsey,  soon  rendered  him  a  favor- 
ite at  court.  In  the  business  of  the  divorce 
he  was  sent  in  152"  to  Rome,  where  he 
warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  his  sovereign, 
and  when  Fie  found  that  the  pope  was  inex- 
orable, he  turned  his  attention  to  procure 
the  dismissal  of  the  virtuous  Catherine, 
•without  paying  any  respect  to  the  opinion  of 
the  papal  court.  For  his  services  he  was 
made  secretary  of  state,  and  in  1531  raised 
to  the  see  of  Winchester.  He  went  after- 
wards as  ambassador  to  the  French  court, 
and  when  Henry  broke  off  his  dependence 
on  the  papal  see,  the  new  bishop  evinced  his 
acquiescence  in  the  bold  measure  by  defend- 
ing it  in  his  tract  de  Vera  Obedienta.  After 
various  employments  of  confidence  and  hon- 
or, he  was  at  last  directed  by  Henry  to  draw 
up  articles  on  an  accusation  of  heresy,  against 
his  last  wife  Catherine  Parr,  but  the  "devo- 
ted queen  had  the  art  to  avert  the  storm 
from  her  own  head  upon  that  of  Gardiner, 
who  ever  after  continued  in  disgrace  with 
the  king.  Under  Edward  VI.  he  showed 
himself  averse  to  the  introduction  of  the 
reformation,  and  though  threatened  and  im- 
prisoned, he  still  persevered  in  his  opposi- 
tion. Under  Mary  he  was  restored  to  his 
bishopric  from  which  he  had  been  deprived, 
and  he  was  raised  to  the  high  office  of  lord 
chancellor  and  of  prime  minister.  Much  to 
the  disgrace  of 'his  character  he  conducted 
himself  in  this  elevated  situation  with  great 
caprice  and  unpardonable  cruelty.  The 
protestants  who  opposed  his  views  were  with 
little  ceremony  committed  to  the  flames, 
aad  these  measures  of  violence  and  blood 


were  sanctioned  by  the  bigoted  queen,  anti 
approved  by  the  criminal  catholics.  He  died 
12th  Nov.  1555,  aged  72.  In  his  private 
character  he  was  not  without  some  good 
qualities.  He  was  learned,  and  promoted 
the  cause  of  learning.  His  gratitude  to 
Wolsey,  to  whom  he  was  indebted  for  part 
of  his  greatness,  is  highly  commendable,  and 
though  much  injured  by  Henry  VIII.  be 
never  mentioned  his  name  without  marks  of 
respect  and  affection.  That  he  possessed 
ambition,  the  history  of  his  life  sufficiently 
proves,  and  that  he  was  not  unskilled  in  art 
and  dissimulation  is  strongly  evident  from 
the  greatness  with  which  he  supported  his 
measures  in  the  midst  of  jarring  factions,  and 
opposite  religions. 

Gardiner,  James,  an  officer  in  the  ar- 
my of  George  II.  who  on  reading  a  religious 
book  called  Heaven  taken  by  Storm  sudden- 
ly reformed  the  licentious  conduct  of  his 
youth,  by  the  most  correct  morals,  and  the 
most  undisguised  piety.  This  worthy  man 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Preston-pans,  iu 
sight  of  his  own  house,  21st  September 
1745. 

Garengeot,  Rene,  Jacques,  Croissant 
de,  a  French  surgeon,  born  at  Vitri  1688. 
He  was  royal  lecturer  on  surgery  at  Paris, 
and  fellow  of  the  London  royal  society,  and 
he  acquired  great  celebrity  by  the  success  of 
his  operations,  and  the  ingenious  and  valu- 
able works  which  he  wrote  on  his  profession. 
He  died  at  Paris  1759.  His  works  are  a 
Treatise  on  Surgical  Operations,  two  vols. 
8vo. — on  Surgical  Instruments,  2  vols.  12mo. 
— the  Anatomy  of  the  Viscera  12mo.  &c. 

Garessoles,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Mon- 
tauban,  where  he  was  divinity  professor,  and 
also  moderator  of  the  synod  of  Charenton. 
He  wrote  a  Way  to  Salvation, — de  Christo 
Mediatore, — Explicatio  Catecheseoe  Christ. 
Relig. — some  Latin  poems,  &c.  and  died 
1650,  aged  63. 

Garet,  John,  a  Bcnedjctine,  of  the  con- 
gregation of  St.  Maur.  He  was  born  at 
Havre  de  Grace,  and  died  1694,  aged  69 
He  edited  Cassiodprus,  2  vols.  fol.  with  in- 
teresting notes. 

Garlande,  Jean  de,  a  grammarian, 
born  at  Garlande  en  Brie  in  Normandy 
The  best  known  of  his  works  are  "  a  poem 
on  the  contempt  of  the  World." — Florctus, 
on  the  Doctrines  of  Faith  ; — Facetus  on  the 
duties  of  Men  towards  God, — Dictionarium 
Arti^  Alchymise  1571.  Basle.  He  was  liv- 
ing in  1081,  and  as  he  passed  much  of  his 
time  in  England,  with  William  of  Norman- 
dy, some  have  imagined  that  he  was  an  Eng- 
lishman. 

Garnet,  Her.iy,  known  as  one  of  the 
conspirators  in  the  gunpowder  plot,  was  born 
in  England,  and  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  from  whence  he  went  to  Rome,  and 
in  1575,  took  the  habit  of  the  Jesuits.  In 
1586,  he  returned  home  as  the  provincial  oi 
his  order,  and  began  by  secret  intrigues  to 
plot  the  overthrow  of  the  religion  of  the 
country.  By  impiously  asserting  that  the 
innocent  might  be  involved  in  the  destroe- 


'. 


GA 


GA 


Hon  of  the  guilty,  to  establish  iiis  plans,  lie 
encouraged  his  associates  in  the  forwarding 
of  that  dreadful  plot  which  was  prevented  by 
a  happy  discovery.  He  was  in  consequence 
sent  to  the  Tower  and  hanged  for  high  trea- 
son, at  the  west  end  of  St.  Paul's,  May  Sd, 
1606.  Though  deservedly  punished  for  his 
meditated  crimes,  yet  he  passed  as  a  martyr 
among  the  catholic  enthusiasts. 

Garnett,  Thomas,  a  native  of  West- 
moreland, educated  at  Sedburgh  school,  un- 
der Dawson,  from  whence  he  went  to  Edin- 
burgh to  study  under  Dr.  Brown.  He  after-. 
wards  studied  surgery  in  London,  and  then 
settled  at  Harrowgate  ;  but  finding  success 
not  equally  rapid  with  his  expectations,  he 
removed  to  Liverpool  with  the  intention  of 
emigrating  to  America.  The  interference 
of  his  friends  prevented  his  leaving  the 
country,  and  he  applied  himself  to  chemis- 
try and  natural  philosophy,  and  after  reading 
.some  lectures  on  those  sciences  at  Liverpool 
and  Manchester,  he  was  appointed  Ander- 
son's lecturer  at  Glasgow.  The  establish- 
ment of  the  royal  institution  fn  London, 
drew  him  to  the  capital,  and  tor  two  seasons 
he  read  lectures  to  numerous  and  applaud- 
ing audiences,  after  which  he  resigned,  to 
lecture  publicly  in  his  own  house  Great  Marl- 
borough street.  His  prospects  of  future 
eminence,  however,  unfortunately  vanished, 
he  died  of  a  fever  28th  June  1802.  As  an 
author  he  was  respectable,  and  as  a  lecturer 
intelligent  and  animated.  He  published 
Analysis  of  the  Harrowgate  Waters, — a 
Tour  through  Scotland,  2  vols.  4to. — a  Lec- 
ture on  Health,  12mo. — various  papers,  &c. 
on  medical  and  physical  Subjects,  and  his 
Lectures  on  Zoonomia,  appeared  in  4to.  for 
the  benefit  of  his  orphan  daughters. 

Garnier,  Robert,  a  French  tragic  poet, 
born  atFertc  Bernard  in  Maine,  1534.  He 
studied  law  at  Toulouse,  but  left  it  for  poet- 
Yy,  and  so  successful  were  his  attempts  that 
he  was  compared  to  Sophocles  and  Euri- 
pides. His  merits  were  rewarded  by  some 
honorable  offices,  and  he  died  1590.  His 
works,  consisting  of  tragedies,  besides  ele- 
gies, songs,  &c.  but  all  in  a  style  and  manner 
which  modern  improvements  render  very 
obsolete,  were  published  at  Lyons,  12mo. 
1597,  and  re-printed  Paris,  1607. 

Garnier,  John,  a  Jesuit,  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  philosophy,  was  born  at  Paris, 
and  died  at  Bologna,  1681,  aged  69.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  are  an  edition  of 
Mercator,  folio,  1673. — Systema  Bibliothe- 
ctc  Collegii  Parisensis,  4to.  1678,  &c. 

Garnier,  Julian,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
who  edited  St.  Basil's  works,  3  vols,  folio, 
and  died  1723,  aged  53. 

Garosalo,  Bonvenuto,  an  Italian  pain- 
ter, born  at  Ferrara.  He  succeeded  chiefly 
in  copying  the  pieces  of  Raphael,  and  other 
roost  celebrated  masters.  He  died  1695, 
aged  80. 

Garrard,  Mark,  a  painter,  born  at 
Bruges  in  Flanders,  1561.  He  was  in  the 
service  of  queen  Elizabeth  and  of  Anne  the 
Avife  of  James  I.  and  sgjne  of  his  pieces  are 

J 


preserved  in  England.     He  died  in  London, 
1635. 

Garrick,  David,  an  illustrious  English 
actor.  His  grandfather  was  a  Frenchman 
who  left  the  couutry  at  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  and  his  father  was  a  cap- 
tain in  the  army,  and  chiefly  resided  at  Lich- 
field. David  was  born  at.  Hereford,  where 
his  father  was  on  a  recruiting  party,  and  was 
baptized  there  in  All-Saints  church,  20th 
February  1716.  He  was  educated  at  Lich- 
field school,  but  was  more  attached  to  theat- 
rical pursuits  than  learning,  so  that  he  acted 
with  his  fellow  pupils  the  play  of  "  the  Re- 
cruiting Officer,"  and  supported  himself  the 
character  of  sergeant  Kite.  He  went  after- 
wards to  reside  with  his  uncle,  a  wine  mer- 
chant at  Lisbon,  but  soon  returned  to  Lich- 
field school,  and  after  being  six  months  the 
pupil  and  companion  of  Dr.  Johnson,  he  ac- 
companied him  to  London  in  1735.  He  was 
recommended  by  Mr.  Walmsley  of  Lich- 
field to  Mr.  Colson, under  whom  he  might  im- 
prove himself  in  mathematical  knowledge, 
and  afterwards  enter  at  the  Temple.  But 
though  he  studied  for  a  while  under  Colson, 
and  entered  into  partnership  in  the  wine 
trade  wilh  his  brother  Peter,  in  Durham 
yard,  not.  business,  hut  a  theatrical  life  was 
his  favorite  object,  and  soon  after  the  death 
of  his  uncle,  the  Lisbon  merchant,  who  left 
him  1000/.  and  of  his  father  and  his  mother, 
he  now  without  the  control  of  superiors  in- 
dulged the  favorite  bent  of  his  heart.  The 
powers  with  which  nature  had  endowed  him 
were  fostered  and  improved  by  the  conver- 
sation antl  company  of  the  most  popular 
actors,  but  Garrick  still  diffident,  flew  from 
a  London  audience  to  Ipswich,  where  in 
1741  he  performed  the  part  of  Aboan  in 
Oroonoko,  under  the  assumed  name  of  Lyd- 
dal.  His  efforts  were  received  with  repeated 
and  increasing  applause,  and  thus  flushed 
with  provincial  approbation,  he  came  to 
Goodman's  fields,  and  acted  Richard  HI. 
October  19th  1741.  So  superior  were  his 
abilities,  and  so  powerful  their  display,  that 
the  other  theatres  were  now  left  empty,  and 
the  house  in  Goodman's  fields  was  daily- 
crowded  wilh  all  the  beauty,  the  fashion^ 
and  the  taste  of  the  town.  This  success  was 
viewed  with  envy  by  his  rival  heroes  Quin 
and  Gibber.  By  the  influence  of  sir  John 
Barnard,  an  act  of  parliament  was  obtained 
to  shut  up  the  theatre  of  Goodman's  fields, 
so  that  Garrick,  thus  obliged  to  abandon  a 
situation  where  he  divided  the  profits  with 
Giffard  the  manager,  made  an  engagement 
with  Fleetwood  the  patentee  of  Drury-lane 
for  500/.  a  year.  Thus  popular  in  England, 
Garrick  passed  to  Dublin  in  the  summer  of 
1742,  and  so  prodigious  were  the  numbers 
which  assembled  to  view  this  theatrical  phe- 
nomenon, that  in  consequence  of  the  crowd- 
ed houses  and  the  intense  heat  of  the  wea- 
ther, a  contagious  disorder  fatally  broke  out 
in  the  town,  which  was  called  Garrick's  fe- 
ver. In  1747  he  became  joint  patentee  of 
Drury-lane  with  Lacy,  and  in  July  1749,  he 
married  Mademoiselle   Violetti,  an  Italian 


G/V 


GA 


slage  dancer.  In  1763  he  went  -with  his  wife 
to  Paris  and  Italy,  and  though  some  attribu- 
ted this  journey  to  a  jealousy  at  the  success- 
ful efforts  of  Beard  in  the  management  of 
Covent-garden,  it  was  more  probably  un- 
dertaken for  the  restoration  of  his  health 
and  t'uat  of  Mrs.  Garrick,  who  received 
some  benefit  from  the  baths  of  Padua.  While 
on  the  continent,  Garrick  was  liberally  con- 
descending in  exhibiting  various  characters, 
not  only  in  the  presence  of  the  duke  of  Par- 
ma, but  before  his  friends,  and  so  judicious 
•was  his  discernment,  that  he  foretold  the 
future  celebrity  of  Mademoiselle  Clairon, 
though  at  that  time  Dumesnil  was  (he  favor- 
ite actress  of  the  French  stage.  He  return- 
ed to  London  in  April  1765,  but  so  fearful 
was  he  of  the  public  opinion,  that  with  a 
timidity  unworthy  of  his  great  character, 
he  always  endeavored  to  prevent  censure, 
and  on  tlijs  occasion  he  caused,  by  means  of 
a  friend,  to  be  published  "  the  Sick  Mon- 
key," a  poem  in  which,  by  drawing  the 
censures  of  animals  on  himself  and  his  tra- 
vels, he  attempted  to  blunt  the  edge  of  ridi- 
cule. In  1769  he  projected  anil  conducted 
the  jubilee  at  Stratford,  in  honor  of  Shak- 
speare,  which  though  admired  on  one  side 
and  ridiculed  on  the  other,  should  be  men- 
tioned with  commendation  as  the  homage  of 
a  great  man,  to  an  immortal  genius.  By 
the  death  of  Lacy  in  177.3,  the  whole  man- 
agement devolved  on  him,  and  now  the 
fatigues  of  his  situation  were  so  great,  and 
his  infirmities  were  increasing  so  rapidly, 
that  in  June  1776  he  left  the  stage,  and  dis- 
posed of  his  moiety  to  Sheridan,  Linley,  and 
Ford,  for  35,0(MM.  He  was  seized  whila  at 
lord  Spencer's  with  a  fit,  and  removed  im- 
mediately to  his  house  in  the  Adelphi,  where 
he  died  three  weeks  after,  20th  Jan.  1779. 
Besides  the  display  of  his  astonishing  powers 
on  the  stage,  Garrick  merited  the  public  ap- 
probation as  a  writer.  The  Biographia 
Dramatica  mentions  not  less  than  38  of 
his  plays,  some  of  which  were  original,  and 
some  translations,  besides  a  great  number  of 
prologues,  epilogues,  songs,  elegies,  &c.  A 
monument  has  been  erected  to  his  memory 
in  Westminster-abbey,  and  his  life  has  been 
written  by  Thomas  Davies,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Garriel,  Peter,  a  priest  of  Montpellier 
in  the  17th  century.  He  wrote  an  account 
of  Montpellier  cathedral  1631,  12mo. — A 
chronological  view  of  the  Governors  of  Pro- 
vence.— Series  Prasulum  Megalo  nensium 
Montispell.  ab451,  ad  1652  folio. 

Garsault,  Francis  Alexander,  a  learn- 
ed Frenchman,  member  of  the  academy  of 
Sciences.  He  paid  much  attention  to  lite- 
rature and  the  arts,  and  particularly  to  the 
history  and  character  of  the  horse.  He  died 
at  Paris  of  a  paralytic  stroke,  November 
1778,  aged  85.  He  wrote  the  anatomy  of 
the  Horse,  translated  from  the  bnglish  of 
Snap,  4to. — le  nouveau  Parfait  Marechal,  a 
work  of  merit, — le  Guide  du  Cavalier, — 
Traite  des  Voitures,  &c. 

Garth,  sir  Samuel,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  poet,  bom  in  Yorkshire,  and  edu- 


cated at  Peter-house,  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  his  degree  of  M.D.  July  ?th  1691.  He 
settled  in  London,  and  was  elected  fellow  of 
the  college  of  physicians  1692.  His  assist- 
ance and  influence  were  great  in  the  dispute 
between  the  physicians  and  the  apotheca- 
ries about  the  establishment  of  dispensaries, 
and  lie  boldly  supported  the  former,  who 
with  charitable  zeal  wished  to  ad  minister  to 
the  relief  of  their  fellow  creatures  gratis, 
Irritated  at  the  obstinate  conduct  of  the  apo- 
thecaries, who  violently  Opposed  the  bene- 
volent plans  of  the  college,  he  employed  his 
pen  to  throw  ridicule  upon  them,  and  ire. 
1699,  produced  his  '*  Dispensary,"  which  in 
a  few  months  went  through  three  editions. 
The  sixth  edition  of  this  popular  piece  ap- 
peared 1706,  much  improved  with  the  epi- 
sodes and  iHscriptifa  9,  hut  though  it  gained 
so  much  of  the  public  attention,  it  wants 
something  of  poetical  ardor,  as  Johnson  has 
observed,  and  no  longer  supported  by  acci- 
dental and  extrinsic  popularity,  it  is  now 
almost  forgotten.  In  16'J7,  i)r.  Garth  spoke 
the  annual  Latin  speech  on  St.  Luke's  day; 
and  in  this  he  showed  himself  an  elegant  and 
refined  scholar,  and  an  able  and  eloquent 
orator.  This  high  reputation  recommended 
by  polite  manners,  and  agreeable  conversa- 
tion, soon  placed  Garth  at  the  head  of  his 
profession.  His  noble  and  spirited  conduct, 
in  raising  a  subscription  for  tjie  interment  of 
Dryden's  corpse,  which  the  licentious  son 
of  lord  Jefferics  had  insulted  and  abandoned, 
also  tended  to  increase  his  popularity,  and 
he  was  one  of  the  first  who  united  to  form 
the  Kitcat  club,  in  1703,  composed  of  above 
thirty  noblemen  and  gentlemen  to  support 
the  succession  of  the  Hanoverian  family  to 
the  throne.  In  his  politics,  Garth  was  the 
friend  of  Marlborough,  and  Godolphin,  and 
on  their  disgrace  he,  though  ridiculed  by 
Prior,  employed  his  pen  to  defend  their  con- 
duct, and  honor  their  meritorious  services. 
On  the  accession  of  George  I.  he  was  knight- 
ed with  Marlborough's  sword,  and  appointed 
king's  physician  in  ordinary,  and  physician 
general  to  the  army.  This  very  humane 
and  liberal  minded  physician  died  after  a 
short  illness  18th  Jan.  1718-9,  and  his  re- 
mains were  interred  at  Harrow  on  the  Hill. 
He  was  survived  by  an  only  daughter  mar- 
ried to  the  honorable  col.  William  Boyle. 
His  death  was  universally  lamented,  and 
Pope,  who  loved  and  admired  him,  obs«rved 
that  if  there  ever  was  a  good  christian  with- 
out knowing  himself  to  be  so,  it  was  Dr. 
Garth.  Besides  his  Dispensary  he  publish- 
ed "  Claremont,"  on  the  villa  of  the  duke 
of  Newcastle,  and  other  fugitive  pieces,  be- 
sides an  edition  of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses,  a 
book  to  which  he  was  very  partial,  &c. 

Garz.i,  Lewis,  a  painter,  born  at  Pistoia 
in  Tuscany,  and  brought  up  under  Andrea 
Pacchi.  He  is  considered  as  the  successful 
rival  of  Carlo  Marat,  and  his  finest  piece  is 
the  painting  of  the  dome  of  the  church  of 
Stigmatie  at  Home,  by  order  of  Clement  XI. 
undertaken  when  he  was  80.  He  died  1721 . 
aged  83. 


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Gascoigne,  sir  William,  chief  justice 
tinder  Henry  IV.  was  born  of  a  noble  Nor- 
man family  at  Gawthorp  in  Yorkshire  1350. 
He  was  made  king's  sergeant  1398,  and  the 
next  year  judge  of  the  common  pleas,  and  in 
1401  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench.  He 
was  commissioner  to  treat  with  those  delud- 
ed subjects  who  had  joined  the  rebellion  of 
the  earl  of  Northumberland,  but  when  arch- 
bishop Scroop  was  taken  in  arms,  he  refused, 
at  the  repeated  solicitations  of  Henry  IV.  to 
condemn  him  for  treason,  observing  with  un- 
daunted firmness  that  neither  the  king  nor 
his  subjects  could  legally  adjudge  a  bishop  to 
death.  With  persevering  integrity  he  pur- 
sued his  laudable  exertions  to  improve  the 
morals  and  the  jurisprudence  of  England, 
and  he  made  some  wholesome  regulations 
for  the  reduction  and  lir*talion  of  attornies, 
who  it  seems  were  become  a  public  griev- 
ance in  each  county.  His  presence  of  mind 
and  his  great  dignity  Avere  most  nobly  exhi- 
bited, when  the  prince  of  Wales,  determined 
to  rescue  one  of  his  servants  who  was  arraign- 
ed before  the  king's  bench,  presumed  to  in- 
terrupt and  even  to  strike  the  chief  justice. 
Gascoigne  supported  the  character  of  his  sta- 
tion against  the  bold  aggression,  and  commit- 
ted the  prince  to  the  custody  of  the  king's 
bench  to  await  his  father's  pleasure.  The 
king  heard  of  the  circumstance  with  becom- 
ing propriety,  and  thanked  God  "  that  he 
had  given  him  a  judge  who  knew  how  to  ad- 
minister, and  a  son  who  could  obey  justice." 
The  venerable  judge  died  soon  after,  17th 
Dec.  1413.  He  was  twice  married  and  left 
a  numerous  family.  The  famous  Strafford 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  was  one  of  his  de- 
scendants. 

Gascoigne,  George,  an  early  English 
poet,  born  in  Essex,  and  educated  at  both 
universities  according  to  Wood.  He  studied 
at  Gray's  Inn,  and  was  a  soldier  in  the  Low 
Countries.  He  cultivated  poetry  under  the 
patronage  of  lord  Gray  de  Wilton,  and  though 
his  verses  and  language  are  obsolete,  yet  he 
possesses  both  strength,  energy,  and  ele- 
gance.   He  died  at  Walthamstow  1578. 

Gasparini,  a  grammarian,  6urnamed 
Barzizio  from  the  place  of  his  birth  near 
Bergamo.  During  the  troubles  of  Italy,  and 
the  ignorance  of  the  times,  he  labored  ear- 
nestly to  restore  learning  to  its  ancient  splen- 
dor. He  was  professor  of  belles  lettres  at 
Padua,  and  was  patronised  by  the  duke  of 
Milan.  He  died  1431,  aged  61.  He  wrote 
in  elegant  Latin  commentaries  on  several  of 
Cicero's  works,  besides  "  Letters  and  Ora- 
tions," reprinted  1723. 

Gassendi,  Peter,  a  celebrated  French 
fhilosopher,  born  22d  Jan.  N.  S.  1592,  at 
Chantersier  near  Digne  in  Provence.  In  his 
infancy   he   frequently   amused  himself  by 

fazing  at  the  moon  and  stars,  and  as  soon  as 
e  was  able  to  go  to  school  at  Digne,  he  made 
such  progress  that  he  far  outstripped  all  his 
fellow-students  in  every  branch  of  science. 
After  studying  philosophy  at  Aix  for  two 
years,  he  returned  to  Digne,  and  at  the  age 
of  lfi  was  made  teacher  of  rhetoric,  and  3 


years  after  he  removed  to  Aix,  where  he 
succeeded  his  old  master  Fesey  as  professor 
of  philosophy.  His  "  Paradoxical  Exencita- 
tions,"  against  Aristotle's  philosophy  gained 
the  attention  of  that  humane  patron  of  learn- 
ing Nicholas  Peiresc,  and  of  Joseph  Walter 
prior  of  Valette,  and  by  means  of  these  dis- 
interested friends  he  entered  into  orders, 
and  gradually  rose  to  the  dignity  of  D.  D. 
and  to  the  wardenship  of  Digne  church, 
where  he  continued  20years.  His  attention 
to  astronomy  had  never  been  relaxed  in  the 
midst  of  all  other  pursuits,  and  his  reputa- 
tion became  so  extensive  that  in  1G45  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  mathematics  at  Paris. 
In  the  discharge  of  this  new  office  he  unfor- 
tunately contracted  a  cold,  which  assumed 
such  unpleasant  symptoms  that  he  left  Paris 
in  1647  to  breathe  his  native  air.  Here  he 
was  patronised  by  Valois  earl  of  Alais,  and 
while  residing  under  his  hospitable  roof  he 
planned  the  life  of  his  benevolent  friend  Pei- 
resc. He  quitted  Digne  in  1653,  and  in  com- 
pany with  Francis  Bernier,  a  physician,  and 
Anthony  Poller,  his  amanuensis,  he  came  to 
Paris,  and  lived  in  the  house  of  his  friend 
Monmor,  master  of  the  court  of  requests,  at 
whose  desire  he  undertook  the  life  of  Tycho 
Brahe,  which  appeared  1654  with  an  account 
of  Copernicus,  Purbachius,  and  Regio-Mon- 
tanus.  His  studious  pursuits  greatly  enfee- 
bled his  constitution,  but  he  was  in  some  de- 
gree relieved  by  phlebotomy.  He  had  al- 
ready undergone  that  operation  nine  times 
when  he  remonstrated,  but  one  of  his  physi- 
cians prevailed  upon  the  other  two  to  assent 
to  the  necessity  of  a  repetition  of  the  bleed- 
ing, and  the  yielding  patient  submitted  to  it, 
even  to  a  fourth  time.  He  soon  after  sunk 
under  his  complaints,  and  placing  the  hand 
of  his  faithful  amanuensis  on  his  heart,  after 
hearing  that  the  motion  of  that  spAng  of  life 
was  faint  and  fluttering,  he  exclaimed  in  these 
last  words,  "  you  see  what  is  man's  life," 
and  immediately  expired  22d  Oct.  1655.  His 
papers  were  left  to  the  care  of  his  friend 
Monmor,  who  with  the  assistance  of  an  able 
and  impartial  judge,  perused  them  and 
deemed  them  all  worthy  of  the  name  of  the 
philosopher.  These  therefore  with  the  books 
printed  before  appeared  uniformly  in  6  vols. 
fol.  at  Leyden,  1658.  This  great  man,  who 
lived  and  died  in  the  bosom  of  the  catholic 
church,  was  the  friend  and  correspondent 
of  Kepler,  Longomontanus,  Snellius,  Heve- 
lius,  Galileo,  Bullialdi,  Kerchcr,  and  other 
respectable  scholars,  and  to  his  genius,  learn- 
iug,  and  application,  are  owing  in  some  de- 
gree the  rapid  improvements  in  philosophy, 
which  banished  the  foolish  and  unreasonable 
hypothesis  of  Aristotle  and  of  his  followers 
from  the  schools  of  Europe. 

Gassion,  John  de,  a  native  of  Pau,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  army  under  duke  de  lio- 
hau,  in  favor  of  the  protestants,  and  under 
Gustavus  of  Sweden,  whose  body  guards  he 
commanded  in  the  German  wars.  On  the 
death  of  Gustavus  he  returned  to  France  and 
fought  under  la  Force.  His  valor  was  emi- 
nently displayed  at  the  victory  of  Roprovj 


GA 


GA 


and  he  was  made  a   marshal  of  France  In  I  had  not  taken  the  degree  of  B.  D.  as  the  s"la 


consequence  of  the  honorable  wounds  he  re- 
ceived at  l*he  siege  of  Toulouse  1643.  He 
was  afterwards  in  the  wars  of  Flanders,  and 
fell  at  the  siege  of  Lens  1047. 

Gast,  John,  a  native  of  Dublin,  descend- 
ed from  a  French  protestant  family.  He 
was  educated  at  Dublin  college,  and  from  the 
curacy  of  St.  John's  church  he  became  rec- 
tor of  Arklnw,  which  he  afterwards  exchang- 
ed in  1775  for  St.  Nicholas  without  Dublin. 
He  also  obtained  the  archdeaconry  of  Glan- 
dclogh,  and  the  living  of  Newcastle,  and  died 
1788,  aged  7.3.  He  published  in  1753  the 
Rudiments  of  Grecian  History,  a  work  of 
merit,  for  which  the  university  of  Dublin 
honored  him  with  the  degree  of  D.  D.  with- 
out the  usual  expenses — and  a  Letter  from 
a  Clergyman  of  the  Irish  established  Church 
to  Ids  Popish  Farishioners. 

Gastaldi,  John  Eaptisle,  a  native  of 
Sisteron,  who  died  at  Avignon  1747,  aged 
73.  He  was  eminent  as  a  physician,  and  was 
employed  in  the  household  of  the  French 
king.  He  wrote  Institutior.es  Medietas  Phy- 
aico-Anatomiffi,  12mo. — Medical  Tracts  on 
Curious  Subjects,  &c. 

Gastaud,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Aix 
in  Provence,  father  of  the  oratory,  preacher 
in  Paris,  and  afterwards  a  pleader  in  his  na- 
tive city.  He  was  very  violent  in  his  dislikes 
and  in'his  attachments,  and  therefore  while 
he  supported  the  opinions  of  Quesnel,  he 
acrimoniously  attacked  Girard  and  hisfriends. 
He  died  1732  at  Viviers,  where  he  had  been 
banished,  and  as  he  had  insulted  the  bishop 
of  Marseilles  in  his  writings,  he  was  denied 
the  honors  of  sepulture.  He  wrote  a  set  of 
Homilies,  &c. — the  Policy  of  the  Jesuits  Un- 
masked, &c. 

Gaston  of  France,  John  Baptist,  duke 
of  Orleans,  was  son  of  Henry  IV.  and  brother 
of  Lew  is  XIII.  and  he  is  known  for  his  deep 
intrigues  against  the  power  of  Richelieu. 
He  died  1660,  aged  52. 

Gaston  de  Foix,  duke  of  Nemours, 
son  of  the  count  d'Etampes,  by  Mary  the 
sister  of  Lewis  XII.  early  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  army  in  Italy.  He  defeated  the 
Swiss,  and  obtained  a  glorious  victory  at  Ra- 
venna, and  soon  after  fell  in  the  field  of  battle 
1512,  aged  24. 

Gastrell,  Francis,  an  English  prelate, 
born  atSlapton,  in  Northamptonshire,  abc^ut 
16G2,  and  educated  at  Westminster  school, 
and  Christ-church,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  1687.  He  was  preacher 
at  Lincoln's  inn,  and  Boyle's  lecturer,  and  he 
distinguished  himself  not  only  by  Ids  elo- 
quence in  the  pulpit,  but  by  his  writings  in 
defence  of  the  Christian  religion.  In  1700, 
he  took  his  degree  of  D.  D.  and  became 
chaplain  to  Harley,  speaker  of  the  Com- 
mons, and  in  1702,  he  was  appointed  canon 
of  Christ's  church,  Oxford.  In  1711,  he  was 
chaplain  to  the  queen,  and  in  1714,  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Chester,  with  permission 
to  retain  his  canonry.  As  bishop,  he  refused 
to  admit  Peploe  vicar  of  Preston  to  the  war- 


tutcs  required.  The  candidate  had  indeed 
been  admitted  to  that  degree  by  the  archbi- 
shop, but  Gastrell  considered  a  metropolitan 
degree  as  nothing,  till  the  interference  of  the 
court  of  king's  bench  decreed,  that  the  pri- 
mate's qualification  was  sufficient.  On  this 
occasion  the  bishop  received  the  solemn 
thanks  of  the  university  of  Oxford,  for  his 
vindication  of  their  rights  and  prnileges,  not 
only  in  l.is  conduct,  but  in  the  pamphlet, 
which  he  wrote  in  his  own  defence.  Though 
popular  under  the  administration  oi"  queen 
Anne,  Gastrell  became  obnoxious  to  the  mi- 
nisters  of  George  the  I.  but  though  he  dis- 
liked the  arbitrary  manners  and  haughty 
temper  of  Atterbury,  he  boldly  opposed  the 
proceedings  against  him,  and  censured  the 
conduct  of  his  accusers,  as  too  violent,  acri- 
monious, and  uncharitable.  He  died  of  the 
gout,  24th  Nov.  17J5,  and  was  buried  in  Ox- 
ford cathedral,  without  any  monument.  He 
is  well  known  for  his  considerations  concern- 
ing the  Trinity,  and  "  Remarks  on  the  Scrip- 
ture Doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  by  Dr.  Samuel 
Clarke,"  besides  "  the  Christian  Institutes, 
or  the  Sincere  Word  of  God,  &c."  a  useful 
performance,  first  published  1707,  and  his 
defence  of  the  Christian  Religion,  against  the 
deisls,  preached  at  Boyle's  lectures,  and  af- 
terwards digested  into  a  continued  discourse, 
1699. 

Gataker,  Thomas,  au  English  divine, 
descended   from   a   Shropshire   family,  and 
born  1574,  in  the  parsonage  house  of  St.  Ed- 
mund, Lombard-street,  where  his  father  was 
minister.     He   was  educated   at  St.   John's 
college,  Cambridge,  and  on  the  foundation  of 
Sidney  college,  he  was  on  account  of  his  great 
abilities  admitted  one  of  the  fellows.     After 
being  tutor,   and  chaplain  to  the  families  of 
Avloff,   and   sir  William  Cook,  he  was  ap- 
pointed lfiui,  preacher  of  Lincoln's  inn.     In 
1611,  he  married  and  took  the  living  of  Ro- 
therhithe  in  Surrey.      In  1620,  he  travelled 
into  the  low  countries,  and  every  where  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  able  preacher,  ami 
an  active  opponent  of  the  popish  tenets.  Asa^ 
writer  he  excited  the  public  attention  by  hia 
"Discourse  on  the  Nature  and  Use  of  Lots, 
a    treatise   historical   and    theological    1619, 
4to."  and  by  his  defence  of  it  1623,  and  so 
high  was  his  reputation  that,  on  the  removal 
of  Dr.  Comber,  he  was  offered  the  master- 
ship of  Trinity  college,    Cambridge,  which 
his  infirm  health  did  not  permit  him  to  ac- 
cept.    He  was  one  of  the  assembly  of  divines 
who  met  at  Westminster,  concerning  justi- 
fication, and  other  theological  subjects,  and 
though  he  declared  stpongly  in  favor  of  epis- 
copacy, he  signed  the  covenant,  in  obedience 
to  the  sense  of  the  majority  of  his  brethren. 
In  1648  he  was  the  first  of  the   47  ministers 
who  signed  a  remonstrance  to  the  army,  and 
the  genera),  against  the  design  of  trying  the 
king,  and  both  in  private,  and  in  the  pulpit, 
he  spoke  against  the  prevailing  tenets  of  the 
independent  faction.     He  was  a  sufferer  by 
the  violence  of  the  times,  yet  when  his  pa* 


denship  of  Manchester  college,  becr.u^c  he    rishioners  refused,  to  pay  him  the  co.mp.o*" 
VOL>  f.  '     ST 


GA 


GA 


tion  which  they  had  agreed  in  lieu  of  the 
tithes,  he  bore  the  disappointment  with  pa- 
tience, and  turned  his  attention  to  literary 
pui-suits.  He  married  four  wives,  and  died 
1654,  aged  80,  and  was  buried  in  his  own 
church.  His  funeral  sermon  was  preached, 
and  published  with  a  narrative  of  his  life,  by 
Simon  Ashe,  but  he  gave  directions  that  no 
monument  or  stone  should  mark  the  place 
where  his  remains  were  deposited.  He  was 
a  man  who,  to  extensive  erudition,  united 
great  moderation,  anil  benevolent  principles. 
He  opposed  strongly  in  the  reigns  of  James, 
and  Charles  I.  the  high  notions  of  church- 
men, and  deprecated  the  fatal  consequences 
■which  he  foresaw  would  fall  on  the  govern- 
ment, and  on  the  church.  The  moderation 
of  his  conduct  drew  upon  him  the  abuses  and 
the  virulence  of  the  bigoted  fanatics  of  the 
times,  but  he  always  preferred  peaceful  re- 
tirement, and  such  uniform  conduct  as  his 
conscience  approved,  to  all  the  reputation  of 
guilty  elevation  and  successful  artifice.  As 
a  critic,  and  a  writer,  he  was  highly  respec- 
ted, and  Salmasius,  Axenius,  Colomies  and 
others,  bear  honorable  testimony  to  his  abi- 
lities. He  was  one  of  the  divines  who  wrote 
Annotations  on  the  Bible,  especially  Isaiah, 
Jeremiah,  and  the  Lamentations,  and  Cala- 
niy  has  observed  that  no  commentator  an- 
cient or  modern,  is  entitled  to  higher  praise. 
He  wrote  besides  "  Marcus  Antoninus's 
Meditations,  with  a  discourse  on  the  Philo- 
sophy of  the  Stoics,  and  a  Commentary," 
1697—"  Opera  Critica"  Utrecht,  fol.  1668, 
and  he  was  besides  engaged  in  a  controversy 
with  Lilly,  the  astrologer,  in  which  more 
learning,  and  more  animosity  were  shown 
than  became  the  subject.  Some  of  his  MSS. 
■were  published  by  his  son  Charles,  rector  of 
Haggeiston,  Bucks,  who  was  also  a  writer 
on  controversial  divinity,  and  died  1680,  aged 
66 

Gatimosin,  the  last  of  Mexican  kings, 
was  nephew  to  Montezuma.  He  was  cruelly 
tortured  in  a  fiery  ordeal  by  Cortez  and  the 
Spaniards  who  wished  to  discover  his  trea- 
sures, and  three  years  after,  he  was  ignomi- 
nously  hanged  in  his  capital,  with  many  of 
his  caciques,  in  the  sight  of  his  subjects,  1526. 
Gavants,  Bartholomew,  a  Barnabite 
monk,  born  in  the  Milanese.  He  wrote  the 
Thesaurus  Sacrorum  Rituum,  on  the  Cere- 
monies, &c.  of  the  Roman  church,  5  vols. 
4to.  with  plates — Manuale  Episcoporum — a 
tract  on  conducting  Synods,  &c.  He  died  at 
Milan,  1638,  aged  70. 

Gaubil,  Anthony,  a  French  missionary 
in  China,  where  he  resided  30  years.  He 
was  born  at  Caillac,  1708,  and  died  1759.  He 
was  interpreter  at  the  court  of  Pekin,  and 
astonished  even  the  Chinese  themselves  for 
his  knowledge  of  their  language.  He  sent 
some  curious  anecdotes  to  Europe,  and  pub- 
lished a  good  history  of  Gengis  Khan,  1739, 
4to.  and  a  translation  of  Chou-king  1771. 
His  eulogium  appears  in  the  31st  volume  of 
Lettres  Curieuses,  &  Edifites." 

Gaubius,  Jerome  David,  a  native  of 
Heidleberg,  whe  studied  medicine  under  his 


uncle  a  physician  at  Amsterdam,  and  after* 
wards  went  to  Handerwyck,  and  to  Leyden. 
In  1731  he  succeeded  his  illustrious  friend 
and  preceptor  Boerhaave,  as  Lecturer  of  Bo- 
tany, and  chemistry  at  Leyden,  and  obtained 
the  medical  professorship  three  years  after. 
He  died  1780,  aged  75.  His  works  are  a 
Thesis  on  the  Solids,  1725,  when  he  took  his 
doctor's  degree — another  on  the  method  of 
Prescribing,  and  Writing  Recipes,  a  valua- 
ble work  1738 — Institutiones  Pathologies 
Medicinal,  4to.  1758. — Adversaria  de  Variis 
Argumentis,  &c.  He  also  edited  Albinus  de 
Praesagienda  Vita  &  Morte — Cramer's  Ele- 
na enta  Artis  Docimasticse,  &c. 

Gaud,  Henry,  a  painter  and  engraver  of 
Utrecht,  who  died  1639.  His  seven  engra- 
vings from  Adam  Elshamier's  pictures  are 
much  admired. 

Gauden,  John,  a  prelate  born  1605,  at 
Mayfield,  Essex,  where  his  father  was  vicar. 
He  was  educated  at  Bury  St.  Edmund's 
school,  and  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  degrees  in  arts.  In  1630, 
he  married  the  daughter  of  sir  William  Kus- 
sel,  of  Chippenham,  Cambridgeshire,  and 
obtained  that  vicarage,  and  afterwards  the 
rectory  of  Brighlwell,  Berks.  From  his 
connection  with  Oxford,  he  entered  at  Wad- 
ham  college,  and  took  his  degree  of  D.D. 
1641.  He  was  chaplain  to  lord  Warwick, 
and  he  preached  before  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, in  a  style  which  procured,  with  their 
approbation,  the  present  of  a  large  silver 
tankard  with  an  appropriate  inscription,  and 
afterwards  the  rich  deanery  of  Booking  in 
Essex,  for  the  regular  possession  of  which 
he  obtained  the  collation  of  Laud,  then  a 
prisoner  in  the  Tower.  He  submitted  to  the 
regulations  of  the  parliament,  upon  the  abo- 
lition of  the  hierarchy,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
assembly  of  divines,  who  met  at  Westmin- 
ster, though  Godwin  was  afterwards  substi- 
tuted in  his  room.  When  preparations  were 
made  to  try  the  king,  he  was  one  of  those 
divines  who  boldly  petitioned  against  it,  and 
after  the  king's  death  he  published  "  a  Just 
Invective  against  those  who  murthered  king 
Charles  I.  &c."  His  zeal  was  further  mani- 
fested in  printing  the  "  Icon  Basilice,"  with 
a  copy  of  the  MS.  of  which,  written  by  the 
unfortunate  Charles,  he  had  been  intrusted, 
and  though  diligent  search  was  made  by  thc- 
parliament  for  the  publisher  of  that  popular 
book,  Gauden  had  the  good  fortune  to  es- 
cape discovery.  In  1659  hepublished  "the 
Tears,  Sighs,  &c.  of  UmChurch  of  England, 
&c.  in  4  books  folio."  and  so  highly  approved 
were  his  services  that  he  was  made,  on  the 
death  of  Brownrigg,  preacher  to  the  Tem- 
pje,  and  bishop  of  Exeter.  In  1662  he  was 
removed  to  Worcester,  but,  it  is  said,  that 
he  was  so  disappointed  in  not  being  translated 
to  the  rich  see  of  Winchester,  that  he  died 
of  a  broken  heart,  in  September  that  same 
year.  Though  he  had  cleared  upwards  ot 
'20,0001.  by  renewing  leases  at  Exeter,  his 
widow,  with  his  five  children,  petitioned  the 
king  for  the  half  year's  profits  of  the  see  of 
Worcester,  which  was  refused.   Gaudeu  baa 


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been  censured  for  his  ambition,  and  he  is  de- 
scribed by  Clarendon,  Burnet,  Kennet  and 
others,  as  so  inconstant,  ambiguous,  aud  co- 
vetous of  preferment,  that  he  would  follow 
any  party  or  subscribe  to  any  opinions  to  gain 
his  ends.  Wood  says  that  he  was  esteemed 
by  all  who  knew  him,  that  he  was  a  man  of 
vast  parts,  of  unwearied  labor  and  much  re- 
sorted to  for  his  most  admirable  and  edifying 
way  of  preaching.  He  wrote  several  tracts 
on  the  politics,  and  theological  disputes,  of 
the  times.  Some  have  considered  the  Icon 
Basilice,  as  wholly  written  by  him,  but  the 
style  is  so  superior  to  that  of  the  bishop,  that 
the  king  is  now  regarded  as  the  sole  author 
cf  it. 

Gaudentio,  a  painter  of  Milan,  born 
about  1480.  He  adorned  the  churches  of  his 
native  city  with  fresco  and  oil  paintings. 

Gaudentius,  St.  a  bishop  of  Brescia, 
who  obtained  his  preferment  much  against 
his  wishes  from  the  hands  of  St.  Ambrose. 
He  wrote  sermons, — letters, — the  Life  of 
Philaster,  his  predecessor,  &c.  published, 
Brescia  fol.  1738,  and  died  4*7.  Another, 
in  the  same  age,  wrote  two  apologies  for  the 
Donatists,  of  whom  he  was  bishop. 

Gaudeszio,  Paganin,  a  native  of  the 
Valteline.  He  received  his  education  at 
Home  where  he  acquired  celebrity  as  Greek 
professor,  and  afterwards  at  Pisa  where  he 
filled  the  chair  of  belles  lettres.  He  wrote 
Declamationes — Chartie  Palantes — Obstetrix 
Literaria — Academ. lnstar. — de  Philosophic 
apud  Roman.  Initio  &  Progressu,  4to.  and 
died  1648,  aged  52. 

Gaveston,  Peter,  son  of  a  Gascon  gen- 
tleman, is  known  in  English  history  as  the 
favorite  of  Edward  II.  In  his  elevation  he 
was  proud,  over  bearing,  and  cruel,  and  the 
barons  therefore  rose  up  against  him,  and  he 
was  beheaded  1312. 

Gauli,  Giovanni  Baptista,  a  painter  of 
Genoa  who  died  at  liome  1700,  aged  68. 
His  chief  merit  was  historical  and  portrait 
painting. 

Gaulmin,  Gilbert,  a  French  writer  of 
some  celebrity,  acquired  by  his  harangues  in 
the  society  of  beaux  and  belles  He  died 
1665,  aged  60.  He  wrote  Commentaries  on 
Psellus  and  Theod.  Prodromus,  besides  Re- 
marks on  the  false  Callisthenes, — an  edition 
of  Romance  of  Ismenus  and  Ismenias,  &c. 

Gaupp,  John,  a  native  of  Lindau  in  Swa- 
"hia,  educated  at  Jena.  He  was  the  protes- 
tant  pastor  of  his  native  town,  where  he  died 
1738,  aged  71.  He  was  an  able  mathema- 
tician, and  wrote  Gnomonica  Mechanica 
Universalis,  4to,  besides  some  tracts  ou  As- 
tronomy, Chronology,  sermons,  &c. 

Gaurico,  l.uca,  an  Italian  professor  of 
astronomy  at  Ferrara.  His  prediction  that 
John  BeiHivoglio  would  lose  the  supreme 
power  of  Bologna,  exposed  him  to  persecu- 
tion, and  he  removed  to  Venice,  and  then  to 
Rome.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Civita  in 
Naples  by  pope  Paul,  who  was  a  great  fol- 
lower of  astrology,  but  he  resigned  the  see 
in  1550,  and  came  to  Rome,  where  he  died 
155S,  aged  S3.    His  works  on  astrology  and 


astronomy  appeared  at  Basil  3  vols.  fol.  1375. 
His  brother,  Pomponio,  wrote  Latin  poems, 
tracts  on  Physiognomy,  architecture,  &,c. 
and  died  professor  in  Naples  university. 

Gaussem,  Jane  Catharine,  a  celebrated 
actress,  who  after  enjoying  for  30  years  the 
applauses  of  a  French  audience  retired  from 
the  theatre,  1664,  from  motives  of  religion. 
She  died  at  Paris  1707,  aged  56. 

Gavthieii,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  French 
abbe,  chaplain  to  de  Langle,  bishop  of  Bou- 
logne, and  to  Colbert,  bishop  of  Montpel- 
lier,  was  born  at  Louviers  in  the  diocese  of 
Evreux  1685.  He  died  of  a  fall  1755.  He 
wrote  against  Infidels.  His  chief  works  are 
"  a  Tract  against  Pope's  Essay  on  Man" 
which  he  describes  as  impious, — Letters 
against  Hardouin  and  Berruyer,  3  vols. 
12mo. — an  Attack  upon  the  Jesuits,  3  vols, 
and  other  works  mentioned  in  "  France  Lite- 
raire"  1758. 

Gay,  John,  an  English  poet,  born  1688, 
near  Barnstaple,  Devon.  The  only  education 
which  he  received  was  at  the  free-school  of 
his  native  town,  under  Luck  who  had  some 
knowledge  of  poetry,  but  such  was  his  taste  for 
literature,  that  when  his  parents,  who  were 
poor  though  of  a  respectable  family,  bound 
him  apprentice  to  a  silk-mercer  in  London, 
he  attended  behind  the  uounter  with  silent  in- 
dignation, and,  as  soon  as  he  could,  he  purcha- 
sed his  indentures  of  his  master.  Now  freed 
from  the  shackles  of  business,  he  cultivated 
the  muses,  and  was  introduced  to  the  wits 
of  the  times.  Flattered  with  the  friendship 
of  Swift  and  of  Pope,  he  courted  the  public 
approbation  by  dedicating  in  1711,  his  first 
piece,  "  Rural  Sports,  a  Georgic,"  to  the 
latter  of  these  high  poetical  characters. 
But  though  successful  as  an  author,  his  re- 
sources were  scanty,  and  his  creditors  now 
threatened  his  liberty,  when  the  patronage 
of  the  duchess  of  Monmouth,  by  appointing 
him  her  secretary,  placed  him  above  want, 
and  called  his  muse  to  new  exertions.  la 
this  sunshine  of  prosperity  he  wrote  his 
"  Trivia,  or  the  Ait  of  Walking  the  Streets," 
and  the  next  year  he  formed  the  plan  of  hia 
"  Pastorals."  In  espousing  the  cause  of  Pope, 
who  had  been  insulted  by  Philips,  he  not 
only  produced  an  excellent  poem  "  the  Shep- 
herd's Week"  which  rivalled  his  antagonist's 
performance,  but  he  fixed  the  friendship  and 
gained  the  recommendation  of  his  poetical 
patron.  He  was  flattered  by  the  ministry, 
and  was  sent  as  secretary  to  lord  Clarendon, 
in  his  embassy  to  Hanover.  The  death  of 
queen  Anne  seemed  to  ruin  his  hopes,  but  he 
paid  his  court  to  the  new  ministry,  and  in- 
sured the  patronage  of  the  princess  of  Wales 
by  a  well-timed  compliment.  He  was  admit- 
ted into  the  company  of  the  great  and  pow- 
erful, and  the  sweetness  of  his  manners,  and 
the  sincerity  of  his  heart,  gained  him  friends 
wherever  he  appeared.  He  went  to  Aix  in 
France  with  Mr.  Pulteney,  and  at  his  return 
he  introduced  on  the  stage  his  "  Three  Hours 
after  Marriage"  which  did  not  meet  the  same 
success  which  his  "  What  d'ye  call  it"  had 
a  little  time   before  commanded.    In  1718. 


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he  was  with  Pope  at  lord  Harconrt's   where 
he  celebrated  in  beautiful  verse  the  sad  catas- 
trophe of  the  two  lovers  destroyed  by  light- 
ning;.   In  17'20,  he  recruited  his  finances  by  a 
handsome   subscription  to   his  poems,   in   2 
vols.  4to.  but  the  whole  amounting  to  1000/. 
was  ventured  and  lost  in  the  unfortunate  south 
sea    scheme.      This  stroke  had  such   effect 
upon  his  spirits,  that  he  almost  sunk  under 
the  loss,  but  by  the  friendship  and  advice  of 
Dr.  Arbuthnot  he  gradually   recovered.    In 
h    1724,   he  read   his    "Captives"   before  the 
princess  of  Wales,  and  at  her  request  wrote 
his  beautiful  and  elegant  fables  for  the  use  of 
the  duke  of  Cumberland.    In  1727,  he  pro- 
duced  his   "  Beggar's    Opera"    which    met 
with  the  most  unusual  success,  and  was  acted 
6.3  successive  nights  in  London,    50  at   Bath 
and    Bristol,    and   with    equal   popularity  in 
other  places.     So  great  indeed  was  the  pub- 
lic admiration,   that  the  songs  of  the   opera 
appeared  on  the  fans  of  the  ladies,  and    the 
person  who  acted  Polly,  though  hitherto  ob- 
scure, became  an  important  character  in  the 
history   of  the   town,   and    at    last,    though 
mother  of  some   natural   children,  she  rose 
hy  marriage  to  the  rank  of  a  duchess.     This 
favorite  play  owed  its  celebrity  to  the  unpopu- 
larity of  the  court,  and  the  resentment  of  the 
poet,  who  was  offered  the  place  of  gentleman 
usher  to  the  young  princess  Louisa,   which 
he   rejected  with  marked  indignation.      To 
take  advantage  of  his  situation  with  the  pub- 
lic, he  produced  a  second  part  to  the  Beg- 
gar's Opera,  by  the  title  of  "  Polly"  but  the 
court  forbad  its  appearance  on  the  stage,  and 
Gay   had  the  satisfaction  of  obtaining  an  un- 
usually large  subscription  for  its   publication. 
To  make  his  triumph   complete,   the  duke 
and  duchess   of  Queensbury    embraced   his 
cause,   resigned  their  places  at  court  to  pa- 
tronise him,  and  ever  after  made  him  an  in- 
mate  at  their  splendid   table.     Thus  raised 
to  independence   and   comfort  he   began  to 
improve  "  the  Wife  of  Bath"    a  play  which 
had  been  received  with  indifference  in  1714, 
but  the   second  representation   in  1720,  wa« 
unsuccessful,  and  brought  upon  hi9  spirits  a 
severe    fit  of  melancholy.     Some  lucid  inter- 
vals indeed  interposed  during  the  gloomy  de- 
pression, and  under  the  hospitable  roof  of 
the  duke,  at  Amesbm-y,  he  was  enabled   to 
finish  his    opera  of  "  Achilles."  He  came  to 
town  to  present  his  play  to  the  stage,  but  an 
inflammatory  fever  unhappily   brought  on   a 
mortification  in  his  bowels,  and  he  died  at 
Burlington  house  11th  December  1732.     His 
request  to  his  friend  Pope  was  faithfully  com- 
plied with,  and  these  his  verses  were  accord- 
ingly engraved  on  his  tomb; 

.  Life  is  djest,  and  all  things  show  it, 
1  thought  so  once,  but  note  1  know  iu 
After  lying  in  state  at  Exeter  change,  his 
remains  were  conveyed  to  Westminster  ab- 
bey, by  the  duke  of  Queensbury,  and  inter- 
red in  the  southeast  aisle,  against  the  tomb 
of  Chaucer,  where  his  monument  is  erected. 
The  opera  of  Achilles  afterwards  appeared 
on  the  stage  for  the  benefit  of  his  two  widow- 
ed  sisters,  Catherine  Ballet,    and   Joanna 


Fortescue,  who  inherited  equally  his  pro* 
perty  of  about  3000/.  A  few  years  afterwards 
a  comedy  "the  Distressed  Wife"  was  pub- 
lished under  his  name,  and  in  1754,  a  hu- 
morous piece  called  the  Rehearsal  at  Goa- 
tham.  His  papers  were  left  to  the  care  of 
Pope  who  suppressed  some  of  them  as  friend- 
ship and  delicacy  required. 

Gayot  be  Pitaval,  Francis,  aFrench 
author,  born  at  Lyons.  He  wrote,  "  Causes 
Celebres,"  a  voluminous  work,  in  20  vols. 
12mo.  which,  though  interesting  in  some 
parts,  is  yet  insipid  in  style  and  in  elegant 
composition.  Gayot  was  unfortunate  in  all 
his  pursuits.  He  was  successively  an  abbe,  a 
soldier,  and  at  50  an  advocate.  He  died  1743, 
aged  70. 

Ga7.a,  Theodore,  an  eminent  scholar, 
born  at  Thessalonica,  in  Greece,  1SB8.  Up- 
on the  invasion  of  his  country  by  the  Turks, 
in  1430,  he  came  to  Italy,  and  by  his  great 
assiduity  became  one  of  the  brightest  orna- 
ments to  whom  Europe  is  indebted  for  the 
revival  of  learning.  He  soon  gained  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  the  Latin  language,  and  was 
introduced  to  the  patronage  of  cardinal 
Bessarion.  In  1 150  he  came  to  Koine,  and 
v.  as,  with  several  others,  engaged  by  pope 
Nicolas  V.  in  translating  Greek  authors  into 
Latin,  and  after  the  death  of  that  pontiff,  in 
1450,  he  went  to  the  court  of  Alphonsus, 
king  of  Naples.  Two  years  after  he  returned 
to  Rome,  and  by  the  patronage  of  his  friend 
Bessarion,  he  was  presented  to  a  small  bene- 
fice in  Calabria.  In  his  old  age  he  presented 
one  of  his  performances,  beautifully  written 
in  vellum,  to  pope  Sixtus  IV.  and  while  he 
expected  a  liberal  reward,  he  was  asked  by 
the  pontiff"  what  his  expenses  had  been,  anil 
these  were  carefully  repaid,  which  treat- 
ment so  excited  his  indignation  that  he  ex- 
claimed, "It  was  high  time  to  return  home, 
since  the  over-fed  asses  of  Rome  had  no 
relish  but  for  thistles  and  weeds."  The 
money  he  had  received  he  contemptuously 
threw  into  the  Tiber,  and  died  soon  after  of 
grief  and  disappointment.  The  works  of 
Gaza  consisted  of  original  pieces,  and  of 
translations, — Grammalicse  Grsecse  Libri 
quatuor,  written  in  Greek  1495,  translated 
by  Erasmus  1522 — Liber  de  Atticis  Men- 
sibus — and  translation  of  Cicero's  de  Se- 
nectute,  &  de  Somnio  Scipionis,  into 
Greek — and  Aristotle's  History  of  Ani~ 
mals,  translated  into  Latin,  and  other 
works.  Gaza's  learning  and  reputation  were 
so  highly  respected  that,  Scaligersays,  there 
were  not  more  than  three  he  was  inclined  to 
envy,  Theodore  Gaza,  Angelus  Politianus, 
and  Picus  of  Mirandula.  He  is  ranked 
among  the  best  translators  of  Greek  authors 
into  Latin,  though,  indeed  Erasmus  objected 
to  the  elegance  of  his  Latin  idiom,  and  Hue- 
tius,  in  commending  his  fidelity  and  perspic- 
uity, allows  that  some  things  might  have 
been  rendered  better.  He  died  at  Rome 
1478,  aged  80. 

Gaiali,  or  Abon  Hamed  Moham- 
med Zein  Eddin  al  Thousi,  a  mus- 
sulman  dwetor,  who  died  at  Khorassan,  his 


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native  place,  1112,  aged  56.  He  wrote  "  the 
Several  Classes  of  Sciences  which  concern 
Religion."  Two  others  of  the  same  name 
•were  authors.  One  of  them  wrote  a  tract 
on  the  Mercy  of  God. 

Ga7.et,  William,  a  native  of  Arras,  who 
died  1612,  aged  58.  He  was  an  ecclesiastic, 
and  wrote  a  Chronological  History  of  the 
Archbishops  of  Cambray — Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory of  the  Low  Countries,  and  other  works. 

Gazola,  Joseph,  a  physician  of  Verona, 
who  died  1715,  aged  54.  He  is  very  candid 
in  his  works,  and  acknowledges  that  patients 
as  often  died  by  the  negligence  or  ignorance 
of  their  physicians  as  by  the  force  of  disease. 

Gazon-Uouexigne,  S.  M.  M.  a  native 
of  Quimper,  was  known  as  a  critic,  but  as  a 
poet  little  regarded.  He  died  19th  Jan.  1784. 

Gazzoli,  Benozzo,  an  Italian  painter, 
who  died  1478,  aged  78.  He  painted  land- 
scapes, portraits,  and  sacred  subjects. 

Geber,  John,  an  Arabian  physician  of 
the  ninth  century.  He  wrote  a  Commentary 
on  Ptolemy's  "  Syntaxis  Magna,"  published 
Nuremberg  1533,  and  in  his  labor  on  alche- 
my deserved  the  praises  of  Bocrhaave.  His 
M-orks  contain  much  knowledge,  though  in 
such  affected  jargon  that  Dr.  Johnson  has 
derived  the  word  gibberish  from  the  cant  of 
Geber,  and  his  followers.  His  works  are 
"  Astronomy,"  in  nine  books,  "  three  books 
on  Alchymy,"  "  FLos  Naturarum,"  "  Chy- 
mica,"  &c. 

Ged,  William,  an  ingenious  artist  and 
goldsmith  of  Edinburgh,  who  invented  a 
plate  for  printing  whole  pages,  instead  of 
rising  a  type  for  every  letter.  This  bad  first 
been  practised  by  the  Chinese  and  Japanese 
in  blocks  of  wood,  as  pursued  by  Coster,  the 
European  inventor  of  this  simple  method. 
In  the  prosecution  of  his  plan,  Ged  applied 
to  the  university  of  Cambridge,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  some  others,  to  print  bibles  and 
prayer-books  after  the  new  method ;  but 
much  money  was  sunk  in  the  attempt,  and 
by  the  villainy  of  the  pressmen  and  the  ill 
conduct  of  his  partners,  the  unfortunate  ad- 
venturer was  ruined  in  his  hopes  and  for- 
tunes. He  returned  to  Scotland  1733,  and 
gave  a  specimen  of  his  plan  by  the  publica- 
tion of  a  Sallust  in  1744.  He  died  19th  Oct. 
1749.  His  son  James,  who  had  joined  him  in 
the  Cambridge  speculation,  became  a  rebel 
in  1745,  but  was  pardoned  and  released  in 
1748,  and  died  in  Jamaica,  where  he  had 
gone  to  settle  with  one  of  his .  brothers  as 
printer. 

Gedalia,  a  famous  rabbi,  who  died  1448. 
He  wrote  an  Account  of  a  Chain  of  Tradi- 
tions from  Adam  to  the  Year  of  Christ  761, 
and  a  treatise  on  the  Creation  of  the  World. 

Geddes,  James,  a  Scotch  advocate,  born 
1710,  ii:  the  shire  of  Tweedale.  He  displayed 
great  powers  of  application  while  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  was  rapidly  advan- 
cing to  opulence  and  celebrity  in  the  profes- 
sion of  the  law  when  he  was  cut  off  by  <* 
lingering  consumption  before  he  reached  his 
■kith  year.  To  the  dry  labors  of  the  law  lie 
added,  a  very  polished  and  elegant  taste  for 


classical  literature.  He  wrote  "an  Essay  ot 
the  Composition  and  Manner  of  Writing  ol 
the  Ancients,  particularly  Plato,"  published 
Glasgow,  1748,  8vo. 

Geddes,  Michael,  a' learned  divine,  for 
some  years  chaplain  to  the  Lisbon  factory, 
where  the  inquisition  suspended  his  ecclesias- 
tical labors,  and  obliged  him  to  return  to 
England.  He  was  honored  with  the  degree 
of  LL.  1).  from  the  university  of  Oxford,  and 
made  chancellor  of  Sarum.  He  died  1715, 
author  of  a  History  of  the  church  of  Malabar 
— the  church  History  of  JEthiopia — Miscel- 
laneous Tracts  against  Popery,  3  vols.  8vo. 
&c. 

Geddes,  Dr.  a  native  of  Ilufhven,  Bamff- 
shire,  educated  at  a  village  school  in  the" 
Highlands,  and  removed  1758  to  the  Scottish 
college  at  Paris.  He  became  in  1764  priest  of 
a  Roman  catholic  congregation  in  Angusshire, 
and  the  next  year  chaplain  in  lord  Tran- 
quair's  family.  In  1769  he  was  minister  at 
Auchinhalrig,  Bamffshire,  and  10  years  after 
he  obtained  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  at  Aber- 
deen, and  then  removed  to  London,  aud 
officiated  in  Duke's  street  chapel,  Lincoln's 
Inn  fields,  and  in  the  Imperial  Ambassador's 
chapel.  He  began  in  1782  his  translation  of 
the  Bible,  of  which  he  published  a  Prospec- 
tus, in  4to.  1786,  with  an  appendix  17S7 
addressed  to  Lowth.  At  that  time  he  enga- 
ged in  a  controversy  with  Priestly  on  the 
divinity  of  Christ]  and  again  claimed  the 
public  notice  by  Iris  genertd  answer  in  171)0 
to  the  various  queries,  criticisms  and  hints, 
offered  to  him  on  his  meditated  work.  The 
first  volume  of  this  long  promised  translation 
appeared  in  1792,  under  the  auspices  ot 
lord  Petre,  as  far  as  the  end  of  the  book  of> 
Joshua,  but  so  severe  was  the  opposition 
made  to  the  work,  that  the  bishops  of  his 
persuasion  offended  with  the  liberties  and 
indelicacies  of  his  version,  actually  suspended 
him  from  his  ecclesiastical  functions,  lte- 
gardless  of  the  public  displeasure,  he  pub- 
lished bis  second  volume  1797,  but  in  lan- 
guage still  more  exceptionable,  so  that  he 
found  it  necessary  tp  defend  himself  against 
the  attacks  and  reproaches  of  his  opponents, 
and  of  critics  by  his  "  Critical  remarks?'  in 
1800.  He  died"  1802,  aged  65.  He  was  ir 
his  character,  irritable,  petulant,  and  vindic- 
tive, though  he  possessed  great  learning  and 
a  capacious  mind,  and  he  is  to  be  censured 
for  the  intemperate  and  licentious  perver- 
sions which  be  wished  to  introduce  In  the 
holy  scriptures.  He  wrote  also  an  apologj 
for  the  lioman  Catholics  of  Great  Britain. 

Gedoyn,  Nicolas,  a  French  writer,  bom 
at  Orleans.  He  studied  at  Paris,  and  was  a 
Jesuit  for  10  years  ;  but  he  returned  to  the 
world,  and  as  the  friend  and  favorite  ot 
Ninon  de  l'Enclos,  he  figured  as  a  man  of 
wit  and  letters.  He  was  member  of  the 
French  academy,  and  of  that  of  belles  lettres, 
and  in  17.32  was  made  abbot  of  Notre-dame 
de  Beaugency.  He  wrote  some  ingenious 
essays  and  dissertations,  published  1745,  and 
is  chiefly  known  for  bis  elegant  translations 
of  Quintilian  and  of  PaOBanias.  He  dieii 
I  1744.  aged  77. 


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Geer,  Charles  de,  a  native  of  Sweden, 
descended  from  a  noble  Dutch  family,  and 
educated  at  Utrecht  and  at  Upsal  under 
Linnaeus.  He  acquired  much  property  by 
the  introduction  of  new  machines  in  the  iron 
works  of  Dannemora,  and  by  an  apparatus 
for  drying  corn  by  smelting  houses.  He  was, 
in  1761,  made  marshal  of  the  court,  and 
knight  of  the  Polar  star,  and  a  baron.  He 
died  1778,  aged  58,  much  respected  not  only 
as  a  man  of  science,  but  as  a  benevolent  man, 
who  employed  his  great  resources  to  the 
relief  and  the  comfort  of  the  poor.  He  was 
author  of  Memoires  pour  servir  A  PHistoire 
des  Insectes,  7  vols.  4to. — on  the  Procrea- 
tion of  Insects — and  papers  on  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Academies  of  Stockholm  and 
Upsal,  etc. 

GeinoZ,  Francis,  a  learned  Swiss  abbe, 
member  of  the  academy  of  belles  lettres  at 
Paris,  and  author  of  some  valuable  disserta- 
tions on  Ancient  Medals — on  the  Plan  and 
Character  of  Herodotus,  &c.  He  died  at 
Paris  1752,  aged  56,  much  esteemed  for  his 
learning  as  well  as  his  probity  and  benevo- 
lence. 

Gejer,  Martin,  a  native  of  Leipsic,  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew,  ecclesiastical  counsellor  to 
the  elector  of  Saxony,  and  author  of  com- 
mentaries on  several  of  the  books  of  the  Old 
Testament,  &c. — and  a  treatise  on  the  mourn- 
ing of  the  Hebrews,  all  in  2  vols.  fol.  He 
died  1681,  aged  67. 

Gelasius,  the  elder,  bishop  of  Caesarea 
in  Palestine,  in  the  fourth  century,  was  ne- 
phew of  Cyril  of  Jerusalem.  He  translated 
into  Greek  two  books  of  the  ecclesiastical 
history,  &s.  He  is  praised  by  Theodoret 
and  Jerome  for  the  elegance  of  his  style.  A 
fragment  of  one  of  his  homilies  is  preserved 
in  Theodoret. 

Gelasius,  of  Cyzicus,  bishop  of  Ctesarea 
ahout  476,  is  author  of  a  history  of  the 
Nicene  Council  in  three  books,  not  very  res- 
pectable, according  to  Photius,  for  either 
style  or  matter. 

Gelasius  I.  hishop  of  Rome  after  Felix 
n.  i92,  was  engaged  in  unsuccessful  attempts 
to  settie  the  disputes  between  the  eastern  and 
■western  churches.  He  wished  also  to  ex- 
punge from  the  list  of  saints  the  name  of 
Acacius,  which  Euphemius,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople,  opposed.  Some  of  his  works 
are  extant,  on  controversial  subjects.  He 
died  496. 

Gelasius  II.  a  Campanian  by  birth,  rai- 
ded to  the  pontificate  1118.  He  was  ejected 
from  his  see  by  Cencio  Frangipani,  consul  of 
Rome,  and  by  the  influence  of  the  emperor 
Henry  V.  and  after  in  vain  endeavoring 
even  by  force  of  arms  to  regain  the  pope- 
dom he  retired  to  the  monastery  of  Clugny 
in  France,  and  died  1119. 

Geldenhaur,  Gerard  Eobanus,  aGer- 
raan,  born  at  Nimeguen  1482.  He  studied 
at  Deventer  and  Louvain,  and  such  was  the 
reputation  of  his  learning  that  he  was  invited 
to  the  court  of  Charles  of  Austria,  which 
offer  he  declined  for  the  office  of  secretary 
to  the  bishop  of  Utrecht.    He  visited  by 


order  of  Maximilian  of  Burgundy,  in  whose 
service  he  afterwards  was,  the  schools  and 
the  churches  of  Wirtemberg,  and  was  so 
struck  with  the  zeal  and  innocent  manners 
of  the  protestants  there,  that  he  abjured  for 
their  tenets  the  popish  faith.  He  afterwards 
married,  and  was  engaged  in  the  education 
of  youth  at  Worms,  at  Augsburg,  and  lastly 
at  Marpurg,  where  he  died  of  the  plague 
1542.  He  was  a  man  well  skilled  in  poetry, 
history,  and  rhetoric,  but  his  change  of  re- 
ligion, and  the  freedom  with  which  he  in- 
veighed against  the  pope,  offended  his 
friends,  and  particularly  Erasmus,  who 
compared  him  to  the  traitor  Judas,  and 
spoke  with  contempt  of  his  conduct  and 
pretended  sincerity.  He  wrote  Historia  Ba- 
tavica — Historia  suse  JEtatis—  Germanic.  His- 
tori  Illustratio  de  Viris  Ulustr.  Inferior.  Ger- 
manias,  &c. 

Gelder,  Arnold  de,  a  Dutch  painter  of 
Dort,  who  died  1727,  aged  82.  He  was  a 
disciple  and  imitator  of  Rembrandt. 

Geldorp,  Gualdorp,  a  painter  of  Lou- 
vain, who  died  1618,  aged  65.  He  excelled 
in  portraits  and  history. 

Gelee,  Claade,  commonly  called  Claude 
of  Lorraine.  Vid.  Claude. 

Gelenius,  Sigismund,  a  learned  man, 
born  at  Prague  1498.  He  travelled  to  im- 
prove his  knowledge  of  modern  languages, 
and  during  his  residence  at  Basil,  he  become 
acquainted  with  Erasmus,  who  recommend- 
ed him  to  John  Frobenius  as  a  corrector  of 
the  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin  works,  iu 
which  his  printing-house  was  engaged.  He 
wrote  some  valuable  works,  and  especially 
Latin  translations  of  Dionysius  of  fialicar- 
nassus  of  Appian,  Philo,  Josephus,  Origen, 
and  several  others.  He  also  published  a 
dictionary  in  four  languages,  Greek,  Latin, 
German,  and  Sclavonian,  and  showed  him- 
self to  be  a  most  able  and  indefatigable  scho- 
lar. His  talents  have  been  deservedly  com- 
mended by  Henry  Valesius,  Erasmus,  and 
others,  and  though  Huetius  and  others  im- 
peach his  judgment  in  the  great  liberties 
which  he  took  in  altering  the  texts  of  some 
authors,  especially  Arnobius,  yet  he  gave  a 
new  turn  to  whatever  passages  he  did  not 
seem  to  understand.  His  disregard  for  hon- 
ors was  very  uncommon,  he  rejected  the 
splendid  offers  of  the  court  of  Bohemia  for 
the  enjoyment  of  humble  life,  aud  though 
deserving  the  most  affluent  fortune,  he  strug- 
gled, says  Thuanus,  all  his  life  with  poverty. 
He  died  at  Basil  1555,  leaving  two  sons  and 
a  daughter. 

Gellert,  Christian Furchtegott,  an  em- 
inent German  poet,  born  at  Haynichen  near 
F re} berg  in  Misnia,  4th  July,  1715.  He 
studied  at  Meissen  and  Leipsic,  and  as  the 
circumstances  of  his  family  were  narrow, 
he  maintained  himself  by  being  tutor  in  pri- 
vate families.  At  the  age  of  43  he  was 
made  professor  of  philosophy  at  Leipsic. 
He  died  Dec.  1769.  He  was  of  a  very  gene- 
rous and  amiable  disposition,  but  of  a  hypo- 
condriac  habit,  and  of  a  constitutional  fear 
of  death,  which,  however,  gradually  disap-- 


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peared,  so  that  he  expired  calm  and  compo- 
sed. He  acquired  universal  celebrity  by  his 
poetry.  His  "Fables  and  Tales,"  are  best 
known.  He  wrote  besides,  hymns,  didactic 
poems,  the  Devotee,  a  comedy,  &c. 

Gelli,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  writer, 
born  at  Florence  1498.  Though  of  the  hum- 
ble occupation  of  a  tailor,  which  he  followed 
till  his  death,  yet  he  possessed  great  powers 
of  mind  highly  cultivated,  and  wrote  some 
very  valuable  books.  He  was  universally 
esteemed  for  his  modesty,  and  his  talents 
were  so  much  respected  that  he  was  ac- 
quainted with  all  the  men  of  genius  and 
learning  of  his  time,  aud  was  member  of  the 
academy  of  Florence,  and  a  burgess  of  the 
city.  He  died  15C3,  aged  65.  He  wrote 
besides  translations  from  Latin,  and  Greek 
authors,  dialogues  after  the  manner  of  Lu- 
cian,  which  have  been  translated  into  Latin, 
French  and  English,  also  dissertations,  two 
comedies,  la  Sporta  and  l'Errore,  and  other 
things. 

Ge ll i brand,  Henry,  professor  of  as- 
tronomy in  Gresham  college,  was  born  in 
St.  Botolph's  parish,  Aldersgate,  1597,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford.  He  be- 
came curate  of  Chiddington,  Kent,  and  after- 
wards devoted  the  whole  of  his  attention  to 
mathematical  pursuits.  He  took  his  degree 
of  M.  A.  1623,  and  was  intrusted  by  his 
dying  friend,  Briggs,  the  Savilian.  professor 
at  Oxford,  to  complete  his  Trigonometria 
Britannica,  which  he  did  in  1632.  He  was 
called  before  the  high  commission  court  for 
permitting  his  servant  William  Beale,  to 
publish  an  almanac  for  1631,  omitting  the 
popish  saints  of  the  calendar,  and  substitu- 
ting the  names  of  the  martyrs,  for  which  he 
was  acquitted,  though  Laud  opposed  it. 
Though  of  a  strong  enlightened  mind,  he 
had  not  sagacity  enough  to  abandon  the 
Ptolemaic  for  the  Copernican  system,  and 
hence  his  treatises  in  explanation  of  plane  and 
spherical  triangles- -on  the  improvement  of 
navigation,  &c.  are  confused  and  unsatisfac- 
tory, especially  when  he  treats  of  the  varia- 
tion of  the  needle.  He  died  of  a  fever  in  his 
40th  year.  He  possessed  great  application  as 
a  mathematician,  but  little  genius. 

Gelon,  king  of  Syracuse,  B.  C.  484,  was 
universally  respected  by  his  subjects  for  his 
•enevolence  and  mildness. 

Gemelli-Carreri,  Francis,  an  Italian 
■vriter,  author  of  an  interesting  account  of 
a  voyage  round  the  world,  between  1693  and 
1698.  Some  imagine  that  he  never  went 
jound  the  world,  but  imposed  a  fictitious 
account  on  the  public 

Gemignagno,  Vinentio  de  St.  a  Tus- 
can painter,  who  died  1530,  aged  40.  He 
was  a  disciple  and  imitator  of  Raphael. 

Gemignano,  Giacinto,  a  painter  born 
at  Pistoia.  He  died  1681,  aged  70.  The 
churches  of  Rome  are  adorned  with  his  pie- 
ces.   His  son  was  also  an  eminent  artist. 

Geminiani,  Francisco,  an  eminent  per- 
former on  the  violin,  and  composer,  born  at 
Lucca  in  Italy  1680.  He  studied  under 
Scarlatti  and  Corelli,  and  came  to  England 
1714,  where  he  was  introduced  to  George  I. 


He  refused  to  accept  the  place  of  master 
and  composer  of  music  in  Ireland,  because 
he  was  a  lioman  catholic,  observing  that  he 
never  would  sacrifice  his  religion  to  private 
interest ;  and  from  his  particular  indepen- 
dence of  mind,  unwilling  to  submit  to  the 
caprices  of  the  great,  he  led  an  unsettled 
life,  and  made  several  excursions  into  for- 
eign countries.  He  was  so  fond  of  painting, 
that  he  injured  his  income  by  purchasing 
pictures,  but  he  found  in  the  earl  of  Essex  a 
great  friend  and  patron,  who  supported  hi? 
necessities.  He,  however,  rejected,  as  of- 
fensive to  his  independent  spirit,  the  offer  of 
a  pension  of  1001.  a  year  from  the  prince  of 
Wales.  He  had  employed  much  time  and 
labor  on  a  treatise  on  music,  which  while  on 
a  visit  at  Dublin,  a  treacherous  female  ser- 
vant conveyed  away  from  his  house,  and 
this  had  such  effect  upon  him  that  he  died 
soon  after,  Sept.  17th  1762.  He  composed 
Corelli's  solos  into  concertos,  and  published 
six  concertos  of  his  own,  besides  harpsichord 
pieces,  See. 

Ge  mi  st  us,  George,  surnamed  Pletho, 
retired  to  Florence  upon  the  taking  of  his 
native  city,  Constantinople,  by  the  Turks. 
He  lived  to  above  the  age  of  100,  distinguish- 
ed for  his  learning  and  virtues.  He  was  a 
strong  Platonican,  and  wrote  commenta- 
ries on  the  Magic  Oracles  of  Zoroaster — 
Historical  treatises — de  Gestis  Grseeorum. 
post  Mantinx  Pugnam — de  Rebus  Pelopon- 
nes.  he. 

Gemma,  Reinier,  a  Dutch  physician,  of 
Dockum  in  Friesland,  died  1555,  aged  43. 
He  was  also  an  able  astronomer  and  mathe- 
matician, on  which  sciences  he  wrote  some 
valuable  works.  He  practised  physic  at 
Louvain.  His  works  are  Methodus  Arith- 
metics?— de  Usu  Annuli  Astronomici — De- 
monstrationes  Geometries  de  Radii  Usu, 
&c. — de  Locriun  Describend.  Ratione,  &c. — 
de  Astrolabio  Catholico,  &c.  His  son  Cor- 
nelius was  equally  eminent,and  died  1579, 
aged  44.  He  wrote  a  treatise  de  Prodigiosa 
Specie,  Naturaque  Coraetas,  &c. 

Gendre,  Lewis  le,  a  Frenoh  historian-, 
born  of  an  obscure  family  at  Rouen,  and  rai- 
sed to  notice  by  the  kindness  of  Harlay  arch- 
bishop of  his  province.  He  died  1733,  aged 
74.  He  wrote  an  History  of  Fran«e,  from 
the  commencement  of  the  monarchy  to  the 
death  of  Louis  XIII.  3  vols,  folio,  a  valuable 
work — Manners  and  Customs  of  the  French 
— the  life  of  Francis  Harlay  his  patron — an 
Essay  on  the  reign  of  Louis  the  Great — the 
Life  of  cardinal  d'Amboise,  &c. 

Gendre,  Gilbert  Charles  le,  marquis  of 
St.  Aubin,  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of 
Paris,  and  master  of  requests,  died  at  Paris 
1746,  aged  59.  He  wrote  "  a  treatise  on 
Opinion,"  a  learned  and  elegant  perform- 
ance, 6  vols.  12mo. — Antiquities  of  the  Roy- 
al Family  qf  France,  4to. 

Gendre,  Nicolas  le,  a  French  sculptor, 
wbo  died  at  Paris  1670,  aged  52.  His  works 
are  admired  for  chasteness  and  elegance  of 
design. 

Gendre,  Lewis  le,  a  deputy  in  the  na- 
tional convention,  who  aftfrr  being  10  years 


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a  sailor,  and  then  a  butcher  at  Paris,  display- 
ed himself  the  fit  instrument  of  the  crimes 
and  atrocities  of  Marat  and  Robespierre. 
He  figured  in  all  the  horrors  of  the  10th  of 
August,  aud  of  September,  and  the  nigbt  be- 
fore the  execution  of  the  unhappy  Lewis, 
he  proposed  in  the  jacobin  club  that  the  body 
-should  be  cut  into  84  pieces,  and  sent  to  the 
84  departments.  In  his  missions  into  the 
provinces,  at  Lyons,  Rouen,  Dieppe,  &c.  he 
every  where  spread  terror  and  dismay,  but 
though  tlie  friend  of  Robespierre,  he  no 
sooner  saw  his  fall,  than  he  attacked  him 
with  virulence,  and  drove  away,  with  a  pis- 
tol in  his  hand,  all  the  members  of  the  jaco- 
bin club,  aud  brought  the  key  of  their  hall 
to  the  convention.  He  continued  afterwards 
the  enemy  of  the  terrorists,  and  in  his  con- 
duct showed  deep  art  and  dissimulation  as 
he  had  the  management  to  survive  every  fac- 
tion. He  was  member  of  the  council  of  an- 
cients, and  died  at  Paris,  13th  Dec.  1797, 
aged  41,  desiring  in  his  will,  that  his  body 
might  be  sent  to  ^he  anatomical  school  for 
dissection,  wishing  as  he  expressed  it,  to  be 
useful  to  mankind,  even  after  death. 

Genebrard,  Gilbert,  a  benedictine 
monk  born  at  Riom  in  Auvergne  1537.  He 
espoused  in  his  writings  the  cause  of  the 
league,  and  after  being  13  years  professor 
•f  Hebrew,  at  Paris,  he  was  nominated  to  a 
bishopric,  which  however  from  his  animosity 
in  his  pamphlets  against  Henry  IV.  he  was 
not  permitted  to  enjoy.  By  the  interest  of 
the  duke  of  Mayence,  he^  afterwards  obtain- 
ed the  archbishopric  of  Aix,  but  he  became 
there  very  unpopular  by  the  publication  of 
his  treatise  against  the  right  of  the  king  of 
appointing  bishops,  which  was  burned  by  the 
hands  of  the  hangman.  He  died  1597,  in 
exile  at  his  priory  of  Semur,  in  Burgundy. 
Besides  his  acrimonious  polemical  works,  he 
wrote  "a  Sacred  Chronology"  much  es- 
teemed— a  commentary  on  the  Psalms — "  a 
translation  of  Josephus,  &c." 

Gbnesius,  Josephus,  one  of  the  Byzan- 
tine historia-ns  who  wrote  the  History  of 
Constantinople  from  Leo  the  Armenian  to 
Basilius  the  Macedonian,  in  four  books, 
printed  Venice,  1733.     He  florished  940. 

Genest,  Charles  Claude,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Paris  1636.  In  his  attempt  to  go  to 
India  he  was  taken  by  the  English,  and  sup- 
ported himself  by  teaching  French  in  Eng- 
land. He  returned  to  France,  and  obtained 
an  abbey,  and  became  member  of  the  Acad- 
emy. He  died  1719,  aged  S4.  He  wrote, 
among  other  tragedies,  Penelope,  much  ad- 
niired — some  epistles— and  a  didactic  poem 
on  the  Proof  of  the  existence  of  a  God,  and 
the  Immortality  of  the  Soul. 

Genet,  Francis,  bishop  of  Vaison  born 
at  Avignon  1640,  son  of  an  advocate,  is  known 
for  the  Theology  of  Grenoble,  6  vols.  12mo. 
translated  into  Latin  by  his  brother  the 
abbe. 

Genga,  Jerome,  an  Italian  painter  and 
architect  born  at  Urbino,  founder  of  the  fa- 
mily of  the  Ghengi.     He  died  1551,  aged  75. 

Genoa,  Bartholomew,  son  of'the  pre- 


ceding was  eminent  as  an  architect.  He 
died  of  a  pleurisy  whilst  superintending  the 
fortifications  of  Malta^  1558,  aged  40. 

Gengis  Khan,  son  of  a  khan  of  the  Mo- 
guls, was  born  1193.  At  the  age  of  13  he 
began  to  reign,  but  the  conspiracies  of  his 
subjects  obliged  him  to  fly  for  safety  to  Aven- 
ti-Kban, a  Tartar  prince,  whom  he  support- 
ed on  his  throne,  and  whose  daughter  he 
married.  But  these  ties  of  kindred  were 
not  binding,  Aventi  joined  against  Gengis, 
who  took  signal  vengeance  over  his  enemies, 
and  then  with  a  victorious  army  directed  his 
power  against  the  neighboring  states,  andin 
the  space  of  28  years  conquered  Corea, 
Cathany,  part  of  China,  and  the  noblest  pro- 
vinces of  Asia.  His  further  projects  of  ex- 
tended dominion  over  China  were  stopped  by- 
death  1227,  and  his  vast  kingdom  divided 
among   his   four  sons. 

Gennadius,  a  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple after  Anatolius,  458.  He  Mas  an  able 
theologian,  and  active  diocesan.  Of  his 
works  nothing  but  a  fragment  of  a  work 
against  Cyril's  anathemas  is  extant.  He  died 
471. 

Gennadius,  an  ecclesiastical  writer, 
who  was  a  priest  of  Marseilles,  and  not  a 
bishop,  about  493.  He  wrote  "deDogmati- 
bus  Ecclesiastkis"  et  "  de  Illustrious  Eccle- 
sis  Scriptoribus."  He  favored  the  doctrines 
of  Pelagius. 

Gennadius,  a  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple, who  was  at  the  council  of  Florence  1438. 
He  resigned  his  dignity  after  enjoying  it  five 
years,  1458,  and  died  in  a  monastery  14C0. 
He  wrote  among  other  things,  an  explanation 
of  the  Christian  faith  in  Greek,  Latin,  and 
Turkish. 

Gennari,  Benedetto,  a  painter  of  Bo^ 
logna,  who  died  1715,  aged  82.  He  was 
patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.  for  whom  he 
painted,  and  he  was  also  encouraged  in 
England  by  Charles  II.  and  the  English  no- 
bility. 

Gennari,  Csesare,  son  of  the  preceding, 
a  painter  of  Bologna,  who  died  1688,  aged 
47.  He  was  eminentin  historical  pieces,  and 
in  landscapes. 

Gennaro,  Joseph  Aurelius,  a  native  of 
Naples,  distinguished  as  an  able  civilian  and 
as  an  upright  magistrate.  The  best  known 
of  his  learned  works,  which  are  chiefly  on 
civil  law,  and  written  in  an  easy  and  pleasing 
style,  is  Rtspublica  Jurisconsultorum,  in 
which,  in  the  fascinating  form  of  a  novel,  he 
gives  an  account  of  the  most  intricate  parts 
of  the  civil  law.  This  respectable  author 
died  1762,  aged  61. 

Genoei.s,  Abraham,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp, born  1640.  He  was  admired  for  his 
landscapes  and  portraits. 

Genovesi,  Anthony,  a  native  of Castig- 
lione,  who  acquired  great  celebrity  at  Naples 
as  lecturer  in  philosophy,  but  exposed  him- 
self to  the  severe  censures  of  bigoted  critics, 
by  his  metaphysics,  in  which  he  recommend- 
ed the  works  of  Galileo,  Grof.ius,  and  New- 
ton. The  popular  odium  was  averted  for  a 
while  by  the  protectjoa  of  the  king  of  Na- 


GE 

jlles,  who  appointed  him  professor  of  ethics, 
but  bjg  application  for  the  theological  chair 
drew  upon  him  from  the  clergy  the  ill  found- 
ed charge  of  heresy.  He  was  afterwards 
professor  of  political  philosophy,  and  died 
1 709,  aged  57.  He  wrote  in  Italian,  a  Sys- 
tem of  Logic, — Humoros  Letters, — Philo- 
sophical ..Meditations on  Religion  and  Morali- 
ty,— Italian  Morality,  his  best  work. 

Ge.vseric,  king  of  the  Vandals  in  Spain, 
succeeded  his  father  Godegisiles  4'28.  He 
defeated  the  Suevi,  conquered  Africa,  pilla- 
ged Rome,  and  became  formidable  to  all  tiie 
powers  on  the  borders  of  the  Mediterrane 
an.    He  died  477. 

Gessonne,  Armand,  an  advocate  at 
Ilourdcaux,  born  10th  Aug.  1758.  At  the 
revolution  he  warmly  attacked  the  govern 
ment,  and  first  gave  currency  to  that  horri- 
ble opinion  that  suspicion  was  a  sufficient 
reason  to  condemn  a  person  to  death.  He 
however  wished  to  refer  the  sentence  of  the 
unhappy  Lewis  to- the  primary  assemblies, 
and  he  had  boldness  enough  to  demand  in 
the  convention  the  punishment  of  the  Sep- 
temhrizers.  This  proved  so  offensive  to  the 
assembly  and  to  Robespierre,  that  he  was 
marked  for  destruction  with  the  Girondists, 
and  was  guillotined  31st  Oct.  1793. 

Gentile,  Ludovico,  a  painter  of  Brus- 
sels, who  died  1070, aged  04.  He  lived  some 
time  in  Italy,  and  painted  for  churches.  His 
portrait  of  Alexander  VII.  is  admired. 

Gentilis,  de  Foligno,  a  physician,  au- 
thor of  commentaries  on  Avicenna.  He 
wrote  also  "  de  Legationibus" — de  Juris  In- 
terpretihus, — de  Advocatione  Hispanica  &c. 
and  died  at  Foligno,  1348. 

Gentilis,  Scipio,  a  native  of  Ancona, 
who  came  into  Germany,  and  studied  at  Tu- 
bingen, Wittemberg,  and  Leyden,  and  was 
professor  of  civil  law  at  Altorf.  He  died 
1610,  aged  51,  leaving  four  children  by  his 
wife,  a  beautiful  lady  of  Lucca,  whom  about 
Tour  years  before  he  had  married.  He  wrote 
"  de  Jure  Publico  Populi  Ilomani"  '*  de 
Conjurationibus,"  de  Bonis  Maternis,  &c. 
Tasso's  Jerusalem,  translated  into  Latin  verse, 
1585,  4to. 

Gentilis,  John  Valentine,  a  relation  of 
the  preceding,  who  left  his  native  country 
Naples,  not  to  be  burnt  in  consequence  of  his 
attachment  to  Arianism.  He  fled  to  Geneva, 
but  pearly  was  condemned  to  the  flames,  by 
the  influence  of  Calvin.  He  at  last  was  con- 
demned to  lose  his  head  at  Berne,  for  the 
violence  of  his  religious  opinions,  1507. 
S.  Gentilis,  Alberico,  a  native  of  Ancona, 
son  of  a  physician.  He  was  a  lawyer,  and 
coming  to  England  as  attached  to  protestant- 
ism, he  was  made  professor  of  law  at  Ox- 
ford, and  died  1 008,  aged  58.  He  wrote 
six  dialogues  on  the  Interpretation  of  the 
Law, — a  Treatise  de  Jure  Belli,  commended 
by  Grotius, — and  other  works. 

Gentileschi,  Horatio,  an  Italian  pain- 
ter, born  at  Pisa  1563.  After  being  admired 
for  his  pieces  in  Genoa,  Home,  Florence,  and 
Savoy,  he  came  to  England,  and  was  patro- 
pi.sed  by  Charles  J      He  employed  his  pencil 

VOL.  J;  74 


in  adorniitg  the  ceilings  of  Greenwich  and 
York  house,  ai.4  died  in  England  after  12 
years'  residence,  Wd  84.  His  best  work  is 
the  portico  ot  carchn.j  Bentivoglio's  palace 
at  Rome. 

Gentileschi,  Artemisu.  daughter  of 
the  preceding,  was  eminent  as  :»«  historical 
painter.  Her  David  with  the  head  of  Go- 
liah,  is  her  best  piece.  She  took  some  of 
the  portraits  of  the  royal  family  and  of  the 
nobility  in  England  ;  but  chiefly  lived  at  Na- 
ples, where  her  gallantry  became  as  public 
as  her  eminence  as  a  painter,  and  the  splen- 
dor of  her  equipage. 

Gentillet,  Valentine,  a  native  of 
Dauphine,  syndic  cf  the  city  of  Geneva.  He 
published  in  1578,  an  Apology  for  the  Pro- 
testants, often  edited,  and  also  Anti-Machia- 
vel  and  Anti-Socinus,  1012. 

Gentleman,  Francis,  an  actor,  author 
of  11  dramatic  pieces.  He  died  1784,  aged 
60. 

Geoffroi,  Stephen  Francis,  a  French 
physician  and  chemist,  born  at  Paris  107'2, 
son  of  an  apothecary.  He  visited  Italy, 
Holland,  and  England,  to  complete  his  me- 
dical studies,  and  became  professor  of  che- 
mistry and  of  medicine  at  the  Royal  college 
at  Paris.  He  died  1731,  much  respected  Cor 
Lis  attention  and  humanity  to  his  patients. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Materia  Medica"  in 
Latin  3  vols.  8vo.  It  was  translated  by  Ber- 
gier,  and  continued  by  Nobleville,  and  ex- 
tended to  IT  vols.  12mo. 

Geoffroy,  of  Monmouth,  a  British  his- 
torian, author  of  Chronicon,  sive  Historia 
Britonum,  a  curious  book,  but  too  full  of  le- 
gendary tales  in  the  history  of  the  first  Brit- 
tish  kings.  He  was  archdeacon  of  Mon- 
mouth, and  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  which  he 
resigned  to  live  at  the  monastery  of  Abing- 
don, where  lie  was  abbot.  He  florished  about 
1150. 

George,  St  the  patron  of  England,  was 
supposed  to  have  suffered  martyrdom  in  the 
reign  of  Diocletian.  Little  is  known  of  his 
history,  though  he  is  celebrated  by  many  ec- 
clesiastical writers,  and  even  by  some  of  the 
Mahometans.  The  miracles  which  he  is  said 
to  have  performed  are  properly  regarded  as 
fabulous. 

George  of  Trebizond,  a  native  of  Can- 
dia,  who  came  to  Rome  under  Eugenius. 
He  was  a  popular  professor  of  rhetoric  and 
philosophy  at  Vicenza,  and  afterwards  be- 
came secretary  to  pope  Nicolas  V.  After 
residing  some  time  at  the  court  of  Alphonso 
of  Naples,  he  returned  to  Rome,  where  he. 
died  in  a  good  old  age,  1484.  He  wrote  de 
Arte  Rhetorica — Reflections  on  sonic  of  Ci- 
cero's Orations  and  Letters,  See.  and  also 
translated  into  Latin  Eusebius'  Evangelical 
Preparations — some  of  the  works  of  Aristo- 
tle— Plato  de  Legibus — Ptolemy's  Almage.sts. 
&c.  besides  some  controversial  works. 

George  theCappadocian,  bishop  of  Alex- 
andria, was  elected  bishop  of  Alexandria  by 
the  Arians  after  the  expulsion  of  Athanasius 
354.     He  was  of  obscure  origin,  aud  horn  itt 


GE 


GE 


Epiphania,  in  Cilicia,  and  for  s»me  time  he 
was  employed  in  selling  pr*K  and  provisions 
to  the  army.  He  afterwards  went  to  Egypt, 
where,  though  with"at  character  or  integri- 
ty, he  was  plac^  on  tne  episcopal  seat  of 
Alexandria,  !>y  the  turbulent  opposers  of 
Athanasius-  On  his  elevation  he  betrayed 
the  most  oppressive  conduct,  he  laid  taxes 
severe  and  arbitrary  on  the  people  to  enrich 
himself,  and  at  last  became  so  unpopular  that 
the  populace  assassinated  him  in  the  sixth 
year  of  his  episcopacy,  361. 

George,  surnamed  Amira,  a  learned 
Maronite,  who  came  to  Rome  in  the  pontifi- 
cate of  Clement  VIII.  and  published  a  valua- 
ble Syriac  and  Chaldee  grammar,  4to.  1596. 
He  afterwards  became  bishop,  and  patriarch 
of  the  Maronites,  but  he  suffered  much  du- 
ring the  wars  between  the  Turks  and  the 
Emirs.     He  died  about  10 41. 

George,  duke  of  Clarence,  brother  of 
Edward  IV.  bf  England,  was  condemned  to 
death,  for  conspiring  against  his  brother. 
As  he  was  permitted  to  choose  his  own  death, 
he  was,  1478,  smothered  in  a  vessel  full  of 
Malmsey  wine,  a  liquor  to  which  he  was  par- 
ticularly partial.  Some  suppose  that  he  suf- 
fered this  cruel  treatment  from  his  brother, 
hecause  it  had  been  foretold  by  some  sooth- 
sayer, that  the  king's  children  Would  be  de- 
prived of  the  throne  by  a  man  whose  name 
was  to  begin  with  a  G. ;  that  monster  ivas 
the  duke  of  Gloucester,  Richard  III. 

George,  prince  of  Servia,  was  exposed 
to  the  attacks  of  Mahomet  II.  to  whom  he 
had  given  his  daughter  Mary  in  marriage. 
After  seeing  some  of  his  children  treated 
cruelly  by  the  victorious  enemy,  and  his  ci- 
ties depopulated,  he  died  in  consequence  of 
a  wound  which  he  had  received,  1457,  in  a 
battle  against  the  Hungarians.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  youngest  son  Lazarus. 

George  Lewis  I.  son  of  Ernest  Augus- 
tus, of  Brunswick,  elector  of  Hanover,  and 
Sophia,  daughter  of  Frederic,  elector  Pala- 
tine, and  grand-daughter  of  James  I  was 
horn  8th  May  16C0.  He  was  at  the  head  of 
the  imperial  armies  in  1708  and  1709,  and 
behaved  with  great  intrepidity  and  judgment, 
and  on  the  death  of  queen  Anne,  in  1714,  he 
was  called  to  the  throne  of  England.  By  es- 
pousing the  party  of  the  whigs,  who  had 
contributed  to  his  elevation,  he  highly  offend- 
ed the  tories,  and  instead  of  reconciling  all 
parties  to  his  administration,  he  thus  sowed 
the  seeds  of  animosity  and  rebellion.    An  in 


George  Augustus  IT.  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  1683,  and  succeeded  his 
father  as  elector  of  Hanover,  and  king  of 
England  1727.  He  was  engaged  in  war  with 
the  Spaniards,  and  sent  against  the  American* 
settlements  admiral  Vernon,  who  took  Por- 
to- bello,  though  he  was  unsuccessful  in  his- 
attack  on  Carthagena.  In  the  contine'ntat 
wars  he  took  an  active  share,  and  headed  his- 
troops  at  the  battle  of  Dettingen,  1743,  where 
he  obtained  a  brilliant  victory.  The  insur- 
rection of  the  Scotch  in  favor  of  the  Preten- 
der, in  1745,  was  quelled  by  the  rapidity  and 
valor  of  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  who  de- 
feated the  rebels  at  the  battle  of  Culloden 
1746.  Though  the  peace  of  Aix-la-chapelie 
i  n  174S,  restored  tranquillity  on  the  continent, 
fresh  disputes  soon  arose,  and  a  new  war 
was  kindled,  in  1755,  in  North  America. 
Braddock  was  defeated,  and  slain  in  his  ex- 
pedition in  America,  and  Byng  was  shot,  for 
not  giving  battle  to  the  combined  fleets,  and 
relieving  Minorca  in  the  Mediterranean,  but 
at  last  the  disasters  of  the  war  were  forgotten 
in  the  blaze  of  the  glorious  successes,  which 
under  the  administration  of  Mr.  Pitt,  began 
now  to  adorn  the  annals  of  the  country.  The 
destruction  of  the  French  power  in  the  East 
Indies,  and  the  fall  of  Louisburg,  Quebec, 
and  Canada,  were  followed  by  the  defeat  of 
the  French  fleet  under  Conflans,  and  the  tri- 
umphs of  the  English  navy,  all  over  the 
world.  George  died  in  the  midst  of  the  suc- 
cesses of  his  valiant  subjects,  by  the  sudden 
bursting  of  the  right  ventricle  of  the  heart, 
25th  Oct.  1760,  in  his  77th  year.  He  had 
married  in  1705,  Caroline  of  Brandenburgh 
Anspach,  who  died  in  1737,  but  his  domestic 
happiness  was  much  embittered  by  his  dis- 
putes with  his  son  the  prince  of  Wales,  who 
died  1751.  The  reign  of  this  monarch  was 
splendid  more  than  useful,  he  supported  the 
rights  of  the  queen  of  Hungary  in  the  war  of 
1741,  and  in  that  of  1756,  he  enlarged  the 
power  of  his  subjects  by  his  conquests  in 
America,  and  in  the  East,  but  luxury  and 
corruption  were  permitted  to  florish  un- 
checked, and  the  conduct  of  the  sovereign 
was  not  always  consonant  with  the  strictest 
principles  of  morality  and  virtue. 

Gerard,  Tom  or  Tung,  the  iustitutor  and 
first  grand  master  of  the  knights  hospitalers 
of  Jerusalem,  afterwards  of  Malta,  was  bor* 
at  Amalti.  lie  took  the  religious  habit  at 
Jerusalem  in  1 100,  and  associated  with  others 
to  relieve  all  christians  in  distress,  and  bound 


surrection  took  place   in  Scotland,  in  1715,    himself  to  observe  also  chastity,  poverty,  and 
in   favor  of  the  Pretender,  and  the  general  !  obedience.     He  died  1120,  and  his  order  was 


tranquillity  was  restored  only  after  much 
bloodshed.  During  his  reign,  the  duration 
of  parliament  was  extended  from  three  to  se- 
ven years,  and  the  order  of  the  bath  was  re- 
vived, but  the  partiality  with  which  the 
south-sea  scheme,  was  patronised  in  1720, 
proved  the  ruin  of  several  thousand  families. 
George,  whose  reign  was  distinguished  by 
firmness,  and  political  sagacity,  died  sudden- 
ly at  Osnaburg,  11th  June  1727,  in  his  way 
to  Hanover.  He  had  married  Sophia  Doro- 
thea, daughter  of  the  duke  of  Zdh 


confirmed  by  Anastasius  IV.  who  divided  it 
into  knights  companions,  clerks  and  serving 
brothers. 

Gerard,  Balthazar,  the  assassin  of  "Wil- 
liam I.  prince  of  Orange,  was  a  native  of  Vil- 
lefans,  Franehe  Comte.  lie  ingratiated  him- 
self into  the  society  and  the  friendship  of 
the  unfortonate  prince,  by  an  affected  air  of 
devotion,  and  at  last  perpetrated  the  deed 
which  he  had  for  six  years  coolly  meditated, 
by  shooting  him  through  the  head  with  a  pis- 
tol, ashe  was  going  out  of  his  palace  at  Delft 


GE 


GS 


He  suffered  the  same  punishment  as  Ravail- 
lac  anil  Damien,  and  died  a  martyr  to  the 
cluirch  of  Home,  July  15S4-.  The  prince  of 
Orange  was  the  head  of  the  prote.stants, 
and  thence  this  fanatic  was  incited  by  his  big- 
oted clergy  to  seek,  as  he  said,  by  his  death, 
the  expiation  of  his  sins,  and  eternal  glory. 

Gerard,  John,  a  learned  protestant  di- 
vine, born  utQuedlimburg,  1582.  He  wrote, 
among  other  things,  the  Harmony  of  the 
Evangelists,  Geneva,  3  vols,  folio,  1640.  He 
died  1C38,  divinity  professor  at  Jena. 

Gerard,  Dr.  Alexander,  professor  of 
philosophy  and  divinity  in  the  university  of 
Aberdeen.     He  was  a   native  of  Garioch  in 


abbey  of  St.  Denis  1711,  aged  S2.    Hi?  chiefs 
work  is  the  General  Histoiy  of  Jansenism,  £ 
vols.  12mo.   Amsterdam.     Though    impetu- 
ous in  his  character,  he  was  firm  in  his   con^ 
duct,    and  exemplary  in  his  piety. 

Gerbier,  sir  Balthazar,  a  painter  of 
Antwerp,  recommended  by  Buckingham  to 
Charles  I.  who  kuighted  him,  and  sent  him 
to  Brussels  as  resident  for  the  king  of  Great 
Britain.     He  died  I G51,  aged  09. 

Geubillon,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit  mh> 
sionary  in  China.  He  was  born  in  1654,  bt*- 
came  a  Jesuit  Ki70,  and  was  sent  to  China 
1G85,  and  died  at  Pekin  1707,  superior  of  all 
the  missions  in  China.     He  wrote  an  account 


Aberdeenshire,  and  died  March,  1795,  aged  of  his  travels  inserted  in  du   Halde's  History. 

67.      He  wrote   an  Essay   on  Genius,  8vo. —  Ho    was  in  great  favor  with  the  emperor  of 

2  vols,  of  sermons — an  Essay  on  Taste,  Svo. —  China,  for  whom  he  wrote  Elements  of  Geo» 

on  the  Genius  and  Evidences  of  Christianity,  poetry,  frdm  Euclid  and  Archimedes,  splen- 

Svo. — Discourse  on  Pastoral  Care,  &o.  didly  published  at  Pekin  in  the  Chinese  and 

Gerard,   John,  a  native  of  Jena,  where  Tartarian  languages. 


he  became  theological  professor  and  rector 
of  the  university,  He  was  author  of  Harmo- 
nia  Linguarum  Oriental. — Disputationum 
Theologic.  Fasciculus — deSepnltura  Mosis 
— de  Eeclesia:  Copticx  Ortu,  &c.  and  died 
1G68,  aged  47.  His  son  John  Ernest,  died 
professor  of  divinity  at  Geisseii,  and  author 
of  some  learned  works,  1707. 

Gerard,  John,  a  native  of  Nantwich, 
Cheshire,  educated  as  a  surgeon,  and  patron- 
ised by  lord  Burleigh  in  London,  of  whose 
garden  he  had  the  care.  He  was  very  emi- 
nent as  a  botanist,  and  published  an  account, 
in  Latin,  of  the  trees,  shrubs,  plants,  foreign 
and  domestic,  in  his  own  garden,  ito.  1591. 
His  chief  work  is,  Herbal,  or  General  History 
of  Plants,  1597,  best  edited  by  Johnson  1633. 
He  died  1607,  aged  62. 

Gerardi,  Christofaro,  an  Italian  painter 
of  Florence,  who  died  1556,  aged  56.  He 
•^celled  in  landscape  and  the  grotesque  as 
well  as  history. 

Gerardi,  Mark,  a  painter  of  Bruges, 
who  came  to  England  1580,  and  was  patron- 
ised by  Elizabeth.  He  was  equally  eminent 
in  history,  landscape  and  portrait  painting, 
and  died  1635,  aged  71. 

Gerbais,  John,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
eminent  for  his  writings  in  support  of  the 
liberties  of  the  Gallican  church.  These 
works  proved  highly  offensive  to  the  pope. 
He  died  1699,  aged  70. 

Gereelius,  Nieholaus,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, born  at  Pforzeim.  He  died  very  old 
1560,  at  Strasburg,  where  he  was  professor  of 
law.  He  wrote,  among  other  things,  an  excel- 
lent work  containing  a  description  of  Greece, 
Basil,  1550,  folio. 

GERBERoy,  Gabriel,  a  French  ecclesias- 
tic, priest  of  the  oratory,  and  then  a  Bene- 
dictine of  St.  Maur,  was  born  at  Saint  Calais, 
Maine,  1628.  Long  distinguished  at  St. 
Maur  as  a  theological  professor,  he  was  or 
dered  to  be  arrested  by  Lewis  XIV".  for  the 
freedom  of  his  opinions  on  the  Jansenist  con- 
troversy, but  he  escaped  to  Holland,  and  in 
1703  was  seized  by  the  bishop  of  Mechlin, 
and  imprisoned  at  Ameins,  and  afterwards 
at  Yinccaites.    He  died  at  the  prisou  of  the 


Gerdes,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Bremen, 
who  took  his  doctor's  degree  at  Utrecht,  and 
became  professor  of  divinity  at  Duisbiirg, 
and  in  1735,  at  Groningen,  where  he  died 
1765,  aged  6\  He  wrote  Vesper;e  Vadenses 
or  Diatribe  Thcologieo-Philologicre  de  Hy- 
perbolis,  &c.  ito. — Oljservaliones  ad  qusedaja 
Loca  S  S.  &c. — Miscellanea  Duisburgensia 
ad  Incrementum  Rei  Litterariuj,  isc.  Ito. — 
Florilegium  Historico-Criticum,  kc. — Com. 
pendium  Theologica  Dogmatiex,  kc 

Cerhard,  Ephraim,  a  native  of  Silesia, 
professor  of  law  at  Altdorf,  where  he  died 
171S,  aged  66.  He  wrote  Delincatio  Philoso- 
phic Kat.ionaiis,  &c. 

Gerlach,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
educated  at  Tubingen,  where,  after  being 
five  years  chaplain  to  the  imperial  embassy 
at  Constantinople,  he  became  professor  of 
divinity  and  dean  of  the  church.  He  wrote 
Epitome  of  Ecclesiastical  History — Journal 
of  the  embassies  to  the  Porte — dissertations, 
he.     He  died  at  Tubingen  1612,  aged  66. 

Germain,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Paris, 
son  of  the  king's  goldsmith.  He  resided  for 
some  years  at  Rome,  distinguished  as  au  in- 
genious goldsmith  and  as  an  architect,  and 
eminent  also  in  drawing.  His  metal  sculp- 
tures were  so  neatly  wrought  that  they  ob- 
tained high  celebrity  at  Paris,  and  sold  very 
deai-.     He  died  17S-S,  aged  74. 

Germanicus,  Caesar,  son  of  Nero  and 
Antonia,  v,  as  adopted  by  Tiberius,  and  be- 
came a  popular  character  at  liome  in  conse- 
queuce  of  his  valor  in  the  field  of  battle,  and 
particularly  for  the  goodness  of  his  disposi- 
tion and  his  many  private  virtues.  He  died 
near  Antioch,  A.  1).  19,  it  is  supposed  by  poi- 
son, and  was  universally  lamented. 
Germanio,  Anastasio,  a  native  of  Peidmon'. 
Originally-self  taught  he  acquired  celebrity 
for  his  learning  at  Padua,  and  also  at  Turin, 
where  he  v.  as  elected  professor  of  canon  law. 
His  abilities  recommended  him  to  the  popes, 
and  he  was  made  bishop  of  Tarantasia.  He. 
died  at  Madrid  ;  where  hew  was  an  embassa- 
dor from  the  duke  of  Savoy,  1627,  aged  7<> 
He  wrote  De  Sacromm  Imunitatibiis,  and 
other  tracts. 


GE 


GL 


Germ  an  us,  bishop  of  Cyzi> n;n,  was  made 
patriarch  of  Constantinople  715,  and  died 
740.  He  was  degraded  by  a  council  for  sup- 
porting image  worship.  He  wrote  a  trea- 
tise de  Sex  Synodis  CEcumauicis,  ike.  Ano- 
ther of  the  same  name  \v;is  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople 1222,  and  deposed  1240,  but  re- 
stored 1254,  soon  after  which  lie  died.  He 
•was  author  of  some  homilies,  orations,  kc. 

Germyn,  Simon,  a  Dutch  painter  of 
Dort,  who  died  1719,  aged  69.  His  fruits 
■and  landscapes  are  much  admired. 

Gerson,  John,  an  illustrious  Frenchman, 
canon  and  chancellor  of  the  church  of  Paris. 
When  Petit  justified  the  murder  of  the  duke 
of  Orleans,  by  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  he 
boldly  inveighed  against  it,  and  had  the  doc- 
trine condemned  by  the  doctors  and  bishops  of 
the  university  .  He  was  at  the  council  of 
Constance  as  ambassador  from  France,  and 
in  his  eloquent  speeches  he  asserted  the  su- 
periority of  the  synod  over  the  pope.  He 
retired  to  Germany  from  the  persecution  of 
the  duke  of  Burgundy,  and  died  1429,  aged 
C6.  His  writings  have  been  published  bjr  Du 
Pin,  5  vols.  fol.  1706  in  Holland.  Thuanus, 
Hoffman,  Cave,  and  others  speak  highly  of 
his  erudition  and  universal  knowledge. 

Gerstem,  Christian  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Giessen,  where  he  was  mathematical  profes- 
sor. He  was  deposed  from  his  office  after- 
wards for  refusing  to  submit  to  the  sentence 
of  a  court  of  law,  in  a  law  suit  with  his  bro- 
ther-in-law, and  was  also  imprisoned  for  12 
years  for  writing  an  improper  letter  to  his 
sovereign  in  vindication  of  his  contumacy. 
He  died  two  years  after  his  liberation  from 
confinement  1762,  aged  61.  He  wrote  Me- 
thodus  Nova  ad  Eclipses  Terra,  et  Appulses 
Lunx  ad  Stellas  supputandas — Tentamina 
Systematis  Novi  ad  Barometri  Mutationes, 
&c. — Exercitationes  circa  Roris  Meteors — 
Methodus  Calculi  Eclipsium  Terra;,  in  the 
43  vol.  of  philosophical  transactions — Mercu- 
rius  sub  Sole  Visus — Quadrantes  Astronom. 
Muralis  Idea  Nova,  &c. 

Gervais,  Armand  Francis,  a  Carmelite 
ecclesiastic,  superior  of  his  »rder,  and  in 
1695  abbot  of  la  Trappe,  which  he  soon  after 
resigned.  His  attack  on  the  Bernardines 
procured  his  confinement  in  an  abbey  at 
Troyes,  where  he  died  1741.  He  wrote  an 
History  of  the  Cistercian  Order —  the  Lives 
of  Eloisa  and  Abelard,  and  other  works  in 
theology  and  biography. 

Gervaise,  Nicholas,  a  French  mission- 
ary in  Siam,  afterwards  provost  of  Seu- 
vre  in  the  church  of  St.  Martin  of  Tours. 
He  was  at  Rome  in  1724,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Horren,  and  soon  after  went  as 
•missionary  to  Guiana,  where  he  and  his  at- 
tendants were  cruelly  murdered  by  the  na- 
tives 1729.  He  wrote  History  of  Boethius — 
•Life  of  St.  Martin  of  Tours — and  the  Histo- 
ry of  his  Church — the  Natural  and  Political 
History  of  Siam,  4to.  1688. 

Gesner,  Conrad,  an  able  scholar,  phy- 
sician, and  philosopher,  born  at  Zurich  1516. 
The  poverty  of  his  father  would  have  check- 
ed the  display  of  his  great  abilities,  had  not 


Ammien,  professor  of  Latin  and  eloquence 
at  Zurich,  with  noble  generosity,  taken  him 
to  his  own  house  and  provided  for  his  educa- 
tion.    The  death   of  his  father  left  him  hh 
own  master,  and  he  began  to  travel  to  seek 
his  fortune.     He  visited  Strasburg,  where  lie 
made  some  progress  in  the  Hebrew  language, 
and  as  he  was  allowed  a  small  pension  from 
Zurich    university,    he    made    the    tour  of 
France,  and  in  company  with  John  Frisiu9 
came  to  Paris.      He  afterwards  returned  to 
Strasburg,  and  was  called  back  to  Zurich  to 
preside  over  a  school,  and  there  he  married. 
His    appointment,    however,    was  not  ade- 
quate to  bis  expem.es,  and  determining  to  ap- 
ply himself  to  physic  he  left  Zurich   in  dis- 
gust, and    studied  the  Greek  physicians  in 
their  own  language  at  Basil,  till  he  was  ho- 
norably nominated  Greek  professor  at  Lau- 
sanne.    In  some  degree  thus  independent  he 
applied  himself  with  redoubled   assiduity  to 
the  medical  profession,  and  passed  toMont- 
pellier  where  he  devoted  himself  to  anatomy 
and  botany,   and  on  his  return  to  Zurich  he 
began  to  practice  as  physician,  and  received 
the  honor  of  a  doctor's  degree.     He  was  ap- 
pointed there  professor  of  philosophy,  a  place 
which  he  enjoyed  24  years  till  his  death.  He 
died  of  the  plague  1565.     For  the  variety  of 
his  attainments,  and  the  extent  of  his  erudi- 
tion, he  was  deservedly  called  the  German 
Pliny,  and  among  his  various  avocations  he 
found  time  to  write  not  less  than  66  various 
pieces  on  subjects  of  grammar,  botany,  me- 
dicine, and  natural  history.     He  was  the  first 
who  distinguished   the  genera  of  plants   byr 
the  comparison  of  their  flowers,  seeds,  and 
fruits. 

Gesner,  Solomon,  bookseller  of  Zurich, 
was  author  of  some  elegant  poems  in  the 
German  language.  He  was  member  of  the 
senate  of  Zurich,  and  also  obtained  celebrity 
by  his  landscape  paintings,  many  of  which 
were  sold  in  England.  The  most  admired  of 
his  compositions  is  the  Death  of  Abel,  in  po- 
etic prose,  which  has  been  translated  into 
English.  He  died  2d  March  1788,  aged  58. 
He  wrote  besides,  •«  Night" — Daphnis,  a 
pastoral — Idylls — a  Letter  on  landscape 
painting — poems,  &c.  He  also  published  10 
landscapes  engraved  by  himself  1765. 

Gesner,  John  Matthew,  an  able  scholar 
and  acute  critic,  of  the  family  of  Conrad 
Cesner,  born  near  Newburg  in  Germany 
1691.  After  studying  eight  years  at  Ans- 
pach,  he  was  appointed  by  the  recommen- 
dation of  Budus  to  superintend  the  public 
scliool  at  Weinheim.  Eleven  years  after  he 
was  removed  to  the  same  but  more  lucrative 
situation  at  Anspach,  and  lastly  to  Gotten- 
gen,  where  he  became  professor  of  humani- 
ty, public  librarian,  and  inspector  of  public 
schools  in  the  province  of  Luneburg.  He 
died  at  Gottingen  universally  respected  in 
1761.  He  is  much  known  as  the  author  of 
some  valuable  editions  of  thec.lassics,  of  which 
the  Horace  and  Claudian  are  the  more  popu- 
lar. He  also  published  a  most  excellent  The- 
saurus of  the  Latin  tongue. 
Gesn#k,  John  James,  a  native  of  Zurich. 


Gft 


Gi 


He  was  professor  in  the  university,  and  died  I 
there  1787,  aged  80.     He  wrote  Thesaurus  ' 
Universalis  Omnium  Numisinatum  Veterum  j 
Griecor.  Jx  Roman.  4  vols.    fol. — Specimen 
ltei  Nummarire  Numismata  Regum  Mace- 
don  ex  Laboribus  Crophii,  Lazii   Golzii,  &c.  | 
Gesner,  Solomon,  a  native  of  Silesia,  who 
studied   at   Breslau  and  Strasburg,  and  be- 
came divinity  professor  at  Wittemberg,  1593, 
and  afterwards  dean  and  rector  of  the  uni- 
versity.    He  wrote  the  Prophecy  of  Hosea 
from  Jerome's  version — Dissertation  on  Ge- 
nesis, &c. — Disquisition  on  the  Psalter — ser- 
mons, essays,  &c.     He  died  1605,  aged  46. 

Geta,  Septimius,  son  of  the  emperor 
Severas,  and  brother  of  Caracalla,  was  slain 
in  the  arms  of  his  mother,  by  his  brother 
•who  was  jealous  of  his  merits  and  virtues, 
A.  D.  212. 

Gethis,  lady  Graces  an  English  lad)-, 
daughter  of  sir  "George  Norton,  of  Abhots- 
Leith,  Somersetshire,  born  1676.  She 
married  sir  Richard  Gethin,  of  Gethin- 
Grott,  Ireland  ;  but  she  did  not  live  long 
enough  to  display  to  the  world  the  superior 
talents  she  possessed,  as  she  died  at  the  pre- 
mature age  of  21.  She  was  buried  in  West- 
minster abbe)',  where  a  beautiful  monument 
records  her  merits,  and  where,  to  perpetu- 
ate her  memory,  she  also  founded  a  sermon 
to  be  preached  every  Ash-Wednesday  for 
ever.  After  her  death  were  published  "  Re- 
liquiae Gethinianie,"  or  Remains  of  the  inge- 
nious and  excellent  lady  Grace  Gethin,  being 
a  collection  of  choice  discourses,  pleasant 
apophthegms,  and  witty  sentences,  &c.  1700, 
4to.  This  woi'k,  containing  much  good  sense 
and  many  judicious  observations,"  deserves 
the  compliments  which  the  fair  author  recei- 
ved from  the  pen  of  Congreve. 

Gethinc,  Richard,  a  curious  penman  of 
Herefordshire.  He  settled  in  London  about 
1616,  at  the  Hand  and  Pen,  Fetter  lane, 
London,  and  published  copy-books  of  various 
hands  with  plates.  One  of  them  was  dedi- 
cated to  sir  Francis  Bacon.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  not  mentioned. 

Gevartius,  John  Gasper,  an  eminent 
critic,  born  at  Antwerp  1593.  He  studied 
under  the  .Jesuits  at  Antwerp,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Louvain  and  to  Douay.  He  was  at 
Paris  in  1617,  and  took  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
in  the  university  of  Douay,  and  became  town 
clerk  of  Antwerp,  an  employment  which  he 
held  till  Ids  death  1666.  He  was  married 
1625.  He  published  Lectionum  Papiniana- 
rum  Libri  quinque  in  Statii  Sylvas,  1621, 
8vo.  Leyden — FJectorum  Libri  ties,  &c. 
1619,  4to.  Paris — a  Latin  poem  ou  the  death 
ofThuanus,  1618,  &c. 

Geuss,  John  Michael,  a  native  of  Holstein, 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Copenhagen,  and 
author  of  the  Theory  of  the  Art  of  construct- 
ing Mines,  1776 — a  voyage  to  Iceland,  from 
the  German,  2  vols.  4to. — an  edition  of  Lo- 
garithmi  Numerorum  ah  Unitate  ad  10,000, 
&c.     He  died  at  Holstein  1786,  aged  41. 

Ghelen,  Sigismund,  or  Gelenius.  Vid. 
Gelenics. 
Ghez.ii,  Peter  Leonej  a  painter,  born  at 


Rome,  and  knighted  by  Francis  I.  duke  of 
Parma,  his  abilities  were  employed  by  the 
pope  in  adorning  the  castle  of  Gondolfo,  and 
other  public  edifices.  He  died  1755,  aged  81. 
Ghilini,  Jerome, an  Italian  writer,  born 
at  Monza,  in  Milan,  1589.  He  was  educated 
by  the  Jesuits  at  Milan,  in  philosophy  mid 
polite  literature,  aud  studied  the  civil  and 
canon  law  at  Parma.  He  married;  but  up- 
on the  death  of  his  wife  he  became  an  eccle- 
siastic. He  lived  to  the  age  of  80.  He  is 
chiefly  known  for  his  "Theatro  d'Huomini 
Letterali,"  reprinted  2  vols.  4to.  Venice, 
1647.  The  work,  though  praiseil  by  Baillet, 
is  considered  in  general  as  insipid,  partial, 
and  often  incorrect.  He  wrote  besides,  Ca« 
ses  of  Conscience — poems — Annals  of  Ales- 
sandria. 

Ghiri.andaio,  Domsnico,  a  Florentine 
painter,  born  1449.  He  was  intended  for 
the  profession  of  a  goldsmith  ;  but  he  studied 
with  success  painting,  and  though  his  pieces 
possess  not  superior  merit,  he  is  yet  res- 
pected as  the  master  of  the  great  Michael 
Angelo.  His  three  sons,  David,  Benedict, 
and  Randolph,  were  distinguished  as  paint- 
ers.    He  died  at  the  age  of  44. 

Ghisolfi,  Giovanni,  a  painter  of  Milan, 
who  died  16S3,  aged  60.  His  perspective 
views  and  his  sea  ports  are  much  admired. 

G i afar,  or  Sabek  the  Just,  a  Mussul- 
man doctor,  by  the  mother  side,  descended 
from  Abubckir  the  caliph.  He  wrote  a  book 
of  Prophecies — one  w\  lots  and  traditions, 
and  died  at  Medina  764. 

Gtahedh,  or  Large-eyed,  a  Mussulman, 
the  head  of  the  Motazales,  a  sect  who  united 
religion  and  philosophy.  He  wrote  treatises 
on  Metaphysics,  &c.  and  died  840. 

Giannoni,  Peter,  a  Neapolitan,  author' 
of  an  history  of  his  country,  which  so  offend- 
ed the  court  of  Rome  that  he  fled  from  per- 
secution to  the  king  of  Sardinia's  dominions; 
and  died  at  Piedmont  1748,  aged  68.  His 
history  was  translated  into  French  by  Des- 
manceaux. 

Gibalyx,  le  Comte  de,  author  of  "le 
Monde  Primitif,"  died  1784,  aged  59.  For 
this  valuable  work  he  twice  received  the 
prize  of  12001'ivres  from  the  French  academy. 
Gibbon,  Edward,  the  celebrated  author 
of  the  history  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
Uoman  Empire,  was  born  at  Putney,  8th 
May  1737,  of  a  very  respectable  and  ancient 
family.  From  Kingston-school  he  removed 
to  Westminster,  aud  afterwards  entered  as 
gentleman  commpner  at  Magdalen  college, 
Oxford.  At  the  university  he  paid  much 
attention  to  books  of  divinity,  especially  the 
works  of  Bossuet,  and  as  he  bad  never  imbi- 
bed in  his  youth  proper  notions  of  religion, 
and  decided  tenets  of  faith,  he  at  last,  either 
from  conviction,  or  the  love  of  singularity, 
embraced  the  Roman  Catholic  principles, 
and  in  1753  renounced  the  heresy  of  the  pro- 
testants  in  the  presence  of  a  popish  priest 
in  London,  and  was  received  into  the  bosom 
of  the  church.  This  conduct  alarmed  and 
displeased  his  father,  who  immediately 
setat  him  to  L&usanne,  where,  under  the 


GI 


GI 


friendly  care,  and  by  the  sensible  conversa- 
tion of  Pavilliard,  a  protestant  divine,  he  was 
made  to  understand  the  true  nature  of  reli- 
gion, and  the  pure  doctrines  of  the  gospel, 
and  in  1754  he  renounced  his  errors,  and 
received  as  a  pledge  of  his  reconciliation, 
the  sacrament,  according  to  the  rites  of  the 
reformed  church.  During  his  residence  at 
Lausanne,  he  paid  much  attention  to  classi- 
cal literature,  and  acquired  such  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  the  French  language,  that  he  I 


produced  the  redemption  of  mankind,  and. 
to  unveil  the  mysteries  which  cover  the 
revelations  of  heaven  to  fallen  sinners.  It  is 
therefore  not  to  be  wondered,  that  the  two 
offensive  chapters  on  the  growth  and  pro- 
gress of  Christianity  were  violently  attacked 
by  various  writers,  but  these  were  disregard- 
ed by  the  phlegmatic  historian,  who  deigned 
to  give  a  reply  only  to  Mr.  Davis  because 
he  had  accused  him  with  want  of  fidelity. 
Though  the  abilities  of  the  historian   were 


both   spoke   and    wrote    it  with   the    same    thus  acknowledged  of  superior  rank,  and  his 


facility  as  his  own  native  tongue.    He  here 
became  intimate  with  the  daughter  of  a  pro- 
testant minister,   an  accomplished   woman, 
who  afterwards  became  the  wife  of  the  cele- 
brated Necker;  but  his  wish  to  form  a  ma- 
trimonial   connection    with    the    lady  was 
checked  by  his  father,  and  while  he  sighed 
as  a  lover,  he  obeyed  as  a  son,  and  abandon- 
ed the  object  of  his  passion  to  lead  the  rest 
of  life  in  peevish  celibacy.     In  1/58  he  re- 
turned to  England,  but  though  engaged  in  a 
military  life,  as  the  captain  of  the  grenadiers 
of  the  Hampshire  militia,  he  continued  his 
studies  iu  the  midst  of  the  dissipation  of  a 
camp,  and  found  more  pleasure  in  the  com- 
pany  of  his  favorite  authors,    than    in   the 
society  of  gay  and  profligate  associates.    His 
Essai  sur  l'Etude  de  la  Literature,  appeared 
in   1761,  dedicated  to  his  father,   and   was 
admired  as  an  elegant  and  correct  perform- 
ance.   At  the  peace  of  1763  he  quitted  the 
militia,    and   travelled    through    Paris   and 
Switzerland  to  Italy,  and  in  the  midst  of  the 
ruins  of  the  capital,  formed  the  plan  of  that 
great    work    which  has    immortali7,ed    his 
name.    He  contributed   much  to  the  com- 
pletion  of  the   "Memoires   Literaires"   of 
Great  Britain   by  Deyverdun    1767,  and  in 
1770,  he   attacked  Warburton's  hypothesis 
on  the  descent  of  iEneas  to  the  infernal  re- 
gions, in  his  critical  observations  on  the  sixth 
hook  of  Virgil's  JEneid.     The  death   of  his 
father  in  1770,  left  him  master  of  a  comfort- 
able,  independent,  though  encumbered   fa- 
mily estate,  and  therefore  as  an   owner  of 
landed  property,  he   determined  to  add  to 
the  consequence  of  his  rank,  by  obtaining  a 
seat  in  parliament  for  Liskeard  in  1774.   The 
first  volume  of  his  immortal  work,  the  De- 
cline and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,   ap- 
peared in  1776,  and  was  continued  and  com- 
pleted in  five  other  quarto  volumes.    The 
book  was  received  with  universal  applause, 
and  his  bookseller,  Mr.  Cadell,  sensible  of 
the  merits  of  the  performance,  and  of  its 
rapid  sale,  liberally  paid  him  on  the  com- 
pletion of  the   history   8000/.      Much   and 
deservedly  as  the  historian  is  commended, 
yet  it  is  to  be  lamented  that  he  has  inveighed 
"with  sarcastic  rudeness,  and  with  an  insulting 
air  of  affected  impartiality,  against  the  great 
truths  of  Christianity.    The  unsettled  state 
of  his  own  religious  opinions,  and  the  fre- 
quent visits  which  he  paid  to  the  infidel  hero 
of  Ferney,  left  it  indeed  doubtful  whether 
he  was  much  more  than  a  masked  atheist ; 
but  it  required  the  deep  arts  of  hypocrisy  to 
pretend  to  develop  the  awful  causes  which 


powers   of  understanding  extensive,  yet  he 
never  ventured  to  speak  in  parliament,  but 
during  the  eight  years  in  which  he  held  a 
seat,  he  gave  a   silent  vote  for  the  minister. 
His  Memoir  on   the  War  with   France,  in 
consequence  of  her  espousing    the  cause  of 
the  Colonies,  written  in  French,  was  much 
admired ;  and  procured  for  him,  from  lord 
North,  a  seat  at  the  board  of  Trade,  till  its. 
abolition  by  Burke's  bill.    In   1783   Gibbon 
returned   to   Switzerland,   to  complete  the 
three  last  volumes  of  his  history,    and   he 
returned  to  England  1788,  where  the  work 
was    published   complete  on    his   birth-day. 
He  afterwards  returned   to  Lausanne,   but 
the  horrors    of  the  French  revolution,  the 
origin  of  which  he  with  many  other  virtuous 
and  sensible  characters  had  falsely  hailed  as 
the  regeneration   of  mankind,  disturbed  the 
tranquillity  of  his  retirement  and  he  hastened 
baek  to  England.    He  died  of  a  dropsy  16th 
Jan.  1794,   at  the  house    of  his  friend   lord 
Sheffield.     His  posthumous  works,  with  his 
memoirs  written  by  himself,  and  finished  by 
the  pen  of  his  friend  lord  Sheffield,  appeared 
in  2  vols.  4to.  soon  after  his  death.  His  char- 
acter as  a  writer  has  been  well  drawn  up  by 
the  nervous  pen  of  Mr.  Porson  in  his  letters 
to  archdeacon  Travis.     His  history  he  allows 
to  be  one  of  the  ablest  performances  that 
has  ever  appeared.     His  industry  is  indefati- 
gable, his  accuracy  scrupulous,  his  reading, 
which  is  sometimes  ostentatiously  displayed, 
immense,    his  attention  always  awake,   his, 
memory  extensive,  his  periods  harmonious. 
In  endeavoring    however  to     avoid   vulgar 
terms  he  too  frequently  dignifies  trifles,  and 
clothes  common  thoughts  in  a  splendid  dress 
that  would  be  rich  enough  for  the  noblest 
ideas.    In  his   anxiety  to  vary  his   phrase, 
he  becomes  obscure,   and  instead  of  calling 
his  personages  by  their  names,  he  describes 
them  by  their  birth,  alliance,  office,  or  other 
circumstances  of  their  history.    An  unpar- 
donable fault  too,  is  his  rage  for  indecency, 
which  pervades  the  whole  work,  especially 
the  last  volumes,  though  it  is  remarkable  he 
is  so  affectedly  prudish  that  he  dares  not  calf 
Belisariiis   a  cuckold,  because  it  is  too  bad  a 
word  to  be  used  by  a  decent  historian. 

Gibbons,  Griuling,  a  famous  sculptor, 
son  of  a  Dutchman,  settled  in  England.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  board  of  works,  and 
was  emploved  by  Charles  II.  The  best  spe- 
cimens of  his  art  are  the  foliage  in  Windsor 
chapel,  the  choir  of  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  the 
font  of  St.  James's  church,  Westminster, 
and  particularly  the  ornaments  of  Petwrth 
house.    Hcdiedl72L 


GI 


GI 


Sibbons,  Orlando,  a  native  of  Cambridge, 
/Hade  organist  of  the  royal  chapel,  and  ad- 
mitted Mus.  D.  at  Oxford  1622.  He  died 
three  years  after,  of  the  small-pox,  at  Canter- 
bury, aged  4-2.  His  compositions  iu  music 
were  far  superior  to  all  those  of  his  age.  lie 
published  Madrigals,  1612,  Stc.  His  son, 
and  also  two  brothers,  were  eminent  as 
musicians. 

Giebs,  James,  an  architect,  born  at 
Aberdeen  1685.  Besides  the  design  of  St. 
Martin's  church,  London,  which  cost  32,000/. 
\n  the  erection,  the  new  church  at  Derby, 
the  senate  house,  and  the  new  huilding9  of 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  St.  Mary's 
church  in  the  Strand,  are  part  of  his  works. 
He  sold  his  designs  in  1728  for  1500/.  and 
the  plates  for  400Z.     He  died  5th  Aug.  1754. 

Gibert,  Balthasnr,  a  native  of  Aix,  who, 
after  being  four  years  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Beauvais,  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  rhe- 
toric at  the  college  of  Mazarin,  where  he 
presided  50  years.  Though  highly  respect- 
ed at  Paris  he  was  banished  to  Auxerre  by 
the  court  in  1740,  because  he  opposed  the 
revocation  of  an  appeal  which  the  university 
had  made  against  the  bull  Unigenitus.  He 
died  at  Regennes  28th  Oct.  1741,  aged  77. 
His  works  are  Rhetorique,  or  les  Regies  de 
l'Eloquence — Jugement  ties  Savans  sur  les 
Auteurs  qui  ont  traite  de  la  Rhetorique,  3 
Vols. — Observations  sur  le  Traite  des  Etudes 
de  Rollin,  &c.  His  nephew  Joseph  was  also 
a  man  of  literary  fame,  and  wrote  Memoire 
pour  l'Histoire  des  Gaules,  &c.  He  died  at 
Paris  1771,  aged  CO. 

Gibert,  John  Peter,  a  native  of  Aix, 
professor  of  theology  at  Toulon  and  at  Aix, 
from  which  he,  in  1709,  removed  to  Paris. 
He  lived  here  in  a  very  retired  and  abste- 
mious manner,  and  though  offered  several 
benefices  he  refused  them  all  with  the  most 
indifferent  composure.  As  a  canonist,  learn- 
ed and  well  informed,  he  was  highly  res- 
pected. He  died  poor  at  Paris  2d  Dec. 
1736,  aged  76.  He  wrote  Practical  Cases 
concerning  the  Sacraments — Memoirs  con- 
ceiving the  holy  Scriptures — Institutions  ec- 
clesiastical and  beneficial,  &c. — Usage  of  the 
Gallican  Church  in  Censures,  Etc. — Tradi- 
tions, or  History  of  the  Church,  on  Mar- 
riage— Corpus  Juris  Canouici,  &c.  3  vols.  fol. 
»— Notes  on  the  Treatise  of  Abus,  8cc. 

Giberti,  John  Matthew,  a  native  ofPa- 
'  lermo,  who  obtained  favor  and  consequence 
at  the  court  of  Leo  X.  and  Clement  VII.  and 
became  governor  of  Tivoli  and  bishop  of  Ve- 
Tona.  He  was,  in  1527,  one  of  the  hostages 
whom  Clement  delivered  to  the  Imperialists, 
and,  according  to  the  barbarous  prejudices 
of  those  times,  he  was  treated  with  great 
rudeness,  and  even  cruelty.  When  set  at 
liberty  he  retired  to  his  diocese;  but  return- 
ed to  Rome  at  the  invitation  of  Paul  II.  and 
with  a  liberal  mind  he  established  in  his  own 
house  a  Greek  press,  and  thus  enabled  the 
learned  men  whom  he  patronised  to  publish 
.some  editions  of  the  writings  of  the  fathers. 
His  letters  and  directions  to  the  clergy  are 
Valuable.    He  died  15*3. 


Gibieup,  William,  a  priest  of  the  con- 
gregation of  the  oratory,  who  wrote  a  book  on 
the  Liberty  of  God,  and  of  the  Creator,  in 
Latin,  a  performance  of  great  merit.  He 
died  1650. 

Gibson,  Edmund,  an  English  prelate, 
born  lit  Kuipc,  near  Bampton,  Westmore- 
land, 1069.  Frcrffl  a  school  in  the  count}' 
he  entered  as  servitor  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxford,  and  soon  evinced  his  proficiency  by 
publishing  1691,  William  Drummond's  "Por 
lemo  Middiana"  and  James  V.  of  Scotland's 
Cantilena  Ruslica,  4to.  with  cUrious  and  in- 
teresting notes.  In  ir>0'2,  he  published  a 
Latin  translation  of  the  ChroniconSaxonicuni 
lto.  and  soon  alter  Librorum  MSS.  in  duabus 
Insignibas  Bibliotbecis,  Altera  Tenison,Lon- 
dini,  Altera  Dugdali,  Oxonii,  Catalogus, 
dedicated  toTenison  bishop  of  Lincoln,  who 
appointed  him  his  chaplain.  He  took  his 
master's  degree  in  1094,  and  the  next  year 
showed  his  abilities  as  an  antiquarian  by  pub- 
lishing Camden's  Britannia,  with  great  addi- 
tions, also  dedicated  to  Tenison,  under 
whose  patronage  he  rose  to  the  rectory  of 
Stisted,  Essex  in  1700,  the  rectory  of  Lam- 
beth, and  the  mastership  of  St.  Mary's  hos- 
pital 1703,  and  in  1710,  the  archdeaconry  of 
Surrey.  His  Codex  Juris  Ecclesiastici  Ang- 
licani  in  fol.  appeared  in  1713,  and  while  it 
commanded  the  applause  of  the  friends  of 
the  church,  excited  the  censures  and  the  en- 
vy of  its  enemies.  When  Wake  on  Tcni- 
son's  death  succeeded  to  the  primacy  1715, 
Gibson  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Lincoln  in 
his  room,  and  in  1723,  he  was  translated  to 
London.  He  died  at  Bath  6th  Sep.  1748, 
leaving  several  children.  As  a  prelate  Gib- 
son ranks  high.  Vigilant  over  the  rights  of 
the  church,  he  warmly  supported  the  test 
act,  and  was  zealous  that  those  who  were  ad- 
mitted into  holy  orders  should  be  persons  of 
character,  discretion,  and  learning.  The  es- 
tablishment of  preachers  from  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  at  Whitehall,  alternately,  took 
place  at  his  suggestion.  This  worthy  pre- 
late wrote,  besides,  some  tracts  and  pastoral 
letters,  wisely  calculated  to  recommend  re- 
ligion and  to  counteract  infidelity  and  immo- 
rality. 

Gibson,  William,  a  self-taught  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Boulton  near  Appleby, 
Westmoreland,  and  died  1791,  aged  71. 
Though  he  published  nothing,  his  know- 
ledge of  mathematics,  of  navigation,  of  me- 
chanics, optics,  and  experimental  philosophy, 
was  very  great  and  very  accurate. 

Gibson,  Thomas,  an  eminent  painter, 
known  at  Oxford  and  in  London.  He  died 
April  28th  175J,  aged  about  71. 

Gibson,  Thomas,  a  physician,  born  at 
Morpeth  in  Northumberland.  He  was  very 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  botany,  histo"- 
ry,  physic,  and  divinity,  and  he  performed 
very  popular  cures.  He  favored  the  refor- 
mation, and  fled  during  the  persecution  of 
Mary,  but  returned  under  Elizabeth,  and 
died  in  London  1562.  The  titles  of  his  wri- 
tings are  preserved  in  Tanner,  and  in  Aikin'.« 
Memoirs  6f  Medicine 


Gl 


GI 


Gibson,  Richard,  commonly  called  the 
dwarf,  was  an  eminent  painter  in  the  time  of 
.sir  Peter  Lely.  He  was  originally  servant  to 
a  lady  at  Mortlake,  who  observed  and  en- 
couraged his  fondness  for  painting,  and  pla- 
ced him  under  de  Cleyn,  master  of  the  ta- 
pestry works  at  Mortlake,  and  the  designer 
of  the  cuts  for  Ogilvy's  works,  and  Sandys' 
Ovid.  Gibson's  pieces  in  water  colors,  but 
especially  his  copies  of  Lely 's  portraits,  gain- 
ed him  great  reputation.  He  was  page  of 
the  back  stairs  to  Charles  I.  he  was  also  a  fa- 
vorite with  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  drew  him 
several  times,  and  he  also  instructed  in 
drawing  the  princesses  Mary  and  Anne  af- 
terwards queens.  He  married  Mrs.  Anne 
Shepherd  who  was  likewise  a  dwarf,  and  the 
ceremony  was  honored  by  the  presence  of 
Charles  I.  who  gave  away  the  bride. 
Though  only  three  feet  ten  inches,  they  had 
nine  children,  five  of  which  reached  matu- 
rity, and  were  well  proportioned,  and  of  the 
common  size.  Gibson  died  in  Covent  Gar- 
den in  his  75th  year,  and  his  wife  20  years 
after,  1709,  aged  89. 

Gibson,  William,  nephew  of  Richard, 
was  instructed  by  him  and  Lely  in  the  ait  of 
painting,  in  which  he  became  eminent.  He 
was  successful  as  a  limner,  and  a  copier  of 
sir  Peter  Lely;  whose  collection  he  pur- 
chased at  his  death,  and  enriched  with  seve- 
ral valuable  foreign  pieces.  He  died  of  a 
lethargy,  1702,  aged  58. 

Gibson,  Edward,  kinsman  to  William, 
\ras  instructed  by  him  in  drawing.  He  first 
painted  in  oil,  but  afterwards  acquired  great 
celebrity  in  crayons.  His  promising  abili- 
ties were  cut  short  by  death  when  very 
young. 

Gideon,  one  of  the  judges  of  Israel.  He 
was  of  the  tribe  of  Manasseh  and  was  called 
by  God,  while  he  was  threshing,  to  extricate 
the  people  of  Israel  from  the  oppression  of 
the  Midianites.  He  was  judge  over  the 
nation  forty  years,  and  died  B.  C.  12:>G. 

Gi fan i us,  Hubertusor  Obertus,  a  critic 
and  civilian,  born  at  Buren  in  Guelderland, 
1534.  He  pursued  his  studies  at  Louvain 
and  Paris,  and  first  erected  a  library  for  the 
Germans  at  Orleans,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  civil  law,  1567.  He  was 
in  Italy  in  the  suite  of  the  French  ambassa- 
dor, and  afterwards  was  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Strasburg,  and  then  at  Altilorf 
and  Ingoldstadt.  He  abandoned  the  pro- 
testants  for  popery,  and  was  made  counsel- 
lor to  the  emperor  Rodolph.  He  died  at 
Prague  16th  Aug.  1604,  according  to  Thua- 
nus.  He  wrote  notes  and  commentaries  on 
Homer,  Aristotle's  Ethics  and  Politics,  Lu- 
cretius, and  other  authors,  and  some  law 
tracts,  but  he  is  accused  with  dishonorably 
suppressing  the  publication  of  the  MSS.  of 
Fruterius,  an  extraordinary  youth  who  died 
at  the  age  of  twenty -five  at  Paris,  and 
which  had  been  intrusted  to  his  care.  He 
was  unfortunately  engaged  in  quarrels  with 
Lambin,  Scioppius,  and  others,  which,  in 
exhibiting  the  passions  of  human  nature,  too 
often  show  that  the  intellectual  powers  do 


not  always  exercise  that  authority  over  thr 
heart  which  religion  dictates. 

Gifford,  Dr.  Andrew,  a  baptist  minis- 
ter, for  some  time,  assistant  librarian  in  the 
British  museum.  He  died  1784,  aged  84,  leav- 
ing his  library  to  the  baptist  meeting,  Bristol. 
Gifford,  Richard,  an  English  divine,, 
educated  at  Baliol  college,  Oxford,  which  he 
left  i«fter  taking  his  first  degree  in  arts.  He 
was  for  some  time  curate  of  Richard's 
castle,  Herefordshire,  and  then  morning 
preacher  of  St.  Anne's  Soho,  and  in  175S, 
he  became  chaplain  to  the  marquis  of  Twee- 
dale,  and  the  next  year  obtained  from  bishop 
Cornwallis,  Duffield  vicarage  in  Derbyshire. 
He  was  presented,  in  1772,  to  North  Oken- 
don  rectory  in  Essex,  where  he  was  unable 
long  to  reside  on  account  of  the  pestilential 
vapors  of  the  fens.  He  was  author  of  Re- 
marks on  Kennicott's  Dissertation  on  the 
Tree  of  Life  in  Paradise, — Contemplation, 
a  poem,  1753,  quoted  by  Johnson  in  his  dic- 
tionary,— Outlines  of  an  Auswer  to  Dr. 
Priestley's  Disquisitions  on  Matter  and  Spirit, 
&c.  He  died  at  Dufiield  much  respected, 
1st  March  1807,  aged  82. 

Giggeo,  Anthony,  an  Italian  divine,  who 
settled  at  Milan,  and  translated  into  Latin 
the  commentaries  of  R.  It.  G.  Solomon, 
Aben  Ezra,. and  Levi  Gersom  on  the  Pro- 
verbs. His  chief  work  is  Thesaurus  Lingua; 
Arabics,  or  Lexicon  Arabico-Latinum,  four 
vols,  folio.     He  died  about  1632. 

Gilbert,  William,  a  learned  physician, 
who  first  discovered  some  of  the  properties 
of  the  load-stone,  was  born  1540,  at  Colches- 
ter, where  his  father  was  recorder.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  but  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  M.D  abroad,  and  on  his  return  to 
London,  was  elected  fellow  of  the  college  of 
physicians  1573.  He  began  to  practise  in 
London  with  such  reputation,  that  Elizabeth 
appointed  him  her  physician,  with  a  liberal 
pension.  In  1600,  he  published  his  book 
"  de  Magnete,  &c.  Physiologia  Nova," 
which  contained  the  observations  of  former 
writers,  and  might  be  said  to  be  the  founda- 
tion of  all  future  improvements.  He  died 
30th  November  1603,  and  was  buried  in 
Trinity  church,  Colchester.  His  reputa- 
tion, in  consequence  of  his  discoveries  on  the 
magnet  was  very  extensive,  so  that  not  only 
Carpenter,  Barrow,  sir  Kenelm  Digby,  and 
others  have  compared  him  to  Harvey,  to 
Galileo,  to  Gassendus,  and  other  great  lu- 
minaries of  philosophy,  but  foreigners  have 
regarded  him  as  a  man  of  uncommon  merit 
and  of  superior  abilities.  His  MS.  de  Mundi 
Nostri  Philosophic  Nova,  was  published  at 
Amsterdam,  1651,  4to.  by  sir  William  Bos- 
well.  He  left  his  books,  &c.  to  the  college 
of  physicians. 

Gilbert,  Thomas  B.  D.  an  English  di- 
vine, educated  at  Edmund  hall,  Oxford.  He. 
was  ejected  from  the  parish  of  Egmond, 
Salop,  for  nonconformity,  1662,  and  diecj, 
14th  July,  1694,  aged  83.  He  wrote  some 
theological  tracts,  and  it  is  said  that  he  made 
a  convert  of  Dr.  South  to  his  opinion  cou- 
ceruing  predestination,. 


GI 


GI 


Gilbert,  sir  Humphrey,  an  able  navi- 
gator, born  at  Dartmouth.  His  mother, 
■when  a  widow,  married  Mr.  Raleigh,  by 
whom  she  had  the  famous  sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh. He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  Ox- 
ford, and  afterwards  followed  the  military 
profession,  and  was  knighted  in  1570,  for  his 
services  in  Ireland.  He,  in  15S3,  took  pos- 
session of  Newfoundland,  in  the  name  of  his 
mistress  Elizabeth,  where  his  attempts  to 
settle  a  colony  on  the  American  continent 
were  unsuccessful.  He  wrote  a  book  to 
prove  a  N.  W.  passage  to  Cathaia,  and  the 
Indies.  On  his  return  from  Newfoundland, 
the  ship  in  which  he  was,  foundered,  and 
every  soul  on  board  perished,  1584. 

Gilbert,  Jeffrey,  chief  baron  of  the 
exchequer  in  Ireland,  and  afterwards  in 
England,  abridged  Locke's  Essay  on  the 
Human  Understanding,  published  by  Dodd 
175Q,  and  translated  the  12th  ode  of  Ho- 
race's second  book,  in  a  very  elegant  style, 
which  was  inserted  in  the  Wit's  Horace,  p. 
67. 

Gildas,  the  most  ancient  of  British  his- 
torians, is  known  for  his  epistle  written  5GO, 
twelve  years  after  the  evacuation  of  Britain 
by  the  Romans.  He  lived  near  the  wall 
built  by  Severus,  and  Nicholson  calls  him 
a  monk  of  Bangor.  His  epistle  was  trans- 
lated into  English  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
There  was  also  a  poet  of  that  name  concern- 
ed in  the  writing  of  the  prophecies  of  Mer- 
lin in  Latin  verse. 

Gild  on,  Charles,  an  English  critic,  born 
at  Gillingham,  Dorsetshire,  1666.  As  his 
friends  were  of  the  Roman  catholic  persua- 
sion, he  was  sent  to  Douay,  to  become  a 
priest,  but  his  inclinations  were  not  for  the 
church,  and  he  returned  to  England,  1685. 
He  spent  in  youthful  follies,  in  London,  the 
greatest  part  of  his  property,  and  married 
a  woman  of  no  fortune,  and  at  last  to  re- 
trieve his  affairs,  at  the  age  of  twenty -three, 
ne  went  on  the  stage,  but  proved  unsuccess- 
ful as  an  actor,  as  well  as  the  author  of  three 
plays.  He  afterwards  published  various 
pamphlets  and  essays,  and  affected  the  name 
and  office  of  a  critic,  and  wrote  his  "  Com- 
plete Art  of  Poetry,"  and  the  "  Laws  of 
Poetry,"  &c.  He  offended  Pope,  for  which 
he  was  placed  in  a  conspicuous  place  in  the 
Dunciad.     He  died  1723. 

Giles,  of  Viterbo,  an  Italian  cardinal, 
the  favorite  of  the  popes  Julius  II.  and  Leo 
X.  He  was  legate  in  Germany,  from  the 
pope,  and  made  a  cardinal.  He  died  1532. 
lie  was  author  of  Commentaries  on  the 
Psalms — dialogues — letters — poems — Re- 
marks on  the  three  first  Chapters  of  Gene- 
sis, &c. 

Giles,  John,  or  JEgiiuvs,  was  born  at 
St.  Alban's  in  the  13th  century.  He  studied 
at  Paris,  and  was  physician  to  Philip, king  of 
France,  and  professor  of  Medicine,  at  Mont- 
peHier,  and  Paris.  He  was  also  made  D.D. 
and  was  the  first  Englishman  on  record  en- 
tered among  the  Dominicans.  He  was  an 
eloquent  preacher,  and  as  eminent  for  his 
physical  recipes. 

VOL.  I.  73 


G'iMMERjOr  G eli  M eh,  descended  from 
Genseric,  was  the  last  of  the  Vandal  kings 
of  Africa.  He  deposed  his  relation  Hilder- 
ic,  530,  but  fled  into  Numidia,  when  inva- 
ded by  the  superior  force  of  the  greatBel:sa» 
rius.  He  was  at  last  taken  prisoner  after 
various  defeats,  and  when  led  through  thje 
streets  of  Constantinople,  he  exclaimed, 
Vanity  of  Vanities,  all  is  vanity  !  He  was 
honored  by  Justinian,  but  refused  to  be  rais- 
ed to  the  rank  of  senator,  as  it  was  offered 
on  condition  of  his  renouncing  Arianism. 

Gill,  Alexander,  an  English  scholar,  ed- 
ucated at  Christ-church,  Oxford,  and  made 
master  of  St.  Paul's  school  1608,  in  which  he 
continued  till  his  death  1635,  at  the  age  of 
71.  He  wrote  some  theological  tracts,  and 
was  buried  in  Mercers'  chapel. 

Gill,  Alexander,  son  of  the  above,  was 
born  in  London,  and  admitted  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  was  usher  to  his  father 
in  St.  Paul's  school,  and  succeeded  him  in 
1635.  He  removed  five  years  after  and 
kept  a  school  in  Aldersgate,  till  his  death 
1642.  He  is  called  by  Wood,  a  good  Latin 
poet. 

Gill,  John  D.  D.  a  dissenting  minister 
born  at  Kettering,  Northamptonshire,  19th 
Nov.  1697.  In  1716,  he  was  admitted  pastor 
of  the  anabaptists  at  Kettering,  and  two 
years  after  went  in  the  same  capacity  to 
Higham  Ferrers.  In  1721,  he  was  invited 
to  Horsleydown  meeting,  in  Southwark,  and 
soon  after  removed  to  Tooley  street,  where 
ha  died  Oct.  13th  1771.  He  ranked  high  as 
a  good  orientalist,  and  as  an  extensive  scho- 
lar. His  publications  were  numerous,  and 
in  his  principles  he  was  a  rigid  Calvinist. 
His  works  are,  an  Exposition  of  the  Bible,  9 
vols.  fol.  a  valuable  performance — the  Cause 
of  God  and  Truth,  3  vols.  Svo. — a  Body  of 
Divinity,  3  vols.  4to  — -a  dissertation  on  the 
Antiquity  of  the  Hebrew  Language — tracts 
and  sermons. 

Gilles,  Peter,  a  learned  adventurer, 
born  at  Albi  1490.  He  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  knowledge  of  classical  literature, 
and  in  1533  he  dedicated  a  book  to  Francis 
I.  and  invited  him  to  send  learned  men  into 
foreign  countries  to  examine  their  manners 
and  customs.  He  was  accordingly  sent  by 
the  monarch  to  the  Levant,  but  as  be  was 
not  supplied  with  money  for  his  expenses 
as  he  expected,  he  was  obliged  in  his  dis- 
tress to  enrol  himself  in  the  army  of  Soli- 
man  II.  for  subsistence.  He  was  afterwards 
engaged  in  another  voyage,  and  carried  by 
the  pirates  to  Algiers,  from  w  hich  he  extri- 
cated himself  by  the  liberal  assistance  of  car- 
dinal d'Armagnac.  He  died  at  Rome  1555. 
He  was  author  of  Tracts  de  Vi  et  Natura. 
Animalium — de  Bosphoro  Thracio — de  To- 
pographs Constantinopoleos. 

Gillespie,  George,  a  Scotch  divine, 
one  of  the  four  sent  as  commissioners  from 
the  church  of  Scotland  to  Westminster  1645. 
He  wrote  Aaron's  Rod  Blossoming — Miscel- 
laneous Questions,  &c.  and  died  17th  Dec. 
1648. 

Gillot,  Claude,   a  French  paititer.and 


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eugraver  of  Langres,  disciple  to  Vateau,  and 
the  master  of  J.  Baptiste  Corneille.  He 
died  at  Paris  1722,  aged  49.  He  was  hap- 
py in  representing  grotesque  figures,&c. 

Gilpin,  Bernard,  an  eminent  divine, 
horn  at  Kentmire,  Westmoreland,  and  ed- 
ucated at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  of  which 
he  became  fellow.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Christ  church,  and  became  a  zealous  sup- 
porter of  the  reformation  in  consequence  of 
reading  attentively  the  works  of  Erasmus, 
and  of  other  German  divines.  He  obtained 
in  1552  the  living  of  Norton  in  Durham  di- 
ocese, but  with  remarkable  humility  he  re- 
signed it,  considering  himself  as  yet  unfit  to 
preside  over  the  spiritual  concerns  of  a  par- 
ish. He  next  visited  the  continent,  where 
he  printed  a  treatise  on  the  sacraments, 
•written  by  his  uncle  Tonstal,  and  returned 
to  England  in  1556.  By  the  patronage  of 
his  uncle  he  now  obtained  the  archdeaconry 
of  Durham,  and  the  rectory  of  Easington, 
and  afterwards  the  rectory  of  Houghton  lc 
Spring.  Zealous  and  active  he  conducted 
himself  as  the  friend  of  piety  and  religion, 
he  enforced  residence  among  the  clergy, 
and  every  where  supported  the  honor  and 
the  interests  of  virtue.  His  influence  as  a 
pastor  was  considered  as  so  great  that  Bon- 
ner, jealous  of  the  increasing  power  of  the 
reformers,  marked  him  for  destruction,  and 
Gilpin,  summoned  to  London  before  a  bloody 
tribunal,  already  prepared  himself  to  march 
to  the  stake  with  all  the  composure  of  those 
who  had  gone  before  him,  when  the  death 
of  Mary  stopped  the  hand  of  his  persecu- 
tors, and  restored  him  to  the  wishes  of  his 
parishioners,  and  the  duties  of  a  benevolent 
pastor.  This  exemplary  and  hospitable  man 
was  offered  the  bishopric  of  Carlisle  by  Eli- 
zabeth, and  also  the  headship  of  Queen's 
college,  but  he  modestly  refused  these  hon- 
ors, satisfied  to  live  and  to  die  among  his 
parishioners  who  regarded  him  as  a  friend 
and  a  father.  He  died  1583,  aged  60.  His 
life  has  been  written  by  bishop  Carleton,  and 
by  his  descendant  William  Gilpin. 

Gilpin,  Richard,  a  native  of  Cumber- 
land, educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford, 
where  lie  took  the  degree  of  M.  D.  He  af- 
terwards took  orders,  and  became  minister 
of  Greystock  in  his  own  county,  and  a  pop- 
ular preacher  about  London,  but  was  expel- 
led for  nonconformity  1662.  He  then  prac- 
tised physic  in  the  north,  especially  at  New- 
castle, and  died  1657.  Of  his  works  his  dis- 
course on  "Satan's  Temptations,"  is  best 
known. 

Gilpin,  William,  an  able  divine,  de- 
scendant from  the  famous  Bernard  Gilpin 
of  whose  life  he  wrote  an  account.  He  was 
horn  in  Westmoreland,  and  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  afterwards  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  head  of  a  respec- 
table achool  at  Cheam,  Surrey.  He  died  5th 
April  1804,  aged  80,  vicar  of  Boldre  in 
Hampshire,  and  prebendary  of  Sarum.  He 
published  the  Lives  of  Lalimer,  Wickliffe, 
Huss,  and  Cranmer — Lectures  on  Church 
Catechism,  12mo. — Exposition  of  the  New 


Testament,  2  vols.  8vo. — Observations  or. 
Picturesque  Beauty,  8vo. — a  Tour  to  the 
Lakes,  2  vols.  8vo. — Remarks  on  Fores-t 
Scenery  2  vols. — Essays  on  Picturesque  Beau- 
ty— on  Prints — on  the  River  Wye,  &c. — on 
the  Western  Parts  of  England,  8vo. — Moral 
Contrasts,  8vo. — Sermons  to  Country  Con- 
gregations, 3  vols.  8vo.  &c. 

Ginnani,  Francis,  a  native  of  Ravenna, 
page  to  duke  Anthony  Farnese.  He  after- 
wards retired  to  solitude,  and  devoted 
himself  to  the  improvement  of  his  estate, 
and  the  cultivation  of  natural  history.  He 
died  1766,  aged  50.  He  wrote  an  historical 
treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  Growing  Corn, 
4to.  1759 — a  Description  of  Indigenous 
Plants — Dissertation  on  ihe  Scirpus  of  Ra- 
venna— and  an  Account  of  the  Curiosities  ol 
his  Musseura. 

Giocondo,  Fra  Giovanni,  a  native  of 
Verona,  where  he  was  schoolmaster,  and  had 
Julius  Casar  Scaliger  among  his  pupils. 
He  was  well  skilled  in  architecture,  mathe- 
matics, theology,  and  antiquities,  and  he  con- 
structed some  of  the  bridges  of  France  and 
Italy.  He  died  1521.  He  published  an  edition 
of  Caesar's  commentaries,  and  of  Vitruvius. 

Gioia,  Flavio,  a  Neapolitan,  born  at 
Amalfi,  celebrated  as  being  the  inventor  of 
the  mariner's  compass.  As  the  sovereigns 
of  Naples  were  at  that  time  the  younger 
branches  of  the  royal  family  of  France,  he 
placed  at  the  north  of  the  compass  a  fleur 
de  lis,  a  distinction  adopted  by  every  suc- 
ceeding navigator.  The  principality  of  Prin- 
cipato,  where  he  was  born,  also  assumed  a 
compass  for  its  arms,  no  doubt  as  a  monu- 
ment of  the  celebrity  of  its  citizen.  Some 
have  attributed  the  invention  of  the  compass 
to  the  Chinese,  and  Dr.  Wallis  to  the  Eng- 
lish. Gioia  was  born  about  1300,  but  the 
time  of  his  death  is  not  mentioned. 

Giolito,  Del  Ferrari,  a  printer  of  the 
16th  century  at  Venice,  ennobled  by  Charles 
V.  His  types  -were  more  elegant  than  his 
printing  was  correct.  He  left  two  sonspriu- 
ters,  and  died  1547. 

Giordani,  Vital,  a  Neapolitan  mathe- 
matician. He  was  at  first  a  soldier  in  the 
pope's  gallies,  then  purser  of  a  ship,  after- 
wards keeper  of  St.  Angelo's  castle  at  Rome, 
and  lastly  professor  of  mathematics.  He 
died  1711.  He  wrote  Euclide  Restituto,  foh 
— de  Componendis  Gravium  Momentis,  fol. 
— Fundamentum  Doctrinas  Motus  Gravium, 
et  ad  Hyac.  Christophorum  Epistol. 

Giordano,  Luca,  a  painter  of  Naples, 
who  died  1705,  aged  76.  He  improved  hhn- 
self  by  studying  the  works  of  Titian,  Corre- 
gio,  and  Paul  Veronese,  and  for  his  merits 
he  was  knighted  by  the  king  of  Spain.  Sev- 
eral of  his  pieces  are  preserved  at  Milan, 
but  his  most  finished  picture  is  the  battle  of 
the  angels,  and  the  fall  of  Lucifer,  preserv- 
ed at  Naples. 

Giorgiani,  or  Alseid  Alscherif 
Abon  Hassan,  or  Houssain  Ali,  a  na- 
tive of  Georgia,  and  a  Mussulman  doctor, 
author  of  an  Explanation  of  Terms  used  in 
Theology  and  Philosophy— a  Commentary 


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on  Euclid,  &c.  He  died  1413,  at  Shiraz. 
Another  of  that  name  was  eminent  as  a 
grammarian  and  mathematician. 

Giorgio ne,   an   illustrious    painter,   so 
called  from  his  noble  and  comely  aspect,  was 
born  at  Castel  Franco  in  Trevisano,  Venice, 
1478.    He  devoted  himself  to  music  in  which 
he  excelled,  and  afterwards  directed  his  at- 
tention to  painting,  and  was  the  first  of  the 
Lombards  who  found  out  the  admirable  ef- 
fects of  strong  lights  and  shadows.     He  first 
studied  under  Giovanni  Bellino,  and  improv- 
ed himself  by  the  imitation  of  the  works  of 
Leonardo  da  Vinci.    Titian   was  his  friend 
and   fellow    pupil,   but  his    frequent     visits 
alarmed  him,  and  viewing  him  in  the   light 
of  a  rival   and   enemy,    he   excluded   him 
from  his  house.     Thus  become  hostile  each 
to  the  other,  Titian   assiduously  labored  to 
oopy  nature,  but  while  he  surpassed  Giorgi- 
one  in  the  delicacies  of  natural  objects,  he 
■was  himself  surpassed  in  greatness  of  con- 
ception, and    sublimity  of  invention.    The 
house  where  the  German  merchants  assem- 
ble at  Venice,  had  its  front  adorned  by  the 
pencil   of  these   rival    masters,   and    while 
Titian  embellished  one  side,   Giorgionc   la- 
bored on   the   other,  but  time  unfortunately 
has  defaced  these  once  splendid  monuments 
of  human  excellence.    A  Christ  carrying  the 
Cross,  in  St.  Rovo's  church,  Venice,  is  con- 
sidered as  the  best  piece   from  Giorgione's 
pencil.     The  ingenious  artist  employed   his 
talents  to  show  that  sculpture  is  not  superi- 
or to  painting,  and  he   represented  all  the 
sides  of  the  body  in  the  same  picture,  by  the 
aid  of  reflection  from  a  fountain  at  his   feet, 
from  a  looking  glass  at  his  side,  and   a  shi- 
ning armor.     He  died  in  his  33d  year  1511, 
of,  the  plague,  with  which  ho  unfortunately 
was  seized  by  paying  a   visit  to  a  favorite 
mistress,  whose  infection  was  not  suspected. 
Gioseppino,  a  painter  so  called  from 
Cioseppe  d'Arpino,  a  town  of  Naples  where 
he  was  born  1560.     He  learned  at  Rome  the 
elements  of  his  art,  and  so  distinguished  him- 
self that  he  became  the  favorite  of  cardinals 
and  popes,  and  was  made  knight  of  St.  Mi- 
chael by  Lewis  XII.     His  battles  in  the  cap- 
itol  are  his  best  pieces.     He  died  at  Rome 
1640. 

Giottino,  Tomaso,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence whose  name  was  Stefano.  He  was 
called  Giottino  from  the  resemblance  of 
his  style  to  that  of  Giotto.  He  died  1356, 
aged  32. 

Giotto,  an  eminent  painter,  sculptor 
and  architect,  horn  near  Florence  1276.  He 
was  found  by  Cimabue  while  he  was  employ- 
ing himself  in  the  fields  in  drawing  upon  the 
sand  tho  figures  of  the  sheep  which  he  was 
tending,  and  under  the  guidance  of  this  ex- 
cellent friend  and  master,  he  soon  rose  to 
consequence  and  fame.  When  Benedict  IX. 
wished  to  see  designs  from  the  Tuscan  art- 
ists, Giotto,  with  the  greatest  quickness, 
drew  with  one  stroke  of  his  pencil,  a  circle 
so  round  and  so  perfectly  equal,  that  round 
as  Giotto's  O  afterwards  became  proverbial. 
The  pope  understood  from  this  the  gonius 


of  the  painter,  and  employed  him  at  Romp. 
His  most  admired  piece  was  a  ship  of  Mosa- 
ic work  over  the  three  gates  of  the  portico 
at  the  entrance  of  St.  Peter's  church.  Gi- 
otto still  favored  by  Clement  V  Benedict's 
successor,  returned  in  1316  to  Florence  load- 
ed with  riches,  and  was  afterwards  honora- 
bly^ engaged  in  the  service  of  the  lord  o'f 
Lucca,  and  of  the  king  of  Naples,  and  every 
where  left  specimens  of  his  genius  and  of  his 
art.  His  death  of  the  Virgin,  with  the  apos- 
tles about  her,  was  greatlyr  admired  by  Mi- 
chael Angelo.  He  died  1336,  and  the  city 
of  Florence  erected  a  marble  statue  over 
his  tomb.  Giotto  was  respected  not  only  by 
princes,  but  by  the  learned  and  the  witty, 
and  among  his  particular  friends  were  Dante 
and  Petrarch. 

Gikaldi,  Lilio  Gregorio,  an  ingenious 
critic  born  at  Ferara  1479  and  educated  in 
Latin  under  Guarini,  and  in  Greek  under 
Demetrius  Chalcondyles.  He  resided  at 
Modena,  and  afterwards  went  to  Rome,  and 
saw  the  pillage  of  that  ancient  capital  by  the 
soldiers  of  Charles  V.  After  losing  there 
the  whole  of  his  little  property,  and  attend- 
ing his  patron  cardinal  Rangoni  to  the  grave, 
and  losing  his  other  patron  Mirandula,  he 
returned  to  Ferrara  poor  and  enfeebled  by 
disease.  Though,  however,  terribly  afflic- 
ted with  the  gout,  he  yet  read,  and  compo- 
sed several  of  his  books,  till  he  sunk  under 
the  heaviness  of  his  complaint  1552,  and  was 
buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Ferrara.  He  wrote 
17  different  things,  afterwards  collected  into 
2  vols,  folio,  Basil  1580,  and  Leyden  1696. 
The  most  valuable  of  his  compositions  are 
his  Historia  de  Deis  Gentium — Historias 
Poetarum  turn  Grtecorum  quam  Latinorum 
Dialogi  decern, — and  the  Dialogi  de  Poetis 
Nostrorum.  His  erudition  was  very  great, 
and  the  high  encomiums  of  Scaliger,  of  Ca- 
saubon,  and  Thuanus  upon  his  meritorious 
services  to  the  republic  of  letters,  are  very 
just  and  honorable. 

Giraldi,  John  Baptist  Cintio,  an  Italian 
of  the  family  of  the  preceding  born  at  Fer- 
rara 1504.  After  studying  philosophy  and 
the  languages  he  applied  to  physic  and  took 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  Though  only  21  years 
old  he  was  appointed  to  read  lectures  on 
physic  and  polite  literature  at  Ferrara,  and  in 
1542  he  became  secretary  to  the  duke  of  Fer- 
rara. After  teaching  belles  lettrcs  at  Mon- 
dovi  three  years  he  went  to  Turin,  and 
thence  to  Pavia,  where  he  was  honorably 
made  professor  of  rhetoric.  He  took  the 
name  of  Cintio  at  Pavia,  which  he  prefixed 
to  his  hooks.  He  was  greatly  afflicted  with 
the  gout,  and  retired  to  Ferrara  where  he 
died  soon  after  1573.  He  wrote  9  Italian 
tragedies,  besides  some  orations  in  Latin,  and 
Hecatonmithi,  or  100  novels.  His  tragedies, 
which  some  critics  esteem  as  excellent  com- 
positions, were  edited  by  his  son  Celso,  Ve- 
nice, 1583,  8vo. 

Giraldi'e,  Sylvester,  a  learned  Welch- 
man  born  at  Mninarpir  castle  near  Pem- 
broke, South  Wales,  1145.  He  was  educa- 
ted   under    his  uncle,  the  bishop  of    St. 


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David's,  and  studied  theology  at  Paris  ful- 
some time.  He  returned  to  England  1172, 
and  four  years  after  was  named  by  Henry  II. 
who  knew  his  merit  aud  his  learning,  to  fill 
the  vacant  see  of  St.  David's,  which  he  disin- 
terestedly refused.  Afterwards  he  went  to 
Paris  and  Bologna  to  study  the  civil  law,  and 
in  1185  he  was  sent  by  the  king  as  secretary 
to  his  son  John,  in  Ireland.  In  this  office  he 
applied  himself  to  making  collections  of  ma- 
terials for  the  History  of  Ireland,  and  in  1186 
returned  to  England.  In  1198  he  was  a  se- 
cond time  elected  to  the  see  of  St.  David's, 
but  as  he  had  a  rich  competitor,  and  as  every 
thing  was  venal  at  Rome,  he  did  not  sucieed 
He  died  at  the  age  of  about  "0.  He  wrote 
several  works,  in  which  he  displayed  great 
erudition  and  commanding  eloquence,  which 
was  wonderful,  as  Tanner  observes,  in  so 
dark  and  ignorant  an  age.  He  was  a  great 
enemy  to  the  monks,  and  very  superstitious, 
and  with  respect  to  dreams  and  visions  con- 
temptibly ridiculous.  Besides  his  History  of 
Ireland,  he  wrote  "  Itinerarium  Cambria;" 
— "  de  Rebus  a  se  Gestis,"  and  other  things, 
some  of  which  are  still  in  MS. 

Girard,  John  Baptist,  a  jesuit  bom  at 
Dol.  He  was  tried  by  the  parliament  of  Aix, 
on  the  accusation  of  a  girl  of  18,  Man  Cathe- 
rine Cadiere,  for  using  sorcery,  according  to 
her  expressions,  in  the  violation  of  her  per- 
son, aud  in  the  attempt  to  destroy  the  fruit 
of  her  womb.  This  trial  excited  much  of  the 
public  attention.     Girard  was  acquitted. 

Girard,  Gabriel,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
almoner  to  the  duchess  of  Berry,  and  inter- 
preter to  the  king  in  the  Russian  and  Sclavo- 
nian  languages.  He  wrote  Synonymes  Fran- 
cois— Principes  de  la  Langue  Francoise,  Sec. 
and  died  much  respected  1748,  aged  70. 

Gi  ran  don,  Francis,  a  native  of  Troves. 
He  studied  sculpture  and  architecture  under 
Anguier,  and  was  sent  to  Rome  by  Lewis 
XIV.  to  complete  his  knowledge  of  the  arts. 
He  succeeded  Le  Brun  as  inspector  general 
of  sculpture  to  the  king,  and  died  1715,  aged 
87.  His  chief  works  are  the  Mausoleum  of 
Richelieu  in  the  church  of  the  Sorbonne — 
the  Equestrian  Statue  of  Lewis  XIV.  and 
the  Rape  of  Proserpine  in  the  garden  of  Ver- 
sailles. 

Giron,  D.  Pierre,  duke  of  Ossuna,  a  no- 
ble but  proud  and  imperious  Spaniard,  w  ho, 
when  viceroy  of  Naples,  encouraged  the  fa- 
mous conspiracy  against  Venice,  which  was 
discovered  by  Jaftier  one  of  the  accomplices, 
and  which  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  the 
finest  pieces  of  English  tragedy.  Giron  was 
disgraced  and  died  in  prison  1 624,  aged  49. 

Gironst,  James,  a  native  of  Beaufort  in 
Anjou,  educated  among  the  Jesuits,  and 
known  as  a  popular  preacher.  His  sermons 
appeared  in  5  vols.  12mo.  1704.  He  died 
1689,  aged  65. 

Girtin,  John,  an  English  painter  of 
great  excellence.  His  landscapes  in  water- 
colors,  and  in  oil,  were  much  admired.  The 
views  of  London  and  Paris,  exhibited  in  the 
Panorama  in  London,  vere  by  him,  and 
are  pleasing  proofs  of  his  genius  and  taste. 


Though  laboring  under  the  attacks  of  a  drcarU 
ful  asthma,  he  followed  his  profession  till 
within  a  few  days  of  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened Nov.  1802,  in  his  30th  year. 

Giry,  Lewis,  one  of  the  first  members  of 
the  French  academy,  translated  Tertullian's 
Apology — the  Sacred  History  of  Sulpicius 
Severus — Augustine  de  Civitate  Dei,  &c. 
This  learned  and  excellent  character  died 
1065,  aged  70. 

Gisbert,  John,  a  native  of  Cahors,  for 
some  years  divinity  professor  at  Toulouse, 
and  then  provincial  of  the  Jesuits  at  Langue- 
doc.  He  died  1710,  aged  71.  He  wrote 
Anti-Probalasimus,  4to.  and  other  works  of 
merit. 

Gisbert,  Blaise,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Cahors. 
He  wrote  a  work  on  the  Education  of  a 
Prince — another  on  Christian  Eloquence,  &c. 
and  died  at  Montpellier  1731. 

Giselinus,  a  physician,  native  of  Bru- 
ges, who  published  a  correct  edition  of  Pru- 
dentius  at  Antwerp.  He  died  1651,  aged  78. 
Giulano,  Di.  Majano,  a  Florentine, 
scalptor  and  architect,  who  died  at  Naples 
1447,  aged  70.  The  Poggio  Reale  palace, 
and  other  edifices  at  Xaples,  are  the  monu- 
ments of  his  genius,  as  well  as  several  build- 
ings at  Rome,  in  the  pontificate  of  Paul  n. 

Giusti,  Antonio,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
who  died  1705,  aged  81.  His  animals,  as  well 
as  landscapes  and  historical  characters,  are 
highly  esteemed. 

Glais,  N.  Saint,  a  native  of  Limoges, 
1620,  who  retired  to  Holland  to  profess  the 
protestant  faith.  After  serving  with  reputa- 
tion in  the  armies  of  the  republic,  he  wrote 
in  the  Holland  gazette,  and  from  a  zealous 
protestant,  he  became,  by  reading  Spinoza's 
book,  a  rank  atheist.  So  devoted  was  he  to 
his  new  opinions,  that  he  translated  Spinoza 
into  French,  and  published  it  in  three  differ- 
ent editions,  under  three  different  titles,  to 
attract  the  public  attention. 

Glandorp,  Matthias,  a  physician,  born 
at  Cologne  1595,  where  his  father  was  a  sur- 
geon. After  studying  at  Bremen,  and  im- 
proving himself  at  Padua  and  other  Italian 
universities,  he  became  physician  to  the 
archbishop  of  Bremen  1628.  He  died  soon 
after  1652.  His  works,  which  exhibit  the 
powers  of  an  attentive  and  able  man,  were 
printed  together  at  London  1729,  4to.  with, 
his  life  prefixed. 

Gl anvil,  Joseph,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Plymouth,  Devonshire,  1636.  He 
was  of  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  in  165G 
removed  to  Lincoln  college,  and  soon  after 
taking  his  degree  of  M.A.  1658,  entered  into 
orders,  and  became  chaplain  to  Rouse,  pro- 
vost of  Eton  college.  The  death  of  his  pa- 
tron soon  after  left  him  at  liberty ;  aud  he  re- 
turned to  his  college,  where  he  continued 
during  the  turbulence  of  the  times,  till  the 
restoration  brought  back  peace,  confidence, 
and  security.  Glanvil,  who  had  showed 
strong  partiality  for  Cromwell's  usurpation, 
now  became  an  active  royalist,  and  he  drew 
the  attention  of  the  learned  by  his  popular 
treatise,  called  the  Vanity  of  Dogmatising, 


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JvC.  against  the  Aristotelians,  so  that  when 
the  Itoyal  society  was  established,  he  was 
chosen  one  of  that  learned  body,  whose  opi- 
nions and  philosophy  he  had  so  ably  defend- 
ed. In  1663  he  engaged  in  a  controversy 
about  the  possibility  of  witches  and  witch- 
craft, and  though  his  friends,  and  particular- 
ly Mr.  Boyle,  advised  hira  to  be  careful  in 
his  management  of  so  delicate  a  subject, 
where  religion  might  be  treated  with  levity, 
he  collected,  with  more  superstition  than 
prudence,  not  less  than  26  modern  relations 
of  apparitions,  c*c.  besides  that  of  the  invisi- 
ble drummer,  which  nightly  disturbed  Mum- 
pesson's  hoiibe  at  Tedwarth,  Wilts,  and 
•which  was  the  origin  of  the  controversy.  In 
1666,  by  the  interest  of  his  friends,  he  ob- 
tained the  rectory  of  the  Abbey  church, 
Bath,  where  he  fixed  his  residence.  In  1677 
he  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  Crosse,  vi- 
car of  Chew,  Somersetshire,  in  defence  of 
the  Royal  society,  and  against  the  Aristote- 
lian philosophy ;  and  the  raillery  used  on 
both  sides,  brought  a  fresh  antagonist  Dr. 
Stubbe,  physician  at  Warwick,  who  treated 
our  author  with  more  vehemence  and  scur- 
rility than  propriety  could  countenance. 
Glanvil  forgot  his  resentment  in  the  attentive 
performance  of  his  ministerial  duty ;  and 
when  Stubbe  was  unfortunately  drowned 
near  Bath,  and  his  remains  were  brought 
to  be  interred  into  the  Abbey  church,  he 
preached  a  very  pathetic  and  eloquent  ser- 
mon on  the  occasion,  and  paid  very  hand- 
some and  deserved  compliments  to  the  me- 
mory of  his  departed  antagonist.  He  was 
presented,  in  1678,  to  a  prebendal  stall  of 
Worcester,  by  the  patronage  of  the  marquis 
of  Worcester,  to  whom  his  wife  was  related, 
and  with  the  approbation  of  the  king,  to 
whom  he  had  been  chaplain  since  1672.  He 
was  attacked  by  a  fever  which  proved  fatal, 
and  he  died  at  Bath  4th  Nov.  1680,  aged  44, 
and  was  buried  in  his  own  church,  where  his 
widow  erected  a  decent  monument  to  his 
memory.  He  was  twice  married,  but  had 
no  issue.  He  was  a  man  of  great  parts ;  but 
though  he  possessed  in  a  high  degree  the 
power  of  writing  with  elegance  and  fluency, 
his  publications  were  all  on  temporary  and 
controversial  subjects.  Besides  the  works 
mentioned  already,  he  wrote  an  "  Essay 
concerning  Preaching,— and  a  seasonable 
Defence  of  Preaching," — a  blow  at  modern 
Sadducism — "  Reflections  on  Drollery  and 
Atheism" — Essays  on  important  subjects  in 
Philosophy  and  Religion — sermons,  &c. 

Qlanville,  Ranulph,  an  English  law- 
yer in  the  12th  century.  He  is  mentioned 
■with  great  respect,  by  law  writers,  for  his  dil- 
igence in  collecting  all  the  laws  of  the  king- 
dom into  one  body. 

Glaphyra,  a  priestess  of  Bellona's  temple 
in  Cappadocia,  is  known  for  her  amours  with 
M.  Antony,  from  whom  she  obtained  the 
kingdom  for  her  two  sons,  Sisinnaand  Arche- 
laus. 

Glapthorne,  Henry,  a  dramatic  writer 
in  the  age  of  Charles  I.  Winstanley  speaks 
of  him  with  commendation,  but  Langbaine 


allows  him  little  merit.  Besides  plays,  he 
wrote  poems  to  his  mistress  Lucinda. 

Glaser,  Christopher,  apothecary  to 
Louis  XIV.  was  author  of  an  elegp.nt  and  val- 
uable treatise  on  chemistry,  translated  into 
English  and   German.    He  died  about  1679. 

Glass,  John,  M.  A.  a  Scotch  divine,  born 
at  Dundee  1698,  and  educated  at  Aberdeen. 
Upon  his  publication  of  a  pamphlet  on  the 
inconsistency  of  a  civil  establishment  with 
Christianity,  he  was  deposed  from  his  church, 
near  Dundee,  and  then  became  the  founder 
of  a  new  sect  called  theGlassites,in  Scotland, 
and  Sandemonians  in  England.  As  the  dis- 
cipline of  his  sect  was  very  rigorous,  few 
embraced  his  tenets,  and  the  name  is  scarce 
known  now.  He  wrote  various  controversial 
tracts,  published  at  Edinburgh,  4  vols.  8vo. 
He  died  at  Dundee  1773,  aged  75. 

Glass,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Dundee  1725,  and  went  as  sm-geon 
to  the  West  Indies.  He  afterwards  quitted 
the  medical  profession  ;  and  as  captain  of 
a  ship  traded  to  the  Brazils.  After  an  ab- 
sence of  two  years,  he  returned  from  the 
Brazils  to  London  in  1765,  with  all  his  pro- 
perty ;  but,  when  in  sight  of  Ireland,  four 
of  the  seaman  conspired  against  him  ;  and 
after  murdering  him,  his  wife  and  daughter, 
the  mate,  one  seaman  and  two  boys,  thev 
loaded  the  boat  with  dollars,  and  sinking  the 
ship,  landed  at  Ross,  and  came  to  Dublin, 
where  punishment  overtook  them.  Ther 
were  executed  for  the  bloody  deed,  Oct.  176G. 
Glass  possessed  abilities,  and  published  a 
description  of  Tenerift',  with  the  manners, 
he.  of  the  Portuguese,  4to. 

Glassius,  Solomon,  a  German  divine, 
professor  of  divinity  and  D.D.  in  Jena  univer- 
sity. He  Mas  afterwards  superintendant  of 
the  schools  and  churches  in  Saxe  Gotha,  and 
died  1656,  aged  63.  He  wrote  Philologia 
Sacra,  4to — Onomatologia  Messiaj  Prophe- 
tica — Disputationes  in  Augustanam  Confes- 
sionem — Exegesis  Evaogeliorum  etEpistoI. 
— Christologia.Mosaica,  et  Davidica,  &c. 

Glauber,  Rodolphus, a  German  chemist, 
author  of  a  volume  "  Glauberus  Concentra- 
tus"  translated  into  English,  fol.  1689,  Lon- 
don. He  has  acquired  celebrity  as  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  neutral  purgative  salt,  which 
still  bears  his  name. 

Glauber,  John,  a  painter  of  Utrecht, 
who  died  1726,  aged  80.  His  landscapes  arc- 
much  admired.  His  pieces  are  enriched  by 
the  expressive  figures  of  his  friend  Lareisse. 

Glauber,  John  Gotlief,  brother  and  dis- 
ciple of  the  preceding,  died  1703,  aged  47. 
His  landscapes,  sea  ports,  &c.  are  in  a  very 
finished  style. 

Glauber,  Dianna,  sister  of  the  above 
painters,  born  1650,  shone  likewise  by  the 
execution  of  her  pencil.  She  became  blind 
in  her  old  age.  Her  portraits  and  historical 
subjects  were  admired. 

Gleditsch,  John  Gottlieb,  a  native  of 
Leipsic,  who  took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  at 
Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  1740,  and  there  be- 
came lecturer  in  botany,  phvsiology,  and  the 
Materia  Mcdica.    He  was  afterwards  mem- 


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ber  of  the  Berlin  academy  of  sciences,  an- 
atomical professor,  and  director  of  the  botan- 
ical garden.  He  was  author  of  treatises 
on  the  management  of  Trees — on  the  Means 
<jf  destroying  Locusts — on  Fungusses — 
Miscellaneous  Essays  on  Medicine,  .Botany, 
Economy — on  Bees — on  the  System  of 
Plants,  &c.     He  died  1786,  aged  72. 

Gleichen,  Frederic  William  Von,  a  no 
bleman,  born  at  Bayreuth,  who,  after  serving 
his  country  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-co- 
lonel, retired  from  public  life  in  1756,  and, 
satisfied  with  the  empty  title  of  privy  coun- 
sellor, devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  natural 
history.  He  was  very  ingenious  in  the  deli- 
neation of  plants,  and  well  acquainted  with 
chemistry,  and  he  constructed  a  curious 
microscope,  with  which  he  made  observations 
on  seminal  animalcules,  and  on  the  putre- 
faction of  vegetables,  of  which  he  published 
an  account.  These,  and  other  works  on  sub- 
jects  of  natural  history,  are  written  in  Ger- 
man, and  possess  merit.  He  died  1783,  aged 
69. 

Glen,  John,  a  painter  and  engraver  on 
wood  of  Liege,  lie  published,  in  the  16th 
eentuiy,  a  curious  work  of  ancient  and  mo- 
dern dresses,  with  figures,  &c. 

Glendower,  Owen,  a  famous  Welch- 
man,  who  boldly  opposed  in  the  field,  during 
14  years,  the  elevation  of  Henry  IV.  to  the 
English  throne.  His  name  is  still  revered 
among  the  Welch.     He  died  1415,  aged  61. 

Glicas,  a  Byzantine  historian,  whose 
works,  the  Annals  from  the  Creation,  and 
the  History  of  the  Byzantine  Emperors, 
were  published  by  Labbe,  1660,  in  Greek 
and  Latin. 

Glisson,  Francis,  an  English  physician, 
born  at  Rampisham,  Dorsetshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Caius  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
became  fellow.  He  took  his  degrees  in  phy- 
sic, and  became,  in  the  room  ot  Winterton, 
regius  professor  of  physic  to  the  university, 
an  office  which  he  held  40  years.  He  was 
elected  fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians 
1634,  and  in  his  practice  and  studies  he  fol- 
lowed the  plans  of  the  great  Harvey,  and 
depended  more  upon  anatomical  dissection 
and  minute  observations  than  wild  theories 
and  vague  conjectures.  During  the  civil 
■wars  he  removed  to  Colchester,  where  he 
practised  physic,  and  he  was  present  at  the 
siege  and  surrender  of  that  important  for- 
tress. He  distinguished  himself  by  the  great 
attention  he  paid  to  the  progress  of  the  rick- 
ets, a  disorder  which  then  first  began  to  ap- 
pear in  the  counties  of  Dorset  and  Somerset, 
and  he  communicated  his  observations  and 
discoveries  to  the  world  in  his  "  Anatomia 
Hepatis,"  1654.  He  was  for  several  years 
president  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and 
died  1677,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Bride,  Lon- 
don. He  was  a  man  of  great  erudition,  and 
universally  esteemed.  He  contributed  much 
to  the  advancement  of  true  medical  know- 
ledge, and  he  discovered  the  capsula  com- 
munis, or  vagina  port®,  and  more  clearly  de- 
fined the  vena  cava  porta,  and  vasa  fellea  of 
the  liver.    Of  his  many  compositions  on  ana- 


tomical and  medical  subjects  his  treatise  on 
the  Liver  is  his  best  work. 

Gloucester,  Robert  of,  the  most  an- 
cient of  English  poets,  florished  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  II.  and  died  in  a  good  old  age  in  the 
beginning  of  John's  reign.  Camden  speaks 
very  highly  of  him,  and  quotes  many  of  his 
English  rhymes ;  but  he  is  more  esteemed 
for  his  history  than  for  his  poetry. 

Glover,  Richard,  an  English  poet,  horn 
in  London,  and  educated  at  Cheam  school, 
where  his  verses  on  the  memory  of  Newton 
were  deservedly  applauded.  He  afterwards 
engaged  with  his  father  in  the  Hamburgh 
trade,  and  in  1737  he  married  a  woman  of 
fortune,  and  produced  his  admired  poem 
Leonidas.  The  powers  of  mind  which  he 
possessed  were  now  displayed  in  political 
dissensions;  he  was  a  popular  leader  at  elec- 
tions, and  when  appointed  one  of  the  com- 
mittee in  an  application  to  the  house  of  Com- 
mons from  the  London  merchants,  he  spoke 
with  such  boldness  and  energy  at  the  ha**  that 
his  address  was  printed,  and  excited  univer- 
sal attention.  He  sat  in  parliament  for  Wey- 
mouth at  the  election  of  1761,  and  died  1785, 
aged  74,  much  and  deservedly  lamented. 
Besides  his  Leonidas  he  published  London, 
or  the  Progress  of  Commerce,  a  poem,  173'J 
— Hosier's  Ghost,  a  popular  ballad  to  rouse 
the  spirit  of  the  nation  against  the  insults  of 
the  Spanish  Court — Boadicea,  a  tragedy, 
acted  at  Drury-lane,  not  with  success,  1753 — 
Medea,  another  tragedy,  better  received 
1761 — Athenaid,  an  epic  poem  of  inferior 
merit,  which  appeared  1788,  in  3  vols.  12mo. 
His  great  and  immortal  work  Leonidas  has 
been  translated  into  French,  and  has  passed 
through  various  editions. 

Gluck,  Christopher,  an  able  musician, 
born  in  the  Upper  Palatinate.  He  studied  in 
Italy,  and  visited  England  and  Germany, 
and  afterwards  acquired  great  celebrity  at 
Vienna.  He  went  to  Paris,  where  his  per- 
formances were  honorably  rewarded  with  a 
pension.  He  wrote  besides  operas,  letters 
on  music,  &c.  and  died  at  Vienna  1787,  aged 
73. 

Glynn,  Robert,  a  native  of  Cambridge, 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  college,  of  which 
he  became  fellow.  He  studied  medicine, 
and  took  his  doctor's  degree  in  1752;  but  he 
preferred  the  easy  and  indolent  life  of  a  col- 
lege to  the  labors  of  an  extensive  practice, 
which  his  knowledge  and  information  might 
have  commanded.  After  being  for  63  years, 
for  his  wit,  his  learning,  and  his  interesting 
fund  of  anecdotes,  the  favorite  of  his  society, 
he  died  1800,  aged  82.  He  is  known  as  the 
author  of  the  Day  of  Judgment,  a  poem  of 
singular  merit,  which  obtained  the  Setonian 
prize  at  Cambridge  1757,  and  which  is  much 
read  and  deservedly  admired. 

Gmelin,  Samuel  Gottlieb,  sonofaphy- 
sician  at  Tubingen,  was  born  in  1745,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  abilities  and  his 
perseveran»e  in  several  voyages  to  France, 
Holland,  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Caspian 
sea.  He  was  seized  by  the  Tartars  when  in 
their  country,  and  died  in  confinement  1/74. 


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He  published,  in  German,  "  Travels  in  Rus- 
sia," and  "  Historia  Fueorum,"  but  though 
a  man  of  genius,  and  well  versed  in  natural 
history,  he  was  of  a  licentious  turn  of  mind. 
Pallas  has  written  his  life. 

Gmelin,  John  George,  uncle  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  horn  at  Tuhingen,  and  became 
member  of  the  academy  at  Petersburg.  He 
is  known  by  his  Flora  Siberica,  4  vols.  4to. — 
and  his  Travels  in  Siberia,  published  in 
French,  2  vols.    He  died  ITS'),  aged  46. 

Goadby,  Robert,  a  printer  of  Sherborne, 
Dorsetshire,  author  of  an  Illustration  of  the 
Scriptures,  3  vols.  fol.  and  the  Universe  Dis- 
played, and  other  books.  He  wrote  also  the 
life  of  Bamfylde  Moore  Carew,  the  famous 
king  of  the  beggars  ;  and  he  acquired  some 
property  by  the  establishment  of  a  provincial 
paper  at  Sherborne.  He  died  much  respect- 
ed 1778. 

Goar,  James,  a  Dominican  friar  of  Paris, 
sent  to  the  Levant  in  1G1S.  He  published 
"  Grsecorum  Eucologium,"  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  Paris,  1047,  and  also  translated  some 
of  the  Byzantine  historians.  He  resided  for 
some  time  at  Rome,  and  was  universally  re- 
spected for  his  learning.  He  died  1053,  aged 
52. 

Godbo,  Pietro  Paolo  Cortonese,  a  pain- 
ter of  Cortona,  who  died  1640,  aged  60.  His 
fruits  and  landscapes  by  their  charming  color- 
ing and  native  elegance,  are  much   admired. 

Goijbo,  Andrea,  an  Italian  historical  pain- 
ter, who  died  about  1527,  aged  about  57. 

Gobel,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Hanne, 
bishop  of  Lydda.  At  the  revolution  he  cm- 
braced  the  opinions  of  the  popular  party,  and 
was  appointed  1791,  first  constitutional  arch-' 
bishop  of  Paris.  Soon  after,  however,  he; 
resigned  hisepiscopal  habit  in  the  convention, 
declaring  at  the  age  of  70  that  be  abjured  a 
religion  in  which  he  placed  no  faith,  and  which 
dishonored  humanity.  This  hoary  delin- 
quent against  truth  and  virtue  did  not  pass 
unpunished,  he  was  accused  of  atheism  by 
Kobespierre,  and  condemned  as  the  accom- 
plice of  Chaumette.  He  was  guillotined  14th 
April,  1793,  regretted  by  none. 

Gobelin,  Giles,  a  famous  dyer  in  the 
reign  of  Francis  I.  known  for  the  invention 
of  the  tine  scarlet  which  still  bears  his  name. 
The  house  where  he  lived  in  the  Fauxbourg 
of  St.  Marcel,  Paris,  still  preserves  his 
name. 

Go  bier,  Charles,  a  jesuit  of  St.  Maloes, 
born  1644.  He  wrote  the  "  History  of  the 
?«lariannes,"  and  **  Lettres  Edifiantes," 
which  contain  the  history,  geography,  and 
politics  of  those  countries,  subjected  to  the 
observations  and  discoveries  of  the  Jesuits. 
He  wrote  some  other  tracts,  and  warmly  em- 
braced the  disputes  about  the  worship  of 
Confucius  in  China.     He  died  at  Paris  1708. 

Gobryas,  one  of  the  seven  Persian  no- 
bles who  conspired  to  dethrone  the  Msurper 
Smerdis.     He  was  father-in-law  of  Darius. 

Goclenius,  Conrad,  a  German,  born  in 
in  Westphalia  14SG,  and  esteemed  for  his 
learning  and  virtues  by  Erasmus.  He  wrote 
valuable  notes  on  Cicero's  Offices,  and  pub- 


lished an  edition  of  Lucan,  and  a  translation 
ot  Lucian's  Hermotimus.     Hediedl5S9. 

(iocLE  nius,  liodolphus,  author  of  a  tract 
on  the  Cure  of  Wounds  by  the  application  of 
the  Magnet,  may  be  considered  as  the  foun- 
der of  modern  magnetism.  He  was  born  at 
Wittemberg,  and  was  professor  of  physic 
and  mathematics  at  Marpurg,  and  died  1021, 
aged  49. 

Goclenius,  liodolphus,  a  voluminous 
writer,  born  at  Wardeck  1547.  He  was  for 
nearly  50  years  professor  of  logic  at  Marpurg, 
where  he  died  1628.  His  works  are  on  phi- 
losophical subjects. ' 

Goddaud,  Jonathan,  an  English  physician 
and  chemist,  born  at  Greenwich  1617,  and 
educated  at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford.  After 
four  years'  residence  in  the  university  he  tra- 
velled to  improve  himself  in  the  knowledge 
of  physic,  and  on  his  return  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  M.  D.  as  member  of  Christ  college, 
Cambridge,  and  that  of  doctor  at  Catherine 
hall.  In  1646  he  was  chosen  fellow,  of  the 
college  of  physieians,  and  the  next  year  was 
appointed  their  reader  in  anatomy.  As  he 
favored  strongly  the  measures  of  parliament, 
he  wa:;  taken  under  the  protection  of  Crom- 
well, and  aocompanied  him  as  physician  to 
the  army  to  Ireland,  and  afterwards  to  Scot- 
land, and  for  his  services  he  was  nominated 
by  the  usurper,  warden'of  Merton  college, 
Oxford,  1651.  During  Cromwell's  absence  in 
Scotland,  he  was  one  of  the  five  delegates, 
whom  he  appointed  to  settle  all  grants  and 
dispensations,  and  in  the  short  parliament  of 
1653,  he  sat  as  the  sole  representative  of  the 
university.  At  the  restoration  he  was  driven, 
with  disgrace  from  his  wardenship,  and  he 
retired  to  Gresham  college,  where  he  had 
been  in  1655  chosen  professor  of  physic,  and 
afterwards  his  services  and  talents  were  con- 
sidered as  so  respectable,  that  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Royal  society  to  which  he  had  so 
much  contributed,  he  was  named  one  of  the 
first  council  1663.  In  his  extensive  practice, 
as  physician,  he  was  so  conscientious  that  he 
mixed  up  his  own  medicines,  and  regardless 
of  the  clamors  of  the  apothecaries  againsthim, 
he  even  published  a  pamphlet  strongly  re- 
commending it  to  his  fellow  physicians.  "  Af- 
ter being  driven  from  the  Exchange  by  the 
fire  of  London,  lie  was  enabled  to  return  to 
the  new  lodgings  in  1671,  where  he  continu- 
ed till  his  death,  eagerly  devoted  to  the  ad- 
vancement ot  medicine  and  of  philosophy. 
He  died  of  an  aploplectic  fit  in  Cheapside,  as 
he  returned  home  from  the  society  of  a 
number  of  his  learned  friends,  24th  March, 
1674.  He  was  not  only  an  able  writer,  but 
he  was  the  liberal  patron  of  learned  men, 
and  in  consequence  of  his  celebrity,  had  seve- 
ral books  dedicated  to  him.  He  procured 
some  fame  by  the  invention  of  some  drops, 
long  since  forgotten,  but  he  deserves  to  be 
mentioned  with  particular  honor,  if  as  Dr. 
Seth  Ward  says,  he  was  the  first  Englishman 
who  made  a  telescope.  His  writings,  which 
are  chiefly  on  medical  and  philosophical  sub- 
jects, are  preserved  in  the  philosophical 
transactions,  in  Birch's  history  of  the  Royal 
society,  and  in  separate  pamphlets. 


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Godeab,  Anthony,  a  French  prelat*, 
horn  at  Dreux  1605.  At  the  age  of  24  he 
was  one  of  those  learned  men  who  met  at 
the  house  of  Mr.  Courart,  on  subjects  of 
science  and  philosophy,  and  to  their  zeal  in 
the  cause  of  literature,  the  French  academy 
of  bi-lles  lettres  owed  its  origin,  and  he  be- 
came one  of  its  first  and  brightest  ornaments. 
In  1636  he  was  raised  by  Richelieu  to  the 
bishopric  of  Grasse,  which  he  relinquished 
for  that  of  "Venice.  He  was  an  active  prelate, 
attentive  to  the  dnties  of  his  station,  and 
exemplary  in  every  part  of  his  conduct.  He 
died  of  a  fit  of  apoplexy  21st  April  16/1.  His 
writings,  both  in  prose  and  verse,  are  numer- 
ous. His  Ecclesiastical  History,  3  vols,  folio, 
1653,  is  very  valuable,  the  first  of  which  only 
appeared  in  1653.  He  translated  also  the 
psalms  into  French  verse,  which  work  though 
abused  by  Vavassor  and  others,  is  preferred 
by  some  to  Marot's  version. 

Godefroi,  Denys,  a  native  of  Paris, 
counsellor  in  the  parliament  there.  As  he 
was  a  protestant  he  left  France  at  the  revo- 
cation of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  retired  to 
Geneva,  and  afterwards  to  Strasburg  where 
he  died  1622,  aged  73.  He  wrote  Corpus 
Juris  Civilis,  4to. — Notse  in  Quatuor  Libr. 
Institut. — Opuscula  Varia  Juris,  &c. 

Godefroi,  Theodore,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  catholic,  and  became  coun- 
sellor of  state  in  France.  He  wrote  on  the 
Genealogical  History  of  France,  and  died  at 
Strasburg  1642.  His  brother  James,  remain- 
ed a  protestant,  and  was  member  of  the 
council  and  law  professor  at  Geneva,  where 
lie  died  1659.  He  was  a  learned  man  and 
edited  Cicero  and  other  classical  authors. 

Godefroi,  Denys,  son  of  Theodore,  was 
author  of  Memoirs  and  Instructions  concern- 
ing the  Affairs  of  the  French  King,  in  fol. 
He  died  1681.  His  son  John  edited  Philip 
de  Comines'  Memoirs,  5  vols.  8vo.  and  pub- 
lished also  queen  Margaret's  Memoirs,  &c. 
and  died  1732. 

Godeschalc,  surnamed  Fulgentius,  a 
monk  of  Orbais  in  Saxony,  in  the  ninth  cen- 
tury, known  for  his  controversy  about  pre- 
destination and  grace.  He  was  attacked  by 
Kab.  Maurus,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  and 
thrown  into  prison,  where,  after  being  de- 
graded from  his  ecclesiastical  offices,  he 
died ;  but  his  doctrines  as  well  as  his  suffer- 
ings gained  him  followers.  Maguin  published 
in  2  vols.  4to.  an  edition  of  all  the  treatises 
written  on  both  sides  of  the  agitated  question. 
He  died  about  869. 

Godewyck,  Margarita,  a  paintress  of 
Dort,  who  died  1677,  aged  50.  Her  land- 
scapes, and  also  her  works  in  embroidery, 
were  much  admired. 

Godfrey,  sir  Edmundbury,  an  able  and 
upright  magistrate,  who  exerted  himself  in 
the  discovery  of  the  popish  plot.  He  was 
soon  after  found  dead,  pierced  with  his  own 
sword,  and  with  many  marks  of  violence. 
His  death  was  imputed  to  the  resentment  of 
the  papists,  and  therefore  his  funeral  was 
performed  with  great  pomp,  and  no  less  than 
72  clergymen  preceded  his  corpse,  and  1000 


persons  of  rank  attended  the  procession. 
The  dean  of  Bangor,  Dr.  William  Lloyd, 
afterwards  bishop  of  Worcester,  preached 
his  funeral  sermon.  He  died  17th  Oct.  1678. 

Godfrey,  of  Bouillon,  an  illustrious  and 
active  chieftain  during  the  crusades,  son  of 
Eustace  count  of  Boulogne.  He  was,  after 
the  fall  of  Jerusalem,  elected  by  the  chris- 
tians king  of  that  city,  and  of  the  adjacent 
country,  but,  from  motives  of  piety  and 
humility,  he  declined  the  lofty  title,  and  was 
satisfied  with  the  appellation  of  duke  of  the 
holy  sepulchre.  He  defeated  the  armies  of 
the  Egyptian  sultan  with  great  slaughter, 
and  made  himself  master  of  all  the  holy  land. 
He  made  an  excellent  code  of  laws  for  his 
subjects,  and  died  after  enjoying  his  dignity 
little  more  than  a  year,  1100.  He  is  one  of 
the  heroes  of  Tasso's  immortal  poem. 

Goudinot,  John,  a  native  of  Rheims, 
where  he  was  cauon  of  the  cathedral.  He 
was  also  a  wine  merchant,  and  in  his  conduct 
very  charitable.  He  was  zealously  attached 
to  the  tenets  of  the  Jansenists,  and  died  1749, 
aged  88. 

Godiva,  a  lady  of  great  beauty  and 
greater  celebrity.  She  was  sister  to  Therald 
du  Bergenhall,  sheriff  of  Lincolnshire,  and 
wife  of  Leofric  earl  of  Leicester,  the  son  of 
the  earl  of  Mercia.  She  solicited  her  hus- 
band to  exonerate  the  people  of  Coventry 
from  a  heavy  tax,  and  he  consented  to  grant 
her  petition  provided  she  rode  naked  through 
the  streets,  which  from  her  generous  affec- 
tion towards  the  city  she  condescended  to 
do.  The  adventure  was  painted  in  one  of 
the  windows  of  Trinity  church,  Coventry, 
with  these  words, 

/  Luric,for  the  love  of  thee, 
Do  make  Coventry  toll-jree. 

Go  dolphin,  John,  a  learned  civilian, 
born  at  Godolphin,  in  the  island  of  Sicily 
1617.  He  was  of  Gloucester-hall,  Oxford, 
and  devoted  himself  attentively  to  civil  law, 
and  took  his  doctor's  degree  1642-3.  He 
favored  the  puritans,  and  under  Cromwell 
he  was  appointed  one  of  the  three  judges  of 
the  admiralty  ^  So  great  was  his  reputation 
for  integrity  and  knowledge,  that  at  the 
restoration  he  was  made  king's  advocate, 
and  he  asserted  in  his  publications  the  king's 
supremacy.  He  died  1678.  He  published 
"  a  View  of  the  Admiral's  Jurisdiction,"  Svo. 
1661 — "the  Orphan's  Legacy,  &c.  1674," — 
"Repertorium  Canonicum,  4to." — the  Holy- 
Limbec, — the  Holy  Arbour,  fol.  &c. 

Godwin,  earl,  a  powerful  Saxon  baron, 
who,  in  1017,  went  with  Canute  against 
Sweden,  and  for  his  valor  in  that  expedition 
received  that  monarch's  daughter  in  marri- 
age. On  the  king's  death  he  supported  Har- 
dicanute  against  his  brother  Harold,  but 
soon  after  changed  sides.  After  Hardica- 
nute's  death  he  declared  himself  in  favor 
of  Edward,  who  had  married  his  daughter, 
but,  with  a  fickleness  peculiar  to  his  charac- 
ter, he  afterwards  conspired  against  him, 
and  escaped  to  Flanders  to  avoid  punish- 
ment. Bent,  however,  on  revenge  he  inva- 
ded the  kingdom  from  the  continent,  and 


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spread  such  terror  by  sailing  up  the  Thames 
to  London,  that  the  king  yielded  to  his 
■wishes  and  received  him  again  into  his  pro- 
tection. He  died  at  Winchester  suddenly, 
while  dining  with  the  king  1053.  It  is  said 
that  he  murdered  Alfred,  one  of  the  sons  of 
the  second  Ethelred,  nnd  that  when  accused 
of  it  he  purified  himself  by  the  solemnity  of 
an  oath. 

Godwin,  Thomas,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Ockingham,  Berks,  1517.  Under 
the  patronage  of  Dr.  Layton  he  was  sent  to 
Magdalen  coilege,  Oxford,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow  15-i4.  He  early  embraced  the 
tenets  of  the  protestants,  and  as  Iiis  fellow 
collegians  were  very  zealous  for  the  polish 
principles,  he  quitted  Oxford,  and  look  the 
grammar  school  at  Brackley,  Northampton- 
shire, where  he  married,  and  lived  in  com- 
fortable independence  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
VI.  At  the  accession  of  Mary  he  was  expo- 
sed to  persecution,  and  leaving  his  school,  he 
began  to  practice  physic,  and  took  his  bache- 
lor's degree  at  Oxford  1555.  On  Elizabeth's 
accession  he  took  orders,  and  by  the  friend- 
ship of  Bullingham  bishop  of  Lincoln,  he  was 
introduced  to  the  queen,  who  admired  his 
eloquence  in  the  pulpit,  and  rewarded  him 
■with  the  deanery  of  Christ  church  1565,  and 
that  of  Canterbury  the  next  year.  In  1584 
he  was  made  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  but 
he  soon  after  fell  under  the  queen's  displea- 
sure for  taking  a  second  wife,  and  this  weigh- 
ed much  on  his  spirits,  and  increased  his 
infirmities.     He  died  of  a  quartan  ague  1590. 

Godwin,  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
■was  born  at  Having  ton,  Northamptonshire, 
1561,  and  educated  at  Chi  ist  church,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  became  student  1578.  He  was 
rector  of  Samford  Orcais,  Somersetshire, 
prebendary  of  Wilts,  subdean  of  Exeter, 
and  in  1595  he  took  his  degree  of  D.  D.  He 
devoted  his  time  to  literary  pursuits,  and 
accompanied  Camden  in  his  travels  into 
Wales  in  search  of  antiquities,  but  while 
he  "left  his  friend  to  record  the  features  of 
the  country,  he  turned  his  thoughts  to  the 
history  of  some"  of  the  inhabitants,  and  pro- 
duced in  1601,  in  4to.  "a  Catalogue  of  the 
Bishops  of  England,  since  the  first  planting 
of  Christianity  in  the  Island,  with  an  History 
of  their  Lives  and  memorable  Actions." 
This  valuable  work  gained  him  the  friend- 
ship of  lord  Buckhur&t,  and  the  patronage  of 
Elizabeth,  who  made  him  bishop  of  EandafF. 
Me  now  devoted  himself  to  the  improvement 
of  his  book,  and,  in  1615,  published  another 
edition,  which  however  was  so  erroneously 
printed,  from  his  distance  from  the  press, 
that  he  gave  another  edition  in  an  elegant 
Latin  dress,  dedicated  to. lames  I.  who  was 
so  pleased  with  it  that  he  translated  the  bish- 
op to  the  see  of  Hereford  1617.  He  died  of 
a  languishing  disorder  April  16.33,  leaving 
several  children  by  his  wife,  daughter  of 
Wollton,  bishop  of  Exeter.  After  his  death, 
in  1638,  was  published  "the  Man  in  the 
Moon,  by  Domingo  Gonsales,  8-vo."  an  en- 
tertaining piece  on  a  philosophical  subject, 
which  he  had  written   in    1583,  but  never 

VOL.   ]■.  7*S 


published.  He  wrote  also  annals  of  the 
reigns  of  Henry  VIII.  Edward  VI.  and 
Mary,  in  Latin,  the  third  edition  of  which 
was  1630,  with  an  English  translation  by  his 
son  Morgan,  also  a  computation  of  the  value 
of  the  Attic  Talent,  and  Roman  Sesterce, 
ccc. 

Godwin,  Thomas,  a  learned  Englishman, 
born  in  Somersetshire  15S7.  He  was  of  Mag- 
dalen hall,  Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  M.  A.  1609,  and  that  year  he  was  elected, 
master  of  Royse's  free  school,  in  Abingdon, 
where  his  genius  and  abilities  were  soon 
distinguished  By  a  respectable  number  of 
pupils.  He  v.  rote  for  the  use  of  his  school 
"Romanic  Historic  Anthologia"  1613,  4to. 
and  in  1616,  published  at  Oxford  his  "Sy- 
nopsis Antiquitatum  Hehraicarum,  &c."  de- 
dicated to  his  patron  Montague,  bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wells.  Some  time  after  he  obtain- 
ed from  his  patron  the  rectory  of  Bright- 
well,  Berks,  and  resigned  his  school.  He 
printed  1637  "  Moses  and  Aaron,"  and  took 
his  degree  of  D.  D.  1637.  He  died  at  Bright- 
well  1642-3,  leaving  a  wife  whom  he  had 
married  while  at  Abingdon.  This  worthy 
and  learned  man  was,  on  account  of  his  book, 
called  Three  Arguments  to  prove  Election 
upon  Foresight,  by  Faith,  engaged  in  a 
controversy  with  Dr.  Twise  of  Newbury. 

Godwin,  Mary  Wollstonecraft, a  woman 
Of  eccentric  character  and  superior  abilities, 
born  at  Beverley,  in  Yorkshire,  1768.  Redu- 
ced in  her  circumstances  by  the  extrava- 
gance of  her  father,  she  sought  for  subsist- 
ence in  the  resources  of  her  own  mind,  and 
as  a  teacher  of  a  day-school  at  Islington,  and 
then  at  Newington,  and  afterwards  as  gover- 
ness in  lord  Kingsborough's  family,  she  main- 
tained herself  with  reputation.  Too  fond  of 
independence  however  to  submit  to  the  ca- 
prices and  humors  of  self-willed  children,  she 
had  recourse  to  her  pen,  and,  in  17S7,  she 
settled  in  London,  and  published  Original 
Stories  for  the  use  of  children,  and  various 
translations  from  French  and  German  au- 
thors. She  was  also  engaged  in  the  Analyti- 
cal Review,  and,  in  1790,  was  one  of  Burke's 
opponents  in  an  attack  against  his  famous 
pamphlet  on  the  French  Revolution,  and 
the  next  year  she  published  her  vindication, 
of  the  Rights  of  Women,  a  book  which  in 
bold  language  attempts  to  oven-throw  the 
established  regulations  of  society,  and  which, 
instead  of  conciliating  concord,  harmony  and 
mutual  affection,  in  domestic  life,  would  ren- 
der the  marriage-state  a  scene  of  distrust, 
and  jealousy,  of  strife,  and  contentious  rival- 
ship  She  was  in  179'2,  at  Paris,  where  she 
unfortunately  formed  an  improper  connec- 
tion with  an  American  merchant,  by  whom, 
she  had  a  daughter,  and  while  accompanying 
him  in  Norway,  she  wrote  her  letters  on. 
Scandinavia.  The  little  respect  she  paid  to 
her  character,  proved  now  the  source  of 
great  unhappiness,  and  deserted  by  her  uu- 
gratcful  favorite,  she,  on  her  return  to  Eng- 
land, attempted  to  destroy  herself  by  throw- 
ing herself  into  the  Thames,  from  Putney 
bridge.    She  in  some  degree  atoned  1790,. for 


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the  insults  she  had  offered  to  the  good  sense 
of  her  sex,  and  the  precepts  of  a  holy  reli- 
gion, and,  after  defending  a  promiscuous 
intercourse  among  the  sexes,  as  passion  or 
inclination  dictated,  she  married  Mr.  God- 
win, but  died  the  August  of  the  following 
year  in  childbed.  Her  letters,  fragments, 
and  posthumous  works,  appeared  after  her 
death. 

Goerce,  William,  an  eminent  scholar  of 
Middleburg,  who  died  at  Amsterdam,  1715, 
aged  80.  He  is  author  of  Jewish  Antiquities, 
2  vols.  fol.  Utrecht,  1700 — History  of  the 
Jewish  Church — essay  on  the  Practice  of 
Painting — on  Architecture. 

Goertz.,  John  baron  of,  a  memorable 
Swede,  born  in  Holstein.  He  gained,  by  his 
intrepidity  and  valor,  the  good  opinion  of 
Charles  XII.  He  endeavored  to  excite  an 
insurrection  in  England,  in  favor  of  the  pre- 
tender, and  was  at  last  sacrificed  to  the  po- 
pular fury.  He  had  been  placed,  by  Charles, 
at  the  head  of  his  finances,  and  the  discon- 
tents which  he  caused  by  .raising  money  for 
the  schemes  of  his  eccentric  master,  were 
such,  that  after  the  king's  death  he  was  be- 
headed 1719. 

Goes,  Hugo  Vander,  a  painter  of  Bruges, 
disciple  of  Van  Eyck.  His  Abigail  in  the 
presence  of  David,  is  his  most  admired  piece, 
lie  florished  about  1480. 

Goesius,  William,  a  critic,  born  at  Ley- 
den.  His  notes  on  Petronius,  adopted  in  Bur- 
-man's  edition,  ;ii-e  much  admired.  He  was 
son-in-law  of  Han.  Heinsius,  and  died  1G8G. 

Goetze,  George  Henry,  a  native  of  Leip- 
sic,  who  died  at  Lubec  1702,  aged  34.  He 
was  superintendantof  the  churches  of  Lubec, 
and  wrote  in  Latin,  dissertations  historical, 
critical,  and  theological.  A  collection  from 
his  works  appeared  3  vols.  12mo.  1706. 

Goet,,  John  Augustus  Ephraim,  a  native 
of  Asrherleben,  educated  at  Halle,  and  mi- 
nister of  Quedlinburg,  where  he  died  1786, 
aged  55.  He  was  an  eminent  naturalist,  and 
his  various  discoveries  with  the  microscope 
entitle  him  to  great  praise.  He  published 
Entomological  Collections,  in  four  parts, 
1771-1781 — History  of  Intestinal  Worms,  in 
German,  1782,  Stc. 

Goez,  Damian  de,  a  Portuguese  writer, 
born  at  Alanquar,  near  Lisbon,  of  a  noble  fa- 
mily. He  travelled  much,  and  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  learned  of  Europe,  espe- 
cially John,  and  Oiaus  Magnus,  Erasmus, 
cardinal  Bembo,  and  others.  He  married  at 
Louvain,  and  hoped  there  to  enjoy  peace  and 
security,  after  14  years  spent  in  travelling, 
but  a  war  between  Charles  V.  and  Henry  II. 
of  France,  drove  him  from  his  retirement. 
He  was  recalled  home  by  John  III.  of  Portu- 
gal, but  the  favors  of  the  monarch  were  em- 
bittered by  the  jealousy  and  the  persecution 
of  the  courtiers.  By  their  influence  he  was 
confined  within  the  walls  of  Lisbon  on  his  pa- 
role, and  he  was  soon  after  found  dead  in  his 
house,  with  the  ax>pearanee  of  having  been 
strangled,  or  fallen  a  sacrifice  to  a  violent 
apoplexy.  He  wrote  "  Fides,  Rcligio,  Mo- 
resque iEthiopuni"— "  de  Itnperio  &  Re- 


bus Lusitanoruna,"  and  other  works  much 
esteemed. 

Goff,  Thomas,  an  English  writer,  born 
in  Essex,  1592,  and  educated  at  Westminster 
school,  and  Christ  church,  Oxford.  In  1623 
he  obtained  the  living  of  East  Chandon,  Sur- 
rey, where  he  took  for  his  wife  a  Xantippe, 
whose  violence  of  temper  destroyed  his  com- 
forts, and  probably  shortened  his  days.  He 
died  1627.  Among  his  writings  are  five  tra- 
gedies, published  after  his  death,  some  ser- 
mons, and  two  funeral  orations  on  sir  Henry 
Sftville  and  Dr.  Godwin.  Philips  and  Win- 
stanley  ascribe  to  him  improperly  "  Cupid's 
Whirligig." 

Gogava,  Antonius  Hennanius,  a  Ger- 
man physician,  who  published  Aristoxeni 
Harmonicorum  Elementorum  Libriquinque, 
Venice,  1592. 

Goguet,  Antony-Yves, a  French  writer, 
born  1716  at  Paris,  son  of  an  advocate. 
Though  dull  in  his  younger  years,  his  mind 
expanded,  and  produced  that  excellent  work 
called  "  1'Origine  des  Loix,  des  Arts,  des 
Sciences,  ct  deleur  Progres  chesles  Ancie;is 
Peuples,  1758,"  3  vols.^to.  The  reputation 
of  this  celebrated  performance  he  did  not 
long  enjoy,  as  he  died  of  the  small-pox  the 
same  year;  and  his  friend,  Conrad  Pugere, 
to  whom  he  left  his  MSS.  and  library,  follow- 
ed him  through  affliction  to  the  grave  in  three 
days. 

Go  ld  AST,  MelchiorHaiminsfield,  a  learn- 
ed civilian,  bornatBischoffsel  in  Switzerland 
1576.  He  was  always  poor,  though  his  dis- 
tress was  relieved  by  his  publications,  and 
the  liberality  of  his  friends.  He  was  of  a 
very  unsettled  temper,  and  he  passed  from 
St.  Gal  to  Geneva,  from  Geneva  to  Lausanne, 
and  afterwards  he  was  at  Frankfort,  Forsteg, 
and  other  places.  He  ~.vas  some  time  secre- 
tary to  the  duke  of  Bouillon,  and  he  married 
a  wife  at  Frankfort,  with  whom  he  lived 
nearly  30  years.  He  survived  her  five  years, 
and  died  1635.  He  was  a  most  indefatigable 
man,  and  though  his  writings  were  not  pro- 
perly his  own,  but  drawn  from  scarce  books 
and  old  manuscripts,  yet  he  displayed  aston- 
ishing judgment  and  great  erudition;  and 
though  abused  by  Scioppius,  he  probably  de- 
served all  the  flattering  things  which  Conrin- 
gius  has  said  in  his  praise.  As  to  the  know- 
ledge of  the  public  law  of  the  empire,  and  a 
thorough  acquaintance  with  the  affairs  ot 
Germany,  no  man  was  better  entitled'to  re- 
spect, and  therefore  it  might  be  said,  that 
had  he  lived  in  the  age  of  Athens,  he  would 
have  found  an  honorable  asylum  in  her  pry- 
taneum.  His  works  are  Monarchia  S.  Ro- 
mani  Imperii,  3  vols.  fol. — Alamanix  Scrip- 
tores,  3  vols.  fol. — Commentarius  de  Bohe- 
mia Regno,  4to. — Scriptores  Rerum  Suevi- 
carum,  4to. — Collectio  Consuetudinum  Leg. 
Imperial,  fol. — Politica  Imperial.  2  vols.  fol. 
&c. 

Goldhagen,  John  Eustachiu3,  of  Mag- 
deburg, translated  Herodotus,  Pausanias, 
Xenophon,  and  other  Greek  classics  into  La- 
tin.   He  died  1772,  aged  71. 

Goldman,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Breslaw, 


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author  of  a  Latin  treatise  on  military  archi- 
tecture, on  the  proportion  of  the  circle,  &e. 
He  died  1665,  at  Leyden. 

Goldoni,  Charles,  a  native  of  Venice, 
who  early  showed  a  decided  partiality  for 
theatrical  representation,  60  that  his  father, 
to  humor  his  taste,  fitted  up  a  play-house  on 
his  own  premises.  The  genius,  so  kindly 
patronised,  was  most  happily  exerted,  and 
the  Italian  stage  was  completely  reformed 
by  the  labors  and  the  judgment  of  Goldoni, 
whose  plays  were  numerous  and  popular. 
After  acquiring  deserved  celebrity  at  home 
by  the  humor  and  genuine  wit  of  his  come- 
dies, he  went  in  1761  to  Paris,  where  he  be- 
came composer  to  the  Italian  theatre,  and 
obtained  apartments  at  court,  and  a  pension. 
He  died  1792,  aged  85.  Mis  works  were 
collected  together  at  Leghorn,  in  thirty-one 
vols.  Svo. 

Goldsmith,  Oliver,  a  celebrated  writer, 
born  at  Elphin  17129,  or,  according  to  some 
accounts,  at  Pallas,  in  the  county  of  Long- 
ford, 1731.  He  was  the  third  of  four  sons, 
and  his  father,  who  was  a  clergyman,  in- 
tending him  for  the  church,  sent  him  in 
1744  to  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  where  he 
took  his  first  degree  in  arts  1749.  He  pre- 
ferred, however,  medicine  to  divinity,  and 
in  1751  passed  to  Edinburgh  to  qualify  him- 
self for  his  medical  degrees,  but  here  the 
benevolence  of  his  disposition  drew  him  into 
difficulties;  and  Ids  imprudent  offer  to  an- 
swer for  the  payment  of  the  debts  of  an  un- 
grateful fellow  collegian,  obliged  him  to  fly 
precipitately  from  Scotland.  He  was  pur- 
sued, and  arrested  at  Sunderland,  but  the 
friendship  of  two  of  his  college  friends,  who 
knew  his  merits  and  pitied  his  imprudence, 
relieved  him  from  his  difficulties ;  and  he 
immediately  embarked  for  the  continent. 
From  Rotterdam,  where  he  had  landed,  he 
proceeded  to  Brussels,  and  then  passing 
through  Flanders  he  came  to  Strasburg,  and 
visited  Lonvain,  where  he  took  his  degree 
of  M.  B.  From  Flanders  he  travelled  to 
Geneva,  where  he  became  tutor  to  a  young 
man  whom  the  sudden  possession  of  a  large 
fortune  had  induced  to  make  the  tour  of 
Europe,  but  the  dispositions  of  the  precep- 
tor and  the  pupil  were  so  different,  that  af- 
ter visiting  the  south  of  France,  they  sepa- 
rated in  mutual  disgust.  After  a  long  ex- 
cursion, chiefly  on  fool,  Goldsmith  at  last 
reached  Dover  in  1758,  but  persecuted  by 
poverty.  For  a  while  he  sought  employ- 
ment in  London ;  but  the  rustic  appearance 
of  his  dress,  and  his  broad  Irish  accent 
proved  unfavorable  to  his  application,  till  nt 
last  a  chemist  in  Fish-street,  pitying  his 
misfortunes,  received  him  iuto  his  laborato- 
ry, more  as  an  act  of  charity  than  from  the 
prospect  of  private  advantage.  From  the 
hospitable  roof  of  this  accidental  patron,  he 
soon,  however,  rose  to  greater  consequence 
under  the  patronage  of  his  old  friend  Dr. 
Sleigh,  and  after  being  usher  in  a  school  at 
Peckham,  he  commenced  writer  in  the 
Monthly  Review,  and  then  in  the  Public 
IjCriger,  where  his  Citizen  of  the  World  first 


appeared  under  the  title  of  Chinese  Letters. 
He  was  now  courted  as  a  man  of  genius,  and 
respected  as  a  public  character ;  and  emerg- 
ing from  his  obscure  lodgings  near  the  Old 
Bailey,  he  took  chambers  in  the  Temple, 
and  began  to  live  like  a  man  of  fashion  and 
of  fortune.  His  Traveller,  or  Prospect  of 
Society,  his  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  and  his 
Letters  on  the  History  of  England  added  to 
his  reputation  and  to  his  income,  and  in 
17C8,  his  Good-natured  Man,  acted  at  Co- 
vent-garden,  though  censured  by  some  crit- 
ics placed  him  in  the  rank  of  the  most  popu- 
lar writers  of  the  age.  His  excellent  poem, 
of  the  Deserted  Village  appeared  in  1770, 
and  two  years  after  he  produced  his  comedy 
of  She  stoops  to  Conquer,  or  the  Mistakes 
of  a  Night,  which  was  received  with  great 
and  deserved  applause,  and  will  long  engage 
the  public  approbation.  He  published  be- 
sides, an  History  of  England  in  4»vols.  Svo. 
— another  in  a  Series  of  Letters  from  a 
Nobleman  to  his  Son,  long  attributed  to  lord 
Lyttleton,  in  two  vols.  12mo. — a  Roman 
History,  two  vols.  Svo. — a  Grecian  history, 
two  vols.  Svo. — an  History  of  the  Earth, 
and  Animated  Nature,  eight  vols.  Svo. 
&c.  but  though  his  income  was  respectable 
he  was  far  from  feeling  the  comforts  of  inT 
dependence  and  prosperity.  His  temper 
was  unfortunately  peevish  and  sullen,  and 
though  humane,  benevolent,  and  generous, 
though  the  friend  of  indigence  and  pining 
merit,  he  was  often  a  prey  to  childish  morose- 
ness  and  sullen  melancholy,  and  frequently 
retired  from  the  company  of  the  gay  and 
the  convivial  to  brood  over  his  self-created 
miseries  and  his  imaginary  woes.  The  last 
part  of  life  was  embittered  by  the  lingering 
altack  of  a  strangury,  and  bodily  disease  at 
last  produced  a  settled  melancholy.  A  ner- 
vous fever  succeeded  to  wear  out  his  consti- 
tution, shattered  by  debility  and  the  horrors 
of  despondency,  and  by  inadvertently  tak- 
ing an  improper  dose  of  Dr.  James's 
powders  lie  hastened  his  own  dissolution. 
He  died  4th  April  1774,  aged  45,  and  was 
bu.'ied  in  the  Temple  church  yard.  A  mo- 
nument worthy  of  his  fame  and  merit  has 
been  erected  to  his  memory  in  Westminster- 
abbe}',  where  a  Latin  inscription,  in  nervous 
and  beautiful  language  by  the  pen  of  Doctor 
Johnson  records  his  virtues.  As  a  writer, 
Goldsmith  acquired  great  and  deserved  ce- 
lebrity. His  poems  posscps  singular  beauty ; 
the  Traveller  abounds  with  elegant  and 
animated  description,  and  as  Dr.  Johnson 
observed,  no  poem  of  greater  excellence  has 
appeared  since  the  days  of  Pope.  The  De- 
serted Village  exhibits  beauties  peculiarly  its 
own,  and  while  the  simple  tale  of  indigent 
nature,  and  of  suffering  humanity  can  in- 
terest and  captivate  the  heart,  so  long  will 
the  lines  of  this  correct  poem  continue  to  be 
read  and  admired.  Besides  the  works  al- 
ready mentioned,  many  are  enumerated  as 
the  composition  of  Goldsmith,  though  it  is 
probable  that,  like  Guthrie,  Smollet,  and 
others,  he  only  lent  his  name  to  them  to 
give  them  r.  temporary  celebrity 


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Golplmith,  or  Gouldsmith,  Fran- 
cis, an  able  translator  of  Grolius'  play  of  So- 
phomparcas,  or  History  of  Joseph,  into 
English  verse.  He  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  and  was  highly  respected. 

Go  Li  us,  James,  a  learned  orientalist,  born 
at  the  Hague  1596.  He  studied  with  unusual 
application  at  Leyden,  and  travelled  after- 
wards to  France  with  the  duchess  de  la  Tre- 
mouille,  and  was  honorably  invited  to  teach 
Greek  at  Rochelle,  where  he  staid  till  that 
city  was  reduced  by  the  French  arms.  He 
afterwards  returned  to  Holland,  and  directed 
by  the  genius  of  his  friend  and  preceptor  the 
learned  Arabic  professor  Erpenius,  he  ac- 
companied the  Dutch  ambassador  in  1622, 
to  the  court  of  Morocco,  thus  to  enrich  his 
mind  with  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of  the 
Arabian  tongue,  and  to  advance  the  interests 
of  literature.  He  carried  with  him  a  letter 
of  recommendation  from  his  master  Erpe- 
nius, for  the  Moorish  prince,  with  a  present 
of  a  grand  atlas,  and  of  a  New  Testament  in 
Arabic,  which  was  received  with  great  satis 
faction  by  Muley  Zidan  the  king  of  Morocco. 
During  his  residence  here,  Golius  devoted 
iii  in  self  assiduously  to  the  Arabic,  and  in  an 
audience  which  he  had  from  the  king,  lie  was 
admired  for  the  facility  with  which  he  under- 
stood the  language,  though  on  account  of  its 
guttural  sounds  he  could  not  pronounce  it 
fluently,  and  on  his  return  to  Holland  he 
brought  with  him  a  most  valuable  collection 
of  books  and  manuscripts,  hitherto  unknown 
to  Europe,  and  among  them  the  Annals  of 
the  Kingdoms  of  Fez  and  Morocco.  On  the 
death  of  his  valued  friend  Erpenius,  he  was 
chosen  as  his  successor  in  the  Arabic  chair," 
hut  so  great  was  his  thirst  after  knowledge, 
that  he  asked  and  obtained  permission  to 
travel  into  the  east.  He  was  15  months  at 
Aleppo,  and  made  various  excursions  into 
Arabia  and  Mesopotamia,  and  then  came  by 
land  to  Constantinople,  and  at  last  in  162D, 
he  returned  to  Leyden.  He  not  only  had 
thus  become  a  perfect  master  of  the  Persian, 
Turkish,  and  Arabic  languages,  but  he  had 
made  observations  on  their  manners,  and  he 
brought  with  him  such  curious  and  valuable 
manuscripts,  as  have  ever  since  been  the 
pride  and  glory  of  the  university  of  Leyden. 
With  indefatigable  zeal  he  now  converted 
the  treasures  he  possessed  to  the  good  of 
mankind,  and  nobly  patronised  by  the  states, 
he  began  and  finished  a  New  Testament  in 
the  Arabic  language,  with  a  translation  into 
the  vulgar  Greek,  besides  the  Confession  of 
the  Reformed  Protestants,  and  a  Catechism 
and  Liturgy,  assisted  by  an  Armenian  and 
an  Archmandrite,  to  be  dispersed  among 
the  Greeks  and  Mahometans  in  every  part  of 
the  world.  During  his  absence,  his  country- 
men, in  honor  of  his  great  Services,  had  ap- 
pointed him  mathematical  professor,  and 
soon  after  he  was  nominated  interpreter  in 
ordinary  to  the  States  for  eastern  languages, 
for  which  he  was  so  well  qualified.  To  these 
honors  from  his  country  he  added  all  the  vir- 
tues of  private  life  ;  his  temperance  and  re- 
gularity insured  him  a  vigorous  constitution, 


and  at  the  a*ge  of  70  he  travelled  on  foot  fron; 
the  Meuse  to  the  Waal,  a  journey  of  14 
hours.  He  died  23th  Sept.  1657,  much  and 
deservedly  respected  for  his  learning,  his  vir- 
tue, meekness,  and  piety.  He  had  by  his 
wife,  with  whom  he  lived  24  years,  and  who 
survived  him,  two  sons,  who  rose  to  distinc- 
tion in  Holland.  Besides  a  valuable  "  Arabic 
Lexicon,"  and  a  new  edition  of  Erpenius' 
Grammar,  and  a  Persian  Dictionary,  printed 
in  London,  the  Life  of  Tamerlane,  &c.  he  en- 
gaged in  a  Geographical  and  Historical  Dic- 
tionary of  the  East,  which,  however,  he  did 
not  complete. 

Golius,  Peter,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Leyden,  and  established  a  mon- 
astery of  the  bare-footed  Carmelites  on  the 
summit  of  mount  Libanus.  He  was  an  excel- 
lent orientalist,  and  published  some  books  in 
Arabic  and  Latin,  and  assisted  in  the  editions 
of  the  great  Arabic  Bible,  printed  at  Rome 
1671.  He  died  at  Surat,  in  the  East  Indies, 
1673. 

Goltzius,  Henry,  an  eminent  painter 
and  engraver,  bom  1658,  atMulbrec,  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers.  He  travelled  through  Ger- 
many to  Italy  disguised  in  the  habit  of  a  ser- 
vant, whilst  his  servant  appeared  in  the  cha- 
racter of  a  master,  and  pretended  to  keep 
him  for  his  knowledge  and  skill  in  painting. 
After  visiting  Rome  and  Naples,  and  study- 
ing the  works  of  the  best  masters  he  return- 
ed to  Haerlem,  where  he  died  1617.  As  an 
engraver  he  has  been  highly  commended  by 
Evelyn,  and  his  imitations  of  Leyden,  in  the 
Passion,  the  dead  Christ,  and  other  pieces, 
have  been  long  and  deservedly  admired. 

Coltzius,  Hubert,  a  German  writer, 
born  at  Venloo,  in  the  duchy  of  Gueldres,. 
1526.  Though  brought  up  a  painter  under 
his  father,  who  was  of  the  same  profession, 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  pursuits  of  anti- 
quities, and  particularly  of  medals,  and  tra- 
velled through  France,  Germany,  and  Italy, 
in  the  cultivation  of  his  favorite  study.  His 
fame  as  an  antiquary  was  so  respectable  that 
he  was  honored  with  the  freedom  of  Rome, 
and  the  books  he  wrote  were  so  curious  and 
so  valuable  that  they  were  deemed  the  orna- 
ments of  the  first  libraries  in  Europe.  He 
was  so  devoted  to  the  science  of  antiquity 
that  he  gave  to  his  children  the  names  of  an- 
cient Romans,  such  as  Julius,  Mareellus, 
&c.  but  though  very  nice  and  judicious  in 
his  examination  of  antiques,  he  has  admitted 
some  medals  as  true  which  are  evidently  not 
such.  He  married  a  second  wife,  widow  of 
Smetius,  more  for  the  antiques  which  her 
husband  had  possessed  than  for  love,  and, 
consequently,  the  union  proved  so  disagree- 
able that  the  violent  temper  of  his  bride 
shortened  his  days.  He  died  at  Bruges  1583, 
aged  57.  His  chief  publications  were  "  Im- 
peratorum  fere  omnium  vivoj  Imagines  a  J. 
Caesare  ad  Carolum  V.  ex  Veter.  Numis- 
matibus" — "Fasti  Magistratuum,  &c."— 
"  de  Origine  Populi  R." — "  Fasti  Consu- 
lares" — "  Thesaurus  Antiquit." 

Golyddan,  a  bard  in  the  court  of  Cad- 
vrallader  in  the  beginning  of  the  8th  centurv. 


GO 


GO 


GoMar,  Francis,  a  native  of  Bruges,, 
known  tor  his  stroug  and  able  defence  of 
Calvin's  principles  against  Arminius,  his  col- 
league as  divinity  professor  at  Leyden,  and 
his  adherents.  He  died  at  Groningen,  where 
he  was  divinity  and  Hebrew  professor,  1641. 
He  had  before  held  a  literary  situation  at 
Middleburgh  and  Saumur.  His  works  were 
collected  into  one  volume,  Amsterdam,  1645. 

Gombaui.d,  John  Ogier  de,  a  French 
poet,  born  at  St.  Just  de  Lussac,  in  Sain- 
tonge,  1567.  He  was  educated  at  Bourdeaux, 
and  then  came  to  Paris,  where  he  determin- 
ed by  his  abilities  to  advance  his  fortune, 
h  hich  he,  as  the  son  of  a  fourth  marriage, 
found  very  circumscribed.  His  sonnets  and 
epigrams  gained  him  applause,  and  the  ver- 
ses which  he  wrote  on  the  king's  assassina- 
tion by  Havaillac  1610,  so  pleased  the  queeu 
regent,  Mary  de  Medicis,  that  she  made 
him  her  favorite,  and  granted  him  a  pension 
of  1200  livres.  Thus  cherished  by  the  great, 
and  the  respected  friend  and  associate  of 
those  who  frequented  the  house  of  that  vir- 
tuous and  amiable  woman  Mad.  Kambonillet, 
he  charmed  every  company  with  his  wit  and 
his  elegant  manners.  He  was  one  of  those 
whose  meetings  gave  ri.se  to  the  academy  of 
belles  lettres,  1626,  under  the  patronage  of 
Richelieu,  and  he  became  one  of  its  first 
members.  Though  a  friend  of  the  reformed 
religion  he  conducted  himself  with  such  pro- 
priety that  he  offended  no  party,  but  on  the 
contrary,  he  gained  universal  esteem,  and 
lived  respected.  His  income  was  increased 
by  an  additional  pension  from  Seguier,  chan- 
cellor of  France,  and,  by  prudent  economy, 
his  equipage  and  finances  were  always  on  the 
most  respectable  footing.  By  an  accidental 
fall  in  his  room  he  was  confined  for  some  of 
the  last  years  of  his  life  to  his  bed.  He  died 
1666,  aged  99.  At  the  age  of  90  he  pub- 
lished a  collection  of  epigrams,  and  some 
years  after,  the  tragedy  called  Danaides. 
Among  his  chief  productions  are  "  Endy- 
mion,"  a  romance,  in  prose — Amarintha,  a 
pastoral — letters — poems,  8cc.  His  posthu- 
mous works  appeared  in  Holland  1678,  and 
were  chiefly  religious,  and  in  favor  of  pro- 
testant  principles. 

Gomberville,  Marin  le  Roi,  a  native 
of  Chevreuse,  member  of  the  French  acade- 
my, and  author  of  Polexandre — la  Cythe- 
ree — la  Jeune  Alcidiane,  romances — Dis- 
cours  sur  les  Vertus  &c  les  Vices  de  l'His- 
toire,  Sec. — ia  Doctrine  des  Mceurs  selon  les 
Stoiques — de  la  Riviere  des  Amazones — 
Poesies  Diverses,  &c.  He  died  1674,  aged  75. 

Gomersal,  Robert,  a  poet  in  the  time 
of  Charles  I.  student  of  Christ-church,  Ox- 
ford, and  B.  D.  1627.  He  left  poems  and 
sermons.  His  "  Levite's  Revenge"  contain- 
ing poetical  meditations  on  the  19th  and  20th 
chapters  of  Judges  is  his  best  pieces.  He 
died  1646. 

Go  met.,  de  Cividad,  Alvarez,  a  Latin  po- 
et of  Guadalaxara  near  Toledo.  He  wrote 
Solomon's  Proverbs  into  Latin  verse — the 
< i  olden  Fleece,  and  other  works,  esteemed 
ii»Sr>ain..    He  died  1558,  aged  70. 


Gomez,  de  Castro,  Alvarez,  a  learned 
Spaniard,  born  near  Toledo,  and  author  of 
the  History  of  cardinal  Ximenes.  He  died 
1580,  aged  65. 

Gomez,  Magdelene  Angelica  Poisson  de, 
a  French  lady  who  wrote  some  romances 
and  theatrical  pieces,  very  numerous,  but 
not  much  esteemed.    She  died  1770,  aged  86. 

Gondebaud,  third  king  of  Burgundy, 
after  his  brother  Chilperic  491.  He  attacked 
Italy,  and  endeavored  in  vain  to  reunite  the 
catholics  and  Arians  at  a  synod  at  Lyons  499, 
but  he  was  afterwards  defeated  and  made 
tributary  to  Clovis  king  of  the  Franks.  He 
put  to  death  his  brother  Godesil  who  had  re- 
volted against  him,  and  afterwards  devoted 
himself  to  the  improvement  of  his  subjects, 
whose  morals  and  property  he  protected  by 
the  establishment  of  a  system  of  laws  still 
called  la  Loi  GourbeUe.     He  died  516. 

Gondrin,  Lewis  Antony,  a  favorite  of 
Lewis  XIV.  When  visited  at  his  country- 
house  by  the  monarch,  he  removed  in  one 
night  the  grove  of  old  trees  which  had  ap- 
peared to  the  king  as  offensive  to  the  sight. 
Lewis  the  next  day,  complained  of  a  large 
wood  which  obstructed  his  view,  and  in  a 
moment  1200  men,  who  were  ready,  levelled 
the  disagreeable  wood  to  the  ground.  What 
if  the  king,  said  the  duchess  of  Burgundy, 
who  was  present,  if  the  king  wished  our 
hcads  thus  to  disappear,  the  duke,  I  fear.,  , 
would  not  hesitate  to  gratify  his  sovereign. 

Gondy,  John  Francis  Paul,  cardinal  de 
Retz  was  born  at  Montmirel  in  Brie,  in  161. "5, 
and  died  1679.  He  was  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  and  coadjutor  to  his  uncle  the  arch- 
bishop of  Paris,  and  after  many  intrigues  he 
obtained  a  cardinal's  hat.  Though  a  de- 
bauchee in  his  youth,  he  yet  assumed  the 
sanctity  of  the  preacher,  and  with  such  elo- 
quence and  effect  that  he  was  adored  by  the 
people.  He  caballed  against  Richelieu,  and 
at  last,  after  six  years  of  exile,  and  after  be- 
ing imprisoned  at  Vincennes  and  Nantes,  he 
was  permitted  to  return,  and  by  his  good 
conduct  and  exemplary  manners  he  made 
atonement  for  the  vices  of  hisyouth.  He  was, 
says  Voltaire,  a  Catiline  in  his  youth,  and 
an  Atticus  in  his  old  age.  He  wrote,  besides 
the  Conspiracy  of  count  Fiesco — Memoirs  of 
his  Life,  which  are  very  authentic  and  inter- 
esting. The  best  edition  of  this  valuable  per- 
formance is  that  of  Amsterdam  1719,  4  vols. 
l2mo. 

Gonet,  John  Baptist,  a  Dominican  friar, 
doctor  and  professor  of  theology  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Bourdeaux,  and  author  of  a  Sys- 
tem of  Theology  in  5  vols,  folio.  He  died 
1681,  aged  65,  at  Beziers  his  native  place. 

Gongora,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish  poet, 
born  at  Cordova  1562.  He  studied  at  Sala- 
manca, and  taking  orders,  became  chaplain 
to  the  king,  and  prebendary  of  Cordova 
where  he  died  1627.  His  works  were  all 
published  after  his  death,  and  consist  of  son- 
nets, elegies,  a  comedy,  a  tragedy,  &c. 
Though  he  is  abused  by  some  critics  for  af- 
fectation, and  a  false  sublime,  yet  the  Span- 
iards regard  him  as  the  prince  of  their  pasts. 


GO 


GO 


G on" nei.l i,  John,  the  blind  man  of  Com- 
bassi,  lost  his  sight  at  the  age  of  SO.  He  af- 
terwards became  a  sculptor,  and  by  the  touch 
acquired  great  excellence  andeven  attempted 
portraits,  and  with  some  success.  He  gave 
a  good  likeness  of  pope  Urban  VIII.  and  of 
Cosmothe  greatduke  of  Florence.  His  works 
are  much  admired  in  France. 

Gonsalva,  Fernandez,  the  great  cap- 
tain of  Cordova,  was  an  illustrious  Spaniard, 
distinguished  against  the  Portuguese,  and  in 
the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  in  the 
conquest  of  Grenada,  and  in  the  wars  of  Ita- 
ly, where  he  conquered  Calabria,  Apulia 
Naples.  This  great  character,  so  respectable 
for  his  valor  and  bis  private  virtues,  became 
at  last  suspected  to  his  sovereign,  by  the  ar- 
tifice of  his  enemies,  and  he  died  in  retire- 
ment in  Grenada  1515.  Florian  has  made 
liim  the  hero  of  his  romance. 

Gonthier,  a  Latin  poet,  author  of  the 
History  of  Constantinople,  1203. 

Gonthier,  John  and  Leonard,  two  bro- 
thers, eminent  as  painters  on  glass.  Their 
works  were  much  admired,  and  are  still 
held  in  high  estimation. 

Goniaga,  Lucretia,  a  learned  and  il- 
lustrious woman  of  the  16th  century.  At  the 
age  of  14  she  married  Paul  Monfrone,  who 
conspired  against  the  life  of  the  duke  of 
Ferrara,  and  was  discovered  and  imprison- 
ed. Lucretia,  though  he  was  not  put  to 
death,  applied  to  every  European  power  for 
his  deliverance,  and  even  solicited  the  grand 
Signior  to  seize  the  castle  where  he  was  con- 
fined, but  her  endeavors  were  fruitless, 
and  herguiity  husband  died  inprison.  Though 
afterwards  solicited  in  marriage,  she  lived  in 
widowhood,  and  of  her  four  children  only 
two  daughters  survived,  whom  she  placed  in 
monasteries.  She  was  so  elegant  a  writer 
that  herepistles  were  collected  and  published 
at  Venice  1552.  Though  she  did  not  pro- 
fess to  be  learned,  yet  she  infused  spirit, 
and  all  the  graces  and  flowers  of  erudition  in- 
to her  pieces,  and  she  fully  deserved  all  the 
praises  and  flattering  compliments  of  Hor- 
tensio  Lando,  and  of  the  wits  of  her  time. 
She  died  at  Milan  1576. 

Gonxaga,  Scipio,  a  noble  Italian,  educa- 
ted at  Padua,  and  eminent  for  his  knowledge 
of  philosophy  and  divinity.  He  was  created 
a  cardinal  by  Sixtus  VI.  and  died  1593,  aged. 
51.  He  wrote  some  poems  and  left  manu- 
script memoirs  of  himself,  &c.  He  was  con- 
cerned in  the  establishment  of  the  academy 
of  Degli  Eterei  at  Padua. 

G o  NT, ag  A,  Vespasian,  duke  of  Sabbionetsi, 
a  city  which  he  founded,  and  which  he 
adorned  with  churches  and  schools,  died  1591, 
aged  60,  universally  respected  as  a  liberal 
patron  of  literature,  and  as  an  excellent  Ita- 
lian poet. 

Gonzalez,,  Thyrsus,  a  Spaniard,  general 
of  the  Jesuits,  who  died  at  Home  1705.  He 
is  author  of  the  Doctrine  of  Probability,  folio, 
1694,  and  of  several  other  tracts. 

Goodall,  Walter,  a  writer,  born  in  the 
shire  of  Angus,  and  educated  at  King's  col- 
lege, Aberdeen.   He  is  known,  as  a  philologist, 


and  as  the  author  of  a  Vindication  of  Mary, 
in  2  vols.  1751,  in  which  he  shows  himself 
very  strongly  attached  to  the  house  of  S  tuart. 
He  died  at  Edinbrugh  1758,  aged  71.  He 
has  been  censured  for  his  excessive  fondness 
of  drinking. 

Goodwin,  John,  an  able  disputant,  edu- 
cated at  Queen's  college,  Cambridge,  and 
appointed  1633,  minister  of  St.  Stephen, 
Coleman  street,  London,  from  which  he  was 
ejected  1645  for  refusing  to  adminster  the 
sacrament  to  his  people  promiscuously.  Un- 
der the  republic  his  principles  were  so  vio- 
lent that  he  wrote  a  vindication  of  the  be- 
heading of  Charles  I.  At  the  restoration  he 
was  excepted  from  the  act  of  indemnity,  and 
his  works  were  burnt  by  the  hangman,  and 
he  soon  alter  died  lamented  by  few.  His 
writings  which  were  in  favor  of  Arminianisin, 
were  a  treatise  of  Justification,  4to. — Expo- 
sition of  the  ninth  of  the  Romans,  4to. —  Re- 
demption redeemed,  fol.  &c. 

Goodwin,  Thomas,  a  puritanical  divine, 
born  5th  Oct.  1600,  at  liolseby,  Norfolk,  and 
educated  at  Christ  church,  Cambridge.  He 
was  fellow  of  Catherine  hall,  but  in  1630  to 
avoid  persecution  he  went  to  Holland,  and 
settled  at  Arnheim,  as  pastor  of  the  English 
church  there.  During  the  civil  wars  he  re- 
turned to  London,  and  was  one  of  the  assem- 
bly of  divines  at  Westminster,  and  in  1649 
was  made  by  Cromwell  president  of  Magda- 
len college,  Oxford.  He  attended  the  protec- 
tor in  his  last  illness,  and  was  ejected  from 
Oxford,  at  the  restoration.  He  afterwards 
preached  to  an  assembly  of  independents  in 
London  till  his  death,  23d  Feb.  1679.  His 
works  have  been  collected  5  vols,  folio.  He 
is  supposed  by  Granger  to  be  alluded  to  in 
No.  494  of  the  Spectator. 

Gool,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  the  Hague  1685.  He  also  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  the  lives  and  works  of  the  Flemish 
painters. 

GordianI.  emperor  of  Rome,  was  inves- 
ted with  the  purple  in  Africa  much  against 
his  wish,  237,  in  the  reign  of  Maximinus. 
His  son  of  the  same  name  assumed  the  im- 
perial power  with  hirn,  but  soon  after  their 
elevation  they  were  attacked  by  a  general  of 
Maximinus,  and  the  son  was  killed  in  battle, 
and  the  father  destroyed  himself  with  his 
girdle  237.  A  youth  of  the  family  afterwards 
was  raised  to  the  throne,  but  a  few  years  after 
he  was  murdered  near  the  Euphrates  by  his 
minister  Philip,  244.» 

Gordon,  Thomas,  a  political  writer,  born 
at  Kircudbright,  Galloway.  He  came  to 
London  early,  and  distinguished  himself  in 
the  Bangorian  controversy,  and  other  politi- 
cal subjects  as  the  defender  of  lord  Oxford. 
He  was  patronised  by  Mr.  Trenchard,  who 
with  him  began  to  publish  under  the  name  of 
"  Cato"  a  number  of  letters  on  public  affairs. 
He  about  this  time  published  "  the  Independ- 
ent Whig,"  in  which  he  showed  his  violence 
against  the  hierarchy,  but  sir  Robert  Wal- 
pole,  knowing  his  abilities,  gained  him  over 
to  his  party,  and  made  him  commissioner  of 
wine  licenses.  Thus  devoted  to  the  minister, 


GO 


c;o 


ho  began  ably  to  defend  his  incisures  in  se- 
veral pamphlets,  and  continued  Attached  to 
him  till  his  death,  which  happened  28lh  Jujy, 
1750,  at  the  age  of  66.  His  second  wife  was 
Trenchard's  widow,  by  whom  lie  had  some 
children.  Besides  political  tracts,  he  pub- 
lished English  translations  of  Sallust  and  Ta-. 
citus,  with  additional  discourses. 

Gordon,  Alexander,  M.  A.  a  Scotch- 
man, admired  as  a  draughtsman  and  as  a 
Grecian.  He  travelled  over  France,  Ger- 
many, and  other  places,  and  was  secretary 
to  the  society  for  the  encouragement  of  learn- 
ing, afterwards  to  the  Egyptian  club,  whose 
members  had  visited  Egypt,  ami  to  the  anti- 
quarian society,  which  he  resigned  1741. 
He  went  with  governor  Glen  to  Caroliua, 
where  he  died  a  justice  of  peace,  leaving  a 
handsome  inheritance  to  his  family.  He 
wrote  "  Itinerarium  Septentrionale,"  or  a 
Journey  through  Scotland,  with  plates — Lives 
of  Alexander  VI.  and  his  son  Caesar  Borgia, 
&c.  folio — History  of  Ancient  Amphithea- 
tres— and  25  Plates  of  Egyptian  Mummies, 
&c.  folio,  1739 — Hieroglvphical  Figures,  &c. 

Gordon,  James,  a  Jesuit,  descended  from 
a  Scotch  family.  He  taught  philosophy  and 
languages  at  Bourdeaux  and  Paris,  and 
suffered  much  for  the  catholic  religion.  He 
died  at  Paris  1620,  aged  77.  He  wrote  Con- 
troversjarum  Christians  Fidei  Epitome,  2 
vols,  folio.  There  was  another  Jesuit  of  that 
name,  author  of  a  Commentary  on  the  Bible, 
3  vols.  fol.  1632,  and  other  works. 

Gordon,  Robert, of  Stralogh,  was  author 
of  "  Theatrum  Scotia;,"  an  excellent  book 
with  maps  of  the  country,  dedicated  to  Oli- 
ver Cromwell.  He  died  about  the  middle  of 
the  17th  century. 

Gordon,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Aberdeen, 
who  became  professor  of  philosophy  in  the 
Scotch  monastery  of  Benedictines  at  Erfurt, 
where  he  died  1751,  aged  39.  He  wrote 
Phxnomena  Electrieitatis  Exposita,  8vo. — 
Philosophia  Jucunda  et  Utilis,  3  vols.  8vo. 
— Origin  of  the  Present  War  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, 4to. — Phyrsicce  Experimentalis  Elemen- 
ta,  8vo.  He  first  substituted  a  cylinder  in- 
stead of  a  globe  in  his  electrical  machine. 

Gordon,  lord  George,  son  of  Cosmo 
duke  of  Gordon,  was  originally  in  the  navyr, 
which  a  dispute  with  the  first  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty obliged  him  to  quit.  He  afterwards 
obtained  a  seat  in  parliament  for  Ludgers- 
hall,  and  anxious  to  gain  popularity  he  vio- 
lently opposed  the  ministry,  and  attacked  the 
bill  which  granted  certain  immunities  to  the 
Homan  catholics.  Not  satisfied  with  the  op- 
position which  he  gave  to  the  measures  in 
the  house,  he  had  the  imprudence  to  head 
the  mob  when  they  presented  a  petition  to 
the  commons,  and  thus  by  his  artful  and  in- 
temperate conduct,  he  occasioned  those 
dreadful  riots,  which  in  1780  nearly  convert- 
ed the  capital  into  a  heap  of  ruins.  So  gross 
a  violation  of  duty  did  not  pass  unnoticed,  he 
was  sent  to  Newgate  and  tried,  but  acquitted. 
In  178G  he  was  excommunicated  for  refusing 
to  appear  as  a  witness  in  a  cause,  and  two 
years  after  he  was  found  guilty  of  publishing 


a  gross  libel  against  the  queen  of  France- 
To  avoid  the  punishment  due  to  this  offence 
he  fled  to  Holland,  hut  soon  after  returned 
in  the  habit  of  a  Jew.  His  disguise,  however, 
could  not  screen  him  from  the  pursuits  of 
the  officers  of  the  law,  he  was  sent  to  New- 
gate, and  died  there  1793,  aged  43. 

Gore, Thomas,  born  of  an  ancient  family 
at  Alderton,  Wilts,  was  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  was  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  died  on  his 
estate,  1GS4,  author  of  some  Latin  miscella- 
neous pieces. 

G  orel  li,  an  Italian  poet,  born  at  Arezzo. 
He  wrote  after  the  manner  of  Dante,  the 
history  of  his  country  from  1010,  to  1384, 
which  if  not  elegant  as  a  poem,  is  however 
useful  as  a  chronicle. 

Gorgias,  Leoiilinus,  a  philosopher  of 
Sicily,  B.  C.  417,  so  eminent  that  a  statue  of 
gold  was  raised  to  his  honor  at  Delphi. 

Gorius,  or  Gorio,  AntoniusFranciscus, 
an  historian,  critic,  and  antiquarian  of  Flo- 
rence. He  wrote  several  valuable  works  on 
Grecian  and  Roman  antiquities,  especially 
Musffium  Etruscum,  3  vols.  fol. — Musaeum 
Cortonense,  fol. — Inscription  on  Tuscany, 
3  vols.  fol. — Description  of  the  grand  duke's 
Cabinet,  11  vols.    He  died  1757. 

Gorlaus,  Abraham,  an  antiquarian  of 
Antwerp,  who  died  at  Delft,  1609,  aged  69. 
He  published  an  interesting  collection  of  the 
rings  and  seals  of  the  ancients,  the  best  edi- 
tion of  which  is  that  of  Leyden,  1625.  He 
also  gave  to  the  public,  a  collection  of  medals 
in  1608,  in  which,  says  Scaliger,  he  is  not  al- 
ways to  be  depended  upon.  His  collections 
of  antiques  were  sold  by  his  heirs  to  the 
prince  of  Wales. 

Gorljeus,  David,  a  native  of  Utrecht,  in 
the  17th  century,  author  of  some  philosophi- 
cal books,  in  which  he  advanced  new  opi- 
nions. 

Goropius,  John,  a  physician  of  Brabant, 
who  after  travelling  over  Europe,  settled  at 
Antwerp.  In  his  "  Origines  Antverpianse," 
he  maintained  with  ridiculous  pertinacity, 
that  Flemish  was  the  language  of  Adam.  He 
died  1572. 

Gorran,  Nicholas  de,  a  Dominican,  con- 
fessor to  Philip  the  Fair  of  France.  He  died 
1295.  He  was  an  admired  and  eloquent 
preacher,  and  his  sermons,  together  with  a 
commentary  on  the  gospels,  appeared  at 
Paris  1523  and  1539. 

Gorreus,  a  protestant  physician  at  Paris, 
who  published  a  translation  of  Nicander,  and 
died  1572,  aged  72.  Upon  being  suddenly 
arrested  by  some  soldiers,  on  account  of  his 
religion,  he  unfortunately  lost  his  senses. 

Gorter,  John,  a  native  of  Enhuysen,  in 
West  Friesland,  who  took  his  doctor's  degree 
in  medicine  at  Leyden,  and  in  1725,  became 
medical  lecturer,  and  public  physician  at 
Harderwyck.  He  afterwards  went  to  Pe- 
tersburg, but  returned  in  1758,  to  Holland, 
and  died  1762,  aged  73.  He  wrote  a  trea- 
tise de  Perspiratione  Insensibili  Sanctoriana 
Batavia — Compendium  Medicinx— deSecre- 
tione  Humorum  e  Sanguine  ex  Solidoruin 
Fabriea,  &c. — Morbi  Epidemic!  Descriptio  et 


GO 


GO 


Cnatio — Materies  Medica,     &c— Exercita- 
tiones  Medicinx,  4to.  &c. 

Gosselin,  Antony,  l-egius  professor  of  his- 
tory and  eloquence,  and  principal  of  the 
college  du  Bois,  at  Caen,  published  the  his- 
tory of  the  ancient  Greeks,  in  Latin  1636. 

Go sse  li  n  i,  Julian,  a  writer  born  at  Rome, 
1525.  At  the  age  of  17,  he  was  appointed 
secretary  to  Ferdinand  Gonzaga,  viceroy  of 
Sicily,  in  whose  service  he  continued  40 
years.  He  published  several  things  in  Ka- 
lian, in  verse  and  prose,  besides  Latin  poems, 
and  died  at  Milan,  1587. 

Goth,  Stephen,  archbishop  of  Upsal, 
■who  by  attempting  in  vain  to  restore  the  Ro- 
man catholic  religion  in  Sweden,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  John  the  king,  nearly  kindled  a 
■civil  war  in  the  16th  century. 

Gothofred,  Dennis,  an  able  lawyer, 
born  at  Paris.  He  taught  law  in  some  of  the 
German  universities,  but  was  not  permitted 
to  reside  in  France,  on  account  of  his  attach- 
ment to  the  principles  of  Calvin.  He  died 
1622,  aged  73.  He  edited  "  Corpus  Juris 
Civilis,"  and  wrote  some  law  treatises,  pub- 
lished in  Holland,  in  folio. 

Gothofred,  Theodosius,  eldest  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Geneva,  1580, 
and  professed  the  catholic  religion,  which  his 
father  had  abjured.  He  became  counsellor 
of  state,  and  assisted  in  the  embassy  for  a 
general  peace  at  Munster,  where  he  died 
1649.  He  wrote  several  works  on  the  his- 
tory, rights,  and  titles  of  the  Freuch  mon- 
archy. 

Gothofred,  James,  son  of  Dennis,  was 
born  1587.  He  was  a  Calvinist,  and  enjoy- 
ed five  times  the  office  of  Syndic,  and  other 
high  appointments  at  Geneva,  where  he  died 
1652.  He  wrote  several  works,  which  dis- 
play his  great  and  extensive  erudition. 

Gothofred,  Dennis,  son  of  Theodosius, 
was  born  at  Paris,  1615,  aud  died  at  Lisle, 
1681,  director  of  the  chamber  of  accounts. 
He  wrote  the  histories  of  Charles  VI.  VII. 
and  VIII. 

Gothofred,  John,  son  of  Dennis,  just 
mentioned,  succeeded  his  father  as  director 
at.  Lisle.  He  was  equally  well  skilled  in  the 
history  and  antiquities  of  France,  and  wrote 
Journal  de  Henry  HI. — Memoires  of  Mar- 
guerite, and  an  edition  of  Philip  Comines. 
He  died  1732,  very  old. 

Gotteschalc.  Vid.  Godeschalc. 
Gotti,  Vincent  Lewis,  an  Italian  of  Bo- 
iogna,  made  a   cardinal  by  Benedict   XIII. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  theology,  &c.  and 
died  1742,  aged  78. 

Gottignies,  Giles  Francis,  a  native  of 
Brussels,  professor  of  mathematics  at  Rome, 
where  he  died  1689,  aged  59.  He  was  also 
a  Jesuit,  and  wrote  Elementa  Geometric 
Planse — Aritbmetica  Introductio  ad  Logisti- 
cam  Mathesi  Universal  Servientem — Epis- 
tolte  Mathemat. — Figura  Cometarum,  qui 
apparuerunt  Annis  1664,  5,  and  8. 

Gottleber,  John  Christopher,  an  ex- 
cellent German  critic,  who  died  1785,  aged 
'>2.  Of  his  learned  works,  the  best  known 
is  Animadversions  on  Plato's  works. 


Gottsched,  John  Christopher,  a  Ger- 
man poet  of  Koningsberg,  professor  of  logic, 
philosophy,  and  metaphysics,  who  died  at 
Leipsic  1766,  aged  66.  He  was  assisted  in 
the  composition  of  his  dramatic  pieces  by 
his  wife,  and  so  great  was  his  influence  and 
celebrity,  that  he  banished  buffoonery  from 
the  stage,  and  spread  a  love  of  literature 
over  Germany.  His  wife  died  1762.  The 
best  of  his  works  are,  Essay  towards  a  Crit- 
ical History  of  Poetry  for  the  Germans — 
Collections  for  a  Critical  History  of  the  Lan- 
guage, Poetry,  and  Eloquence  of  Germany 
— Principles  of  General  Philosophy — Prin- 
ciples of  the  German  Language — the  Ger- 
man Theatre — Poems — the  Death  of  Cato, 
a  tragedy,  &c. 

Goudelin,  or  Goudouli,  Peter,  a 
Gascon  poet,  born  at  Toulouse,  so  esteemed 
among  his  countrymen,  that  he  is  called  the 
Homer  of  Gascony.  His  works,  containing 
great  sprightliness,  and  elegance,  were  pub- 
lished at  Toulouse,  and  Amsterdam.  He 
died  10th  Sep.  1649,  aged  70. 

Goudimel,  Claudius,  an  excellent  mu- 
sician, put  to  death  at  Lyons,  for  setting  the 
psalms  of  Marot  and  Beza  to  music. 

Gove  A,  Martial,  a  Latin  poet  of  the  16th 
century,  author  of  a  Latin  grammar. 

Govea,  Andrew,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, taught  grammar  and  philosophy,  anrl 
established  under  John  III.  of  Portugal,  the 
college  of  Coimbra.     He  died  1548. 

Govea,  Antony,  youngest  brother  of  the 
preceding,  eminent  for  his  erudition,  and 
professor  of  law  at  Toulouse,  and  then  at 
Turin.  Besides  an  excellent  edition  of  Vir- 
gil and  of  Terence,  he  wrote  Latin  epigrams, 
and  a  commentary  on  Cicero's  Topica.  He 
died,  as  Blount  says,  after  an  inordinate 
meal  of  cucumbers,  at  Milan  1565,  aged  60. 
Gouge,  William,  minister  of  Blaekfriars, 
was  born  at  Stratford  le  Bow.  He  was  ot" 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  is  remarka- 
ble for  not  being  absent  from  morning  and 
evening  prayers  for  nine  years,  and  for  read- 
ing 15  chapters  of  the  bible  every  day.  He 
was  one  of  the  ministers  of  the  assembly  of 
Westminster,  and  was  appointed  one  of  the 
annotators  of  the  bible.  He  died  16th  Dec. 
1653,  and  was  buried  at  his  own  church, 
leaving  an  exemplary  character  for  perse- 
verance as  a  preacher,  for  humility,  faith, 
and  patience.  He  wrote  "  the  whole  Ar- 
mour of  God" — Exposition  of  the  Lord's 
Prayer — "Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to 
the  Hebrews,"  and  other  works  in  support 
of  Calvinism. 

Gouge,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  colleges, 
Cambridge,  and  became  minister  of  St.  Se- 
pulchre, London,  for  24  years,  but  was  ejee- 
ted  at  the  restoration.  He  died  in  his  sleep 
1681,  aged  77.  He  wrote  several  books  of 
practical  divinity,  and  distributed  many  thou- 
sand copies  of  the  bible,  catechism,  ha. 
among  the  300  schools  which  he  is  said  to 
have  established  in  Wales.  Dr.  Tillotson 
preached  his  funeral  sermon,  though  he  was 
a  nonconformist. 


GO 


GO 


Gouges,  Mary  Olympe  de,  a  native  of 
Montauban.  During  the  revolution,  she 
espoused  the  violent  measures  ot  the  limes, 
and  made  Mirabeau  the  hero  of  her  writings. 
Reflection,  however,  and  the  enormities  of 
the  times  cooled  her  prejudices,  and  when 
Louis  XVI.  was  dragged  before  the  bloody 
tribunal,  she  had  the  courage  to  demand  of 
the  convention  the  privilege  of  defending  an 
innocent  monarch.  This  heroic  conduct, 
and  her  attacks  upon  Marat  and  Robes- 
pierre, marked  lier  out  for  death.  She  was 
guillotined  3d  November  1792,  aged  3S.  She 
wrote  some  dramatic  pieces,  which  were 
collected  in  three  vols.  8vo. 

Go u jet,  Claude  Peter,  a  French  writer 
■who  died  at  Paris  1767,  aged  70.  He  pub- 
lished a  supplement  to  Dupin's  Bibliothe- 
que,  IS  vols,  12mo. — Richelet's  Dictionary, 
&c.  His  library  consisted  of  above  10,000 
volumes. 

Goujom,  John,  a  sculptor  of  Paris,  from 
the  correctness  and  grace  of  his  works,  cal- 
led the  Coreggio  of  sculpture.  He  llorished 
in  the  reigns  of  Francis  I.  and  Henry  II. 
ind  was  killed  at  the  massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew 1572. 

Goulart,  Simon,  an  able  writer,  born 
near  Paris  1543.  He  studied  at  Geneva, 
where  he  succeeded  Calvin  as  minister ;  and 
died  there  1628.  He  wrote  an  History  of 
the  League, — Notes  on  Plutarch's  works, 
translated  by  Amiot, — and  on  Cyprian's 
works  ;  and  published  besides  some  treatises 
on  divinity,— and  on  moral  subjects, — and  a 
Translation  of  Seneca,  and  other  authors. 
His  works  are  enumerated  in  Niceron's 
Memoirs. 

Gould,  Robert,  an  English  poet,  who 
died  170S.  His  works,  which  are  miscel- 
laneous, appeared  in  1709,  2  vols.  Svo. 

Goulin,  John,  a  French  writer,  born 
at  Rheims  10th  Feb.  1728.  He  studied  me- 
dicine, but  was  more  distinguished  as  an 
author,  learned,  judicious,  and  enlightened. 
He  published  various  works  of  merit,  and 
died  at  Paris  1799. 

Goulston,  Theodore,  a  physician,  born 
in  Northamptonshire,  and  educated  at  Mer- 
ton  college,  Oxford,  where  he  became  fel- 
low, and  where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D; 
1610.  He  practised  with  great  celebrity  in 
London,  and  died  1632,  and  by  his  will  left 
200/.  to  purchase  a  rent-charge,  to  endow  a 
pathological  lecture  in  the  college  of  physi- 
cians. He  wrote  a  paraphrase  of  Aristotle, 
and  of  other  Greek  writers. 

Goulu,  John,  a  French  writer,  horn  at 
Paris,  where  he  died  1625,  aged  49.  He 
iranslated  into  French  Epictetus,  Arrian, 
Basil,  Diogenes  the  Areopagite,  kc.  and  had 
,i  very  severe  controversy  with  Balzac. 

Goupil,  James,  a  native  of  Lucon, 
who  studied  medicine  at  Paris,  and  succeed- 
ed there  J.  Sylvius  as  royal  professor  of  phy- 
sic 1555.  Besides  editing  several  Greek 
medical  writers,  he  translated  from  the  Ita- 
■ian,  Piccolomini's  treatise  on  the  sphere  of 
the  world,  and  died  1564. 

Goupy,    Joseph,    a  French    artist,  ad- 

vol.  i-  ?7 


mired  for  his  execution  in  water  colors,  and 
for  his  skill  as  a  copier.  He  taught  the. 
princess  of  Wales ;  and  his  cartoons  were 
so  highly  valued,  that  the  duke  of  Chandos 
gave  300/.  for  the  cony,  when,  they  produced 
at  his  death  not  more  than  17  guineas.  He 
died  1747. 

Gourdo  N',  Simon,  a  native  of  Paris,  who 
at  the  age  of  15,  embraced  the  ecclesiastical 
profession  among  the  canons  of  St.  ^  ictor, 
and  lived  a  very  austere  life  till  his  death 
1729,  aged  S3,  lie  was  author  of  Letters  on 
Cases  of  Conscience,  hymns,  kc. 

Gournay,  Mary  de  Jars,  lady  of,  a 
Frenchwoman,  born  in  Gascony  1565,  and 
allied  to  several  illustrious  families.  She 
had  a  great  partiality  for  literature,  and  she 
showed  such  respect  for  Montaigne  upon 
reading  his  first  essays,  which  were  then 
published,  that  she  solicited  his  friendship; 
and  on  the  death  of  her  father,  adopted  him 
as  her  own  parent.  Thus  devoted  to  the 
muses,  and  the  purest  regards  of  this  cele- 
brated philosopher,  she  passed  the  best  part 
of  her  life,  rejecting  every  connexion  which 
might  destroy  her  friendship  and  her  men- 
tal enjoyments.  On  Montaigne's  death,  she 
crossed  the  kingdom  to  mingle  her  tears 
with  those  of  his  widow  and  her  much  loved 
daughter,  and  as  a  proof  of  her  great  grati- 
tude and  immortal  affection,  she  reprinted 
his  Essay  in  1634,  with  an  elegant  preface 
sacred  to  his  memory.  Her  works,  in  prose 
and  verse,  were  published  in  1 630,  in  one 
volume.  She  died  1645  at  Paris,  and  her 
memory  was  honored  with  various  epitaphs 
from  the  pens  of  Menage,  Valois,  Palm,  hi 
Mothe,  Yayer,  and  others. 

Gourviele,  John  Herauld,  author  of 
"  Memoirs"  containing  anecdotes  of  the 
French  ministers  from  Mazarin  to  Colbert, 
and  of  Lewis  XIV.  was  originally  valet  to  the 
duke  of  Rouchefoucault,  and  by  him  raised 
for  his  merit,  to  offices  of  trust  and  confi- 
dence.    He  died  1705,  aged  80. 

Gousset,  James,  a  French  protestant 
minister  of  Riois,  who  left  France  at  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  be- 
came professor  of  Greek  and  theology  at 
Groningen.  lie  died  there  1704,  leaving 
several  books  as  proofs  of  his  great  eru- 
dition, especially  an  Hebrew  Dictionary, — 
Dissertations  on  Controversy  with  the  Jews, 
kc. 

Go uthie res,  James,  a  French  advocate, 
horn  at  Chaumont.  He  wrote  some  valuable 
works,  "  de  Vetcre  Jure  Pontificis  Romas 
Publicas"  kc.     He  died  1638. 

Gouviom,  N.  a  French  officer  who  serv- 
ed in  America,  and  during  the  revolution 
was  member  of  the  national  assembly,  and 
afterwards  general  in  the  army  of  the  North, 
where  he  was  killed  at  the  head  of  his  troops, 
11  tii  June,  1793,  near  the  village  of  Glis- 
velle. 

Goux  de  la  Boulaye,  Fraucis  le,  a 
native  of  Anjou,  who  travelled  through  Asia 
and  Africa  in  the  character  of  a  Mahome- 
tan, and  through  Europe  as  a  catholic,  of 
which  he  published  an  account  in  4to.  1653. 


GR 


GR 


He  went  as  ambassador  to  the  great  Mogul 
in  lfi68,  and  was  carried  off  by  a  fever  the 
next  year  in  Pei'sia. 

Gouye,  John,  a  Jesuit  and  mathemati- 
cian of  Dieppe,  member  of  the  academy  of 
Sciences.  He  wrote  Mathematical  and  Phi- 
losophical Observations,  2  vols.  8vo.  He  died 
at  Paris,  1725,  aged  75. 

Gouye  Longuemare,  a  French  author 
who  wrote  some  memoirs  and  dissertations, 
to  illustrate  the  history  of  France,  and  died 
1763. 

Gower,  John,  an  old  English  poet,  born 
in  Yorkshire  1320.  He  was  professor  of  law 
in  the  Inner  Temple,  and  according  to  some 
was  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas.  He 
was  a  munificent  benefactor  to  St.  Mary's 
church,  now  St.  Saviour's,  Southwark,  where 
his  monument  is  still  preserved.  His  works 
called  Speculum  Meditantis — Vox  Claman- 
tis — Gonfessio  Amantis,  were  first  printed 
by  Gaxton,  1 483.  They  possess  great  spirit, 
and  the  author  in  bold  and  energetic  lan- 
guage inveighs  against  the  debaucheries  of 
the  times,  the  immorality  of  the  clergy,  the 
wickedness  of  corrupt  judges,  and  the  vices 
of  an  abandoned  court. 

Go  yen,  John  Van,  a  painter  of  Leyden, 
who  died  1656,  aged  60.  His  landscapes, 
battles,  and  sea-pieces  are  most  highly  val- 
ued. 

Goz.on,  Deodati,  grand  master  of  the  or- 
der of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  died  1353. 
A  fabulous  story  is  related  of  his  killing  an 
enormous  dragon  that  infested  Rhode*. 

Goz,7,i,  count  Gaspar,  a  Venetian  noble 
who  died  1786,  aged  73,  illustrious  for  his 
lyrical  and  satirical  poems.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  a  periodical  paper  "l'Obscrvatore," 
in  imitation  of  the  Spectator.  His  works  ap- 
peared together  at  Venice  1794,  in  12  vols. 
8vo. 

Graaf,  Barent,  a  painter  of  Amsterdam, 
who  died  1709,  aged  81.  His  landscapes 
were  in  the  style  of  Bomboccio. 

Graaf,  Regnier  de,  a  physician  born  at 
Schoonhaven  in  Holland,  13th  July  1641. 
He  studied  at  Leyden,  and  with  such  success, 
that  in  1663  he  published  a  most  respecta- 
ble treatise  "  de  Succo  Pancreatico."  He 
went  to  France,  and  settled  at  Delft,  where 
he  practised  with  great  celebrity.  He  had  a 
controversy  with  Swammerdam,  on  account 
of  the  three  treatises  wbicli  he  published  on 
the  organs  of  generation  in  the  humau  spe- 
cies. He  died  17th  August  1673,  aged  only 
32.  His  works  appeared  at  Leyden  1677, 
and  1705,  and  were  translated  into  Flemish, 
1686. 

Gkaaw,  Henry,  a  native  of  Hoorn,  dis- 
ciple to  Van  Campen.  His  historical  pieces 
are  admired.     He  died  1682,  aged  55. 

Grabe,  John  Ernest,  a  native  of  Kon- 
ingsberg,  in  Prussia,  who  studied  divinity 
with  great  attention,  and  then  determined 
to  go  to  Rome,  to  embrace  popery,  because 
he  considered  the  Roman  church  as  the 
true  church  of  Christ.  He  published  his 
opinions  before  his  departure,  but  before  he 
reached.  Home,   he  met  with  three  pam- 


phlets which  had  been  written  by  order  of 
the  elector  of  Bradenburg,  in  answer  to  his 
book,  and  these  had  such  an  effect  upon  him, 
that  after  conversing  with  Spener,  the  au- 
thor of  one  of  them,  he  resolved  to  come  to 
England,  as  the  only  place  which  retained 
the  regular  succession  of  the  Apostolic  min- 
istry, without  the  superstitions  of  Rome. 
He  was  liberally  received  in  England,  and 
presented  to  the  degree  of  D.  D.  by  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  and  in  proof  of  his  sinceri- 
ty, and  his  adherence  to  the  principles  of  the 
Anglican  church,  he  took  orders,  and  wrote 
some  valuable  works  in  divinity.  He  also 
published  an  edition  of  the  Septuagint,  from 
the  Alexandrian  MS.  preserved  in  the  king's 
library.  He  died  1712,  aged  46,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  Westminster  abbey. 

Gracchus,  Tiberius,  and  Caius,  sons  of 
Sempronius  Gracchus  by  Cornelia,  are  cele- 
brated for  their  intrigues  and  death.  By  at- 
tempting to  revive  the  Agrarian  law  at  Rome, 
they  drew  down  upon  themselves  the  ven- 
geance of  the  senate.  They  were  both  killed, 
Tiberius  133  B.  C.  and  Caius,  some  years  af- 
ter. 

Gracchus,  Sempronius,  a  Roman  ban- 
ished for  his  licentious  amour  with  Julia,  to 
a  solitary  island  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  where 
14  years  after  he  was  assassinated. 

Gracchus,  Rutilius,  a  Roman  poet  of  the 
10th  century.  Though  possessing  merit,  he 
was  inconsistent  in  his  character. 

Gracian,  Balthazar,  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
rector  of  the  college  of  Arragon.  He  died 
1658.  His  sermons  and  theological  treatises 
were  highly  esteemed  among  his  country- 
men, though  written  in  a  turgid  and  affect- 
ed style. 

Gradenigo,  Peter,  doge  of  Venice,  is 
known  in  the  history  of  Europe,  for  chang- 
ing the  government  of  his  country,  from  a 
democracy  to  an  aristocracy.    He  died  1303. 

Grjecinus,  Julius,  a  native  of  Frejus, 
Forum  Julii,  put  to  death  by  Caligula,  for  re- 
fusing to  become  the  accuser  of  M.  Silanus. 
He  wrote  a  book  on  agriculture,  and  was  the 
father  of  Jul.  Agricola. 

Grjeme,  John,  a  Scotch  poet  born  at 
Carnwarmth,  Lanarkshire,  1748.  As  the 
youngest  of  four  sons  and  of  a  weakly  con- 
stitution, he  was  intended  for  the  ministry 
by  his  father,  a  farmer  of  the  middling  class, 
whose  income  arose  chiefly  from  his  industry. 
From  the  school  of  Lanark,  he  was  removed 
to  Edinburgh  university,  where  his  talents 
soon  displayed  themselves  in  the  composition 
of  elegant  Latin,  and  in  the  acquisition  of 
the  more  abstruse  sciences  of  natural  philo- 
sophy and  metaphysics.  He  declined  ac- 
cepting an  exhibition  at  the  university  of  St. 
Andrew's,  and  satisfied  with  the  friendship 
of  Wilkie,  the  author  of  the  Epigoniad,  he 
devoted  himself  fully  to  the  cultivation  of 
the  muses,  in  the  ease  and  retirement  of  a 
college  life,  but  his  rising  fame  was  cut  short 
by  the  appearance  of  a  rapid  consumption, 
of  which  he  died  26th  July,  1772,  aged  22. 
His  poems  consisting  of  elegies  and  misceU. 
laneous  pieces  were  printed  at  Edinburgh 


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i  773, 8vo.  and  exhibited  him  in  the  character 
of  a  spirited  author,  and  a  benevolent  man, 

GrjEV  i  us,  John  George,  a  celebrated  cri- 
tic. Vid.  G re vi  us. 

Graffio,  a  Jesuit  of  Capua  in  the  16th 
century,  author  of  two  4to.  volumes  on 
moral  subjects.  He  was  grand  pensionary 
of  Naples. 

Grafigny,  Frances,  a  French  lady,  who 
■wrote  the  "  Peruvian  Letters,"  an  admired 
and  elegant  performance,  translated  into 
every  European  language.  After  her  hus- 
band's death,  who  was  chamberlain  to  the 
duke  of  Lorraine,  and  from  whom,  for  his 
brutality,  she  was  separated,  she  removed  to 
Paris,  to  live  with  the  wife  of  marshal  Riche- 
lieu, where  she  died  1758,  aged  65.  She 
■wrote  also  Cenie — la  Fille  d'Aristide,  two 
dramatic  peiccs. 

Grafton,  Richard,  author  of  an  abridg- 
ment of  the  Chronicles  of  England,  and  of 
a  Chronicle  and  large  meere  Historye  of  the 
Affayers  of  England,  and  Kings  of  the  same 
from  the  Creation  of  the  World,  was  born  in 
London  under  Henry  VIII.  and  died  there 
in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 

Graham,  George, an  eminent  watch  and 
clockmaker  born  at  Gratwick,  Cumberland, 
1675.  In  1688  he  came  to  London,  and  some 
time  after  lived  in  the  family  of  Tompion,  a 
clockmaker,  who  knew  his  merit,  loved  his 
person,  and  respected  his  abilities.  To  the 
most  perfect  knowledge  of  mechanics  he  ad- 
ded practical  astronomy,  and  by  his  perse- 
verance and  accuracy,  he  not  only  improved 
hut  invented  several  astronomical  and  mathe- 
matical instruments,  with  a  degree  of  per- 
fection and  dexterity  hitherto  unknown.  The 
great  mural  arch  in  Greenwich  observatory, 
-was  made  for  Dr.  Halley  under  his  inspec- 
tion, and  divided  by  his  own  hand  ;  and  with 
his  sector  Dr.  Bradley  first  discovered  two 
new  motions  in  the  fixed  stars.  But  not  only 
England  was  benefited  by  his  genius,  but  the 
rest  of  Europe.  The  instruments  with 
which  the  Frenoh  academicians  made  obser- 
vations to  ascertain  the  figure  of  the  earth, 
and  those  which  enriched  the  collections  and 
cabinets  of  the  king  of  Spain,  and  other 
princes,  were  all  constructed  by  this  most 
ingenious  and  eminent  artist.  As  a  member 
of  the  Royal  society,  he  contributed  some 
valuable  discoveries,  especially  on  the  hora- 
ry alteration  of  the  magnetic  needle,  and  a 
quick  silver  pendulum,  and  other  particulars 
respecting  the  simple  pendulum.  With  all 
the  powers  of  his  genius,  he  was  candid  and 
modest,  friendly  and  communicative,  and 
more  anxious  to  advance  the  happiness  of 
mankind  by  the  improvement  of  science, 
lhan  to  accumulate  a  private  fortune.  The 
remains  of  this  most  respectable  man  were 
earned  Nov.  24,  1751,  with  great  solemnity 
to  Westminster,  and  deposited  in  the  same 
grave  with  his  friend  and  master  Tompion. 

Graham,  Catherine  Macaulay.  Vid.  Ma- 
caulay. 

Grain,  John  Baptiste  le,  a  French  histo- 
rian born  1565.  He  Avas  counsellor  and 
maVtcr  of  the  requests  to  queen  Mary  de 


Medieis,  and  became  a  great  favorite  with 
Henry  IV.  He  wrote  the  Decades,  contain- 
ing the  History  of  Henry  IV  and  the  Histo- 
ry of  Louis  XIII.  to  the  death  of  marshal 
d'Ancre  1617.  He  was  so  censured,  and  so 
illiberally  abused  by  the  Jesuits,  who  interpo- 
lated his  works  to  make  him  appear  ridicu- 
lous, that  he  ordered  in  his  will  that  none  of 
his  descendants  should  be  educated  by  the 
Jesuits.     He  died  at  Paris  16^3. 

Graindorge,  Andrew,  a  physician  and 
philosopher  of  the  Epicurean  sect,  born  at 
Caen.  He  wrote  some  treatises  on  fire,  light, 
colors,  Jcc.  and  died  1676,  aged  6Q. 

Grainger,  James.  Vid.  Granger. 

Gram  aye,  John  Baptist,  provost  of  Arn- 
heim,  and  historiographer  to  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, was  taken  during  his  voyage  from  Ita- 
ly to  Spain,  and  carried  to  Algiers.  Here- 
turned  home  and  died  at  Lubee  1635.  He 
wrote  an  History  of  Africa — "  Peregrinatio 
Belgica,  a  valuable  work — Antiquitatcs  Flan- 
drift,"  &c.  and  some  poetry, 

Grammond,  Gabriel  lord  of,  president 
of  the  parliament  of  Toulouse,  and  author 
of  the  History  of  Lewis  XIII.  and  of  a  curi- 
ous History  of  the  Wars  of  Lewis  XIII. 
against  the  Protestants,  died  1654,  respected 
for  his  integrity. 

Gramont,  Antony  duke  of,  marshal  of 
France,  is  known  as  a  warrior  and  as  a  writer. 
He  was  of  the  family  of  G  ramont  in  Navarre, 
and  by  marriage  wasallied  to  cardinal  Riche- 
lieu. He  wrote  two  volumes  of  Memoirs, 
and  after  being  the  greatest  ornament  of 
the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  he  died  1678,  aged 
74. 

Gramont,  Philibert  count  of,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  volunteer  under  Conde 
and  Turennc.  He  had  the  temerity  of  pay- 
ing his  addresses  to  the  mistress  of  Lewis 
XIV.  and  in  consequence  of  this,  his  servi- 
ces were  forgotten,  and  he  fled  to  England 
for  protection,  where  his  vivacity  and  agree- 
able nwmners  gained  him  many  admirers. 
He  became  a  favorite  at  the  court  of  Charles 
II.  and  afterwards  married  a  lady  of  the  name 
of  Hamilton.  His  memoirs  were  communi- 
cated by  him  to  count  Hamilton,  by  whom 
they  were  made  public  in  elegant  and  inter- 
esting language. 

Granby,  Marquis  of.  Vid.  Manners. 

Grancolas,  John,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  author  of  some  theological  works, 
and  of  some  translations  of  the  fathers,  died 
1732. 

Grand,  Antony  le,  a  Cartesian  philoso- 
pher of  the  17th  century,  author  of  some 
historical  treatises — of  a  Sac-red  History  from 
the  Creation  till  the  Age  of  Covtantine  the 
Great,  published  in  London  8vo. — ami  of  In- 
stilutio  Philosophic  Descartes. 

Grand,  Joachim  le,  a  French  political 
writer,  much  esteemed  atlhe  court  of  Lewis 
XIV.  He  wrote  some  interesting  tracts  on 
the  History  of  France,  besides  translations 
of  Lobo's  and  ofRibeyro's  Histories,  and  the 
History  of  the  Divorce  of  Henry  VIH.  and 
Catharine  of  Arragon,  3  vols,  lie  died  1 732 
aged  80. 


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Grand,  Mark  Antony  1c,  a  French  ac- 
tor, who  died  at  Paris  1728.  His  various 
comedies  were  received  with  great  applause, 
as  well  as  his  performance  in  several  charac- 
ters.    His  works  appeared  4  vols.  12mo. 

Grand,  Lewis,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
born  at  Luzigni  in  Autun.  His  works,  on 
theological  subjects,  are  much  admired.  He 
died  17S0. 

Grand,  Peter  le,  captain  of  a  Dieppe 
privateer,  was  famous  for  his  courage.  He 
attacked  in  1640,  with  his  ship  of  four  guns 
and  28  men,  a  Spanish  vessel  of  54  guns, 
which  he  took  and  carried  in  triumph  to 
Prance. 

Grandet,  Joseph,  a  French  priest  of 
Angers,  whose  amiable  manners  and  bene- 
volence of  heart  are  highly  commended.  He 
wrote  several  volumes  on  subjects  of  biogra- 
phy, in  12mo.  He  died  at  Angers  1724, 
aged  78. 

Grandi,  Francis  Lewis,  a  native  of  Cre- 
mona, professor  of  philosophy  at  Florence, 
afterwards  at.  Pisa,  and  then  abbot  of  St.  Mi- 
chael at  Pisa,  where  he  died  1742,  aged  71. 
He  wrote  various  mathematical  works  of 
merit. 

Grandier,  Urban,  a  Jesuit,  native  of 
Rouvere,  near  Sable,  curate  and  canon  of 
St.  Peter's  Loudun,  in  France.  He  was  an 
eloquent  preacher,  and  as  he  recommended 
confession  to  the  curate  at  Easter,  he  drew 
upon  himself  the  envy  and  resentment  of  the 
monks  at  Loudun.  He  was  accused  of  crim- 
inal conversation  with  maids  and  married 
women  in  his  own  church,  and  when  honor- 
ably acquitted, his  enemies  inveighed  against 
'him,  for  causing  the  Ursuline  nuns  of  Lou- 
dun to  be  possessed  with  the  devil.  The  fol- 
ly of  this  accusation  would  have  appeared 
before  impartial  judges,  but  the  monks  per- 
suaded cardinal  Richelieu,  that  Grandier 
was  the  author  of  "  la  Cordotmiere  de  Lou- 
dun" a  severe  satire  upon  himself,  and  con- 
sequently his  fate  was  determined  upon. 
He  was  ordered  to  be  tried,  and  soon  found 
guilty  of  magic,  witchcraft,  and  possession, 
and  condemned  to  be  burnt  alive,  and  to 
have  his  ashes  dispersed  in  the  air.  The 
dreadful  sentence  was  executed,  and  this  in- 
nocent man  perished  in  the  flames,  because 
his  enemies  were  acrimonious  against  him, 
and  their  virulence  was  supported  by  the 
approbation  of  a  gloomy  tyrant  in  power. 

Grandin,  Martin,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne, author  of  a  Popular  Course  of  The- 
ology, in  6  vols.  4to.  He  died  at  Paris  1691, 
aged  87. 

Grasdius,  Gnido,  a  mathematician  of 
Cremona,  who  among  other  things  transla- 
ted Euclid  into  Italian,  and  died  1742,  aged 
71- 

.  Grand  tjet,  Charles,  a  Frencli  actor  for 
,35  years,  the  successful  representative  of  all 
the  Paris  petits-niaitres.  His  operas,  and 
other  poetical  pieces,  met  with  some  suc- 
cess on  the  stage. 

Granet, Francis,  a  learned  French  wri- 
ter, intimate  with  the  abbe  de  Fontaine,  who 
speaks  with  great  respect  of  bin  talents  and 


amiable  character.  He  translated  Newton's 
Chronology,  and  wrote  Remarks  ou  Racine 
and  Corneille,  and  was  for  some  time  en- 
gaged as  a  journalist  at  Paris,  where  he  died 
1741. 

Grange,  Joseph  de  Chancel,  a  French 
writer,  who  brought  upon  himself  several 
difficulties,  with  imprisonment  and  exile,  in 
consequence  of  a  satirical  work  on  Philip 
duke  of  Orleans.  He  died  1758,  aged  82, 
leaving  several  works.  His  tragedies  are 
much  admired,  as  well  as  his  miscellaneous 
pieces,  and  they  display  genius,  judgment, 
and  sublimity. 

Grange,  Nicolas,  an  able  writer  and 
critic.  He  translated  Lucretius  with  notes, 
and  edited  the  Greek  antiquities  of  le  Bos. 
His  translation  of  Seneca  appeared  after  his 
death,  with  an  account  of  his  life  by  his 
friend  Diderot.  He  died  at  Paris  1775,  aged 
37. 

Granger  or  Grainger,  James  M.  D. 
a  physician,  known  as  the  author  of  a  poem 
on  the  Sugar  Cane,  of  a  translation  of  Ti- 
bullus,  and  of  some  medical  tracts,  was  born 
at  Duuse  in  the  south  of  Scotland  1723.  He 
was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and  was  under 
lord  Stair,  as  surgeon  in  the  army,  during 
the  German  campaign  of  1748,  and  after- 
wards he  practised  in  London,  where  his 
genius  and  learning  procured  him  the  friend- 
ship of  Shenstone  and  other  men  of  letters. 
Probably  his  success  as  a  physician  was  not 
equal  to  his  expectations,  as  he  left  London 
and  embarked  to  settle  at  the  Island  of  St. 
Christopher.  In  his  passage  he  administer- 
ed to  the  cure  of  Mrs.  Burt,  who  sailed  in 
another  ship  of  the  fleet,  and  who  had  been 
seized  with  the  small-pox,  and  by  his  friend- 
ly attentions  to  her,  he  gained  the  affection 
of  her  daughter,  whom  he  married  as  soon 
as  he  reached  St.  Christopher.  In  the  midst 
of  a  respectable  practice,  Granger  did  not 
forget  the  muses.  He  wrote  his  Sugar 
Cane,  which  he  came  to  England  to  publish, 
and  after  a  few  years'  residence,  again  re- 
turned to  his  favorite  island,  where  he  died 
of  a  contagious  fever,  1767.  His  wife  and 
one  daughter  survived  his  loss.  In  his  char- 
acter he  was  a  man  of  pleasing  manners,  and 
of  great  benevolence  of  heart.  His  merits 
as  a  poet  are  well  known.  Besides  the  Su- 
gar Cane,  he  wrote  an  Ode  to  Solitude, — a 
West  Indian  Ballad, — Historia  Febris  Ano- 
malas  Batavae,  1746, — a  Treatise  on  the  more 
common  West  India  Diseases,  8vo. — a 
Translation  of  Tibullus'  Elegies  into  English 
verse. 

Granger,  James,  author  of  the  Biogra- 
phical Histoiy  of  England,  4  vols.  4to.  a  val- 
uable work,  was  vicar  of  Shiplake,  Oxon, 
and  died  15th  April  1776,  in  consequence  of 
an  apoplectic  fit,  with  which  he  had  been  at- 
tacked on  the  preceding  day,  whilst  adminis- 
tering the  sacrament  in  his  own  church. 

Grant,  Francis,  lord  Culleu,  an  eminent 
lawyer  and  judge  of  Scotland,  born  of  the 
ancient  family  of  the  Grants,  about  1660. 
He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen,  and  finished 
his  studies  under  Voct  at  Leydeu,  and  dis- 


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played  even  in  his  younger  years,  such  assi- 
duitv  as  promised  the  highest  exertions.  On 
his  return  to  Scotland  lie  became  the  friend 
of  sir  George  Mackenzie,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  the  able  and  constitutional  char- 
acter which  he  supported  at  the  revolution. 
While  in  the  Scotch  convention  of  estates, 
some  of  the  aged  lawyers  argued  in  favor  of 
the  house  of  Stuart,  he  boldly  and  manfully 
adopted  the  principles  of  the  English  nation, 
and  asserted  the  right  of  the  people  to  till  up 
the  vacant  throne.  This  decided  conduct 
tended  not  a  little  to  recommend  the  succes- 
sion of  William  111.  and  Grant  thus  became 
a  popular  advocate,  and  a  politician  whose 
opinions  were  respected  and  universally  ap- 
proved. Without  his  solicitation  he  was  cre- 
ated a  baronet  by  queen  Anne  in  1705,  and 
a  year  after  he  was  nominated  one  of  the 
judges  of  Scotland,  when  he  assumed  the 
title  of  lord  Cullen.  After  20  years  of  inde- 
fatigable and  honorable  labor  devoted  to  the 
good  of  his  country,  and  the  impartial  ad- 
ministration of  her  laws,  this  upright  ma- 
gistrate fell  a  sacrifice  to  an  illness  of  three 
days  lGth  March  1726,  in  his  GGili  year, 
llespected  as  a  judge  in  public,  and  as  a  man 
in  private  life,  he  was  equally  great  as  a  wri- 
ter. His  essays  on  law,  religion,  education, 
and  on  several  literary  subjects,  proved  him 
to  have  been  a  man  of  solid  sense,  extensive 
erudition,  and  strongly  fixed  principles.  He 
left  three  sons  and  five  daughters. 

Grant,  Patrick,  a  Scotch  judge,  by  the 
title  of  lord  Preston-Grange,  was  born  at 
Edinburgh  169S,  and  studied  at  Glasgow, 
Paris,  and  Leyden.  He  was  member  of  the 
house  of  commons,  and  in  1746  was  made 
lord  advocate,  and  in  1754  advanced  to  the 
bench.  He  wrote  some  ingenious  pieces 
against  the  rebellion  of  1745,  and  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  lawyer.  He  died  at 
Edinburgh  1762,  aged  64. 

Granville,  George,  viscount  Lands- 
downe, an  English  poet,  second  son  of  Bar- 
nard Granville  esq.brolhcr  of  the  first  earl  of 
Bath  of  this  name,  who  had  a  principal  share 
in  bringing  back  Charles  II.  The  father  of 
Barnard  was  sir  Bevil,  killed  in  the  royal 
cause  at  Landsdowne  1643.  Under  the  tui- 
tion of  sir  Willam  Ellys,  a  pupil  of  Busby, 
young  Granville  travelled  abroad,  and  at 
the  age  of  11  he  entered  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  and  two  years  after,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  extraordinary  abilities,  he  was 
created  M.  A.  He  had  a  strong  passion  for 
a  military  life  ;  but  his  father  checked  his 
ambition  when  he  expressed  a  wish,  on  the 
insurrection  of  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  to 
arm  in  defence  of  the  king,  and  his  ardor 
was  renewed  at  the  invasion  of  the  prince  of 
Orange,  but  he  was  equally  rebuked,  and  he, 
•with  his  family,  remained  quiet  spectators 
of  the  revolution,  and  acquiesced  in  the 
measures  of  parliament.  Unable  to  shine  in 
the  field  he  devoted  himself  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  muses,  and  soon  told  the  world, 
in  all  the  sweetness  of  amorous  poetry,  how 
much  he  was  charmed  with  the  beauty  of 
Myra,  a  name  under  which  he  immortali- 


zed the  charming,  but  inexorable  countess 
of  New  burgh.  In  vain  his  friends  expostula- 
ted with  him  for  the  prostitution  of  his  poet- 
ry and  of  his  fame,  at  the  shrine  of  unyield- 
ing charms  ;  he  indulged  his  favorite  passion, 
and,  in  enjoying  the  company  of  the  fair,  he 
celebrated,  after  the  example  of  his  predeces- 
sor Waller,  the  reigning  beauties  of  the  age. 
He  wrote  also  some  dramatic  pieces,  and 
his  play  of  the  "  British  Enchanters,"  intro- 
duced on  the  stage  under  the  care  of  Bet- 
terton,  called  and  obtained  the  public  ap- 
plause for  40  successive  nights.  Thus  dis- 
tinguished as  a  writer,  and  flattered  by  the 
muse  of  Addison  and  of  Uryden,  Granville, 
at  the  age  of  35,  was  introduced  to  queen 
Anne  after  her  accessation,  and  found  that 
polite  reception  which  his  character  and  his 
great  veneration  for  his  royal  mistress  de- 
served. In  seconding  the  views  of  ministry 
in  their  war  against  Spain,  he  translated  the 
second  Olynthiac  of  Demosthenes  to  animate 
his  countrymen,  and  presented  to  Harley  the 
Journal  of  Wimbledon's  Expedition  against 
Cadiz  in  1625,  that  his  errors  might  he 
avoided  in  the  projected  plan  under  the  duke 
of  Ormond  ;  but  in  vain,  for  the  attempt  was 
unsuccessful,  though  Vigo  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  disappointed  English.  After  the  death 
of  his  father,  Granville  was  in  parliament 
for  Fowey,  and  by  the  death  of  his  elder 
brother,  who  died  governor  of  Barbadoes, 
he  was  now  at  the  head  of  his  family,  and 
in  possession  of  a  very  ample  fortune.  A 
change  of  administration,  however,  cut  off 
his  prospects  of  aggrandizement,  till,  at  the 
trial  of  Sacheverell,  in  1710,  his  friends  were 
again  replaced  into  the  favor  of  the  queen, 
and  he  became  secretary  at  war  in  the  room 
of  Walpole.  In  1711  he  married  Mary, 
lord  Jersey's  daughter,  widow  of  Thomas 
Thynne,  and  the  same  year  he  was  created 
baron  of  Bideford,  viscount  Landsdowne,  in 
Devonshire.  Though  he  was  one  of  the  12 
persons  created  peers  at  the  same  time,  for 
the  purposes  of  party,  his  elevation  caused 
not  so  much  noise  as  that  of  the  others,  as 
already  two  peerages  had  been  extinct  in 
his  family,  which,  for  antiquity,  respectabil- 
ity, and  fortune,  was  equal  to  any  in  the 
kingdom.  In  1712  he  was  made  privy  coun- 
sellor, comptroller,  and  afterwards  treasurer 
of  the  household.  The  death  of  the  queen  re- 
moved him  from  his  ofiices  ;  but  he  did  not 
forget  his  friends,  and  therefore  strongly  pro- 
tested against  the  attainting  of  Ormond  and 
Bolingbroke.  As  lie  was  suspected  of  vio- 
lent attachment  to  the  pretender's  party, 
and  was  even  suspected  of  planning  an  insur- 
rection in  the  West,  at  the  rebellion  of  1715, 
he  was  arrested  on  the  '26th  Sept.  and  com- 
mitted a  close  prisoner  to  the  Tower,  where 
he  remained  till  1717.  As  he  continued  to 
oppose  the  ministry  his  conduct  was  always 
suspected  by  the  court,  and  therefore,  on. 
the  breaking  out  of  Atterbury's  acousation, 
he  retired  to  France  to  avoid  the  imputation 
of  treason  and  the  persecution  of  his  ene- 
mies. After  10  years'  residence  at  Paris 
he  returned  to  England,  and  published,  in 


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1732,  his  poems,  corrected  of  their  juvenile 
inelegances,  together  with  a  vindication  of 
Ids  uncle  sir  Richard  Granville,  against  the 
misrepresentations  of  Burnet,  of  Echard, 
and  Clarendon,  in  2  vols.  4to.  The  rest  of 
his  life  was  passed  in  the  ease  of  privacy  and 
literary  retirement.  He  died  30th  Jan.  1735, 
aged  68,  a  few  days  after  his  wife,  and  as  he 
had  no  male  issue,  but  only  four  daughters, 
the  title  was  extinct.  The  last  verses  which 
he  wrote  were  to  inscribe  two  copies  of  his 
poems  to  queen  Caroline,  who  had  honored 
him  with  her  protection,  and  to  the  princess 
royal,  Anne  of  Orange. 

Grapaldus,  Francis  Marius,  a  native  of 
Parma,  who  distinguished  himself  so  much 
in  an  embassy  to  the  pope,  that  Julius  II. 
crowned  him  with  his  own  hand.  He  wrote 
a  book  in  which  he  described  all  the  parts  of 
a  house  with  great  judgment  and  taste.  The 
•work  has  often  been  reprinted. 

Gr  as,  Anthony  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Pari n, 
■who  translated  Cornelius  Nepos  into  French, 
and  wrote  an  account  of  the  fathers  in  the 
age  of  the  apostles.     He  died  1761,  aged  70. 

Gras,  James  le,  an  advocate  of  Rouen, 
who  translated  Hesiod's  Opera  et  Dies  into 
French  verse  in  the  17th  century. 

Graswisckel,  Theodore,  a  native  of 
Delft,  who  died  at  Mechlin  1066,  aged  66. 
He  was  eminent  not  only  as  a  lawyer,  but  as 
a  man  of  letters,  and  he  was  made  knight 
Of  St.  Mark  by  the  Venetians  for  vindicating 
them  against  the  duke  of  Savoy  in  his  work 
called  Libertas  Veneta.  He  was  buried  at 
the  Hague,  where  a  monument  is  erected 
to  his  memory.  He  wrote  besides  de  Jure 
Majestatis  against  Bushanan,  and  other 
learned  and  valuable  treatises. 

Gr  atarolus,  William,  alearned  physi- 
cian, born  at  Bergamo.  As  a  protestant  he 
wished  to  live  in  Germany,  but  after  visiting 
Marpurg  he  settled  at  Basil,  where  he  prac- 
tised, and  died  1562,  aged  52.  He  wrote  a 
great  many  hooks. 

Gratian,  a  Roman,  emperor  in  con- 
junction with  his  father  Valentinian.  He 
■was  cruel  in  his  government,  but  warlike  in 
the  field,  and  successful  against  the  Goths, 
and  the  other  barbarians  who  had  invaded 
the  Roman  empire.  He  was  killed  in  a  re- 
volt A.  D.  383,  aged  24. 

Gratian,  a  private  soldier,  raised  to  the 
imperial  throne  in  Britain,  407,  and  put  to 
death  four  months  after. 

Gratian,  a  Benedictine  monk  of Chiusy 
in  Tuscany,  in  the  12th  century,  employed 
for  2*  years  in  writing  a  book  to  reconcile 
the  contradictory  canons  ene  to  the  other. 
This  book  called  "Decretals,"  was  in  high 
repute  for  some  centuries,  and  greatly  con- 
tributed to  advance  the  authority  and  su- 
premacy of  the  papal  see. 

Gratiani,  Jerome,  an  Italian  writer  of 
the  17th  century,  author  of  the  Conquest  of 
Grenada — and  of  Cromwell,  a  tragedy — and 
other  miscellanies  in  prose. 

GrAtius  Fai.iscus,  a  Latin  poet  in 
Ovid's  age.  He  wrote  Cynegeticon,  or  Art 
of  Hunting:,  &e. 


G  rati  us,  Ortiunus,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Helwick  in  the  diocese  of  Munster. 
His  real  name  was  Graes.  He  wrote  seve- 
ral works,  especially  Lamentationes  Obscu- 
rorum  Virorum,  &c.  and  died  1542. 

Grave  lot,  Henry  Francis  Bourguig- 
non,  an  engraver  of  Paris,  who  spent  some 
time  at  St.  Domingo,  and  afterwards  came 
to  London,  where  he  resided  13  years.  He 
employed  his  art  in  adorning  the  best  edi- 
tions of  the  French  poets,  and  died  1773, 
aged  74. 

Graverol, Francis,  a  French  advocate, 
born  at  .Nismes,  who  wrote  among  other 
works  Sorberiana.  He  was  an  excellent 
scholar,  and  died  1694,  aged  59.  His  broth- 
er John  wrote  Archseologia  Philosophica, 
against  bishop  Burnet. 

Graves,  Richard,  a  popular  English 
writer.  He  was  born  at  Micleton,  Glou- 
cestershire 1715,  and  after  receiving  his 
education  at  Abingdon  school  he  removed  to 
Pembroke  college,  Oxford,  and  afterwards 
in  1736  was  elected  fellow  of  All-Souls.  He 
studied  physic  for  some  time,  but  abandoned 
it  for  divinity,  and  entered  into  orders  in 
1740.  He  was  presented  in  1750  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Claverton  near  Bath,  and  to  this  was 
added  in  1763  the  living  of  Kilmersdom,  by 
the  friendship  of  Mr.  Allen  of  Prior  park, 
and  the  empty  honor  of  being  chaplain  to 
lady  Chatham.  He  distinguished  himself 
much  as  a  popular  and  pleasing  writer,  and 
every  where  displayed  that  ease,  that  free- 
dom, and  that  good  humor  which  were  sO 
eminently  visible  in  his  character.  The  best 
known  of  his  publications  are,  the  Festoon, 
or  Collection  of  Epigrams,  12mo. — Lucubra- 
tions, in  prose  and  rhyme,  published  under 
the  name  of  Peter  Pomfret — the  Spiritual 
Quixote,  3  vols.  8vo.  a  work  of  merit,  in 
which  he  successfully  exposed  to  ridicule  the 
conduct  and  tenets  of  the  methodists — Eu- 
genius,  or  Anecdotes  of  the  Golden  Bull — 
Columella,  or  the  Distressed  Anchoret — 
Plexippus,  or  the  Aspiring  Plebeian — politi- 
cal pieces,  under  the  name  of  Euphrosyne— 
Recollections  of  some  Particulars  in  the  Life 
of  his  friend  Shenstone — Life  of  Commo- 
dus,  translated  from  the  Greek  of  Herodian 
— Hiero,  or  Royalty,  from  Xenophon — 
Sermons  on  Various  Subjects — Meditations 
of  Antoninus  from  the  Greek — the  Reveries 
of  Solitude — the  Coalition,  or  Rehearsal  of 
the  Pastoral  Opera  of  Echo  and  Narcissus— 
the  Farmer's  son,  as  a  Companion  to  Anstey's 
Farmer's  Daughter — the  Invalid,  with  the 
Means  of  enjoying  Long  Life — Senilities,  &c. 
This  truly  amiable  man,  long  respected  for 
his  benevolence,  and  the  urbanity  of  his  man- 
ners, died  at  his  rectory  of  Claverton,  1804, 
in  his  00th  year. 

Gravesanbe,  William  James,  an  emi- 
nent mathematician  and  astronomer,  born  at 
Delft  in  Holland,  1688.  He  was  educated  at 
Leyden,  and  intended  for  the  law,  and  before 
the  age  of  19  he  wrote  an  able  treatise  on 
perspective.  He  settled  at  the  Hague  1707, 
and  practised  at  the  bar,  but  his  acquaintance 
with  learned  men  led  him.  to  the  cultivation 


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of  literature,  and  he  was  one  of  those  who 
united  in  the  periodical  review  called  "  le 
Journal  Literaire,"  from  1713  to  17-2.  In 
1715  he  was  one  of  the  delegates  sent  to  con- 
gratulate George  I.  on  his  accession  to  the 
English  throne,  and  during  his  stay  in  England, 
he  became  the  friend  of  the  great  Newton, 
whose  sublime  philosophy  he  afterwards 
taught  when  elected  to  the  mathematical  and 
philosophical  chair  of  Leyden.  This  learned 
man  died  1742,  after  long  enjoying  the  re- 
spect of  his  countrymen  by  his  patriotism, 
talents,  and  assiduity.  He  wrote  among 
other  thiugs  "  an  Introduction  to  Newton's 
Philosophy" — "  a  small  treatise  on  the  Ele- 
ments of  Algebra," — a  Course  of  Logic  and 
Metaphysics. 

Gravina,  Peter,  an  Italian  poet,  who 
published  a  4to.  volume  of  poems,  admired 
for  harmony,  sweetness,  and  delicacy.  He 
was  the  friend  and  favorite  of  Sannazius,  and 
Paul  Jovius,  who  speak  of  him  in  terms  of 
rapture  and  admiration. 

Gravina,  John  Vincent,  an  illustrious 
lawyer,  born  at  Roggiano,  18th  Feb.  1664, 
and  educated  under  his  relation  Gregory 
Caloprese,  the  well  known  philosopher.  He 
afterwards  studied  at  Naples,  and  so  ardent 
was  his  attachment  to  literature  and  science, 
that  each  day  he  dedicated  10  often  12  hours 
to  his  improvement.  He  went  to  Rome  1696, 
and  some  time  after  was  made  professor  of 
canon  law  in  the  Sapienzi  college,  by  Inno- 
cent XI.  He  was  invited  by  liberal  promises 
and  high  patronage  to  settle  in  the  universi- 
ties of  Germany,  and  also  at  Turin,  but  he 
preferred  his  residence,  where  he  died  of  a 
mortification  in  his  bowels,  6th  Jan.  1718. 
Though  learned,  he  was  unhappily  of  a  disa- 
greeable temper,  and  spoke  with  such  free- 
dom and  contempt  of  mankind,  that  he  rais- 
ed himself  many  enemies.  He  wrote  vari- 
ous works,  but  that  which  entitles  him  to  the 
praises  of  the  learned,  is  his  three  hooks, 
"  de  Ortu  et  Progressu  Juris  Civilis,"  the 
best  edition  of  which  is  that  of  Naples,  2 
vols.  4to.  with  the  addition  of  his  treatise  de 
Romano  Imperio.  In  this  famous  work  he 
called  upon  the  Roman  youth  to  study  the 
law  in  the  original  records,  in  the  pandects, 
institutes  and  the  code,  and  not  in  modern 
inelegant  abridgments.  He  wrote  also  five 
tragedies  besides  philological  treatises,  ora- 
tions, &c. 

Graunt,  Edward,  a  learned  man,  head 
master  of  Westminster  school,  and  author  of 
"  Grsecie  Lingua?  Specilegium  et  Institutio 
Grsecse  Grammaticse."     He  died  1601. 

Graunt,  John,  the  celebrated  author  of 
"  Observations  on  the  Bills  of  Mortality," 
was  born  inBirchinlane,  London,  24th  April 
1620.  He  was  brought  up  in  the  rigid  prin- 
ciples of  the  puritans,  and  as  he  was  intend- 
ed for  trade,  he  received  no  advantages  from 
grammar  education,  but  was  barely  qualified 
in  writing  and  arithmetic,  for  the  business  of 
a  haberdasher.  In  this  employment  he  gain- 
ed by  his  good  sense,  and  strict  probity,  the 
confidence  and  esteem  of  his  fellow  citizens; 
so  that  he  rose  to  ah  the  offices  of.  his  ward ; 


was  a  common  council-man,  and  a  captain,, 
and  then  a  major  of  the  train  bands.  His 
"  Observations"  first  appeared  in  1661,  and 
with  such  success,  that  Louis  XIV.  of  Prance 
adopted  his  plans  ih\'  the  regular  register  of 
births  and  burials,  and  Charles  II.  in  proof  of 
his  general  approbation,  recommended  him 
to  the  Royal  society  to  be  elected  one  of 
their  members  in  1661-2.  In  1665  the  third 
edition  of  his  popular  book  was  printed  by 
the  society's  printer,  and  the  author,  flatter- 
ed by  the  honors  paid  to  his  literary  services, 
abandoned  the  business  of  shopkeeper,  and; 
in  16C6  became  a  trustee  for  the  manage- 
ment of  the  New  river,  for  the  countess  of 
Clarendon.  In  this  new  office,  it  has  been, 
reported  by  Burnet,  that  he  was  guilty  of  a 
most  diabolical  crime,  by  stopping  all  the 
cocks  which  conveyed  water  from  Islington 
to  London,  the  night  before  the  great  fire- 
began,  which  consumed  the  city.  The  accu- 
sation, however,  is  false,  as  he  was  admitted 
among  the  the  trustees  23  days  after  the  con- 
flagration happened;  and  the  malevolent  re- 
port arose  only  after  his  death,  and  probably- 
owed  its  origin  to  his  change  of  religious 
principles,  as  about  iiiG7  he  reconciled  him- 
self to  the  tenets  of  the  church  of  Rome. 
He  died  18th  April  1674,  and  was  buried  in 
in  St.  Dunstan'a  church,  Fleet-street,  attend- 
ed by  many  respectable  friends ;  and  among 
them  by  sir  William  Petty,  to  whom  he  left 
his  papers.  A  fifth  edition  of  his  book  ap- 
peared in  1676,  under  the  care  of  his  friend  ; 
and  it  may  be  fairly  inferred,  that  to  this 
work,  and  the  perscrving  powers  and  in- 
quisitive mind  of  the  author,  we  are  indebted 
for  the  science  of  political  arithmetic,  so 
ably  treated  afterwards  by  sir  William  Petty, 
Daniel  King,  Dr.  Daveuant,  and  other  learn- 
ed men. 

Gray,  Thomas,  an  English  poet,  son  of  a> 
reputable  citizen,  was  born  iti  Cornhill  26th. 
Dec.  1716.  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  Peter-house,  Cam- 
bridge, and  four  years  after,  in  1738,  he 
came  to  town  to  apply  himself  to  the  study 
of  the  law.  His  pursuits  were  for  a  whiles 
suspended,  while  he  accompanied  hh  friend 
Horace  Walpole  on  the  continent.  Two 
months  after  his  return,  in  1741,  his  father- 
died,  and  he  then  discovered  that  his  income- 
was  inadequate  to  support  him  in  the  study 
of  the  law,  therefore  he  returned  to  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  degree  of  LL.  B. 
and  where  he  afterwards  Qhiefly  fixed  his  re- 
sidence. Between  the  rears  1759  and  1762,. 
he  had  lodgings  in  Southampton-row,  to  be 
enabled  to  consult  the  Harleian  and  other 
MSS.  ih  the  British  museum,  from  which 
he  made  some  curious  extracts.  In  1768,  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  modern  history  at 
Cambridge,  but  his  health  was  such,  that  he 
never  executed  the  duties  of  the  office.  He 
died  of  the  gout  in  his  stomach  July  30th 
1771,  and  was  buried  with  his  family  at 
Stoke  Pogges,  Buckinghamshire.  As  a 
scholar,  Gray  was  profound,  elegant,  and 
well  informed)  hehad  read  all  the  historians 
of  England,  France,  and  ItaJr,  and  was  well 


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versed  in  antiquities,  in  criticism,  in  morals, 
and  politics  ;  and  he  possessed  the  most  re- 
fined taste  in  painting,  architecture,  and 
gardening.  His  letters  are  correct,  pleasing, 
and  instructive.  His  poems,  which  are  very 
few,  hut  most  elegant,  nervous  and  sublime, 
were  published  in  1775,  in  4to.  by  his  friend 
Mason,  who  had  lived  with  him  in  intimacy 
since  1747,  and  who,  therefore,  was  well 
qualified  to  prefix  to  the  edition  "  Memoirs 
of  his  Life  and  Writings." 

Gra2,z.ini,  Antony  Francis,  surnamed 
Lasca,  one  of  the  principal  founders  of  the 
academy  of  la  Crusca,  was  born  in  Florence, 
and  considered  as  nearly  equal  in  merit  as 
a  writer  to  Boccace.  He  published  six 
comedies,  and  other  things,  besides  a  collec- 
tion of  novels  printed  at  Paris  1756.  He 
died  1583. 

Greatrakes,  Valentine,  an  Irishman, 
who  acquired  some  celebrity  by  attempting 
to  cure  diseases  by  the  mere  touch.  He 
came  to  England  ;  but  the  high  expectations 
formed  of  his  powers  were  soon  dissipated, 
when  the  populace  found  themselves  disap- 
pointed. He  is  described  as  an  extraordina- 
ry person,  by  Boyle,  who  with  several  others 
has  attested  his  cures.  But,  though  Glan- 
ville  imputed  his  healing  powers  to  some 
sanative  qualities  about  his  person,  it  is  plain 
that  his  enthusiasm  was  strongly  assisted  by 
the  imagination  of  his  patients.  He  was 
otherwise  a  humane  and  virtuous  character, 
and  died  about  1080. 

Greaves,  John,  an  eminent  mathemati- 
cian and  antiquary,  born  1602  at  Colmore 
near  Alresford,  Hants,  where  his  father 
■was  rector.  At  15  he  entered  at  Baliol  col- 
lege, and  in  1624  he  was  elected  first  of  five 
candidates  to  a  fellowship  in  Merton  college. 
He  devoted  his  time  to  mathematics  and 
oriental  learning,  and  in  1630  he  was  chosen 
geometry  lecturer  in  Gresham  college.  In- 
timately acquainted  with  the  works  of  the 
most  celebrated  astronomers  of  the  age,  he 
wished  to  extend  his  knowledge  by  travelling, 
and  accordingly,  in  1635,  he  went  to  Hol- 
land to  attend  the  lectures  of  Golius  at  Ley- 
den,  and  afterwards  passed  to  Paris,  and 
then  visited  Rome  and  other  parts  of  Italy. 
Lord  Arundel  saw  and  admired  his  spirit  in 
Italy,  and  endeavored  to  prevail  upon  him 
to  accompany  him  to  Greece,  with  the  liberal 
allowance  of  200/.  per  annum,  and  the  pro- 
mise of  more  extensive  patronage,  but 
Greaves  had  formed  the  design  of  penetra- 
ting to  Egypt,  ami  therefore  on  his  return  to 
England,  he  communicated  his  plan  to  his 
patron  Laud.  With  praise-worthy  zeal, 
Land  applauded  and  liberally  encouraged 
his  intentions,  but  when  the  city  of  London 
was  solicited  to  add  its  influence,  and  to  sub- 
scribe to  the  design,  it  was  peremptorily  re- 
jected, and  Greaves  remembered  ever  after 
with  sullen  disdain  the  illiberality  of  the  Lon- 
doners. In  June  1637  he  embarked  for  Leg- 
horn, and  from  thence  he  proceeded  to  Con- 
stantinople, where  by  the  kindness  of  sir 
Peter  Wyche,  the  English  ambassador,  he 
wa»  introduced  to  Cyril  Lucaris  the  Greek 


patriarch)  who  enabled  him  to  procure  valu- 
able MSS.  but  whose  violent  death,  how- 
ever, soon  frustrated  his  design,  and  render- 
ed his  longer  residence  at  the  Porte  danger- 
ous. He  then  embarked  for  Alexandria,  and 
after  visiting  Rhodes  he  reached  Egypt,  Sep. 
1638.  After  twice  penetrating  into  the  de- 
sert, measuring  the  pyramids,  and  making 
various  observations  on  the  climate,  monu- 
ments, and  manners  of  the  country,  he  left 
Alexandria  April,  1639.  He  came  back 
through  Italy,  and  after  visiting  Florence 
and  Rome  with  the  eye  of  a  philosopher  and  an 
antiquarian,  he  embarked  at  Leghorn,  and 
reached  London  before  midsummer  1640, 
richly  loaded  with  the  classical  spoils  of  the 
East,  Arabic,  Persic  Greek  MSS.  besides 
gems,  coins,  and  other  valuable  antiquities. 
The  political  state  of  the  kingdom,  however, 
promised  little  encouragement  to  his  studi- 
ous pursuits,  and  for  his  attachment  to  his 
patron  and  to  his  royal  master,  he  suffered 
much  from  the  virulence  and  persecution  of 
the  parliament.  He  was  removed  from  his 
professorship  at  Gresham  college,  and  though 
appointed  to  the  Savilian  professorship  of 
astronomy7  at  Oxford,  and  permitted  by  the 
king  to  retain  his  Merton  fellowship, 
he  found  himself  disturbed  in  his  views  of 
arranging  his  papers  for  the  press.  In  this 
undertaking  he  was  assisted  by  his  friend 
archbishop  Usher,  and  though  the  Commons 
were  acrimonious  against  the  partisans  of 
royalty,  yet  he  found  an  active  patron  in 
Seldon,  who  was  burgess  in  the  house  for 
Oxford,  and  to  whom  he  dedicated  hir> 
"  Roman  Foot."  Such  at  last  was  the  per- 
secution of  the  parliament  that  he  was  eject- 
ed from  the  Savilian  professorship,  in  which 
he  was  succeeded  by  Seth  Ward,  and  he 
afterwards  went  to  reside  in  London,  where- 
he  married.  Devoting  himself  to  studious 
pursuits,  he  shunned  the  politics  of  the  times, 
and  chose  rather  to  enrich  English  literature 
by  the  translation  of  Arabic  and  Persian 
manuscripts  with  explanatory  notes.  He 
died  8th  Oct.  1652,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  St.  Benet  Sherchog,  London. 
He  had  no  children  by  his  wife.  His  coins 
were  left  to  his  friend  sir  John  Marsham, 
and  his  astronomical  instruments  were  pre- 
sented to  the  Savilian  professorship  of  Ox- 
ford, with  several  of  his  papers.  The  besi 
known  of  his  works  are,  his  "  Pyramidogra- 
phia,"  and  his  "  Description  of  the  Roman 
Foot  and  Denarius."  He  had  formed  a 
plan  for  adopting  the  Gregorian  calendar  by 
omitting  the  bissextile  days  for  40  years, 
which  though  approved  by  the  king  and 
council,  was  not  adopted  through  the  turbu- 
lence of  the  times. 

Grecourt,  John  Baptist  Joseph  Villart 
de,  a  French  poet,  born  at  Tours.  Though 
an  ecclesiastic  he  lived  a  disorderly  life,  but 
afterwards  quitted  the  church,  and  became 
the  favorite  of  men  of  rank  and  fashion,  on 
account  of  his  great  wit.  He  died  1743, 
aged  60.  He  wrote  tales,  epigrams,  songs, 
fables,  sonnets,  and  other  light  works. 

Green,  Robert,  a  poet  in  the  reign  ©C 


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Elizabeth.  He  was  of  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  and  afterwards  of  Clare  hall, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  1583. 
The  wit  and  humor  which  he  possessed  in 
great  plenty,  were  unfortunately  prostituted 
to  encourage  the  cause  of  vice  and  obscenity, 
and  he  showed  himself  a  most  abandoned 
libertine  in  kheory  and  practice.  He  is  said 
to  be  the  first  English  poet  who  wrote  for 
bread,  and  happy  had  it  been  if  virtue  had 
been  the  idol  of  his  muse.  It  is  said  that  he 
felt  remorse  with  penury  and  disease,  as 
Cibber  has  preserved  one  of  his  letters  to 
his  much  injured  wife.  He  died  according 
to  Wood  1592,  of  a  surfeit,  after  eating  too 
many  pickled  herrings,  and  swallowing  too 
much  Rhenish  wine.  His  pieces  which  are 
numerous,  are  now  little  known. 

Green,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born  at 
or  near  Hull  in  Yorkshire,  1706.  He  was  of 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  and  after- 
wards usher  of  Lichfield  school,  and  then 
chaplain  to  the  duke  of  Somerset,  who  be- 
came his  friend  and  active  patron,  and  gave 
him  the  rectory  of  Borough  Green  near 
Newmarket.  In  1748  he  was  made  regius 
professor  of  divinity,  in  1750  master  of 
Corpus  Christi,  Cambridge,  and  in  1756,  he 
became  dean  of  Lincoln,  and  vice  chancellor 
of  the  university.  On  the  translation  of  Dr. 
Thomas  to  Salisbury,  he  was  raised  to  the 
see  of  Lincoln,  and  in  1764,  he  resigned  the 
headship  of  his  college.  In  1771  his  income 
was  increased  by  the  addition  of  theresiden- 
tiaryship  of  St.  Paul's.  It  is  remarkable 
that  on  the  debate  concerning  the  dissenters 
in  1772,  he  favored  the  bill  for  their  relief, 
and  was  the  only  bishop  who  voted  with  that 
side  of  the  house.  He  died  suddenly  at 
Bath,  25th  April  1779.  He  wrote  the 
"  Academic,  or  a  Disputation  on  the  State 
of  the  University  of  Cambridge,"  and  some 
sermons. 

Green,  Edward  Burnaby,  author  of  some 
poetical  works,  was  educated  at  Benet  col- 
lege, Cambridge.  He  translated  Anacreon, 
Apollonius  Rhodius,  and  some  parts  of  Pin- 
dar, and  paraphrased  Persius.  He  died 
1788. 

Green,  Matthew,  an  English  poet.  His 
parents  were  dissenters,  but  he  afterwards 
abandoned  their  tenets  for  the  church  of 
England.  He  held  an  office  at  the  custom 
house,  where  he  attended  to  his  duty  with 
diligence  and  ability.  His  best  poem  is  the 
"  Spleen,"  containing  wit,  elegance,  and 
originality.  He  was  a  very  amiable  man, 
and  died  at  the  age  of  41,  1737.  Hi.* works 
have  been  elegantly  edited  by  Dr.  Aikin. 

Greene,  Dr.  Maurice,  a  musician,  son 
of  a  London  clergyman,  lie  was  organist, 
before  the  age  of  'JO,  to  St.  Dunstan  in  the 
West,  and  afterwards  in  the  year  1718,  to 
St.  Paul's,  and  in  1727,  to  the  "royal  chapel. 
In  1730,  he  took  his  doctor's  degree  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  also  appointed  professor  of 
music  to  the  university.  He  projected  the 
plan  of  reforming  our  church  music,  which 
had  been  corrupted  by  mutilated  copies,  and 
the  inattention  of  transcribers,  and  the  de- 
VQfc,   T,  78 


sign,  stdpped  by  his  ill  health,  was  happily 
completed  by  his  friend  Dr.  Boyce.  He  died 
1st.  Sep.  1755.  His  performances  are  men- 
tioned by  sir  John  Hawkins. 

Greenhill,  John,  an  English  painter, 
born  at  Salisbury.  He  studied  "under  sir  Pe- 
ter Lely,  who  was  so  jealous  of  his  powers 
that  he  never  would  use  his  pencil  before 
him,  till  he  inadvertently  betrayed  himself 
by  taking  a  likeness  of  his  wife.  His  licen- 
tious and  imprudent  mode  of  life,  it  is  said, 
hastened  his  end.  A  portrait  of  bishop  Ward, 
by  him,  is  preserved  in  Salisbury  town  hail. 
He  died  19th  May,  1676. 

Greenville,  sir  Richard,  grandfather 
to  the  well  known  sir  Bevil  Greenville,  was 
son  of  sir  Roger,  and  was  born  in  Cornwall 
1540.  He  served  in  the  imperial  army 
against  the  Turks,  and  was  knighted  1571. 
He  was,  in  1585,  sent  on  an  expedition  to 
America,  and  in  1591,  he  was  commissioned 
to  intercept  a  rich  Spanish  fleet,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  lord  Howard.  He  with  only  a  few 
ships  attacked  the  enemy's  squadron  of  52 
sail,  on  the  American  coast;  but  when  about 
to  sink  his  own  ship  he  was  carried  on  board 
the  Spanish  fleet,  and  died  three  days  after 
of  the  wounds  which  he  had  received. 

Greenville,  sir  Bevil,  grandson  of  sir 
Richard,  was  born  at  Stow,  in  Cornwall,  and 
educated  at  Exeter  college,  under  Dr.  Pri- 
deaux.  During  the  civil  wars  he  behaved 
with  singular  courage,  and  after  defending 
the  rights  of  his  sovereign,  in  various  en- 
counters, he  at  last  fell  at  the  battle  of  Lans- 
downe,  near  Bath,  5th  July,  1643,  aged  47. 

Gregory,  St.  surnamed  the  Great,  was 
descended  from  an  illustrious  Uoman  family. 
He  was  made  prefect  at  Rome  573,  by  Justin 
the  younger,  but  he  soon  after  quitted  all 
secular  employments  to  retire  to  a  monas- 
tery. He  was  sent,  by  Pelagius,  to  Constan- 
tinople as  nuncio,  and  on  the  deatli  of  that 
pontiff,  he  was  elected  in  his  room  590.  He 
labored  earnestly  in  his  new  dignity  to  heal 
differences,  and  to  make  proselytes;  and  in 
Sardinia,  and  alsoin  England,  by  the  preach- 
ing of  Augustine,  the  monk,  the  blessings  of 
the  gospel  were  rapidly  spread.  This  mild 
and  benevolent  pontiff  died  12th  March,  604, 
aged  60. 

Gregory  II.  a  native  of  Rome,  elected 
pope  after  Constantine,  715.  He  was  an  en- 
lightened and  virtuous  pontiff,  and  died  12th 
Feb.  731. 

Gregory  III.  a  native  of  Syria,  who  suc- 
ceeded the  preceding,  731.  He  excommu- 
nicated the  Iconoclastes,  and  solicited  the  as- 
sistance of  Charles  Martel,  against  the  Lom- 
bards, who  ravaged  Italy,  by  means  of  a  pom- 
pous embassy  which  is  regarded  by  some 
authors  as  the  origin  of  the  apostolic  nuncios 
in  France.  He  was  a  charitable  but  magni- 
ficent pontiff,  and  the  first  who  added  tem- 
poral consequence  and  imposing  splendor  to 
the  ecclesiastical  power  of  the  holy  see.  He 
died  2Sth  Nov.  741. 

Gregory  IV.  a  native  of  Rome,  elected 
pope  827,  or  82S.  He  rebuilt  Ostia,  and  vi- 
sited France,  to  reconcile  the  jarring  niter- 


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es.ts  of  the  royal  family,  but  returned  with- 
out accomplishing  his  designs,  and  died  at 
Home,  25th  Jan.  844. 

Gregory  V.  Brunon,  a  German,  elected- 
pope  after  John  XVI.  996  He  was  opposed 
by  Crescentius,  the  consul  of  Rome,  who 
raised  to  the  holy  seat  the  anti-pope,  John 
XVII.  but  the  usurper  was  expelled  by  the 
influence  of  the  emperor  Otho,  who  was  the 
relation  of  Gregory,  and  excommunicated  in 
the  council  of  Pavia.  He  died  18th  Feb.  999, 
aged  27. 

Gregory  VI.  John  Gratian,  a  Roman, 
elected  pope  1044,  after  Benedict  IX.  He 
labored  zealously  to  restore  the  revenues  of 
the  church  to  their  former  florishing  situa- 
tion, and  punished  peculators  and  plunder- 
ers, but  his  anathemas  offended  those  who 
reaped  advantage  from  the  public  calamities, 
and  a  formidable  party  was  raised  against 
him.  Gregory  defeated  them,  and  rendered 
travelling  easy  and  safe,  but  the  severity  of 
liis  measures  displeased  again  the  Romans, 
who  preferred  public  robbery  to  private  in- 
dustry, and  Gregory,  in  disgust,  abdicated 
ihe  tiara,  in  the  council  of  Sutri,  near  Rome, 
1046,  and  was  succeeded  by  Clement  II. 

Gregory  VII.  Hildebrand,  son  of  a  car- 
penter of  Soano,  in  Tuscany.  He  entered 
:imong  the  monks  of  Cluni,  and  obtained 
preferment  at  Rome,  and  in  1073  was  elected 
successor  to  Alexander  II.  In  his  new  dig- 
nity, the  pope  soon  assumed  extraordinary 
powers,  and  claiming  superiority,  not  only 
in  all  spiritual  but  temporal  affairs,  he  re- 
garded the  sovereigns  of  Europe  as  vassals 
v.hom  he  conld  depose  and  appoint  at  his 
pleasure.  His  presumption  soon  embroiled 
^iim  with  his  ancient  friend  Henry  IV.  em- 
peror of  Germany,  who  had  the  weakness 
to  submit  to  his  power  by  the  most  mortify- 
ing penance.  A  reconciliation  was  followed 
by  fresh  disputes,  and  at  last  Henry  elected 
another  pontiff,  in  opposition  to  Gregory, 
while  the  offended  Italian  prevailed  upon 
the  German  princes  to  appoint  another  em- 
peror. At  last  Gregory,  tired  with  the  dis- 
sensions, which  his  inordinate  ambition  had 
raised  areund  him,  and  disgusted  with  the 
murmurs  of  the  Romans,  retired  to  Salerno, 
■where  he  died  24th  May,  1085. 

Gregory  VIII.  Albert  de  Mora,  of  Be- 
nevento,  succeeded  Urban  III.  as  pope  1187, 
and  died  two  months  after,  17th  Dec.  ex- 
horting the  Christian  princes  to  undertake  a 
crusade  against  the  infidels.  The  anti-pope 
Bourdin  assumed  also  the  name  of  Gregory 
MIL 

Gregory  IX.  Ugolin,  of  the  family  of 
the  counts  of  Segni,  and  nephew  to  Innocent 
1 II.  was  elected  pope  1227.  He  excited  the 
Christian  princes  to  undertake  a  crusade, 
and  Frederic,  emperor  of  Germany,  though 
twice  excommunicated  for  his  disputes  with 
the  see  of  Rome,  joined  the  expedition.  He 
<*ied  12th  Aug.  1241. 

Gregory  X.Theobald,  of  the  noble  fa- 
mily of  the  Visconti,  at  Placeutia,  was  elect- 
ed pope  1271,  while  he  was  in  the  Holy- 
rand,  Avith  Edward  king  of  England,  He  sum- 


moned a  general  council  at  Lyons,  and  la- 
bored earnestly  to  heal  all  schisms  in  religion, 
and  to  reconcile  the  Eastern  and  Western 
churches.  He  died  1.0th  Jan.  1276,  at  A- 
rezzo. 

Gregory  XI.  Peter  Roger,  nephew  to 
Clement  VI.  and  son  of  the  count  of  Beau- 
fort, of  Limousin,  was  elected  pope  1370. 
He  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  concord  and 
reconciliation  among  the  Christian  princes, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  benevolence, 
his  charity,  and  his  liberal  patronage  of  let- 
ters. He  quitted  Avignon,  where  the  popes 
had  fixed  their  residence  for  several  years, 
and  transferred  the  see  to  Rome,  where  he 
died  28th  March,  1378,  aged  47. 

Gregory  XII.  Angelo  Corario,  a  native 
of  Venice,  made  a  cardinal  by  Innocent  VII. 
and  elected  pope  1406,  during  the  schism  in 
the  West.  He  was  opposed  by  Benedict 
XIII.  the  other  pope,  and  at  last  a  general 
council,  held  at  Pisa,  deposed  both  the  com- 
petitors, and  elected  Alexander  V.  in  their 
room.  Gregory  who  wished  to  oppose  the 
proceeding  of  the  council,  at  last  fled  before 
the  storm  to  Gaeta  and  Rimini,  and  sent  his 
abdication  to  the  council  of  Constance.  He 
died  at  Recanati,  13th  October,  1417,  aged 
92. 

Gregory  XHI.  Hugh  Buoncompagno,  a 
Bolognese,  elected  pope  after  Pius  V.  1572. 
He  was  an  able  civilian,  and  warmly  opposed 
the  protestants.  He  embellished  Rome  with 
churches,  palaces,  and  porticoes,  and  chiefly 
immortalized  himself  by  the  reformation  of 
the  calendar,  and  the  adoption  of  the  style 
which  bears  his  name.  He  was  assisted  in 
this  honorable  and  necessary  alteration  by  the 
labors  of  Lilio,  an  able  astronomer  of  Rome, 
but  though  the  plan  was  acknowledged  uni- 
versally useful,  it  was  pertinaciously  rejected 
by  the  protestant  princes  of  Europe.  Gre- 
gory also  published  the  Decretals  of  Gratian, 
which  were  enriched  with  valuable  learned 
notes.     He  died  10th  April,  1585,  aged  83. 

Gregory  XIV.  Nicolas  Sfondrate,  son 
of  a  senator  of  Milan,  was  elected  pope  after 
Urban  VII.  1590.  He  declared  himself,  at 
the  suggestion  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  against 
Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  levied  an  army  to 
enforce  his  threats,  but  his  troops  were  de- 
feated, and  his  military  plans  disconcerted. 
He  died  of  the  stone,  15  th  Oct.  1591,  aged 
57. 

Gregory  XV.  Alexander  Ludovisio,  of 
an  ancient  family  of  Bologna,  was  archbishop 
of  his  native  town,  and  made  a  cardinal  by 
Paul  V.  He  was  elected  pope  1621,  and 
died  8th  July,  1623,  aged  69.  He  erected 
the  see  of  Paris  into  an  archbishopric,  and 
assisted  the  emperor  and  the  king  of  Poland 
in  their  wars.  Fie. wrote  Epistola  ad  Regent 
Persarum  Schah  Abbas,  cum  Notis  Hegal- 
soni,  8vo. — Decisions  de  la  Rote. 

Gregory,  James,  a  Scotch  mathemati- 
cian, born  and  educated  at  Aberdeen.  His 
strong  genius  began  early  to  display  itself, 
and  in  1663  at  the  age  of  24  he  invented  the 
reflecting  telescope,  which  still  bears  his 
name,  but  which  the  inexperience  of  the 


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1  onuon  artists  could  not  then  construct  ac- 
cording to  his  approbation.     He  afterwards 
went  to  Italy,  which  at  that  time  was  consi- 
dered as  the  cradle  of  mathematical  know- 
ledge, and  applied  the  powers  of  his  mind 
with  such  success  that  he  discovered  a  new 
analytical  method  of  summing  up  an  infinite 
converging  series,  to  calculate  with  exactness 
the  area  of  the  hyperbola,  and  of  the  circle. 
On  his  return  to  London  in  16G9  he  was  cho- 
sen a  member  of  the  Royal  society,  and  soon 
after  engaged  in  an  unfortunate  controversy 
with  Huj'gens  about  the  quadrature  of  the 
circle,  in  which  his   arguments  were   false. 
His  reputation   as  a  mathematician,  and  as 
the  inventor  of  the  reflecting  telescope,  and 
of  the  burning  concave  mirror,  was  now  so 
well  established,  that  the  royal  academy  at 
Paris  proposed  him  to  the  French  king  as 
deserving  an  honorable  pension  from  him,  a 
step  which  was  not,  however,  adopted.     In 
1G72  he  had  a  dispute,  but  in  amicable  terms 
with   sir  Isaac  Newton   after   his  wonderful 
discoveries  on  the  nature  of  light,  about  the 
various  utility  of  bis  dioptric  telescope  against 
that  of  the  catoptric  instrument  of  his  anta- 
gonist.   This  able  philosopher,  whose  genius 
daily  contributed  to  the  improvement  of  ma- 
thematical science,  was  unhappily  attacked 
by  a  fever  which  proved  fatal  Dec.  1 675,  in 
his  36th  year.     A  short  history  of  his  ma- 
thematical   discoveries   was    compiled    and 
published  by  his  friend  Mr.  Collins,  with  his 
letters  to  him  in  the  '^-Commercium  Episto- 
licum."     His  works  are  Optica  Promota  stu 
Abdita  Radiorum  Reflexorum   &  Refracto- 
rura  Mysteria,  &c.  1C63,  translated  by  Dr. 
Desaguiliers  into  English — Vera  Circuli  & 
Hyperbola;   Quadratura,    fete,   besides   some 
papers  in  the  philosophical  transactions. 

Gregory,  David,  nephew  to  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  at  Aberdeen  24th  June,  1661. 
He  there  received  the  elements  of  his  edu- 
cation, and  then  went  to  Edinburgh,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  The  fame  of 
his  uncle  and  the  perusal  of  his  papers  ex- 
cited his  attention  in  mathematical  pursuits, 
and  at  the  age  of  23  he  was  deemed  capable  to 
fill  the  mathematical  chair  of  Edinburgh.  He 
published,  in  1684,  an  ingenious  treatise  called 
"  Exercitatio  Geometrica  de  Dimensione  Fi- 
gurarum,"  4to.  and  soon  after,  on  the  appear- 
ance of  Newton's  Principia,  he  applied  him- 
self to  study  the  great  truths  of  that  immortal 
philosopher,  and  was  the  first  to  introduce 
them  into  the  university  schools.  In  1691  he 
came  to  London  with  the  intention  of  solicit- 
ing the  Savilian  professorship  of  astronomy 
at  Oxford,  upon  Dr.  Bernard's  resignation, 
and  by  the  friendship  of  sir  Isaac  Newton, 
and  of  Flamsteed,  he  succeeded,  after  being 
admitted  at  Baliol  college,  and  incorporated 
M.  A.  and  created  M.  D.  He  now  devoted 
himself  to  his  laborious  studies,  and  display- 
ed great  powers  in  the  elements  of  optics 
and  physical  and  geometrical  astronomy, 
improving  the  discoveries  of  others  by  new 
and  elegant  demonstrations.  He  proposed 
co  publish  the  works  of  all  the  ancient  ma- 
shematicians,  and  in  the  prosecution  of  this 


plan  produced  an  edition  of  Euclid  in  Creek 
and  Latin,  and  prepared  with  his  friend 
Halley,  an  edition  of  the  Conits  of  Apollo- 
nius.  His  labors  however  were  slopped  by 
death.  He  died  at  his  villa  near  Maiden- 
head, 16th  Oct.  1710,  and  a  handsome  mo- 
nument was  erected  to  his  memory,  in  St. 
Mary's,  Oxford,  by  his  widow.  His  eldest 
son  David,  was  educated  at  Christ  church, 
and  successively  became  regius  professor  of 
modern  history,  canon  and  dean  of  his  col- 
lege. Many  of  his  papers  were  inserted  in 
the  Philosophical  Transactions,  and  the  va- 
rious things  which  he  wrote,  and  the  im- 
provement which  he  made  in  geometry  and 
philosophy  are  fully  mentioned  in  tli£  Bio- 
graplua  Britannica.  His  brother  James  was 
for  33  years  mathematical  professor  at  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  was  succeeded  by  Maclau- 
rin. — Another  brother,  Charles,  was  3'2 
years  mathematical  professor  at  St.  An. 
drew's,  where  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
David,  author  of  a  System  of  Arithmetic 
and  Algebra  in  Latin. 

Gregory,  John,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Agmondesham,  Bucks,  10th  November 
1607.  His  abilities  displayed  themselves  so 
early  that  as  his  parents  were  poor,  though 
well  respected,  his  opulent  neighbors  united 
to  give  him  a  liberal  education  by  common 
subscription.  With  this  benevolent  intention, 
he  was  sent  with  sir  William  Drake  to  Christ 
church,  Oxford,  as  servitor,  under  the  tuition 
of  Morley,  afterwards  bishop  of  Winchester. 
Young  Gregory  rose  in  the  esteem  of  his 
fellow  students,  he  took  his  degree  of  MA 
1631,  and  was  made  by  dean  Duppa,  chap- 
lain of  the  cathedral.  When  Duppa  was 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Chichester,  and  af- 
terwards to  Salisbury,  he  accompanied  him 
as  his  domestic  chaplain,  and  obtained  from 
him  a  stall  in  the  church  of  Sarum.  The 
violence  of  the  times,  however,  did  not  long 
permit  him  to  enjoy  bis  ecclesiastical  honors, 
he  was  ejected  by  the  parliament,  and,  in  his 
distress  he  went  to  reside  in  the  house  of  one 
Sutton,  who  kept  an  ale-house  at  Kiddington 
green,  near  Oxford,  to  whose  son  he  had 
been  tutor,  where  he  died  of  the  gout  in  his 
stomach,  March  13th,  1646.  His  remains 
were  buried  in  Oxford  cathedral.  His  works 
were  Notes  and  Observations  on  some  Pas- 
sages of  Scripture, — an  edition  of  Ridley's 
View  of  the  Civil  and  Ecclesiastical  Law, — 
"  Gregorii  Posthuma,"  &c. 

Gregory,  Edmund,  author  of  the  "  His- 
torical Anatomy  of  Christian  Melancholy," 
— of  "  a  Meditation  on  Job,"  8vo.  was  of 
Trinity  college,  Oxford,  and  died  1650. 

Gregory,  Dr.  John,  a  physician  of  re- 
spectability, born  at  Aberdeen.  He  studied 
at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden,  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  and  medicine  at  Aber- 
deen. He  wrote  several  valuable  medical 
tracts,  but  he  is  chiefly  known  for  his  "  Com- 
parative View  of  the  State  of  Man,  and 
other  Animals," — a  Father's  Legacy  to  his 
Daughter,  and  other  moral  pieces.  He  set- 
tled in  London  in  1751,  but  removed  to  Edin- 
burgh as  professor  »f  pkysic,  in  1766,  aud 


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died  there  1775,  aged  49.    His  works  have 
been  collected  into  4  vols.  8vo. 

Gregoby,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
author  of  some  learned  but  injudicious  works. 
He  died  1527. 

Gregorius,  GeorgiusFlorentius,  orCre- 
gory  of  Tours,  a  learned  bishop  of  Tours,  in 
the  6th  century.  He  was  an  able  writer,  as 
his  History  of  France,  Lives  of  the  Saints, 
and  other  works  lully  prove,  though  Gib- 
bon censures  his  style  as  devoid  of  elegance 
and  simplicity.     He  died  about  595. 

Grenada,  Lewis  de,  a  Dominican,  born 
at  Grenada.  Devoted  to  the  duties  and  aus- 
terities of  a  monastic  life,  he  had  the  firm- 
ness to  refuse  the  bishopric  of  Braganza,  and 
died  1588,  aged  84.  He  wrote  several  works 
■which  evince  his  labors,  his  piety,  and  his 
benevolence. 

Grenan,  Benignus,  a  Latin  poet,  profes- 
sor of  rhetoric  at  Harcourt.  He  was  born 
at  Noyers,  and  died  at  Paris  1723,  aged  42. 
He  was  the  friend  and  the  poetical  rival  of 
professor  Coffin.  His  verses  contain  great 
elegance,  with  many  noble  and  delicate  sen- 
timents. 

Grence,  a  French  painter  of  great 
merit.  His  pieces  are  much  admired,  espe- 
cially the  sacrifice  of  Jeptha,  Diana  and  En- 
dymion,  Susannah,  &c. 

Grej;  v  i  l  i-E,  George,  a  celebrated  states- 
man, known  in  parliamentary  history  for  his 
two  bills  for  the  more  regular  payment  of 
the  navy,  passed  in  1757,  and  for  the  trial  of 
contested  elections,  passed  in  1770.  He  was 
distinguished  for  his  eloquence  in  the  senate, 
and  possessed  that  extensive  and  enlightened 
knowledge  which  fitted  him  for  the  highest 
offices  of  the  state.  He  was  in  1754,  made 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  and  became  first  lord  of 
the  treasury  in  1763,  but  resigned  two  years 
after  to  lord  Rockingham.  He  died  13th 
November,  1770,  aged  58.  By  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  sir  William  Wyndham,  he  had 
four  sons  and  five  daughters,  and  of  these, 
the  present  marquis  of  Buckingham,  who 
inherited  the  family  estates  in  Buckingham- 
shire; lord  Grenville  and  Mr.  Thomas 
Grenville,  have  raised  themselves  high  in 
the  public  estimation  for  their  services  to 
their  country,  in  the  important  offices  which 
they  have  filled  with  so  mud)  ability,  firm- 
ness, and  wisdom. 

Gresham,  sir  Thomas,  descended  from 
an  ancient  family  in  Norfolk,  was  born  in 
London  1519,  and  was  bound  apprentice  to 
a  mercer.  That  his  mind  might,  however, 
be  somewhat  more  cultivated,  he  became  a 
member  of  Caius  college,  Cambridge,  where 
his  proficiency  was  SHcfc  that,  he  was  called 
by  Caius  the  founder,  "Doctissimus  Mer- 
cator."  He  was  admitted  into  the  mercers' 
company  in  1543,  and  about  that  time  mar- 
ried, and  in  1551,  he  went  to  Antwerp  to 
settle  as  agent  to  king  Edward,  for  taking  up 
money  from  the  Flemish  merchants.  In 
this  office  he  displayed  great  dexterity  and 
wisdom,  and  made  the  balance  of  trade  pre- 
ponderate much  in  favor  of  England.  On 
Mary's  accession  he  was  removed  from  his 


office,  in  consequence  of  which  he  present- 
ed a  petition  to  the  queen,  and  represented 
in  modest  terms  the  many  services  which  he 
had  rendered  to  her  brother  Edward,  and 
to  the  kingdom,  in  consequence  of  which  he 
was  restored  to  favor,  and  continued  in  the 
same    employment    under   Elizabeth.      In 
1559,  ha  was  knighted  by  the  queen,  and  in 
the  midst  of  his  great  reputation,  and  com- 
mercial prosperit}r,  he  built  himself  a  man- 
sion-house on  the  west  side  of  Bishopsgatc- 
street,  but  his  hopes  were  ruined,  and  his     i 
happiness  embittered   by  the  death   of  his 
only  son,  a  youth  of  16,  in  1504.    Full  of 
liberality,  sir  Thomas  wished  that  the  mer- 
chants of   London   might  meet  in  a  more 
convenient  place  than  the  open  air  in  Lom- 
bard-street, and  therefore,  agreeable  to  his 
suggestions,  the  city  of  London,  bought  for 
more  than   3:>32<.   about  80  houses,   which 
were  pulled  down,  anil  on  the  site  of  them 
was  begun,  7th  June  1566,  the  erection  of  a 
noble  building.     It  was   fully  completed  in 
1569,  at  sir  Thomas's   expense,   after  the 
model  of  the  exchange  at  Antwerp,  and  Jan. 
29th,  1570,  Elizabeth,  attended  by  her  no- 
bility, visited  it,  and  by  the  voice  of  a  herald, 
caused  it  to  be  proclaimed   "the  Royal  Ex- 
change."    Sir  Thomas  afterwards  built  the 
mansion-house  at  Osterly  park,  for  his  resi- 
dence, and    he  determined   to  appropriate 
his  house  in  Bishopsgate-street  to  literary 
purposes,  though  earnestly  solicited  to  apply 
his  liberality  to  the  foundation  of  a  college  at 
Oxford,  or  more  particularly  at  Cambridge, 
where  he  had  received  some  part  of  his  edu- 
cation.    In  1575  he  therefore  founded  Gre- 
sham college,  leaving  the  half  of  his  proper- 
ty in  the  Royal  exchange  to  the  corporation 
of  London,  and  the   other  to  the  mercers' 
company,  for  the  endowment  of  seven  lec- 
tures in  divinity,   law,   physic,  astronomy, 
rhetoric,  geometry,  and  music,  at  50/.  each, 
with  his  house   where  the  lectures  were  to 
be  delivered.    Besides  these  munificent  do- 
nations, he  was  a  very  liberal  benefactor  to 
various  charities  and  institutions,    and,   in 
every  respect  shewed  that  riches  in  his  hand 
could  best  be  employed  in  acts  of  benevo- 
lence and  humanity.     This  truly  illustrious 
character  did  not  long  enjoy  the  satisfaction 
of  conscious   and   dignified    virtue;    he    fell 
down  senseless  on   his  return  from  the  ex- 
change to  his  house,  Bishojisgate-street,  and 
expired  soon   after,  21st   November,  1579. 
He  was  buried  with  great  pomp  in  his  parish 
church  of  St.  Helen's.    His  corpse  was  at- 
tended by  100  poor  men  and  as   many  wo- 
men, clothed  in  black,  and  the  expenses  of 
the  funeral,  in  those  cheap  days,  amounted 
to  no  less  than  800/.     His  lady  survived  him 
some  years,   she  died  23d  November  1596, 
and  was  buried  in  the  same  vault  with  him. 
The  character  of  this  generous  and  public 
spirited  man  has  been  drawn  accurately  by 
Mr.  "Ward,  who  observes  that,  to  the  know- 
ledge of  ancient  and  modern  languages,  and 
an  eagerness  to    patronise    literature    and 
learned  men,  he  united  a  very  comprehen- 
sive knowledge  qf  commercial  affairs,  foreign 


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and  domestic.  He  therefore  deservedly  ac- 
quired an  immense  fortune.,  which  rendered 
him  not  only  the  highest  commoner  in  the 
kingdom,  with  the  appellation  of  the  Royal 
merchant,  but  the  most  capable  and  the  most 
willing  to  employ  his  opulence  in  such  acts 
as  dignify  human  nature. 

Guesset,  John  Baptist  Lewis,  a  cele- 
brated French  poet,  known  chiefly  for  his 
elegant,  lively,  and  interesting  poem  called 
Vert-vert.  His  CEuvrcs  Diverses  were  pub- 
lished 1748,  12mo.  He  was  director  of  the 
French  academy,  and  obtained  the  order  of 
St.  Michael,  and  letters  of  nobility.  He  died 
at  his  native  town,  Amiens,  16th  Juiu  I7,"7, 
aged  68.  His  comedy  of  the  Meehaut  was 
a  very  popular  play. 

Gretser,  James,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
at  Marcuorf  1561.  He  was  twenty-four 
years  professor  of  morality  and  school  di-  j 
vinity  at  Ingoldstadt,  and  published  a  great 
number  of  books  on  theological  subjects, 
and  against  the  protestants.  To  great  learn- 
ing he  united  unusual  modesty.  lie  died  at 
Ingoldstadt  1635.  His  works  were  published  at 
Ratisbon,  in  17  vols,  folio,  by  Niceron,  1739. 
Grevenbroeck,  a  Flemish  painter  of 
the  17th  century,  admired  for  his  sea  pieces, 
and  particularly  for  the  correctness  with 
■which  he  delineated  the  most  minute  ob- 
jects. 

Greville,  Fulk,  orFoulk,  lord  Brooke, 
was  born  1554,  at  Beauchainp  court,  War- 
wickshire, the  seat  of  his  father  sir  Fulk 
Greville.  He  was  educated,  as  is  supposed 
at  Shrewsbury  school  and  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  and  afterwards  entered  at  Ox- 
ford. After  travelling  abroad,  he  was  intro- 
duced to  the  court  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
where  he  became  a  great  favorite,  and 
where  he  obtained  an  annual  income  of 
above  2000/.  as  clerk  of  the  signet  to  the 
council  of  Wales.  Though  prevented  by 
the  commands  of  the  queen  from  indulging 
his  attachment  to  military  affairs,  he  dis- 
tinguished himself,  with  his  affectionate 
friend  sir  Philip  Sydney,  in  the  tilts  and 
tournaments  which  engaged  the  public  at- 
tention on  the  expected  marriage  of  Eliza- 
beth to  the  duke  of  Anjou.  In  1597  he  was 
knighted,  and  continued  to  represent  Ins 
county  in  parliament  till  the  end  of  the 
queen's  reign.  Though  under  James  he 
obtained  the  grant  of  Warwick  castle,  on  the 
reparation  of  which  he  spent  20,000/.  yet  he 
found  Cecil  jealous  of  his  power,  and  "there- 
fore retired  to  privacy,  and  to  studious  pur- 
suits. He  wished  to  engage  in  the  history  of 
his  country  from  the  union  of  the  two  roses 
in  Henry  VII.  but  Cecil  the  secretary  re- 
fused him  the  perusal  of  those  papers  which 
might  have  thrown  a  great  light  on  the  an- 
nals of  that  interesting  period.  After  Cecil's 
death  he  became,  in  1615,  a  favorite  at 
court,  and  was  made  under-treasurer  and 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and  in  16.20  he 
was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  the  peerage.  He 
continued  in  the  favor  of  Charles  I.  and  in 
the  beginning  of  his  reign  founded  a  history 
lecture  in  the  unh'ersity  of  Cambridge,  with 


an  annual  salary  of  100/.  The  succeeding 
history  of  his  life  is  most  melancholy  ;  Ralph. 
Heywood,  one  of  his  domestics,  considering; 
his  services  too  long  unrewarded,  upbraided 
him  in  his  chamber  with  unusual  freedom, 
and  upon  finding  his  application  disregarded, 
stabbed  him  mortally  in  the  back  with  a 
knife  or  sword,  and  then  retiring  to  an  ad- 
joining chamber,  destroyed  himself  with  the 
same  weapon.  This  bloody  catastrophe 
happened  at  Brook-house,  Ilolborn,  30th 
September,  1628.  The  dead  body  was  con- 
veyed to  Warwick,  and  buried  in  St.  Mary's 
church  there.  Lord  Brooke  deserves  to  be 
recorded  not  merely  as  a  courtier,  but  as  the 
friend  and  patron  of  learned  men,  and  among 
his  respectable  associates  may  be  numbered 
besides  Sidney,  Spenser,  Shakspeare.  Ben 
Jonson,  Egerton,  Overal,  Camden,  Speed, 
Davenant,  Sec.  As  he  was  never  married, 
bis  estates  descended  to  his  relation  Robert 
Greville. 

Grevin,  James,  a  French  poet  and  phy- 
sician, born  at  Clermont  1538.  He  was  in 
the  service  of  Margaret  of  France,  duchess 
of  Savoy,  and  died  at  Turin,  5th  Nov.  1573. 
He  wrote  three  plays  ;  and  had  lie  not  died 
thus  prematurely,  be  would  have  been  dis- 
tinguished still  more  by  his  genius  as  a  poet, 
and  by  extensive  practice  as  a  physician. 
His  poems,  he.  were  printed  at  Paris  1561, 
in  8vo.  As  he  was  a  strong  Calvinist,  he 
joined  Roche  Chandieu  and  Christian  to 
write  the  well  known  poem  "the  Temple," 
against  Ronsard,  who  in  his  "Miseries  of 
the  Time,"  had  abused  the  protestants. 

Grevius,  or  GrjCvius,  John  George,  a 
learned  Latin  critic,  born  at  Naumbourg  in 
Saxony,  29lh  Jan.  1632.  He  finished  his 
studies  at  Leipsic,  but  though  intended  for 
the  law  by  his  father,  he  paid  much  atten- 
tion to  classical  literature,  and  by  the  friend- 
ship and  assistance  of  J.  F.  Grouovius  at  He- 
venter,  and  of  1).  Heinsius,  at  Leyden,  he 
laid  the  foundation  of  that  universal  learning, 
which  soon  after  so  eminently  distinguished 
him.  By  the  persuasion  of  D.  Blonde!,  at 
Amsterdam,  he  quitted  the  tenets  of  Luther 
for  those  of  Calvin.  His  reputation  was  so 
well  established  that  his  assistance  as  public 
professor  was  solicited  by  the  elector  oi' 
Brandenburg,  but  he  finally  settled  at  De- 
venter,  where  he  succeeded  his  friend  Gro- 
novius.  After  adorning,  by  bis  eloquence 
and  the  great  powers  of  his  mind,  successive- 
ly, the  chairs  of  eloquence,  politics,  and  his- 
tory ;  and  after  being  honored  will)  the  par- 
ticular attentions  of  the  states  of  Utrecht, 
who  as  well  as  man)  students  from  Germany 
and  England,  paid  homage  to  his  superior 
abilities  ;  this  excellent  scholar  was  suddenly 
carried  off  by  an  apoplexy,  11th  Jan.  1703, 
aged  71.  By  bis  wife,  whom  he  married 
1656,  he  had  IS  children,  but  only  four  (laugh 
ters  survived  him.  As  an  editor  and  anno- 
tator,  Graevius  has  acquired  great  celebrity. 
Hesiod,  Suetonius,  Cicero,  Florus,  Catullus, 
Tibullus,  Propertius,  Cxsar,  Lucian,  &e. 
were  edited  by  him,  besides  Callimachus. 
which  his  sou,  who  died  in  his  23d  year,  had 


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Nearly  completed.  His  chief  work  is  his 
•'  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  Romanarum," 
■12  vols.  fol.  to  which  he  added  Thesaurus 
Antiq.  et  Histor.  Italia?,  printed  after  his 
death,  3  vols.  fol.  The  best  part  of  his  let- 
ters to  the  learned  men  of  the  age  were 
preserved  in  Dr.  Mead's  collection. 

Greuie,  a  very  eminent  French  painter. 
His  Pere  de  Famille  giving  his  daughter  to 
an  honest  peasant,  to  whom  she  was  betroth- 
ed, his  Filial  Piety,  and  his  young  Woman 
deploring  the  loss  of  her  canary-bird  are 
very  fine  performances. 

Grew,  Obadiah,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Atherston,  Warwickshire,  1607.  He  en- 
tered at  Baliol  college,  and  after  taking  his 
degrees  in  arts,  he  entered  into  orders  at  the 
age  of  28,  and  favoring  the  views  of  parlia- 
ment, settled  at  Coventry  as  minister  of  St. 
Michael's  there.  Active  and  exemplary  in 
his  conduct,  he  was  an  indefatigable  parish 
priest,  and  as  he  sided  with  the  presbyteri- 
ans  against  the  hierarchy,  so  he  opposed 
them  in  their  views  of  cutting  off  the  king  ; 
and  even  drew  a  promise  from  Cromwell,  as 
he  passed  through  Coventry,  in  1047",  that 
no  violence  should  be  offered  to  his  royal 
master.  In  1651,  he  took  both  his  degrees 
in  divinity,  but  at  the  restoration  he  refused 
to  conform,  for  which  he  was  ejected  from 
his  parish.  He  died  22d  Oct.  169S.  He 
published  Meditations  on  the  Parable  of  the 
Prodigal  Son,  and  other  theological  tracts. 

Grew,  Nehemiah,  ■son  of  the  preceding, 
was  eminent  as  a  writer  and  a  physician. 
He  was  educated  abroad,  and  was  admitted 
into  the  college  of  physicians  1680.  His 
great  merits  and  extensive  practice,  in  Lon- 
don, recommended  him  to  the  Royal  society, 
of  which  he  became  fellow  ;  and  in  1677, 
secretary.  Besides  the  publication  of  the 
philosophical  transactions  in  which  lie  was 
engaged,  he  sent  to  press  the  Anatomy  of 
Plants,  fol. — Comparative  Anatomy   of  the 


Stomach,  he.  fol. — Catalogue  of  the  Rarities 
of  the  Royal  society — Cosmologia  Sacra,  &c. 
He  died  suddenly,  Lady-day  1711,  in  Lou- 
don. 

Grey,  lady  Jane,  celebrated  for  her  vir- 
tues and  her  misfortunes,  was  daughter  of 
Henry  Grey,  marquis  of  Dorset,  by  Frances 
Brandon,  daughter  of  Mary,  dowager  of 
France,  and  sister  to  Henry  VIII.  She  was 
born  in  1537,  at  Bradgate-hall,  Leicester- 
shire, and  from  her  very  infancy  shewed 
great  quickness  and  comprehension  of  mind. 
Under  Harding  and  Aylmer,  her  father's 
chaplains,  she  improved  herself  in  the  vari- 
ous branches  of  learning  ;  and  became  such 
a  proficient  in  languages,  that  she  spoke  and 
wrote,  with  astonishing  facility,  the  French, 
Italian,  Latin,  and  it  is  said  the  Greek  ;  and 
"was  also  well  skilled  in  Hebrew,  Arabic,  and 
Chaldee.  To  these  high  acquirements  in 
literature,  were  united  great  beauty,  the 
mildest  manners,  and  the  most  captivating 
virtues  of  humility,  benevolence,  and  modes- 
ty. Regardless  of  the  pleasures  and  frivo- 
lous occupations  of  the  great,  she  sought  for 
gratification  in  reading  and  in  meditation, 


and  she  observed  to  her  tutor  Ascham,  whp 
found  her    reading  Plato  while  the  rest  of 
the  family  were  hunting  in    the  park,  that 
the  sport  which  they  were  enjoying,  was  but 
a  shadow   compared  to  the  pleasure  which 
she  received  from  the  sublime  author.    The 
alliances  of  her  family,  however,  and  their 
ambition,  were  too  powerful  to  suffer  her  to 
live  in  her  beloved    seclusion.     No  sooner 
was  the  declining  health  of  the  sixth  Edward 
perceived   by   his  courtiers,    than    Dudley, 
duke   of  Northumberland,   prevailed   upon 
the   unsuspecting    monarch,    to    settle   the 
crown  on  his  relation,  lady  Jane,  whose  at- 
tachment to  the  principles  of  the  reforma- 
tion was  indubitable  ;  and  to    pass   over  his 
sisters  Mary  and  Elizabeth.     When  this  was 
effected,  the  artful  favorite  married  his  son 
Guildford  Dudley  to  the  future  queen,  and 
thus  paved  the  way  to  the  elevation  of  his 
own  family  to  the  throne.    But  while  others 
rejoiced  in  these  plans  of  approaching  great- 
ness, Jane  alone  seemed  unconcerned,  and 
when,  at  last,  on  Edward's  death,  she  was 
hailed   as  queen  by  her  ambitious  father-in- 
law,  Northumberland,  she  refused  the  prof- 
fered dignity,  till  the  authority  of  her  father 
the  duke  of  Suffolk,  and  the  entreaties  of  a 
husband  whom  she  tenderly  loved,  prevailed 
upon  her  reluctantly  to  consent.     She  was 
as  usual,  conveyed  to  the  tower,  preparatory 
to  her  coronation,  and  she   was  proclaimed 
queen  in  the  city,  and  honored  with  all  the 
marks  of  royalty.     This  sunshine  of  pros- 
perity, was,  however,   but  transitory ;   her 
rival  Mary  proved  more  powerful,  and  tire 
kingdom  seemed  to  espouse  her  cause  with 
such  loyalty,  that  Northumberland  and  Suf- 
folk yielded  to  the   popular  voice,  and  lady 
Jane  after  being  treated  as  queen  for  a  few 
days,  descended  again,  and  with  exultation, 
to  privacy.    But  misfortunes  accompanied 
her  fall.     She  saw  her  father-in-law  and  his 
family,  her  own  father  and  his  numerous  ad- 


herents brought  to  the  Tower,  and  at  last 
expire  under  the  hand  of  the  executioner, 
and  she  herself  together  with  her  husband 
were  to  complete  the  bloody  tragedy.  She 
and  lord  Guilford  and  Cranmer  were  car- 
red  to  Guildhall  from  the  Tower  and  at- 
tainted of  high  treason,  and  condemned,  but 
it  is  imagined  that  had  not  Wyatt's  rebellion 
at  that  time  alarmed  the  suspicions  of  the 
bigoted  Mary,  the  innocent  Jane  might 
have  been  pardoned.  Three  months  after 
her  condemnation  she  was  ordered  to  pre- 
pare for  death,  and  as  her  husband  was  dis- 
suaded from  increasing  their  mutual  bitter- 
ness by  taking  leave  of  each  other,  she 
gave  him  her  last  farewell  through  the  win- 
dow as  he  passed  to  the  place  of  execution, 
and  soon  after  she  saw  his  headless  body 
wrapped  in  a  linen  cloth  borne  to  the  chapel. 
From  the  horrid  sight  she  was  soon  sum- 
moned herself  to  the  scaffold,  where  she 
suffered  with  the  most  christian  resignation, 
exclaiming  with  fervency,  "  Lord,  into  thy 
hands  I  commend  my  spirit."  This  bloody 
catastrophe  took  place  12th  Feb.  1554.  Jane 
carried  with  her  to  the  grave,  the  regrets 


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and  the  affections  of  the  protesiants,  and 
Mary  in  shedding  the  blood  of  those  who 
were  so  nearly  related  to  her,  seemed  to 
proclaim  that  she  little  regarded  the  sacri- 
ficing of  the  lives  of  her  subjects  to  her  own 
?jjgoted  principles. 

Grey,  Dr.  Zaehary,  an  English  scholar, 
descended  from  a  Yorkshire  family.  He 
was  of  Jesus  college,  Cambridge,  and  after- 
wards removed  toTrinity  haU, where  he  took 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  He-  was  rector  of 
Houghton-Conquest,  Bedfordshire,  and  vicar 
of  St.  Giles'  and  St.  Peter's  in  Cambridge, 
and  died  -5th  Nov  1765,  aged  79.  He  was 
author  of  near  30  publications,  the  best 
known  of  which  is  his  edition  of  Hudibras, 
with  curious  and  interesting  notes,  2  vols, 
which  has  been  censured  and  ridiculed  by 
Warburton  and  H.  Fielding,  but  ably  defend- 
ed by  Warlon  on  Shakspcare.  He  also  an- 
swered Neale's  History  of  the  Puritaus,  3 
vols.  8vo.  Dr.  Grey  was  twice  married  and 
left  two  daughters. 

Grey,  Dr.  itichard,  an  English  divine, 
born  1693.  He  was  of  Lincoln  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  obtained  the  livings  of  Kilncote, 
Leicestershire,  and  afterwards  Hinton  in 
Northamptonshire,  and  a  prebend  in  St. 
Paul's.  He  was  made  D.D.  1731,  by  the 
university  for  his  "  System  of  English  Ec- 
clesiastical Law."  He  published  besides  in 
1736  an  anonymous  pamphlet  called  "  the 
Miserable  and  Distracted  State  of  Religion 
in  England,  upon  the  Downfall  of  the  Church 
Established,"  8vo. — and  also  "a  New  Meth- 
od of  Learning  Hebrew  without  Points," — 
Liber  Jobi. — the  Last  Words  of  David — 
<=ome  sermons,  &c.  He  left  some  daughters, 
and  died  28th  Feb.  1771,  aged  78. 

Gribaldus,  Matthew,  a  learned  civil- 
ian of  Padua,  who  left  Italy  to  embrace  the 
protestant  faith,  and  became  professor  of 
civil  law  at  Tubingen.  He  followed  the  er- 
rors of  the  anti-trinitarians,  for  which  he 
was  obliged  to  fly  from  Tubingen,  and  he 
was  at  last  seized  at  Bern,  where  the  plague 
carried  him  oft"  in  Sep.  1564,  and  thus  pre- 
vented the  ignominious  death  which  his  per- 
secutors would  have  inflicted  upon  him.  He 
wrote  some  valuable  books  on  civil  law,  the 
best  known  of  which  is  his  "  Commentarii  in 
Legem  de  Rerem  Mixtura,  et  de  Jure 
Fisci." 

Gribner,  Michael  Henry,  professor  of 
the  law  at  Wittemberg,  died  1734.  He 
wrote  several  works  in  Latin  on  jurispru- 
dence, fccc.  and  his  abilities  are  mentioned 
with  respect  by  Saxius  in  his  Onomasticon. 

Griersos,  Constantia,  a  woman  of  great 
respectability  as  a  scholar  in  Greek  and 
Roman  literature.  She  was  born  in  Kilken- 
ny, Ireland,  of  poor  and  illiterate  parents, 
but  she  proved  her  title  to  celebrity  by  her 
edition  of  Tacitus,  dedicated  to  lord  Car- 
teret, and  by  that  of  Terence,  inscribed  to 
his  son,  and  also  by  her  poems,  and  a  Greek 
epigram  of  great  merit.  In  acknowledg- 
ment of  her  literary  abilities,  lord  Carteret 
inserted  her  name  in  the  patent  which  grant- 
ed the  office  of  king's  printer  to  her  husband 
for  life.    She  died  In  1733,   aged   onlv  27. 


She  received,  as  she  informed  Mrs.  Pilking-- 
ton,  some  instruction  from  the  clergyman  of 
her  parish,  but  for  the  best  part  of  her 
learning,  she  was  indebted  to  her  own  in- 
dustry. To  her  learning  and  philosophical 
knowledge,  she  united  great  modesty,  genu- 
ine piety,  and  every  female  virtue. 

Griffet,  Henry,  a  Jesuit  of  Moulins, 
who  died  at  Brussels  1775,  aged  77.  He 
published  Daniel's  History  of  France,  in 
which  he  continued  the  reigu  of  Lewis XIII. 
7  vols.  4to.  besides  sermons,  and  a  popular 
work  called  "Delices  des  Pays  Bas,"  5  vols. 
12mo. 

Griffier,  John,  an  eminent  painter, 
called  old  Griffier,  and  abroad  the  gentleman 
of  Utrecht.  He  was  born  at  Amsterdam, 
and  died  in  London  171 8,  aged  60.  His  views 
on  the  Thames  were  much  admired,  as  also 
his  etched  prints  of  birds,  beasts,  &c.  from 
the  designs  of  F.  Barlow.  His  son  Robert, 
called  the  young  Griffier,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land, and  was  living  in  1713.  He  was  an 
excellent  landscape  painter. 

Griffin,  the  last  prince  of  Wales  before 
its  total  subjugation  by  the  English,  was  in- 
humanly put  to  death  in  London  by  his  con- 
queror. 

Griffith,  Michael,  a  native  of  London, 
who  studied  at  Seville  and  in  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, and  became  a  Jesuit,  and  was  sent  as 
missionary  of  his  order  to  England.  He  died 
at  St.  Omer's  1652,  aged  65.  He  wrote  An- 
nates Eclesise  Britannicce,  4  vols.  fol. — BrU 
tannia  Illustrata,  4to. 

Griffiths,  Ralph,  a  native  of  Shrop- 
shire, known  in  the  republic  of  letters  as  the 
first  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Monthly 
Review  a  periodical  work,  begun,  in  I749,v 
and  by  his  assiduity  and  the  co-operation  of 
men  of  talents  and  information  raised  to 
great  celebrity.  This  useful  work  was  so 
ably  and  so  successfully  conducted,  that  it 
procured  him  a  comfortable  independence, 
on  which  lie  retired  to  his  residence  at  Turn- 
ham  Green,  some  years  before  his  death. 
He  was  honored  for  his  services  to  literature 
with  the  degree  of  L.L.D.  from  one  of  the 
American  universities,  and  he  died  1803, 
aged  83. 

Gr i  gnan, Frances  Margaret  deSevigne, 
countess  of,  daughter  of  the  celebrated  mad- 
ame  de  Sevigne,  was  born  in  1646.  She 
married  in  1669,  count  Grignan,  an  officer  of 
high  rank  at  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  Her 
residence  in  Provence  with  her  husband, 
and  at  a  distance  from  her  mother,  was  the 
cause  of  the  writing  of  those  excellent  let- 
ters, which  passed  between  the  mother  and 
daughter.  She  had  two  daughters  and  one 
son.  She  died  1705,  one  year  after  the  death 
of  her  son,  and  her  husband  survived  hei 
till  1714,  aged  85. 

Grigxox,  Jaques,  a  French  engraver  at, 
the  end  of  the  17th  century.  His  best  works 
are  his  portraits.  He  engraved  some  pieces 
from  Cb.au veau's  designs  for  "  les  Tableaux: 
de  la  Penitence." 

Grimaldt,  John  Francis  a  painter, 
born  at  Bologna   1606.    He  studied  under 


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his  relations  the  Caraccis,  and  was  honorably 
employed  by  Innocent  X.  in  adorning  ihe 
Vatican,  and  the  other  edifices  of  Rome. 
He  also  was  engaged  by  Mazarin  at  Paris 
for  three  years  in  embellishing  his  palace 
and  the  Louvre,  but  the  troubles  of  the  times, 
and  the  warmth  with  which  he  espoused  the 
«ause  of  his  patron,  obliged  him  to  fly  to  the 
Jesuits  for  protection.  On  his  return  to 
.Home  he  gained  the  patronage  of  Innocent's 
two  successor,  Alexander  VII.  and  Clement 
IX.  and  devoted  the  labors  of  his  pencil  in 
their  service.  He  was  also  skilled  in  archi- 
tecture, and  42  of  his  engravings  in  aqua  for- 
tis,  are  mentioned  with  great  commenda- 
tion. In  him  the  celebrity  of  the  painter 
was  united  with  great  benevolence  and  the 
most  charitable  disposition.  He  died  of  a 
dropsy  at  Rome  1660,  leaving  a  considerable 
fortune  among  his  six  children,  the  youngest 
of  whom,  Alexander,  distinguished  himself  as 
a  painter. 

Grimani, Domenico,  son  of  the  doge  of 
Venice,  was  born  there  1460.  He  was  a 
learned  man  and  the  correspondent  of  Eras- 
mus, and  translated  some  of  Chyrsostom's 
homilies  into  Latin.  He  was  made  a  cardi- 
nal and  died  1523. 

Grimani,  Hubert,  an  excellent  portrait 
painter  of  Delft,  who  died  1629,  aged  30. 

Grimarest,  Leonard,  a  French  writer 
who  died  1720.  He  wrote  the  Life  of 
Charles  XII.  and  that  of  Moliere,  severely 
censured  by  Voltaire. 

Grimaud,  N.  de,  professor  of  medicine 
at  Montpellier,  is  author  of  a  treatise  on 
Fevera — Memoirs  on  Nutrition,  &c.  He 
died  1791. 

Grimmer,  James,  a  much  admired  land- 
scape painter  of  Antwerp,  who  died  1546, 
aged  30. 

Grimoux,  a  French  painter,  who  affect- 
ed to  make  no  distinction  between  night  and 
tlay.  His  portraits  are  highly  valued  as  ca- 
binet pieces.     He  died  1740. 

Grimston,  sir  Harbottle,  a  learned  law- 
ver,  master  of  the  rolls  to  Charles  I.  He 
died  168 J,  aged  99. 

Grindal,  Edmund,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  born  1519  at  Halsingham  in 
Cumberland.  He  entered  at  Magdalen  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  then  removed  to 
Christ's,  and  afterwards  to  Pembroke  hall, 
when  he  became  fellow  1538,  and  M.  A. 
.1541.  He  was  afterwards  chosen  lady  Mar- 
garet's public  preacher,  and  distinguished 
himself  so  much  that  Ridley  bishop  of  Lon- 
don made  him  his  chaplain  1550.  The  next 
year  he  was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king, 
and  in  1553  he  obtained  a  stall  at  Westmin- 
ster and  was  marked  as  one  of  those  who 
where  to  enjoy  in  two  portions  the  rich  bish- 
opric of  Durham,  but  the  succession  of  Mary 
clouded  all  his  prospects.  He  fled  to  Stras- 
burg,  and  there  remained  till  the  death  of 
the  queen,  when  his  services  were  employed 
in  drawing  up  the  new  liturgy  and  in  oppos- 
ing in  a  public  dispute  with  seven  other  pro- 
testants  the  popish  prelates.  In  1559  he 
v  as  made  master  of  Pembroke  hall,  in  the 


room  of  Young,  who  refused  the  oaths  of 
supremacy,  and  the  same  year  he  was  nomi- 
nated to  succeed  after  Bonner's  deposition  as, 
bishop  of  London.  In  1564  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.D.  and  in  1570  he  was  translated  to 
York,  and  succeeded  Parker  five  years  after 
in  the  see  of  Canterbury.  His  elevation  wa3 
of  short  duration.  Elizabeth  saw  with  dis- 
pleasure that  the  frequent  meetings  of  the 
clergy  for  purposes  of  mutual  improvement, 
and  for  the  better  understanding  of  the  scrip- 
ture, were  often  converted  into  faction  in- 
stead of  christian  edification,  and  she  there- 
fore directed  Grindal  to  exercise  his  author- 
ity to  abolish  these  prophesyings,  as  they 
were  called.  The  primate  who  acknowledged 
that  tho  interference  of  the  laity  in  these 
public  meetings  was  often  subversive  of  good 
order  and  decorum,  yet  saw  consequences  in 
the  friendly  meeting  of  the  clergy  so  favora- 
ble to  the  cause  of  religion  that  he  ventured 
to  dispute  with  the  queen  about  the  proprie- 
ty of  her  measures.  Elizabeth  was  peremp- 
tory, her  commands  were  issued  to  the 
bishops  to  silence  all  prophesyings  and  exer- 
cises, all  preachers  not  lawfully  called  ;  and 
Grindal,  after  being  allowed  a  decent  time  to 
consider  of  his  conduct,  was,  by  order  of  the 
Star-chamber,  confined  to  his  house,  and 
his  see  sequestered  from  him.  Though  in 
some  degree  afterwards  restored  to  his  me- 
tropolitan power,  yet  he  chose  to  resign 
his  see,  and  to  receive  a  pension  from  the 
queen.  With  this  he  retired  to  Croydon,  but 
died  two  months  after,  6th  July,  1583,  and 
was  interred  in  Croydon  church.  This  learn- 
ed prelate,  whose  firmness  was  doubted 
whilst  he  held  the  see  of  London,  and  seem- 
ed to  waver  in  his  treatment  of  the  papists, 
wrote  little.  The  patrons  of  his  early  life, 
were  besides  Ridley,  secretary  Cecil  and 
archbishop  Parker.  He  was  engaged  in 
drawing  up  the  statutes  for  the  government 
of  Christ-church,  Oxford,  and  by  his  human- 
ity he  provided  a  new  settlement  at  Embden 
for  the  British  merchants  of  Antwerp,  whom 
Spanish  tyranny  oppressed  and  insulted. 

Gringonneur,  Jacquemin,  a  Parisian 
painter  in  the  1 4th  century,  said  to  have  in- 
vented playing  cards  about  1392,  to  amuse 
the  melancholy  hours  of  Charles  VI.  king 
of  France.  Some,  however,  imagine  that 
cards  were  in  fashion  long  before  the  de* 
rangementof  the  sixth  Charles. 

Gringore,  Peter,  herald  at  arms  to  the 
duke  of  Lorraine,  died  1 544.  His  "  Morali- 
ties" in  verse,  though  not  very  interesting, 
are  curious,  to  mark  the  progress  of  theatri- 
cal improvement. 

Geisaunt,  William,  an  English  physi- 
cian, astronomer  aud  mathematician,  wh« 
studied  at  Morton  college,  Oxford,  and  to 
avoid  the  suspicion  of  magic  which  in  those 
barbarous  ages  attended  the  possession  of 
learning,  fled  over  to  France.  He  settled  at 
Montpellier  and  afterwards  at  Marseilles, 
where  he  acquired  eminence  and  fame  by  an 
inquisitive  examination  of  the  diseases  and 
constitution -of  his  patients.  His  son  rose  to 
the  ponfifipate  under  the  name  oC  Urban  V- 


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His  works  are  mentioned  in  Aikin's  Biog. 
Memoirs.  The  time  oi"  his  death  is  unknown, 
though  he  was  an  old  man  in  1350. 

Grive,  John  de  la,  a  Trench  geographer 
born  at  Sedan.  He  died  1757,  aged  68. 
His  "  Topography  of  Paris"  is  extremely 
accurate,  and  his  plans  of  Versailles,  Marly, 
&C\  are  much  admired.  He  wrote  also  a 
Manual  of  Spherical  Trigonometry,  and 
other  works. 

Grocyn,  William,  a  learned  Englishman, 
horn  at  Bristol  1442,  and  educated  at  Win- 
chester school,  and  New  college,  Oxford 
In  1479  he  obtained  from  his  college  the  rec- 
tory of  Newton  Longville,  Bucks,  and  after- 
wards in  consequence  of  holding  in  the 
ablest  manner  a  disputation  before  Richard 
III.  when  he  visited  Oxford,  he  was  made 
prebendary  of  Lincoln.  He  travelled  to 
Italy,  and  improved  himself  in  the  Greek, 
then  little  understood,  under  Demetrius 
Chalcondylas,  and  Poiitian,  and  at  his 
return  1491,  settled  at  Exeter  college,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  became  public  professor  of 
his  favorite  language.  He  was  the  corres- 
pondent and  friend  of  Erasmus.  When 
that  illustrious  scholar  visited  Oxford,  Gro- 
cyn received  him  with  affection,  and  intro- 
duced him  to  Warham  the  primate,  and 
other  great  and  learned  men.  In  1490,  Gro- 
cyn exchanged  his  living  for  the  mastership 
of  All-hallows  college,  Maidstone,  Kent, 
where  he  died  1522,  of  a  stroke  of  the  palsy, 
which  the  year  before  had  greatly  impaired 
his  faculties.  He  had  little  respect  for  Plato, 
hut  paid  great  homage  to  the  philosophy  of 
Aristotle,  whose  works,  he  undertook  with 
Latimer,  Linacre,  and  More,  to  translate,  but 
did  not  pursue.  He  left  part  of  his  proper- 
ty to  Linacre  his  executor,  and  to  Thomas 
Lilly  the  grammarian,  who  was  his  godson. 
A  Latin  epistle  from  him  to  Aldus  Manutius, 
is  preserved  in  Linacre's  translation  cf  Pro- 
clus  de  Sphrera.  Though  Erasmus  says 
this  is  all  he  wrote,  yet  some  other  writings 
of  his  are  mentioned  by  Bale  and  Leland. 

Grochowski,  a  Pole,  who,  after  serving 
in  the  Prussian  armies,  took  up  arms  in  de- 
fence of  his  country  against  the  Russians.  He 
was  with  Kosciuszko,  at  the  battle  of  Sye- 
zekociny,  6th  June,  1791,  and  was  mortally 
wounded  by  a  canon  ball. 

Gbodi  t  i  u  s,  Stanislaus,  a  Jesuit  of  Poland , 
author  of  eight  volumes  of  Latin  sermons, 
and  other  polemical  writings.  He  died  at 
Cracow,  1613. 

Gronovius,  John  Frederic,  a  respecta- 
ble civilian,  critic,  and  historian,  born  at 
Hamburgh,  1613.  After  making  great  pro- 
gress in  literature  at  home,  he  travelled 
through  Germany,  Italy,  and  France,  further 
to  increase  the  resources  of  his  mind,  and 
on  his  return  through  Deventer,  he  was 
stopped  and  honorably  appointed  professor  of 
polite  learning.  In  1058  he  removed  to  Ley- 
den  as  successor  in  the  professorial  chair, 
to  Dan.  Heinsius,  and  there  he  diedfgreatly 
regretted,  1672.  He  married  at  Deventer, 
and  had  two  sons  both  eminent  in  literature. 
He  published  a  dissertation  on  Statin*'  Sylya 

vol.  i  79 


— a  treatise  on  the  Sesterce — a  work  cf 
Ecclesiastical  Writers,  besides  valuable  edi- 
tions of  Plautus,  Seneca,  Sallust,  Livy, 
Quintiiian,  Pliny,  kc. 

Gronovius,  James,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  at  Deventer,  20th  Oct.  1645, 
and  educated  under  his  father  at  Leyden. 
In  1670,  he  visited  England,  and  not  only 
examined  the  valuable  libraries  of  the  uni- 
versities, but  he  gained  the  friendship  of  the 
learned,  of  Poeock,  Pearson,  and  ;\1.  Casau- 
bon,  and  after  his  return  to  Leyden,  he  ex- 
tended his  travel",  to  Fiance,  where  he  was 
introduced  to  Chaplain,  d'He.rbelot,  Theve- 
not,  and  other  scholars.  Though  his  father's 
death  disconcerted  his  plans,  he  proceeded 
to  Italy,  where  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
in  respect  to  his  merits,  granted  him  a  peu- 
sion,  and  a  professor's  chair,  at  Pisa,  where 
he  had  for  his  colleague  Henry  Norris,  after- 
wards a  cardinal.  After  some  time  he  left: 
Tuscany,  and  returning  by  the  way  of  Ve- 
nice and  Padua,  he  came  to  Leyden,  where, 
in  1679,  a  professorship  awaited  him.  In 
this  peaceful  retreat,  endeared  to  him  by 
the  residence  of  his  father,  and  the  partiali- 
ties of  youthful  life,  he  determined  to  pass 
the  remainder  of  his  days,  and  therefore  re- 
jected the  honorable  offers  of  a  chair  at  Pa« 
dua,  and  also  at  Keil,  in  Holstein,  under  the 
duke  of  Slcswick.  In  the  midst  of  his  lit- 
erary occupations  the  death  of  his  favorite 
daughter  rent  his  bosom  with  affliction,  so 
that  in  the  fullness  of  his  grief,  he  fell  sick, 
and  five  weeks  after  followed  her  to  the 
grave,  2lst  Oct.  1716.  He  left  two  sons,  the 
eldest  a  physician  and  the  youngest  Abra- 
ham, history  professor  at  Utrecht.  Grono- 
vius was  inferior  to  his  father  in  modesty  and. 
moderation,  though  superior  in  learning; 
but  his  virulence  against  his  literary  antago- 
nists was  such,  that  he  was  called  a  second 
Scioppius.  Besides  editions  of  Macrobius, 
Polybius,  &c.  he  published  that  valuable  j 
book,-  "  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  Grseca- 
rum"  13  vols.  fol. 

Gropper,  John,  an  able  polemic  of 
Westphalia,  who  refused  a  cardinal's  hat. 
He  died  at  Borne  1559.  He  had  a  great  ab- 
horence  of  women. \  He  wrote  a  valuable 
work  "  Erchiridion  Christiana?  lieligionis." 

Gros,  Peter,  an  able  sculptor,  born  at 
Paris.  He  embellished  the  capital  of  France 
with  many  line  specimens  of  his  art,  and 
died  at  Uome  1710,  aged  44. 

Gros,  Nicholas,  a  theologian  of  IMieims, 
whose  opposition  to  the  bull  unigenitus,  ob- 
liged him  to  fly  from  France.  He  was  for 
some  time  in  England,  and  wrote  several 
things  on  temporary  subjects.  He  was  the- 
ological professor  at  Amersfort,  and  in  his 
writings  ably  supported  the  jausenists in  Hol- 
land.    He  died  1751,  aged  70. 

Grose,  Francis,  an  English  antiquary, 
and  able  writer.  He  illustrated  "the  An- 
tiquity of  England  and  Wales"  in  4  vols. 
4to.  "  and  of  Scotland,"  in  two.  His  de- 
sign, with  respect  to  Ireland,  was  checked 
by  death,  which  carried  him  off  in  Dublin,  in 
1791,   aged   52.     He  published   besides    "a 


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Classical  Dictionary  of  the  Vulgar  Tongue," 
— Military  Antiquities,  he. — a  treatise  on 
Ancient  Armour,  &e.  His  talents  were 
much  admired  as  a  draughtsman,  and  he  was 
equally  respectable  as  a  pleasing  and  agree- 
able companion  in  private  life. 

Ghosley,  Peter  John,  member  of  the 
academy  of  belles  lettres,  and  of  Inscriptions, 
was  born  at  Troyes,  aad  died  there  1785, 
aged  6".  He  wrote  "  Recherches  pour 
l'Histoire  du  Droit  Francois" — the  Lives  of 
the  two  Pithou's,  &c.  besides  large  contribu- 
tions to  the  Encyclopedia,  and  the  Diction- 
naire  Historique. 

Grosseteste,  Robert,  an  English  pre- 
late, born  about  1175,  atStradbrook,  Suffolk. 
Though  obscurely  born,  he  received  a  de- 
cent education,  most  ably  assisted  by  inde- 
fatigable application,  at  Oxford  and  Paris, 
where  he  became  a  respectable  proficient  in 
Greek  literature,  little  regarded  at  that  time. 
On  returning  from  Paris,  he  read  lectures  on 
philosophy  and  divinity  at  Oxford,  and  from 
the  celebrity  which  he  acquired  was  made 
archdeacon  of  Chester,  afterwards  of  Wills, 
and  in  l'234-5,  elected  bishop  of  Lincoln. 
He  died  at  Buckden,  1253,  highly  respected 
for  learning,  integrity,  and  piety,  even  in 
the  opinion  of  Matthew  Paris,  who  often 
.speaks  of  him  with  marked  indifference. 
He  wrote  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  and 
other  voluminous  works,  mentioned  in  Tan- 
ner's Bibliotheque.  He  possessed  great 
learning,  a  clear  and  vigorous  intellect.  Dr. 
Pegge  has  written  his  life. 

Grosteste,  Claude,  a  French  refugee, 
vt  ho  came  to  London,  after  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  He  was  minister  of 
(he  Savoy,  and  wrote  several  sermons,  and 
a  treatise  on  the  Inspiration  of  the  Sacred 
Books,  displaying  learning,  benevolence,  and 
humility.     He  died  1713,agei^'2S. 

Geosvenor,  Benjamin,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, made  minister  of  a  dissenting  congre- 
gation, in  Crosby-square,  1704,  and  in  1716 
removed  to  Sailers'  hall  meeting-house.  Be- 
sides essay  on  Health,  and  the  Mourner,  often 
tdiled,  and  universally  approved,  be  wrote 
several  Bermbns,  ami  died  1758,  aged  83. 

Grotius,  or  Gkoot,  Hugo,  a  celebra- 
ted writer,  son  of  John  de  Groot,  a  respec- 
table fcnrgo-master  of  Delft.  He  was  born 
at  Delft,  l(Hh  April  1583,  and  from  his  ear- 
liest years  displayed  strong  powers  of  mind, 
great  genius,  sound  judgment,  and  a  most 
retentive  memory.  He  studied  at  the  Hague, 
and  afterwards  removed  to  Leyden  under 
the  care  of  Francis  Junius,  and  here  Joseph 
Sealiger  saw  and  admired  his  promising  abi- 
lities, and  affectionately  interested  himself  in 
his  improvement.  In  1598  he  accompanied 
routit  Justin  of  Nassau,  and  the  grand  pen- 
sioner Uarnevelt,  in  their  embassy  to  France, 
and  he  was  received  with  every  mark  of 
kindness  by  the  court,  and  presented  by 
Henry  IV-  with  his  picture  and  a  gold  chain. 
The  university  of  Paris  also  paid  its  respects 
to  this  learned  youth,  and  granted  him  a 
doctor  of  law's  degree  before  his  return 
to  Holland.    Devoting  himself  to  the  law, 


he  pleaded  lib  first  cause  at  Delft,  and 
though  scarce  seventeen  he  commanded  the 
general  applause  by  his  eloquence  and  exten- 
sive information.  But  polite  literature  also 
engaged  much  of  his  attention,  and  in  1599 
he  published  an  edition  of  Martianus  Capel- 
la,  dedicated  to  the  celebrated  de  Thou,  ami 
I  translated  into  Latin,  Stevin's  treatise  for 
the  instruction  of  pilots  in  finding  a  ship's 
place  tft  sea.  In  1G00  he  published  his 
Phenomena  of  Aratus,  and  acquired  such 
celebrity  as  a  poet  that  his  Prosopopoeia  was 
translated  into  French  by  du  Vaer,  Rapin, 
Pasquier,  and  Malherbe,  and  into  Greek  by 
Casaubon.  He  also  wrote  tragedies,  and  his 
Adamus  Exui,  his  Christus  Patiens,  and  his 
Joseph  were  received  with  great  applause. 
In  1003,  he  was  appointed  historiographer 
to  the  states  of  Holland,  who  thus  selected 
him  as  the  ablest  historian  worthy  to  trans- 
mit to  posterity  the  heroic  deeds  of  theiy 
countrymen,  and  their  emancipation  from 
Spanish  slavery.  He  was  next  appointed  ad- 
vocate general  for  th»--fisc  of  Holland  and 
Zealand,  with  an  increased  salary,  and  he 
ably  defended  in  1609,  in  his  "  Mare  Libe- 
rum"  the  freedom  of  the  ocean,  and  the 
light  of  the  Dutch  to  trade  to  the  east, 
though  the  work  was  severely  and  acutely 
censured  by  Selden.  His  treatise  de  Anti- 
quitate  ReipublicK  Batavse,  to  assert  the 
ancient  independence  of  his  country  from 
the  Roman  yoke,  and  the  modern  usurpa- 
tions of  Spain  appeared  in  1610,  and  was 
rewarded  with  the  unanimous  thanks  of  the 
states.  In  1613,  he  was  honorably  elected 
pensionary  of  Rotterdam,  and  obtained  a 
seat  in  the  assembly  of  the  states  of  Holland, 
and  afterwards  of  the  states  general,  and 
soon  after  his  abilities  were  employed  in  set- 
tling the  di-putes  between  the  English  and 
the  Dutch,  on  the  subject  of  the  fishery  in 
the  Northern  seas.  In  the  religious  differ- 
ences which  now  hegan  to  agitate  Holland, 
Grotius  who  had  hitherto  marched  unoppos- 
ed in  the  road  of  honor  and  glory,  took  a 
share,  and,  in  embracing  the  tenets  of  Armini- 
us,  he  declared  himself  a  zealous  advocate 
for  toleration.  His  conduct,  and  that  of 
those  with  whom  he  acted,  proved  offensive 
to  prince  Maurice,  and  the  conference,  he- 
gun  for  reconciliation,  soon  ended  in  mis- 
trust and  warfare.  At  the  national  synod  of 
Dort,  15th  November,  1618,  the  five  articles 
of  the  Arminians  were  condemned,  their 
ministers  wei*e  banished,  and  their  three 
able  defenders,  Barnevelt,  Grotius,  and  Hoo- 
garbetz,  were  tried,  and  the  first  was  execu- 
ted, and  the  others  doomed  to  perpetual  im- 
prisonment. In  his  prison .  of  Louvestein, 
Grotius  found  consolation  in  literary  occupa- 
tions, and  though  his  confinement  was  rigo- 
rous, he  derived  every  comfort  from  the 
attentions  of  his  wife,  who  after  some  diffi- 
culty was  permitted  to  visit  him.  The  fond 
care  of  this  worthy  woman  at  last  procured 
his  deliverance,  after  a  captivity  of  nearly 
two  years,  and  on  pretence  of  removing 
books  which  she  declared  proved  injurious 
to  her  husband's  health,  she  was  permitted 


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Co  send  away  a  small  cliest  of  drawer.:  of  ihc 
length  of  three  feet  and  a  half,  in  which  he 
was  confined.  Thus  carried  by  two  soldiers 
from  the  fortress  of  Louvestein,  the  chest 
was  removed  to  Gorcum  on  horseback,  and 
at  the  house  of  a  friend  the  illustrious  pris- 
oner was  set  at  liberty,  and  immediately 
escaped  disguised  in  the  dress  of  a  mason 
•with  a  rule  and  a  trowel,  to  Valvic  in  Bra- 
bant, and  then  to  Antwerp.  From  Ant- 
werp he  wrote  to  the  states  general,  excul- 
pating himself,  and  asserting-  that  his  con- 
duct was  guided  by  the  purest  love  for  his 
country,  and  the  sincerest  regard  for  the  in- 
terests of  the  states,  and  he  afterwards  went 
ro  Paris,  where  he  received  a  pension  from 
the  French  court.  His  apology  appeared  in 
1622,  but  it  was  received  with  such  indigna- 
tion by  the  states  general,  that  all  persons 
were  forbidden  to  read  it  on  pain  of  death, 
and  a  decree  was  issued  to  seize  the  offend- 
ing author  wherever  he  could  be  found.  In 
1623  he  retired  from  the  tumults  of  Paria  to 
the  seat  of  one  of  his  friends  near  Boulogne, 
and  there  began  his  great  work  on  the  Rights 
of  Peace  and  War.  The  death  of  Maurice 
in  Holland  made  no  change  in  the  politics  of 
the  Dutch,  and  the  nest  stadtholder,  Frede- 
ric Henry,  professed  the  same  enmity  against 
the  exiled  sufferer,  but,  at  last,  through  the 
solicitations  of  his  friends,  and  the  earnest 
applications  of  his  wife,  the  confiscation  was 
removed  from  his  property,  and  in  October 
1631, he  ventured  to  revisit  Holland.  Though 
honorably  received  at  Rotterdam,  at  Am- 
sterdam, and  at  Delft,  he  found  still  the 
spirit  of  rancour  in  the  magistrates,  and 
when  threatened  again  with  persecution,  he 
determined  to  remove  from  an  ungrateful 
country  on  which  his  services  and  his  wri- 
tings have  conferred  immortal  fame.  In 
March  1632,  he  retired  to  Hamburgh,  and 
there  was  flattered  with  the  most  pressing 
and  liberal  invitations  from  Spain,  Portugal, 
Denmark,  Holstein,  and  other  princes,  but 
he  preferred  the  friendship  of  Oxensliern, 
and  a  resideuce  in  Sweden,  to  all  other 
situations.  By  the  kindness  of  his  new  pa- 
iron,  and  the  celebrity  of  his  own  meritori- 
ous works,  he  was  at  last  declared  counsellor 
to  the  queen  of  Sweden,  and  appointed  her 
ambassador  to  France,  and  for  eight  years, 
till  1644,  be  supported  the  character  of  his 
station,  and  the  interests  of  his  new  adopted 
country,  with  firmness  and  with  dignity. 
When,  at  his  own  solicitation,  he  retired 
from  the  French  embassy,  he  removed 
through  Holland  to  Sweden,  and  was  honor- 
ably received  by  queen  Christina  ;  but  seeing 
the  cabals  of  his  enemies,  who,  without  me- 
rit, were  jealous  of  his  fame  and  consequence, 
he  sighed  again  for  retirement,  and  request- 
ed permission  to  go  to  Lubec.  On  the  12th  of 
August  1645,  he  embarked,  but  the  vessel 
was  driven  by  a  dreadful  storm  on  the  coast 
of  Pomerania,  and  Grotius,  intent  to  reach 
Lubec,  arrived  at  Bostock,  after  a  tedious 
journey  of  sixty  miles,  exposed  to  the  rain 
and  to  the  inclemency  of  the  air.  The  diffi- 
culties of  his  journey  were  increased  by  the 


attacks  of  a  fever,  and  the  illustrious  stran- 
ger, whom  the  ingratitude  of  his  country- 
men had  banished  from  his  home,  and  the 
envy  of  courtiers  had  driven  from  his  long- 
wished  for  asylum,  sinking  under  fatigue  and 
disease,  expired  at  midnight,  28th  August, 
1645.  His  remains  were  conveyed  to  Delft, 
and  deposited  in  the  grave  of  his  family, 
where  this  modest  epitaph  written  by  him- 
self marks  the  spot: 

Grotius  hie  Hugo  est,  15  at  avian  captivue 
et  extil, 
Legatus  regni,  Suceia  magna,  tui. 
Besides  his  valuable  treatise  on  the  Christian 
religion,  which  is  known  to  every  student  of 
Christianity,  and  his  treatise  de  Jure  Belli  Sc 
Pacis,  and  the  other  pieces  already  men- 
tioned, he  published,  among  other  works, 
Via  ad  Pacem  Ecclesiastieam, — Anthologia, 
— HistoriaGothorum, —  Commentary  on  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments, — Dissertatio  His- 
toric, de  Dogmat.  Ritib.  &c. — Eeclesia;,  fccc. 
— de  Origine  Gentium  American. — Notes 
on  Tacitus,  Lucian,  &c. — Epistles,  Stc.  Hi;; 
wife,  Mary  Reigesberg,  whom  he  married 
1608,  survived  him.  She  was  a  woman  of  a 
most  respectable  family  in  Zealand,  and  in, 
her  character  most  amiable,  benevolent,  and 
exemplary.  The  religious  opinions  of  Gro- 
tius were  very  favorable  to  the  church  of 
England,  and  it  is  no  despicable  testimoii} 
to  the  purity  and  authenticity  of  the  doc- 
trines of  our  national  establishment,  that  its 
tenets  and  discipline  were  commended  and 
applauded  by  a  man  whose  judgment  was  so 
discriminating,  and  whose  opinion  is  so  res- 
pectable and  so  satisfactory,  especially  i.i; 
the  subject  of  religion,  to  which  he  devoted 
for  a  long  time  all  the  powers  of  a  strong, 
vigorous,  and  unprejudiced  mind.  Two  of 
the  sons  of  this  illustrious  character,  Corne- 
lius and  Diederic,  embraced  the  military 
profession,  and  another,  Peter,  became  emi- 
nent in  the  law,  and  as  a  philologist,  and  was 
known  as  a  pensionary  of  Amsterdam.  He 
died  1678. 

Grotius,  William,  brother  of  Hugo,  was 
born  at  Delft,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a 
lawyer.  He  wrote  Bnehiridrion  de  Princi- 
piis  Juris  Naturie, —  &c  Viue  Juris  consullo- 
rum  in  Pandectis  Noinin.  ccc.  and  died  1662. 

Grove,  Henry,  a  learned  teacher  among 
the  presbyterians,  born  at  Taunton,  Somer- 
setshire, 4th  January  1683.  He  was  de- 
scended from  very  respectable  families  in 
Devonshire  and  Wiltshire,  by  I) is  father  and 
mother,  and  therefore  his  education  was  par- 
ticularly attended  to.  After  being  under  the 
care  of  Mr.  Warren,  who  kept  an  academy 
at  Taunton,  he  vent  to  London,  and  :  idied 
under  his  relation,  Mr.  Rowe,  and  by  his 
learning  and  abilities,  recommended  himself 
to  the  notice  of  some  respectable  divines, 
among  whom  was  \h\  Watts.  At  the  age 
of  twenty-two  he  began  to  be  a  preacher, 
and  soon  after  married  ;  and  undertook  with 
Mr.  James,  the  care  of  Taunton  academy, 
in  the  room  of»his  friend  Warren,  where  fie 
continued  very  successfully  employe.!  (br  18 
years.    During  that  ti in c  he  engaged  urthe 


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theological  disputes  which  agitated  the  dis- 
senters and  the  clergy,  and  he  published  his 
"Essay  on  the  Terms  of  Christian  Com- 
munion," and  other  things.  In  17SC>  he  lost 
his  wile,  and  the  following  year  he  fell  a  vic- 
tim to  a  violent  fever,  which  carried  him  oft* 
27th  Feb.  1736—7.  An  inscription  was  pla- 
ced oyer  his  gr;;ve  by  Dr.  Ward  of  Gresham 
college.  He  wrote  Miscellanies  in  prose  and 
verse,  besides  a  Discourse  on  Saving  Faith, 
— an  Essay  on  the  Soul's  Immortality — and 
the  numbers  588,  601,  626,  635,  in  the  Spec- 
tator. His  posthumous  works  appeared  in 
1740,  4  vols.  Svo. 

Grove,  Joseph,  an  Englishman,  who 
■wrote  the  life  of  cardinal  Wolsey.  He  died 
1764. 

Gruchius,  Nicolas,  cf  a  noble  family  in 
Rouen,  was  the  first  who  explained  Aris- 
totle in  Greek.  He  translated  Castancdo's 
history  of  the  Indies,  and  wrote  a  treatise  de 
Comitiis  llomanorum,  besides  tracts  against 
Sigonius,  and  other  works.  He  died  1572, 
at  Rochelle. 

Grudius,  Nicolas  Everard,  treasurer  of 
Brabant,  wrote  sacred  and  profane  poetry 
in  Latin,  and  died  1571. 

Grue,  Thomas,  a  Frenchman  at  the  end 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  who  translated 
several  English  works  into  French,  and 
among  them,  Ross's  history  of  all  Religions, 
and  Rogers'  Gate  opened  to  the  Knowledge 
of  Paganism. 

Gr  u  et,  N.  a  young  poet  of  very  promis- 
ing  abilities,  who  was  unfortunately  killed  by 
the  discharge  of  a  fowling-piece,  on  which 
he  was  resting  his  head,  and  of  which  the 
trigger  was  pulled  by  the  motion  of  his  dog. 
His  farewell  of  Hector  and  Andromache, 
nnd  his  Annibal  to  the  Carthaginian  senate, 
are  poetical  pieces  of  great  merit.  He  died 
1778,  aged  25. 

Gruget,  Claude,  a  Parisian  of  the  16th 
century,  who  translated  Spanish  and  Italian 
•works  into  French,  and  among  them  the 
queen  of  Navarre's  Heptameron. 

Gruner,  John  Frederic,  an  able  theolo- 
gian and  scholar,  born  at  Cobourg.  He 
wrote  an  introduction  to  Roman  Antiquities, 
— Miscellanea  Sacra, — Critical  Remarks  on 
the  Classics,  besides  editions  of  Cselius  Se- 
dulius,  Eutropius,  Patereulus,  and  other 
valuable  works.     He  died  1778,  aged  55. 

Gruterus,  Janus,  an  eminent  philolo- 
ger,  born  3d  December  1560,  at  Antwerp. 
His  father  was  burgomaster  there,  and  he 
•was  obliged  to  fly  in  consequence  of  signing 
that  petition  to  the  duchess  of  Parma,  which 
gave  rise  to  the  word  Guex.  He  came  to 
Norwich  with  his  wife,  who  was  an  Englishwo- 
man, and  with  his  infant  son.  Under  the  eye 
of  his  mother,  who  was  an  excellent  scholar, 
and  could  read  Galen  in  the  original,  young 
Gruter  made  a  rapid  progress,  and  at  the 
proper  age  he  was  sent  to  Cambridge.  On 
the  return  of  his  parents  to  the  continent  he 
followed  them  and  completed  his  education 
at  Leytlen,  where  he  took  a  doctor's  degree 
in  civil  law.  During  the  political  agitation 
of  Flanders,  he  travelled  into  foreign  coun- 


tries, and  was  some,  time  professor  of  history 
at  Wittemberg,  but  refused  to  continue 
there,  as  a  confession  of  faith,  contrary  to 
his  sentiments,  was  tendered  to  him.  He 
was  afterwards  offered  a  professor's  chair  at 
Padua,  but  he  preferred  the  invitation  which 
he  had  received  to  settle  at  Heidelberg.  In 
this  situation  he  published  his  large  collec- 
tion of  inscriptions,  dedicated  to  the  em- 
peror Rodolphus  II.  who  in  approbation  of 
his  merit  granted  him  the  license  of  pub- 
lishing his  own  works  and  those  of  others, 
aDd  intended  him  the  honors  of  nobility,  the 
completing  of  which  his  death  prevented. 
On  the  taking  of  Heidelberg  he  had  the 
misfortune  to  lose  his  valuable  library  which 
had  cost  him  1200  golden  crowns,  and  all 
applications  for  its  recovery  were  fruitless. 
rie  afterwards  had  honorable  invitations  to 
settle  in  Denmark,  and  in  the  university  of 
Franeker,  but  he  rejected  them,  and  at  last 
fixed  his  residence  at  a  country  house  near 
Heidelberg,  from  whence  going  to  visit  his 
son-in-law  he  was  10th  September  1527, 
suddenly  taken  ill,  and  expired  ten  days  af- 
ter. He  was  buried  in  St.  Peter's  church, 
Heidelberg.  He  was  an  able  critic,  a  man 
of  extensive  erudition,  and  a  very  volumi- 
nous and  respectable  writer. 

Gruterus,  Poter,  a  practitioner  of  phy- 
sic in  Flanders,  who  published  in  1709  at 
Leydcn  "  a  Century  of  Latin  Letters,"  with 
obsolete  phrases,  and  a  "  New  Century," 
also  in  1629  at  Amsterdam,  where  he  died 
1634. 

Gryllus,  son  of  Xenophon,  slew  Epa- 
minondas,  and  fell  himself  at  the  celebrated 
battle  of  Mantinea,  B.  C  363. 

GrynjEus,  Simon,  a  learned  German,  son 
of  a  peasant  of  Swabia,  born  at  Vcringen,in 
the  county  of  Hohenzollern,-  1493.  He  stu- 
died with  great  assiduity,  and  became  Greek 
professor  at  Vienna,  but  his  attachment  to 
the  protestants  exposed  him  to  many  dan- 
gers and  frequent  persecution.  He  was  im- 
prisoned by  the  monks  at  Baden,  and  after 
his  liberation  had  a  conference  with  Luther 
and  Melancthon  at  Wittemberg.  He  was 
afterwards  for  six  years  Greek  professor  at 
Heidelberg,  from  whence  he  went  to  Basil, 
and,  in  1531,  visited  England  with  strong  re- 
commendations from  Erasmus  to  sir  Tho- 
mas More,  Montjoy  and  others.  In  1534  be 
was  employed  in  reforming  the  church  and 
school  of  Tubingen,  and  two  years  after  re- 
turned to  Basil,  and  in  15-iO  assisted  at  the 
conferences  of  Worms.  He  died  of  the 
plague  the  next  year  at  Basil.  He  was  an 
excellent  scholar,  whose  great  erudition  is 
usefully  displayed  in  his  editions  of  the  Al- 
magest of  Plotemy,  of  Euclid,  Plato,  Pro- 
clus,  &c. 

Grynjeus,  John  James,  a  native  of  Berne, 
of  the  family  of  the  preceding.  He  was  min- 
ister and  divinity  professor  at  Basil,  and  died 
there  1617,  aged  77.  He  was  blind  for  the 
last  five  years  of  his  life.  He  wrote  notes  on 
several  of  the  fathers,  besides  an  ecclesiasti- 
cal history,  &c. 
GrynJeus,  Thomas,  nephew  of  the  pre. 


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ceding,  was  born  at  Syringen  in  Swabia,  and 
educated  under  the  care  of  his  uncle.  He 
was  Latin  and  Greek  professor  at  Berne  and 
Basil,  and  was  highly  respected  as  a  scholar 
and  a  man.  Lie  left  four  sons,  all  eminent  in 
literature. 

Gryphiarder,  John,  professor  of  his- 
tory and  poetry  at  Jena,  was  author  of  some 
■works,  and  died  1612. 

Gryfhius,  Sebastfttn,  a  celebrated  prin- 
ter at  Lyons,  born  at  Reuthlingen  in  Swa- 
bia 1493.  He  was  equally  known  as  a  scho- 
lar, and  Conrad  Gesner,  in  testimony  of  his 
merit,  dedicated  one  of  his  books  to  him, 
and  Julius  Scaliger  a!=o  spoke  respectfully  of 
his  abilities.  The  books  printed  by  Gryphius 
are  much  admired,  especially  his  Hebrew, 
Greek,  and  Latin  editions,  and  particularly 
his  "  Latin  Dible,"  in  2  vols.  fol.  in  the  larg- 
est types,  then  seen,  1550.  He  died  1556, 
and  left  his  trade  and  reputation  to  his  son 
and  able  successor  Anthony  Gryphius. 

Gryphius,  Andrew,  the  Corneille  of 
Germany^  was  born  at  Glogaw  1616.  lie 
is  highly  extolled  by  the  Germans  as  a  tragic 
writer,  and  he  also  published  in  a  fine  vein 
of  satire  and  irony,  a  critique  on  tire  ancient 
comedies  of  the  Greeks.     He  died  1664. 

Gryphius,  Christian,  son  of  Andrew, 
was  professor  of  eloquence  at  Breslaw,  and 
principal  librarian  of  the  college  of  Magda- 
len. He  was  a  man  of  extensive  erudition, 
and  was  the  author  of  German  poems — a 
treatise  on  the  German  language — of  a  dis- 
sertation on  the  historical  writers  o*'  the  17th 
century,  Sic.     He  died  1706,  aged  57. 

Gua  de  Halves,  John  Paul  de,  a 
French  ecclesiastic,  born  in  Languedoc.  He 
first  conceived  the  idea  of  an  encyclopedia, 
■which  was  so  successfully  executed  by  d'Alem- 
bert,  Diderot,  and  others.  He  wrote  Usage 
de  l'Anaryse  de  Descartes,  ice.  and  died  at 
Paris  1786,  aged  J4. 

Guadagxolo,  Philip,  a  learned  orienta- 
list, born  at  Magiiano.  He  chiefly  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  Greek,  Hebrew, 
Chaldean,  Syriac,  Persian,  and  particularly 
Arabic,  which  he  taught  many  years  in  the 
Sapienza  college  at  Rome.  He  was  so  well 
versed  in  Arabic,  that  he  spoke  an  oration  in 
that  language  before  queen  Christina  at  Rome 
1656.  He  also  at  the  request  of  pope  Urban 
VIII.  undertook  in  1622,  and  finished  after 
27  years'  labor,  a  translation  of  the  Bible  in- 
to Arabic  for  the  use  of  the  Eastern  church- 
es, published  at  Home  1671,  3  vols.  fol.  He 
•wrote  besides  an  Apology  for  the  Christian 
Religion  in  Latin  1631,  and  in  Arabic  1637, 
against  a  Mahometan,  and  with  such  effect 
that  his  antagonist  embraced  Christianity  — 
'« a  Methodical  Arabic  Grammar"—an  Arabic 
Dictionary,  not  completed,  the  manuscript 
of  which  is  preserved  in  the  convent  of  San 
Lorenzo  in  Lucina.  This  accomplished  scho- 
lar died  1656,  aged  60. 

Guaguin,  Alexander,  an  author,  who 
"was  born  at  Verona  1538,  and  died  at  Cra- 
cow, aged  76.  He  wrote  some  valuable  topo- 
graphical works,  especially  "  Sarmatiaj  Eu- 
ropean Descriptio,  Spires,"  1581 — et  Reruin 
Pdonjcamm  Scriptores,  3  vols.  Svo,- 


Gualbeut,  St.  John,  a  Florentine  who 
founded  a  monastery  at  Yallombrosa  among 
the  Apennines,  where1  he  died  1073.  The 
spot  is  immortalized  by  the  pen  of  Milton  in 
his  Paradise  Lost. 

Gu aldus,  Prioratus,  or  Galeazzo,  an 
Italian  historian,  born  at  Viccnza,  where  he 
died  1678.  He  was  historiographer  to  the 
emperor,  and  wrote  the  History  of  Ferdi- 
nand II.  and  III.  aud  also  of  Leopold,  3  vols, 
folio — the  Troubles  of  France  from  16-iS  to 
1654. 

GuALTERUS,;Rodolphus,  author  of  Com- 
mentaries on  the  Bible,  and  of  a  translation  of 
Julius  Pollux,  was  born  at  Zurich  15i£),  and 
died  1586. 

Glarin,  Peter,  a  Benedictine  of  Rou- 
en, who  died  at  Paris  1729,  aged  51.  He  was 
an  excellent  Hebrew  scholar,  and  published 
a  Hebrew  Grammar,  2  vols.  4to.  and  also  a 
Hebrew  Lexicon. 

Guarini,  an  einioent  scholar,  of  a  noble 
Veronese  family,  who  went  to  Constantino- 
ple to  learn  Greek,  and  was  the  first  who 
taught  it  in  Italy.  He  was  professor  of  learn- 
ed languages  at  Ferrara,  and  translated  some 
of  the  ancient  authors,  especially  Straboand 
Plutarch's  Lives,  and  died  1460,  at  Ferrara. 
His  son  Baptista  was  professor  at  Ferrara, 
and  translated  into  Italian  some  of  Plautus's 
comedies,  and  wrote  besides  some  poems 
and   other  works,  etc. 

Guarini,  John  Baptist,  a  famous  Italian 
poet,  great-grandson  of  the  preceding,  born 
at  Ferrara  1537.  He  was  educated  at  Pisa 
and  Padua,  and  afterwards  introduced  to  the 
court  of  Alphonso  II.  His  abilities  were 
employed  in  frequent  embassies  to  Venice 
and  to  Turin,  where  his  "  Pastor  Fido," 
was  first  exhibited  to  the  applauses  of  an  ad- 
miring populace,  at  the  nuptials  of  the  duke 
of  Savoy  with  the  sister  of  Philip  IH.  of 
Spain.  In  1571  he  went  as  ambassador  to 
Rome,  and  four  years  after  negotiated  in  Po-. 
land,  to  obtain  for  his  master  the  crown, 
which  Henry  of  Valois  had  resigned.  Dis- 
gust, with  the  intrigues  and  ingratitude  of  the 
court,  drove  him,  in  15S2,  into  retirement; 
but  he  was  prevailed  upon  again  to  become 
secretary  of  state,  and  ambassador,  and  again 
he  abandoned,  with  dissatisfaction,  the  offices 
of  elevated  life  for  privacy.  As  the  duke  of 
Ferrara  had  favored  his  son  in  a  law-suit 
against  him,  he  offered  his  services  to  the 
duke  of  Savoy;  but  the  loss  of  his  wife,  in 
1589,  produced  a  revolution  in  his  senti- 
ments, and  for  a  while  determined  him  to 
become  an  ecclesiastic.  After,  however,  be- 
ing iu  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Mantua,  he 
was  reconciled  to  Alphonso  of  Ferrara  ;  but 
fresh  quarrels  arose,  and  Guarini  quitted 
his  country  for  the  protection  of  the  grand 
duke  of  Tuscany,  fie  died  at  Venice,  Oc- 
tober 1612,  agod  70,  after  exhibiting  the 
peevishness  and  dissatisfaction  of  an  ambi- 
tious, but  inconsistent,  character.  He  was 
member  of  several  learned  societies;  but  so 
regardless  of  the  poetical  fame  which  his» 
Pastor  Fido  had  acquired,  that  he  consider- 
ed it  below  the  rank  of  a  gentleman  to  be  a 


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poet.    He  wrote  several  tliings  besides,  men- 
tioned by  Niceron. 

Guaeisi,  Guarino,  a  well  known  archi- 
tect, born  at  Modena.  He  died  1683,  aged 
59.  He  embellished  Turin,  and  other  cities 
of  Italy,  and  even  Paris,  with  palaces ;  but 
though  admired,  his  buildings  are  irregular. 

Guasco,  Octavian,  a  native  of  Turin, 
who  died  at  Yerona  1783.  He  was  member 
of  the  French  academies,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  writings,  especially  "  a  treatise 
on  Asylums," — on  the  Statues  of  the  An- 
cients, &c. 

Guazz.1,  Stephen,  an  Italian,  secretary 
to  the  duchess  of  Mentz,  and  author  of  some 
poems,  dialogues,  Jkc.  much  esteemed.  He 
died  at  Pavia,  15Ga. 

Guat.z.1,  Mark,  a  native  of  Padua,  emi- 
nent in  arms  and  in  literature.  He  wrote  an 
.History  of  Charles  VIII. — an  History  of  his 
own  Time,  and  other  things,  much  admired. 
He  died  1556. 

GuayTrouin,  Rene  du,  a  famous  ad- 
miral.,   Vid.  Du-GtiAY. 

Gudius,  Marquard,  an  able  critic  of  Hol- 
stein,  educated  at  Rensburg  and  Jena.  He 
early  displayed  a  strong  inclination  for  lite- 
rature, and  was  recommended  by  Gronovi- 
ns  to  D.  Heinsius,  as  a  person  of  great  and 
promising  talents ;  but  his  parents  were  anx- 
ious to  advance  him  at  court,  and,  therefore, 
earnestly  desired  to  fee  him  lay  aside  all  stu- 
dious pursuits.  By  "die  interest,  however,  of 
his  friends  Grajvius  and  Gronovius,  he  ob- 
tained the  office  of  tutor  to  a  young  man  of 
family  and  fortune,  named  Samuel  Schas, 
and  with  him  he  began  to  travel,  in  1659,  in- 
to France.  His  abilities,  and  the  recommen- 
dation of  his  friends  in  Holland  introduced 
him  to  the  learned  of  Paris  and  of  Toulouse, 
and  after  visiting  the  libraries  and  most  cu- 
rious collections  of  France  and  Italy,  the 
tutor  and  the  pupil  returned,  iu  1661,  to 
Germany.  He  was  afterwards  in  England, 
and  in  the  company  and  friendship  of  bis 
pupil,  who  possessed  great  erudition,  and 
employed  much  of  bis  *rcat  property  in  the 
collection  of  rare  and  valuable  manuscripts, 
he  spent  the  whole  of  his  time,  and  declined 
accepting  a  professorship  which  was  offered 
him  at  the  Hague.  So  great  and  sincere  was 
the  friendship  between  Gudius  and  Schas, 
that  the  pupil  left  his  property  to  his  pre- 
ceptor in  1675;  but  such  was  the  ungrateful 
conduct  of  Gudius,  that  on  the  acquisition  of 
his  riches  he  forgot  and  disregarded  the 
friends  in  Holland,  to  whose  interference  he 
owed  his  elevation  and  his  opulence.  He 
•was  afterwards  counsellor  to  the  duke  of 
Holstein,  and  to  the  king  of  Denmark,  and 
died  immaturely,  as  Burman  observes,  in 
1689.  Though  very  learned,  he  never  pub- 
lished any  thing  of  great  importance  ;  the 
notes  and  MSS.  however,  which  he  commu- 
nicated to  his  friends  were  valuable,  and  his 
assistance  and  abilities  have  been  honorably 
recorded  by  Grajvius,  Burman,  and  others. 

Gudius,  Gottlob  Frederic,  a  Lutheran 
minister,  author  of  some  valuable  works, 
especially  on  the  Difficulty  of  learning  He- 


brew—Remarks on  the  Emperor  Julian— :» 
Life  of  Hoffman. 

Guedrier  de  St.  Auein,  Henry  Mi- 
chael, a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  born  at 
Gournaien-bray,  near  Rouen.  He  died  ab- 
bot of  St.  Vulmer  monastery,  in  Bayonne, 
1742,  aged  47.  He  distinguished  himself  as 
a  casuit,  and  wrote  the  Sacred  History  of 
the  two  Covenants,  7  vols,  li'mo.  &c. 

Guerard,  Robert,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
horn  at  Rouen,  where  he  died  1715,  aged  74. 
He  wrote  an  Abridgment  of  the  Bible  in 
questions  and  answers,  2  vols.  12mo.  and  as- 
sisted Delfau  in  the  editing  of  St.  Austin's 
work,  and  was  sent  to  exile,  when  his  asso- 
ciate was  disgraced  for  his  book  called  l'Abbe 
Commendataire. 

Guerchevili.e,  Antoinette  de  Pons, 
marchioness  of,  a  French  lady,  remarkable 
for  her  dignified  answer  to  Henry  IV.  who 
meditated  an  attack  on  her  virtue.  If,  said 
she,  I  am  not  noble  enough  to  be  your  wife, 
I  am  too  noble  to  be  your  mistress.  When 
married  to  Mary  de  Medicis,  he  made  her 
lady  of  honor  to  hi*  queen,  saying,  Since 
you  are  a  lady  of  honor,  be  one  to  my 
wife. 

Guerchi,  Claude  Lewis  de  Regnier, 
count  de,  a  French  general,  who  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  wars  of  Italy  and  Flanders, 
and  afterwards  came  to  England,  as  ambas- 
sador from  his  court.     He  died  1768. 

Guercino,  Francisco  Barbierida  Cento, 
so  called  from  a  cast  iu  one  oi'his  eyes,  was  a 
painter  of  eminence,  born  near  Bologna, 
1590.  He  began  to  practise  his  profession  at 
the  early  age  of  eight,  and  by  attending  the 
lessons  of  Michael  Angelo,  and  the  Carae- 
cis,  he  acquired  great  reputation  for  cor- 
rectness, invention,  and  a  becoming  boldness 
in  his  figures.  For  two  years  he  practised  at 
Rome,  by  the  desire  of  Gregory  XV.  but  af- 
terwards the  liberal  offers  of  the  kings  of 
England  and  France  could  not  draw  him 
away  from  his  favorite  retreat  at  Bologn".. 
Christina  queen  of  Sweden,  paid  her  res- 
pects to  him,  and  shook  him  by  the  hand, 
by  that  hand,  said  he,  which  had  painted  106 
altar  pieces,  144  pictures  for  people  of  dis- 
tinction, and  besides  composed  10  books  of 
designs.  He  died  1666,  a  bachelor,  leaving 
much  of  his  property  to  build  chapels,  and 
for  other  charitable  purposes.  His  private 
character  for  piety  and  morality,  was  as  em- 
inent as  his  abilities  as  a  painter. 

Gueret,  Gabriel,  eminent  as  an  advocate 
at  the  bar,  and  as  an  author,  was  born  at  Pa- 
ris 1641,  and  died  there  1688.  He  wrote 
"  Parnassus  reformed" — the  War  of  Au- 
thors, and  other  facetious  and  satirical 
works. 

Guerick,  Otho,  a  German  philosopher, 
and  physician,  celebrated  as  the  inventor  of 
the  Air-pump,  and  of  the  Weather  glass. 
He  was  counsellor  to  the  elector  of  Braden- 
burgh,  burgo  -master  of  Magdeburg,  and 
author  of  some  treatises  on  experimental 
philosophy.  He  was  twice  married,  and  by 
his  first  w'ife  had  Otho,  who  was  counsellor 
to  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  a  man  of  learn- 


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ing.      This   able  man  died  at  Hamburgh, 
16S6,  aged  84. 

Guerin,  Francis,  professor  of  the  col- 
lege of  Beauvais,  translated  Tacitus  and  Li- 
vy  into  French.  His  I.ivy  was  esteemed, 
printed  at  Barbou's  press,  10  vols.  12mo. 

Guebiniere,  Francis  Robiehon,  author 
of  "l'Ecole  de  Cavalerie,"  and  "  Siemens  de 
Cavalerie,"  was  equerry  to  the  French  king, 
and  died  1751. 

Guerre,  Martin,  a  Frenchman,  whose 
history  excited  some  interest  in  his  country. 
After  living  about  10  years  with  Bertraudc  ile 
Rols,  his  wife,  he  went  from  her  and  engaged 
m  the  Spanish  service.  Eight  years  after 
one  of  his  friends,  Arnaud  du  Thil,  present- 
ed himself  to  the  deserted  Bertrande,  and 
by  imposing  on  her  credulity,  was  received 
by  her  as  her  husband.  The  impostor  was 
suspected  by  the  uncle  of  Guerre,  but  du 
Thil,  though  prosecuted,  and  condemned  to 
he  hanged,  asserted  his  innocence,  and  de- 
claring himself  the  real  Martin,  appealed  to 
the  parliament  of  Toulouse.  The  cause 
seemed  intricate,  but  before  the  decisive  sen- 
tence was  pronounced,  Martin  returned,  and 
the  impostor  was  for  his  treacherous  and  im- 
moral conduct,  hanged  and  burned,  1650. 

Gubsclin,  Bertrand  du, a  celebrated  war- 
rior, constable  of  France,  he  was  a  native  of 
Britany,  but  his  education  had  been  so  ne- 
glected, that  be  could  neither  read  nor  write, 
and  in  bis  person  he  was  as  mean,  as  bis  mind 
was  noble.  He  was  principally  distinguished 
in  his  wars  against  the  English.  His  life 
has  been  written  by  several  of  his  country- 
men. He  died  in  the  midst  of  his  triumphs, 
before  Chateau  Neuf  de  Rendon,  1380,  aged 
69. 

Guettaed,  John  Stephen,  a  French 
physician  and  botanist,  whose  extreme  ap- 
plication in  literary  pursuits,  brought  on  a 
premature  death  1786.  lie  wrote  Observa- 
tions on  Plants,  2  vols.  12mo.  and  Memoirs 
of  different  parts  of  the  Sciences  and  Arts, 
3  vols  4to. 

Guevara,  Antony  de,  a  Spanish  writer, 
born  in  the  province  of  Alaba.  He  was 
brought  up  at  court,  and  became  known  as  a 
preacher,  and  historiographer  to  Charles  V. 
He  was  made  bishop  of  Guadix  in  Granada, 
and  of  Mandonedo  in  Oalicia,  and  died  1544. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  is  "Dial  of 
Princes,  or,  the  life  of  M.  A.  Antonius," 
which  has  been  translated  into  all  the  langua- 
ges of  Europe.  He  is  deservedly  censured 
as  an  historian,  not  only  for  the  ill  taste,  but 
the  improbabilities,  and  distorted  accounts, 
which  he  introduces  as  historical  facts,  more 
becoming  the  meretriciousness  of  romance 
than  sober  truth.  He  wrote  besides  Golden 
Epistles,  kc.  His  nephew,  Anthony,  was 
also  an  ecclesiastic,  and  author  of  Commen- 
taries on  the  Sci'iptures. 

Guevara,  Lewis  Velez  de,  a  Spanish 
comie  poet,  admired  in  the  court  of  Philip 
IV.  for  his  pleasantries.  His  humorous  piece 
"  el  Di.ibolo  Cnjuelo"  is  the  foundation  of 
le  Sage's  Diable  Boiteaux.  He  was  a  native 
of  leifa,  in  Andalusia,  and  died  1646. 


Gueulette,  Thomas  Simon,  a  French 
advocate,  author  of  some  novels  and  come- 
dies, was  born  at  Paris,  and  died  1766,  aged 
83.  His  works  display  genius,  elegance,  and 
ease.  Besides  "  tin:  Sultans  of  Guzerat,  8sc 
he  wrote  Italian  pieces,  ccc. 

Gugeielmini,  Dominie,  a  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Bologna.  He  was  of  llie  acade- 
my of  Paris,  and  ares  patronised  by  Lewis 
XIV.  Of  the  valuable  works  which  he  wrote 
the  treatise  on  the  Nature  of  Rivers  is  the 
most  esteemed.  His  works  are  printed  at 
Geneva,  2  vols.  4to.  171'J.  He  died  1710, 
aged  55. 

Guibert,  author  of  GestaDei  perFran- 
oon,  or  an  History  of  the  first  Crusade,  died 
abbot  of  Rogent-sous-Couci,  1124,  aged  71. 

Giiir.ERT,  James  Anthony  Hippolite,  j. 
native  of  Montauban  who  earlv  served  in 
the  German  wars,  and  became  a  colonel  in 
Corsica.  He  published  in  1770,  Essai  ge- 
neral du  Tacti<|ue,  and  afterwards  quitted 
the  military  profession  to  devote  himself  tr- 
dramatic  writings.  He  became  member  of 
the  French  academy,  in  the  room  of  Thomas, 
and  died  1790,  aged  47.  Besides  tragedies., 
he  wrote  also  the  eulogy  of  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia— of  Catinat,  and  of  1'HopitaF. 

Guicciaruini,  Francisco,  a  celebrated 
historian,  born  at  Florence,  1482,  of  a  noble 
family.  After  receiving  a  most  liberal  edu- 
cation, he  practised  the  law,  and  held  some, 
offices  of  dignity  and  importance,  and 
then  devoted  himself  to  the  public  affairs  oi" 
his  native  city.  From  Florence,  he  went  to 
Rome,  and  was  highly  honored  by  Leo  X. 
and  his  two  successors,  who  employed  bsm 
in  a  high,  civil,  and  military  capacitv,  ami 
trusted  much  to  his  integrity  and  talents.  He 
died  universally  respected  1540.  His  history 
of  Italy,  in  Italian,  4  vols.  4to.  is  a  perform 
ance  about  which  his  countrymen  deservedly 
pride  themselves. 

Guicciardini,  Lewis,  nephew  of  the 
historian,  was  himself  a  writer  of  great  fideli- 
ty. He  was  born  at  Florence,  and  died  at  An- 
twerp, 1589,  aged  66.  Of  his  valuable  work-; 
the  most  esteemed  is  his  description  of  the 
Fays  Bas,  in  Italian,  translated  into  FrencL 
by  Belleforet. 

Guiciiard,  Claude  de,  historiographev 
to  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  was  author  of  a  curi- 
ous work  called  "the  Funerals  of  the  An- 
cients" in  4to.     He  died  1607. 

Guicheron,  Samuel,  a  F'rench  advocate, 
of  Bourgc,  in  Bresse,  known  as  an  historian. 
Among  other  things  his  "  Genealogical  His- 
tory of  the  House  of  Savoy,"  is  much  admi- 
red by  Bayle  and  others".  He  died  1664, 
aged  57. 

Guidi,  Alexander,  an  Italian  poet,  bora 
at  Pavia  in  Milan,  1650.  He  was  patronised. 
by  the  duke  of  Parma,  and  afterwards  under 
the  protection  of  Christina  of  Sweden,  who 
resided  at  Rome,  he  not  only  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  literary  characters  of  that 
city,  but  read  to  great  advantage  the  works 
of  his  favorite  masters,  Dante,  Petrarch,  and 
Chiabrara.  After  thus  enjoying  tl.e  friend- 
ship of  the  learned*  and  the  good  opinion  of 


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the  popes,  of  Eugene  of  Savoy,  am]  others., 
he  was  seized  with  an  apoplexy  which  proved 
fatal  at  Frescati,  in  June,  1712.  His  body 
was  carried  back  to  Home,  and  buried  in  the 
chureh  of  St.  Onuphrius,  near  that  of  Tasso. 
His  works  which  consist  of  pastorals,  operas, 
and  other  poems  written  in  au  easy,  agree- 
able, but  correct  style,  were  published  at  Ve- 
rona 172G,  12mo.  with  an  account  of  his  life. 
Though  respectable  as  a  poet,  he  was  in  his 
person  very  deformed,  his  head  was  disagree- 
ably large,  and  he  was  blind  of  one  eye. 

Guido,  lieni,  a  celebrated  Italian  painter, 
horn  at  Bologna  1575.  His  father  who  was 
a  musician  designed  him  for  his  profession, 
but  nature  had  given  him  a  strong  genius  for 
painting,  and  by  improving  himself  under  the 
direction  of  Dennis  Calvert,  a  Flemish  pain- 
ter, and  afterwards  of  the  Caraccis,  he  ac- 
quired such  excellence  as  rendered  him  su- 
perior to  the  artists  of  his  age.  His  merits 
happily  were  net  buried  in  oblivion,  he  was 
honored  with  the  notice  and  esteem  of  pope 
Paul  V.  of  the  cardinals  andprinces'of  Italy, 
of  Lewis  XIII.  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain,  and 
of  Udislaus  king  of  Sweden  and  Poland.  He 
lived  in  great  splendor  at  Bologna,  and  after- 
wards at  Rome,  but  a  most  invincible  attach- 
ment to  gaming  ruined  his  fortune  and  ren- 
dered him  indigent  and  discontented.  From 
the  most  elevated  affluence  he  sunk  to  pover- 
ty, and  the  reflection  of  his  deplorable  and 
ruined  situation  had  such  an  effect  upon  hiin 
that  it  brought  on  a  distemper  of  which  he 
died  1642.  In  his  youth  his  features  were 
so  pleasing  that  his  master  Ludovico  Carac- 
ci  painted  his  angels  from  him.  In  every 
part  of  his  character  Guido  was  respectable, 
gaming  was  his  only  vice.  His  pictures  are 
much  valued,  and  they  adorn  the  collections 
of  the  great.  His  best  piece  is  what  he 
pa'nted  with  Domenicheno  in  the  church  of 
St.  Gregory.  Some  of  his  designs  were 
etched  by  himself. 

Guido,  Cagnacci,  an  historical  painter  of 
Bologna,  disciple  to  Keni  Guido.  He  pos- 
sessed great  merit.     He  died  1680. 

Guidotti,  Paul,  a  painter,  engraver, 
and  architect,  of  Lucca.  He  had  also  some 
knowledge  of  anatomy,  and  pretended  he 
could  fly  with  wings.  In  the  attempt  he  fell 
and  broke  his  limbs.     He  died  1629,  aged  60. 

Guignard,  John,  a  Jesuit  born  at  Char- 
tres,  and  professor  of  divinity  at  Clermont 
college.  He  was  executed  at  Paris  7th  Jan. 
159  5r  for  high  treason.  During  the  affair  of 
John  Chastel,  which  so  nearly  concerned  the 
life  of  Henry  IV.  some  papers  were  seized 
at  Clermont,  in  the  hand-writing  of  Guig- 
nard and  as  in  these  he  maintained  that  the 
murder  of  Henry  III.  and  of  Henry  IV.  was 
lawful,  and  refused  to  retract  his  assertions, 
he  was  put  to  death. 

GtJiGNES,  Joseph  de,  a  native  of  Pon- 
toise,  who  studied  the  oriental  languages  un- 
der Stephen  Fourmont,  and  became  inter- 
preter to  the  French  king,  1741,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  belles  lettres  academy  1753.  The 
revolution  though  it  huuried  him  not  to  the 
guillotine,  yet  proved  the  source  of  his  mis- 


ery and  reduced  him  to  poverty.  He  died 
at  Paris  1800,  aged  79.  He  was  well  acquaint- 
ed with  the  Chinese  characters,  and  for  35 
years  was  the  principal  conductor  of  the  Jour- 
nal des  Savans.  He  wrote  General  History 
of  the  Huns,  Turks,  Moguls,  and  Tartars,  5 
vols.  4to. -the  Life  of  Fourmont~the  Military 
Art  of  the  Chinese — Memoir  to  prove  the 
Chinese  an  Egyptian  Colony — Essay  on  the 
Oriental  and  Greek  Topography — Principles 
of  Typographical  Composition — Memoirs  in 
the  Academy  of  Inscriptions,  &c. 

Guild,  William,  D.  D.  a  Scotch  divine 
born  near  Dundee,  and  educated  at  the  Ma- 
rischal  college,  Aberdeen,  where  he  was 
successfully  professor  of  philosophy,  divinity, 
and  church  history.  Though  he  opposed  the 
covenant  in  1638,  he  afterwards  complied, 
and  at  the  restoration  went  as  one  of  the 
commissioners  to  Breda  to  congratulate 
Charles  II.  He  wrote  in  1657  an  answer  to 
a  Roman  catholic  book  on  Innovations,  and 
died  1662,  much  esteemed,  aged  60. 

Guillain,  Simon,  a  sculptor,  rector  of 
the  painting  and  sculpture  academy  at  Paris. 
He  died  1658,  aged  77. 

Guillandius,  Melchior,  an  eminent 
physician  and  botanist  of  Koningsberg  in 
Prussia.  He  was  taken  by  the  Algerines 
when  going  on  botanical  pursuits  to  Africa. 
His  commentary  on  the  Papyrus  is  full  of 
erudition.  He  wrote  several  works,  and  di- 
ed at  Padua  1589,  where  he  was  botanical 
professor. 

Guillelma,  a  woman  of  Bohemia,  who 
in  the  13th  century,  founded  in  Italy  a  sect 
which  united  enthusiasm  with  lewdness.  Af- 
ter being  respected  during  life  as  a  saint,  she 
was,  when  dead,  dug  up  from  her  grave  and 
burnt  with  ignominy. 

Guillemeau,  James,  a  French  surgeon, 
author  of  some  valuable  books  on  his  pro- 
fession.    He  died  at  Paris  1612. 

Guillet  de  St.  George,  George, 
first  historiographer  to  the  academy  of 
painting  and  sculpture  in  Paris,  was  born  at 
Thiers  in  Auvergne,  and  died  at  Paris  1705, 
aged  80.  He  wrote  among  other  things,  the 
History  of  Mahomet  II. — Ancient  and  Mo- 
dern Sparta — Ancient  and  Modern  Athens, 
&c. 

Guilliaud,  Claude,  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  was  author  of  Commentaries  on  the 
Gospels  ofSt.  Matthew,  and  St.  John,  and  of 
Collationes  in  omnes  S.  Pauli  Epistolas,  &c.  ; 

Guillim,  John,  author  of  the  celebrated 
work  "  display  of  Heraldry"  in  folio,  was 
horn  in  Herefordshire  1565,  and  educated  at 
Brazen-nose  college,  Oxford.  He  was  of  the 
society  of  the  college  of  arms,  and  in  1617, 
was  made  rouge-croix  pursuivant  of  arms. 
He  died  1621.  The  sixth  edition  of  his  val- 
uable work  appeared  1724,  with  many  edi- 
tions. Some  have  attributed  the  work  to 
Dr.  Barkham. 

Guil  lot  in,  a  physician,  born  at  Saintes, 
29th  March  1738.  He  studied  at  Paris,  and 
at  the  revolution  he  was  sent  as  a  deputy  to 
the  national  assembly  from  Paris.  In  ma- 
king a  report  on  the  penal  code,  he  recom 


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mended  an  instrument  of  death  which- might 
he  more  expeditious,  and  create  to  the  unhap- 
py sufferers  less  pain  than  either  the  halter  or 
the  wheel,  and  this  new  machine  so  fatally  used 
during  the  civil  dissensions  of  the  state,  has  im- 
mortalized the  name  of  its  author.  Though  it 
iS  reported  that  he  perished  under  his  guillo- 
tine, it  is  however  certain  that  he  died  a  na- 
tural death,  and  it  is  said  of  grief  for  the  in- 
famous abuse  of  what  he  intended  for  the 
more  humane  punishment  of  the  guilty. 

Guiscard,  Robert,  a  famous  Norman 
knight,  son  of  Tancred  Hautcville,  of  Cou- 
tances,  assisted  in  the  conquest  of  Naples 
and  Sicily,  from  the  Saracens.  He  obtained 
the  dukedom  of  Apulia  and  Calabria,  and 
took  prisoner  pope  Gregory  VII.  who  died 
a  captive  under  his  care.  His  daughter  mar- 
ried Constantine,  son  of  the  emperor  Mi- 
ehael  Ducas,  for  which  elevation  he  is  cen- 
sured by  the  invidious  Anna  Comcna.  He 
died  10S5,  in  the  island  of  Corfu. 

Guiscard,  Charles,  a  Prussian  officer  of 
distinction,  author  of  "  Military  Memoirs 
of  the  Greeks  and  Romans"  a  valuable  work. 
He  wrote  besides  Memoires  Critiques  & 
Historiques  sur  Plusieur  Points  d'Antiquite"s 
Militaires,  4  vols.  8vo.  &c.  As  a  soldier,  he 
served  with  reputation  under  the  Dutch,  and 
tinder  Frederic  II.  of  Prussia,  who  called 
him  Quintus  Icilius,  and  gave  him  a  regiment. 
He  died  1775,  aged  33. 

Guise,  Claude de  Lorraine,  duke  of,  fifth 
6on  of  duke  Ren6  H.  of  Lorraine,  settled  in 
France  and  became  the  founder  of  the  fam- 
ily of  Guise  there.  At  the  battle  of  Marig- 
nan  he  displayed  such  valor,  that  he  receiv- 
ed more  than  20  wounds.  He  married  An- 
toinette de  Bourbon  of  the  blood  royal,  in 
1513,  and  died  1550. 

Guise,  Francis,  duke  of,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  a  man  of  great  talents,  and  ex- 
tensive influence  in  France.  In  him  began 
the  factions  of  Cond6  and  Guise.  He  was  at 
the  head  of  the  Catholic  party,  and  was  a 
most  furious  bigot.  He  died  by  a  pistol  shot 
from  the  hand  of  Poltrot  de  Mere,  a  protes- 
tant  gentleman,  1563,  aged  44. 

Guise,  Henry,  duke  of,  eldest  son  of 
Francis,  was  born  in  1550.  Brave  and  gal- 
lant as  a  soldier,  he  was  turbulent,  imperi- 
ous, factious,  and  violent  as  a  subject,  and  at 
the  head  of  that  party  which  were  called  the 
league,  and  formed  by  the  intrigues  of  his 
brother  the  cardinal,  under  pretence  of  sup- 
porting the  catholic  religion  and  the  state,  he 
long  overawed  the  king,  Henry  III.  and  pre- 
vented his  appearance  at  Paris.  After  mas- 
sacring the  Huguenots,  and  filling  the  streets 
of  Paris  with  blood,  on  the  famous  day  called 
the  day  of  Barricades,  Guise  considered  his 
success  secure,  but  Henry  escaped  his  guards 
and  fled  to  Blois  where  he  called  an  assembly 
of  the  states.  Guise  appeared  there,  but  a 
forced  reconciliation  with  the  king  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  assassination  of  the  dema- 
gogues, 23d  Dec.  1588,  and  on  the  morrow 
the  cardinal  shared  the  fate  of  his  brother. 

Guise,  Charles,  duke  of,  eldest  son  of 
Henry,  was  arrested  on  his  father's  murder 

vol.  j.  a,o 


and  confined  in  the  castle  of  Tours,  from 
which  he  escaped  1592.  His  partisans  re- 
ceived him  with  open  arms,  but  he  after- 
wards had  the  good  sense  to  be  reconciled  to 
the  king,  and  might  have  lived  in  security, 
had  not  Richelieu's  jealousy  of  him  driven 
him  from  the  kingdom.  He  fled  to  Italy, 
and  died  at  Cuna  1C40,  aged  09. 

Guise,  Lewis  de  Lorraine,  cardinal  o£ 
son  of  Henry,  was  illustrious  as  well  in  arms 
as  iu  the  arts  of  peace.  He  was  with  Lewis 
XIII. in  Poitou,  where  he  greatly  signalized 
himself.     He  died  at  Saiutes  1621. 

Guise  Henry  of  Lorraine,  duke  of,  grand- 
son of  Henry,  was  remarkable  for  his  in- 
trigues with  the  duke  of  Bouillon,  and  the 
court  of  Soissons,  which  obhgcd  him  to  fly 
from  France  to  Rome.  During  his  exile, 
the  revolt  of  the  Neapolitans  from  the  Span- 
ish power,  called  him  into  the  field,  but 
while  flushed  with  victory  he  regarded  the 
crown  of  Naples  already  within  his  reach,  he 
was  taken  prisoner  at  Abruzzo  and  carried 
to  Spain.  After  four  years'  imprisonment 
he  was  liberated.  He  died  1664,  aged  50, 
author  of  Memoirs  of  his  Neapolitan  Enter- 
prise, which  appeared  in  one  vol.  4to.  after 
his  death. 

Guise,  William,  an  English  divine,  bora 
at  Ablond's  court,  near  Gloucester  1653. 
He  entered  at  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow,  and  he  applied 
himself  with  indefatigable  zeal  to  the  study 
of  oriental  literature,  and  published  a  trans- 
lation with  a  valuable  commentary  of  "  Mis- 
na  Pars  Ordinis  Primi  Zeraim  Tituli  Sep- 
tem."  His  learning  was  highly  esteemed 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  He  died  of  the 
small-pox  1638,  and  was  buried  at  St.  Mi- 
chael's Oxford,  where  he  had  long  resided, 
and  where  his  wife  erepted  a  monument  to 
his  memory.  His  son  was  general  Guise  of 
military  memory. 

Guitton,  d'Arezzo,  an  early  Italian 
poet,  some  of  whose  productions  are  to  be 
found  in  the  Florence  collection  of  ancient 
Italian  poets  1527,  in  8vo.  He  florished  in 
the  middle  of  the  13lh  century. 

Guitton,  John,  a  native  of  Rochelle, 
mayor  of  the  town  when  it  was  besieged  by 
Richelieu.  He  always  had  a  dagger  on  the 
table,  to  stab  the  first  man  who  talked  of 
surrendering,  and  when  told  that  many  per- 
ished by  famine,  he  said,  it  matters  little  if 
one  only  is  left  to  shut  the  gates. 

Guldenstaedt,  John  Antony,  a  fa- 
mous traveller,  born  at  Riga.  He  visited 
during  an  absence  of  three  years,  Astracan, 
Caucasus,  Georgia,  Tartary,  and  the  neigh- 
boring places,  with  the  eyes  of  a  politician 
and  philosopher.  His  performances  are  enu- 
merated by  Coxe.  He  was  honorably  in- 
vited to  Petersburg,  where  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  languages,  and  where  he  died  of  a 
fever,  1781. 

Gundling,  Nicolas  Jerome,  a  native  of 
Nuremberg,  professor  of  eloquence,  civil 
law,  and  philosophy  at  Halle,  on  which  sub- 
jects he  wrote  some  valuable  works.  His 
reputation  for  sagacity  :md  knowledge  was 


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•such  that  he  was  often  consulted  at  Berlin 
by  the  court.  His  "  Course  of  Philosophy," 
"of  Literary  History,'*  and  his  History  of 
moral  Philosophy,  ar<5  much  esteemed.  He 
died  rector  of  Halle  1729. 

Gunnerus,  John  Ernest,  a  native  of 
Christiana,  made  bishop  of  Drontheim  1758. 
He  died  at  Christiansund  1773,  aged  55. 
He  was  well  skilled  in  botany,  and  published 
Flora  Norwegian,  &c.  He  founded,  for  the 
encouragement  of  Natural  history,  the  royal 
Norwegian  society  at  Drontheim.  Linnaeus, 
in  compliment  to  his  merit,  gave  the  name 
of  Gunnera  to  a  plant. 

Gunning,  Peter,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Hoo  in  Kent,  1613,  and  educated  at 
Canterbury  school,  and  Clare  hall,  Cam- 
bridge. He  became  fellow  and  tutor  of  his 
college,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a 
preacher,  but  he  exposed  himself  to  the  per- 
secution of  the  parliament,  on  account  of  his 
zeal  for  the  king's  service  ;  and  when  eject- 
ed, he  returned  to  Oxford.  Here  he  was 
made  chaplain  of  New  college,  and  after- 
"wards  became  tutor  to  lord  Hatton,  and  sir 
Francis  Compton,  and  chaplain  to  sir  liob- 
ert  Shirley,  at  whos,e  death  he  obtained  the 
chapel  of  Exeter-house,  Strand.  At  the 
restoration,  his  services  and  sufferings  were 
rewarded  ;  he  was  created  D.  D.  by  the 
king's  mandate,  and  then  advanced  to  a  pre- 
bend of  Canterbury,  and  successively  to  the 
headships  of  Corpus  Christi  and  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee for  the  review  of  the  liturgy,  and  he 
had  a  conference  with  the  dissenters  at  the 
Savoy,  in  1661.  In  1669,  he  was  made  bish- 
of  Chichester,  and  in  1674,  he  was  translated 
to  Ely,  where  he  died,  6th  July  1684,  a  bach- 
elor. He  was  buried  in  his  cathedral.  Opin- 
ions have  varied  with  respect  to  his  charac- 
ter, but  it  must  be  confessed,  that,  though 
some  question,  whether  his  head  was  as  good 
as  his  heart,  he  was  distinguished  by  erudi- 
tion, piety,  and  exemplary  manners.  His 
charities  to  public  use  were  great  and  nu- 
merous. 

Gunter,  Edmund,  a  mathematician,  of 
Welch  extraction,  born  at  G miter's  town, 
Brecknockshire,  1581.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster,  under  Busby,  and  entered  at 
Christ-church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
degrees,  and  was  ordained.  His  genius  led 
him  to  mathematical  pursuits,  and  by  the 
new  projection  of  a  sector,  he  acquired  ce- 
lebrity, and  was  in  1619,  honorably  appoint- 
ed astronomy  professor  at  Gresham  college 
i619.  In  this  appointment  he  directed  all  the 
powers  of  his  mind  in  the  improvement  of 
science.  He  invented  a  portable  quadrant, 
observed  a  new  variation  in  the  magnetic 
needle,  and  contrived  that  valuable  rule  of 
proportion,  the  line  of  numbers,  called  from 
him,  Gunter's  scale.  His  merits  gained  him 
not  only  the  friendship  of  the  learned,  of 
Oughlred,  Henry  Briggs,  and  others,  but 
the  patronage  of  the  earl  of  Bridgewater, 
and  the  notice  of  his  sovereign  Charles  I. 
This  excellent  philosofmer  was  carried  off 
in  the  prime  oflife  10th  Dec-.  1£26.    He  was 


buried  in  St.  Peter's  the  poor,  Broad-stree^ 
where  no  monument  records  the  name  of  a 
mathematician,  whose  services  to  science 
and  to  mankind  are  so  great.  The  fifth  edi- 
tion of  his  works  was  published  by  Leybourn, 
1674,  in  4to. 

Gunther,  a  German  poet  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  18th  century,  whose  superior 
genius  proved  his  destruction.  As  he  was 
going  to  be  presented  to  Augustus  II.  king 
of  Poland,  a  rival  poet  mixed  some  poisonous 
drugs  in  his  drink,  in  consequence  of  which 
the  unhappy  man,  as  he  was  addressing  the 
monarch  fell  down,  and  he  expired  soon  af- 
ter, in  his  28th  year.  He  wrote  some  ele- 
gant poetry,  an  Ode  on  Eugene's  victory 
over  the  Turks,  &c. 

Gurtler,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Basil,  who 
died    1707,    aged   53.     He  wrote   a  Greek, 

German,   and   French    Lexicon Historia 

Templariorum — Origines  Mundi  Institutio- 
n's Theologies. 

Gusman,  Lewis,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  author 
of  the  history  of  his  fraternity  in  the  Indies, 
and  the  success  of  their  missions  in  Japan, 
14  books.  He  died  at  Madrid  1605,  provin- 
cial of  Seville  and  Toledo. 

Gussanvillan,  Peter,  a  native  of  Char- 
tres.  He  edited  the  works  of  Gregory  the 
Great,  the  best,  before  the  Benedictine  edi- 
tion. 

Gustavus,  king  of  Sweden,  was  son  of 
Eric,  duke  of  Gripsholm,  is  known  by  the 
name  of  Gustavus  Vasa.  He  was  born  1490. 
After  the  reduction  of  Sweden  by  Christian 
II.  king  of  Denmark,  Gustavus  was  kept  a 
prisoner  in  the  capital  of  the  conqueror  ; 
but  after  many  years  of  captivity,  he  escaped, 
and  appeared  among  the  Dalecarlians,  whom 
he  engaged  to  revolt  A  great  boldness  of 
character,  and  an  ardent  love  of  military  glo- 
ry, together  with  capacious  resources  of 
mind,  had  calculated  him  for  a  leader  in 
times  of  danger  and  difficulty.  The  conduct 
of  the  Danes,  who  had  murdered  his  father 
and  other  Swedish  nobles,  roused  him  to 
revenge.  He  re-took  Upsal ;  and  though 
occasionally  defeated,  he  acquired  fresh  vigor 
from  disasters  ;  and  animated  to  desperation 
by  the  cruelties  of  Chi'istian,  who  put  his 
mother  and  his  sister  to  death,  by  shocking 
tortures,  he  over-ran  Gothland,  and  besieg- 
ed Stockholm.  The  states  of  the  kingdom 
were  convened,  and  Gustavus  was  offered 
that  kingdom,  which  his  valor  had  recover- 
ed, and  by  his  influence  the  crown  was  de- 
clared hereditary  in  his  male  issue.  Inva- 
sion from  abroad  ceased,. by  the  expulsion  of 
the  Danish  monarch  from  the  throne,  and* 
the  succession  of  Frederick,  duke  of  Hol- 
stein,  and  Gustavus,  secure  in  the  love  of  his 
subjects,  cultivated  all  the  arts  of  peace  and 
commerce,  and  made  the  Lutheran  tenets 
the  established  religion  of  his  country.  This 
great  and  heroic  monarch,  died  at  Stock- 
holm 1560,  in  his  70th  year,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  Eric. 

Gustavus,  Adolphus,  deservedly  sur- 
named  the  Great,  was  born  at  Stockholm. 
1594,    In  1611  he  ascended  the  throue  c€ 


GU 


GU 


Sweden,  and  though  so  young  he  evinrced 
the  sagacity  of  a  great  character  in  the 
choice  of  able  ministers.  He  was  fond  of 
military  glory,  and  soon  acquired  renown  in 
his  battles  against  the  Danes,  Muscovites, 
and  Poles.  By  his  heroic  valor  and  judi- 
cious conduot,  he  made  an  honorable  peace 
with  the  two  first,  and  obliged  the  last  to 
evacuate  Livonia,  and  then  forming  an  alli- 
ance with  the  protestants  of  Germany,  he 
ovef-ranin  two  years  and  a  half  all  the  coun- 
tries between  the  Vistula,  the  Rhine,  and 
the  Danube.  The  imperial  general  Tilly 
was  twice  defeated,  and  the  pride  of  Austria 
•was  humbled,  but  the  battle  in  the  plains  of 
Lutzen  proved  fatal  to  the  life  of  the  brave 
monarch,  1632.  He  fell  it  is  said  by  the 
treacherous  intrigues  of  Richelieu,  or  by  the 
hand  of  Lauemburgh,  one  of  his  generals 
-who  had  been  dishonorably  bribed  by  the 
emperor  Ferdinand  to  take  away  his  lite. 
This  warlike  monarch  possessed  those  vir- 
tues which  in  a  reign  of  peace  might  have 
equally  distinguished  him.  He  patronised 
literature,  he  enriched  the  university  of 
Upsalby  his  munificent  donations,  he  found- 
ed the  royal  academy  of  Abo,  and  the  uni- 
versity of  Dorp,  in  Livonia.  Before  his  time 
the  Swedes  were  indifferent  soldiers,  but 
such  was  the  enthusiasm  which  he  inspired 
among  his  subjeets,  that  he  had  always  an 
army  of  80,000  men  well  disciplined.  He 
has  been  with  some  justice  compared  to  the 
great  Scipio,  and  the  parallel  in  some  par- 
ticulars is  striking.  He  was  succeeded  by 
his  only  -child  the  celebrated  Christina,  who 
succeeded,  though  only  five  years  old. 

Gustavus  III.  king  of  Sweden,  son  ot 
Frederic.  Adolphus,  by  Louisa  Ulrica,  the 
sister  of  Frederic  II.  king  of  Prussia,  was 
bora  24th  January  1746,  and  succeeded  to 
his  father  1771.  Disgusted  with  the  influ- 
ence of  Russia  at  Stockholm,  and  with  the 
usurpation  of  his  senators  who  wished  to 
abridge  his  liberty,  and  not  only  to  appoint 
him  a  confessor,  but  to  settle  even  how 
much  wine  he  might  be  permitted  to  have 
on  his  table  ;  he  secretly  formed  the  plan  of 
a  revolution,  which  was  effected  without 
l.lood-shed  in  1772.  The  senate  surrounded 
by  the  guards  surrendered  its  authority,  and 
the  friends  of  Gustavus  were  afterwards 
distinguished  by  wearing  a  white  handker- 
chief on  the  left  arm,  which  Mas  the  signal 
of  mutual  attachment  during  the  revolution. 
The  wisest  regulations  followed  this  change 
of  government,  a  new  translation  of  the 
bible  was  made,  torture  was  abolished,  com- 
merce, the  arts  and  the  sciences  were  liberally 
encouraged,  agriculture  and  industry  patron- 
ised, and  the  laws  were  administered  with 
greater  dispatch  and  more  impartiality.  To 
put  an  end  to  the  disputes  which  prevailed 
■with  Russia,  he  in  1777  paid  a  visit  to  Cathe- 
rine at  Petersburg,  and  was  received  with 
magnificent  hospitality,  and  in  178.3  he  spent 
ten  months  in  travelling  over  Italy  and 
France,  not  only  to  improve  his  health,  but 
to  observe  the  manners,  the  political  regula- 
tions, and  the  industrious  exertions  of  foreign 


countries.  The  peace  with  Russia  was  dis- 
turbed in  1788,  by  the  emissaries  of  Cathe- 
rine, who  wished  to  excite  disturbances  in 
Finland,  and  Gustavus  declared  war,  and' 
equipped  a  formidable  fleet  at  Carlscrona. 
Though  he  had  to  contend  with  Denmark 
and  Russia,  he,  encouraged  by  assurances  of 
support  from  Turkey  and  Prussia,  boldlv 
attacked  Frederickshan,  where  he  destroyed 
several  vessels,  but  he  was  repulsed  in  his 
attempt  against  Revel,  and  obliged  to  re- 
treat. The  attempt  on  Wyburg  was  equally 
unsuccessful,  but  a  splended  victory  was  ob- 
tained July  9th  1790,  by  the  monarch  over 
the  Russian  fleet,  who  took  and  destroyed 
forty-five  ships,  and  peace  soon  after  was  re- 
stored between  the  two  countries.  The 
abilities  which  Gustavus  had  displayed  made 
him  ambitious  of  acquiring  greater  glory  in 
war,  and  therefore  on  the  breaking  out  of 
the  French  revolution  he  zealously  engaged 
in  the  coalition  which  Spain  formed  with  the 
Northern  powers  for  the  invasion  of  France. 
But  during  the  preparations  for  this  distant 
war,  the  life  of  the  monarch  was  cruelly 
sacrificed  by  the  hand  of  an  assassin.  The 
Swedish  nobles,  dissatisfied  with  the  events 
of  the  revolution  of  1772,  and  with  the 
changes  which  had  been  introduced  into  the 
government  at  the  diet  of  Gefle  in  1792, 
conspired  against  his  life,  aud  three  of  them, 
drew  lots  who  should  give  the  fatal  blow. 
Ankarstroom,  a  disbanded  officer  who  had 
recehed  favors  from  the  monarch  was  the 
assassin,,  and  during  a  mask  ball  in  which  the 
unfortunate  king  had  been  warned  of  his 
danger,  the  fatal  blow  was  given  by  the  dis- 
charge of  a  pistol.  This  was  in  the  night  of 
the  15lh  April,  1792,  and  the  king  languish- 
ed till  the  29th  of  the  same  month,  and  ex- 
pired in  great  agony,  maintaining  to  the  last 
the  firmness  and  serenity  of  a  heroic  mind- 
He  took  an  affectionate  farewell  of  his  son 
and  of  his  friends,  and  appointed  his  brother 
the  duke  of  Sudermauia  the  regent  of  the 
minority.  Gustavus  possessed  an  enlighten- 
ed mind,  and  as  his  education  had  been  un- 
der the  care  of  count  Tessin,  he  imbibed  a 
strong  partiality  for  literature  and  for  noble 
achievements.  He  wrote  some  dramatic  pie- 
ces, academical  discourses,  and  an  eulogy  on 
Torstenson,  which  was  secretly  conveyed  to 
the  academy  of  Stockholm,  and  obtained  the 
prize. 

Guthieres,  James,  a  French  advocate, 
known  as  an  able  antiquarian  and  correct 
writer.    He  died  1638. 

Guthrie,  William,  was  born  at  Breich- 
en,  Angushire,  1701,  and  educated  at  King's 
college,  Aberdeen.  A  love  affair  drove  him 
to  London,  where  he  wrote  for  the  booksel- 
lers, and  died  1769.  He  was  a  justice  of 
Middlesex,  but  did  not  act.  His  works  were. 
History  of  England,  three  vols,  folio, — a 
Geographical  Grammar,  in  8vo.  and  4to. 
He  lent  his  name  to  "  History  of  Scotland," 
10  vols. — to  "Universal  History,"  12  vols. — 
and  a  "  Peerage,"  4to. 

Guttemberg,  John,  a  German,  born 
at  Mentz  1408,  of  a  uoble  family.    He  dis- 


GU 


GU 


putes  with  Faust,  Schceffer,  and  others,  the 
honor  of  inventing  printing.  Boyer  says, 
Laurentius  of  Haerlem  is  the  real  inventor, 
and  that  his  types  were  stolen  by  a  brother 
of  Guttemberg.  Guttemberg,  however, 
claims  the  merit  of  regularly  printing  a 
book,  and  of  inventing  cut  metal  types,  with 
which  the  earliect  editions  of  the  bible  were 
printed.    He  died  at  Mentz,  1468. 

Guy,  Thomas,  son  of  a  lighterman  and 
coal  dealer  of  the  same  name,  in  Horsley- 
down,  Southwark,  was  apprenticed  in  1660 
to  a  bookseller,  and  began  trade  with  about 
200Z.  stock,  in  the  house  which  forms  the 
angle  between  Cornhill  and  Lombard-street. 
He  engaged  with  others  in  a  scheme  to 
print  bibles  in  Holland  to  import  into  Eng- 
land ;  but  when  that  was  prohibited,  he  con- 
tracted with  the  university  of  Oxford  for 
their  privilege,  and  by  this  lucrative  con- 
nexion, he  began  to  amass  a  large  fortune. 
His  property,  however,  was  immensely  in- 
creased by  purchasing  seamen's  tickets  and 
south-sea  stock  in  the  year  1720.  It  was  his 
intention  to  many  his  maid-servant,  and  to 
adorn  the  avenues  of  his  house,  on  this  occa- 
sion, he  had  the  pavement  before  his  door 
mended.  A  broken  piece  was  observed  in  his 
absence  by  the  maid-servant,  and  she  desired 
the  workmen  to  repair  it,  and  when  they 
said  they  were  not  to  go  so  far,  she,  pre- 
suming on  the  partiality  of  the  old  man,  re- 
quired them  to  mend  it,  and  to  tell  her  mas- 
ter not  to  be  angry,  as  she  had  directed  it. 
The  pavement  was  mended,  but  Guy  was 
offended  at  the  presumption  of  his  intended 
bride,  he  determined  never  to  marry  her, 
but  to  apply  his  riches  to  charitable  purpo- 
ses. After  being  a  great  benefactor  to  St. 
Thomas'  hospital,  he  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
six  formed  the  noble  design  of  erecting  that 
stately  pile  which  bears  the  name  of  Guy's 
hospital.  The  erection  cost  him  18,7931. 
and  219,499£.  were  left  by  him  for  its  endow- 
ment, and  he  had  the  satisfaction  to  see  the 
building  roofed  in  before  his  death,  which 
happened  17th  December  1724,  in  his  81st 
year.  He  also  founded  an  alms-house  at 
Tamworth,  which  he  represented  in  parlia- 
ment, and  which  was  his  mother's  native 
place,  and  he  also  gave  ZOOl.  a  year  to 
Christ's  hospital,  and  left  80,000£  to  his 
relations.  This  most  extraordinary,  and 
very  benevolent  man,  who  left  more  to  cha- 
ritable uses  than  any  private  man  on  record, 
was  in  his  habits  very  parsimonious.  He 
dined  on  his  shop  counter  with  an  old  news- 
paper for  his  table  cloth,  without  dainties, 
and  his  dress  and  appearance  were  so  mean 
that  in  some  instances  the  alms  of  the  hu- 
mane were  pressed  upon  him  a6  upon  an  in- 
digent and  half  starved  beggar. 

Guy,  a  monk  of  Arezzo,  known  as  a 
musician,  and  as  the  first  who  produced  a 
delightful  harmony  from  several  different 
voices  singing  together.  He  also  invented 
the  six  syllables  of  the  gamut,  ut,  re,  mi,  fa, 
sol,  la.  His  inventions  were  received  with 
applause  by  the  wopld.  He  lived  about  the 
year  1026. 


Guyard,  de  Berville,  a  French  authai' 
of  some  merit.  He  was  born  at  Bans  1697, 
and  after  suffering,  like  Otway  and  Chatter- 
ton,  all  the  evils  of  pinching  poverty  and  ac- 
cumulated distress,  he  died  in  the  prison  of 
Bicetere  at  the  age  of  73.  He  wrote  the 
lives  of  Bertrand,  of  du  Guesclin,  of  the 
chevalier  Bayard,  &c. 

Guyard,  Anthony,  a  benedictine  monk, 
author  of  Political  Observations  on  the  Ad- 
ministration of  Benefices,  &c.  He  dieTi  at 
Dijon  1770. 

Guyet,  Francis,  an  eminent  critic,  born 
at  Angers  1575.  He  lost  his  parents  in  "his 
infancy,  bui,  though  his  property  was  squan- 
dered by  the  negligence  of  his  guardian,  he 
devoted  himself  assidiously  to  letters,  and 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  had  the  happiness 
to  be  introduced  to  the  society  of  the  two  du 
Puys,  Thuanus,  and  other  learned  men.  In 
1608  he  visited  Home,  and  acquired  a  per- 
fect knowledge  of  Italian.  After  his  re- 
turn through  Germany  to  Paris,  he  became 
tutor  in  the  house  of  the  duke  d'Epernon  to 
the  abbot  de  Granselve,  afterwards  cardinal 
de  la  Valette.  In  this  office  he  conducted 
himself  with  such  judgment  and  prudence, 
that  he  gained  the  confidence  of  his  patrons, 
and  might  have  risen  to  eminence  in  the 
church,  had  he  not  preferred  the  retire- 
ment of  Burgundy  college,  to  the  splendor 
of  a  palace.  He  employed  himself  here  in 
a  work  to  prove  that  the  Latin  is  derived 
from  the  Greek,  and  that  all  the  primitive 
words  of  the  Greek  are  but  of  one  syllable. 
Though  learned,  he  published  nothing,  but 
his  criticisms  afterwards  appeared  very  val- 
uable in  the  hands  of  his  friends,  especially 
those  on  Hesiod,  published  by  Grsevius,  arilt 
those  on  Terence  bf  Bocclerus.  As  a  critic, 
however,  he  was  severe,  and  he  scrupled 
not  to  erase  many  verses  in  Virgil,  and  to 
reject  the  first  ode  in  Horace,  and  the  se- 
cret history  of  Procopius.  Thus  respected 
for  his  erudition,  and  for  the  virtues  of  pri- 
vate life,-  this  good  man  died  of  a  catarrh 
after  three  days'  illness,  in  the  arms  of  his 
friends,  J.  du  Puy,  and  Menage,  12th  April, 
1655,  aged  80.  His  life,  in  Latin,  was  pub- 
lished by  Portner. 

Guyon,  Johanna  Mary  Bouviers  de  la 
Mothe,  a  French  lady  of  a  noble  family, 
born  at  Montargis,  1648,  famous  for  her 
writings.  She  wished  to  take  the  veil,  but 
her  friends  made  her  marry,  and  she  be- 
came, at  the  age  of  twenty-eight,  a  widow. 
Abandoning  the  care  of  her  family,  she  de- 
voted herself  to  the  mysteries  of  quietism, 
which  Michael  de  Molinos,  a  Spanish  Jesuit 
at  Rome,  had  imposed  upon  the  credulity 
of  the  world.  Wavering  in  her  opinions, 
and  inconstant  in  her  temper,  she,  however, 
endured  persecution  for  her  tenets,  and 
when  she  declared  herself  the  pregnant 
woman  mentioned  in  the  apocalypse,  and 
threatened  the  peace  of  the  kingdom  by 
the  number  of  her  followers,  she  was  im- 
prisoned in  the  bastille  by  order  of  the 
king.  Fenelon  undertook  her  defence,  but 
his  enemy  Bossuet  had  the  art  to  procure 


GU  GY 

the  condemnation  of  his  works  on  the  sub-j  Gwynx,  Eleanor,  better  known  by  the 
ject.  Her  verses,  after  her  death,  which  hap-  name  of  Nell,  was  famous  in  the  history  of 
pened  at  Blois  1717,  were  published  in  five  courtezans,  as  she  rose,  from  an  orange  girl 
volumes,  and  also  some  of  her  Mystical ,  of  the  meanest  description  in  the  play-house, 
Reveries.  to  be  the  mistress  of  Charles  II. '  In  the  first 

Guyon,  Claude,  a  French  historian,  born  career  of  life  she  gained  her  bread  by  sing- 
at  Franche  Comte.  He  died  at  Pari*,  ing  from  tavern  to  tavern  for  the  amuse- 
1771.  Besides  his  "  Ecclesiastical  History,"  raent  of  the  guests,  and  gradually  advanced 
a,  very  valuable  book,  he  wrote  "  History  to  the  rank  of  a  popular  actress,  at  the 
of  the  Indies, — of  the  Amazons, — and  a  theatre  royal.  She  is  represented  as  hand- 
continuation  of  Echard's  Roman  History.         some,  but  low  of  stature.    She  was  mistreS3 

Guys,  Peter  Augustine,  a  native  of  Mar-  '■  successively  to  Hart,  Lacy,  and  Buckhurst, 
seilles,  eminent  as  a  merchant,  and  as  a  man  before  she  was  admitted  to  the  arms  of  the 
of  letters.  He  travelled  over  various  parts ,  licentious  Charles.  It  is  said  that  in  her 
of  the  east,  with  the  eye  of  a  philosopher  elevation  she  showed  her  gratitude  to  Dry- 
and  an  antiquarian,  and  published  the  result  den,  who  had  patronised  her  poverty,  and 
of  his  researches,  in  which  he  compared  the  '  she  was,  unlike  the  other  concubines,  faith- 
different  characters  of  the  ancient  and  of  the  ful  to  her  royal  lover.  From  her  are  sprung 
modern  inhabitants  of  those  classical  coun-  the  dukes  of  St.  Alban's.  She  died  1687. 
tries.  He  died  at  Zante  in  the  Ionian  sea,  Gwynne,  Matthew,  an  English  physician, 
in  1799,  aged  79.  His  works  are  Essay  on  born  in  London,  of  an  ancient  Welch  family, 
the  Antiquities  of  Marseilles,  8vo. — Voyage  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  where  in  1593, 
Literaire  de  la  Grece,  four  vols.  8vo.  1783,  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  He  went  in 
— a  Voyage  in  Italy  and  in  the  North,  8vo.&c.    1595,   as    physician   to    sir  Henry  Unton, 

Guyse,  John,  a  native  of  Hereford,  who  queen  Elizabeth's  ambassador  to  France, 
became  a  dissenting  minister  there,  and  in  He  obtained  great  reputation  by  his  prao- 
1727  removed  to  New  Broad-street  inde-  tice,  as  well  as  by  his  writings,  which  modern 
pendent  congregation,  London.  He  was  discoveries  have  rendered  now  of  little  value. 
made  D.D.  by  the  university  of  Aberdeen  ,  He  died  after  1639,  though  what  year  is  un- 
1732,  and  though  blind  for  some  years  be-   certain. 

fore  his  death,  he  nevertheless  continued  his  :  Gv  lip  pus,  a  Lacedaemonian  general,  sent 
pastoral  functions.  He  died  1761,  aged  81.  J  to  assist  Syracuse  against  the  Athenians,  B. 
He  wrote  a  paraphrase  of  the  New-Testa- 1  C.  414.  He  was  banished  for  embezzling  the 
jnent,  three  vols.  4to. — the  Standard  Use  of  I  booty  which  he  had  obtained. 
Scripture  in  the  Purposes  of  Divine  Revela- 1  Gyz.en,  Peter,  a  landscape  painter,  dis- 
tion,  8vo. — Jesus  Christ  God-Man,  &c.  in  ■  ciple  to  John  Breughel,  born  at  Antwerp, 
several  sermons, — the  Holy  Spirit  in  ser-,  about  1636.  His  views  on  the  Uhitre  a/e 
mons, — Youth's  Monitor  in  t£i\  sermons  to  much  admired, 
young  persons,  12mo.  j 


END  OF  THE  FIUST  VOLUME. 


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